,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t    
,,job ,,& ,,solomon                     
,,or                        ,,! ,,wisdom
 ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,te/am5t                
,,by ,,!                         ,,rev4 
,t4 ,k4 ,,*eyne1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4         
,,oriel ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,int]pretation  
,,at ,,ox=d                             
,,canon ,,( ,,ro*e/]                    
,,new ,,york                            
,,?omas ,,:ittak]                       
#b  #c ,,bible ,,h\se                   
#ahhg              ,,! ,,v ,,rev]5d     
,,george ,,granville ,,bradley1 ,d4,d4  
,,dean ,,( ,,we/m9/]        ,,9 ,,high  
,,appreciation ,,( ,,8 ,,long-,,prov$   
,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,exegesis        ,,& ,,(  
,,8 ,,happily ,,conceiv$ ,,lectures ,,on
 ,,ecclesia/es                          
,,preface4      ,! pres5t "w is a       
fragm5t>y realisation ( a plan :i* has  
be5  matur+ 9 my m9d = _m ye>s4         
,exegesis & criticism are equally       
necess>y = ! full enjoym5t ( ! treasures
 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1  & j z no comm5t>y  

is complete :i* does n expla9 ! actual  
position ( critical controv]sies1 s no  
introduction to ! criticism  ( a book is
 tru/wor?y :i* does n repose1 & %[ !    
read] t  x reposes1 on ! basis ( a      
?or\gh exegesis4 ,9 ?is volume ,i d n   
pret5d to h approa*$ ! ideal ( su*      
/ud5ts' manuals z ,i h  describ$2 ,i h n
 be5 suffici5tly sure ( my public to    
treat !  subject on ! scale :i* ,i %\ld 
h lik$1 & su* p]sonal  drawbacks z      
repeat$ *anges ( resid5ce1 frequ5t      
abs5ce f l>ge  libr>ies1 & )9 ! la/ two 
ye>s a s]i\s eye-tr\ble1 h  h9d]$ me 9 !
 prosecution ( my "w4 ,o!r tasks n[     
claim my  re/or$ /r5g?1 & ,i c no long] 
)hold my volume f ^?  lov]s ( ! sacr$   
lit]ature :o 9 "s degree %>e ! po9t (   
view f :i* ,i h writt54    ,! ,books (  
,job & ,ecclesia/es are treat$ some:at m
 9 detail  ?an ^? ( ,prov]bs &          
,ecclesia/icus4 ,! latt] h a special    
int]e/ ( _! own1 b to br+ ?is into full 
view1 m excursions  into pure philology 
w\ld h be5 necess>y ?an ,i judg$ x      

exp$i5t  to all[ myself4 ,i _h int5d$ to
 make up = ?is omission s f> z  ,prov]bs
 is conc]n$ at ! end ( ! volume1 b h be5
  int]rupt$ 9 do+ s4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ev5
 9 ! ,app5dix su*  detail$ treatm5t (   
special po9ts might h repell$ "s read]s1
  & ,i hope t ! ,app5dix is on ! :ole n 
unreadable4 ,!  enl>g$ notes on ,prov]bs
 9 ! =?com+ new edition ( ,messrs4      
,eyre & ,spottiswoode's ,v>iorum ,bible 
may enable ! /ud5t to d =  himself :at  
,i h n done4 ,z = ,ecclesia/icus1 !     
light :i*  ,pr(4 ,bickell's & ,dr4      
,ed]%eim's rese>*es are sure to ?r[ on !
  text may enable me "s day to reca/ !  
section on ?is book2 at  pres5t1 ,i only
 (f] ?is z an illu/rative sequel to !   
section on  ,prov]bs4 ,x %\ld be add$ t 
! canonicity ( ,ecclesia/icus is  h&l$ 9
 conjunction ) t ( ,ecclesia/es at !    
close ( !  "p on ! latt] book4    ,!    
int]e/ ( ,job & ,ecclesia/es is ( a f>  
deep] & m v>i$  k9d4 ,ev5 f a critical  
po9t ( view1 ! /udy ( ^! books is  mo/  
refre%+ aft] ! incessant & excit+       

battles (  ,p5tateu*-criticism4 ,b z    
monum5ts ( ! spiritual /ruggles ( a  pa/
 :i* is n :olly dead1 !y h be5 to me1 z 
d\btless to  _m o!rs1 s\rces ( pure     
delight4 ,if ,i appreciate ,job m highly
  ?an ,ecclesia/es1 x is n f any want ( 
liv+ sympa?y ) !  philosophic d\bt]1 b  
because ! enjoym5t ev5 ( ,scriptures is 
dep5d5t on moods & impulses4 ,de        
,sanctis has po9t$ out 7,/oria  della   
lett]atura italiana1 i4 #hj7 h[ ! /ory (
 ,job became !  fav\rite !me ( ! e>ly   
,italian morali/s1 & ev]yone kn[s h[  ! 
great ,lat9 doctors 7,gregory ! ,great1 
,b$e1 ,aqu9as1 ,alb]tus  ,magnus7       
delight$ to comm5t on ?is wond]ful book4
 ,9 our own day1  f p]fectly            
intelligible causes1 ,ecclesia/es has   
too mu* drawn (f  ! att5tion ( ! educat$
 _w1 b !re are signs t !  "*-drama (    
,job w soon reass]t its old fasc9at+    
p[]4    ,9 conclusion1 w e>ne/ /ud5ts1  
:e!r academical or n1 grant  me two     
reque/s8 ,! fir/ is1 t !y w meet me )   
confid5ce1  & ga!r any gra9s ( tru? !y  

c1 ev5 :]e !y _c yield  full ass5t4 ,!  
problems ( ,hebrew lit]ature are        
complex2 h]e9  p>tly lies _! fasc9ation2
 h]e9 also is a call = mutual  tol]ance 
on ! "p ( all :o approa* !m4 ,!re is    
no?+ to  regret 9 ?is complexity2 9     
se>*+ = ! solution ( ^!  problems1 we   
ga9 an ev] fre% insight into facts &    
ideas :i* w  nev] lose _! significance4 
,my second reque/ is1 t ! ,app5dix1     
:i*1 %ort z x is1 conta9s some?+ =      
diff]5t classes (  read]s1 may n be     
neglect$ z only an ,app5dix4    ,i w\ld 
add t ! #8mu*-desir$ aid' 9 ! critical  
use ( !  ,septuag9t ref]r$ to on p4 #aad
 has already to a l>ge ext5t be5  giv5  
by ,gu/av ,bickell's essay 7see p4      
#bif71 :i* ,i h n[ be5 able  to exam9e4 
,8 e>ly treatise 7#ahfb7 is at l5g?     
happily supplem5t$  & correct$4 ,we %all
 "k /ill m :5 ,p4 ,ciasca has complet$ !
  publication ( ! fragm5ts ( ! ,sahidic 
v]sion4 ,x is cle> h[ev]  t ea* omission
 9 ! pre-,hexapl> ,septuag9t text       
7repres5t$ by  ?is v]sion7 mu/ be judg$ 

^u its own m]its1 nor c ,i e/imate !    
value ( ! text ( ! ,septuag9t q z highly
 z "s critics4    ,x is hop$ t ! pres5t 
"w may be foll[$ by a volume on !       
,psalms1 ! ,lam5tations1 & ! ,song (    
,songs4                                 
,,cont5ts4      ,,introduction #a       
,,! ,,book ,,( ,,job4    ,i4 ,,job',s   
,,calamity2 ,,! ,,op5+ ,,( ,,!          
,,dialogues 7,*aps4 i4-xiv47 #aa        
,,ii4 ,,! ,,second ,,cycle ,,( ,,spee*es
 7,*aps4 xv4-xxi47 #cj    ,,iii4 ,,!    
,,?ird ,,cycle ,,( ,,spee*es 7,*aps4    
xxii4-xxxi47 #cg    ,,iv4 ,,! ,,spee*es 
,,( ,,elihu 7,*aps4 xxxii4-xxxvii47 #db 
,v4 ,,! ,,spee*es ,,( ,,jehovah 7,*aps4 
xxxviii4-xlii4 #f7 #dh    ,,vi4 ,,!     
,,epilogue ,,& ,,its ,,mean+ #eh        
,,vii4 ,,! ,,traditional ,,basis ,,& ,,!
 ,,purpose ,,( ,,job #fj    ,,viii4     
,,date ,,& ,,place ,,( ,,composition #ga
    ,,ix4 ,,argum5t ,,f ,,! ,,use ,,(   
,,my?ology #gf    ,x4 ,,argum5t ,,f ,,! 
,,doctr9e ,,( ,,angels #gi    ,,xi4     
,,argum5t ,,f ,,p>allel ,,passages #hc  

,,xii4 ,,on ,,! ,,disput$ ,,passages ,,9
 ,,! ,,dialogue ,,portion1 ,,especially 
,,!  ,,spee*es ,,( ,,elihu #ij          
,,xiii4 ,,is ,,job ,a ,,hebr,o-,,arabic 
,,poem8 #if    ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,book ,,f ,a 
,,religi\s ,,po9t ,,( ,,view #ajb       
,,xv4 ,,! ,,book ,,f ,a ,,g5]al ,,&     
,,we/]n ,,po9t ,,( ,,view #ajf    ,note 
on ,job & ! ,mod]n ,poets #aab    ,note 
on ! ,text ( ,job #aab    ,aids to !    
,/ud5t #aae      ,,! ,,book ,,(         
,,prov]bs4    ,i4 ,,hebrew ,,wisdom1    
,,its ,,nature1 ,,scope1 ,,&            
,,importance #aag    ,,ii4 ,,! ,,=m ,,& 
,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,prov]bs #abe    ,,iii4
 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,collection ,,& ,,its      
,,app5dices #acj    ,,iv4 ,,! ,,second  
,,collection ,,& ,,its ,,app5dices #adb 
,v4 ,,! ,,praise ,,( ,,wisdom #aef      
,,vi4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,on ,,que/ions ,,( 
,,date ,,& ,,orig9 #afe    ,,vii4 ,,!   
,,text ,,( ,,prov]bs #agc    ,note on   
,prov4 xxx4 #ca #age    ,,viii4 ,,!     
,,religi\s ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,(   
,,prov]bs #agf    ,aids to ! ,/ud5t #agh

      ,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,jesus ,,! ,,son
 ,,( ,,sira*4    ,i4 ,,! ,,wise ,,man   
,,turn$ ,,scribe4 ,,sira*',s ,,moral    
,,tea*+ #agi    ,,ii4 ,,sira*',s ,,tea*+
 7cont9u$74 ,,8 ,,place ,,9 ,,!         
,,movem5t ,,(  ,,?\ght #ahh    ,aids to 
! ,/ud5t 7see also ,app5dix7 #aih       
,,! ,,book ,,( ,,kohele?2 ,,or1         
,,ecclesia/es4    ,i4 ,,! ,,wise ,,man  
,,turn$ ,,au?or ,,& ,,philosoph] #aii   
,,ii4 #8,,tru? ,,& ,,fiction' ,,9 ,,an  
,,autobiography #bjg    ,,iii4 ,,m      
,,moralis+1 ,,int]rupt$ ,,by ,,prov]bial
 ,,maxims #bac    ,,iv4 ,,facts ,,(     
,,contempor>y ,,life #bah    ,v4 ,,!    
,,wise ,,man',s ,,p>t+ ,,c\nsels #bbb   
,,vi4 ,,kohele?',s #8,,portrait ,,(     
,,old ,,age2' ,,! ,,epilogue1 ,,its     
,,nature ,,&  ,,orig9 #bbi    ,,vii4    
,,ecclesia/es ,,& ,,its ,,critics 7,,f  
,a ,,philological ,,po9t ,,( ,,view7    
#bcf    ,,viii4 ,,ecclesia/es ,,& ,,its 
,,critics 7,,f ,a ,,lit]>y ,,&          
,,psy*ological  ,,po9t ,,( ,,view7 #bdb 
,,ix4 ,,ecclesia/es ,,f ,a ,,moral ,,&  

,,religi\s ,,po9t ,,( ,,view #bdh    ,x4
 ,,date ,,& ,,place ,,( ,,composition   
#bee    ,,xi4 ,,does ,,kohele? ,,conta9 
,,greek ,,words ,,or ,,ideas8 #bfj      
,,xii4 ,,textual ,,problems ,,(         
,,kohele? #bgc    ,,xiii4 ,,!           
,,canonicity ,,( ,,ecclesia/es ,,&      
,,ecclesia/icus #bgi    ,aids to !      
,/ud5t #bhe      ,,app5dix 7see ,special
 ,table ( ,cont5ts7 #bhg    ,,index #cjc
                                        
,,introduction4          ,,h[ ,,is ,,old
 ,,te/am5t ,,criticism ,,relat$ ,,to    
,,*ri/ianity8      ,! po9t ( view       
repres5t$ 9 ?is volume is /ill s little 
recognis$ & repres5t$ 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica
 t ! au?or  v5tures to prefix a %ort    
pap] deliv]$ z an address at ! ,*ur*    
,congress held at ,read+ 9 ,octob]      
#ahhc4 ,x is prov]bially m  difficult to
 write a ?9 book ?an a ?ick "o1 & !     
lab\r involv$  9 prep>+ ?is tw5ty       
m9utes' pap]1 ) its l>ge outlook &      
s$ul\sly "u-/at$ claims1 0 su* z he w\ld
 n will+ly  und]take aga9 = a l purpose4

 ,! subject 0 n an ephem]al "o  & !     
attitude ( ! ,*ur*es t[>ds x has n      
mat]ially alt]$  )9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s4 ,! 
pres5t volume is p]vad$ by !  _s :i*    
brea!s1 z ! au?or tru/s1 9 e l9e ( ?is  
pap]4 ,x relates1 inde$1 only to a small
 section ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1  b no "p ( t
 #8libr>y' 7z m$ival writ]s s well nam$ 
x7 c  be /udi$ 9 complete sev]ance f !  
re/4 ,& if a high aim is  held =w>d 9 "o
 ( ! op5+ s5t5ces to ! ,*ur* ( :i* !    
writ] is a son1 ^? :o are connect$ ) !  
o!r hi/oric  communions w easily und]/& 
! bitt]-sweet feel+ ( hope  aga9/ hope )
 :i* ^? l9es 7 p5n$4                    
99       99       99       99       99  
#8,my own conviction1' said ! late ,dr4 
,pusey1 #8has long be5 t !  hope ( !    
,*ur* ( ,engl& is 9 mutual tol]ance4'#a 
,t truly  great man 0 n ?9k+ ( ! new    
s*ool ( ,old ,te/am5t critics1  & yet if
 ! ,anglican ,*ur* is ev] to r5ovate h] 
!ology & to  become 9 any real s5se     
und5iably ! ,*ur* ( ! future1 %e _c     
af=d to be c>eless or intol]ant (       

attempts to mod]nise our me?ods  (      
criticism & exegesis4 ,x w\ld no d\bt be
 simpl] to cont5t  ourselves ) t        
criticism & exegesis1 & consequ5tly ) t 
!ology1 :i* h be5 fairly adequate to !  
wants ( ! pa/2 b  are we sure t ,jesus  
,*ri/ w\ld n n[ lead u a few /eps fur!r 
on t[>ds #8all ! tru?1' & t "o ( ,8     
prep>atory discipl9es  may n be a me?od 
( ,biblical criticism :i* is less t5d]  
to !  traditions ( ! scribes1 & m 9     
h>mony ) ! r5ovat+  process :i* is go+  
on 9 all o!r regions ( ?\ght8 ,:y1      
inde$1  %\ld !re n be a provid5ce ev5 9 
! phases ( ,old ,te/am5t  criticism1 s t
 :]e "s c see m]ely ! %ift+s ( arbitr>y 
op9ion m enlight5$ eyes may disc]n a    
v]itable progress1 lead+  at once to    
fre% views ( hi/ory1 & to necess>y re=ms
 9 our  !ology1 mak+ ?is !ology simpl] &
 /rong]1 deep] & m  truly ,ca?olic1 by  
mak+ x m ,biblical8    ,"s "o1 h[ev]1   
may ask1 ,does n mod]n criticism        
actually claim to  h refut$ ! fundam5tal
 facts ( ,bible hi/ory8 ,b :i* are  ^!  

fundam5tal facts8 ,bi%op ,?irlwall1     
tw5ty ye>s ago1 told 8  cl]gy #8t a     
great "p ( ! ev5ts relat$ 9 ! ,old      
,te/am5t has  no m app>5t connection )  
our religion ?an ^? ( ,greek &  ,roman  
hi/ory4' ,put ^! ev5ts = a mom5t on "o  
side1 & h[ mu*  m conspicu\s does t     
great elem5t>y fact become :i* /&s up  z
 a rock 9 ,israel's hi/ory--namely1 t a 
holy ,god1 = ! good (  ! _w1 *ose out   
?is p1 isolat+ x m & m completely  =    
educational purposes f its hea!n        
neighb\rs1 & int]pos+ at  v>i\s times to
 tea*1 to *a/ise1 & to deliv] x6 ,x is n
  necess>y to prove t all su* record$   
int]positions are 9 !  /ricte/ s5se     
hi/orical2 x is en\gh if ! tradition or 
! record  ( "s t are s did survive !    
great lit]>y z well z political         
cata/rophe ( ! ,babylonian captivity4 ,&
 ,i h yet to le>n t  ! ,exodus1 !       
de/ruction ( ,s5na*]ib's army1 !        
re/oration (  ! ,jews to _! own l&1 & ! 
unique ph5om5on ( spiritual  prophecy1  
are call$ 9 "q ev5 by ! mo/ advanc$     

s*ool (  ,biblical criticism4 ,"o fact1 
inde$1 !re is1 reg>d$ by "s ( u  z      
fundam5tal1 :i* ^! advanc$ critics d    
ma9ta9 to be  disprov$1 & t is ! giv+ ( 
! ,levitical ,law by ,moses1 or if  n by
 ,moses1 by p]sons 9 ! pre-,exile p]iod 
:o _h prophetic  sanction = giv+ x4     
,suppos+ ! !ory ( ,ku55 & ,wellhaus5 to 
be correct1 x w no d\bt appe> to "s m9ds
 7#a7 t !  inspiration ( ! ,levitical   
,law is at any rate weak5$ 9 quality    
!reby1 7#b7 t a gl>+ inconsi/5cy is     
introduc$ into ! ,div9e  tea*+ (        
,israel1 :i* becomes anti-sacrificial at
 "o "t1 &  sacrificial at ano!r1 & 7#c7 
t room is giv5 = ! supposition  t !     
,levitical sy/em itself 0 an injuri\s   
?\gh politic  condesc5sion to popul>    
ta/es1 & consequ5tly 7z ,lag>de v5tures 
to hold7 t ,/4 ,paul1 by 8 doctr9e ( !  
,atonem5t1 ru9$1 s f>  z he c\ld1 !     
simple ,gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/4    ,b ,i 
only m5tion ^! possible inf]5ces 9 ord] 
to po9t out h[  unfair !y are4 7#a7 ,!  
inspiration 7to reta9 an (t5 misus$ b   

indisp5sable t]m7 ( ! ,levitical ,law is
 only weak5$ 9 any bad  s5se if x be    
ma9ta9$ t ! law1 :5ev] ! ma9 "p ( x 0   
promulgat$1 fail$ to receive ! sanction 
( ,god's prophetic  int]pret]s1 & t x 0 
n1 9 ! "t ( ,ezra1 ! only  effectual    
in/rum5t = pres]v+ ! deposit ( spiritual
 religion4  7#b7 ,) reg>d to !          
inconsi/5cy 7assum+ ! new hypo!sis7     
betwe5 ! two p]iods ( ! ,div9e tea*+ (  
,israel1 ! feel+ (  a dev\t1 ?\gh       
advanc$ critic w\ld be t he 0 n a fit   
judge (  ! provid5tial plan4 ,inconsi/5t
 conclusions on "o great subject  7t (  
=giv5ess ( s9s7 might 9 fact be drawn f 
! language  ( our ,"l ,himself at       
diff]5t p]iods ( ,8 m9i/ry1 ?\gh !      
p>allel may n be altoge!r complete1 s9ce
 our ,"l nev] us$  directly             
anti-sacrificial language4 ,& x might be
 urg$ on ! side (  ,ku551 t nei!r w\ld !
 e>ly prophets h us$ su* language--at   
any rate 9 ! lit]>y v]sion ( _!         
disc\rses if !y _h  =ese5 ! canonical "*
 :i* ?is w\ld assume1 & !  imm5se       

importance ( a sacrificial sy/em 9 !    
po/-,exile p]iod4 7#c7  ,! !ory t ! law 
involves an injuri\s condesc5sion is by 
no  means compulsory ^u advocates ( !   
new hypo!sis4 ,concessions to  popul>   
ta/e h1 inde$1 z we "k b too well1 (t5  
almo/  ext+ui%$ ! native _s ( a         
religion2 b ! fact t "s at  lea/ ( ! mo/
 spiritual psalms are ackn[l$g$ to be   
po/-,exile  ought to make u all1 critics
 & non-critics alike1 sl[ to draw too   
%>p a di/9ction betwe5 ! legal & !      
evangelical4 ,t ! law  0 misus$ by "s1 &
 9 c\rse ( "t became spiritually almo/  
obsolete1 w\ld n ju/ify u 9 depreciat+  
x1 ev5 if we ?\ght  t ! less] & n !     
great] ,moses1 ! scribe & n !  prophet1 
0 ma9ly responsible = its promulgation4 
,f9ally1 ! ra%  /atem5t ( ,lag>de has   
be5 virtually answ]$ by ! ref]5ce (     
ano!r radical critic 7,keim7 to !       
well-atte/$ words ( ,*ri/ at  !         
in/itution ( ! ,eu*>i/ 7,matt4 xxvi4    
#bh74    ,i h spok5 ?us mu* on !        
assumption t ! hypo!sis ( ,ku55  &      

,wellhaus5 may be true4 ,t x w ev]      
become univ]sally  preval5t is          
improbable--! tru? may turn out to lie  
betwe5 ! two  extremes--b t x w g on =  
"s "t ga9+ gr\nd among !  y\ng] g5]ation
 ( s*ol>s is1 ,i ?9k1 almo/ c]ta94 ,no  
"o :o  has once /udi$ ?is or any o!r    
,old ,te/am5t controv]sy f !  inside & )
 a full view ( ! evid5ce c d\bt t !     
traditional acc\nts ( _m ( ! disput$    
books re/ on a v weak  basis1 & ^? :o   
crave = def9ite solutions1 & _c be> to  
live 9 twilight1 w naturally hail su*   
cle>-cut hypo!ses z ^?  ( ,ku55 &       
,wellhaus51 & cr$it !m ) an undue       
f9ality4 ,let u  be pati5t ) ^! too     
sangu9e critics1 & n ?9k !m bad         
,*ur*m51 z long z !y ab/a9 f draw+ ^?   
dang]\s &  unnecess>y inf]5ces ( :i* ,i 
h spok54 ,x is ! want ( an  equally     
intellig5t int]e/ :i* makes ! ,old      
,te/am5t a dead lett]  to s _m highly   
or?odox !ologians4 ,if ! advanc$ critics
 succe$  9 awak5+ su* an int]e/ m       
g5]ally1 x w be no slight  comp5sation =

 t #8unsettlem5t ( views' :i* is s (t5 !
  tempor>y consequ5ce ( read+ _! books4 
,"o l>ge "p1 h[ev]1 ( ,ku55 &           
,wellhaus5's critical sy/em is  n       
peculi> to !m1 b accept$ by ! great     
majority ( pr(ess$  ,old ,te/am5t       
critics4 ,x is ?is "p :i* has p]haps a  
/ill  /rong] claim to be consid]$ 9 its 
relation to ,*ri/ian tru?1  because !re 
is e appe>ance t x w1 9 c\rse ( "t1     
become traditional among ^? :o h giv5 up
 ! /ill curr5t  traditions ( !          
synagogue4 ,i ref] 7#a7 to ! analysis ( 
!  ,p5tateu* & ! ,book ( ,jo%ua into    
sev]al docum5ts1 7#b7 to !  view t _m ( 
! laws conta9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* arose      
gradually1  accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! p1 & t
 ,ezra1 or at lea/  contempor>ies (     
,ezra1 took a lead+ "p 9 ! revision &   
completion ( ! law book1 & 7#c7 to !    
dat+ ( ! orig9al  docum5ts or           
compilations at v>i\s p]iods1 mo/ly long
 subsequ5t to  ! "t ( ,moses4 ,"t =bids 
me to ent] into ! gr\nds = !  confid5t  
ass]tion t if ei!r exegesis or ! ,*ur*'s

  repres5tation ( religi\s tru? is to   
make any decid$ progress1 !  results ( !
 lit]>y analysis ( ! ,p5tateu* mu/ be   
accept$ z  facts1 & t !ologians mu/ 9   
future recognise at lea/ ?ree  diff]5t  
sections1 & z _m diff]5t conceptions (  
,israel's  religi\s developm5t1 )9 !    
,p5tateu*1 j z !y h long  recognis$ at  
lea/ ?ree diff]5t types ( tea*+ 9 ! ,old
  ,te/am5t z a :ole4 ,on ! "q z to !    
date ( ^! sections1  & z to ! ,mosaic   
orig9 ( any consid]able "p ( !m1 !      
op9ions ( special s*ol>s )9 ! ,*ur* w1 =
 a long "t  yet1 be m or less divid$4   
,!re is1 ,i "k1 a belief gr[+ up  among 
u1 t ,assyrian & ,egyptian discov]ies   
are altoge!r  fav\rable to ! ord9>y     
,engli% view ( ! dates ( ! hi/orical    
books1 includ+ ! ,p5tateu*4 ,may ,i be  
p>don$ = express+ !  sl[ly =m$          
conviction t apologi/s 9 ,engl& 7& be x 
obs]v$  t ,i d n qu>rel ) ! conception (
 apologetic !ology7  frequ5tly indulge 9
 g5]al /atem5ts z to ! be>+s ( rec5t    
discov]ies1 :i* are only half true8 ,!  

oppon5ts ( :om !y are  ?9k+ are long    
s9ce dead2 x is wa/+ "t to fight ) !    
delusions ( a pa/ age4 ,no "o n[ ?9ks ! 
,bible an inv5tion (  prie/craft2 t :i* 
hi/orical critics d\bt is !             
admissibility (  any unqualifi$ ass]tion
 ( ! /rict hi/oricalness ( all !        
details ( all its compon5t p>ts4 ,?is   
d\bt is n remov$ by rec5t  ar*ological  
discov]ies1 ! critical be>+s ( :i* are  
sometimes  :at nei!r ( ! critical s*ools
 desir$ or expect$4 ,i ref]  especially 
to ! be>+s ( ,assyrian discov]ies on !  
date ( :at  are commonly call$ !        
,jehovi/ic n>ratives 9 ! fir/ n9e *apt]s
  ( ,g5esis4 ,i w n pursue ?is subject  
fur!r1 & m]ely add t  we mu/ n too      
ha/ily assume t ! supplem5t hypo!sis is 
altoge!r antiquat$4    ,! results ( !   
anticipat$ revolution 9 our way ( look+ 
at !  ,p5tateu* /rike me z f\rfold4 7#a7
 ,hi/orically4 ,! l[ religi\s  position 
( mo/ ( ! pre-,exile ,israelites w be   
se5 to be n !  result ( a delib]ate     
rebellion aga9/ ! law ( ,jehovah1 !     

,levitical laws be+ at any rate         
virtually non-exi/5t4 ,by ?is ,i mean1  
t ev5 if any l>ge "p ( ^? laws g back to
 ! age ( ,moses  !y 7 nev] ?or\ghly put 
9 =ce1 & soon pass$ out ( sight4        
,o!rwise h[ c we acc\nt = ?is1 among o!r
 facts1 t  ,deut]onomy1 or ! ma9 "p ( x1
 is kn[n 9 ! reign ( ,josiah z  #8! law 
( ,moses'8 ,we %all also1 p]haps1 get a 
deep] insight into  ! ,div9e purpose 9  
rais+ up t colossal p]sonage :o1 ?\gh   
#8sl[ ( spee*1' 0 s mighty 9 de$3 ,i    
mean ,moses--& %all realise  ^? words ( 
a writ] specially sanction$ by my own   
univ]sity3  #8,%\ld we h an accurate    
idea ( ! purpose ( ,god 9 rais+ up      
,moses1 if we said1 ,he did x t ,he     
might communicate a revelation8  ,w\ld n
 ?is be completely to misund]/& !       
pr9cipal end ( !  mission ( ,moses1 :i* 
0 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! !ocracy1 & 9  s f> z 
,god reveal$ ?r\gh him ! revelation 0 b 
z means to  ?is high] end8'#b    7#b7   
,we %all1 p]haps1 discrim9ate m betwe5 !
 p>ts ( ! ,old  ,te/am5t1 "s ( :i* w be 

*iefly valuable to u z br++ into  view !
 gradualness ( ,israel's education1 & z 
giv+ t fulness  to our conceptions (    
,biblical tru?s :i* c only be got by    
kn[+  ! hi/ory ( _! outw>d =ms2 o!rs w h
 only t int]e/  :i* atta*es ev5 to !    
m9ute/ & obscure/ details ( ! hi/ory  ( 
mu*-hon\r$ fri5ds or relatives2 o!rs1   
la/ly1 w rise1 9  virtue ( _! intr9sic  
maje/y1 to a position sc>cely inf]ior to
  t ( ! f9e/ p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t     
itself4    7#c7 ,z a result ( :at has   
?us be5 ga9$1 our idea ( inspiration  w 
become broad]1 deep]1 & m true to facts4
    7#d7 ,we %all h to consid] our      
future attitude t[>ds t  ,k5otic#c view 
( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ :i* has be5 accept$ 9 
"s  =m by su* great exegetical !ologians
 z ,h(mann1 ,oehl]1 &  ,delitzs*4       
,al?\gh ! ,logos1 by ! v nature ( !     
conception1  mu/ be omnisci5t1 !        
inc>nate ,logos1 we are told1 po9t$ ,8  
disciples to a future "t1 9 :i* !y %\ld 
d great] works ?an  ,he ,himself1 & %\ld
 op5 ! doors to fre% dep>tm5ts ( tru?4  

,!  critical problems ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 
did n !n require to be  settl$ by ,him1 
because !y _h n yet come into exi/5ce4  
,_h !y  em]g$ into view 9 our ,"l's "t1 
!y w\ld h giv5 z great a  %ock to dev\t 
,jews z !y h done to dev\t ,*ri/ians2 & 
our  ,ma/] w\ld1 no d\bt1 h giv5 !m a   
solution fully adequate to !  wants (   
believ]s4 ,9 t case1 a ref]5ce to "s    
direction ( !  law z ( ,mosaic orig9    
w\ld1 9 ! m\? ( ,*ri/1 h be5  decisive2 
& ! ,*ur* w\ld1 no d\bt1 h be5 guid$ to 
make "s  di/9ct def9ition ( h] doctr9e  
on ! subject4    ,?us 9 ! v mid/ ( !    
drie/ critical rese>*es we c feel  t1 if
 we h duly fo/]$ ! s5se ( ,div9e ?+s1 we
 are on !  road to fur!r disclosures (  
religi\s z well z hi/orical tru?4  ,!   
day ( negative criticism is pa/1 & ! day
 ( a *eap ridicule  ( all critical      
analysis ( anci5t texts is1 we may hope1
 ne>ly pa/  also4 ,9 fai? & love !      
critics ^: lot ,i w\ld fa9 %>e are at   
"o ) _m ( ^? :o suspect & p]haps        
ridicule !m3 9 !  aspirations ( hope _! 

aim is high]4 ,gladly w\ld ,i n[ pass on
 to a  survey ( ! religi\s be>+s ( !    
critical /udy ( ! poetical  &           
prophetical books1 :i*1 ?r\gh diff]5ces 
( race1 age1 &  above all spiritual     
atmosph]e1 we f9d1 ^u ! :ole1 s mu* m   
attractive & cong5ial ?an ! ,levitical  
legislation4 ,let me1 at  lea/1 ?r[ out 
a few h9ts4 ,great z is ! division (    
op9ion on  po9ts ( detail1 s mu* appe>s 
to be g5]ally accept$ t !  numb] (      
prophets ^: works h p>tly come d[n to u 
is l>g]  ?an us$ to be suppos$4 ,!      
analysis ( ! texts may n be z ne>ly     
p]fect z t ( ! ,p5tateu*1 b !re is no   
d\bt among ^? (  ! y\ng] critics ^:     
voices c\nt 7& ) ! pupils ( ,delitzs*  !
 case is ! same z ) ^? ( ,ewald7 t      
sev]al ( !  prophetical books are made  
up ( ! works ( diff]5t writ]s1 & ,i  ev5
 notice a t5d5cy among highly or?odox   
critics to g beyond ,ewald  himself &   
analyse ! ,book ( ,daniel into portions 
( diff]5t dates4  ,! result is          
important1 & n = lit]>y hi/ory alone4 ,x

 gives u  a mu* firm] hold on ! great   
pr9ciple t a prophet's horizon is  t ( 8
 own "t2 t he prophesi$1 z has be5 well 
said1 into  ! future1 b n directly to ! 
future4 ,?is w1 ,i believe1 9 no  wise  
affect ess5tial ,*ri/ian tru?1 b w      
obvi\sly modify our  exegesis ( c]ta9   
,scripture pro(s ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 &  
is  p]haps n )\t a be>+ on ! two grave  
!ological subjects  ref]r$ to already4  
,be> ) me if1 once aga9 9 conclusion1 ,i
 appeal to ! ,*ur* at  l>ge on behalf ( 
^? :o w\ld fa9 mod]nise our criticism & 
exegesis ) a view to a n less           
di/9ctively ,*ri/ian b m  progressive   
,*ur* !ology4 ,! age ( cum5ical c\ncils 
may h  pass$2 b if criticism1 exegesis1 
& philosophy are only cultivat$  9 a    
fe>less & rev]5t _s1 & if ! ,*ur* at    
l>ge tr\bles  itself a little m to      
und]/& ! work]s & _! "w1 an             
approximation to agreem5t on great      
religi\s que/ions may h]eaft] be        
atta9$4 ,:at ! in=mal decisions ( !     
g5]al ,*ri/ian  consci\sness w be1 x    

w\ld be imp]t95t to conjecture4 ,x is   
,/4  ,john's #8all tru?' aft] :i* we    
aspire--#8all ! tru?' conc]n+ ,god1  !  
individual s\l1 & human society1 into   
:i* ! lab\rs (  g5]ations1 enc\rag$ by !
 guid+ />1 %all by degrees introduce  u4
 ,b "o ?+ is too cle> to be mi/ak5--viz4
 t exegesis mu/  decide fir/ ( all :at  
ess5tial ,*ri/ian tru? is be=e a dev\t  
philosophy c int]pret1 exp&1 & apply x1 
& ,old ,te/am5t  exegesis1 at any rate1 
_c be long sep>at$ f its natural ally1  
! high] criticism4 ,a provisional       
sep>ation may no d\bt be  necess>y1 b ! 
ultimate aim ( successive g5]ations (   
/ud5ts  mu/ be a fai?ful exegesis1      
enlight5$ by a sev5-times te/$          
criticism4    ,footnote #a3             
#8,tol]anz sollte eig5tli* nur e9e      
vorb]geh5de ,ges9nung se92    sie muss  
zur ,an]k5nung fhr54'--,goe!4           
,footnote #b3      ,see essay on        
#8,miracles' 9 ,*ri/ian ,remembranc]    
7li/ ( works    recomm5d$ to !ological  
hon\r-/ud5ts 9 ,ox=d74    ,footnote #c3 

,! self-humiliation ( ,*ri/ is describ$ 
7ne$ ,i rem>k87 by ,/4    ,paul z a     
7,phil4 ii4 #g74 ,h[ f> ?is  ext5d$ is a
    !ological problem :i* 9 ! sixte5?   
c5tury1 & aga9 9 our    own1 has ex]cis$
 dev\t ?9k]s4 ,= ! mod]n =m ( ! ,k5otic 
view or doctr9e ! ,engli% read] w       
naturally g to ,dorn]'s    ,hi/ory ( !  
,doctr9e ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/1 vol4 iii41 
9    ,cl>k's ,libr>y4 ,dorn]'s          
opposition to ?is view is a weighty b   
n1 ( c\rse1 a decisive fact4 ,we mu/ be 
loyal to ! facts (    ,*ri/'s humanity  
report$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,! "q z to !      
ext5t ( !  is an op5 "o4                
,,! ,,book ,,( ,,job4                   
,,*apt] ,i4               ,,job',s      
,,calamity2 ,,! ,,op5+ ,,( ,,!          
,,dialogues4                            
7,,*aps4 ,i4-,,xiv47      ,! ,book (    
,job is n ! e>lie/ monum5t ( ,hebrew    
#8wisdom1' b =  v>i\s reasons w be      
treat$ fir/ 9 ord]4 ,! p]usal ( "s (  ! 
pages introductory to ,prov]bs w enable 
! /ud5t to fill out  :at is "h giv54 ,! 

,hebrew #8wisdom' is a product z peculi>
 z !  dialectic ( ,plato1 & n less wor?y
 ( admiration2 & ! au?or (  ,job is its 
greate/ ma/]4 ,to him are due ^? great  
?\ghts on a  p]5nial problem1 :i* may be
 supplem5t$ b c nev] be  sup]s$$1 & :i*1
 z ,m4 ,r5an truly says1 cause s pr(\nd 
an  emotion 9 _! fir/ nave expression4  
,8 wisdom is t ( intuition  r ?an (     
/rict reason+1 b x is z truly bas$ ^u ! 
facts  ( exp]i5ce z any ( our ,we/]n    
philosophies4 ,he did n inde$  rea* 8   
high position unaid$ by pr$ecessors4 ,! 
au?or ( ! noble  #8,praise ( ,wisdom' 9 
,prov4 i4-ix4 taught him mu* & k9dl$ 8  
ambition4 ,nor 0 he 9 all probability   
)\t ! /imulus (  fell[-?9k]s &          
fell[-poets4 ,! /ud5t ought f ! outset  
to  be aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( discussions z 
to ! unity ( !  book--discussions :i* h 
l$ to "o assur$ & to sev]al probable    
results--?\gh he ought n to adopt any   
critical results be=e he has  ?or\ghly  
/udi$ ! poem itself4 ,! /ud5t %\ld also 
"k t  ! suppos$ au?ors ( ! 7z ,i mu/    

believe7 ins]t$ passages belong  to !   
same circle z ! writ] ( ! ma9 "p ( !    
book1 & are  !re=e n to be accus$ ( hav+
 made #8int]polations4' ,i ne$ n  "h    
di/+ui% betwe5 passages add$ by ! au?or 
himself z  aft]?\ghts 7or p]haps        
p>alipom5a ins]t$ by disciples f 8      
lit]>y rema9s7 & compositions ( lat]    
poets add$ to give ! poem  great]       
didactic complet5ess4 ,a passage :i*    
does n fall into !  plan ( ! poem is to 
all int5ts & purposes ! "w ( ano!r      
poet4 ,! philosophic ,goe! ( ! second "p
 ( ,fau/ is n !  passion-toss$ ,goe! ( !
 fir/4    ,all ! writ]s :o may be       
conc]n$ 9 ! production ( our book are1  
h[ev]1 well wor?y ( rev]5t /udy2 !y 7 n 
only inspir$ by  ! ,_s ( ,israel's holy 
religion1 b 9 _! v>i\s /yles true       
poets4 ,9 "s degree we may apply to ,job
 ! l9es ( ,s*ill] on !  ,iliad ) its    
diff]5t fa!rs b "o only "m--,nature4 ,9 
fact1  ,nature1 9 aspects *iefly        
famili>1 b n !re=e less int]e/+1  0 an  
op5 book to ^! poets1 & #8,look 9 ?9e   

he>t & write' 0  _! secret z well z     
,sp5s]'s = vigor\s & effective          
expression4    ,i n[ proce$ to give 9   
pla9 prose ! pi? & sub/ance ( ?is  great
 poem1 :i* m ?an any o!r ,old ,te/am5t  
book ne$s to be  br\ght ne> to ! m9d ( a
 ,we/]n /ud5t4 ,i w\ld entitle x ,,!    
,,book ,,( ,,! ,,trial ,,( ,,!          
,,righte\s ,,man1 ,,& ,,( ,,!           
,,ju/ification ,,( ,,god4    ,9 its     
pres5t =m ! ,book ( ,job consi/s ( five 
p>ts--    #a4 ,! ,prologue1 writt5 9    
prose 7*4 i4-ii471 ! body ( ! "w 9  !   
,hebrew be+ writt5 9 at any rate an     
approa* to metre2#d    #b4 ,!           
,colloquies betwe5 ,job & 8 ?ree fri5ds 
7*4 iii4-xxxi472    #c4 ,! ,disc\rses ( 
,elihu 7*4 xxxii4-xxxvii472    #d4      
,jehovah's ,reply to ,job 7*4           
xxxviii4-xlii4 #f72    #e4 ,! ,epilogue1
 9 prose 7*4 xlii4 #g-ag74    ,!re are  
"s diff]5ces 9 ! arrangem5t :i* w       
pres5tly be  foll[$1 b ^! w ju/ify      
!mselves 9 ! c\rse ( our /udy4  ,let u  
fir/ ( all exam9e ! ,prologue1 :i* w be>

 to be view$  by itself z a /rik+       
specim5 ( ,hebrew n>rative4 ,! idyllic  
mann]s ( a patri>*al age are del9eat$ ) 
sympa?y--no difficult  task to "o :o    
knew ! e>ly ,hebrew traditions--& /ill m
  admirable are ! v te/+ sc5es f !      
sup]natural _w4    ,x may p]haps seem   
/range t ?is %\ld be only a prose poem1 
b  ! tru? is t n>rative poetry 0        
entirely ali5 to ! ,hebrew  g5ius1 :i*  
refus$ to tol]ate ! bonds ( protract$ & 
cont9u\s  v]sification4 ,l t o!r great  
h]o ( p>alleli/ic v]se ,balaam1  ,job is
 a non-,israelite2 & 9 ?is ! unkn[n     
au?or %[s a f9e  tact1 = he is ?us      
absolv$ f ! emb>rass+ necessity (       
ref]r+ to ! ,law1 & s complicat+ ! moral
 problem "u  consid]ation4 ,job1 h[ev]1 
?\gh an ,arabian %ei*#e 7z "o may       
loosely call him71 0 a wor%ipp] (       
,jehovah1 :o decl>es be=e !  assembl$   
#8sons ( ! ,elohim' t #8!re is none l   
,job 9 !  e>?1' c4 7i4 #h74 ,job's      
virtue is rew>d$ by an outw>d prosp]ity 
l t ( ! patri>*s 9 ,g5esis3 he 0 a great

 ,ea/]n ,eme]1  & _h n only a l>ge      
family b great possessions4 ,8 scrupul\s
  piety1 :i* takes precautions ev5 aga9/
 he>t-s9s1 is exemplifi$  to u by !     
aton+ sacrifice :i* he (f]s z head ( 8  
family at  "s annual fea/ 7i4 #d1 #e74  
,!n 9 v]4 #f ! sc5e is abruptly  *ang$ f
 e>? to heav54 ,! _s ( ! n>rative is n  
devoid  ( a delightful hum\r4 ,9 ! mid/ 
( ! #8sons ( !  ,elohim'--sup]natural1  
,titanic be+s1 :o _h once be5 at /rife )
  ,jehovah 7if we may illu/rate by xxi4 
#bb1 xxv4 #b71 b :o n[ at /at$  times   
paid ,him _! en=c$ homage--/ood "o :o _h
 n q lo/  8 orig9al pleasure 9 work+    
evil1 & :o 0 n[ employ$ by 8  ,ma/] z a 
k9d ( moral & religi\s c5sor ( ! human  
race4 ,?is  malici\s _s--#8! ,satan' or 
adv]s>y1 z he is call$--_h j  return$ f 
a t\r ( inspection 9 ! _w1 & ,jehovah1  
:o is  repres5t$ "u ! disguise ( an     
e>?ly mon>*1 boldly &  imprud5tly draws 
8 att5tion to ! m]itori\s ,job4 ,!      
,satan  refuses to give human nature    
cr$it = pure goodness1 & s>ca/ically    

rem>ks1 #8,does ,job s]ve ,god = no?+8' 
7i4 #i47 ,jehovah !re=e  all[s ,8 m9i/] 
to put ,job's piety to z sev]e a te/ z  
possible  %ort ( tak+ 8 life4 ,"o aft]  
ano!r ,job's flocks1 8 s]vants1  & 8    
*ildr5 are de/roy$4 ,8 wife1 h[ev]1 by a
 t\* ( quiet  hum\r1 is sp>$2 %e seems  
to be recognis$ by ! ,satan z an        
unconsci\s ally 7ii4 #i74 ,! piety (    
,job /&s ! trial2 he is  deeply mov$1 b 
ma9ta9s 8 self-control1 & ! sc5e closes 
)  a dev\t ascription ( bless+ to       
,jehovah alike = giv+ & =  recall+ ,8   
gifts4    ,be=e pass+ on ! read] %\ld   
notice t1 accord+ to ! poet1  ! ultimate
 reason :y ^! suff]+s ( ,job 7 p]mitt$  
by !  ,mo/ ,high 0 t ,job might set an  
example ( a piety indep5d5t (  fav\r+   
outw>d circum/ances4 ,! poet reveals ?is
 to u 9 !  ,prologue1 t we may n        
ourselves be /agg]$ 9 our fai?1 nor ca/ 
d[n by sympa?y ) su* an unique suff]]2 =
 aft] ! eulogy  pass$ ^u ,job 9 !       
cele/ial c\rt we _c d\bt t he w  /& !   
te/1 ev5 if di/urb$ = a "t4    ,a second

 "t ! same high c\rt is held4 ,! fir/   
exp]im5t ( !  ,adv]s>y has fail$1 & ?is 
magnifi$ e>?ly mon>*1 ! ,jehovah (  !   
/ory1 beg9s to suspect t he has all[$ a 
good man to be  plagu$ ) no suffici5t   
motive4 ,admir+ly he exclaims1 po9t+ to 
,job1 #8,& /ill he holds fa/ 8          
integrity1 s t ?\ did/ incite  me aga9/ 
him to annihilate him )\t cause' 7ii4   
#c74 ,ano!r  s>ca/ic ^w f ! ,adv]s>y    
7#8,t\* 8 bone & 8 fle%1 &  !n          
see4444'71 & once m he receives         
p]mission to try ,job4 ,!  affliction   
?is "t is elephantiasis1 ! mo/ loa?some 
& dang]\s  =m ( leprosy4 ,b ,job's piety
 /&s fa/4 ,he sits d[n on ! heap  (     
burnt dung & a%es at ! entrance ( !     
village1 su* z ^?  :]e lep]s are /ill   
wont to congregate1 & meets ! despair+  
c\nsel ( 8 wife 7comp4 ,tobit's wife1   
,tob4 ii4 #ad7 to r5\nce a ,god  f :om  
no?+ m is to be hop$ b dea? ) a calm &  
pi\s  rebuke4 ,s baseless 0 ! malici\s  
sugge/ion ( ! ,satan6 ,meantime  _m     
mon?s pass away 7vii4 #c71 & no fri5d   

appe>s to condole )  him4 ,travell+ is  
sl[ 9 ! ,ea/1 & ,job's ?ree fri5ds#f 7  
,eme]s l himself 7! ,sept4 makes !m     
k+s71 & _! resid5ces  w\ld be at "s     
di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,at la/ !y come1 b !y
  _c recognise ,job's features1 di/ort$ 
by disease 7z ,isa4 lii4 #ad74  ,ov]p[]$
 ) surprise & grief1 !y sit d[n ) him = 
sev5  days & sev5 nights 7comp4 ,ezek4  
iii4 #ae74 ,up to ?is po9t no fault  c  
be f\nd ) 8 fri5ds4                     
,i nev] yet did he>              ,t !   
bruis$ he>t 0 pi]c$ ?r\gh ! e>4         
7,o!llo1 act i1 sc5e #c47    ,x 0 _!    
deep1 unspok5 sympa?y :i* enc\rag$ him  
to v5t 8  sorr[ 9 a flood ( unpurifi$   
emotion 7*ap4 iii47 ,! v next ?+        
record$ ( ,job is t he #8op5$ 8 m\? &   
curs$ 8 day' 7i4e4  8 bir?day2 see v]4  
#c74 ,?is may at lea/ be ! poet's mean+1
  ?\gh x is also possible t ! prologue &
 ! body ( ! poem  are n homog5e\s4 ,n to
 m5tion o!r reasons at pres5t1 ! tone  (
 ,job's spee* 9 *ap4 iii4 7! *apt] read 
by ,swift on 8  bir?day7 is entirely    

diff]5t f ! /$fa/ resignation ( 8  reply
 to 8 wife1 :i*1 z ,pr(4 ,davidson has  
said1 #8reveals /ill  great] deeps 9    
,job's rev]5t piety' ?an ! b5$iction at 
! end  ( *ap4 i41 ! latt] be+ call$ =? n
 by ! infliction (  positive evil1 b    
m]ely by ! )drawal ( ungu>ante$ fav\rs4 
,h[ /rangely vivid 7 ! s5sations ( !    
race to :i* ! au?or  ( ,job belong$6 ,h[
 great to him mu/ h be5 ! pleasures (   
exi/5ce1 & h[ great ! pa9s6 ,no?+ to him
 0 m]ely  subjectively true3 8 feel+s 7 
infallible1 & t :i* seem$  to be 04 ,"t1
 = in/ance1 _h an objective reality3 !  
days ( !  ye> _h a k9d ( life ( _! own  
7comp4 ,ps4 xix4 #b7 & paid  annually   
recurr+ visits to mank9d4 ,h5ce ,job1 l 
,j]emiah 7,j]4 xx4  #ad-ah71 9 ! viol5ce
 ( 8 passion#g c wi% to retaliate on !  
in/rum5t ( 8 mis]y by #8curs+ 8 day4'   
,p]i% ! day :]e9 ,i 0 born1             
& ! night :i* said1 ,a man has be5      
conceiv$4                7iii4 #c2 comp4
 #f72    i4e4 let my bir?day become a   
blank 9 ! cal5d>4 ,or1 if ?is be too    

mu* & ! anniv]s>y1 s sad to me1 mu/ come
 r\nd1 !n let  magicians ca/ _! spell#h 
^u x & make x an unlucky day 7su*  z !  
,babylonians _h 9 abundance74           
,let !m curse x t curse days1           
t are skilful to r\se ! levia?an 7iii4  
#h72    i4e4 ! cl\d dragon 7vii4 #ab1   
xxvi4 #ac1 ,isaiah li4 #i1 ,j]4 li4     
#cd71  ! enemy ( ! sun 7an allusion to a
 widely spread sol> my?74 ,s  f>e x ) ! 
day :i* might1 by h9d]+ ,job's bir?1 h  
#8hid  sorr[ f 8 eyes6' ,ev5 if he mu/  
be born1 :y c\ld he n h  di$ at once &  
escap$ 8 ill =tune 9 ! quiet phantom _w 
7iii4 #ac-ai78 ,alas6 ?is melan*oly     
dream does b aggravate ,job's  m5tal    
agony4 ,he broods on ! horror ( 8       
situation1 & ev5 makes a  %y allusion to
 ,god z ! au?or ( 8 woe--               
,:]e=e gives he light to ! mis]able1    
& life to ! bitt] 9 s\l8 7iii4 #bj47    
,& n[ ,job's fri5ds are %ak5 out ( _!   
composure4 ,!y h be5  m$itat+ on ,job's 
calamity1 :i* is s difficult to         
reconcile )  _! previ\s high op9ion (   

him2 = !y are ! repres5tatives (        
or?odoxy1 ( ! or?odoxy :i* receiv$ !    
high sanction ( !  ,deut]onomic ,tra1 & 
:i* connect$ ob$i5ce & prosp]ity1       
disob$i5ce & adv]sity4 ,/ill x is n a   
/iff1 extreme or?odoxy  :i* ! ?ree      
fri5ds ma9ta93 calamity1 z ,eliphaz     
repres5ts _!  op9ion 7v4 #ag2 comp4     
#bg71 is n always a puni%m5t1 b         
sometimes a  discipl9e4 ,! "q !re=e has 
=c$ itself ^u !m1 ,has !  calamity :i*  
has befall5 our fri5d a judicial or a   
discipl9>y1  educational purpose8 ,at   
fir/ !y may h lean$ to ! latt]          
alt]native2 b ,job's viol5t outbur/1 s  
unbecom+ 9 a dev\t man1  too cle>ly     
po9t$ 9 ! o!r direction1 & already !y   
are  beg9n+ to lose _! fir/ hopeful view
 ( 8 case4 ,"o aft]  ano!r !y debate !  
"q ) ,job 7,eliphaz z ! deposit>y (  a  
revelation1 ,bildad z ! advocate (      
tradition1 ,zoph> z ! man (  common     
s5se7--! "q ( ! cause & mean+ ( 8       
suff]+s1  :i* means fur!r1 s9ce ,job is 
n m]ely an individual b a  type1#i ! "q 

( ! va/ mass ( evil 9 ! _w4 ,?is ma9  "p
 ( ! "w falls into ?ree cycles (        
dialogue 7*4 iv4-xiv41 *4  xv4-xxi41 *4 
xxii4-xxxi47 ,9 ea* !re are ?ree pairs (
 spee*es1  belong+ respectively to      
,eliphaz & ,job1 ,bildad & ,job1 ,zoph> 
&  ,job4 ,eliphaz op5s ! debate z be+ ! 
olde/ 7xv4 #aj7 & ! mo/  exp]i5c$ (     
,job's fri5ds4 ,!re is mu* to admire 9 8
 spee*2 if  he c\ld only h adopt$ ! tone
 ( a sympa?is+ fri5d & n (  a lectur]-- 
,behold1 ?is h we se>*$ out2 s x is2    
he> ?\ x1 & "k x = ?yself 7v4 #bg7--    
he might h be5 useful to ! suff]]4 ,at !
 v beg9n+ he  /rikes a wrong key-note1  
express+ surprise at 8 fri5d's utt] loss
  ( self-control 7vattibbhl1 v]4 #d71 & 
c\*+ x 9 su* a =m  t "o w\ld really     
suppose ,job to h brok5 d[n at ! fir/   
ta/e  ( tr\ble4 ,! view ( ! speak] seems
 to be t1 s9ce ,job is  really a pi\s   
man 7= ,eliphaz does n z yet presume to 
d\bt ?is71  he ought to feel sure t 8   
tr\ble w\ld n proce$ beyond a  c]ta9    
po9t4 #8,be?9k !e n[1' says ,eliphaz1   

#8:o ev] p]i%$1  be+ innoc5t8' 7iv4 #g47
 ,"s am\nt ( tr\ble ev5 a good man may  
fairly expect2 ?\gh f> f #8pl\gh+       
iniquity1' he is too weak n  to fall    
into s9s ( error1 & all s9 involves     
suff]+2 or1 z  ,eliphaz puts x          
concisely--                             
,man is born to tr\ble1                 
z ! sp>ks fly upw>d 7v4 #g74    ,assum+ 
)\t any reason t ,job w\ld "q ?is1      
,eliphaz  en=ces ! moral imp]fection (  
human nature by an appeal to            
revelation--n1 ( c\rse1 to ,moses & !   
prophets1 b to a vision  l ^? ( !       
patri>*s 9 ,g5esis4 ,( ! circum/ances ( 
!  revelation a mo/ graphic acc\nt is   
giv54                 ,& to myself came 
an oracle /eal?ily1               & m9e 
e> receiv$ ! :isp] !re(1               9
 ! play ( ?\ght f nightly visions1      
:5 deep sleep falls ^u m51              
a %udd] came ^u me & a trembl+1         
& made all my bones to %udd]1           
:5 7see67 a w9d sweeps be=e me1         
! hairs ( my body bri/le up3            

x /&s1 b ,i _c disc]n x1                
,i gaze1 b !re is no =m1                
be=e m9e eyes 7is7 444               &  
,i he> a murmur+ voice4#aj              
#8,c human k9d be righte\s be=e ,god8   
c man be pure be=e 8 ,mak]8             
,behold1 he tru/s n 8 own s]vants1      
& imputes error to 8 angels#aa'4 7iv4   
#ab-ah74    ,!re is no su* weird passage
 9 ! re/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x did  n   
escape ! att5tion ( ,milton1 ^:         
description ( dea? alludes  to x4       
,if %ape x c\ld be call$ t %ape _h none1
                ,di/+ui%able 9 memb]1   
jo9t1 or limb2                ,or       
sub/ance might be call$ t %ad[ seem$4   
7,p>4 ,lo/1 ii4 #bff47    ,a s+le phrase
 7#8a murmur+ voice1' v]4 #af7 is borr[$
 f !  !ophany ( ,elijah 7#a ,k+s xix4   
#ab71 b ! /rokes :i* pa9t !  sc5e1 & :i*
 ,milton & ,blake betwe5 !m h m ?an     
reproduc$1 are all 8 own4 ,! sup]natural
 t]ror1 ! w9d  betok5+ a spiritual      
visitor1 ! /ra9+ eyes :i* c disc]n no   
=m1 ! :isp]+ voice always associat$ )   

oracles#ab--;ea* (  ^! awful exp]i5ces  
we seem to %>e4 ,eliphaz himself recalls
 8  impressions s vividly t he          
involunt>ily uses ! pres5t t5se 9       
describ+ !m4    ,b :y %\ld ,eliphaz     
imag9e t because ,job _h n _h a         
revelation  ( ?is k9d he is !re=e       
ignorant ( ! tru?8 ,he actually         
conf\nds ! compla9ts wrung f ,job by 8  
unp>allel$ m5tal &  bodily suff]+s ) !  
#8impati5ce' ( ! #8fooli% man' & !      
#8passion' ( ! #8silly' "o1 & w>ns him  
aga9/ ! fate :i*  )9 8 own exp]i5ce     
befell "o su* rebelli\s murmur] aga9/   
,god--an irrelevant rem>k1 unless he has
 already begun to suspect ,job (        
impiety4 ,!n1 z if he feels t he has    
gone too f>1 he addresses ,job  9 a m   
hopeful _s1 & tells him :at he w\ld d 9 
8 place1  viz4 turn tru/fully to ,god1  
^: op]ations are s unse>*able1 b  s     
b5evol5t4 ,let ,job reg>d 8 pres5t      
affliction z a *a/5+ &  he may look =w>d
 to ev5 m abundant bless+s ?an he has   
yet  enjoy$4    ,9 ^! conclud+ v]ses    

,eliphaz c]ta9ly does 8 be/ to be       
sympa!tic1 b ! result %[s h[ utt]ly he  
has fail$4 ,he has  nei!r conv9c$ ,job's
 reason nor calm$ ! viol5ce ( 8 emotion4
  ,x is n[ ,job's turn to reply4 ,he is 
n1 inde$1 9 a mood to answ]  ,eliphaz   
po9t by po9t4 ,pass+ ov] ! ung5]\s      
ref]5ce to !  fate ( ! rebelli\s1 :i* he
 c h>dly believe to be s]i\sly  meant1  
,job fir/ ( all ju/ifies ! despair :i*  
has s a/oni%$  ,eliphaz4#ac ,s9ce !     
latt] is s cool & s critical1 let him   
weigh  ,job's calamity z well z 8 words1
 & see if ! extravagance ( !  latt] is n
 excusable4 ,are ^! arr[ w\nds ! fruit (
  *a/isem5t8 ,does ! ,div9e love        
disguise itself z t]ror8 ,! good  man is
 nev] all[$ to p]i%1 y say2 b h[ mu*    
long] c a body  ( fle% hold out8 ,:y    
%\ld ,i n ev5 desire dea?8 ,god may be  
my  enemy1 b ,i h giv5 ,him no cause4 ,&
 n[1 if ,he w\ld be my fri5d1  ! only   
fav\r ,i crave is t ,he w\ld %ort5 my   
agony4             ,!n %\ld 7?is7 /ill  
be my com=t           7,i w\ld leap     

amid/ unsp>+ pa971           t ,i h n   
d5i$ ! words ( ! ,holy ,"o 7vi4 #aj74   
,job's demean\r is ?us fully acc\nt$ =2 
x is t ( 8 fri5ds  :i* is unnatural &   
disappo9t+4               ,my bre?r5 h  
be5 trea*]\s z a w9t] /ream1            
z ! b$ ( w9t] /reams :i* pass away3     
7once7 !y 7 turbid ) ice1             & 
! sn[1 z x fell1 hid itself 9 !m2       
b n[ t !y feel ! gl[ !y vani%1          
:5 x is hot !y disappe> f _! place4     
,c>avans b5d _! c\rse2             !y g 
up into ! des]t & p]i%4             ,!  
c>avans ( ,tema look$2             !    
companies ( ,%eba hop$ = !m2#ad         
!y 7 aba%$ because !y _h be5 confid5t2  
:5 !y came ?i!r !y 7 a%am$ 7vi4 #ae-bj74
    ,& 0 x a h>d ?+ t ,job ask$ ( 8     
fri5ds8 ,no2 m]ely  sympa?y4 ,& n only h
 !y )held ?is2 ,eliphaz has ev5         
ins9uat$ t ,job 0 an op5 s9n]4 ,surely  
nei!r hone/y nor  wisdom is %[n 9 su*   
capti\s criticism ( ,job's expressions4 
,h[ =cible is hone/ language1        &  
h[ cog5t is ! c5sure ( a wise man6      

,?9k ye to c5sure words1        & !     
passionate spee* ( "o :o is desp]ate8   
7vi4 #be1 #bf47    ,) an ass]tion ( 8   
innoc5ce1 & a r5ew$ *all5ge to disprove 
x1 ?is1 ! easie/ "p ( ,job's fir/ reply1
 concludes4    ,& n[1 hav+ secur$ 8 "r  
to compla91 ,job freely avails himself  
( 8 melan*oly privilege4 ,a #8desp]ate' 
man c>es n to *oose 8  words1 ?\gh !    
rev]5ce :i* nev] ceas$ to exi/ deep d[n 
9  ,job's nature prompts him to excuse 8
 deliri\s words by a ref]5ce to  8 bitt]
 angui% 7vii4 #aa74 ,ano!r excuse :i* he
 might h giv5  lies on ! v surface ( !  
poem1 :i* is col\r$ ?r\gh\t by  ! poet's
 deep sympa?y ) human mis]y 9 g5]al4    
,job 9 fact is  n m]ely an individual1 b
 a repres5tative ( mank9d2 & :5 he  asks
 himself at ! beg9n+ ( *ap4 vii4--      
,has n frail man a w>f>e h>d s]vice ^u  
e>?1             & are n 8 days l ! days
 ( a hirel+8--    x is n m]ely "o ( !   
c\ntless ?\ghts :i* are l foam  bubbles1
 b ! expression ( a s]i\s int]e/1 :i*   
raises ,job f>1  v f> above ! patri>*al 

pr9ce ( ! leg5d 9 ! ,prologue4 ,x  is ! 
v exagg]ation ( ?is int]e/ :i* alone    
expla9s :y !  ?\ght ( 8 fell[-suff]]s n 
only br+s no com=t#ae to ,job1  b fails 
ev5 to calm 8 excitem5t4                
,am ,i ! sea 7he says7 or ! sea mon/]1  
t ?\ sette/ a wat* ov] me8 7vii4 #ab47  
,x is an allusion to a my?1 bas$ on !   
cont9ual #8w> 9 heav5'  betwe5 light &  
d>kness1 :i* we h 9 ^! l9es4 ,job asks  
if he  is ! levia?an 7iii4 #h7 ( t upp] 
ocean above :i* dwells !  invisible ,god
 7ix4 #h1 ,ps4 civ4 #c74 ,he describes  
,jehovah z be+ jeal\s  7comp4 ,g54 iii4 
#d1 #e1 #bb7 & ?9k+ x ( importance to   
subdue ,job's  wild nature1 le/ he %\ld 
?w>t ! ,div9e purposes4 ,b "h1 aga91    
,job rises above himself2 ! sorr[s ( all
 innoc5t suff]]s are z  pres5t to him z 
8 own2 nay1 m1 he be>s !m z a "p ( 8    
own2 he repres5ts mank9d ) ,god4 ,9 a   
bitt] p>ody ( ,ps4 viii4 #e  he         
exclaims--              ,:at is frail   
man t ,?\ treate/ him z a great "o      
& sette/ ,?y m9d ^u him2            t   

,?\ scrut9ise/ him e morn+1            &
 art e mom5t te/+ him8 7vii4 #ag1 #ah47 
,x is only n[ & !n t ,job expresses ?is 
feel+ ( sympa!tic  union ) ! human race4
 ,g5]ally 8 secret ?\ght 7or t ( 8      
poet7 translates itself into a          
self-consci\sness :i* seems morbidly    
extravagant on any o!r view ( ! poem4 ,!
 descriptions ( 8  physical pa9s1 h[ev]1
 are true to ! facts ( ! disease call$  
elephantiasis1 f :i* he may be suppos$  
to h suff]$4 ,8 cry  = dea? is ju/ifi$  
by 8 condition--#8dea? r ?an 7^!7 my    
pa9s'#af 7vii4 #ae74 ,he has no respite 
f 8 agony2 #8nights (  mis]y1' he says1 
#8h be5 allott$ to me' 7vii4 #c71       
probably because  8 pa9s 7 m sev]e 9 !  
night 7xxx4 #ag74 ,h[ c x be wor?  :ile1
 he asks1 ?us to p]secute him8 ,ev5 if  
,eliphaz be "r1 & ,job  has be5 a s9n]1 
yet h[ c ?is affect ! ,mo/ ,high8       
7,ev57 if ,i h s9n$1 :at d ,i unto !e1  
,o ?\ wat*] ( m58 7vii4 #bj47    ,:at   
bitt] irony aga96 ,he admits a vigilance
 9 ,god1 b only !  vigilance (          

#8espionage' 7xiii4 #bg1 xiv4 #af71 n t 
( fri5dly  gu>dian%ip2 ,god only aims at
 procur+ a long catalogue ( puni%able   
s9s4 ,:y n =give ^? s9s & relieve       
,himself f a tr\blesome  task8 ,soon x w
 be too late3 a pa!tic t\* reveal+ a    
lat5t  belief 9 ,god's m]cy :i* no      
calamity c\ld de/roy4    ,?us to !      
blurr$ vision ( ! agonis$ suff]] ! moral
 ,god :om  he us$ to wor%ip has be5     
trans=m$ into an unreason+1 unpity+     
,=ce4 ,bildad is %ock$ at ?is4 #8,c ,god
 p]v]t judgm5t'8 7viii4 #c47  ,9 8 %ort 
spee* he reaffirms ! doctr9e (          
proportionate  retribution1 & exhorts   
,job to #8seek e>ne/ly unto ,god' 7viii4
 #e71  ?us cle>ly imply+ t ,job is be+  
puni%$ = 8 s9s4#ag  ,in/ead ( bas+ 8    
doctr9e on revelation1 ,bildad supports 
! side  ( x relative to ! wick$ by an   
appeal to ! common cons5t (  mank9d     
previ\sly to ! pres5t g5]ation 7viii4   
#h1 #i74 ,?is common  cons5t1 ?is       
traditional wisdom1 is embodi$ 9        
prov]bial #8d>k  say+s1' z1 = in/ance-- 

,c ! papyrus gr[ up )\t m>%8            
c ! ,nile re$ %oot up )\t wat]8         
,:ile yet 9 its v]dure1 uncut1          
x )]s be=e any grass4            ,s f>es
 x ) all t =get ,god1            & !    
hope ( ! impi\s %all p]i% 7viii4        
#aa-ac74    ,x is int]e/+ to see at h[  
e>ly a date ! argum5t 9 fav\r (  ,!ism 0
 re/$ to "s ext5t on tradition4 #8,we   
are ( ye/]day1 &  "k no?+1' says        
,bildad1 #8because our days on e>? are a
 %ad['  7viii4 #i71 :]eas ! wisdom ( !  
pa/ is c5turies old1 & has a  /ability  
to :i* ,job's novelties 7or1 = ?is is ! 
poet's mean+1  ^? ( ! new sceptical     
s*ool ( ! ,exile7 _c pret5d4 ,b ,job  at
 lea/ is bett] ?an 8 !ories1 s ,eliphaz 
& ,bildad are /ill  *>itable en\gh to   
believe1 & ! clos+ words ( ! spee* (    
,bildad cle> up any possible d\bt )     
reg>d to 8 op9ion ( err+  b /ill        
:ole-he>t$#ah 7#8p]fect'7 ,job4         
,^? t hate !e %alt be clo!d ) %ame1     
& ! t5t ( ! wick$ %all be no m 7viii4   
#bb74    ,b ,job has mu* to say 9 reply4

 ,he ironically admits ! tru? ( !  say+1
 #8,h[ c man be righte\s ) ,god8' b !   
s5se 9 :i* he  applies ! words is v     
diff]5t f t giv5 to !m by 8  fri5ds4 ,( 
c\rse ,god is righte\s 7#8righte\sness' 
9 ,semitic  languages sometimes means   
#8victory'71 because ,he is s mighty t  
no  "o1 h[ev] innoc5t1 c\ld plead       
successfully be=e ,him4 ,?is ?\ght      
sugge/s a noble description ( ! /up5d\s 
displays ( ,god's might  9 nature 7ix4  
#e-aj74 ,! v]se ) :i* x closes is adopt$
 f  ,eliphaz1 9 ^: fir/ spee* to ,job x 
=ms ! text ( a quiet  picture ( ,god's  
ev]yday miracles ( b5evol5ce to man 7v4 
#i74 ,:]e  ,eliphaz sees p[]1 wisdom1 & 
love1 ,job c see only a =ce :i* is      
t]rible 9 proportion to its wisdom4 ,!  
pr$om9ant quality 9 ?is  idol ( ,job's  
imag9ation is n love1 b ang]--caprici\s1
 inexorable  ang]1 :i* long ago #8!     
help]s ( ,rahab' 7ano!r "n = ! /orm     
dragon1 :i* f\ght aga9/ ! sun7 exp]i5c$ 
to _! co/ 7ix4 #ac2  comp4 xxvi4 #ab74  
,job himself is 9 collision ) ?is =ce2 &

 h[  %\ld he v5ture to def5d himself8 ,!
 tortures he endur$ w\ld =ce  f him an  
av[al ( untru?s 7ix4 #bj74 ,if only ,god
 7 a man1 or if  !re 7 an umpire ^:     
au?ority w\ld be recognis$ on bo? sides1
  h[ gladly w\ld ,job submit 8 case to  
adjudication6 ,b1 alas6 ,god  /&s ov]   
aga9/ him ) ,8 rod 7ix4 #cb-cd74 ,bildad
 _h said1 #8,god  w n ca/ away a p]fect 
man' 7viii4 #bj74 ,b ,job's exp]i5ce is1
  #8,he de/roys ! p]fect & ! wick$' 7ix4
 #bb74 ,?us ,job has _m  fell[-suff]]s1 
& "o good effect ( 8 trial is t x has   
op5$  8 eyes to ! religi\s be>+s ( facts
 :i* he _h long kn[n b  n be=e n[       
s]i\sly pond]$4    ,at la/ a mild] _s   
comes ^u ! suff]]4 ,he has be5 9 !      
habit ( communion ) ,god1 & _c be> to be
 condemn$ )\t  kn[+ ! cause 7x4 #b74    
,h[1 he enquires1 c ,god h ! he>t to    
torture t :i* has co/ ,him s mu* ?\ght  
7comp4 ,isa4 lxv4 #h1 #i78  ,a man is n 
a common pott]'s vessel1 b fram$ )      
elaborate skill4                ,?y h&s 
fa%ion$ & prep>$ me2                    

aft]w>ds do/ ?\ turn#ai & de/roy me8    
,rememb] n[ t z clay ?\ did/ prep>e me1 
& do/ ?\ turn me into du/ aga98         
,life & fav\r do/ ?\ grant me1          
& ?9e ov]sight gu>d$ my _s 7x4 #h1 #i1  
#ab74    ,god appe>$ to be k9d !n2 b1   
s9ce ,god sees ! end f !  beg9n+1 x is  
too cle> t ,he mu/ h done all ?is simply
 9  ord] to mature a p]fect human       
sacrifice to ,8 own cruel self-w4       
,job's mild] _s has evid5tly fl$4 ,he   
repeats 8 wi% t he _h  nev] liv$ 7x4    
#ah1 #ai71 & only craves a few bright]  
mom5ts be=e  he dep>ts to ! l& ( d>kness
 7x4 #bj-bb74    ,x 0 n likely t ,zoph> 
w\ld be m capable ( rightly advis+  ,job
 ?an 8 eld]s4 ,hav+ _h no exp]i5ce to   
s(t5 him1 he p\rs  out a flood ( crude  
dogmatic commonplaces1 & 9 ! compla9ts  
wrung  f a tr\bl$ _s c see no?+ b #8a   
multitude ( words' 7xi4  #b74 ,yet he   
only j misses mak+ an important         
contribution to !  settlem5t ( !        
problem4 ,he has caught a glimpse ( a   
sup]natural  wisdom1 to :i* ! secrets ( 

all he>ts are op53--                ,b  
oh t ,god ,eloah w\ld speak1            
& op5 8 lips aga9/ !e4              & %[
 !e ! secrets ( wisdom1              =  
wondr\s are !y 9 p]fection6#bj          
,can/ ?\ f9d ! dep?s ( ,god ,eloah8     
can/ ?\ rea* to ! end ( ,%addai8        
,heights ( heav56 :at can/ ?\ d8        
deep] ?an ,%el6 :at can/ ?\ "k8 7xi4    
#e-h47    ,if ,zoph> _h work$ out ?is   
idea imp>tially1 he might h giv5 to  !  
discussion a fre% & m pr(itable turn4   
,he is s tak5 up )  ! traditional       
or?odoxy1 h[ev]1 t he has no room = a   
deep]  view ( ! problem4 ,8 inf]5ce is  
t1 9 virtue ( ,8 p]fect  k1 ,god c      
detect s9 :]e man sees none1 ?\gh t     
cruelle/  t\* ( all ) :i* ! ,massoretic 
text#ba burd5s ! reputation  ( ,zoph> is
 n support$ by ! m accurate text ( !    
,septuag9t1  & we %\ld read xi4 #f ?us3 
& ?\ %\lde/ "k t ,god ,eloah gives unto 
!e            ?y des]ts#bb = ?9e        
iniquity4    ,b inde$ a special         
revelation ought n to be necess>y =     

,job4 ,8  tr\ble1 proce$+ z x does f "o 
no less wise ?an irresi/ible  7xi4 #aj1 
#aa71 ought to dispel 8 dream (         
innoc5ce2 z ,zoph>  g5]alises1 :5 ,god's
 judgm5ts are abroad--                  
7,ev57 an empty head w9s und]/&+1       
& a wild ass's colt is new-born z a man 
7xi4 #ab74    ,we may pass ov] !        
brilliant description ( prosp]ity       
consequ5t on a  true rep5tance ) :i* !  
*apt] concludes4 ,x fell q unhe$$  on ! 
e>s ( ,job1 :o 0 m /ung by ! irritat+   
spee* (  ,zoph> ?an by ^? ( ,eliphaz &  
,bildad4    ,! taunt convey$ indirectly 
by ,zoph> 9 xi4 #ab is expos$ 9 all its 
futility 9 ! reply ( ,job4 ,zoph>       
himself1 h[ev]1 he disda9s to  argue )2 
!re is ! same intol]able assumption (   
sup]iority 9  ! spee*es ( all ! ?ree1 & 
?is he assails ) pot5t s>casm4          
,no d\bt ye are mank9d1                &
 ) y %all wisdom die4                ,i 
too h und]/&+ l y1                & :o  
kn[s n ! l ( ?is8 7xii4 #b1 #c47    ,9  
:at respect1 pray1 is he inf]ior to 8   

fri5ds8 ,has ,eliphaz  enjoy$ a         
specially unique revelation8 ,job has _h
 a /ill bett]  opportunity ( le>n+      
spiritual tru? 9 communion ( ! he>t )   
,god 7xii4 #d74 ,is ,bildad an unwe>i$  
collector ( ! wisdom (  antiquity8 ,job 
too admits ! value ( tradition1 ?\gh he 
w n  receive x unprov$ 7xii4 #aa1 #ab74 
,9 declamation1 too1 ,job c vie )  !    
arrogant ,zoph>2 ,job's description ( ! 
omnipot5ce ( ,god =ms  ! c\nt]p>t (     
,zoph>'s description ( ,8 omnisci5ce4 ,b
 ( :at  acc\nt are g5]alities 9 face (  
su* a problem z ,job's8 ,!  "q (        
que/ions is n1 ,has ,god all p[] & all  
wisdom1 b1  ,does ,he use !m = moral    
ends8 ,! ?ree fri5ds refuse to look     
facts  9 ! face2 ! righte\s ,god 7we mu/
 und]/& ! words1 if  !re be "o7 w surely
 *a/ise !m = ins9c]ity &  p>tisan%ip    
7xiii4 #aj74    ,& n[ ,job refuses to   
wa/e any m words on 8 oppon5ts4         
,b z = me1 to ,%addai w\ld ,i speak1    
,i crave to reason ) ,god2              
,b ye--are pla/]]s ( lies1              

pat*]s ( t :i* is wor?less4             
,y\r commonplaces are prov]bs ( a%es2   
y\r bulw>ks are bulw>ks ( clay 7xiii4   
#c1 #d1 #ab74    ,he =ms a new project1 
b %udd]s z he does s1 = he feels sure ( 
provok+ ,god !reby to deadly ang]4 ,be x
 s2 a man :o has borne  till he c be> no
 long] c ev5 welcome dea?4              
,behold1 let him slay me2 ,i c wait be  
pati5t no long]2#bc        /ill ,i w    
def5d my ways to 8 face 7xiii4 #ae74    
,x is ! sublime/ ( all affirmations ( ! 
rights ( consci5ce4 ,job  is confid5t ( 
! success ( 8 plea3 #8,?is also         
7gu>antees7 victory  to me1 t an impi\s 
man _c come be=e him' 7xiii4 #af7 ) su* 
a good consci5ce4 ,?us virtue has an    
intr9sic value = ,job1 sup]ior  to t (  
prosp]ity or ev5 life3 moral victory    
w\ld m ?an  comp5sate = physical        
failure4 ,he indulges ! ?\ght t ,god may
  p]sonally take "p 9 ! argum5t 7xiii4  
#bj-bb71 & 9 anticipation  ( ?is he sums
 up ! *ief po9ts ( 8 int5d$ spee* 7xiii4
  #bc-xiv4 #bb71 su* z1 #8,h[ _m#bd are 

my s9s1' & #8,:y *ase dry  /ubble8'     
7xiii4 #bc1 #be74 ,sad compla9ts ( !    
melan*oly lot (  mank9d foll[1 rem9d+ u 
aga9 t ,job1 l ,dante 9 8  pilgrimage1  
is n only an individual b a             
repres5tative4            ,man t is born
 ( woman1          %ort-liv$ & full (   
unre/1          comes up z a fl[] &     
fades1          flies z a %ad[ &        
cont9ues n4          ,& ^u su* an "o    
keepe/ ?\ ?9e eye op51          & me do/
 ?\ br+ into judgm5t ) !e6 7xiv4 #a-c47 
,h>d en\gh is ! natural fate ( man2 :y  
make x h>d] by  exceptional sev]ity8 ,an
 e>ly read] misund]/ood ?is1 & ?\ght to 
/r5g!n ,job's appeal by a ref]5ce 79 v]4
 #d7 to "o ( !  commonplaces ( ,eliphaz 
7iv4 #ag-ba74 ,b v]4 #e %[s t ! idea    
:i* fills ! m9d ( ,job is ! %ortness (  
human life4#be ,a tree1  :5 cut d[n     
accord+ to ! rules /ill curr5t 9        
,syria1#bf  displays a m>vell\s         
vitality2 b man is only l ! fall+ leaves
  ( a tree 7xiii4 #be71 or 7! figure    
pref]r$ "h7 l ! canals (  ,egypt :5 !   

dykes & res]voirs are n prop]ly kept up 
7xiv4 #aa2  comp4 ,isaiah xix4 #e1 #f74 
,if x 7 ,god's w to #8hide' ,job 9 d>k  
,%el = a "t1 & !n to recall him to !    
light1 h[ gladly w\ld  he #8wait' !re1 l
 a soldi] on gu>d 7comp4 vii4 #a71 till 
8  #8relief' came 7xiv4 #ad76--;a       
fasc9at+ ?\ght1 on :i*1 baseless  ?\gh  
he consid]s x1 ,job _c =be> to dwell4 ,&
 ! beauty (  ! passage is t ! happ9ess (
 re/oration to consci\s life  consi/s = 
,job 9 ! r5ewal ( lov+ communion betwe5 
himself &  8 ,god 7xiv4 #ae74 ,alas6 !  
dim light ( ,%el d>k5s ! glori\s  vision
 & s5ds ,job back into despair4         
,footnote #d3      ,j]ome already saw   
?is4 ,he repres5ts ! ,book ( ,job z     
compos$    ma9ly 9 hexamet]s ) a        
dactylic & spondaic movem5t 7,prf4 9    
,job74 ,does he mean d\ble trimet]s8    
,footnote #e3      ,:]e is ! #8,uz'     
spok5 ( 9 ,job i4 #a8 ,! #8l& ( ,uzza'  
seems to    h be5 n f> f ! ,orontes     
7,%almanes]'s ,obelisk2 see ,fri$r4     
,delitzs*'s ,p>adies1 p4 #bei74         

,tradition places ! home ( ,job 9    !  
f]tile volcanic region call$ ! ,haurn   
7see ! v full    excursus 9 ,delitzs*'s 
,job74 ,b ! #8l& ( ,uz' might be    f>!r
 s\?1 ne>] to ,edom1 9 connection ) :i* 
x is    m5tion$1 ,lam4 iv4 #ba1 ,g54    
xxxvi4 #bh 7comp4 v]4 #ba74 ,?is is     
support$ by ! curi\s note app5d$ to !   
,book ( ,job 9 !    ,septuag9t4 ,x is   
true t ,uz is call$ a son ( ,aram 7,g54 
x4 #bc71    b #8,uz' may h _h sev]al    
bran*es1 or ! use ( ,aramaic may h      
ext5d$ f> beyond ! limits ( ,aram prop]4
    ,footnote #f3      ,( ! ?ree fri5ds 
,eliphaz comes f ! ,edomiti% di/rict (  
,teman1 s fam\s = its wisdom2 ,bildad f 
! l& ( ,%uah 7#8,suhu'    lay1 accord+  
to ! inscriptions1 betwe5 ! m\?s ( !    
,beli*    & ! ,khabur1 conflu5ts ( !    
,euphrates72 ,zoph> f ,naamah1 "s       
unkn[n di/rict ea/ ( ! ,jordan4 ,h[ well
 ^! notes ( place    agree ) ! ,aramaic 
col\r+ ( ! book6    ,footnote #g3       
,bi%op ,l[? 7,prlect4 xxxiii47 admires !
 dramatic tact ) :i*    ! poet makes    

,job err at fir/ m]ely by ! exagg]ation 
( 8    compla9ts1 ?us invit+ c5sure1 :i*
 9 turn leads to bold    mis/atem5ts on 
,job's "p4    ,footnote #h3       ,= a  
late ,egyptian incantation ( ?is class  
see ,ancessi1 ,job et le    ,rdempteur1 
pp4 #bdj-a2 = ! dragon my? itself see   
,*eyne's note    9 ! ,prophecies (      
,isaiah 7on ,isa4 xxvii4 #a7 & 9 !      
,pulpit    ,comm4 on ,j]emiah 7on ,j]4  
li4 #cd74    ,footnote #i3      ,see    
,*ap4 ,,vii4 7end ( ,section #b74       
,footnote #aj3      ,! translation      
foll[s ,bickell's text4 ,! correction 9 
l9e #b (    v]4 #af is f ! ,septuag9t2 !
 transposition 9 l9e #d is    sugge/$ by
 #a ,k+s xix4 #ab4    ,footnote #aa3    
,s xv4 #ae4 ,m4 ,l5ormant comp>es ,g54  
vi4 #a-d 7an incomplete    fragm5t74    
,see above on ! #8sons ( ! ,elohim' ( ! 
prologue1 &    comp4 ,*ap4 ,x4          
,footnote #ab3      ,comp>e ! ,hebrew   
ne'm 9 a common prophetic =mula4        
,footnote #ac3      ,! foll[+ l9es      
develope :at ,job may be suppos$ to h _h

 9    8 m9d4    ,footnote #ad3          
,?omson has f9ely b inaccurately        
p>aphras$ ?is1 *ang+ !    localities3-- 
#8,9 ,cairo's cr[d$ /reets          ,!  
impati5t m]*ant1 wond]+1 waits 9 va91   
,& ,mecca sadd5s at ! long delay4'      
7,summ]1 #ihj-b2 ( ! c>avan :i* p]i%$ 9 
! /orm47    ,footnote #ae3      ,contra/
 ! t\*+ly natural expressions ( an      
,arabian poet1    translat$ by ,rck]t   
7,hamsa1 ii4 #cae73--                   
#8,gi5g es ni*t wie mir vil &]n1        
,wrd' i*'s ni*t ertrag52                
,do* wo i* nur w1 gibt ,antwort         
,klage me95 ,klag54'      ,! same       
s5tim5t is express$ m ?an once aga92    
comp4 ,buddha's    apologue ( ! mu/>d   
se$4    ,footnote #af3      ,s ,m]x &   
,bickell4 ,text1 #8my bones4'           
,footnote #ag3      ,bildad m ?an       
implies t ! fate :i* ov]took ,job's     
*ildr5    0 ! puni%m5t ( iniquity 7viii4
 #d74 ,wond]ful h>%ness6    ,footnote   
#ah3      ,see viii4 #bj4 ,bildad agrees
 ) ! /atem5t 9 ! prologue 7i4 #a74      

,footnote #ai3      ,foll[+ ,sept41 )   
,m]x & ,bickell4    ,footnote #bj3      
,comp4 ,isa4 xxviii4 #bi 7,heb47 ,by a  
slight error ( ! e> ! copyi/    :om our 
,hebrew ,bibles foll[ put a ,yd = an    
,alef4 ,h5ce !    ,massoretic critics   
pron\nce kiflayim #8tw(old1' in/ead (   
kif'lim #8l wond]s3' foll[+ ?is text1   
,davidson r5d]s1    #8t x is d\ble 9    
7true7 und]/&+4'    ,footnote #ba3      
,lit]ally #8444 t ,god br+s into        
=getfulness = !e "s ( ?y    guilt4'     
,footnote #bb3      ,foll[+ ,sept41 )   
,bickell4 ,comp4 ! ,hebrew ( ,job       
xxxiii4 #bg4    ,footnote #bc3      ,?is
 r5d]+ is bas$ on ! read+ ( ! ,hebrew   
m>g94 ,!    ,hebrew text has1 #8,behold1
 %\ld he slay me1 = him w\ld ,i wait1'  
imply+ an expectation ( a ,div9e        
int]position 9 ,job's fav\r    aft] 8   
dea?4 ,b ?is idea is aga9/ ! connection2
 besides    :i* ! re/rictive p>ticle    
#8only' 7ne>ly  /ill7 agrees bett]    ) 
! o!r read+ & r5d]+4 #8,wait' means     
#8wait = a *ange    = ! bett]1' z 9 vi4 

#aa1 :i* occurs 9 a simil> context4     
,footnote #bd3      ,he admits t he is n
 )\t s9s 7comp4 v]4 #bf74    ,footnote  
#be3      ,comp4 ! well-kn[n lam5tation 
( ,mos*us 7iii4 #ajf-aaa74    ,footnote 
#bf3      ,see ! notices f ,wetz/e9 9   
,delitzs*4                              
,,*apt] ,,ii4                       ,,! 
,,second ,,cycle ,,( ,,spee*es4         
7,,*aps4 ,,xv4-,,xxi47      ,! ?ree     
n>r[-m9d$ b well-mean+ fri5ds h exhau/$ 
_!  ars5al ( argum5ts4 ,ea* ) 8 own     
fav\rite receipt has tri$ to  cure ,job 
( 8 mis]able illusion1 & fail$4 ,n[     
beg9s a new cycle  ( spee*es1 9 :i* our 
sympa?y is /ill m ) ,job ?an be=e4  ,8  
replies to ! ?ree fri5ds ought to h %[n 
!m !  incomplet5ess ( _! argum5t & !    
necessity ( discov]+ "s  way ( reconcil+
 ! elem5ts ( tru? on bo? sides4 ,!y c   
tea*  him no?+1 b ! facts ( spiritual   
exp]i5ce :i* he has  exp\nd$ ought to h 
taught !m mu*4 ,b all t !y h le>n$  is !
 impossibility ( br++ ,job to           
self-humiliation by dwell+  ^u ! ,div9e 

attributes4 ,no d\bt _! excuse lies 9 ! 
irrev]5ce ( _! fri5d's mann] &          
expressions4 ,x is a "p (  ! trag$y (   
,job t ! advice :i* 0 meant = practical 
sympa?y only result$ 9 sep>at+ ,job = a 
"t bo? f ,god &  f 8 fri5ds4 ,! n>r[    
views ( ! latt] drove ,job to           
irrev]5ce1 & 8 irrev]5ce depriv$ him ( !
 l+]+ respect  ( 8 fri5ds & seem$ to    
himself at times to cut (f ! sl5d]      
*ance ( a reconciliation ) ,god4 ,f ?is 
po9t onw>ds ! fri5ds  cease to (f] _!   
suppos$ #8,div9e consolations' 7xv4     
#aa7--su* z !  graci\s purpose ( ,god's 
ways & ! corrective object ( affliction 
7v4 #h-bg7--;& cont5t !mselves )        
fright5+ ,job by lurid pictures  ( !    
wick$ man's fate1 lead+ up1 9 ! ?ird    
cycle ( spee*es1 to  a direct accusation
 ( ,job z a wick$ man himself4 ,& yet1  
/range to  say1 z ! tone ( ! fri5ds     
becomes h>%] & m cutt+1 ,job  meets _!  
vitup]ation ) gr[+ calmness & dignity4  
,disappo9t$  9 8 fri5ds1 he cl+s )      
convulsive en]gy to t nev] q  surr5d]$  

po/ulate ( 8 consci\sness a ,god :o owns
 ! moral  claims ( a creature on !      
,creator4 ,rem>kable inde$ is ! fir/    
di/9ct expression ( ?is fai? ( ! he>t1 (
 :i* an antiquat$  or?odoxy s\ght to    
deprive him4 ,he has j li/5$ to !       
p]sonalities1 ! cruel assumptions1 & !  
%all[ commonplaces (  ,eliphaz 7:o      
treats ,job z an arrogant pret5d] & a   
self-convict$  blasphem+ s9n]71 & ) a   
few words ( utt] contempt he turns 8    
back on 8 #8torm5t+#bg com=t]s' 7xvi4   
#b74 7,soon1 h[ev]1 he  w appeal to !m =
 sympa?y2 s /rong is human nature6 ,see 
xix4  #ba47 ,left to 8 own melan*oly    
?\ghts1 he repeats ! sad details (  8   
mis]y & ( ,god's ho/ility 7& aga9 we    
feel t ! poet  ?9ks ( suff]+ humanity 9 
g5]al#bh71 & reass]ts 8  innoc5ce 9     
language aft]w>ds us$ ( ! suff]+ ,s]vant
 (  ,jehovah 7xvi4 #ag2 comp4 ,isaiah   
liii4 #i74 ,!n 9 ! highe/ excitem5t  he 
dem&s v5geance = 8 blood4 ,b :o is !    
av5g] ( blood b  ,god 7xix4 #be2 comp4  
,ps4 ix4 #ab7--! v ,foe :o is br++ him  

to  dea?8 ,& h5ce ! /range b welcome    
?\ght t beh9d ! ,god (  pitiless =ce &  
undiscrim9at+ sev]ity !re mu/ be a ,god 
:o  recognises & returns ! love ( ,8    
s]vants1 or1 9 ! f9e words  ( ! ,korn1  
#8t !re is no refuge f ,god b unto      
,him4'#bi #8,ev5  n[1' z he lies on !   
rubbi%-heap--                 ,ev5 n[1  
behold1 my ,witness is 9 heav51         
& he t v\*es = me is on high4           
,my fri5ds 7h become7 my scorn]s2       
m9e eye %$s te>s unto ,god--            
t he w\ld "r a man aga9/ ,god1          
& a son ( man aga9/ 8 fri5d 7xvi4 #bj1  
#ba74    ,x is a turn+-po9t 9 ! m5tal   
/ruggles ( ,job4 ,he _c inde$  acc\nt = 
8 suff]+s1 b he ceases to reg>d ,god z  
an unfeel+  tyrant4 ,he has a g]m ( fai?
 9 ,god's goodwill t[>ds him--only a    
g]m1 b we are sure1 ev5 )\t ! close ( ! 
/ory1 t x w  gr[ up & be> ! fruit (     
peace4 ,& n[1 p]haps1 we may qualify  ! 
reproa* address$ above to ,job's fri5ds4
 ,x is true t !y h  driv5 ,job to       
irrev]5t spee*es respect+ ,god1 b !y h  

also  made x possible = him to rea* !   
intuition 7:i* ! prophetic  ,eliphaz has
 miss$7 ( an aff9ity betwe5 ! ,div9e    
nature & !  human4 ,9 an e>li] spee*    
7ix4 #cb-ce7 he has already express$ a  
long+ = an arbit] betwe5 himself & ,god4
 ,t long+ is n[  beg9n+ to be gratifi$  
by ! c]titude t1 ?\gh ! ,god 9 !  _w may
 be aga9/ him1 ! ,god 9 heav5 is on 8   
side4 ,n t  ev5 ,god c undo ! pa/2 ,job 
reque/s no int]f]5ce ) !  processes (   
nature4 7,did ! writ] ?9k t ,job liv$   
outside !  sph]e ( ! age ( miracles87   
,all t he asks is a pl$ge f ,god1  8    
,witness1 to see 8 innoc5ce recognis$ by
 ,god1 8 ,p]secutor  7xvii4 #c74 ,s f>  
we are li/5+ to ,job ! individual4 ,b   
imm$iately aft] we f9d ! speak] exhibit+
 himself z ! type (  a class--! class or
 repres5tative category ( innoc5t       
suff]]s4 ,job1  !n1 has a dual aspect1 l
 8 ,god4           ,& he ha? set me = a 
byword ( peoples1         & ,i am "o 9  
^: face m5 spit4         ,at ?is !      
upright are appall$1         & ! innoc5t

 /irs himself up aga9/ ! impi\s2        
b ! righte\s holds on 8 way1         &  
he :o has clean h&s waxes /rong] &      
/rong]                                  
7xvii4 #f1 #g1 #i74    ,"h x is         
difficult n to see t ! circum/ances ( ! 
poet's age  are reflect$ 9 8 words4 ,!  
:ole ,jewi% nation became #8a byword (  
peoples' dur+ ! exile1#cj & ! mutual    
sympa?y ( its memb]s  0 cont9ually tax$4
 ,x 0 a p>adox :i* nev] lo/ its         
/rang5ess  t a #8,s]vant ( ,jehovah'    
%\ld be trampl$ ^u by unbeliev]s1 &  !  
p]secutor 0 rew>d$ by ! sil5t           
indignation ( all good ,jews4  ,t ?is is
 ! "r view is %[n by ! depression into  
:i* ,job  falls 9 vv4 #aa-af1 9 spite ( 
! elevat+ passage quot$ above4          
,bildad's spee*1 ) its b>b$ allusions to
 ,job's sad hi/ory1 _h a  tw(old effect4
 ,fir/ ( all x rais$ ! angui% ( ,job to 
its highe/  po9t1 &1 secondly1 x ?rew ! 
suff]] back on t great  intuition1      
already rea*$ by him1 ( a ,div9e        
,witness to 8 integrity  9 ! heav5s4 ,x 

is a mis=tune :i* c sc>cely be apprais$ 
too  highly t ! text ( ! fam\s          
decl>ation 9 xix4 #be-bg is s  unc]ta94 
#8,! emb>rassm5t ( ! ,engli%            
translators1' rem>ks ,pr(4  ,gre51 (    
,pr9ceton1#ca #8is %[n by ! unusual     
numb] ( italic  words1 & ^! ( no small  
importance to ! mean+1 :i* are heap$    
toge!r 9 ^! v]ses4' ,x is sc>cely       
great]1 h[ev]1 ?an t (  ! anci5t        
v]sions1 & we c h>dly d\bt t ! text us$ 
by !  ,septuag9t translator 0 already at
 lea/ z corrupt z t :i* has  desc5d$ to 
u f ! ,massoretic critics4#cb ,?is w\ld 
! m  easily be ! case s9ce1 z ,pr(4     
,gre5 says aga91 #8,job is speak+  "u   
/rong excitem5t & 9 ! language ( l(ty   
poetry2 he uses no  sup]flu\s words2 he 
simply indicates 8 mean+ 9 ! mo/ concise
  mann]4' ,)\t n[ ent]+ on a            
philological discussion1 we h1 ,i  ?9k1 
to *oose betwe5 ^! alt]natives1 "o ( :i*
 involves  em5d+ ! text1 ! o!r does n4  
,does ,job simply repeat :at he  has    
said 9 xvi4 #ah1 #ai 7viz4 t ,god w     

av5ge 8 blood & make  rep>ation1 z x 71 
= 8 dea? by te/ify+ to 8 innoc5ce71  )\t
 ref]r+ to any consequ5t pleasure ( 8   
own1 or does he  comb9e ) ?is !         
delightful ?\ght express$ 9 xiv4 #ac-ae 
( a  consci\s r5ewal ( communion ) ,god 
aft] dea?8#cc ,! context1 x  seems to   
me1 is be/ satisfi$ by ! =m] alt]native4
 ,job's m9d is  at pres5t occupi$ ) !   
cruelty1 n ( ,god 7z :5 he said1 #8,o  t
 ?\ w\ld/ appo9t me a t]m & !n rememb]  
me1' xiv4 #ac71 b  ( 8 fri5ds4 ,8       
/>t+-po9t is1 #8,h[ long w ye 7my       
fri5ds7  pa9 my s\l8' c4 7xix4 #b47 ,we 
may admit t ! be/ solution (  ,job's    
problem w\ld be #8! beatific vision' 9  
"s e>ly & n  cle>ly def9$ =m ( t deep   
idea2 b if ,job c say t he n  m]ely     
dreams b kn[s ?is 7#8,i "k t 444 ,i %all
 see ,god1'  xix4 #be1 #bf71 ! rema9d] (
 ! colloquies ought surely to pursue a  
v diff]5t c\rse2 z a matt] ( fact1 nei!r
 ,job nor 8 fri5ds1  nor yet ,jehovah   
,himself1 ref]s to ?is suppos$ newly-won
 tru?1 &  ! only "p ( #8,job's deepe/   

say+' :i* ! next speak] fa/5s  ^u 7xx4  
#c7 is ! ?reat5+ conclusion 7xix4 #bi74 
,ewald himself has  drawn att5tion to   
?is1 )\t rem>k+ its adv]se be>+ on 8    
own int]pretation4#cd    ,"h1 side by   
side1 are ,dr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,davidson's &    
,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,gre5's  translations ( !  
receiv$ text ( vv4 #be-bg1 & ,dr4       
,bickell's  v]sion ( 8 own em5d$ text4  
,b ,i "k t my r$eem] live?1             
& 9 aft] "t he %all /& ^u ! du/#ce      
& aft] ?is my sk9 is de/roy$            
& )\t my fle% ,i %all see ,god3         
:om ,i %all see = myself1               
& m9e eyes %all behold1 & n ano!r--     
my re9s consume )9 me6    ,& ,i "k my   
r$eem] live?1 & la/ on e>? %all he      
arise2 &  aft] my sk91 :i* has be5      
de/roy$ ?us1 & out ( my fle% i4e4  :5 my
 vital _s %all be sep>at$ f my fle% %all
 ,i see  ,god4444                       
,i* weiss1 es lebt me9 ,rett]1          
,wird no* auf me9em ,/aub /ehn2         
,zuletzt wird ,gott me9 ,zeuge1         
,ls/ me9e ,uns*uld s*au51               

,die i* alle9 jetzt s*aun kann1         
,me9 ,auge und ke9 &res4    ,mo/ critics
 are n[ agre$ t ! imm$iately prec$+     
words 7vv4  #bc1 #bd7 are n an          
introduction1 z if vv4 #be-bg compos$ ! 
rock  inscription4 ,job fir/ ( all wi%es
 :at he kn[s to be impossible1 &  !n    
ann\nces a f> bett] ?+ ( :i* he is sure4
 ,8 wi% runs  ?us3                      
,w\ld !n t !y 7 writt5 d[n--            
my words--9 a book1 & engrav$           
) a p5 ( iron1 & ) lead                 
cut out = a witness 9 ! rock4#cf    ,b  
:atev] view we take ( ! prospect :i*    
gladd5$ ! m9d (  ,job1 8 rema9+ spee*es 
conta9 no fur!r ref]5ce to x4  ,h5ce=? 8
 ?\ghts appe> to dwell less on 8 own    
condition1 &  m on ! g5]al "q ( ,god's  
moral gov]nm5t1 & ev5 :5  ! =m] is spok5
 ( x is )\t ! old bitt]ness4 ,9 8 next  
spee*1 /irr$ up by ! gross viol5ce (    
,zoph>1 ,job = ! fir/  "t meets !       
ass]tions ( ! ?ree fri5ds 9 ?is cycle ( 
argum5t1 viz4 t ! wick$1 at any rate1   
always get _! des]ts1  &1 accord+ to    

,zoph>1 sudd5ly & ov]:elm+ly4 ,he meets 
!m by  a direct negative1 ?\gh 9 do+ s  
he is z mu* p]turb$ z :5 he  proclaim$ 8
 own innoc5ce to ,god's face4 ,he is    
famili> n[ ) !  ?\ght t ! righte\s are n
 always recomp5s$1 b x fills him  )     
horror to ?9k t ! ,gov]nor ( ! _w ev5   
leaves !  wick$ 9 undes]v$ prosp]ity1 z 
if1 9 ! language ( ,eliphaz1 ,he  c\ld n
 #8judge ?r\gh ! ?ick cl\ds' 7xxii4     
#af74                 ,:y d ! wick$ live
 on1               become old1 yea1 are 
mighty 9 p[]8               ,_! h\ses   
are safe1 )\t fe>1               nei!r  
is ,eloah's rod ^u !m4               ,!y
 we> away _! days 9 happ9ess1           
& g d[n to ,%el 9 a mom5t 7xxi4 #g1 #i1 
#ac74    ,footnote #bg3      ,miss ,e4  
,smi?'s r5d]+1 #8irksome1' ,r5an's      
#8insupportable1' are n    def9ite      
en\gh4 ,job means t 8 w\ld-be com=t]s d 
b    aggravate 8 unease4    ,footnote   
#bh3      ,notice ! expressions 9 xvi4  
#aj1 & comp4 ,ps4 xxii4 #g1 #ab1 #ac4   
7,ps4    xxii41 l ! ,book ( ,job1 has "s

 features :i* belong to an    individual
 & "s to a collection ( suff]]s47 ,job  
w\ld nev]    h spok5 ( 8 fri5ds 9 ! t]ms
 us$ 9 xvi4 #aj1 #aa4    ,footnote #bi3 
,sur4 ix4 #aai4    ,footnote #cj3       
,comp4 ,ps4 xxii4 #f1 ,isa4 xlix4 #g1   
,joel ii4 #ag 7:]e we %\ld r5d]         
#8make a byword ^u !m'74    ,footnote   
#ca3      ,! ,argum5t ( ! ,book ( ,job  
7#ahha71 p4 #bjj4    ,footnote #cb3     
,dr4 ,h]mann ,s*ultz is an              
unexceptionable witness1 because 8 ta/es
    lead him m to ,biblical & dogmatic  
!ology ?an to m9ute textual    /udies4  
,he is conv9c$1 he says1 aft] ea* fre%  
exam9ation1 (    #8! baffl+ intricacy & 
obscurity & ! probable corruption (    !
 text' 7,altte/am5tli*e ,!ologie1 ed4 #b
 #ahgh1 pp4 #ffa-b74    ,footnote #cc3  
,i agree ) ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,gre5 t ! ?ird  
view1 :i* #8conceives ,job    to be "h  
look+ =w>d1 n to a future /ate1 b to !  
re/oration ( ,god's fav\r & 8 own       
deliv]ance out ( all 8    tr\bles 9 !   
pres5t life1' is to be reject$4 ,i d n  

foll[ him    9 all 8 reasons1 b ^! two  
are decisive4 #a4 ,ev]y:]e else ,job    
#8reg>ds himself z on ! v]ge ( !        
grave4444 ,e e>?ly hope    is annull$2 e
 temporal prospect has vani%$4 ,he      
inv>iably    repels ! idea1 :5ev] 8     
fri5ds pres5t x to him1 ( any           
improvem5t ( 8 condition 9 ?is _w z     
pla9ly impossible4' #b4    #8,if he "h  
utt]s 8 expectation t ,god w int]f]e to 
rew>d    8 piety 9 ! pres5t life1 he    
completely ab&ons 8 own position    &   
adopts t ( ! fri5ds4' 7,! ,argum5t (    
,job1 pp4 #bjd-e74    ,footnote #cd3    
,job's v9dication1 ?9ks ,ewald1 w\ld be 
incomplete if at lea/ !    _s ( ! dead  
man did n witness x4    ,footnote #ce3  
,! du/ b5ea? :i* ,job lies3 comp4 #8ye t
 dwell 9 du/' 7,isa4    xxvi4 #ai74     
,footnote #cf3      ,on ! text see      
,bickell1 ,m]x1 ,hitzig2 on ! use (     
metal = public    notices see ,*abas1   
quot$ by ,cook 9 ,speak]'s ,comm41 ad   
loc4                                    
,,*apt] ,,iii4                          

,,! ,,?ird ,,cycle ,,( ,,spee*es4       
7,,*aps4 ,,xxii4-,,xxxi47      ,x is n  
wond]ful t ! gulf betwe5 ,job & 8 fri5ds
 %\ld  only be wid5$ by su* a direct    
contradiction ( ! or?odox t5et4  ,!     
fri5ds1 inde$1 _c b feel ! =ce ( ,job's 
appeal to  exp]i5ce1 z !y %[ by !       
viol5ce ( _! invective4 ,b !y  are nei!r
 c&id nor1 above all1 c\rage\s en\gh to 
confess !  tru?2 !y speak1 z !          
philosoph] ,kant obs]ves1 z if !y knew  
_! p[]ful ,cli5t 0 li/5+ 9 ! backgr\nd4 
,& s a ?ird  cycle ( spee*es beg9s      
7*aps4 xxii4-xxxi471 9 :i* ! fri5ds     
grasp ! only weapon left !m & *>ge ,job 
directly ) be+ a  great s9n]4 ,true to 8
 "*1 h[ev]1 ,eliphaz ev5 "h seeks to    
s(t5 ! effect ( 8 accusations by a /r+ (
 mo/ entic+  promises1 p>tly worldly &  
p>tly o!r-worldly 9 _! "*1  & :i* 9 a   
diff]5t context ,job w\ld h he>tily     
appreciat$  7xxii4 #ba-cj74    ,b ,job  
c>es n to reply to ^? *>ges ( ,eliphaz2 
8 m9d is  /ill too mu* absorb$ 9 !      
pa9ful my/]y ( 8 own lot & t  ( all o!r 

righte\s suff]]s4 ,he longs = ,god to   
set up 8  tribunal1 s t ,job & 8 fell[s 
might plead _! cause 7xxiii4  #c-g1     
xxiv4 #a74 ,:at mo/ ( all di/urbs him is
 t he _c see  ,god--t is _c detect !    
op]ation ( t moral ,god 9 :om 8  he>t _c
 help believ+4 #8,i may g =w>d1 b he is 
n !re2 &  backw>d1 b ,i _c p]ceive him' 
7xxiii4 #h74 ,) ! ard\r ( a  pessimi/ he
 depicts ?is failure ( ju/ice 9 ! d>ke/ 
col\rs  7*ap4 xxiv471 & is z p[]less z  
ev] to reconcile 8 deep s5se  ( :at ,god
 ought to be & mu/ be & ! sad realities 
( life4 ,^u  ?is ,bildad tries to       
fright5 ,job into submission by a       
picture ( ,god's  irresi/ible p[]1 z    
exhibit$ n only 9 heav5 & e>?1 b ev5    
b5ea? ! ocean dep?s 9 ! realm ( ! %ades 
7xxv41 xxvi4 #e-ad74  ,n a v com=t+     
spee*1 b f9e 9 its way 7if ,bildad may  
really  be cr$it$ ) all ( x71 & ! speak]
 frankly all[s its  inadequacy4         
,lo6 ^! are ! outskirts ( 8 ways1       
& h[ fa9tly spok5 is t :i* we he>6      
b ! ?und] ( 8 p[] :o c und]/&8 7xxvi4   

#ad47    ,9 a spee*1 ! fir/ :i* is      
describ$ z a ma%al1#cg ,job  demoli%es 8
 unorig9al & rhetorical oppon5t1 & )    
dignity  reass]ts 8 innoc5ce 7xxvi4     
#a-d1 xxvii4 #a-g74 ,he may h said m2   
if s1 x has be5 lo/4 ,b1 9 fact1 all t 0
 argum5tative 9  ,bildad's spee* 0      
borr[$ f ,eliphaz1 & ?\gh ,job _h ! p[] 
7see *aps4 ix41 xii471 he _h n ! w to   
compete ) 8 fri5ds  9 rhetoric4 ,! only 
speak] :o is left is ,zoph>1 &1 z x is  
unlikely t ! poet left "o ( 8 triads (  
spee*es imp]fect1 we  may conjecture t  
xxvii4 #h-aj1 #aj-bc belongs to ! ?ird  
spee* (  ,zoph>4#ch ,c]ta9ly !y are mo/ 
inappropriate 9 ! m\? ( ,job1  be+ 9    
direct contradiction to all t he has yet
 said4 ,if s x  seems v probable t      
besides ! introductory =mula a few op5+ 
v]ses h dropp$ out ( ! text4 ,! v]ses   
:i* n[ /& at !  head ( ! spee* transport
 u to ! disputes ( ^? rival s*ools  (   
:i* ,job & 8 fri5ds 7 only !            
repres5tatives4 ,h5ce !  use ( ! plural 
9 v]4 #ab1 ( :i* an e>li] in/ance occurs

 9 !  second spee* ( ,bildad 7xviii4    
#b74 ,:at ,zoph> says is 9 effect ?is3  
,job's condition is desp]ate1 = he is an
 #8impi\s' or #8godless' man4  ,x is too
 late = any "o to attempt to pray :5    
ov]tak5 by a fatal  calamity4 ,= h[ c he
 feel t #8deep delight' 9 ,god :i*      
enables a  man to pray1 ) ! confid5ce ( 
be+ he>d1 #89 e season' (  life1 :e!r   
prosp]\s or ! rev]se8 ,! re/ ( ! spee*  
is  sub/antially a repetition ( ,zoph>'s
 =m] description ( !  retribution ( !   
wick$4 ,x 0 n to be expect$ t ,job %\ld 
reply to ?is1 & accord+ly we f9d t 9    
cont9u+ 8 ma%al  7xxix4 #a7 he utt]ly   
ignores 8 oppon5ts4 ,b unhappily he is  
almo/  z f> z ev] f a solution ( 8      
difficulty4 ,8 fri5ds1 we may  suppose1 
h left him1 & he is at lib]ty to revive 
^? melan*oly  memories :i* are all t    
rema9 to him ( 8 prosp]ity4    ,9 *ap4  
xxix4 7a f9e specim5 ( fl[+1 descriptive
 ,hebrew poetry7  ,job recalls ! hon\r 9
 :i* he us$ to be held1 & ! b5efic5t    
acts :i* he 0 enabl$ to p]=m4 ,mode/y 7 

out ( place1 = he  is already 9 ! /ate (
 #8"o turn$ adrift among ! dead' 7,ps4  
lxxxviii4 #e74 ,! details rem9d u ( _m  
,arabic elegies 9 !  ,hamsa 7e4g4 ,no4  
#cea 9 ,rck]t's adaptation1 vol4 i41 or 
#ig 9  ,freytag74 ,9 *aps4 xxx41 xxxi4  
he lam5ts1 ) ! same pa!tic              
self-contemplation1 8 ru9$ cr$it & !    
t]rible progress ( 8  disease4 ,!n1 by a
 some:at abrupt transition1#ci he ent]s 
^u an  elaborate pr(ession ( 8 innoc5ce1
 :i* has be5 comp>$ to !  solemn        
repudiation ( ! =ty-two deadly s9s by ! 
dep>t$ s\ls (  ! good 9 ! ,egyptian     
#8,book ( ! ,dead4' ,! resemblance1     
h[ev]1  mu/ n be press$ too f>4 ,job's  
morality1 ev5 if pr$om9antly  #8legal1' 
has a true #8evangelical' t+e4 ,n m]ely 
! act ( adult]y1  b ! glance ( lu/2 n   
m]ely unju/ ga91 b ! confid5ce  repos$ 9
 x by ! he>t2 n m]ely outw>d con=mity to
  idol-wor%ip1 b ! incl9ation ( ! he>t  
to false gods1 are 9 8  catalogue ( s9s4
 ,8 la/ words are a reit]ation ( 8      
deeply  *]i%$ desire = an inve/igation (

 8 case by ,%addai4 ,) :at  pr\d        
self-possession he imag9es himself      
approa*+ ! ,div9e ,judge6  ,9 8 h&s are 
! accusations ( 8 fri5ds & 8 own reply4 
,hold+ !m =?1 he exclaims--             
,"h is my signature--let ,%addai answ]  
me--            & ! indictm5t :i* m9e   
adv]s>y has writt54            ,surely  
^u my %\ld] w ,i c>ry x1            &   
b9d x z *aplets ab\t me4            ,!  
numb] ( my /eps w ,i decl>e unto him2   
z a pr9ce w ,i come ne> unto him 7xxxi4 
#ce-cg74dj    ,we mu/ "h turn back to a 
passage :i* =ms "o ( ! mo/ admir$       
portions ( ! ,book ( ,job z x /&s--!    
ma%al on ,div9e ,wisdom  9 *ap4 xxviii4 
,! fir/ elev5 v]ses are at fir/ sight   
mo/  inappropriate 9 ?is connection4 ,! 
poet seems to take a delight 9  work+   
into !m all t he kn[s ( ! adv5tur\s     
op]ations ( !  m9]s ( 8 day--probably ^?
 c>ri$ on = gold 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 &  =   
copp] & turquoises 9 ! ,s9aitic p59sula 
7bo? skilfully  introduc$ by ,eb]s into 
8 /ories ( anci5t ,egypt74 ,h[ vividly !

  sup]iority ( reason to in/9ct is      
br\ght out to v>y ! te*nical            
description ( ! m9]s' "w 9 vv4 #g1 #h4  
,a pa? ! eagle kn[s n1                  
nor has ! eye ( ! vulture scann$ x2     
! sons ( pride h n trodd5 x1            
nor ha? ! lion pass$ ov] x4    ,no e>?ly
 treasures lie too deep = human indu/ry2
 b--"h we see  ! use ( ! great lit]>y   
feat 7,prov4 i4-ix47 :i* has gone       
be=e--#8:]e c wisdom be f\nd1 & :]e is !
 place (  und]/&+8' ,& !n foll[s t f9e  
passage 9 :i* language is  /ra9$ to !   
utt]mo/ 7) ano!r ( ^? pictorial         
inv5tories  9 :i* poets delight1 vv4    
#ae-ai7 to convey at once ! preci\sness 
& ! unatta9abl5ess ( ! high] wisdom4 ,! 
moral ( ! :ole1  h[ev]1 is n reveal$    
till ! la/ v]se4            ,& unto man 
he said1          #8,behold1 ! fe> ( !  
,"l is wisdom1          & to turn aside 
f evil is und]/&+' 7xxviii4 #bh74       
,?us !re is no allusion :atev] to ,job's
 problem1 & x is only !  pres5t position
 ( ! ma%al 9 ! ,book ( ,job :i* sugge/s 

a  possible relation = x to t problem4  
,& n[1 look+ at ! passage by itself1 is 
x conceivable t x 0  orig9ally writt5 to
 /& :]e x n[ does8 ,is x natural t !    
solemn cont5ts ( *ap4 xxvii4 7ev5 if we 
all[ ! fir/ sev5 v]ses  only to be      
,job's7 %\ld leave ,job 9 a mood = an   
elaborate poetical  /udy ( m9+          
op]ations1 or t aft] agonis+ s long ov] 
!  pa9ful riddles ( ,div9e ,provid5ce he
 %\ld sudd5ly acquiesce 9 !  n>r[ limits
 ( human k1 soon1 h[ev]1 to relapse into
 8 old  inquisitiv5ess8 ,is x n1 on !   
o!r h&1 v conceivable 7notice  ! op5+ ^w
 #8,='7 t x 0 transf]r$ to its pres5t   
position  f "s o!r "w8 ,9 a didactic    
poem on ,wisdom 7i4e4 ! plan ( !        
univ]se71 simil> to ,prov4 i4-ix41 x    
w\ld be z mu* 9 place z !  hymn on      
,wisdom 9 ,prov4 viii4 ,to ?is great "w 
inde$ x pres5ts m  ?an "o analogy1 bo? 9
 its subject & its recomm5dation (      
religi\s morality 7or moral religion7 z 
! bran* ( wisdom suitable  to man4 ,!   
only diff]5ce is t ! writ] ( ,job       

xxviii4 expressly  says t ?is is ! only 
wisdom )9 human k51 :]eas ! writ]  (    
,prov4 viii4 does n t\* on ?is po9t4 ,b1
 :e!r an extract  f a l>g] "w or writt5 
z a supplem5t to ! poem ( ,job1 !       
passage 9 its pres5t position is        
evid5tly int5d$ to h a  ref]5ce to      
,job's problem4 ,! au?or1 or !          
extractor1 reg>d$ !  =ego+ debates mu* z
 ,milton reg>d$ ^? ( ! fall5 angels1  :o
 #8f\nd no end1 9 w&]+ mazes lo/2' 9    
%ort1 he c\ld only  solve ! problem by  
pron\nc+ x insoluble4#da ,v]ses #aa &   
#ab (  *ap4 xxvii4 h v mu* ! appe>ance (
 an artificial bridge  ins]t$ by ! new  
au?or or ! extractor4    ,footnote #cg3 
,on ?is *>act]i/ic ^w = p>alleli/ic     
poetry1 see on ,prov]bs4    ,footnote   
#ch3      ,note t xxvii4 #ac is repeat$ 
f an e>li] spee* ( ,zoph> 7xx4    #bi74 
,!re x concludes a sket* ( ! #8impi\s'  
man's fate2 "h x    beg9s a simil>      
description4 ,v]ses #aa & #ab ( ! same  
*apt]    w\ld /& m prop]ly 7,bickell &  
virtually ,hirzel7 imm$iately    be=e   

*ap4 xxviii4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,wright is v ne>  
do+ ! same2    foll[+ ,ei*horn1 he takes
 vv4 #ac-bc z a specim5 quot$ by ,job ( 
! fri5ds' #8inconsequ5tial' /yle (      
argum5t 7a less natural    hypo!sis ?an 
t adopt$ "h74    ,footnote #ci3      ,x 
seems cle> t *ap4 xxii4 0 n writt5 z !  
sequel ( *ap4    xxx4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 x   
be>s su* a /rong impress ( orig9ality1  
"o c only suppose t ! au?or plac$ x "h  
by an    aft]?\ght1 & omitt$ to con/ruct
 a connect+ l9k ) !    prec$+ *apt]4    
,footnote #dj3      ,^! v]ses h be5     
misplac$ 9 ! ,massoretic text 7z ,isa4  
xxxviii4 #ba1 #bb74 ,!y cle>ly ought to 
/& at ! end ( !    *apt]4 ,s ,k5nicott1 
,ei*horn1 ,m]x1 ,delitzs*4    ,footnote 
#da3      ,b = ?is t5d5cy ( ! poem "o   
might foll[ ,delitzs* 7art4    #8,hiob' 
9 ,h]zog-,plitt1 vi4 #acc7 & reg>d *ap4 
xxviii4 z    ins]t$ by ! au?or ( ,job f 
8 #8portfolio4'                         
,,*apt] ,,iv4                           
,,! ,,spee*es ,,( ,,elihu4              
7,,*aps4 ,,xxxii4-,,xxxvii47      ,at a 

7p]haps7 consid]ably lat] p]iod ?an !   
orig9al "w  7includ+ *ap4               
xxviii47--symbolis$ by ! y\?fulness (   
,elihu z  comp>$ ) ! f\r old] fri5ds--! 
problem ( ! suff]+s (  ! innoc5t /ill   
beset ! m9ds ( ! wise m51 ! attempt ( ! 
?ree fri5ds to #8ju/ify ! ways ( ,god'  
to ! intellect hav+  prov$1 z ! wise m5 
?\ght1 a too manife/ failure 7xxxii4 #b1
 #c74  ,"o ( _! numb] !re=e inv5t$ a    
f\r? fri5d1 ,elihu 7or is  ?is ! "n ( ! 
au?or himself8#db71 :o is describ$ z    
hav+  be5 a li/5] dur+ ! prec$+ debates1
 & :o r$uces ,job to  sil5ce4 ,x is     
notewor?y t ! sudd5 introduction (      
,elihu requir$  ! ins]tion ( a fre%     
n>rative passage 7xxxii4 #a-f7 z a      
supplem5t  to ! orig9al prologue4    ,i 
assume1 z ! read] w obs]ve1 ! "o assur$ 
result ( !  criticism ( ,job4 ,to ^? :o 
foll[ me 9 ?is1 ! spee*es ( ,elihu  w1  
,i ?9k1 ga9 greatly 9 int]e/4 ,!y m>k   
out a "t :51  p>tly ?r\gh ! tea*+ (     
hi/ory1 p>tly ?r\gh a deep] inw>d       
exp]i5ce1 & p>tly ?r\gh ! read+ ( ! poem

 ( ,job1 ! old  difficulties ( fai? 7 no
 long] s acutely felt4 ,two c\rses 7    
op5 to ! ,epigoni ( t age--ei!r to =ce  
,job to say :at1 z x  seem$1 he ought to
 h said 7?is1 h[ev]1 0 n s easy z 9 !   
case ( ,ecclesia/es71 or to ins]t fre%  
spee*es 9 ! /yle ( !  orig9al1 sep>at+ !
 corn f ! *aff 9 ! plead+s ( !  ?ree    
fri5ds1 & add+ :atev] a m advanc$       
religi\s ?\ght  sugge/$ to ! writ]4 ,9  
=ms ( expression1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be       
admitt$ t ,elihu does n %9e4 7,true1 he 
does n pr(ess to  com=t ,job47 ,=       
(f5siv5ess ! two foll[+ v]ses are n     
easily  mat*$3          ,:]e is !re a   
man l ,job1        :o dr9ks#dc sc(f+ l  
wat]8 7xxxiv4 #g47        ,w\ld t ,job  
might be tri$ to ! utt]mo/              
because ( 8 answ]s 9 ! mann] ( wick$ m5 
7xxxiv4 #cf74    ,a #8vulg> bragg>t' he 
may n be f an ,ori5tal po9t ( view1 nor 
is  he #8! prototype ( ! ,ba*elor 9     
,fau/2' b t he is too  positive &       
dogmatic1 & mu* ov]rates 8 own p[]s1 is 
c]ta94 ,he  repres5ts ! dogmatism ( a   

purifi$ or?odoxy1 :i* ?9ks too mu*  (   
its m9ute advances 7#8"o p]fect 9 k is )
 !e1' xxxvi4  #d74    ,elihu di/ributes 
8 matt] 7( :i* he says t he is #8full1' 
xxxii4  #ah-bj7 ov] f\r spee*es4 ,8 !mes
 9 ! fir/ ?ree are3 #a1 !  gr\nd &      
object ( suff]+ 7*aps4 xxxii41 xxxiii472
 #b1 !  righte\sness ( ,god 7*ap4       
xxxiv472 & #c1 ! use ( religion 7*ap4   
xxxv471 all ( :i* are treat$ 9 relation 
to ! que/ionable or  errone\s utt]ances 
( ,job4 ,!n1 9 8 la/ & longe/ ef=t1     
,elihu  unrolls be=e ,job a picture ( ! 
gov]nm5t ( ,god1 9 its  b5efic5ce &     
righte\sness z well z its omnipot5ce1 9 
! hope (  mov+ ,job to self-humiliation 
7*aps4 xxxvi41 xxxvii47 ,let u rememb]  
aga9 t ,elihu repres5ts ! debates ( !   
#8wise m5' ( !  po/-regal p]iod1 :o 7   
consci\s ( be+ 9 "s s5se #8inspir$'  l  
_! prophetic pr$ecessors 7xxxii4 #h1    
xxxvi4 #d2 ,ecclus4 xxiv4  #cb-cd1 l4   
#bh1 #bi71 s t we _c believe t ! biz>re 
impression made by ,elihu on "s ,we/]n  
critics 0 int5d$ by !  orig9al au?or4 ,t

 8 portrait sugge/s c]ta9 grave         
infirmities1  may be grant$2 b ^! are ! 
fail+s ( ! circle to :i* !  au?or       
belongs3 ! self-comm5dation ( ,elihu 9 8
 exordium is h>dly  excessive f an      
,ori5tal po9t ( view1 or w\ld at any    
rate be  ju/ifiable 9 a m orig9al ?9k]4 
,inde$1 he only comm5ds himself  9 ord] 
to excuse ! unusual /ep ( criticis+ !   
proce$+s (  m5 s mu* old] ?an himself4  
,aft] :at he ?9ks suffici5t excuse  has 
be5 (f]$1 ,elihu takes up ,job's        
fundam5tal error1  self-righte\sness1 b 
prep>es ! way by exam9+ ,job's ass]tion 
7xix4 #g1 xxx4 #bj7 t ,god took no he$ (
 8 compla9ts4              ,:]e=e ha/ ?\
 cont5d$ ) ,him            because #8,he
 answ]s none ( my words'8#dd 7xxxiii4   
#ac47    ,to ?is ,elihu replies t x is a
 man's own fault if he _c he> !  ,div9e 
voice4 ,= ,god is con/antly speak+ to   
man1 if man w\ld only  reg>d x          
7#8revelation1' !n1 is n conf9$ to a    
class or a  succession74 ,two means (   
communication are specially             

m5tion$--nightly  dreams & visions1 &   
sev]e sickness4 ,! object ( bo? is to   
div]t  m5 f c\rses ( action :i* c only  
lead to de/ruction4 ,at ?is  po9t a     
rem>kable intimation is giv54 ,9 ord] to
 produce conv]sion1  & s to #8r$eem a   
man f go+ d[n to ! pit1' a special      
angelic  ag5cy is necess>y--t ( a       
#8m$iator' or #8int]pret]' 7,t>g4       
p'raqlt2 comp4 1 ,john xiv4 #af1 #bf71  
^: (fice x is to  #8%[ unto man 8       
rightness' 7i4e4 h[ to con=m 8 life to !
 "r  /&>d1 xxxiii4 #bc74    ,we mu/     
pause "h1 h[ev]1 to consid] ! be>+s (   
?is4 ,x seems  to %[ u1 fir/1 t inspir$ 
m9ds 7see above7 7 already  beg9n+ to   
ref9e & elevate ! popul> notions ( !    
spiritual  _w4 ,t !re 7 two classes (   
spirits1 ! "o fav\rable1 !  o!r adv]se  
to man1 _h long be5 ! belief ( !        
,israelites &  _! neighb\rs4#de ,! au?or
 ( ! spee*es ( ,elihu n[ introduces  "o 
( !m among ! symbols ( a high] /age (   
religion4 ,9  anti!sis to !             
#8de/roy]s'#df 7v]4 #bb7 he implies t   

,god has  ?\s&s ( angels 7! #8m$iator'  
is #8"o among a ?\s&'71 ^:  bus9ess x is
 to save s9n]s f de/ruction by lead+ !m 
to  rep5tance4 ,su* is ! 1 ! fri5dl9ess 
to man1 ( !  angelic _w1 )\t :i* inde$1 
accord+ to ,elihu1 ! purpose (  sickness
 w\ld be unobs]v$ & a fatal issue       
inevitable4 ,to /ud5ts  ( ,*ri/ianity1  
h[ev]1 x has a deep] int]e/1 if !       
conclud+  words1 #8,i h f\nd a ransom1' 
be a "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t  f\ndation ( !
 doctr9e ( r$emption ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,?is1 
h[ev]1  is que/ionable1 & ev5 its       
possibility is n recognis$ by !  late/  
or?odox comm5tator4#dg ,9 8 second spee*
 ,elihu returns to  ! ma9 "q ( ,job's   
attitude t[>ds ,god4 ,he beg9s by imput+
  to ,job language :i* he _h nev] us$1 &
 :i* f its extreme  irrev]5ce ,job w\ld 
c]ta9ly h dis[n$ 7xxxiv4 #e1 #i71 &     
ma9ta9s t ,god nev] acts unju/ly1 b     
rew>ds e man accord+  to 8 de$s4 ,!re is
 no?+ 9 8 treatm5t ( ?is !me :i*        
requires comm5t except its vagu5ess &   
g5]ality1 to :i*1 7 !  spee* an integral

 "p ( ! poem1 ,job w\ld c]ta9ly h tak5  
exception4    ,! subject ( ! ?ird spee* 
is h&l$ ) m orig9ality4 ,job  _h really 
compla9$ t afflict$ p]sons su* z himself
 appeal$ to  ,god 9 va9 7xxiv4 #ab1 xxx4
 #bj74 ,elihu replies to ?is 7xxxv4     
#i-ac7 t  su* p]sons m]ely cri$ f       
physical pa91 & did n really pray4  ,!  
f\r? & la/ spee*1 9 :i* he dismisses    
controv]sy &  expresses 8 own sublime   
ideas ( ! ,creator1 has ! mo/ poetical  
int]e/4 ,at ! v outset ! solemnity ( 8  
language prep>es !  read] to expect     
some?+ great1 & ! expectation is n      
altoge!r  disappo9t$4 #8,god1' he says1 
#8is mighty1 b despise? n any' 7xxxvi4  
#e72 ,he has giv5 pro( ( ?is by ! trials
 ) :i* ,he visits ,8  s]vants :5 !y h   
fall5 into s94 ,might & m]cy are !      
pr9cipal attributes ( ,god4 ,! v]ses 9  
:i* ,elihu applies ?is  doctr9e to      
,job's case are ambigu\s & p]haps       
corrupt1 b x appe>s  z if ,elihu reg>d$ 
,job z 9 dang] ( miss+ ! discipl9>y     
object  ( 8 suff]+s4 ,x is 9 ! second "p

 ( 8 spee* 7xxxvi4  #bf-xxxvii4 #bd7 t  
,elihu displays 8 greate/ rhetorical    
p[]1 &  ?\gh by no means equal to !     
spee*es ( ,jehovah1 :i* x appe>s to     
imitate1 ! vividness ( its descriptions 
has obta9$ ! admiration  ( no less      
compet5t a judge ?an ,alex&] von        
,humboldt4 ,! moral is  int5d$ to be t1 
in/ead ( criticis+ ,god1 ,job %\ld      
humble  himself 9 dev\t awe at ! comb9$ 
spl5d\r & my/]y ( !  creation4    ,x is 
tempt+ to reg>d ! sket* ( ! /orm 9      
xxxvi4 #bi-xxxvii4 #e  & ! appeals :i*  
,elihu makes to ,job z prep>atory to !  
appe>ance ( ,jehovah 9 xxxviii4 #a4     
#8,:ile ,elihu is speak+1' says ,mr4    
,turn]1 #8! cl\ds ga!r1 a /orm d>k5s !  
heav5s & sweeps  across ! l&scape1 & !  
?und] utt]s its voice 444 out ( !       
:irlw9d t passes by ,jehovah speaks4'#dh
 ,s too ,dr4 ,cox ?9ks t  ,job's        
invisible ,oppon5t #8op5s ,8 m\? &      
answ]s him out ( !  tempe/ :i* ,elihu   
has s graphically describ$4'#di ,9 fact 
9  xxxviii4 #a we may equally well r5d] 

#8! tempe/' 7i4e4 t lately  m5tion$7 &  
#8a tempe/4' ,! objection is 7#a7 t !   
/orm does  n come into ! close (        
,elihu's spee*1 z x ought to d1 & 7#b7  
t 9 ,8 v fir/ words ,jehovah di/9ctly   
implies t ! la/  speak] 0 "o :o #8d>k5$ 
c\nsel by words )\t k'  7xxxviii4 #c74  
,su* are ! contributions ( ,elihu1 :i*  
ga9 consid]ably :5  consid]$ z a little 
treatise 9 !mselves4 ,x is1 inde$1 a    
/range  freak ( fancy to reg>d ,elihu z 
repres5t+ ! poet himself4#ej  ,nei!r    
/hetically nor !ologically d !y rea* !  
same high m>k  z ! rema9d] ( ! book4    
#8,! /yle ( ,elihu1' z ,m4 ,r5an rem>ks1
  #8is cold1 heavy1 pret5ti\s4 ,! au?or 
loses himself 9 long  descriptions )\t  
vivacity4444 ,8 language is obscure &   
pres5ts  peculi> difficulties4 ,9 ! o!r 
p>ts ( ! poem ! obscurity  comes f our  
ignorance & our scanty means (          
compreh5d+ ^!  anci5t docum5ts2 "h !    
obscurity comes f ! /yle itself1 f  its 
biz>r]ie & affectation4'#ea ,!ologically
 x is difficult to  discov] any         

important po9t 7b see ,*ap4 ,,xii41     
bel[1 on ,elihu7 9  :i*1 9 spite ( 8 %>p
 c5sure ( ! fri5ds1 he di/9ctly  passes 
beyond !m4 ,8 argum5ts h be5 s l>gely   
anticipat$ by  ! ?ree fri5ds t1 on !    
:ole1 we may p]haps be/ reg>d *aps4     
xxxii4-xxxix4 z a fir/ !ological        
criticism on ! cont5ts ( !  orig9al "w4 
,f ?is po9t ( view x is int]e/+ t ! idea
  ( affliction z correction1 :i* _h     
already occurr$ to ,eliphaz1  acquir$ 9 
! c\rse ( ye>s a mu* deep] hold on ?9k+ 
m9ds  7see xxxiii4 #ai-cj1 xxxvi4       
#h-aj74 ,!re is "o feature ( ! e>li]    
spee*es :i* is n imitat$ by ,elihu1 & t 
is ! long &  t]rify+ descriptions 9 ea* 
( ! ?ree orig9al colloquies ( !  fate ( 
! impi\s man1 & "o ( ! mo/ consid]ate ( 
,elihu's  ,we/]n critics#eb ?9ks x      
possible t ,elihu1 :o says 9 "o  place--
              ,& ! impi\s 9 he>t *]i%   
wra?1            & supplicate n :5 he   
ha? b\nd !m 7xxxvi4 #ac7--    consid]$  
no calamity :atev] z p5al 9 ! fir/      
in/ance4    ,footnote #db3      ,s ,m4  

,d]5b\rg1 :o po9ts out t none ( ! o!r   
speak]s h    a g5ealogy1 & id5tifies    
,buz ) ,boaz1 & ,ram ) an ance/or (     
,david 7,ru? iv4 #ai74 ,! au?or ( *aps4 
xxxii4-xxxvii4 might ?us be    a        
desc5dant ( ,elihu ! bro!r ( ,david 7#a 
,*r4 xxvii4 #ah74    ,footnote #dc3     
,on #8dr9ks' see ,?omson1 ,! ,l& & !    
,book1 p4 #cai4    ,footnote #dd3       
,! text 7:i* has #8,8 words'7 is g5]ally
 r5d]$ #8because ,he    gives n acc\nt (
 any ( ,8 matt]s1' i4e4 ( ! details ( ,8
    gov]nm5t4 ,?is is v /ra9$2 ! ,sept4 
has #8my words1' !    ,vulgate #8?y     
words1' ei!r ( :i* read+s gives a       
natural s5se4    ,footnote #de3         
,see #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #af1 & comp4 #a ,*r4
 xxi4 #ae1 ,ps4 xxviii4 #di1 ,prov4     
xvi4 #ad1 ,ezek4 ix4 #a1 x4 #g2 also    
,jo/1 ,ges*4 des ,jud5?ums1 i4    #cjd4 
,= ,assyria see ,records ( ! ,pa/1 i4   
#aca-e3 iv4 #ec-fj 7!    s9n] 0 ?\ght to
 be giv5 up 9 displeasure by 8 ,god into
 !    h&s ( ! evil spirits74 ,= ,arabia 
see ,korn1 lxxix4 #a1 #b--              

#8,by ^? 7angels7 :o te> out 7s\ls7 )   
viol5ce1              ,& by ^? :o       
joy\sly release !m3'      = ! e>ly      
,*ri/ian1 ,ju/9 ,m4 ,dial4 e4 ,tryph4   
#aje1        1               3 & = !    
m$ieval1 ,dante1    ,inf]no1 xxvii4     
#aab-abc3 ,purgatorio1 v4 #ajc-ajh4     
,comp4 bel[1    ,*ap4 ,x4    ,footnote  
#df3      ,blake seems to h felt        
,elihu's /rong fai? 9 ! angels4 ,!      
bord] ( 8 #ab? illu/ration is fill$ ) a 
/ream ( delicate    angel =ms4          
,footnote #dg3      ,davidson4 ,ewald   
expla9s ! #8ransom' p>tly ( !           
int]cession (    ! angel1 p>tly ( !     
pray] ( rep5tance4    ,footnote #dh3    
,turn]1 ,/udies ,biblical & ,ori5tal1 p4
 #adf4    ,footnote #di3      ,cox1     
,comm5t>y on ! ,book ( ,job1 p4 #dhi4   
,footnote #ej3      ,s ,lightfoot 7see  
,l[?1 ,prlect4 xxxii474    ,footnote    
#ea3      ,le livre de ,job1 p4 liv4    
,footnote #eb3      ,davidson1 ,! ,book 
( ,job1 p4 xlv4                         
,,*apt] ,v4                          ,,!

 ,,spee*es ,,( ,,jehovah4               
7,,*aps4 ,,xxxviii4-,,xlii4 #f47        
#8,! words ( ,job are end$' 7xxxi4      
#dj;b71 rem>ks ! anci5t editor1  &      
among/ ! la/ ( ^! words is an aspiration
 aft] a meet+  ) ,god4 ,t ,job expect$  
su* a fav\r 9 ?is life is 9 ! highe/    
degree improbable1 :atev] view be tak5 (
 xix4 #be-bg4 ,x is true1 he  sometimes 
did almo/ reg>d a !ophany z possible1   
?\gh he fe>$ x  might be grant$ "u      
conditions :i* w\ld make x ! rev]se ( a 
boon 7ix4 #c1 #ae1 #cc-ce2 xiii4 #ba1   
#bb74 ,he wi%$ = a fair  inve/igation ( 
8 "*1 & he crav$ t ,god w\ld n appe>  9 
too awful a =m4 ,x seems at fir/ sight z
 if ,jehovah1 ca/+ h>d  que/ions at ,job
 out ( ! tempe/1 & ignor+ bo? ! fri5ds' 
indictm5t & ,job's def5ce 7xxxi4        
#ce-cg71 7 realis+ ,job's wor/  fe>s &  
act+ z 8 enemy4 ,! fri5ds _h already    
s\ght to humble  ,job by po9t+ him to ! 
p[] & wisdom & goodness ( ,god1 & ,job  
_h prov$ conclusively t he 0 no /rang]  
to ^! high ?\ghts4  ,is ! poet consi/5t 

) himself1 fir/1 9 introduc+ ,jehovah at
  all1 &1 secondly1 9 mak+ ,him ov]p[]  
,job by a s]ies ( %>p1  ironical        
que/ions8 ,sev]al answ]s may be giv5 if 
we wi% to def5d  ! unity ( ! poem4 ,job 
himself 7x may be said7 has n cont9u$ at
  ! same high level ( fai? z 9 xix4     
#be-bg 7assum+ ,pr(4 ,davidson's  view (
 ! passage72 he ne$s ! appe>ance (      
,jehovah m ?an he  did !n4 ,z to ! c\rse
 attribut$ 9 xxxviii4 #a to ,jehovah1   
?is too  7! poet may h felt 9 add+ ^!   
spee*es7 0 really ! be/  = ,job4        
,jehovah might no d\bt h decl>$ ,job to 
be 9 ! "r z  aga9/ 8 fri5ds4 ,he might  
next h soo!d ! suff]]'s m9d by  reveal+ 
! reason :y 8 trials 7 p]mitt$ 7we "k   
?is f  ! ,prologue74 ,b ?is w\ld n h be5
 = ,job's spiritual welf>e3  !re 0 "o   
lesson he ne$$ to le>n or to rele>n1 "o 
grace (  "* he ne$$ to ga9 or to        
rega9--namely1 dev\t & tru/ful  humility
 t[>ds ,god4 ,9 ! heat ( debate & "u !  
pressure (  pa9 ,job's old religi\s     
habit ( m9d _h c]ta9ly be5 weak5$--n    

de/roy$1 b weak5$--& a /rong rem$y 0    
necess>y if he 0 n  to c>ry 8 di/ract$  
feel+s to ! grave4 ,& s1 z a fir/ joyful
  surprise1 came ! !ophany3 to #8see'   
,god be=e dea? mu/ h be5  a joyful      
surprise2 & if ! que/ion+ ca/ him d[n1  
yet x 0 only  to raise him up 9 ! /r5g? 
( self-di/ru/4 ,! object ( ^!  orations 
( ,jehovah is n to communicate          
intellectual light1 b to  give a /rong] 
tone to ,job's :ole nature4 ,he _h long 
kn[n ,god to be  /rong & wise & good1 b 
m z a lesson le>n$ ?an z p]sonal        
exp]i5ce 7xlii4 #e74 ,& ! means fir/    
adopt$ to convey ?is  life-giv+ #8sight'
 is n )\t a t\* ( t hum\r :i* we  notic$
 9 ! ,prologue4 ,job1 :o 0 s full (     
que/ions1 n[ has !  tables turn$ ^u him4
 ,he is put ?r\gh a cate*ism :i* admits 
(  b "o v humbl+ answ]1 ea* "q be+      
atta*$ to a  wond]fully vivid           
description ( "s animal or ph5om5on4 ,= 
descriptive p[] ! fir/ spee* ( ,jehovah1
 at any rate1 is )\t a  p>allel4 ,!     
au?or1 z ,pr(4 ,davidson rem>ks1 #8knew 

! great law  t sublimity is necess>ily  
also simplicity4' ,x is true he does b  
give u isolat$ features ( ! natural _w3 
no s+le sc5e is  repres5t$ 9 its        
totality4 ,b ?is is 9 accordance ) !    
,hebrew  g5ius1 to :i* nature appe>s1 n 
9 h] own simple beauty1 b  ba!d 9 an    
atmosph]e ( emotion4 ,! emotion :i* "h  
animates !  poet is ma9ly a religi\s "o2
 x is ! love ( ,god1 & ( ,god's  works =
 ! sake ( _! ,mak]4 ,he wi%es to cure ! 
murmur+  spirits ( 8 own day by giv+ !m 
wid] views ( ext]nal nature &  its      
my/]ies1 s wondr\sly v>i$ & s full (    
,div9e wisdom &  goodness4 ,he has ?is  
great advantage 9 do+ s1 t !y1 l        
himself 7& ,job71 are !i/s2 !y are n (  
^? :o say 9 _!  he>t1 #8,!re is no      
,god1' b ( ! #8,zion' :o compla9s1      
#8,jehovah has  =sak5 me1 & my ,"l has  
=gott5 me' 7,isaiah xlix4 #ad74 ,& !    
rem$y :i* he applies is ! same z t ( !  
,babylonian-,jewi%  prophet1 a wid] /udy
 ( ! ways ( ,god4 ,job _h said1 #8,i    
w\ld tell  ,him ! numb] ( my /eps2'     

,jehovah replies by %[+ him1 9 a s]ies  
( que/ions1 n irritat+ b p]suasive1 !   
footpr9ts ( ,8 own  l>g]                
self-manife/ation4    ,! ,div9e ,speak] 
is introduc$ by ! poet ?us3             
,& ,jehovah answ]$ ,job out ( a tempe/1 
& said4    ,a /orm 0 ! usual            
accompanim5t ( a ,div9e appe>ance3 !re 0
 no  int5tion ( cru%+ ,job ) t]ror4 ,9  
,blake's ?irte5? draw+ ,job  7& 8 wife67
 are repres5t$ kneel+ & li/5+1 )        
c\nt5ances expressive ( ?ankfulness2 9 8
 f\rte5?1 ,job & 8  f\r fri5ds kneel    
rapt & ec/atic1 :ile ! #8sons ( ,god1'  
sweet1  vital1 heav5ly =ms1 are %\t+ =  
joy4 ,9 fact1 ! spee*es (  ,jehovah     
conta91 n accusations 7except 9 xxxviii4
 #b71 b  remon/rances1 &1 ?\gh ! =m ( ^!
 is *ill+ to ,job's  self-love1 yet !   
glori\s visions :i* !y evoke are heal+  
to  e sorr[ ( ! m9d4 ,! text ( ! spee*es
 is un=tunately n  9 p]fect ord]4 ,=    
in/ance1 !re are f\r v]ses :i* h1 no "o 
c tell h[1 be5 deposit$ 9 ! description 
( behemo? 7xli4 #i-ab1  ,a4 ,v47 b :i*  

mo/ probably at "o "t or ano!r op5$ !   
fir/  spee* ( ,jehovah4 ,p]haps ! au?or 
himself remov$ !m1 feel+ !m  to be too  
depress+ = ,job to he>2 or p]haps x 0   
purely by  accid5t t !y 7 transf]r$1 &  
,m]x & ,bickell h done well  to replace 
!m 9 _! correct$ editions ( ,job betwe5 
xxxi4 #cg  & xxxviii4 #a4 ,z correct$ by
 ! =m] !y run ?us3--                    
,behold1 8 hope is beli$3               
w he fight aga9/ m9e appe>+8            
,he is n s bold z to /ir me up2         
:o inde$ c\ld /& be=e me8               
,:o ev] attacks me 9 safety8            
all b5ea? ! :ole heav5 is m9e4          
,i w n take 8 babbl+ 9 sil5ce1          
8 mighty spee* & its comely arrangem5t4 
,we mu/ reg>d ?is z a soliloquy1 aft]   
:i*1 directly address+  ,job1 ,jehovah  
upbraids ! #8mighty speak]' ) hav+ %ut  
himself out  by 8 #8bl9d clam\r' f a    
view ( ! ,div9e plan ( 8 life4          
,:o is ?is t d>k5s c\nsel               
by words )\t k8 7xxxviii4 #b47    ,to   
ga9 t #8k' :i* w #8make d>kness light   

be=e him1'  ,job mu/ enri* 8 conception 
( ,god4 ,^? /rik+ pictures already      
ref]r$ to h no l[] aim ?an to display ! 
great ,all-wise ,god1  & ! irony ( !    
cate*is+ is only design$ to br+ home ! m
  =cibly to ,job human littl5ess &      
ignorance4 ,mod]n read]s1 h[ev]1  _c    
help turn+ aside to admire ! g5ius ( !  
poet & 8  sympa!tic int]e/ 9 nature4 ,8 
sci5tific ideas may be crude2 b  he     
obs]ves z a poet1 & n z a naturali/4    
,e>?1 sea1 & sky  successively en*a9    
him1 & we c h>dly d\bt t ! natural      
philosophy ( ! ,*aldans 0 sup]ficially  
at lea/ kn[n to him4#ec  ,9 8 *ildlike  
curiosity & will+ness to tell u ev]y?+  
he  rem9ds u ( ! poet ( ! ,comm$ia4     
,has ! ra9 a fa!r8#ed         or :o has 
begott5 ! dew-drops8         f ^: womb  
came =? ! ice1         & ! ho> fro/ (   
heav5--:o eng5d]$ x1         7t7 ! wat]s
 close toge!r l a /one1         & ! face
 ( ! deep hides itself8         ,do/ ?\ 
b9d ! knots ( ! ,pleiades1#ee         or
 loose ! fett]s ( ,orion8#ef            

,do/ ?\ br+ =? ! moon's wat*es at _!    
season1         & ! ,be> & h]           
(fspr+--do/ ?\ guide !m8         ,kn[e/ 
?\ ! laws ( heav58         do/ ?\       
det]m9e its influ5ce ^u ! e>?8          
7xxxviii4 #bh-cc47    #8,! laws (       
heav56' ,c we refuse to obs]ve ! fir/   
beg9n+s ( a  conception ( ! cosmos1     
rememb]+ o!r passages ( ! ,wisdom       
,lit]ature 9 :i* ! great _w plan is     
di/9ctly ref]r$ to8  ,)\t d5y+ a        
pre-,exile1 native ,hebrew t5d5cy 7comp4
 ,job xxxviii4  #cc ) ,j]4 xxxi4 #ce1   
#cf7 may we n suppose t ! physical      
!ology  ( ,babylonia _h a l>ge "p 9     
det]m9+ ! =m ( ?is  conception8 ,notice 
! ref]5ce to ! influ5ce ( ! sky ^u !    
e>?1 & especially ! ,hebrais$           
,babylonian phrase ,mazz>o? 7i4e4       
maz>ati1#eg plural ( maz>ta1 a wat*71 ! 
wat*es or /ations  ( ! moon :i* m>k$ !  
progress ( ! mon?4 ,b x is n s  mu* !   
intellectual curiosity manife/ 9 ^!     
v]ses :i* we w\ld  dwell ^u n[ z !      
poetic vig\r ( ! gall]y ( zoology1 &1 we

  mu/ add1 ! fai? :i* p]vades x1 rem9d+ 
u ( a ,b$\9 pray]  quot$ by ,major      
,palm]1 #8,o ,?\ :o provide/ = ! bl9d   
hyna1  provide = me6' ,t5 7or n9e7      
specim5s ( animal life are giv5--!  lion
 & 7p]haps7 ! rav51#eh ! wild goat & !  
h9d1 ! wild  ass1 ! wild ox1#ei ! o/ri*1
 ! w> horse1 ! hawk & !  eagle4 ,x is to
 ?is portion t ! /ud5t mu/ turn :o w\ld 
fa9  "k ! highe/ atta9m5ts ( ! ,hebrew  
g5ius 9 pure poetry1 su*  z ,milton w\ld
 h recognis$ z poetry4 ,! delight$ wond]
 )  :i* ! writ] ent]s into ! habits ( ! 
animals1 & ! light  & graceful movem5t (
 ! v]se1 make ! t5 descriptions ref]r$  
to an ev]-attractive !me1 ,i w n say = !
 translator1 b =  ! int]pret]4 ,!y are  
ideal1 z ! ,greek sculptures are ideal1 
&  ne$ ! p5 ( t poet-/ud5t1 fa9t h9ts ( 
^: com+ h be5  giv5 u 9 ,h]d] & ,rck]t4 
,! f9e/ ( !m1 ( c\rse1 is t  ( "o ( !   
animals mo/ ne>ly relat$ 9 ,arabia to   
man 79 ,arabia1  b n 9 ,juda71 ! horse4 
,do/ ?\ give might to ! horse8          
,do/ ?\ clo! 8 neck ) wav+ mane8        

,do/ ?\ make him b\nd z a locu/8        
,! peal ( 8 snort is t]rible6           
,he paws 9 ! valley & rejoices 9 8      
/r5g?2          he goes =? to meet !    
weapons2          he laughs at fe>1 & is
 n dismay$1          & recoils n f !    
sword3          ! quiv] clangs ^u him1  
! fla%+ lance & ! javel93          b\nd+
 furi\sly he swall[s ! gr\nd1          &
 _c /& /ill at ! bla/ ( ! trumpet2      
at e bla/ he says1 #8,aha6'          &  
smells ! battle f af>1          !       
capta9's ?und] & ! cry ( battle 7xxxix4 
#ai-be74    ,! t]rible elem5t 9 animal  
in/9cts seems inde$ to fasc9ate !  m9d (
 our poet2 he closes 8 gall]y ) a sket* 
( ! cruel  in/9cts ( ! glori\s eagle4   
,we are rem9d$1 p]haps1 ( ! l9es  ( a   
poet pa9t] inspir$ by ,job--            
,tig]1 tig]1 burn+ bright               
,9 ! =e/s ( ! night1                    
,:at immortal h& or eye                 
,c\ld frame ?y fe>ful symmetry8#fj    ,&
 n[ we might almo/ ?9k t ! object ( !   
!ophany has be5  atta9$4 ,nev] m w ,job 

presume to litigate ) ,%addai1 or       
measure ! do+s ( ,god by 8 puny         
intellect4 ,he has le>n$ !  lesson      
express$ 9 ,dante's l9e--               
,/ate cont5ti1 umana g5te1 al quia1#fa  
b also t high] lesson1 s boldly express$
 by ! same poet1 t  9 all ,god's works1 
)\t exception1 ?ree attributes are se5  
unit$--                      ,fecemi la 
div9a pote/ate1                    ,la  
somma sapi5za1 e 'l primo amore4#fb     
,he is sil5c$1 inde$1 b only z ) ! poet 
( ,p>adise--                      ,all' 
alta fantasia qui manc possa4#fc    ,!  
sil5ce ) :i* bo? ^! #8vessels (         
election' meet ! ,div9e  revelation is !
 sil5ce ( satisfaction1 ev5 ?\gh ?is be 
m+l$  ) awe4 ,job has le>n$ to =get     
himself 9 ! wondr\s creation (  :i* he  
=ms a "p1 j z ,dante :5 he saw          
,la =ma univ]sal di que/o nodo4#fd      
,job _c1 inde$1 z yet express 8 feel+s2 
awe prepond]ates ov]  satisfaction 9 !  
words assign$ to him 9 xl4 #d1 #e4 ,9   
fact1 he has  fall5 bel[ 8 bett] k1 &   

mu/ be humbl$ = ?is4 ,he has  kn[n t he 
is b a "p ( humanity--a repres5tative ( 
! l>g]  :ole1 & might1 b = 8 frailty1 h 
com=t$ himself 9 t  ?\ght4 ,god's p[] & 
wisdom & goodness are s wondr\sly bl5d$ 
9 ! great human organism t he might h   
re/$ amid/ 8  p]sonal woes 9 ! c]ta9ty (
 at lea/ an indirect connection )  !    
g5tl] manife/ations ( ! #8,wat*] (      
mank9d' 7vii4 #bj74 ,?is  ?\ght has     
prov$ ineffectual1 & s ! ,div9e         
,in/ructor tries  ano!r ord] (          
consid]ations4 ,&1 true en\gh1 nature   
effects :at  #8! /ill1 sad music (      
humanity' has fail$ to tea*4 ,job1      
h[ev]1  ne$s m ?an tea*+2 he ne$s       
humiliation = 8 misjudgm5t (  ,god's    
deal+s ) him p]sonally4 ,h5ce 9 ,8      
second %ort b  weighty spee* #8out ( !  
tempe/' ,jehovah beg9s ) ! "q  7xl4     
#h7--                ,wilt ?\ make void 
my ju/ice8              wilt ?\ condemn 
me1 t ?\ maye/ be righte\s8    ,?is     
gives ! po9t ( view f :i* ,jehovah      
ironically invites ,job1  if he ?9ks    

7see *ap4 xxiv47 t he c gov]n ! _w--!   
human z  well z ! extra-human _w--bett] 
?an ! ,creator1 to make ! bold  attempt4
 ,he bids him array himself ) ! ,div9e  
maje/y & c>ry out  t retribution 9 :i*  
,jehovah1 accord+ to him1 has s         
completely  fail$ 7xl4 #aa-ac74 ,if ,job
 w prove 8 compet5ce = ! (fice  :i* he  
claims1 !n ,jehovah ,himself w recognise
 8 indep5d5ce  & extol 8 inh]5t /r5g?4  
,did ! poet mean to f9i% ! second  spee*
 ( ,jehovah "h8 ,x is probable2 !       
subject ( ! int]rogatory  h>dly admitt$ 
( be+ develop$ fur!r 9 poetry4 ,a lat]  
writ]  7or1 z ,m]x ?9ks1 ! poet ( ,job  
himself7 seems to h f\nd !  spee* too   
%ort1 & !re=e app5d$ ! two fancy sket*es
 (  animals :i* foll[4 ,b 9 ! orig9al   
draft ( ! poem xl4 #ad mu/  h be5 foll[$
 imm$iately by ,job's retractation1     
clos+ ) ^?  /rik+ words 7see above1 p4  
#di7 :i* s well supplem5t ! less        
articulate confession ( xl4 #d1 #e--    
,i _h he>d ( !e by ! he>+ ( ! e>1       
b n[ m9e eye sees !e3#fe                

!re=e ,i retract & rep5t                
9 du/ & a%es 7xlii4 #e1 #f74    ,h[     
complete a rev]sal ( ! #8pr9cely'       
anticipations ( ,job 9 xxxi4  #cg6 ,to  
u1 inde$1 x may seem some:at ungraci\s  
to ,job to give ?is  z ! la/ sc5e ( 8   
pa!tic drama4 ,b ! poet leaves x op5 to 
u to animate ,job's rep5tance ) love z  
well z awe & compunction4  ,) f9e feel+ 
,blake 9 8 sev5te5? illu/ration almo/   
fills !  m>g9 ) passages f ! ,johann9e  
writ+s4    ,! long description ( ! two  
,egyptian mon/]s 7xl4 #ae1 xli4 #bf7 is1
  z we h h9t$ above1 out ( place 9 !    
second spee* ( ,jehovah4  ,x has inde$  
be5 sugge/$ t ! writ] may h int5d$ x z a
  developm5t ( xl4 #ad--                
,!n w ,i 9 return confess unto !e       
t ?y "r h& c help !e--    :i* implies t 
,job has no p[] to help himself 9 !     
gov]nm5t (  ! _w4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 
! op5+ words ( ! behemo?  section w     
mean1 #8,consid]1 pray1 t ?\ ha/        
fell[-creatures  :i* are f> /rong] ?an  
?\2 & h[ can/ ?\ und]take !  managem5t (

 ! univ]se8' ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t
 !  emphasis ?us laid on ! omnipot5ce ( 
,god1 ap>t f ,8  righte\sness1          
introduces an obscurity into ! argum5t  
:i* almo/  compels u to assume t !      
sket*es ( behemo? & levia?an are  lat]  
ins]tions4 ,at any rate1 ev5 if we reg>d
 !m z ! "w ( !  pr9cipal writ] ( ,job1  
we mu/ at lea/ ascribe !m to "o ( ^?    
aft]-?\ghts by :i* poets n unfrequ5tly  
spoil _! be/  productions4 ,! /yle ( !  
description1 too1 is less *a/5$ ?an  t (
 *aps4 xxxviii4 xxxix4 7s t ,bickell c  
h>dly be "r 9  plac+ xl4 #ae1 c41       
imm$iately aft] xxxix4 #cj71 & if x     
relates to  ! hippopotamus & ! crocodile
 is less true to nature ?an ! o!r       
#8animal pieces4'    ,! tru? is t nei!r 
behemo? nor levia?an corresponds /rictly
 to  any kn[n animal4 ,! tail ( a       
hippopotamus w\ld surely n h be5  comp>$
 to a c$> by a tru?ful ?\gh poetic      
obs]v] l ! au?or  ( *aps4 xxxviii4      
xxxix4 ,moreov] t animal 0 habitually   
hunt$ by  ! ,egyptians ) lance & h>poon1

 & 0 !re=e no fit symbol (  indomitable 
pride4 ,! crocodile too 0 attack$ &     
kill$ by !  ,egyptians1 ?\gh 9 xli4     
#bf-bi levia?an is said to laugh at 8   
assailants4 ,s5eca 9 8 description (    
,egypt describes ! crocodile  z #8fugax 
animal audaci1 audacissimum timido'     
7,qu/4 ,nat41 iv4 #b74  ,comp4 ,ezek4   
xxix4 #d1 xxxii4 #c2 ,h]od4 ii4 #gj4    
,to me1 inde$1 z well z to ,m4 ,*abas1 !
 behemo? & ! levia?an  seem to claim a  
k9%ip ) ! dragons & o!r imag9>y mon/]s (
  ! ,swiss topographies ( ! sixte5?     
c5tury4 ,a /ill m /rik+  because a ne>] 
p>allel is adduc$ by ,m4 ,*abas f !     
,egyptian  monum5ts1 :]e1 side by side )
 ! mo/ accurate pictures f  nature1 we  
(t5 f9d del9eations ( animals :i* _c h  
exi/$  out ( wond]l&4#ff    ,x is       
rem>kable t ! elephant %\ld n h be5     
select$ z a  type ( /range & wondr\s    
animal life2 app>5tly x 0 n yet  kn[n to
 ! ,hebrew writ]s1 ?\gh ( c\rse x might 
be urg$ t !  poet 0 accid5tally prev5t$ 
f writ+ m4 ,m]x has po9t$ out  t !      

description ( behemo? is evid5tly       
incomplete4 ,he also ?9ks  t ! poet has 
n yet br\ght ! =m ( ^! passages to f9al 
p]fection3 a /ruggle ) ! difficulties ( 
expression is  obs]vable4 ,he !re=e     
relegates xl4 #ae-xli4 #bf to an app5dix
 )  ! sugge/ive title 7comp4 ,goe!'s    
,fau/7 ,p>alipom5a to ,job4 ,he  ?9ks t 
a read] or admir] ( ! orig9al poem s\ght
 to pres]ve  ^! unf9i%$ sket*es by plac+
 !m :]e !y n[ /&4 ,?is is  probably !   
mo/ cons]vative !ory 7i4e4 ! ne>e/ to ! 
traditional view7 critically admissible4
    ,footnote #ec3      ,see ,sayce on  
#8,babylonian ,a/ronomy' 7,translations 
( ,soc4 ( ,bibl4    ,ar*ology1 #ahgd72  
,l5ormant1 ,la magic *ez les ,*aldens1 &
 8    ,syllabaires cuni=mes 7#ahgf71 p4 
#dh4    ,footnote #ed3      ,?is is n   
m]e #8patri>*al simplicity' 7,r5an1 p4  
lvi471 b a    contradiction ( ! my?ic   
view t a nature god l ,baal is !        
#8fa!r' or produc] ( ! ra9 & ! crops    
7see ,*eyne1 ,isaiah1    ed4 #c1 i4 #bh1
 #bid1 ii4 #bie74 ,elihu no d\bt goes   

fur!r 9 8    explanations2 see xxxvi4   
#bg1 #bh4    ,footnote #ee3      ,heb4  
kima2 comp4 ,ass4 kimtu1 #8a family4' ,!
 ^w occurs aga9 9    ix4 #i1 ,am4 v4 #h 
7b are n ?is v]se & ! closely relat$ "o 
9    iv4 #ac additions by a lat] editor 
( ,amos 9 ! ,exile p]iod87    ,footnote 
#ef3      ,heb4 k'sl1 ! "n ( ! foolh>dy 
giant :o /rove ) ,jehovah4    ,!        
,*aldeo-,assyrian a/rology gave ! "n    
kisiluv to ! n9?    mon?1 connect+ x ) !
 zodiacal sign ,sagitt>ius4 ,b !re are  
valid reasons = atta*+ ! ,hebrew popul> 
my? to ,orion4    ,footnote #eg3        
#8,he did n wat* ! />s ( heav51 nor !   
maz>ati4' ,s ,fox    ,talbot quotes f a 
cunei=m tablet 7,transactions ( ,soc4 ( 
,bibl4    ,ar*ology1 #ahgb1 p4 #cda74 ,!
 above explanation1 h[ev]1 :i* is    t (
 ,delitzs* on ,job1 diff]s f t ( ,fox   
,talbot4    ,footnote #eh3      ,mr4    
,bateson ,wright's po9t+1 l'ereb =      
la'rbh1 is plausible4    ,! rav5 is an  
insignificant companion to ! lion1 & !  
birds (    prey are m5tion$ at ! end (  

,job's picture gall]y4 ,r5d] #8:o       
provides 9 ! ev5+ 8 food1' c42 b 9 ?is  
case %\ld n    lbh 9 v]4 #ci be r5d]$   
#8lion' r ?an #8lioness' 7note    #88 "y
 ones'78 ,! root idea is probably       
voracity4 ,t lbh    9 iv4 #aa is !      
fem99e is no objection4 ,comp4 ,ps4     
lvii4 #e1 &    p]haps ,hos4 xiii4 #h4   
,possibly1 h[ev]1 ! #8rav5' 0 ins]t$ "h 
to make up ! numb] t51 by a rem9isc5ce (
 ,ps4 cxlvii4 #i4    ,footnote #ei3     
,! #8unicorn' ( ,a4 ,v4 comes f ! ,sept4
 & ,vulg42 b 9 ,deut4    xxxiii4 #ag !  
re'm is said to h #8horns4' ,s*lottmann 
&    ,delitzs* id5tify x ) ! oryx or    
antelope1 b ! oryx 0    tamable         
7,wilk9son1 ,egyptians1 i4 #bbg71 :]eas 
our poet asks1 #8,w    ! re'm be will+  
to s]ve !e8' ,see ,*eyne on ,isa4 xxxiv4
 #g4    ,footnote #fj3      ,blake1     
,songs ( ,exp]i5ce4    ,footnote #fa3   
,purg41 iii4 #cg4    ,footnote #fb3     
,inf41 iii4 #e1 #f4    ,footnote #fc3   
,p>ad41 xxxiii4 #adb4    ,footnote #fd3 
,p>ad41 xxxiii4 #ia4    ,footnote #fe3  

,all 8 ?9k+s seem$ l he>say4 ,?is1 !n1 0
 ! real ,god4    ,s an anonym\s writ]   
well expresses x 7,m>k ,ru!r=d's        
,deliv]ance1 p4 #aif74    ,footnote #ff3
      ,etudes sur l'antiquit hi/orique1 
prem4 d41 pp4 #cia-cic4                 
,,*apt] ,,vi4                       ,,! 
,,epilogue ,,& ,,its ,,mean+4      ,we  
n[ come to ! dnom5t ( ! /ory 7xlii4     
#g-ag71 aga9/ :i*1  f ! po9t ( view (   
int]nal criticism1 mu* 7 possible to be 
said4 ,we %all n1 h[ev]1 "h dwell ^u !  
inconsi/5cies betwe5  ! epilogue on ! "o
 h& & ! prologue & ! spee*es on !  o!r4 
,! ma9 po9t = u to emphasise is !       
disappo9t+ness (  ! ev5ts ( ! epilogue  
reg>d$ z ! f9al outcome ( ,job's        
spiritual discipl9e4 ,surely ! high     
?\ghts :i* h n[ & !n  visit$ ,job's m9d1
 & :i*1 comb9$ ) ! p]sonal              
self-revelation ( ! ,creator1 mu/ h     
br\ght back ! suff]] to a  /ate (       
*ildlike resignation1 /& 9 inappropriate
 companion%ip  ) a tame & commonplace   
r5ewal ( m]e e>?ly prosp]ity4 ,w\ld x  n

 h be5 fitt] = ! h]o on :om s mu* moral 
tra9+ _h  be5 lavi%$ to pass ) humble b 
c\rage\s demean\r ?r\gh !  d>k valley1  
at ! issue ( :i* he w\ld #8see ,god'8 ,x
 is h>dly a  suffici5t answ] t a        
concession 0 necess>y to ! prejudices ( 
! unspiritual multitude2 = :at 0 !      
object ( ! poem1 if n  to subv]t !      
dom9ion ( a "o-sid$ retribution !ory8 ,!
 solution  probably is t ,job 9 !       
epilogue is a type ( suff]+1 believ+1  &
 glorifi$ ,israel4 ,n only ! individual 
believ]1 n only all !  elect spirits (  
suff]+ humanity1 b ! belov$ nation ( !  
poet4--,israel1 ! #8,s]vant (           
,jehovah'--mu/ receive a special message
 (  com=t f ! great poem4 ,9 ,isa4 lxi4 
#g we read t glorifi$  ,israel is to #8h
 d\ble 7comp5sation7 in/ead ( its %ame2'
 comp4  ,ze*4 ix4 #ab1 ,j]4 xvi4 #ad-ah4
 ,! p ( ,israel1 accord+ to !  limit$   
view ( ! prophets1 0 b\nd indissolubly  
to ! ,holy ,l&4  ,! only promise1 !re=e1
 :i* w\ld be consolatory = suff]+       
,israel1 ! only possible sign ( ,god's  

re/or$ fav\r1 0 a mat]ial  "o includ+   
fre% #8*ildr5' & _m flocks & h]ds 7,isa4
 liv4 #a1  lx4 #g74 ,obs]ve 9 ?is       
connection ! phrase1 xlii4 #aj1         
#8,jehovah turn$  ! =tunes ( ,job'      
7o!rs1 z ,a4 ,v41 #8turn$ ! captivity ( 
,job'7--! phrase s well kn[n 9 passages 
relat+ to ,israel 7e4g4 ,ps4  xiv4 #g1  
,joel iii4 #a74    ,! explanation is    
p]haps adequate4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 w be haunt$
 by a  d\bt :e!r ! au?or ( ! prologue   
w\ld n h ?r[n m  en]gy & en?usiasm into 
! clos+ n>rative4 ,an e>ly read]1       
probably ( ,ph>isaic lean+s1 felt !     
pov]ty ( ! epilogue1#fg  & s\ght to     
rem$y x by ! foll[+ addition 9 !        
,septuag9t3  #8,& ,job di$1 old & full (
 days2 & x is writt5 t he w rise  aga9 )
 ^? :om ! ,"l raise?4'#fh ,! rema9d] ( !
  ,septuag9t app5dix te/ifies only to ! 
love ( ! lat] ,jews =  amplify+         
,biblical notices 7see ,*ap4 ,,vii47    
,our own poet pa9t] has  also amplifi$ !
 details ( ! epilogue1 b 9 h[ diff]5t a 
way6  7,gil*ri/'s ,life ( ,blake1 i4    

#ccb-c74    ,footnote #fg3      ,o!r    
read]s1 h[ev]1 f\nd no difficulty 9 !   
close ( ! /ory2    to su* ,/4 ,james    
addresses himself 9 ! words1 #8,ye h    
he>d (    ! endurance ( ,job1 & h se5 ! 
end ( ! ,"l' 7,james v4    #aa71 i4e4 ! 
bless$ end v\*saf$ by ! ,"l to ,job4 ,x 
0 also1    no d\bt1 su* a read] :o      
compos$ ! beautiful romance ( ,tobit1   
to %[ t1 h[ev] tri$1 ! righte\s man is  
at la/ deliv]$ by    8 ,god4            
,footnote #fh3      ,^? rabbis :o 9 lat]
 times held ?is view appe> to h assum$  
t ,job 0 ( ! ,israeliti% race 7,frankl 9
 ,grtz's    ,monatss*rift1 #ahgb1 p4    
#caa74                                  
,,*apt] ,,vii4               ,,!        
,,traditional ,,basis ,,& ,,! ,,purpose 
,,( ,,job4                              
,i4                           ,did ,job 
really live8      ,?is is widely        
diff]5t1 rem>ks ,umbreit1#fi f ! "q :e!r
  ,job actually said & did all t is     
relat$ ( him 9 our book4 ,x is  sc>cely 
necess>y1 he adds1 9 ! pres5t day to    

disprove ! latt]1  b we h no reason to  
d\bt ! =m] 7! !ory z to !  hi/orical    
exi/5ce ( a sort ( ,arabian k+ ,priam1  
nam$ ,job74 ,9  tru?1 we h no positive  
evid5ce ei!r = affirm+ or d5y+ x1       
unless ! #8holy places1' ea* reput$ to  
be ,job's grave1 may be  m5tion$ 9 ?is  
connection4 ,! allusion 9 ,ezek4 xiv4   
#ad to #8,noah1  ,daniel1 & ,job1'      
proves no m ?an t a tradition ( "s sort 
exi/$ respect+ ! righte\s ,job dur+ !   
,babylonian ,exile3 we  _c tell h[ mu*  
,ezekiel knew besides ,job's            
righte\sness4 ,9 lat]  times1 ,jewi%    
/ud5ts d appe> to h believ$ t #8,job    
exi/$2'  b ! =ce ( ! argum5t is weak5$  
by ! uncritical "* (  ! times1 & !      
extreme =m 9 :i* ?is belief 0 held by   
!m4  ,h[ e>ly d\bts arose1 we "k n4 ,!  
au?ors ( ,tobit &  ,susanna may v likely
 h be5 only half-believ]s1 s9ce !y      
evid5tly imitate ! /ory ( ,job 9 _!     
romantic compositions4 ,at  any rate1 ! 
(t5-quot$ say+ ( ,rabbi ,re% ,laki%1    
1 #8,job exi/$ n1 & 0 n creat$1 b he is 

7only7 a p>able1'#gj %[s t ev5 be=e !   
,talmud great fre$om  ( spee* prevail$  
among ! ,rabbis on su* po9ts4 ,9 ,hai   
,gaon's "t  7d4 #ajcg71 ! say+ quot$ mu/
 h giv5 (f5ce to "s1 = ?is  ,rabbi n    
only appeals = ! hi/orical "* ( ,job to 
!  passage 9 ,ezekiel1 b wi%es 7on      
traditional au?ority7 to alt] !  read+ (
 ,re% ,laki%'s words1 s z to read       
1 #8,job exi/$ n1 & 0 n creat$1 except  
to be a  p>able4'#ga 7,see note #g1     
,app5dix47    ,! prevail+ op9ion among !
 ,jews d\btless cont9u$ to be t !  ,book
 ( ,job 0 /rictly hi/orical1 & ,*ri/ian 
s*ol>s 7) !  exception ( ,!odore--see   
,*ap4 ,,xv47 f\nd no reason to "q ?is   
till ,lu!r arose1 ) 8 g5ial1 ?\gh       
unsci5tific1 insi/5ce on  ! "r (        
que/ion+ tradition4 ,9 8 ,tis*r$5 ,lu!r 
says1  #8,i* halte das ,bu* ,hiob fr e9e
 wahre ,hi/oria2 dass ab] alles s       
sollte ges*eh5 und geh&elt se91 glaube  
i* ni*t1 sond]n i*  halte1 dass e9 fe9]1
 fromm]1 gelehrt] ,mann habe es 9 sol*e 
,ordnung bra*t4'#gb ,poetically treat$  

hi/ory--t is ,lu!r's idea1  z x 0 t (   
,grotius aft] him1 & 9 our own c\ntry ( 
t  morn+-/> ( ,biblical criticism1      
,bi%op ,l[?4#gc ,x is acquiesc$  9 by   
,s*lottmann1 ,delitzs*1 & ,davidson1 & )
 ju/ice1 provid$  x be cle>ly und]/ood t
 no positive op9ion c reasonably be held
  z to ! hi/orical orig9 ( ! tradition  
7,sage1 ,ewald7 us$ by !  au?or4 ,i h   
said no?+ ( ,sp9oza & ,alb]t ,s*ult5s4  
,!  =m]#gd pron\nces mo/ unfav\rably on 
! religi\s & poetical  value ( ! book   
:i* he reg>ds z a hea!ni% fiction1      
rem9d+ u  some:at 7see else:]e7 ( ! ha/y
 & ill-advis$ ,!odore (  ,mopsue/ia4 ,! 
latt]#ge actually def5ds ! hi/orical "* 
bo? ( ! n>ratives & ( ! colloquies (    
,job 9 ! /ricte/  s5se4 ,h5g/5b]g1 alone
 p]haps among or?odox !ologians1 takes a
  precisely opposite view4 ,l ,reuss &  
,m]x1 he reg>ds ! poem z  entirely a "w 
( imag9ation4 ,we may be ?ankful = 8    
prote/  aga9/ apply+ a prosaic /&>d to !
 poetical books ( ! ,hebrew  ,canon4 ,^?
 :o d s1 he rem>ks1#gf #8fail to obs]ve 

t ! book  /&s1 n among hi/orical1 b     
among poetical books1 & t x  w\ld betray
 a v l[ grade ( culture1 7 "o to        
depreciate  imag9ative z comp>$ )       
hi/orical writ+1 & decl>e x to be       
unsuitable = sacr$ ,scripture4'    ,i   
entirely agree ) ! em95t s*ol>1 ^:      
unprogressive !ology  c\ld n entirely   
ext+ui% 8 lit]>y & philological s5se4 ,b
 ,i  see no suffici5t reason = adopt+   
:at 9 itself1 ,i admit1 w\ld add  a fre%
 laurel to ! poet's cr[n4 ,m]x inde$    
assures u#gg t !  mean+ ( ! "n #8,job'  
is s r$ol5t ( allegory t x mu/ be !     
poet's own inv5tion1 especially z ! "n  
occurs n[h]e else 9 !  ,old ,te/am5t4   
,he adds t ! /ory ( ,job is s closely   
connect$  ) ! didactic "p ( ! book t x  
w\ld be lo/ lab\r to  sep>ate ! leg5d>y 
f ! new mat]ial4 ,all 0 want$2 !re=e    
all is fictiti\s4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 !   
usual c\rse ( proc$ure  ) poets :e!r ( !
 ,ea/ or ( ! ,we/1 ^: p>simony 9 !      
inv5tion ( plots is well kn[n4 ,z = ! "n
 ,job 7,iyyb7 x may  no d\bt be expla9$ 

7f ! ,arabic7 #8he :o turns to ,god1'#gh
 &  9 o!r ways1 b !re is no evid5ce t ! 
au?or ?\ght ( any  mean+ = x4 ,:5 he    
does co9 names 7see ,epilogue71 !re is  
no room  = d\bt+ _! significance4 ,ewald
 may1 c]ta9ly1 h gone too f>  9 try+ to 
recov] ! traditional elem5t3 h[         
difficult x w\ld be  to d s ) ,p>adise  
,lo/1 if we _h n ,g5esis to help u6 ,b !
  probability ( ! exi/5ce ( a leg5d ak9 
to ! n>rative 9 !  ,prologue1 is %[n by 
! p>allels to x :i* survive1 e4g4 !     
t\*+ ,indian /ory ( ,h>is*&ra1#gi giv5  
by ,dr4 ,muir 9 vol4 #a4  ( 8 ,sanskrit 
,texts4 ,! resemblance may be slight &  
sup]ficial1  b ! sudd5 ru9 ( a good     
man's =tunes is common to bo? /ories4   
,_h we m k ( ,arabic antiquity1 we %\ld 
d\btless f9d a  m valuable p>allels4#hj 
,! /ory ( ,job _h a special attraction =
 ,mohamm$1 :o enri*$ x  7foll[+ !       
prec$5t ( ! ,jewi% ,haggada7 ) a fre%   
detail  7,korn1 xxxviii4 #dj74 ,to him1 
z well z to ,/4 ,james1 ,job 0 an       
example ( #8endurance4' ,! dialogue     

betwe5 ,allah & ,eblis 9 ,korn1  xv4    
#cb-db1 may p]haps h be5 sugge/$ by !   
,prologue ( our poem4    #8,did !n1 ,job
 really live8' ,t = :i* we mo/ c>e comes
 n f  #8,tradition1 ,"t's suspect$      
regi/]1'#ha b f an unnam$ poet1  :o     
embelli%$ tradition p>tly f imag9ation1 
p>tly 7see next  section7 f ! ri* & v>i$
 /ores ( 8 own exp]i5ce4                
#b4     ,! ,autobiographical ,elem5t 9  
its ,be>+ on ! ,purpose ( !             
,poem4      ,a ,g]man critic            
7,dillmann71 9 speak+ ( ,job1 has well  
rem9d$ u  t #8! idea ( a "w ( art mu/   
reveal itself 9 ! developm5t (  ! piece3
 x is n to be cond5s$ into a dry =mula4'
 ,lea/ ( all1  surely1 is su* =mulation 
possible :5 ! "w ( art is an  idealis$  
portraiture ( ! au?or himself1 & su*1 ,i
 ?9k1 to a  consid]able ext5t is ! ,book
 ( ,job4 ,^? words ( a psalmi/1         
,come & he>1 all ye t fe> ,god1         
& ,i w decl>e :at he ha? done = my s\l  
7,ps4 lxvi4 #af1 ,r4 ,v47    might be   
tak5 z ! motto ( ,job4 ,9 %ort1 ! au?or 

is ?or\ghly  #8subjective1' l all !     
great ,hebrew & especially ! ,arabian   
poets4 #8,9 ! rhy?mic swell ( ,job's    
passionate compla9ts1 !re is  an e*o ( !
 he>t-beats ( a great poet & a great    
suff]]4 ,! cry  8,p]i% ! day 9 :i* ,i 0 
born0 7iii4 #c7 is a true expression (  
! fir/ effects ( "s unrecord$ sorr[4 ,9 
! life-l  description beg9n+ 8,oh t ,i 7
 z 9 mon?s ( old0 7xxix4 #b71  ! writ]  
is ?9k+ probably ( 8 own happi] days1   
be=e  mis=tune ov]took him4 ,l ,job     
7xxix4 #g1 #ba-be7 he _h sat 9 !  8broad
 place0 by ! gate & solv$ ! d\bts (     
p]plex$ cli5ts4  ,l ,job1 he _h ma9ta9$ 
8 position triumphantly aga9/ o!r wise  
m54 ,he _h a fell[-feel+ ) ,job 9 !     
di/ressful passage ?r\gh  d\bt to fai?4 
,l ,job 7xxi4 #af7 he _h resi/$ !       
sugge/ion (  practical a!ism1 & ) !     
confession ( 8 error 7xlii4 #b-f7 _h    
recov]$ spiritual peace4'    ,! man :o  
speaks to u "u ! mask ( ,job is n inde$ 
a p]fect  "*2 b he does n pret5d to be  
s4 ,h[ pa!tic are 8  appeals to 8 fri5ds

 to rememb] ! weight ( 8                
calamity--#8!re=e  h my words be5 wild' 
7vi4 #c7--;& n to #8be capti\s ab\t     
words  :5 ! spee*es ( ! desp]ate are b =
 ! w9d' 7vi4 #bf74 ,he  0 no ,/oic1 & _h
 n practis$ himself 9 dead5+ 8          
s5sibility  to pa94 ,/rong 9 8 s5se (   
ju/ice1 he lack$ ^? high]  intuitions   
:i* c\ld alone soo! 8 irritation4 ,b he 
0  ?r\gh\t loyal to ! ,god :om 8        
consci5ce rev]$1 &1 ev5 9  ! mid/ ( 8   
wild words1 he let ,god m\ld him4 ,fir/ 
( all1 he  r5\nc$ ! hope ( be+ und]/ood 
by m52 he ceas$ to compla9 (  8 r       
ignorant ?an unfeel+ fri5ds4 ,he        
exemplifi$ t ,arabic  prov]b :i* says1  
#8,p]fect pati5ce all[s no compla9t to  
be he>d  aga9/ 7human creatures74' ,!n  
he came by degrees to tru/ ,god4 ,!re   
is a k]nel ( tru? 9 t passage ( !       
,j]usalem ,talmud  7,b]akho?1 cix4 #e7  
:]e1 among ! sev5 types ( ,ph>isees1 !  
six? is describ$ z #8he :o is pi\s f    
fe>1 l ,job1' & !  sev5?1 z #8he :o is  
pi\s f love1 l ,abraham4' ,job's        

religion  0 at fir/ n entirely b /ill   
too mu* m>k$ by fe>2 x end$ by  becom+ a
 religion ( tru/1 ju/ify+ ! title borne 
by ,job among  ! ,syrians1 z if 9       
contradiction to ! ,talmud1 ( #8! lov] (
 !  ,"l4'#hb    ,s f> z ! au?or ( ,job  
has any direct purpose beyond t (  giv+ 
a helpful picture ( 8 own tr\bles1 x is 
no d\bt pr9cipally  a polemical "o4 ,he 
has suff]$ s deeply f ! invet]ate error 
7once inde$ a relative tru?7 s t5aci\sly
 ma9ta9$ by ! wise/  m5 t he w\ld fa9   
cru% ! s\rce ( s mu* he>t-break+  mis]y4
 ,b t = :i* we love ! book is its 1 its 
bro!rly love to all mank9d4 ,no d\bt !  
au?or ?9ks fir/ (  ,israel1 !n 7z ,i    
suppose7 suff]+ exile2 b ! c>e ) :i* !  
poem is dive/$ ( ,israeliti%            
peculi>ities1 seems to %[ t he  looks   
beyond 8 own p1 j z 9 8 view ( ,god he  
has brok5  ! bonds ( a n>r[             
#8p>ticul>ism4' #8,i c see no o!r       
explanation  ( ^? app>5tly hyp]bolical  
compla9ts1 t /range invasion (          
self-consci\sness1 & t no less /range   

#8en?usiasm (  humanity'#hc 444 ?an !   
view express$ or impli$ by ,*ateaubri&1 
t ,job is a #8type ( righte\s m5 9      
affliction--n m]ely 9 !  l& ( ,uz1 nor  
among ! ,jews 9 ,babylonia1 nor yet1 on 
,w>burton's  !ory ( ! poem1 9 ! ,juda ( 
! "t ( ,nehemiah1 b :]ev]  on ! wide e>?
 te>s are %$ & he>ts are brok54' ,?is is
 !  tru? 9 ! too (t5 exagg]at$          
allegorical view#hd ( ! poem (  ,job4   
,accord+ to 8 wont1 ! au?or lets u read 
8 mean+ by  occasional bold             
inconsi/5cies4 ,no individual c use su* 
phraseology  z we f9d 9 xvii4 #a1 xviii4
 #b1 #c1 xix4 #aa1 & p]haps ,i may add  
xvi4  #aj1 xxvii4 #aa1 #ab4 ,& yet !    
fact t ,job (t5 speaks z ! #8type  (    
suff]+ humanity' no m de/roys 8 claim to
 be an individual  #8?an ! typical "* ( 
,dante 9 8 pilgrimage & ( ,fau/ 9       
,goe!'s great poem annuls ! hi/orical   
elem5t 9 ^? two great  poetical         
figures4'#he                            
#c4             ,! ,purpose ( ,job z    
illu/rat$ by ,criticism4      ,m precise

 def9itions ( ! purpose ( ,job dep5d on 
! acceptance  ( a critical analysis ( ! 
book4 ,"s sugge/ions on ?is subject  h  
be5 already giv5 to facilitate ! due    
compreh5sion ( ! poem4  ,i mu/ n[ (f] ! 
read] a connect$ sket* ( ! possible or  
probable /ages ( its gr[?4 ,?is1 if x   
be>s be+ te/$1 w  p]haps reveal !       
special purpose ( ! sev]al p>ts1 & above
 all  ( t mo/ preci\s portion--!        
,colloquies ( ,job & 8 fri5ds4  7,comp>e
 bel[1 ,*ap4 ,,xii47    ,i4 ,! n>rative 
:i* =ms ! ,prologue is bas$ ^u a        
traditional  /ory :i* repres5t$ ,job z  
hurl$ f ! height ( happ9ess into  an    
abyss ( mis]y1 b pres]v+ a dev\t s]5ity 
9 ! mid/ (  tr\ble4 ,x is impossible to 
feel sure t ?is ,prologue is by ! same  
au?or z ! foll[+ ,colloquies4 ,x /&s 9  
no v close  connection ) !m2 #8! ,satan'
 9 p>ticul> 7an omission :i*  /ruck     
,william ,blake#hf71 is n he>d ( aga9 9 
! book2 & !re  is abundant evid5ce ( !  
lik+ ( ! pre-,exile writ]s = a  ta/eful 
n>rative /yle4 ,x is n a wild conjecture

 t ! fir/ two  *apt]s orig9ally =m$ !   
pr9cipal "p ( a prose book ( ,job1      
comp>able to ! #8books' once curr5t (   
,elijah1 & p]haps "o may  add ( ,balaam 
& ( ,daniel--a book free f any          
speculations ( !  #8wise m5' & 9 no s5se
 a m%l or gnomic poem1 b supply+ 9  its 
own way a high & adequate solution ( !  
great problem ( !  suff]+ ( ! righte\s4 
,! writ] ( ?is ,prologue1 :e!r he also  
wrote ! ,colloquies or n1 firmly believ$
 t ! calamities :i*  sometimes fell on !
 innoc5t 7 bo? = ! glory ( ,god & (     
human nature4 ,x 0 possible1 he said1 to
 cont9ue 9 "o's integrity1  ?\gh no     
e>?ly advantage accru$ f x4 ,if !       
,prologue once =m$  "p ( a di/9ct prose 
#8book' ( ,job1 "o c h>dly suppose t !  
same au?or wrote ! ,epilogue2 = :ile !  
,colloquies d conta9  h9ts ( ,job's     
typical "* 7z to "s ext5t a             
repres5tative (  humanity71 ! ,prologue 
does n1 & x is only ! typical or        
allegorical int]pretation :i* makes !   
,epilogue tol]able4 ,9 fact1  !         

,epilogue mu/1 z x seems to me1 h be5   
writt51 if n by !  au?or ( !            
,colloquies1 yet by "s "o :o _h ?is "w  
be=e him4  ,! prose #8book' ( ,job1 if x
 exi/$1 & if x orig9at$ 9 ,judah1  _c h 
be5 writt5 be=e ! ,*aldan p]iod4 ,?is   
p]iod & no  o!r expla9s ! moral purpose 
( ! #8book1' precisely z ! age (  !     
despotic ,l\is ,,xiv4 is ! only "o :i*  
suits ! debate on !  dis9t]e/$ love (   
,god ) :i* ! "n ( ,fnelon is insep>ably 
connect$4 ,! ,*aldan p]iod1 h[ev]1 we   
mu/ rememb]1 did n beg9  ) ! ,captivity1
 b ) ! appe>ance ( ! ,babylonian p[] on 
! horizon ( ,pale/9e4 ,we mu/ n !re=e   
too ha/ily assume  t ! ,book ( ,job is a
 monum5t ( ! ,babylonian ,captivity1    
true z  ,i myself believe ?is hypo!sis  
to be4    ,we are1 h[ev]1 ( c\rse n     
conf9$ to ?is hypo!sis ( a prose        
#8book' ( ,job4 ,! au?or ( ! ,colloquies
 may h be5 equally fitt$  to be a writ] 
( n>rative1 & may h felt t ! solution   
m5tion$ above1 al?\gh ! highe/1 0 n !   
only "o admissible4  ,we may !re=e      

conceive ( him z foll[+ up ! solution   
(f]$ 9  ! ,prologue by a v5tilation ( ! 
great moral problem be=e himself  & 8   
fell[ #8wise m54' ,he ?r[s ! subject op5
 z x 7 to  g5]al discussion1 & inve/s   
all ! wor?ie/ speculations ( 8  "t 9 !  
same fl[+ poetical dress1 t no fragm5t (
 tru?  conta9$ 9 !m may be lo/4 ,he     
himself is f> f absolutely  reject+ any 
( !m2 he only seems to d5y t ! ideas ( !
 ?ree  repres5tative sages c be appli$  
at once1 z !y apply !m1 to !  case ( "o 
l ,job4    ,btt*]1 h[ev]1 reg>ds ,job z 
! "w ( "o pr9cipal & sev]al  subord9ate 
writ]s4 ,x 0 occasion$1 he ?9ks1 by a   
conv]sation on  ! suff]+s ( innoc5t m51 
at t "t s frequ5t 7i4e4 9 !  reign (    
,manasseh74 ,see 8 ,a*r5lese1 p4 #fh4   
,,ii4 ,! completion or publication ( !  
colloquies reveal$ 7or seem$  to reveal7
 sundry imp]fections 9 ! orig9al mode ( 
treat+ !  subject4 ,"s o!r #8wise m51'  
!re=e 7or possibly1 except 9 !  case (  
,,iii41 ! au?or himself71 ins]t$        
passages 9 ! poem )  ! view ( qualify+  

or supplem5t+ its /atem5ts4 ,^! 7  m]ely
 laid 91 )\t be+ weld$ ) ! re/ ( ! book4
 ,!  fir/ 9 ord] ( ^! additions is *ap4 
xxviii41 :i* _c be  br\ght into a       
logical connection ) ! *apt]s among :i* 
x is  plac$1 9 spite ( ! causal p>ticle 
#8=' prefix$ to x 7#8,=  !re is a ve9'74
 ,x is possible1 inde$1 t x has be5     
extract$  f "s o!r "w4 ,! hypo!sis (    
ins]tion 7or1 if us$ )\t  imply+ illicit
 tamp]+ ) ! text1 #8int]polation'7 is   
confirm$  by ! occurr5ce ( #8,adonai' 9 
v]4 #bh1 :i* is contr>y to !  cu/om ( ! 
au?or ( ,job1 & by its highly rhetorical
 "*4 ,if  ! passage 0 writt5 ) a view to
 ! ,book ( ,job1 we mu/ suppose  ! au?or
 to h be5 dissatisfi$ ) ! orig9al       
argum5t1 & to  h s\ght a solution = !   
problem 9 ! inscrutabl5ess ( !  div9e   
wisdom4 ,zoph>1 x is true1 _h orig9ally 
allud$ to ?is  attribute1 b ) a m conf9$
 object4 ,accord+ to him1 ,god1 be+     
all-wise1 c detect s9s invisible to     
mortal eyes 7xi4 #f73--;x is  ne$less to
 draw out ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 ?is    

sl5d] inf]5ce  & ! l>ge !ory :i* appe>s 
to be sugge/$ 9 *ap4 xxviii4    ,,iii4  
,"o ( ! less progressive #8wise m5' 0   
sc&alis$ at !  irrev]5t /atem5ts ( ,job 
& dissatisfi$ ) ! ?ree fri5ds'  mode (  
deal+ ) !m 7xxxii4 #b1 #c74 ,h5ce !     
spee*es ( ,elihu1  ! mo/ g5]ally        
recognis$ ( all ! ins]t$ portions 7*aps4
  xxxii4-xxxvii47 ,! au?or p>tly        
imitates ! spee*es ( ,jehovah4    ,,iv4 
,9 ano!r ins]t$ passage 7*4 xxxviii4-xl4
 #ad1 xlii4 #a-f71 !  ,almighty is      
repres5t$ z *a/is+ ! presumption ( ,job1
 &  %[+ =? ! supreme wisdom by contra/ )
 ,job's unwisdom4 ,x is  cle> t ! copy 9
 :i* x 0 ins]t$ 0 )\t ! spee*es (       
,elihu1 = ! op5+ words ( ,jehovah       
7xxxviii4 #b7 cle>ly h  ref]5ce to ! la/
 disc\rse ( ,job1 :i* !y mu/ h be5      
int5d$ to foll[4 ,! effect ( ?is f9e    
passage is mu* impair$ by  !            
int]position ( ! spee*es ( ,elihu4      
,v4 ,! description ( ! behmo? & !       
levia?an 7xl4 #ae-bd1 xli47  seems also 
to be a lat] ins]tion1 & some:at m rec5t

 ?an !  spee*es ( ,jehovah4 ,x is a     
#8purple pat*1' & ! app5dix la/  m5tion$
 ga9s by its removal4    ,,vi4 ,an      
editor app5d$ ! epilogue4 ,he mu/ h _h !
 prologue  be=e him1 b took no pa9s to  
br+ 8 own "w into h>mony )  x1 except 9 
! "o po9t :i* he c\ld n help adopt+1    
namely !  va/ ri*es ( 8 h]o4 ,he agre$ )
 ,job's fri5ds on ! gr&  "q (           
retribution1 ?\gh he w\ld n sanction _! 
l9e (  argum5t4 ,job's d\bts1 accord+ to
 him1 conta9$ m fai? ?an  _! un*>itable 
dogmatism4    ,c we feel grateful to ?is
 writ]8 ,he has at any rate reliev$ !   
/ra9 ^u ! imag9ation ( ! read]1 &       
possibly1 if we assume  him to be di/9ct
 f ! au?or ( ! ,prologue1 c>ri$ out an  
unfulfill$ int5tion ( t au?or 7note !   
words 9 i4 #ab1 #8only  ^u himself put n
 =? ?y h&'74 ,b he did s 9 a prosaic    
_s1 & made a sad concession to a l[ view
 ( provid5tial  deal+s4 ,he has also1 ,i
 ?9k1 caus$ mu* misund]/&+ ( !  object (
 ! book4 ,?us we f9d ,dr4 ,g9sburg      
say+1#hg        ,! ,book ( ,job 444 only

 confirms ! old op9ion t ! righte\s     
are visibly rew>d$ "h1 inasmu* z x      
repres5ts _!      calamities z          
transitory1 & ,job himself z re/or$ to  
d\ble 8      orig9al weal? & happ9ess 9 
?is life4    ,aga9/ :i* ,i ent] a       
respectful prote/4    ,! view "h adopt$ 
( ! gradual gr[? ( ! book seems         
important  = its "r compreh5sion4 ,9 its
 pres5t =m1 x seems l a v  confus$      
!odicy1 design$ to ju/ify ,god aga9/ !  
*>ge (  br++ mis=tune ^u innoc5t p]sons4
 ,b :5 ! di/urb+  elem5ts are remov$1 we
 see t ! book is simply an expression ( 
! conflict+ ?\ghts ( an e>ne/1 w>m-he>t$
 man on ! great  "q ( suff]+4 ,he       
prote/s1 x is true1 aga9/ ! rig\r &     
un*>itabl5ess ( ! traditional or?odox   
belief1 b is f> m  aspir+ to solve !    
problem !oretically4 ,?is is "o *ief    
po9t 9  :i* he diff]s f 8 int]polators  
7if ! ^w may be us$71 :o  mo/ly appe> to
 h _h "s fav\rite !ory 7or p>tial view (
  tru?7 to advocate4    ,footnote #fi3  
,book ( ,job 7#ahcf71 ,e4 ,t4 i4 #g4    

,footnote #gj3      ,baba ,ba?ra  #ae1  
#a4 ,comp4 ,frankl 9 ,grtz's            
,monatss*rift1 #ahgb1    pp4 #cji-caj4  
,footnote #ga3      ,ewald & ,dukes1    
,beitrage zur ,ges*4 d] lte/5           
,auslegung1 ii4    #aff4    ,footnote   
#gb3      ,w]ke 7,wal*71 xxii4 #bjic4   
,footnote #gc3      ,de sacr poesi      
7#agec71 ,prlect4 xxxii4    ,footnote   
#gd3      ,tractatus !ologico-politicus1
 c4 x4    ,footnote #ge3      ,lib]     
,jobi 7#agcg71 vol4 i41 9 f9e ,praf4    
,footnote #gf3      ,das ,bu* ,hiob     
7#ahgj-ge71 i4 #ce4    ,footnote #gg3   
,das ,bu* ,hiob1 ,vorbem]kung51 p4 xxxv4
    ,footnote #gh3      ,9 ,korn1       
xxxviii4 #af1 #bi1 #dd1 ,david1         
,solomon1 & ,job are all call$1    "o   
aft] ano!r1 awwb1 i4e4 n #8p5it5t1' b   
#8ev] turn+ to    ,god4' ,hitzig rem>ks 
t ,iyyb 7,arabic ,ayyb7 w ?us be        
equival5t    to ! my?ic prophet ,saleh 7
 #8pi\s'7 9 ! ,korn 7,das ,bu* ,hiob1   
,e9l41 ,s4 x471 on :om see ,palm]1      
,des]t ( ! ,exodus1 p4 #ej1    :]e he is

 id5tifi$ ) ,moses4 ,?is is bold1 &1 9  
any case1    mu/ n su* a "n be          
comp>atively mod]n8    ,footnote #gi3   
,?is 0 p]haps fir/ po9t$ out by         
,s*lottmann1 9 *ap4 #a4 ( !             
,introduction to 8 ,comm5t>y4           
,footnote #hj3      ,no?+ c be built ^u 
! occurr5ce ( ! "n ,ayyb 9              
pre-,islamic times1 = ,jews & ,arabs 7 9
 frequ5t int]c\rse    be=e ,mohamm$4    
,footnote #ha3      ,dav5ant4           
,footnote #hb3      ,hott+]1 ref]r$ to  
by ,delitzs*1 ,iob1 p4 #g4 ,9 !         
,pe%itto1 ,heb4    xii4 #c-aa has = a   
sub-title1 #8,9 commemoration ( ,job !  
righte\s4' ,! *oice ( ! section %[s 9   
:at s5se ,job's    #8righte\sness' is   
affirm$--n ! ,talmudic4    ,footnote    
#hc3      ,see especially ,job vi4 #b1  
#c1 vii4 #a-c1 xiv4 #a-c4    ,footnote  
#hd3      ,?is view goes back to ! la/  
c5tury 7,w>burton1 ,mi*aelis1 c47 ,x    
has be5 remodell$ by ,se9ecke &         
,hoek/ra1 :o reg>d ,job1 n z    ! p (   
,israel 9 g5]al1 b ! idealis$ ,israel or

 #8,s]vant    ( ,jehovah4' ,see         
especially ,hoek/ra's essay1 ,!ologis*  
,tijds*rift1 #ahga1 p4 #a c41 & ,ku55's 
reply1 ,?4 ,ti41 #ahgc1 p4    #dib c4   
,footnote #he3      ,quot$ f ,essay ix4 
9 vol4 ii4 ( ,! ,prophecies ( ,isaiah4  
,footnote #hf3      ,blake's #af? design
 is devot$ to ! defeat ( ,satan4 ,b5ea? 
!    en?ron$ ,jehovah & 8 angels1 #8!   
,evil ,"o falls ) trem5d\s              
plummet-=ce4 ,hell nak$ be=e 8 face1 &  
,de/ruction )\t a    cov]+4' ,ano!r po9t
 9 :i* ,blake corrects 8 au?or is !     
introduction ( ,job's wife into !       
illu/rations ( ! ,colloquies4           
,footnote #hg3      ,art4               
#8,ecclesia/es1' ,ency4 ,brit41 #i? ed4 
,,*apt] ,,viii4                         
,,date ,,& ,,place ,,( ,,composition4   
,we h se5 7,*ap4 ,,vii47 t ! unity (    
au?or%ip ( ! ,book (  ,job is n beyond  
dispute1 b we %all n at pres5t assume ! 
results ( analysis4 ,let u endeav\r to  
treat ( ! date & place (  composition on
 ! hypo!sis t ! book is a :ole z x /&s  

7on  ! ,elihu-portion h[ev]1 comp4 ,*ap4
 ,,xii47 ,x is at any rate probable  t !
 great] "p ( x at lea/ proce$s f ! same 
p]iod4 ,c  t p]iod be ! patri>*al8 ,!   
au?or has sometimes receiv$ cr$it  = 8  
fai?ful picture ( ?is e>ly age4 ,?is is 
at any rate  plausible4 ,= in/ance1 he  
avoids ! use ( ! sacr$ "n ,jehovah1     
reveal$ to ,moses accord+ to ,ex4 vi4   
#c4 ,!n1 too1 ! great age  ascrib$ to   
,job 9 ! ,epilogue 7xlii4 #af7 agrees ) 
! notices (  ! patri>*s4 ,! unco9$ piece
 ( silv] 7,heb4 kesita7 :i* ea*  k9sman 
( ,job gave him aft] 8 recov]y 7xlii4   
,,ii71 is only m5tion$  aga9 9 ,g54     
xxxiii4 #ai 7,jo%4 xxiv4 #cb74 ,!       
musical in/rum5ts  ref]r$ to 9 xxi4 #ab1
 xxx4 #ca1 are also m5tion$ 9 ,g54 iv4  
#ba1  xxxi4 #bg4 ,!re is no prote/ aga9/
 idolatry ei!r 9 ! ,book (  ,job#hh or 9
 ,g5esis4 ,job himself (f]s sacrifices  
to ! "o true  ,god1 l ! patri>*s1 & !   
k9d ( sacrifice (f]$ is !  burnt-(f]+   
7i4 #e1 xlii4 #h71 !re is no m5tion (   
guilt-or  s9-(f]+s4 ,! settl$ life (    

,job1 too1 z describ$ 9 !  ,prologue is 
n inconsi/5t ) ! /ory ( ,jacob's life 9 
! vale  ( ,%e*em1#hi ?\gh 9 reality !   
au?or probably describ$ x f  8          
obs]vation ( settl$ life 9 ,arabia4 ,b  
none ( ^! allusions  requir$ any special
 gift ( hi/orical imag9ation4 ,! tone ( 
! few  descriptive passages 9 !         
,colloquies1 & ( ! reflections  ?r\gh\t1
 is t ( an age long subsequ5t to !      
patri>*al4 ,!  v idea ( wise m5 meet+   
toge!r to discuss deep problems 7z 9  ! 
lat] ,arabic maqmt1 comp>$ by ,b]?oldt &
 o!rs7 is an  ana*ronism 9 a            
#8patri>*al' n>rative1 & 7l ! religi\s  
position ( ! spee*es 9 g5]al7           
irresi/ibly sugge/s !  po/-,solomonic   
p]iod4 ,! ,job ( ! ,colloquies is a     
travell$ citiz5  ( ! _w at an advanc$   
p]iod ( hi/ory2 inde$1 he n[ & !n  seems
 expressly to admit ?is 7xxiv4 #ab1     
xxix4 #g74 ,x is !re=e  ne$less to      
discuss ! !ory :i* assigns ! book to !  
,mosaic or  pre-,mosaic age1--a !ory :i*
 is a relic ( ! cold1 lit]al1           

unsympa!tic me?od ( ! critics ( ! la/   
two c5turies4 ,a few  s*ol>s ( em95ce1  
feel+ ?is1 plac$ ! poem 9 ! ,solomonic  
p]iod1 a view :i* is 9 itself plausible1
 if we consid] !  pron\nc$ secul> turn (
 ! great k+1 & 8 record$ ta/e =  ea/]n  
p>aboli/ic #8wisdom1' b :i* falls ) !   
cognate !ory  ( ! au?or%ip ( ,prov]bs4  
,a m advanc$ /age ( society ?an  t ( !  
p]iod ref]r$ to1 & a great] maturity ( !
 national  intellect1 are presuppos$ on 
e page ( ! poem4 ,! tone ( !  book--,i  
ref] especially to !                    
,colloquies--sugge/s a "t :5 !          
nationalism ( ! old] p]iods _h1 9 g5]al1
 ceas$ to satisfy  reflect+ m9ds4 ,!    
d\bt]s1 :om ,job & 8 fri5ds repres5t1 h 
be5 s /agg]$ 9 _! belief 9 ,israel's    
lov+ ,god1 t !y  decl9e to use ,8       
reveal$ "n3--#ij once or twice only does
 x slip  9 7xii4 #i2 cf4 xxviii4 #bh71 z
 if to %[ t ! poet himself has  f\ght 8 
way to a reconcil+ fai?4 ,z is cle> f ! 
cognate  psalms xxxvii41 xlix41 lxxiii41
 ! patri>*al !ory ( prosp]ity &         

adv]sity _h be5 f\nd want+4 ,d\bts _h   
aris51 mo/ pa9ful 9  _! int5sity1 f     
obs]v+ ! disproportion betwe5 "* &      
=tune--d\bts :i* might inde$ ins9uate   
!mselves at any "t1 b  acquire an       
abnormal =ce 9 a decl9+ community 7ix4  
#bd1 xii4 #d-f1  #bc1 & especially *ap4 
xxi47 ,"s _h ev5 v5tur$ on positive     
doctr9al h]esy4 ,9 opposition to ^!1    
,eliphaz pr(esses 8 adhesion  to !      
tradition ( ! fa!rs1 9 ^: "t religion 0 
unta9t$ by  ali5 influ5ce 7xv4 #ag-ai74 
,x is m]ely an incid5tal rem>k (        
,eliphaz1 b x po9ts to a date subsequ5t 
to ! appe>ance ( ,assyria  on ! horizon 
( ,pale/9e4 ,= x 0 ! gr[+ influ5ce ( t  
p[]1 :i*1 = good & = evil1 modifi$ ! "* 
(  ,israeliti% religion bo? 9 its high] 
& 9 its l[] =ms4    ,precise hi/orical  
allusions are almo/ entirely want+4 ,we 
may1  h[ev]1 inf] ) c]ta9ty t ! book 0  
writt5 subsequ5tly to  ! #8deportation' 
( ,israel1 or ( ,judah1 or at ! v lea/ (
 "s  neighb\r+ p 7xii4 #ag-ai2 comp4 xv4
 #aiia74 ,= ! uproot+ (  :ole peoples f 

_! orig9al homes 0 peculi> to !         
,assyrian  policy4#ib ,b :i* ( ^! =c$   
expatriations is int5d$8--,we are  n    
compell$ to ?9k ( ! ,babylonian ,exile  
by ! ref]5ce to !  ,*aldans 9 !         
,prologue4 ,! ,*aldans might h be5 kn[n 
to a  well-in=m$ ,hebrew writ] ev] s9ce 
! n9? c5tury ,b4,c41 at :i*  "t !y      
became pr$om9ant 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces on !
 l[]  ,euphrates3 we f9d ,isaiah1 speak+
 ( ! #8l& ( ,*alda' 7,isa4  xxiii4 #ac7 
9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,/ill ,i own t !      
description (  ! ,*aldans z robb]s does 
appe> to me mo/ easily expla9$ by       
suppos+ a cov]t allusion to ! invasions 
( ,nebu*adnezz>4#ic ,!  ,assyrians are  
inde$ once call$ #8trea*]\s deal]s' by  
,isaiah  7xxxiii4 #a71 b ! ,babylonians 
impress$ ! ,hebrew writ]s by _!         
rapacity f> m ?an ! ,assyrians4 ,!      
#8unrighte\s' ( ! ,psalms  are1 :5      
=eign]s are spok5 (1 n ! ,assyrians1 b  
ei!r !  ,babylonians or /ill lat]       
oppressors 7e4g4 ,ps4 cxxv4 #c72 & !    
description ( ! ,babylonians 9 ! fir/   

*apt] ( ,habakkuk /rongly  rem9ds u ( ^?
 compla9ts ( ,job1 #8,! e>? is giv5 ov] 
into !  h& ( ! unrighte\s' 7ix4 #bd71 & 
#8,! robb]s' t5ts are 9 peace1  & !y t  
provoke ,god are secure1 !y :o c>ry 7_!7
 god 9  _! h&' 7xii4 #f2 comp4 ,hab4 i4 
#aa1 #af74    ,! view "h prop\nd$ might 
be support$ by an argum5t f  l+ui/ic    
data 7see ,*ap4 ,,xiii47 :i* w\ld lead u
 into details out  ( place "h4 ,x is t (
 ,umbreit1 ,knobel1 ,grtz1 & 7?\gh he   
does  n exclude ! possibility ( a lat]  
date7 ! sob] & ?or\gh  ,ges5ius4 ,long  
aft] ! pres5t writ]'s results 7 fir/    
committ$  to pap]1 he _h ! r>e          
satisfaction ( f9d+ !m advocat$1 s f>  z
 ! date is conc]n$1 9 a comm5t>y by a   
s*ol> ( our own :o  has ! be/ "r to     
speak 7,a4 ,b4 ,davidson1 ,introduction 
to ,! ,book  ( ,job1 #ahhd74 ,on ! o!r  
h&1 ,/ickel1 ,ewald1 ,magnus1 ,bleek1   
,r5an  7#ahfj71 ,ku55 7#ahfe71 ,hitzig1 
,reuss1 ,dillmann1 ,m]x1 pref] to place 
our poem 9 ! p]iod betwe5 ,isaiah &     
,j]emiah1 & ?is seems to me  ! e>lie/   

date f :i* ! composition & significance 
( !  book c be at all rightly und]/ood4 
,reasons en\gh = ?is /atem5t  ( op9ion w
 sugge/ !mselves to ^? :o h foll[$ me   
hi!rto2 let me n[ only add t ! pure     
mono!ism ( ! ,book makes  an e>li] date1
 on hi/orical pr9ciples1 h>dly          
conceivable4#id ,a  lat] date ?an !     
,exile-p]iod is n1 ,i admit1            
inconceivable 7see  ,vatke1 ,die        
biblis*e ,!ologie1 i4 #efc c471 & is n[ 
support$ by  ,ku554#ie ,if !re 7 an     
allusion to ! doctr9e ( !               
,resurrection1 9 xix4 #bf1 or if !      
portraiture ( ,job 7 7z ,ku55  ?9ks x   
is7 p>tly modell$ on ! ,second ,isaiah's
 description ( !  ,s]vant ( ,jehovah1 ,i
 %\ld 9 fact be driv5 to accept ?is     
view4 ,i  h /at$ above t ,i _c f9d !    
,resurrection 9 ,job1 & 9  ,isaiah1 ii4 
#bfg t ! priority ( ,job seems to me to 
be made out4  ,i ne$ n combat ,cl]icus &
 ,w>burton1 :o ascribe ! au?or%ip (     
,job to ,ezra4 ,= ,j]emiah 7,bateson    
,wright7 or ! au?or (  ,lam5tations     

7i4e4 ,b>u*1 accord+ to ,buns57 some?+  
might p]haps  be said1 b--,ezra6    ,z  
to ! place ( composition4 ,hitzig &     
,hirzel ?9k ( ,egypt on  acc\nt ( !     
num]\s allusions to ,egypt 9 ! book2 & s
 ,ewald  ) reg>d to xl4 #ae-xli4 #cd4   
#8,die ganze ,umgebung i/ egyptis*1'    
says  ,hitzig ) "s exagg]ation4#if ,m   
might be said 9 fav\r ( !  !ory :i*     
places ! au?or 9 a region :]e ,arabic & 
,aramaic  might bo? be he>d4 ,/ickel1   
hold+ ! pre-,exile orig9 ( ! book1      
suppos$ x to h come f ! f> s\?-ea/ (    
,pale/9e4 ,n[h]e  bett] ?an 9 !         
hill-c\ntry ( ! ,s\? c\ld ! poet /udy   
simple  dome/ic relations1 & also make  
excursions into ,n4 ,arabia4 ,he ?us    
acc\nts#ig = ! po9ts ( contact betwe5 ! 
,book ( ,job & !  prophecy ( ,amos (    
,tekoa 7see bel[1 ,*ap4 ,,xi471 :i*     
include ev5  "s phonetic peculi>ities 7!
 s(t5+ ( ! gutturals & !  int]*ange (   
sibilants74 ,to me1 ! :ole "q seems     
well-nigh an  idle "o4 ,! au?or 7or1 if 
y w1 ! au?ors7 _h travell$ mu*  9 v>i\s 

l&s1 & ! book is ! result4 ,! place :]e 
is ( f>  less importance ?an ! "t :5 x 0
 compos$4    ,footnote #hh3      ,!     
abs5ce ( su* a prote/ is *>act]i/ic ( ! 
,wisdom-lit]ature 9 g5]al4 ,! ref]5ce to
 />-wor%ip 9 ,job    xxxi4 #bf sugge/s a
 date subsequ5t to ! orig9ation ( !     
title    #8,jehovah 7,god7 ( ,ho/s4'    
,see app5dix to ,isa4 i4 9 my comm5t>y4 
,footnote #hi3      ,mr4 ,tomk9s comp>es
 ,job's mode ( life ) t ( ,abram be=e 8 
dep>ture f ,kh>ran 7,/udies on ! ,times 
( ,abraham1 #ahgh1 p4    #fa74          
,footnote #ij3      ,i _c g q s f> z    
,lag>de1 :o argues f ! use (            
#8,eloah' 7in/ead ( #8,elohim' &        
#8,jehovah'7 t ! d\bt]s h    ca/ (f     
belief 9 all ! suppos$ v>i\s            
manife/ations ( div9ity    9 ! _w1 &    
m]ely reta9 a com=tless belief 9  4     
#8,num5 quoddam esse non negant1 s$' c4 
,psalt]ium ,hi]onymi1 pp4    #aee-f     
7#8,coroll>ium'74    ,footnote #ia3     
,job xv4 #ai c]ta9ly implies ! siege &  
capture ( ,j]usalem by    "s =eign foe4 

,comp4 ,joel iii4 7,heb4 iv47 #ag4      
,footnote #ib3      ,dr4 ,b>? quotes    
,am4 i4 #f1 ii4 #a-c1 ix4 #aa1 #ae 9    
pro( t    #8deportation' also took place
 9 ! #8pre-,assyrian' "t4 ,b1 9    fact1
 ,amos is n #8pre-,assyrian4'           
,footnote #ic3      ,x is no suffici5t  
objection t ! ravages ( ! ,*aldans 9    
,job    are on a small scale1 nor yet t 
side by side ) !m are    m5tion$ !      
,sabeans1 surely n ^? ( ,s4 ,arabia     
7,noldeke71 b    ^? ( ,n4 ,arabia       
7,delitzs*71 deta*m5ts ( :om might h    
encamp$ on ! bord]s ( ,edom4 ,comp4     
,wetz/e9 9 ,delitzs*'s ,iob1    ed4 #b1 
p4 #eif c4    ,footnote #id3      ,i    
write ?is ) def]5ce to ! contr>y op9ion 
( ,delitzs*1 :o    is1 h[ev]1 too       
prejudic$ aga9/ late dates1 & biass$ by 
8    belief 9 ! au!nticity ( ! ,song (  
,hezekiah4 ,if ! ,book ( ,job    be     
pre-,hezekian1 x is ( c\rse natural to  
?r[ x back to ! age    ( ,solomon4      
,footnote #ie3      ,!ologis*           
,tijds*rift1 #ahgc1 p4 #ech4            

,footnote #if3      ,das ,bu* ,hiob     
7#ahgd71 p4 xlix4    ,footnote #ig3     
,das ,bu* ,hiob 7#ahdb71 p4 #bgf4       
,,*apt] ,,ix4                           
,,argum5t ,,f ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,my?ology4 
,"o ( ! peculi>ities ( our poet 7:i* ,i 
h else:]e comp>$  ) a simil> *>act]i/ic 
9 ,dante7 is 8 will+ness to  appropriate
 my?ic =ms ( expression f hea!ndom4 ,?is
 will+ness  0 c]ta9ly n due to a feeble 
grasp ( 8 own religion2 x 0  r due p>tly
 to ! poet's crav+ = imag9ative ornam5t1
 p>tly  to 8 sympa?y ) 8 less develop$  
read]s1 & a s5se t "s  ( ^! =ms 7       
admirably adapt$ to give reality to !   
conception  ( ! #8liv+ ,god4' ,sev]al ( 
^! po9ts ( contact ) hea!ndom  h be5    
indicat$ 9 my analysis ( ! poem4 ,i ne$ 
n aga9 ref]  to ^!1 b ! semi-my?ological
 allusions to sup]natural be+s :o  _h   
once be5 9 conflict ) ,jehovah 7xxi4    
#bb1 xxv4 #b71 & !  cognate ref]5ces to 
! dang]\s cl\d-dragon 7see bel[7 ought n
  to be ov]look$4 ,bo? 9 ,egypt & 9     
,assyria & ,babylonia1 we f9d  ^! v my?s

 9 a fully develop$ =m4 ,! #8levia?an' (
 iii4 #h1  ! dragon probably ( vii4 #ab 
7tannn7 & c]ta9ly ( xxvi4 #ac  7nkh%71 &
 ! #8rahab' ( ix4 #ac1 xxvi4 #ab1 rem9d 
u ( ! evil  s]p5t ,apap1 ^: /ruggle ) ! 
sun-god ,ra is describ$ 9 *ap4  xxxix4 (
 ! ,book ( ! ,dead & else:]e4 #8,a      
battle took place1'  says ,m4 ,masp]o1  
#8betwe5 ! gods ( light & f]tility & !  
8sons  ( rebellion10 ! enemies ( light &
 life4 ,! =m] 7  victori\s1 b ! mon/]s 7
 n de/roy$4 ,!y con/antly m5ace  ! ord] 
( nature1 &1 9 ord] to resi/ _!         
de/ructive action1  ,god mu/1 s to      
speak1 create ! _w anew e day4'#ih ,an  
equally  close p>allel is furni%$ by !  
f\r? tablet ( ! ,babylonian             
creation-/ory1 :i* describes ! /ruggle  
betwe5 ! god ,m>duk  7,m]oda*7 & !      
dragon ,tiamat or ,tiamtu 7a fem4       
correspond+ to !  ,heb4 masc4 =m t'hom  
#8! deep'71 = :i* see ,delitzs*'s       
,assyris*e ,lese/cke1 #crd edition1     
,smi? & ,sayce's ,*aldan  ,g5esis1 p4   
#ajg c41 & ,budge 9 ,proce$+s ( !       

,society (  ,biblical ,ar*ology1 ,nov4  
#f1 #ahhc4    ,nor mu/ ,i =get !        
#8fool-h>dy' giant 7,k'sl  ,orion7 9 ix4
 #i1  xxxviii4 #ca1 nor ! dim allusion  
to ! sky-rea*+ m\nta9 ( !  nor?1 ri* 9  
gold 7comp4 ,isa4 xiv4 #ac1 & ,sayce1   
,academy1 ,jan4 #bh1  #ahhb1 p4 #fd71 & 
! my?-d]iv$ synonyms = ,%el--,dea?1     
,abaddon1  & #8! %ad[ ( dea?' 7or1 deep 
gloom71 xxvi4 #f1 xxviii4 #bb1  xxxviii4
 #ag1 also ! #8k+ ( t]rors' 7xviii4     
#ad71 :o l ,pluto or  ,yama rules 9 !   
,hebrew ,und]world4 ,obs]ve too !       
in/ances 9 :i*  a primitive my? has di$ 
d[n into a metaphor1 e4g4 #8! eyelids ( 
!  ,dawn' 7iii4 #i1 xli4 #ah71 &        
especially t beautiful passage1         
,ha/ ?\ ev] 9 ?y life giv5 *>ge to !    
,morn+1            & %[n its place to ! 
,dawn1            t x may take hold ( ! 
skirts ( ! e>?1            s t ! wick$  
are %ak5 out ( x1            & ! e>?    
*anges z clay "u a seal1            &   
7all ?+s7 /& =? z 9 a g>m5t1            
& light is )held f ! wick$1            &

 ! arm lift$ up is brok58 7xxxviii4     
#ab-ae74    ,h[ v vivid6 ,! p]sonifi$   
,dawn seizes ! cov]let "u :i* !  e>? has
 slept at its f\r ends & %akes !        
evil-do]s out ( x  l flies2 ^u :i* =m & 
col\r return to ! e>?1 z clay 7a        
,babylonian image7 receives a def9ite =m
 f ! seal1 & z !  sad-col\r$            
night-wrapp] is ex*ang$ = ! bright1     
embroid]$  holiday-robe4 ,c\ld we only  
transf] ! poet to an e>li] /age (  my?ic
 consci\sness1 we %\ld f9d him express+ 
! same ideas--t  morn+-light creates all
 fair ?+s anew1 & discomfits !          
evil-do]--v mu* 9 ! /yle ( ! ,v$ic hymns
 to ,u%as 7! ,dawn71  f :i* ,i quote !  
foll[+ 9 ,grassmann's translation 7,rig 
,v$a1  ,i4 #abc1 #d1 #e71--             
,die tage%elle kommt zu j$em ,hause     
und j$em ,tage gibt sie ihr5 ,nam52     
zu sp5d5 willig1 /rabl5d naht sie imm]  
und !ilet aus d] ,gt] all]be/es4        
,als ,bhaga's ,s*we/]1 ,v>una's ,v]w&te1
                  komm h] zu]/1 o s*ne  
,morg5r!2                  ,w] frevel   

bt1 d] soll dah9t] bleib51              
von uns besiegt se9 mit d] ,us*as ,wag54
    7,!re is also an ,egyptian p>allel 9
 a hymn to ! ,sun-god1 ,records  ( !    
,pa/1 viii4 #aca1 #8,he fells ! wick$ 9 
8 season4'7 ,h[ f>  ! poet ( ,job       
believ$ 9 ! my?s :i* he has pres]v$1    
e4g4 9  ! exi/5ce ( pot5tates or        
pot5cies correspond+ to ! #8dragon'  (  
:i* he speaks1 we _c c]ta9ly tell4 ,mr4 
,budge has sugge/$  t ,tiamat1 !        
sky-dragon ( ! ,babylonians1 convey$ a  
di/9ct  symbolic mean+4 ,h[ev] ?is may h
 be51 ! #8levia?an' ( ,job 0  probably  
to ! poet a #8survival' f a sup]/ition (
 8 *ildhood1  & little if any?+ m ?an ! 
emblem ( all evil & disord]4    ,& n[ = 
! be>+ ( ! above on criticism4 ,x is a  
rem>kable  fact t !re are my?ological   
allusions1 v simil> to "s (  ^? 9 ,job1 
9 ! lat] portions ( ! ,book ( ,isaiah   
7,isa4 xxiv4  #ba1 xxvii4 #a1 ii4 #i74  
,?is evid5tly sugge/s a date = ! ,book (
 ,job  n e>li] ?an ! ,exile4 ,x is n    
necess>y to assume t !  au?ors ( ^!     

books borr[$ ei!r f ,egypt or f         
,babylonia4  ,!y drew f ! unexhau/$ /ore
 ( ,jewi% popul> beliefs4 ,!y  wrote = a
 l>g] public ?an ! old] poets & prophets
 c\ld  comm&1 & adapt$ !mselves m       
completely to ! av]age culture  ( _! p4 
,footnote #ih3      ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire   
anci5ne de l',ori5t1 ed4 #a1 p4 #cj4    
,comp4 ,*abas'    translation f ! ,h>ris
 papyrus1 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 x4         
#adb-adf4                               
,,*apt] ,x4                   ,,argum5t 
,,f ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,angels4      ,! 
facts on :i* our argum5t is bas$ are    
ma9ly ! passages 9  ,job :i* ref] to    
#8sons ( ,elohim' 7or bett]1 z          
,davidson1 #8( !  ,elohim'71 to #8!     
,satan1' & to ! mal'akim4 ,! fir/ ( ^!  
?ree phrases means probably inf]ior     
memb]s ( ! class ( be+s  call$ ,elohim  
7i4e4 #8sup]human p[]s'72 ! second1 #8! 
adv]s>y 7or  oppos]72' ! ?ird1 #8envoys 
or mess5g]s' 774 ,we may at once  draw  
an inf]5ce f ! expression #8! ,satan1' !
 full importance  ( :i* w be se5 lat]   

on4 #8,! ,satan' be+ an appellative1 !  
book 9 :i* x occurs 0 probably writt5   
be=e ,*ronicles1 :]e we  f9d #8,satan'  
)\t ! article1 almo/#ii z if a prop] "n2
 &  be+ appli$ to a m9i/] & n an oppon5t
 ( ,jehovah1 ! ,book (  ,job is probably
 e>li] ?an ! prophecies ( ,ze*>iah & !  
,books  ( ,*ronicles2 see ,ze*4 iii4 #a1
 #b 7:]e obs]ve t ,jehovah's only  true 
repres5tative gives a sev]e repro( to   
#8! ,satan'71 #a ,*ron4  xxi4 #a 7:]e   
#8,satan1' uncommission$1 #8entices'    
,david to an act  displeas+ to          
,jehovah#ajj74 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !     
notices ( !  ,satan 7or ,satan7 may n   
seem great to an unpractis$ /ud5t1 b no 
"o :o has foll[$ ! developm5t ( any s+le
 doctr9e w  und]value su* traces ( a    
gr[+ ref9em5t 9 ! conceptions (  good & 
evil4 ,:e!r or no ! ideas ( ! ,*ronicl] 
& 8 age _h  be5 modifi$ by he>+ ( !     
,p]sian ,ahriman1 may be que/ion$2 b  a 
simil> supposition _c be all[$ 9 ! case 
( ! au?or (  ,job4 ,! ,satan ( !        
,prologue is1 9 !ory at lea/1 simply    

,jehovah's ag5t1 ?\gh he c]ta9ly betrays
 a malici\s pleasure 9 8  invidi\s      
function ( try+ or sift+ ! righte\s4 ,x 
is n  impossible t ! au?or ( ! ,prologue
 0 ! fir/ to use ! t]m  ,satan 9 ?is    
s5se4 ,at any rate1 x is a pure ,hebrew 
t]m1 unlike !  ,a%m$ai or ,asmodu ( !   
,book ( ,tobit4 ,a%m$ai1 9 lat]         
,judaism1  is ! head ( ! ,%$im--demons  
:o 7 nev] angels ( ,god1 j z  ,sammael  
is ! #8head ( all ,satans1' i4e4 ! pr9ce
 ( ! fall5  angels4 ,web]1 ,sy/em d]    
altsynagog4 ,pal/94 ,!ologie1 pp4       
#bdc-e4    ,next1 turn+ to ! mal'akim1  
obs]ve t ! ^w occurs v  r>ely 9 ,job1   
viz4 once 9 ! orig9al ,colloquies 7iv4  
#ah71 & once  7virtually7 9 ! fir/ spee*
 ( ,elihu 7xxxiii4 #bc74 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1
  a k9dr$ phrase #8! q'do%im1' or #8holy
 ones1' i4e4 sup]human1  heav5ly be+s1  
sep>ate f ! _w ( ! s5ses#aja 7v4 #a1 xv4
  #ae71 & comp>+ v4 #a ) iv4 #ah we _c  
d\bt t ! same class  ( be+s is int5d$4  
,we n[h]e meet ) ! ,mal'ak ,yahv1 s     
famili> to u 9 c]ta9 ,old ,te/am5t      

n>ratives2 ,elihu's mal'ak  ml 7xxxiii4 
#bc7 is n synonym\s ) ! old] expression 
7see  acc\nt ( ,elihu74 ,9 fact1 ! ?\s&s
 ( mal'akim kn[n at !  p]iod ( ! writ]s 
( ,job h made ! "o great mal'ak         
unnecess>y1 j z1 b = ! influ5ce (       
,p]sian ideas1 !  multitud9\s #8hurtful 
angels' 7,ps4 lxxviii4 #di7 might soon] 
or lat]  h entirely supplant$ ! s+le    
,satan4 ,& yet ev5 an ord9>y  mal'ak1 :5
 he appe>s1 is m awful ?an ! great      
mal'ak ,yahv2  ! angel :o appe>s to     
,eliphaz 7,job iv4 #ae1 #af7 is z       
unrecognisable  z ! #8face' ( ,jehovah  
himself4 ,?is is an indication1 ?\gh b a
  slight "o1 ( a some:at advanc$ age1 :5
 ! gulf betwe5 ,god &  man 0 m acutely  
felt1 & religi\s ?\ght 0 m specially    
direct$ to fill+ x up4    ,! title      
#8holy ones' 7v4 #a7 enables u to       
id5tify ! #8angels' )  ! #8sons ( !     
,elohim4' ,sep>at5ess f human weakness1 
?\gh n  m$iatorial ability#ajb is       
equally1 pr$icat$ ( bo?4 ,b nei!r !     
poet ( ,job1 nor any ( ! psalmi/s1      

id5tifies ! phrases 9  express t]ms2#ajc
 a virtual id5tification 7see above1 &  
,ps4 lxxxix4  #g1 #h7 is all t !y v5ture
 ^u4 ,!re 0 a good reason =  ?is--viz4  
_! recollection ( ! physical &          
my?ological orig9 (  ! phrase1 #8! sons 
( ! ,elohim4' #8,angels' & #8sons ( !   
,elohim'  are inde$ alike #8holy' &     
#8s]vants' ( ! supreme ,god1 b n  always
 s1 accord+ to ,hebrew tradition1 7 !   
#8sons ( ! ,elohim4'  ,9 support ( ?is1 
we may ref]1 n only to ,g54 vi4 #d 7:i* 
!  au?or ( ,job ne$ n h kn[n71 b to !   
allusions 9 8 poem  7see above7 to a w> 
among ! inhabitants ( heav54 ,?is w>1 ,i
 ?9k1  /&s 9 connection n m]ely ) !     
physical ph5om5a ( light &  d>kness1 b  
also ) speculations ( pi\s ,jehovi/s1 or
 wor%ipp]s  ( ,jehovah1 z to ! basis &  
value ( #8hea!n' religions4 ,accord+  to
 ,deut4 xxxii4 #h1ajd ea* ( ! nations ( 
! _w 0 allott$ by  ! ,mo/ ,high         
7,elyn7#aje to "s "o ( ! #8sons ( ,el'  
7!  simple/ "n = ,god72 ( c\rse we are  
to suppose t ^! #8sons (  ,el' & _!     

wor%ipp]s 7 meant to recognise !        
supremacy ( !  #8,god (                 
,gods'--,jehovah4 ,b 7s we may suppose !
 tra9 ( ?\ght (  ! ,jehovi/s to h run7 !
 nations & _! deities =m$ ! va9  dream (
 indep5d5ce4 ,! result ( ! /ruggle      
betwe5 ,jehovah &  ! inf]ior ,elohim is 
ref]r$ to 9 ,job3 ! ,elohim r5\nc$ _!   
dream ( indep5d5t sov]eignty & 7 admitt$
 into ,jehovah's  s]vice4 ,h5ce=? !y 7  
no long] %dm1 i4e4 #8lords' 7871  ,deut4
 xxxii4 #ag1 b mal'akm #8mess5g]s4' ,b !
 #8hea!n' nations  g on wor%ipp+ !      
,elohim1 ignorant t _! div9ities h be5  
dispossess$ ( _! misus$ lord%ip4#ajf    
,in/ead ( ,him :o alone  h5ce=? is      
#8en?ron$ 9 ! heav5s' 7,ps4 ii4 #d71 !y 
hon\r #8t  :i* is n ,god' 7,deut4 xxxii4
 #ba71 phantom-div9ities :om !y         
localise1 l ,jehovah1 9 ! sky4 ,?us1    
except z to ! region ( !  div9e         
habitation1 !y diff] radically f        
,jehovi/s l ! au?or  ( ,job4 ,9 t "o    
po9t he agrees ) !m3 ! />s & ! #8sons  (
 ,elohim' he /ill pictures to himself z 

closely conjo9$ 7xxxviii4  #f74 ,?us1 ! 
old & ! new are f]m5t+ 9 8 bra91 & on ! 
gr\nd ( _! angelology we c safely date !
 au?ors ( ,job  some:]e 9 ! great lit]>y
 p]iod :i* op5s ) ! #8,captivity4'      
,footnote #ii3      ,x is n likely t    
,satan 0 ev] us$ entirely z a prop] "n2 
b be+ frequ5tly 9 m5's m\?s1 x naturally
 lo/ ! article4    ,at la/ ! "n ,sammael
 0 inv5t$ = ! ar*-,satan 7see above74   
,footnote #ajj3      ,9 #b ,sam4 xxiv4  
#a1 ! temptation is ascrib$ to ,jehovah2
 !    ,*ronicl] is at any rate on ! road
 to ,james i4 #ac4 ,contra/ !           
/ation>9ess ( ,mohamm$ 7#8,god misleade?
 :om ,he w1' ,korn1    xxxv4 #i74       
,footnote #aja3      ,s rightly         
,baudiss91 ,/udi51 ii4 #abe4            
,footnote #ajb3      ,eliphaz app>5tly  
assumes t ! #8holy ones' might plead =  
,job    ) ,eloah 7comp4 xxxiii4 #bc74   
,!re is an analogy = ?is 9 ,arabian     
religion4 ,! ,korei% 7,qurais7 tribe 7  
will+ to jo9 ,mohamm$1 if    he w\ld    
only admit _! ?ree idol-gods to be      

m$iators ) !    supreme ,god1 & = a "t  
he cons5t$4 ,see ,palm]'s ,korn1        
,introd41    p4 xxvii4 ,?is 0 equival5t 
to recognis+ ^! hea!n deities z    b'ur 
,elohim & also 7,eliphaz w\ld say7 z    
,q'dskm or #8holy    ones4'    ,footnote
 #ajc3      ,! ,elohi/ic n>rator 9 ,g54 
xxviii4 #ab1 #ag1 xxxii4 #b1 #c ev5     
appe>s to id5tify ! t]ms #8angels (     
,elohim' 7 ,god7 & #8,elohim'    7 div9e
 p[]s74 ,be? 'elhm & makhani' 'elhm are 
m    naturally r5d]$ #8place1 ho/1 (    
div9e p[]s' ?an #8place1 ho/    ( ,god4'
    ,footnote #ajd3      ,! #8,song (   
,moses' is plac$ by ,ewald & ,kamphaus5 
9 ! ,assyrian    p]iod ( ,israel's      
hi/ory4 ,v]4 #h runs1 9 a correct$      
v]sion4    ,footnote #aje3      #8,:5   
,elyn gave ! nations z inh]itances1 :5  
he p>t$ out !    sons ( m51 he set !    
b\nds ( ! peoples accord+ to ! numb]    
( ! sons ( ,el3' comp4 v]4 #i4 #8,=     
,jehovah is ! portion ( 8    p1 ,jacob  
is ! lot ( 8 inh]itance4' 7,) _m rec5t  
critics1 ,i foll[ ! read+ ( !           

,septuag9t4 ,a scribe1 (f5d$ by    ! no 
long] intelligible /atem5t 9 v]4 #h1    
ins]t$ an  be=e    1 & s =m$ ! usual    
abbreviation ( 47 ,?is passage          
expla9s ,sira* xvii4 #ag4    ,footnote  
#ajf3      ,!re is a s+ul> ref]5ce to a 
/ill future deposition ( !    patron    
spirits ( ! nations 9 ,isa4 xxiv4 #ba   
7po/-,exile71 )    :i* comp4 ,ps4       
lviii41 lxxxii4 ,9 lxxxii4 #f ! title   
'elhim is    int]*ang$ ) b'n 'elyn      
#8sons ( ! ,mo/ ,high4'                 
,,*apt] ,,xi4                           
,,argum5t ,,f ,,p>allel ,,passages4     
,! new phase into :i* ! controv]sy z to 
! e>ly ,*ri/ian "w  on ! ,tea*+ ( !     
,apo/les has pass$ excuses me f ju/ify+ 
! importance 79 spite ( its difficulty7 
( ! /udy ( p>allel  passages4 ,a great  
po9t has be5 ga9$ 9 "o's critical &     
exegetical  tra9+ :5 "o has le>n$ s to  
comp>e p>allel passages z to  di/+ui%   
true f app>5t resemblances1 & to e/imate
 ! degree  ( probability ( imitation4 ,9
 ,essay viii4 ( vol4 ii4 ( ,!           

,prophecies ( ,isaiah1 ,i endeav\r$ to  
help ! /ud5t to d ?is =  himself )9 !   
field ( ! ,book ( ,isaiah4 ,i %all n    
attempt ?is  ) ! same ?or\ghness = !    
,book ( ,job4 ,x is a sign ( !          
consummate skill ( ! writ] t he is an   
arti/ ev5 9 8  imitations4 ,z ,lu!r     
says1 #8,die ,r$e dieses ,bu*es i/ s    
reisig und  pr*tig als freili* ke9es    
,bu*es 9 d] ganz5 ,s*rift4' ,! au?or    
reta9s ! p>alleli/ic di/i*1 b is no     
long] cont5t ) a b>e  synonym\s or      
anti!tic bifurcation ( 8 mat]ial1 &     
dwells on !  decoration ( an idea ) a   
fre$om :i* sometimes obscures 8  mean+2 
h5ce too ! g]m9al phrase or ^w sugge/$  
by an e>li]  book may easily escape     
notice4 ,i %all conf9e my att5tion to ! 
mo/  def5sible po9ts ( contact1 ref]r+ =
 ! re/1 )\t pl$g+  myself to agreem5t1  
to ,dr4 ,j4 ,b>?'s ,beitrge zur         
,erklrung des  ,bu*es ,job 7,leipzig1   
s4a471 pp4 #a-ag4    ,! influ5ce ( ,job 
on ! works :i* all admit to be (        
po/-,exile  orig9 ne$ n deta9 u "h4 ,!re

 is b "o und\bt$ ref]5ce to  ,job 9     
,ecclesia/es 7v4 #ad2 comp4 ,job i4     
#ba7--we %\ld p]haps h  expect$ m4 ,b   
,sira* ) a true in/9ct detect$ an       
aff9ity  betwe5 8 own ideas & ,job      
xxviii4 7comp4 ?is *apt] ) ,ecclus4  i4 
#c1 #e1 c471 ?\gh he neglects ! re/1 &  
does n include our  poet among ! #8fam\s
 m5' & ! #8fa!rs t begot u4' ,pass+     
upw>ds1 we %all1 if hi/orical criticism 
be our guide1 make our fir/  pause at ! 
und5iably lat] psalms & at ! lat]       
portions (  ,isaiah4 ,9 ! =m] comp>e 7z 
specim5s74                         ,ps4 
ciii4 #af ) ,job vii4 #ab               
--  cvii4 #dj  --  --  xii4 #ba1 #bd    
--   --   #da  --  --  xxi4 #aa         
--   --   #db  --  --  xxii4 #ai1 v4 #af
                       --  cxix4 #bh  --
  --  xvi4 #bj                       -- 
--   #ej  --  --  vi4 #aj               
--   --   #fi  --  --  xiii4 #d         
--   --  #ajc  --  --  vi4 #be4    ,!re 
is1 ,i ?9k1 no "q t ^! psalm-passages 7 
inspir$  by ! p>allels 9 ,job4 ,9 ,isa4 

xl4-lxvi4 !re are1 z ,i h po9t$  out    
7,isaiah1 ed4 #c1 ii4 #bej71 at lea/    
tw5ty-"o p>allels to  passages 9 our    
poem4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 ?9k t we c v5ture  
to  describe ei!r set ( passages en bloc
 z imitations4 ,b !re are  at lea/ two  
cle> cases ( imitation1 & "h ! orig9al  
is n !  prophet b ! poet 7comp4 ,isa4   
li4 #i;b1 #aj;a1 ) ,job xxvi4 #ab1 #ac1 
& ,isa4 liii4 #i ) ,job xvi4 #ag74 ,)   
reg>d to ! book 7,,ii4 ,isaiah7  z a    
:ole1 or at lea/ ! great] "p ( x1 we may
 say t !re is  a p>allelism ( idea runn+
 ?r\gh x & ! ,book ( job1 :i* may  to a 
l>ge ext5t acc\nt = p>allelisms (       
expression4 ,?is does n1  h[ev]1 apply  
ev]y:]e1 lea/ ( all to ! great prophetic
 dirge on  ! #8despis$ & reject$' "o1   
:i* pres5ts /yli/ic ph5om5a s  unlike t 
( its context t we seem b\nd to assign !
 sub/ratum  ( ,isa4 lii4 #ac-liii4 to a 
"t ( p]secution previ\s to !            
,exile4#ajg ,h[ ! poet ( ,job became    
acqua9t$ ) ?is /rik+  passage1 we "k n4 
,did x =m "p ( "s prophetic an?ology    

simil> to ! poetic ,gold5 ,treasury     
call$ #8,! ,book ( !  ,righte\s'8 or    
%all we foll[ ^? bold] critics :o       
suppose !  au?or ( ,job to h liv$ 9 !   
po/-,exile times1 :5 he may easily  h _h
 access to bo? p>ts ( our ,book (       
,isaiah8 ,^! are que/ions  n to be evad$
 on acc\nt ( _! difficulty1 b n to be   
decid$  "h4    ,our next halt may be    
made at ! ,book ( ,prov]bs1 ! ?ree      
conclud+  sections ( :i* composite "w   
belong at ! e>lie/ to ! la/  c5tury ( ! 
,jewi% /ate4 ,among ! cle>e/ lit]>y     
allusions 9  ,job are ^? to ?is book1 & 
"s ( ^! are especially important  )     
reg>d to ! disput$ "q ( ! relation      
betwe5 our poem  & ! introduction to !  
,book ( ,prov]bs 7,prov4 i4-ix47 ,t !   
latt] "w is ! e>li] seems to me cle> f a
 comp>ison ( !  g5]al positions indicat$
 by ! foll[+ passages f ,prov4 i4-ix4  &
 ! ,book ( ,job4 ,comp>e--              
,prov4 i4  #g      ) ,job  xxviii4 #bh  
--  iii4 #aa       --  --        v4 #ag 
--  iii4 #ad1 #ae  --  --   xxviii4     

#ae-ai                     -- viii4 #aj1
 #aa                     --  iii4 #ai1  
#bj   --  --   xxviii4 #bf1 #bg         
-- viii4 #bb1 #be   --  --       xv4 #g1
 #h                     -- viii4 #bi    
--  --  xxxviii4 #aj4    ,x w be se5 by 
any "o :o w comp>e ^! passages t ! case 
"h is diff]5t f t ( ! p>allelisms 9 ,job
 & ! second  "p ( ,isaiah4 ,! latt] d n 
p]haps all[ u to det]m9e )  confid5ce   
:i* ( ! two books is ! e>li]4 ,b1 z     
,pr(4 ,davidson  has amply %[n1#ajh !   
/age ( intellectual developm5t repres5t$
  by ,job is m advanc$ ?an t 9 !        
#8,praise ( ,wisdom4' ,!  g5]al subjects
 may be ! same1 b 9 ,job !y h ent]$ ^u a
  new phase4--,we n[ pass to ! e>lie/ ( 
! prov]bial an?ologies  7,prov4 x4-xxii4
 #af74 ,"h ( c\rse ! relation is rev]s$3
 !  prov]bs are ! orig9als to :i* !     
au?or ( ,job alludes4 ,comp>e--         
,prov4 xiii4 #ai  ) ,job xviii4 #e1 #f1 
xxi4 #ag                 --    xxiv4 #bj
                  --      xv4 #aa    -- 
--   xxvi4 #f                 --        

xvi4 #ae    --  --   xxix4 #bc1 #bd4    
,we may inf] f ?is gr\p ( p>allels t !  
au?or ( ,job n  only /udi$ v5]at$       
#8,solomonic' models1 b ev5 v5tur$      
directly to  controv]t _! lead+ doctr9e2
 see especially ,job xxi4 #ag4 ,9 our   
next comp>ison ! relation seems rev]s$4 
,! au?or ( ,prov4 xxx4  #a-d n          
improbably alludes s>ca/ically to !     
!ophany 9 ,job  xxxviii4-xlii4 #f4 ,note
 9 pass+ ! occurr5ce ( ,eloah = #8,god' 
9  ,prov4 xxx4 #e 7comp4 ! spee*es 9    
,job74    ,!re are sev]al p>allels 9 !  
,book ( ,lam5tations2 ,i re/rict  myself
 to ^? 9 ! ?ird elegy1 :i* diff]s 9     
sev]al po9ts f  ! o!rs1 especially 9 its
 poetic feebl5ess4 ,x is easi] to       
believe  t ! au?or ( ! elegy 0 dep5d5t  
on ,job ?an to take !  rev]se view4 ,a  
poem1 ! h]o ( :i* 0 obvi\sly ! typical  
righte\s man1 naturally sugge/$ features
 9 ! description ( !  repres5tative     
,israelite4 ,comp>e1 !n1 ,lam4 iii4 #g1 
#i ) ,job xix4 #h2  iii4 #h ) ,job xxx4 
#bj2 iii4 #aj ) ,job4 x4 #af2 iii4 #ab1 

#ac ) ,job  vii4 #bj1 xvi4 #ab1 #ac2    
iii4 #ad1 #fc ) ,job xxx4 #i4           
,p>allels to ,job also occur 9 ,j]emiah4
 ,x is (t51 inde$1 n easy  to say on :i*
 side is ! orig9ality4 ,b 9 "o ( ! mo/  
important in/ances we may pron\nce      
decid$ly 9 fav\r ( ,job 7comp4  ,j]4 xx4
 #ad-ah ) ,job iii4 #c-aj74 ,! despair+ 
utt]ance ref]r$ to  is an exagg]ation 9 
! m\? ( ,job1 b suitable en\gh 9        
,j]emiah's4 ,9 ,job1 l4c41 we seem to   
recognise ! slightly artificial  turn   
:i* ! au?or loves to give to ! ideas &  
phrases ( 8  pr$ecessors2 :ile ! cutt+  
irony ( ! words #8mak+ him v  glad'     
7,j]4 xx4 #ae7 z cle>ly betok5s ! h& ( !
 orig9al writ]4  ,comp>e also ,job vi4  
#ae ) ,j]4 xv4 #ah2 ix4 #ai ) ,j]4 xlix4
 #ai2 x4  #ah-bb ) ,j]4 xx4 #ad-ah2 xii4
 #d1 xix4 #g ) ,j]4 xx4 #g1 #h2 xii4 #f1
  xxi4 #g ) ,j]4 xii4 #a2 xix4 #bd )    
,j]4 xvii4 #a2 xxxviii4 #cc )  ,j]4     
xxxi4 #ce1 #cf4    ,!re are two         
plausible po9ts ( contact 9 ,job )      
,deut]onomy  7comp4 ,job xxiv4 #b1      

,deut4 xix4 #ad remov+ l&m>ks2 ,job     
xxxi4 #i1 #aa1  ,deut4 xxii4 #bb71 b    
only "o wor? m5tion+ ) ,g5esis 7xxii4   
#af2  comp ,g54 vi4 c471 & "h obs]ve t !
 ^w = ,a4,v4's #8flood'  7,job1 l4c47 is
 n mabbl b nhr4#aji ,hitzig & ,delitzs* 
f9d  ano!r 9 xxxi4 #cc4 ,b dm 9 ,job    
always means #8m53' 9 xv4 #g1 #h1  :]e !
 fir/ man is ref]r$ to1 he is n nam$4 ,!
 ref]5ce 9  xxxi4 #cc is n to hid+ s9s f
 ,god1 b f man4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1  t !     
,prologue implies a g5]al acqua9tance ) 
"s curr5t  descriptions ( ! patri>*al   
p]iod--! #8gold5 age' to m5 ( a m       
advanc$ civilisation4    ,x is          
rem>kable1 :at int]e/+ p>allels are     
af=d$ by !  prophets ( ! ,assyrian      
p]iod4 ,isaiah1 z might be expect$1     
conta9s  ! l>ge/ numb] 7see ,!          
,prophecies ( ,isaiah1 ed4 #c1 ii4      
#bdc72 b  ,hosea foll[s close aft]4     
,comp>e especially--         ,isa4 xix4 
#e1 c]ta9ly !     ,job xiv4 #aa1 #8!    
wat]s fail       orig9al ( ,job1 l4c41  
:]e   f ! sea1' i4e4 any inl&       !   

special ref]5ce to !   body ( wat]      
sea-l ,nile is dropp$           ,isa4   
xxviii4 #bi                ,job xi4 #f  
7,god's wisdom                          
m>vell\s2 see ,m]x1 &                   
,isaiah1 ii4 #aed7           ,hos4 x4   
#ac1 comb9$ )      ,job iv4 #h 7#8pl\gh+
       ,prov4 xxii4 #h                  
iniquity1' c47           ,hos4 vi4 #a   
7or ,deut4 xxxii4    ,job v4 #ah 7#8he  
make? sore &       #ci7                 
b9de? up1' c47           ,hos4 v4 #ad1  
xiii4 #g1 #h         ,job x4 #af 7,god  
comp>$ to a                             
lion7           ,hos4 xiii4 #ab 7or     
,deut4 xxxii4 ,job xiv4 #ag             
7#8transgression       #cd7             
seal$ up1' c47           ,am4 iv4 #ac1  
v4 #h 7!          ,job ix4 #h1 #i 7#8t  
treade?       comp>ison sugge/s t v4 #h1
 ^u ! heights ( ! sea2       #i /ood    
imm$iately aft] iv4  t make? ! ,be>1    
,orion1       #ac :5 ,job 0 writt51 &   
& ! ,pleiades'7       t #8! sea1' i4e4 !
 upp]       ocean1 /ood = #8! e>?'7     

,comp4 also ,am4 v4 #h1 ix4 #f ) ,job   
xii4 #ae2 ,am4 ii4 #i ) ,job xviii4     
#af4    ,i say no?+ "h ( ! p>allels 9 ! 
,song ( ,hezekiah 7,isa4  xxxviii4      
#aj-bj74 ,i h %[n reason 9 ,isaiah1 i4  
#bbh1 = believ+  t ! ,song is a highly  
imitative "w1 & l>gely bas$ on ,job1 su*
  a "w 9 fact z c only be acc\nt$ = 9 ! 
,exile or po/-,exile  p]iod4    ,!re    
/ill rema9s ! great body ( psalms (     
disput$ date4 ,!  p>allelisms 9 ,ps4    
xxxvii4#aaj are too g5]al to be m5tion$ 
"h1  /rik+ z !y are2 b we may v5ture to 
comp>e ,ps4 viii4 #e ) ,job  vii4 #ag2  
,ps4 xxxix4 #ab;b ) ,job iv4 #ai;b2 ib4 
#ad;a ) ,job vii4  #ai;a1 x4 #bj2 ib4   
#ad;b ) ,job x4 #ba1 #bb2 ,ps4 lxxii4   
#ab ) ,job xxix4  #ab2 ib4 #af ) ,job v4
 #be;b2 ,ps4 lxxxviii4 #af;b ) ,job xx4 
#be 7!  r>e ^w 'mm72 ib4 #ag ) ,job vi4 
#d 7bi'?m72 ib4 #ai 7lxix4 #i7  ) ,job  
xix4 #ad2 & note ?r\gh\t ?is psalm !    
same correspond5ce  ( extreme inw>d &   
outw>d suff]+ :i* we f9d 9 ,job4 ,!n1   
turn+ to ! psalms ( diff]5t t5or1 comp4 

lxxii4 #ab ) ,job xxix4  #ab2 ib4 #af ) 
,job v4 #be;b4 ,i h select$ ^! in/ances 
precisely  because !y all[ u to draw an 
inf]5ce z to priority4 ,ps4 lxxxviii4   
is cle>ly imitative1 & no d\bt !re is m 
imitation ( ! great  poem 9 o!r psalms4 
,psalms viii41 xxxix41 & 7probably7     
lxxii4 7  h[ev] kn[n to & imitat$ by !  
au?ors ( ,job4 ,! p>allel 9  ,ps4 viii4 
is specially important4 ,t ?is psalm is 
n e>li] ?an  ! ,exile is disput$1 b     
extremely probable2 ! bitt] #8p>ody' 9  
,job vii4 #ag mu/ 9 ?is case be ( ! same
 or a lat] p]iod4    ,& n[ to sum up !  
results ( our comp>isons4 ,! ,colloquies
 9  ,job are ( lat] orig9 ?an           
,deut]onomy1 ,j]emiah1 ,lam5tations1 &  
mo/ ( ,prov]bs1 b possibly ne>ly        
contemporane\s ) mu* 9 !  second "p (   
,isaiah1 except t ,isa4 liii4 n         
improbably lay be=e  ! au?or ( ,job2    
also t ,ps4 viii41 a "w ( ! ,exile      
p]iod1  0 well kn[n to him4 ,we are ?us 
ins5sibly l$ on to date ! ,book (  ,job 
7! spee*es1 at any rate7 dur+ ! ,exile4 

,?is w acc\nt =  ! l>ge am\nt (         
imitation to :i* ! book gave rise4 ,m5  
felt  respect+ ! au?or t he 0 ! fir/ &  
greate/ expon5t ( !  ideas & feel+s1 n (
 a long-pa/ age1 b ( _! own2 t he  #8sat
 *ief1 & dwelt z a k+ 9 ! army1 z "o t  
com=te? !  m\rn]s' 7,job xxix4 #be74    
,footnote #ajg3      ,see ,*eyne1 ,!    
,prophecies ( ,isaiah1 ed4 #c1 ii4 #cj2 
art4 #8,isaiah1'    ,encyclopdia        
,britannica1 xi4 #chj4    ,footnote     
#ajh3      ,! ,book ( ,job 7#ahhd71 pp4 
lx4-lxii4    ,footnote #aji3            
,accord+ to ,ewald1 ! ref]5ce is to     
,sodom & ,gomorrah1 ! /ory    ( :i*1 we 
"k1 0 famili> z e>ly z ,hosea's "t      
7,hos4 xi4 #h74    ,footnote #aaj3      
,see ,bateson ,wright's ,! ,book ( ,job1
 ,app5dix4 ,! au?or concludes    t !    
poet ( ,job #8selects ! ma9 ?reads f !  
complete    treatise ( ,ps4 xxxvii4 &   
int]weaves !m into ! highly poetical    
disc\rse ( ,eliphaz4'                   
,,*apt] ,,xii4      ,,on ,,! ,,disput$  
,,passages ,,9 ,,! ,,dialogue-,,portion1

 ,,especially ,,!                       
,,spee*es ,,( ,,elihu4      ,a detail$  
exegetical /udy w\ld alone enable !     
read] to d ju/ice  to ! controv]sies "h 
ref]r$ to4 ,b ,i may at lea/ ask t1 ev5 
^u ! gr\nd ( ! sl5d] analysis :i* ,i h  
giv51 he %\ld  recognise ! difficulties 
at ! root ( ^! controv]sies4 ,9         
comp>ison ) 8 possession ( a #8see+     
eye1' x is ( little mom5t  to me :e!r he
 adopts my explanations or n4 ,poets1 l 
pa9t]s1  h diff]5t p]iods4 ,x is !re=e  
conceivable t ! au?or (  ,job *ang$ 9   
c\rse ( "t1 & criticis$ 8 own "w1 ^!    
aft]?\ghts ( 8 be+ embodi$ 9 ! #8disput$
 passages4' ,x is  inde$ also           
conceivable t ! ph5om5a :i* puzzle u are
 to be  expla9$ by ! plurality (        
au?or%ip4 ,9 ! rem>ks :i* foll[ ,i  wi% 
to supplem5t ! sket* ( ! possible or    
probable gr[? ( !  ,book (f]$ 9 section 
#c ( ,*ap4 ,,vii41 *iefly ) reg>d to !  
spee*es ( ,elihu4    ,keil has spok5 (  
#8! p]si/5tly repeat$ assaults ^u !     
g5u95ess' ( ^! disc\rses4 ,i mu/ h[ev]  

prote/ aga9/ ! use  ( ! ^w #8g5u95ess' 9
 ?is connection4 ,ev5 if n by ! au?or  (
 ! poem ( ,job1 ! spee*es ( ,elihu are z
 #8g5u9e' a monum5t  ( ,israel's        
religi\s #8wisdom' z ! "w ( ! e>li]     
writ]4 ,no  critic wor?y ( ! "n ?9ks (  
#8assault+' !m1 ?\gh div9es no  less    
or?odox ?an ,gregory ! ,great & !       
,v5]able ,b$e h  uncritically en\gh set 
! example4 ,! spee*es ( ,elihu only seem
  poor by comp>ison ) ! orig9al "w2 !y  
are n )\t true &  beautiful passages1   
:i*1 ) all _! faults ( expression1 w\ld 
9  any o!r book h comm&$ univ]sal       
admiration4 ,! gr\nds on :i*  *aps4     
xxxii4-xxxvii4 are d5i$ to ! orig9al    
writ] may be summ$ up  ?us4    7#a7     
,elihu puts =w>d a !ory ( ! suff]+s ( ! 
righte\s :i*  does n ess5tially diff] f 
t ( ! ?ree fri5ds 7see  especially      
xxxiii4 #be-bh2 xxxiv4 #i1 #aa1 #ab1    
#cf1 #cg2 xxxv4 #i-af2 xxxvi4  #e-g1    
#ba-be2 xxxvii4 #bc1 #bd74 ,no d\bt he  
improves ! !ory1 by lay+  m /ress ^u !  
*a/5+ "* ( ! righte\s man's  afflictions

 7xxxiii4 #ad-cj2 xxxvi4 #h-ab1 #ae1    
#af1 & comp4 ,eliphaz 9 v4  #ah1 #ai71 &
 to _m disciples ( ! ,new ,cov5ant 8 =m 
( !  !ory may recomm5d itself z true4   
,b1 ev5 ap>t f ! app5dix  or epilogue   
7see xlii4 #g-i71 x is cle> f ! :ole    
plan ( !  poem1 p>ticul>ly if !         
disc\rses ( ,jehovah be tak5 91 t ?is  0
 n1 9 ! writ]'s m9d1 an adequate        
solution ( ! problem1  especially 9 !   
case ( ! ,god-fe>+ & innoc5t ,job4      
7#b7 ,^! spee*es int]rupt ! connection  
betwe5 ! #8words ( ,job'  & ^? (        
,jehovah1 & seem to r5d] ! latt]        
sup]flu\s4 ,:e!r  ! #8words ( ,job' 7to 
borr[ ! phrase ( "s editor ( ! book7    
%\ld end at xxxvii4 #cg or at v]4 #dj1 x
 is difficult n to believe  t xxxviii4  
#a1 #b1 #8,& ,jehovah answ]$ ,job out ( 
! /orm1 &  said1 ,:o !n is d>k5+ c\nsel 
by words )\t k8' 0  meant to foll[      
imm$iately ^u !m4 ,! =ce ( ?is seems to 
"s  to be weak5$ by tak+ ,elihu's       
description ( ! /orm 7xxxvii4 #b-e7  z  
prep>atory to ! appe>ance ( ,jehovah 9  

*ap4 xxxviii4 ,b1  evid5tly1 to make ?is
 an argum5t1 ! /orm ought to be at ! end
 (  ! spee*4    7#c7 ,!re is no m5tion (
 ,elihu 9 ! ,prologue1 nor is any div9e 
judgm5t pass$ ^u him 9 ! ,epilogue4 ,x  
is n en\gh to reply )  ,/ickel t        
,jehovah himself is n m5tion$ 9 !       
,prologue z !  umpire 9 ! great         
controv]sy2 :y %\ld he be8--& t ! abs5ce
  ( any condemnation ( ,elihu on ! "p ( 
,jehovah1 & ! h>mony 787  betwe5        
,elihu's & ,jehovah's disc\rses1        
suffici5tly indicate ! good  op9ion ( ! 
,div9e ,judge4    7#d7 ,elihu's /yle is 
prolix & lab\r$2 8 phrases (t5 v        
obscure1 ev5 :]e ! words sep>ately are  
famili>4 ,z ,davidson  rem>ks1 !re are n
 only unkn[n words 7^! we meet ) else:]e
  9 ! book71 b an unkn[n use ( kn[n     
words4 ,!re is also a deep]  col\r+ (   
,aramaic 7see ,app5dix71 :i* ,f4 ,c4    
,cook1 foll[+  ,/ickel1 expla9s by !    
suppos$ ,araman orig9 ( ! speak]2 9 ?is 
case1 x w\ld be a ref9em5t ( art :i*    
adds a fre% laurel to !  cr[n ( ! poet4 

,b ! /atem5t 9 xxxii4 #b is t ,elihu 0  
#8!  son ( ,b>akel ! ,buzite1 ( ! k9dr$ 
( ,ram4' ,t ,ram  ,aram is  unprov$2    
:ile ,buz1 z ,j]4 xxv4 #bc %[s1 is ! "n 
( a g5u9e  ,arabian p4 ,x w\ld be bett] 
to expla9 ! increas$ ,aramaism by  !    
lapse ( a long int]val 9 ! writ]'s life4
 ,?is explanation is1  to me1 equival5t 
to assign+ ^! spee*es to a diff]5t writ]
 7z  ,i h rem>k$ else:]e1 comp>+ ,goe!'s
 ,fau/74 ,^? :o w  may adopt x2 b my own
 respect = ! poet ( ,job w n all[ me  to
 believe t 8 ta/e _h s mu* decl9$ z to  
ins]t ?is  inf]ior poem into 8          
ma/]piece4    7#e7 ,elihu's allusions to
 passages 9 ! re/ ( ! book 7comp4       
xxxiii4  #ae ) iv4 #ac2 xxxiv4 #c ) xii4
 #aa2 xxxv4 #e ) xxii4 #ab2 xxxv4 #h  ) 
xxii4 #b2 xxxvii4 #h ) xxxviii4 #dj7 & 8
 m9ute reproductions  ( say+s ( ,job    
7see xxxiii4 #h1 #i2 xxxiv4 #e1 #f2     
xxxv4 #b1 #c7 po9t to  an au?or :o _h ! 
book be=e him1 s f> z !n kn[n1 z a :ole4
    7#f7 ,elihu's some:at scrupul\s     
piety1 or %all ,i call x 8 advance 9    

rev]5tial1 contrite dev\tness8 comp>$ ) 
! ?ree fri5ds1  sugge/s t ! poet (      
,elihu 0 ! *ild ( a lat] & m sombre     
g5]ation :i* f\nd ! orig9al book 9 "s   
respects disappo9t+4    ,putt+ all ?is  
toge!r1 if ! ma9 "p ( ! ,book ( ,job    
belongs  to ! ,exile1 ! ,elihu-portion  
may well belong to ! po/-,exile  p]iod4 
,to ?is view1 x is no objection t1 on ! 
"o h&1 ,elihu n m]ely  7to express      
oneself %ortly7 criticises ! position ( 
! ?ree  fri5ds1 b1 by ignor+ x1         
criticises ! view ( ,job's afflictions  
tak5 9 ! ,prologue1 &1 on ! o!r1 has mu*
 9 common ) !  re/ ( ! book 9           
or?ographic1 grammatical1 & lexical     
respects4 ,!  idea t ,god p]mits        
affliction simply to try ! dis9t]e/$ness
 (  a good man1 is "o :i* might easily  
%ock ! feel+s ( "o only too  consci\s t 
he 0 n good2 & ! l+ui/ic po9ts :i*      
#8,elihu'  & ! re/ ( ! book h 9 common  
are su* z we %\ld expect to  f9d 9 works
 proce$+ f ! same class ( writ]s4 ,if   
,j]emiah  wrote all ! pieces :i* conta9 

,j]emian phraseology1 or ,isaiah all  ! 
prophecies :i* rem9d "o at all ( ! great
 prophet1 or ! same  #8wise man' wrote  
,prov]bs & ,ecclesia/es1 !n we may      
p]haps believe  t ! au?or ( ,job also   
wrote ! spee*es ( ,elihu & p]haps  "o or
 two ( ! didactic psalms4    ,pr(essor  
,briggs1 ! au?or ( t excell5t "w        
,biblical ,/udy1  takes up a diff]5t    
position1 :i*1 ?\gh n new1 acquires "s  
au?ority f 8 respect$ "n4 ,he does n see
 any lit]>y or  !ological m]it 9        
,elihu's spee*es1 & yet reg>ds !m z #8an
  important "p ( ! orig9al "w4' ,! au?or
 design$ to portray  ,elihu z a "y &    
inexp]i5c$ man1 & uses ^! ambiti\s      
failures #8z a lit]>y foil 444 to prep>e
 ! way = ! div9e  int]position1 to quiet
 & soo! by _! t$i\sness ! agitat$       
spirits ( ,job & 8 fri5ds4'#aaa ,to me1 
?is view ( ! int5tion  ( ! spee*es l[]s 
! "* ( ! orig9al writ]4 ,s rev]5t  &    
dev\t a speak] z ,elihu is ill rew>d$ by
 be+ treat$ z a  lit]>y & !ological     
foil4 ,arti/ically1 ! value ( ?is "p may

  be comp>atively slight1 b !ologically 
x enri*es ! ,old  ,te/am5t ) a monum5t (
 a truly ,*ri/ian consci\sness ( s94 ,_h
  ! orig9al writ] equall$ him 9 ?is1 we 
%\ld p]haps h miss$  a spl5did          
anticipation ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 :o #8did 
no s91 nei!r  0 guile f\nd 9 8 m\?4' ,b 
! ,elihu-section expresses 9 ,old       
,te/am5t language ! great tru? ann\nc$  
by ,/4 ,paul 9 #a ,cor4 xi4  #cb4aab    
,on ! o!r #8disput$ passages' ,i h      
little to add4    7a7 ,to me1 ! picture 
( ! behmo? & ! levia?an 7xl4 #ae-xli47  
seems b little less probably a lat]     
ins]tion ?an ! spee*es (  ,elihu2 ?is   
view ( ! case has ! au?ority ( ,ewald4  
,t cauti\s  critic1 ,dr4 ,davidson1     
rem>ks t ?is passage has a v diff]5t    
k9d ( movem5t f t ( ! tight & graceful  
sket*es 9 *aps4  xxxviii41 xxxix41 & t !
 poetic inv5tory :i* x conta9s  rem9ds u
 m ( an ,arab poet's description ( 8    
camel or 8 horse  7,job1 p4 liv47    7b7
 ,i _c speak s positively z to ! spee*es
 ( ,jehovah4 ,f a  purely /hetic po9t ( 

view1 ,i am (t5 z unwill+ z any "o to   
believe t !y 7 #8ins]t$4' ,at o!r times 
,i ask myself1 ,c !  inconsi/5cies ( ?is
 portion z comp>$ ) ! ,colloquies be    
expla9$ z m]e ov]sights8 ,! appe>ance ( 
! ,almighty ^u !  sc5e is 9 itself      
/range4 ,job _h no d\bt express$ a wi% =
 ?is1  b did n suppose t x c\ld be      
realis$1#aac at any rate 9 8  own       
lifetime4 ,x is /ill /rang] t !         
,almighty %\ld appe>1 n  9 ! g5tle mann]
 :i* ,job _h desir$ 7ix4 #cd1 #ce71 n ) 
!  object ( a judicial inve/igation ( ! 
case1 b 9 ! :irlw9d1  & ) a =egone      
conclusion on ,job's des]ts4 ,= 9 fact t
  spl5did s]ies ( ironical que/ions :i* 
occupies *aps4 xxxviii41  xxxix41 & :i* 
,job _h by anticipation deprecat$ 7ix4  
#c71 is no?+  less ?an a long drawn-out 
condemnation ( ,job4 ,! indictm5t & !   
def5dant's reply1 to :i* ,job has ref]r$
 ) su* pr\d  self-confid5ce 7xxxi4 #ce1 
#cf71 are :olly ignor$2 & ! result is  t
 :i* ,job has unconsci\sly pr$ict$ 9 !  
words1--                ,to :om1 ?\gh   

innoc5t1 ,i w\ld n reply1              b
 w\ld make supplication unto my ,judge  
7ix4 #ae74    7c7 ,great difficulties h 
be5 f\nd 9 xxvii4 #h 7or #aa7-bc1       
xxviii4  ,fir/ ( all1 ,is !re an inn]   
connection betwe5 ^! passages8 ,dr4     
,gre5 seeks to e/abli% "o4 #8,:ile      
cont9u+1' he says1 #8to insi/  ^u 8 own 
integrity1 not)/&+ ! afflictions s5t ^u 
him1  he freely admits1 & ?is 9 language
 z emphatic z _! own1 !  reality (      
,god's provid5tial gov]nm5t1 & t        
puni%m5t does  ov]take ! ungodly4       
,nev]!less !re is a my/]y envelop+ !    
div9e adm9i/ration1 :i* is q imp5etrable
 to ! human  und]/&+' 7,! ,book ( ,job1 
p4 #bcc74 ,?is is v unnatural4#aad  ,h[ 
c ,job sudd5ly adopt ! language ( !     
fri5ds )\t conc$+  t he has himself     
hi!rto be5 completely 9 error8 ,& :at "r
  h we to =ce su* a subtle connection   
betwe5 *aps4 xxvii4 &  xxviii8 ,look+ at
 ! latt] by itself1 "o _c help suspect+ 
t  x once =m$ "p ( a didactic treatise  
simil> to ! ,introduction  to ! ,book ( 

,prov]bs 7see end ( ,*ap4 ,,iii74 ,= a  
c>eful exegetical  /udy ( *aps4 xxvii41 
xxviii41 see ,giesebre*t 7see #8,aids to
 !  ,/ud5t1' aft] ,*ap4 ,,xv471 ) :om   
,dr4 ,gre5 seems to accord1 b :o  fails 
to conv9ce me4 ,see also ,budde 9 8     
,beitrge1 & ,grtz1 #8,die  ,integritt d]
 ,kap4 #bg und #bh im ,hiob1'           
,monatss*rift1 #ahgb1 p4 #bda  c4       
,footnote #aaa3      ,presbyt]ian       
,review1 #ahhe1 p4 #cec4    ,footnote   
#aab3      ,delitzs*1 art4 #8,hiob1'    
,h]zog-,plitt's ,real5cyklopdie1 vi4    
#acb4    ,footnote #aac3      ,s9ce ?is 
wi% _c be realis$1 ,job pleads 8 cause  
aga9/ an    invisible ,god ) ! same     
e>ne/ness z if he /ood be=e ,8    face4 
,footnote #aad3      ,x is a pleasure to
 quote ! =cible summ+-up ( ,mr4 ,fr\de4 
#8,a    difficulty1' he rem>ks1 #8n[    
arises :i*1 at fir/ sight1 appe>s       
insurm\ntable4 ,z ! *apt]s are at pres5t
 pr9t$1 ! entire (    ! #bg? is assign$ 
to ,job1 & ! p>agraph f ! #aa? to !     
#bcrd v]ses is 9 direct contradiction to

 all :i* he has ma9ta9$    be=e--is1 9  
fact1 a concession ( hav+ be5 wrong f ! 
beg9n+4 ,ewald1 :o1 z we said above1    
himself refuses to all[ !    tru? (     
,job's la/ & highe/ position1 supposes t
 he is "h    rec$+ f x1 & confess+ :at  
an ov]-precipitate passion _h    betray$
 him into d5y+4 ,= _m reasons1          
pr9cipally because we    are satisfi$ t 
,job said !n no m ?an ! real fact1 we _c
    ?9k ,ewald "r2 & ! concessions are  
too l>ge & too    inconsi/5t to be      
reconcil$ ev5 ) 8 own g5]al !ory ( !    
poem' 7,%ort ,/udies1 vol4 i47 ,he !n   
proce$s to m5tion )    cauti\s          
approbation ! !ory ( ,k5nicott 7see note
 on ,text at end    ( ,*ap4 ,,xv47      
,,*apt] ,,xiii4                         
,,is ,,job ,a ,,hebr,o-,,arabic ,,poem8 
,t ! ,book ( ,job is n z deeply p5etrat$
 ) ! _s (  revelation1 nor ev5 z        
di/9ctly ,israeliti% a production1 z mo/
 (  ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s1 requires no 
argum5t4 ,may we v5ture to g  fur!r1 &  
inf] f v>i\s ph5om5a t1 n m]ely !       

arti/ic  =m ( ! m%l1 b ! ?\ghts & ev5 ! 
language ( ,job  came 9 a great] or less
 degree f a =eign s\rce8 ,! "q has  be5 
answ]$ 9 ! affirmative 7z 9 ! case ( !  
words ( ,agur 9  ,prov4 xxx41 & ^? (    
,lemuel 9 *ap4 xxxi47 by "s e>ly z well 
z  "s m mod]n writ]s4 ,?is view has be5 
suppos$ to be impli$ 9  ! ,greek        
po/script to ! ,septuag9t v]sion#aae    
7/rongly r$ol5t  ( ,jewi% ,midra%71 :i* 
conta9s ! /atem5t1       1 b ?\gh ,orig5
 appe>s s to h  und]/ood1#aaf x is m    
probable t  m]ely ref]s to !  po/script 
7,zunz2 ,frankl74 ,ibn ,ezra1 h[ev]1 on 
indep5d5t gr\nds  does express ! op9ion 
7comm5t+ on ,job ii4 #aa7 t ! ,book (   
,job  is a translation2 he ascribes to !
 translator ! words 9 xxxviii4 #a       
conta9+ ! sacr$ "n ,jehovah4 ,! increas$
 /udy ( ,arabic 9 !  #ag? c5tury l$     
sev]al !ologians ( em95ce to ! same     
conclusion4  ,spanheim1 = in/ance1 ?\ght
 t ,job & 8 fri5ds wrote d[n !  hi/ory &
 ! colloquies 9 ,arabic1 aft] ! happy   
turn 9 !  =tunes ( ! suff]]1 & t "s     

inspir$ ,israeliti% writ]1 9  ! age (   
,solomon1 gave ?is "w a ,hebrew dress4  
,alb]t ,s*ult5s1 9  ! preface to 8 ,lib]
 ,jobi 7#agcg71 is at ! pa9s to discuss 
?is  !ory1 :i* he rejects on two ma9    
gr\nds1 7#a7 ! disp>agem5t to  our      
magnific5t ,book ( ,job involv$ 9 call+ 
x a translation1 &  7#b7 t 9 ^?         
primitive &1 accord+ to him1 pre-,mosaic
 times1 !  ,hebrew & ,arabic languages  
_c h be5 s diff]5t 767 z  ,spanheim f 8 
po9t ( view imag9es4 ,else:]e he        
expresses 8 own  op9ion %ortly ?us1#aag 
#8,l+uam qu lib] ,jobi conscriptus e/1  
g5u9um illius temporis ,arabismum esse4'
 ,he actually imag9es t ,job  & 8 fri5ds
 extemporis$ ! ,colloquies we h be=e u1 
ref]r+  to ! amaz+ faculty (            
improvisation /ill possess$ by !        
,arabs--a  view sc>cely wor?i] ?an t (  
,spanheim1 =1 z ,m>t9eau rem>ks  9 ano!r
 connection1 ,:o ev] improvis$ a great  
poem or a great  s]mon8 ,bo? ^! great   
s*ol>s h fall5 into ! error (  conf\nd+ 
! poet ) 8 h]o & ! use ( poetic &       

didactic  fiction ) delib]ate fraud4 ,"o
 _c be sev]e ^u ?is error1 =  x has     
surviv$ among ourselves 9 ,pr(4 ,s4     
,lee's great "w 7#ahcg71  :]e our ,book 
( ,job is actually trac$ back ?r\gh     
,je?ro to ,job  himself4 ,! only =m     
h[ev] 9 :i* a critic ( our day c\ld     
discuss ! "q m5tion$ above w\ld be ?is1 
,is x 9 "s degree  probable t ! au?or ( 
,job 0 a ,hebrew :o _h pass$ "s "t  ) ! 
,arabic- & ,aramaic-speak+ peoples      
bord]+ on ! l& (  ,israel8    ,on gr\nds
 indep5d5t ( ,ei*horn & ,dean ,plumptre1
 ! =m] ( :om  comb9es 8 !ory ) t ( a    
pre-,mosaic1 & ! latt] ) t  ( a         
,solomonic date ( ,job1 ,i ?9k t we may 
v5ture to reply 9  ! affirmative4 ,^!   
gr\nds h ref]5ce 7#a7 to ! ideas ( ,job1
  7#b7 to its vocabul>y4    7#a7 ,i am  
well aw>e t ! argum5t f ! ideas ( ,job  
_c  claim a /rong degree ( cog5cy4 ,x is
 possible to acc\nt = !  conceptions ( !
 au?or f ! natural progress ( !         
7div9ely-guid$7 moral & religi\s hi/ory 
( ,israel1 & ^? :o  believe 7,i d n     

myself7 t ,psalms xvii41 xxxvii41 xlix41
 lxxiii41  are ,pale/9ian works ( e>li] 
date ?an ,job w h a ready  argum5t 9    
fav\r ( a purely native orig9 ( ! latt] 
book4 ,/ill  x seems to me t we c /ill  
bett] acc\nt = ! au?or's po9t  ( view by
 suppos+ t he 0 9 sympa?y ) an          
intellectual  movem5t go+ on outside    
,israel4 ,! doctr9e ( retribution 9 !   
pres5t life1 :i* he f9ds inadequate1 is 
common to ! fri5ds & to  ! religion :i* 
has 9 all ages be5 t ( ! g5u9e ,arab--! 
s-call$ dn ,ibrhm 7or #8religion (      
,abraham'74 ,! ,eloah & !  ,%addai (    
,job are ! irresponsible ,allah :o has  
all p[] 9 heav5  & on e>?1 & be=e :om1  
:5 my/]ies occur 9 human life :i*  !    
retribution-doctr9e _c solve1 ! ,arab & 
e true ,moslem  b[s 8 head ) settl$1 sad
 resignation4 ,! morality alike ( !  dn 
,ibrhm1 & ( ! religion ( ,mohamm$ 7:o   
pr(ess$ to re/ore  x 9 its purity71 is  
faulty precisely z ! religion ( ! ?ree  
fri5ds 7& orig9ally ( ,job himself7 is  
faulty4 ,! same conflict  :i* arose 9 ! 

he>t ( ,job arose 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,moslem  
_w4  ,i ref] to ! dispute betwe5 !      
claimants ( or?odoxy & ! sect  ( !      
,mo'tazilites 7#h? & #i? c5turies72 !   
latt]1 :o 7  wor/$ 9 ! /rife1 view$ ,god
 z ! absolutely ,good1 ! =m] z  a       
despotic & rev5geful tyrant4#aah ,may n 
?is conflict h be5  =e%ad[$ at an e>li] 
"t8 ,is n ! difficulty :i* l$ to x a    
con/antly recurr+ "o1 s soon z          
reflection acquires a c]ta9  degree (   
maturity8 ,x may well h be5 felt among !
 ,jews1  especially 9 ! decl9e ( ! /ate1
 b x mu/ also h be5 felt  among _!      
neighb\rs1 & fre$om ( spee* has always1 
9 hi/orical  times1 be5 an ,arab        
*>act]i/ic4 ,putt+ aside ! ana*ronism ( 
plac+ ,job 9 ! patri>*al age1 does n !  
poet himself appe> to  h9t t x 0 s felt 
by ! names & tribal orig9s ( ! speak]s  
9 ! great religi\s discussion8    7#b7  
,z to ! ,arabisms & ,aramaisms ( !      
language ( ,job 7see  ,app5dix74 ,j]ome 
already says t 8 own translation foll[s 
none (  ! anci5ts1 b reproduces1 n[ !   

words1 n[ ! s5se1 & n[  bo?1 #8ex ipso  
hebraico arabicoque s]mone et int]dum   
syro4' ,9 !  #ag? & #ah? c5turies1 ,de  
,dieu1 ,bo*>t1 & above all ,s*ult5s made
  x a fir/ pr9ciple 9 ! /udy ( ,job to  
illu/rate x f ,aramaic  & especially    
,arabic4 ,s*ult5s ev5 describes !       
language z n s  mu* ,hebrew1 z          
,hebro-,arabic1 & says t x brea!s ! true
 &  unmix$ g5ius ( ,arabia4 ,?is is e   
way an exagg]ation1 & yet1  aft] all    
reasonable d$uctions1 our poem w /& out 
f ! ,old  ,te/am5t volume by its =eign  
l+ui/ic aff9ities4 ,x is n en\gh  to say
 t ! ,arabisms & ,aramaisms h f ! fir/  
=m$ "p  ( ! ,hebrew vocabul>y1 & 7      
previ\sly employ$ only because !        
subjects ( ! o!r books did n call = _!  
use4 ,unless a m  ?or\gh /udy (         
,assyrian %\ld prove t ! ,arabism 7= (  
^! ,i  am *iefly ?9k+7 belong$ to nor!rn
 z well z to s\!rn  ,semitic1 x w surely
 be m natural to suppose t ! au?or (    
,job repl5i%$ 8 vocabul>y f ,arabic     
s\rces4 ,!re is n a  little 9 !         

phraseology ( ,job :i* is /ill z obscure
 z 9 !  days ( ,ibn ,ezra1 b :i*        
receives1 or may yet receive1           
illu/ration  f ! /ores ( writt5 & spok5 
,arabic4#aai    ,may we n1 9 %ort1      
conjecture t ! poem ( ,job is a gr&     
attempt  to r5ovate & enri* ! ,hebrew   
language8#abj ,if s1 ! exp]im5t  c h>dly
 h be5 made be=e ! great subv]sion (    
,hebrew  traditions at ! ,babylonian    
captivity4 ,resid5ce 9 a =eign l&       
produces a m>k$ effect on "o's language4
 ,recollect too t our  au?or 0 a lit]>y 
man4 ,int]nal evid5ce conv]ges to %[ t  
,job  belong$ to t great lit]>y movem5t 
among ! wise m51  philosoph]s1 or       
humani/s1 to :i* we %all h to ref]      
,prov4 i-ix41  ! ,wisdom ( ,sira*1 & !  
,book ( ,ecclesia/es4    ,be=e leav+ ?is
 subject1 let u notice ! p>allels to    
descriptions  9 ! spee*es ( ,jehovah 9 !
 ,arabian poets1 :o %[ ! same  att5tion 
to ! /rik+ ph5om5a ( e>? & sky z ! au?or
 (  ^! spee*es4 ,! ,arabian tone &      
col\r+ ( ! descriptions (  animals 9    

,job has be5 already rem>k$ ^u by ,alfr$
 von ,krem] 9  vol4 ii4 ( 8             
,culturges*i*te des ,ori5ts4 ,is x      
possible to  conceive t ^? sket*es ( !  
wild goat1 ! wild ass1 & !  horse1 7 n  
writt5 by "o :o 0 famili> ) ! sight8 ,or
 t  ! au?or _h n obs]v$ ! habits ( !    
o/ri*1 :5 he p5n$  8 l9es on ! o/ri*'s  
neglect ( h] eggs8 ,or t 8 int]e/ 9     
a/ronomy 0 n deep5$ by ! spectacle ( a  
night-sky 9 ,arabia8 ,or  t p]sonal     
exp]i5ce ( c>avan life did n inspire !  
t\*+  figure 9 vi4 #ae-bj8 ,& obs]vation
 ( ! m9es 9 ! ,s9aitic  p59sula#aba !   
f9e description ( xxviii4 #a-aj8 ,x is  
possible t  "s ( ^! passages may be due 
to o!r travell$ #8wise m52' b  ?is only 
increases ! probability t ! ,hebrew     
movem5t 0  /r5g!n$ by contact ) simil>  
movem5ts abroad4 ,! #8wise m5'  _h      
c]ta9ly travell$ f> & wide among        
,arabic-speak+ populations1  ?\gh n[h]e 
p]haps 7 !y s mu* at home z 9 ,iduma &  
its  neighb\rhood4 ,z ,m4 ,d]5b\rg      
rem>ks1 #8,les riantes oasis1 au milieu 

des contres dsoles1 environnant la m]   
,morte1 tai5t la demeure des  sages et  
des rveurs4 ,bi5 des sicles aprs        
l'auteur de ,job1 les  ,essni5s et les  
,?rapeutes se plongeai5t l dans la vie  
contemplative1 ou bi5 ils se livrai5t   
une vie simple1 active et  dgage de t\t 
s\ci monda94 ,encore un peu plus t>d    
cette contre  dev9t probablem5t le      
b]ceau de la kabbale ou du my/icisme    
juif4'    ,footnote #aae3      ,!re is a
 d\bt :e!r ! ,septuag9t po/script or !  
/atem5t (    ! ,egyptian ,jew 787       
,ari/eas 7z giv5 by ,eusebius f ,alex&] 
,polyhi/or 9 ,prf4 ,evang4 l4 ix47 be ! 
e>li]4 ,! ord9>y view    is t ,ari/eas  
_h ! ,septuag9t ,job be=e him2          
,freud5?al1    h[ev]1 inf]s f ! /range  
description ( ,eliphaz1 ,bildad1 &      
,zoph> 9 ,sept4 ,job ii4 #aa 7tak5      
v]bally f ,ari/eas7 t !    rev]se 0 !   
case1 & t ! fragm5t ( ,ari/eas is only a
    cond5s$ extract f ! prologue &      
epilogue ( ! ,book ( ,job               
7,freud5?al1 ,hell5i/is*e ,/udi51 #aci1 

#adj2 ,grtz1    ,monatss*rift1 #ahgg1 p4
 #ia74 ,?is inf]5ce 9 turn sugge/s      
,grtz'    hypo!sis t ! ,septuag9t ,job  
is a "w ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4    7see  
note at end ( ,*ap4 ,,xv47    ,footnote 
#aaf3      ,op]a1 ,del>ue1 ii4 #hea1 ap4
 ,delitzs*1 ,iob1 p4 #fjc4    ,footnote 
#aag3      ,op]a m9ora 7,lugd4 ,bat4    
#agfi71 p4 #dig4    ,footnote #aah3     
,krem]1 ,h]rs*5de ,ide5 des ,islams1 p4 
#bg c42 ,ku551 ,hibb]t    ,lectures1 p4 
#dh c4    ,footnote #aai3      ,pr(4    
,soc9 once obs]v$ to me h[ useful spok5 
,arabic w\ld be    f\nd = ?is purpose4  
,footnote #abj3      ,arabic lit]>y     
hi/ory pres5ts an example ( lit]>y      
exp]im5t+    :i* w at once occur to !   
m9d--! #8,maqamas' or ,sessions (       
,h>iri4    ,footnote #aba3      ,on !   
m9+ passage see fur!r p4 #dj4 ,/ickel1  
h[ev]1 ?\gh    incl9+ to ! above view1  
?9ks t x is /ill n q    impossible t    
,pale/9ian m9es are meant1 comp>+       
,edrisi's    /atem5ts on ! iron-m9es (  
,phnicia & ! words ( !    ,deut]onomi/ 9

 ,deut4 viii4 #i4 ,das ,bu* ,hiob1 pp4  
#bfe-f4                                 
,,*apt] ,,xiv4                  ,,!     
,,book ,,f ,a ,,religi\s ,,po9t ,,(     
,,view4          ,motto3 #8,j$em nmli*  
wollte i* di551 d] h9lngli* ,s9n hat 9  
die grosse ,frage tief] e9zugeh51 wel*e 
das ern/e ,leb5 e9mal      gewiss an    
,j$5 h]anbr+t1 na* d] ,g]e*tigkeit d]   
gttli*5      ,waltung 9 d5 m5s*li*5     
,ges*ick54'--,,/ickel 7,das ,bu* ,hiob1 
,e9l4 ,s4 vi47      ,!re 0 a p]iod1 n s 
long s9ce1 :5 a ,biblical writ+ 0  valu$
 accord+ to its suppos$ s]vices to      
or?odox !ology4 ,f  ?is po9t ( view1 !  
,book ( ,job 0 reg>d$ p>tly z a typical 
description ( ! suff]+s ( our           
,savi\r1#abb p>tly z a  repository (    
text-pro(s ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es1 :i* ?\gh
 few 9  numb] acquir$ special importance
 f ! imm5se antiquity assign$  to !     
poem4 ,we mu/ n1 9 our reaction f !     
exclusively  !ological e/imate ( ! ,old 
,te/am5t1 %ut our eyes to !             
significance ( ea* ( its p>ts 9 ! hi/ory

 ( ! high] religion4  ,! ,book ( ,job is
 !ological1 ?\gh ! !ology ( its writ]1  
be+ t ( a poet1 is less logical ?an t ( 
an apo/le1 less  def9ite ev5 ?an t ( a  
prophet1 9 s f> z ! prophet obta9$  7or 
seem$ to obta97 8 convictions by a      
message or revelation f  )\t4 ,be+ a    
poet1 moreov]1 ! writ] ( ,job c ev5 less
 ?an  a prophet h _h cle> conceptions ( 
! hi/orical ,messiah & ,8  p]iod4 ,moral
 & spiritual tru?s--^! 7 8 appo9t$      
prov9ce1  n ! secret c\nsels ( ,god1 nor
 ^? exceptional facts or tru?s  :i*     
or?odoxy /ill p]haps reg>ds z among !   
po/ulates ( !  fai? ( ! ,hebrew         
prophets4 ,nor c ! h]o ( ! poem be      
consid]$  a /rict & prop] type ( !      
,*ri/1 = ?is reason among o!rs1  t ,job 
is to all int5ts & purposes a creation (
 ! fancy1 :e!r  ( ! unconsci\sly work+  
fancy ( ! p1 or ( ! ri* &  pot5t        
imag9ation ( a poet4 ,9 :at s5se1 !n1   
may ! ,book ( ,job  /ill claim a        
!ological significance1 & be all[$ to   
fill a n  unimportant place 9 !         

,vorges*i*te ( ,*ri/ianity8    ,i4 ,!   
h]o ( ! poem 7,i exclude f consid]ation 
! spee*es (  ,elihu#abc7 is1 n inde$ a  
type1 b 9 "s s5se prophetic ( !  ,*ri/1 
inasmu* z ! v conception ( a righte\s   
man endur+ va/  calamities1 n s mu* = 8 
own sake z = ! _w's1 is a bold  hypo!sis
 :i* c\ld only 9 ! ,*ri/ be made good4  
,! poet does  m ?an m]ely p]sonify !    
invisible ,*ur* ( righte\s &  believ+   
suff]]s2 he idealises ?is ,*ur* 9 do+ s1
 & ?is  idealis+ is a v5ture ( fai?4    
,job is an altoge!r exceptional  figure3
 he is imp]fect1 no d\bt1 if view$ z a  
symbol ( ! ,*ri/1  b ?is does n dim9i% !
 reality & ! gr&eur ( !  pres5tim5t :i* 
he embodies4 ,to a religi\s m9d1 ?is    
rem>kable  creation w always appe> /amp$
 by ! h& ( ,provid5ce4 ,job is  n inde$ 
a ,savi\r1 b ! imag9ation ( su* a figure
 prep>es !  way = a ,savi\r4 ,9 ! words 
( ,dr4 ,mozley1 #8,if ! ,jew 0 to accept
  a ,messiah :o 0 to lead a life ( sorr[
 & abasem5t1 & to be  crucifi$ betwe5   
?ieves1 x 0 necess>y t x %\ld be some:]e

  or o!r di/9ctly taught t virtue 0 n   
always rew>d$ "h1 &  t !re=e no argum5t 
c\ld be drawn f affliction & ignom9y    
aga9/ ! p]son :o suff]$ x4'#abd    ,,ii4
 ,?is !n is ! gr&e/ ( ! elem5ts 9 !     
,book ( ,job :i*  help$ to prep>e !     
noble/ m9ds among ! ,jews = ! reception 
(  primitive ,*ri/ianity--viz4 ! idea ( 
a righte\s man suff]+ simply  because 7z
 0 said ( ,"o p>allel 9 _m respects to  
,job7 #8x  pleas$ ,jehovah 7= a wise    
purpose7 to bruise him4' ,! second      
elem5t  is ! idea ( a supra-mundane     
ju/ice1 :i* w "o day manife/  itself 9  
fav\r ( ! righte\s suff]]1 n only 9 ?is 
_w 7xvi4  #ah1 #ai1 xix4 #be1 xlii471 s 
t all m5 may recognise _! innoc5ce1  b  
also beyond ! grave1 ! suff]]s !mselves 
be+ 9 "s  undef9$ mann] br\ght back to  
life 9 ! consci\s enjoym5t (  ,god's    
fav\r 7xiv4 #ac-ae1 xix4 #bf1 #bg87 ,!re
 may be only sugge/ions (  ^! ideas1 b  
sugge/ions 7 en\gh :5 int]pret$ by      
sympa!tic  read]s4 ,let me add t by     
#8sympa!tic1' ,i mean 9 sympa?y ) !     

conception ( ,god =m$ by ! au?or ( ,job4
 ,no?+ is m out (  sympa?y ) ?is        
conception ?an ! say+ ( ! ,jewi% s*ol>1 
,s4  ,d4 ,luzzatto1 #8,! ,god ( ,job is 
n ! ,god ( ,israel1 ! ,graci\s ,"o2  ,he
 is ! ,almighty & ! ,righte\s1 b n !    
,k9d & ,fai?ful  ,"o4' ,no2 ! ,god (    
,job w\ld be less ?an inf9itely righte\s
 if ,he  7 n also k9d 7comp4 ,ps4 lxii4 
#ab74 ,& ( ?is enl>g$ conception  (     
,god1 fai? 9 ! cont9uance ( ! human _s  
is a consequ5ce4  ,ju/ice to ^? ) :om   
,god is 9 cov5ant requires t ,he %\ld  n
 aft] a few ye>s hurl !m back into      
non-exi/5ce 7comp4 ,job x4  #h-ac74 ,b  
,i c only skirt ! fr+e ( ! great        
religi\s problems  op5$ by ?is wond]ful 
book4    ,9 conclusion1 & 9 ! _s ( my   
motto1 let me invite ! read]'s  att5tion
 7ev5 if he be no !ologian7 to !        
spectacle ( a p[]ful  m9d da%+ itself   
aga9/ p]5nial problems too mighty = x to
  solve4 ,! au?or ( our poem miss$ !    
only adequate & possible  solution1 &   
h5ce he has be5 errone\sly reg>d$ by    

sev]al mod]ns  z ! repres5tative ( a    
m5tal attitude ak9 to _! own4 ,he9e1 =  
in/ance1 c t]m ?is book #8! ,song (     
,songs ( scepticism4' ,no d\bt  ^? :o   
are at sea on religi\s matt]s c f9d     
say+s 9 ,job  :i* may seem z if spok5 by
 !mselves2 b 9 tru? ^! only  enhance !  
significance ( ! c\nt]act+ elem5ts 9 !  
poem4 ,x  is ! logical incomplet5ess (  
,job :i* at once exposes ! book to      
misjudgm5t1 & gives x an et]nal         
fasc9ation4 ,z ,qu9et has said1  #8,ce  
qui fait la gr&eur de ce livre1 c'e/    
qu'en dpassant la mesure de  l',anci5   
,te/am5t il appelle1 il provoque        
ncessairem5t des cieux  n\veaux4444 ,le 
*ri/ianisme vit au fond de ce blasphme4'
 ,we ne$ a  second "p ( ,job1 or at lea/
 a ?ird spee* ( ,jehovah1 :i* c\ld      
h[ev] only be giv5 by "s ,hebrew poet :o
 _h drunk at ! f\nta9s  ( ! ,f\r?       
,gospel4 ,fail+ ^!1 ! read] mu/ supply  
:at is  necess>y = himself1--a bett]    
comp5sation to ,job = 8 agony ?an  !    
,epilogue provides1 & a m t\*+ & n less 

div9e !ophany  7comp4 ,job ix4 #cb1     
#cc74 ,?is ,*ri/ianity w enable him to  
d4  ,intellectually1 ! problem ( ,job's 
life may rema91 b to !  ,*ri/ian he>t ! 
cl\d is lum9\s4                    ,!   
,inf9ite rema9s unkn[n1                 
,too va/ = man to und]/&3               
,9 ,him1 ! #8,woman's ,se$1' alone      
,we trace ,god's footpr9t 9 ! s&4#abe   
,footnote #abb3      #8,! ,*ur* 9 all   
ages has reg>d$ ! "o z a type ( ! o!r1' 
,turn]1 ,/udies ,biblical & ,ori5tal1 p4
 #aej4 ,b ,del4 has already    dissuad$ 
f insi/+ too mu* on ! hi/oric "* ( !    
/ory ( ,job4 #8,! endurance ( ,job'     
7,james v4 #aa7 is equally    in/ructive
 :e!r ! /ory be real 7wirkli*7 or only  
ideally    true 7wahr72 & if by ! phrase
 #8! end ( ! ,"l' ,/4 ,james    ref]s to
 ! ,passion ( ,jesus 7to me1 h[ev]1 ?is 
appe>s    d\btful71 he c be claim$ ) z  
mu* reason = ! view ( ,job    "h adopt$ 
z = ! old] !ory advocat$ by ,turn]4     
,footnote #abc3      ,on !              
,elihu-section1 see ,*ap4 ,,xii4        

,footnote #abd3      ,mozley1 ,essays1  
ii4 #bbg2 comp4 ,turn]1 ,/udies1 p4     
#adi4    ,footnote #abe3      ,aubrey   
,de ,v]e4 ,ne$ ,i gu>d myself on !      
subject ( ,g54 iii4 #ae1    ref]r$ to 9 
a rec5t memorable debate 9 ! ,n9ete5?   
,c5tury8    ,a /rict ,messianic         
int]pretation is1 s9ce ,calv9's "t1     
impossible    to ! exegete1 b !         
application ( ! words to ,jesus ,*ri/ is
    de> to ! ,*ri/ian he>t1 & p]fectly  
consi/5t ) a s9c]e    exegesis4 ,m4     
,rville w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 conc$e ?is to ,mr4
 ,glad/one4                             
,,*apt] ,,xv4         ,,! ,,book ,,(    
,,job ,,f ,a ,,g5]al ,,& ,,we/]n ,,po9t 
,,( ,,view4      ,! ,book ( ,job is ev5 
less translatable ?an ! ,psalt]4 ,& :y8 
,because !re is m nature 9 x4 #8,he w\ld
 be a poet1' says ,?oreau1  #8:o c\ld   
impress ! w9ds & /reams into 8 s]vice to
 speak =  him4' ,!y d speak = ! poet (  
,job2 ! #8/ill sad music (  humanity' is
 cont9ually reliev$ by snat*es f ! gr&  
symphonies  ( ext]nal nature4 ,& h5ce ! 

words ( ,job are #8s true &  natural t  
!y w\ld appe> to exp& l ! buds at !     
approa*  ( spr+4' ,x is only a feeble   
light :i* ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion %$s  ^u   
?is poem2 & ev5 ! be/ prose translation 
mu/ = sev]al  reasons be inadequate4    
,p]haps1 ?\gh ,engli% has no long] its  
e>ly  /r5g?1 a true poet might yet      
a*ieve "s wor?y result4 ,r>ely has  !   
attempt be5 made4 ,george ,s&ys 0 said  
by ,ri*>d ,baxt] to h  #8re/or$ ,job to 
8 orig9al glory1' b he liv$ be=e ! great
 era  ( ,semitic /udies4 ,! poetical    
translator ( ,job mu/ n disda9 to       
consult critical int]pret]s1 & yet by 8 
own unassi/$ skill c\ld  he br+ ?is     
,ea/]n ma/]piece home to ! ,we/]n read]8
 ,i d\bt  x4 ,ev5 m ?an mo/ imag9ative  
poems ! ,book ( ,job ne$s ! help  ( !   
pa9t]4 ,x is n surpris+ !re=e t a s*ol> 
( ,giotto  %\ld h detect$ ! pictorial   
beauties ( ! /ory ( ,job4 ,?\gh  only   
two ( ! six ,job-frescoes rema9 entire1 
! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa  w be impov]i%$ 
:5 "t & ! sea-air effect ! de/ruction ( 

^!4 ,i "k n :e!r any mod]n pa9t] besides
 ,william ,blake has  illu/rat$ ,job4   
,he1 a #8se]' born out ( due "t1        
und]/ood ?is  wond]ful book z no mod]n  
be=e him _h done4 ,! /ud5t w get  m help
 ( a c]ta9 k9d f ! illu/rations ?us     
reproduc$ 9  ! second volume (          
,gil*ri/'s ,life ( ,william ,blake1     
comp>$ )  ! sympa!tic descriptions by   
,blake's biograph] 7vol4 i4 pp4         
#ccj-ccc71 ?an f any ( ! comm5t>ies old 
or new4    ,9 e respect ! poem ( ,job   
/&s 9 a class by itself4 ,m  ?an any o!r
 book 9 ! ,hebrew canon x ne$s br++ ne> 
to !  mod]n read]1 untra9$ z he is 9    
,ori5tal & especially 9 ,semitic  modes 
( ?\ght & imag9ation4 ,su* a read]'s    
fir/ "q w  probably relate to ! poetic  
=m ( ! book4 ,is x1 = in/ance1 a  drama8
 ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia 7di$ #dbh7 answ]$ 
9 ! affirmative1  ?\gh he 0 c5sur$ = ?is
 by ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,!  au?or
 ( ,job1 he says1 wrong$ ! gr& &        
illu/ri\s /ory by  imitat+ ! mann] ( !  
pagan trag$ians4 #8,inde et illas       

plasmationes fecit1 9 quibus c]tam5 ad  
,deum fecit diabolus1 et voces  sicut   
voluit circumposuit1 alias quidem ju/o1 
alias v]o amicis4'#abf    ,bi%op ,l[?   
devotes two lectures ( 8 ,sacr$ ,poetry 
to ! same  "q4 ,he replies 9 ! negative1
 aft] comp>+ ,job ) ! two  dipi (       
,sophocles 7dramas ) k9dr$ subjects71 on
 ! gr\nd t  action is ( ! ess5ce ( a    
drama & ! ,book ( ,job conta9s n  ev5 ! 
simple/ action4 ,aft]w>ds inde$ he      
admits t ,job has at  lea/ "o po9t 9    
common ) a regul> drama1 viz4 ! vivid   
pres5tation ( sev]al di/9ct *>act]s 9 a 
tragic situation4 ,!  view t x is an    
epic1 held 9 rec5t times by ,dr4 ,mason 
,good & ,m4  ,godet1 f\nd fav\r ) "o no 
less ?an ,john ,milton1 :o speaks1 z he 
:o kn[s1 ( #8t epic =m1 :]e( ! two poems
 ( ,hom] & ^?  o!r two ( ,virgil &      
,tasso are a diffuse1 & ! ,book ( ,job a
 brief  model4'#abg ,some?+ is to be    
said = ?is op9ion if ,p>adise  ,rega9$  
be a true epic4 ,dialogue ) ! addition (
 a c]ta9 am\nt  ( n>rative is1 r\ghly   

speak+1 ! lit]>y =m ( ! ,book ( ,job  z 
well z ( ! unequally great ,engli% poem1
 & ,col]idge is  probably "r 9 repres5t+
 ,milton z indebt$ to ! =m] = 8  plan4  
,x is h[ev] op5 to u to d\bt n only :e!r
 ,p>adise  ,rega9$ is a true epic poem1 
b :e!r any section ( ! ,book (  ,job    
except ! ,prologue p>takes ( ! nature ( 
an epic4 ,! ,prologue  c]ta9ly does2 x  
is m ?an a m]e introduction to !        
subsequ5t  spee*es2 x is an indep5d5t   
poetical n>rative1#abh if n a  n>rative 
poem2 nor is !re want+ a /rong infusion 
( t  sup]natural elem5t :i* tradition   
reg>ds z ess5tial to ! epic4  ,true1 x  
is a torso1 b ?is does n int]f]e ) its  
g5u9ely  poetic "*3 x is1 z ,milton     
says1 a #8brief model' or m9iature (  an
 epic poem4 ,! ,colloquies on ! o!r h&  
are z und\bt$ly a  g]m9al "*-drama1 z ! 
,song ( ,songs is a g]m9al  /age-drama4 
,! "w belongs to ! same class z ,goe!'s 
,iphig5ie  & ,tasso2 only !re is mu* m  
passion 9 x ?an 9 ^! great  b           
di/9ctively mod]n poems4 ,"s "o has said

 t #8!re is no  action & reaction betwe5
 ! speak]s' 9 ! ,colloquies4 ,?is is  an
 ov]-/atem5t4 ,n only is ea* speak]     
consi/5t ) 8 type (  "*1 b ! passionate 
excitem5t ( ,job1 & 8 able ?\gh         
fragm5t>y confutation ( 8 oppon5ts1 d   
produce an effect ^u !  latt]1 d =ce !m 
to take up a new position1 ?\gh n inde$ 
to  recall _! orig9al !sis4#abi    ,b 9 
ord] to br+ ! ,book ( ,job ne>] to !    
mod]n ,we/]n m9d1  we mu/ n only /udy x 
f ! po9t ( view ( =m1 b also  comp>e its
 scope & range ) ^? ( ! l(tie/ mod]n    
,we/]n  poems ( simil> import2 only !n  
%all we discov] ! po9ts 9 :i*  x is     
di/9ctively anci5t1 ,ori5tal1           
,semitic4--,! greate/ ,engli%  "w (     
k9dr$ moral & religi\s import is        
,p>adise ,lo/4 ,l  ,job1 x is a !odicy1 
?\gh ( a m complex "*1 & aims           
444 7to7 ass]t et]nal ,provid5ce1       
,& ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to man4    ,& ! 
au?or ( ,p>adise ,lo/1 ?\gh n to be     
equall$ ) !  f\nd]s ( ,biblical         
religion1 is /ill di/+ui%$ f all mod]n  

poets 7except ,dante & ,bunyan7 by 8    
s+ul>ly int5se fai? 9 !  op]ations ( !  
,div9e ,_s4 ,t pray] ( 81 beg9n+ #8,&   
*iefly ,?\1 ,o ,_s1' & a well-kn[n      
p>allel passage 9 8  ,reason ( ,*ur*    
,gov]nm5t1 prove conclusively t he held 
no  contract$ views z to ! limits (     
,inspiration4 ,?is1 9 addition to  8    
natural gifts1 expla9s ! ov]p[]+        
impression ( reality  produc$ by !      
visions ( ,milton1 & p]haps 9 a /ill    
great] degree  by ^? ( our ,puritan     
prose-poet1 ,john ,bunyan4 ,a simil>    
fai? 9 !  div9e ,_s1 b m orig9al & less 
affect$ by logical !ories1  0 "o great  
*>act]i/ic ( ! au?or ( ,job4 ,he felt1 l
 all  ! religi\s #8wise m5' 7( :om m    
pres5tly71 t true wisdom 0  beyond      
mortal k51 & c\ld only be obta9$ by an  
influ5ce f  above4 ,9 ! /r5g? ( ?is     
confid5ce he v5tur$1 l ,milton1 on      
untrodd5 pa?s1 & presum$ to *ronicle1 9 
symbolic =m1  transactions ( ! spiritual
 _w4 ,:e!r or n he believ$ 9 !  ,satan (
 ! ,prologue1 z a ,sunday ,s*ool *ild   

might1 we ne$ n  decide2 t he us$ popul>
 beliefs 9 a wide1 symbolic s5se1 has   
be5  po9t$ out else:]e4 ,probably bo?   
,milton & he1 if que/ion$ on !  subject1
 w\ld h repli$ 9 ! _s ( ^? words ( our  
,"l1  #8,if ye w receive x1' & #8,all m5
 _c receive ?is say+4' ,x is  n to be   
=gott5 t ! au?or ( ,job di/9ctly places 
! ,satan  9 a some:at humor\s light1 &  
?\gh ,milton is f> f do+ !  same1 yet we
 "k f ,comus t ! conception ( a symbol 0
 z  famili> to him z to ,"l ,bacon4     
,notice1 9 conclusion1 t ,milton's      
,satan1 ?\gh unlike ! ,satan ( 8        
pr$ecessor 9 "s po9ts1#acj  resembles   
him 9 ?is /rik+ p>ticul>1 t he is n yet 
79 spite  ( ,milton's attempt to        
repres5t him z su*7 ! absolutely evil   
be+4    ,fau/ has 9 "s respects a bett] 
"r to be comp>$ ) ,job  ?an ,p>adise    
,lo/4 ,n s mu* inde$ 9 ! ,prologue1 ?\gh
 ,goe!  des]ves cr$it = detect+ !       
humor\s elem5t 9 ! ,hebrew poet's       
,satan1 an elem5t :i* he has transf]r$1 
?\gh ) mu*  exagg]ation1 to 8 own       

,mephi/opheles4 ,nei!r ! ,satan nor     
,mephi/opheles 7a remote desc5dant ( !  
,hebrew#aca ma/ema1 f  ! root           
satamsatan7 is ! ,orig9 ( ,evil 9 a     
p]sonal =m1#acb  b ! ,hebrew poet w\ld  
nev] h accept$ ! description 9 ,fau/  ( 
! peculi> "w ( ! #8d5y+ _s4' ,b 9 ! body
 ( !  poem !re is ?is m>k$ simil>ity to 
! ,book ( ,job--t ! problem  treat$ ( is
 a purely moral & spiritual "o2 ! h]o   
fir/ loses &  !n recov]s 8 peace ( m9d2 
x is ! c\nt]p>t 9 pan!i/ic  humanism (  
:at ,/4 ,paul t]ms work+ out "o's own   
salvation4 ,/ill  !re are great & mo/   
in/ructive div]g5ces betwe5 ! two       
writ]s4 ,obs]ve1 fir/1 ! complete want (
 sympa?y ) positive  religion--) !      
religion f :i* ,fau/ w&]s--on ! "p ( !  
mod]n poet4 ,next1 a /rik+ diff]5ce 9 ! 
*>act]i/ics ( ,job  & ,fau/             
respectively4 ,fau/ succumbs to 8       
b\ndless love (  k1 alt]nat+ ) an       
unbridl$ s5sual lu/2 ,job is on !  v]ge 
( spiritual ru9 ?r\gh 8 dem& = su* an   
absolute  correspond5ce ( circum/ances  

to "* z c only be realis$ 9  ano!r _w4  
,! greatness ( ,fau/ lies 9 8 intellect2
 t ( ,job  7:o 9 *ap4 xxviii4 directly  
disc\rages speculation7 9 8 virtue4     
,h5ce1 f9ally1 ,fau/ requires 7ev5 f a  
pan!i/ic po9t ( view7  to be p>don$1    
:ile ,job /&s s high 9 ! div9e fav\r t  
o!rs are p>don$ on 8 acc\nt4    ,a ?ird 
great poem :i* des]ves to be comp>$ )   
,job is !  ,div9a ,comm$ia4 ,dante has !
 same purpose ( edification z !  au?or (
 ,job & ev5 ( ,fau/1 ?\gh he has n be5  
able to fuse  ! didactic & n>rative     
elem5ts ) su* complete success z  ,goe!4
 ,nor is he s int5sely autobiographical 
z ei!r ,goe! or !  au?or ( ,job2 8 own  
/ory is almo/ inextricably int]lac$ )  !
 fictions :i* he frames z !             
repres5tative ( ! human race4 ,he  all[s
 u to see t he has _h d\bts 7,p>ad4 iv4 
#abi71 & t  !y h yield$ to ! conv9c+ p[]
 ( ,*ri/ianity 7,purgat4  iii4 #cd-ci71 
b x 0 n a "p ( 8 plan to disclose1 l !  
au?or ( ,job1 ! vicissitudes ( 8 m5tal  
hi/ory4 ,9 two po9ts1  h[ev]--! wid? ( 8

 religi\s sympa?ies 7:i* ev5 p]mits him 
to  borr[ f ! ri* leg5d>y mat]ial (     
hea!ndom#acc7 & !  morn+ fre%ness ( 8   
descriptions ( nature--he comes ne>] to 
!  au?or ( ,job ?an ei!r ,goe! or       
,milton1 :ile 9 ! absolut5ess  & f]v\r (
 8 fai? ,milton is 9 mod]n times 8 only 
rival4    ,! prec$+ comp>ison w1 x is   
hop$1 leave ! read] ) a  s5se ( our     
great lit]>y z well z religi\s debt to !
 au?or (  ,job4 ,8 gifts 7 v>i$1 b 9 "o 
dep>tm5t 8 orig9ality is  no?+ less ?an 
,hom]ic2 8 ,colloquies are ! f\nta9-head
 f  :i* ! great riv] ( philosophic      
poetry took its orig94 ,he is !  fir/ ( 
^? poet-!ologians f :om we ,engli% h    
le>n$ s  mu*1 & :o are all ! m          
impressive z tea*]s because ! tru?s  :i*
 !y tea* are /eep$ 9 emotion1 & h = _!  
backgr\nd a  compreh5sive view ( !      
complex & _m-col\r$ univ]se4            
,footnote #abf3      ,migne1 ,synes4 et 
,!od41 col4 #fih4 ,comp4 ,kihn1 ,!odor  
von    ,mopsue/ia1 p4 #fh c4            
,footnote #abg3      ,! ,reason ( ,*ur* 

,gov]nm5t1 ,book ,,ii4    ,footnote     
#abh3      ,comp4 ,bateson ,wright1 ,!  
,book ( ,job1 pp4 #bi-ca4    ,footnote  
#abi3      ,buns5 obs]ves1 n badly1     
#8,hiob i/ e9 semitis*es ,drama aus d]  
,zeit d] ,gefang5s*aft4 ,das ,dramatis*e
 w9det si* ab] er/ aus dem    ,epos     
h]aus1 ohne e9e selb//ndige ,ge/alt zu  
gew9n54' ,gott 9    d] ,ges*i*te1 i4    
#bia4    ,footnote #acj3      ,comp>e   
,satan aft] 8 ov]?r[ ) ,tasso's ,soldan 
7,g]us4 ,lib41    c4 ix41 /4 #ih47      
,footnote #aca3      ,mr4 ,su!rl&       
,edw>ds 7,=tnightly ,review1 ,nov4      
#ahhe1 p4 #fhg7    /ates t ,hebrew      
etymologies h prov$ failures4 ,b ! /eps 
(    ! *ange f ma/ema to ,mephi/opheles 
are all prov$1 beg9n+    ) ! "n         
,ma/iphat1 = ! pr9ce ( ! demons1 9 !    
*ronograph]s ,syncellus & ,georg4       
,c$r5us 7comp4      ,ma/ema 9 ! ,book ( 
,jubilees74 ,comp4 ,diez1 ,roman4       
,wrt]bu*1 i4    pp4 xxv41 xxvi4         
,footnote #acb3      ,turn] & ,mor%ead1 
,fau/ 7#ahhb71 pp4 #cjg-h4    ,footnote 

#acc3      ,on ! p>allel ph5om5a 9 ,job1
 see ,*ap4 ,,ix4                        
,,note ,,on ,,job ,,& ,,! ,,mod]n       
,,poets4      ,job1 l ,sp5s]1 %\ld be ! 
poet ( poets2 b ?\gh ,goe! has  imitat$ 
him 9 royal fa%ion1 & "h & !re o!r poets
 su* z  ,dante may (f] allusions1 yet   
,milton is ! only poet :o seems to h    
absorb$ ,job4 ,p>adise ,rega9$ is 9 bo? 
=m & cont5ts a free  imitation ( ! ,book
 ( ,job1 ! /ory ( :i* is describ$ 9 i4  
#cfh-cgj1 #dbd-f1 iii4 #fd-fg4 ,! foll[+
 are ! pr9cipal allusions 9  ,p>adise   
,lo/3--i4 #fc1 comp4 ,job x4 #bb2 ii4   
#bff1 comp4 ,job iv4 #af2 ii4  #fjc1    
comp4 ,job xxiv4 #ai ,vulg42 iv4 #iii1  
comp4 ,job xxviii4 #be2 vii4 #bec-d     
7,hymn on ! ,nativity1 /4 #ab71 comp4   
,job xxxviii4 #d-g2 vii4 #cgc-e1  comp4 
,job xxxviii4 #ca2 vii4 #ajb1 comp4 ,job
 xxxviii4 #e4 ,%elley1 too1 is  said to 
h delight$ 9 ,job2 ,i mu/ leave o!rs to 
trace ?is 9 8  works4 ,i conclude )     
,?omas ,c>lyle4 ,! words--#8,0 ,man ) 8 
,exp]i5ce pres5t at ! ,creation1 !n1 to 

see h[ x all w5t on8  ,sy/em ( ,nature6 
,to ! wise/ man1 wide z is 8 vision1    
,nature  rema9s ( q inf9ite dep?1 ( q   
inf9ite expansion'#acd--;are  at once a 
p>aphrase ( ! que/ions ( ,eliphaz1      
#8,art ?\ ! fir/  man t 0 born8444 ,did/
 ?\ he>k5 9 ! c\ncil ( ,eloah8' 7xv4    
#g1 #h71 & a sugge/ive /atem5t ( !      
problem ( ,job z a *all5ge  to limit$   
human #8exp]i5ce' to prove its capacity 
= criticis+  ,god's ways4    ,footnote  
#acd3      ,s>tor ,res>tus 7#8,natural  
,sup]naturalism'74                      
,,note ,,on ,,! ,,text ,,( ,,job4       
,t ! receiv$ text ( our ,hebrew ,bible  
has a long hi/ory beh9d x1  is g5]ally  
recognis$2 & few w d5y t its wor/       
corruptions  arose 9 ! pre-,massoretic &
 pre-,talmudic p]iods 7comp4 ,!         
,prophecies ( ,isaiah1 vol4 ii41 ,essay 
vii47 ,! popul>ity ( ! ,book  ( ,job may
 n h be5 equal to t ( _m o!r books1 b we
 h  se5 reason to suppose t )9 ! circles
 ( ! #8wise m5' x 0  eag]ly /udi$ &     
imitat$4 ,9 ^? e>ly times su* popul>ity 

0 a  s\rce ( dang] to ! text1 & ha/y    
copyi/s left _! m>k on _m  a corrupt    
passage4 ,is !re any rem$y = ?is8       
,dr4 ,m]x's book1 ,das ,g$i*t von ,hiob 
7#ahga71 has ! m]its &  defects (       
pione]+ works1 b 8 introduction %\ld by 
all means be  /udi$4 ,two po9ts 9 x h to
 be exam9$1 7#a7 ! relative position    
giv5 by ,m]x to ! *ief anci5t v]sions1 &
 7#b7 ! use :i* he  makes ( 8 own       
/rophic arrangem5t = detect+            
int]polations or  gaps 9 ! text4 ,m1 ,i 
?9k1 is to be ga9$ f 8 discussion (  !  
use ( ! v]sions ?an f 8 /rophic         
arrangem5t2 & yet  be=e q s mu*         
importance is atta*$ to ! text ( !      
,septuag9t1 ought we n to be sur] ?an we
 are ( ! antiquity & (  ! critical value
 ( ! ,septuag9t ,job8 ,t v]sion may n be
 (  z rec5t orig9#ace z ,grtz w\ld h x1 
b c h>dly be mu*  e>li] ?an ! second    
c5tury ,b4,c4 ,be=e ?is date ! text (   
,job  _h "t to suff] mu* f ! usual      
causes ( corruption4 ,besides  ?is1 !re 
are special reasons = di/ru/+ ! lit]al  

accuracy (  ! translator4 ,he seems to h
 be5 9 8 own way an arti/1 & to  h s\ght
 to reproduce poetry 9 poetical         
language4 ,9 ?is respect  8 vocabul>y   
diff]s f t ( all ! o!r ,septuag9t       
translators2 he ?9ks m ( 8 ,greek read]s
 ?an ( 8 ,hebrew  orig9al4 ,_h he be5 m 
me*anical 9 8 me?od1 ! critical value  (
 8 "w w\ld h be5 great]4 ,i agree !re=e 
) ,h4 ,s*ultz  t ev5 :]e ! ,septuag9t & 
! ,pe%itto are unit$ aga9/ !            
,massoretic read+1 ! decisive argum5ts =
 ! read+ ( ! =m]  w be1 n ! ext]nal "o (
 te/imony1 b ! int]nal "o 7if s  be x   
exi/s7 ( suitabl5ess4    ,mr4 ,bateson  
,wright goes almo/ f>!r ?an ,dr4 ,m]x 9 
8 op9ion (  ! corruptness ( ! receiv$   
text4 ,8 "w on ,job 7#ahhc71 h[ev]      
unripe1 %[s rem>kable indep5d5ce1 &     
conta9s1 among _m ra%1 a  few /rik+     
em5dations4 ,t he does n re/rict himself
 to  corrections sugge/$ by ! v]sions1  
is n 9 ! lea/ a defect2 !  s+le drawback
 to 8 "w is t he has n pond]$ long en\gh
  be=e writ+4 ,purely conjectural       

em5dation 0 d\btless (t5  resort$ to by 
! old translators !mselves2 x 0 & /ill  
is  p]fectly ju/ifi$1 ?\gh to succe$ 9  
its use requires a s+ul>  comb9ation (  
caution & boldness :i* ev5 old] critics 
h n  always atta9$4 ,special att5tion is
 devot$ by ,mr4 ,wright to !  poetical  
features ( ! spee*es 9 ,job4 ,dr4 ,m]x  
_h already  obs]v$ t mo/ ( !  conta9    
eight syllables1 to read :i*1  h[ev]1 x 
is (t5 ne$ful to disp5se ) ,me!g & ) !  
,*ateph v[els1 & contract ! dual        
t]m9ations4 ,mr4 ,wright1 build+  ^u    
,dr4 ,m]x's f\ndation1 (f]s a m         
elaborate s*eme1 :i* _c  be discuss$ "h4
 ,x 0 a mis=tune = him t he _h n be=e   
him ! ambiti\s metrical translit]ation (
 ,job by ,g4 ,bickell1 9  8 ,c>m9a ,vet4
 ,te/4 metrice1 ( :i* ,i w\ld r say no?+
  "h ?an too little4    ,subsequ5t      
editors ( ! text ( ,job w h "o          
advantage1 :i*  w affect _! critical use
 ( ! ,septuag9t4 ,x is well kn[n t  !   
,alex&r9e v]sion 0 l>gely int]polat$ f t
 (  ,!odotion4 ,! e>ly ,septuag9t text  

itself c h[ev] n[ be  recon/ruct$1 ?r\gh
 a manuscript ( ! ,sahidic or ,!baic    
v]sion  f ,upp] ,egypt4 7,comp4 ,lag>de1
 ,mit!ilung51 pp4 #bjc-e2 ,agapios      
,bsciai1 art4 9 ,moniteur de ,rome1     
,oct4 #bf1 #ahhc47 ,dr4 ,m]x 0 well     
aw>e ( ! necessity ( expurgat+ !        
,septuag9t1 & w\ld h  hail$ ?is         
mu*-desir$ aid 9 ! "w 7see p4 lxxi4 ( 8 
introduction74    ,s mu* mu/ suffice 9  
my pres5t limits on ! subject ( metre & 
textual em5dation4 ,i ne$ n ?us qualify 
! li/ :i* foll[s (  gaps & misplacem5ts 
( text 9 our ,book ( ,job4 ,obs]ve 7#a7 
t  ,bildad's ?ird spee* 7*ap4 xxv47 is  
too %ort4 ,probably1 z ,mr4 ,elzas  has 
sugge/$1#acf ! cont9uation ( x has be5  
wrongly plac$ z  xxvi4 #e-ad2 ! aff9ity 
( ?is passage to *ap4 xxv4 is obvi\s4   
,probably ! close ( ,bildad's spee* is  
want+4 ,if s 7#b71 some?+  mu/ h dropp$ 
out ( ,job's reply1 s9ce xxvi4 #d has no
 connection  ) xxvii4 #b4 7#c7 ,zoph>'s 
?ird spee* appe>s to be want+1 b may    
really be conta9$ 9 *ap4 xxvii4 7v]4 #h 

to end74 ,! /ud5t %\ld  n fail to obs]ve
 t xxvii4 #ac is a repetition ( xx4 #bi4
 ,z !  text /&s1 ,job is made to recant 
8 /atem5ts 9 *aps4 xxi41 xxiv41  & to   
ass]t t !re is 7n m]ely ought to be7 a j
 & exact  retribution4 ,! tone1 moreov]1
 ( xxvii4 #i1 #aj is n 9 accordance  )  
,job's previ\s spee*es4 ,if ?is view be 
correct1 an introductory  =mula 7#8,&   
,zoph> answ]$ & said'7 mu/ h fall5 out  
at !  beg9n+ ( v]4 #g1 & probably "o or 
m introductory v]ses4#acg  7#d7 ,! v]ses
 :i* orig9ally introduc$ *ap4 xxviii4   
mu/ 7on  acc\nt ( ! causal p>ticle #8=' 
9 v]4 #a7 ei!r h dropp$ out1  or else h 
be5 neglect$ by ! p]son :o ins]t$ !     
*apt] 9  ! ,book ( ,job4 7#e7 ,! passage
 xxxi4 #ch-dj has at any rate be5       
misplac$ 7,delitzs*71 & probably1 z ,m]x
 has po9t$ out1 %\ld be  ins]t$ betwe5  
v]4 #cb & v]4 #cc4 ,?us v]ses #ce-cg w  
furni% an  appropriate & impressive     
close to ! *apt]4 7#f7 xxxvi4 #ca %\ld  
probably g aft] v]4 #bh 7n v]4 #bi1 z   
,dillmann mis/ates !  conjecture72 v]ses

 #cj1 #cb h a natural connection        
7,ol%aus574 7#g7  ,! passage xli4 #i-ab 
de/roys ! connection1 & %\ld probably be
  plac$ imm$iately be=e *ap4 xxxviii4   
#a1 z an introductory spee* (  ,jehovah4
 ,9 t case1 we mu/1 ) ,m]x1 supply !    
words1 #8,&  ,jehovah said1' be=e v]4   
#i4    ,footnote #ace3      #8,a *ild ( 
! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5tury1' ,grtz's        
,monatss*rift1 p4    #ia4 ,nldeke dates 
?is v]sion ab\t #aej ,b4,c4 7,gott4 gel4
 ,anzeig51    #ahfe1 p4 #ege74          
,footnote #acf3      ,elzas1 ,! ,book ( 
,job 7#ahgb71 p4 #hc2 ,grtz incl9es to a
 simil>    view4    ,footnote #acg3     
,a simil> view has be5 prop\nd$ by      
,k5nicott1 & also m    rec5tly by ,grtz 
7,monatss*rift1 #ahgb1 p4 #bdg74 ,b     
,k5nicott    reg>d$ *ap4 xxviii4 z      
,job's reply to ,zoph>1 :ile ,grtz w\ld 
include x 9 ! spee* ( ,zoph>4           
,,aids ,,to ,,! ,,/ud5t4      ,!re are  
_m books & articles ( importance besides
 !  comm5t>ies4 ,among ^! are ,hupfeld1 
,comm5tatio 9 quosdam ,jobedos  locos   

7#ahee72 ,bickell1 ,de indole ac ratione
 v]sionis ,alex&r9 9  int]pret&o libro  
,iobi 7#ahfb72 ,g4 ,baur1 #8,das ,bu*   
,hiob und ,dante's  ,gttli*e ,comdie1'  
,!ol4 ,/udi5 und ,kritik5 7#ahef71 p4   
#ehc c4  7) :i* may be gr\p$ ,qu9et's   
spl5did *apt]1 9 8 e>ly "w  on          
religions1 entitl$ ,comp>aison du       
scepticisme ori5tal et du  scepticisme  
occid5tal'72 ,se9ecke1 ,d] ,grundg$anke 
des ,bu*es ,hiob  7#ahfc72 ,fr\de1 #8,! 
,book ( ,job1' ,%ort ,/udies1 ,s]ies #a 
7#ahfg71 p4  #bff c42 ,reuss1 ,das ,bu* 
,hiob 7#ahfi72 ,plumptre1 #8,! ,au?or%ip
 ( !  ,book ( ,job1' ,biblical ,/udies  
7#ahgj71 p4 #agc c42 ,c4 ,taylor1 #8,a  
,!ory ( ,job xix4 #be-bg1' ,j\rnal (    
,philology 7#ahga71 pp4 #abh-aeb2       
,godet1 #8,le livre de ,job1' ,etudes   
bibliques1 prem4 p>tie 7#ahgc71 p4  #ahe
 c42 ,turn]1 #8,! ,hi/ory ( ,job1 & its 
,place 9 ! ,s*eme (  ,r$emption1'       
,/udies ,biblical & ,ori5tal 7#ahgf71 p4
 #acc c42 ,grtz1  *apt] on ,job 9       
,ges*i*te d] ,jud51 ,bd4 iii42 ,/ud]1   

#8,ueb] die  ,integritt des ,bu*es      
,hiob1' ,jahrb*] fr prote/ant4 ,!ologie 
7#ahge71 p4 #fhh c41 comp4 #ahgg1 p4    
#edj c42 ,budde1 ,beitrge zur ,kritik   
des ,bu*es ,hiob 7#ahgf71 review$ by    
,sm5d 9 ,/udi5 u4 ,kritik5  7#ahgh71 pp4
 #aec-agc2 ,giesebre*t1 ,d] ,w5depunkt  
des ,bu*es ,hiob  7#ahgi72 ,d]5b\rg1    
#8,rflexions dta*es sur le livre de     
,job1' ,revue  des tudes juives 7#ahhj71
 pp4 #a-h2 ,clauss51 #8,das ,v]hltniss  
d] ,lehre  des ,elihu zu d]j5ig5 d] drei
 ,freunde1' ,zeits*r4 f4 kir*l4         
,wiss5s*aft und ,leb5 7#ahhd71 pp4 #cic 
c41 #ddi c41 #eje c42 ,w4 ,h4  ,gre51 ,!
 ,argum5t ( ! ,book ( ,job ,unfold$     
7#ahha72 ,*eyne1 #8,job  & ! ,second ,"p
 ( ,isaiah1' ,isaiah1 ii4 #bei c41 ) :i*
  comp>e ! v full essay ( ,ku551 ,job en
 de lijd5de kne*t van  ,jahveh1'        
,!ologis* ,tijds*rift 7#ahgc71 p4 #dib  
c42 ,delitzs*1 art4  #8,hiob1'          
,h]zog-,plitt's ,real5cyclopadie1 bd4   
vi4 7#ahhj74                            
,,! ,,book ,,( ,,prov]bs4               

,,*apt] ,i4             ,,hebrew        
,,wisdom1 ,,its ,,nature1 ,,scope1 ,,&  
,,importance4      ,we h /udi$ !        
ma/]piece ( ,hebrew wisdom be=e exam9+ !
  nature ( ! intellectual product :i* ! 
,israelites !mselves  grac$ ) ?is title4
 ,! ,book ( ,job is 9 fact mu* m ?an a  
didactic treatise l ,ecclesia/es or a   
collection ( po9t$ moral  say+s l !     
,books ( ,prov]bs & ,ecclesia/icus4 ,its
 au?ors 7  m ?an ?9k]s1 !y 7 poets1     
#8mak]s1' great imag9ative  arti/s4 ,b  
we mu/ n be unju/ to ^? :o 7 prim>ily   
?9k]s1  & only 9 ! second degree poets4 
,! phase ( ,hebrew ?\ght call$          
#8wisdom' 7khokma7 c be /udi$ ev5 bett] 
9 ,prov]bs &  ,ecclesia/es ?an 9 !      
poetry ( ,job4 ,let u !n enquire at ?is 
po9t1 ,:at is ?is ,hebrew wisdom8 ,fir/ 
( all1 x is ! l9k betwe5  ! m           
exceptional revelations ( ,old ,te/am5t 
prophecy & ! be/  moral & intellectual  
atta9m5ts ( o!r nations ?an ! ,jews4    
#8,wisdom' claims inspiration 7z we h   
se5 already71 b nev]  id5tifies itself )

 ! cont5ts ( oracul> communications4#ach
 ,nor  yet does x pret5d to be conf9$ to
 a *os5 race4 ,job himself 0 a          
non-,israelite 7! ,rabbis 7 ev5 unc]ta9 
z to 8 "p 9 !  _w to come72 & ! wisdom (
 ! #8wise k+' is decl>$ to h  be5       
diff]5t 9 degree alone f t ( ! neighb\r+
  peoples#aci 7#a ,k+s iv4 #cj1 #ca2    
comp4 ,j]4 xlix4 #g1 ,obad4 #h74 ,x is  
to  be obs]v$ next1 t ! range ( enquiry 
( ?is #8wisdom' is equally  wide1       
accord+ to ! ,biblical use ( ! t]m4#adj 
#8,wisdom1' z  ,sira* tells u1 #8ra9s =?
 skill' ( e k9d2 #8! fir/ man knew  h] n
 p]fectly3 no m %all ! la/ trace h] out'
 7,ecclus4 i4 #ai1  xxiv4 #bh74 ,no?+ is
 too high1 no?+ too l[ = ,wisdom        
#8fitly' to  #8ord]' 7,wisd4 viii4 ,i74 
,law & gov]nm5t 7,prov4 viii4 #ae1 #af71
 &  ev5 ! precepts ( husb&ry 7,isa4     
xxviii4 #bc-bi7 are equally h]          
productions ) ^? moral obs]vations :i*  
con/itute 9 ! ma9  ! ?ree books ( !     
,hebrew ,khokma4 ,! fact t ! subject (  
practical e?ics ultimately appropriat$ !

 te*nical "n ( #8wisdom'  ought n to    
bl9d u to ! l>g] connotation ( ! same   
^w1 :i*  ?r[s s mu* light on ! deeply   
religi\s view ( life preval5t  among !  
,israelites4 ,= religi\s ?is view (     
wisdom is1 ?\gh x  may seem to be s     
?or\ghly secul>4 ,! v]satility ( ! m9d (
 man  is b an image ( ! v]satility ( its
 ar*etype4 #8,! _s ( man  is a lamp (   
,jehovah1' says "o ( ! #8wise m5'       
7,prov4 xx4 #bg71 by an  anticipation ( 
,john i4 #i4 #8,surely x is ! _s 9 man1'
 says  ano!r 7,job xxxii4 #h71 #8& !    
brea? ( ,%addai :i* gives !m  und]/&+4' 
,isaiah1 too1 says t ! #8_s ( wisdom' is
 "o (  ! ?ree *ief manife/ations ( !    
#8,_s ( ,jehovah' 7,isa4 xi4 #b71  & !  
introductory treatise1 :i* gives !      
editor's view ( !  orig9al ,book (      
,prov]bs1 expressly decl>es t ! #8wise  
m5' are  b ! mess5g]s ( div9e ,wisdom   
7ix4 #c74    ,! sages1 ^: collect$      
wisdom we are ab\t to /udy1 are v       
diff]5t f ^? antique sages :o l ,balaam 
c\ld be hir$ to  curse a ho/ile p4 ,a   

new k9d ( wisdom grew up bo? 9 ,israel &
  9 ! neighb\r+ c\ntries1 z unlike its  
spuri\s c\nt]p>t z !  spiritual lyric   
poetry bo? ( ,israel & ( ,babylonia is  
unlike !  incantations :i* 9 ,babylonia 
coexi/$ ) x4 ,israel1 nev] sl[ to       
adopt1 receiv$ ! high] wisdom1 &        
assimilat$ x4 ,! e>?ly  elem5ts c /ill  
be trac$ 9 x2 ! #8wise m5' are n        
prophets b  philosoph]s2 inde$1 ! ,sev5 
,wise ,m5 ( ,greece arose at precisely  
! same /age ( culture z ! ,hebrew sages4
 ,x is true1 ! latt]  nev] 79           
pre-,talmudic times7 attempt$ logic &   
metaphysics2 !y  cont5t$ly rema9$ )9 !  
sph]e ( practical e?ics4 ,if a mod]n    
equival5t mu/ be f\nd1 x w\ld be be/ to 
call !m ! humani/s1  to indicate _!     
fre$om f national prejudice 7! ^w       
#8,israel'  does n occur once1 ! ^w dm  
#8man' ?irty-?ree times 9 !  ,book (    
,prov]bs71 & _! t5d5cy to base a s\nd   
morality on its  adaptation to human    
nature4 ,we might also v5ture to call !m
 reali/s  9 contradi/9ction to !        

ideali/s ( ! prophe?ood2 !y held out  no
 prospect ( a ,messianic age1 & #8m$dl$ 
n ) !m t 7  giv5 to *ange4'#ada ,! sages
 ^: #8wisdom' is h&$ d[n to u  7 n h[ev]
 oppos$ to ! spiritual prophets4 ,x is  
only #8!  fool' 7or1 to employ a synonym
 f ! prov]bs1 ! #8scorn]' or  #8mock]'7 
:o #8sai? 9 8 he>t1 ,!re is no ,god4' ,a
 mock+ poet ( a  late p]iod may dem& !  
,creator's "n 7,prov4 xxx4 #d71 b !     
writ]  :o 7if ,i may anticipate7 has    
p]petuat$ ?is /range poem indicates  8  
own v diff]5t m5tal attitude2 & ?\gh    
religi\s prov]bs  are less abundant ?an 
secul> 9 ! e>ly an?ologies1 su* z we d  
f9d are pure & elevat$ 9 tone4 ,=       
in/ance1            7#a7 ,:o c say1 ,i h
 made my he>t clean1              ,i am 
pure f my s98 7xx4 #i47          7#b7 ,!
 eyes ( ,jehovah are 9 e place1         
obs]v+ ! evil & ! good 7xv4 #c74        
7#c7 ,%el & ,abaddon#adb are be=e       
,jehovah1              h[ mu* m !n !    
he>ts ( ! sons ( m56                    
7xv4 #aa47          7#d7 ,! he>+ e> & ! 

see+ eye1              ,jehovah has made
 !m bo? 7xx4 #ab74          7#e7 ,a     
man's /eps are f ,jehovah1              
& man--h[ c he und]/& 8 way8 7xx4 #bd47 
,"o po9t 9 :i* ! wise m5 agre$ ) ,amos &
 ,isaiah 0 !  inf]iority ( a c]emonial  
sy/em#adc to pray] & fai?ful ob$i5ce    
7xv4 #h1 xxi4 #c1 #bg1 xvi4 #f71 & !    
importance :i* "o ( !  prov]b-writ]s    
atta*$ to prophecy is /rik+ly express$  
7if only  ! text be s\nd7 9 ! say+1     
,:5 !re is no prophecy 7lit41 vision7 p 
become disord]ly1       b he t obs]ves  
precept1 happy is he 7xxix4 #ah74    ,! 
prophets seem to h return$ ! fri5dly    
feel+ ( ! sages4 ,9  tone & phraseology 
!y are sometimes evid5tly influ5c$ by _!
  fell[-tea*]s 7see e4g4 ,isa4 xxviii4  
#bc-bi1 xxix4 #bd1 xxxiii4 #aa71 &  if  
!y d n (t5 ref] to ! wise m51#add yet !y
 d n  d5\nce !m1 z !y d5\nce ! prie/s & 
! l[] prophets4 ,x  may p]haps be inf]r$
 f ?is t !re 0 9 ! e>ly times no        
opposition-p>ty ( sceptical wise m51 su*
 z ,ewald supposes1#ade &  su* z n      

improbably did exi/ 9 lat] times 7see   
bel[ on xxx4 #a-d72  & ,i notice t      
,ewald himself does n attempt to /r5g!n 
8 view  by appeal+ to ! phrase #8m5 (   
scorn' 9 ,isa4 xxviii4 #ad1 :i*  "s1    
foll[+ ,ra%i & ,ab5 ,ezra1 expla9 ( wise
 m5 :o misus$  _! tal5t by mak+         
mis*iev\s prov]bs4#adf ,! inf]5ce       
m5tion$ j n[ comm5ds itself to me z     
s\nd2 b ,i admit t !  say+ on prophecy 9
 ,prov4 xxix4 #ah 7already quot$7 is    
isolat$1 &  t ! tone ( ! religi\s       
prov]bs falls f> %ort ( en?usiasm4  ,?is
 is probably all t ,m4 ,r5an means 9 a  
too ,fr5* s5t5ce ( 8  "w on             
,ecclesia/es4 ,religion1 accord+ to !   
wise m51 0 a  necess>y elem5t 9 a wor?y 
"*1 0 ev5 7,i %\ld say7 !  pr9cipal     
elem5t1 b ! religion ( ^! practical     
morali/s has  no?+ ( t delight$ ab&on   
:i* we f9d 9 ! m di/9ctly  religi\s     
,scriptures4 #8,happy ! man :o dreade?  
cont9ually1' says "o  *>act]i/ic prov]b 
7xxviii4 #ad2 contra/ ! #8n c>+' ( !    
#8fool' 9 xiv4 #af74 ,lat] on1 a m dev\t

 morali/ writes t #8!  fe> ( ,jehovah is
 ! beg9n+ ( wisdom' 7i4 #g71 & ?\gh     
#8fe>'  ne$ n exclude #8love' yet !re is
 no?+ "h to sugge/ _!  comb9ation4 ,!   
prov]b ( ! ,egyptian pr9ce              
,ptahhotep1#adg #8,to obey  is to love  
,god2 n to obey is to hate ,god1' has no
 p>allel1 at any  rate 9 ! e>ly         
an?ologies2 mu* less does ! great say+ 9
 ,ps4  lxxiii4 #be /rike a note cong5ial
 to any ( ! ,hebrew sages4 ,& yet  x    
rema9s true t ! wise m5 happily         
supplem5t$ ! m  spiritual tea*+ (       
psalmi/s & prophets4    ,!re is /ill    
ano!r important po9t on :i* bo? prophets
 & #8wise  m5' 7 agre$4 ,:atev] _! inw>d
 religion may h be51 !y  7l ! ,egyptian 
morali/s7 7 outw>dly utilit>ians2 i4e41 
!y  invite m5 to practise righte\sness1 
n because righte\sness is !  secret (   
bless$ness1 b because ( its outw>d      
rew>ds bo? = !  man himself & = 8       
po/]ity 7,prov4 xi4 #ba1 xx4 #g2 comp4  
,j]4  xxxii4 #ah74 ,! =m 9 :i* ! doctr9e
 ( proportionate retribution  is        

express$ 9 xi4 #d w\ld h be5 completely 
acceptable to !  prophets1 ^: conception
 ( ! #8day ( ,jehovah' 7i4e41 n ! la/   
great dies ira b any provid5tial crisis 
9 ! _w's hi/ory7 is  adopt$ 9 x1--      
,weal? is ( no pr(it 9 ! day ( wra?1    
b righte\sness deliv]s f dea?4          
,prov]bs express+ ?is idea 9 v>i\s =ms  
ab\nd 9 ! fir/  an?ology4 ,n a h9t is   
giv5 t retribution loit]s on ! road2 at 
mo/ a w>n+ n to envy ! 7tempor>y7       
prosp]ity ( ! wick$  7xxiii4 #ag1 xxiv4 
#a1 #ai2 ) reg>d to xxiii4 #ah see      
above74    ,?is 0 ! #8c]titude ( ! gold5
 age1' to use ,mr4 ,mat!w ,arnold's     
expression2 x is j :at we might expect 9
 a simple & /ation>y  condition (       
society4 ,! /range ?+ is t x %\ld h la/$
 on  :5 oppression )9 or ho/ile attacks 
f )\t _h br\ght  manifold causes ( sorr[
 ^u bo? good & bad4#adh ,t ! tea*]s  ( !
 p %\ld h held up ! doctr9e ( e>?ly     
retribution--                  ,behold1 
! righte\s ha? a rew>d ^u e>?2          
mu* m ! ungodly & ! s9n] 7xi4 #ca7--    

z long z x c\ld reasonably be def5d$1 0 
natural4 ,b t  %ortly be=e ! ,maccabean 
ris+ a #8wise man'#adi %\ld /ill be     
f\nd to write--            ,! gift ( !  
,"l rema9s ) ! godly1          & 8 fav\r
 br+s prosp]ity = ev] 7,ecclus4 xi4     
#ag71    seems to contradict ! usual    
correspond5ce betwe5 ! receiv$ moral    
!ory & ! outw>d circum/ances ( society4 
,all t we c say is  t su* inconsi/5cies 
are f\nd to exi/2 old =ms ( doctr9e d   
n1 z a rule1 #8melt l fro/y rime4' ,!re 
mu/ h be5 circles (  ,jewi% morali/s    
av]se to speculation1 :o w\ld cont9ue to
 repeat !  old] view ( ! provid5tial    
gov]nm5t ev5 at a "t :5 ! social  /ate  
_h completely expos$ its %all[ness4     
,dean ,plumptre1 inde$1 foll[+ ,ewald1  
cr$its ! #8wise m5' (  pre-,exile times 
) deep] views4 ,accord+ to him1 c]ta9   
prov]bs1  e4g4 x4 #be1 xi4 #d1 xiv4 #cb1
 xxiii4 #ah 7,ewald adds xii4 #bh7 imply
 !  hope ( immortality4 ,none ( ^!      
passages h[ev] c be held  conclusive4 x4
 #be1 xi4 #d simply say t ! righte\s    

%all be unhurt  9 a day ( judgm5t2 9    
xiv4 #cb ! anti!sis is betwe5 ! ru9  :i*
 foll[s ^u wick$ness & ! safe refuge (  
integrity 7read  b'?umm ) ! ,sept472 9  
xxiii4 #ah1 #8!re is a future1' !       
ref]5ce is p]fectly vague--x is natural 
to expla9 by comp>+ ,job  xlii4 #ab1    
xii4 #bh1 no d\bt1 on ,ewald's view ( ! 
passage1 seems  conclusive1             
,9 ! way ( righte\sness is life1        
& ! way ( its pa? is immortality4    ,b 
?is great ^w #8immortality' is          
unp>allel$ be=e ! ,book (  ,wisdom1 & _c
 fairly be extract$ f ! ,hebrew4#aej ,! 
,septuag9t has a diff]5t view ( !       
pronunciation ( ! text1 &  r5d]s     4  
,! easie/ plan is to correct  n'?bhh    
into ni?'bh1 ) ,levy1 & r5d]1           
b an abom9able way 7comp4 xv4 #i7 leads 
unto dea?4    ,i d n d5y t ! idea (     
et]nal life may h be5 conceiv$ at  ! "t 
( ^! prov]bs4 ,?is may plausibly be     
inf]r$ f !  occurr5ce ( ! phrase #8a    
tree ( life' 9 iii4 #ah1 xi4 #cj1 xiii4 
#ab1  xv4 #d1 & #8a f\nta9 ( life' 9 x4 

#aa1 xiii4 #ad1 xiv4 #bg1 xvi4          
#bb1--phrases c]ta9ly borr[$ f "s       
traditional /ory ( ,p>adise  analog\s to
 t 9 ,g54 ii4#aea ,x is a s+ul> fact    
h[ev] t 9  all ^! passages 7ev51 ,i ?9k1
 9 iii4 #ah7 ^! expressions are  simply 
figurative synonyms = #8refre%m5t1' :i* 
sugge/s t !  prov]b-writ]s %rank f us+  
!m 9 _! lit]al s5se ( !  individual     
righte\s man4    ,! importance ( !      
#8wise m5' z a class is too seldom      
recognis$4 ,to  ! ha/y read] !y are     
ov]%ad[$ by ! prophets1 betwe5 :om &  ! 
rude masses !y seem to h occupi$ a      
middle position4 ,_!  popul> /yle &     
g5ial mann]s attract$ probably a l>ge   
numb] (  disciples2 at any rate1 9 ! "t 
( ,j]emiah ! #8c\nsel' ( !  #8wise m5' 0
 valu$ z highly z ! #8direction' 7tra7 (
 !  prie/s & ! #8^w' ( ! prophets 7,j]4 
xviii4 #ah74 ,by con/antly  work+ on    
suitable individuals1 !y produc$ a moral
 sympa?y ) !  prophets1 )\t :i* ^? h]oic
 m5 w\ld h lab\r$ 9 va94  ,?us t fri5dly
 relation mu/ h sprung up betwe5 !      

prophets &  ! #8wise m51' ( :i* ,i h    
spok5 already1 & :i* rem9ds u (  !      
sanction said to h be5 giv5 to ! ,sev5  
,sages ( ,greece by !  oracle (         
,delphi4#aeb    ,x is a mis=tune t our  
s\rces = ! hi/ory ( ,israeliti%         
#8philosophy' are s scanty4 ,7 !re      
#8wise m5' 9 ,n4 ,israel8 & if  s1 h any
 ( _! prov]bs come d[n to u1 besides !  
ma%al or  fable ( ,jo?am8 ,did !y conf9e
 _! activity to ! capital city or       
cities1 or did !y also1 l ! #8scribes1' 
settle or it9]ate 9 !  prov9ces8 7,matt4
 ix4 #c1 ,t>g4 ( ,judg4 v4 #i47 ,did _! 
public  in/ructions assume any?+ l ! =m 
( ! prov]bs ( our  an?ologies8 ,did !y  
tea* )\t fee or rew>d8#aec ,at any rate1
 a  po/-,exile prov]b-writ] tells u )   
retrospective glance :]e !  #8wise m5'  
await$ _! disciples--n 9 ! quietude ( ! 
*amb]1  b ei!r )9 ! massive city-gates1 
or 9 ! adjac5t squ>es or  #8broad       
places' on :i* ! /reets conv]g$ 7i4 #bj1
 #ba2 comp4 ,job  xxix4 #g74 ,no d\bt !y
 _h a l>ge /ock ( say+s 9 _! memory1    

su* z _h be5 te/$ by ! exp]i5ce ( pa/   
g5]ations4 ,sometimes  !y w\ld modify   
old prov]bs1 sometimes !y w\ld frame new
 ones1 s  t :5 _! disciples ga!r$ r\nd  
!m1 !y w\ld #8br+ out (  _! treasure ?+s
 new & old4' ,f "t to "t !y w\ld commit 
_! #8wisdom' to writ+ 9 a m p]fect =m1 &
 su* records mu/  h =m$ ! basis ( !     
prov]bial collections 9 ! ,old          
,te/am5t4    ,footnote #ach3      ,!    
head+ #8! oracle' c4 9 xxx4 ,i is       
exceptional2 s also is !    oracle (    
,eliphaz 7,job iv4 #ab-ba74    ,footnote
 #aci3      ,! au?or ( ,b>u* 7iii4 #bb1 
#bc71 h[ev]1 expressly d5ies t    !     
ord9>y ,semitic #8wisdom' 0 ak9 to t (  
,israel4 ,?is    repres5ts ! ,judaism ( 
! ,maccabean p]iod4    ,footnote #adj3  
,obs]ve t #8wisdom' is call$ khokm?     
7plural =m7 9 ,prov4 i4    #bj1 ix4 #aa1
 all ! =ms ( wisdom be+ view$ z "o 9 _! 
orig94 ,s too ,wisdom adorns h] h\se )  
sev5 pill>s 7,prov4 ix4    #a74         
,footnote #ada3      xxiv4 #ba ,a4,v4   
,footnote #adb3      ,i4e4 ,p]dition2 a 

synonym = ,%el4    ,footnote #adc3      
,! au?or ( ! ,introduction h[ev] writes1
 #8,hon\r ,jehovah )    ?y sub/ance1'   
i4e4 by d$icat+ a "p ( x to ! sanctu>y  
7iii4    #i71 :i* ! ,septuag9t          
translator c>efully limits to sub/ance  
lawfully ga9$ 7,deut4 xxiii4 #ai74      
,footnote #add3      ,z p]haps !y d 9   
,am4 v4 #aj1 ,isa4 xxix4 #ba 7#8him t   
rebuke? 9    ! gate'74 ,obs]ve aga9 9   
?is connection t ! end[m5ts (    !      
,messiah include ! _s ( wisdom z well z 
t ( might    7,isa4 xi4 #b71 & t !      
wisdom ( ,jehovah is emphasis$ 9 ,isa4  
xxxi4 #b1 comp4 xxviii4 #bi4            
,footnote #ade3      ,die di*t] des alt5
 bundes1 ii4 #ab4 ,ewald ref]s to xiii4 
#a1 xiv4    #f1 & o!r passages 9 :i*    
#8scorn]s' are ref]r$ to4 ,b x is    n  
cle> t #8a p[]ful s*ool' ( wise m5 is "h
 int5d$2 !    title may be giv5 to ^? :o
 oppos$ or despis$ ! c\nsels (    ! wise
 m51 & broke ?r\gh ! re/ra9ts ( law &   
religion2    comp4 ,prov4 xv4 #ab1 xxi4 
#bd4' 7,! ,prophecies ( ,isaiah1 ed4 #c1

 i4    #afe74 ,among su* p]sons 7 !     
politicians ( ,isaiah's day1 s f>    z  
!y oppos$ ! w>n+s ( ! prophet2 !y 7     
popul>ly    consid]$ #8wise m5' 7xxix4  
#ad2 comp4 ,j]4 viii4 #i71 b n 9 !      
te*nical s5se ) :i* our pres5t enquiries
 are conc]n$4    ,footnote #adf3        
,luzzatto r5d]s1 #8o voi uom9i          
insipi5ti1 poeti di que/o popolo1'      
tak+ m%lm 9 ! same s5se z 9 ,num4 xxi4  
#bg 7simil>ly    ,b>?1 9 8 tract on     
,isaiah1 p4 #bc1 foll[+ ,ra%i & ,ab5    
,ezra71    a view :i* receives "s       
support f ! p>able (f]$ by ,isaiah    9 
xxviii4 #bc-bi z if 9 opposition to !   
false p>ables ( uns\nd    tea*]s4 ,b 9  
,isa4 xxix4 #bj #8scorn]' is cle>ly us$1
 n z a    class-"n = c]ta9 wise m51 b 9 
a moral s5se4    ,footnote #adg3        
,brugs*1 ,religion und ,my?ologie d]    
alt5 ,aegypt]1 p4 #ia4    ,footnote     
#adh3      ,yet 9 ,prov4 iii4 #aa1 #ab  
!re is di/9ct evid5ce ( deep5$          
exp]i5ce & progress ( moral ?\ght4      
,footnote #adi3      ,on ! or?odoxy (   

,ecclesia/icus1 see lat] on4            
,footnote #aej3      ,! ,vulg4 has1 it] 
autem devium ducit ad mortem 7b ?is     
pregnant    s5se ( it] devium1 is too   
bold74    ,footnote #aea3      ,analog\s
 only1 because app>5tly x _h bo? a tree 
& a f\nta9    ( life1 l a ,new ,zeal&   
my? m5tion$ by ,s*irr54    ,footnote    
#aeb3      ,curtius1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 
ii4 #eb4    ,footnote #aec3      ,ewald 
inf]s f xvii4 #af t ev5 9 e>ly times x 0
 cu/om>y    to fee ! #8wise m5' = _!    
advice 7comp4 ,saul & ,samuel74 ,at a   
lat] "t ,sira* says1 #8,buy 7in/ruction7
 = y\rselves )\t    money' 7,ecclus4 li4
 #be1 b comp4 #bh74 ,! ,rabbis 7 n all[$
 to    receive fees f _! pupils4 ,r4    
,zadok said1 #8,make n 7! ,tora7 a      
cr[n to glory 91 nor an axe to live by' 
7,pirke ,abo?1 iv4 #i74 ,s    ! ,moslem 
tea*]s at ! great ,cairo #8univ]sity'   
7el ,azh>74                             
,,*apt] ,,ii4                    ,,!    
,,=m ,,& ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,prov]bs4     
,9 "o ( ! op5+ v]ses ( ! ,book (        

,prov]bs 7i4 #f7 ?ree  te*nical names = 
v>ieties ( prov]bs are put toge!r3--7#a7
  m%l1 a %ort1 po9t$ say+ ) ref]5ce to  
"s /rik+  feature 9 ! life ( an         
individual1 or 9 human life g5]ally1 (t5
  clo!d 9 figurative language 7:5ce1    
accord+ to _m1 ! "n  m%l1 z if          
#8similitude2' comp4 71 7#b7 m'la1      
p]haps a  #8b5t'1 #8oblique' or 7z      
,sept47 #8d>k' say+1 7#c7 khda1 a       
#8knotty'  or intricate say+1 especially
 a riddle4 ,ea* ( ^! words has a  v>iety
 ( applications2 = in/ance 7#a7 is us$ 9
 ,num4 xxiii41 xxiv41  = a p>alleli/ic  
poem1 7#a7 & 7#b7 sometimes mean a      
#8taunt+ spee*'  7see bel[1 & comp4     
,hab4 ii4 #f1 ,isa4 xiv4 #d1 ,mic4 ii4  
#d71 & 7#c7 c  be us$1 n m]ely ( true   
riddles ) a moral mean+1 su* z we  f9d  
"h & !re 9 ,prov4 xxx41 b also (        
didactic /atem5ts ^u  subjects z        
difficult z riddles 7see ,ps4 xlix4 #e1 
,a4,v4 #d1 lxxviii4 #b74  ,we h no      
collection ( popul> prov]bs1 su* z exi/s
 9 ,arabic2 !  prov]bs 9 ! canonical    

collection %[ great te*nical            
elaboration1  ?\gh "s may be bas$ on !  
naive #8wisdom' ( ! p4 ,a v few         
specim5s ( ! popul> prov]b h inde$ be5  
pres]v$ 9 !  canonical lit]ature4#aed   
#8,is ,saul also among ! prophets8' 7#a 
,sam4 x4  #ab1 xix4 #bd7 pres]ves !     
memory ( a humor\s fact 9 ! /ory (  t   
k+4 #8,wick$ness proce$s f ! wick$' 7#a 
,sam4 xxiv4 #ac7 is1  unlike ! =m]1 a   
g5]alisation1 & means t a man's "* is   
%[n by 8 actions 7comp4 ,isa4 xxxii4    
#f74 #8,z is ! "m1 s is !  daught]'     
7,ezek4 xvi4 #dd7 is also an induction f
 common exp]i5ce4  #8,! fa!rs h eat5 s\r
 grapes1 & ! *ildr5's tee? are set on   
edge' 7,j]4 xxii4 #bi1 ,ezek4 xviii4    
#b71 words appli$ no d\bt1 z ,l[?  says1
 pr(anely1 b n orig9ally meant s1 is a  
figurative way (  say+ t ! s9s ( ! fa!rs
 are visit$ ^u ! *ildr54 ,we  h "o      
specim5 ( ! riddle 7/rictly s call$7--t 
well-kn[n "o  ( ,samson's1           ,f 
! eat] came =? food1         & f ! /rong
 "o came =? sweetness 7,judges xiv4     

#ad74    ,! p>able1 too1 0 d\btless     
call$ ma%al1 & ( ?is we h  ?ree ,old    
,te/am5t examples1 :i* w at once occur  
to ! read] 7#b  ,sam1 xii4 #a-f1 xiv4   
#d-i1 #a ,k+s xx4 #ci1 #dj72 b x is m   
important  to draw ! read]'s att5tion to
 ! r>e specim5s ( ! fable4 ,"s  may ?9k 
x bold to ref] 9 ?is connection to a    
portion ( a  n>rative :i* seems at fir/ 
sight to be hi/orical 7,num4 xxi4       
#bb-ce74  ,! /range episode ( ! speak+  
ass is1 h[ev]1 mo/ difficult to  und]/&1
 except z a sportive quasi-hi/orical    
v]sion ( a popul>  ma%al or fable       
7comp>e ! f\r ,babylonian animal-fables 
discov]$  among ! fragm5ts ( ,k+        
,assurbanipal's libr>y74#aee ,! passage 
be+ evid5tly di/9ct f ! re/ ( ! /ory (  
,balaam1 9  pass+ ?is judgm5t ^u x1 we  
are n committ$ z a matt] (  c\rse to a  
d5ial ( all hi/orical "* to ! re/ ( !   
n>rative4 ,! fables ( ,jo?am 7,judg4 ix4
 #h-ae7 & ,joa% 7#b ,k+s xiv4  #i71 9   
:i* ! trees are introduc$ speak+1 h also
 _!  p>allels 9 ,babylonian lit]ature4  

,"o ( !m inde$ has a claim to be  call$ 
a ma%al on a second acc\nt2 ! tree-fable
 ( ,joa% is a  taunt ( ! ke5e/ edge1 &  
"o ( ! second>y mean+s ( ma%al  is      
#8taunt+ spee*' 7see ,isa4 xiv4 #d1     
,a4,v474 ,x is true ! #8taunt+  spee*es'
 expressly call$ ma%als--n only ^? 9 !  
prophetic  writ+s 7see above71 b ! v]ses
 ascrib$ to #8^? t speak 9  ma%als' 9   
,num4 xxi4 #bg-cj--;are poetical 9 =m1 b
 ?is is because  ! ,hebrew writ]s nev]  
conceiv$ ! idea ( a n>rative poem2 ev5  
! prologue ( ! ,book ( ,job is 9 prose4 
,^! are ! pr9cipal specim5s ( ! ma%al   
ap>t f ^? 9  ! ?ree ,books ( ,old       
,te/am5t ,wisdom4 ,!y are b ! #8two or  
?ree  b]ries' left aft] ! beat+ ( ! tree
 7,isa4 xvii4 #f71 & excite a  long+ = m
 :i* _c be gratifi$4 ,we may be sure t 9
  ,israel's prime ! tell+ ( prov]bs 0   
almo/ z popul> z !  recital ( /ories1 & 
became a te/ ( ability4 ,=--            
,! legs ( a lame man hang loose1        
s is a prov]b 9 ! m\? ( fools 7xxvi4    
#g72    & ?\gh ,sira* says ( ! lab\r+   

class1 #8,!y %all n be f\nd  :]e p>ables
 are spok5' 7,ecclus4 xxxviii4 #cc71 x  
is reasonable to  acc\nt = ?is by !     
ari/ocratic pride ( ! /ud5ts (          
,scripture  9 ! lat] ,jewi% community4  
,at any rate1 z ,i h said already1 "s   
at lea/ ( ! e>ly lit]>y prov]bs are v   
possibly bas$ on  popul> say+s2 ^! w\ld 
naturally embody a pla91 b\rgeois       
exp]i5ce su* z m>ks n a few ( ! prov]bs 
9 our book4 ,dr4 ,oort  conjectures#aef 
t "s ( our prov]bs 7 orig9ally curr5t   
among ! p z riddles1 su* = in/ance z1   
#8,:at is sweet z  honey8--,pleasant    
disc\rse1 = x is sweet to ! s\l & a     
m$ic9e to  ! bones' 7xvi4 #bd72 #8,:at  
is worse ?an meet+ a be>8--,meet+ a fool
  9 a fit ( folly' 7xvii4 #ab72 #8,:at  
is sweet at fir/1 & !n l  s& 9 !        
m\?8--,/ol5 food' 7xx4 #ag74 ,c]ta9ly ! 
introduction to  ! #8prov]bs ( ,solomon'
 may seem to imply 7i4 #f7 t !          
collection  :i* foll[s conta9s specim5s 
( ! riddle1 b probably all !  writ]     
means is t ! #8words ( ! wise' are (t5  

#8knotty' because  epigrammatic4 ,we may
 inde$ reasonably hold t1 l _! prototype
  ,solomon1#aeg ! #8wise m5' 7 accu/om$ 
to %>p5 _! intellects  ^u enigmas 7su* z
 lie at ! root ( ! s-call$ #8num]ical   
prov]bs' 9 xxx4 #ae1 #ah1 #ba1 #bd1 #bi2
 comp4 vi4 #af72 b a /ill m  important  
discipl9e ?an ! battle ( wits 0 ! habit 
( ke5  obs]vation4 ,we _c r$uce all !   
prov]bs involv+ comp>ison to  ! =m (    
riddles1 any m ?an we c d ?is ) ! foll[+
  ,buddhi/ say+s1 equal to ! m ref9$    
specim5s ( ! ,hebrew  prov]b38--#aeh    
,z ra9 breaks ?r\gh an ill-?at*$ h\se1 s
 passion w break      ?r\gh an          
unreflect+ m9d4        ,l a beautiful   
fl[]1 full ( col\r1 b )\t sc5t1 are !   
f9e b fruitless words ( him :o does n   
act accord+ly4        ,a tam$ elephant  
!y lead to battle2 ! k+ m\nts a tam$    
elephant2 ! tam$ is ! be/ among m51 he  
:o sil5tly endures      abuse4          
,well-mak]s lead ! wat]2 flet*]s b5d !  
arr[2 c>p5t]s      b5d a log ( wood2    
wise p fa%ion !mselves4    ,ano!r       

plausible hypo!sis simil> to t ( ,dr4   
,oort is t "s (  our prov]bs are bas$ on
 popul> fables1 z is ! case accord+ to  
,dr4 ,back ) _m ( ! prov]bs 9 ! ,talmud 
& ,midra%4#aei ,!  ,jewi% s*ol> ref]r$  
to applies ?is key to ,prov4 vi4 #f-aa  
7comp4 !  ,aramaic fable ( ! ant & !    
gras%opp]--see ,delitzs*'s note71 to  ! 
num]ical prov]bs 9 *ap4 xxx4            
7#8skeletons ( fables' he calls  !m71 & 
to ,eccles4 ix4 #d & x4 #aa4 ,bo?       
prov]bs & fables inde$  are common 9    
lat] ,jewi% lit]ature4 ,fables1         
especially animal fables1  7 n p]haps   
appropriate vehicles ( moral in/ruction 
accord+ to  ! ,o4,t4 writ]s4 ,b ! lat]  
,jewi% tea*]s d n seem to h felt  ?is   
objection4 ,rabbi ,meir 7#bnd c5t4      
,a4,d47 0 ! writ] ( animal  fables p>   
excell5ce2 ,rabbi ,hillel 7,b4,c4 #cj71 
h[ev]1 s not$ =  8 v]satility1 0 also a 
copi\s fabuli/4#afj    ,?is popul> orig9
 ( "s at lea/ ( ! prov]bs suffici5tly   
acc\nts = _! comp>atively trite &       
commonplace "*4 ,!y  7 n trite &        

commonplace to ^? :o fir/ us$ !m1 &     
successive g5]ations lov$ !m because (  
_! antiquity 7,job viii4  #h-aj74 ,ev5  
to u !y are n s commonplace z ! f> less 
popul>  & piquant ,egyptian prov]bs1#afa
 ?\gh ,i confess t !y w  h>dly comp>e ) 
! relics ( ,indian gnomology1#afb /ill  
less )  ! s+ul>ly ri* & po9t$ prov]bs ( 
! ,*9ese4#afc ,!  practice ( writ+      
anti!tic s5t5ces on pap] or silk to     
susp5d 9  h\ses 7contra/ ,deut4 vi4 #i7 
gave an edge to ! %rewd e>?ly wisdom  ( 
! c\ntrym5 ( ,confucius4 ,! ,jewi%      
intellect develop$ b  sl[ly into !      
acut5ess ( ! lat] p]iods :i* produc$    
fables1  prov]bs1 & riddles :i* c safely
 *all5ge comp>ison4#afd    ,footnote    
#aed3      ,9 ! ,midra%-lit]ature1      
prov]bs are (t5 quot$ ) an express      
/atem5t t !y are f ! lips ( ! p4        
,footnote #aee3      ,see ,smi? &       
,sayce's ,*aldan ,g5esis1 pp4 #adj-aed4 
,= !    ,egyptian animal-fables1 :i* may
 be ! orig9als ( ^? ( sop1    see       
,mahaffy1 ,prolegom5a to ,anc4 ,hi/41 p4

 #cij2 = ! ,indian1 see    ! apologues (
 ! ,pan*atantra by ,b5fey or ,lanc]eau1 
& !    ,buddhi/ ,bir?-,/ories--#8!      
olde/1 mo/ complete1 & mo/ important    
collection ( folk-lore                  
extant'--translat$ by ,rhys ,davids1    
vol4 i4    ,footnote #aef3      ,!      
,bible = ,"y ,p1 ,e4 ,t41 iii4 #aje-f4  
,footnote #aeg3      #a ,k+s x4 #a2     
comp4 ,m5&]'s acc\nt 9 ,josephus1       
,antiq4 viii4 #e1    #c4    ,footnote   
#aeh3      ,f ,max ,mll]'s translation (
 ! ,dhammapada1 or #8,pa? ( ,virtue'    
7#ahgj74    ,footnote #aei3      ,dr4   
,back gives a li/ ( ^! 9 ,grtz's        
,monatss*rift1 #ahed1 pp4    #bfe-g4    
,footnote #afj3      ,9 ! ,talmudic     
treatise ,s(]im xvi4 #i1 a li/ (        
,hillel's    acquirem5ts is giv51       
includ+ ! conv]sations ( ! m\nta9s1    !
 trees1 ! animals1 ! demons1 c4 ,on !   
,jewi% fable    lit]ature1 ! weal? ( :i*
 seems unp>allel$1 see ,back1 ,die      
,fabel 9 ,talmud und ,midra%1 9 ,gratz's
 ,monatss*rift1 #ahge-ahhd4    ,curi\sly

 en\gh ! two olde/ ,jewi% fables are    
simil> 9 "*    to ^? ( ! ,old ,te/4     
,footnote #afa3      ,comp4 ,r5\f1      
,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #ge1 #gf1        
#ajj-ajc2 ,mahaffy1    ,prolegom5a to   
,anci5t ,hi/ory1 pp4 #bgc-bia2 ,brugs*1 
,religion und    ,my?ologie d] alt5     
,aegypt]1 p4 #ia2 ,records ( ! ,pa/1    
viii4    #aeg-afj4    ,footnote #afb3   
,comp4 ,web]1 ,indis*e                  
,lit]aturges*i*te1 p4 #bbg4    ,footnote
 #afc3      ,see ,sc>bor\gh1 ,collection
 ( ,*9ese ,prov]bs 7#ahge74 ,! ,*9ese   
prov]bs h no kn[n au?ors4    ,footnote  
#afd3      ,on ! riddles ref]r$ to1 see 
,wns*e1 ,die ,r?selwei%eit bei d5       
,hebrern 7#ahhc74 ,comp4 !m ) ! lat]    
,arabic prov]bs 7see    ,h>iri1 & comp4 
,freytag1 ,prov]bia arabica74           
,,*apt] ,,iii4                  ,,!     
,,fir/ ,,collection ,,& ,,its           
,,app5dices4      ,^u ent]+ :at ,dante 9
 ! ,de ,mon>*i s well calls #8!  =e/' ( 
! canonical prov]bs1 we are soon /ruck  
by diff]5ces (  age & gr[?4 ,! c5tral   

portion ( ! book1 & 9 "s respects  ! mo/
 int]e/+1 is compris$ 9 x4 #a-xxii4 #af4
 ,to ?is1 :i* is  inde$ ! orig9al ,book 
( ,prov]bs1 ! fir/ n9e *apt]s 7  int5d$ 
to s]ve z ! introduction4 ,x is ! olde/ 
,hebrew  prov]bial an?ology extant4     
,probably f its compil] x receiv$ !  "n 
#8,prov]bs ( ,solomon1' & f ?is title   
has sprung ! tradition  accept$ by s _m 
subsequ5t ages & inde$ by ! editor ( !  
:ole book 7,prov4 i4 #a7 ( ,solomon's   
au?or%ip ( ! ,prov]bs4 ,!  title h[ev]  
_c be hi/orically correct4 ,^? maxims 9 
?is  an?ology :i* ref] to ! true ,god "u
 ! "n ,jehovah 7,yahv7  are too         
mono!i/ic & inculcate too pure a        
morality to be ! "w (  ! ,solomon ( !   
,book ( ,k+s4 ,t great despot's         
#8wisdom1' s f>  z we c judge bo? f 8 "*
 & f ! traditional  notices1 _c h _h a  
di/9ctively religi\s "*4 ,li/5 to  ^!   
prov]bs1--             ,bett] a little )
 ! fe> ( ,jehovah           ?an great   
treasure & turmoil !re) 7xv4 #af74      
,! horse is prep>$ aga9/ ! day ( battle1

           b victory is ,jehovah's 7xxi4
 #ca74           ,! m\? ( /range wom5 is
 a deep pit2           he ) :om ,jehovah
 is wro? falle? !re9 7xxii4 #ad74       
,a wise son 7love?7 8 fa!r's correction1
           b a scorn] he>e? n rebuke    
7xiii4 #a71--    & = a comm5t>y read #a 
,k+s iv4 #bf1 xi4 #a1 #d1 #ad-dj1 xii4  
#ad1 #ae4  ,nor is ! moral tone ( !     
#8,solomonic' prov]bs 9 its pla9        
b\rgeois  simplicity any m suitable to !
 "n !y be> ?an ! religi\s4  ,unless     
,solomon 0 l ,h>\n al-,ra%id1 & made    
himself privately  acqua9t$ ) ! ways &  
?\ghts ( ! citiz5s1 x is difficult  to  
see h[ he c h writt5 s completely z "o (
 !m w\ld h  done4    ,! tru? is t bo?   
,david & ,solomon 7 idealis$ by lat]    
g5]ations4 ,! h]oes ( a gr&] if n bett] 
age1 !y t[]$ f>  above ! petty figures (
 _! successors4 ,fav\r$ by !            
contempor>y depression ( ,egypt &       
,assyria1 !y _h be5 enabl$ to  re> & to 
reta9 a p[]ful empire1 comp>able to ^?  
:i*  afflict$ & oppress$ ! divid$ p ( ! 

lat] ,israelites4  ,solomon 9 p>ticul>  
is repres5t$ 9 tradition z n only ! mo/ 
=tunate b ! wise/ ( k+s1 n 9 ! s5se 9   
:i* x is said  t religion is ! be/ "p ( 
wisdom 7,prov4 i4 #g71 b 9 t 9  :i* !   
#8*ildr5 ( ! ea/' 7 accu/om$ to use !   
^w4 ,?is  is cle> f ! language ( !      
,hebrew n>rator3--        #8,& ,god gave
 ,solomon wisdom & und]/&+ exce$+ mu*1 &
      l>g5ess ( he>t ev5 z ! s& on !    
sea-%ore4 ,& ,solomon's      wisdom     
excell$ ! wisdom ( all ! *ildr5 ( ! ea/ 
c\ntry1      & all ! wisdom ( ,egypt4 ,=
 he 0 wis] ?an all m52 ?an      ,e?an ! 
,ezrahite read1 p]haps1 #8! native1'    
i4e4 !      ,israelite1 & ,heman1 &     
,calcol1 & ,d>da1 ! sons ( ,mahol       
probably a =eign]3 & 8 fame 0 9 all !   
nations r\nd      ab\t4 ,& he spoke ?ree
 ?\s& prov]bs or1 similitudes1 &      8 
songs 7 a ?\s& & five4 ,& he spoke (    
trees1 f !      c$> 9 ,lebanon unto !   
hyssop t spr+e? out ( ! wall3 he        
spoke also ( bea/s1 & ( birds1 & (      
creep+ ?+s1 & (      fi%es4 ,& !re came 

( all peoples to he> ! wisdom (         
,solomon1      f all k+s ( ! e>?1 :o _h 
he>d ( 8 wisdom4' 7#a ,k+s      iv4     
#bi-cd47    ,i see no reason = n accept+
 ! sub/ance ( ?is tradition4 ,!         
pr9cipal po9t 9 x is ! ascription to    
,solomon ( a p[] (  apoph!gmatic        
composition :i* ! au?or1 z a dev\t !i/1 
c\ld  n b trace to a div9e gift1 j z !  
au?or ( ,ex4 xxxvi4  ascribes ! skill ( 
! artisans ( ! tab]nacle to ! direct    
op]ation ( ,jehovah4 ,b we are also     
in=m$ t ! tal5ts (  ,solomon 7 nei!r    
peculi> to him1 nor ex]cis$ on diff]5t  
subjects f ^? ( =eign sages4 ,! precise 
mean+ ( ! ,hebrew  m'%lm 9 #a ,k+s iv4  
#cb is sugge/$ by v]4 #cc4 ,! ^w seems  
to  mean moralis+ similitudes#afe d]iv$ 
p>tly f ! animal1 p>tly  f ! vegetable  
k+dom 7= ,"l ,bacon's view1#aff h9t$ 9 !
  ,new ,atlantis1 is m plausible ?an    
s\nd74 ,0 ,i n "r 9 say+  t !           
traditional notices ( ,solomon's wisdom 
d n agree ) !  title ( our an?ology8 ,i 
wi% t x 7 o!rwise4 ,h[ gladly "o  w\ld  

see a few ( ,solomon's g5u9e utt]ances  
7:e!r prov]bs1 or  similitudes1 or      
fables7 incorporat$ into "o or ano!r ( !
 ,hebrew  ,scriptures6    ,i ?9k h[ev] t
 x is unfair bo? to ! compil] & to !    
editor  :o repeats 8 /atem5t 7i4 #a7 to 
take ! ascription ( ^!  prov]bs to      
,solomon lit]ally4 ,accuracy 9 ! details
 ( lit]>y  hi/ory 0 n a qualification   
:i* w\ld seem important to an           
,israelite4 ,! "n ( ,solomon 0 atta*$ 7=
 dogmatism "h seems  p]missible7 to ^!  
*oice specim5s ( ,hebrew prov]biology   
simply  f a v *>act]i/ic h]o-wor%ip4    
,solomon _h 9 fact become !  symbol (   
pla9 e?ical #8wisdom' j z ,david _h     
become !  repres5tative ( religi\s lyric
 poetry4 ,we may see ?is f !  alt]native
 title ( ! ,book ( ,prov]bs 9 bo? ,jewi%
 & ,*ri/ian  writ+s--#8,book (          
,wisdom2'#afg /ill m f ! fiction (      
,solomon's  au?or%ip ( ,ecclesia/es1 & f
 ! ,t>gumic p>aphrase ( ,j]4 ix4  #bc1  
#8,let n ,solomon ! son ( ,david1 ! wise
 man1 glory 9 8  wisdom4' ,( c\rse1 !   

real names ( ! au?ors ( ! prov]bs _h    
be5 z irrecov]ably lo/ z ^? ( our e>ly  
ballad-writ]s4    ,b ?\gh we mu/ d5y !  
,solomonic au?or%ip a f>-(f influ5ce (  
! ,solomonic age may p]haps be admitt$2 
at lea/1 !re are gr\nds  = ! op9ion t "s
 ( ! prov]bs are z old z ! n9?  c5tury4 
7#a7 ,! second collection ( s-call$     
,solomonic prov]bs 0  compil$ accord+ to
 a cr$ible tradition 7xxv4 #a7 9 ! reign
 (  ,hezekiah2 ?is ( itself ?r[s ! e>li]
 collection a consid]able  way back into
 ! eigh? c5tury4 7#b7 ,^u exam9+ ! fir/ 
an?ology  we f9d t "s ( ! prov]bs       
already h a hi/ory4 ,= in/ance1  7a7 !  
solemn g5]alisation 9 xiv4 #ab occurs 9 
exactly ! same  =m 9 xvi4 #be1 7b7 eight
 o!r prov]bs are repeat$ ) slight       
*anges 9 expression 7x4 #a  xv4 #bj1 x4 
#b  xi4 #d1 xiii4 #ad  xiv4 #bg1  xiv4  
#bj  xix4 #d1 xvi4 #b  xxi4 #b1 xix1 #e 
xix4 #i1 xx4 #aj  xx4 #bc1  xxi4 #i     
xxi4 #ai71 b except 9 ! case ( xi4 #d1  
xiv4 #bg no *ange 9  ?\ght1 7c7 t5 are  
repeat$1 at lea/ s f> z "o l9e goes1    

ei!r exactly or ) b slight diff]5ces 7x4
 #ae  xviii4 #aa1 x4  #fafh  x4 #aa1 x4 
#h  x4 #aj1afi xv4 #cc  xviii4 #ab1 xi4 
#ac  xx4 #ai1  xi1 #ba  xvi4 #e1 xii4   
#ad  xiii4 #b1 xiv4 #ca  xvii4 #e1 xvi4 
#ah  xviii4  #ab1 xix4 #ab  xx4 #b74 ,x 
is probable t "s "t w\ld elapse be=e  a 
prov]b atta9$ su* notoriety z to be     
circulat$ 9 v>y+ =ms4  7#c7 ,!          
orig9ality ( ! diction 7a7 & ! c>eful   
obs]vance (  te*nical rules (           
composition 7b7 fav\r an e>ly date4 7a7 
,=  in/ance1 #8/e]sman%ip'#agj 7xi4 #ad1
 xii4 #e1 xx4 #ah71 z a t]m =  practical
 wisdom or c\nsels1 evid5tly spr+s f a  
fre% en?usiasm  = comm]ce2 a long li/ ( 
/rik+ expressions might be add$ f  any  
*apt] ( ! collection4 7b7 ,nor is       
te*nical precision at all  less         
conspicu\s 9 ?is e>ly an?ology4 ,ea*    
prov]b is a di/i*1  i4e4 consi/s ( two  
l9es1 z a rule ?ree-ton$1 & 9 mo/ cases 
anti!tically p>allel4 ,x is true1 xix4  
#g 9 its pres5t =m is a  tri/i*1 i4e4   
consi/s ( ?ree memb]s1 b ?is prov]b     

und\bt$ly  arose out ( two1 ! second (  
:i* is mutilat$ 9 ! ,hebrew text1  b is 
f\nd 9 a complete ?\gh n entirely       
correct =m 9 !  ,septuag9t4 ,!          
incompreh5sible ?ird l9e ( xix4 #g giv5 
9 v]sions  bas$ ^u ! ,hebrew n[ becomes 
! di/i*1                 ,he t does mu* 
evil p]fects mis*ief2               he t
 provokes#aga ) words %all n escape4    
,accord+ to ,ewald1 ! collection is     
divid$ into five p>ts by !  recurr5ce at
 int]vals ( a prov]b exhort+ ! "y to    
receive  in/ruction2 see x4 #a1 xiii4   
#a1 xv4 #bj1 xvii4 #be1 xix4 #bj4 ,if   
?is  division is int5tional x may be    
comp>$ ) ! equally me*anical  triple    
division f\nd by "s 9 ,isa4 xl4 lxvi4 ,(
 arrangem5t by  subject !re is b little 
trace2 "h & !re two or m v]ses  come 9  
succession deal+ ) ! same !me4 ,obs]ve  
too !  recurr5ce ( #8,jehovah1' xv4 #cc1
 xvi4 #a-i1 #aa1 & ( ! ^w #8k+' 9  xvi4 
#aj1 #ab-ae1 :i* %[s t "o pr9ciple (    
arrangem5t 0 simply  ! recurr5ce ( c]ta9
 cat*words4 ,bickell ?9ks t ano!r       

pr9ciple 0 ! occurr5ce ( ! same initial 
lett] 7see xi4 #i-ab1  xx4 #g-i1 xx4    
#bd-bf1 xxii4 #b-d74    ,altoge!r1 x is 
abundantly cle> t we h be=e u works (   
art1  & n ! simple maxims h&$ d[n 9     
,israel f fa!r to son4  ,!re may        
sometimes be a traditional basis1 b no  
m4 ,! an?ology  contra/s1 !re=e1 z      
,ewald rem>ks1 ) ! collections ( ,arabic
  prov]bs due to ,abu-,obaida1          
,maidani#agb & o!rs4 ,b :e!r we may  g  
on to ass]t ) ! same great critic t we h
 "h ! wise  m5's applications ( ! tru?s 
( religion to ! inf9ite cases &         
cont+5cies ( ! secul> life1 seems       
d\btful4 ,x is n cle> to me  t ^! wise  
m5 7 preoccupi$ by religion4 ,!re are   
inde$ n a  few f9e religi\s prov]bs1 b x
 _c be %[n t ^? :o wrote  ! secul>      
prov]bs also wrote ! religi\s4 ,x is    
possible & ev5  probable t "s ( !       
religi\s prov]bs are ! "w ( ! au?or  ( !
 introductory *apt]s2 )\t dogmatis+1 ,i 
may ref] to xiv4  #cd 7comp4 viii4 #ae1 
#af71 xv4 #cc1 xvi4 #a-g1 & p]haps to   

xix4 #bg1 :i*  is q 9 ! p>5tal tone (   
*aps4 i4-ix4 ,! tone ( ! secul>  prov]bs
 is n1 f a ,*ri/ian po9t ( view 7( :i* m
 lat]  on71 an elevat$ "o4 ,! e?ical    
pr9ciple is prud5tial4 ,virtue or       
#8wisdom' is rew>d$1 & vice or #8folly' 
puni%$ 9 ?is life4 ,x is  inde$ n[h]e   
expressly said t e tr\ble is a puni%m5t2
 b  !re is no?+ l xxiv4 #af 9 ?is       
an?ology to prev5t ! read]  f inf]r+ x4 
,at any rate1 ! writ]s are cle>ly n 9 ! 
van  ( religi\s ?\ght3 no #8ob/9ate     
que/ion+s' h yet di/urb$  _!            
tranquillity4    ,we ne$ n pause "h to  
demon/rate :at no "o probably w dispute1
  t ! orig9 ( ?is fir/ an?ology is      
imp]sonal4 ,! fact t x  is s may well   
give u ! m confid5ce 9 ! accuracy ( !   
social  picture :i* x conta9s4 ,?is is  
c]ta9ly a pleas+ "o1 & po9ts  to a      
comp>atively e>ly p]iod 9 ! hi/ory (    
,judah4 ,comm]ce &  its att5dant luxury 
h n made su* progress z at ! "t :5 !    
introduction 0 writt52 pov]ty is only   
too well kn[n1 b !re  seems to be a     

middle class ) a s\nd moral s5se1 to :i*
 !  writ]s ( prov]bs c appeal4 ,x is    
true1 says "o ( ^!1 t 9  daily life     
#8ri* & poor meet toge!r1' b = all t    
#8,jehovah is  ! mak] ( !m all' 7xxii4  
#b71 & #8he t oppresses ! poor          
reproa*es 8 mak]' 7xiv4 #ca74 ,& if x is
 true on ! "o h& t  #8! poor is hat$ ev5
 ( 8 neighb\r' 7xiv4 #bj71 & t #8!      
de/ruction ( ! wret*$ is _! pov]ty' 7x4 
#ae71 x is equally s  on ! o!r t #8he t 
tru/s 9 8 ri*es %all fall' 7xi4 #bh71  &
 t           ,bett] is ! poor man :o    
walks 9 8 blamelessness1         ?an he 
:o is p]v]se 9 8 ways & is ri*#agc 7xix4
 #a74    ,! /r5g? ( ! l& /ill consi/s 9 
! numb] ( small  proprietors till+ _!   
own gr\nd4 ,two prov]bs express an      
int]e/  9 ^!1 e4g4            ,! poor   
man's newly pl\gh$ field gives food 9   
abundance1          b !re is t is cut (f
 by inju/ice 7xiii4 #bc74               
,bett] is a mean man t tills =          
himself#agd          ?an he t glorifies 
himself & has no bread 7xii4 #i74       

,all ! f>m]s h[ev] 7 n s dilig5t z ^?   
indicat$ 9 ^!  passages4 ,"o ( ! num]\s 
prov]bs aga9/ laz9ess 7!n z n[ a        
preval5t vice 9 ?is "p ( ! ,ea/#age7    
br+s be=e u a  l&-own] :o is too lazy to
 give ! ord] = pl\gh+ at ! "r  "t1 & s  
:5 he looks = ! h>ve/1 !re is none4     
,:5 autumn comes ! slugg>d pl\ghs n2    
s if he asks at h>ve/-"t1 !re is no?+   
7xx4 #d74    ,! "r use ( ! gift ( spee* 
is ano!r v fav\rite subject 9  ?is      
an?ology4 ,! *>m ( suitable words is be/
 describ$ 9 a  ,hezekian prov]b 7xxv4   
#aa71 b x is well said 9 xv4 #d t #8a   
g5tle  tongue is a tree ( life1' &      
else:]e t                ,!re is t      
babbles l ! ?ru/s ( a sword1            
b ! tongue ( ! wise is g5tl5ess 7xii4   
#ah74    ,! wond]ful p[] ( language c\ld
 h>dly at t age h be5  bett] express$   
?an by ! say+1               ,! words ( 
a man's m\? are deep wat]s1             
a gu%+ torr5t1 a wellspr+ ( wisdom      
7xviii4 #d74    ,! /&>d ( family morals 
is high2 a good wife is describ$ z      

,god's  be/ gift 7xii4 #d1 xviii4 #bb1  
xix4 #ad71 & ! re/ra9ts ( home are      
comm5d$ to ! "y 7xix4 #ah1 xxii4 #f1    
#ae71 z 9 ! ,egyptian  prov]bs4         
,monogamy is ?r\gh\t presuppos$1 & a    
want ( respect =  ei!r p>5t is condemn$ 
7xiii4 #a1 xv4 #e1 xix4 #bf74 ,! k+ too 
is  repeat$ly held up to rev]5ce 7xiv4  
#ce1 xvi4 #aj1 #ab-ae1 xix4 #ab1 xx4    
#b1 #h1 #bf1 #bh1 xxii4 #aa72 x is n s 9
 ! ,hezekian collection4 ,!  k+ h[ev] is
 n id5tifi$ ) ! ,deity1 z 9 ,egypt2 we  
are told  t ! w ( ! mon>* is pliable 9 !
 h& ( ,jehovah 7xxi4 #a71  & ! true     
glory ( a nation is1 n 9 ! pr[ess ( its 
k+1 b  9 righte\sness 7xiv4 #cd74 ,& ev5
 if we mu/ confess t ! _s  ( ! m secul> 
prov]bs is utilit>ian1 ! utilit>ianism  
is  sometimes a v ref9$ "o1 z = in/ance 
:]e ! refre%+  "* ( a quiet1 cont5t$ m9d
 is contra/$ ) ! dull  reaction :i*     
foll[s on an outbur/ ( passion 7xiv4    
#cj74 ,9  conclusion1 ,i w quote a few  
prov]bs int]e/+ *iefly z  *>act]i/ic (  
_! age1 & !n a few m ( ! gems ( !       

collection4        7a7 ,! poor is hat$  
ev5 by 8 neighb\r1            b ! ri*   
has _m fri5ds 7xiv4 #bj74               
,:oso )holds corn1 him ! p curse1       
b bless+ is on ! head ( him :o sells x  
7xi4 #bf74            ,! beg9n+ ( /rife 
is z :5 "o lets out wat]1            s  
leave (f qu>rell+ be=e ! tee? be %[n    
7xvii4 #ad74            ,! gift ( a man 
makes a free space = him1            &  
br+s him be=e ! great 7xviii4 #af74     
#8,bad1 bad1' says ! pur*as]1           
b :5 he goes away1 he boa/s 7xx4 #ad74  
7b7 ,! righte\s reg>ds ! life ( 8       
cattle1#agf            b ! he>t ( !     
wick$ is cruel 7xii4 #aj74            ,!
 he>t kn[s its own bitt]ness1           
& a /rang] _c int]m$dle ) its joy 7xiv4 
#aj74            ,he t cov]s            
transgression helps =w>d love1          
b he t repeats a matt] sep>ates be/     
fri5ds 7xvii4 #i74            ,!re are  
fri5ds 7good en\gh7 act+ _! "p1#agg     
& !re is a lov+ fri5d :o /icks clos] ?an
 a bro!r                                

7xviii4 #bd2 comp1 xvii4 #ag74          
,:o c say1 ,i h made my he>t clean1     
,i am pure f my s98 7xx4 #i47           
,say n1 ,i w recomp5se evil2            
wait = ,jehovah1 & he w deliv] !e 7xx4  
#bb74    ,! fir/ app5dix to ! orig9al   
,book 7app5d$ possibly be=e !           
composition ( ! ,introduction7 is a     
small collection ( prov]bial  say+s     
call$ #8words ( ! wise' 7xxii4 #ag-xxiv4
 #bb74 ,virtually !  same phrase occurs 
aga9 9 xxiv4 #bc at ! head ( a /ill     
%ort]  "w1 compil$ or compos$ evid5tly  
ab\t ! same "t by ano!r  #8wise man'    
7p]haps ! :ole "w has n come d[n to u74 
,9 !  introductory v]ses ! compil]'s    
object 9 writ+ d[n ^! prov]bs  is said  
to h be5 t 8 disciple might le>n virtue 
& religion1  & might become qualifi$ to 
tea* o!rs4 ,!re is "o v difficult       
passage 9 x1 b ?is has be5 correct$ 9 a 
ma/]ly way by  ,bickell3--#agh          
,t ?y confid5ce may be 9 ,jehovah1      
to make kn[n unto !e ?y ways4           
,n[1 yea be=e n[1 h ,i writt5 unto !e1  

long be=e1 ) c\nsels & k1         ,t ?\ 
maye/ "k ! rightness ( true words1      
t ?\ maye/ answ] 9 true words to ^? t   
ask !e                                  
7xxii4 #ai-ba74    ,! con/ruction ( v]4 
#bj;b & v]4 #ba 9 ! ,hebrew ?us becomes 
m idiomatic 7comp4    71 ?\gh n free f  
ambiguity4 ,! words may mean ei!r t !   
compil] took long ov]  8 "w1 or t ?is 0 
n ! fir/ occasion ( 8 writ+4 ,on !      
latt] explanation ! passage may imply t 
! compil] ( ?is  an?ology also wrote    
*aps4 i4-ix4 7comp4 i4 #f;b74 ,8        
hortatory /yle  & pr$ilection = gr\p+   
v]ses may seem to plead = ?is view4     
,!re are h[ev] no important po9ts (     
contact 9 phraseology betwe5  ! "w be=e 
u & ,prov4 i4-ix41#agi & c]ta9ly !      
app5dix  falls f> bel[ ! /&>d ( !       
,introduction4 ,at any rate1 x is       
und\bt$ t ^! #8words ( ! wise' appe>$   
long aft] !  #8,solomonic' prov]bs4 ,!  
peculi>ities ( /yle ref]r$ to %[ ?is1  &
 also ! imitation ( "s ( ! #8,solomonic'
 prov]bs 9 ! #8words  ( ! wise2' 7comp4 

xi4 #ad ) xxiv4 #e1 #f2 xiii4 #i ) xxiv4
 #ai1 #bj2  xxii4 #ad;a ) xxiii4 #bg74  
,!re is no occasion to suppose t all ^! 
prov]bs come f "o  p]iod2 b ! h& ( a    
compil] is m conspicu\s "h ?an 9 !  fir/
 an?ology4 ,he has n inde$ remov$       
repetitions 7see xxii4 #bh;a1  xxiii4   
#aj;a2 xxiii4 #ag;a1 xxiv4 #a;a2 xxiii4 
#ah1 xxiv4 #ad71 b !  p]sonal elem5t    
prepond]ates s mu* t he might fairly h  
prefix$ 8 own "n z ! au?or4             
,arti/ically1 he may p]haps be  f\nd    
want+4 ,he has left "o tri/i* 7i4e4 a   
prov]b ( ?ree l9es71  viz4 xxii4 #bi2   
two p5ta/i*s 7i4e4 prov]bs ( five l9es71
 viz4  xxiii4 #d1 #e4 xxiv4 #ac1 #ad2 & 
"o hepta/i* 7i4e4 a prov]b ( sev5       
l9es71 viz4 xxiii4 #f-h4 ,unsymmetrical 
z ^! may be1 x seems  haz>d\s1 unless   
!re be any specially d\btful passage1 to
 re/ore  symmetry 7i4e4 to conv]t       
tri/i*s into tetra/i*s1 & s on7 by      
ins]t+ words conjecturally4 ,!re are a  
few di/i*s 7xxii4 #bh1  xxiii4 #i1 xxiv4
 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj71 ?us af=d+ a slight   

po9t ( contact  ) ! fir/ an?ology2 m    
tetra/i*s 7xxii4 #bb1 #bc2 #bd1 #be2    
#bf1  #bg2 xxiii4 #aj1 #aa2 #ae1 #af2   
#ag1 #ah2 xxiv4 #a1 #b2 #c1 #d2 #e1 #f2 
#ae1 #af2 #ag1  #ah2 #ai1 #bj2 #ba1     
#bb71 & hexa/i*s 7xxiii4 #a-c2 #ab-ad2  
#ai-ba2 #bf-bh2  xxiv4 #aa1 #ab74 ,"o   
octa/i* occurs 7xxiii4 #bb-be71 & "o    
long poem1  9 ! ma9 a gr\p ( di/i*s1    
ref]r$ to aga9 bel[ 7xxiii4 #bi-ce74    
,beautiful 9 =m1 ! prov]bs ( ?is        
collection c]ta9ly are n2  "o _c apply  
to ! au?or ! say+ 9 xxiv4 #bf1 #8,he    
kisses !  lips :o answ]s 9 suitable     
words4' ,! cont5ts h[ev] are n  )\t     
po9ts ( int]e/4 ,9 xxiii4 #a-c we h a   
picture ( a man (  ! middle class       
admitt$ to ! table ( a gov]nor4 ,be+    
unus$ to  #8da9ties1' he is tempt$ to   
excess2 z a re/ra9t1 ! #8wise man' bids 
him consid] ! caprici\sness ( pr9cely   
fav\r 7comp4 ,ecclus4 ix4  #ac74 ,!     
abuse ( luxuries su* z w9e & meat 0 9   
fact a sore evil  9 ! eyes ( ?is writ]  
7see ! caution 9 xxiii4 #bj1 #ba 9 !    

,septuag9t v]sion1 :i* rem9ds "o ( vii4 
#ad74 ,he has ev5 left u a  poem on !   
evils ( drunk5ness 7xxiii4 #bi-ce7 :i*  
conta9s sev]al  /rik+ details f its     
satirical op5+1 #8,:o ha? oi1 :o ha?    
aboi8' 7int]jections express+ pa971 to !
 picturesque comp>ison  ( ! drunk>d to a
 man #8t lie? ^u ! top ( a ma/1'#ahj :i*
  %[s incid5tally t sea-life 0 by ?is "t
 a famili> exp]i5ce4  ,ano!r int]e/+    
passage1 ?\gh m>r$ by its obscurity1 is 
t 9  xxiv4 #aa1 #ab4 ,! innoc5t victims 
( a misc>riage ( ju/ice are ab\t  to be 
dragg$ away to execution2 ! pupil ( !   
wise is exhort$ to  #8deliv]' !m1 by    
int]v5+ ) resi/less en]gy1 l ! ,/4 ,ives
  ( a fav\rite ,breton leg5d1 & te/ify+ 
to ! innoc5ce ( !  suff]]s 7see xxxi4   
#h74 ,he may ( c\rse refuse1 ?9k+ to    
pret5d  aft]w>ds t he _h n he>d ( !     
case2 b ,god kn[s all1 &  w requite     
falsehood1 n p]haps at once1 b at a     
future "t1 :5  #8! lamp ( ! wick$ %all  
be put out' 7xxiv4 #bj74 ,! wise m51 z  
we h se51 clung firmly to ! doctr9e (   

retribution 9 "s "o (  its v>i\s =ms4   
,we are n !re=e surpris$ t a book (     
prov]bs %\ld conclude ) a dissuasion f  
consort+ ) lawless  p]sons1 & an e>ne/  
advice to #8fe> ,jehovah & ! k+' 7xxiv4 
#ba74    ,mu* ne$ n be said ( ! second  
app5dix 7xxiv4 #bc-cd74 #8,^! also  are 
by wise m51' writes ! collector1 imply+ 
t he is to be  di/+ui%$ f ! editor ( !  
prec$+ collection4 ,! prov]bs  are      
all#aha ei!r 9 two1 f\r1 or six l9es1   
except v]4 #bg1 :]e  h[ev] x is possible
 t "s words h dropp$ out4#ahb ,at ! end 
comes a p>able or apologue pr(ess$ly    
drawn f ! writ]'s  exp]i5ce 7rem9d+ u 9 
?is ( vii4 #f-bc1 b /ill m ( ,job v4    
#c-e74 ,! sc5e is laid 9 a v9ey>d :i*   
has run to wa/e & become  a wild]ness f 
! c>elessness ( its own] 7comp4 xx4 #d74
 ,!  ma%al 7xxiv4 #cj-cb7 has be5 l5g!n$
 by ! addition ( two v]ses  f vi4 #i1   
#aj1 orig9ally no d\bt a m>g9al note4 ,x
 0 ne$less2  ! /ory 7if /ory x c be     
call$7 is m vivid 9 its brevity1 &  =ms 
a fitt+ close to ?is section ( prov]bial

 wisdom4    ,footnote #afe3      ,dr4   
,grtz is ( op9ion t ,solomon 0 a fabuli/
 l ,jo?am2 9    ! text ,i h foll[$      
,josephus 7,ant4 vii4 #b1 #e74 ,leg5d   
relat$    h[ ! wise k+1 l ! e>ly m5 9   
,african folk-lore 7,max    ,mll]1      
,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #aaf71 talk$ ) 7n 
m]ely (7    bea/s1 birds1 & fi%es1 b    
delight$ mo/ 9 ! birds4    ,footnote    
#aff3      ,?is 0 also ! op9ion ( ,ewald
 7,hi/ory1 iii4 #bha74 ,x might n[    be
 urg$ 9 its fav\r t ,assurbanipal's     
libr>y conta9$ bil+ual    li/s (        
animals1 vegetables1 & m9]als4 ,b       
rememb] t !    ,assyrians 7 incomp>ably 
m civilis$ ?an ! ,israelites1 &    _h   
bo? a lexicographical & a sci5tific     
int]e/ 9 mak+ ^!    li/s1 & above all t 
,solomon is n /at$ to h writt51 b       
only to h spok54    ,footnote #afg3     
,see ! ,tosefo? to ! ,talmudic treatise 
,baba ba?ra1 #ad;b1    :]e ! "n is giv5 
bo? to ,prov]bs & to ,ecclesia/es4 ,x is
    h[ev] m commonly f\nd 9 ,*ri/ian ?an
 9 ,jewi% lit]ature1    (t5 "u ! full]  

=m    7see especially    ,eusebius1 ,h4 
,e41 iv4 #bb74    ,footnote #afh3       
,! second l9e h[ev] seems to h intrud$ f
 v]4 #aa1 & ?us    to h supplant$ !     
orig9al4    ,footnote #afi3      ,"h    
aga9 ! second l9e is evid5tly an intrud]
 7f v]4 #h74 ,we    %\ld d\btless read )
 ,sept41 #8b he t reproves produces     
welf>e4'    ,footnote #agj3      ,?is ^w
 7takhbl?7 also occurs 9 xxiv4 #f1 i4   
#e1 ,job xxxvii4 #ab4    ,footnote #aga3
      ,= m'raddf read m'gaddf4          
,footnote #agb3      ,l&b]g d5ies t     
,maidani's prov]bs 7 ev] really popul>1 
b    ,a4 ,mll] judges t ?is view is     
extravagant 7,zeits*rift fr             
,vlk]psy*ologie1 xii4 #dda74            
,footnote #agc3      ,! text has #8?an  
he :o is p]v]se 9 8 lips & is a fool4'  
,)    ,grtz1 ,i foll[ ! ,pe%itto &      
7p>tly7 ! ,vulgate4    ,footnote #agd3  
,po9t+ bhd1 ) ,hitzig1 ,ewald1 &        
,bickell2 comp4 v]1 #aa4    ,dijs]9ck   
+5i\sly em5ds bhr #8heaps up' 7i4e4     
saves74    ,footnote #age3      ,comp4  

,?omson1 ,! ,l& & ! ,book1 pp4 #ccf-h4  
,footnote #agf3      ,! ^w is behma     
7,s5eca's #8muta animalia'74 ,s*op5hau]1
    ?9k+ p]haps ( ! ,levitical          
sacrifices1 accuses ! ,old    ,te/am5t (
 cruelty to animals4 ,b see1 besides ?is
 passage1 ,g54    i4 #bg-bi1 ,num4 xxii4
 #bh1 ,jon4 iv4 #aa4    ,footnote #agg3 
,) ,hitzig & o!rs1 tak+ '% z a s(t5$ =m 
y% 7comp4    #b ,sam4 xiv4 #ai1 ,mic4   
vi4 #aj72 ! yd is kept z 9 ,aramaic4 ,s 
,t>g41 ,pe%4    ,footnote #agh3      ,at
 ! end ( v]4 #ai ,bickell ne>ly foll[s  
,sept4 ,cod4 ,vat41       7,a4,c4,s4 74 
,b z ?is takes ! place ( hayym1 x w\ld  
seem t ,bickell ought to beg9 v]4 #bj ) 
af e?ml4 ,?is    h[ev] w\ld n suit 8    
metrical !ory4    ,footnote #agi3       
,! phraseological resemblance ( xxiii4  
#ai;b to iv4 #ad;b is    incomplete4 ,z 
= khokm? 9 xxiv4 #g1 x means simply     
#8wisdom' 7z    9 xiv4 #a1 :]e khakm? is
 wrong72 ! p>allelism ) i4 #bj1 ix4     
#a is n ( critical importance4 ,any real
 po9ts ( contact 7su* z    xxiii4 #bc;a2

 comp4 iv4 #e1 #g7 c be acc\nt$ = by    
imitation1 &    "o c\ld easily br+      
toge!r po9ts ( diff]5ce4    ,footnote   
#ahj3      ,! ^w = #8ma/' is a 4 4 ,!   
,septuag9t & ,pe%itto h #8z    a /e]sman
 7or seaman7 9 great break]s4'          
,footnote #aha3      xxiv4 #bc;b is no  
exception2 x is m]ely ! fir/ l9e ( a    
hexa/i*4    ,footnote #ahb3      ,= #8& 
aft]w>ds' ! ,hebrew has #8aft]w>ds & ?\ 
%alt build4'    #8,&' may mean #8!n1'   
m>k+ out ! p]fect z consecutive1 b x    
may also h be5 int5d$ to jo9 two p>ts ( 
a s5t5ce4                               
,,*apt] ,,iv4                 ,,!       
,,second ,,collection ,,& ,,its         
,,app5dices4      ,! next prov]bial     
an?ology 7xxv4-xxix47 l its *ief        
pr$ecessor is  describ$ 9 ! head+ z     
#8,prov]bs ( ,solomon4'#ahc ,! social   
/ate  h[ev] presuppos$ 9 _m ( !m is s   
diff]5t f t ( !  ,solomonic age t we may
 at once reject ! !ory ( ! wise k+'s    
au?or%ip4 ,ano!r "n ) :i* 9 xxv4 #a ! "w
 is connect$ is  t ( ,hezekiah1 :o has  

be5 sugge/ively call$ #8! ,pisi/ratus ( 
,judah4' ,! comp>ison halts1 no d\bt2 = 
,pisi/ratus & 8  #8companions' meant to 
collect ! :ole ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 :]eas 
complet5ess c h>dly h be5 ! object ( ^? 
#8fri5ds 7or  c\nsellors7 ( ,hezekiah'  
:o #8collect$'#ahd ! #8,prov]bs (       
,solomon'  9 xxv4 #b-xxix4 #bg2 at lea/1
 we "k t !re 0 mu* prov]bial  wisdom 9  
circulation :i* _h z good or z bad a    
claim to be call$  #8,solomonic' z !    
say+s :i* !y h admitt$ into _!          
an?ology4 ,x may inde$ well be d\bt$    
:e!r ! compil]s _h any  ?\ght ( collect+
 ! relics 7n[ already m ?an #bjj ye>s   
old7  ( ! wise k+4 ,! /yle ( ^! prov]bs 
makes su* a hypo!sis  ev5 m improbable  
?an 9 ! case ( x4 #a-xxii4 #af4 ,! words
 )  :i* ! head+ beg9s are ( c\rse n     
decisive1 especially z !  :ole v]se     
appe>s to be due1 n to ! royal (ficials 
:o are spok5  (1 b to ! au?or ( ! head+ 
9 xxiv4 #bc;a 7bo? head+s beg9  ) #8^!  
also'74 ,t ,hezekiah 0 ! in/igator ( !  
compilation1  ne$ n h[ev] be disput$4   

,ev5 if n himself an au?or1#ahe he may  
well h %>$ 8 fri5d ,isaiah's int]e/ 9   
lit]ature2 &  besides1 x 0 at t "t "o ( 
! glories ( a great k+ to be  ! f\nd] ( 
a libr>y4#ahf ,! ^w us$ 9 describ+ !    
activity  ( 8 commission]s means        
lit]ally #8transf]r$' 7f "o place to    
ano!r71 & w equally well apply to ! not+
 d[n ( oral  traditions & to ! mak+     
extracts f exi/+ collections4 ,among  ! 
latt]1 ! #8,prov]bs ( ,solomon' 9 x4    
#a-xxii4 #af are ( c\rse to  be includ$1
 ?\gh x is n q c]ta9 :e!r ! compil]s ( !
  lat] an?ology _h ! book be=e !m4 ,x is
 true t n9e prov]bs  are ! same 9 ! two 
books ei!r absolutely 7xxv4 #bd  xxi4   
#i1 xxvi4  #bb  xviii4 #h1 xxvii4 #ab   
xxii4 #c1 xxvii4 #ac  xx4 #af7 or       
virtually  7xxvi4 #ac  xxii4 #ac1 xxvi4 
#ae  xix4 #bd1 xxviii4 #f  xix4 #a1     
xxviii4 #ai   xii4 #aa1 xxix4 #ac  xxii4
 #b71 besides two :i* agree 9 "o l9e    
7xxvii4 #ba  xvii4 #c1 xxix4 #bb  xv4   
#ah2 comp4 also xxvii4 #ae1 xix4 #ac74  
,b !re /ill rema9s ! "q1 ,:y !          

collectors took s little  & left s mu* (
 manife/ antiquity1 & to ?is "q we _c   
expect to f9d an answ]4 ,all t we c say 
is t _! compilation  has /rik+          
*>act]i/ics ( its own4 ,9 te*nicalities 
!y admit a  great] v>iety ?an ^? ( !    
fir/ an?ology4 ,!y all[ n only  di/i*s b
 tri/i*s 7xxv4 #h1 #ac1 #bj1 xxvii4 #aj1
 #bb1 xxviii4 #aj71  tetra/i*s 7xxv4 #d1
 #e1 xxv4 #i1 #aj1 xxv4 #ba1 #bb1 xxvi4 
#ah1 #ai1 xxvi4 #bd1  #be1 xxvii4 #ae1  
#af71 & 9 "o case a p5ta/i*#ahg 7xxv4   
#f1 #g71  agree+ 9 ?is respect ) ! two  
app5dices ( ! fir/ an?ology4  ,!re is   
also a long ma%al1 analog\s to "s we h  
_h already1  :i* c only ) "s laxity be  
call$ a prov]b1 & :i* ext5ds  ov] t5    
di/i*s 7xxvii4 #bc-bg74 ,) reg>d to     
p>allelism1 !  anti!tic k9d1 :i*        
pr$om9ates 9 ! fir/ #8,solomonic'       
an?ology1  is r>e 9 ?is collection1     
except 9 *aps4 xxviii41 xxix42 sometimes
  inde$ !re is no p>allelism at all 7see
 xxv4 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #ba1 #bb1 xxvi4  #ah1
 #ai1 xxvii4 #a1 xxix4 #ab74 ,z a       

comp5sation1 similitudes ab\nd 9  ! ?ree
 fir/ *apt]s ( ! collection4 ,sometimes 
! comp>ison is  express$1 e4g4          
,z ! cold ( sn[ 9 ! heat#ahh ( h>ve/    
is a fai?ful mess5g] to ^? t s5d him3   
he refre%es ! s\l ( 8 ma/] 7xxv4 #ac72  
at o!r times x is impli$ by !           
juxtaposition ( ! two objects1  e4g4    
,apples ( gold 9 *as$ "w ( silv]1       
a ^w smoo?ly spok5#ahi 7xxv4 #aa74      
,let u pause on ?is fav\rite prov]b (   
,goe!'s4 ,! ,hebrew #8wise  m5' w\ld n h
 agre$ to a lat] sage's depreciation (  
spee*4#aij #8,a ^w 9 due season1 h[ good
 is x' 7xv4 #bc72 b :5  n only          
seasonable b set (f by *>ms ( /yle1 h[  
mu* bett] is  x6 ,! #8apples ( gold' 9  
xxv4 #aa are probably oranges2 ! #8*as$ 
"w ( silv]' means ei!r baskets ( silv]  
filagree1 or1 z ,i %\ld  l to ?9k ) ,mr4
 ,neil1 ! brilliant :ite blossoms among 
:i*  ! gold5 fruit is se5 peep+ out4 ,if
 ! #8gold' is figurative1 :y  n also !  
#8silv]'8 ,we are rem9d$ ( ,&rew        
,m>vell's l9es 9 !  #8,emigrants'       

,song1'                       ,he hangs 
9 %ades ! orange bright1                
,l gold5 lamps 9 a gre5 night1    ?\gh  
,m>vell =got :at ,addison 7,spectator1  
,no4 #dee7 well knew1  t fl[]s z well z 
fruit & leaves cont9ue on ! orange-tree 
=  ! be/ "p ( ! ye>4    ,b to return to 
our an?ology4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem z if   
two editors  ) diff]5t ta/es _h be5     
conc]n$ 9 x1 ! "o responsible =  *aps4  
xxv4-xxvii41 & ! o!r = *aps4 xxviii1    
xxix4 ,accord+ to  ,ewald1 ! prov]bs 9 !
 latt] section are mo/ly some:at old]   
?an  ^? 9 ! =m]4 ,?is is p]haps an      
impression r ?an a  judgm5t2 & few w d5y
 t "s at lea/ ( ! p>abolic prov]bs  9 ! 
fir/ section may be z old z ^? ( ! same 
class 9 x4  #a-xxii4 #af4    ,x is      
difficult to suppose t _m ( ! prov]bs 9 
ei!r "p (  ! book g back to a remote    
date4 ,! *e]fulness ( ,israel's #8gold5 
prime' is gone2 society seems to h      
*ang$1 n altoge!r = !  bett]1 ev5 s9ce !
 fir/ great an?ology 0 made4 ,! k+ is   
/ill  look$ up to ) awe2 ! book beg9s ) 

a gr\p ( f\r s5t5ces on  ! true glory ( 
a mon>*1 foll[$ by two on ! "r behavi\r 
=  a subject 7xxv4 #b-g74 ,! k+ is      
describ$ 7surely ) a t\* (  idealism7 z 
inquisitive 9 ! be/ s5se2 8 #8he>t1' or 
und]/&+1 is unse>*able4 ,b ?is happy    
view ( mon>*y passes  away4 ,!re are    
sev]al prov]bs compla9+ ( ! wick$ness ( 
k+s1  :i* are almo/ )\t a p>allel 9 !   
e>li] collection4 ,ungodly  rul]s h made
 ! p #8sigh' 7xxix4 #b72 !y h be5 l     
#8ro>+ lions & rav5\s be>s' to ! #8poor 
folk' 7xxviii4 #ae1 #af71  & h          
completely de/roy$ ! fre$om ( social    
int]c\rse 7xxviii4  #ab1 #bh74          
,sometimes1 z 9 ! nor!rn k+dom aft] !   
dea? (  ,j]oboam ,,ii41#aia ! cr[n has  
become ! object ( competition to a  cr[d
 ( pret5d]s 7xxviii4 #b74 ,! mis]y ( ! p
 has be5  height5$ by ! gre$ ( petty    
tyrants1 accord+ to ! =cible  say+1--   
,a man :o is ri*#aib & oppresses ! poor 
7is7 a ra9 :i* sweeps away & gives no   
bread 7xxviii4 #c74    ,:at k9d (       
oppression is meant we may le>n f ,micah

 7ii4 #c71--                  ,& !y     
covet l&s & take !m by viol5ce2         
h\ses1 & take !m away2                & 
!y oppress ! own] & 8 h\se1             
a man & 8 inh]itance4    ,x is 9 %ort ! 
same unscrupul\s accumulation ( l&$     
prop]ty to  :i* ,isaiah devotes "o ( 8  
solemn #8woes' 9 8 e>lie/ prophecy1  &  
:i* is "o ( ! causes ( ! ?reat5$        
captivity 7,isa4 v4 #h-aj  #ac74 ,exile 
has inde$ become a famili> idea to ^? :o
 admitt$  xxvii4 #h into ! an?ology1 if1
 z mo/ ?9k1 9 ! pa!tic words (  xxvii4  
#h we may he> an e*o ( ! m>* ( ,assyrian
 armies1 #8to  w&]' be+ an euphemism =  
go+ into bani%m5t4              ,z a    
bird t w&]s f h] ne/1            s is a 
man t w&]s#aic f 8 home 7xxvii4 #h74    
,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! prov]bs relate to   
ord9>y b\rgeois life4  ,religi\s prov]bs
 occur b r>ely4#aid #8,folly' too is n s
 (t5  m5tion$ z 9 ! fir/ collection1 & !
 c5sure :i* x has to  be> is mo/ly      
indirect & m or less satirical2 see e4g4
 !  prov]b--                  ,?\gh ?\  

%\lde/ beat a fool 9 a mort>            
9 ! mid/ ( bruis$ corn ) a pe/le1       
8 folly w\ld n dep>t f him 7xxvii4 #bb71
    & especially ! p>adoxical exhibition
 ( ! two sides ( a tru?--               
,answ] n ! /upid man accord+ to 8 folly1
               le/ ?\ ?yself also become
 l unto him3               ,answ] !     
/upid man accord+ to 8 folly1           
le/ he reg>d himself z wise 7xxvi4 #d1  
#e71    :]e ! fir/ di/i* dissuades f    
retaliat+ on a fool by a ^w  or an      
action on 8 own l[ moral plane1 :ile !  
second recomm5ds  giv+ 8 folly !        
exposure or ! %>p answ] :i* x s ri*ly   
des]ves4#aie ,! wide mean+ ( #8folly' 9 
?is pair ( prov]bs may  be illu/rat$ by 
xvii4 #ab1 :]e x evid5tly means a       
p>oxysm (  passion4 ,next to ?is noisy  
passionate #8folly1' if we may judge f !
  arrangem5t ( *ap4 xxvi41 comes ! vice 
( idl5ess 7xxvi4 #ac-af74  ,h[ dang]\s  
?is 0 felt to be we h se5 already1 & !  
exhortation to agricultural indu/ry 9   
xxvii4 #bc-bg =ms a c\nt]p>t  to !      

m$itation on ! #8field ( ! slo?ful' 9   
xxiv4 #cj-cb4 ,if !  motives urg$ = ?is 
& o!r duties are n l(ty1 ! /&>d is  at  
lea/ an easily atta9able "o4            
,sometimes1 inde$1 ! eye %>p5$ by a     
reg>d to prud5ce disc]ns  moral po9ts ( 
"s ref9em5t4#aif ,?is prov]b1 = in/ance1
  /rikes "o z delicate1 9 spite ( !     
prud5tial motive atta*$ to  x 9 ! next  
v]se1--                   ,conduct ?y   
qu>rel ) ?y neighb\r1                 b 
expose n ! secret ( ano!r 7xxv4 #i72    
& ! well-kn[n precept on %[+ k9dness to 
"o's enemies1 ?\gh  p>tly support$ by ! 
prospect ( a rew>d 7comp4 xxiv4 #ag1    
#ah71 is s  nobly express$ t an apo/le c
 adopt x )\t *ange 7,rom4 xii4  #bj71-- 
,if "o t hates !e hung]1 give him bread 
to eat1        & if he ?ir/1 give him   
wat] to dr9k1        = ?\ heape/ coals (
 fire !reby        ^u 8 head1 & ,jehovah
 %all recomp5se !e 7xxv4 #ba1 #bb74     
,let u pause a mom5t on ?is prov]b1 :i* 
contra/s s /rongly )  ! advice on !     
treatm5t ( enemies giv5 by ,sira*4      

#8,coals ( fire  on ! head' is probably 
"h a metaphorical expression = :at ,/4  
,augu/9e calls #8ur5tes consci5ti       
gemitus' 7,de doctr4 ,*ri/41 l4  iii41  
c4 #af74 ,! apposit5ess ( ! phrase w be 
height5$ if we  suppose ! enemy spok5 ( 
to be "o :o has nev] he>d ( ! wise      
man's rule--a man ( rude1 uncultur$     
nature1 & p]haps ( ali5 race4  ,to su* a
 "o1 ! be+ f$ by ! v man :om he #8hat$' 
w\ld give  fir/ ( all a %ock ( surprise1
 & !n a pang ( intol]able remorse  = 8  
own unwor?9ess4#aig ,i wi% "o c\ld be   
sure t ?is pang  0 ref]r$ to z purify+ z
 well z pa9ful to ! suff]]4 ,a  p>allel 
passage w\ld be a great boon4 ,( c\rse  
we c apply !  passage 9 ! same s5se z   
,/4 ,paul :5 he foll[$ 8 quotation  ) ! 
words1 #8,be n ov]come ( evil1 b ov]come
 evil ) good4'    ,b we %\ld wrong our  
#8wise m5' by treat+ !m z pure          
utilit>ians2 !y are (t5 sympa!tic       
obs]v]s ( "* &  circum/ance4 ,=         
in/ance1--        ,v9eg> fall+ ^u a     
w\nd1#aih      & he :o s+s songs to a   

heavy he>t 7xxv4 #bj74      ,silv] dross
 spread ov] an e>!n vessel--      f]v5t 
lips#aii & a bad he>t 7xxvi4 #bc74      
,let ano!r man praise !e1 & n ?9e own   
m\?3      a /rang]1 & n ?9e own lips    
7xxvii4 #b74      ,fai?ful are ! w\nds (
 "o :o loves1      b ! kisses ( a hat]  
are pr(use#bjj 7xxvii4 #f74      ,?9e   
own fri5d1 & ?y fa!r's fri5d1 =sake n2  
& g n to ?y bro!r's h\se 9 ! day ( ?y   
calamity3      bett] is a ne> neighb\r  
?an a f> (f bro!r#bja 7xxvii4 #aj74     
,he :o blesses 8 fri5d ) a l\d voice1   
ris+ e>ly 9 !         morn+1      x is  
reckon$ to him = a curse#bjb 7xxvii4    
#ad74      ,iron is %>p5$ by iron1      
& a man %>p5s ! face 7or edge7 ( 8 fri5d
 7xxvii4 #ag74    ,! ?ree app5dices to !
 ,hezekian collection 7xxx41 xxxi4 #a-i1
 xxxi4  #aj-ca7 are1 to take ! mo/      
cons]vative position possible1 obvi\sly 
n e>li] ?an ! clos+ c5tury ( ! ,jewi%   
/ate4 ,! art (  prov]b-writ+ has decl9$ 
ev] s9ce ! compilation ( ! previ\s      
an?ology4 ,! m>ks ( simplicity &        

naturalness are want+2 !  enigmatical & 
artificial seem to be s\ght =4 ,ea* "p (
 ^! two  *apt]s has moreov] some?+ ( its
 own po9t+ 9 ! direction (  a late      
orig94 ,! two fir/ app5dices are v      
possibly ev5 lat]  ?an ! return ( !     
,jews f ,babylon4    ,! fir/ app5dix    
beg9s--#8,! words ( ,agur ! son (       
,jakeh1 !  prophecy' 7or1 div9e         
utt]ance7#bjc 7comp4 xxxi1 #a74 ,! head+
 is  enigmatical2 9 :at s5se are !      
#8words' #8a prophecy1' & :o are !      
p]sons spok5 (8 ,! latt] "q we h no     
means ( answ]+4  ,! names are n f\nd    
else:]e1 & h be5 ?\ght to be  pseudonyms
 7,agur might mean #8collector' & ,jakeh
 #8ob$i5t1' i4e4  #8religi\s'74#bjd ,z  
to ! title #8! prophecy1' x mu/ be      
admitt$  t x is n by any means an       
appropriate "o4 ,x is too bold to accuse
  ! prov]b-writ] ( claim+ prophetic     
inspiration4 7,& :y %\ld  ! article be  
prefix$87 ,! only alt]native to ?is is  
to read1 )  ,pr(4 ,grtz1 7= hammass #8! 
prophecy'7 hamm%l #8!  prov]b-writ]4'   

,aft] ! head+ comes a gr\p ( f\r v]ses  
complete  9 itself4         ,! oracle ( 
! man #8,i h we>i$#bje myself ab\t ,god'
 7871       ,i h we>i$ myself ab\t ,god 
& h n prevail$4#bjf       ,= ,i am too  
/upid = a man1       & am )\t human     
reason2       ,i h n le>n$ wisdom1      
nor h ,i k ( ! ,all-holy4#bjg       ,:o 
has gone up to heav5 & come d[n8        
:o has ga!r$ ! w9d 9 8 fi/s8       :o   
has b\nd up ! wat]s 9 a g>m5t8       :o 
has e/abli%$ all ! ends ( ! e>?8        
:at is 8 "n1 & :at is 8 son's "n1 if ?\ 
kn[e/8    ,x is n easy to int]pret ?is  
little passage4 ,evid5tly ! speak]  is a
 #8wise man1' :o1 accord+ to "s critics1
 inculcates a rev]5t  humility by       
report+ ! fruitlessness ( 8 own         
!ological  speculations4 ,aft] long     
brood+ ov] ! problems ( ! div9e nature  
7s !y expla971 ! ,hebrew sage 0 compell$
 to desi/ ) !  feel+ ( 8 utt]           
incapacity4 ,l ,israel ! patri>* he     
/rove  ) ,god1 b unlike ,israel he did n
 prevail4 ,he kn[s inde$ :at ,god  has  

done & is cont9ually do+2 ,he is !      
,omnipres5t ,"o1 ! ,"l  ( w9d & flood1 !
 ,au?or ( ! b\nd>ies ( ! e>?4 ,b :at  is
 ?is great ,be+'s "n1 & 7to "k ,him     
intimately7 :at is ,8  son's "n8 ,on ?is
 view ( its mean+1 ! passage rem9ds "o (
 !  words ( ,goe!'s ,fau/1 #8,:o c "n   
,him1 or :o confess1 ,i believe  ,him8  
,:o c feel1 & c be bold to say1 ,i      
believe ,him n8' ,or  p]haps we may /ill
 bett] comp>e ,max ,lett]is' ma/]ly     
,hebrew  translation or adaptation1 9   
:i* ! m$ieval doctor has be5  trans=m$  
into ,b5 ,abuyah 7or ,a*] 71 ! fam\s    
apo/ate f  ,judaism 9 ! second c5tury ( 
our era4 ,! passage ) :i* we are        
conc]n$ z illu/rative ( ! passage be=e u
 is on page #afd1 &  beg9s    4 ,notice 
! delicate tact 9  ! *oice ( ! second   
v]b1 #8,:o c give ,him an hon\rable     
surname8'  7comp4 ,isa1 xliv4 #e1 xiv4  
#d47 ,lat] on1 aft] o!r names sugge/$ by
  ! ,g]man orig9al1 ! mod]n ,hebrew poet
 cont9ues1       1 & 9 a note ref]s to a
 p>allel  passage 9 a ,hebrew poem by   

,ibn ,gabirol4    ,i mu/ make bold to   
d\bt ! correctness ( ?is explanation4   
7#a7  ,because x does n suffici5tly     
acc\nt = ! language ( v]4 #b4 7#b7      
,because ^u ?is view ( ! que/ions ( v]4 
#d1 an ,israelite's answ]  w\ld simply  
be1 ,jehovah 7comp4 ,job xxxviii4 #e1   
,isa4 xl4 #ab74 7#c7  ,because x is s   
difficult to see :y ! poet %\ld h ask$  
fur!r1 ,:at is ,8 son's "n8 ,is n !     
passage r a philosophic  fragm5t f a    
s*ool ( #8wise m51' n s mu* unbeliev+ z 
critical8 ,! speak] decl>es1 sob]ly     
en\gh1 t he has tri$ 9  va9 by ?9k+ to  
f9d out ,god4 ,!n comes 9 a piece (     
irony4 ,no  d\bt x is 8 own /upidity2   
gr& !ologians1 su* z ! writ] (  ,isa4   
xl4 #ab c41 ,job xxxviii41 ,prov4 viii4 
#bb c41 may well look d[n  ^u ! dull>d1 
:o has n pass$ ?r\gh _! s*ool6 #8,b :o  
is  x t is ev] & anon com+ d[n#bjh to   
e>?1 & t p]=m$  all ^! creative works ( 
:i* y delight to speak8 ,i h nev]  se5  
him2 tell me 8 "n & 8 son's "n s9ce y   
are s le>n$4'  ,! latt] phrase may be an

 allusion1 ei!r 7anticipat+ ,philo1 :o  
calls ,wisdom ,god's ,son7 to ! #8,i 0  
br\ght =?' 9 viii4 #bd1 or  m           
probably#bji ! primeval man 7:o might be
 call$ a #8son ( ,god'  9 ! s5se ( ,luke
 iii4 #ch7 spok5 ( 9 ,job xv4 #g1 :o 0 !
  embodim5t ( all wisdom & sat 9 !      
c\ncil ( ,elohim4#baj ,!  satirical turn
 ( ?is secul>i/ic #8wise man' is ev5    
p]haps traceable  9 ! head+ ( 8 poem4   
,he calls 8 "w an #8oracle1' tak+ up a  
fav\rite ^w ( ! disciples ( ! prophets1 
& fl++ x back to  !m ) a laugh4         
,obvi\sly too ! "n ( ! writ]1 if g5u9e1 
is  be/ expla9$ z an assum$ "n4 ,b !    
emphatic haggebh] is v  difficult4 ,i _c
 believe1 ) ,ewald1 t haggebh] is said  
ironically1 z if #8! mighty "o 9 8 own  
conceit2' comp4 ,isa4 xxii4  #ag 7871   
,ps4 lii4 #c4 ,! analogy ( ,num4 xxiv4  
#c1 #ae1 #b ,sam4 xxiii4 #a1  sugge/s t 
!re is a corruption 9 ! text1 & t       
haggebh]1  #8! man1' 0 orig9ally foll[$ 
by words descriptive ( ! p]son  ref]r$  
to4 ,grtz boldly corrects 7haggebh]7    

l-khayil #8! man  )\t /r5g?4    ,are we 
surpris$ at ?is8 ,b a /rik+ly p>allel   
confession ( hone/  scepticism is f\nd 9
 ! ,rig ,v$a 7x4 #abi71 ?\gh ,i w\ld n (
  c\rse id5tify ! op9ions ( ! ,sanskrit 
& ! ,hebrew poet1        ,:o kn[s1 :o "h
 c decl>e1 :5ce has sprung--:5ce1 ?is   
creation8444 ,f :at ?is creation arose2 
& :e!r any "o      made x1 or n1--he :o 
9 ! highe/ heav5 is its rul]1 he        
v]ily kn[s1 or ev5 he does n "k4#baa    
,! poet :o #8takes up 8 p>able' aft]    
,lai?i-el calmly &  uncontrov]sially    
indicates 8 own v diff]5t religi\s      
position4  ,he e>ne/ly prays t he may n 
#8become a li> & ask1 ,:o is  ,jehovah8'
 7xxx4 #i72 = him ! div9e revelations 7!
 outw>d =m (  :i* is already sacr$7 are 
amply suffici5t4 #8,e utt]ance ( ,god   
,eloah1 ! s+4 =m1 z 9 ,job is free f    
alloy' 7xxx4 #e2 see  ! comm5tators on  
,ps4 xviii4 #ca72 ! div9e #8"n' decl>$ 9
 ,ex4  xxxiv4 #f1 %\ld satisfy ! wise/ (
 m54 ,?us1 l ! editors (  ,ecclesia/es1 
?is lat] writ] neutralises ! d\btful    

expressions (  ! poem :i* he has sav$ f 
p]i%+4    ,c we avoid ! impression t bo?
 ^! poets liv$ 9 an age (  advanc$      
religi\s reflection & ( ,scripture-/udy8
 ,! "o is m (  a philosoph]1 ! o!r ( a  
,biblical !ologian2 bo? w\ld be at home 
only 9 ! ,exile or 9 ! po/-,exile p]iod1
 :5 d\bt & ev5  scepticism lift$ _!     
heads side by side ) ,biblical /udy4    
,our  second m believ+ poet seems to be 
?9k+ ( ,ps4 xviii4 #cj2 b  ! portion ( t
 v]se :i* he adopts assumes ano!r col\r 
?r\gh  ! w>n+ :i* foll[s1 d]iv$ f ,deut4
 iv4 #a1 xiii4 #a4 ,x is no  long] !    
#8promise ( ,god' :i* is #8tri$' or     
#8pure1' b !  revelation ( :i* ! ,jewi% 
,*ur* is gradually f9d+ itself !        
possessor4    ,! poet's pray] = himself 
7vv4 #g-i7 is foll[$ by eight gr\ps (   
prov]bs1 ea* ( :i* describes "s quality 
or "* :i* is  ei!r comm5d$ or w>n$      
aga9/1 & 7) ! exception ( !  fir/7      
conta9s a similitude4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! !     
numb] f\r is  conspicu\s g5]ally z !    
climax aft] #8?ree' 7vv4 #ae1 #ah1 #ba1 

#bi74  ,! fact t simil> #8num]ical      
prov]bs' 7 popul> 9 ! e>ly  ,rabb9ical  
p]iod1#bab gives a c]ta9 support to !   
view t ?is  collection is ( late orig94 
,! gr\ps ref]r$ to are--                
,! f\r m>ks ( an evil g5]ation  vv4     
#aa-ad                ,! f\r insatiable 
?+s            -- #ae1 #af              
,! fate ( ! disob$i5t son       -- #ag  
,! f\r incompreh5sible ?+s      --      
#ah-bj                 --  --           
intol]able ?+s           -- #ba-bc      
--  --  wise animals                 -- 
#bd-bh                 --  --  comely 9 
go+ 7see p4 #age7 -- #bi-ca             
,a w>n+ aga9/ /rife              -- #cb1
 #cc4    ,"o ( ^! 7vv4 #ae1 #af7 has    
probably suff]$ a slight mutilation1    
:i* has be5 ?us rem$i$ by ,bickell1--   
,! lee* has two ?ree #bac daught]s1     
!y say cont9ually1 #8,give1 give3'      
!re are ?ree ?+s :i* are nev] satisfi$1 
f\r :i* nev] say1 #8,abundance4'        
,%el is nev] satisfi$ ) dead1           
& ! clos+ ( ! womb is nev] satisfi$ )   

m51            ! e>? is nev] satisfi$ ) 
wat]1            & fire nev] says1      
#8,abundance4'#bad    #8,daught]s ( !   
lee*' is a quasi-my?ical expression1 :i*
 no "o  c\ld misund]/& 7comp4 #8^u a    
hill ! son ( oil1' ,isa4 v4 #a74 ,we    
f9d a simil> gr\p ( f\r insatiables 9 ! 
,sanskrit  ,hitopadesa4#bae        ,fire
 is nev] satisfi$ ) fuel2 nor ! ocean ) 
riv]s2 nor      dea? ) all creatures2   
nor bright-ey$ wom5 ) m54    ,! v]ses   
are ( c\rse old] ?an ! trump]y /ory ( ! 
c[h]d's  wife :i* !y s]ve to illu/rate4 
,! co9cid5ce ) ! ,hebrew1  be+ obvi\sly 
accid5tal1 is wor? rememb]+ 9 o!r       
connections4  ,! two p>allels1 pres5t 9 
! ,hebrew b n 9 ?is ,sanskrit           
quat]nion1 are giv5 9 a quatra9 ( a     
,v$ic hymn to ,v>una--                  
,! pa? ( %ips across ! sea1             
,! so>+ eagle's flight he kn[s4#baf     
,! second app5dix 7xxxi4 #a-i7 consi/s (
 a s+le gr\p ( say+s1  describ$ z #8!   
words ( ,lemuel1 a k+1 ! prophecy bett] 
!  prov]b1 read+ m%l ) :i* 8 "m in/ruct$

 him4'  ,possibly1 z ,ewald sugge/s1    
,lemuel 7or r1 ,lemoel1 z ! ^w is  po9t$
 9 v]4 #d7 is an imag9>y "n1 descriptive
 ( ! "* (  an ideal mon>* 7#8,god's     
own2' comp4 ,lael1 ,num4 iii4 #bd74 ,x  
is n  necess>y to suppose t ! poet      
himself liv$ "u a native k+2 he  may1 l 
! au?or ( ,kohele?1 h ?r[n himself back 
9  imag9ation to ,israel's gold5 prime4 
,8 own p]iod 0 late1 judg+  f !         
unclassical ,hebrew 7notice ! ,aramaisms
 9 vv4 #b1 #c1 & !  /range expressions 9
 vv4 #e1 #h74 ,! =m ( ! head+ sugge/s t 
^! #8words ( ,lemuel' =m$ "p ( ! same   
collection z ! #8words  ( ,agur2' & !re 
is at lea/ no?+ 9 ! cont5ts to =bid ?is 
view4 ,! w>n+s ( ?is que5-"m#bag 7^:    
relation to ,lemuel  rem9ds u ( t (     
,ba?%eba to ,solomon7 are v homely &    
practical2 "o is aga9/ s5suality1 ano!r 
aga9/ drunk5ness2 ^u  :i* foll[s an     
admonition to def5d ! cause ( ! poor4   
,ev5 if  !re 7 no native k+ at ! "t1 !  
advice w\ld be appropriate  = all memb]s
 ( ! upp] class ( society4    ,! ?ird   

app5dix 7xxxi4 #aj-ca7 conta9s ! praise 
( ! virtu\s  woman4 ,9 /yle x is q      
unlike ! two prec$+ sections2 x mu/     
come !re=e f ano!r s\rce4 ,x is an      
alphabetic poem2 ea*  di/i* beg9s ) a   
lett] ( ! ,hebrew alphabet4 ,?is1 comb9$
 )  ! position ( ! "w at ! close ( !    
v>i\s collections (  prov]bs1 ( itself  
sugge/s a date n f> remov$ on ! "o side 
or  ! o!r f ! ,exile p]iod1 :5 ,hebrew  
lit]ature became  und\bt$ly m artificial
 & te*nical4 ,f xxxi4 #bc 7#8! eld]s (  
! l&'7 we may p]haps inf] t x 0 writt5 9
 ,pale/9e4 ,x is  v int]e/+ to see !    
ideal ( womanhood =m$ by a late ,hebrew 
poet4 ,activity appe>s to him ! "o great
 fem99e virtue--n h[ev]  ! activity :i* 
is entirely devot$ to trifl+ details1 = 
!  ideal woman #8is l ! %ips ( ! m]*ant2
 f f> %e br+s h]  food' 7v]4 #ad74 ,nor 
is %e a /rang] to sympa!tic impulses2   
#8%e  holds out h] h& 7) some?+ 9 x7 to 
! afflict$1 &  /ret*es =? h] h&s to !   
ne$y to br+ !m 91' v]4 #bj4 ,nor  mu/ we
 =get #8"o ( ! mo/ beautiful features 9 

! portrait'  7,delitzs*73 #8%e op5s h]  
m\? ) wisdom1 & a law ( k9dness is  on  
h] tongue' 7v]4 #bf74 ,b = ?is v]se1    
inde$1 x w\ld read  almo/ l satire t    
#8f> above pe>ls is h] value' 7v]4 #aj71
 s9ce  no high] e/imate ?an ?is has be5 
(f]$ = ,god's *oice/  bless+1           
#8,wisdom4'#bah    ,! poet does n say t 
he has f\nd su* a woman 7comp4 ,eccles4 
vii4  #bh74 ,! picture is p]haps too    
brightly col\r$ to be drawn f  reality1 
unless ) ,hitzig we br+ d[n !           
composition ( ! poem z  late z ! ,greek 
p]iod4 ,mo/ probably1 x is ideali/ic4   
,footnote #ahc3      #8,^! also' sugge/s
 t :at foll[s is a la/ glean+ (         
,solomonic prov]bs4 ,& 9 fact xxv4 #bd1 
xxvi4 #ac1 #ae1 #bb1 xxvii4 #ab1    #ac1
 #ba;a1 seem to be tak5 f !             
#8,solomonic' collection4 ,hitzig       
h[ev] rejects ?is view4 ,:y did n !     
collectors comb9e all !    ,solomonic   
prov]bs !y c\ld f9d 9 "o "w8 ,s he      
supposes ?is    new collection to h be5 
made #8aus dem ,volksmunde1' & rem>ks   

t a commission w\ld be specially        
appropriate = ?is task4 ,to me    ?is   
seems an ana*ronism4 ,! prov]bs ( !     
,hezekian collection are    moreov] z   
arti/ic z ^? ( ! fir/ #8,solomonic4'    
,footnote #ahd3      ,s virtually !     
,septuag9t 771 foll[$ by ! ,pe%itto    &
 ! ,t>gum3 ,aquila1 4 ,! ,greek1        
curi\sly en\gh1 ins]ts    an epi!t = !  
prov]bs1 viz4  1 i4e4 ei!r    impossible
 to di/+ui%1 miscellane\s 7s ,sophocles1
 ,lexicon71 or    bett]1 difficult to   
int]pret4 ,symma*us has  = bh1    ,g54  
i4 #b4 ,! ,pe%itto & ,t>gum r5d] !      
,greek ( our passage by    #8deep       
prov]bs1' i4e4 enigmatical ones 7s too  
,aquila & ,!odotion    9 !              
,syro-hexapla74    ,footnote #ahe3      
,*eyne1 ,! ,prophecies ( ,isaiah1 i4    
#bbh-i 7on ,isa4 xxxviii4 #i74          
,footnote #ahf3      ,sayce's ed4 (     
,smi?'s ,*aldean ,g5esis1 pp4 #ae1 #bf1 
#bg4    ,footnote #ahg3      ,sept41    
,symm41 ,pe%41 ,vulg41 h[ev]1 atta* !   
lo/ l9e ( v]4 #g to    v]4 #h 7#8,qu    

vid]unt oculi tui1 ne pr(]as 9 jurgio   
cito'71 :i*    makes v]4 #g a di/i* &   
v]4 #h a tetra/i*4    ,footnote #ahh3   
,read+ b'khm = b'ym ) ,sept4            
,footnote #ahi3      ,lit]ally1 #8a ^w  
spok5 7or1 p]haps1 driv51 or s5t home7  
on its    :eels1' i4e4 smoo?ly &        
elegantly 7#8ore rotundo'74 ,s ,s*ult5s1
    :o sees a ref]5ce to ! tropes &     
figures ( elegant ,ori5tal    /yle4     
,comp4 ,neil1 ,pale/9e ,explor$1 p4     
#aig4 ,! int]pretation is    an         
attractive "o1 ?\gh unc]ta94 ,ewald has 
a slightly diff]5t    view 7see ,hi/ory1
 ii4 p4 #ad1 n4 #f74    ,footnote #aij3 
,c>lyle h[ev] borr[s an ,arabic prov]b  
7,freytag1 ,prov4 ,ar41 iii4    #ib74   
,footnote #aia3      ,x is ( c\rse      
possible t xxviii4 #b may be ( nor!rn   
orig91 b    :y %\ld n a wise man 9      
,judah h wat*$ ) sympa?y !    c\rse (   
ev5ts 9 ,israel8    ,footnote #aib3     
,read+1 ) ,grtz1 '%r = r% #8poor1' :i*  
makes no s5se4    ,footnote #aic3       
,sept4 well 4    ,footnote #aid3        

,notice h[ev] ! rem>kable say+1 already 
quot$1 9 xxix4    ,footnote #aie3       
,! prov]bs xxvi4 #a1 #c-ab1 =m a /r+ (  
satirical attacks on !    #8fool' or    
/upid man4    ,footnote #aif3      ,"o (
 ^! po9ts h[ev] is notic$ 9 ! e>lie/ "p 
( !    ,law4 ,! love ( "o's enemy is    
taught 9 ,ex4 xxiii4 #d1 #e4            
,footnote #aig3      ,see h[ev] ,mr4    
,yonge 9 ,! ,expositor1 ,aug4 #ahhe1 pp4
 #aeh-i4    ,footnote #aih3      ,!     
receiv$ text has #8v9eg> ^u nitre2' b   
?is w\ld be r    an emblem = ang]4 ,!   
correction is ,bickell's1 & is p>tly    
f\nd$ on ,sept4 7   74 ,! op5+ words (  
! v]se 9 rec4 text arise f ! repetition 
9 a corrupt =m (    ! f\r la/ words ( ! 
prec$+ v]se 7,lag>de & ,bickell74       
,footnote #aii3      ,! ,septuag9t has  
#8smoo? lips4'    ,footnote #bjj3       
,to h add$ #8b p]fidi\s1' w\ld h made ! 
l9e too long4    ,footnote #bja3        
,?is seems a comb9ation ( two di/9ct    
prov]bs4 ,! "o says t a    fri5d c give 
m sympa?y ?an a relative2 ! o!r1 t a    

neighb\r1 be+ on ! spot1 c give m help  
?an a relative at a    di/ance4         
,footnote #bjb3      ,a humor\s picture6
 ,su* o/5tati\s & inopportune           
salutations are    execrable flatt]y4   
,footnote #bjc3      ,on ! conjectural  
read+1 #8! man ( ,massa' 7#8,massa1'    
in/ead (    #8! prophecy'71 see ,*ap4   
,,vi4    ,footnote #bjd3      ,?is 0 !  
view ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 d]iv$ ( c\rse f 8    
,jewi%    tea*]4    ,footnote #bje3     
,po9t+ l?4    ,footnote #bjf3           
,read+ ) ,bickell v'l kl4 ,ano!r        
correction ( ! text is1    v'kel #8& h  
p9$ away4'    ,footnote #bjg3           
,q'd%m1 a ^w =m$ on ! analogy ( elhm2   
comp4 ix4 #aj1    ,hos4 xii4 #a4        
,footnote #bjh3      ,x may be object$ t
 #8ha? gone up & come d[n' does n suit  
?is explanation1 & t1 to ref] to ,god1 x
 %\ld run #8ha? come    d[n & gone up4' 
,b we h #8angels ( ,elohim asc5d+ &     
desc5d+' 9 ,g54 xxviii4 #ab2 usage1 9   
,hebrew z 9 ,engli%1    =bids ! phrase  
#8to g d[n & up4'    ,footnote #bji3    

#8,m probably2' because ! "n ( ! speak] 
9 viii4 #bd has be5    told4            
,footnote #baj3      ,comp4 ,ewald1 ,die
 ,lehre d] ,bibel von ,gott1 iii4 #b1   
pp4 #ha1 #hb4    ,footnote #baa3        
,muir1 ,orig9al ,sanskrit ,texts1 v4    
#cef2 comp4 ,max ,mll]1 ,hibb]t         
,lectures1 p4 #caf4    ,footnote #bab3  
,see above1 p4 #abh1 & comp4 ,wns*e1    
,midras* ,kohelet1 p4 xiii4    ,footnote
 #bac3      ,sept41 foll[$ by ,pe%41    
reads #8?ree' = #8two4' ,accept+ ?is    
read+1 ! second half ( ! v]se becomes an
 explanation ( !    fir/4    ,footnote  
#bad3      ,bickell's recon/ruction ( ! 
text makes ! prov]bs symmetrical    ) ! 
re/4 ,9 l9es #e1 #f he makes an +5i\s   
p>allelism )    m?m #8dead' & m'?m #8m5'
 7i4e4 *ildr574    ,footnote #bae3      
,f4 ,johnson's translation 7#ahdh71 *ap4
 ii41 fable #g2 comp4 ,fritze's         
metrical v]sion 7,leipz4 #ahhd74        
,footnote #baf3      ,muir1 ,metrical   
,translations 7#ahgi71 p4 #afj4         
,footnote #bag3      ,on ! e>ly         

importance ( ! que5-"m1 see ,*eyne's    
,isaiah1 i4    #dg1 note #a 7on ,isa4   
vii4 #ac74    ,footnote #bah3      ,?is 
h>dly recomm5ds ! view ( ,co/elli1 t ?is
 poem is    prop]ly ! conclusion ( !    
introductory treatise 7i4-ix47          
,,*apt] ,v4                             
,,! ,,praise ,,( ,,wisdom4      #8,?\   
ha/ kept ! good w9e until n[1' = #8good 
w9e' well describes  ! glori\s little   
treatise at ! head ( our ,book (        
,prov]bs 7i4  #g-;ix4 #ah74 ,i d n ?9k x
 is "r to inf] f ! head+ 9 i4 #a  t its 
unkn[n au?or assum$ ! mask ( ,solomon4  
,9 itself su* a  hypo!sis w\ld n be     
incr$ible4 ,we h ! analogy ( ! ,egyptian
  scribe :o repres5ts ,am5emhat ,i4     
#8ris+ up l a god' & address+  to 8 son 
"s in/ructions on ! royal art (         
gov]n+4#bai ,b x  is m natural to expla9
 ! head+ z a repetition ( ! =mula 9  x4 
#a1 = ! #8,praise ( ,wisdom' 7to co9    
ano!r title7 is 9 fact !  introduction  
to ! foll[+ an?ology1#bbj toge!r ) :i* &
  its app5dices x =ms ! #8old] book (   

,prov]bs4' ,if we ask :y an             
introduction 0 prefix$1 ! answ] mu/ be t
 ! writ] wi%$ to  recomm5d 8 own inspir+
 view ( practical e?ics z a bran* (     
div9e wisdom2 9 o!r words1 to c\nt]act !
 sometimes commonplace  morality ( !    
e>li] prov]bs by envelop+ ! read] 9 a   
pur] &  m e!real atmosph]e4 ,! key-note 
( ! an?ology is no?+ b  ,exp]i5ce2 t ( !
 introductory treatise is ,div9e ,tea*+4
 ,x is  a sign ( moral progress t !     
editor ( an an?ology ( ,exp]i5ce  %\ld h
 ?\ght 8 "w only half-done till he _h   
prefix$ !  #8,praise ( ,wisdom4' ,z a   
wise tea*] ( our own "t#bba has obs]v$1 
#8,x w\ld n be untrue to say t 9 all    
ess5tial po9ts ,exp]i5ce  is ! tea*]    
only ( fools1 ( ^? :o h gone a/ray ?r\gh
  turn+ a deaf e> to ! voice ( a prior &
 m legitimate tea*]4'  ,! nature ( !    
wisdom s e>ne/ly comm5d$ by ?is         
self-=gett+  writ]1 we w consid]        
pres5tly2 & our /udy w probably conv9ce 
u t su* a writ] c only h aris5 at an    
advanc$ p]iod (  ,israel's hi/ory4 ,!   

class or circle to :i* he belong$1 & its
  *>act]i/ics1 c easily be det]m9$2 b ! 
precise p]iod only  ) "s degree (       
hesitation4 ,)\t anticipat+ ! discussion
  :i* w be giv5 at ano!r po9t1 ,i ?9k x 
may safely be laid d[n  t ea* ( ^? k9dr$
 poems--! #8,praise ( ,wisdom' &        
#8,job'--mu/  h aris5 at "o ( ?ree      
p]iods1 m>k$ respectively by !          
composition ( ,deut]onomy1 by !         
,captivity1 & by ! ,re/oration4  ,!     
progress ( ! high] ,israeliti% wisdom 0 
s gradual t x  does n p]haps1 to !      
exegete z di/+ui%$ f ! hi/orian1        
greatly matt] :i* ( ^! p]iods we select4
 ,= my own "p1  h[ev]1 ,i incl9e to     
connect at any rate ! =m] ( ^! works )  
! age ( ,deut]onomy4 ,ap>t f ! details  
to be m5tion$  else:]e1 x is cle> 7,i   
speak n[ ( ,prov4 i4-ix47 t ! tone (  ! 
exhortations1 & ! view ( religion z     
#8hav+ ! promise ( !  life t n[ is1'    
correspond to simil> *>act]i/ics ( !    
,book (  ,deut]onomy4 ,& if we turn f ! 
cont5ts to ! =m ( ?is *oice  little     

book1 ! same hypo!sis seems equally     
suitable4 ,! prophets  _h long s9ce se5 
! necessity ( increas+ _! influ5ce by   
committ+ ! ma9 po9ts ( _! disc\rses to  
writ+2 "s  rhetorical passages inde$ 7  
evid5tly compos$ to be read & n to  be  
he>d4 ,x 0 natural t ! morali/s %\ld    
foll[ ?is example1  n only 7z 9 !       
an?ologies7 by remodell+ _! wise say+s =
  publication1 b also by v5tur+ on long 
& animat$ quasi-oratorical              
recomm5dations ( great moral tru?s4     
,su* a recomm5dation1 address$          
especially to ! "y &  impressionable 7i4
 #d71 lies be=e u 9 *aps4 i4-ix4 ,9     
grave b  h>moni\s acc5ts ! op5+ v]ses   
7:i* ref] *iefly to i4 #g-;ix4  #ah1 b n
 )\t a second>y ref]5ce to ! an?ology   
:i*  foll[s7 describe its object & "*4  
,!n foll[s a motto1 !  fir/ l9e ( :i*   
occurs aga9 ne> ! close ( ! book 9 ix4  
#aj  7,job xxviii4 #bh1 ,ps4 cxi4 #aj71 
& :i* /amps ! au?or z belong+  to a new 
& m religi\s class ( #8wise m5' 7see p4 
#aba71--                  ,! fe> (      

,jehovah is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom1    i4e4 !
 f\ndation ( true wisdom 7its #8root1'  
,ecclus4 i4 #bj7 is  rev]5ce4 ,!        
disciple is to beg9 by tak+ ?is ^u tru/1
 b :5  fur!r advanc$ he w see t x is !  
%orte/ way to 8 goal1  true wisdom hav+ 
an objective exi/5ce 9 ! unse5 _w4 ,at  
pres5t he is simply to foll[ !          
#8direction' ( ^? wis] ?an              
himself3--our morali/ is z zeal\s = a   
tra z ! au?or (  ,deut]onomy4 ,b ?\gh   
s]i\s & au?oritative1 he is nev] /]n2   
inde$1 to en=ce 8 appeal he breaks ?r\gh
 a ,hebrew writ]'s usual  veil (        
retic5ce & describes 8 own home-life    
7iv4 #c1 #d74 ,he c  ent] into ! feel+s 
( ! "y1 = he too has #8borne ! yoke 9  8
 y\?' 7,lam4 iii4 #bg71 & le>n$ to pref]
 x to #8un*>t]$  fre$om4' ,! :ole ( *ap4
 iv4 is devot$ to a summ>y ( ! wise     
doctr9e :i* he receiv$ f 8 fa!r2 inde$1 
?r\gh\t ! book  he %[s a wond]ful       
appreciation ( ! p>5tal & ! filial      
relations1 &1 accord+ to ,ewald's       
arrangem5t 7see bel[71 beg9s  ea*       

section ) an exhortation to li/5 to     
p>5tal in/ruction4 ,he  himself feels l 
a fa!r to 8 "y disciples 7iv4 #a74    ,!
 errors to :i* 8 he>]s are specially    
tempt$ are highway  robb]y 7i4 #aa-ah1  
iv4 #af1 #ag7 & un*a/ity 7ii4 #af1 v4   
#c-bj1 vi4  #bd-ce1 vii4 #e-bg1 ix4     
#ac-ah74 ,f ! "t t ! simplicity ( !     
anci5t life began to give way to !      
inroads ( luxury1 we meet 9 !  ,biblical
 writ+s ) compla9ts ( acts ( viol5ce    
lead+ to murd]  7see1 = in/ance1 9 !    
prophecies1 ,isa4 i4 #ae1 v4 #g1 xxxiii4
 #ae1  ,mic4 iii4 #aj1 ,j]4 ii4 #cd1    
xxii4 #ag1 ,isa4 lix4 #c1 #g1 & 9 a     
collection  ( prov]bs contempor>y ) our 
book1 ,prov4 xxiv4 #ae1 #af74 #8,at no  
"t1' z ,dean ,plumptre well rem>ks1     
#8has ,pale/9e ev] ris5 to !  security (
 a well-ord]$ police-sy/em2' ev5 d[n to 
! fall (  ,j]usalem1 b&s ( robb]s defi$ 
! au?ority ( ! c5tral  gov]nm5t4 ,!     
rem>kable ?+ is t "y m5 9 ! high]       
circles  ( society 7= su* our morali/   
appe>s to address7 %\ld be ?\ght        

capable ( jo9+ ! b&itti1 at a "t :5     
#8b&it' c\ld n be  synonym\s )          
#8patriot4' ,our morali/ cont5ts himself
 ) dissuad+  8 disciple f do+ s1 on !   
gr\nd ( ! retribution :i* w  foll[ 7i4  
#ah1 #ai74 ,! exhortation to indu/ry1 ) 
its sl[ b sure  pr(its1 comes lat]1 & 9 
a less appropriate place 7vi4 #f-h74 ,b 
!  o!r besett+ s9 ( y\? is /ill m       
e>ne/ly d5\nc$ z !  mo/ gl>+ specim5 (  
#8folly4' ,once inde$ ! #8/range1 or    
ali51  woman1' i4e4 ! adult]ess1 is     
introduc$ dramatically z #8,madam       
,folly'  7ix4 #ac74 ,! picture is       
rem>kable1 & =ms a design$ contra/ to  t
 at ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt]4 ,%e sits at !   
door ( h] h\se1  c\nt]feit+ h] great    
rival ,wisdom 7comp4 v]4 #ad ) v]4 #c1 &
  v]4 #af ) v]4 #d71 l ,dante's ,sir52 b
 ! disciple ( ! #8wise  man' kn[s       
444 t phantoms are !re1           & t h]
 gue/s are 9 ! dep?s ( ,%el             
7ix4 #ah2 comp4 ii4 #ah1 xxi4 #af74     
#8,:]e)al %all a "y man cleanse 8 way8' 
is ! problem = our  morali/ to solve4   

,he does s by insi/+ on an education    
conduct$ 9  reliance on div9e ,wisdom4  
,! rew>d ( dilig5t att5tion to !  e>li] 
lessons 7= ea* *apt] is a lesson1 & its 
repetitions h  a p$agogic ju/ification7 
is ! fam\s portrait ( ,wisdom 9 viii4   
#bb-ca4 ,%e 7= ,wisdom1 khokma1 is a    
fem99e ^w7 has inde$ be5  m5tion$ be=e  
7i4 #bj1 iii4 #ac-bj1 iv4 #e-i71 b f    
viii4 #a to ix4 #f  ! poet is absorb$ 9 
8 gr& p]sonification4 ,wisdom is n[     
pres5t$ to u1 9 ! famili> dialect (     
poetry1 z ! fir/born  ,*ild ( !         
,creator4 ,!re is b "o ,wisdom2 ?\gh h] 
=ms are  _m1 9 h] orig9 %e is "o4 ,!    
,wisdom :o presid$ ov] ! #8bir?'  (     
nature is ! same :o by h] mess5g]s 7!   
#8wise m5'7 calls  mank9d to turn aside 
f evil 7ix4 #c74 ,!re c !re=e be no real
  di%>mony betwe5 nature & morality2 !  
picture leaves no room =  an ,ahriman1 9
 ?is & o!r respects resembl+ !          
,cosmogony 9 ,g54  i4 & portions ( !    
/rik+ descriptions 9 ,job xxvi41        
xxviii41  xxxviii4 ,!re is also no "t :5

 we c say t #8,wisdom 0 n4'  ,fai?      
decl>es t ev5 9 t primitive ,*aos ( :i* 
our reason has  a horror div9e ,wisdom  
reign$ supreme4 ,! heav5ly ocean1 !     
anci5t  hills1 ! comb9ation ( c\ntless  
delicate atoms to =m ! gr\nd1  ! fix+ ( 
! vault ( heav5 on ! _w-encircl+ ocean1 
!  sep>ation ( sea & dry l&#bbb--;all ^!
 7 lat] works ( ,god  ?an ! ,ar*itect   
?r\gh :om ,he made !m4 ,& h[ did !      
,ar*itect  "w8 ,by a #8div9e            
improvisation' :i* all[$ no s5se ( ef=t 
or  fatigue1 & :i* /ill cont9ues )      
unabat$ fre%ness4 ,b ?\gh  h] sportive  
pa?#bbc c /ill be trac$ 9 ! processes ( 
nature1  h] highe/ delight is 9 !       
reg5]ation ( ! moral life (  humanity4  
,! passage runs ?us--                   
,jehovah produc$#bbd me z ! beg9n+ ( 8  
way1           z ! fir/ ( 8 works1 long 
s9ce4           ,f ( old ,i receiv$ my  
place1           f ! beg9n+1 f ! fir/   
times ( ! e>?4           ,:5 !re 7 no   
floods1 ,i 0 br\ght =?1           :5 !re
 7 no f\nta9s ri* 9 wat]4               

,be=e ! m\nta9s 7 settl$1           be=e
 ! hills 0 ,i br\ght =?2           ,:ile
 z yet he _h n made ! e>? ) 7its7       
fields1           & ! atoms ( du/ :i* =m
 ! gr\nd4           ,:5 he e/abli%$ !   
heav51 ,i 0 !re1           :5 he m>k$ a 
circle ^u ! face ( ! flood1#bbe         
,:5 he made firm ! sky above1           
:5 he /r5g!n$ ! f\nta9s ( ! flood1      
,:5 he appo9t$ to ! sea 8 b\nd1         
t ! wat]s %\ld n transgress 8 comm&1    
:5 he fix$ ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1        
,!n 0 ,i beside him z ar*itect1         
& 0 daily full ( delight1               
sport+#bbf be=e him at all times1       
,i :o 7/ill7 h sport ) 8 fruitful e>?1  
& h my delight ) ! sons ( m54    ,! bold
 orig9ality ( ?is passage requires no   
pro(4 ,x cuts away at  a bl[ ! old      
my?ical conception ( ! _w z ! "w (      
,god's  h&s1 & ( an arbitr>y omnipot5ce4
 #8,god1' z ,hook] says1 #8is a law  bo?
 to himself & to all ?+s beside2' #88   
wisdom ha? /9t$ !  effects ( 8 p[]4'    
#8,nor is ! fre$om ( ! w ( ,god any :it 

abat$1 let1 or h9d]$1 by means ( ?is2   
because ! imposition (  ?is law ^u      
himself is 8 own free & volunt>y act'   
7#8,jehovah  produc$ me'74 ,! idea1 !n1 
( ! _w z a ,cosmos 0 n adopt$  by !     
,jews f ! ,greeks2 x arose ( itself z   
soon z religi\s m5  pond]$ ov] ! ph5om5a
 ( nature4 ,! au?or ( ,job took up !    
idea1 & reexpress$ x wor?ily 9 xxviii4  
#ab-bh1 ! *ief diff]5ce  betwe5 him & 8 
pr$ecessor be+ t he d5ies ! atta9abl5ess
  = man ( wisdom 9 ! l>g] s5se1 :ile !  
au?or ( ! #8,praise  ( ,wisdom' does n  
raise ! "q :e!r ! high] dep>tm5t (      
wisdom is op5 to human enquiry4    ,at !
 subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! conception (      
,wisdom we c b>ely  glance4#bbg ,!      
cosmogoni/ 9 ,g54 i41 a sublime ?9k]1 b 
address+ untutor$ m9ds1 pref]r$ to      
convey tru? 9 =ms borr[$  f my?ology4 ,!
 morali/s h[ev] saw ! poetical &        
religi\s  importance ( ! p]sonification 
( ,wisdom1 & repeat$ly introduc$  x into
 _! didactic works 7see ,ecclus4 i41    
xxiv41 ,wisd4 vi4-ix41#bbh  & comp4 ,b>4

 iii4 #bi-cg74 ,sira* ev5 takes a /ep 9 
advance ( 8  orig9al1 & at lea/ = a     
mom5t id5tifies ,wisdom ) ! ,law (      
,moses4#bbi ,x became inde$ a tradition 
( ,jewi% exegesis 7see ,pirke  ,abo?1   
vi4 #aj7 to int]pret ! absolute ,khokma 
( ! ,tora1 ei!r 9  opposition to        
,hell5i/ic views ( ! high] wisdom1 or f 
a  practical in/9ct su* z ,wordswor?    
foll[$ :5 9 praise ( ,duty he  employ$  
figures :i* _h occurr$ long be=e 9 !    
#8,praise (  ,wisdom1' or 7a clos]      
p>allel7 ,ri*>d ,hook]1 :5 he describ$ !
  ,scripture z "o embodim5t ( t div9e   
,law :i* he s spl5didly  eulogises at ! 
close ( 8 fir/ book4 ,t ,jewi% legalism 
deg5]at$ into a me*anical =malism1 %\ld 
n bl9d u to !  practical in/9ct 9 :i* x 
orig9at$4    ,! title #8,! ,praise (    
,wisdom' has n[1 ,i hope1 be5 ju/ifi$4  
,!  passage quot$ above =ms ! high-wat] 
m>k ( ?is elevat$ poetry1  & po9ts ! way
 to ! gr& ?+s 9 ! poem ( ,job4          
,regul>ity (  /ructure is n a m]it ( our
 treatise1 b ! repetitions are n        

feeble1 & are p]haps delib]ately made4  
,! au?or is a didactic  poet1 & only    
aft] he c presume t 8 lessons h be5     
assimilat$ w he v5ture on 8 highe/      
flights4 ,does ,ewald be> ?is  9 m9d :5 
he divides ! book into ?ree sections1   
,i4 a g5]al  exhortation to wisdom1 9   
:i* ! :ole ( ! tru? is t\*$ ^u1  b no "p
 is completely unfold$ 7i4 #h-;iii4     
#ce72 ,,ii4 an exhau/ive  treatm5t ( a  
few details 7iv4 #a-vi4 #ai72 ,,iii4 a  
gradual rise to !  highe/ & mo/ univ]sal
 tru?1 clos+ 9 almo/ lyric en?usiasm    
7vi4 #bj-;ix4 #ah78 ,or ,hitzig1 :51 to 
suit an artificial arrangem5t1 he  omits
 z lat] additions iii4 #bb-bf1 vi4      
#a-ai1 viii4 #d-ab1 #ad-af1 ix4  #g-aj8 
,^! are ! two extremes ( critical !ory2 
_! failure may  be tak5 z a pro( t !    
only possible division is "o l t (      
,delitzs* into fifte5 poems1 r loosely  
connect$ toge!r1 b  pres5t+ ! same      
peculi>ities ( /yle & diction4 ,ma%als  
we c  only t]m !m 9 a wide s5se ( ! ^w2 
n cond5sation b  expansion is !         

*>act]i/ic ( ?is book2 ! disc\rse fl[s  
on  till ! subject has be5 exhau/$1 &   
!n1 aft] a brief pause1 x  gu%es =?     
anew4 ,"o ( ! *apt]s 7ii47 actually =ms 
a s+le  c>efully elaborat$ s5t5ce4 ,n[ &
 !n ! matt] is m brok5  up2 we meet ) "s
 small gr\ps ( deta*$ s5t5ces 7e4g4 iii4
  #bg-ce1 vi4 #a-aa1 #ab-ai71 :i*       
introduce "s v>iety into ! /yle1  &     
sugge/ t ! au?or revis$ 8 "w ) ! view ( 
mak+ x  an e?ical manual1 z well z an   
introduction to ! an?ology4 ,9 "o  ( ^! 
gr\ps we f9d ! int]e/+ similitude ( !   
ant1 :i* !  ,septuag9t has supplem5t$ by
 "o ( purely ,greek orig9 7see ,hitzig  
& ,lag>de7 on ! bee4    ,! au?or has !  
p5 ( a ready writ]1 & 8 "w %[s t he has 
/udi$ ! lit]ature ( 8 "t4 ,he 0         
famili>#bcj ) !  phraseology ( !        
#8,solomonic' prov]bs1 ?\gh he /ruck out
 a /yle (  8 own1 9 h>mony ) ! alt]$    
conditions ( ! tea*+ (fice4  ,he        
addresses ^? :o h "t to li/51 & ta/e to 
appreciate 8  fl[+ rhetoric4 ,he implies
 ?r\gh\t t 8 audi5ce belongs to !       

weal?i] class1 & 8 fav\rite images are  
drawn f ! life ( !  m]*ant4#bca ,cle>ly 
too he has a /rong hold ^u ! doctr9e t  
prosp]ity & adv]sity are indicative (   
moral "*4 ,?us1  speak+ ( e?ical        
,wisdom1 he says1                  ,l5g?
 ( days is 9 h] 7,wisdom's7 "r h&1      
9 h] left ri*es & hon\r 7iii4 #af74bcb  
,& yet !re is evid5ce1 ev5 9 ,prov4     
i4-ix41 ( a nasc5t scepticism  on ?is   
po9t1 orig9at+ probably 9 "s rec5t ev5t1
 su* z !  captivity ( ! ,t5 ,tribes4 ,9 
words :i* rem9d u ( ,psalms xxxvii4  &  
lxxiii4 ! writ] exclaims--              
,envy ?\ n ! man ( viol5ce1         & h 
?\ pleasure 9 none ( 8 ways4444         
,! curse ( ,jehovah is 9 ! h\se ( !     
ungodly1         b ! habitation ( !     
righte\s he blesses 7iii4 #ca1 #cc72    
& to furni% 8 disciples ) an answ] to ! 
sceptic--           ,truly1 :om ,jehovah
 loves1 he corrects1         & z a fa!r 
! son 9 :om he delights                 
7iii4 #ab2 comp4 ,job v4 #ag74    ,) ?is
 sweet say+ ,i take leave = ! pres5t (  

?is beautiful  "w4 ,h[ true x is t !    
d\bts ( a believ] are !  /epp+-/ones to 
high] atta9m5ts ( fai?6    ,footnote    
#bai3      7,masp]o7 ,records ( ! ,pa/1 
ii4 #i-af4    ,footnote #bbj3      ,its 
close relation to ! fir/ ( ! two great  
an?ologies is %[n    by ! l+ui/ic po9ts 
( contact betwe5 ! two works 7see ,*ap4 
,,vi47    ,footnote #bba3      ,rev4 ,j4
 ,h4 ,?orn4    ,footnote #bbb3      ,!  
poet1 we c see1 has n arrang$ ! creative
 works z c>efully    z ! cosmogoni/ 9   
,g5esis4    ,footnote #bbc3             
,please? him1 ! ,et]nal ,*ild1          
,to play 8 sweet w1 glad &              
wild4--,em]son1 ,wood ,notes4           
,footnote #bbd3      #8,produc$' seems !
 be/ r5d]+ 7,sept41 71 9 ! s5se (       
#8creat+1' n 7z ,del47 ( #8reveal+1' =  
:i* !re is no    au?ority4 ,! second>y  
mean+ #8possess$' 7,aquila c4 1         
,vulg4 poss$it2 comp4 ,eccles4 xxiv4 #f7
 is less agreeable to !    context 7see 
,hitzig's note74 ,!re is ! same div]sity
 ( r5d]+    9 ,g54 xiv4 #ai-bb4 ,on !   

patri/ic expositions ( ?is passage1 see 
,dean ,goode1 ,! ,div9e ,rule ( ,fai? & 
,practice1 ed4 #a1 i4 #bii4    ,!       
ante-,nic5e ,fa!rs mo/ly apply x to !   
div9e g5]ation (    ! ,son1 ! po/-,nic5e
 to ! g5]ation ( ! human nature (       
,*ri/4 ,basil & ,epiphanius are         
exceptions4 ,! =m] applies !    passage 
to #8t wisdom :i* ! apo/le m5tions' 79  
#a ,cor4 i4 #ba73    ! latt] expresses a
 /rong op9ion t #8x does n at all speak 
conc]n+ ! ,son ( ,god4'    ,footnote    
#bbe3      ,comp4 ,milton's noble       
conception ( ! ,creator's gold5         
compasses    7,p>4 ,lo/1 vii4 #bbe1 #f74
    ,footnote #bbf3      ,comp4         
,delitzs*1 ,sy/em d] *ri/li*5           
,apologetik1  #af1 :]e !    hi/ory ( ?is
 conception 9 ,jewi% lit]ature is trac$ 
9    connection ) t ( ! ,logos-idea2    
also ,ewald1 ,die ,lehre d]    ,bibel   
von ,gott1 iii4 #gd-gg4    ,footnote    
#bbg3      ,9 ,wisd4 vii4 #bb c4 !      
language appe>s to "s to rise above     
poetical p]sonification1 & to imply a   

consci\s hypo/atis+ (    ,wisdom4       
,dante1 a good judge on ?is po9t1       
c]ta9ly ?\ght o!rwise    7,convito1 iii4
 #ae72 he evid5tly holds t ! ,sophia ( !
 ,book    ( ,wisdom is precisely        
analog\s to 8 own v /rong               
p]sonification ( div9e ,philosophy4     
,/ill su* language may h    p>tly prep>$
 ! way = ! well-kn[n ,gno/ic my? (      
,a*amo? or    ,sophia 7comp4 ,baur1     
,?ree ,fir/ ,c5turies1 ,e4 ,t41 i4      
#bjg74 ,x 0    well1 z ,plumptre rem>ks1
 t ,philo adopt$ ,logos r ?an ,sophia   
z ! "n ( ! creative en]gy4 ,a sy/em 9   
:i* ,sophia _h be5    ! dom9ant ^w might
 h l$ to an e>li] developm5t (          
,m>iolatry 7,introduction to ,prov]bs 9 
! ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y74    ,footnote    
#bbh3      ,ecclus4 xxiv4 #bc4 7,comp4 a
 sublime passage ( ,e4 ,irv+1 id5tify+  
! cont5ts ( ! #8sacr$ volume' ) #8!     
primeval div9ity (    reveal$ ,wisdom1' 
,miscellanies1 p4 #chj c47 ,accord+ to  
late ,jewi%    !ology1 ! ,law is "o ( ! 
sev5 ?+s produc$ be=e !    creation ( ! 

_w4 ,! alphabet-fables 9 ,talmud &      
,midra%1 9    :i* lett]s ( ! alphabet   
conv]se ) ,god1 presuppose ! same       
view 7comp4 ! ,mohamm$an view ( !       
,koran74    ,footnote #bbi3      ,s     
,milton 7a ,hebrai/71 ,p>adise ,lo/1    
vii4 #aj 7#8did/ play'71 &    aga9 9    
,tetra*ordon 7#8,god himself conceals n 
8 own    recreations1' c47    ,footnote 
#bcj3      ,! pro( ( ?is _c be giv5 "h4 
,footnote #bca3      ,see ii4 #d1 iii4  
#ac-ae1 iv4 #g1 vii4 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj 
7especially71 viii4    #aj1 #ah-ba4     
,footnote #bcb3      ,comp4 i4 #cb1 #cc1
 ii4 #ba1 #bb1 iii4 #a-aj1 ix4 #aa1 #ab1
 #ah4                                   
,,*apt] ,,vi4                           
,,supplem5t>y ,,on ,,que/ions ,,( ,,date
 ,,& ,,orig94      ,!re are two extreme 
views on ! date ( ! ,book ( ,prov]bs1   
betwe5  :i* are ! !ories ( ! mass (     
mod]ate critics4 ,! "o is t  repres5t$  
by ,keil 9 8 ,introduction & ,bi%op     
,ellicott's  ,comm5t>y1 t ! :ole book   
except *aps4 xxx41 xxxi41 & p]haps  !   

head+ i4 #a-f1 is 9 sub/ance (          
,solomonic orig92#bcc ! o!r  is t (     
,vatke & ,reuss 7! precursors ( ,ku55 & 
,wellhaus57  t our prov]bs z a          
collection come f ! po/-,exile p]iod4   
,mu*  ne$ n be said on ! fir/ ( ^!      
extreme views4 ,x has be5  po9t$ out    
already t ! e?ical & religi\s "* ev5 ( !
  e>lie/ prov]bial collection /&s f>    
remov$ f t ( !  hi/orical ,solomon4 ,x  
is inde$ a pure hypo!sis t any          
,solomonic  elem5t survives 9 ! ,book ( 
,prov]bs4 ,i d\bt n t _m bright  & witty
 say+s ( ,solomon came into circulation1
 & "s ( !m  might conceivably h be5     
ga!r$ up & includ$ 9 ! an?ologies4  ,b h
 we any adequate means ( decid+ :i* ^!  
are8 ,x w\ld  appe> f #a ,k+s iv4 #cc t 
! wisdom ( ! hi/orical ,solomon         
express$ itself 9 spok5 fables or       
moralisations ab\t animals &  trees4 ,a 
few1 a v few1 ( ! prov]bs 9 our book may
 p]haps  satisfy ! te/ ?us obta9$1 & be 
plausibly repres5t$ z a  ,solomonic     
elem5t4 ,b :y ,solomon %\ld be s+l$ out 

z ! au?or1  x w\ld tax "o's +5uity to   
say1 & ! judgm5t ( ,hitzig 79 su*       
matt]s a cons]vative critic7 mu/ be     
ma9ta9$ t ! survival (  ,solomonic      
prov]bs is no m ?an a possibility4#bcd  
,! o!r extreme view requires "s little  
explanation4 ,vatke does n  d5y t       
,solomon compos$ prov]bs1 b only t 8    
prov]bs c h  resembl$ ^? 9 ! canonical  
book4 ,putt+ aside "s say+s (  e>li]    
date ,vatke holds t ! /amp ( !          
po/-,exile p]iod 7&  m p>ticul>ly ( !   
fif? c5tury7 is z m>k$ 9 ! ,book (      
,prov]bs z x is1 accord+ to him1 9 t (  
,job2 9 %ort1 t bo?  works imply1       
equally ) ! /ill lat] ,ecclesia/es1 a   
long &  e>ne/ /ruggle betwe5 ! pr9ciples
 repres5t$ respectively by !  high]     
prophets & by ! prie/s4 ,! result ( ?is 
/ruggle has  become to ! au?ors ( ^!    
books an objective tru? :i* x is  h5ce=?
 _! bus9ess to realise z true           
subjectively4#bce ,!  exi/5ce ( a       
free-m9d$ s*ool ( ?\ght 9 ! po/-,exile  
p]iod is  v plausibly def5d$ bo? by     

,vatke & by ,ku551#bcf & if our  only   
*oice lay betwe5 ! extreme alt]natives  
m5tion$ above1 we  %\ld be %ut up to !  
acceptance ( ! latt]4    ,i %all n h[ev]
 discuss "h ! po/-,exile orig9 ( ! ,book
 (  ,prov]bs z a :ole1 b only t "p ( !  
hypo!sis :i* relates  to ! v int]e/+    
section designat$ by ,ewald ! #8,praise 
(  ,wisdom4' ,if ?is portion is n (     
,exile or po/-,exile orig91 ,i d n  see 
h[ x c be ma9ta9$ t any o!r "p ( ! book 
is s1  except inde$ ! say+s ( ,agur &   
,lemuel 7xxx4 #a-xxii4 #i74    ,! foll[+
 are "s ( ! lead+ argum5ts = ! late     
orig9 (  ,prov4 i4-ix4 ,i4 ,^! *apt]s   
are said to conta9 a few p>allels to    
passages 9 works belong+ probably to !  
,exile or po/-,exile p]iod  7,,ii4      
,isaiah1#bcg ,job74 ,i lay no /ress on !
 occurr5ce ( ,prov4 i4 #af  7) !        
addition ( #8innoc5t'7 9 ,isa4 lix4     
#g;a1 because ?is v]se  is n 9 ! rhy?m (
 ! re/ ( ,prov4 i4-ix41 & is n f\nd 9  !
 ,septuag9t4 ,!re may h[ev] be a        
p>allelism betwe5 ,prov4 ii4 #ae  &     

,isa4 lix4 #h2 ! prophet is1 at any     
rate1 influ5c$ by "s  prov]bial "w      
simil> to ,prov4 i4-ix4 ,!re may also be
 "o betwe5  ,prov1 i4 #bd1 #bf1 #bg &   
,isa4 lxv4 #ab1 lxvi4 #d4 ,m /rik+ are !
  aff9ities already po9t$ out betwe5    
,prov4 i4-ix4 & ! ,book ( ,job1  :i* may
 be tak5 to prove t ^! works proce$$ f !
 same  circle ( #8wise m51' b n         
necess>ily t !y are ( ! same  p]iod 7see
 above1 p4 #he74    ,,ii4 ,z to !       
religi\s ideas ( ^! *apt]s1 7a7 ,! ,!ism
  express$ is bo? pure & broad4         
,poly!ism is n ev5 wor?y to be  !       
subject ( controv]sy2 ! tone is ?r\gh\t 
positive4 ,jehovah's  va/ creative      
activity fills ! writ]'s m9d1 & beg9s to
 /imulate  speculative curiosity2 f ?is 
po9t ( view comp4 ,prov4 viii4 #bb-ca  )
 ,job xv4 #g1 #h1bch xxxviii4 #d-aa1 &  
,g54 i4 7,! aff9ities )  ! cosmogony are
 only g5]al1#bci b p]haps ga9 9         
importance :5  tak5 toge!r ) ! possible 
allusion to ,g54 ii4 9 ,prov4 iii4 #ah1 
#8,%e is a tree ( life' c47 7b7 ,x is no

 objection to ! ,exile or  po/-,exile   
date t ! doctr9e ( inv>iable retribution
 is  presuppos$ 9 ?is treatise4 ,we f9d 
?is doctr9e bo? 9 ! spee*es  ( ,elihu   
7,job4 xxxii4-xxxvii41 a sep>ate "w 9   
its orig97 & 9 !  ,wisdom ( ,sira*4 ,!re
 is "s weight 9 ^! argum5ts4 ,b x c1 ,i 
?9k1 be %[n t ! age ( ,j]emiah conta9$ !
 g]ms ( v>i\s  m5tal products :i* only  
matur$ 9 ! lat] p]iods1 & ,reuss seems  
to me s+ul>ly wilful 9 assum+ t !       
p]sonification ( ,wisdom  ( itself      
proves ! late date ( ,prov4 i4-ix4      
,,iii4 ,! luxuri\s liv+ impli$ 9 ,prov  
i4-ix4 w\ld suit ! ,exile  & po/-,exile 
p]iod4 ,z soon z ! ,jews _h ! *ance (   
p>ticipat+ 9 ! _w's good ?+s1 !y eag]ly 
avail$  !mselves ( x4 ,! prom95ce ( !   
retribution doctr9e 9 ^!  n9e *apt]s    
might possibly be acc\nt$ = by !        
prosp]ity ( _m  ( ! disp]s$ ,jews4 ,to  
me h[ev] ! expression #8peace-(f]+s'    
7vii4 #ad7 po9ts away f ,babylon1 j z ! 
expression #8y>n (  ,egypt' 9 vii4 #af  
po9ts away f ,egypt4    ,,iv4 ,!        

phraseology ( ^! *apt]s 7z well z ( !   
re/ ( !  book7 is said by ,h>tmann#bdj  
to be late4 ,8 in/ances ( late &        
,aramais+ words & =ms require te/+2 an  
argum5t ( ?is sort  7except 9 m extreme 
cases7 is n conclusive z to date4 ,reuss
  appe>s to base 8 l+ui/ic argum5t r on 
! cle>ness ( !  /yle1 :i* #8betrays ?is 
section to be ! late/ "p ( !  book4'#bda
 ,nldeke h[ev] m sob]ly inf]s1 f !      
#8fl[+ness  & facility ( ! language1' t 
! au?or liv$ subsequ5tly to             
,isaiah4#bdb    ,on ! :ole1 ,i am       
compell$ to reject ! hypo!sis ( ei!r !  
,exile or ! po/-,exile orig9 ( ,prov4   
i4-ix4 ,! ,exile-date seems to  be      
exclud$ by ,prov4 vii4 #ad1 :i* implies 
! sacrificial sy/em2 !  po/-,exile by ! 
want ( any suffici5t reason = desc5d+ s 
late  9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,! fif? c5tury
 9 p>ticul>1 to :i*  ,vatke ref]s ! :ole
 ,book ( ,prov]bs1 seems to me out ( !  
"q  = ?is section ( ! book4 ,be=e ! "t (
 ,sira*1 ,i _c f9d a  p]iod 9 !         
po/-,exile hi/ory 9 :i* ! life (        

,j]usalem c h  mu* resembl$ ! picture   
giv5 ( x 9 ,prov4 i4-ix4 ,b ,sira*'s    
evid5t imitation ( ! #8,praise (        
,wisdom' 7we %all come back to ?is  9   
/udy+ ,ecclesia/icus7 seems ( itself to 
sugge/ t ,prov4 i4-ix4  is ! monum5t (  
an e>li] age1 & ?is is confirm$ by      
,sira*'s  diff]5t attitude t[>ds        
c]emonial religion4    ,!re rema9s !    
hypo!sis t ! treatise1 ,prov4 i4-ix41 0 
writt5 t[>ds ! close ( ! k+dom ( ,judah4
 ,!re seems to me no  suffici5t argum5t 
aga9/ ?is view1 :i* agrees ) ! result   
above atta9$ on ! relation ( ,prov4     
i4-ix4 to ! ,book ( ,job 7p4  #he74 ,!  
collapse ( ! /ate 0 sudd51 & = "s "t    
aft] !  composition or at lea/          
promulgation ( ! ,deut]onomic ,tra !    
,jews  appe>$ to be 9 ! enjoym5t (      
national prosp]ity4 ,n[ ! au?or  (      
,prov4 i4-ix4 depicts a /ate ( outw>d   
prosp]ity & is evid5tly  famili> ) !    
exhortations ( ,deut]onomy4 ,:o1 z      
,delitzs*  rem>ks1 c fail to he> 9      
,prov4 i4 #g-;ix4 an e*o ( ! ,%em       

7#8he>'71 ,deut4 vi4 #d-i 7comp4 xi4    
#ah-ba78 ,?is is q consi/5t )  ! op9ion 
t ,prov4 i4-ix4 is lat] ?an ! prov]bs 9 
! two  pr9cipal collections ( our book1 
an op9ion :i* comm5ds itself to  mo/#bdc
 especially on acc\nt ( ! high] moral   
/&>d ( ,prov4  i4-ix41 & its advance 9 !
 treatm5t ( lit]>y =m4    ,i h said #8! 
composition or at lea/ promulgation' (  
,deut]onomy4  ,if ,deut]onomy 0 writt5  
7:i* is at lea/ possible7 z e>ly z !    
reign ( ,hezekiah1#bdd we may p]haps    
foll[ ,ewald1 :o places !  #8,praise (  
,wisdom' 9 ! p]iod ( relative prosp]ity 
:i*1 he  ?9ks1 clos$ ! reign (          
,manasseh4#bde ,x is notewor?y t ,mic4  
vi41 :i* ,ewald plausibly assigns to !  
p]iod ( ,manasseh's  p]secution1 also   
pres5ts "s po9ts ( contact )            
,deut]onomy4#bdf  ,& yet x seems to me  
saf] to date ! book 9 ! reign ( ,josiah1
  :51 z we "k f hi/ory & prophecy1 !    
disc\rses (  ,deut]onomy fir/ became    
g5]ally kn[n4                      99   
99       99       99       99    ,next1 

z to ! body ( ! "w4 ,t ! collection 9 x4
 #a-xxii4 #af  is ! e>lie/ "p ( ! book  
is admitt$ by mo/ critics4 ,! fact  t   
*aps4 i4-ix4 pres5t l+ui/ic po9ts (     
contact ) x1 does  n prove ! two p>ts to
 be ( ! same date1 = ! op5+ *apt]s  also
 display peculi>ities q unlike ^? ( !   
#8,solomonic'  an?ology4#bdg ,i h       
already set =? my own view on ?is & on  
o!r critical po9ts1 & w n[ only regi/] !
 results ( ,ewald  & ( ,delitzs*4 ,bo?  
are agre$ t ! old] ,book ( ,prov]bs     
ext5ds f i4 #a to xxiv4 #bb1 i4 #a-f 7or
 #g7 be+ ! descriptive  head+ ( ! "w1 & 
i4 #g 7or #h7-;ix4 #ah a hortatory      
treatise1 by !  au?or1 m or less        
introductory to ! say+s :i* foll[4 ,!   
date  ( ! collection ( ! latt] ,ewald   
places at ! beg9n+ ( !  eigh? c5tury2 t 
( ! head+ & introduction 9 ! middle (  !
 sev5?4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury ! 
?ree app5dices  7xxii4 #ag-xxiv4 #bb1   
xxiv4 #bc-ce1 xxv4 #a-xxix4 #bg7 7 add$2
 !  cont5ts ( ! two =m] 7 d]iv$ f two   
popul> prov]bial  collections1 :ile !   

latt] 0 a great & (ficially sanction$   
an?ology dat+ f ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury4 
,! rema9+ p>ts  ( ! book 7xxx4 #a-xxxi4 
#i1 & xxxi4 #aj-ca7 ,ewald assigns to ! 
sev5? c5tury4 ,delitzs* 7^: view is     
p]haps ! mo/ cons]vative  "o /ill       
t5able7 dates ! publication ( ! fir/    
,book ( ,prov]bs  z e>ly z ! reign (    
,jeho%aphat 7ref]r+ to #b ,*r4 xvii4    
#g-i74 ,to  its editor he ascribes n    
only ! au?or%ip ( i4 #a-;ix4 #ah b !    
conclusion ( ! #8old] book' by ! words (
 ! wise1 xxii4 #ag-xxiv4  #bb1 :ile a   
lat] editor is responsible bo? = !      
supplem5t>y  say+s ( ! wise1 xxiv4      
#bb-cd1 & = ! great ,hezekian           
collection1  ( :i* he ?us ensur$ !      
pres]vation4 ,! same p]son probably     
app5d$ ! obscure say+s ( ,agur 7xxx47 & 
( ,lemuel 7xxxi4 #a-i71  possibly too ! 
clos+ alphabetic poem 7xxxi4 #aj-ca71   
:i* is  assign$ by ,delitzs* to !       
pre-,hezekian p]iod4 ,bo? ,ewald &      
,delitzs* are sub/antially agre$ z to ! 
exi/5ce ( a g5u9e  ,solomonic elem5t 9  

bo? ! great an?ologies 7especially 9 !  
fir/71 b ^u v conjectural gr\nds4    ,"o
 po9t only rema9s to be consid]$1 h[ev] 
briefly4 ,! ,book (  ,job has already   
furni%$ an example ( ! poetical fiction 
( !  non-,israeliti% au?or%ip ( a       
,hebrew poem4 ,x is possible en\gh t    
?is & ! simil> in/ance ( !              
,balaam-oracles 7 n alone 9  ,hebrew    
lit]ature4 ,nor are !y s1 if a view ( ! 
fir/ words ( !  head+s 9 ,prov4 xxx4 #a1
 xxxi4 #a1 :i* has f\nd _m fri5ds1 be   
correct1 & we may r5d] 9 ! "o case1 #8,!
 words ( ,agur ! son  ( ,jakeh1 ( 7!    
c\ntry (7 ,massa1' read+ ei!r mimmass   
7or1 z  ,delitzs* proposes1 mimm% or    
hammass'#bdh72 & 9 ! o!r1  #8,! words ( 
,lemuel ! k+ ( ,massa4' ,mhlau 9 8      
monograph on  #8,agur' & #8,lemuel' ?9ks
 t bo? ! cont5ts & ! language (  ! say+s
 ( ,agur #8almo/ necess>ily po9t to a   
region bord]+ on  ! ,syro-,arabian      
wa/es1' b 8 !ory ( an ,israeliti% colony
 9 a  c]ta9 ,massa 9 ! ,hauran 7comp4 #a
 ,*r4 v4 #aj71 l a some:at  simil> !ory 

( ,hitzig's 7he places #8,massa' 9 ,n4  
,arabia1 comp>+ #a  ,*r4 iv4 #db1 #dc1  
:]e ! ,simeonites are said to h settl$ 9
 ,m\nt  ,seir1 & ,isa4 xxi4 #aa1        
#abbdi71 is too conjectural to be       
readily  accept$4 ,!re is h[ev] mu* =ce 
9 a "p ( ! argum5ts (  ,mhlau1          
especially 9 8 fir/ & second 7ref]r+ to 
xxxi4 #a71 #8,!  ^w melek 9 apposition  
to ,lemuel _c g )\t !  article1'#bej &  
',mass 8utt]ance0 is nev] us$ else:]e   
except  ( 7prophetic7 oracles4' ,if any 
"o !re=e likes to adopt ! above  r5d]+s1
 tak+ ,massa z ! "n ( a c\ntry 7comp4   
,g54 xxv4 #ad1 #a  ,*r4 i4 #cj71 ,i h no
 /rong objection4 ,ziegl]'s view cit$ by
  ,mhlau1#bea t ,lemuel 0 an ,eme] ( an 
,arabian tribe 9 ! ea/ (  ,jordan1 & t  
an ,israeliti% wise man translat$ !     
,eme]'s say+s  into ,hebrew1 is p]haps n
 z unt5able z ,mhlau ?9ks1 provid$ t    
#8translation' be tak5 to include reca/+
 9 accordance ) !  _s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 
religion4 ,= my own "p1 h[ev]1 ,i pref] 
! simpl] explanation giv5 already 9     

consid]+ *aps4 xxx41 xxii4  #a-i4 ,i    
acc\nt = ! ,aramaisms1 ,arabisms1 & o!r 
peculi>ities (  ^! sections by _!       
po/-,exile orig91 ) :i* ! "* (  !       
cont5ts ( ! mo/ /rik+ portion1 xxx4     
#a-f1 appe>s to me to  h>monise 7notice 
e4g4 ! /rong fai? 9 ! words ( revelation
 9  xxx4 #e74 ,b ,i am n writ+ a        
comm5t>y1 & c only draw !  read]'s      
att5tion to "s ( ! mo/ important        
exegetical ph5om5a4  ,let me ref] 9     
conclusion to a critical note on p4     
#age1 :i* has a  be>+ on ! "q rais$ by  
"s :e!r ,job & ?is "p (  ,prov]bs may   
fitly be call$ ,hebro-,arabic works4 ,x 
is /range t  ,hitzig %\ld h r5\nc$ !    
support = 8 !ory 7see p4 #aga7 to  be   
obta9$ f ,prov4 xxx4 #ca4    ,footnote  
#bcc3      ,keil qualifies ?is h[ev] by 
admitt+ t ,solomon may h    incorporat$ 
_m say+s ( o!r wise m54    ,footnote    
#bcd3      ,die ,spr*e ,salomo's1 v4    
xvii4    ,footnote #bce3      ,die      
biblis*e ,!ologie1 i4 #efc4    ,footnote
 #bcf3      ,! ,religion ( ,israel1 ii4 

#bdb4    ,footnote #bcg3      ,!        
passages 9 ,,ii4 ,isaiah ref]r$ to 9 ?is
 p>agraph belong to    sections mo/     
probably ( po/-,exile orig94 7,see art4 
#8,isaiah' 9    ,encyclopdia            
,britannica1 new ed47    ,footnote #bch3
      ,we %\ld p]haps read "h v'?igga' =
 v'?igra'1 foll[+    ,sept4's     2 s   
,m]x & ,bickell4    ,footnote #bci3     
,7 ! aff9ities ) ,g54 i4 m def9ite1     
critics (    ,wellhaus5's s*ool w\ld    
naturally d]ive f !m an argum5t =    !  
po/-,exile orig9 ( ,prov4 i4-ix4 ,i d n 
myself atta* mu*    weight to ^! slight 
p>allelisms4    ,footnote #bdj3         
,die enge ,v]b9dung des ,a4 ,t4 mit dem 
,neu51 pp4 #adh-i4    ,footnote #bda3   
,ges*i*te d] heilig5 ,s*rift5 ,alt5     
,te/am5ts1 p4 #did4    ,footnote #bdb3  
,die altte/am5tli*e ,lit]atur 7#ahfh71  
p4 #aei4    ,footnote #bdc3             
,hitzig1 h[ev]1 almo/ alone among rec5t 
critics1 reg>ds !    op5+ *apt]s z !    
olde/ "p ( ! book4    ,footnote #bdd3   
,?is seems to me ! e>lie/ probable date1

 b does n exclude !    possibility t    
e>ly traditional mat]ial has be5 work$  
into !    book4    ,footnote #bde3      
,hi/ory ( ,israel1 iv4 #bai4 ,x %\ld be 
m5tion$ h[ev] t    ,ewald places ,job   
7except ! ,elihu-portion71 ,prov4       
i4-ix41 &1 la/    9 ord]1 ,deut]onomy   
all 9 ! reign ( ,manasseh4 ,he fails to 
recognise ! influ5ce ( ,deut]onomy on ! 
#8,praise ( ,wisdom4'    ,footnote #bdf3
      ,see ,micah 9 ! ,cambridge ,s*ool 
& ,college ,bible4    ,footnote #bdg3   
,delitzs*1 ,prov]bs1 i4 #cc2 ,ku551     
,ond]zock1 iii4 #ge4    ,footnote #bdh3 
,9 ! v]sion kn[n z ! ,grcus ,v5etus     
7#ad? or #ae? c5t47 xxx4    #a;a runs   
?us1       7,jakeh !    ,massaite74     
,delitzs*'s view1 giv5 above1 is tak5 f 
8 art4 on    #8,prov]bs' 9              
,h]zog-,plitt's ,encyclopdia2 he ref]s  
to ,fri$ri*    ,delitzs*'s ,p>adies1 p4 
#cjc2 comp4 #bdc4    ,footnote #bdi3    
,on ,isa4 xxi4 #aa1 #ab1 see ,!         
,prophecies ( ,isaiah1 i4 #abi1 ii4     
#aeb4    ,hitzig's !ory1 orig9ally /at$ 

9 ,zell]'s ,!ol4 ,jahrb*]1    #ahdd1 pp4
 #bfi-cje1 w be f\nd 9 ! well-kn[n %ort 
comm5t>y    7,kurzgefas/es exeg4 ,h&bu*1
 #ahdg7 by ,b]!au1 :o sub/antially      
accepts x4    ,footnote #bej3      ,?is 
is a little too /rong4 ,we %\ld c]ta9ly 
h expect$ melek    ,lemuel 7or ,lemoel7 
r ?an ,lemuel melek1 on ! analogy (     
melek ,yrb1 ,hos4 v4 #ac1 x4 #f4 ,z x   
/&s 9 ! text1 melek    7aft] ,lemuel1 & 
)\t ! article7 c only be a def9ition (  
class4 ,! ,lemuel spok5 ( 0 q unkn[n to 
! read]1 &    !re=e ! editor app5ds !   
descriptive title #8k+4' ,comp4 ,ex4    
xxxii4 #aa1 :]e ,jo%ua1 son ( ,nun1 be+ 
introduc$ = ! fir/    "t1 is describ$ z 
na'ar #8a squire4'    ,footnote #bea3   
,ref]r+ to ,neue ,ueb]setzung d]        
,d5kspr*e ,salomo's1 #agia1 p4    #bi4  
,,*apt] ,,vii4                          
,,! ,,text ,,( ,,prov]bs4      ,! s5se (
 prov]bs is naturally mo/ difficult to  
cat* :5 !re  has be5 no attempt to gr\p 
!m by subjects4 ,h5ce ! textual         
difficulties ( s l>ge a "p ( ! e>lie/   

an?ology4 ,grtz has  made "s valuable   
among _m too arbitr>y corrections2 b a  
sy/ematic use ( ! anci5t v]sions is /ill
 a desid]atum4 ,lag>de1  ,oort1         
,bickell1 & o!rs h l$ ! way2 b mu* yet  
rema9s to be  done4 ,my space only all[s
 me to give "s prelim9>y h9ts1 :i* may  
at lea/ /imulate fur!r inquiry1 on !    
relation ( ! ,hebrew text  to ! v]sions1
 especially ! ,septuag9t v]sion 7if ,i  
%\ld n  r speak ( #8v]sions'74 ,h[ comes
 x1 we may ask fir/ ( all1 t  !         
,septuag9t conta9s s _m passages n f\nd 
9 ! ,hebrew8 ,"o  answ] is t 9 a =eign  
l&1 ) a new language & a new circle  (  
ideas1 explanation 0 z necess>y to !    
,hell5i/ic ,jews z  translation4 ,h5ce !
 t5d5cy ( ! ,septuag9t translators to   
introduce glosses4 ,b ! =m ( ! ,book (  
,prov]bs specially  fav\r$              
int]polations4 ,sometimes only a few    
words 7 ins]t$ to  make ! text m di/9ct 
7e4g4 i4 #bb1 xii4 #be1 xxiv4 #bc72 at  
o!r  times explanatory or sugge/$ rem>ks
 7 add$1 at fir/ p]haps 9  ! m>g94 ,(   

c\rse1 x is p]fectly conceivable t !    
receiv$  ,hebrew text itself may conta9 
simil> additions2 ! analogy ( o!r       
books1 9 :i* su* int]polations occur1   
ev5 fav\rs ?is idea4 ,"o  su* ins]tion  
is pat5t2 !re c be no d\bt t i4 #af 0   
add$ 9  ! ,hebrew1 to ! detrim5t ( !    
connection1 f ,isa4 lix4 #g4 ,z  ?is    
passage is want+ 9 ! be/ ,,mss4 ( !     
,septuag9t1 we might be  tempt$ to use  
?is v]sion z a means ( detect+ o!r      
int]polations  9 ! ,hebrew4 ,?is h[ev]  
w\ld lead u into rese>*es ( too mu*     
complexity4    ,"s ( ! ,septuag9t       
additions are also f\nd 9 ! ,vulgate1 "s
  aga9 also 9 ! ,pe%itto2 & :]e a       
,septuag9t addition is n f\nd  9 !      
,vulgate we may1 at lea/ 9 "s cases1    
assume t !  ,septuag9t text did n 9 ,/4 
,j]ome's "t conta9 ! additional  matt]4 
,among ! mo/ int]e/+ passages f a       
text-critical po9t  ( view peculi> to ! 
,septuag9t are ^? f\nd at iii4 #ae1 iv4 
#bg1  vi4 #h1 #aa1 vii4 #b1 ix4 #ab1beb1
 #ah1 xi4 #af1 xii4 #ac1 xv4 #ah1 xvi4  

#e1  xix4 #g1 xxvi4 #aa1 xxvii4 #bj1    
#ba1 xxviii4 #aj4 ,mo/ ( ^! c be  r5d]$ 
back into ,hebrew1 ?\gh ?is is difficult
 ) vi4 #aa;b z x  /&s1 & impossible )   
vi4 #h 7#8! bee'74 ,9 any case ! ,hebrew
  orig9 ( a prov]b does n prove t x 0   
ins]t$ by ! orig9al  collector or       
collectors4 ,) reg>d to ! ,t>gum & its  
deviations  f ! ,hebrew text1 x is to be
 obs]v$ t ?is v]sion has !  same        
relation to ! ,pe%itto z ! ,vulgate to !
 old ,lat9 v]sion on  :i* x is bas$4 ,! 
,pe%itto translates f a ,hebrew text    
sub/antially ! same z our own2 ?\gh !   
translator has consult$  ! ,septuag9t   
7accord+ to ,hitzig7 9 ! portion ( !    
book  beg9n+ at vii4 #bc4    ,!re are   
also "s rem>kable transpositions 9 !    
,septuag9t  ,prov]bs1 rem9d+ u ( ^? 9 ! 
,septuag9t ,j]emiah4 ,! ?ree  app5dices 
to ! ,hezekian collection are giv5 9 a v
 diff]5t  ord] f t ( ! ,hebrew4 ,! fir/ 
f\rte5 v]ses ( *ap4 xxx4  are ins]t$    
betwe5 v]4 #bb & v]4 #bc ( *ap4 xxiv41 &
 all !  rema9d]1 toge!r ) xxxi4 #a-i1 is

 plac$ be=e *ap4 xxv4 ,!  treatm5t ( !  
head+s 9 ! ,septuag9t is also rem>kable1
 &  seems arbitr>y2 e4g4 x looks z if ! 
translator _h expung$ all  ^?           
peculi>ities 9 ! sup]scriptions :i*     
sugge/$ a v>iety (  au?or%ip4 ,! prop]  
names 9 *aps4 xxx41 xxxi4 h be5 expla9$ 
away1 & ! head+ 9 x4 #a1 :i* limits !   
,solomonic au?or%ip too  mu* = !        
translator1 has be5 actually omitt$4    
,on ! ,septuag9t additions to ,prov]bs1 
comp4 ,deane 9 ,expositor1  #ahhd1 pp4  
#big-cja2 on ! l>g] subject ( ! ,greek &
 ! ,hebrew  text1 see introduction to   
,hitzig's comm5t>y1 ,lag>de's ,anm]kung5
  c41 & a s]ies ( pap]s1 ?or\gh b less  
ma/]ly ?an ,hitzig's  or ,lag>de's "w1  
by ,heid5heim 7title 9 #8,aids to !     
,/ud5t1'  bel[74                        
,,note ,,on ,,prov]bs ,,xxx4 #ca4       
,"s assume "h a corruption ( ! text1 b !
 m>g9 ( ! ,revis$  ,v]sion gives an     
appropriate s5se4 ,x implies inde$ !    
admission ( a  d[nright ,arabism1 b !re 
are p>allels = ?is 9 vv4 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 

& alqm = ! ,arabic al-qaum is 7see      
,ges5ius7 l elgbh%  7,ezek4 xiii4 #aa1  
#ac1 xxxviii4 #bb7 & almdd 7,g54 x4     
#bf74 #8,! k+  :5 8 army is ) him' may v
 fitly be adduc$ z a specim5 (  !       
#8comely 9 go+4' ,m4 ,halvy inde$ has   
sugge/$ t qm 9  alqm may be ! ,qvam or  
,qjam (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,s9aitic          
inscriptions 7,bullet9 ,no4 #bh ( !     
,socit de ,l+ui/ique2 see  ,academy1    
,m>* #bg1 #ahhf74 ,b ! =m] view is /ill 
! m  plausible "o4 ,:y %\ld a k+ ) :om  
is #8,god ,qavam' be describ$  z        
specially #8comely 9 go+'8 ,wetz/e9 too 
has /at$ t alqaum  is /ill pron\nc$     
al-qm by ! ,b$aw9s4 ,comp4 ,blau1       
,zeits*r4 d4  deuts*5 morg4 ,ges41 xxv4 
#eci4    ,footnote #beb3      ,!        
addition "h is v poetical1 & may1 z     
,ewald says1 h be5    extract$ f an     
anci5t an?ology4 ,b x di/urbs !         
connection4                             
,,*apt] ,,viii4                ,,!      
,,religi\s ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,book ,,(   
,,prov]bs4      ,x is only 9 mod]n times

 t ! ,book ( ,prov]bs has be5  disp>ag$2
 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs consid]$ x to be
 ( mu*  e?ico-religi\s value4 ,h5ce !   
s\nd+ title1 fir/ us$ by ,clem5t  (     
,rome 7,cor41 c4 #eg71   4 ,f our po9t (
 view1  inde$1 ! value ( ! book is      
diff]5t 9 its sev]al p>ts1 b no  "p is  
)\t its use4 ,c any ,*ri/ian help see+ !
 poetic  =egleams ( ,*ri/ 9 ! great     
monologue ( ,wisdom 9 *ap4 viii48       
,dorn] may be "r 9 ma9ta9+ t ! idea ( ! 
,inc>nation  _c h be5 evolv$ f ,hebraism
 or ,judaism1 & yet !  description (    
,wisdom1 #8sport+ ) ,jehovah's _w' &    
#8hav+ h]  delights ) ! sons ( m5'      
7viii4 #ca71 _c b rem9d u ( !           
sympa!tic1 div9e-human ,tea*]1 :o #8took
 ! =m ( a s]vant4' ,h[  deeply ?is great
 section has affect$ ! !ology ( ! pa/1  
,i ne$  n "h relate4 ,w x ev] lose its  
value z a symbolic picture (  ! comb9$  
transc5d5ce & imman5ce ( ! ,div9e ,be+8 
,turn+ to ! o!r p>ts ( ! book1 d !y n   
furni% abundant  ju/ification ( t type (
 ,*ri/ianity :i* accepts b does n  dwell

 on =ms1 s b5t is x ^u moral            
applications ( ! religi\s  pr9ciple8 ,d 
!y n %[ t ! #8fe> ( ! ,"l' is q         
compatible ) a deep int]e/ 9 av]age     
human life & human nature8  ,! ,book (  
,prov]bs1 tak5 z a :ole1 seems to supply
 ! necess>y  c\nt]weight to ! psalms & !
 prophecies4 ,! psalmi/s love ,god  m   
?an aught else2 b mu/ e "o say1         
#8,possess+ ?is1 ,i h  pleasure 9 no?+  
^u e>?' 7,ps4 lxxiii4 #bf78 ,w\ld x be  
good to be  always 9 ?is mood8 ,is !re n
 some?+ m satisfactory 9 !  ,paul9e     
say+1 #8,all ?+s are y\rs1 & ye are     
,*ri/'s'8 ,& z =  ! prophets--d !y n 7we
 may conjecture & p]haps p>tly prove    
?is7 depreciate too mu* ! morality &    
religion ( _! neighb\rs8  ,! ,book (    
,prov]bs gives u only av]age morality & 
religion2 yet1  if we judge x fairly1 h[
 pleas+ on ! :ole is ! picture6 ,tak+  x
 z equally au?oritative ) ! psalms &    
prophecies1 %all we n  rise to a m      
compreh5sive religion ?an a m]e pupil ( 
psalmi/s or  prophets knew--to "o t     

*>ges u1 n to love ,god less1 b our     
neighb\r m8 ,x w\ld no d\bt be easy to  
criticise ! ,book f a  ,new ,te/am5t    
po9t ( view4 ,b ! ,new ,te/am5t itself  
has absorb$  mu* t is be/ 9 x1 &        
quotations f x occur n unfrequ5tly1     
especially 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,nor c any     
tea*] ( ! p af=d to  neglect its /ores (
 happily express$ practical wisdom4 ,we 
mu/ n  ev5 despise its #8utilit>ianism4'
 ,! awful decl>ations ( #8,wisdom' 9    
,prov4 i4 #bd-cb are simply ! voice ( ! 
p]sonifi$ laws ( ,god#bec  w>n+ m5 t !  
consequ5ces ( _! acts1 ev5 if !y may be 
ov]rul$ = good1 yet _c by any cunn+ be  
escap$4 ,does ! ,new  ,te/am5t q sup]s$e
 ?is =m ( tea*+8 ,& does n ! ,hebrew    
sage once at lea/ give a sugge/ion ( t v
 ov]rul+ love ( ,god  :i* is among !    
*>act]i/ic ideas ( ,*ri/ian lore 7see   
,prov4  iii4 #aa78    ,footnote #bec3   
,s we may v5ture to p>aphrase #8,wisdom'
 9 ?is connection4                      
,,aids ,,to ,,! ,,/ud5t4      ,! #8aids'
 "h m5tion$ are su* z might o!rwise     

escape notice4    ,w4 ,n[ack1 ,die      
,spr*e ,salomo's u4s4w4 7a reca/ (      
,b]!au's  comm5t>y 9 ! ,kurzgefas/es    
,exeg4 ,h&bu*71 #ahhc2 ,h4 ,deuts*1     
,die ,spr*e ,salomo's na* d] ,auffassung
 im ,talmud und ,midras*  d>ge/ellt und 
kritis* unt]su*t 7er/] ,!il1 #ahhe72    
,bickell1  #8,exegetis*-kritis*e        
,na*lese3 ,prov]bi5 und ,job1' 9        
,zeits*r4 fur  ka?ol4 ,!ologie1 #ahhf1  
pp4 #bje-bjh2 ,ab5 ,ezra's comm5t>y on  
,prov]bs1 edit$ by ,*aim ,m4 ,hor[itz1  
#ahhd2 ,loew5/e91 ,die  ,prov]bi5       
,salomo's1 mit ,b5utzung lt]] und neu]] 
,manuskripte1  #ahcg 7text & comm5t>y 9 
,hebrew1 ) ,g]man metrical v]sion2      
conta9s valuable contributions to a m   
critical ,massoretic text f  ! pap]s (  
,w4 ,heid5heim72 ,m4 ,heid5heim1 #8,zur 
,textkritik d]  ,prov]bi51' 9 8         
,vi]teljahress*rift = #ahfe & #ahff2    
,lag>de1  ,anm]kung5 sur grie*is*5      
,ueb]setzung d] ,prov]bi51 #ahfc2 ,grtz1
  #8,exegetis*e ,/udi5 zu d5            
,salomonis*5 ,spr*51' 9 8               

,monatss*rift1 #ahhd2 ,dijs]9ck1        
#8,kritis*e ,s*oli51' 9 ,!ologis*       
,tijds*rift1 #ahhc1 p4 #egg c42 ,oort1  
#8,spreuk5 ,i4-,,ix41' 9 same           
p]iodical1 #ahhe1 p4 #cgi c42 ,btt*]1   
,aehr5lese1 "p iii41 #ahfe  7conta9s #ci
 pages on ,prov]bs72 ,mhlau1 ,de        
prov]biorum ,agur et ,lemuel  orig9e1   
#ahfi2 ,bru*1 ,wei%eitslehre d] ,hebrer1
 #ahea2 ,hooykaas1  ,ges*4 van de       
beoef5+ d] ,wei%eid ond] de ,hebre51    
#ahfb2 ,dukes1  ,rabb9is*e ,blum5lese1  
#ahdd 7includes ,talmudic prov]bs2 comp4
 !  old] works ( ,drusius1 #aeij-a1 &   
,brll's supplem5t 9 8  ,jahrb*]1 #ahhe72
 ,delitzs*1 art4 #8,spr*e ,salomo's1' 9 
,h]zog-,plitt's ,real-,encyklopdie1 ed4 
#b1 vol4 xiv42 & ! works (  ,oehl] &    
,s*ultz on ,old ,te/am5t ,!ology 7! =m] 
9 ,cl>k's  ,libr>y74                    
,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,jesus ,,! ,,son ,,(  
,,sira*4                                
,,*apt] ,i4            ,,! ,,wise ,,man 
,,turn$ ,,scribe4 ,,sira*',s ,,moral    
,,tea*+4      ,! inclusion ( ,sira* )9  

our range ( /udy1 z an app5dix &        
c\nt]p>t to ! canonical ,book (         
,prov]bs1 requires no long              
ju/ification4 ,! s-call$ #8,wisdom (    
,solomon' is 9 =m &  col\r+ almo/ z mu* 
,greek z ,hebrew1 & has no place 9 a    
survey  ( ! wisdom ( ,pale/9e4 ,b !     
#8,wisdom' m mode/ly ascrib$ to  ! son (
 ,sira* is a truly ,israeliti%          
production1 ?\gh z yet none  b ! ma/]s (
 our subject h recognis$ its intr9sic   
importance4  ,:5ce comes ?is preval5t   
neglect ( a "w /ill kn[n z              
#8,ecclesia/icus' or a #8*ur*-book'8    
,d\btless x has fall5 9  e/imation f be+
 comb9$ ) books m difficult to appraise 
fairly & consequ5tly reg>d$ ) suspicion4
 ,! objection :i*  "s ,jewi% doctors    
ent]ta9$ to recomm5d+ p>ts ( !          
,hagiographa  has be5 felt by _m mod]ns 
) reg>d to ! ,apocrypha4 ,!  objection  
is too /rong & g5]al n to h "s          
f\ndation1 b x  implies an unhi/orical  
habit ( m9d4 ,grant$ t ! ,apocryphal    
writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t belong 9 ! ma9 

to a p]iod ( out]  & inn] decad5ce 7?\gh
 ! noble ,maccabean days may qualify    
?is72  yet p]iods ( decad5ce are (t5    
also p]iods ( transition to "s  new &   
bett] ?+1 :i* _c be und]/ood or         
appreciat$ )\t  !m4 ,ewald has sugge/$ !
 title ( #8int]m$iate writ+s'           
7,zwis*5s*rift5#bed7 z a sub/itute =    
,apocrypha1 to indicate  t transitional 
"* :i* gives ^! books s high a value =  
! /ud5t ( bo? ,te/am5ts4    ,! book n[  
be=e u--! l>ge/ & mo/ compreh5sive 9 !  
,wisdom-lit]ature--is "o ( ^!           
#8int]m$iate writ+s1' b 9 :at  s5se     
beyond ! mo/ sup]ficial "o rema9s to be 
se54 ,x is  m5tion$ "h fir/ ( all       
because ( ! pro( :i* x gives ( !  great 
lit]>y =ce ( ! canonical ,book (        
,prov]bs4 ,b no product  ( lit]ature    
c\ld ma9ta9 itself z ,sira* has done if 
x 7 a m]e  imitation2 ,sira*1 n less ?an
 ! ,wisdom-books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t      
prop]1 is at lea/ a p>tial reflection ( 
! life ( ! times4 ,its  date inde$ has  
be5 disput$4 ,suffice x to say "h t !   

au?or  01 beyond reasonable d\bt1#bee a 
contempor>y ( #8,simon ! high  prie/1 ! 
son ( ,onias4' ,n[ !re 7 five high      
prie/s :o bore !  "n ( ,simon or        
,simeon1 two ( :om1 ,simon ,i4 7,b4,c4  
#caj-bij7 & ,simon  ,,ii4 7,b4,c4       
#bai-aii71 h by diff]5t critics be5     
?\ght (4 ,!  weight ( argum5t is 9 fav\r
 ( ! second ( ! "n1 :o 0  c]ta9ly ! m   
important ( ! two1 & :o is ref]r$ to 9 !
  ,talmud "u ! "n ( ,simeon !           
,righte\s4#bef ,?is is 9  accordance ) !
 ,greek translator's /atem5t 9 8 preface
 t he  0 ! gr&son ( ! au?or1 & we may   
conjecturally fix !  composition ( !    
book at ab\t #ahj ,b4,c4 ,! translator  
himself came  into ,egypt1 z he tells u1
 9 ! #ch? ye> ( k+ ,eu]getes#beg  7comp4
 ,luke xxii4 #be74 ,n[ ,eu]getes ,,ii4  
,physkon1 :o mu/ be "h  int5d$1 began to
 reign jo9tly ) 8 bro!r ,philometor     
,b4,c4 #agj2  8 bro!r di$ ,b4,c4 #ade1 &
 he reign$ alone = tw5ty-five ye>s      
long] 7till ,b4,c4 #aaf74 ,h5ce !       
translator's arrival 9 ,egypt &         

possibly ! translation itself fall )9 ! 
ye> #acb4 ,! object (  8 "w1 we ga!r f !
 preface1 0 to correct ! inequalities ( 
moral & religi\s culture 77 among !     
,jews ( ,egypt1 by  sett+ be=e !m a /&>d
 & a lesson-book ( true religi\s        
wisdom4    ,let u pause a little ov] ^! 
dates4 ,x has be5 well obs]v$ by        
,momms5 t ! f\ndation ( ,alex&ria 0 z   
great an ev5t 9 !  hi/ory ( ! p (       
,israel z ! conque/ ( ,j]usalem4 ,x mu/ 
inde$ h seem$ to _m ,israelites m       
fraught ) dang] ?an )  hope4 ,nev] be=e 
_h ,paganism pres5t$ itself to _! nation
 9 s  attractive a guise4 ,w\ld _!      
religion exhibit suffici5t p[] (        
resi/ance on a =eign soil8 ,! fe>s1     
h[ev]1 7 gr\ndless2 at  any rate1 = a   
consid]able "t4 ,! =ms (                
,egyptian-,jewi%  lit]ature might be    
=eign1 b its !mes 7 :olly national4 ,ev5
  9 t highly orig9al syn!sis ( ,jewi%1  
,platonic1 & ,/oic  elem5ts--! ,book (  
,wisdom--! ,jewi% _s is manife/ly       
pr$om9ant4  ,9 ,pale/9e !re 0 also a    

,hell5ic movem5t1 ?\gh less vigor\s  &  
all-absorb+ ?an 9 ,egypt4 ,)\t a        
spontane\s manife/ation (  ,jewi%       
sympa?y1 ,antio*us ,epiphanes w\ld nev] 
h made 8 abortive  attempt to ,hell5ise 
,juda4 ,girt r\nd by a ,greek           
population1 !  ,pale/9ian ,jews1 9 spite
 ( ,ezra's admirable organisation1 c\ld 
n  entirely resi/ ! assaults (          
,hell5ism4 ,x is probable t n  m]ely    
,greek language1 b ,greek philosophy1   
ex]t$ a *>m on "s (  ! cle>e/ ,jewi%    
intellects4 ,b we are )9 ! b\nds (      
ackn[l$g$ fact 9 ass]t+ t ! ard\r (     
,judan piety1 at lea/  9 ! highe/ class1
 greatly cool$ 9 ! age subsequ5t to     
,ezra's1  & 9 ascrib+ ?is to ,greek     
influ5ces4 ,! high prie/ ,simeon        
,,ii41#beh surnam$ ! ,righte\s 7i4e4 !  
/rict obs]v] ( ! ,law71  ( :om s gl[+ an
 acc\nt is giv5 by ,sira* 7*ap4 i471 is 
!  *ief exception to ?is deg5]acy2 yet  
he 0 p[]less to /em !  revolution>y     
curr5t ev5 )9 8 own family4 ,8 c\s9     
,joseph 0  ! notori\s f>m] ( ! taxes (  

,pale/9e1 :o by 8 public &  private     
immorality#bei sapp$ ! v f\ndations (   
,jewi% life1  :ile two ( ,simeon's sons1
 ,jason & ,m5elaus1 became ! traitor\s  
high prie/s :o promot$ ! paganis+       
movem5t "u ,antio*us4 ,x is  well kn[n t
 _m critics ref] ! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es 
to !  p]iod imm$iately prec$+ ?is great 
movem5t4 ,! deep & almo/  philosophical 
"* ( ! unkn[n au?or's m$itations seems  
to be  9 h>mony ) ?is date4 ,on ! o!r   
h&1 !re is !  well-asc]ta9$ fact t !    
,book ( ,sira* %[s no trace ( really    
philosophical ?\ght2 x is little m ?an a
 new v]sion ( !  ord9>y prov]bial       
morality4 ,x is to ?is book1 !          
#8,doppelgng] des  kanonis*5            
,spru*bu*s1' z ,s*r] calls x1 ! "w1 z a 
,greek  writ] puts x1 ( an att5dant 77 (
 ,solomon1 t ^! pages  are devot$4 ,no?+
 is m rem>kable 7& x ought to make u v  
delib]ate 9 det]m9+ dates ^u int]nal    
evid5ce7 ?an !  appe>ance ( su* a book  
at su* a "t4    ,! "n ( ! au?or 9 full  
is ,jo%ua 7,jesus7 b5 ,sira             

7,sira*71#bfj  b he may be call$ ,sira* 
= %ortness1 ?is be+ ! =m ( 8  family-"n 
9 ! ,greek translation4 ,he tells u     
himself t he 0 (  ,j]usalem2 t f 8 y\?  
up 8 desire 0 = wisdom2 t he  lab\r$    
e>ne/ly 9 se>*+ = h]2 & t ! ,"l gave him
 a  tongue = 8 rew>d 7l4 #bg2 li47      
,sira*1 9 fact1 is "o ( ^?  #8wise m5'  
to :om 0 entru/$ s l>ge a "p ( !        
religi\s  education ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,!    
rem>kable fact t #8wise m5'  exi/ s long
 aft] ! "t ( _! prototype ,solomon1     
proves t  _! activity 0 an integral "p (
 ! ,jewi% national life4 ,!  bett] class
 ( #8wise m5' gave an indep5d5t support 
to ! nobl]  class ( prophets4 ,) _!     
p]emptory /yle1 ! prophets w\ld nev]  h 
succe$$ 9 implant+ a really vigor\s     
religion1 _h n !  #8wise m51' ) _! m    
conciliatory & individualis+ mann] (    
tea*+1 supplem5t$ _! endeav\rs4 ,!      
,babylonian ,exile introduc$  a *ange   
into ! habits ( ! #8wise m51' :o1 ?\gh  
"s ( !m  us$ ! p5 be=e ! ov]?r[ ( !     
/ate1 became !nce=w>d  pr$om9antly1 if n

 entirely1 writ]s on practical moral    
philosophy4  ,su* 0 ,sira*4 ,he is n    
inde$ a /rictly orig9al writ]1 nor does 
he lay claim to ?is4 ,?is is h[ he      
describes ! nature ( 8 "w  7xxxiii4     
#af7--                 ,i too1 z ! la/1 
be/[$ zeal1               & z "o :o     
gleans aft] ! v9tage2               ,by 
! bless+ ( ! ,"l ,i 0 ! =emo/1          
& z a grape-ga!r] did ,i fill !         
w9epress4    ,sira*1 !n1 0 fir/ ( all a 
collector ( prov]bs1 & he f\nd  t mo/ ( 
! curr5t wise say+s _h be5 already      
ga!r$4 ,x is  n likely t up to xxxvi4   
#bb he m]ely comb9$ two old] books (    
prov]bs 7z ,ewald suppos$#bfa71 ?\gh x  
is m ?an probable t  old] prov]bs d     
really lie imb$d$ 9 8 "w4 ,b :e!r old   
prov]bs or new1 ,sira* has ?is special  
*>act]i/ic1 t he loves  to arrange 8    
mat]ial by subjects4 ,?is 0 already     
notic$ by !  e>ly scribes1#bfb & is well
 br\ght out by ,holtzmann 9 ,buns5's    
,bibelw]k1 & ,i w m]ely ref] to *ap4    
xxii4 #a-f1 #8,on good &  bad *ildr52'  

#g-ah1 #8,! "* ( ! fool2' #ai-bf1 #8,on 
fri5d%ip2' #bg-xxiii4 #f1 #8,pray] &    
w>n+ aga9/ s9s ( ! tongue  & lu/s ( !   
fle%2' #g-ae1 #8,! discipl9e ( ! m\?2'  
#af-bg1 #8,on  adult]y2' xxix4 #a-bj1   
#8,on surety%ip2' #ba-bh1 #8,an         
indep5d5t mode (  life4'#bfc ,! plan (  
gr\p+ 8 mat]ial is n inde$ ?or\ghly     
c>ri$ out1 b ev5 ! attempt m>ks a       
progress 9 ! lit]>y art4  ,?is is "o ( !
 po9ts 9 :i* ,sira* diff]s f 8 canonical
  pr$ecessors4    ,9 o!r respects 8     
indebt$ness is manife/4 ,night & day he 
mu/  h /udi$ 8 rev]$ models to h atta9$ 
su* insight into !  secrets ( /yle4 ,b1 
s f> f affect+ orig9ality1 he delights 9
  allusions to ! old] prov]biali/s4 ,_m 
p>allelisms occur 9 !  say+s on ,wisdom 
7comp4 ,sir4 i4 #d1 ,prov4 viii4 #bb2   
,sir4 i4 #ad1 ,prov1 i4  #d1 ix4 #aj2   
,sir4 iv4 #ab1 #ac1 ,prov4 iv4 #g1 #h2  
,sir4 xxiv4 #a1 #b1 ,prov4 viii4  #a1   
#b2 ,sir4 xxiv4 #c1 ,prov4 ii4 #f2 ,sir4
 xxiv4 #e1 ,prov4 viii4 #bg74 ,?is we   
might expect2 = ,wisdom 9 a l>ge s5se is

 m p]si/5tly !  object ( ,sira* ?an x 0 
at any rate ( ! e>li] writ]s 9          
,prov]bs4 ,b1 besides ?is1 po9ts (      
contact ab\nd 9 v ord9>y  say+s4 ,?us   
comp>e1 among _m o!rs :i* might be giv51
        7a7 ,bett] a mean man t tills = 
himself            ?an he t glorifies   
himself & has no bread                  
7,prov4 xii4 #i1 ,sept4 c47             
,bett] he t lab\rs & ab\nds 9 all ?+s   
?an he t glorifies himself & has no     
bread                                   
7,sir4 x4 #bg1 ,fritzs*e74      7b7 ,a  
m]ry he>t makes a *e]ful face1          
b ) sorr[ ( he>t is a cru%$ _s 7,prov4  
xv4 #ac74            ,! he>t ( a man    
alt]s 8 face1            z well = good  
*e] z = bad2            ,a m]ry face    
betok5s a he>t 9 good case 7,sir4 xiii4 
#be1               #bf;a74      7c7 ,a  
passionate man /irs up /rife1           
& "o t is sl[ to ang] allays cont5tion  
7,prov4 xv4               #ah74         
,ab/a9 f /rife1 & ?\ %alt dim9i% ?y s9s1
            = a passionate man w k9dle  

/rife 7,sir4 xxviii4 #h74      7d7 ,an  
intellig5t s]vant rules ov] ! son t     
causes %ame                             
7,prov4 xviii4                          
#b74            ,unto ! wise s]vant %all
 free m5 d s]vice 7,sir4 x4 #be74       
7e7 ,dea? & life are 9 ! p[] ( ! tongue 
7,prov4 xviii4         #ba74            
,good & evil1 life & dea?2            & 
! tongue rules ov] !m cont9ually 7,sir4 
xxxvii4 #ah74      7f7 ,gold5 apples 9  
silv] salv]s2            a ^w smoo?ly   
spok5 7,prov4 xxv4 #aa74                
,gold5 pill>s ^u a silv] p$im5t2        
fair feet ^u firm soles 7,sir4 xxvi4    
#ah1 ,fritzs*e74      7g7 ,he :o digs a 
pit %all fall !re91            & he :o  
rolls a /one1 ^u himself x %all return  
7,prov4 xxvi4 #bg74            ,he :o   
ca/s a /one on high1 ca/s x on 8 own    
head2            ,he :o digs a pit %all 
fall !re9 7,sir4 xxvii4 #be;a1          
#bf;a74      7h7 ,! crucible = silv]1 & 
! furnace = gold1            & a man is 
tri$ by 8 praise 7,prov4 xxvii4 #ba74   

,! furnace proves ! pott]'s vessels1    
! trial ( a man is 9 8 disc\rse 7,sir4  
xxviii4 #e74    ,x w be se5 f ^!        
examples t1 ?\gh ,sira* adapt$ &        
imitat$1 he did s ) mu* orig9ality4 ,8  
/yle has col\r1  v>iety1 & vivacity1 &  
?\gh ,h5g/5b]g accuses ! au?or ( too    
uni=m a mode ( treatm5t1 yet a fair]    
judgm5t w recognise !  skill ) :i* !    
/yle is proportion$ to ! subject2 n[    
di?yrambic 9 8 so>+ flight1 n[ mode/ly  
skimm+ ! gr\nd1 !  au?or ( !   7= s     
,sira*1 no less ?an ,prov]bs1 0         
call$#bfd7 is nev] feeble & r>ely       
trivial4 #8,its g5]al tone1'  says      
,/anley1 #8is wor?y ( t fir/ contact    
betwe5 ! two great  civilisations ( !   
anci5t _w4' #8,no?+ is too high1 nor too
  mean1' says ,s*r]1 #8to be drawn )9 ! 
circle ( ,sira*'s  reflections &        
admonitions4' ,i h else:]e spok5 ( 8    
compreh5siv5ess4 ,?is quality he p>tly  
owes to 8 be+ s /eep$  9 ! ,scriptures4 
,"o result ( ?is is t he is m hi/orical 
?an  8 pr$ecessors1 & connects 8 wisdom 

) ^? n>ratives ( e>ly  times1 :i* 7 ei!r
 b little kn[n to or valu$ by !         
prov]b-writ]s ( antiquity4 ,! e>li]     
psalmi/s & prophets inde$  %[ ! same    
neglect ( ! traditions ( ! pa/3 !y liv$ 
be=e  ! edit+ & gradual completion ( any
 roll ( #8,scriptures4' ,sira*  on ! o!r
 h& 7see 8 preface7 _h #8! ,law & !     
,prophets1 &  ! re/ ( ! books1' ! latt] 
collection be+ a k9d ( app5dix1  /ill   
op5 to additions4 ,he 0 a true          
#8scribe1' & glori$ 9 ! "n  7xxxviii4   
#bd71 n 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t s5se1 b 9 "o n
 unwor?y  ( a religi\s philosoph]2 he   
gave 8 m9d to ! wisdom bo? ( !          
,scriptures & ( #8all r5[n$ m51' &      
travell$ ?r\gh /range  c\ntries1 try+ ! 
good & evil among m54 ,if p>ts at lea/ (
 !  ,book ( ,job probably conta9 an     
autobiographical elem5t1 x is /ill  m   
c]ta9 t ! *apt] 7xxxix47 :i* closes !   
book be=e u  expresses ! ideal ( !      
au?or's life4 ,& if he does sometimes   
take delight 9 8 own atta9m5ts1 yet :y  
is ?is to be c5sur$ z  m]e #8bse        

,selb/geflligkeit8#bfe ,a deep          
consci\sness ( moral  imp]fection is n  
equally to be expect$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 
& 9  ! ,new1 nor %\ld ! philosophic     
writ+s 9 ! =m] be appeal$  to = /rik+   
anticipations ( fundam5tal ,gospel      
ideas4 ,sira* does  no d\bt 9 "s s5se   
claim inspiration 7xxiv4 #cb-cd1 l4 #bh1
 #bi71 &  place 8 own "w 9 a l9e ) !    
prophecies 7xxiv4 #cc71 b :y  %\ld ?is  
be set d[n to arrogant inflation8 ,l[?1 
) m *>ity1  quotes simil> language (    
,elihu 7,job xxxii4 #h1 xxxvi4 #d7 9    
pro( (  ! speak]'s mode/y 7,prlect4     
xxxiv47 ,x 0 probably a  *>act]i/ic ( ! 
lat] #8wise m5' s to acc\nt = _! wisdom 
7see above1 p4 #dc71 & surely 9 t wide  
s5se recognis$ by !  ,anglican          
,pray]book he 0 #8inspir$1' he 0 a #8son
 ( !  prophets4' ,i am only sorry t he  
=got ! lesson ( ,ex4 xxxi4 #b :5  he    
wrote s disp>ag+ly ( trades 7xxxviii4   
#be c471 & agree )  ,dr4 ,ed]%eim#bff t 
! ,jewi% tea*]s ( ! "t ( ,*ri/ &        
aft]w>ds 7 m advanc$ on ?is po9t ?an !  

son ( ,sira*4    ,x is true en\gh t !re 
are say+s 9 ?is book :i* (f5d !         
,*ri/ian s5tim5t1 & :i* s]ve to %[ h[   
great 0 ! spiritual  di/ress :i* !      
,gospel alone c\ld relieve4 ,= in/ance1 
7a7 ,he :o hon\rs 8 fa!r %all make      
atonem5t = s9s 7iii4         #c74       
,wat] w qu5* a flam+ fire1            & 
alms make atonem5t = s9 7iii4 #cj74     
,bre?r5 & help are aga9/ "t ( tr\ble2   
b alms deliv] m ?an bo? 7xl4 #bd74      
,"h is "o ( ^? #8false beacon lights' ( 
:i* ,pr(4 ,bissell speaks  7,apocrypha1 
p4 #bhb74 ,b 9 arre/ ( judgm5t rememb] t
 long  discipl9e 9 ! duties spok5 ( has 
produc$ "s ( ! f9e/  qualities 9 !      
,jewi% "*4        7b7 ,happy ! man :o   
has n (f5d$ 9 8 spee*1            & is n
 prick$ ) grief = s9s 7xiv4 #a74        
7c7 ,ga9 cr$it ) ?y neighb\r 9 8 pov]ty1
            t ?\ maye/ rejoice 9 8      
prosp]ity2            abide /$fa/ unto  
him 9 ! "t ( 8 affliction1            t 
?\ maye/ be heir ) him 9 8 h]itage      
7xxii4 #bc74      7d7 ,n9e ?+s ,i 9 my  

he>t pron\nce happy1 444            & he
 t lives to see ! fall ( enemies        
7xxiv4 #g2 comp4 also xii4 #aj-ab1 xxx4 
#f74      7e7 ,:o w praise ! ,mo/ ,high 
9 ,hades1            in/ead ( ^? :o live
 & give praise8 7xvii4 #bg47            
,= man _c d ev]y?+1            because !
 son ( man is n immortal 7xvii4 #cj74   
,) ! latt] say+1 contra/ ,wisd4 ( ,sol4 
ii4 #bc1 #8,= ,god creat$  man =        
immortality4'        7f7 7,give me7 any 
plague b ! plague ( ! he>t1            &
 any wick$ness b ! wick$ness ( a woman  
c4                                      
7xxv4 #ac-bf74    ,?is op5+ v]se might  
p]haps be o!rwise r5d]$1                
,any w\nd b a w\nd 9 ! he>t1            
& any evil b evil 9 a wife4    ,!       
mis=tune ( hav+ a bad wife is (t5 t\*$  
^u 9 ! ,talmud4  ,ewald's s5t5ce is     
h[ev] j1 t ,sira*'s #8e/imate ( wom51 & 
%>p summ>y c\nsel conc]n+ divorce 7see  
v]4 #bf71 place him f>  bel[ ! height ( 
! ,hebrew ,bible4'#bfg    ,i admit !    
imp]fection ( ^! moral /atem5ts2 b c !y 

n  sev]al ( !m be p>allel$ f ! ,psalms1 
,prov]bs1 &  ,ecclesia/es8 ,& c we n f9d
 z _m m anticipations ( !  moral tea*+ (
 ! ,synoptic ,gospels & ,/4 ,james 7e4g4
 iv4 #aj1 vii4  #aa1 #ad1 xi4 #ah1 #ai1 
xv4 #ad1 xvii4 #ae1 xxiii4 #d1 #aa1     
#ah78 ,d n let u  und]value any =egleams
 ( ! com+ dawn4    ,footnote #bed3      
,revelation1 p4 #cfe2 ,die ,lehre d]    
,bibel von ,gott1 i4 #cgh4    ,footnote 
#bee3      ,note ! phrase 9 i4 #a1 #8:o 
9 8 life repair$ ! h\se1'    imply+ #8n[
 inde$ he is dead4' ,grtz 9 fact is !   
only s*ol>    :o d\bts ! au?or's        
contemporane\sness ) ,simon             
7,monatss*rift1 #ahgb1 p4 #aad74        
,footnote #bef3      ,see1 besides !    
well-kn[n passage 9 ,pirke ,abo? 7i4    
#b71 !    leg5d>y extracts f 7,bab47    
,yoma1 #ci;b1 translat$ by ,wns*e1      
,d] bab4 ,talmud1 i4 #a1 pp4 #cfh-i2 &  
comp4 ,d]5b\rg1 ,hi/4 de la    ,pale/9e1
 i4 #dd c4    ,footnote #beg3      ,s we
 mu/ p>aphrase             4 ,see       
,/anley's note 9 ,jewi% ,*ur*1 iii4     

#bce1 & ,abbot's    note 9 ! ,am]ican   
edition ( ,smi?'s ,bible ,dict4 7,i am  
indebt$    to ,bissell = ! latt]        
ref]5ce74 ,comp4 ,wright1 ,! ,book (    
,kohele?1 p4 #cd n4    ,footnote #beh3  
,! ,mi%na 7,pirke ,abo?1 i4 #b7 ascribes
 ?is say+ to ,simeon !    ,righte\s3    
#8,on ?ree ?+s ! _w /&s--revelation     
7tra71    wor%ip1 & ! be/[al (          
k9dnesses4'    ,footnote #bei3      ,see
 ,jos41 ,ant41 xii4 #d4    ,footnote    
#bfj3      ,on ! id5tity ( ! ,b5 ,sira (
 ! ,talmud & our ,sira*1 see    ,hor[itz
 9 ,frankel's ,monatss*rift1 #ahfe1 p4  
#aha c4 ,! * 9    ! =m ,sira* may be due
 to an old error 9 ! ,greek text4       
,footnote #bfa3      ,hi/4 ( ,israel1 v4
 #bfc-d4 ,ewald includes xxxix4 #ab-ce 9
 !    portion belong+ to ! second       
7suppos$7 collection4    ,footnote #bfb3
      ,see ! head+s at c]ta9 po9ts ( !  
,greek v]sion4    ,footnote #bfc3       
,) vv4 #ba1 #bc comp4 ,/4 ,paul1 ,phil4 
iv4 #aa1 #ab4    ,footnote #bfd3        
,see ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,prf4 ad ,libros       

,salomonis1 & comp4 ,lightfoot's        
,clem5t ( ,rome1 p4 #afd c4    ,footnote
 #bfe3      ,ke]l1 ,die ,apokryph5frage 
7#ahee71 p4 #bad4    ,footnote #bff3    
,sket*es ( ,jewi% ,social ,life1 p4     
#ahi4    ,footnote #bfg3      ,ewald1   
,revelation1 p4 #cfd n4                 
,,*apt] ,,ii4   ,,sira*',s ,,tea*+      
7cont9u$74 ,,8 ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,movem5t
 ,,( ,,?\ght4      ,pass+ n[ f ,sira*'s 
moral /atem5ts to ^? :i* are conc]n$  ) 
doctr9e1 an hone/ critic mu/ admit t !  
au?or is "h ev5  less progressive4 ,!   
,messianic hope1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 
has fad$ away4#bfh ,9 xlv4 #be 7comp4   
xlviii4 #ae7 ! #8cov5ant )  ,david' is  
describ$ z be+ #8t ! inh]itance ( ! k+  
%\ld be  only f fa!r to son2' simil>ly 9
 xlvii4 #bb ! #8root ( ,david'  d5otes  
,rehoboam & 8 desc5dants4 ,b ?is want ( 
a def9ite  ,messianic hope is *>act]i/ic
 ( ! age2 x is no special defect (      
,sira*4 ,b :at %all we say ( ano!r *>ge 
br\ght aga9/ our  au?or1 viz4 t he has  
unbiblical conceptions ( ! ,div9e       

nature8  ,"o ( ^! 7xi4 #af2 see ,a4,v47 
may be dismiss$ at once1 ! passage  hav+
 insuffici5t critical au?ority4 ,ano!r--
                      ,we may speak mu* 
& n atta92                    inde$ to  
sum up1 ,he is all 7xliii4 #bg7--    has
 be5 misappreh5d$4 ,! ,b]e%i? ,rabba    
says 7c4 #fh71 #8,:y is !  ,holy ,"o    
also call$ ,mkm 7place78 ,because ,he is
 ! place ( !  _w2 ,8 _w is n ,8 place4' 
,?is is all t ,sira* means1 &  ,philo1  
too1 :o uses simil> words1 accus$ by    
,ke]l ( h]esy1 &  adds1       4    ,!   
doctr9es ( ! ,satan & ! ,resurrection1  
:i* ,sira* probably  reg>d$ some:at z we
 reg>d ! #8developm5ts' ( ! ,papal      
,*ur*1  he appe>s /udi\sly to           
ignore#bfi--m especially ! latt]--& he  
!reby puts himself into direct          
opposition to ! new] popul>  or?odoxy4  
,= ?\gh n ! inv5tion 7z ,m4 ,r5an reg>ds
 x7 ( !  ,maccabean p]iod1 !re c be no  
d\bt t ! doctr9e ( !  ,resurrection     
became !n = ! fir/ "t an article ( !    
popul>  cre$4 ,in/ead ( ! #8awak5+ to   

ev]la/+ life' 7,dan4 xii4 #b71 x  is !  
peaceful b hopeless life ( ! spirits 9  
,%el to :i* he  resign$ly looks =w>d4   
,weep = ! dead1 = he ha? lo/ ! light1   
& weep = ! fool1 = he wante? und]/&+3   
make little weep+ = ! dead1 = he is at  
re/1              b ! life ( ! fool is  
worse ?an dea?4#bgj    ,?is1 h[ev]      
or?odox 7z =m] g5]ations _h c\nt$       
or?odoxy71  0 rank ,sadduceanism1 & h5ce
 7= h[ o!rwise to int]pret !  glosses ( 
! ,greek & ,syriac v]sions ( xlviii4    
#aa;b#bga x is  difficult to see7 v e>ly
 read]s ( ,sira*1 especially p]haps     
well-mean+ b unscrupul\s ,*ri/ian       
read]s1 effect$ an entrance  = _! *]i%$ 
beliefs by viol5ce4    ,ano!r po9t on   
:i* ,sira* is equally--%all we say      
or?odox1 or  reaction>y8--is !          
connection betwe5 piety & temporal      
prosp]ity4 ,he  really seems to be no m 
tr\bl$ by d\bts on ?is anci5t doctr9e   
?an ! au?or ( ! beautiful1 b 9 ?is      
respect navely simple1  introduction to 
! ,book ( ,prov]bs4 ,?is p]haps 0 /range

 "u  ,sira*'s circum/ances4 ,h[ /rik+ & 
ev5 pa9ful is ! contra/  betwe5         
,josephus' vivid & tru?ful comp>ison (  
,juda at ?is p]iod  to #8a %ip 9 a /orm1
 toss$ by ! waves on bo? sides1'#bgb & t
  prov]b ( ,sira*1 wor?y1 consid]+ !    
times1 ( ! #8mis]able  com=t]s' ( ,job--
                  ,! gift ( ! ,"l rema9s
 ) ! godly1                & 8 fav\r    
br+s prosp]ity = ev]4#bgc    ,9 %ort1   
,sira* repres5ts ! reconciliation betwe5
 ! practical  e?ics ( ! inspir$ #8wise  
m5' ( old & ! all-embrac+ dem&s  ( !    
,law4 ,himself only 9 a comp>atively l[ 
s5se inspir$--= we  %\ld n ha/ily reject
 8 claim to a #8tongue' f above--he did 
no?+1 on ! e?ical side1 b repeat ! old  
tru?s 9 _! old  =ms1 ?\gh "o gladly     
admits t he %[s a g5u9e & unassum$      
int]e/ 9 ! v>ieties ( human "*4 ,b on ! 
religi\s side  he is really 9 a c]ta9   
s5se orig9al1 9 s f> z he comb9es !     
traditional #8wisdom' ) a he>tfelt reg>d
 = ! e/abli%$ =ms  ( religion1 su* z !  
old] #8wise m5' sc>cely possess$4 ,on ! 

latt] po9t he w\ld sympa?ise ) ! au?or (
 ,ps4 cxix4 ,unlike !  old]             
prov]b-writ]s1 he recomm5ds ! punctual  
obs]vance ( rites  & c]emonies4 ,^!     
h[ev] are to be p5etrat$ by a moral _s2 
h5ce he says1        ,d n seek to       
corrupt ! ,"l ) gifts1 = he receives !m 
n2      & tru/ n to unrighte\s          
sacrifices4      ,he :o s]ves acceptably
 %all be receiv$1      & 8 pray] %all   
rea* unto ! cl\ds 7xxxv4 #ab1 #af74     
,by ,greek philosophy ,sira*1 z f> z we 
c see1 0 :olly  un9flu5c$4    ,& yet    
,sira* _c h be5 entirely unacqua9t$ )   
,greek  culture1 9 ! m g5]al s5se ( !   
^w4 ,"o /rik+ pro( (  ?is is 8 attitude 
t[>ds m$ical sci5ce1#bgd :i* is exactly 
!  opposite ( ! ,*ronicl]'s 7#b ,*r4    
xvi4 #ab74 ,x seems z if ! old]         
g5]ation 7 (f5d$ by human int]f]5ce ) ! 
c\rse (  nature1 appeal+ p]haps to ,ex4 
xv4 #bf2 a curi\s ,talmudic tradition   
ascribes a simil> view to ,hezekiah & 8 
wise m54 ,sira*1 h[ev]1  appeal+ to !   
passage prec$+ t ref]r$ to above 7see   

,ex4 xv4  #bc-be71 seeks to reconcile ! 
oppos+ p>ties 7xxxviii4 #a-ae74 ,no     
d\bt he _h le>n$ ?is at ,alex&ria3 he   
tells u himself t he _h  travell$ &     
le>n$ _m ?+s 7xxxiv4 #i-aa71 & f xxxix4 
#d we  may ev5 inf] t he _h appe>$ at   
c\rt1 :]e probably 8 life  0 endang]$ by
 calumni\s accusations 7li4 #f74 ,!re1  
p]haps1 he  acquir$ 8 ta/e = ! ,greek   
/yle ( banquet1 ) its airy talk  &      
accompanim5t ( music1 a ta/e :i* seems  
to h inspir$ a  piquant piece ( advice  
to ! kill-joys ( 8 "t1 :o insi/$ on     
talk+ bus9ess out ( season 7xxxii4      
#c-e7--          ,speak1 ,o eld]1 )     
accurate k1 = x beseeme? !e1        b be
 n a h9drance to music4#bge        ,:5  
play+ is go+ on1 d n p\r out talk2      
& %[ n ?yself inopportunely wise4       
,a seal-r+ ( c>buncle set 9 gold1       
su* is a conc]t at a banquet ( w9e4     
,9 a simil> mood he writes 7xiv4 #ad7-- 
,defraud n ?yself ( a joy\s day1        
& let n a %>e ( a lawful pleasure escape
 !e4    ,b 8 tone is commonly m s]i\s4  

,?\gh no ascetic1 he cautions  8 read]s 
aga9/ ! unre/ra9$ mann]s :i* _h invad$  
,juda1  especially aga9/ consort+ ) !   
s++ & danc+ girls 7  1 ix4 #d1 includes 
bo?2 ,vulg4 cum saltatrice71 & draws a  
picture ( ! daught]s ( ,israel 7xlii4   
#i1 #aj7 :i* =ms a  melan*oly contra/ ) 
! ,old ,te/am5t ideal4 ,8 pray] to be   
gu>d$ f ! infection ( lu/ 7xxiii4 #d1   
#e7 f9ds its comm5t>y 9  ! /ory already 
m5tion$ ( ,joseph ! tax-f>m]4 ,he notes 
)  obs]vant eye ! /rife ( classes4 ,:at 
bitt] sighs mu/ h  prompt$ a say+ l ?is 
7xiii4 #b1 #c7--        ,a burd5 t is   
too heavy = !e take n up1      & h no   
fell[%ip ) "o t is /rong] & ri*] ?an    
?yself3      ,= :at fell[%ip ha? !      
kettle ) ! e>!n pot8      ?is w smite1 &
 t w be brok54      ,! ri* man do?      
wrong1 & he snorte? ) ang]1      ! poor 
man is wrong$1 & he entreate? )al4    ,&
 aga9 7xiii4 #ah7--                     
,:at peace ha? ! hyna ) ! dog8          
& :at peace ha? ! ri* man ) ! poor8     
,he is pa9fully consci\s ( ! des]v$     

humiliation ( 8 c\ntry1  & ! only reason
 :i* he c urge :y ,god %\ld int]pose is 
!  assur$ prophetic ^w 7xxxvi4 #ae1 #af 
#bj1 #ba74 ,else:]e he ascribes  all !  
evil ( 8 "t to ! neglect ( ! ,law 7xli4 
#h71 :i*1 by a  /rong hyp]bole1 he almo/
 id5tifies ) p]sonifi$ ,div9e ,wisdom   
7xxiv4 #bc2 see above on ,prov4 viii47  
,n h[ev] )\t a noble  introduction lead+
 up to & ju/ify+ ?is id5tification4 ,9 !
  true m%l-/yle he describes h[ ,wisdom 
w&]$ ?r\gh ! _w  seek+ a re/+-place1--  
,!n ! ,creator ( all gave me a comm&m5t1
                 & he t made me caus$ my
 t5t to re/1                 & said1    
,let ?y dwell+ be 9 ,jacob1             
& ?9e inh]itance 9 ,israel 7xxiv4 #h74  
,& aft] a s]ies ( wondr\s images1 all   
glorify+ ! ,wisdom  en?ron$ 9 ,j]usalem1
 he decl>es--        ,all ?is is made   
good 9 ! book ( ! cov5ant ( ! ,mo/ ,high
         ,god1      ! ,law :i* ,moses   
comm&$ u      z a h]itage unto !        
congregations ( ,jacob 7xxiv4 #bc74     
,?is rem>kable *apt] des]ves to be /udi$

 by itself2 x is mo/  c>efully compos$ 9
 #gb 4 ,l[? & ,wessely#bgf h )  unequal 
success retranslat$ x into ,hebrew4 ,i h
 already spok5 7on  ,prov]bs7 ( its     
int]e/ = ! /ud5t ( doctr9e2 x has inde$ 
be5 ?\ght to %[ cle> traces (           
,alex&r9ism1 b ?is is  improbable &     
unprov$4    ,x rema9s to notice !       
au?or's int]e/ 9 nature & hi/ory4  ,!   
hymn ( praise = ! works ( creation      
7xlii4 #ae-xliii4 #cb7 is  only poor if 
comp>$ ) p>ts ( ! ,book ( ,job4 ,b      
p]haps  m int]e/+ is ! panegyric (      
#8fam\s m5' 7xliv4-l471 f  ,eno* !      
patri>* to ,simeon ! ,righte\s1 ^:      
impos+  appe>ance & b5efic5t rule are   
describ$ ) ! en?usiasm (  a             
contempor>y4#bgg ,x is wor? ! /ud5t's   
:ile to exam9e !  cont5ts ( ?is roll (  
hon\r4 ,a few corrections ( ! text may  
be notic$ z a prelim9>y4 ,at xlviii4    
#aa;b1 ! ,greek has #8= we  %all surely 
live 7aga974' ,b ! ,lat9 has1 #8nam nos 
vit vivimus  tantum1 po/ mortem autem   
non erit tale nom5 no/rum4' ,!re is     

good reason 9 ?is in/ance1 z we %all see
 pres5tly1 to pref]  ! read+ ( ! ,lat9  
to t ( ! ,greek4 ,at l4 #a1 aft] #8son  
( ,onias1' x is well to remove !        
abruptness ( ! transition by  ins]t+ f !
 ,syriac1 #80 ! greate/ ( 8 bre?r5 & !  
cr[n ( 8 p4' ,at l4 #bf 7#bg71 =        
#8,sam>ia' we %\ld  probably read       
#8,seir' 7else h[ w !re be ?ree         
nations871 &  = #8fooli%1' #8,amoriti%' 
7) ! ,e?iopic v]sion & ,ewald1  comp4   
,ezek4 xvi4 #c74 ,turn+ to ! names ( !  
h]oes  commemorat$1 x is />tl+ to f9d no
 m5tion made ( ,ezra1 !  second f\nd] ( 
,jewi% religion4 ,a>on1 on ! o!r h&1 is 
celebrat$ 9 no few] ?an sev5te5 v]ses4  
,?is _c be a m]e  accid5t1 = ! v5]ation 
( ! lat] ,jews = ,ezra 0 h>dly  less ?an
 t :i* !y ent]ta9$ = ,moses4 ,notice1   
h[ev]1  t ,moses himself is only prais$ 
9 five v]ses4 ,x seems z if  ,a>on bett]
 ?an ,moses symbolis$ ^? ritual         
obs]vances 9 :i*  ,sira* p]haps took a  
special delight4 ,! "n ( ,ezra1 too1 may
  h _h its symbolic mean+ to ! au?or4   

,he may h _h  defici5t sympa?y ) ^?     
elaborators ( m9ute legal precepts1  :o 
took ,ezra z _! patt]n4 ,n t he         
disbeliev$ 9 !  cont9uity (             
inspiration--= 9 "s s5se he claims x =  
himself  7e4g4 xxiv4 #cc71 b t he did n 
fully recognise ! work+s (  ! _s 9 !    
#8f5ce ab\t ! ,law4' ,o!r names :i* he  
passes  ov] 9 sil5ce are ,daniel &      
,mordecai4 ,does ?is mean t he 0        
unacqua9t$ ) ! ,books ( ,daniel & ,e/h]8
 ,:atev] be !  date ( ^! books1 s mu* z 
?is is at lea/ a probable  inf]5ce4     
,! panegyric seems to h orig9ally clos$ 
) ! anci5t  liturgical =mula 9 v]ses    
#bb-bd4 ,b ! writ] c\ld n resi/ !       
temptation ( giv+ a side-bl[ to ! hat$  
,sam>itans 7^?  #8half-,jews1' z        
,josephus ! hi/orian calls !m71 call$ =?
 p]haps  by ! dispute respect+ ! rival  
temples held at ,alex&ria be=e  ,ptolemy
 ,philometor4#bgh ,! la/ *apt] ( all    
7*ap4 li47 conta9s  ! ag$ au?or's f9al  
leave-tak+4 ,x is a pray] ( t\*+        
s9c]ity & mu* biographical int]e/4 ,!   

imm$iat5ess ( !  religi\s s5tim5t is    
c]ta9ly great] 9 ?is late #8ga!r]' ?an 9
  _m ( ! e>li] prov]b-writ]s4    ,en\gh 
has be5 said ( ! cont5ts ( ! book to    
give a g5]al idea  ( its moral &        
religi\s position4 ,let u n[ consid] its
 outw>d  =m4 ,! "w1 z we h se51 0       
orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew4 ,?is  inde$ 
0 to h be5 expect$4 ,= al?\gh ! influ5ce
 ( !  ,seleucid _h greatly /r5g!n$ !    
hold ( ,aramaic on ! ,jewi%  population 
( ,pale/9e1 ,hebrew 0 /ill1 & = a long  
"t  aft]w>ds rema9$1 ! language ( s*ol>s
 & littrateurs4 ,!  au?or ( ! #8,wisdom 
( ,sira*' 0 bo?4 ,he 0 ?or\ghly p5etrat$
  ) ! _s & /yle ( ! ,scriptures1        
especially ( ^? ( !  ,khokma1 & he w\ld 
h ?\ght x z mu* a desc5t to lavi% 8     
great p[]s on ,aramaic z ,dante did at  
fir/ to write 9 ,italian4 ,is  ?is      
,hebrew orig9al /ill extant8 ,alas6 no2 
,hebrew lit]ature1 s  scantily repres5t$
 = ?is p]iod1 has to m\rn ?is great     
loss4 ,a  page ( fragm5ts1 ga!r$ f !    
,talmud & ! ,midr%m1#bgi is  all t we c1

 ) "s occasional hesitation1 plausibly  
reg>d z  g5u9e4 ,!re is inde$ a small   
"w1 call$ ! ,alphabet ( ,b5 ,sira1      
consi/+ ( two s]ies ( prov]bs1 "o 9     
,aramaic1 & "o 9 ,hebrew4  ,b no        
significance c be atta*$ to ?is4 ,!     
g5u95ess ( _m (  ! ,hebrew prov]bs is   
gu>ante$ by _! occurr5ce 9 ! ,talmud1 b 
! =m 9 :i* ! alphabeti/ quotes !m is (t5
 evid5tly less  au!ntic ?an t 9 !       
,talmud4 ,! orig9al "w mu/ h be5 lo/    
s9ce ! "t ( ,j]ome1 if we may tru/ 8    
assurance#bhj t he _h  f\nd x 9 ,hebrew1
 & t x bore ! "n #8,p>ables' 7m'%lm74   
,( ! anci5t v]sions1 ! ,syriac & ! ,old 
,lat9 are 7aft] !  ,greek7 ! mo/        
important2 ! =m] is f ! ,hebrew1 ! latt]
  f a v e>ly =m ( ! ,greek text4 ,nei!r 
( !m is always 9  accordance ) ! ,greek 
z we h x1 b su* diff]5ces are (t5  ( use
 9 re/or+ ! orig9al text4 ,all ! v]sions
 appe> to  conta9 alt]ations ( ! text1  
dictat$ by a too anxi\s or?odoxy1  & 9  
^! ! "o may be a *eck ^u ! o!r4 ,bickell
 inde$ goes  fur!r ?an ?is1 & /ates t an

 accurate text ( ,sira* c only  be _h by
 comb9+ ! data ( ! ,greek & ! ,syriac4  
,l[?1 9 8  #bd? ,lecture1 /rongly urges 
! retranslation ( ,sira* into ,hebrew4  
,su* an und]tak+ w\ld be premature1 if  
,bickell's judgm5t be correct  t ! book 
consi/s ( sev5-syllabl$ v]ses or 1 gr\p$
 9  di/i*s1#bha except 9 ! alphabetic   
poem on wisdom 7li4 #ac-bj74 ,!  latt]1 
consi/+ ( #bb 1 he has translat$ into   
,g]man f 8  own correct$ text1 divid+ x 
into f\r-l9$ /rophes1 z also !  prec$+1 
#8alphabetis+' poem1 consi/+ ( #bb      
di/i*s 7li4 #a-ab71  9 ! ,zeits*rift fr 
ka?olis*e ,!ologie1 #ahhb1 pp4 #cbf-ccb4
    ,we mu/ res]ve our op9ion on        
,bickell's !ory till ! appe>ance ( a    
complete edition f 8 p54 ,meantime ?ree 
passages 7xxiv4 #bg1 xxv4  #ae1 xlvi4   
#ah7 may be ref]r$ to z giv+ /rik+ pro( 
( ! ,hebrew  orig9al ( ! "w4 ,9 xxiv4   
#bg ! translator seems to h f\nd 9  8   
,hebrew copy 1 i4e4 prop]ly  #8z !      
,nile' 7! weak  lett]  be+ elid$ 9      
pronunciation z 9 1 ,am4 viii4 #h71 b z 

he suppos$  #8z ! light4' ,9 xxv4 #ae1  
he f\nd 1 :i* 9  ! context c only mean  
#8poison1' b :i* he inappropriately     
r5d]$ #8head4' ,9 xlvi4 #ah1 ! ,hebrew  
_h 1 i4e4   #8enemies1' b1 accord+ to ! 
translator1  #8,tyrians4' ,comp>e  also 
9 ?is connection ! allusions to ! mean+s
 ( ,hebrew words 9  vi4 #bb 7#8wisdom'7 
& xliii4 #h 7#8! mon?'74 ,!re are /ill  
que/ions  to be decid$ :i* c only be    
adv]t$ to briefly "h4 ,did !  translator
 make use ( ! ,septuag9t1 & m p>ticul>ly
 ( !  portion conta9+ ! prophets8 ,he   
c]ta9ly ref]s to a translation (  !     
,scriptures 9 8 preface1 b ,frankel ?9ks
 t a ,t>gum may be  meant1 & ev5 d\bts !
 g5u95ess ( ! passage2 he expla9s !     
po9ts ( contact ) ! ,septuag9t :i* are  
sometimes s  int]e/+#bhb 9 ! ,greek     
v]sion ( ,sira* by ,ueb]>beitung1  i4e4 
! #8work+ ov]' ( ! v]sion by lat]       
h&s4#bhc ,?is seems  to me a =c$ view4  
,x is m probable t a ,greek v]sion is   
meant1  or p]haps we may say ,greek     
v]sions2 no special hon\r is giv5 to    

any "o translation4 ,next1 z to !       
position accord$ to ! ,wisdom (  ,sira*4
 ,x is (t5 cit$ 9 ! ,talmud ) =mul :i*  
belong  else:]e to ! ,scriptures1 & 0   
!re=e c]ta9ly reg>d$ by  _m z wor?y to  
be canonical 7see ,app5dix74 ,9 /rict   
!ory1 ?is  0 wrong4 ,accord+ to !       
,tosephta ,yadayim1 c4 #b1 ! book ( ,b5 
,sira1 ?\gh mu* e/eem$1 /ood on ! bord] 
betwe5 ! canonical  & extrane\s or      
non-canonical books4 ,su* books might be
 read  cursorily1 b 7 n to be /udi$ too 
mu*4#bhd ,sira* nei!r  claim$ ! au?or%ip
 ( a h]o ( antiquity1 nor 0 x1 accord+  
to  ! ris+ ,ph>isaic s*ool1 or?odox2 ?us
 p]haps we may be/ acc\nt  = ! fact t a 
"w1 reg>d$ 9 itself 9 no way inf]ior to 
!  ,book ( ,prov]bs1 0 left outside !   
sacr$ canon4    ,no c]ta9 allusions to  
our book are traceable 9 ! ,new         
,te/am5t2 !  ne>e/ approa* to a         
quotation is ,james i4 #ai2 comp4       
,ecclus4 v4 #ac4  ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria is
 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian writ] :o quotes        
directly  f ,sira*4 ,f its l>ge use 9 ! 

s]vices ( ! ,*ur* ! book  receiv$ ! "n  
,ecclesia/icus1 to di/+ui% x p]haps f ! 
canonical book :i* 0 also (t5 call$     
#8,wisdom4' ,9 lat] times1 x  half      
attract$1 b--ow+ to ! corrupt /ate ( !  
text--half  repell$1 ! great ,hell5i/   
,cam]>ius1 ! fri5d ( ,melanc?on1 :o     
publi%$ a sep>ate edition ( ,sira* 7!   
fir/7 at ,basle 9 #aeea4 ,x  appe>s f 8 
preface t x 0 highly valu$ by ! re=m]s f
  an educational po9t ( view4 ,bull+]   
proposes x z a less dang]\s  text book (
 moral philosophy ?an ! works ( ,plato &
 ,ari/otle1 &  ,lu!r admits x to be a   
good h\sehold book1 admir$ h[ev] too mu*
  by ! _w1 :i* #8sleepily passes by !   
great maje/ic ^w (  ,*ri/ conc]n+ !     
victory ov] dea?1 s91 & hell4'    ,no   
imp>tial critic w place ! ,wisdom (     
,jesus ! son ( ,sira* on  ! same lit]>y 
em95ce ) ! s-call$ ,wisdom ( ,solomon4  
,x is  only f its great] fidelity to !  
,old ,te/am5t /&>d1 or at  lea/ to a    
portion ( ?is /&>d1 t x c claim a       
qualifi$  sup]iority4 ,a few noble      

passages ( cont9u\s rhetoric x no d\bt  
conta9s1 especially ! noble ,hymn (     
,praise on ! works ( creation  7xxxix4  
#af-xliii4 #cc72 & a few small b        
exquisite gems especially !  say+s on   
fri5d%ip 7c\nt]balanc$1 ,i admit by ^?  
on !  treatm5t ( "o's enemies1 xii4     
#aj-ab1 xxv4 #g1 xxx4 #f71 e4g4--       
,=sake n an old fri5d1           = ! new
 is n comp>able to him4           ,a new
 fri5d is z new w9e1           :5 x is  
old1 ?\ wilt dr9k x ) pleasure 7ix4     
#aj71    ) :i* we may bracket ! noble   
passage on ! treatm5t ( a  fri5d's      
trespass 7xix4 #ac-ag74 ,"o ( ! f9e     
religi\s passages has  be5 quot$ already
 7xliii4 #bg2 comp4 ,job xxvi4 #ad72 we 
may c\ple  ?is#bhe ) x--                
,z a drop f ! sea1 & a gra9 ( s&1       
s are a few ye>s 9 ! day ( et]nity      
7xviii4 #i74    ,/ill ! *ief value ( !  
book is1 hi/orically1 to fill out !     
picture ( a little kn[n p]iod1 &        
doctr9ally1 to %[ !  inadequacy ( ! old 
=ms ( religi\s belief1 & ! moral di/ress

  f :i* ! ,*ri/ 0 a deliv]]4            
,footnote #bfh3      ,ewald 7,hi/ory1 v4
 #bfc1 n4 #c7 ref]s to iv4 #ae1 x4      
#ac-ag1 xi4 #e sq41    xxxii4 #ag-ai1   
xxxiii4 #a-ab1 xxxvi4 #aa-ag1 xxxvii4   
#be1 xxxix4 #bc1    xlviii4 #aj sq41 b  
only = a vague ,messianism 79 ! la/     
passage    ! ,greek seems to be         
int]polat$74 ,i w\ld add xxxv4 #ag-ai1  
xxxvi4    #a-aj4    ,footnote #bfi3     
,true1 ! ,greek v]sion ( ,sira* has1 at 
xxi4 #bg1 ! words1 #8,:5    ! ungodly   
curse? ! ,satan1 he curse? 8 own s\l2' b
 #8!    ,satan' may "h be synonym\s ) ! 
deprav$ w1 ! yer r    7?is seems to h   
,talmudic au?ority2 see ,web]1 ,sy/em d]
    altsynag4 pal4 ,!ol41 pp4 #bbh-i74  
,9 ,baba ba?ra1 #ae;a1 ,satan is    n   
di/+ui%$ f ! yer r4    ,footnote #bgj3  
,*ap4 xxii4 #aa4 ,comp4 xiv4 #aa-ai     
7correct+ by ! help ( !    ,syriac71    
xvii4 #bg1 #bh1 #cj4 ,contra/ ! gl[+    
language ( !    #8,wisdom ( ,solomon1'  
iii4 #a-d4    ,footnote #bga3      ,!   
,syriac has1 #8,nev]!less he die? n1 b  

live? inde$4' ,!    ,greek v]sion ,i h  
quot$ f>!r on4 ,also ! ,lat91 :i*       
probably    corresponds mo/ to !        
orig9al4 ,see ,geig]1 ,zeits*r4 d4 d4   
morg4    ,ges41 xii4 #ecf4 ,! false     
read+ 1 adopt$ by ,a4,v41 =    1 9      
xlviii4 #aa;a1 is due to ! same         
!ological motive4    ,footnote #bgb3    
,antiquities1 xii4 #c1 #c4    ,footnote 
#bgc3      ,*4 xi4 #ag2 comp4 ii4 #g c42
 xvi4 #f c42 xl4 #ac1 #ad4 ,!re are1    
h[ev]1 passages 9 :i* ,sira* betrays "s 
little feel+ ( !    practical           
difficulties ( ! old] =m ( ! doctr9e (  
retribution3 see xxxv4 #ah xxxii4 #ah4  
,footnote #bgd3      ,see ,dukes1       
,rabb9is*e ,blum5lese1 pp4 #bi1 #cj2    
,grtz1 ,s*ir    ha-s*irim1 p4 #hf4      
,grotius ev5 suppos$ ! au?or to be a    
physician4    ,footnote #bge3         4 
,s xlix4 #a4     2    comp4 ,ex4 xxxii4 
#ah ,sept4 ,t ,greek music 0 kn[n 9     
,pale/9e    v %ortly aft]w>ds may be    
inf]r$ f ! ,greek names (    musical    
in/rum5ts 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel4          

,footnote #bgf3      ,wessely 0 "o ( !  
mo/ em95t fell[-work]s ( ! great ,moses 
,m5delssohn4 ,see ,wogue1 ,hi/oire de la
 ,bible et de l'exgse    biblique       
7#ahha71 pp4 #ccd-ccg4    ,footnote     
#bgg3      ,! ,mussaph pray] 9 ! liturgy
 ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t 7,g]man    ritual7
 conta9s a /rik+ imitation ( ,sira*'s   
eloqu5t description    ( ! high prie/   
7see ,delitzs*1 ,ges*4 d] jd4 ,poesie1  
p4 #ba71    e v]se ( :i* closes ) !     
refra9 m>'eh khn #8!    appe>ance ( !   
prie/2' ,me%ullam b>-,kleonymos is kn[n 
to be !    au?or4    ,footnote #bgh3    
,jos41 ,ant41 xiii4 #c1 #d4    ,footnote
 #bgi3      ,see ,zunz1 ,gottesdi5/li*e 
,vortrge1 p4 #ajb2 ,delitzs*1 ,zur      
,ges*4    d] jdis*5 ,poesie1 p4 #bjd    
7comp4 p4 #bj1 note #e72 ,dukes1        
,rabb9is*e ,blum5lese1 p4 #fg c4 ,x %\ld
 be notic$ t among    ^! ,talmudic m'%lm
 !re are "s1 & ev5 long ones1 :i* d    n
 occur 9 ! ,greek ,sira*4    ,footnote  
#bhj3      ,prf4 9 libr4 ,sal4 #8,f]tur 
et  ,jesu filii ,sira* lib] et    alius 

lib] 4444 ,quorum priorem ,hebraicum    
rep]i1 non    ,ecclesia/icum1 ut apud   
,lat9os1 s$ p>abolas prnotatum1 cui     
juncti erant ,ecclesia/es et ,canticum  
canticorum4' ,n[h]e s9ce has    ,sira*  
be5 f\nd 9 ?is position1 nor ) ?is      
title4    ,footnote #bha3      ,b is n a
 /rophic division sometimes visible1    
e4g4 ii4 #g-ag8 ,see    ,seligmann1 ,das
 ,bu* d] ,wei%eit des ,j4 ,s41 c41 p4   
#cd4    ,footnote #bhb3      ,see       
especially xlvi4 #ai1 ) :i* comp4 !     
,septuag9t ( #a ,sam4    xii4 #c4       
,footnote #bhc3      ,vor/udi5 zu d]    
,septuag9ta 7#ahda71 p4 #ba1 note w4    
,footnote #bhd3      ,wright1 ,kohele?1 
p4 #dh n42 ,/rack1 art4 #8,kanon des ,a4
 ,t4' 9    ,h]zog-,plitt1               
,real5cyclopdie1 vii4 #dcj1 #dca2       
,gratz1 ,kohelet1 p4    #dh4            
,footnote #bhe3      ,bi%op ,butl]1 :o  
is fond ( ,sira*1 quotes ?is say+ 9 8   
#d?    s]mon4                           
,,aids ,,to ,,! ,,/ud5t4      ,besides !
 comm5t>ies ( ,brets*neid] 7#ahjf71     

,fritzs*e 7#ahei71 &  ,bissell 79 !     
,am]ican edition ( ,lange71 see ,gfrr]1 
,philo1 ii4  7#ahca71 pp4 #ah-eb2 ,dhne1
 ,ges*i*tli*e ,d>/ellung d]             
jdis*alex&r94 ,religionsphilosophie1 ii4
 7#ahcd71 pp4 #abf-aej2 ,zunz1  ,die    
gottesdi5/l4 ,vortrge d] ,jud5 7#ahcb71 
pp4 #ajj-aje2 ,ewald1  ,jahrb*] d] bibl4
 ,wiss5s*aft1 iii4 7#ahea71 pp4         
#abe-adj2 ,hi/ory  ( ,israel1 v4 #bfb   
c42 ,jo/1 ,ges*4 des ,jud5?ums1 i4      
7#aheg71 p4 #caj  c42 ,h]zfeld1 ,ges*4  
des ,volkes ,jisrael1 iii4 7#ahfc71 see 
,index2  ,hor[itz1 ,das ,bu* ,jesus     
,sira* 7#ahfe72 ,dys]9ck1 ,de ,spreuk5  
van  ,jesus d5 zoon van ,sira* v]taald  
7#ahgj72 ,grtz1 ,monatss*rift =  #ahgb1 
pp4 #di c41 #ig c42 ,seligmann1 ,das    
,bu* d] ,wei%eit des ,jesus  ,sira*     
7#ahhc72 ,fritzs*e1 art4 9 ,s*5kel's    
,bibellexikon1 iii4 #beb  c42 ,/anley1  
,jewi% ,*ur*1 vol4 iii4 7see ,index72   
,we/cott1 art4  #8,ecclesia/icus' 9     
,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y2 ,deane1 #8,! 
,book (  ,ecclesia/icus3 its ,cont5ts & 

,"*1' ,! ,expositor1 ,nov4 #ahhc2       
,wright1 ,! ,book ( ,kohele?1 #ahhc1    
*ap4 ii4 7decides1 p]haps1 too  ha/ily t
 ,sira* 9 _m passages imitates          
,kohele?74                          ,,! 
,,book ,,( ,,kohele?2 ,,or1             
,,ecclesia/es4                          
,,*apt] ,i4                ,,! ,,wise   
,,man ,,turn$ ,,au?or ,,& ,,philosoph]4 
444 ,il mondo invec*ia1                 
,e invec*i&o intri/isce4--,,tasso1      
,am9ta4      ,9 pass+ f ! book (        
,ecclesia/icus to t ( ,ecclesia/es1 we  
are consci\s ( brea?+ an entirely       
diff]5t intellectual  atmosph]e4 #8,seek
 n out ! ?+s t are too h>d = !e1' said  
,sira*1 #8= ?\ ha/ no ne$ ( ! secret    
?+s' 7iii4 #ba1 #bb71 b  ! book n[ be=e 
u is ! record ( a ?9k]1 disappo9t$ x is 
true1 b too mu* 9 e>ne/ to give up ?9k+4
 ,( m$itative m9ds  !re 0 no lack 9 ?is 
p]iod ( ,israel's hi/ory4 ,! writ]s ( ! 
#aai? & sev]al o!r ,psalms1 z well z    
,jesus ! son ( ,sira*1 _h  pond]$ ov] ! 
ideal life1 b our au?or 7! only rema9+  

repres5tative ( a s*ool ( writ]s#bhf7 0 
m$itative 9 a  diff]5t s5se f any ( ^!4 
,he c\ld n h said ) !  latt]1 #8,i pray$
 = wisdom be=e ! temple' 7,ecclus4 li4  
#ad71 nor  ) ! =m]1 #8,?y comm&m5t is   
exce$+ broad' 7,ps4 cxix4 #if74  ,! idea
 ( ! religi\s primacy ( ,israel awak5$ 9
 8 m9d no  responsive en?usiasm4 ,we _c 
exactly say t he conceals ! place  ( 8  
resid5ce1#bhg b he has c]ta9ly no       
ov]p[]+ int]e/ 9  ! sc5e ( 8 life's     
tr\blesome drama4 ,9 ?is feature he     
resembles  to a consid]able ext5t !     
humani/s ( an e>li] date 7see p4 #aai71 
b 9 o!rs1 & ^? ! mo/ *>act]i/ic1 he     
diff]s z widely  f !m z ! old man f !   
*ild4 ,!y believ$ t virtue 0  cr[n$ by  
prosp]ity2 ev5 ! writ] ( ,job1 z "s ?9k1
 _h n  :olly ca/ (f ! consecrat$ dogma2 
b ! au/]e & lonely  ?9k] :o has left u  
,ecclesia/es f9ds himself utt]ly unable 
to  h>monise su* a !ory ) facts 7viii4  
#ad74 ,to him1 liv+ dur+ "o  ( ! dre>ie/
 p>ts ( ! po/-,exile p]iod1 x seem$ z if
 !  pa/ aspirations ( ,israel _h turn$  

out a gigantic mi/ake4 ,t  home-sickness
 :i* impell$1 if n ! ,second ,isaiah    
himself1 yet _m  :o 7 /irr$ by 8        
eloqu5ce1 to ex*ange a life ( ease &    
luxury  = "o ( /ruggle & privation--9   
:at _h x issu$8 ,9 #8vanity &  pursuit (
 w9d' 7comp4 ,isa4 xxvi4 #ah74 ,to quote
 a great ,p]sian poet1  :o 9 "s ( 8     
moods resembles ,kohele? 7see end (     
,*ap4 ,,ix471                  ,!       
,revelations ( ,dev\t & ,le>n'd1        
,:o rose be=e u & z ,prophets burn'd1   
,are all b ,/ories1 :i*1 arose f ,sleep1
                ,!y told _! fell[s1 & to
 ,sleep return'd4    ,su* ?\ghts z ^!   
made ! hi/ory ( ,israel an aid to       
scepticism  r ?an to fai?2 add$ to :i* x
 is probable t society 9  ,kohele?'s#bhh
 "t seem$ to him too corrupt to admit ( 
an ideali/ic  !ory ( life4 ,= an        
individual to seek to put 9 practice su*
 a  !ory w\ld expose him to hopeless    
failure & mis]y4 ,!re=e1 #8be  n        
righte\s ov]mu*1#bhi nei!r pret5d to be 
exce$+ly wise2 :y  wilt ?\ ru9 7lit4    

desolate7 ?yself8' 7vii4 #af74 ,"s1 no  
d\bt1 z  ! ,s(]im or ,scripturi/s1 _h   
tri$ x1 b !y _h only succe$$  9 mak+ _! 
lives #8desolate1' )\t any comp5sat+    
advantage4  ,nor c we say t ,ecclesia/es
 _h giv5 up !i/ic religion4 ,he does  n 
inde$ believe 9 immortality & a future  
judgm5t1 & is ?us  p>tly an exception to
 ! rule ( ,lucretius1               444 
nam si c]tam f9em esse vid]5t           
,a]umn>um hom9es1 aliqua ratione val]5t 
,religionibus atque m9eis obsi/]e vatum4
                                   7,de 
r]um natur1 i4 #ajh-aaj47    ,he m5tions
 ,god tw5ty-sev5 times1 b "u ! "n       
,elohim1 :i*  belong$ to ,him z !       
,creator1 n "u t ( ,yahveh1 :i* an      
,israelite 0 privileg$ to use2 & 8      
"o-sid$ sup]naturalism  obscur$ ! s5se (
 p]sonal communion ) ,god4 ,he accepts  
only !  fir/ "p ( ! great proclamation  
conc]n+ ! dwell+ place (  ,god 9 ,isa4  
lxvii4 #ae 7see ,eccles4 v4 #b74 ,x is  
no d\bt ,god :o  #8worke? all' 7xi4 #e71
 b !re are ne>] & almo/ m =midable      

pot5tates1 an oppressive hi]>*y (       
(ficials rang+ f !  taxga!r] to ! k+1   
#8a high "o wat*+ above ! high1 & high  
ones ov] bo?' 7v4 #h74 ,true1 our au?or 
seems to admit--at lea/ if !  text be   
s\nd 7iii4 #ag2 comp4 viii4 #ab1 #ac7--t
 #8,god w judge !  righte\s & ! wick$'  
7i4e4 9 ?is life1 = he does n believe 9 
ano!r71 b ! com=t ( ?is ?\ght is da%$ ) 
bitt]ness by  an unspok5 b di/9ctly     
impli$ compla9t1 :i* may p]haps be well 
express$ 9 ! language ( ,job 7xxiv4 #a71
 #8,:y are judgm5ts laid up  7s long7 by
 ! ,almighty1#bij & 7:y7 d !y t "k him n
 see  8 days8' or 9 o!r words1 ,:y is   
div9e retribution s t>dy8 ,x is1  9     
fact1 ?is extreme t>d9ess ( ,god's      
judicial int]positions :i*  our au?or   
consid]s "o ( ! *ief causes ( !         
preval5ce (  wick$ness2--               
#8,because s5t5ce aga9/ ! "w ( wick$ness
 is n spe$ily      execut$1 !re=e ! he>t
 ( ! sons ( m5 is fully set 9      !m to
 d evil' 7viii4 #aa74    ,on ! :ole1 we 
may say t ! old] humani/s 7 s9c]e       

optimi/s1 :ile ,kohele?1 ?\gh           
!oretically p]haps an optimi/  7iii4    
#aa71 con/antly relapses into a m       
cong5ial #8malism4' ,i use  ?is ^w      
design$ly4 ,kohele? c only be call$ a   
pessimi/ loosely4  ,bad z ?+s are1 he   
does n believe t ! _w is gett+ worse  & 
worse & ha/+ to its ru94 ,he believes 9 
revolutions1 "s =  evil1 "s = good1 "s =
 #8r5d+' or #8break+ d[n1' o!rs =       
#8sew+' or #8build+ up4' ,he believes1 9
 o!r words1 t ,god br+s  ab\t recurr5t  
*anges 9 human circum/ances4 ,b 7l ano!r
 wise  man1 ,prov4 xxv4 #ba7 he does n  
tru/ revolutions ( human orig9 7#8evil  
matt]s' he calls !m1 viii4 #c72 he is no
 c>bon>o 7x4 #bj74 ,& s  = ! pres5t he  
is a #8mali/1' & hav+ no imag9ative     
faculty he  _c sympa?ise ) ! #8,utopian'
 prospects = ! future conta9$  9 !      
prophetic visions4    ,yet1 9 spite (   
appe>ances1 ,kohele? builds ^u a true   
,israeliti%  f\ndation4 ,x is already   
some?+ t he _c be> to plunge into  op5  
infidelity1 t he is /ill 7z we h se57 a 

!i/1 ?\gh 8  !ism gives him b little    
light & no com=t+ w>m?4 ,n[ & !n  he    
alludes to ! religi\s sy/em ( 8 p 7see  
v4 #a-e1 #ag1 viii4  #aj74 ,a /rong]    
pro( ( 8 ,israeliti% sympa?ies is 8     
*oice (  ,solomon z ! repres5tative (   
humanity2 ,i say1 ( humanity1 because  !
 au?or evid5tly decl9es to place himself
 ^u ! p$e/al (  ,israeliti% privilege4  
7,p]haps1 too1 z ,h]zfeld ?9ks1#bia he  
w\ld  console 8 p by %[+ !m t !y h      
companions 9  mis=tune ev]y:]e #8"u !   
sun2' & we h already se5 ,job  snat* a  
brief alleviation ( pa9 f ! ?\ght (     
suff]+  humanity47 ,kohele? is n only a 
,jew1 b a man ( culture4 ,he _c  p]haps 
entirely def5d himself f ! subtle       
influ5ce ( ! ,greek  view ( life1 & is  
ev5 will+ to associate f "t to "t )  !  
m9i/]s ( ali5 sov]eigns4 ,true1 he has  
not$ ) bitt] irony  ! absurd & caprici\s
 *anges 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,pale/9e 7x4     
#e-g71 b he has no sp>k ( ! _s ( !      
,maccabees1 unless inde$  9 viii4 #b-e1 
x4 #d1 #bj1 b5ea? ! g>b ( s]vile prud5ce

 we may  7) ,dr4 ,plumptre7 detect !    
irony ( indignation4 ,to !  simple-m9d$ 
read] at any rate he appe>s to c\nsel   
passive  ob$i5ce1 & a cauti\s cr\*+     
attitude t[>ds ^? 9 p[]4 ,i  suspect    
myself t ei!r ! advice is b provisional1
 or else  ,kohele? /ill feels ! p[] ( ! 
prophetic ,utopia3 ce peuple rve  t\j\rs
 quelque *ose d'int]national4#bib ,nay2 
%all we n c>ry  our g5]osity ev5 f>!r8  
,t #8la/ ^w1' :i* he w\ld h  spok5 _h he
 liv$ long]1 may possibly n h be5 t :i* 
!  ,s(]im h =c$ ^u him4 ,n a future     
judgm5t1 b a return (  prosp]ity to a   
wis] ?\gh sadd] ,israel1 may h be5 8    
sil5t  hope1 & 9 ?is prosp]ity we may be
 sure t a wid] & m  philosophic culture 
w\ld =m a pr9cipal +r$i5t4 ,?is is by no
  means an absurd fancy4 ,kohele? firmly
 believ$ 9 recurr5t hi/orical  cycles1 &
 if !re 0 #8a "t to break d[n1' !re 0   
also #8a "t  to build up' 7iii4 #c74    
,sira* kn[s no future life & no         
,messiah2 b  he believes 9 ! et]nity (  
,israel2 :y1 on ! gr\nd ( 8  fragm5t>y  

rema9s1 d5y ! same consolation to       
,kohele?8 ,mu* z ,i  %\ld pref] to      
imag9e a f> m satisfactory close = 8    
tr\bl$  life 7see ,*ap4 ,,ix471 ,i ?9k  
we ought to admit ! possibility ( ?is   
hypo!sis4    ,z an au?or1 ! *>act]i/ics 
( ,kohele? are 9 ! ma9 ,hebraic1  ?\gh n
 )\t vague aff9ities to ! ,greek        
philosophic _s4 ,8  "w is )\t a model1 b
 ! dramatic elem5t 9 x rem9ds u  some:at
 ( ! ,book ( ,job4 ,j z ! writ] ( t     
great poem  del9eates 8 own spiritual   
/ruggles--n ( c\rse )\t poetic          
amplification--"u ! assum$ "n ( ,job1 s 
our au?or1 ) a  simil> poetical lic5se1 
ascribes 8 difficulties to ! imag9>y    
p]sonage ,kohele? 7or ,ecclesia/es74    
,!re are also passages 9 :i*1  l ,job1  
he adopts ! tone1 /yle & rhy?m#bic (    
gnomic poetry1  ?\gh f> f rea*+ ! lit]>y
 p]fection ( ,job or ( !  prov]bial     
collections4 ,! attempt ( ,k/] & ,vaih+]
 to make him  out an arti/ 9 ! managem5t
 ( /rophes is a sport ( fancy4 ,unity  &
 consi/5cy 9 lit]>y =m 7 beyond ! rea*1 

if n ( 8  p[]s1 yet c]ta9ly ( 8         
opportunities2 ev5 8 phraseology1 z a   
rule1 is 9 ! highe/ degree r\gh &       
unpoli%$4 ,?is is ! m  /rik+ by contra/ 
) ! elegant workman%ip ( ,sira*4 ,b !   
unkn[n au?or has v /rong excuses4 ,?us1 
fir/1 ! negative tone  ( 8 m9d mu/ h    
de/roy$ ! *e]ful composure necess>y to !
  arti/4 #8,! burd5 ( ! my/]y' press$   
too heavily = him to ?9k  mu* ( =m &    
beauty4 ,8 h>p1 if he ev] _h "o1 he _h  
long s9ce  hung up ^u ! will[s4 ,next1 x
 is highly probable t he 0  int]rupt$ 9 
! mid/ ( 8 lit]>y prep>ations4 ,nldeke  
has  rem>k$#bid t 8 object 0 n to       
produce #8e9 lit]>is*es  ,s*au/ck4' ,t  
is p]fectly true2 8 prim>y object 0 #8to
 scatt]  ! d\bts ( 8 own m9d4' ,b he did
 n despise ! lit]>y craft2  he 0 well   
aw>e t ev5 #8! lit]ature ( p[]' may     
increase its  influ5ce by "s att5tion to
 =m4 ,x seems to me t ! #8lab\r (  !    
file' has br\ght ! fir/ two *apt]s to a 
consid]able degree (  p]fection2 b ! re/
 ( ! book1 ^u ! :ole1 is s r\gh & s     

disjo9t$1 t ,i c only suppose x to be   
bas$ on c]ta9 loose  notes or adv]s>ia1 
writt5 solely ) ! object ( disp]s+ 8    
d\bts & mitigat+ 8 pa9s by giv+ !m      
expression4 ,! ?read (  ?\ght seems to  
break e few v]ses1 & attempts to re/ore 
x fail  to c>ry conviction to ! unbiass$
 m9d4 ,! feel+s & op9ions  embodi$ 9 !  
book are (t5 mutually inconsi/5t2 9 ,ibn
 ,ezra's  "t1 & long be=e t1 ! ,jewi%   
/ud5ts ( ! book 7 puzzl$  by ?is        
ph5om5on1 s /range 9 a canonical        
,scripture4 ,n a few  scatt]$ rem>ks h  
absolutely no connection ) ! subject4 ,!
  /yle1 too1 is r>ely easy & natural1 & 
sometimes 7especially 9  viii4 #af1 #ag7
 we meet ) a s5t5ce :i* w\ld c]ta9ly n h
  pass$ an au?or's f9al revision4 ,! mo/
 obvi\s hypo!sis surely is  t f *ap4    
iii4 onw>ds we h be=e u ! imp]fectly    
work$-up  m$itations ( an o!rwise unkn[n
 writ]1 f\nd aft] 8 dea? 9  proximity to
 a highly f9i%$ fragm5t :i* app>5tly    
pr(ess$ to be  ! "w ( k+ ,solomon4 ,!   
m$itations & ! fragm5t 7  circulat$ 9   

comb9ation 7= :i* !re 0 mu* excuse1     
especially  z "s p>ts ( ! notes seem$ to
 be 9 ! n>rative & ev5  autobiographic  
/yle71 & 7 receiv$ ) mu* fav\r by !     
/ud5ts ( #8wisdom1' m1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 ow+ 
to ! intr9sic  int]e/ ( ! book ?an to ! 
lit]>y fiction ( ,solomonic  au?or%ip4  
,if ?is hypo!sis be correct1 we ne$ n be
 surpris$  ei!r at ! au?or's            
inconsi/5cies 9 op9ion1 or at ! g5]al   
r\ghness ( 8 /yle4 ,! book may n ev5 be 
all "o man's "w4  ,lu!r has already     
br\ght ,ecclesia/es into connection ) ! 
,talmud4#bie ,n[ ! prov]bial say+s :i*  
int]rupt our ?9k]'s  self-que/ion+s on  
#8vanity ( vanities' are l ! ,haggadic  
passages  :i* gu% =? l f\nta9s 9 ! we>y 
wa/e ( hair-splitt+  ,talmudic          
dialectics4 ,no "o has ev] ma9ta9$ !    
unity ( ! ,talmud1  & no "o %\ld be     
?\ght unreasonable = d\bt+ ! absolute   
fre$om ( ,ecclesia/es f                 
int]polations4#bif    ,! ?ird & la/     
excuse :i* ,i h to (f] is t ! m$itations
  ( ,kohele? p>take ( ! nature ( an     

exp]im5t4 ,he may inde$ 7z ,i  h rem>k$7
 be a memb] ( a s*ool ( writ]s1 b 8     
/rik+ly  orig9al mann] compels u to     
reg>d him z a ma/] r ?an a  disciple4   
,no su* purely reflective "w _h1 s f> z 
we "k1 z yet  be5 produc$ 9 ,hebrew     
lit]ature4 ,simil> moral difficulties to
 ^?  :i* preoccupi$ our au?or _h no d\bt
 occurr$ to "s ( !  prophets & poets1 b 
!y _h n be5 s\nd$ to _! dep?s4 ,ev5  9 !
 ,book ( ,job ! reflective _s has v     
imp]fect scope4 ,!  spee*es soon pass   
into a lyric /ra91 & ,jehovah ,himself  
closes !  discussion by impos+ sil5ce4  
,b ! au?or ( ,ecclesia/es 0 a  ?9k]1 n a
 lyri/1 & 0 compell$ to =m 8 own vehicle
 (  ?\ght4 ,he #8s\ght1' inde$1 #8to f9d
 out pleasant words' 7xii4 #aj71  b _h  
to /ra9 ! p[]s ( an unpliant language to
 ! utt]mo/1  to co9 7presumably7 new    
words1 & apply old ones 9 fre% s5ses1   
till  he might well h compla9$ 7to apply
 ,lucretius7 #8propt] ege/atem  l+uae et
 r]um novitatem4'#big ,he des]ves great 
praise = 8  measure ( success2 ,luzzatto

 9 8 e>ly "w fail$ to d him ju/ice4  ,he
 is n ambiti\s2 z a rule1 he ab/a9s f   
f9e writ+4 ,once  inde$ he attempts x1  
b1 z ,i v5ture to ?9k1 ) b ill          
success--,i ref] to ! clos+ description 
( old age 7xii4 #d-i71 :i*  has a t\* ( 
! extravagant euphuism ( late ,arabic   
lit]ature4#bih  ,f a poetical po9t (    
view1 ! prelude 7i4 #d-h7 is alone wor?y
 to  be m5tion$1 ?\gh n includ$ ei!r by 
,r5an or by ,bickell among  ! passages  
poetical 9 =m 7= a li/ ( :i* see        
bel[#bii74 ,let  u m>k ?is f9e passage1 
t we may return to x aga9 9 ano!r       
connection4    ,footnote #bhf3      ,!  
#8_m books' spok5 ( 9 xii4 #ab 7        
probably less or?odox ?an               
,ecclesia/es1 b 9 s f> z ,ecclesia/es1  
especially 9 its    uncorrect$ /ate1 is 
sceptical1 x may be gr\p$ ) !m4         
,footnote #bhg3      ,9 common ) mo/    
int]pret]s1 ,i reg>d ,ecclesia/es z a   
,judan    "w4    ,footnote #bhh3        
,foll[+ ! prec$5t ( ! ,epilogue 7xii4   
#i71 ,i designate !    au?or by ! "n :i*

 he has inv5t$ = 8 h]o4    ,footnote    
#bhi3      ,!re is a t\* ( hum\r 9 !    
expression1 :i* c p]haps be/    be      
reproduc$ 9 our nor!rn ,doric1 #8,be n  
unco' guid4'    ,footnote #bij3      ,i 
foll[ ,sept4 & ,dr4 ,m]x4 ,! receiv$    
read+ is v h>%4    ,footnote #bia3      
,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,jisrael1 iii4    
#cj4    ,footnote #bib3      ,r5an1     
,l',ant*ri/1 p4 #bbh4    ,footnote #bic3
      ,on ! rhy?m1 comp4 ,bickell1 ,d]  
,pr$ig] 7#ahhd71 pp4 #bg1 #df-ec4       
,footnote #bid3      ,die altte/am5tli*e
 ,lit]atur1 p4 #agc4    ,footnote #bie3 
#8,dazu s i/'s wie e9 ,talmud aus viel5 
,b*]n zusamm5gezog54'    ,lu!r's        
,tis*r$51 quot$ 9 ,g9sburg1 p4 #aac4    
,footnote #bif3      ,see ,supplem5t>y  
,*apt]4    ,footnote #big3      ,de r]um
 natur1 i4 #adj 7appositely quot$ by    
,mr4 ,tyl]74    ,footnote #bih3         
,see ! passage quot$ f ,*5]y's          
translation ( ,h>iri by ,dr4    ,taylor 
7,dirge ( ,cohele?1 p4 #ee72 comp4      
,rck]t's rhym+    translation 7,h>iri1  

i4 #ajd-e74    ,footnote #bii3          
,r5an's li/ is i4 #ae1 #ah2 ii4 #b1 #ad2
 iii4 #b-h1 iv4 #e1 #ad2 v4 #b2 vii4    
#a-f2 #g1 #h2 #i;b2 #ac;b2 #bd2 viii4   
#a1 #d2 ix4 #af1 #ag2 x4 #b1 #ab1 #ah2  
xi4    #d1 #g2 xii4 #c-e2 #aj2 #aa1 #ab4
 ,bickell's1 i4 #g1 #h2 #ae2 #ah2 ii4   
#b2 v4 #i2    vi4 #g2 iv4 #e2 ii4 #ad2  
viii4 #h2 ix4 #af-x4 #a2 vii4 #a-f1 vi4 
#i1 vii4 #g-i2    vii4 #aa1 #ab2 vii4   
#bj2 v4 #b2 x4 #af-bj2 xi4 #f2 xi4 #d2  
viii4 #a-d1 x4 #b1    #c2 x4 #f1 #g2 x4 
#aj-ae2 ix4 #g2 xi4 #i1 #aj1 xii4 #a;a2 
xii4 #a;b-#e2 #f4    7,! ord] ( ^!      
passages arises out ( ,bickell's        
critical !ory2    on :i* see ,*ap4      
,,xii47                                 
,,*apt] ,,ii4                  #8,,tru? 
,,& ,,fiction' ,,9 ,,an ,,autobiography4
      ,let u n[ take a g5]al survey (   
?is /range book1 reg>d+ x z a  record ( 
! conflict+ moods & exp]i5ces ( a       
?\ghtful man (  ! _w4 ,! au?or is too   
mode/ to appe> 9 8 own p]son 7at  lea/ 9
 i4 #a-;ii4 #ab71 b1 l ,cic]o 9 8       

dialogues1 selects a  m\?piece f ! h]oic
 pa/4 ,8 *oice c\ld n be d\btful4 ,:o  s
 fit z ! wise/ ( 8 age1 ! f\nd] & patron
 ( gnomic  poetry1 k+ ,solomon 7#a ,k+s 
iv4 #cj-cb78 ,aft] ! prelud+ v]ses1  f  
:i* a quotation has be5 giv5 above1     
,ecclesia/es cont9ues  ?us3--        ,i 
,kohele? h be5#cjj k+ ov] ,israel 9     
,j]usalem2 & ,i gave      my m9d to mak+
 se>* & exploration1 by wisdom1 conc]n+ 
all      t is done "u heav52 t is a sore
 tr\ble :i* ,god ha?      giv5 to ! sons
 ( m5 to tr\ble !mselves !re)6 ,i saw   
all      ! works :i* are done "u ! sun2 
& behold1 all is vanity      & pursuit (
 w9d4                  ,t :i* is crook$ 
_c be /raight5$1                & a     
defici5cy _c be reckon$ 7i4 #ab-ae74    
,! "n or title #8,kohele?' is obscure4  
,accord+ to ! ,epilogue  #8,kohele? 0 a 
wise man' 7xii4 #i7--;a /atem5t :i*     
confirms !  explanation ( ! "n z mean+  
#8"o :o calls an assembly4'#cja ,!      
#8wise m5' ( ,israel ga!r$ _! disciples 
toge!r1 & su* an able  tea*] z ,kohele? 

w\ld fa9 ga!r all :o h e>s to he> ar\nd 
8 seat4 ,b ,kohele? is also ,solomon    
7?\gh only = a %ort "t--!  au?or did n1 
,i suppose1 live long en\gh ?or\ghly to 
fuse !  conceptions ( k+ &              
philosoph]#cjb74 ,! wise k+ is to be    
imag9$ /&+ on ! br9k ( ! grave1 & ca/+ !
  cle>-sight$ glance ( a dy+ man on pa/ 
life1 some:at z ,moses 9  p>ts (        
,deut]onomy or ,david 9 #b ,sam4 xxii41 
xxiii4 #a-g4 ,a subtle &  poetic view ( 
,solomon's c>e] is ?us op5$ be=e u4 ,he 
is n "h  repres5t$ 9 8 political        
relation1 b z a specim5 ( ! highe/  type
 ( human be+1 ) a b\ndless appetite =   
pleasure & e  means ( gratify+ x4 ,b ev5
 su* a man's delib]ate v]dict on all    
=ms ( pleasure is t !y are utt]ly       
unsub/antial1 m]e vanity  7lit4 a       
vap\r--,aquila1 2 comp4 ,james iv4 #ad74
 ,nei!r pure  speculation 7i4 #ac-ah71  
nor riot\s mir? 7ii4 #a1 #b71 nor ev5 ! 
ref9$ voluptu\sness consi/5t ) ! free   
play ( !  intellect#cjc 7ii4 #c71 c\ld  
satisfy 8 long+1 or enable him1 )       

,goe!'s ,fau/1 to say to ! fly+ mom5t1  
#8,ah6 l+] yet1 ?\ art  s fair4' ,x is  
true t wisdom is aft] all bett] ?an     
folly2 ,solomon  f 8 #8specul> m\nt'    
c\ld #8see' ?is to be a tru? 7ii4 #ac72 
b  9 ! end he f\nd x z resultless z #8! 
walk+ 9 d>kness' ( !  fool4        #8,& 
,i myself p]ceiv$ t "o fate befalle? !m 
all4 ,& ,i said      9 my he>t1 ,z !    
fate ( ! fool w be ! fate :i* %all      
befall me1 ev5 me2 & :y h ,i !n be5     
exce$+ wise8 & ,i      said 9 my he>t t 
?is also is vanity' 7ii4 #ad;b1 #ae71   
i4e4      t ?is undiscrim9at+ fate is a 
fre% pro( ( ! delusiv5ess      ( all    
?+s4    ,& 9 ?is /ra9 ,kohele? runs on  
to ne>ly ! end ( ! *apt]1  ) an add$ t\*
 ( bitt]ness at ! ?\ght ( ! d\btful  "* 
( 8 successor 7ii4 #ah1 #ai74 ,!n occurs
 "o ( ^? abrupt  transitions :i* s (t5  
puzzle ! /ud5t ( ,ecclesia/es4 ,9 ii4   
#a-aa ,kohele? has reject$ ! life (     
s5su\s pleasure1 ev5 :5  wisely         
regulat$1 z #8vanity4' ,he n[ returns to
 ! subject1 &  decl>es ?is to be1 n (   

c\rse ! ideally highe/ good1 b !  highe/
 good op5 to man1 if x 7 only 9 8 p[] to
 secure x4 ,b  he has se5 t bo? s5su\s  
enjoym5t & ! wisdom :i* regulates  x    
come f ,god1 :o grants ^! bless+s to !  
man :o is good 9  8 sight1 :ile         
pr(itless tr\ble is ! portion ( ! s9n]4 
,he  repeats !re=e t ev5 wisdom & k &   
joy1 ! highe/  atta9able goods1 are1 by 
reason ( _! unc]ta9ty1 #8vanity &       
pursuit ( w9d' 7ii4 #bf74    ,at ! end (
 ?is long spee* ( ,kohele?1 we naturally
 ask h[ f> x  c be reg>d$ z             
autobiographical4 ,only1 ,i ?9k1 9 a    
qualifi$  s5se4 ,its psy*ological dep?  
po9ts to simil> exp]i5ces on ! "p  ( !  
au?or1 b to exp]i5ces :i* h be5 deep5$ 9
 _!  imag9ative reproduction4 ,x is tru?
 m+l$ ) fiction--,wahrheit und          
,di*tung--:i* we meet ) 9 ! fir/ two    
*apt]s4 ,a m /rictly  biographical      
n>rative appe>s to beg9 9 *ap4 iii41 f  
:i* po9t  ! allusions to ,solomon cease1
 & are replac$ by scatt]$ ref]5ces  to  
contempor>y hi/ory4 ,! confid5ces ( !   

au?or are introduc$ by  a passage 7iii4 
#a-h7 9 ! gnomic /yle1 conta9+ a        
catalogue ( !  v>i\s actions1 emotions1 
& /ates ( feel+ :i* make up human  life4
 ,ea* ( ^!1 we are told1 has its own    
allott$ season 9 !  fix$ ord] ( nature1 
b z ?is is beyond ! k5 & influ5ce (     
man1 ! "q arises1 #8,:at pr(it ha? he t 
worke? 9 t  :]e) he we>ie? himself8'    
7iii4 #i47 ,?us1 ! #8we>isome tr\ble'  (
 ! #8sons ( m5' has no p]man5t result4  
,all t y c d is to  accu/om y\rself to  
acquiesce 9 de/9y3 y w !n see t e  act &
 e /ate 9 y\r ev]-%ift+ life is truly   
beautiful or  seemly 7iii4 #aa71 ev5 if 
n pr(itable to ! individual 7iii4 #i74  
,m ?an ?is1 man has be5 end[$ ) !       
faculty ( und]/&+  ?is kaleidoscopic _w1
 ) ! drawback t he _c possibly  embrace 
x all 9 "o view3--#cjd        ,also he  
ha? put ! _w into _! he>t 7i4e4 m9d71   
except t      man _c f9d out f beg9n+ to
 end ! "w :i* ,god ha?      made 7iii4  
#aa74    ,9 fact1 to quote ,"l ,bacon's 
words 9 ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1  #8,god 

has fram$ ! m9d l a glass1 capable ( !  
image ( !  univ]se1 & desir\s to receive
 x1 z ! eye to receive ! light4'  ,b "h 
a d>k mood int]rupts ! c\rse ( our      
au?or's m$itations2  or p]haps x is !   
record ( a lat] p]iod :i* is b awkw>dly 
atta*$ to ! previ\s passages4 #8,to     
rejoice & to f>e well'--s5sual  7or1 let
 u say1 s5su\s7 pleasure1 9 %ort--is n[ 
repres5t$ z !  only good = man1 & ev5 t 
is n to be too absolutely reckon$  ^u1 =
 #8x is ! gift ( ,god' 7iii4 #ab1 #ac1  
#bb2 comp4 ii4 #bd74  ,c]ta9ly our au?or
 at any rate did n succe$ 9 dr[n+ c>e 9 
!  w9e-cup3 he is no vulg> s5suali/4 ,8 
m]rim5t is spoil$ by !  ?\ght ( ! mis]y 
( o!rs1 & he c f9d no?+ #8"u ! sun'  7a 
passionate g5]alisation f life 9        
,pale/9e7 b viol5ce &  oppression4 ,9   
utt] despair he pron\nces ! dead happi] 
?an !  liv+ 7iv4 #a1 #b74 ,9 fact1 he   
says1 nei!r 9 life nor 9 dea? has  man  
any sup]iority ov] ! o!r animals1 :i*   
are "u no  provid5tial ord]1 & h no     
pr9ciple ( cont9uance4 ,su* is !        

cynical !ory :i* tempts ,kohele?2 & yet 
he seems to h hesitat$  be=e accept+ x1 
unless we may v5ture ) ,bickell to /rike
 out  iii4 #ag1 z ! "w ( a lat] editor  
:o believ$ 9 retributions  h]eaft] 7l   
xi4 #i;b xii4 #g1 #ac1 #ad74 ,i confess 
t consi/5cy  seems to me to require ?is 
/ep2 ! v]se is 9 fact well fitt$ to be  
an antidote to ! foll[+ v]se1 :i* seems 
to h sugge/$ !  op5+ phrase4 ,?is is h[ 
! text runs at pres5t3--        ,i said 
9 my he>t1 ,! righte\s & ! wick$ %all   
,god judge2      = !re is a "t = e      
purpose & = e "w !re      7emphatically 
= #89 ! o!r _w2' or read1 ha? he        
appo9t$74      ,i said 9 my he>t1 7,x   
happ5s7 on acc\nt ( ! sons ( m51 t      
,god may te/ !m1 & t !y may see t !y are
 b bea/s4      ,= ! sons ( m5 are a     
*ance 7comp4 ,h]od4 i4 #cb71 & bea/s    
are a *ance2 yea1 all h "o *ance3 z ! "o
 dies1 s dies !      o!r2 yea1 !y all h 
"o _s2 & advantage ( ! "o ov]      ! o!r
 !re is none1 = all is vanity4 ,all g   
unto "o place2      all are ( ! du/1 &  

all turn to du/ aga94 ,:o kn[s :e!r     
! _s ( man goes upw>d1 & :e!r ! _s ( !  
bea/      goes d[nw>d to ! e>?8#cje     
7iii4 #ag-ba47    ,our au?or's abid+    
conviction is t #8! _s does b mean !    
brea?' 7,9 ,memoriam1 lvi471 s t man & !
 l[] animals h  #8"o _s' & alike end 9  
du/4 #8,pulvis et umbra sumus4' ,x is   
true1 "s ( 8 contempor>ies hold ! new   
doctr9e ( ,immortality1  b ,kohele?1 9 8
 cool scepticism1 hesitates to accept x4
 ,:i*  inde$ ( its en?usia/ic advocates 
c claim to #8"k' t :i* he  ass]ts2 or c 
prove to ,kohele?'s satisfaction t ,god 
7z a psalmi/  9 ,ps4 xlix4 #ae puts x7 w
 #8receive' ! _s ( man1 9 spite (  !    
fact t ! vital pr9ciple ( bea/s loses   
itself 9 ! du/ (  dea?8 ,x is no d\bt an
 awkw>d con/ruction :i* ,kohele? adopts3
 he  seems to express an unc]ta9ty z to 
! fate ( ! l[] animals4  ,to convey !   
mean+ :i* ,i h giv51 ! con/ruction ought
 to h  be5 disjunctive1 z 9 ?is l9e f a 
noble mod]n poem1        ,fri5d1 :o kn[s
 if dea? inde$ h life1 or life h dea? = 

goal8#cjf    ,b !re is1 or r !re ought  
to be1 no d\bt z to ,kohele?'s  mean+4  
,dean ,plumptre frankly admits t #8x is 
n till ne>ly !  close ( ! book1 ) all   
its _m w&]+s ( ?\ght1 t !  seek] re/s 9 
t measure ( ! hope ( immortality :i* we 
f9d'  b ?is is op5 to consid]able d\bt  
#89 xii4 #g4'    ,footnote #cjj3        
,see ! fanta/ic leg5d to acc\nt = ! pa/ 
t5se 9 ,midra%    ,kohele? 7transl4     
,wns*e71 or ,g9sburg 7p4 #bfh2 comp4 p4 
#ch74    ,footnote #cja3      ,dean     
,plumptre ?9ks ,kohele? 7l 71 :i* is    
r5d]$    by him #8! ,debat]1' means r a 
memb] ( an assembly1 ?an a    tea*] or  
prea*]1 & comp>es ,ecclus4 xxxviii4 #cc1
 :]e ! son    ( ,sira* says ( lab\r]s & 
artisans t !y #8%all n sit high    9 !  
congregation1' i4e4 9 ! ecclesia or     
academy ( sages4 ,b    judg+ f ! p>allel
 l9e ! #8congregation' is r t (    ! p 9
 g5]al 7comp4 ,ecclus4 xv4 #e74 ,!      
,dean's view t !    book embodies !     
inw>d debates ( a ,jewi% philosoph] may 
be to a    great ext5t true1 b = all t  

,kohele? is ?r\gh\t repres5t$    z      
speak+ alone & ) au?ority4 ,on !        
philological explanation    ( ! ^w1 see 
,app5dix4    ,footnote #cjb3      ,?is  
seems a reasonable view4 ,bickell boldly
 ma9ta9s t i4 #a1 #ab1    #af1 ii4 #g1  
#h1 #i #ab are int]polations 7made      
presumably to facilitate    !           
recognition ( ! book z canonical74      
,obs]ve h[ev] t !    7fictiti\s7 au?or  
is n[h]e decl>$ to be ,solomon1 b only  
b5-,david 7i4 #a74 ,he claims att5tion  
m]ely z a private p]son1 z    an        
int]pret] ( ! compla9ts ( humanity4     
,?\gh he does once    expressly ref] to 
8 royal /ate 7i4 #ab71 x is only to     
sugge/ to    8 read]s :at ample         
opportunities he has enjoy$ ( le>n+ !   
vanity ( e>?ly gr&eur4 ,s1 v plausibly1 
,blo* 7,ursprung des    ,kohelet1 p4    
#ag74    ,footnote #cjc3      ,! passage
 inde$ is obscure & possibly corrupt 7s 
,bickell71 b    ! above words probably d
 ju/ice to ! mood describ$4    ,footnote
 #cjd3      ,among ! _m o!r             

int]pretations ( ?is difficult passage1 
two    may be m5tion$ "h4 7#a7 #8,he has
 also set worldl9ess 9 _!    he>t1 )\t  
:i* man _c und]/& ! "w t ,god does1    f
 beg9n+ to end4' ,s ,kalis* 7,pa? &     
,goal1 frequ5tly74 ,?is    is an        
improvem5t ^u ! translation ( ,ges5ius &
 o!rs1 :o    r5d]1 n #8)\t :i*' c41 b   
#8s t man may n' c4 ,!    objection to !
 latt] r5d]+ is t x gives #8worldl9ess' 
a ,new    ,te/am5t s5se 7comp4 #a ,john 
ii4 #ae74 ,kalis*1 h[ev]1 9 full        
accord ) ! _s ( ,judaism1 makes ,kohele?
 frankly accept    #8worldl9ess' z a    
good1 und]/&+ by #8worldl9ess' a s5se ( 
worldly duties & enjoym5ts4 ,_h ?is     
h[ev] be5 ,kohele?'s    mean+1 w\ld he n
 h co9$ ano!r ( 8 fav\rite ab/ract      
t]ms 7comp4 ! ,pe%itto's 'olmoyu?   9   
,eph4 ii4 #b78 7#b7    #8,also he has   
put et]nity into _! he>t1 b s t man _c' 
c4 ,s ,g9sburg & ,delitzs* 7desid]ium   
t]nitatis1 tak+    #8et]nity' 9 a       
metaphysical s5se  #8t :i* is beyond    
"t'72 s    also ,n[ack 7tak+ x 9 !      

popul> s5se ( ye>s foll[+ ^u    ye>s )\t
 app>5t limit74 ,g9sburg's view is aga9/
 ! context1    9 :i* ! cont9uance ( !   
human _s is d\bt$2 b ,n[ack's           
explanation is n unacceptable4 ,man has 
be5 enabl$ to =m ! idea    ( ,"t 7= !   
popul> view ( #8et]nity' comes          
practically to    ?is71 & has divid$ ?is
 long space into long] & %ort]          
p]iods2 :at happ5s 9 "o p]iod or season1
 he c comp>e )    :at happ5s 9 ano!r1   
?us f9d+ all well-adapt$ &              
#8beautiful4' ,b he _c grasp ! :ole (   
,"t 9 "o view4 ,b ,i    /ill pref] !    
explanation giv5 9 ! text1 z be+ simpl]1
 9    spite ( ! fact t 'lm n[h]e else   
occurs 9 ! s5se (    #8_w' 7or ! pres5t 
ord] ( ?+s71 s common 9 lat] ,hebrew4   
,footnote #cje3      ,?is is ! r5d]+ ( !
 f\r pr9cipal v]sions & ( all !    be/  
critics1 includ+ ,m]ci]1 ,ewald1        
,g9sburg1 ,grtz & ,delitzs*2    x agrees
 ) ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ,kohele?1 & 9       
p>ticul>    ) vii4 #e1 :]e ! grave is   
call$ man's #8et]nal home' 7see         

bel[74 ,x is no d\bt oppos$ by !        
v[el-po9ts1 :i* are foll[$    9 ,k+     
,james's ,bible4 ,b x is m ?an probable 
7consid]+ o!r    p>allel ph5om5a7 t !   
au?ors ( ! po9ts 7 direct$ by a         
!ological & !re=e uncritical motive1 t1 
namely1 ( effac+    z f> z possible a   
trace ( ,kohele?'s opposition to !      
doctr9e1    by t "t recognis$ z or?odox1
 ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4    ,footnote  
#cjf3      ,sw9burne1 ,on ! ,v]ge4      
,,*apt] ,,iii4             ,,m          
,,moralis+1 ,,int]rupt$ ,,by ,,prov]bial
 ,,maxims4      ,let u n[ resume ! ?read
 ( ,kohele?'s moralis+4 ,viol5ce &      
oppression 7 two ( ! *ief evils :i*     
/ruck an att5tive  obs]v] ( ,pale/9ian  
life4 ,b !re 7 two o!rs equally wor?y  (
 a place 9 ! sad picture--! evils (     
rivalry & isolation4 ,fir/1  ) reg>d to 
rivalry 7iv4 #d-f74 ,:at is #8skilful   
"w1' or art1 b an  #8envi\s surpass+ ( !
 "o by ! o!r'8 ,?is also is #8pursuit ( 
w9d2' x gives no p]man5t satisfaction4  
,true1 indol5ce is  self-de/ruction3 b  

on ! o!r h& a little true re/ is bett]  
?an ! lab\r ( w9dy ef=t1 urg$ on by     
rivalry yield+ no re/  7,delitzs*74 ,su*
 at lea/ is ! mo/ probable connection1  
suppos+  t vv4 #e & #f are n r          
int]polat$ or misplac$4 ,if h[ev] x  be 
object$ 7"h ,kohele? passes to a second 
great evil--t (  isolation7 t a man may 
lab\r = 8 *ild or 8 bro!r1 yet :o1      
pray1 is b5efit$ by ! money-gett+ toils 
( "o :o has no ne>  relative1 & /&s     
alone 9 ! _w8 ,a pitiable sight is su*  
unpr(itable toil6 ,! f\r? *apt] closes )
 maxims on !  bless+s ( companion%ip    
7iv4 #i-ab71 foll[$ by a vivid          
description  ( ! sudd5 fall ( an old &  
fooli% k+ 7iv4 #ac-af71 :o _h n  c>$ to 
appropriate "o ( ! *ief ( ^! bless+s1   
viz4 good  advice4 ,!re is mu* t is     
enigmatical 9 ! la/ f\r v]ses4 ,we  %\ld
 expect ! writ] to be allud+ to "s fact 
9 contempor>y  hi/ory1 b no plausible   
p>allel has yet be5 indicat$4#cjg ,v]4  
#af  is c]ta9ly ei!r corrupt or         
mutilat$4 ,bickell ?9ks t x mu/         

orig9ally h run some:at z foll[s3--     
,!re 0 no end ( all ! p1 ev5 ( all ^? :o
 applaud$      him & ca/ reproa*es on ! 
old k+4 ,= because he _h despis$      ! 
c\nsel ( ! prud5t1 to rule fooli%ly & to
 oppress !      p1 !re=e !y hat$ him1   
ev5 z ^? _h hat$ him :o      7 be=e !m2 
!y also t came aft]w>ds did n rejoice 9 
him4    ,at ?is po9t ! ideal            
autobiography ( ,kohele? is int]rupt$4  
,f  v4 #a 7 iv4 #ag 9 ! ,hebrew7 to vii4
 #ad we are pres5t$ ) a mixture  (      
prov]bial say+s 7su* p]haps z ,kohele? 0
 cont9ually fram+  & deposit+ 9 8       
note-books7 & records ( ! wise man's    
p]sonal  exp]i5ce4 ,notice especially ! 
reappe>ance ( ! old ,israeliti%         
in/9ctive sympa?y ) husb&m5 7or1 %all ,i
 say1 ) yeom57 9  v]4 #i4 ,bo? prov]bs &
 p]sonal records are ! (fspr+ (  diff]5t
 moods1 & !re=e n always consi/5t4 ,?us 
at "o "t  our au?or repeats 8 pref]5ce (
 s5su\s enjoym5t to any o!r  mode (     
pass+ "o's life4        ,= 7!n7 he w n  
?9k mu* on ! 7few7 days ( 8 life1       

because ,god responds to ! joy ( 8 he>t 
7v4 #bj74    ,b ! writ] is too          
pessimi/ic to re/ long 9 ?is ?\ght4 ,x  
is a  #8common evil among m5' to h ri*es
 )\t ! full enjoym5t (  !m3 #8bett] an  
untimely bir?1' he cries1 ?an to be 9   
su* a case  7vi4 #c74 ,note "h 9 pass+ !
 fondness ( our au?or = us+ a  comp>ison
 9 express+ an emphatic judgm5t 7comp4  
iv4 #i-af1 vii4  #a-h74 ,bett]1 he      
cont9ues1 is a mom5t>y exp]i5ce ( real  
happ9ess  ?an to let ! desire w&] aft]  
unatta9able ends4 #8,!re are _m  ?+s t  
increase vanity2' ) ! res]ve ( good     
ta/e1 he  und]/ates 8 mean+1 = :at human
 object1 accord+ to ,kohele?1  is n     
futile8 ,t gift :i* to ! ,*ri/ian is s  
wondr\sly  fair--! gift ( life--to him  
becomes #8! numb]$ days ( 8 life (      
vanity2' & #8:o kn[s :at is good = man 9
 life1 :i* he sp5ds z  a %ad[8 ,= :o c  
tell a man :at %all be aft] him "u !    
sun8'  7vi4 #ab47 ,kohele?1 we see1 has 
no fai? 9 8 nation1 nor 9 humanity4     
,i d n feel sure t we may say ) ,dean   

,bradley t #8out ( ?is  v gloom &       
sadness come =? 9 ! next *apt] ?\ghts t 
h  gone1 "s ( !m1 ! r\nd ( ! _w4' ,no   
d\bt !re is m ?an  a m]e t+e ( ! same   
midnight gloom 9 "s ( ^! prov]bial      
say+s4 ,b surely !re is a complete break
 9 ! ?read ( ?\ght  ( vi4 #ab1 & a fre% 
collection ( loos] notes has f\nd a     
place at  ! head ( *ap4 vii4 ,at any    
rate1 ^! say+s supply a conv9c+  pro( t 
,kohele? 0 n a m]e h$oni/ or ,epicurean4
 ,he recalls 9  vii4 #b 8 =m]           
comm5dation ( fea/+1 & decl>es1         
,x is bett] to g into ! h\se ( m\rn+ ?an
 to g into !      h\se ( fea/+1 inasmu* 
z t is ! end ( all m51 & !      liv+ c  
lay x to 8 he>t 7vii4 #b74    ,i said t 
,kohele? 0 too pessimi/ic to rema9 long 
"u !  influ5ce ( h$onism4 ,i might h    
said t he 0 too ?\ghtful2 a  rational   
man c\ld n1 )\t ! anticipations ( fai?1 
close 8  m9d to ! sugge/ions ( pessimism
 9 ! circum/ances ( ,kohele?'s  age4    
,bett] ?\ghtful mis]y ?an ?\ghtless     
mir?1 is ! keynote (  ! triad ( maxims  

7vii4 #b-f7 on ! comp5sations ( mis]y   
:i*  foll[s ! dre>y s5t5ce prais+ dea?1 
9 vii4 #a4cjh ,resignation  is ! secret 
( inw>d peace2 #8) a sad face ! he>t may
 be  *e]ful4' ,n only 9 view ( ! great  
problem ( exi/5ce1 b 9  y\r ev]yday     
conc]ns1 re/ra9 y\r natural impulses    
:e!r to  t[]+ passion or to brood+      
vexation at ! wrongness or !  sl[ness ( 
! c\rse ( human affairs 7vii4 #h1 #i74  
,above all1 d n  give way to an ignorant
 idealism4 ,x is unwise to ask #8,h[ is 
x t  ! =m] days 7 bett] ?an ^!8' 7vii4  
#aj47 ,! =m] "t1 s  bright & happy1 & ! 
pres5t1 ) its pr$om9ant gloom1 7  alike 
orda9$ by ,god 7vii4 #ac %\ld foll[ vii4
 #aj72 & z a la/  consolation = cool &  
rational ?9k]s1 be sure t !re is n\ght  
to fe> aft] dea?2 !re are no torm5ts (  
,geh5na4 ,?is 9 fact is  ! reason :y    
,god orda9s evil2 !re be+ no second     
life1 man mu/  le>n :atev] he c f       
calamity 9 ?is life4        ,on a good  
day be ( good *e]1 & on an evil day     
consid] 7?is73      ,god ha? also made  

?is 7viz4 good7 equally ) t 7evil71 on !
      gr\nd t man is to exp]i5ce no?+ at
 all h]eaft]#cji 7vii4      #ad2 comp4  
ix4 #aj74    ,?us1 n only #8be n        
righte\s ov] mu*' 7vii4 #af71 b #8d n   
believe ov] mu*' is ! tea*+ ( our       
rationali/-?9k]4 ,!re is  nei!r good nor
 evil aft] dea?4 ,b is !re no pres5t    
judgm5t8  ,yes2 b ?is is n a ?\ght (    
life & hope4 ,x is a true #8religion'   
to him2 x b9ds him 9 8 words z well z 8 
actions4 ,b al?\gh  ,hook] s admir$ !   
say+ 9 v4 #b 7#8,god is 9 heav51 & ?\ ^u
  e>?1 !re=e let ?y words be few'7 z to 
quote x 9 "o ( 8  f9e/ passages1#caj yet
 ! context ( v4 #b suffici5tly %[s h[   
diff]5t 0 ! quality ( ! rev]5ce ( ! two 
writ]s4 ,be  c>eful to pay ?y v[s1 says 
,kohele?1 le/ :5 ?\ invoke/ ,god's  "n1 
,8 angel %\ld appe>1 & call !e to       
acc\nt4        ,suff] n ?y m\? to br+   
puni%m5t ^u ?y body2 & say n      be=e !
 angel1 ,x 0 an ov]sight2#caa :]e=e %\ld
 ,god be      angry at ?y voice1 &      
de/roy ! "w ( ?y h&s8' 7v4 #f47    ,to  

,kohele? ! m5tion ( ! div9e "n is a     
possible s\rce (  dang]2 to ,hook] ,god 
is ,"o #8:om to "k is life1 & joy to    
make  m5tion ( 8 "n4' ,kohele? has only 
fe> = ,god's holy "n--a fe>  :i* is n   
inde$ ineffectual b v pale & *e]less2   
,hook]1 a  #8p]petual fe> & love1' & !  
love gives a new quality & a new        
efficacy to ! fe>4    ,footnote #cjg3   
,hitzig 9 8 comm5t>y ref]s to ! hi/ory (
 ! high prie/    ,onias & 8 nephew      
,joseph4 ,aft]w>ds he recall$ ?is       
op9ion2 b    we may be ?ankful to him = 
direct+ att5tion to ?is curi\s &        
in/ructive hi/orical episode4           
,footnote #cjh3      ,! me*anical       
juxtaposition ( ! two halves ( v]4 #a is
 obvi\s4    ,! prov]b ga9s consid]ably1 
if read ) ,bickell's v plausible        
supplem5ts1                  #8,bett] is
 a good "n ?an preci\s o9tm5t1          
b wisdom is /ill bett] ?an fame2        
bett] is n-be+ ?an be+                & 
! day ( dea? ?an ! day ( "o's bir?4'    
,! #8wisdom' meant w be t ( resignation 

& r5unciation4    ,footnote #cji3       
#8,h]eaft]' is1 lit]ally1 #8aft] him' 7=
 ! mean+ ( :i* see    iii4 #bb1 vi4     
#ab72 #8exp]i5ce1' lit]ally #8f9d'      
7comp4 ,prov4 vi4 #cc74    ,= o!r views1
 see ,wright1 :o objects to ! above     
explanation t    x #8is oppos$ to !     
tea*+ ( ,kohele? respect+ a future      
judgm5t4' ,b ! "q is1 ,did ,kohele?     
believe 9 a future    judgm5t8          
,footnote #caj3      ,eccles4 ,polity1  
i1 #b1  #c4    ,footnote #caa3      ,!re
 is a t\* ( hum\r "h2 comp4 ! wret* 9 ! 
fable :o    call$ ,dea? to 8 aid1 b     
refus$ him :5 he came4 ,klo/]mann has   
done well 9 reviv+ ?is int]pretation1   
:i*1 9 ,g]many at lea/1    _h be5       
g5]ally ab&on$4 7,delitzs* ?9ks !       
#8angel' is !    prie/ :om ! man :o has 
v[$ approa*es ) a reque/ to be          
releas$ f 8 v[4 ,?is is support$ by     
,mal4 ii4 #g1 :]e !    prie/ is call$   
#8! mess5g] ( ,jehovah ,sabo?2' b see ! 
notes    ( ,g9sburg & ,k+sbury4 ,r5an   
r5d]s1  l'envoy des prtres47    ,! angel

 is ! de/roy+ angel1 ^: action is       
disc]n$ by fai?    9 ! judicial         
calamities :i*1 sometimes at lea/1      
ov]take !    wrong-do]4 7,s ! ,t>gum1 b 
po/pon+ ! appe>ance ( ! angel    to !   
future judgm5t47                        
,,*apt] ,,iv4                           
,,facts ,,( ,,contempor>y ,,life4       
,at vii4 #ae a new section beg9s1       
consi/+ almo/ entirely ( !  au?or's     
p]sonal exp]i5ces1 v loosely connect$2 x
 cont9ues z  f> z ix4 #ab4 ,a curi\s    
passage at ! outset appe>s to describe  
virtue z resid+ 9 ! mean betwe5 two     
extremes 7vii4 #ae-ah74 ,!  appe>ance   
h[ev] is deceptive3 x is z mu* out (    
place to quote  ,ari/otle's fam\s       
def9ition ( virtue 7  71 z  ,buddha's   
c\nsel to him :o w\ld atta9 p]fection to
 #8ex]cise himself  9 ! m$ium c\rse (   
discipl9e4' ,kohele? m]ely (f]s         
practical  advice h[ to /e] "o's %ip    
betwe5 ! rocks4 ,d n1 he says1 make  y\r
 life a burd5 by excessive legalism4 ,b 
on ! o!r h&1 d n  e>n ! reputation ( c>+

 no?+ = ! precepts ( ! law4 ,t  7 folly1
 & w\ld br+ y to an e>ly dea?4#cab      
,kohele?  expresses ?is %>ply &         
enigmatically2 d n be too #8righte\s1' &
  d n be too #8wick$4' #8,righte\s' &   
#8wick$' are bo? to be tak5 9  ! common 
acceptation ( ^? t]ms 9 ! religi\s _w3 !
 words  are us$ ironically4 ,our au?or's
 only !ory ( virtue is t no  !ory is    
possible4 ,! #8wisdom' :i* bo? gives    
#8def5ce' &  #8pres]ves life' 7vii4 #ab7
 is ! practical wisdom ( resignation &  
mod]ation4 ,( ess5tial wisdom 7or       
philosophy z we %\ld call  x#cac7 he    
says1 allud+ to ,job xxviii4 #ab-bc1 t x
 is #8f> (f1  & exce$+ deep2 :o c f9d x 
out8' 7vii4 #bd47 ,! old !ory1  :i*     
claim$ to give ! secret ( hi/ory1 & :i* 
ev5 aft]w>ds  satisfi$ "s wise m5 7e4g4 
,sira*7--! !ory t ! good are  rew>d$ & !
 bad puni%$ 9 ?is _w--is n borne out by 
,kohele?'s exp]i5ce1--        ,!re is   
7_m7 a righte\s man :o p]i%es 9 spite ( 
8      righte\sness1 & !re is 7_m7 an   
ungodly man :o lives long 9      spite (

 8 wick$ness 7vii4 #ae2 contra/ !       
int]polat$ passage      viii4 #ab1 #ac74
    ,b ?\gh ,kohele?1 l ,job1 despairs (
 ess5tial wisdom1 he #8turns'  ) hope to
 ! wide field ( wisdom--or1 z he calls  
x1 #8wisdom &  reason+1' i4e4 moral     
inquiries pursu$ on ! inductive me?od4  
,&  :at is ! result ( 8 inquiry8 ,he    
gives x ) mu* delib]at5ess1  /at+ t he  
7viz4 #8! ,kohele?1' see on xii4 #h7 has
 put "o fact  to ano!r 9 ord] to =m a   
conclusion 7v]4 #bg7 & x is t           
wom5-tempt]s are m p]nici\s ?an ,dea?   
7man's great enemy  p]sonifi$1 z s (t574
 ,or1 putt+ x 9 o!r words1 :i* ,i am    
=c$ to p>aphrase to br+ out _!          
mean+--words to :i* !  well-kn[n poem ( 
,simonides is *ivalry itself--#8,a few  
r>e specim5s (  uncorrupt$ human nature 
,i h f\nd1 s r>e t "o may reckon !m  z  
"o among a ?\s&2 b n "o ( ^! truly human
 creatures 0  a woman4'#cad ,! latt]    
/atem5t is ! /rong]1 & %[s t our  au?or 
agrees ) ,ecclus4 xxv4 #ai1 t #8all     
wick$ness is b little  to ! wick$ness ( 

a woman4' ,& s mu* 9 e>ne/ is he1 t he  
ev5 tries a ?ird mode ( express+ 8      
conclusion4 ,c>efully limit+  himself he
 says1 #8,lo6 ?is only h ,i f\nd2 t ,god
 made mank9d  upright1 b !y h s\ght out 
_m contrivances' 7v]4 #bi72 t is1  m5 & 
wom5 are bo? born good1 b are too soon  
sophi/icat$ by  civilisation 7& ! lead]s
 9 ?is d[nw>d process1 we may inf]  f ! 
context1 are ! wom574 ,kohele? sc>cely  
means to imply t  civilisation is bad 9 
itself2 if he does1 ! few good m5 he has
 met  mu/ app>5tly h be5 h]mits6 ,b ?\gh
 n ess5tially immoral1  ! inv5tive or   
contriv+ faculty 7s wond]ful to         
,sophocles7 seems to  ,kohele? ! *ief   
s\rce ( moral dang]4    ,b are ^! ! only
 results ( ,kohele?'s wide induction f !
  facts ( contempor>y life8 ,yes2 a "t  
su* z ?is #8:5 man rules  ov] man to 8  
hurt' 7viii4 #i7 sugge/s1 n only        
prud5tial maxims1  b ?is sad conclusion1
 already 7vii4 #ae7 m5tion$ by          
anticipation1  t ! fate prop] to ! wick$
 falls ^u ! righte\s1 & t  prop] to !   

righte\s on ! wick$ 7viii4 #ad71 or to  
express ?is 9  ! concrete1        ,& 9  
accordance ) ?is ,i h se5 ungodly m5    
hon\r$1 &      t too 9 ! holy place     
7i4e4 ! temple2 comp4 ,isa4 xviii4 #g72 
b ^? :o _h act$ rightly _h to dep>t & 7 
=gott5 9      ! city4 ,?is too is       
vanity#cae 7viii4 #aj74    ,no wond] t  
wick$ness is rampant6 ,x requires s+ul> 
c\rage to d  "r :5 ,nemesis delays h]   
visit2 or1 z ,kohele? puts x1 9         
language :i* sorely displeas$ a lat]    
editor1        ,because s5t5ce aga9/ a  
wick$ "w is n execut$ spe$ily1          
!re=e m5 h abundant c\rage to d evil4 ,=
 ,i "k t x      ev5 happ5s t a s9n] does
 evil = a long "t1 & yet lives          
long1 :il/ he :o fe>s be=e ,god is      
%ort-liv$ z a %ad[      7viii4 #ab1     
#ac74    ,kohele? does n1 ( c\rse1      
include himself among ! reckless        
evil-do]s4 ,he acquiesces 9 ! pa9ful    
inconsi/5cies ( ! _w1  & seems to com=t 
himself ) ! relatively be/ good--#8to   
eat &  dr9k & be m]ry' 7viii4 #ae74     

,*>ity may p]haps sugge/ t ?is is  n    
said )\t bitt] irony4    ,!n foll[s a   
clumsy b affect+ passage 7viii4 #af1    
#ag7 on !  uselessness ( brood+ 7z !    
au?or _h s long done7 ov] !  my/]ies (  
human life1 :i* introduces ! conclud+ "p
 ( !  section 7ix4 #a-ab74 ,^! twelve   
v]ses are full ( a re/ra9$  passion4    
,su* be+ ! unfree condition ( man t he  
_c ev5  gov]n 8 sympa?ies & antipa?ies1 
& s reg>dless ( moral  di/9ctions !     
c\rse ( de/9y1 & !re be+ no h]eaft]1#caf
  :at rema9s b to take su* pleasure z   
life--especially w$d$  life--c (f]1 & to
 c>ry out "o's plans ) en]gy8 ,yet1     
alas6 x  is only too true t nei!r       
success nor fre$om ( action c be        
reckon$ ^u1 = #8! race is n to ! swift1'
 & m5 are #8sn>$'  l ! fi%es & ! birds4 
,! section :i* beg9s at ix4 #ac is (    
/ill m v>i$ cont5ts4 ,x  beg9s ) a /rik+
 little /ory ab\t ! #8poor wise man1' a 
,!mi/ocles 9 common life1 #8:o by 8     
wisdom deliv]$ ! city1 &  no "o rememb]$
 t poor man' 7ix4 #ad1 #ae74 ,surely "h 

7z 9 iv4  #ac1 #ad1 viii4 #aj7 we cat* !
 e*o ( contempor>y hi/ory4 ,x is n a    
g5]alisation 7comp4 ,prov4 xxi4 #bb71 b 
a fact :i* ! au?or gives  u1 & x may    
plausibly be conjectur$ t he 0 ! #8poor 
wise man'  himself4 ,! re/ ( ! section  
7d[n to x4 #ae7 conta9s prov]bs on      
wisdom & folly1 & "s bitt]ly ironical   
rem>ks on ! exaltation  ( s]vants &     
burd5-be>]s#cag above ! ri* & ! pr9cely4
    ,footnote #cab3      ,z ,plumptre   
well rem>ks1 ! vices ?\ght ( & ! end to 
:i*    !y lead are ^? ( s5sual lic5se   
7comp4 ,prov4 vii4 #be-bg74    ,footnote
 #cac3      ,9 ,kohele?'s phrase1 #8t   
:i* is2' comp4 ,wisd4 vii4 #ag-ba1 :]e  
#8! infallible k ( ! ?+s t are' is      
equival5t to a    p]fect natural sci5ce4
 ,"h a simil> phrase means r            
philosophy4    ,footnote #cad3      ,s  
,klo/]mann4 ,! ord9>y int]pretation is1 
#8,"o man among a    ?\s& 7m57 ,i h     
f\nd1 b a woman among all ^! ,i h n     
f\nd2' i4e4 ,i h te/$ a ?\s& m5 & a ?\s&
 wom52 ,i h    f\nd "o true man1 b n "o 

true woman4 ,! objection is t    'dm    
else:]e 7e4g4 v]4 #bi7 means human be+s 
)\t    di/9ction ( sex4    ,footnote    
#cae3      ,foll[+ ,bickell4 ,9 viii4   
#aj x is ! l+ui/ic =m1 & 9 viii4    #ab1
 #ac ! cont5ts ( ! ,massoretic text :i* 
excite suspicion4 ,!    =m] v]se is ?us 
r5d]$ by ,delitzs*1 #8,& !n ,i h se5 !  
wick$ buri$1 & !y ent]$ into 7_!        
#8p]petual h\se1' !    grave73 b !y t _h
 done "r _h to dep>t 7into exile7 f    !
 holy place 7,j]usalem2 cf4 ,,ii4 ,isa4 
xlviii4 #b71 & 7 =gott5    out ( ! city3
 ?is too is vanity4'    ,footnote #caf3 
,! view express$ 9 ix4 #aj is1 ,i hope1 
v f> f be+ !    private belief ( ! _m   
prea*]s :o are accu/om$ to quote x4     
,see ! *apt] on ,ecclesia/es f a        
religi\s po9t ( view4    ,footnote #cag3
      ,correct+ ! text 9 x4 #f ) ,a4    
,kro*mal4                               
,,*apt] ,v4                      ,,!    
,,wise ,,man',s ,,p>t+ ,,c\nsels4       
,a new section beg9s at x4 #af--no      
+5uity avails to e/abli% a  connection )

 ! prec$+ v]ses4 ,we are approa*+ our   
goal1 &  brea! a fre] air4 ,f ! v fir/ !
 ideas & images pres5t$  to u are 9 a   
heal?i] & m objective tone4 ,!          
condemnation  express$ 9 v]4 #af does   
cr$it to ! public _s ( ! writ]1  &1 ,i  
ne$ h>dly say1 is n really inconsi/5t 7z
 ,hitzig suppos$7  ) ! advice 9 v]4 #bj4
 ,9 ! words--        ,ev5 among ?9e     
acqua9tance#cah curse n ! k+1 & 9 ?y    
b$*amb]s curse n ! ri*2 = ! birds ( !   
heav5 may      c>ry ! voice comp4 !     
cranes ( ,ibycus & t :i* ha?      w+s   
may report ! ^w--    ,dean ,plumptre    
p]haps rightly sees #8! irony (         
indignation' :i*  #8veils itself 9 ! g>b
 ( a s]vile prud5ce4' ,!re is no        
necessity  to r$uce ,kohele? to ! moral 
level ( ,epicurus1 :o is said to h      
delib]ately pref]r$ despotism & approv$ 
c\rt+ ! mon>*4    ,x is a /ill fre] _s  
:i* brea!s 9 ! rema9d] ( ! book4  ,let  
c\rti]s wa/e _! "t 9 luxury 7x4 #ah71 b 
?r[ ?\ ?yself  unhesitat+ly into ! swift
 /ream ( life4 ,be n ev] =eca/+1  = !re 

are "s cont+5cies :i* c no m be gu>d$   
aga9/  ?an ! fall+ ( ra9 or ( a tree    
7xi4 #c1 #d74 ,act boldly1 !n1 l  !     
corn-m]*ants1 :o speculate on su* a gr& 
scale1--        ,s5d =? ?y bread ^u !   
wide wat]s lit4 ^u ! face ( !           
wat]s1 = ?\ may/ f9d x i4e4 obta9 a good
 return = x      aft] _m days 7xi4 #a74 
,b s9ce =tune is caprici\s1 d n risk ?9e
 all on a s+le  v5ture4 #8,%ips are b   
bo>ds1 sailors b m5' c41 z ,%ylock says4
  ,divide ?y m]*&ise1 & s1 if "o vessel 
is wreck$ or plund]$1  mu* may /ill be  
sav$2 or--ano!r possible                
int]pretation--/ore ?y  prop]ty 9 v>i\s 
hid+-places1 s t1 9 case ( "s political 
revolution1 ?9e all may n be tak5 f     
!e1--        ,make sev5 portions1 & also
 eight2 = ?\ kn[e/ n :at evil      %all 
be ^u ! e>? 7or1 ! l&7 7xi4 #b74    ,?is
 is n1 ( c\rse1 ! usual explanation ( ^!
 two v]ses1 :i*  are enigmas fairly     
admitt+ ( m ?an "o solution4 ,mo/       
comm5tators und]/& !m z recomm5d+       
b5efic5ce1 :i* v]4 #b  requires to be ( 

ext5sive range1 & :i* v]4 #a comp>es to 
cakes (  bread ?r[n ^u ! wat]1 & ga!r$  
up no "o kn[s by :om4 ,s  p]haps        
7besides ,ra%i1 ,ab5 ,ezra1 ,g9sburg c47
 ,goe! 9 !  ,we//li*e ,divan--          
,0 will/ du unt]su*5                    
,woh9 die ,milde flies/6                
,ins ,wass] wirf de9 ,ku*5--            
,w] weiss w] sie g5ies/6#cai    ,i d n  
?9k t ?is suits ! context1 :i* sugge/s  
activity &  caution z ! two good        
qualities recomm5d$ by ,kohele?4 ,b x is
  v possible t ! prov]b 0 a popul> "o   
:i* ! au?or took  up1 giv+ x a fre%     
application4    ,su* is ! au?or's p>t+  
advice to ! eld] "p ( 8  read]s1--n v   
elevat$1 b n )\t a brea? ( c\rage\s fai?
  7xi4 #e74 ,n t he has giv5 up 8       
advocacy ( pleasure4 ,side by side  )   
"w1 a man %\ld *]i%1 ev5 to ! v la/1 all
 ^?  s\rces ( joy :i* ,god ,himself has 
provid$1 rememb]+ ! long d>k  days :i*  
await him 9 ,%el4 ,!n1 at v]4 #i1 he    
addresses ! "y1  & 9 measur$ di/i*s     
intreats !m to enjoy life :ile !y may4  

,rejoice1 ,o "y man1 9 ?y y\?1          
& let ?y he>t gladd5 !e 9 ! fl[] ( ?9e  
age2           & walk 9 ! ways ( ?y he>t
           & accord+ to ! sight ( ?9e   
eyes2           ,& bani% discont5t f ?y 
he>t1           & put away evil f ?y    
fle%3--             = y\? & ! prime (   
life are vanity4    ,betwe5 l9es #d & #e
 we f9d ! receiv$ text burd5$ ) a       
prosaic  ins]tion1 :i* is probably n due
 to an aft]-?\ght on ! "p (  ! writ]1 b 
to ! anxiety ( lat] /ud5ts to rescue !  
or?odoxy  ( ! book4 ,! ins]tion consi/s 
( ! words1 ,rabb9ic 9 expression  z well
 z 9 ?\ght1 #8,b "k t = all ?is ,god w  
br+ !e  into ! judgm5t4'#cbj ,x 0 !     
wisdom ( true *>ity to ins]t  !m2 b x is
 our wisdom z lit]>y /ud5ts to #8bani%  
discont5t'  ) ! discord :i* !y introduce
 by re/or+ ! passage to its  orig9al =m4
    ,at ?is po9t ,kohele? turns away f !
 "y to ^? 7presumably7  ( 8 own age4    
,aga9 !re are traces at lea/ ( a s]ies (
 di/i*s  :i* mu/ once h /ood "h1 b ei!r 
! au?or or "o ( 8  editors1 or bo?1 h s 

f> work$ ov] !m t ! s]ies is no  long]  
p]fect4 ,! fir/ suspect$ in/ance ( ?is  
#8ov]work+'  occurs at ! v outset4      
#8,rememb] ?y ,creator 9 ! fl[] ( ?9e   
age1' are ! op5+ words ( ,kohele?'s     
second address4 ,!y are  usually expla9$
 z tak+ up ! idea ( ! la/ judgm5t       
express$  at ! close ( xi4 #i4 #8,s9ce  
,god1' to quote ,dr4 ,g9sburg's         
p>aphrase1  #8w "o day hold u acc\ntable
 = all ! works done 9 ! body1 we  are to
 set ! ,"l always be=e our eyes4' ,!    
importance ( ?is  passage1 :5 ?us       
int]pret$1 is manife/4 ,x sugge/s t     
,kohele?  _h /ruggl$ ?r\gh 8 _m         
difficulties to an assur$ doctr9al &    
practical position1 & t x is n m]e      
rejoic+1 b #8rejoic+ 9  ! ,"l1' t       
,kohele? recomm5ds 9 xii4 #a--;an edify+
 view ( !  old man's f9al result :i* e  
"o mu/ desire to be true if only x  be  
consi/5t ) ! re/ ( ! book4 ,i fe> t ?is 
is n !  case4 ,else:]e 9 ! book s5su\s  
pleasure 9 mod]ation is prais$  )\t any 
ref]5ce to ,god1 & 9 ! imm$iate         

neighb\rhood ( ?is  v]se ! motive giv5 =
 rejoic+ is n ! ?\ght ( ,god1 b t  ( !  
_m days ( d>kness 7i4e4 ( ,%el7 :i* are 
com+4 ,besides1  ! exhortation          
#8,rememb] ?y ,creator' does n p]fectly 
suit ! close  ( ! v]se1 or inde$ ( !    
section4 ,:at is ! natural inf]5ce  f ! 
fact t at an advanc$ age life becomes   
physically a burd58  ,surely ?is--t man 
%\ld enjoy life :ile 8 p[]s are fre%4   
,_c an old man #8rememb]' 8 ,creator8   
7,to #8rememb]' is to ?9k  ^u2 x is n a 
synonym = conv]sion47 ,! text !re=e is  
almo/  c]ta9ly incorrect4    ,has an    
editor1 !n1 tamp]$ ) ! text ( ! op5+    
words ( !  exhortation8 ,may we1 =      
in/ance1 foll[ ,grtz & read1 = br'ka    
#8?y ,creator1' br'ka #8?y f\nta9' 7lit4
 ?y ci/]n71 tak+ ?is  z a metaphorical  
expression = #8?y wife' or #8?y w$lock' 
7z 9  ,prov4 v4 #ae-ah78 ,! objection   
c]ta9 to be rais$ is t ! text  :5 ?us   
correct$ br+s ! book to a lame & impot5t
 conclusion4  ,x may be true1 z ,bi%op  
,temple has said1 t *a/ity & mono!ism   

are ! *ief legacies :i* ! ,jewi% ,*ur*  
has bequea!d to  mank9d4#cba ,!re is    
no?+ 9 an exhortation to prize a pure   
m>ri$  life unwor?y ( a high-m9d$ ,jewi%
 tea*]4 ,b 9 ?is connection x  is       
c]ta9ly to a ,we/]n read] /range1 & "o  
is sorely tempt$ to  suppose a          
displacem5t ( ! words1 &1 foll[+        
,bickell1 to make !  di/i*--            
,& rememb] ?y f\nta9                    
9 ! fl[] ( ?9e age--    ! conclusion ( !
 /anzas beg9n+ at xi4 #i4 ,?is1 x is    
true1  involves 7#a7 ! excision ( !     
words #8= y\? & ! prime ( life  are     
vanity1' & 7#b7 an alt]ation ( !        
con/ruction ( xii4 #a1 #b  7read+ #8&   
evil days %all come' c474 ,?is viol5t   
*ange is no  d\bt ju/ifi$ by ,bickell on
 metrical gr\nds1 b z ,i _c  unres]v$ly 
adopt 8 metrical !ory1 ,i h n suffici5t 
excuse =  accept+ 8 re>rangem5t ( !     
text4    ,i wi% "s bett] rem$y ?an t (  
,grtz c\ld be devis$4 ,i w\ld  gladly   
close ^! ,m$itations ) admiration z well
 z sympa?y4 ,b  at ! risk ( be+ call$   

unimag9ative1 ,i mu/ v5ture to criticise
  ! entire conclusion ( ! orig9al ,book 
( ,kohele? 7xii4 #a-g74 ,mo/  ,engli%   
critics admire ! poem on ! evils ( old  
age :i* foll[s on  ! e>ne/ #8,rememb]1' 
& naturally ?9k t x requires "s         
specially sublime say+ to introduce x4  
,i d n jo9 !m 9 _!  admiration1 &       
consequ5tly f9d x easi] to adopt :at    
seems to "s  ! #8l[ view' ( ,dr4 ,grtz4 
,obs]ve t we h already met ) an  eulogy 
( w$d$ bliss side by side ) a gloomy    
picture ( dea? 9 an  e>li] section 7ix4 
#i1 #aj74    ,?is is ! poem 7if we may  
call x s7 ) :i* ! second  exhortation ( 
,kohele? is int]wov5--        ,ere !    
evil days come1 & ! ye>s approa*      ( 
:i* ?\ %alt say1 ,i h no pleasure 9 !m3 
,ere ! sun be d>k5$1 & ! light1 & !     
moon1 & ! />s1      & ! cl\ds keep      
return+ aft] heavy ra9s ! w9t] ra9s1    
i4e4 old age3      ,9 ! day :5 ! keep]s 
( ! h\se ! h&s & arms         tremble1  
& ! /rong m5 ! feet & legs b[ !mselves1 
& ! gr9d+-maids ! tee? cease because !y 

are few1      & ! 7ladies7 :o look out  
at ! lattice ! eyes are         d>k5$3  
,& ! doors ! lips are %ut t[>ds ! /reet1
      :ile ! s\nd ( ! gr9d+ is l[1      
,& ! voice rise? into a sp>r['s #8*ildi%
 treble'      & all ! daught]s ( song   
words are fa9t4      ,!y are afraid too 
( a /eep place1      & t]ror besets e   
way2      & ! almond-tree is 9 bloom    
:ite hair#cbb1      & ! locu/ drags     
itself along1      & ! cap]-b]ry fails  
to excite ! appetite1      ,= ! man is  
on ! way to 8 et]nal home1      & !     
m\rn]s g ab\t 9 ! /reet4        ,ere !  
silv] /r+ ! tongue be ti$1      & !     
gold5 b[l ! head break1      & ! pit*] !
 he>t be %iv]$ at ! f\nta91      & !    
w9dlass ! brea?+ app>atus break into !  
pit4    ,) a little det]m9ation ! traces
 ( developm5t 9 ! ,biblical  lit]ature c
 be m or less effac$4 ,! pi\s b         
unphilological  editors ( ,kohele? 7 n  
defici5t 9 ?is quality4 ,aft] alt]+  !  
introduction ( ! poem on old age !y     
proce$$ to furni% x  ) a f9ale4 ,n only 

! op5+ words ( v]4 i41 b !  com=tless   
expression #88 et]nal h\se'#cbc 9 v]4 #e
 gave !m  s]i\s (f5ce4 ,"o rem$y w\ld h 
be5 to transpose 7) !  ,syriac          
translator7 two ( ! lett]s ( ! ,hebrew1 
& ?us *ange  #8home ( 8 et]nity' into   
#8home ( 8 travail' 7i4e4 ! place :]e   
#8! we>y are at re/'74 ,!y pref]r$1     
h[ev]1 to add two l9es--                
& ! du/ return to ! e>? z x 01          
& ! _s return unto ,god :o gave x4      
,?is no d\bt is a direct contradiction (
 iii4 #ba4 ,b ! anci5ts  probably got   
ov] ?is1 z mo/ mod]ns /ill d1 by suppos+
 t !  e>li] passage did b express a     
sceptical sugge/ion :i* skimm$ !        
surface ( ,kohele?'s m9d4    ,! excision
 ( ^! words w\ld ( c\rse n be ju/ifi$ 9 
a  translation int5d$ = popul> use2 b = 
! purposes ( hi/orical  /udy seems almo/
 inevitable4 ,x hangs toge!r ) ! view   
adopt$  z to ! orig9 ( xi4 #i;b1 &      
implies ! assumption t ! ,t>gum  rightly
 p>aphrases1 #8& ?y _s 7lit4 ?y brea?1  
ni%m'?k7  w return to /& 9 judgm5t be=e 

! ,"l :o gave x !e4' ,x  ought to be    
m5tion$1 h[ev]1 t "s critics 7accept+ ! 
clause  z g5u9e7 see 9 t return to ,god 
no?+ m ?an ! absorption  ( ! human _s   
into ! div9e 7:e!r 9 a nave popul> or 9 
a  develop$ philosophical s5se74#cbd    
,?is w seem plausible at fir/  to _m    
read]s4 ,z a ,lu!ran writ] says1 #8,si  
spes1 quam nos fovemus  ltissimam1      
,ecclesia/ adfulsisset1 non obit] ipse  
tetigisset et  v]bis ambiguis notasset  
rem maximi mom5ti' 7,w9z]1 ap4          
,h5g/5b]g74  ,b if ! ,hebrew rakh means1
 z ,i ?9k x does1 ! p]sonal1  consci\s1 
spiritual side ( man 9 iii4 #ba1cbe ,i  
fail to see :y x  %\ld n be> t mean+ "h4
    ,footnote #cah3      ,alt]+ ! po9ts 
) ,klo/]mann4    ,footnote #cai3      ,b
 ,goe! may h ?\ght ( ! ,turki% prov]b1  
#8,d good1 ?r[    ! loaf into ! wat]2 if
 ! fi% kn[s x n1 ! ,creator does1'    or
 ! /ory f ! life ( ! ,caliph ,mutewekyil
 ,mutawakkil8    quot$1 ) ?is prov]b1 f 
,h4 ,f4 v4 ,diez by ,dukes1 ,rabb9is*e  
,blum5lese1 pp4 #gc-gd4 ,comp4 also !   

/ories 9 ! ,midra% ,kohele?    on our   
passage4    ,footnote #cbj3      ,:at   
judgm5t8 ,pres5t or future 7i4e4 aft]   
dea?78 ,! latt] gives    a m =cible     
mean+ 7comp4 iii4 #ag1 xii4 #ad74       
,footnote #cba3      ,essays & ,reviews 
7#ahfi71 pp4 #ae-ag4    ,footnote #cbb3 
,does ! ea/]n sun blan* ! #8crimson     
broid]y' ( !    almond-blossom8 ,f !    
language ( travell]s l ,?omson &        
,bod5/$t x w\ld seem s4    ,footnote    
#cbc3      ,! ,hebrew 'lm "h expresses  
p]petuity 7comp4 ,j]4 li4 #ci1 ,ps4     
cxliii4 #ea1 ,ezek4 xxvi4 #bj71 n 7z "s 
mod]ns1 aft] ,ab5 ,ezra7    long        
cont9uance4 ,x is true1 t 9 ! ,t>gum (  
,isa4 xlii4 #aa an    exit f ! #8et]nal 
h\se' is spok5 (2 b no "o d\bts t !     
belief 9 ! ,resurrection 0 g5]al 9 !    
f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4    ,footnote #cbd3   
,mr4 ,tyl] int]prets x 9 a ,/oic s5se ( 
absorption 9 !    ,_w-,s\l4    ,footnote
 #cbe3      ,n[ack d5ies ?is mean+ (    
rakh altoge!r1 b ?is seems a            
,gewalt/rei*4                           

,,*apt] ,,vi4   ,,kohele?',s            
#8,,portrait ,,( ,,old ,,age2' ,,!      
,,epilogue1 ,,its ,,nature ,,& ,,orig94 
,we h n[ arriv$ at ! conclusion ( !     
m$itations ( our  mu*-tri$ ?9k]4 ,x is  
/rongly poetic 9 col\r+2 b :5 we  comp>e
 x ) ! gr&ly simple ov]ture ( ! book 7i4
 #d-h71 c we  help confess+ to a c]ta9  
degree ( disappo9tm5t8 ,x is !  allegory
 :i* spoils x = mod]n read]s1 & s       
completely spoils  x1 t attempts h be5  
sometimes made to expel ! allegorical   
elem5t altoge!r4 ,t ! fir/ two v]ses are
 free f allegory1 is  admitt$1 & x is   
b>ely possible t ! six? v]se may be s   
too--may be1 t is1 figurative r ?an     
allegorical4 ,poets h  delight$ 9 ^!    
figures2 h[ fitly does "o ( !m adorn !  
lam5t  9 ,wooln]'s ,my ,beautiful       
,lady1--                                
,brok5 ! gold5 b[l                      
,:i* held h] hall[$ s\l6    ,! mo/      
d\btful "p1 !n1 is ! description 9 vv4  
#c-e4 ,i am n  writ+ a comm5t>y1 & w    
v5ture to express an op9ion 9 fav\r  ( !

 allegori/s 7x is n fair to call !m     
satirically !  anatomi/s74#cbf ,x is    
true t !re is mu* v>iety ( op9ion among 
!m2 ?is only %[s t ! allegory is        
sometimes f>-fet*$1 n  t x is a va9     
imag9ation4 ,c !re be any?+ m obscure   
?an  ! canzoni 9 ,dante's ,convito1 :i* 
we h ! poet's own  au?ority = reg>d+ z  
allegorical8 ,& if we comp>e ! rival    
!ories ) t :i* !y attempt to displace1 c
 x be said t  ,taylor's dirge-!ory1#cbg 
or ,umbreit's /orm-!ory1#cbh or t       
adopt$ by ,wright f ,wetz/e9#cbi is m   
suitable to ! poem ?an  ! allegorical   
!ory8 ,c]ta9ly ! latt] is a v old1 if n 
!  olde/ !ory1 & on a po9t ( ?is sort ! 
anci5ts h "s claim  to be def]r$ to4 ,!y
 seem to h felt in/9ctively t !         
intellectual atmosph]e ( ,kohele? 7z    
well z ( ! ,*ronicl]7 0  t ( ! lat]     
,judaism4 ,! foll[+ /ory is relat$ 9 a  
,talmudic  treatise4#ccj #8,! ,emp]or   
ask$ ,r4 ,jo%ua b5 ,hananyah1 8,h[ is x 
t y d n g to ! h\se ( ,abidan 7a place (
 le>n$  discussions780 ,he said to him1 

8,! m\nta9 is sn[ 7my head is :ite72  ! 
ho> fro/s surr\nd me 7my :isk]s & my    
be>d are also ho>y72  its dogs d n b>k  
7,i h lo/ my wont$ p[] ( voice72 its    
mill]s  d n gr9d 7,i h no tee?72 !      
s*ol>s ask me :e!r ,i am look+  = some?+
 ,i h n lo/ 7ref]r+ probably to ! old   
man feel+  "h & !re740'    ,once m 7see 
i4 #b7 ! m\rnful motto1 #8,vanity (     
vanities6 sai? !  ,kohele?2 all is      
vanity' 7xii4 #h71 & ! book 9 its       
orig9al =m  closes4#cca ,did ! au?or    
himself atta* ?is motto8 ,surely n1 if  
! prec$+ words on ! return ( ! _s to its
 ,god 7see above1  on iii4 #ba7 are     
g5u9e1 = !n #8,vanity ( vanities' w\ld  
be a pat5t  misrepres5tation4 ,all is n 
#8vanity1' if !re is 9 human nature a   
po9t connect+ a man ) t _w1 mo/ di/ant &
 yet mo/ ne>1  :]e 9 ! highe/ s5se ,god 
is4 ,if ,kohele? wrote xii4 #g;b1 he  _c
 h writt5 xii4 #h1 any m ?an ! au?or ( !
 ,imitation  c\ld h writt5 ,vanitas     
vanitatum bo? on 8 fir/ page & on 8     
la/4 ,yet :o b ,kohele? c be responsible

 = x8 ,= ! lat]  editors ( :om ,i h     
spok51 w\ld be f> f approv+ su* a       
rev]sal ( ! great *>t] ( man's dignity 9
 ! eigh? ,psalm4 ,to  me1 ! motto simply
 says t all ,kohele?'s w&]+s _h b br\ght
  him back to ! po9t f :i* he />t$4     
#8,gr&issima vanit1' z  ,ca/elli1 9 8   
dignifi$ ,italian1 puts x1 #8tutto      
vanit4' ,all t  ,i c assign to ! editors
 9 ?is v]se are ! p>5!tic words  #8sai? 
! ,kohele?4' ,ev]y:]e else we f9d       
#8,kohele?2' "h alone1  & p]haps vii4   
#ag 7correct$ text71 #8! ,kohele?4'#ccb 
,let u n[ consid] ! ,epilogue itself4   
,& moreov] 7x %\ld be said7 t ,kohele? 0
 a wise man2      fur!r1 he taught ! p  
wisdom1 & weigh$ & made se>*1      7yea7
 compos$ _m prov]bs4 ,kohele? s\ght to  
f9d out pleasant      words1 & he wrote 
d[n#ccc pla9ly words ( tru?4 ,! words ( 
! wise are l goads1 & l nails well driv5
 92 ! memb]s      ( ! assemblies#ccd h 9
 ! case ( ,ecclesia/es giv5 !m      =? f
 ano!r %eph]d4#cce ,& z = all beyond !m1
 my      son1 be w>n$2 ( mak+ _m books  

!re is no end1 & mu* /udy      is a     
we>9ess ( ! fle%4--,t :i* ! ^w #8all is 
vanity'      comes to3#ccf x is und]/ood
 7?us71 ,fe> ,god1 & keep ,8            
comm&m5ts4 ,= ?is 7conc]ns7 e man4 ,= e 
"w %all      ,god br+ into ! judgm5t    
7:i* %all be7 ^u all t is      conceal$ 
& all t is manife/1 :e!r x be good or   
:e!r x      be evil4    ,?is translation
 has n be5 rea*$ )\t "s em5dations ( !  
text4 ,x seems to me t ev]y?+ 9 ?is     
,epilogue ought to be cle>4  ,!re is b  
"o v]se :i* conta9s figurative          
expressions2 ! re/  is simple prose4 ,x 
is only fair1 h[ev]1 to give "o ( !     
curr5t  r5d]+s ( ^? v]ses 9 :i* an      
em5dation has be5 attempt$  above4      
,kohele? s\ght to f9d out pleasant words
 & t :i* 0      writt5 d[n frankly1     
words ( tru?4 ,words ( wise m5 are l    
goads1 & l nails driv5 9 are ^? :i* =m  
collections      or1 ! well-compact$    
say+s1 ,ewald2 or1 ! well-/or$ ones1    
,kamphaus5--!y h be5 giv5 by "o         
%eph]d4444 ,f9al result1      all hav+  

be5 he>d3--,fe> ,god & keep ,8          
comm&m5ts1 = ?is      7conc]ns7 e       
man4#ccg    ,! fir/ s*ol> to decl>e     
aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epilogue 0        
,dd]le9 7,s*olia 9 libros ,v4 ,t4       
poeticos1 #aggi71 :o 0 foll[$  by       
,b]?oldt 7,e9leitung1 p4 #bbej c471     
,umbreit1 ,knobel1 & ,de  ,jong4#cch ,x 
0 h[ev] a ,jewi% s*ol>1 ,na*man         
,kro*mal1#cci :o  fir/ develop$ an      
elaborate !ory to acc\nt = ! ,epilogue4 
,accord+ to him1 x 0 add$ at ! f9al     
settlem5t ( ! ,canon at  ! ,synod (     
,jamnia1 ,a4,d4 #ij1 & 0 int5d$ z a     
conclusion n  m]ely = ,ecclesia/es1 b = 
! entire body ( ,hagiographa4 ,he  ?9ks 
7b )\t any hi/orical gr\nd7 t           
,ecclesia/es 0 add$  at t "t to close ! 
,canon4 ,! correctness ( ?is view dep5ds
  p>tly on its au?or's int]pretation (  
vv4 #aa1 #ab1 p>tly on 8  def9ition ( ! 
object ( ! ,synod ( ,jamnia 7see        
,app5dix47 ,! two  =m] v]ses are cond5s$
 ?us1        ,! words ( ! wise are l    
ox-goads1 & ! memb]s ( !      ,sanh$r9  

are l firm nails1 n to be mov$4 ,z = m  
?an      ^!1 bew>e1 my son2 ( mak+ _m   
books !re is no end4    ,! #8wise' spok5
 (1 ?9ks ,kro*mal1 are ! au?ors ( !     
sev]al  books ( ! ,hagiographa1 & ! w>n+
 9 v]4 #ab is direct$ aga9/  ! reception
 ( any o!r books into ! ,canon4 ,:e!r ! 
,song (  ,solomon & ,ecclesia/es 7 to be
 admitt$1 01 accord+ to him1 a  subject 
( debate at ! ,synod ref]r$ to4    ,b   
!re is no necessity :atev] = ?is        
int]pretation ( vv4 #aa1  #ab4 ,!       
phrase1 #8! words ( ! wise1' is n a fit 
description ( all  ! books ( !          
,hagiographa 7( ,psalms1 ,daniel1 &     
,*ronicles =  in/ance71 & ! w>n+ 9 v]4  
#ab m probably has relation to !        
prov]bial lit]ature 9 g5]al1 su* z      
,prov]bs1 ,ecclesia/es1 &  ! ,wisdom (  
,sira*1 or at lea/ to ! ,book (         
,prov]bs1 to :i*  ,kle9]t conjectures t 
,ecclesia/es once =m$ an app5dix4 ,!re  
is  no?+ 9 ! ,epilogue to sugge/ a      
ref]5ce to ! ,canon4 ,! #8_m  books'    
spok5 ( are probably su* z did n proce$ 

f ?or\ghly  or?odox s\rces4 ,we h       
absolutely no in=mation z to ,jewi%     
lit]ature outside ! ,canon4 ,t !re 0 a  
het]odox lit]ature1 has  be5 inf]r$ by  
,ewald f ,j]4 viii4 #h1 ,prov4 xxx4     
#a-d2 x is also  cle> f sev]al passages 
9 ! ,book ( ,eno*4 ,tyl] & ,plumptre may
  possibly be "r 9 see+ "h an allusion  
to ! incipi5t influ5ce  ( ,greek        
lit]ature ^u ! ,jews4 ,?is is at any    
rate m ju/ifiable  ?an to assume an     
arrangem5t ( ! ,hagiographa )           
,ecclesia/es =  ! clos+ book = :i* !re  
is no anci5t te/imony4    ,kro*mal's    
+5i\s !ory has1 h[ev]1 be5 adopt$ by    
,jo/1 ,grtz  & ,r5an1#cdj ?\gh ,r5an is 
will+ to admit t vv4 #i1 #aj may be  f !
 p5 ( ! au?or himself4 #8,cet pilogue   
complte bi5 la  fiction qui fait la base
 du livre4 ,quel motif d'ailleurs et am5
   faire po/rieurem5t une telle         
addition8'#cda ,i d n myself hold  )    
,kro*mal1 b vv4 #i-ab seem to me to hang
 toge!r1 & ,i d n  ?9k t ! au?or himself
 w\ld be at ! pa9s to de/roy 8 own      

fiction1 :]eas a lat] editor w\ld       
naturally app5d ! corrective  /atem5t t 
! real ,kohele? 0 n a k+1 b a wise man4 
7,obs]ve too t #8,kohele?' 9 v]4 #h has 
! article1 b 9 vv4 #i1 #aj  is )\t x1   
sugge/+ a *ange ( writ]47 ,i agree h[ev]
 )  ,r5an t vv4 #ac1 #ad1 :i* diff] 9   
tone & 9 =m f !  prec$+ v]ses1 appe> to 
be a lat] addition ?an ! re/ ( !        
,epilogue4 ,r5an1 x is true1 di/ru/s ?is
 appe>ance2 he fe>s a too  complicat$   
hypo!sis4 ,b we mu/ at lea/ hold t vv4  
#ac1 #ad 7  add$ 7:e!r by ! ,epilogi/ or
 by ano!r7 by an aft]-?\ght4 ,!         
,epilogue %\ld !re=e be divid$ into two 
p>ts1 vv4 #i-ab1 & vv4  #ac1 #ad4 ,9 !  
fir/ "p1 ! real is di/+ui%$ f !         
fictiti\s  au?or2 8 qualifications are  
describ$2 ! editors ( 8 po/hum\s  "w are
 indicat$2 & a w>n+ is giv5 to !        
disciple ( !  ,epilogi/ 7to apply !     
words ( ,m4 ,aurelius7 #8to ca/ away !  
?ir/  = books4'#cdb ,9 ! second "p1 a   
contradiction is giv5 to :at  seem$ an  
unwor?y int]pretation ( a *>act]i/ic    

expression (  ,kohele?'s1 & ! high] view
 ( its mean+ is ju/ifi$--ju/ifi$1  t is1
 to ^? :o approa* ! "w f ! practical    
po9t ( view  ( ^? :o h z yet no bett]   
moral #8,en*iridion4'#cdc    ,at :at    
p]iod 0 ! ,epilogue add$8 ,!            
consid]ation ( its /yle  may help u at  
lea/ to a negative result4 ,! ,hebrew   
approa*es t (  ! ,mi%na1 b is yet       
suffici5tly di/9ct f x to be ! subject  
( expository p>aphrase 9 ! ,talmuds4#cdd
 ,x is !re=e improbable  t x 0 add$ long
 aft] ! p]iod ( ! au?or himself4 ,books 
l ,sira* & ,kohele? soon became popul>1 
& attract$ !  att5tion ( ! religi\s     
au?orities4 ,int]polation or ins]tion   
seem$ ! only way to c\nt]act ! spiritual
 dang] to unsuspici\s  read]s4          
,footnote #cbf3      ,! title only      
belongs to pre-critical writ]s l ,dr4   
,john ,smi?1    :o1 9 8 ,portrait ( ,old
 ,age 7#afff71 s\ght to %[ t ,solomon   
0 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) rec5t anatomical  
discov]ies4 ,9    revis+ my %eets1 ,i   
obs]ve t ev5 su* a fairm9d$ /ud5t z     

,dean ,bradley speaks ( #8! long-drawn  
anatomical explanations ( m5    :o w\ld 
replace ) a dissector's report a pa9t]'s
 t\*1 a    poet's melody4' ,b ! ,dean   
only ref]s to v]4 #f2 ,i und]/& 8       
language1 ?\gh ,i ?9k him biass$ by     
poetic associations4    ,footnote #cbg3 
,namely1 t vv4 #c-e are cit$ f an       
au?oris$ book ( dirges    7comp4 #b ,*r4
 xxxv4 #be74 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 no      
assignable reason    = sep>at+ ^! v]ses 
f ! context4 ,& h[ c ! suppos$    m\rn]s
 h sung ! latt] "p ( v]4 #e8            
,footnote #cbh3      ,?is supposes !    
approa* ( dea? to be describ$ "u !      
imag]y    ( a ga!r+ /orm4    ,footnote  
#cbi3      ,namely1 t ! evil days ( !   
close ( life are describ$ by    figures 
drawn f ! #8sev5 days ( dea?1' z ! mod]n
 ,syrians    designate ! clos+ days ( _!
 w9t]4 ,9 a native ,arabic rhyme1       
,febru>y says to ,m>*1 #8,o ,m>*1 ,o my 
c\s91 ! old wom5 mock at    me3 ?ree    
7days7 ( ?9e & f\r ( m9e--& we w br+ !  
old    woman to s++ 7ano!r tune74'      

,wright1 ,ecclesia/es1 p4 #bga2         
,delitzs*1 ,hohesli$ und ,kohelet1 p4   
#ddg4    ,footnote #ccj3      ,%abba?1  
#aea;b1 #aeb;b 7,wright1 ,ecclesia/es1  
p4 #bfb74 ,!    anecdote is giv5 9      
connection ) an allegoric int]pretation 
(    our poem4    ,footnote #cca3       
,dean ,plumptre & ,dr4 ,wright1 h[ev]1  
make ?is ! op5+ v]se (    ! ,epilogue4  
,b betwe5 v]4 #h & t :i* foll[s !re is  
no    inn] connection4    ,footnote     
#ccb3      ,! object ( ! article is     
p]haps to sugge/ t ,kohele? is n        
really a prop] "n4 ,9 vii4 #bg we %\ld  
correct m'rh qhele?    to m> haqqhele?4 
,probably ^! words are an int]polation f
    ! m>g94 ,!y are n[h]e else us$ 9    
support ( ,kohele?'s    op9ions4 ,!     
au?or ( ! int]polation may h wi%$ to    
indicate    8 disagreem5t ) ,kohele?'s  
l[ op9ion ( wom54    ,footnote #ccc3    
,s ,aquila1 ,pe%41 ,vulg41 ,grtz1 ,r5an1
 ,klo/]mann 7v'k?ab74    ,footnote #ccd3
      ,i4e4 ! assemblies ( #8wise m5' or
 p]haps ( ,s(]im4 ,surely    ba'al mu/  

ref] to p]sons4 ,! mean+ #8assemblies'  
is ju/ifi$    by ,talmudic passages     
quot$ by ,grtz1 ,delitzs*1 & ,wright4   
,footnote #cce3      ,s ,klo/]mann4     
#8,%eph]d' mu/1 ,i ?9k1 mean tea*]      
7comp4 ,j]4 ii4    #h1 iii4 #ae c472 !  
expression is sugge/$ by ! #8goads4'    
#8,"o    %eph]d' 7! text-read+7 might   
mean ,solomon2 & we might g on to       
suppose ! ,solomonic orig9 ( ,prov]bs z 
well z ,ecclesia/es to be    ass]t$ 9   
?is v]se4 ,b ! au?or ( ! ,epilogue      
app>5tly    consid]s ,kohele? to be     
m]ely fictiti\sly ,solomon1 b really a  
wise man l any o!r4 ,if s1 he _c h gr\p$
 x )    ,prov]bs z a /rictly ,solomonic 
"w4    ,footnote #ccf3      ,s          
,klo/]mann1 reg>d+ ?is v]se d[n to      
#8comm&m5ts' z an    additional note on 
?is difficult say+ ( ,kohele?'s1 :i* 0  
liable to give (f5ce to or?odox read]s4 
,! ^w #87is7 vanity' is    suppos$ to h 
dropp$ out ( ! text4 ,! object ( ! note 
is to    %[ "u :at limitations x c be   
admitt$ t #8all is vanity4'    ,!n !    

writ] cont9ues1 #8,= ?is 7conc]ns7 e    
man2 = e    "w' c41 to %[ t ! limit+    
precept is n less univ]sally            
applicable ?an ,kohele?'s melan*oly     
=mula4    ,footnote #ccg3      ,?us     
,delitzs*1 :o takes ! #8words ( ! wise' 
& !    #8collections' 9 v]4 #aa to ref] 
at lea/ 9 "p1 ! =m] to !    deta*$      
say+s1 & ! latt] to ! cont9u\s passages1
 :i*    toge!r make up ,ecclesia/es4 ,! 
#8"o %eph]d' is held to be ,god1    s t 
! clause involves a claim ( div9e       
inspiration4    ,footnote #cch3      ,de
 ,jong's discussion ( ! ,epilogue       
des]ves special att5tion 7,de           
,pr$ik]1 p4 #adb c472 comp4 h[ev]       
,ku55's reply1 ,ond]zoek1    iii4 #aif  
c4    ,footnote #cci3      ,kro*mal di$ 
9 #ahdj1 b 8 view on ! ,epilogue fir/   
saw !    light 9 #ahea 9 vol4 xi4 ( !   
,hebrew j\rnal ,mor nebk hazzemn    7see
 ,grtz1 ,kohelet1 p4 #dg74 ,8 life is to
 be f\nd 9 ,zunz1    ,gesammelte        
,s*rift51 ii4 #aej c4    ,footnote #cdj3
      ,see ,jo/ 7,ges*4 des ,jud5?ums1  

i4 #db1 n4 #b74 ,d]5b\rg too seems    to
 t5d 9 ?is direction 7,revue des tudes  
juives1 i4 #agi1 note74    ,reuss1      
,bickell1 & ,kle9]t too agree 9 d5y+ t  
#8,kohele?'    compos$ ! ,epilogue4 ,s  
also app>5tly ,geig] 7,jd4 ,zeits*r41   
iv4 #aj1 ,anm47    ,footnote #cda3      
,l',ecclsia/e1 p4 #gc4    ,footnote     
#cdb3      ,m$itations1 ii4 #c4         
,footnote #cdc3      ,i design$ly ref]  
to ! great "w ( ,epictetus1 z its       
adaptation    by ,*ri/ian h&s to ! use (
 ,*ri/ian believ]s to "s ext5t          
furni%es a p>allel = ! editorial        
adaptation ( ,ecclesia/es4    ,footnote 
#cdd3      ,delitzs*1 ,hohesli$ u4      
,kohele?1 p4 #bae4                      
,,*apt] ,,vii4     ,,ecclesia/es ,,&    
,,its ,,critics 7,,f ,a ,,philological  
,,po9t ,,( ,,view74      ,by comp>ison )
 ,ecclesia/es1 ! books :i* we h hi!rto  
be5  /udy+ may be call$ easy2 at any    
rate1 !y h n giv5 rise to  equally      
/range div]sities ( critical op9ion4 ,a 
*apt] ) !  above head+ seems !re=e at   

?is po9t specially necess>y4 ,dr4       
,g9sburg's ma/]ly sket* ( ! pr9cipal    
!ories ( ! critics d[n  to #ahfj        
disp5ses me1 x is true1 f attempt+ an   
exhau/ive  survey4#cde ,x is n ! duty ( 
e tea*] ( ,old ,te/am5t  criticism to   
trav]se ! hi/ory ( 8 subject afre%1 any 
m ?an  x is t ( ! comm5tator z su* to   
beg9 ) a cat5a ( !  op9ions ( previ\s   
writ]s4 ,suffice x to call att5tion to  
two ( !  ,jewi% & two ( ! ,*ri/ian      
expositors m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,g9sburg1    
viz4 ,m5delssohn & ,luzzatto1 & ,ewald &
 ,vaih+]4 ,,m5delssohn  seems important 
n s mu* by 8 results z by 8 hi/orical   
position4 ,8 life m>ks an era 9         
,biblical /udy1 mo/ ( all ( c\rse  among
 ! ,jews1 b to "s ext5t among ,*ri/ians 
also4 ,8 ,hebrew  comm5t>y on ,kohele?  
des]ves specially to be rememb]$1       
because )  x 9 #aggj he broke gr\nd anew
 9 grammatical exegesis4 ,to him1 z also
  to ,,vaih+]1 ! object ( ,kohele? is to
 prop\nd ! great  consolatory tru? ( !  
immortality ( ! s\l1 :ile ,,ewald1 m 9  

accordance ) facts1 describes x z be+ r 
to comb9e all t  is true1 h[ev] sad1 &  
pr(itable1 & agreeable to ! w ( ,god  9 
a practical h&book adapt$ to ^?         
tr\blesome times4 ,ewald &  ,vaih+] bo? 
divide ! book into f\r sections1--7#a7  
i4 #b-;ii4 #bf1 7#b7  iii4 #a-vi4 #i1   
7#c7 vi4 #aj-viii4 #ae1 7#d7 viii4      
#af-xii4 #h1 ) !  ,epilogue xii4 #i-ad4 
,! latt]1 ^: view is m develop$ ?an     
,ewald's1 & :om ,i ref] to z clos+ &    
summ+ up a p]iod1  ma9ta9s t ea* section
 consi/s ( ?ree p>ts :i* are aga9       
subdivid$--= ,kohele?1 ?\gh y w\ld n ?9k
 x1 is a lit]>y  arti/--into /rophes &  
half-/rophes1 & t ! !me ( ea*  section  
is ?r[n out1 seem+ly by *ance1 b really 
) consummate  art1 9 ! prec$+ "o4 ,?us !
 f\r sections int]lace1 & !  unity ( !  
book is e/abli%$4 ,! ,epilogue1 too1    
accord+ to  ,vaih+]1 c ?us be prov$ to  
be ! "w ( ! au?or ( ,kohele?2  = x does 
b ratify & develope :at has already be5 
indicat$ 9  xi4 #i1 & )\t x ! connection
 ( ideas w\ld be incomplete4#cdf  ,i ?9k

 t our exp]i5ce ( "s int]pret]s ( !     
,book ( ,job may  pr$ispose u to be     
sceptical ( su* +5i\s subtleties1 & ,i  
notice  t m rec5t critics %[ a t5d5cy to
 insi/ less on ! logical  di/ribution ( 
! cont5ts & to reg>d ! book1 n inde$ z a
  m]e collection ( rules ( conduct1 b at
 any rate z a record ( a  practical & n 
a s*ola/ic philosoph]4 ,?is t5d5cy is n 
inde$  ( rec5t orig91 ?\gh x has        
increas$ 9 fav\r ( late ye>s4 ,prior  ! 
poet _h already said t ,ecclesia/es #8is
 n a regul> &  p]fect treatise1 b t 9 x 
great treasures are 8heap$ up toge!r  9 
a confus$ magnific5ce20'#cdg ,bi%op     
,l[?1 t #8! connection (  ! argum5ts is 
involv$ 9 mu* obscurity2'#cdh :ile      
,h]d]1 9 8  lett]s to a !ological /ud5t1
 _h p5n$ ?is wise ?\gh too  en?usia/ic  
s5t5ce1 :i* cuts at ! root ( all        
attempts at logical  analysis1          
,ke9 ,bu* i/ mir aus dem ,alt]?um       
bekannt1 wel*es die ,summe des          
m5s*li*5 ,leb5s1 se9e ,abwe*selung5 und 
,ni*tigkeit5 9      ,ges*ft51 ,entwrf51 

,speculation5 und ,v]gng51 zuglei* mit  
dem      0 e9zig 9 ihm wahr1 daur5d1    
=tgeh5d1 we*selnd1 lohn5d i/1           
rei*]1 e9dr+li*]1 krz] bes*riebe1 als   
dieses4#cdi    ,b ,i mu/ retrace my     
/eps4 ,"o ( my f\r critics has yet to be
  briefly *>act]is$--,s4 ,d4 ,,luzzatto 
( ,padua1 be/ kn[n z ! au?or  ( a       
,hebrew comm5t>y on ,isaiah1 b also a   
ma/] 9 lat] ,hebrew &  ,aramaic         
s*ol>%ip4 ,z a y\? ( tw5ty-f\r he wrote 
a deeply felt  & some:at ecc5trically   
+5i\s treatise on ,kohele?1 :i* he kept 
by him till #ahfj1 :5 x appe>$ 9 "o ( ! 
annual volumes (  essays & reviews call$
 ,oz> ,ne*mad4 ,9 x he ma9ta9s1 )       
pr(\nd indignation at ! unwor?y         
po/-,exile writ]1 t ! ,book (           
,ecclesia/es d5ies ! immortality ( !    
s\l1 & recomm5ds a life  ( s5su\s       
pleasure4 ,! writ]'s "n1 h[ev]1 01 he   
?9ks1  ,kohele?1 & 8 fraud 9 assum+ ! "n
 ( ,solomon 0 detect$ by  ! wise m5 ( 8 
"t1 :o /ruck out ! assum$ "n &          
sub/itut$ ,kohele? 7leav+ h[ev] ! words 

#8son ( ,david1 k+ 9  ,j]usalem1' z a   
record ( ! impo/ure74 ,lat] /ud5ts1     
h[ev]1 7  unsuspici\s en\gh to accept ! 
"w z ,solomon's1 & be+ unable to        
exclude a ,solomonic writ+ f ! ,canon1  
!y ins]t$ ?ree  qualify+ half-v]ses ( an
 or?odox "*1 viz4 #8& "k t =  all ?is   
,god w br+ !e into judgm5t' 7xi4 #f;b72 
#8& rememb]  ?y ,creator 9 ! days ( ?y  
y\?' 7xii4 #a;a72 #8& ! _s %all  return 
to ,god :o gave x' 7xii4 #h;b74 ,?is    
latt] view1 :i* has !  d\btful support (
 a ,talmudic passage1#cej appe>s to me1 
?\gh f  ! nature ( ! case unc]ta91 &    
susceptible1 z ,i ?9k1 (  modification1 
yet 9 itself probable z re/or+ h>mony to
 ! book1  & 9 accordance ) ! treatm5t ( 
o!r ,biblical texts by !  ,s(]im 7or    
/ud5ts & editors ( ,scripture74 ,geig]  
may h fall5  into inf9ite extravagances1
 b he has at any rate %[n t ! e>ly      
,s(]im modifi$ _m passages 9 ! int]e/s (
 or?odoxy &  edification4#cea ,if s1 !y 
did b c>ry on ! process already begun   
by ! au?ors ( ! sacr$ books !mselves2 x 

may be en\gh to  rem9d my read]s ( !    
gradual supplem5t+ ( ! orig9al ,book (  
,job by lat] writ]s4 ,to ! ?ree passages
 ( ,kohele? m5tion$ above1  mu/ be add$1
 z ,geig] saw1#ceb ! two po/scripts :i* 
=m !  ,epilogue4 ,f ! close ( ! la/     
c5tury a s]ies ( writ]s h  felt !       
difficulties ( ?is section s /rongly t  
!y h  assign$ x to "o or m lat] writ]s1 
& 9 tru?1 al?\gh ^!  difficulties may be
 p>tly remov$1 en\gh rema9s to ju/ify ! 
obelis+ ( ! passage4    ,!re is no      
evid5ce t ,luzzatto ev] retract$ !      
critical view  m5tion$ above4 ,to ! "* (
 ! au?or1 x is true1 he became  m       
*>itable 9 8 lat] ye>s4 ,i d n ?9k !    
worse ( him =  8 orig9al antipa?y4 ,an  
e>ne/ believ] himself & ( fi]y          
temp]am5t1 he c\ld n und]/& ! cool &    
cauti\s reflective  _s ( ! mu*-tri$     
philosoph]2#cec & z a lov] ( ! ri*1  &1 
z ! result ( developm5t1 comp>atively   
flexible ,hebrew tongue1  he took a     
dislike to a writ] s want+ 9 facility & 
grace z  ,kohele?4#ced ,x 0 an error1 b 

a noble "o1 & x %[s t  ,luzzatto f\nd 9 
! /udy ( criticism a s*ool ( moral      
culture z  well z ( lit]>y insight4     
,! adoption ( ,luzzatto's view1#cee     
comb9$ ) ,dd]le9's z to  ! epilogue1    
removes ! temptation to int]pret        
,kohele? z !  apology ( any p>ticul>    
philosophical or !ological doctr9e4 ,!  
au?or n[ appe>s1 n inde$ ?or\ghly       
consi/5t1 b at lea/ 9  8 true light z a 
?9k] toss$ ab\t on ! sea ( speculation1 
&  )\t any fix$ !oretic conclusions4    
,)\t agree+ to m ?an  ! relative lat5ess
 ( ! epilogue1 ,,de ,,jong1#cef a ,dut* 
s*ol>1  recognises ! true position (    
,kohele?1 & 9 ! psy*ological  int]e/ ( !
 book sees a full comp5sation = ! want (
 logical  arrangem5t4 ,de ,jong inde$ 0 
n acqua9t$ ) ! !ory (  ,na*man ,kro*mal1
 :i* if s\nd ?r[s su* great light on !  
reason  ( ! addition ( ! epilogue 7see  
end ( ,*ap4 ,,vi47 ,?is has be5  accept$
 by ,grtz & ,r5an1 b1 z ,i h v5tur$ to  
?9k1 ^u  insuffici5t gr\nds4 ,! brevity 
( my ref]5ce to ^! two em95t  exegetes  

mu/ be excus$ by my inability to foll[  
ei!r ( !m 9 8  ma9 conclusions4 ,!      
gloss>y ( peculi> words & ! excursus on 
!  ,greek translation giv5 by ! =m]     
7#ahga7 possess a p]man5t value1  & !re 
is mu* ( hi/orical int]e/ 9 8           
introduction4 ,b ,i  agree ) ,ku55 t !  
/ud5t :o selects ,grtz z 8 guide w  h   
mu* to unle>n aft]w>ds4#ceg ,9 ord] to  
%[ t ,ecclesia/es  is a                 
politico-religi\s satire levell$ aga9/  
k+ ,h]od1 ) !  special object ( correct+
 c]ta9 evil t5d5cies among ! ,jews (  t 
age1 ,grtz is compell$ to h rec\rse to  
mu* p]v]se exegesis  :i* ,i h no        
incl9ation to criticise4#ceh ,r5an's    
pres5t view  diff]s widely f t giv5 9 8 
great unf9i%$ hi/ory ( !  ,semitic      
languages4 ,b ,i %all h occasion to ref]
 to 8  det]m9ation ( ! date ( our book  
lat]4    ,among rec5t ,engli% /ud5ts1 no
 "o w refuse ! palm ( acut5ess  &       
orig9ality to ,,tyl] 7#ahgd74 ,8 /r5g?  
lies n 9 translation  & exegesis1 b 9 ! 
consi/5cy ) :i* he has appli$ 8  s+le   

key1 viz4 ! comp>ison ( ! book ) ,/oic &
 ,epicurean  tea*+4 ,he is fully aw>e t 
! book has no logical divisions4        
,anti!sis & contradiction is !          
fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( !  book4 ,n t ! 
au?or contradicts himself 7comp4 !      
quotation f  ,ibn ,ezra 9 ,g9sburg's    
,cohele?1 p4 #eg71 b t a fai?ful index (
  ! contradictions ( ! two great        
philosophical s*ools gives a  great]    
po9t to 8 conclud+ w>n+ aga9/           
philosophy4 ,x is !  #8sacrificio dell' 
intelletto' :i* ! au?or c\nsels4 ,b ,mr4
 ,tyl]'s  !ory or at lea/ 8 po9t ( view 
dem&s a sep>ate consid]ation4  ,x may   
h[ev] be fairly said "h t by g5]al      
cons5t ,mr4 ,tyl] has  done some?+ to   
make ! influ5ce ( ,greek philosophical  
ideas ^u  ,ecclesia/es a m plausible    
op9ion4    ,to a subsequ5t *apt] ,i mu/ 
also beg to ref] ! read] = a notice  (  
,gu/av ,,bickell',s hypo!sis 7#ahhd7    
relative to ! =tunes 7or  mis=tunes7 ( !
 text ( ,kohele?4 ,?is critic is n "o ( 
^?  :o grant t ! book _h f ! fir/ no    

logical division1 & 8  hypo!sis is "o ( 
! bolde/ & mo/ plausible 9 ! hi/ory (   
criticism4 ,its boldness is 9 itself no 
defect1 b ,i confess ,i  desid]ate t    
caution :i* is ! second indisp5sable    
requisite 9 a  great critic4 ,! due     
admixture ( ^! two qualities nature has 
n  yet grant$4 ,meantime ! greate/      
successes are p]haps atta9$ by  ^? :o   
are lea/ self-confid5t1 lea/ ambiti\s ( 
p]sonal  di/9ction4 ,^u ! :ole1 f ! po9t
 ( view ( ! /ud5t  prop]1 are !re m     
?ankwor?y contributions to criticism n  
less  ?an to exegesis ?an ! books (     
,,plumptre 7#ahha71 ,,n[ack 7#ahhc71 &  
above all ! accompli%$ altmei/] ,franz  
,,delitzs* 7#ahge78 ,:atev]  has be5    
said be=e pr(itably & well1 may be kn[n 
by him :o w  consult ^! ?ree accompli%$ 
?\gh n faultless expositors4 ,i  w\ld n 
be suppos$ to detract f o!r writ]s1#cei 
b ,i believe  t ! "y /ud5t w n rep5t    
limit+ himself1 n inde$ to  "o1 b to    
?ree comm5t>ies4    ,footnote #cde3     
,= ! ,jewi% traditions & !ories1 see    

fur!r ,s*iff]1 ,das    ,bu* ,kohelet na*
 d] ,auffassung d] ,weis5 des ,talmud   
und ,midras*    und d] jdis*5 ,erklr]   
des ,mittelalt]s1 ,!il #a1 ,leipzig1    
#ahhe2    & to complete ,dr4 ,g9sburg's 
survey ( ! lit]ature1 see ,zckl]'s      
li/ 9 ,lange's ,comm5t>y & ! additions  
to ?is 9 ! ,am]ican    edition2 also !  
preface to ,wright's treatise on        
,ecclesia/es4    ,footnote #cdf3        
,see ,vaih+]'s article 9 ,h]zog's       
,real5cyclopdie1 xii4 #ib-ajf4 ,i    h n
 se5 8 book on ,ecclesia/es 7#aheh74    
,footnote #cdg3      ,g9sburg1 ,cohele?1
 p4 #afh4    ,footnote #cdh3            
,ibid41 p4 #agh4    ,footnote #cdi3     
,w]ke 7,suphan71 x4 #acd4    ,footnote  
#cej3      ,%abba?1 #ig;a 7see ,g9sburg1
 p4 #ih74    ,footnote #cea3      ,see 8
 ,urs*rift und ,ueb]setzung5 d] ,bibel  
7#aheg74    ,footnote #ceb3      ,jdis*e
 ,zeits*rift1 iv4 #i c4    ,footnote    
#cec3      ,david ,ca/elli1 a cool &    
cauti\s s*ol> b n orig9al1 is           
naturally bett] fitt$ to appreciate     

,kohele? 7see ,il libro del    ,kohelet1
 ,pisa1 #ahff74    ,footnote #ced3      
#8,die h>te1 ungefgige1 tiefgesunk5e    
,spra*e des ,bu*es entzog ihm 9         
,luzzatto's ,auge d5 v]klr5d5           
,li*tglanz2 er blickte mit e9]          
gewiss5 ,missa*tung auf d5 ,s*rift/ell]1
 d] s[5ig ,mei/] d]    edl5 ihn erfll5d5
 ,spra*e w>' 7,geig]74    ,footnote     
#cee3      ,n only ,geig]1 b ! le>n$ &  
fairm9d$ ,kalis*1 has made ?is    view 8
 own 7,bible ,/udies1 i4 #fe72 among    
,*ri/ian s*ol>s x has    be5 adopt$ by  
,nldeke & ,bickell 7! latt] includes    
iii4 #ag among    ! ins]t$ passages1 &  
,i incl9e to foll[ him74    ,footnote   
#cef3      ,de ,pr$ik] v]taald en       
v]kla>t door ,p4 de ,jong 7,leid51      
#ahfa74    ,footnote #ceg3              
,!ologis* ,tijds*rift1 #ahhc1 p4 #aad4  
,footnote #ceh3      ,see h[ev] ,ku55's 
cond5s$ criticism 9 ,!ol4 ,tijds*rift1  
p4    #abg c4    ,footnote #cei3        
,hitzig1 = in/ance1 has be5 pass$ ov] 9 
spite ( ,nldeke's    judgm5t t no mod]n 

s*ol> has done s mu* = ! detail$        
explanation ( ! text4 ,?is may be true1 
or at lea/ be b a small    exagg]ation4 
,no critic has s good a "r to ! "n z    
,hitzig1    :o1 ?\gh weak 9 8 treatm5t (
 ideas1 has ! ke5e/ p]ception    ( :at  
is possible & impossible 9              
int]pretation4 ,b = !    l>g] critical  
que/ions ,hitzig has n done mu*2 !      
editor ( !    second edition ( 8        
comm5t>y 7,n[ack7 has !re=e be5 oblig$  
to rewrite ! great] "p ( ! introduction4
 ,! hi/orical    backgr\nd ( ! book _c  
be t suppos$ by ,hitzig1 nor has he     
hit ! m>k 9 8 description ( ,kohele? z  
#8e9e planmssig    =ts*reit5de          
,unt]su*ung4' ,wright fails1 ,i v5ture  
to ?9k1 f    diff]5t causes4 ,he is     
slightly too timid1 & defici5t 9 lit]>y 
art2 & yet 8 s*ol>ly "w does hon\r to ! 
,prote/ant cl]gy    ( ,irel&4           
,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,ecclesia/es ,,& ,,its
 ,,critics 7,,f ,a ,,lit]>y ,,&         
,,psy*ological ,,po9t ,,(               
,,view74      ,x is n e critic (        

,ecclesia/es :o helps ! read] to enjoy !
  book :i* is criticis$4 ,too mu*       
criticism & too little ta/e h  be=e n[  
spoil$ _m excell5t books on ! ,old      
,te/am5t4  ,ecclesia/es ne$s a c]ta9    
prep>ation ( ! m9d & "*1 a  c]ta9       
#8elective aff9ity1' 9 ord] to be       
appreciat$ z x des]ves4  ,to enjoy x1 we
 mu/ f9d our own difficulties & our own 
moods  anticipat$ 9 x4 ,we mu/ be able  
to sympa?ise ) its au?or ei!r  9 8      
_w-we>9ess & scepticism or 9 8 victori\s
 /ruggle 7if  s be x 0 victori\s7 ?r\gh 
d>kness into light4 ,we mu/ at any  rate
 h a ta/e = ! developm5t ( "*1 & an e> =
 !  fragm5ts ( tru? :i* a mu*-tri$      
pilgrim ga!r$ up 9 8  twilight w&]+s4   
,nev] s mu* z 9 our own "t h ?is ta/e  &
 ?is e> be5 s l>gely possess$1 z a rec5t
 comm5t>y has %[n  9 delightful detail1 
& ,i c only add to ! names furni%$ by ! 
writ] t ( "o :o p]haps lea/ ( all %\ld  
be omitt$1 ,miss  ,*ri/9a ,rossetti4#cfj
 ,b to prove ! po9t 9 my own way1 let me
  aga9 select f\r lead+ critics1 z      

repres5tatives n s mu* (  philology z ( 
t subtle & v>iable ?+--! mod]n _s1 viz4 
,,r5an1 ,,gr,,tz1 ,,/anley1 &           
,,plumptre4 ,! fir/ truly is a mod]n ( !
  mod]ns1 ?\gh x is n e mod]n :o w      
subscribe to 8  description (           
,ecclesia/es z #8livre *>mant1 le seul  
livre aimable  qui ait t compos p> un   
,juif'#cfa ,"o might excuse x p]haps if 
9  "s degree dictat$ by a bitt] grief at
 ! mis=tunes ( 8  c\ntry2 pessimism     
might be natural 9 #ahgb4 ,b alas6 t5   
ye>s lat]  ! same view is repeat$ &     
delib]ately ju/ifi$1 nor c ! au?or  (   
,kohele? be congratulat$4 ,he is n[     
describ$#cfb z #8le *>mant  criva9 qui  
n\s a laiss cette dlicieuse fantaisie   
philosophique1  aimant la vie1 t\t en en
 voyant la vanit1' or1 z a ,fr5* review]
  cond5ses ! delicate phrases ( 8 au?or1
 #8homme du monde et de la  bonne socit1
 qui n'e/1  proprem5t p>l]1 ni blas ni  
fatigu1 mais  qui sait en t\tes *oses   
g>d] la mesure1 sans en?\siasme1 sans   
indignation1 et sans exaltation d'aucune

 espce4' ,a speak+ portrait (  a        
,p>isian philosophe1 b does x fit !     
au?or ( ,ecclesia/es8 ,no2  ,kohele? has
 _h too h>d a battle ) 8 own tongue to  
be a #8*>m+  writ]1' & ev5 if n exactly 
blas 7see h[ev] ii4 #a-aa71 he is       
#8fatigu$' en\gh ) ! oppressive burd5s (
 ,jewi% life 9 !  second c5tury ,b4,c4  
,t he has no en?usiasm1 & none ( ^?     
visions  :i* are ! #8creators & fe$]s ( 
! s\l1'#cfc is cause =  pity1 n =       
admiration2 b t he has _h no visit+s (  
sva  indignatio1 is an unju/ inf]5ce f 8
 acquir$ calmness (  demean\r4 ,he is an
 amiable ego/1 says ,m4 ,r5an2 b w\ld   
,kohele?  h tr\bl$ himself to write z he
 does1 if egosm 7 ! rip5$  fruit ( 8    
life's exp]i5ce8 ,:y does ?is critic    
give su* g5]\s  sympa?y to !            
,ecclesia/es ( ! ,slav race1#cfd & su*  
d\btful  praise to 8 great orig9al8 ,x  
is true1 ,kohele? seems to despair (  ! 
future1 b only p]haps ( ! imm$iate      
future 7iii4 #ba71 &  ,turg5ieff does   
?is too4 #8,w ! "r m5 come8' asks "o ( !

  p]sonages ( ,turg5ieff's ,hel51 & 8   
fri5d1 z ! only reply1  directs a       
que/ion+ look into ! di/ance4 ,t is !   
,russian  philosoph]'s la/ ^w2 ,kohele? 
has n told u 84 ,8 lit]>y  executors1 no
 d\bt1 h =c$ a la/ ^w ^u him2 b we h an 
equal "r to imag9e "o = ourselves4 ,m4  
,r5an #8likes to dream ( a  ,paul become
 sceptical & dis5*ant$2'#cfe 8 ,kohele? 
is an only  less unwor?y dream4 ,m4     
,r5an praises ,kohele? = ! mod]ation ( 8
  philosophis+2 he repeat$ly admits t   
!re 0 an elem5t ( tru?  9 ! ,utopianism 
( ! prophets2 :y n #8dream' t ,kohele?  
felt1  ?\gh he ei!r v5tur$ n or _h no "t
 left to express x1 "s  degree ( belief 
9 ! de/9y ( 8 c\ntry8    ,m4 ,r5an1 9   
fact1 seems to me at once to admire     
,kohele? too mu*1 &  to ju/ify 8        
admiration on que/ionable gr\nds4 ,x    
might h be5  hop$ t ! unlik5ess ( ?is   
book to ! o!r books ( ! ,canon  w\ld h  
be5 ! occasion ( a wor?y & a satisfy+   
e/imate f  ?is accompli%$ ma/]4 ,a      
critic ( n>r[] exp]i5ce repres5ts       

,kohele? p>tly z a cynical ,hebrew      
,pasqu91 :o satirises ! hat$  =eign]1   
,h]od ! ,great1 & ! m9ions ( 8 c\rt1    
p>tly z an  e>ne/ oppon5t ( a dang]\s & 
gr[+ s*ool ( ascetics4 ,i ref]  to ?is  
!ory "h1 n to criticise x1 b to call    
att5tion to its  wor?i] conception (    
,kohele?'s "*4 ,! t5d5cy (  ,ecclesia/es
 ,dr4 ,grtz consid]s to be oppos$ to !  
moral &  religi\s pr9ciples ( ,judaism &
 ,*ri/ianity1 b to ! man z  di/+ui%$ f 8
 book he does full ju/ice4 ,x is a      
mi/ake :5  ?is writ]'s !ory is repres5t$
 by ,dean ,plumptre z mak+ ,kohele?     
tea* #8a lic5se l t ( a ,/4 ,simonian   
rehabilitation ( !  fle%4'#cff          
,kohele?'s *oice ( language is n inde$ 9
 good ta/e1  b x 0 only a crude way (   
emphasis+ 8 opposition to a dang]\s  _s 
( asceticism4 ,su* at lea/ is ,dr4      
,grtz's view4 #8,kohele? is  n ! slave (
 an ego/ic eudemonism1 b m]ely seeks to 
c\nt]act  pieti/ic                      
self-mortification4'#cfg ,dr4 ,grtz     
?9ks1 too1 & rightly1  t he c detect an 

old-fa%ion$ ,judaism 9 ! suppos$        
sceptical  philosoph]3 ,kohele?         
controv]ts ! new t5et ( immortality1 b n
  t ( ! resurrection4 ,i am anticipat+  
aga91 b d s 9 ord] to  contra/ !        
sympa!tic treatm5t ( ! ,breslau pr(essor
 ) !  unsympa!tic or at lea/ unsuitable 
portraiture ( ,kohele? giv5 by  !       
,p>isian critic4    ,( all writ]s kn[n  
to me1 h[ev]1 none is s sympa!tic to    
,kohele?  z ,dr4 ,plumptre1 9 ^: pleas+ 
article 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y we h  ! g]m
 ( ! mo/ int]e/+ comm5t>y 9 ! language4 
,a /ill  wid] popul>ity 0 giv5 to !     
,h]d]-,plumptre !ory by ,dr4 ,/anley1   
:o eloqu5tly describes ,ecclesia/es z   
#8an int]*ange ( voices1  high] & l[]1  
)9 a s+le human s\l4' #8,x is l1' he    
cont9ues1 #8! p]petual /rophe &         
anti/rophe ( ,pascal's ,p5ses4  ,b x is 
m complicat$1 m entangl$1 ?an any ( ^!1 
9  proportion z ! circum/ances f :i* x  
gr[s are m p]plex+1  z ! "* :i* x       
repres5ts is va/]1 & gr&]1 & m          
di/ract$4'#cfh ,9 8 lat] "w1 ,dr4       

,plumptre aptly comp>es !  #8,two       
,voices' ( our own poet 7/rictly1 he    
rem>ks1 !re are ?ree  voices 9          
,ecclesia/es71 9 :i*1 z 9 ,kohele?1 ?\gh
 m  decid$ly1 ! voice ( fai? at la/     
prevails ov] t (  pessimism4#cfi ,i fe>1
 h[ev]1 t ,dr4 ,plumptre's g5]\s impulse
  c>ries him f>!r ?an sob] criticism c  
ju/ify4 ,! aim ( writ+  an #8ideal      
biography' clos+ ) ! #8victory ( fai?'  
seems to me to  h robb$ 8 p5 ( t po9t   
:i*1 ?\gh sometimes dang]\s1 is  yet    
indisp5sable to ! critic4 ,! !ory ( !   
#8alt]nate voices1'  ( :i* ,dr4         
,plumptre is1 n ! fir/1#cgj b ! mo/     
eloqu5t  advocate1 seems to me to be an 
(fspr+ ( ! mod]n _s4 ,x is s  v l _! own
 case--! dual nature#cga :i* a s]ies (  
ref9$  critics has attribut$ to         
,kohele?1 t !y involunt>ily inve/       
,kohele? ) ! peculi> qualities ( mod]n  
seek]s aft] tru?4 ,to  !m1 9 a diff]5t  
s5se f ,m4 ,r5an's1 ,ecclesia/es is #8un
 livre  aimable1' j z ,m>cus ,aurelius &
 ,om> ,khayym are ! fav\rite  companions

 ( ^? :o pref] m consi/5t ?9k+4         
,c]ta9ly ! au?or ( ,ecclesia/es might   
well be satisfi$ ) !  int]e/ s widely   
felt 9 8 v t\*+ confid5ces4 ,x is !     
cont5ts1 ( c\rse1 :i* attract s _m ( our
 contempor>ies--n !  =m3 only a /ud5t ( 
,hebrew c appreciate ! toilsome pleasure
 (  solv+ philosophical enigmas4 ,& yet 
,m4 ,r5an has made x possible  ev5 = an 
exigeant ,p>isian to enjoy1 n inde$ !   
process1 b  ! results1 ( philological   
inquiry1 9 s f> z !y reveal !  lit]>y   
*>act]i/ics ( ?is unique "w2 he has1    
inde$1 9 8  function ( arti/ic          
translator1 done ,kohele? ev5 m ?an     
ju/ice4  ,9 p>ticul>1 8 translations ( !
 rhy?mic passages ( ,kohele?  :i*       
relieve ! surr\nd+ prose are real t\rs  
de =ce4 ,^!  passages ,m4 ,r5an1 foll[+ 
,m4 ,d]5b\rg1#cgb reg>ds z quotations  f
 lo/ poetical works1 rem9d+ u t su*     
poetical quotations are  common 9       
,arabic lit]ature4 ,to repres5t 9 8     
translation !  "* ( ! ,hebrew rhy?m1 :i*
 is #8danc+1 light1 &  pret5ti\sly      

elegant1' ,m4 ,r5an adopts ! metres (   
,old ,fr5* poetry4  #8,il s'agissait de 
calqu] en franais des s5t5ces conues    
dans le ton  dgag1 gogu5>d et           
pru-d'homme  la fois de ,pibrac1 de     
,m>culfe ou de  ,*atonnet1 de produire  
un saveur analogue  celle de nos        
quatra9s de  moralits ou de nos vieux   
prov]bes en b\ts-rims4' ,( ! poem on old
  age he says t x is #8une sorte de j\j\
 funbre qu'on dirait cisel  p> ,banville
 ou p> ,?ophile ,gauti] et que je tr\ve 
suprieur mme  aux quatra9s de           
,khayym4'#cgc ,i %\ld h ?\ght !         
comp>ison  v unju/ to ! ,p]sian poet4   
,to me1 ,i confess1 ! prelude or        
ov]ture 7i4 #d-h71 ?\gh n 9 rhy?mic     
,hebrew1 is ! gem ( !  book4            
,que/ionable ?\gh its t5d5cy may seem1  
if we look at !  context1 its poetry is 
( elem5tal =ce1 & appeals to ! mod]n    
read] 9 "s ( 8 moods m ?an almo/ any?+  
else 9 ! ,old  ,te/am5t outside ! ,book 
( ,job4 ,i _c help allud+ to ,c>lyle's  
f9e application ( its imag]y 9 ,s>tor   

,res>tus1 #8,g5]ations are  z ! ,days ( 
toilsome ,mank9d3 ,dea? & ,bir? are !   
vesp] & !  mat9 bells1 t summon mank9d  
to sleep1 & to rise refre%$ = new       
advancem5t4' ,h[ diff]5tly ,kohele?1--  
,"o g5]ation goe?1 ano!r come?2      b !
 e>? abide? = ev]3      ,& ! sun arise?1
 & ! sun goe? d[n1      & pante? unto 8 
place :]e he arise?3      ,x goe? to !  
s\?1 & :irle? ab\t unto ! nor?1      !  
w9d :irle? ab\t cont9ually2      & ^u 8 
circuits ! w9d returne?4      ,all      
/reams run into ! sea1 & ! sea is n     
full2      unto ! place :i!r ! /reams g1
 ?i!r !y g aga94      ,all ?+s are full 
( we>9ess2 no man c utt] x2      ! eye  
is n satisfi$ ) see+1 nor ! e> fill$ )  
he>+4    ,comp>e ) ?is ! words1 s ,greek
 9 tone1 ( xi4 #g1 z well z !  con/antly
 recurr+ =mula #8"u ! sun' 7e4g4 i4 #c1 
iv4 #c74 ,we c  see t ev5 ,kohele? 0    
affect$ by nature1 b )\t any  light5+ ( 
8 load ( trial4 ,! wide-op5 eye ( day   
seem$ to mock  him by its unfeel+       
s]5ity4 ,he lack$ t susceptibility = !  

:isp]$ lessons ( nature :i* ! poet (    
,job s pre-em95tly  possess$2 he lack$  
too ! great mod]n conception ( progress1
  embodi$ 9 t f9e passage f ,c>lyle4 ,he
 0 prosaic &  unimag9ative1 & x is p>tly
 because !re is s little poetry 9       
,ecclesia/es t !re is s little          
,*ri/ianity4 ,b ,i am already  pass+ to 
ano!r ord] ( consid]ations1 )\t :i*     
inde$ we  _c e/imate ?is s+ul>          
autobiography aright4 ,we h next to     
consid] ,kohele? f a directly religi\s &
 moral po9t ( view4    ,footnote #cfj3  
,see especially h] e>ly sonnet #8,vanity
 ( ,vanities1' & h] /rik+    poem #8,a  
,te/imony4'    ,footnote #cfa3          
,l',ant*ri/1 p4 #aja4    ,footnote #cfb3
      ,l',ecclsia/e1 pp4 #bd1 #ij4      
,footnote #cfc3      ,mordecai 9 ,daniel
 ,d]onda4    ,footnote #cfd3      ,see 8
 fun]al loge1 repr9t$ 9 ,academy1 ,oct4 
#ac1 #ahhc1 p4    #bdh4    ,footnote    
#cfe3      ,l',ant*ri/1 p4 #bjj4        
,footnote #cff3      ,ecclesia/es1 p4   
#h4    ,footnote #cfg3      ,grtz1      

,kohelet1 p4 #cc4    ,footnote #cfh3    
,jewi% ,*ur*1 ii4 #bef4    ,footnote    
#cfi3      ,ecclesia/es1 pp4 #ec1 #bei4 
,footnote #cgj3      ,see ! passage f   
,h]d] quot$ 9 ,app5dix 7end74           
,footnote #cga3      ,comp4 ,jacobi's   
confession 7imitat$ by ,col]idge87 t he 
0 )    ! head a hea!n1 & ) ! he>t a     
,*ri/ian4    ,footnote #cgb3      ,revue
 des tudes juives1 i4 #afe-ahe4 ,i d n  
myself see :y    ,kohele?1 :o s\ght     
#8pleasant words1' %\ld n h writt5      
poetry    z well z prose4    ,footnote  
#cgc3      ,l',ecclsia/e1 pp4 #hc1 #hd4 
,,*apt] ,,ix4           ,,ecclesia/es   
,,f ,a ,,moral ,,& ,,religi\s ,,po9t ,,(
 ,,view4      ,we h se5 h[ l>ge a       
,*ri/ian elem5t p5etrates & glorifies ! 
bold que/ion+s ( ! ,book ( ,job4 ,:atev]
 be our view on obscure  problems (     
criticism1 ! "*-drama :i* ! book 9 its  
pres5t  =m pres5ts is "o :i* x almo/    
requires a ,*ri/ian to appreciate       
adequately4 ,x is diff]5t ) ! ,book (   
,ecclesia/es4 #8,he :o w  all[ t book to

 speak = itself1 & does n read o!r      
mean+s  into almo/ e v]se1 mu/ feel at e
 /ep t he is brea?+ a  diff]5t atmosph]e
 f t ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,gospels4'#cgd  ,/ill
 m is ?is ! case if we claim ! "r ( free
 criticism1 &  d5y t ! h9ts ( a gr[+    
t5d5cy to believe are due to !  morbidly
 sceptical au?or ( ! book 7if x may be  
call$ a book74  ,c]ta9ly ! religi\s use 
( ,kohele? is m directly affect$ by     
mod]n criticism & exegesis ?an t ( any  
o!r ,old ,te/am5t  writ+4 ,! e>ly       
!ologians c\ld disp5se ) criticism1     
because  !y s frequ5tly allegoris$ or   
unconsci\sly gave a g5tle twi/ to  !    
lit]al mean+4 ,b we1 if = a religi\s    
purpose we use ! book  uncritically1 mu/
 be well aw>e t we (t5 misrepres5t bo? !
  au?or ( ,kohele? himself & ,*ri/ian   
fai?4 ,let me only m5tion  ?ree texts 9 
! use ( :i* ?is misrepres5tation v      
commonly  takes place4 ,! fixity ( !    
spiritual /ate 9 :i* a man is at  dea?  
may or may n be an ess5tial ,*ri/ian    
doctr9e1 b we h no  "r to quote ei!r    

,kohele?'s despair+ description ( ! in]t
  life ( ! %ades 7ix4 #aj71 or !        
prov]bial say+ on !  unalt]abl5ess ( !  
laws ( nature 7xi4 #c71 9 support ( ?is2
 nor  is x well to adopt a phrase       
7descriptive ( ,%el7 f xii4 #e1 :i*     
fav\rs ! false idea express$ 9 ! too    
common #8,"h lie?' ( !  *ur*y>d4        
,anticipations ( really fundam5tal      
,*ri/ian doctr9es are1  ,i admit1 r>ely 
s\ght = 9 ,ecclesia/es4 ,x is well t ?is
 %\ld  be s4 ,h[ completely !           
evangelical elem5ts 9 ,jewi% religion _h
  be5 obscur$ lat] on 9 ?is p]iod1 we h 
se5 f ! ,wisdom (  ,sira*4 ,x seem$ 9   
fact z if ! only alt]natives !n = a     
?\ghtful ,jew 7 a m or less /rict legal 
or?odoxy & a resign$  acquiesc5ce 9 ?+s 
z !y 71 bright5$ only by gleams1 eag]ly 
hail$1 ( intellectual or s5su\s         
pleasure4 ,sira* *ose ! =m] (  ^!1      
,kohele? ! latt]4 ,kohele?'s 0 n 9      
itself ! bett]  *oice4 ,b ! worse       
alt]native ne$$ p]haps to be /at$ z     
=cibly z possible1 t m5 might see ! rock

 & avoid %ipwreck4  ,ecclesia/es1 l !   
fir/ "p ( ,goe!'s ,fau/1 may1 ) !       
fulle/ ju/ice1 be call$ an apology =    
,*ri/ianity1 n z  conta9+ anticipations 
( ,*ri/ian tru?--! error (              
,h5g/5b]g2#cge b inasmu* z x %[s t nei!r
 wisdom1 nor any  o!r human good or     
human pleasure1 br+s p]man5t            
satisfaction to  man's natural long+s4  
,x is at any rate a contribution t[>ds !
  negative criticism ) :i* su* an       
apology mu/ beg91 j z !  ,book ( ,job is
 a contribution1 or a s]ies (           
contributions1 t[>ds a  m p]fect &      
evangelical !odicy4    ,!re is at lea/  
"o po9t1 !n1 :i* ! moral & religi\s     
critic  ( ,ecclesia/es c adopt out ( all
 ! /rangely di/ort$ views (  patri/ic   
writ]s1 s ably summ$ up by ,dr4 ,g9sburg
 9 8  ,introduction1 viz4 t ! gloomy    
s5t5ce1 ,vanitas vanitatum1 is  p]fectly
 accurate :5 appli$ to ! life (         
,kohele?1 b only to a  life l 84 ,?omas 
,kempis c\ld prelude ) two v]ses f      
,kohele? 7i4 #b1 #h71 b he c\ld only    

prelude4 ,a life ( true  s]vice--"o ^:  
c5tre is outside self or family or ev5  
nation--is n  vanity nor vexation ( _s3 
,kohele? might h add$ ?is z !  burd5 ( a
 second "p ( 8 book4 ,b did he n        
actually app5d x  z 8 epilogue8 ,did he 
n #8fa9tly tru/' ! hope ( immortality   
7xii4 #g78 ,did he n "w 8 way back to a 
liv+ fai?1 l #8,asaph'  9 ,ps4 lxxiii48 
,!re is no "q t ! book 0 admitt$ into ! 
,canon on ! assumption t he did4 ,z a   
great ,jewi% prea*] says1  ! book 9 its 
pres5t =m op5s ) ,no?+ness1 b closes )  
! fe> ( ,god4#cgf ,x is p>allel 9 ?is   
respect to _m ,jewi%  lives1 l t (      
,he9e1 :i* may be describ$ z ! prodigal 
son's  que/ ( 8 long-lo/ fa!r4 ,accept+ 
?is view1 we may jo9 )  ano!r ,jewi%    
writ] 9 8 admiration ( ! influ5ces (    
,jewi%  !ism1 :i* 7 !n at lea/ s /rong t
 a consi/5t ,jewi%  sceptic 0 an        
impossibility4 #8,x is ?is1' he rem>ks1 
#8t gives !  peculi> *>m to ?is little  
book4'#cgg ,x is impossible to give a   
conclusive refutation ( ?is view1 :i* ,i

 %\ld l to believe true1  b :i* seems to
 me to lab\r "u exegetical difficulties4
 ,to me1  ,kohele? is n a !i/ 9 any     
vital s5se 9 8 philosophic  m$itations1 
& 8 s-call$ #8la/ ^w' seems =c$ ^u him  
by  lat] scribes1 j z ,sira*'s or?odoxy 
0 at any rate height5$ 9  col\r by      
subsequ5t editors4 ,to me1 ,d]5b\rg's   
view is a dream1  ?\gh an edify+ "o4 ,x 
may be t ! au?or did return to !  simple
 fai? ( 8 *ildhood4 ,he c]ta9ly nev] lo/
 8 !ism1  ?\gh pale & *e]less x 0 inde$1
 & utt]ly unable to /&  aga9/ ! assaults
 ( d\bt & despond5cy4 ,x may be t       
hi/ory1  neglect$ hi/ory1 taught him at 
la/ to believe 9 ! div9e guidance  ( !  
=tunes ( ,israel4 ,i w\ld fa9 imag9e ?is
 retrac+ ( !  we>y pilgrim's /eps2 b o!r
 & less pleas+ dreams to a ,*ri/ian  are
 equally possible & ,i d n v5ture to    
accept ! return ( !  prodigal z a       
well-au!nticat$ fact4    ,we mu/ rememb]
 too t ! tr\bl$ w&]] _h n really s _m   
/eps to retrace4 ,mu* t bo? ,*ri/ians & 
,jews n[ reg>d z  ess5tial to fai? 0 n1 

9 ! "t ( ,kohele?1 commonly s  reg>d$4  
,i am well aw>e ( ! great intuitions (  
"s ( !  psalmi/s at c]ta9 sublime       
mom5ts1 & admit t !y seem to u to  lead 
naturally on to our own or?odoxy4 ,b ^! 
intuitions c\ld n  & did n possess ! =ce
 ( dogmas4 ,! great doctr9es ( !        
,resurrection & ( ,immortality _h long  
to wait = a mod]ate degree  ( acceptance
 7!y 7 n held1 = in/ance1 by ,sira*71 & 
long]  /ill be=e !y coalesc$ 9 a new &  
great] doctr9e ( ! future  life4        
,kohele?'s dissatisfaction ) ! doctr9e (
 pres5t  retribution 7! c5tral po9t bo? 
( 8 het]odoxy & ( ,job's7  might h help$
 him to accept ! =m] ( ^!4 ,8           
acqua9tance  ) non-,jewi% philosophical 
lit]ature1 if we may v5ture to assume   
?is z a fact1 might h l$ him1 z x l$ !  
au?or ( ! ,wisdom  ( ,solomon1 to       
embrace ! hope ( immortality4 ,b ?\gh   
!re  probably is an allusion to ?is hope
 z well-f\nd$ 9 xii4 #g;b1 we  h se5    
reason to d\bt :e!r ! words came f      
,kohele? himself2  at any rate1 !y are  

isolat$1 & _m d n admit ! allusion4     
,ei!r ( ^! doctr9es w\ld h sav$ ,kohele?
 f despond5cy _h  he accept$ x4 ,f our  
pres5t po9t ( view1 we mu/ blame him =  
n accept+ "o refuge or ! o!r1 or ev5 t  
simpl] belief 9  ! imp]i%abl5ess ( !    
,jewi% race :i* ,sira* _h1 & :i* has    
pres]v$ s _m ,israeliti% he>ts 9 trials 
z sev]e z ,kohele?'s4  ,!re mu/ h be5 a 
/range weakness 9 8 moral fibre2 h[ else
 c  we acc\nt ei!r = 8 want ( ,jewi%    
feel+ or1 ,i w\ld n[ add1  us+ ! ^w 9   
its loos] s5se1 = 8 pessimism8 ,z ,hub] 
has well  obs]v$1#cgh none ( ! anci5t   
peoples 0 naturally less incl9$  to     
pessimism ?an ! ,jews1 s t a "w l       
,ecclesia/es is a  port5t 9 ! ,old      
,te/am5t1 & ali5 to ! _s ( true         
,judaism4 ,i  _c wond] t bo? ,jews &    
,*ri/ians h n[ & aga9 be5  repell$ by   
?is /range book#cgi & d5i$ its title to 
canonicity1  p>tly = its pessimism1     
p>tly = its suppos$ ,epicureanism1 or t 
! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom be=e !m %\ld
 h giv5 ,kohele?  ! mo/ sca?+ (         

condemnations by putt+ almo/ its v      
language  into ! m\? ( ! ungodly4#chj ,!
 true /ud5t may no d\bt be  equally     
sev]e ^u ,kohele? = 8 despair ( wisdom &
 depreciation  ( its delights 7i4 #ag1  
#ah1 ii4 #ae1 #af71 :i* are h>dly r$eem$
 by  ! utilit>ian say+s 9 vii4 #aa1 #ab4
    ,i _c ju/ify ,kohele?1 b ,i c plead 
= a mitigation ( ^!  c5sures1 & altoge!r
 def5d ! admission ( ! ,book 7n1 (      
c\rse1 z ,solomonic7 into ! sacr$       
,canon4 ,:e!r ,jewi% or n1 !  pessimi/ic
 !ory ( life has a s\nd k]nel4 #8,our   
sadness1' z ,?oreau  says1 #8is n sad1 b
 our *eap joys4 ,let u be sad ab\t all  
we see  & are1 = s we dem& & pray =     
bett]4 ,x is ! con/ant pray]  ( ! good &
 :ole ,*ri/ian religion4'#cha ,?is too  
is ! burd5  ( ,e4 von ,h>tmann's        
criticism ( a crudely optimi/ic         
,*ri/ianity2 &  ne$ we reject ! tru? = !
 extravagances ( ! tea*]8 ,next1 z  to !
 pref]5ce ( s5su\s enjoym5t to          
philosophic pursuits 9  ,kohele?4 ,i    
w\ld n seek to weak5 passages l ii4 #bd1

 viii4 #ae1 by  putt+ !m d[n to ! irony 
( a sva indignatio4 ,b z = !            
depreciation ( intellectual pleasure1   
may x n be excus$ by !  au?or's want ( a
 sure prospect ( ! #8age to come' su* z 
we f9d 9  ^? l9es ( ,dav5ant1#chb       
,be=e by dea? y ne>] k ga9              
7,= to increase y\r k y mu/ die71       
,tell me if all t k be n va91           
,on :i* we pr\dly 9 ?is life rely4    ,&
 z to ! comm5dations ( s5su\s pleasure1 
h !y n a  relative ju/ification8#chc ,! 
legalism ( ! #8righte\s ov]mu*'  ?reat5$
 already p]haps to make life an         
intol]able burd54 ,&  ?\gh ,kohele? err$
 9 ! =m ( 8 tea*+1 yet he did well to   
tea* ! #8duty ( delight' 7,rusk97 & to  
oppose an or?odoxy :i*  s\ght1 n m]ely  
to trans=m1 b to kill nature4 ,x is to 8
 cr$it  t he t\*es on ! relations ( !   
sexes ) su* /udi\s  res]ve4#chd ,z a    
rule1 ! enjoym5ts :i* he recomm5ds are  
^? (  ! table1 :i* 9 ,sira*'s "t        
7,ecclus4 xxxii4 #c-e7 & p]haps also  9 
,kohele?'s includ$ music & s++1--9 %ort1

 fe/ive b ref9$  society4 ,8 praise (   
fe/ive mir? is at any rate m excusable  
morally ?an ,om> ,khayym's impassion$   
comm5dations ( !  w9e-cup4#che ,z ,j]emy
 ,taylor says1 #8,x 0 ! be/ ?+ t 0  !n  
commonly kn[n t !y %\ld seize ^u !      
pres5t ) a  temp]ate use ( p]mitt$      
pleasures4'#chf ,la/ly1 ! admission ( ! 
book into ! ,canon is 7p]haps we may    
say7 n less provid5tial ?an  t ( ! ,song
 ( ,songs4 ,! latt] %[s u human nature 9
 simple  & heal?y relations ( life2 !   
=m]1 a human nature 9 a morbid  /ate & 9
 depress$ & artificial circum/ances4 ,h[
 to return at  lea/ to inw>d simplicity 
& heal?1 ! latt] "p 7n !  ,epilogue7 ( !
 ,book ( ,job beautifully %[s u4    ,our
 great ideali/ poet ,%elley1 :o s admir$
 ,job1 dislik$  ,ecclesia/es = ! same   
reason z ! anci5t h]etics already       
m5tion$4 ,"o great] ?an he1 our #8sage &
 s]i\s' ,milton1 ju/ifies  ! sacr$      
,scripture = ! v>iety ( its cont5ts on !
 same gr\nd  t he advocates #8unlic5s$  
pr9t+4' ,bo? are #8= ! trial (  virtue &

 ! ex]cise ( tru?4' ,we ne$ n1 !n1 he   
says1 be  surpris$ if ! ,bible #8br+s 9 
holie/ m5 passionately murmur+  aga9/   
,provid5ce ?r\gh all ! argum5ts (       
,epicurus4'#chg ,!  ,bible1 accord+ to  
,milton1 is p]fect n 9 spite b because (
 its  v>iety2 x is l ! rugg$ #8m\nta9s (
 ,god1' n l !  symmetrical works ( human
 art4 ,b ,milton has also rem9d$ u t a  
fool may misuse ev5 sacr$ ,scripture4   
,footnote #cgd3      ,dean ,bradley1    
,lectures on ,ecclesia/es 7#ahhe71 p4   
#g4    ,footnote #cge3      ,see ,d]    
,pr$ig] ,salomo 7#ahei74 ,h5g/5b]g      
misses1 x is true1 any    direct ref]5ce
 to ! ,*ri/ian hope1 b f9ds ! idea (    
*a/isem5t z a pro( ( div9e love 9 iii4  
#ah1 vii4 #b-d1 an    emphatic          
affirmation ( et]nal life 9 iii4 #ba1 & 
! resignation    ( a fai? l ,job's 9    
iii4 #aa1 vii4 #bd1 viii4 #ag1 xi4 #e4  
,kohele?'s    que/ion+s are !re=e       
accord+ to him #8e9e heilige            
,philosophie4'    ,footnote #cgf3       
,preface to vol4 iii4 ( ,s4 ,holdheim's 

,pr$igt54    ,footnote #cgg3      ,j4   
,d]5b\rg1 ,revue des tudes juives1 ,no4 
#b1 ,oct4 #ahhj4    ,footnote #cgh3     
,d] ,pessimismus1 #ahgf1 p4 #h4         
,s*op5hau] too calls ! ,jews !    mo/   
optimi/ic race 9 hi/ory4    ,footnote   
#cgi3      ,see ,app5dix4    ,footnote  
#chj3      ,wisd4 ii4 #f2 comp4         
,plumptre1 ,ecclesia/es1 p4 #ga c41     
,wright1    ,kohele?1 pp4 #fi1 #gj4     
,footnote #cha3      ,lett]s to ,v>i\s  
,p]sons1 p4 #be4    ,footnote #chb3     
,see ! extracts 9 ,tr5*'s ,h\sehold     
,book ( ,engli% ,poetry1 p4    #dje4    
,footnote #chc3      ,i d n ( c\rse     
ass5t to ! =m 9 :i* ,grtz puts ?is1 to  
s]ve 8 hypo!sis z to ! age ( ,kohele?4  
,see ,app5dix4    ,footnote #chd3       
,once ,kohele? appe>s z a %>p critic ( !
 female sex 7vii4    #bf-bi74           
,footnote #che3      ,lag>de describes  
,om> z #8e9 s*lemm]1 d] die ang/ des    
irdis*5    dase9s und die de langeweile 
se9] no* 9 d5 anfng5 /eh5d5             
wiss5s*aft h9wegzus*welg5 su*te'        

7,symmicta1 #ahgg1 p4 #i74 ,too    h>d a
 judgm5t p]haps on ?is *angeful &       
impressionable nature4    ,see          
,bod5/$t's v]sion z well z ,fitzg]ald's4
    ,footnote #chf3      ,! ,rule &     
,ex]cises ( ,holy ,dy+1 *ap4 i41 sect4  
#c4 ,p>ts (    ?is *apt] rem9d u /rongly
 ( ,kohele?1 & are /range inde$ 9    a  
book ( ,*ri/ian devotion4    ,footnote  
#chg3      ,prose ,works1 ed4 ,bohn1 ii4
 #fi4                                   
,,*apt] ,x4                       ,,date
 ,,& ,,place ,,( ,,composition4         
,jewi% tradition1 :ile admitt+ a        
,hezekian or po/-,hezekian r$action  ( !
 book1 assigns ! orig9al au?or%ip (     
,ecclesia/es to ,solomon4  ,! ,song (   
,songs x reg>ds z ! monum5t ( ?is k+'s  
e>ly  manhood1 ! ,book ( ,prov]bs ( 8   
middle age1 & !  semi-philosophical     
m$itations be=e u z ! "w ( 8 old age4 ,!
  tradition 0 connect$ by ! ,aggada ) ! 
fav\rite leg5d#chh (  ! discr[n$        
,solomon1 b is bas$ ^u ! book itself1 ! 
passages  due to ! lit]>y fiction (     

,solomon's au?or%ip 7:i* ,bickell  inde$
 attributes to an int]polator7 hav+ be5 
misund]/ood4 ,w\ld  t ! au?or ( !       
,lectures on ! ,jewi% ,*ur* _h giv5 !   
weight ( 8 "n to ! true explanation ( ^!
 passages6 ,!  retic5ce ( ! l9es devot$ 
9 ! second volume ( ! ,lectures to      
,ecclesia/es has l$ "s critics to imag9e
 t accord+ to ,dean  ,/anley1 ?is book1 
l mu* ( ,prov]bs1 might possibly be ! "w
 (  ! #8wise/' ( ,israel's k+s4 ,little 
_h ! au?or pr(it$ by ,ewald  if he      
really all[$ su* an absolute leg5d !    
smalle/  /&+-gr\nd among reasonable     
hypo!ses6 ,:i*ev] way we look1  :e!r to 
! social picture1 or to ! language1 or  
to ! ideas (  ! book1 its rec5t orig9   
=ces itself ^u u4 ,! social picture  & !
 ideas ne$ n deta9 u "h4 ,ei!r ,solomon 
0 transport$ 9  prophetic ec/asy to f>  
di/ant times 7! ,t>gum on ,kohele?      
frequ5tly describes him z a prophet71 or
 ! writ] is a *ild ( !  dawn+ mod]n age 
( ,judaism4 ,! =m] alt]native is pla9ly 
impossible4 ,political s]vitude1 & a    

g5]ally depress$ /ate (  society        
7exceptional cases ( prosp]ity not)/&+71
 m>k ! book  z ! "w ( a d>k po/-,exile  
p]iod4 ,! abs5ce ( any national  feel+  
equally di/+ui%es x f ! monum5ts ( !    
e>li]  humani/ic movem5t 7ev5 f ,job74  
,! g]ms ( philosophic ?\ght1  :i* _c be 
expla9$ away1 supply1 if ?is be         
possible1 a /ill  m conv9c+ argum5t4 ,we
 %all return to ^! lat] on3 at pres5t1  
let u conf9e ourselves to ! l+ui/ic     
evid5ce1 :i* has be5 set  =? ) su*      
accuracy & complet5ess by ,delitzs*#chi 
& aft]  him by ,dr4 ,wright ( ,dubl94   
,! ,hebrew language has no hi/ory if    
,ecclesia/es belongs to !  classical    
p]iod2 inde$1 ! ,hebrew "n ( ! book may 
seem ( itself  to /amp x z ( po/-,exile 
orig9 7see note on ,kohele? 9 ,app5dix74
  ,! /ud5t w\ld d well1 h[ev]1 to exam9e
 all ! peculi> words or  =ms 9          
,delitzs*'s gloss>y1 & to classify !m = 
himself1 "u  two pr9cipal heads1 7#a7 ^?
 :i* occur else:]e b 9  di/9ctively     
late-,hebrew books1 7#b7 ^? only f\nd 9 

,kohele?1 )  f\r subdivisions1 viz41 7a7
 words :i* c be expla9$ f  ,biblical    
,hebrew usage1 7b7 ^? :i* belong to !   
vocabul>y ( !  ,mi%na1 7c7 ^? ( ,aramaic
 orig9 & aff9ities1 7d7 ^?  borr[$ f    
non-,semitic languages4 ,! /ud5t %\ld   
also notice !  /rik+ grammatical        
peculi>ities ( ,kohele?1 especially !   
fact t  ! ord9>y hi/oric t5se 7!        
imp]fect ) ,waw consecutive7 is  h>dly  
ev] us$4 ,! s*ol>'s in/9ct b ?ree times 
reveals itself  9 ! adoption ( ?is old  
lit]>y idiom 7i4 #ag1 iv4 #a1 #g71 b    
else:]e ! usage ( ! ,mi%na is already   
law4 ,almo/ equally  important is ! fact
 t ! ,hebrew mood-di/9ctions are s      
little  us$ 9 ,kohele? 7on :i* po9t see 
,delitzs*'s introduction72 inde$1  we   
may say ^u ! :ole t t :i* gives a       
*>act]i/ic flav\r  to ! old ,hebrew /yle
 is #8ready to vani% away4' ,! ,mi%nic  
peculi>ities ( ! book are especially    
int]e/+1 z confirm+ our  view ( its     
orig94 ,! au?or is v diff]5t 9 8 op9ions
 f  ! doctors ( ! ,mi%na1 b he resembles

 !m 9 8 que/ion+ &  reflective _s1 &    
help$ to =m ! l+ui/ic in/rum5t :i*  !y  
requir$4 ,less important1 b n to be     
ignor$1 are ! ,aramaic  elem5ts4 ,ev5   
,dr4 ,adam ,cl>ke1 untra9$ s*ol> z he 01
 pron\nc$  t ! attempts :i* _h z yet be5
 made to ov]?r[ ! evid5ce1  7 #8(t5     
trifl+ & g5]ally ineffectual4'#cij ,!   
,aramaisms (  ,kohele? are              
irreconcileable ) a pre-,exile date2 !y 
c only be  p>allel$ & expla9$ f !       
,aramaic portions ( ! books ( ,ezra  &  
,daniel4 ,t !y are comp>atively few1    
only proves t ! =ce  ( ! ,aramais+      
movem5t has abat$1 & t ! ,hebrew        
language1 at  any rate 9 ! h&s ( "s (   
its *ief cultivators1 is pass+ into  a  
new phase 7! ,mi%nic74 ,! judgm5t (     
,ewald1 z already express$  9 #ahcg1    
appe>s to me on ! :ole satisfactory3    
#8,"o might easily  imag9e ,kohele? to  
be ! v late/ book 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,a 
premature conclusion1 s9ce ,aramaic     
influ5ce ext5d$ v gradually  & secretly1
 s t "o writ] might easily be m ,aramaic

 9 !  col\r+ ( 8 /yle ?an ano!r4 ,b ?\gh
 n ev5 if n !  late/1 x _c h be5 writt5 
till long aft] ,aramaic _h begun        
p[]fully to influ5ce ,hebrew1 & !re=e n 
be=e ! la/  c5tury ( ! ,p]sian          
rule4'#cia    ,= ! sake ( my argum5t1 x 
is h>dly necess>y to ref] to !  words ( 
non-,semitic orig91 :i* are 7z mo/      
critics rightly hold7  b two 9 numb]2 #a
  7ii4 #e1 plur47 und\bt$ly a ,hebrais$ 
,p]sian ^w1 on :i* ,i lay no /ress "h1  
because x occurs1 n only  9 ,neh4 ii4   
#h1 b also 9 ,cant4 iv4 #ac1 :]e _m     
critics d5y t x  militates aga9/ a      
pre-,exile date1 & #b  7viii4 #aa71 :i* 
occurs 9 ! ,aramaic p>ts ( ,ezra &      
,daniel1 & also 9 ,e/h4 i4 #bj1  & :ile 
us$ 9 ! ,t>gums & 9 ,syriac1 did n      
become naturalis$  9 ,talmudic4 ,?is ^w1
 too1 is commonly reg>d$ z ,hebrais$    
,p]sian1  b1 foll[+ ,zirkel1 ! em95t    
,jewi% s*ol> ,he9ri* ,grtz  decl>es x to
 be ! ,hebrais$ =m ( a ,greek ^w4 ,is   
?is possible  or probable8 ,are !re any 
g5u9e ,grcisms ( language1 &            

consequ5tly also ( ?\ght1 9 ! ,book (   
,kohele?8 ,an important  "q1 to :i* we w
 return4    ,! date sugge/$ by ,ewald1 &
 accept$ by ,knobel1 ,h]zfeld1  ,vaih+]1
 ,delitzs*1 & ,g9sburg1 suits !         
political circum/ances  impli$ 9        
,kohele?4 ,! ,jews _h long s9ce lo/ !   
feel+s ( tru/  & gratitude ) :i* 9      
#8bett] days' 7vii4 #aj7 !y reg>d$ !    
c\rt ( ,p]sia2 ! desecration ( ! temple 
by ,bagoses or ,bagoes  7,jos4 ,ant4 xi4
 #g7 is b "o ( ! calamities :i* betel   
,juda 9  ! la/ c5tury ( ! ,p]sian rule4 
,x is a conjecture ( ,delitzs*  t iv4 #c
 conta9s a rem9isc5ce ( ,artax]xes ,,ii4
 ,mnemon 7di$ ab\t  #cfj71 :o 0         
n9ety-f\r ye>s old1 & accord+ to ,ju/9  
7x4 #a71 _h  #aae sons1 & ( 8 murd]$    
successor ,artax]xes ,,iii4 ,o*us4      
,probably1  if we knew m ( ?is p]iod1 we
 %\ld be able to produce o!r  plausible 
illu/rations4 ,c]ta9ly ! /ate ( society 
suits ! date  propos$4 ,z ,delitzs*     
rem>ks1 #8,! unrighte\s judgm5t1 iii4   
#af2 !  despotic depression1 iv4 #a1    

viii4 #i1 v4 #h2 ! riot\s c\rt-life1 x4 
#af-ai2 ! rais+ ( mean m5 to ! highe/   
dignities1 x4 #e-g2 !  inexorable       
sev]ity ( ! law ( milit>y s]vice1 viii4 
#h2 !  prud5ce requir$ by ! organis$    
sy/em ( espionage1--all ^! ?+s  7       
*>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod4' ,probably an   
advocate ( a diff]5t  !ory w\ld int]pret
 ^! passages o!rwise2 b z yet no        
conclusive argum5t has be5 (f]$ =       
suppos+ allusions to  circum/ances ( !  
,greek p]iod4    ,let me frankly admit1 
9 conclusion1 t ! evid5ce ( ! ,hebrew   
fav\rs a lat] date ?an t propos$ by     
,ewald--fav\rs1 b does n  actually      
require x4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t if ! book 
be ( ! ,greek  p]iod1 we h a "r to      
expect "s def9ite traces ( ,greek       
influ5ce4 ,?is w supply ! subject ( !   
next *apt]4    ,at any rate1 ! au?or    
addresses himself to ,pale/9ian read]s4 
,he  lives1 n 7,i %\ld suppose7 9 !     
c\ntry1 z ,ewald ?\ght1 b ne>  ! temple1
 or at lea/ has opportunities ( frequ5t+
 x 7v4 #a1cib  viii4 #aj74 ,"s rec5t    

s*ol>s place him 9 ,alex&ria2 b !       
ref]5ce to ! corn trade 9 xi4 #a does n 
prove ?is to be correct2  inde$1 ! v    
same section conta9s a ref]5ce to ra9 7s
 xii4  #b74 ,%>pe#cic is alone 9 pref]r+
 ,antio*1 ! capital ( ! ,greek  k+dom ( 
,syria4 ,kle9]t's rem>k t #8k+ 9        
,j]usalem' 7i4 #ab7  implies a =eign    
abode is met by ! rem>k t ,j]usalem 0 9 
!  writ]'s "t no long] a royal city4 ,! 
au?or may h travell$1 &  l ,sira* h _h  
p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! dang]s (        
c\rt-life 7ei!r at ,susa or at          
,alex&ria74 ,! ref]5ces to ! k+  d n    
p]haps compel ?is supposition2 #8are n  
my pr9ces altoge!r  k+s8' 7,isa4 x4 #h7 
c\ld be said ( ,p]sian satraps4         
,footnote #chh3      ,see ! ,midras*    
,kohelet 7ed4 ,wns*e1 #ahhj71 or        
,g9sburg1 p4 #ch4    ,footnote #chi3    
,comp4 ! gloss>y at ! end ( ,grtz's     
comm5t>y4    ,footnote #cij3      ,quot$
 by ,g9sburg1 ,cohele?1 p4 #aig4        
,footnote #cia3      ,die poetis*5 ,b*] 
des ,alt5 ,bundes1 ,!il iv4    ,footnote

 #cib3      ,! #8h\se ( ,god' mu/1 ,i   
?9k1 mean ! temple ( ,j]usalem4 ,t    ( 
,onias ,,iv4 0 n built till #afj ,b4,c4 
,! synagogues w\ld n be    call$ #8h\ses
 ( ,god' 7on ,ps4 lxxiv4 #h1 see        
,hitzig74    ,footnote #cic3            
,hi/ory ( ,hebrew ,nation & its         
,lit]ature 7ed4 #b71 p4 #cdd4           
,,*apt] ,,xi4                ,,does     
,,kohele? ,,conta9 ,,greek ,,words ,,or 
,,ideas8      ,we n[ beg9 ! consid]ation
 ( ! "q1 ,are !re any  well-asc]ta9$    
,grcisms 9 ! language & 9 ! ?\ght ( ?is 
obvi\sly exceptional book8 ,t !re are _m
 ,greek loan-words 9  ,t>gumic &        
,talmudic1 is und5iable1 ?\gh ,levy 9 8 
lexicon has no  d\bt exagg]at$ _! numb]4
 ,g4 ,zirkel1 a ,roman ,ca?olic s*ol>1 0
  ! fir/ :o answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1     
conf9+ himself to !  l+ui/ic side ( !   
argum5t4 ,8 pr9cipal "w1#cid            
,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 ,pr$ig] 7,wrzburg1   
#agib71 is n 9 !  ,bodleian ,libr>y1 b  
,ei*horn's review 9 8 ,allgeme9e        
,biblio!k1  vol4 iv4 7#agib71 conta9s a 

summ>y ( ,zirkel's evid5ce f :i* ,i     
select ! foll[+4        7a7 1 9 s5se (  
#8becom+' 7iii4 #aa1 v4 #ag74 ,?is is   
"o ( ! ,grcisms :i* comm5d !mselves !   
mo/ to ,grtz &      ,kle9]t4 ,! =m]     
po9ts especially to v4 #ag1 :]e he takes
         toge!r z repres5t+   7comp4    
,plumptre on v4      #ah74 ,!           
con/ruction1 h[ev]1 is mi/ak5 7see      
,delitzs*74 ,!      second  indicates t 
is a synonym (  #8excell5t4' ,!         
notion ( ! beautiful c be develop$ 9    
v>i\s ways4 ,! s5se      #8becom+1'     
*>act]i/ic ( lat] ,hebrew1 is m di/9ctly
      requir$ 9 iii4 #aa4        7b7    
#8,9 ! clause      7ii4 #ae7 !          
words   mu/ signify  3 quid mihi prode/ 
majorem      adhuc sapi5ti op]am d>e8'  
,b ! demon/rative p>ticle       means1 n
 1 b #89 ^! circum/ances' 7,j]4 xxii4   
#ae74 ,its      position & connection ) 
are = emphasis4 ,! fact (      exp]i5ce 
m5tion$ makes any special c>e = wisdom  
unreasonable4        7c7 #8  7iii4 #ab7 
is a lit]al translation (       4' ,?is 

is accept$ by ,kle9]t & also by ,tyl]4  
,! v      next v]se seems to expla9 ?is 
phrase by   7comp4 v4 #ag72      c]ta9ly
 ! e?ical mean+ is aga9/ ! analogy ( ii4
 #bd1 iii4      #bb1 & simil> passages4 
,b %\ld we n1 ) ,grtz & ,n[ack1         
correct   9 iii4 #ab8        7d7 #8     
7v4 #ai7 mu/ mean1 ,god gives him joy ( 
he>t4  8respond]e0 seems to h borr[$ !  
mean+      8remun]>i0 f 1 :i* has bo?   
s5ses4 ,! anci5t      writ] ( ! book    
?\ght ?us 9 ,greek1    77        4'     
,zirkel =gets ,ps4 lxv4 #f4 ,see h[ev]  
,delitzs*4        7e7  7vi4 #i7     ,m4 
,aurelius iii4 #ae4      ,b ! phrase is 
idiomatic ,hebrew = #8rov+ ( ! desire4' 
7f7   7vii4 #ah74 #8,! ,hebrew writ]    
f\nd no o!r      equival5t =  4' ,b     
unless he borr[$ ! idea      7t (       
cultivat+ ! mean 9 moral practice71 :y  
%\ld he h      tri$ to express !        
te*nical t]m8        7g7   7xii4 #ac74  
#8,a pure ,grcism1        4' ,b h[      
o!rwise c\ld ! idea ( ! univ]sal        
obligation to fe> ,god h be5 express$8  

,comp4 ! op5+ words      ( iii4 #ai4    
,to ^! may be add$ 7h7   7vii4 #ad7     
7see      h[ev] xii4 #a72 7i7 !         
#8te*nical t]m'  7i4 #ac1 ii4 #c1 vii4  
#be7   b good ,hebrew = #8to explore'2  
7k7  7viii4      #aa7  2 7l7  7ii4 #ae7 
7see above74    ,no "o 9 our day w\ld   
dream ( accept+ ^! #8,grcisms' 9 a mass4
    ,zirkel tri$ to prove too mu*1 z    
,grtz himself truly obs]ves4 ,any       
peculi> ^w or con/ruction he set d[n z  
un-,hebraic & hurri$ to  expla9 x by "s 
,greek p>allel1 ignor+ ! capacity (     
developm5t  inh]5t 9 ! ,hebrew language4
 ,8 attempt fail$ 9 8 own  g5]ation4    
,?ree rec5t s*ol>s h[ev] 7,grtz1        
,kle9]t1 & ,tyl]71  h be5 m or less     
captivat$ by 8 idea1 & h propos$ "s  new
 & "s old #8,grcisms' = ! acceptance (  
s*ol>s4 ,to me x  seems t1 _! ?ree or   
f\r v disputable words & phrases are  n 
en\gh4 ,if ! au?or ( ,kohele? really    
?\ght half 9 ,greek1 !  ,greek col\r+ ( 
! language w\ld surely n h be5 conf9$ to
  su* a few expressions4 ,if  7vii4 #bd7

 7 really d]iv$ f    1 z ,kle9]t        
supposes1 %\ld we n meet ) x (t5]8 ,b  !
 phrase mo/ naturally means1 n #8!      
ess5ce ( ?+s1' b #8t  :i* ha? come into 
exi/5ce2' ph5om5a are n easily und]/ood 
9  _! ultimate causes1 is ! simple mean+
 ( ! s5t5ce4 ,i h  said no?+ z yet ( !  
suppos$ ,grcism 9 ! epilogue--! la/     
place :]e we %\ld h expect$ "o 7consid]+
 v]4 #ab74 ,b ,mr4  ,tyl]'s proposal to 
expla9  7xii1 #ac7 by   or   7a  =mula  
introduc+ a g5]al conclusion71 falls to 
! gr\nd1 :5 !  true explanation ( !     
passage has be5 /at$ 7see p4 #bcb74     
,!re are !re=e no ,grcisms 9 ! language 
( ! book4 ,( c\rse  ideas may h be5     
d]iv$ f a ,greek s\rce not)/&+4 ,!      
book1 z we h se5 already1 is conspicu\s 
by its want ( a native  ,jewi%          
backgr\nd1 nor does x %[ any aff9ity to 
,babylonian or  ,p]sian !ology4 ,x      
obvi\sly /&s at ! close ( ! great ,jewi%
  humani/ic movem5t1 & gives an entirely
 new col\r to ! traditional  humanism by
 its sceptical tone & its comm5dations (

 s5su\s  pleasure4 ,x is n surpris+ t   
,/4 ,j]ome %\ld rem>k on ix4 #g-i1  t ! 
au?or appe>s to be reproduc+ ! l[ ideas 
( "s ,greek  philosoph]s1 ?\gh1 z ?is   
,fa!r supposes1 only to refute !m4      
#8,et hc inquit1 aliquis loquatur       
,epicurus1 et ,ari/ippus et             
,cyr5aici et ct] pecudes ,philosophorum4
 ,ego autem1 mecum      dilig5t]        
retractans1 inv5io'#cie c4    ,few      
besides ,pr(4 ,salmon w\ld accept ! view
 t ,eccles4 ix4 #g-i &  simil> passages 
are ! utt]ances ( an infidel objector   
7see ,bi%op  ,ellicott's ,comm5t>y72 b x
 is p]fectly possible to hold t !re  are
 di/9ctively ,epicurean doctr9es 9 !    
,kohele?4 ,! lat] hi/ory  ( ,jewi% ?\ght
 may well seem to r5d] ?is op9ion       
probable4 ,h[  dang]\sly fasc9at+       
,epicureanism mu/ h be5 :5 ! ^w         
#8,epicuros' became a synonym 9 ,rabb9ic
 ,hebrew = infidel or ev5  a!i/4#cif ,x 
is inde$ no m]e fancy t j z ,ph>isaism  
_h  aff9ities ) ,/oicism1 s ,sadducism  
_h ) ,epicureanism4 ,z  ,h>nack well    

says1 #8,no intellectual movem5t c\ld   
)draw itself f  ! influ5ces :i* proce$$ 
f ! victory ( ! ,greeks ov] !  ,ea/]n   
_w4'#cig ,mr4 ,tyl]1#cih h[ev]1 & 8 ally
 ,dean  ,plumptre1 h sc>cely made ! be/ 
( _! case1 ! ,epicurean  aff9ities :i*  
!y discov] 9 ,kohele? be+ by no means   
/rik+4  ,mu* use is made ( ! ,de ,r]um  
,natur ( ,lucretius--a some:at late     
au?ority6 ,b if po9ts ( contact )       
,lucretius are to be hunt$ =1  ought we 
n also to m5tion ! discrepancies betwe5 
! #8wise man'  & ! poet8 ,if ,lucr4 i4  
#aac-aaf may be us$ to illu/rate        
,eccles4 iii4  #ba1 mu/ we n equally    
emphasise ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fe/ive    
mir? recomm5d$ by ,kohele? 7ix4 #g1 #h  
c47 & ! simple pleasures s  beautifully 
sung by ,lucretius 7ii4 #bj-cc71 & :i*  
rem9d u r (  ! *>m+ naturalness ( !     
,hebrew ,song ( ,songs8#cii ,! numb] (  
vague analogies betwe5 ,kohele? &       
,epicureanism might p]haps h  be5 ev5   
increas$1 b ,i c f9d no passage 9 ! =m] 
:i*  di/9ctly expresses any s*ola/ic    

doctr9e ( ,epicureanism4 ,=  in/ance !  
doctr9e ( ,atomism assum$ = illu/ration 
by ,dean  ,plumptre1#djj _c be f\nd !re 
by ev5 ! ke5e/ exegesis2 !  plurality ( 
worlds is n ev5 di/antly allud$ to1 & ! 
d5ial (  ! _s1 if impli$ 9 iii1 #ba 7see
 p4 #bab71 is only impli$ 9 !  primitive
 ,hebrew s5se1 famili> to u f ,job & !  
,psalt]4 ,!  recomm5dation (  7to use ! 
,epicurean t]m71 c\pl$ )  s5su\s        
pleasure 7v4 #ah-bj71 requires no       
philosophic basis1 & is  simply !       
expression ( a pococurante mood1 only   
too natural 9 "o  deb>r$ f a c>e] (     
fruitful activity4 ,la/ly1 !re is no?+ 9
  ! phraseology ei!r ( ! ,hebrew or ( ! 
,septuag9t to sugge/ an  acqua9tance )  
,epicureanism4    ,a /rong] case c be   
made = ! influ5ce ( ,/oicism4 ,! und\bt$
  ,ori5tal aff9ities ( ?is sy/em & its  
moral & !ological _s  w\ld1 z ,mr4 ,tyl]
 obs]ves1 naturally comm5d x to a ,jewi%
 writ]4  ,we "k t1 at a some:at lat]    
day1 ,/oicism ex]cis$ a /rong           
fasc9ation on "s ( ! noble/ ,jewi% m9ds4

 ,philo1#dja ! ,book (  ,wisdom1 & !    
s-call$ ,f\r? ,book ( ,maccabees1 h     
und5iable  allusions to x2 & m or less  
probable ve/iges ( ,/oicism h  be5 f\nd 
9 ! olde/ ,jewi% ,sibyl#djb 7ab\t ,b4,c4
 #adj7 & 9 !  ,t>gum ( ,onkelos4#djc ,b 
h[ does ! case /& ) ,kohele?8 ,fir/  (  
all1 are !re any traces ( ,/oic         
t]m9ology8 ,t t]m9ology  v>i$ no d\bt )9
 c]ta9 limits1 & c\ld n be accurately   
reproduc$ 9 ,hebrew4 ,/ill ev5 "u !     
contort$ =ms ( expression  to :i* a     
,hebrew-writ+ ,/oic or semi-,/oic might 
be driv5 we c\ld  h>dly fail to         
recognise ! famili> ,/oic expressions1 1
  1 1 1 1 4 ,! ,septuag9t v]sion ought  
to help u "h4 ,b among ! tw5ty words    
almo/ or entirely peculi>  to ! ,greek (
 ,ecclesia/es1 ! only two te*nical      
philosophic t]ms  are  & 4    ,next1 c  
we detect ref]5ces to di/9ctive ,/oic   
doctr9es8 ,mr4 ,tyl]  lays great /ress 9
 8 reply on ! ,catalogue ( ,times &     
,seasons  7iii4 #a-h71 :i* he reg>ds z  
an expansion ( ! ,/oic    ,b ! idea t   

!re is an appo9t$ ord] ( ?+s1 & t  e    
action has its place 9 x1 is mu* m a    
coroll>y ( !  doctr9e ( ,de/9y ?an ( !  
doctr9e ( ,duty4 ,! ess5ce ( !  latt]   
doctr9e is t m5 7 meant to con=m & ought
 to con=m  to ! ,univ]sal ,ord]1        
acquiesc+ 9 t :i* is inevitable1 %ap+  9
 ! be/ way t :i* is possible to be      
m\ld$4 ,^u ?is !  practical e?ics (     
,/oicism dep5d4 ,b ?is is ! v po9t :i*  
is  abs5t 9 ,ecclesia/es4 ,! ,catalogue 
( ,times & ,seasons ends n )  ! ,/oic   
exhortation   1 #8,fulfil ?y appo9t$    
"p1'  b ) ! despond5t reflection ( !    
,fatali/1 #8,:at pr(it ha? he  t worke? 
9 t :]e9 he toile?8' 7iii4 #i47 ,a      
second argum5t is  t ! idea #8,!re is no
 new ?+ "u ! sun' 7i4 #i7 is a phase (  
! ,/oic doctr9e ( cyclical revolutions4 
,b all t :i* gave =m  & col\r to ! ,/oic
 doctr9e is entirely abs5t--especially1 
z ,mr4  ,tyl] himself admits1 ! idea ( 4
 ,! idea1 z x is f\nd 9  ,ecclesia/es1  
has no?+ ,/oic or ev5 philosophical ab\t
 x4 ,x is  simply an old man's          

obs]vation t human actions1 l natural   
ph5om5a1 t5d to repeat !mselves 9       
successive g5]ations4#djd    ,t !re are 
analogies betwe5 ,/oicism & ! ideas (   
,kohele? ne$  n be d5i$2 ,dr4 ,kalis*   
has collect$ "s ( !m 9 8 v  int]e/+     
philosophico-religi\s dialogue4#dje     
,prom95t among ^!  is ! peculi> use ( ! 
t]ms #8madness' & #8folly4' #8,f !      
foll[]s ( ,z5o1' rem>ks ,dean           
,plumptre1#djf #8he le>n$ also to look  
^u virtue & vice 9 _! intellectual      
aspects4 ,! common  weaknesses & follies
 ( mank9d 7 to him1 z to !m1 only s _m  
diff]5t =ms & degrees ( absolute        
insanity 7i4 #ag1 ii4 #ab1 vii4  #be1   
ix4 #c74' ,b ?is division ( mank9d into 
wise m5 & fools is  common to ! ,/oa ) !
 anci5t ,hebrew sages :o #8sat 9 !      
gate4'  ,:5 ! great popul>is] ( ,/oicism
 says1 #8,sapi5tia p]fectum bonum  e/   
m5tis human1'#djg he almo/ translates m 
?an "o ( !  prov]bs :i* we h /udi$      
already4 ,ano!r po9t ( contact )        
,/oicism is und\bt$ly ! ,det]m9ism ( !  

book1 :i*1 z ,pr(4  ,kle9]t obs]ves1    
leaves no room = fre$om ( ! w1 & fuses !
  conceptions (  &  7see especially *ap4
 iii474 ,b  su* ,det]m9ism ne$ n h be5  
le>n$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,z5o4 ,x is  g5u9ely  
,semitic 7did n ,z5o come f ! ,semitic  
,citium87 ,:at is  ! religion ( ,islam b
 a gr&iose sy/em ( ,det]m9ism8 ,inde$1  
:]e is virtual ,det]m9ism m =cibly      
express$ ?an 9 ! ,old  ,te/am5t itself  
7e4g41 ,isa4 lxiii4 #ag78    ,^? :o     
adopt ! view :i* ,i am controv]t+ are   
apt to appeal to  some:at late          
philosophic au?orities4 ,i _c "h discuss
 !  p>allelisms :i* h be5 f\nd 9 !      
,m$itations or ,self-commun+s  7  7 ( ! 
great ,/oic emp]or4 ,"s1 = in/ance1     
consid]  !    :i* #8r5ew ! _w           
cont9ually' 7,m4 ,a4  vi4 #ae7 & !      
7,m4 ,a4 xi4 #a7 to be  allud$ to 9     
,eccles4 i4 #e-i4 ,m g5u9e are "s at    
lea/ ( !  o!r p>allelisms1 e4g4 ,eccles4
 i4 #i1 ,m4 ,a4 vi4 #cg1 vii4 #a1 x4    
#bg1  xii4 #bf2 ,eccles4 ii4 #be1 ,m4   
,a4 ii4 #c 7ad init472 ,eccles4 iii4    

#aa1  ,m4 ,a4 iv4 #bc 7ad init472       
,eccles4 vi4 #i1 ,m4 ,a4 iv4 #bf2       
,eccles1 xi4 #e1  ,m4 ,a4 x4 #bf4 ,i    
admit t !re is a c]ta9 vague aff9ity    
betwe5  ! two ?9k]s2 bo? are e>ne/1 bo? 
despair ( re=m+ society1  bo? h left b a
 fragm5t>y record ( _! m$itations4 ,b ! 
#8humane/ ( ! ,roman race'#djh /&s out1 
^u ! :ole1 f> above  ! less cultur$ & m 
sev]ely tri$ ,israelite4 ,alike 9       
intellectual p[]s & 9 moral elevation ! 
s\l ( ! ,roman is ( a  truly imp]ial    
ord]4 ,he is n1 l ,kohele?1 a #8mali/'  
7see pp4  #bja-bjb72 he boldly d5ies    
evil1 & 8 /rong fai? 9 ,provid5ce  _c be
 di/urb$ by app>5t irregul>ities 9 !    
ord] ( ?+s4  ,x is true t ?is does b    
make ! sadness ( 8 gold5 & almo/        
,*ri/ian book ! m depress+4 ,b ! book is
 #8gold54'#dji  ,kohele? & ,m4 ,aurelius
 alike call =? our pity & admiration1 b 
9 :at diff]5t proportions6    ,if1 !n1  
!re are po9ts ( agreem5t betwe5 ,kohele?
 & ,m4  ,aurelius1 !re mu/ also (       
necessity be po9ts ( disagreem5t4 ,e    

page ( _! writ+s w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 supply   
!m4 ,suffice x to put  side by side !   
say+ ( ,kohele?1 #8,god is 9 heav51 & ?\
 ^u  e>?' 7v4 #b71 & ,m4 ,aurelius'     
invocation ( ! _w z ! #8city (  ,god'   
7iv4 #bc74 ,! comp>ison sugge/s "o ( !  
greate/ discrepancies  betwe5 ,kohele? &
 ! ,/oics--! doctr9e ( ,god4 ,su* fai? z
 !  =m] /ill reta9s is fai? 9 a         
transc5d5t & n an imman5t  ,deity4 ,!   
g]ms ( a doctr9e ( ,imman5ce :i* ! old] 
,wisdom-lit]ature conta9s 7,kle9]t      
quotes ,ps4 civ4 #cj1 ,job xxvi4 #ac71  
h f\nd no lodgm5t 9 ! m9d ( our au?or1  
:o is m affect$  by ! legal & extreme   
sup]naturali/ic#daj po9t ( view ?an he  
is  p]haps aw>e4    ,mr4 ,tyl]'s        
introduction to 8 ,ecclesia/es is a "w (
 great  acut5ess & orig9ality1 & seeks  
to provide aga9/ all reasonable         
objections2 ,i _c d ju/ice to x "h4 ,"o 
"p ( 8 !ory1  h[ev]1 is too rem>kable to
 be pass$ ov] 7see above1 pp4 #bdj1     
#bda74  ,he supposes t ,/oic &          
,epicurean doctr9es 7 delib]ately set   

ov] aga9/ ea* o!r by ! wise man :o wrote
 our book1 9 ord] by  ! cla% ( opposites
 to det] ! read] f dang]\s &  unsatisfy+
 inve/igations4 ,! goal ( ! au?or's     
philosophis+  ?us becomes ! negation (  
all philosophy1 & ?is #8sacrificio dell'
  intelletto' he ins9uat+ly comm5ds by !
 subtle/ use ( artifice4  ,su* a !ory   
may h occurr$ to "o or ano!r e>ly writ] 
7see  ,g9sburg71 b seems out ( h>mony ) 
! "* ( ! au?or z  reveal$ 9 8 book4 ,he 
is n su* a weak-kne$ wre/l] = tru?4  ,y 
may fancy him sometimes a ,/oic1        
sometimes an ,epicurean2 b he  always   
speaks l a man 9 e>ne/1 h[ev] 8 op9ions 
may *ange  ?r\gh ! fluctuations ( 8     
moods4 ,mr4 ,tyl]'s !ory conf\nds       
,kohele?'s po9t ( view ) t ( a f>       
inf]ior ?9k]1 ! au?or  ( ,ecclesia/icus 
7see above1 p4 #aii74    ,i _c1 !re=e1  
be p]suad$ to expla9 ?is enigmatical    
book by a  suppos$ contact ) ,greek     
philosophy su* z we d really f9d 9 !    
,book ( ,wisdom4 ,i h no prejudice aga9/
 ! supposition 9 itself4  ,x w\ld help  

me to und]/& ! ,hell5is+ movem5t at a   
lat] day  if ,/oic & 7/ill m7 ,epicurean
 ideas _h already filt]$ into !  m9ds ( 
! ,jewi% ari/ocracy4 ,! d5unciations 9 !
 ,book ( ,eno*  7xciv4 #e1 xcviii4 #ae1 
civ4 #aj7 n impossibly ref] to a        
h]etical  philosophical lit]ature 7see  
p4 #bcc72 ! only "q is1 ,to a native  or
 to a half =eign lit]ature8 ,i see no   
suffici5t reason at pres5t  = adopt+ !  
latt] alt]native4 ,kohele? is really a  
native ,hebrew  philosoph]1 ! fir/ ,jew 
:o1 h[ev] awkw>dly & ineffectually1     
#8gave 8 m9d to seek & explore by wisdom
 conc]n+ all ?+s t  are done "u heav5'  
7i4 #ac74 ,v t\*+ 9 ?is light are !     
memor&a :i* he has left u4 ,!y are      
incomplete en\gh2 ,kohele? is  b !      
=]unn] ( m sy/ematic philosophis]s4 ,8  
ideas are  no?+ less ?an s*ola/ic2 h[   
c\ld we expect any?+ diff]5t1  8 fir/   
object be+ 9 all probability to soo! !  
pa9 ( an  inw>d /ruggle by giv+ x lit]>y
 expression8 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,i 0  compell$ 
to sugge/ a second>y ref]5ce to any     

=eign sy/em1 ,i  c\ld mo/ easily suppose
 "o to ! pessimi/ic tea*+ ( ,hegesias   
,peisi?anatos1 :o1 aft] ,ptolemy ,sot] &
 ,philadelphus _h made  ,alex&ria ! seat
 ( ! _w's comm]ce & ! c5tre ( ,greek    
lit]ature & culture1 0 seiz$ ) ! ?\ght (
 ! vanity ( all  ?+s1 ( ! prepond]ance (
 evil1 & ( ! impossibility (            
happ9ess4#daa ,kohele?'s tea*+ w\ld be a
 safegu>d to any ,jew :o  might be      
tempt$ by ?is too popul> philosoph]4 ,he
 admits   1 b insi/s t1 grant+ all      
drawbacks1 #8! light is  sweet' 7xi4    
#g71 ! liv+ are bett] (f ?an ! dead 7ix4
 #d-f71 &  s5su\s pleasure1 us$ 9       
mod]ation1 is at lea/ a relative good   
7ii4  #bd72 also t x is futile to       
inquire #8:y ! =m] days 7( !  e>li]     
,ptolemies87 7 bett] ?an ^!' 7vii4 #aj71
 &1 if a lat]  view ( 8 mean+ may be    
tru/$1 he s\ght to displace ! _m        
dang]\s books :i* 7 curr5t by words :i* 
7 at once  pleasantly writt5 &          
objectively true 7xii4 #aj1 #ab74       
,kohele? is a native ,hebrew philosoph]4

 ,! philosophy ( an ea/]n  sage is n to 
be ti$ up 9 ! rigid =mul ( ! ,we/4      
,ea/]ns may  inde$ take k9dly to ,we/]n 
doctr9es2 b :]e !y ?9k  indep5d5tly1 !y 
es*ew sy/em4 ,kohele?'s seem+ ,/oicism  
is1 z we  h se51 ( primitive ,hebrew    
aff9ities2 8 seem+ ,epicureanism1 if  x 
be n suffici5tly expla9$ z a m5tal      
reaction aga9/ ! gloom  ( ! times1 may  
p]haps be connect$ m or less closely1 n 
)  ! s*ools ( ,greek philosoph]s1 b ) ! 
banquet-halls ( ,egypt4  ,! ,hebrew     
writ]'s invitations to enjoy life rem9d 
u ( ! call to  #8dr9k & be happy1' :i*  
accompani$ ! grim symbolic #8c(f91' or  
mummy1 at ,egyptian fea/s 7probably !y 7
 fun]al-fea/s71 accord+  to ,h]odotus   
7ii4 #gh71 & ( ! fe/al dirges translat$ 
by ,goodw9  & ,/]n4#dab ,a /anza 9 "o ( 
! latt] may be giv5 "h4 ,x is  f ! song 
suppos$ to be sung by ! h>p] at an      
anniv]s>y  fun]al fea/ 9 hon\r (        
,nef]hotep1 a royal scribe1 & /ill to be
  se5 cut 9 ! /one at ,abd-el-,gurna1 9 
! ,!ban necropolis4 ,z  ,eb]s has       

rem>k$1#dac ! song #8%[s h[ a c]ta9 fre%
 delight 9  life m+l$ ) ! feel+s ab\t   
dea? t 7 preval5t among !  anci5t       
,egyptians1 :o celebrat$ _! fe/ivals m  
boi/]\sly ?an  mo/ o!r peoples4' ,by a  
poetic fiction1 ! dead man is suppos$ to
 be  pres5t1 & to li/5 to ! song4       
,make a good day1 ,o holy fa!r6         
,let od\rs & oils /& be=e ?y no/ril4    
,wrea?s ( lotus are on ! arms & ! bosom 
( ?y si/]1         ,dwell+ 9 ?y he>t1   
sitt+ beside !e4         ,let song &    
music be be=e ?y face1         ,& leave 
beh9d !e all evil c>es6         ,m9d !e 
( joy1 till come? ! day ( pilgrimage1   
,:5 we draw ne> ! l& :i* love? sil5ce4  
,we h se5 t ! ,wisdom ( ,sira* betrays a
 ta/e = ,egyptian  fe/ivity 7p4 #aia74  
,may we n suppose t ,kohele? too _h     
travell$  to ,alex&ria8 ,?is view       
comm5ds itself to ,kle9]t1 & ,i h no    
objection to x ) due limitations4       
,kohele? may h envi$ &  s\ght to copy ! 
light-he>t$ gaiety ( ! valley ( ! ,nile4
 ,b  we ought n to conceal ! fact t !   

l9es quot$ above are  foll[$ by o!rs :i*
 h no p>allel 9 ,kohele?4               
,good = !e !n w h be5 7an hone/ life71  
,!re=e be j & hate transgressions1      
,= he :o love? ju/ice 7w be ble/74      
7,!y 9 ! %ades7 are sitt+ on ! bank ( ! 
riv]1           ,?y s\l is among !m1    
dr9k+ its sacr$ wat]4           444 7woe
 to ! bad "o67           ,he %all sit   
mis]able 9 ! heat ( inf]nal fires4      
,!re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 a p :o   
believ$ 9 a happy  ,am5ti :]e ,osiris   
himself dwelt & ! ,jew :o d\bt$ mu* b   
believ$ firmly 9 ,%el4 ,i admit !n !    
probability t ! latt]  _h travell$1 & 0 
n unaffect$ by ! brightness ( ,egyptian 
society1 b ,i see no reason to suppose t
 he knew & 0 influ5c$  by ! expressions 
( ,egyptian songs4 ,! resemblances      
adduc$ are to me  z =tuit\s z ^? betwe5 
! love-poems ( ! ,nile valley & !       
,hebrew ,song ( ,songs1 or 7we may add7 
z t /rik+ "o betwe5  ,eccles4 i4 #d & "s
 ( ! op5+ l9es ( ! #8,song ( ! ,h>p]1'--
                ,m5 pass away s9ce ! "t 

( ,ra ! sun ( day              ,& ! y\?s
 come 9 _! /ead4              ,l z ,ra  
reappe>s e morn+1              ,& ,tum !
 sun ( night sets 9 ! horizon1          
,m5 are begett+1              ,& wom5   
are conceiv+4#dad    ,i make no excuse =
 ! l5g? ( ?is inquiry4 ,if we c\ld trace
 ,greek  influ5ces1 l+ui/ic or          
philosophical1 9 ! /range book be=e u1  
its date w\ld be decid$4 ,tak+ into     
acc\nt ! circum/ances ( !  writ]1 we    
might assign x to ! reign ( ,ptolemy    
,,iv4 ,philopator1 :5  ! ,egyptian rule 
began to be calamit\s = ,juda4 ,kle9]t  
w\ld place  x r 9 "o ( ! e>ly1 =tunate  
reigns 7,h]zog-,plitt1 xii4  #agc72 b he
 =ms p]haps too fav\rable a view ( !    
social picture  9 ,kohele?4 ,hitzig1 :o 
gives a v re/rict$ range to ,greek      
philosophical influ5ce ^u our book1 &   
accepts none ( ,zirkel's  ,grcisms1     
fixes ! date 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,ptolemy ,v4
 ,epiphanes4  ,geig]1 ,nldeke1 ,ku551   
,tyl]1 & ,plumptre1 on v>i\s gr\nds1 ?9k
  ?is ! mo/ probable p]iod1#dae & ! view

 is endors$ by ,zell]1  ! hi/orian (    
,greek philosophy4    ,a ,maccaban &    
/ill m a ,h]odian date seem to me       
absolutely  exclud$1 ?\gh ,zirkel &     
,r5an h advocat$ ! "o1 & ,he9ri*  ,grtz 
7see p4 #bdj7 ! o!r4 ,! book is c]ta9ly 
pre-,maccaban1 n  m]ely because ( a     
,talmudic anecdote1#daf b because ( its 
want (  religi\s f]v\r 7comp4 ,e/h]7 &  
its cosmopolitanism4 ,! g]ms (  ! ,jewi%
 p>ties may be !re1 b only ! g]ms4 ,to  
me ,hitzig's is  ! late/ possible date2 
b if we mu/ admit a vague & indirect    
,greek influ5ce1 %\ld we n place ! book 
a little e>li] z  sugge/$ above8 ,b ,i d
 n see t we mu/ admit ev5 a vague       
,greek influ5ce4 ,! inquir+ _s 0 pres5t 
9 ! class ( #8wise  m5' ev5 be=e !      
,exile1 & ! circum/ances ( ! lat] ,jews 
71 f ! ,exile onw>ds1 well fitt$ to     
ex]cise & develope x4  ,hell5ic tea*+ 0 
9 no way necess>y to an ard5t b         
unsy/ematic  ?9k] l ,kohele?4 ,! date   
propos$ by ,ewald & ,delitzs* is on  ?is
 & o!r gr\nds probable1 & on l+ui/ic    

gr\nds n  impossible4    ,!re are two   
rec5t treatises on ! philosophical      
aff9ities (  ,kohele? :i* may be m5tion$
 "h1 ?\gh only ! fir/ is kn[n to  me4   
,paul ,kle9]t1 :o has long made a       
special /udy ( ,kohele? 7see  8 ,pr$ig] 
,salomo1 #ahfd71 contribut$ to ! ,!olog4
 ,/udi5 und  ,kritik51 #ahhc1 p4 #gfa1  
c41 a /rik+ pap] call$ #8,s9d im ,bu*e  
,kohele? auss]hebris*e ,e9flsse         
anzu]k5n51' & ,augu/ ,palm 9  #ahhe     
publi%$ a programme entitl$ #8,qohelet  
und die  na*>i/otelis*e ,philosophie'   
7,mannheim74    ,footnote #cid3      ,he
 also publi%$ ,d] ,pr$ig] ,salomon2 e9  
,lesebu* fr d5 jung5    ,weltbrg]2      
b]setzt und erklrt 7#agib74 ,! v title  
be>s !    m>k ( ! c5tury4    ,footnote  
#cie3      ,op]a1 ii4 7#afii71 #gfe     
7,comm4 9 ,ecclesia/574 ,comp4 ! use    
made    ( ,kohele?'s phraseology by !   
au?or ( ,wisdom 7ii4 #f-aj74            
,footnote #cif3      ,see ,sanh$r91 x4  
#a3--                   4--,comp4 ,abo?1
 ii4 #ad 7#aj    ,taylor71 & ,g5esis    

,rabbah1 #ai 7#8! s]p5t 0 ,epicuros'74  
,footnote #cig3      ,lehrbu* d]        
,dogm5ges*i*te1 p4 #df4    ,footnote    
#cih3      ,see 8 ,ecclesia/es1 a       
,contribution to its ,int]pretation1 c4 
7#ahgd74 ,! ma9 results ( ?is "w 7      
accept$ by ,pr(4    ,siegfri$1 :o       
review$ x 9 ! ,zeits*rift f4            
wiss5s*aftl4    ,!ologie1 #ahge1 pp4    
#bhd-bia4    ,footnote #cii3      ,?is  
discrepancy ,i _h not$ d[n be=e obs]v+ t
 ,dean ,plumptre    _h quot$ ! v same   
passage ( ,lucretius z a p>allel to     
,eccles4    ii4 #bd4 ,= my own view (   
,kohele?'s recomm5dations1 see p4 #bec4 
,lucretius seems to me1 9 ?is /ra91 to  
so> high] ?an ,kohele?2    ,om> ,khayym 
to fall bel[ him4    ,footnote #djj3    
,ecclesia/es1 p4 #dg4    ,footnote #dja3
      ,philo alludes1 e4g41 to ! ,/oic  
doctr9e ( revolutions 7:i* "s    h f\nd 
9 ,kohele?7 & rem>ks t ! ,/oics ?9k (   
,god z (    a boy :o builds up s&hills1 
& !n ?r[s !m d[n aga94    ,footnote     
#djb3      ,hilg5feld1 ,jdis*e          

,apokalyptik1 p4 #ea1 c4    ,footnote   
#djc3      ,see ,deut4 viii4 #ah1 &     
especially ,g54 ii4 #g 7,neubrg] 9      
,grtz's    ,monatss*rift1 #ahgc1 p4     
#eff74    ,footnote #djd3      ,= ?is   
criticism ^u ,mr4 ,tyl]'s view ( iii4   
#a-h1 ,i am indebt$ to    ,dr4 ,hat*4   
,footnote #dje3      ,pa? & ,goal1 p4   
#aaf4 ,b see p4 #ib4    ,footnote #djf3 
,ecclesia/es1 p4 #de4    ,footnote #djg3
       ,s5eca1 ,ep4 #hi1 quot$ by ,bru*1
 ,wei%eitslehre d] ,hebrer1 p4    #bec1 
) ref]5ce to ! tea*+ ( ,prov]bs4        
,footnote #djh3      ,r4 ,h4 ,/odd>d1 ,!
 ,morals ( ,m4 ,aurelius4    ,footnote  
#dji3      ,comp4 ,niebuhr1 ,lectures on
 ! ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 iii4 #bdg4          
,footnote #daj3      ,! phrase is       
objectionably mod]n1 b 9 ?is connection 
c\ld n    be avoid$4    ,footnote #daa3 
,zell]1 ,philosophie d] ,grie*51 ii4 #a1
 p4 #bgh4    ,footnote #dab3            
,records ( ! ,pa/1 iv4 #aae-aah2 vi4    
#abg-acj4    ,footnote #dac3            
#8,cairo1 ! ,old 9 ! ,new1' ,contemp4   

,rev41 xliii4 #heb4    ,footnote #dad3  
,records ( ! ,pa/1 vi4 #abg4            
,footnote #dae3      ,geig]1 ,urs*rift1 
pp4 #fj1 #fa2 ,nldeke1 ,die             
altte/am5tli*e    ,lit]atur41 p4 #age2  
,ku551 ,hi/4-krit4 ,ond]zoek41 iii4     
#ahh4    ,!ologis*4 ,tijds*rift1 #ahhc1 
p4 #adc4    ,footnote #daf3      ,see   
ref]5ce1 p4 #bhj4                       
,,*apt] ,,xii4                          
,,textual ,,problems ,,( ,,kohele?4     
,i4      ,accord+ to ,delitzs*1 ! ,song 
( ,solomon is ! mo/ difficult book  9 ! 
,old ,te/am5t4 ,if s1 ,ecclesia/es comes
 next 9 ord]4 ,none (  ! attempts to    
discov] a logical plan hav+ be5         
successful1 ,gu/av  ,bickell's new      
hypo!sis 7#ahhd7 des]ves a respectful   
he>+1 s9ce x  endeav\rs to solve !      
enigma 9 a mo/ orig9al way1 connect+ x  
) ! problem ( ! text4 ,?is critic />ts f
 ! obs]vation  t cont9u\s passages ( "s 
ext5t are sudd5ly clos$ by an abrupt    
transition1 & t su* passages are pretty 
equal 9 l5g?4 ,8  explanation ( ?is is a

 purely me*anical "o4 ,! tr\bles ( !    
comm5tators h aris5 pr9cipally f an     
accid5t :i* happ5$ to  a /&>d ,,ms41    
call$ by ,bickell1 #8die                
,unfall%&s*rift' 7!                     
,accid5t-manuscript74 ,?is ,,ms4 seems  
to h consi/$ ( #ba or #bb  leaves1 ) an 
av]age ( #eah to #ece lett]s to a leaf4 
,to speak m  precisely1 x 0 compos$ (   
fasciculi ( f\r d\ble leaves ea*2 !     
book began on ! six? leaf ( ! fir/      
fasciculus1 & end$ on !  second1 or m   
probably on ! ?ird leaf ( ! f\r?4 ,?r\gh
 a  loos5+ ( ! two middle fasciculi1 a  
dislocation took place1 & an  almo/     
entirely new ord] arose1 ?\gh ) "o      
exception ! leaves  :i* _h be5 plac$ 9  
pairs rema9$ toge!r4 ,b ! /ory ( !      
=tunes ( ,ecclesia/es has n yet be5     
told4 ,?ree h&s1 besides !  orig9al     
writ]1 h work$ on ?is ill-fat$ book4 ,"o
 ( ^! is  consid]$ to h be5 a d[nright  
#8enemy' :o tamp]$ ) ! text  be=e !     
dislocation _h tak5 place4 ,f him proce$
 #8! prote/s  aga9/ ,kohele?'s pr9ciples

 on ! ob$i5ce due to ! k+ 9 viii4  #a1  
#e;a z well z ! (f5sive expressions 9   
xi4 #e1 xii4 #d1 #e1 by  :i* he s\ght to
 make ! book ridicul\s & contemptible4' 
,subsequ5tly to him1 & aft] ! leaves _h 
be5 ?r[n into  confusion1 ano!r writ]   
made #8well-mean+ additions1' & s br\ght
  ! book into ne>ly its pres5t =m2 among
 ^! additions 0 !  ,epilogue4 ,8 aim 0  
#8to bright5 ,kohele?'s gloomy view ( ! 
_w1  p>tly by emphasis+ ! doctr9e ( a   
pres5t retribution1 b /ill  m by po9t+  
to a future judgm5t 9 :i* inequalities  
%\ld be  rectifi$4' ,! ?ird h& is t ( ! 
s-call$ pseudo-,solomonic  int]polator4 
,he mu/ h gone to "w aft] ! ,epilogi/1 =
 !  latt] simply kn[s ,kohele? z a wise 
man skill$ 9 prov]bial  composition4    
,bickell also claims to make            
transpositions on a small  scale1 & (f]s
 _m em5dations sometimes bas$ on !      
,septuag9t4  #8,hab5t sua fata libelli4'
    ,i h said t ,bickell's explanation (
 ! want ( ord] 9  ,ecclesia/es is a     
purely me*anical "o4 ,x is n on t acc\nt

 to be  reject$4 ,a ,g]man review]#dag  
has m5tion$ a case )9 8 own  exp]i5ce 9 
:i* ! d\ble leaves ( "o ( ! fasciculi ( 
an  ,ori5tal ,,ms4 _h be5 dis>rang$ 9 ! 
b9d+1 a circum/ance :i*  _h l$ to v>i\s 
additions & alt]ations4 ,x may inde$ be 
urg$ z  an objection t ! ,septuag9t text
 diff]s 9 no v mat]ial  respect f !     
,massoretic4 ,b a "w l ,ecclesia/es _h  
at fir/  9 all probability b a v slight 
circulation1 s t an accid5t to  a s+le  
,,ms4 w\ld naturally involve unusually  
s]i\s consequ5ces4  ,/ill f !           
possibility to ! actuality ( !          
#8accid5t' is a long  /ep4 ,ap>t f o!r  
difficulties 9 ! !ory1 ! numb] &        
arbitr>9ess ( ! transpositions1         
additions1 & alt]ations are  reason     
en\gh to make "o hesitate to accept x2 &
 :5 we pass f  ! v plausible arrangem5t 
( ! cont5ts 7,bickell1 pp4 #ec1 #ed7 to 
! translation ( ! text1 x is (t5 only   
possible to make !m  tally by a viol5t &
 imag9ative exegesis4    ,among !       
transpositions 7to :i* ,i h no !oretic  

objection#dah7  are ! foll[+3           
v4 #i-af  plac$ aft] ii4 #aa1           
viii4 #i-ad      8    0  iii4 #h1       
vi4 #h-ab      8    0    x4 #a1         
iv4 #i-af      8    0  vii4 #bj1        
x4 #af-xi4 #f  8    0    v4 #h1         
xi4 #f         8    0   xi4 #c4         
,bickell's !ory t ! passages :i* ass]t  
or sugge/ ,solomonic  au?or%ip 9 i4 #a1 
#ab1 #af1 ii4 #g1 #h1 #i1 #ab1 are due  
to an  int]polator1#dai is plausible2 x 
?r[s a new light on ! /atem5t  ( !      
,epilogue 7xii4 #i7 t #8,kohele? 0 a    
wise man1' & a motive  = ! int]polation 
c be readily imag9$--! desire to obta9  
ecclesia/ical sanction = ! book4 ,x is1 
h[ev]1 incapable (  pro(4               
,,ii4      ,!re are 9 fact few books on 
,ecclesia/es s /imulat+ z ,bickell's1   
?\gh x ne$s to be read )                
discrim9ation#dbj 7comp4 p4 #bda74      
,putt+ aside ! au?or's peculi> !ory1 x  
mu/ be own$ t he has  enabl$ u to       
realise ! inh]5t difficulties ( ! text z
 x  /&s1 & contribut$ "s v happy        

corrections4 ,all critics w  admit ! ne$
 ( su* em5dations4 ,! text ( ,kohele? is
 ev5 m  faulty ?an t ( ,job1 ,psalms1 or
 ,prov]bs4 ,we _c wond] at ?is4         
,m$itations (t5 s fragm5t>y on su* a    
difficult subject 7  =$oom$ to suff]    
greatly at ! h&s ( copyi/s4 ,a m9ute    
/udy (  ! v>i\s read+s & ( ! corrections
 :i* h be5 propos$  w\ld lead u too f>1 
int]e/+ z x w\ld be 7comp>e ,r5an's     
rem>ks1 ,l',ecclsia/e1 p4 #ec74         
,cappellus 7,l\is ,cappel7 has done mo/ 
= ! text among ! e>li] critics 7see 8   
,critica ,sacra1 ,p>4  #afej72 ,grtz has
 also made useful sugge/ions bas$ ^u !  
v]sions4  ,r5an1 & 7z we h se57         
,bickell1 h correct$ ! text on a  l>g]  
scale2 occasional em5dations ( great    
value are due to ,hitzig1  ,delitzs*1   
,klo/]mann1 & ,kro*mal4 ,! notes 9 !    
expect$ new  edition ( ,eyre &          
,spottiswoode's ,v>iorum ,bible w       
indicate !  mo/ important v>i\s read+s &
 corrections2 to ^! ,i w\ld ref]  !     
read]4 ,! corrections ( ,bickell are ^? 

lea/ kn[n to mo/  /ud5ts4 ,9 consid]+   
!m1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ^? :i*  arise 
out ( 8 peculi> critical !ory & ^? :i*  
are simply !  outcome ( 8 s+ul> &       
brilliant insight4 ,( ! latt]1 ,i w  "h 
only m5tion two4 ,"o occurs 9 iii4 #aa1 
:]e =  7or   ! ,ori5tal or ,babylonian  
read+71 he gives 7see bel[1  p4 #bii7  1
 rem>k+ t  surviv$ 9 !  text translat$ 9
 ! ,septuag9t4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh
  ,cod4 ,vat4 does read   1 ,cod4       
,alex41 ,cod4 ,s941 & !  ,complut5sian  
ed4 all read   1 & z ! v]se beg9s    7v4
 l4 7 x is probable en\gh t  0  writt5 !
 second "t 9 ,cod4 ,vat4 by mi/ake4 ,at 
any rate1 copyi/s  bo? ( ! ,greek & ( ! 
,hebrew 7 sometimes incl9$ to ins]t or  
omit #8all' at haphaz>d2 ?us1 9 iv4 #b1 
,cod4 ,vat4 ins]ts #8all1' :i*  is      
omitt$ 9 ,cod4 ,alex4 & ,cod4 ,s94      
,ano!r1 adopt$ above at p4 #bbj1 is 9   
viii4 #aj4 ,read     7or 7 4  is a      
fragm5t ( !  correct read+  :i* /ood    
side by side ) ! alt]native  read+ 4    
,on ! "q ( int]polations1 en\gh has be5 

said already4  ,probably ,cornill's book
 on ,ezekiel w dispose _m critics to    
look  m fav\rably on attempts to purify 
,biblical texts f glosses &  o!r        
int]polations4 ,grtz's conclusion       
c]ta9ly _c be ma9ta9$1  #8,smmtli*e     
,s5t5z5 gehr5 /r5g zu ihr] na*b>li*5    
,g$ank5gruppe1 fhr5 d5 ,g$ank5 weit] od]
 spitz5 ihn zu4'    ,i h /ill to speak (
 ! ,septuag9t v]sion4 ,its importance = 
textual criticism is great2 inde$1 we   
may say ) ,klo/]mann t !  ,massoretic   
text & ?is translation are virtually two
 copies ( "o &  ! same ar*etype4 ,x is  
di/+ui%$ f ! ,septuag9t v]sions (  !    
,books ( ,job1 ,prov]bs1 & ev5 ,psalms  
by its fidelity4 ,^?  v]sions           
approximate m or less closely to !      
elegant mann] (  ,symma*us1 b ! ,greek  
/yle ( ! ,septuag9t ,kohele? is mo/     
peculi>1 admitt+ su* words z 1 1 1  1 1 
1 1 1 1   79 special s5se1 ii4 #ag7  7n 
less ?an elev5  times71 & su* abnormal  
phrases z    7i4 #c & (t571 &           
especially 1 z an equival5t (  :5       

di/9ctive ( !  accusative 7ii4 #ag1 iii4
 #aj1 iv4 #c1 vii4 #ae1 & n9e o!r       
passages2  else:]e  or ! l74 ,! la/-nam$
 peculi>ity rem9ds u  /rongly (         
,aquila#dba 7comp4 ,god creat$        1 
,aquila's r5d]+ ( ,g54 i4 #a72 b x mu/  
be also m5tion$  t 9 m ?an half !       
passages 9 :i*  ( ! accusative occurs  9
 ! orig9al1 ?is *>act]i/ic r5d]+ (      
,aquila is n f\nd4  ,?is fact militates 
aga9/ ! !ory ( ,grtz1#dbb t !           
,septuag9t v]sion ( ,ecclesia/es is     
really ! second improv$ edition  (      
,aquila1 & aga9/ t ( ,salzb]g]1#dbc :o  
argues t !  fragm5ts giv5 z f ,aquila 9 
,orig5's ,hexapla are n really          
,aquila's at all1 ! "o & only true      
edition ( ,aquila's ,ecclesia/es  be+ t 
n[ extant 9 ! ,septuag9t 7comp4 ! case (
 ,!odotion's  ,daniel74 ,x seems cle> t 
! ,septuag9t v]sion1 z x /&s1 is a      
composite "o1 b x is possible1 z        
,montfaucon long ago po9t$  out1#dbd t  
an e>ly v]sion once exi/$1 indep5d5t (  
,aquila4 ,!  "q ( ! orig9 ( ?is v]sion  

is ( "s critical importance1  = if ! "w 
( ,aquila1 ! ,septuag9t ,ecclesia/es _c 
be e>li]  ?an #acj ,a4,d4 ,suppos+ ?is  
to be ! fir/ ,greek v]sion ( ! book1  we
 obta9 an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! ,h]odian  
date ( ,ecclesia/es  advocat$ by ,grtz4 
,^u ! :ole1 h[ev]1 !re seems no         
suffici5t  reason = d\bt+ t !re 0 a     
,septuag9t v]sion ( ! book  di/9ct f    
,aquila's1 z inde$ ,orig5's ,hexapla &  
,/4 ,j]ome 9 !  preface to 8 comm5t>y   
atte/1 & t ?is v]sion 9 its orig9al  =m 
goes back1 l ! v]sions ( ,job &         
,prov]bs1 to "o ( !  la/ c5turies be=e  
,*ri/4    ,on ! ,pe%itto v]sion (       
,kohele? & ,ru? !re is a monograph by   
,g4  ,jani*s1 ,animadv]siones critic c4 
7,breslau1 #ahga71 ) :i*  comp>e        
,nldeke's review1 ,lit4 ,c5tralblatt1   
#ahga1 ,no4 #di4 ,= !  text ( ! ,grcus  
,v5etus1 see ,gebh>dt's edition 7,leipz4
 #ahgd74  ,g9sburg's well-kn[n "w       
7#ahfa7 conta9s sections on ! v]sions4  
,footnote #dag3      ,9 ! ,!ologis*es   
,lit]aturblatt1 ,sept4 #ai1 #ahhd4      

,footnote #dah3      ,van d] ,palm fir/ 
conjectur$ t passages _h be5 misplac$1 &
    ,grtz has adopt$ ! idea 7,kohlet1   
pp4 #dj-dc74    ,footnote #dai3         
,comp4 ,ra%bam's int]polation !ory      
7,g9sburg1 ,cohele?1 p4 #db74           
,footnote #dbj3      ,see ,budde's      
review ( ,bickell's "w 9 ! ,!ologis*e   
,lit]aturzeitung1 ,feb4 #g1 #ahhe4      
,footnote #dba3      ,on ,aquila & 8    
!ory ( int]pretation1 comp4 ,r5an1      
,l',ecclsia/e1 p4 #ed2 & on 8 artificial
 vocabul>y1 ,field's    rem>ks1         
,hexapla1 ,prolegom5a1 p4 xxii4         
,footnote #dbb3      ,kohlet1 ,anhang4  
,be=e ,grtz1 ,frankel 0 already incl9$  
to ?9k    t ! ,septuag9t v]sion might be
 really ,aquila's 7,vor/udi51 p4        
#bch1 note w74 ,s m positively          
,freud5?al4 ,r5an incl9es to    agree ) 
,grtz4    ,footnote #dbc3      ,grtz's  
,monatss*rift1 #ahgc1 pp4 #afh-agd4     
,footnote #dbd3      ,hexapla 7#agac71  
i41 ,prlim9>ia1 p4 #db4 ,montfaucon     
indicates vii4    #bc;a z manife/ly made

 up ( a g5u9e v]sion1 & "o int]polat$   
f ,aquila4 ,comp4 ,cl]icus' note on     
,eccles iv4 #a4                         
,,*apt] ,,xiii4             ,,!         
,,canonicity ,,( ,,ecclesia/es ,,&      
,,ecclesia/icus4                        
,i4      ,x is n surpris+ t ^! /range   
,m$itations %\ld h _h  great difficulty 
9 p5etrat+ into ! ,canon4 ,!re is       
suffici5t  evid5ce 7see ! works (       
,plumptre & ,wright7#dbe t ! s-call$    
,wisdom ( ,solomon is 9 "p a delib]ate  
contradiction ( s5tim5ts  express$ 9 our
 book4 ,! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ?is       
antagonism is  9 ,wisd4 ii4 #f-aj 7cf4  
,eccles4 ix4 #g-i71 :]e ! words (       
,kohele? are  actually put into ! m\? ( 
! ungodly lib]t9es ( ,alex&ria4 ,!  date
 ( ,wisdom is disput$1 b _c be e>li] ?an
 ! reign (  ,ptolemy ,,vii4 ,physcon    
7,b4,c4 #ade-aag74 ,! attitude ( ! writ]
 t[>ds  ,kohele? may p]haps be comp>$ ) 
t ( ! ,pale/9ian tea*]s  :o relegat$ !  
book among ! apocrypha on ?is among o!r 
gr\nds1  t x conta9$ h]etical /atem5ts1 

e4g4 #8,rejoice1 ,o "y man1 9  ?y y\?'  
c4 7xi4 #i74 ,no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t !   
,book (  ,kohele? 0 an ,antilegom5on 9  
,pale/9e 9 ! fir/ c5tury be=e  ,*ri/4 ,&
 yet x c]ta9ly _h its fri5ds & support]s
 bo? !n  & lat]4 ,simeon b5 ,%eta* & 8  
bro!r-9-law1 ,k+ ,alex&]  ,jannu 7,b4,c4
 #aje-gi71 7 z famili> ) ,kohele? z ! "y
 m5  ( ,alex&ria1 & ,simeon1 accord+ to 
! ,talmudic /ory#dbf  7,b]e%i? ,rabba1  
c4 #ia71 quot$ ,eccles4 vii4 #ab;a ) a  
prefix  7 #8z x is writt5'7 prop] to a  
,biblical quotation4 ,f ano!r  ,talmudic
 n>rative 7,baba ba?ra1 #d;a7 x w\ld    
seem t ,kohele? 0  cit$ 9 ! "t ( ,h]od !
 ,great z ( equal au?ority ) !          
,p5tateu*1 & f a ?ird 7,%abba?1 #cj;b7 t
 ,/4 ,paul's  tea*]1 ,gamaliel1 p]mitt$ 
quotations f our book equally ) ^?  f   
canonical ,scriptures4 ,l ! ,song (     
,songs1 h[ev]1 x call$  =? a lively     
opposition f sev]e judges4 ,! s*ools (  
,hillel &  ,%ammai 7 divid$ on ! m]its (
 ^! books4 ,at fir/ !  ,%ammaites1 :o 7 
adv]se to !m1 c>ri$ a majority ( ! votes

 (  ! ,jewi% doctors4 ,b :51 aft] !     
de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 ,jewi%  le>n+   
reorganis$ itself at ,jamnia 7#d-       
leagues s\? ( ,jaffa71 !  opposite view 
7viz4 t ! ,song & ,kohele? #8defile !   
h&s'--i4e4  are holy ,scriptures7 0 aga9
 br\ght =w>d 9 a synod held ab\t  ,a4,d4
 #ij1 & f9ally sanction$ 9 a second     
synod held ,a4,d4 #aah4 ,!  argum5ts    
urg$ on bo? sides 7 su* z belong to an  
uncritical age4  ,no attempt 0 made to  
p5etrate into ! _s & object ( ,kohele?1 
b te/ passages 7 s+l$ out4 ,! h]etically
 s\nd+ words 9  xi4 #i;a 7 at fir/ held 
by "s to be decisive aga9/ ! claim (    
canonicity1 b--we are told--:5 ! #8wise 
m5' took ! close ( !  v]se into         
consid]ation 7#8b "k t = all ?is ,god w 
br+  !e into ! judgm5t'71 !y exclaim$   
1 #8,solomon has  spok5                 
appropriately4'#dbg    ,?is fir/ synod  
or sanh$r9 ( ,jamnia has play$ an       
important "p 9  rec5t argum5ts4 ,accord+
 to ,kro*mal1 ,grtz1 & ,r5an1 "o object 
(  ! ,jewi% doctors 0 to decide :e!r !  

,song & ,kohele? ought to  be admitt$   
into ! ,canon4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5
  satisfactorily %[n#dbh t _! unc]ta9ty 
0 n z to :e!r  ^! books ought to be     
admitt$1 b :e!r !y _h be5 rightly       
admitt$4 ,x is true t !re 01 ev5 z late 
z ,a4,d4 #ij1 a *ance  = any /ruggl+    
book 7e4g4 ,sira*7 to f9d its way into !
 ,canon4  ,b 9 ! case ( ! ,song &       
,kohele? a prelim9>y canonisation _h    
tak5 place2 x only rema9$ to set at re/ 
all l+]+ d\bts 9 !  m9ds ( ^? :o disput$
 ! e>li] decision4 ,ano!r matt] 0  also 
consid]$1 accord+ to ,kro*mal1 at !     
synod ( ,a4,d4 #ij1 viz4  h[ to indicate
 t ) ! admission ( ,ecclesia/es ! ,canon
 ( !  ,hagiographa 0 clos$4 ,i h already
 ref]r$ to ?is s*ol>'s view  ( !        
,epilogue 7p4 #bcb c471 & ne$ only add  
t1 if we may tru/  ! /atem5t ( !        
,talmud1 ! canonicity ( ,kohele? 0      
f9ally  c>ri$ 9 def]5ce to an argum5t   
:i* presupposes t xii4 #ac1 #ad  0      
already an integral "p ( ,kohele?4 ,!   
,talmudic passage is well  kn[n2 x runs 

?us--    #8,! wise m5' i4e4 ! s*ool (   
,%ammai #8s\ght to 8hide0 ! ,book  (    
,kohele? because ( its contradictory    
say+s4 ,& :y did !y n  8hide0 x8        
,because ! beg9n+ & ! close ( x consi/ (
 words (  ,tra' i4e4 are 9 h>mony )     
reveal$ tru?#dbi4 ,by ! #8beg9n+'  !    
,jewi% doctors meant ,kohele?'s ass]tion
 t #8all a man's toil  :i* he toile? "u 
! sun' 7i4e4 all e>?ly1 unspiritual     
toil7  is unpr(itable 7i4 #c71 & by !   
#8close' ! emphatic injunction &        
dogmatic decl>ation ( ! epilogi/ 9 xii4 
#ac1 #ad4 ,! ,talmudic  /atem5t agrees1 
z is well kn[n1 ) ! note ( ,/4 ,j]ome on
 ^!  v]ses4 #8,aiunt ,hebri quum int]   
ct]a scripta ,salomonis qu antiquata    
sunt1 nec 9 memori durav]unt1 et hic    
lib] oblit]&us vid]etur1 eo  qud vanas  
,dei ass]]et creaturas1 et totum put>et 
esse pro nihilo1 et  cibum1 et potum1 et
 delitias transeuntes prf]ret omnibus2  
ex hoc uno  capitulo m]uisse            
auctoritatem1 ut 9 div9orum volum9um    
num]o  pon]etur1 qud totam disputationem

 suam1 et omnem catalogum hc quasi      
co>ctav]it1 et dix]it f9em s]monum      
auditu esse  promtissimum1 nec aliquid 9
 se hab]e difficile3 ut scilicet ,deum  
timeamus1 et ejus prcepta faciamus'     
7,op]a1 ii4 #ghg74    ,! canonicity (   
,ecclesia/es 0 r>ely disput$ 9 ! anci5t 
,*ur*4 ,! fif? cum5ical c\ncil at       
,con/ant9ople pron\nc$  decisively 9 its
 fav\r4 ,on ! ,*ri/ian h]etics 9 ! f\r? 
c5tury :o reject$ x1 see ,g9sburg1      
,cohele?1 p4 #ajc4    ,let me ref] aga91
 9 conclusion1 to ! /ory 9 :i* t        
rem>kable  man--#8! re/or] ( !          
,law'--,simeon b5 ,%eta* plays a *ief   
"p4 ,x  n only %[s t ,kohele? 0 a       
religi\s au?ority at ! end ( !  second  
or beg9n+ ( ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 b     
implies t at ?is  p]iod ! book 0 already
 comp>atively old1 &1 "o may fairly say1
  pre-,maccaban4 ,i presume too t !     
addition ( ! ,epilogue 7see pp4  #bcd-e7
 ) ! all-important #ac? & #ad? v]ses _h 
be5 made be=e  ,simeon's "t4            
,,ii4      ,x 0 rem>k$ above t z late z 

,a4,d4 #ij !re 0 a *ance = any  /ruggl+ 
book to ga9 admission into ! ,canon4 ,n[
 = at lea/ #ahj  ye>s ! ,wisdom ( ,b5   
,sira _h be5 /ruggl+ = recognition z    
canonical4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t x did n  
claim ! au?or%ip (  any anci5t sage1 &  
t1 l ,kohele?1 x conta9$ "s  que/ionable
 passages1 x 0 c]ta9ly 9 high fav\r bo? 
9  ,alex&ria & 9 ,pale/9e4 ,z ,delitzs* 
po9ts out1 #8! olde/  ,pale/9ian        
au?orities 7,simeon b5 ,%eta*1 ! bro!r (
 ,que5  ,salome1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #ij1 seems 
to be ! e>lie/7 quote x z canonical1  & 
! c5sures ( ,babylonian tea*]s only ref]
 to ! ,aramaic  ,t>gum1 n to ! orig9al  
"w4 ,! latt] 0 driv5 out ( ! field  by !
 ,aramaic v]sion1 :i*1 ?\gh v mu*       
int]polat$1 0 m  accessible to ! p4'#dcj
 ,simeon b5 ,%eta* 0 c\nt$ among !      
,jewi% #8fa!rs1' & a say+ ( 8 is giv5 9 
,pirke ,abo?1 i4 #aj4  ,x is rem>kable t
 ! v same passage ( ,b]e%i? ,rabba 7c4  
#ia7  :i* conta9s ?is wise man's        
quotations f ,kohele? 7see above7 also  
conta9s "o f ,sira* introduc$ ) ! =mula 

1 #89 ! book ( ,b5 ,sira x is writt54'  
,! quotation is1 #8,exalt  h]1 & %e %all
 set !e betwe5 pr9ces'--app>5tly a g5u9e
 say+  ( ,b5 ,sira 7,sira*71 ?\gh n f\nd
 9 our ,ecclesia/icus4 ,! fir/  ^w      
7#8,exalt h]'7 comes1 x is true1 f      
,prov4 iv4 #h1 b1 z ,dr4  ,wright       
rem>ks1#dca ,b5 ,sira #80 fond ( tack+  
on new end+s to old  prov]bs4' ,at a mu*
 lat] p]iod1 a quotation f ,b5 ,sira    
7,sir4 vii4  #aj87 is made by ,rab 7ab\t
 #afe-bdg ,a4,d47 introduc$ ) ! =mula   
1 #8because x is said1' ,erub91 c4      
#fe;a4 ,/rack inde$  supposes t ,rab    
meant to quote f canonical ,scripture1 b
 by a slip  quot$ f ,b5 ,sira in/ead2 b 
?is is too bold a conjecture4 ,la/ly1   
,rabba 7ab\t #bgj-ccj ,a4,d47 quotes a  
say+ ( our book 7,sir4 xiii4 #ae2       
xxvii4 #i7 z #8repeat$ a ?ird "t 9 !    
,ke?ubhim 7!  ,hagiographa7'-- 1 ,baba  
,kamma1 c4 #ib;b4    ,x is q true t1    
accord+ to ! ,talmudic passage ref]r$ to
 on  p4 #aif1 ! ,book ( ,b5 ,sira /&s on
 ! bord]-l9e betwe5 !  canonical & !    

non-canonical lit]ature3 ! words are1   
#8,! ,books (  ,b5 ,sira1 & all books   
:i* 7 writt5 !nce=w>d1 d n defile  !    
h&s4' ,b tak+ ?is 9 connection ) !      
vehem5t decl>ation  ( ,rabbi ,akiba t ! 
man :o reads ,b5 ,sira & o!r            
#8extrane\s'  books has no portion 9 !  
_w to come1#dcb we may safely assume  t 
! ,book ( ,b5 ,sira _h a position (     
exceptional au?ority )  n a few ,jewi%  
read]s4 ,x is equally c]ta91 z ! above  
quotations  %[1 t ev5 d[n to ! beg9n+ ( 
! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 say+s  ( ,sira* 7  
inve/$ ) ! au?ority ( ,scripture4       
,:atev]1 !n1  may h be5 ! !ory 7& no "o 
pret5ds t ! ,synods ( ,jamnia  plac$    
,sira* on a level ) ,kohele?71 !        
practice ( "s ,jewi%  tea*]s 0 to treat 
,sira* z virtually canonical1 :i* rem9ds
 u (  ! simil> practice ( "s ,*ri/ian   
,fa!rs4 ,/4 ,augu/9e says 7b  he        
retract$ x aft]w>ds7 ( ! two books (    
,wisdom1 #8qui quoniam 9  auctoritatem  
recipi m]u]unt1 int] propheticos num]&i 
sunt' 7,de  doctr4 ,*ri/ian1 ii4 #h71 & 

bo? ,orig5 & ,cyprian quote ,sira* z    
sacr$ scripture4 ,probably1 z ,fritzs*e 
rem>ks1 ,sira* fir/ became  kn[n to     
,*ri/ian tea*]s at ,alex&ria at ! end ( 
! second  c5tury4    ,footnote #dbe3    
,plumptre1 ,ecclesia/es1 pp4 #ga-gd2    
,wright1 ,kohele?1 pp4 #fg-gj4 ,x    is 
pla9ly impossible 9 ! light ( ! hi/ory (
 dogma to place    ,wisdom be=e         
,ecclesia/es4 ,yet ,hitzig has done ?is4
 ,na*tigal took a    s\nd] view 9 #agii 
:5 he publi%$ a book on ,wisdom reg>d$  
als    ,geg5/ck des ,kohele?4 ,x =ms    
vol4 ii4 ( a s+ul> "w call$    ,die     
,v]sammlung d] ,weis51 ( :i* ,kohele?   
=ms vol4 i4    ,footnote #dbf3      ,see
 ,s*iff]1 ,das ,bu* ,kohelet na* d]     
,auffassung d] ,weis51 "p    i41 pp4    
#ajj-ajb4    ,footnote #dbg3            
,midras* ,kohele?1  #a1 #c2 comp4       
,pesikta ( ,r4 ,kahana1  #h    7,s*iff]1
 pp4 #f1 #g74    ,footnote #dbh3        
,by ,delitzs*2 see ,wright's ,kohele?1  
p4 #dga1 & comp4 ,/rack1 art4           
#8,kanon des ,a4 ,t4' 9 ,h]zog-,plitt1  

vol4 vii4    ,footnote #dbi3      ,i    
quote ! *>act]i/ic clos+ words1         
7,%abba?1 c4 #cj;b74    ,footnote #dcj3 
,ges*4 d] jdis*5 ,poesie1 p4 #bj4       
,footnote #dca3      ,kohele?1 p4 #df4  
,footnote #dcb3      ,see ! passage f   
,sanh$r9 7,j]4 ,talm471 x4 #bh;a1 quot$ 
at    l5g? 9 ,wright's ,kohele?1 pp4    
#dfg-dfh4                               
,,aids ,,to ,,! ,,/ud5t      ,!         
lit]ature ^u ,kohele? is unusually l>ge4
 ,"s ( ! mo/  important books & articles
 h be5 ref]r$ to already1 & !  /ud5t w  
naturally h at h& ,dr4 ,wright's li/ 9  
,! ,book (  ,kohele? 7#ahhc71 ,introd41 
pp4 xiv4-xvii4 ,x may suffice to add    
among  ! less kn[n books1 ,j4 ,g4 ,h]d]1
 ,briefe das ,/udium d] ,!ologie        
betreff5d1 er/] ,!il 7xi471 ,w]ke1 ed4  
,suphan1 ,bd4 x42 ,!odore  ,pre/on1     
,ecclesia/es1 ,hebrew ,text & a ,lat9   
,v]sion1 ) orig9al  notes1 & a          
translation ( ! ,comm4 ( ,m5delssohn    
7#ahde72 ,e4 ,bhl1  ,diss]tationes de   
aramaismis libri ,kohele? 7,erlang51    

#ahfj72 ,b]nh4  ,s*f]1 ,neue            
,unt]su*ung5 b] das ,bu* ,kohele?       
7,freiburg 9  ,breisgau1 #ahgj72 ,j4 ,s4
 ,blo*1 ,ursprung & ,ent/ehungszeit des 
,bu*es  ,kohelet 7,bamb]g1 #ahgb72      
,/udi5 zur ,ges*4 d] ,sammlung d] al!br4
  ,lit]atur 7,breslau1 #ahgf72 ,c4      
,taylor1 ,! ,dirge ( ,cohele? 9 ,eccl4  
xii41 discuss$ & lit]ally translat$     
7#ahgd72 ,j4 ,j4 ,s4 ,p][ne1  articles  
on ,ecclesia/es 9 ,expositor1 begun     
#ahgi2 ,m4 ,m4 ,kalis*1  ,pa? & ,goal   
7conta9s translation ( our book & mu*   
illu/rative  matt]71 #ahhj2 ,a4 ,ku551  
,religion ( ,israel 7#ahge71 iii4 #aec  
c41  also ,ond]zoek 7#ahgc71 vol4 iii41 
& article 9 ,!ologis*  ,tijds*rift1     
#ahhc1 p4 #aac1 c42 ,s4 ,s*iff]1 ,das   
,bu* ,kohelet na* d]  ,auffassung d]    
,weis5 des ,talmud und ,midras* und d]  
jd4 ,erklr] des  ,mittelalt]s1 ,!il i4  
7,leipz4 #ahhe72 ,engelh>dt1 #8,ueb] d5 
,epilog des  ,kohele?' 9 ,/udi5 und     
,kritik51 #ahge2 ,klo/]mann1 article on 
,wright's ,kohele?1 9 same p]iodical1   

#ahhe4 ,see also ,pusey's ,daniel  !    
,prophet1 ed4 #b1 pp4 #cbg-h1 & !       
introduction to ,pr(4 ,salmon's         
comm5t>y 9 ,ellicott4 ,pr( ,a4 ,palm's  
bibliographical monograph1 ,die         
,qohelet-,lit]atur1 e9 ,beitrag zur     
,ges*i*te d] ,exegese des ,alt5         
,te/am5ts1 #ahhf1 appe>$ too late to be 
( use4                                  
,,app5dix     ,,9 ,,:i* ,,v>i\s ,,po9ts 
,,9 ,,! ,,book ,,are ,,illu/rat$ ,,or   
,,m ,,fully                             
,,treat$4               #a4 ,pfleid]] on
 ,/4 ,paul 7p4 #c74           #b4 ,! ^w 
,k5otic2 ,phil4 ii4 #g 7p4 #g74         
#c4 ,kle9]t on ,job vi4 #be 7p4 #ba74   
#d4 ,on ,job xix4 #be-bg 7pp4 #cc-ce74  
#e4 ,job's repudiation ( s9s 7p4 #ci74  
#f4 ,on ,job xxxviii4 #ca1 #cb 7p4 #eb74
           #g4 ,s\rce ( /ory ( ,job 7pp4
 #fj-fc74           #h4 ,correct$ text (
 ,deut4 xxxii4 #h1 #i 7p4 #ha74         
#i4 ,! /yle ( ,elihu 7p4 #ib74          
#aj4 ,! ,aramaisms & ,arabisms ( ,job   
7p4 #ii74           #aa4 ,h]d] on ,job  

7pp4 #ajf-aaa74           #ab4          
,septuag9t ( ,job 7pp4 #aac1 #aad74     
#ac4 ,h>n ar-,ra%id & ,solomon 7p4      
#aca74           #ad4 ,on ,prov4 xxvii4 
#f 7p4 #adh74           #ae4 ,et]nity ( 
,korn 7p4 #aib74           #af4 ,text ( 
,prov]bs 7p4 #agc74           #ag4      
,religi\s value ( ,prov]bs 7p4 #agf1    
#agg74           #ah4 ,aids to ! ,/ud5t 
7p4 #agh74           #ai4 ,date ( ,jesus
 son ( ,sira* 7p4 #ahj74           #bj4 
,on ,sira* xxi4 #bg 7p4 #ahi74          
#ba4 ,sira*'s ,hymn ( ,praise 7p4 #aic74
           #bb4 ,anci5t v]sions ( ,sira*
 7p4 #aie74           #bc4 ,aids to !   
,/ud5t 7p4 #aih74           #bd4 ,on !  
,title ,kohele? 7p4 #bjg74              
#be4 ,on ,eccles4 iii4 #aa 7p4 #baj74   
#bf4 ,on ,eccles4 vii4 #bh 7p4 #bai74   
#bg4 ,on ,eccles4 xi4 #i-xii4 #g 7pp4   
#bbc-bbg74           #bh4 ,on ,eccles4  
xii1 #i c4 7p4 #bcb74           #bi4    
,grtz on ,kohele?'s opposition to       
asceticism 7p4 #bdd74           #cj4    
,h]d] on ! alt]nate voices 9 ,kohele?   

7p4 #bde74      #a4 ,page               
#c4--,pfleid]]1 9 ! _s ( ,lag>de1       
acc\nts = !  ,paul9e view ( ! atonem5t  
by ! #8/]eotyp$ legal ,jewi%' doctr9e  (
 ! aton+ m]it ( ! dea? ( holy m5        
7,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4  #fj-fb74 ,b 0 n
 ?is idea famili> & 9 "s s5se presumably
 real  to ,jesus8 ,& :y speak ( a       
#8/]eotyp$' =mula8 ,examples ( a        
self-devotion design$ to #8m]it' good = 
! community1 or ev5 = an  individual1   
ab\nd 9 ,judaism4      #b4 ,page #g1    
note #b4--,! ^w ,k5otic is conv5i5tly   
descriptive ( a  !ory1 & does n b9d "o  
:o uses x to any p>ticul> expositon (  !
 difficult ,greek ( ,phil4 ii4 #g4 ,i   
ne$ n decide1 !re=e1  :e!r we %\ld r5d] 
) ,delitzs*1 or    ) ,salk9son4 ,to !   
names ( em95t exegetes m5tion$  on page 
#g1 add t ( ,godet4      #c4 ,page #ba  
7on ,job vi4 #be74--,kle9]t 7,!ol4      
,/udi5 u4 ,kritik51  #ahhf1 pp4 #bhe-hf7
 improves ! p>allelism by translat+     
#8,wie s g>  ni*t v]letz5d s9d ,worte d]
 ,re*ts*aff5heit1 ab] wie s g>  ni*ts   

rgt die ,re*tsrge von eu*4' ,he ?9ks t  
"h1 z  occasionally else:]e1 & m (t5 9  
,arabic1 has ! s5se ( #8n'  7see ,ewald1
 ,lehrbu*1  #cbe;b72 comp4 ix4 #b1 xvi4 
#f1 xxxi4 #a1 & !  *>act]i/ic  #8h[     
seldom1' xxi4 #ai4 ,)\t ent]+ into 8    
d\btful ju/ification ( #8v]letz5d1' x is
 possible to r5d] #8,h[  f> f griev\s   
are /raight=w>d spee*es1 b h[ little is 
prov$  by ! repro( f y6'      #d4 ,pages
 #cc-ce 7,job xix4 #be-bg74--;,fir/1 z  
to ! s5se ( ,goel 7,a4,v4  & ,r4,v4     
#8r$eem]'74 ,! s5se seems det]m9$ by    
xvi1 #ah 7see above1  p4 #ca74 ,x is    
v5geance = 8 blood t ,job dem&s1 & h5ce 
9  xix4 #bi he w>ns 8 false fri5ds to   
bew>e ( ! sword ( div9e  ju/ice4 ,!     
#8fri5ds' h id5tifi$ !mselves ) t unju/ 
,deity  aga9/ :om ,job appeals to !     
#8witness 9 heav5' 7xvi4 #bj7--! moral  
,god ( :om he has a dim b gr[+          
intuition4 ,! :ole plan ( !  book1 z    
,kle9]t rem>ks1 calls = a def9ite legal 
mean+4 ,b z no  direct ref]5ce to ,job's
 blood occurs 9 xix4 #be-bg1 #8my       

v9dicator'  w be a suffici5tly exact    
r5d]+ 7z 9 ,isa4 xliv4 #f74 ,i _c  h[ev]
 foll[ ,kle9]t 9 8 recognition ( ! hope 
( immortality 9  ?is passage4    ,next z
 to ! text4 ,bickell's rec5sion ( x1 :5 
po9t$ 9 !  ord9>y mann]1 is z foll[s3-- 
#be                                     
#bf                                     
#bg                                     
,bickell does n attempt to make easy    
,hebrew2 ! passage ought  n 9 su* a     
connection to be too easy4 ,he r5d]s v]4
 #bf;a1  #8,et po/ea1 8 prs5tibus       
absolutis1 v5iet te/is meus' 7,god1  8  
witness1 z xvi4 #ai71 comp>+ = ! s5se ( 
,isa4  xxix4 #a4 ,c]ta9ly we seem to    
require 9 v]4 #bf "s fur!r  developm5t (
 ! idea sugge/$ by ! appe>ance ( ! ,goel
 on  ! du/ ( ,job's burial-place1 & su* 
a developm5t is n  suppli$ by ! receiv$ 
text4 ,we mu/ n look at any corrupt     
passage by itself1 b take x ) ! context4
 ,^? :o def5d  ! text ( v]4 #bf z x /&s 
h on _! side !  p>allelism (  &  7comp4 
v]4 #bj72 b ?is  p>allelism is          

c\nt]balanc$ by ! want ( correspond5ce  
betwe5  &  4 ,dr4 ,c4 ,taylor sugge/s   
an aposiopesis1 & gives ! s5se int5d$ by
 ! writ] ?us1  #8,:5 !y h p5etrat$ my   
sk91 & ( my fle% h _h _!  fill' 7comp4  
v]4 #bb;b74 ,is x n m likely t   came   
into ! text ?r\gh a rem9isc5ce ( v]4    
#bb;b8 #8,i  %all see ^! ?+s f ,%addai' 
w be1 on ,bickell's view1  equival5t to 
#8,i %all see ^! ?+s atte/$ by ,%addai4'
 ,z  yet1 ! suff]] exclaims1 ,i c       
recognise ?is1 viz4 my  innoc5ce1 =     
myself alone2 m9e eyes h se5 x1 b n     
ano!r's 7,prov4 xxvii #b74 ,! connexion 
is 9 e way improv$4  ,job fir/ ( all    
desir$ an inscrib$ te/imony to 8        
innoc5ce1  b n[ he aspires to some?+    
bett]4    ,bickell's is ! mo/ natural   
recon/ruction ( ! passage z yet         
propos$2 s f> z v]4 #bf;b is conc]n$1 x 
is support$ 9 ! ma9  by ! ,septuag9t4 ,m
 viol5t corrections are (f]$ by ,dr4 ,a4
  ,neubau]1 ,a!num1 ,june #bg1          
#ahhe--;,z a r5d]+ ( ! text z x  /&s1 ,i
 ?9k ,r4,v4 is ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ #8f my    

fle%' 7)  m>g41 #8,or1 )\t'72 #8m9e eyes
 %all see' 7 #8w h se5'7  c]ta9ly       
sugge/s t ,job w be clo!d ) "s body :5  
he sees  ,god 7,dillmann's reply is n   
adequate74 #8,)\t my fle%' 7s ,am]4     
,revis]s7 is 9 itself ju/ifiable 7see   
especially xi4 #ae72 9 ! use  ( !       
privative  became m & m frequ5t 9 ! lat]
 p]iods  7comp4 ! ,talmudic    #8bl9d'74
      #e4 ,page #ci4 ,job's catalogue ( 
! s9s :i* he repudiates4 ,!  p>allel    
sugge/$ betwe5 ,job & an ,egyptian      
=mul>y may be  illu/rat$ by a passage 9 
! life ( ! great ,/oic ,emp]or4 ,a      
le>n$ ,bi%op1 popul> 9 8 day1 rem9ds u (
 #8t gold5 ,table (  ,ptolomy 7sic7     
,arsacides1 :i* ! ,emp]\r ,m>cus        
,aurelius f\nd at  ,!bes1 :i* = !       
wor?9ess !re( t wor?y ,emp]\r caus$  e  
night to be laid at 8 b$'s head1 & at 8 
dea? gave x z a  s+ul> treasure to 8    
sonne ,commodus4 ,! ,table 0 writt5 9   
,greek  *>act]s1 & conta9$ 9 x ^!       
prote/ations3 8,i nev] exalt$  ! pr\d   
ri* man1 nei!r hat$ ! poor j man3 ,i    

nev] d5i$  ju/ice to ! poor = 8 pov]ty  
nei!r p>don$ ! weal?y = 8  ri*es4444 ,i 
alwaies fav\r$ ! poor t 0 able to d     
little1 &  ,god1 :o 0 able to d mu*1    
alwaies fav\r$ me40' 7,! ,practice (    
,quietnesse1 by ,george ,webbe1 ,d4,d41 
#afii87      #f4 ,page #eb 7,on ,job    
xxxviii4 #ca1 #cb1 ix4 #i74--7a7 ,i     
admit t !  id5tification (  & !         
,pleiades is unc]ta94 ,/ill x is        
plausible1 especially :5 we comp>e ,ar4 
kumat #8heap4' ,& ev5 if x  %\ld be %[n 
t kimtu 0 n ! ,babylonian "n = !        
,pleiades1 ?is w\ld n be decisive aga9/ 
! id5tification  propos$4 ,!            
,babylonians did n give ! "n kisiluv to 
,orion1 yet  ,/]n's argum5t 7,jdis*e    
,zeits*rift1 #ahfe1 ,heft #d3 comp4     
,nldeke1  ,s*5kel's ,bibel-,lexikon1 iv4
 #cfi1 #cgj7 9 fav\r ( equat+ k'sl  &   
,orion rema9s valid4 7#b7 ,z to  #8sweet
 influ5ces' is  =tunate en\gh to exi/ by
 suff]ance 9 ! m>g9 ( ,r4,v4 ,x is      
sometimes def5d$ by comp>+ #a ,sam4 xv4 
#cb4 ,b ! only possible  r5d]+s !re are 

#89 bonds' or #8trembl+' 7see ,v>iorum  
,bible ad  loc474 ,dr4 ,driv] has %[n t 
#8sweet influ5ces' is a legacy f        
,seba/ian ,mn/] 7#aece74 7#c7  is       
probably n to be id5tifi$  )  7#b ,k+s  
xxiii4 #e71 9 spite ( ! au?ority ( !    
,sept4 & ! ,t>gum 7see ,dillmann's      
note74 ,9 ?is ,i agree ) ,g4  ,h(fmann1 
^: adv5tur\s int]pretations ( !         
a/ronomical names 9  ,amos & ,job d n   
h[ev] z yet seem to me acceptable4      
,accord+ to  him1 kma  ,sirius1 k'sl    
,orion1 ,mazz>o?  ! ,hyades &           
,aldeb>an1 #8,ayi%'  ! ,pleiades        
7,/ade's ,zeits*rift1 #ahhc1 ,heft #a74 
,mazz>o?  ,ass4 maz>ati2 ,mazzalo? 7i4e4
 ! zodiacal signs7 seems  to be ! plural
 ( mazzla  ,ass4 manzaltu /ation4       
#g4 ,pages #fj-fc4--,t ! /ory ( ,job is 
an embelli%$ folk-tale is  probable1    
?\gh /ill unprov$4 ,! delightful hum\r  
:i* 9 !  ,prologue 7see pp4 #ad1 #aaj71 
z 9 ! my?s ( ,plato1 /&s side by  side )
 ! mo/ impressive solemnity ( itself    
po9ts to ?is view4  ,no "o has express$ 

?is bett] ?an ,wellhaus51 9 a review (  
,dillmann's ,hiob1 ,jahrb*] fr deuts*e  
,!ologie1 xvi4 #eeb c43 #8,d5  launig5  
und do* mrris*5 ,ton1 d5 d] non*alante  
,satan ,gott  geg5b] ans*lgt1 s ganz auf
 ,du und ,du1 wrde s*w]li* d] ,di*t]    
des ,hiob gewagt hab52 s*w]li* au* wrde 
es ihm gelung5 se91 mit  s m]kwrdig     
e9fa*5 ,mitteln s wund]b> pla/is*e      
,figur5 zu  entw]f54' ,he also po9ts out
 ! inconsi/5cies ( ! /ory1  precisely   
su* z we might expect 9 a folk-tale1 &  
concludes 7a  little ha/ily7 t !        
,prologue is altoge!r a folk-/ory & _h  
no didactic object4 ,ei*horn1 too1 9 a  
review ( ,mi*aelis on ,job  7,allgeme9e 
,biblio!k1 i4 #dcj c471 well po9ts out t
 ! illusion  ( ! poem is mu* impair$ by 
n admitt+ an elem5t 9 ! plot  d]iv$ f   
tradition4 ,( c\rse ?is view ( ,job z   
bas$ on a  folk-tale is q reconcileable 
) ! view t ! h]o is a  p]sonification4  
,! latt] is mu* old] ?an ! la/ c5tury2 x
  expla9s ! ,jewi% say+ 7p4 #fj7 t      
#8,job 0 a p>able1' & !  fasc9ation :i* 

! book possess$ = ! age prec$+ ! f9al   
disp]sion ( ! ,jews4#dcc    ,footnote   
#dcc3      ,see ,ros5?al1 ,vi]          
apokryphis*e ,b*] ans d] ,zeit und      
,s*ule    ,akiba's 7#ahhe71 pp4 #f-ab4  
#h4 ,page #ha 7fur!r correction ( text (
 ,deut4 xxxii4 #h1 #i74--,!  passage    
becomes m rhy?mical if ) ,bickell we    
reproduce !  ,septuag9t ,hebrew text at 
! close ( v]4 #h z   & cont9ue  7v]4    
#i71                                 or 
,! correction ( ! la/ c\plet is         
important z a supplem5t ( !  explanation
 ( v]4 #h giv5 9 ! text4 ,to o!r nations
 ,god gave  protective angels1 b ,he    
res]v$ ,israel = ,himself4 7,see        
,bickell1  ,zeits*rift f4 ka?ol4        
,!ologie1 #ahhe1 pp4 #gah-ai1 & comp4 8 
,c>m9a ,v4 ,t4 metric1 #ahhb1 p4 #aib1  
:]e he adh]es 9 bo? v]ses  to ! receiv$ 
text47      #i4 ,page #ib4--,no /ud5t ( 
! ,hebrew ( ,job w ov]look !  admirable 
#8/udies' on ! /yle ( ,elihu by ,j4 ,g4 
,/ickel 7,das ,bu*  ,hiob1 #ahdb1 pp4   
#bdh-bfb7 & ,c>l ,budde 7,beitrge sur   

,kritik des  ,bu*es ,hiob1 #ahgf1 pp4   
#fe-afj74 ,! =m] succe$$ 9 obta9+ !     
admission ( su* an em95t critical analy/
 z ,ku551 t /yle by  itself w\ld be     
sc>cely suffici5t to prove ! lat] orig9 
( !  ,elihu spee*es4 ,x also1 no d\bt1  
assi/$ ,delitzs* to recognise 9  ,elihu 
! same #8,hebro>abic' impress z 9 ! re/ 
( ! book4 ,9  spite ( ?is effective     
#8/udy1' ,dillmann's brief treatm5t ( ! 
same  subject 9 #ahfi made x cle> t !   
subject _h n yet by any means  be5 ?re%$
 out1 & p]haps no m p[]ful argum5t aga9/
 *aps4  xxxii4-xxxvii4 has be5 produc$  
?an t conta9$ 9 a s+le  closely-pr9t$   
page 7#bhi7 ( 8 comm5t>y4 ,!re 0 !re=e a
 good  *ance = a ,privatdoc5t to w9     
himself a "n by a r5ew$ attempt  to /ate
 ! l+ui/ic facts m ?or\ghly & imp>tially
 ?an  be=e4 ,?is inde$ fairly expresses 
,budde's object1 :i* is n at all  to (f]
 a direct pro( t ! disput$ *apt]s belong
 to !  orig9al poem1 b m]ely to %[ t !  
opposite view _c be  demon/rat$ on      
/yli/ic gr\nds4 ,8 me?od is to collect1 

fir/ (  all1 po9ts ( resemblance & !n   
po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 #8,elihu'  & !  
re/ ( ! book4 ,la/ among ! latt] appe> !
 ,aramaisms &  ,arabisms4 ,budde rejects
 ! view1 adopt$ f ,/ickel 7see p4 #ib7  
by  ,canon ,f4 ,c4 ,cook1 t ! deep]     
col\r+ ( ,aramaic is only !  poet's way 
( indicat+ ! ,araman orig9 ( ,elihu4 ,he
 d5ies t  !re is any su* great] am\nt ( 
,aramaism z c =m a real  di/9ction      
betwe5 #8,elihu' & ! undisput$ *apt]s4  
,i w n  inquire :e!r ! subjectivity ( a 
writ] may impress itself on 8  /ati/ics1
 & will+ly grant t ! ,aramaic col\r+ 9  
#8,elihu'  may p]haps affect ! read] m  
ow+ to ! faults ( /yle to :i*  ,budde   
himself alludes on p4 #aeg1 & :i*1 to   
me1 indicate an age or at  lea/ a writ] 
( less ta/e & tal5t ?an ! orig9al au?or4
 ,!  ,aramaisms may be ?r[n into /rong] 
relief by ^! infirmities1 &  s ! col\r+ 
may seem deep] ?an x is4 ,i am n h[ev]  
sure t  !re is an illusion 9 ! matt]4   
,among ! c\nt]-in/ances (  ,aramaism    
giv5 by ,budde f ! spee*es ( ,eliphaz1  

!re are at lea/  two :i* h no "r to     
figure !re1 viz4 1 xv4 #bi1 &   = 1     
xxii4 #cj1 bo? :i* =ms are probably     
corrupt read+s4  ,until ,dillmann has   
publi%$ 8 second edition ,i v5ture to   
reta9 !  /atem5t on p4 #ib4 ,!re is a   
/rong] ,aramais+ elem5t 9 ,elihu1  :i*1 
) o!r m>ks ( a peculi> & inf]ior#dcd    
/yle1  w>rants u 9 assign+ ! section to 
a lat] writ]4 ,?is is1 (  c\rse1 n      
preclud$ by ! num]\s ,hebrai/ic po9ts ( 
contact  ) ! ma9 "p ( ! book1 :i* ,c>l  
,budde has s abundantly  collect$       
7,beitrge1 pp4 #ib-abc74 ,no "o c d\bt t
 ! orig9al  poem v e>ly became an       
absorb+ /udy 9 ! circles ( #8wise m54'  
,z to ! words & phrases 7( pure ,hebrew 
orig97 9 :i* ,elihu  diff]s f ! body ( !
 "w1 ,i may rem>k t x is sometimes      
difficult to realise _! full            
significance f ,budde's catalogue4      
,kle9]t has ?r[n mu* light on "s ( !m 9 
a rec5t essay4 ,he  has1 = in/ance1#dce 
%[n ! be>+s ( ! fact t ! disput$  *apt]s
 p]si/5tly avoid ! juri/ic s5se (       

7,kal71 except 9  a quotation f spee*es 
( ,job 7xxxiv4 #e71 ,elihu himself only 
us+  ! ^w ( correctness 9 /atem5t       
7xxxiii4 #ab71 or ( moral  righte\sness 
7xxxv4 #g71 & t  has ! s5se ( #8act+    
wick$ly' only 9 a passage ( ,elihu      
7xxxiv4 #ab74 ,! use ( 1  1 &  9 xxxii1 
#a1 xxxiii4 #bf1 xxxv4 #h1 xxxvi4 #c1 is
 also  dwelt ^u 9 ?is connexion4 ,x is  
true t ,budde does n conceal  ^! po9ts2 
he tabulates !m correctly1 b does n     
indicate !  po9t ( view f :i* !y c be   
und]/ood4 ,kle9]t supplies ?is          
omission4 ,! body ( ! poem1 he rem>ks1  
is juri/ic 9 _s2 !  spee*es ( ,elihu    
e?ical & hortatory4 ,?is br+s ) x a     
diff]5t  mode ( reg>d+ ! problem (      
,job's suff]+s4 #8,die ,r$5 ,elihu's    
hab5 zu dem g]i*tli*5 ,aufriss d]       
,bu*anlage nur das  all]uss]li*/e       
,v]hltniss4 ,sie v]lass5 die s*>fgezog55
  ,grundl9i5 d] re*tli*5                
,ause9&]setzung1 um 9 e9e               
e?is*-p>netis*e1 re9                    
*okmatis*-didaktis*e ,errt]ung d] ,frage

  b]zul5k54' ,kle9]t also notes "o      
peculi> ^w ( ,elihu's :i* ,i  h n met ) 
9 ,budde1 b :i*1 f ,kle9]t's po9t (     
view1 is  important--1 #8a ransom'      
7xxxiii4 #bd1 xxxvi4 #ah74 ,:y did n !  
juri/ic !ologians ( ! ,colloquies use x8
 ,evid5tly ! spee*es (  ,elihu are lat] 
compositions4    ,footnote #dcd3        
#8,i/'s d5kb>1 dass e9 sol*] ,di*t]     
demj5ig5 ,r$n]1 dem et die              
,hauptrolle zug$a*t1 die ,*>akt]i/ik    
j5es inf]ior5 ,r$etypus    zugewies5    
hab5 knnte8' ,kle9]t4    ,footnote #dce3
      ,das spezifis*-hebris*e im ,bu*   
,hiob1 ,!ol4 ,/udi5 und ,kritik51       
#ahhf1 pp4 #bii-cjj4      #aj4 ,page    
#ii4--,! critic1 no less ?an ! prophet1 
is /ill ) too  _m a fav\rite subject (  
ironical rem>k2 #8!y say ( him1 ,do? he 
n speak 9 riddles'8#dcf ,! orig9 ( ,job1
 ^u ! l+ui/ic z  well z ! !ological     
side1 may be a riddle1 b ! int]e/ ( !   
book is su* t we _c give up ! riddle4   
,we may n all agree  ^u ! solution2 !   
riddle may be "o t admits ( diff]5t     

answ]s4 ,all t ?is proves is !          
injudici\sness ( dogmatism1 :i*         
specially ne$s emphasis+ ) respect to ! 
be>+s ( !  l+ui/ic data4 ,to say1 )     
,nldeke1#dcg #8,we h no gr\nd =  reg>d+ 
! language ( ,job z any?+ b a v pure    
,hebrew'  seems to me z extreme z to    
ass]t ) ,g4 ,h4 ,b]n/e9 7! well-kn[n    
,syriac s*ol>7 t ! am\nt ( ,aramaic     
col\r+ w\ld ( itself  br+ ! book into ! 
po/-,exile p]iod4 ,b]n/e9 c>ri$ to a    
dang]\s extreme a t5d5cy already combat$
 by ,mi*aelis &  ,ei*horn2#dch b 8      
rese>* is ?or\gh-go+ & sy/ematic4 ,^?   
:o1 l ! pres5t writ]1 h no access to x1 
may be ref]r$ to  ,l4 ,b]?oldt's        
,hi/oris*-kritis*e ,e9leitung#dci       
7,erlang51  #ahab-ahai71 :]e x is       
c>efully exam9$1 & its argum5ts1 z x    
w\ld seem1 r$uc$ to some?+ l _! j       
proportions4 ,b]?oldt  does n scruple to
 admit t di/9ctively ,aramais+          
con/ructions  are want+ 9 ,job1 & t     
words ) ,aramaic aff9ities may h  exi/$ 
9 ,hebrew be=e ! ,exile4 ,/ill he       

decides t ?\gh "p (  ! argum5t fails to 
pieces1 yet = mo/ !re is a real         
f\ndation4  ,?is too1 is sub/antially ! 
judgm5t ( ,c>l ,budde4 #8,despite all   
d$uctions f ,b]n/e9's li/ x rema9s true 
t j ! ,book (  ,job is specially ri* 9  
words :i* pr9cipally belong to !        
,aramaic  dialects4'#ddj ,dillmann1 too1
 :o takes pa9s to emphasise !           
comp>ative sc>city ( ,aramaisms 9 !     
/ricte/ s5se ( ! ^w1  yet f9ds 9 ! body 
( ! "w 7exclud+ ! ,elihu portion7       
,aramais+ & ,arabis+ words en\gh to     
sugge/ t ! au?or liv$  h>d by ,aramaic- 
& ,arabic-speak+ peoples4#dda ,by tak+  
?is view1  ,dillmann 7^: philological   
caution & accuracy give weight to 8     
op9ion7 sep>ates himself f ^? :o1 l     
,ei*horn & m  rec5tly ! ,jewi% s*ol>    
,kaempf1#ddb confid5tly ma9ta9 t !      
peculi> words 9 ,job are g5u9e ,hebrew  
#8,spra*gut4' ,to make ?is  probable1 we
 ought to be able to %[ t !y h m        
aff9ities  ) nor!rn ?an ) s\!rn ,semitic
 7see p4 #ii71 a task z yet             

unaccompli%$4 ,dillmann1 too1 w\ld      
c]ta9ly diss5t f ,canon ,cook's  op9ion 
t ! ,aramaisms ( ,job are only #8su* z  
*>act]ise !  antique & highly poetic    
/yle4' ,accord+ to him1 !y are equally  
unfav\rable to a v e>ly & to a v late   
date4    ,v>i\s li/s ( ,aramais+ words h
 be5 giv5 s9ce ,b]n/e9's4 ,i  give "h t 
( ,dr4 ,lee 9 8 ,book ( ! ,patri>* ,job 
7p4 #ej71  :i* has ! m]it ( hav+ be5    
con/ruct$ f 8 own read+ (  ,job4 ,x     
ref]s to ! :ole book3--     7iii4 #d72  
7iv4 #ab72  7v4 #b72  7ib4 #h71 occur 9 
!  ,aramaic1 n ! ,hebrew s5se2  7viii4  
#b72  7ib4 #g72  7xi4  #bj72  7xii4 #b72
  7ib4 #aa72  7ib4 #bc72   7xiii4  #ag72
  7xv4 #ag72  =  7ib472  7ib4 #ca72     
7xvi4 #ae72   7ib4 #af72  7xviii4 #b72  
444  7xxi4 #aj72  7xxiv4  #bb72  7xxxi4 
#cc72  7xxxii4 #aj1 #ah72  7xxxiii4     
#bd72  7ib4  #cc72  7xxxvi4 #b72  7ib4  
#ba72  7xxxviii4 #c72  7xli4 #ab74 ,i  w
 n criticise ?is li/1 :i* no d\bt       
conta9s "s que/ionable  items4 ,we      
might1 h[ev]1 ins]t o!r words 9 ex*ange1

 e4g4  7ix4  #bf72  7xvi4 #ai72  7xxx4  
#f72 &  7v4 #bb1 xxx4 #c72 & p]haps     
7xiii4 #bh71 :i* ,geig] plausibly       
comp>es ) ,syr4 rakbo  #8w9esk9' 7s !   
tradition repres5t$ by ! ,septuag9t1 !  
,pe%itto1 & ,b>hebru74 ,"s suppos$      
,arabisms may also 9 all  probability be
 transf]r$ to ! li/ ( ,aramaisms2 b !   
,arabisms  :i* rema9 w abundantly ju/ify
 :at has be5 /at$ 9 ! section  on ,job4 
,i h n attempt$ to decide precisely :]e 
! poet he>d  bo? ,arabic & ,aramaic4    
,dillmann accepts ! view m5tion$ on p4  
#ge4  ,b ,gilead1 too1 0 at all times   
inhabit$ by ,arab tribes1 bo? nomad  &  
settl$1#ddc & ! region itself 0 call$   
,arabia4#ddd    ,footnote #dcf3         
,ezek4 xx4 #di4    ,footnote #dcg3      
,die altte/am5tli*e ,lit]atur1 p4 #aib4 
,footnote #dch3      ,see ,ei*horn's    
notice ( ,mi*aelis 9 vol4 i4 ( 8        
,allgeme9e    ,biblio!k d] biblis*5     
,lit]atur4    ,footnote #dci3      ,pp4 
#bjgf1 #bjgg4 ,b]n/e9's title is1 ,ueb] 
das ,alt]1 d5 ,inhalt1    d5 ,zweck und 

die geg5wrtige ,ge/alt des ,bu*es ,hiob 
79 ,keil &    ,tzs*irn]'s ,analekt51    
#ahac1 pp4 #a-acg74    ,footnote #ddj3  
,beitrge sur ,kritik des ,bu*es ,hiob   
7#ahgf71 p4 #adj4    ,footnote #dda3    
,hiob 7#ahfi71 ,e9leitung1 pp4 xxvii4   
xxix4    ,footnote #ddb3      ,die      
,grabs*rift ,escamunaz>'s 7#ahgd71 p4   
#h4    ,footnote #ddc3      ,blau1      
,zeits*r4 d] deuts*4 morg5l4 ,ges41 xxv4
 #edj4    ,footnote #ddd3      ,wetz/e9 
9 ,delitzs*'s ,iob1 p4 #ebh4      #aa4  
,pages #ajf-aaa4--;,h]d] 7to :om ,i     
gladly ref] ! /ud5t7 is  p]haps ! be/   
repres5tative ( ! mod]n lit]>y po9t (   
view4  ,:atev] he says on ! ,hebrew     
,scriptures is wor? read+1 ev5 :5  8    
rem>ks ne$ correction4 ,no "o felt !    
poetry ( ,job m deeply  ?an ,h]d]2 to ! 
religi\s ideas ( ! poem 8 eyes 7 n      
equally op54 ,inde$1 x mu/ h be5 h>d to 
disc]n & appreciate  ^! adequately 9 !  
eighte5? c5tury2 ! newly-discov]$ sacr$ 
books ( ! ,ea/1 ) _! deep ?\gh obscure  
metaphysical  conceptions1 = a "t almo/ 

ov]%ad[$ ! f> m sobre ,hebrew           
,scriptures4 ,l ,c>lyle 7:o is to "s    
ext5t 8 e*o7 ,h]d]  und]rates !         
specifically ,hebrew elem5t 9 ! book1   
:i* is (  c\rse n v visible on a ha/y   
p]usal4 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 t he  sees v   
de>ly1 ?\gh he does n use ! expression1 
is t ,job  is a "*-drama4 ,he d5ies t ! 
spee*es are monoton\s4    #8,s e9tnig fr
 uns alle ,r$5 kl+51 s s9d sie mit ,li*t
 und  ,s*att5 angelegt und d] ,fad51 od]
 vielmehr die ,v]wirrung d]  ,mat]ie1   
nimmt zu von ,r$e zu ,r$e1 bis ,hiob si*
 selb/ fasset und  se9e ,behauptung5    
l9d]t4 ,w] dies5 ,fad5 ni*t v]folgt und 
insond]heit ni*t bem]kt1 wie ,hiob se9em
 ,gegn] imm] d5 eig55  ,pfeil aus d] ,h&
 w9det2 entw$] das bess] sagt1 0 j5]    
sagte1  od] die ,grnde j5es eb5 fr si*  
brau*t--d] hat das ,leb5dige1  ,wa*s5de1
 kurz die ,seele des ,bu*s v]fehlet'    
7,hiob als ,composition  betra*tet1     
,w]ke1 ,suphan1 ii4 #cah74    ,he has   
also cle>ly p]ceiv$ ! poet's ke5 sympa?y
 ) my?ology1  & ?is1 comb9$ ) !         

7suppos$7 few imitations ( ,job 9 !     
,old ,te/am5t1 confirm$ him 9 ! errone\s
 view t ! orig9al  writ] ( ,job 0 an    
,edomiti% ,eme]4 ,on ! limit$ influ5ce (
  ,job he has "s vigor\s s5t5ces1 ! edge
 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 is  turn$ by m rec5t     
criticism4 ,x is ( ! prophets he is     
*iefly  ?9k+1 :5 he f9ds s few traces ( 
acqua9tance ) ,job 9 !  ,scriptures1 & (
 ! pre-,exile prophets4 #8,wie drng5 und
 drck5 si*  die ,prophet56 wie borg5 sie
 von e9&] ,bild] 9 e9em ziemli*  eng5   
,kreise und fhr5 sie nur1 j$] na* se9]  
,art1 aus6 ,diese alte  ehrwrdige       
,pyramide /eht im ,ganz5 unna*geahmt da 
und i/ viellei*t  unna*ahmb>4' ,?is     
passage occurs 9 ! fif? conv]sation 9 8 
,gei/ d] ,ebris*5n ,poesie 7,w]ke1 ed4  
,suphan1 xi4 #caj74 ,!  /ud5t ( ,job w n
 neglect ?is & also ! two prec$+ v      
attractive *apt]s4 ,! description (     
,elihu is n ! lea/  int]e/+ passage4    
,h]d] does 8 be/ to acc\nt = ! pres5ce (
  ?is unexpect$ fif? speak]1 b really   
%[s h[ unacc\ntable x is  except on !   

!ory ( lat] addition4 ,pr(4 ,briggs's   
!ory 7p4 #ic7  t ! poor spee*es ( ,elihu
 are int5d$ #8z a lit]>y foil' 0        
sugge/$ by ,h]d]4 #8,bem]k5 ,sie ab]1   
dass er nur als ,s*atte  da/eht1 dies   
,gottes-,orakel zu erheb5' 7,w]ke1 xi4  
#bhd74      #ab4 ,pages #aac1 #aad4--,! 
late/ /udy on ! orig9al ,septuag9t text 
( ! ,book ( ,job is by ,bickell 9 !     
,zeits*rift fr ka?olis*e  ,!ologie1     
#ahhf1 pp4 #eeg-efd4 ,z to ! date ( !   
,alex&r9e  v]sion1 ,hody's rem>k1 ,de   
,bibliorum ,textibus1 p4 #aif1 des]ves  
att5tion1 viz4 t ,philo already quotes f
 x1-- 1     1   1        7,sept4 ( ,job 
xiv4  #d  72 ,de ,mutatione ,nom9um1  #f
 7i4 #ehe74      #ac4 ,page #aca4--,! "*
 ( ,h>n ar-,ra%id1 9 fact1 became almo/ 
z di/ort$ by leg5d z t ( ,solomon4      
,nei!r ( !m 7 models  ( civil ju/ice    
7,weil1 ,ges*i*te d] ,*alif51 ii4 #abg74
      #ad4 ,page #adh 7,prov4 xxvii4    
#f74--;,consult1 h[ev]1 ! ,septuag9t1   
:i*  seems to h read  at ! beg9n+ ( !   
second l9e 7#8,m fai?ful  444 ?an' c474 

,see ,cornill on ,ezek4 xxxv4 #ac4      
#ae4 ,page #afb1 note #a4--,!           
,mo'tazilites 7#8! ,prote/ants (        
,islam'7  d5i$ ! et]nity ( ! ,korn      
because x impli$ ! exi/5ce ( two  et]nal
 be+s 7,weil1 ,ges*4 d] ,*alif51 ii4    
#bfb74      #af4 ,page #agc4--,text (   
,prov]bs4 ,among ! m9or additions 9     
,sept41  note !  9 ,prov4 v4 #af 7s     
,vatican &1 orig9ally1 ,s9aitic ,,ms471 
if we may foll[ ,lag>de & ,field4 ,!    
,alex&r9e ,,ms41 h[ev]1 &  !            
,complut5sian edition1 omit 1 :i* is    
also want+ 9 ,aquila4  ,comp4 ,field's  
,hexapla ad loc4      #ag4 ,pages #agf1 
#agg 7,religi\s ,value ( ,prov]bs74--,to
 appreciate !  religi\s _s ( ?is f9e    
book1 we require "s imag9ative sympa?y  
) pa/ ages4 ,! #8/aid1 quiet1 8d\ce10   
ord]ly burgh] ( ! ,book  ( ,prov]bs1 :o 
is regul> 9 8 att5dance at ! ,temple1   
dilig5t 9  8 bus9ess1 prosp]\s 9 8      
affairs1 ( repute among ! eld]s1  )     
daught]s do+ virtu\sly1 & a wife t has 8
 h\se deck$  ) cov]+s ( tape/ry1 :ile h]

 own clo?+ is silk & purple'  7,mr4     
,b9ney's words 9 ,is x possible to make 
! be/ ( bo?  worlds871 is n ! noble/    
type ( man1 & !re=e n ! model  ,*ri/ian 
ev5 ( our own day4      #ah4 ,page #agh 
7,aids to ! ,/ud5t74--,add1 ,les s5t5ces
 et prov]bes  du ,talmud et du ,midras*4
 ,p> ,mose ,s*uhl4 ,p>4 #ahgh4      #ai4
 ,page #ahj4--,on ! date ( ,jesus son ( 
,sira*1 comp4 ,hody1 ,de  ,bibliorum    
,textibus ,orig9alibus 7,oxon41 #agje71 
pp4 #aib-aid4      #bj4 ,page #ahi1 note
 #a 7,sira* xxi4 #bg74--;,fritzs*e      
weak5s ! prov]b  by tak+ #8,satan' z    
equival5t to #8accus]' 7,ps4 cix4 #f1   
,ze*4 iii4 #a74  ,! wise man says t x is
 no use = ! ungodly man to disclaim     
responsibility = 8 s94 #8,! ,satan' ei!r
 means ! deprav$ w  7comp4 ,dukes1      
,rabb94 ,blum5lese1 p4 #ajh7 or ! great 
evil _s4 ,9  ! latt] case ! wise man    
says t = all practical purposes !       
tempt] call$ ,satan may be id5tifi$ ) ! 
inborn tempt] ( !  he>t4 ,comp4 ,ps4    
xxxvi4 #b1 #8,! ungodly man ha? an      

oracle (  transgression )9 8 he>t4'     
#ba4 ,page #aic 7,! ,hymn (             
,praise74--,frankel suspect$ xliv4 #af  
to be an  int]polation1 on ! gr\nd t !  
view ( ,eno* z an example (   is        
,philonian 7,pal/9is*e ,exegese1 p4     
#dd74 ,aga9/ ?is see  ,fritzs*e1 :o     
expla9s ! passage z a *>act]i/ically    
uncritical  inf]5ce f ,g54 v4 #bb4 ,eno*
 0 a patt]n (  because he  walk$ ) ,god 
aft] begett+ ,me?uselah4      #bb4 ,page
 #aie 7,anci5t ,v]sions ( ,sira*74--,!  
,pe%itto v]sion  deviates1 "o may v5ture
 to assume1 9 _m po9ts f ! orig9al      
,sira*4 ,geig] has po9t$ out "s         
rem>kable in/ances ( ?is  7,zeits*r4 d] 
deuts*5 morg5l4 ,ges4 xii4 #ecf c471 &  
if ! ,greek  v]sion is to be reg>d$ z   
absolutely au?oritative1 ! numb] (      
deviations mu/ be extremely great4      
,fritzs*e goes s f> z to say t  9 !     
latt] "p ( ! ,syriac ,sira* 7f ab\t *ap4
 xxx47 !  orig9al is only hazily        
traceable 7#8dur*s*imm]t'74 ,he         
describes ?is  v]sion z really no       

v]sion1 b #8e9e ziemli* lei*tf]tig      
h+es*rieb5e ,p>aphrase' 7#8a r c>eless  
p>aphrase'74 ,?is1 z  fair] judges ( !  
,syriac are agre$1 is n an accurate     
/atem5t (  ! case4 ,x c be readily      
disprov$ by ref]r+ to "s ( !  passages 9
 :i* ! ,greek translator has manife/ly  
misr5d]$ !  orig9al 7e4g4 xxiv4 #bg2 see
 above1 p4 #aif74 ,dr4 ,ed]%eim1 :o is  
work+ ^u bo? v]sions1 agrees ) ,bickell 
t ! ,syriac (t5  enables u to re/ore !  
,hebrew1 :]e ! ,greek text is wrong4    
,?is is  n plac+ ! ,syriac 9 a sup]ior  
position to ! ,greek1 b giv+  x !       
subsidi>y importance :i* x des]ves4     
,d\btless1 ! ,hebrew  text :i* ! ,syriac
 translator employ$ 0 9 _m places       
corrupt4  ,! be/ edition ( ! ,pe%itto1  
,i may add1 is 9 ,lag>de's ,libri ,vet4 
,te/4 ,apocryphi ,syriaci 7#ahfa74 ,x is
 f ,walton's ,polyglot1 b  #8codicum    
nitri5sium ope et coniecturis meis hic  
illic em5datiorem'  "o six?-c5tury ,,ms4
 ( ,ecclesia/icus is us$4    ,! ,old    
,lat9 has _m peculi>ities2 its          

inaccuracies are no pro( (  arbitr>9ess2
 ! translator means to be fai?ful to 8  
,greek  orig9al4 ,_m v]ses are          
transpos$2 o!rs misplac$4 ,= in/ances ( 
! =m]1 ,fritzs*e ref]s to iii4 #bg1 iv4 
#ca1 #cb1 vi4 #i1 #aj1 ix4 #ad1  #af1   
xii4 #e1 #g2 = ! latt]1 to xvi4 #bd1    
#be1 xix4 #e1 #f1 xlix4 #ag4  ,sometimes
 a d\ble text is translat$1 e4g4 xix4   
#c1 xx4 #bd4 ,x is to be  us$ ) great   
caution1 b its age makes x valuable =   
det]m9+  ! ,greek text4 ,= ! text (     
,ecclesia/icus 9 ! ,codex ,amiat9us1    
see ,lag>de's ,mit!ilung54      #bc4    
,page #aih 7,aids to ! ,/ud5t74--,to !  
works m5tion$ add ,bru*1  ,wei%eitslehre
 7#ahea71 p4 #bhc c41 & especially      
,jehuda b5 ,seeb's  little kn[n "w ,!   
,wisdom ( ,jo%ua b5 ,sira r5d]$ into    
,hebrew  & ,g]man1 & p>aphras$ 9 ,syriac
 ) ! ,biur1 ,breslau1 #agih  7translat$ 
title71 & ,geig]1 #8,w>um gehrt das ,bu*
 ,sira* zu d5  ,apocryph58' 9 ,zeits*r4 
d deuts*5 morg5l4 ,gesells*aft1 xii4    
#ecf  c4      #bd4 ,page #bjg1 note     

#b4--,! "n is und\bt$ly an enigma1 & ,m4
 ,r5an  ?9ks t ord9>y philological      
me?ods are inadequate to its  solution4 
,ev5 ,aquila leaves x untranslat$ 774   
,)\t /opp+  "h to criticise ,m4 ,r5an's 
!ory t ,,qhl? 7 ! initials (  words     
7comp4 ,rambam1 ,ra%i7 9 "s way         
descriptive ( ,solomon1#dde let  me     
frankly admit t none ( ! old]           
explanations is absolutely  c]ta91      
because nei!r ,qhl nor ,qohle? occurs   
else:]e 9 !  ,old ,te/am5t lit]ature4   
,two views h[ev] are specially preval5t1
 &  ,i w fir/ m5tion t :i* seems to me  
7) ,ges5ius1 ,delitzs*1  ,n[ack c47 to  
des]ve ! pref]5ce4 ,9 "o respect inde$ x
  h>monises ) ! rival explanation1 viz4 
9 suppos+ ,qal to h  adopt$ !           
signification ( ,hifil 7! ,hifil ( ,q ,h
 ,l is f\nd 9 !  ,old ,te/am5t71 s t    
,qhl w mean #8"o :o calls toge!r an     
assembly4' ,! adoption ?us suppos$ is   
f\nd especially 9 prop]  names 7e4g4 74 
,b h[ to expla9 ! fem99e =m ,qohle?8 ,by
  a t5d5cy ( lat] ,hebrew to use fem4   

p>ticiples ) a masc4  s5se4#ddf ,9      
,talmudic ,hebrew1 e4g41 we f9d 1       
#8buy]s1'  1 #8/one-masons1' 1          
#8=eign]s' 7passive p>ticiples  9 ?is   
/age ( ! language t5d to adopt an active
 s5se74 ,b ev5  e>li] we f9d ! same     
t5d5cy among prop] names4 ,take =       
in/ance ,soph]e? 7hass(]e? 9 ,ezra ii4  
#ee2 s(]e? 9 ,neh4  vii4 #eg71 ,pok]e?  
7,ezra ii4 #eg74 ,:y %\ld n ! "n        
,qohele? h  be5 giv5 to ! great ,tea*] (
 ! book be=e u1 j z ! "n  ,soph]e? 0    
giv5 app>5tly to a scribe8 ,delitzs*#ddg
 rem9ds u  t 9 ,arabic ! fem4 t]m9ation 
s]ves sometimes to int5sify !  mean+1   
or1 z ,ewald puts x1 #8ut ab/racto is   
innuatur 9 quo tota hc  virtus vel alia 
proprietas consummatissima sit1 ut ejus 
exemplum hab]i  queat4'#ddh ,?us        
,qohele? might mean #8! ideal tea*]1' & 
?is no  d\bt w\ld be a title :i* w\ld   
well describe ! lat] view (  ,solomon4  
,x is simpl]1 h[ev]1 to take ! fem4     
t]m9ation z  express+ action or (fice2  
?us 9 ,arabic khalifa means #a1         

succession or ! dignity ( ! successor1  
#b1 ! successor or  repres5tative       
himself1 ! #8caliph1' & 9 ,hebrew &     
,assyrian  pekhh1 pakhatu #8vic]oy4'    
,comp4  1 #8die ,obrigkeit4'    ,!      
alt]native is1 ) ,ewald1 ,hitzig1       
,g9sburg1 ,ku551 ,kle9]t1 to  expla9    
,qohele? z 9 apposition to 1 ,wisdom be+
 repres5t$  9 ,prov4 i4 #bj1 #ba1 viii4 
#a-d1 z address+ m5 9 ! places (        
conc\rse 7,klo/]mann ecc5trically       
expla9s   or  74 ,solomon1 accord+ to   
?is view1 is reg>d$ by !  au?or z !     
imp]sonation ( ,wisdom 7z ,protagoras 0 
call$ 74  ,x is mo/ unlikely1 h[ev]1 t  
,solomon %\ld h be5 ?us  reg>d$1        
consid]+ ! /range discipl9e :i* ! au?or 
describes  ,qohele? z hav+ pass$ ?r\gh1 
& h[ diff]5t is ! language (  ,wisdom   
:51 z 9 ,prov4 i4-ix41 %e is repres5t$ z
 address+ an  assembly6 ,a ref]5ce to   
vii4 #bg1 :]e ,qohele? seems to be spok5
 (  9 ! fem41 is invalid1 z we %\ld     
und\bt$ly correct haqqohle?  9          
accordance ) xii4 #hddi 7comp4 hass(]e?1

 ,ezra ii4 #ee74    ,! ,sept4 r5d]+ 1   
:5ce ! #8concionator' ( ,vulg41 is      
!re=e to be pref]r$ to ! s+ul> ,greek   
r5d4   (  ,grcus ,v5etus4    ,footnote  
#dde3      ,on ?is1 see ,wright1        
,ecclesia/es c4 p4 #abg4    ,footnote   
#ddf3      ,/rack1 ,lehrbu* d] neuhebr4 
,spra*e1 p4 #ed4    ,footnote #ddg3     
,hohesli$ und ,kohele?1 pp4 #bab-c4     
,footnote #ddh3      ,grammatica        
arabica1  #bhd 7i4 #afg74 ,comp4        
,wright1 ,arabic ,gramm>1    i4 #aeg 7  
#bcc74    ,footnote #ddi3      ,! mi/ake
 0 caus$ by ! r>ity (  ) ! article4     
#be4 ,page #baj4--;,eccles4 iii4 #aa4   
,might we r5d]1 #8,also he ha? put 7!  k
 (7 t :i* is secret into _! m9d1 except 
t1' c41  i4e4 #8?\gh ,god has enabl$ man
 to f9d out _m secrets1 yet human       
sci5ce is ( v limit$ ext5t'8 ,?is       
implies ,bickell's po9t+ 4      #bf4    
,page #bai4--;,eccles4 vii4 #bh4 ,!     
misogyny ( ! writ] 0  d\btless produc$  
by "s sad p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,its evil   
effect ^u  himself 0 mitigat$ by 8      

discov]y ( ano!r ,jona?an ) a love      
pass+ ! love ( wom54' ,?is rem9ds u ( ! 
au?or ( !  celebrat$ m$ival #8,romance (
 ! ,rose4'#dej #8,:at is ,love8' asks ! 
lov]1 & ,reason answ]s1 #8,x is a m]e   
sickness ( ! ?\ght1 a  sport ( ! fancy4 
,if ?\ scape at la/ f ,love's sn>es1 ,i 
hold x  b a grace4 ,_m a "o has lo/ body
 & s\l 9 8 s]vice' 7comp4  ,eccles1 vii4
 #bf74 ,& !n he cont9ues1 #8,!re is a   
k9d ( love :i*  lawful is & good1 z     
noble z x is r>e1--! fri5d%ip ( m54' ,to
  quote ,*auc]'s translation1           
,& c]teyn he is wel bigone              
,among a ?\s& t f9de? oon4              
,= !r may be no ri*esse                 
,ageyns fr5d%ippe ( wor?ynesse4    ,!   
allusion to ,eccles4 vii4 #bi is obvi\s4
 ,?us ! same v>ieties (  "* recur 9 all 
ages4 ,?is po9t ( view is v diff]5t f  t
 ( ! ,agadic writ]s :o borr[ f ,eccles4 
vii4 #bf a weapon  aga9/ #8h]esy' 7mn?71
 a t]m :i* includes ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ian   
fai?4 ,all are agre$ t ! #8bitt] woman' 
is h]esy1 & "o ( !m  decl>es t ! clos+  

words ( ! v]se ref] to #8! m5 (         
,cap]naum' 7see ,matt4 ix4 #h74         
,delitzs*1 ,e9 ,tag 9 ,kap]naum1 #ahhf1 
p4 #dh2 comp4 ,wns*e1 ,midraseh         
,kohele?1 p4 #aaj4    ,footnote #dej3   
,comp4 ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,oct4  
#ahga4      #bg4 ,pages                 
#bbc-bbg4--;,eccles4 xi4 #i-xii4 #g4 ,! 
key to ! :ole passage  is xi4 #h4 #8,=1 
if a man lives _m ye>s1 let him rejoice 
9 !m all1  & let him rememb] ! days (   
d>kness1 t !y %all be _m4' ,i  _c accept
 ! +5i\s conjecture ( ,dr4 ,c4 ,taylor1 
:i* might  7see ,*ap4 ,x47 h be5        
support$ by a ref]5ce to ,egypt1 t xii4 
#c-e are cit$ f an au?oris$ book (      
dirges4 ,n only ^! v]ses  b xii4 #a;b-#f
 =m a poem on ! evils ( old age1 ! :ole 
effect (  :i* is lo/ )\t "s prefix1 su* 
z #8,rejoice 9 ?y y\?4'  ,dd]le9        
supplies ?is prefix 9 xii4 #f2 b ?is is 
n en\gh4 ,if we  hesitate1 ) ,luzzatto1 
,geig]1 & ,nldeke to cancel xii4 #a;a z 
a  lat] addition = purposes (           
edification1 we mu/1 ) ,gritz &         

,bickell1 read ei!r  or 4 ,^! two read+s
  seem to h exi/$ side by side1 & to an 
+5i\s morali/ ?is  fact app>5tly sugge/$
 a new & edify+ read+ 4  ,h5ce ,akabia  
b5 ,mahalallel1#dea "o ( ! e>lie/ ( !   
,jewi%  #8fa!rs1' & probably a          
contempor>y ( ,gamaliel ,i41 advises    
consid]+ ^! ?ree po9ts z a safegu>d     
aga9/ s91 #8,:5ce ?\  come/1 :i!r ?\    
goe/1 & be=e :om ?\ wilt h to give an   
acc\nt4' #8,:5ce ?\ come/1' imply+  #8?y
 f\nta92'  #8:i!r ?\ goe/1' 1 #8?y pit1 
or grave2' #8be=e :om ?\  wilt /&1' 1   
#8?y creator4'    ,footnote #dea3       
,abo?1 iii1 #a 7ed4 ,/rack72 comp1      
,s*iff]1 ,das ,bu* ,kohelet na*    d]   
,auffassung d] ,weis51 "p i41 p4 #di4   
#bh4 ,page #bcb4--;,dd]le9 79 a popul>  
"w on ,ecclesia/es1 p4 #aai7  describes 
xii4 #i c4 z ! epilogue1 #8p]haps1 ( a  
l>g] collection  ( writ+s & ( ! e>li]   
,hebrew canon4' ,h]d]1 too1 ?9ks t  !   
close ( ! book sugge/s a collection (   
say+s ( sev]al wise  m5 7,w]ke1 ed4     
,suphan1 x1 #acd74      #bi4 ,page      

#bdd4--;,accord+ to ,grtz1 ,kohele? is n
 to be tak5 9  e>ne/ :5 he writes z if 9
 a sombre & pessimi/ic mood4 ,su*       
passages ,grtz tries to expla9 away4    
,kohele?1 he ?9ks1 is ! enemy  ( ^? :o  
cultivate su* a mood1 & :o1 l ! s*ool ( 
,%ammai1  comb9e ) x an extravagant &   
unnatural asceticism 7comp4 vii4 #af1   
#ag74 ,! pres5t1 ,kohele? kn[s1 is f> f 
ideal1 b he w\ld fa9  reconcile "y m5 to
 inevitable evils by po9t+ !m to !      
relative  goods /ill op5 to !m4 ,?is    
attitude ( ! au?or enables ,grtz to     
acc\nt = ,kohele?'s d5ial ( ! doctr9e ( 
,immortality4 ,?is  doctr9e1 he rem>ks1 
0 n ( native ,jewi% orig91 b import$ f  
,alex&ria1 & 0 ! s\rce ( ! ascetic gloom
 oppos$ by ,kohele?4  ,kohele?'s d5ial (
 ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l does n1 accord+
 to  ,grtz1 involve ! d5ial ( !         
,resurrection ( ! ,body1 !              
,resurrection be+ reg>d$ 9 e>ly ,judaism
 z a new creative act4#deb  ,x is n cle>
 to me1 h[ev]1 t ,kohele? accepts !     
,resurrection  doctr9e1 ev5 if he does n

 expressly controv]t x4    ,footnote    
#deb3      ,kohelet1 p4 #bi4 ,c]ta9ly   
?is is n ! view ( ,talmudic ,judaism1   
at lea/ n 9 ! s5se describ$ by ,dr4     
,grtz4 ,see ,web]1    ,altsynagogale    
,!ologie1 p4 #cbc4      #cj4 ,page #bde1
 note #c4--;,h]d] says ) insight1 ?\gh )
 "s  exagg]ation1 t mo/ ( ,kohele?      
consi/s ( isolat$ obs]vations on  !     
c\rse ( ! _w & ! exp]i5ce ( ! writ]4 ,no
 arti/ic  connection ne$ be s\ght =4 ,b 
if we mu/ seek = "o 7s t  ,h]d] is n    
conv9c$ ( ! s\ndness ( ! !ory71 x is    
/range  t no "o has obs]v$ ! tw(old     
voice 9 ! book1 #8da e9 ,grbl]          
,wahrheit su*t1 und 9 dem ,ton se9es    
,i*s mei/5s damit1 8dass alles  eitel   
sey10 endet2 e9e &re ,/imme ab]1 im ,ton
 des ,du1 ihn (t  unt]bri*t1 ihm das    
,v]wegne se9] ,unt]su*ung5 vorhlt und   
mei/5s  damit endet1 80 zuletzt das     
,resultat des ganz5 ,leb5s bleibe80 ,es 
i/  ni*t vllig ,frag' und ,antwort1     
,zweifel und ,auflsung1 ab] do* aus     
,e9em und demselb5 ,munde etwas1 das    

beyd5 glei*t1 und si* dur*  ,abbr*e und 
,=tsetzung5 unt]s*eidet4' ,brief das    
,/udium d]  ,!ologie betreft5d1 er/]    
,!il 7,w]ke1 ,suphan1 x4 #ace-acf74     
,,index4       ,a>on1 celebrat$ by      
,sira*1 #aic     ,a*amo?1 ,gno/ic my? (1
 #afa n4     ,adam1 occurr5ce ( ! ^w 9  
#8,prov]bs1' #aai     ,addison1 #ade    
,age1 ascrib$ to ,job1 #ga2             
description (1 #bbi sq4     ,agur1 #aed1
 #agj sq4     ,ahriman1 #hj     ,akabia 
b5 ,mahalallel1 #cjj     ,akiba1 ,rabbi1
 #bhc     ,alex&ria1 importance (1 to   
,jews1 #aha     ,allegorical view (     
#8,job1' #fe2     ( ,kohele?'s portrait 
( old age1 #bbi sq4     ,alphabet ( ,b5 
,sira1 #aie sq4     ,am5emhat ,i41 #aef 
,amos1 p>allels to #8,job' 91 #hg       
,amos iv4 #ac1 v4 #h1 p]haps            
int]polations1 #eb1 n4     ,angels1     
doctr9e (1 #dd sq4 ,see also ,spirits   
,apap1 ! s]p5t1 #gf     ,apocrypha1     
value ( !1 #agi     ,aquila1 v]sions (1 
#bgg     ,arabian !ory ( angels1 #dd n4 
,arabic ,lit]ature1 euphuism 91 #bjf    

,arabic ,poets1 subjectivity1 #fd2      
p>allels to #8,job' 91 #ajj     ,arabic 
,prov]bs comp>$ ) ,hebrew1 #acd2     "o 
quot$1 #fd     ,arabisms1 9 #8,job1'    
#ii1 #bia sq42     9 ,prov]bs1 #agb     
,aramaisms1 9 #8,job1' #ae n41 #ib1 #ig1
 #ii1 #bia sq41 #bid2     9 #8,prov]bs1'
 #aed1 #afh1 #agb2     9 ,kohele?1 #beg 
,ari/eas1 ! fragm5t (1 #if              
,ari/otle1 def9ition ( ,virtue1 #bh     
,arnold1 ,mat!w1 #abb     ,artax]xes    
,,ii4 & ,,iii41 #beh     ,a%m$ai1 #hj   
,assyrian1 ,discov]ies1 #e sq42         
,policy ( uproot+ nations1 #gc2         
,!ory ( ,angels1 #dd n4     ,atomism1   
doctr9e (1 #bfc     ,atonem5t1 doctr9e (
 !1 #c1 #bhg1 #de     ,augu/9e1 ,sa9t1  
quot$1 #adg1 #bhd     ,aurelius1 ,m>cus1
 m5tion$1 #bhi2     quot$1 #bcd2        
comp>$ ) ,kohele?1 #bde1 #bff sq4       
,babylonian1 animal fables1 #abf2       
physical !ology1 #eb     ,bacon1 ,"l1 ! 
,new ,atlantis1 #acb2     ,adv4 (       
,le>n+1 #baj     ,bagoses1 #beh         
,b$e1 ! ,v541 on #8,job1' #ij     ,b$\9 

pray]1 #eb     ,behemo?1 #ef     ,b5    
,abuyah1 #aej     ,b]e%i? ,rabba1 quot$1
 #ahh     ,b]n/e91 on #8,job1' #bic     
,b]?oldt1 on #8,job1' #bic     ,bible1  
,milton's view ( !1 #bec     ,biblical  
criticism1 #a sq4     ,bickell1 z a     
critic1 #bda2     on ,job 7xix4 #be-bg71
 #ce1 #bhh2     on ,prov4 7xxii4        
#ai-ba71 #ach2     on ,sira*1 #aie2     
on ,kohele? 7iv4 #ac-af71 #bac1 7iii4   
#aa7 #bgf1 7viii4 #aj7 #bbj1 #bgf2      
li/ ( poetical passages 9 ,kohele?1     
#bjf2     on ! text ( ,kohele?1 #bgc2   
& passim     ,bildad1 8 home1 #ae2     !
 advocate ( tradition1 #ag1 #bc         
,b9ney1 ,mr41 #bif     ,bir?day1 ,job's 
curse ( 81 #af     ,blake1 ,william1    
quot$1 #ed2     8 illu/rations to       
#8,job1' #ai1 #de n41 #ej1 #ef1 #ei1    
#fe1 #ajf sq4     ,book ( ! ,dead1      
p>allels ) #8,job1' #ci1 #gf     ,btt*]1
 on #8,job1' #fh     ,bradley1 ,dean1   
#bae1 #bbi n41 #bdh     ,breton leg5d ( 
,/4 ,ives1 #adj     ,briggs1 ,pr(41 on  
,elihu's spee*es1 #ic1 #bif     ,budde1 

on ,aramaisms 9 #8,job1' #bia sqq4      
,buddha1 #bah     ,buddhi/ say+s1 #abh  
,budge1 ,mr41 on ,tiamat1 #gh           
,bull+]1 on ,sira*1 #aig     ,buns51    
quot$1 #ajh n4     ,bunyan1 #aji        
,cam]>ius1 edition ( ,sira*1 #aig       
,canon1 !1 f9al settlem5t1 #bcc1 #bha   
,c>lyle1 quot$1 #aab1 #add n41 #bdf     
,c]emonial sy/em1 value (1 #aai sq42    
approv$ by ,sira*1 #aij     ,*abas1 ,m41
 quot$1 #eg     ,*aldans1 #gc2     _!   
philosophy kn[n to ,job1 #ea            
,*ateaubri&1 quot$1 #fe     ,*9ese      
prov]bs1 #abi     ,*ri/1 nev] us$       
directly anti-sacrificial language1 #c  
sq42     ,k5otic view ( ,8 p]son1 #g2   
:e!r ,job a type (1 #ajb sq42           
=egleams (1 9 ,prov4 viii41 #agf        
,*ri/ian doctr9e 9 ,kohele?1 #bdh sq4   
,*ur* ( ,engl&1 attitude to ,biblical   
criticism1 #a sq4     ,cic]o1 dialogues1
 #bjg     ,clem5t1 ( ,rome1 #agf        
,col]idge1 quot$1 #ajh                  
,con/ant9ople1 ,c\ncils at1 #ajg1 #bhb  
,cosmos1 conception ( ! _w z1 #eb1 #afa 

,cox1 ,dr41 quot$1 #df       ,daniel1   
plural au?or%ip ( ! ,book (1 #h         
,dante1 allusions to1 #bh1 #ea1 #ff1    
#gf1 #aei1 #aid1 #bcj2     quotations f1
 #de1 #ed1 #acj2     comp>ison ( !      
,div9a ,comm$ia to #8,job1' #aaa        
,dav5ant1 quot$1 #beb     ,david1       
idealisation (1 #aca sqq4     ,davidson1
 on ,job 7xix4 #be-bg71 #cd     ,dawn1  
p]sonifi$1 #gg     ,de ,jong1 on        
,kohele?1 #bdj     ,delitzs*1 on !      
,praise ( ,wisdom1 #afc2     on ! date (
 ,prov]bs1 #agj2     on ! p]iod (       
,kohele?1 #beh2     8 ,hebrew ,new      
,te/am5t1 #bhh2     & passim            
,d]5b\rg1 quot$1 #ajj     ,de ,sanctis1 
quot$1 viii4     ,det]m9ism1 9 ,kohele?1
 #bfe sqq4     ,deut]onomy1 9 ! reign ( 
,josiah1 #f2     po9ts ( contact ) ,job1
 #hf2     influ5ce on ! ,praise (       
,wisdom1 #afh sq42     7xxxii4 #h7      
expla9$1 #ha n41 #bia     ,de ,v]e1     
,aubrey1 quot$1 #aje     ,dillmann1 on  
/yle ( ,job1 #bid     ,dn ,ibrahim1     
morality ( !1 #ih     ,dragon ,my?1 #af1

 #bd1 #gf     ,dramatic "* ( #8,job1'   
#ajg     ,drunk5ness1 #adj1 #aef        
,eb]s1 ,pr(41 #dj1 #bfi                 
,ecclesia/es1 ! ,book (--     7a7       
,canonicity1 #bgi sqq42       title1    
#bjg n41 #bih2       date & place (     
composition1 #bee sqq41 #bga1 #bgh2     
break 9 its composition1 #bjd2          
language1 #bef2       /yle1 #bjc1 #bjg1 
#bdf2       h[ f> autobiographical1     
#bji2       comp>ison ) ,job1 #bjc2     
) ,sira*1 #bgi2       its /&po9t1 #bjj  
sqq42       its pessimism1 #bae1 #bea   
sq41 #cja2       its relation to        
,epicureanism1 #bae1 #bbb1 #beb1 #bfb   
sq42       to ,/oicism1 #bfd     7b7    
,passages expla9$ or em5d$3       7iii4 
#aa1 #ab71 #baj1 #bfj1 #bgf1 #bii2      
7iii4 #ag-ba71 #baa2       7iv4 #ac-af71
 #bac2       7v4 #ag71 #bfj2       7v4  
#ai71 #bfa2       7vi4 #i71 #bfa2       
7vii4 #a71 #bae2       7vii4 #ah71 #bfa2
       7vii4 #bg71 #bai2       7viii4   
#aj71 #bbj1 #bgf2       7viii4 #ab71    
#bbj2       7x4 #bj71 #bbb2       7xi4  

#i-xii4 #g71 #cjj2       7xii4 #a-g71   
#bbf2       7xii4 #h-ad71 #bbi sqq41    
#bfa1 #cja     ,transpositions1 #bgc    
sq42     ,int]polations1 #bge1 & #baa1  
#bac1 #bbd sq41 #bbf1 #bbi sq4          
,ecclesia/icus1 see ,sira*     ,edw>ds1 
,su!rl&1 on ,mephi/opheles1 #aaj        
,egypt1 !ory t #8,job' 0 compos$ 91 #ge 
,egyptian1 animal fables1 #abf n42      
discov]ies1 #e2     incantations1 #af2  
prov]bs1 #abi2     influ5ce on ,kohele?1
 #bfi sq4     ,egyptian-,jewi%          
lit]ature1 #aha     ,elephantiasis1     
,job's disease1 #bb     ,elephants1 #eg 
,elihu1 g5ealogy1 #db n42     spee*es (1
 #fh1 #ij sqq42     _! date1 #db1 #ib2  
_! /yle1 #dg1 #ib1 #bia     ,eliphaz1 8 
home1 #ae2     ! #8deposit>y ( a        
revelation1' #ag     ,elohim1 ! sons (  
!1 #ad1 #gi1 #ha1 #hb1 #aea     ,em]son1
 quot$1 #afj     ,eno*1 #big2     ,book 
(1 #bfh     ,epictetus1 #bcd n4         
,epicureanism1 9 ,kohele?1 #bdj sq41    
#beb1 #bfb sq4     ,epicurus1 #bbb      
,e?ics1 practical1 relation to ,hebrew  

,wisdom1 #aah sq42     ( ! ,prov]bs1    
#ace sq4     ,eu]getes ,,ii4 ,physkon1  
#ahj     ,ewald1 8 division ( ! ,book ( 
,prov]bs1 #acd2     ( ! ,praise (       
,wisdom1 #afb2     on ! date ( ,prov]bs1
 #aij2     on ,kohele?1 #bcf sqq42     &
 passim     ,ezekiel 7xiv4 #ad71 #fj    
,ezra1 :y n m5tion$ 9 ,sira*1 #aic sq4  
,family life1 9 ,prov]bs1 #acf          
,f>m]s1 ,israeliti% goodwill to1 #acf1  
#bad     ,fau/1 ! ,hebrew1 #aej         
,fees1 :e!r paid to ! #8,wise ,m51' #abd
 n4     ,fnelon1 #fg     ,fri5ds1       
,job's1 ,eme]s1 #ae2     repres5tatives 
( or?odoxy1 #ag2     _! n>r[ness1 #cj   
,fr\de1 ,j4 ,a41 quot$ on ,job xxvii41  
#ie n4       ,gamaliel1 #bhj     ,geig]1
 on ,kohele?1 #bch sq4     ,g5esis1 no  
prote/ aga9/ ,idolatry 91 #ga2     op5+ 
*apt]s (1 #f2     7xiv4 #ai-bb71 #afj   
,gil*ri/1 ,life ( ,blake1 #ajg          
,g9sburg1 ,dr41 on #8proportionate      
retribution' 9 ,job1 #fi2     on        
,kohele?1 #bcf2     on ,eccles4 7iii4   
#ab71 #baj n42     & passim     ,gno/ic 

my? ( ,a*amo?1 #afa     ,god1 "n (1 9   
,kohele?1 #bja1 #bag     ,godet1 #bhh   
,grtz1 on ,kohele?1 #bdd1 #cja          
,grave1 ,job's1 #fj     ,greek influ5ce 
on ,kohele?1 #bjb1 #bda1 #bfj sqq4      
,gre51 ,pr(41 ( ,pr9ceton1 on ,job1     
7xix4 #be-bg71 #cc1 #cd n42             
7xxvii4-xxviii471 #id     ,gregory !    
,great1 on #8,job1' #ij       ,hai      
,gaon1 ,rabbi1 on #8,job1' #fa          
,h>is*&ra comp>$ to ,job1 #fc           
,h>nack1 quot$1 #bfc     ,h>n ar-,ra%id1
 #aca1 #bif     ,hegesias ,peisi?anatos1
 #bfh     ,he9e1 on #8,job1' #ajd       
,hell5ic movem5t 9 ,pale/9e1 #aha       
,h5g/5b]g1 on #8,job1' #fa2     on      
,kohele?1 #bdi n4     ,h]d]1 on #8,job1'
 #bie2     on ,kohele?1 #cja            
,hezekiah1 ! ,song (1 #hh2     8 suppos$
 au?or%ip ( ,prov]bs xxv4-xxix41 #adb   
sq42     8 views on m$ical sci5ce1 #aia 
,hillel1 ,rabbi1 a copi\s fabuli/1 #abh2
     ! ,s*ool (1 on ,kohele?1 #bhj      
,hitopadesa1 quot$1 #aec     ,hitzig1 z 
a critic1 #bda n42     on ! arrangem5t (

 ! ,praise ( ,wisdom1 #afc2     & passim
     ,hook]1 #afa1 #afb1 #baf sq4       
,hosea1 p>allels to #8,job' 91 #hg      
,humboldt1 ,a4 von1 #df     ,hum\r1     
t\*es (1 9 #8,job1' #ac1 #ad1 #di1 #aji1
 #bij2     9 ,prov]bs1 #adh n42     9   
,kohele?1 #bjj1 #baf     ,husb&m51      
,israelite goodwill to1 #acf1 #bad      
,ibn ,ezra1 op9ion t #8,job' 0 a        
translation1 #if     ,ibycus1 ! cranes  
(1 #bbb     ,idealism1 ( ! ,prophets1   
#aai     ,immortality1 ! hope (1 9      
,prov]bs1 #abb sq42     attitude (      
,kohele? to1 #baf1 #bea1 #cja           
,inconsi/5cies 9 ! ,canonical           
,scriptures1 #bjd     ,indian1 animal   
fables1 #abf n42     prov]bs1 #abi      
,inspiration1 view (1 broad5$ by lit]>y 
criticism1 #g     ,irv+1 ,edw>d1 #afb   
,isaiah1 my?ological allusions 91 #gh2  
p>allels to #8,job' 91 #hd1 #hg2        
xxviii41 #ad1 #abj n4     ,israel1 ,job 
a type (1 #eh2     ! ^w n 9 ,prov]bs1   
#aai2     ,kohele? indiff]5t to its     
religi\s primacy1 #aii     ,israelites1 

l[ religi\s position be=e ! ,exile1 #f2 
_! sympa?y ) husb&m51 #acf1 #bad        
,italian morali/s1 _! use ( #8,job1'    
viii4     ,ives1 ,sa9t1 ,breton leg5d (1
 #adj       ,jamnia1 ,synod (1 #bcc1    
#bhj     ,jehovah1 ! "n1 #ga1 #gb n42   
consi/5cy ( ! spee*es (1 9 #8,job1' #dh1
 #id     ,j]emiah1 p>allels to #8,job'  
91 #hf     ,j]ome1 ,sa9t1 on metrical "*
 ( #8,job1' #ab n42     on ,epicureanism
 9 ,kohele?1 #bfb1 #bha     ,jewi%      
nation1 l ,job1 a byword1 #cb     ,job1 
! ,book (--     7a7 ,propos$ title =1   
#ab2       divisions (1 #ab sq42        
p]haps a translation1 #if sq42          
probable /ages ( ! gr[? (1 #ff sqq42    
date (1 #fg sqq41 #hh1 #aeg2       place
 ( composition1 #ge2       effect (     
remov+ ! int]polations 91 #gj2          
,aramaic col\r+ (1 #ae n41 #ib2         
:e!r hi/orical1 #fj sq41 #ahc1 #bij2    
:e!r autobiographical1 #fc2       :e!r a
 drama1 #ajg2       polemical aim (1    
#fe2       religi\s tea*+ (1 #ajb sqq42 
feel+ = nature 91 #ea2       hum\r 91   

#ac sq41 #di1 #aji1 #bij2       influ5ce
 (1 on o!r writ]s1 viii4 #hc sq4     7b7
 ,au?or1 ! greate/ ma/] ( ,hebrew       
,wisdom1 #aa2       circum/ances ( 8 age
 reflect$ 9 xvii4 #f-i1 #cb2       a    
travell]1 #ge1 #ig2       looks beyond  
,israel1 #fe2       place ( writ+1 #ge  
7c7 ,h]o1 8 "n1 #fb2       title giv5   
him by ! ,syrians1 #fe2       8         
nationality1 #ac1 #ei1 #aag1 #agj2      
:e!r hi/orical1 #fj sqq41 #ajc2         
great age ascrib$ to him1 #ga2       8  
grave1 #fj2       dual aspect (1 #cb2   
a type1 #ag1 #ba1 #bb1 #bh1 #ca1 #cb1   
#eh1 #fe     7d7 ,text4 7i47 ,passages  
expla9$ or em5d$3       7vi4 #be71 #bhh2
       7xi4 #f71 #bf2       7xiii4 #ae71
 #bh2       7xv4 #g71 #afg2       7xvi4 
#b71 #ca2       7xix4 #be-bg71 #cc sqq41
 #bhh sq42       7xxxiii4 #ac71 #dd2    
7xxxviii4 #da71 #eb n42       7xxxix4   
#aj71 #ec n4       7ii471 ,passages     
misplac$1 li/ (1 #aad2       also #ch1  
#ci n41 #dj n41 #da1 #ej1 #fh1 #id1 #aae
       7iii47 ,passages int]polat$1 #ee 

sq41 #fh sq41 #id1 c4     ,joel ii4 #ag 
expla9$1 #cb     ,joseph1 ! tax f>m]1   
#ahb1 #aia1 #bac     ,josephus1 quot$1  
#aij     ,jo%ua b5 ,hananyah1 ,rabbi1   
#bcj       ,kalis*1 ,dr41 on ,eccles4   
iii4 #ab1 #baj n42     8 ,pa? & ,goal1  
#bfe     ,kant1 on ,job's fri5ds1 #cg   
,k5otic view ( ,*ri/'s p]son1 #g1 #bhg  
,khda1 a riddle1 #abe     ,k+s1 ,fir/   
,book (1 7iv4 #cb7 #acb1 7xix4 #ab7 #ai 
,kle9]t1 on ,job 7vi4 #be71 #bhh2     on
 ! /yle ( ,elihu1 #bic     ,klo/]mann1  
translation ( ,eccles4 vii41 #ba1 #bai  
,kohele?1 ! "n1 #bjg1 #bca2     8       
p]sonality p>tly fus$ ) ,solomon1 #bjh2 
8 orig9ality1 #bje1 #bfh sq4     ,see   
also ,ecclesia/es     ,kohele?1 ! ,book 
(1 see ,ecclesia/es     ,koran1 quot$1  
c41 #ca1 #fb n41 #fc1 #gi n4            
,kro*mal1 ,n41 on ,epilogue to ,kohele?1
 #bcb sq4     ,k'sil1  ,orion1 #gg      
,ku551 on ! ,levitical ,law1 #c         
,lag>de1 on ! use ( #8,eloah1' #gb n4   
,lam5tations1 p>allels to #8,job' 91 #hf
     ,l&$ prop]ty1 accumulation (1 #adf 

,law1 ! ,levitical1 au?or%ip (1 #c sqq42
     n en=c$ 9 pre-,exile p]iod1 #f2    
id5tification (1 ) p]sonifi$ wisdom1    
#afb1 #aib2     ,kohele?'s attitude to1 
#bah     ,lee1 ,pr(4 ,s41 on #8,job1'   
#ig1 #bid     ,lemuel1 #aed1 #agj sq4   
,lett]is1 ,max1 #aej     ,levia?an1 #ef 
,love = "o's enemies1 #adg     ,l[?1    
,bp41 #af1 #fa1 #ajg1 #ahf1 #bcg        
,lucretius1 quot$1 #bja1 #bje2          
comp>$ ) ,kohele?1 #bfc     ,lu!r1 on   
,job1 #fa2     on ,sira*1 #aig2     on  
,kohele?1 #bje     ,luzzatto1 on !      
#8,god ( ,job1' #ajd2     on ,kohele?1  
#bch sq4       ,mal'ak ,yahv1 #hj       
,mal'akim1 #gi1 #hj1 #hb     ,m>duk1 !  
god1 #gg     ,m>iolatry1 #afb n4        
,m>vell1 ,&rew1 quot$1 #add     ,m%l1   
#abe sq41 #acb1 #afc     ,masp]o1 quot$1
 #gf     ,massa1 9 ! ,hauran1 ,israelite
 colony at1 #aga     ,m$ical ,sci5ce1   
attitudes ( ,sira* & ,hezekiah to1 #aij 
sq4     ,meir1 ,rabbi1 ! writ] ( animal 
fables1 #abh     ,m5delssohn1 on        
,kohele?1 #bcf     ,mephi/opheles1 #aaj 

n4     ,m]oda*1 ! god1 #gg     ,m]x1    
view ( ,job1 #fb1 #aac     ,messianic   
hope1 #aai1 #ahh     ,midra%1 prov]bs 91
 #abh     ,milton1 allusions to1 #ec1   
#fb1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aab1 #afb1 #bec2      
quotations f1 #ai1 #da1 #ajg1 #afj1 #afb
     ,mi%nic peculi>ities 9 ,kohele?1   
#bef     ,m'la1 a d>k say+1 #abe        
,mohamm$1 delight (1 9 ,job1 #fc2       
religion (1 #ih     ,momms51 quot$1 #aha
     ,mon>*y1 view (1 9 ,prov]bs1 #ade2 
9 ,kohele?1 #bbb     ,monogamy1 9       
,prov]bs1 #acf     ,mono!ism1 ( ,job1   
#gd2     9 ,prov]bs1 #acj     ,morality1
 ( ! ,prov]bs1 #ace sq41 #agg           
,moses1 au?or%ip ( ! ,law1 #c2          
nature ( 8 "w1 #f     ,mo'tazilites1    
#ih1 #afb n41 #bif     ,mozley1 quot$1  
#ajc     ,mussaph pray]1 #aic           
,my?ology1 9 #8,job1' #gf               
,n>rative poetry1 ali5 to ,hebrew g5ius1
 #ac     ,nature1 feel+ =1 9 #8,job1'   
#ea2     9 ,sira*1 #aic                 
,nebu*adnezz>1 #gc     ,nef]hotep1      
/anzas 9 hon\r (1 #bfi     ,neubau]1    

,dr4 ,a41 #bhi     ,new ,te/am5t1       
attitude to ,prov]bs1 #agg     ,n[ack1  
on ,eccles4 7iii4 #ab71 #baj n4         
,num]ical ,prov]bs1 #aec       ,old     
,te/am5t1 g5]al rem>ks on ! criticism (1
 #a sqq42     ne$ to di/+ui% betwe5 !   
p>ts (1 #g2     critical problems (1 n  
prom95t 9 ,*ri/'s "t1 #g     ,om>       
,khayyam1 #bjj1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bec1 #bfc  
,onias1 ! ,high ,prie/1 #bac            
,onkelus1 ,t>gum (1 #bfd     ,oort1     
,dr41 on prov]bs1 #abg     ,orion1 #gg  
,palm]1 ,major1 #eb     ,p>ables1 9 !   
,old ,te/am5t1 #abf     ,p>adise1       
tradition (1 #abc     ,patri>*al ,age1  
:e!r del9eat$ 9 ,job1 #ac1 #ga sqq4     
,paul1 ,sa9t1 doctr9e ( ! ,atonem5t1 #c1
 #bhg     ,p5tateu*1 ! lit]>y analysis (
 x1 #e sq4     ,pe%itto translation (   
,prov]bs1 #agd     ,philo1 #aea1 #afa   
n41 #bfd     ,pisa1 ,job frescoes at1   
#ajf     ,pleiades1 #eb1 #bij           
,plumptre1 ,dean1 #abb1 #aeh1 #bjg n41  
#bab1 #bde1 #bfc1 #bfe2     & passim    
,prior1 ! poet1 on ,kohele?1 #bcg       

,prophetical books1 plural au?or%ip 91  
#h     ,prophets1 _! antisacrificial    
language1 #d2     _! horizon t ( _! own 
times1 #h2     _! relations to ! #8,wise
 ,m51' #aai sqq41 #ahb sq4     ,prov]bs1
 diff]5t names =1 #abe2     no          
collection ( popul>1 #abe2     "s       
orig9ally curr5t z riddles1 #abg        
,prov]bs1 ! ,book (--     7a7 ,!        
division (1 #acd2       repetitions 91  
#acc1 #adc2       no subject arrangem5t1
 #acd2       ! tone ( ! diff]5t p>ts (1 
#ace1 #adf1 #afg1 #agg2       _! dates1 
#acj1 #acc1 #ade1 #adi1 #aeb1 #afe sqq42
       _! au?or%ip1 #acj sqq41 #adb1    
#ace1 #afe sq42       _! =m & /yle1     
#acc1 #aci1 #adc4 #adi1 #aed1 #afh2     
int]polations 91 #agc sqq42             
transpositions 91 #agd     7b7 ,passages
 expla9$ or em5d$3       7v4 #af71 #bif2
       7viii4 #bb71 #afj2       7xiv4   
#cb71 #abb2       7xviii4 #bd71 #acg2   
7xix4 #a71 #ace n42       7xix4 #g71    
#acd2       7xxii4 #ai-ba71 #ach2       
7xxiii4 #ah71 #abc2       7xxvii4 #f71  

#adh1 #bif2       7xxx4 #a-e71 #adi sq41
 #agj2       7xxx4 #ae-af71 #aec2       
7xxx4 #ca71 #age2       7xxii4 #a71 #agj
     ,psalms1 relations (1 to #8,job1'  
#hd1 #hh2     ,psalm viii4 #e p>odi$ 9  
#8,job' 7vii4 #ag1 #ah71 #bb            
,ptahhotep1 ,prov]bs (1 #aba            
,ptolemy ,arsacides1 ,gold5 ,table1 #bhi
     ,puscy1 ,dr4 quot$1 #a             
,q'd%m1 #hj1 #adi n4     ,qu9et quot$1  
#aje       ,ra1 ! sun god1 #gf          
,rahab1 ! help]s (1 #bd1 #gf     ,rav5  
79 ,job xxxviii4 #da71 #eb n4           
,realism ( ! #8,wise ,m51' #aai         
,r5an1 on ! /yle ( ,elihu1 #dg2     on  
,kohele?1 #bjf1 #bcd1 #bdb sq41 #bdf1   
#bih2     & passim     ,re% ,laki%1     
,rabbi1 quot$1 #fj     ,resurrection1   
hope (1 #cd1 #ge1 #ahh sq41 #bea1 #cja  
,retribution1 proportionate1 #bc1 #ce1  
#eh1 #gc1 #ih1 #aba1 #adj1 #afg1 #ahi1  
#aij      n41 #bjj1 #bai1 #bea          
,riddles1 prov]bs orig9ally curr5t z1   
#abg       ,rig ,v$a1 quot$1 #gh1 #aeb  
,romans1 vii4 #bj adopt$ f ,prov]bs     

7xxiv4 #ag1 #ah71 #adg     ,romaunt ( ! 
,rose1 quot$1 #cjj     ,rossetti1 ,miss 
,c41 #bdb       ,sacrificial sy/em1     
importance (1 9 po/-,exile p]iod1 #d2   
relations ( ,job to1 #ga4     ,see also 
,law     ,salmon1 ,pr(41 on ,eccles4    
7ix4 #g-i71 #bfb     ,sam>itans1 #aid   
,sammael1 #hj     ,s&ys'1 ,george1      
translation ( #8,job1' #ajf     ,satan1 
!1 #ad1 #gi1 #hj1 #aji1 #ahh sq41 #big  
,s*ill]1 #ab     ,s*ult5s1 ,alb]t1      
quot$1 #fa1 #ig1 #ii     ,sea ,life1    
famili>1 #adj2     cf4 #acc     ,s5eca1 
quot$1 #eg1 #bfe     ,septuag9t v]sion1 
( #8,job1' #aac1 #aad1 #bif2     (      
,prov]bs1 #agc2     ( ,kohele?1 #bgg    
,sev5 ,wise ,m51 ( ,greece1 #aai1 #abd  
,%ammaites1 on ,kohele?1 #bhj sq4       
,%$im1 #hj     ,%elley1 delight 9 ,job1 
#aab1 #bec2     dislike ( ,kohele?1 #bec
     ,sibyl1 ! olde/ ,jewi%1 #bfd       
,simeon b5 ,%eta*1 #bhb sq4     ,simon  
,,ii41 #ahj1 #aha sq4       ,sira*1     
p>5tage1 #ahj2     e>ly life1 #ahb2     
a true #8scribe1' #ahe2     unacqua9t$ )

 ,greek philosophy1 #aij2     int]e/$ 9 
nature & hi/ory1 #aic     ,sira*1 !     
,book (--     7a7 ,canonicity1 #bgi sq41
 #bhb sq42       ! "n ,ecclesia/icus1   
#aig2       writt5 9 ,hebrew1 #aid1     
#aif2       anci5t v]sions (1 #big2     
its date1 #ahj sqq42       subject      
arrangem5t1 #ahc2       /yle1 #ahe2     
:e!r autobiographical1 #ahf2            
p>allelisms 91 to ,prov]bs1 #ahd2       
no philosophical ?\ght 91 #ahb2         
imp]fect moral tea*+ 91 #ahg2           
conception ( ! div9e nature1 #ahh       
7b7 ,passages em5d$ or expla9$2         
7xi4 #af71 #ahh2       7xxi4 #bg71 #ahi 
n42       7xxiv4 #bg71 #aif2       7xxv4
 #ae71 #aif2       7xlvi4 #ah71 #aif2   
7xlviii4 #aa71 #ahi1 #aic2       7l4    
#a71 #aic2       7l4 #bf71 #aic         
,s(]im1 #bch4 ,see also #8,wise ,m5'    
,sol> ,my?s1 #af1 #bb1 #bd1 #gf1 #gg    
,solomon1 secul> turn (1 #gb2     reput$
 au?or%ip ( ,prov]bs1 #acj sqq41 #afe1  
#agj2     ,kohele?'s repres5tative (    
humanity1 #bjb1 #bjg2     reput$        

au?or%ip ( ,kohele?1 #bee1 #bge         
,sophia1 ,gno/ic my? (1 #afa n4         
,sophocles1 #ajg1 #bbj     ,spanheim1   
quot$1 #ig     ,sp5s]1 ! poet1 #ab      
,sp9oza1 on ,job1 #fa       ,spirits1   
classes (1 #dd sq4     ,/anley1 ,dean1  
on ,kohele?1 #bde1 #bee     ,/> wor%ip1 
#ga1 #hb     ,/e]sman%ip1 ! t]m1 #acc   
,/ickel1 quot$1 #ajb     ,/oicism1 9    
,kohele?1 #bdj sq41 #bfd     ,swift1 #ae
     ,sw9burne1 quot$1 #bab     ,syrian 
title = ,job1 #fe       ,talmud1 on     
,job1 #fd2     prov]bs 9 !1 #abh2       
,sira* cit$ 91 #aif2     comp>ison (    
,kohele? )1 #bje2     on ,kohele?1 #bha 
,tasso1 #aji n4     ,taylor1 ,c41 on    
,job 7xix4 #bf71 #bhi     ,taylor1      
,j]emy1 #bec     ,temple1 ,bi%op1 #bbe  
,t5nyson1 quot$1 #bab     ,!ism1 argum5t
 =1 e>ly bas$ on tradition1 #bc2     ( !
 ,praise ( ,wisdom1 #afg     ,!odore (  
,mopsue/ia1 #ajg     ,?irlwall1 ,bi%op1 
quot$1 #b     ,?omas  ,kempis1 #bca1    
#bdi     ,?omson1 ! poet1 quot$1 #ba    
,?oreau1 quot$1 #ajf1 #beb     ,tiamat1 

#gg     ,trades1 disp>ag$ 9 ,sira*1 #ahf
     ,turg5ieff1 #bdc     ,turn]1       
,/udies ,biblical & ,ori5tal1 quot$1 #df
     ,tyl]1 on ,kohele?1 #bdj1 #bfc sq4 
,unicorn1 9 ,job 7xxxix4 #aj71 #ec n4   
,utilit>ianism ( ! ,wise ,m51 #aba1 #acg
     ,uz1 locality (1 #ac n4            
,vaih+]1 on ,kohele?1 #bcf sq4          
,v>una1 ,v$ic hymn to1 #aed     ,vatke1 
on date ( ,prov]bs1 #a     ,v$ic hymns1 
#gg1 #aed4 ,see also ,rig ,v$a          
,virtue1 ,kohele?'s #8!ory (1' #bah     
,webbe1 ,george1 quot$1 #aac            
,wellhaus51 on ,levitical ,law1 #c sqq42
     on ,job1 #bij     ,wisdom1 !       
,hebrew1 nature (1 #aag sq42            
p]sonification (1 #afb1 #aib       ,wise
 ,m51 !1 #aah1 #abc1 #adh1 #ahb sqq4    
,wom51 9 ,prov]bs1 #ace1 #aed2     9    
,sira*1 #ahg2     9 ,kohele?1 #bai1 #bii
     ,wooln]1 quot$1 #bbi               
,wordswor?1 #afb     ,wright1 ,bateson1 
on ,job1 #aac       ,z5o1 #bfe sq4      
,zirkel1 on ,grcisms 9 ,job1 #bfj sq4   
,zoph>1 home (1 #ae2     ! #8man (      

common s5se1' #ag     ,zwis*5s*rift51   
#ahj            ,transcrib]'s ,notes3   
,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation 7 made  
consi/5t only        :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0
 f\nd 9 ?is book4       ,text t 0 9     
italics is enclos$ by und]scores        
7italics74        ,text t 0 9 bold face 
is enclos$ by equals signs 7bold74      
,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ ! *apt]s 
9 :i* !y are        ref]5c$4