,,mp-#cac ,,novemb] #aieh ,,pecan ,,diseases ,,& ,,insects ,,& ,,_! ,,control ,,texas ,,agricultural ,,exp]im5t ,,/ation 444 ,,texas ,,agricultural ,,ext5sion ,,s]vice ,college ,/ation1 ,texas ,key to ,pecan ,diseases ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,leaves ,olive spots on und]side page #e ,scab ,d[ny1 buff1 or gre5i%-yell[ lesions page #g ,d[ny ,spot ,small1 r$di%-br[n to gray spots on page #f ,br[n ,leaf ,spot und]side ,d>k br[n to black lesions on ve9s page #f ,ve9 ,spot & /ems ,t9y :ite tufts ( fungal gr[? on page #i ,articul>ia ,leaf ,mold und]side ,small olive gre5 velvety spots4 ,by page #g ,leaf ,blot* midsumm]1 black pimple-l dots appe> 9 ! spots ,leaflets yell[i%1 mottl$1 n>r[$ page #h ,rosette & cr9kl$ ) r$di%-br[n spots1 may be p]=at$ ,broomy type ( twig gr[?1 bun*+ ( page #h ,bun* ,disease leaves ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,nuts ,small black sunk5 or rais$ spots page #e ,scab :i* may fuse to cov] entire surface ( %uck ,p9k spore masses on %uck surface page #i ,p9k ,mold ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,roots ,galls ( v>i\s sizes on l>g] roots page #g ,cr[n ,gall ,splitt+ & det]ioration ( b>k ( page #aj ,cotton ,root ,rot infect$ roots1 /r&s ( buff-color$ fungal gr[? may be pres5t ,,nonp>asitic ,,plants ,,on ,,! ,,limbs ,,& ,,b>k ,:iti%-gray mosslike masses on ! b>k page #i ,li*5s ,accumulations ( grayi% /r&s page #i ,spani% ,moss1 ,ball ,moss hang+ f limbs & twigs or ball-l gr[? on limbs & bran*es ,key to ,pecan ,insects ,,insects ,,attack+ ,,! ,,nuts ,olive-gre5 cat]pill>s up to in* page #aj ,pecan ,nut ,casebe>] long fe$+ 9 ! nuts1 or lat] 9 ! season1 9 ! %ucks ,:ite cat]pill>s up to in* long page #aa ,hickory ,%uckworm tunnel+ 9 ! %ucks ,:ite legless grubs fe$+ 9 ! nuts page #ab ,pecan ,weevil 9 late summ] ,gre5 or br[n bugs suck+ ! sap page #ab ,/9k ,bugs & ,plant f ! nuts ,bugs ,,insects ,,attack+ ,,! ,,foliage ,s(t-bodi$ yell[ insects produc+ page #ac ,aphids honeydew or small black insects caus+ yell[ blot*es on ! foliage ,t9y gre5 ar?ropods 9 webs ne> ! page #ac ,mites midrib1 leaves appe> scor*$ ,cat]pill>s fe$+ 9 gray cases page #ad ,pecan ,leaf ,casebe>] ab\t in* long 9 ! spr+2 small w9d+ blot*es produc$ 9 ! leaves 9 ! summ] ,olive-gre5 cat]pill>s tunnel+ 9 page #aj ,pecan ,nut ,casebe>] ! %oots 9 ! e>ly spr+ ,t9y cat]pill>s 9 light br[n page #ae ,pecan ,cig> ,casebe>] cig>-%ap$ cases ab\t in* long ,galls on ! leaves1 twigs & nuts page #ad ,pecan ,phyllox]a ,leaves eat5 9 ! e>ly spr+ by a page #ad ,sawfly light gre5 cat]pill> :i* leaves ! midribs & ve9s intact ,beetles fe$+ on ! foliage at night page #ae ,may ,beetles ,cat]pill>s 9 l>ge :ite webs page #ae ,fall ,webworm encas+ entire bran*es ,cat]pill>s ) long s(t hairs page #af ,walnut ,cat]pill> fe$+ 9 colonies on ! foliage )\t produc+ webs ,d>k gray1 active cat]pill>s up to #c page #af ,pecan ,catocala in*es long fe$+ on ! foliage 9 e>ly spr+ ,masses ( fro?y :ite foam enclos+ page #af ,pecan ,spittlebug t9y1 light gre5 insects 9 ! spr+ ,t9y gre5i% cat]pill>s fe$+ 9 page #af ,pecan ,bud ,mo? ! t]m9als & axils ( ! buds on "y pecan trees ,,insects ,,attack+ ,,! ,,limbs1 ,,trunk ,,& ,,twigs ,beetle girdl+ twigs & limbs 9 late page #ag ,pecan ,twig ,girdl] summ] & fall ,holes ab\t in* 9 diamet] 9 dy+ page #ag ,r$-%\ld]$ limbs ,%ot-hole ,bor] ,:ite bor]s ) an enl>gem5t beh9d page #ag ,fla!ad$ ,bor]s ! head tunnel+ und]nea? ! b>k ( trunk & limbs ,limbs encru/$ ) scales1 :i* page #ah ,obscure ,scale closely resemble ! color ( ! b>k ,,cont5ts ,key to ,pecan ,diseases #b ,key to ,pecan ,insects #b ,spray ,s*$ule = ! ,control ( ,pecan ,diseases & ,insects #d ,introduction #e ,pecan ,diseases & ,_! ,control #e ,scab #e ,br[n ,leaf ,spot #f ,ve9 ,spot #f ,leaf ,blot* #g ,cr[n ,gall #g ,d[ny ,spot #g ,bun* ,disease #h ,rosette #h ,li*5s #i ,articul>ia ,leaf ,mold #i ,p9k ,mold #i ,spani% & ,ball ,moss #i ,cotton ,root ,rot #aj ,pecan ,insects & ,_! ,control #aj ,pecan ,nut ,casebe>] #aj ,hickory ,%uckworm #aa ,pecan ,weevil #ab ,/9k & ,plant ,bugs #ab ,aphids #ac ,mites #ac ,pecan ,leaf ,casebe>] #ad ,pecan ,phyllox]a #ad ,sawflies #ad ,may ,beetles #ae ,pecan ,cig> ,casebe>] #ae ,fall ,webworm #ae ,walnut ,cat]pill> #af ,pecan ,catocala #af ,pecan ,spittlebug #af ,pecan ,bud ,mo? #af ,twig ,girdl] #ag ,r$-%\ld]$ ,%ot-hole ,bor] #ag ,fla!ad$ ,bor]s #ag ,obscure ,scale #ah ,application ( ,fungicides & ,insecticides #ah ,spray ,equipm5t #ah ,lit]ature ,cit$ #ai ,,spray ,,s*$ule ,,= ,,! ,,control ,,( ,,pecan ,,diseases ,,& ,,insects ,"n ( spray & ,insect or ,spray mat]ials1 ,rem>ks "t ( application disease to be p] #ajj gallon controll$ ,prepoll9ation ,scab1 d[ny ,z9eb1,a #b p\nds ,if phyllox]a is a spray1 :5 fir/ spot1 ve9 spot problem1 see page leaves are #ad4 "o-?ird gr[n ,fir/ cov] spray1 ,scab1 d[ny ,z9eb1 #b p\nds :5 tips ( small spot1 ve9 nuts h turn$ spot1 leaf br[n & nut blot*1 br[n casebe>] eggs are leaf spot obs]v$ ,pecan nut #c p\nds #ej p]c5t casebe>]1 wettable ,,ddt1 or #a pecan leaf p\nd #be p]c5t casebe>] wettable p>a?ion1 or #a p9t nicot9e sulfate plus #b qu>ts summ] oil1 or #e p\nds #dj p]c5t wettable toxaph5e1 or #c p\nds #be p]c5t wettable mala?ion ,rosette ,z9c sulfate1 #b ,if rosette is a p\nds problem1 include z9c sulfate 9 spray4 ,second cov] spray1 ,scab1 d[ny ,z9eb1 #b p\nds #c to #d weeks aft] spot1 ve9 ,z9c sulfate1 #b fir/ cov] spray spot1 leaf p\nds blot*1 br[n leaf spot ,rosette ,?ird cov] spray1 ,scab1 br[n ,z9eb1 #b p\nds ,if aphid or mite #c to #d weeks aft] leaf spot1 infe/ations are second cov] spray liv] spot1 sev]e1 use aphids1 mites insecticides recomm5d$ on page #ac4 ,walnut ,if walnut cat]pill>1 cat]pill>s or fall webworm fall webworms are a problem1 use insecticides recomm5d$ on pages #ae & #af4 ,rosette ,z9c sulfate1 #b p\nds ,f\r? cov] spray ,pecan weevil #f p\nds #ej p]c5t ,= control ( wettable ,,ddt weevils1 apply spray :5 z _m z ?ree weevils c be j>r$ f a tree4 ,if scab is pres5t add #b p\nds z9eb to ,,ddt spray4 ,a,z9eb4 ,z9c e?yl5e bis di?ioc>bamate4 ,manufactur$ by ,rohm ,haas ,co41 trade "n ,di?ane ,z-#gh3 ,e4 ,i4 ,du,pont ,co41 trade "n ,p>zate4 ,pecan ,diseases & ,insects & ,_! ,control ,david ,w4 ,rosb]g & ,d4 ,r4 ,k+ ,respectively1 associate pr(essor1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,plant ,physiology & ,pa?ology1 & associate pr(essor1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,entomology4 ,! pecan tree mu/ be protect$ f attack by ! _m de/ructive diseases & insects t affect x to produce a b\ntiful nut crop4 ,! diseases t affect ! pecan1 especially ^? caus$ by fungi1 are rapidly spread ?r\gh\t ! trees 9 an or*>d 9 ! e>ly spr+4 ,dur+ ?is season ( frequ5t ra9s1 ! spores ( ! disease fungi g]m9ate & invade ! "y t5d] tissues ( ! %oots1 leaves & nuts4 ,"u conditions ( prolong$ damp wea!r1 :5 ! humidity rema9s high1 ! disease organisms reproduce at a rapid rate & cause sev]e %$d+ ( leaves & nuts4 ,pecans are attack$ by m ?an #bj species ( insects t cause damage to leaves1 nuts1 twigs1 buds1 bran*es & ev5 ! b>k4 ,! developm5t ( comm]cial pecan acreages has provid$ ideal conditions = ! increase 9 sev]ity ( bo? disease & insect damage because ( ! abundant food supply 9 a conc5trat$ plant+ ( pecans4 ,9 its natural habitat ! pecan is less subject to ! deva/ations ( diseases & insects4 ,! _m de/ructive insects & diseases mu/ be controll$ = successful pecan production4 ,! pecan gr[] mu/ also und]/& ! nature & habits ( ! v>i\s disease & insect pe/s t ?reat5 8 crop & use c]ta9 cultural practices :i* help to r$uce damage f diseases & insects4 ,pecan ,diseases & ,_! ,control ,! diseases :i* affect ! pecan are ( f\r diff]5t types3 namely fungus1 bact]ial1 virus & physiological4 ,! fungus diseases1 ! mo/ num]\s & widespread1 are caus$ by small microscopic molds4 ,approximately #ab diff]5t fungus organisms cause h>mful diseases ( ! pecan4 ,! bact]ial disease organisms1 unlike ! disease produc+ fungi1 are s+le cell$ & c be se5 only "u a microscope4 ,bact]ial diseases are few] & ( less economic importance ?an fungus diseases4 ,virus diseases are caus$ by extremely small ag5ts :i* c be se5 only "u special ultra-microscopes su* z ! electron microscope4 ,plant viruses are prote9 sub/ances1 b _! exact nature is unkn[n4 ,physiological disord]s 7sometimes call$ physiological diseases7 are caus$ by a v>iety ( environm5tal conditions4 ,a physiological disord] 9 a pecan tree may result f inf]tile soil1 excessive moi/ure1 or ! abs5ce or degree ( available nutritional m9]al elem5ts to ! gr[+ tree4 ,^! v>i\s environm5tal factors h special adv]se effects1 manife/$ by specific symptoms caus$ by insuffici5t levels ( a giv5 nutritional m9]al elem5t or elem5ts1 :i* are easily correct$ by supply+ ! tree ! necess>y m9]al elem5ts ei!r ?r\gh soil application or foliage sprays4 ,,scab ,pecan scab1 caus$ by ! fungus ,cladosporium effusum 7,w9t47 ,dem>ee1 is ! mo/ de/ructive disease ( pecans 9 ,texas4 ,! fungus invades ! "y rapidly gr[+ %oots & leaves & lat] ! develop+ nuts4 ,sev]ely infect$ nuts on highly scab-susceptible v>ieties fall or fail to develop1 result+ 9 a total nut crop loss4 ,e>ly season defoliation (t5 occurs 9 seasons ( frequ5t ra9s & high humidity :i* facilitate ! rapid developm5t & spread ( ! scab fungus4 ,! scab fungus ov]w9t]s 9 infect$ %oots & 9 old %ucks & leaves 9 ! trees4 ,9 ! spr+ :5 temp]ature & moi/ure conditions become favorable1 ! fungus beg9s to gr[ 9 ! %oot lesions1 old leaves & %ucks1 & )9 a few days produces great numb]s ( spores4 ,^! spores are spread by w9d & ra9 to newly develop$ leaves :]e !y g]m9ate & invade ! t5d] tissues1 initiat+ prim>y infection4 ,! fungus produces a great abundance ( spores on ! surface ( ^! prim>y infection sites & spreads ?r\gh\t ! tree & infects "y %oots1 leaves & nuts4 ,on ! leaves1 prim>y infection lesions occur on ! l[] leaf surfaces & are *>act]i/ically olive br[n1 some:at elongat$ 9 %ape & v>y 9 size f a b>ely disc]nible dot to lesions "o-f\r? in* or m 9 diamet]4 ,frequ5tly1 adjac5t lesions coalesce1 =m+ l>ge v d>k lesions4 ,prim>y scab lesions commonly occur on or along ! leaflet ve9s b (t5 may be f\nd betwe5 ! ve9s on ! und]leaf surface4 ,on ! nuts1 scab lesions appe> z small black dots1 :i* are elevat$ or sunk5 9 old] infections4 ,adjac5t lesions on ! nuts may coalesce =m+ l>ge sunk5 black lesions1 ,figure #a4 ,:5 infection is sev]e1 ! entire nut surface is black 9 appe>ance1 developm5t is arre/$ & ! nuts drop prematurely4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,scab lesions on leaves & nuts ( ,delmas v>iety4 ,note concave lesions & ov]all scabby appe>ance ( sev]ely infect$ nuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,infect$ nuts4 ,pecan v>ieties v>y 9 _! susceptibility to scab disease4 ,among ! highly susceptible v>ieties are3 ,burkett1 ,delmas1 ,s*ley1 ,moore1 ,halb]t & mo/ we/]n v>ieties4 ,moneymak]1 ,success & ,curtis are mod]ately resi/ant4 ,mahan1 ,/u>t & ,desirable v>ieties are highly resi/ant to ! scab fungus4 ,h[ev]1 ?is "* ( resi/ance v>ies1 dep5d+ on ! area ( ! /ate1 local environm5tal conditions & ! p>ticul> /ra9 ( ! scab fungus pres5t4 ,scab disease developm5t is favor$ by ra9y p]iods & cl\dy days :5 ! humidity rema9s high & leaf surfaces are wet4 ,"u ^! conditions1 spores ( ! fungus 9 contact ) ! wet leaf surface ( a pecan leaflet or nut g]m9ate rapidly1 invade ! t5d] tissues & initiate infection )9 #f h\rs4 ,lesions result+ f ^! infection sites1 become visible to ! nak$ eye )9 #g to #ad days1 dep5d+ on environm5tal conditions4 ,a p]iod ( w>m dry wea!r aft] infection occurs may ret>d lesion developm5t4 ,control4--,! control ( pecan scab disease dep5ds prim>ily on ! protection ( t5d] leaf1 nut & %oot surfaces ) prop] application ( an effective fungicide4 ,a protective film ( fungicide *emical prev5ts scab fungus infections by kill+ ! spores imm$iately aft] _! g]m9ation1 !reby prev5t+ invasion ( susceptible tissues4 ,un=tunately1 once ! fungus has invad$ ! tissues x becomes protect$ f *emical attack & produces spores 9 great abundance4 ,!re=e1 ?or\gh cov]age ( leaf1 nut & %oot surfaces ) a fungicide *emical mu/ be ma9ta9$ to prev5t second>y infections1 7#f1 #aj1 #aa74 ,sanitation measures1 su* z removal ( old atta*$ %ucks & leaf /ems 9 trees & pl[+ or disk h>r[+ "u fall5 leaves & %ucks help r$uce prim>y infections4 ,see spray s*$ule1 page #d1 = scab disease control4 ,,br[n ,,leaf ,,spot ,! br[n leaf spot disease fungus ,c]cospora fusca 7,heald & ,walf7 ,r& affects only mature leaves & usually does n appe> until ! latt] "p ( ,may or mid-,june4 ,prim>y lesions develop on ! l[] leaf surfaces z small dots1 :i* gradually enl>ge & become r$di% br[n ) a grayi% ca/4 ,! %ape ( ! lesions may be circul> or irregul>1 especially :]e two or m lesions develop adjac5t to "o ano!r1 ,figure #b4 ,9 seasons favorable = br[n leaf spot developm5t pecan trees may be completely defoliat$ )9 #c to #d mon?s if ! disease is n controll$4 ,mo/ pecan v>ieties :i* are ma9ta9$ 9 a vigor\s /ate ( gr[? are resi/ant to br[n spot disease4 ,control4--,see spray s*$ule1 page #d4 ,,ve9 ,,spot ,ve9 spot disease is caus$ by ! fungus ,gnomonia n]vis$a4 ,! symptoms ( ! disease are simil> to ! leaf lesion symptoms ( scab disease1 b ve9 spot disease1 unlike scab disease1 affects only ! leaves4 ,lesions ( ve9 spot disease develop on ! ve9s or /ems ( leaflets & leaves1 are usually less ?an "o-f\r? in* 9 diamet] & are *>act]i/ically d>k br[n to black4 ,leaflets & leaf /ems :i* are sev]ely affect$ drop1 result+ 9 premature defoliation4 ,! fungus lives 9 fall5 leaves ov] ! w9t]4 ,! foll[+ spr+ :5 temp]ature & moi/ure conditions are favorable1 spores =m$ 9 special /ructures call$ p]i!cia are =cibly dis*>g$ into ! air & c>ri$ by w9d curr5ts to ! newly =m$ spr+ foliage1 initiat+ prim>y infections4 ,control4--,see spray s*$ule1 page #d4 ,,leaf ,,blot* ,leaf blot* disease is caus$ by ! fungus ,mycospha]ella d5droides 7,cke47 ,dem>ee & ,cole4 ,! disease occurs ma9ly 9 trees ( poor vigor1 :i* may be due to neglect1 inf]tile soil1 rosette or ov]cr[d+4 ,nurs]y trees are p>ticul>ly susceptible to ! disease4 ,! fungus ov]w9t]s 9 fall5 leaves4 ,9 ! e>ly spr+1 l>ge numb]s ( spores produc$ 9 ! old leaves on ! gr\nd are c>ri$ by w9d curr5ts to ! "y leaves 9 ! tree1 :]e !y g]m9ate & rapidly invade ! t5d] leaf tissue4 ,! disease symptoms fir/ appe> on ! und]surface ( mature leaves 9 e>ly summ]1 z small olive-gre5 velvety spots4 ,by midsumm] black pimplelike dots become especially noticeable 9 ! leaf spots aft] ! surface spore masses h be5 remov$ by w9d & ra91 giv+ ! diseas$ areas ( ! leaves a black1 %9y appe>ance4 ,:5 ! disease is sev]e1 infect$ leaflets are kill$1 :i* causes defoliation ( ! trees 9 late summ] or e>ly fall & results 9 r$uc$ tree vigor & increas$ susceptibility to disease & insect attack4 ,control4--,leaf blot* disease c be controll$ effectively 9 ! e>ly spr+ by disk+ "u old fall5 leaves t h>bor ! fungus pa?og54 ,9 areas :]e a spray program = ! control ( scab disease is c>ri$ out1 leaf blot* usually is n a damag+ disease4 ,9 localities :]e leaf blot* disease occurs 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r pecan diseases1 two applications ( fungicide w control ! disease effectively4 ,! fir/ spray %\ld be appli$ aft] poll9ation :5 ! tips ( ! nutlets h turn$ br[n & ! second spray application %\ld be made #c to #d weeks lat]4 ,see spray s*$ule1 page #d4 ,,cr[n ,,gall ,cr[n gall disease1 caus$ by ! bact]ium ,agrobact]ium tumefaci5s 7,e4 ,f4 & ,t[n47 ,conn41 (t5 is damag+ to pecan trees4 ,nurs]y trees z well z trees 9 be>+ pecan or*>ds are susceptible to ! disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,br[n leaf spot diseas$ pecan leaflet %[+ typical symptoms4 ,lesions are circul> to irregul> 9 %ape4 ,! developm5t ( galls is conf9$ prim>ily to l>g] roots ne> ! base ( ! tree trunk1 al?\gh small roots may become infect$ & galls develop on !m4 ,! small] galls are "u ! soil surface & _c be detect$ unless ! soil is c>efully remov$ f ar\nd ! roots1 ,figure #c4 ,l>ge galls1 (t5 #aj to #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 develop on l>g] roots & may protrude well above ! surface ( ! soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,cr[n gall disease symptoms on "y infect$ pecan tree4 ,galls on nurs]y trees develop at or bel[ ! soil surface on ! taproot & l>g] second>y roots4 ,control4--,all infect$ nurs]y trees %\ld be dug & imm$iately burn$4 ,cr[n gall-diseas$ or*>d trees sometimes c be sav$ by digg+ ! soil f ar\nd l>ge roots & remov+ ! expos$ galls4 ,:]e galls 7 remov$1 ! damag$ root surfaces %\ld be pa9t$ ) a creosote-coal t> mixture 7"o "p creosote to ?ree p>ts coal t>7 to prev5t spread ( ! disease#i4 ,cultivation ( ! soil ar\nd ! trunk base ( infect$ trees %\ld be avoid$ to prev5t root w\nds & spread+ ( ! cr[n gall pa?og54 ,,d[ny ,,spot ,d[ny spot disease1 caus$ by ! fungus ,mycospha]ella c>yig5a 7,ell4 & ,ev47 ,dam>ee & ,cole1 attacks all pecan v>ieties4 ,only leaves are susceptible to ! disease4 ,prim>y infection ( new leaves 9 ! spr+ occurs f spores produc$ 9 specializ$ fruit+ bodies 9 old ov]w9t]$ leaves4 ,! d[ny spots appe> usually dur+ ! summ] mon?s on ! l[] surfaces ( leaflets4 ,! d[ny "* ( ! lesions is due to ! production by ! fungus ( ?\s&s ( m9ute spores on ! surface ( ea* spot4 ,! spores are spread by w9d & ra9 to adjac5t leaves & to neighbor+ trees4 ,aft] spore dissem9ation is complete1 ! lesions visible f bo? leaf surfaces are "o-eigh? to "o-f\r? in* 9 diamet] & gre5i% yell[4 ,lat] 9 ! season ! lesions turn br[n due to ! dea? ( ! leaf cells 9 ! diseas$ area4 ,moneymak] & ,/u>t v>ieties are mo/ susceptible to d[ny spot disease al?\gh all pecan v>ieties are mod]ately to slightly susceptible4 ,control4--,disk "u old fall5 leaves 9 ! e>ly spr+ be=e ! leafbuds beg9 to swell4 ,?is practice cov]s ! leaves ) soil & prev5ts ! dis*>ge ( spores into ! air1 !reby controll+ prim>y infection ( new leaves4 ,9 seasons :5 heavy ra9s make e>ly spr+ disk+ impossible1 d[ny spot disease c be controll$ by spray+ ! trees z indicat$ 9 ! spray s*$ule on page #d4 ,,bun* ,,disease ,al?\gh ! cause ( bun* disease is n kn[n1 evid5ce indicates x is an infecti\s disease1 :i* sugge/s t ! causal ag5t may be a virus4 ,trees affect$ ) bun* disease %[ ! bun*+ symptom1 :i* is due to excessive gr[? ( sl5d] succul5t twigs f lat]al buds t normally rema9 dormant4 ,9 mod]ately affect$ trees "o or sev]al bran*es w %[ ! 8bun*0 gr[? symptom4 ,bun*+ 9 sev]ely affect$ trees may involve all ma9 bran*es :i* produce ?ick masses ( suck]-l gr[? & few1 if any1 nuts4 ,obs]vations indicate t ! ,/u>t v>iety is ! mo/ resi/ant to bun* disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4 ,rosette die-back symptoms ( pecan tree %[+ sev]e z9c defici5cy4 ,control4--,!re is no kn[n effective control = bun* disease4 ,e>ly detection ( ! fir/ symptom ( bun* & prun+ out ( ! affect$ bran* may prev5t spread ( ! disease ?r\gh\t ! tree4 ,:5 ! tree is sev]ely affect$1 & limbs are involv$1 ! tree %\ld be de/roy$ to protect ne>by heal?y trees f infection4 ,= propagation purposes1 all bud or scion wood %\ld be tak5 only f bun* disease-free trees4 ,,rosette ,rosette is a nutritional defici5cy disease caus$ by c]ta9 soil conditions :i* make z9c unavailable to ! pecan tree4 ,all pecan trees require z9c = gr[?4 ,trees %[+ ! fir/ symptom ( z9c defici5cy h yell[$ tops4 ,! individual leaflets :5 exam9$ are yell[i% & mottl$4 ,! next season ! foliage may be yell[i% & ! leaflets n>r[$ & cr9kl$4 ,m sev]ely affect$ trees produce foliage :i* is a yell[i% to r$di%-br[n ov]all color1 & ! leaflets are v n>r[ ) r$di%-br[n spots & may be p]=at$4 ,%oots are mu* %ort5$ & ! leaves are produc$ 9 compact bun*es ( d5se foliage4 ,trees affect$ by rosette = sev]al seasons h _m dead %oots & small bran*es f ! dy+-back ( ea* season's gr[?1 ,figure #d4 ,su* trees are greatly /unt$1 ( poor vigor & produce few1 if any1 nuts4 ,control4--,rosette is controll$ readily by apply+ z9c sulfate to ! tree ei!r z a foliage spray or 9 ! dry =m z a soil application4 ,:]e a disease & insect spray control program is be+ c>ri$ out1 z9c sulfate may be add$ to ! spray mixture4 ,foliage spray4 ,two p\nds z9c sulfate 7#cf p]c5t7 p] #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,fir/ application3 aft] poll9ation :5 tips ( nutlets turn br[n4 ,second application3 #c to #d weeks lat]4 ,?ird application3 #c to #d weeks lat]4 ,soil application4 ,application ( z9c sulfate to ! soil1 p>ticul>ly 9 a l>ge or*>d is a m exp5sive op]ation1 b x provides long] protection aga9/ rosette4 ,9 highly alkal9e soils1 or soils t readily fix z9c & make x unavailable to ! tree1 foliage spray applications ( z9c sulfate are m economical because ( ! excessive rates requir$ to supply available z9c ?r\gh ! soil4 ,rate ( application ( z9c sulfate3 ,mildly rosett$ trees--apply #e p\nds z9c sulfate 7#cf p]c5t7 annually = #b to #c ye>s4 ,sev]ely rosett$ trees--apply #e to #aj p\nds z9c sulfate 7#cf p]c5t7 annually until rosette symptoms disappe>4 ,"t & me?od ( application3 ,apply z9c sulfate to ! soil ar\nd trees 9 late ,febru>y or e>ly ,m>*4 ,broadca/ z9c sulfate "u ! tree f ! trunk to sev]al feet beyond ! limb canopy4 ,disk+1 h>r[+1 or any op]ation t mixes ! z9c sulfate ) ! soil1 is desirable to prev5t wa%+ away & surface soil fix+ ( z9c4 ,,li*5s ,li*5s commonly are f\nd gr[+ on ! bran*es & trunks ( pecan trees1 especially 9 humid areas & riv] bottom or*>ds hav+ poor air dra9age4 ,li*5s are nonp>asitic to ! pecan tree1 b m]ely atta* !mselves to ! b>k surfaces4 ,li*5s gr[ equally well on rocks1 f5ce po/s1 bricks & o!r objects4 ,!re are sev]al types ( li*5s t occur on pecan trees1 none ( :i* are damag+ except p]haps 9 appe>ance to ! trees 9 cases ( extremely heavy infe/ations1 ,figure #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4 ,li*5s commonly f\nd on ! b>k ( pecan trees4 ,left1 a fan-%ap$ type4 ,"r1 an erect-bran*$ type4 ,control4--,! occurr5ce ( li*5s 9 trees regul>ly spray$ ) copp]-conta9+ fungicides is r>e4 ,,articul>ia ,,leaf ,,mold ,articul>ia leaf mold caus$ by ! fungus ,articul>ia qu]c9a 7,,pk7 ,hoehn is a disease ( m9or occurr5ce & importance4 ,! disease occurs mo/ commonly foll[+ ra9y p]iods & 9 areas ( high relative humidity 9 ! leaves ( trees ( poor vigor4 ,! fungus produces on ! l[] surfaces ( ! leaves a conspicu\s gr[? ( :ite tufts :i* conta9 masses ( spores1 ,figure #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4 ,articul>ia leaf mold fungus1 %[+ :ite tufts on l[] leaf surfaces ( pecan leaflets4 ,control4--,articul>ia leaf mold does n occur 9 trees or 9 or*>ds :i* h be5 spray$ = disease control4 ,a s+le application ( fungicide su* z z9eb at #b p\nds p] #ajj gallons ( wat] :5 ! disease is fir/ detect$ is usually suffici5t to control ,articul>ia leaf mold disease4 ,,p9k ,,mold ,p9k mold1 ,cephalo!cium roseum ,corda1 usually occurs on nuts infect$ ) ! scab fungus4 ,! p9k mold fungus app>5tly ent]s ! nuts ?r\gh scab lesions on ! %ucks & cont9ues to produce masses ( p9k spores on %uck surfaces until late fall4 ,! fungus sometimes invades ! k]nel ( ?9-%ell$ pecan v>ieties caus+ 8p9k rot0 :i* is *>act]iz$ by an oily appe>ance ( ! nut %ell & a rancid odor4 ,control4--,p9k mold r>ely occurs on ! %ucks ( nuts 9 ! abs5ce ( scab disease4 ,9 areas :]e scab disease control is regul>ly practic$ p9k mold is n a problem4 ,,spani% ,,& ,,ball ,,moss ,spani% moss1 ,till&sia usneoides1 & ,ball moss1 ,till&sia recurvata ,l41 are n p>asitic to ! pecan tree & are simil> to li*5s 9 t !y bo? d]ive _! food f ! air1 ra9 or atmosph]ic moi/ure4 ,neglect$ or*>ds 9 areas ( high humidity or poor air dra9age are mo/ tr\bl$ ) ,spani% moss & ,ball moss4 ,:5 l>ge & excessive gr[?s ( ,spani% moss develop 9 pecan trees1 ! %ad+ effect to ! leaves is detrim5tal to tree vigor1 be>+ & gr[?1 ,figure #g4 ,control4--,! ,spani% moss plant l ! pecan tree requires sunlight = vigor\s gr[?4 ,a pecan tree kept 9 a vigor\s /ate ( gr[? produces d5se foliage t effectively %ades accumulations ( ,spani% moss & ret>ds its gr[?4 ,spani% moss is n a problem 9 pecan trees 9 or*>ds :i* are spray$ ) fungicide = disease control4 ,bo? ,spani% moss & ,ball moss c be controll$ by spray+ pecan trees ) #f p\nds ( lead ars5ate p] #ajj gallons ( wat]#c4 ,d n all[ live/ock to graze 9 or*>ds spray$ ) lead ars5ate4 ,,cotton ,,root ,,rot ,cotton root rot disease is caus$ by ! fungus ,phymatotri*um omnivorum 7,%e>7 ,dvgg41 a soil-inhabit+ pa?og5 t attacks a wide range ( ho/ plants includ+ ! pecan4 ,! roots ( ! pecan tree are invad$ dur+ ! summ] :5 gr[? ( ! fungus 9 ! soil is mo/ active4 ,! infect$ roots are kill$1 disrupt+ ! transportation ( wat] to ! leaves1 ,figure #h4 ,trees diseas$ by cotton root rot produce yell[ foliage1 & %$d+ ( leaflets occurs dur+ dry p]iods4 ,diseas$ trees usually die #a to #c ye>s aft] becom+ infect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4 ,spani% moss accumulation 9 pecan trees r$uces vigor f excessive %ad+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4 ,cotton root infect$ ) cotton root rot fungus4 ,note ! splitt+ & g5]al det]ioration ( ! root4 ,control4--,an effective control = cotton root rot disease has n be5 develop$4 ,new or*>ds %\ld n be plant$ 9 soil hav+ a hi/ory ( cotton root rot disease4 ,pecan ,insects & ,_! ,control ,,pecan ,,nut ,,casebe>] ,! pecan nut casebe>]1 ,acrobasis c>yae ,grote1 is ! major pe/ ( pecans 9 ,texas4 ,e>ly 9 ! spr+1 ! ov]w9t]$ g5]ation fe$s fir/ 9 ! buds & !n 9 ! develop+ %oots1 caus+ !m to wilt & die4 ,succe$+ g5]ations fe$ on ! nuts dur+ ! late spr+ & summ]1 ,figure #i4 ,sev]e infe/ations may de/roy ! entire crop ( pecans4 ,! adult is a light gray mo? :i* is ab\t "o ?ird in* 9 l5g?4 ,! w+s are gray1 & ! =ew+s h a ridge ( d>k scales across !m ab\t "o-?ird ! di/ance f ! base4 ,! mo?s fly at night & sp5d ! day 9 concealm5t4 ,! "y l>vae are :ite to p9k1 b lat] become olive gray to gre5 & atta9 a l5g? ( ab\t "o-half in*4 ,?is insect passes ! w9t] z a p>tially gr[n l>va 9 a t9y silk5 cocoon call$ a hib]naculum1 :i* is usually atta*$ to a bud1 ,figure #aj4 ,9 ! spr+1 ! l>vae fe$ = a %ort "t on ! buds1 aft] :i* !y tunnel 9 ! develop+ %oots until !y rea* maturity1 ,figure #aa4 ,pupation usually occurs 9 ^! burr[s1 & ! mo?s em]ge 9 late ,april & ,may4 ,two or #c days aft] ! adults em]ge1 !y deposit eggs on ! tips ( ! nuts1 ,figure #ab4 ,ea* female may deposit f #ej to #aej eggs4 ,! eggs1 :i* are j visible to ! nak$ eye1 are gre5i% :ite :5 !y are deposit$ b assume a r$di% appe>ance a few days lat]4 ,! fir/-g5]ation l>vae hat* f ! eggs 9 #d or #e days & migrate to ! buds bel[ ! nuts to fe$4 ,aft] a day or two1 !y ent] ! nuts1 usually at ! base1 & fe$ 9 !m1 ea* l>va frequ5tly de/roy+ an entire clu/]4 ,bits ( frass & webb+ may be obs]v$ project+ f ! injur$ nuts4 ,^u rea*+ maturity1 ! l>vae pupate 9 ! nuts & em]ge z adults 9 ,june & e>ly ,july4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4 ,injury to nuts caus$ by fir/ g5]ation l>vae ( ! pecan nut casebe>]4 ,! adults deposit eggs 9 grooves on ! tips or bases ( ! nuts4 ,second-g5]ation l>vae :i* hat* f ^! eggs also fe$ 9 ! nuts4 ,less injury is produc$ by ?is g5]ation because ! nuts are l>g] & ea* l>va requires only "o or two nuts to complete its developm5t4 ,pupation takes place 9 ! holl[$ out nuts1 ,figure #ac1 & ! mo?s em]ge f late ,july to e>ly ,septemb]4 ,a ?ird g5]ation usually foll[s1 b ! %ells ( ! nuts h become h>d1 & only a few ( !m are p5etrat$ by ! l>vae4 ,in/ead1 !y fe$ 9 ! %ucks4 ,a numb] ( ?ird-g5]ation l>vae con/ruct hib]nacula1 :ile ! rema9d] pupate & appe> z adults1 em]g+ f late ,augu/ to ,octob]4 ,^! adults deposit eggs1 :i* hat* into f\r?-g5]ation l>vae4 ,if nuts are available1 _! %ucks con/itute ! pr9cipal food ( ! l>vae ( ?is g5]ation4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( nuts1 ! l>vae fe$ on buds & leaf /ems4 ,ov]w9t]+ hib]nacula are con/ruct$ by ! p>tially gr[n l>vae by ! middle ( ,novemb]#b4 ,control4--,! necessity = control ( ?is pe/ may be det]m9$ by exam9ation ( ! trees :5 ! %oots appe> 9 ! spr+4 ,if a numb] ( !m are wilt$1 ! foll[+ control measures probably w be requir$4 ,a spray application %\ld be made :5 eggs ( ! fir/ g5]ation appe> on ! tips ( ! "y nuts 9 late ,april or ,may4 ,! p]iod ( egg deposition usually co9cides ) ! completion ( poll9ation1 at :i* "t ! tips ( ! nuts turn br[n4 ,satisfactory control may be obta9$ by us+ any ( sev]al insecticides4 ,see spray s*$ule1 page #d4 ,ord9>ily1 only "o application ( spray is requir$ to control ! nut casebe>]4 ,h[ev]1 if trees surr\nd+ ! treat$ area are n spray$1 mo?s may ent] ! spray$ area & a s]i\s infe/ation ( second-g5]ation l>vae may develop4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 a second spray may be requir$ 9 ,june or e>ly ,july :5 second-g5]ation eggs are deposit$#f1 #aa4 ,,hickory ,,%uckworm ,! hickory %uckworm1 ,laspeyresia c>yana 7,fit*71 frequ5tly causes sev]e injury to pecans4 ,9 ! late summ] & fall ! %ucks are tunnel$ out4 ,z a result1 ! nuts are sl[] to mature & ! k]nels d n develop prop]ly4 ,! %ucks /ick to ! nuts & fail to op51 ?us increas+ ! difficulty ( h>ve/4 ,! adult %uckworm is a d>k1 grayi%-black mo? ) a w+ span ( a little ov] "o-half in*4 ,! l>va is :ite ) a light br[n head4 ,x atta9s a l5g? ( ?ree-eigh?s in* at maturity4 ,! w9t] is pass$ by ! l>vae 9 fall5 pecan or hickory %ucks4 ,!y pupate 9 late w9t] & em]ge z adults dur+ ! spr+4 ,! adults deposit eggs pr9cipally on hickory trees on ! leaves & "y nuts1 & ! l>vae fe$ 9 develop+ nuts 9 e>ly summ]4 ,succe$+ g5]ations develop 9 pecan %ucks4 ,be=e pupat+1 ! l>vae cut a hole to ! outside1 & !n sp9 a cocoon4 ,:5 ! mo? em]ges1 ! empty pupal sk9 is left project+ f ! hole & c be se5 aft]w>d on ! %uck4 ,z _m z five g5]ations may be complet$ ea* ye> be=e ! la/ g5]ation l>vae g into hib]nation4 ,control4--,no economical *emical control = ! %uckworm has be5 develop$4 ,cultural measures w aid 9 r$uc+ populations4 ,pl[+ dur+ ,july & ,augu/ to turn "u ! infe/$ %ucks is relatively effective4 ,! l>vae are unable to mature 9 ! decay+ %ucks1 & ! adults _c em]ge f ! soil4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to completely cov] ! fall5 %ucks1 b ! dep? ( pl[+ %\ld be regulat$ or damage to ! roots w result4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4 ,location ( ov]w9t]+ cocoons1 or hib]nacula1 ( ! pecan nut casebe>]4 ,,pecan ,,weevil ,! pecan weevil1 ,curculio c>yae 7,horn71 is a late-season pe/ ( pecans 9 ,texas4 ,9 ye>s :5 sev]e infe/ations occur1 ?is insect may de/roy a l>ge portion ( ! pecan crop4 ,! k]nels are eat5 out by ! l>vae4 ,! adult is a br[ni% weevil :i* is ab\t ?ree-eigh?s in* long4 ,! female has a sn\t :i* is z long z ! body2 ! male's is some:at %ort]4 ,! weevil appe>s 9 late ,augu/ & e>ly ,septemb]4 ,aft] ! nut k]nels h h>d5$1 ! female *ews a hole 9 ! %ell & deposits h] eggs 9 little pockets 9 ! nuts4 ,creamy :ite grubs hat* f ! eggs & fe$ inside ! nuts dur+ ! fall1 atta9+ a l5g? ( ab\t ?ree-fif?s in*4 ,:5 !y rea* maturity1 ! grubs *ew a hole ab\t "o-eigh? in* 9 diamet] 9 ! %ell1 em]ge f ! nut & drop to ! gr\nd 9 late fall & e>ly w9t]4 ,!y burr[ 9 ! soil to a dep? ( #d to #ab in*es & con/ruct a cell4 ,"s individuals rema9 9 ! l>val /age until ! foll[+ fall :5 pupation occurs4 ,o!r l>vae d n trans=m to pupae until ! succe$+ ye>4 ,! adults appe> dur+ ! summ]1 foll[+ pupation4 ,! entire life cycle requires f #b to #c ye>s1 mo/ ( ?is "t be+ sp5t 9 ! soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4 ,ov]w9t]$ l>va ( ! pecan nut casebe>] & *>act]i/ic injury to ! develop+ %oots4 ,control4--,frequ5tly1 c]ta9 trees 9 ! or*>d are m heavily infe/$ ?an o!rs1 s9ce ! adults usually d n g f> f ! tree ^u :i* !y develop$4 ,! "t at :i* insecticide applications %\ld be made to control ?is insect c be det]m9$ by j>r+ ! trees4 ,beg9 *eck+ ! fir/ week 9 ,augu/4 ,a l>ge %eet %\ld be plac$ "u a tree & ! limbs j>r$ ) a padd$ pole4 ,! weevils drop to ! gr\nd & rema9 motionless = a %ort p]iod1 at :i* "t !y may be c\nt$4 ,:5 ?ree or m weevils are j>r$ f ea* tree1 an application ( spray conta9+ #f p\nds ( #ej p]c5t ,,ddt wettable p[d] p] #ajj gallons ( wat] %\ld be made#h4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4 ,eggs ( ! fir/ g5]ation pecan nut casebe>] deposit$ on ! tips ( ! "y nuts4 ,,/9k ,,& ,,plant ,,bugs ,! adults ( sev]al species ( /9k bugs & plant bugs suck ! sap f "y pecan nuts caus+ an injury kn[n z black pit1 9 :i* ! int]ior ( ! nuts turns black4 ,! injur$ nuts fall f ! trees be=e ! %ells h>d54 ,fe$+ by ! insects aft] %ell h>d5+1 ,figure #ad1 produces br[n or black spots on ! k]nels4 ,areas affect$ ta/e bitt]1 b ! rema9d] ( ! k]nel is unaffect$4 ,/9k bugs are famili> to ev]yone4 ,plant bugs resemble !m & are usually %ades ( br[n1 small] & n>r[] 9 body outl9e4 ,plant bugs & /9k bugs ov]w9t] 9 ! adult /age 9 debris on ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! spr+1 ! adults are attract$ to gr[+ vegetation su* z cov] crops or we$s1 :]e !y deposit _! eggs4 ,! immature bugs develop on l[-gr[+ vegetation4 ,:5 !y rea* maturity1 _! w+s are fully develop$ & !y fly to pecan trees4 ,a few eggs may be deposit$ on pecan trees1 b ! "y bugs app>5tly are unable to develop on !m4 ,only ! adults are pres5t 9 suffici5t numb] to inflict economic injury4 ,!re may be z _m z f\r g5]ations ea* ye>4 ,control4--,al?\gh c]ta9 insecticides w control ^! pe/s1 ! numb] & frequ5cy ( spray applications necess>y = control w\ld n be economical4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep we$s d[n 9 ! or*>d dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,w9t] cov] crops %\ld be pl[$ d[n e>ly 9 ! spr+ s !y w n be attractive to ! adults com+ out ( hib]nation4 ,if ?is op]ation is delay$1 ! bugs w leave ! cov] crop :5 x is remov$ & migrate to ! trees 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,,aphids ,^! s(t-bodi$ insects appe> dur+ ! summ] & fall4 ,!y suck ! sap f ! leaves1 caus+ !m to turn yell[ or br[n & fall to ! gr\nd4 ,heavy infe/ations may cause defoliation 9 ! late summ] r$uc+ ! nut crop 9 ! curr5t & succe$+ ye>4 ,! black pecan aphid1 ,melanocallis c>yaefoliae 7,davis71 is ab\t "o-sixte5? in* long :5 full gr[n1 robu/ & gre5i% black4 ,its back is decorat$ ) tub]cles4 ,bright yell[ blot*es up to "o-f\r? in* 9 diamet] appe> ar\nd ! punctures produc$ by ! fe$+ ( ?is insect4 ,! yell[ aphids1 ,monellia spp41 :i* attack pecans inflict injury simil> to t caus$ by ! black pecan aphid4 ,h[ev]1 ! l>ge yell[ blot*es on ! leaves d n result f _! fe$+4 ,a /icky sub/ance call$ 8honeydew0 is secret$ by ^! insects creat+ an ideal m$ium = sooty mold fungus to develop#e4 ,bo? black & yell[ aphids ov]w9t] 9 ! egg /age 9 crevices 9 ! b>k4 ,9 ! spr+ ! eggs hat*1 & ! aphids beg9 fe$+ on ! leaves4 ,_m g5]ations are complet$ ea* ye>4 ,only females1 :i* may be w+less or w+$1 are produc$ dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,! w+$ individuals fly to diff]5t p>ts ( ! tree or to o!r trees4 ,9 ! fall1 males & females appe> & eggs are deposit$ "u ! b>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4 ,pupa ( ! second g5]ation ( ! pecan nut casebe>] 9 a holl[$ out nut4 ,usually1 ^! insects are n pres5t 9 suffici5t numb]s to cause s]i\s injury until mid or late summ]4 ,infe/ations e>li] 9 ! season r>ely assume damag+ proportions4 ,z is ! case ) mites1 aphid populations may increase1 foll[+ ! application ( c]ta9 insecticides appli$ = ! control ( ! pecan nut casebe>] or foll[+ treatm5t ) bordeaux mixture = pecan scab disease control4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4 ,s\!rn gre5 /9k bug on develop+ nuts4 ,control4--,:5 damag+ infe/ations appe>1 ! trees %\ld be spray$ ) ei!r #a p\nd ( #ab p]c5t gamma ,,bhc wettable p[d]2 or #a p9t ( #dj p]c5t nicot9e sulfate plus #c p\nds ( soap2 or #a p\nd ( #be p]c5t p>a?ion wettable p[d]#i4 ,,mites ,^! t9y pe/s attack ! leaves usually on ! und]side caus+ irregul> br[n areas to appe>4 ,trees :i* are heavily infe/$ appe> scor*$ & may lose _! leaves 9 late summ] or fall4 ,mites usually are light gre5 & are j l>ge en\gh to be se5 )\t ! aid ( a h& l5s4 ,!y are w+less & fe$ pr9cipally on ! und]side ( ! leaves along ! midrib4 ,colonies ( !m produce webs 9 :i* molt$ sk9s & eggs may be f\nd4 ,! life cycle ( mites is v %ort & sev]al g5]ations occur ea* ye>4 ,l>ge populations may develop dur+ ! late summ] & fall4 ,! use ( c]ta9 insecticides = ! control ( ! pecan nut casebe>] or bordeaux mixture = scab control frequ5tly contributes to increases 9 mite populations lat] 9 ! season4 ,control4--,mites may be controll$ 9 ?ree ways :5 damag+ infe/ations develop4 ,an application ( #b p\nds ( wettable sulfur p] #ajj gallons ( wat] may be made2 #f p\nds ( wettable sulfur p] #ajj gallons ( wat] may be add$ to ! spray appli$ = ! control ( ! nut casebe>]2 & repeat$ applications ( z9eb includ$ 9 a regul> spray s*$ule = pecan scab control w effectively control mites4 ,h[ev]1 a s+le application ( z9eb is n effective#g4 ,,pecan ,,leaf ,,casebe>] ,on occasion1 ?is insect1 ,acrobasis jugl&is 7,le,b471 develops to damag+ numb]s & causes economic injury4 ,e>ly 9 ! spr+ ! l>va fe$s on unfold+ leaves & buds4 ,x may prev5t leaf developm5t = weeks1 result+ 9 a greatly decreas$ yield ( nuts4 ,! adult is a d>k gray mo? m>k$ ) br[n4 ,its =ew+s1 :i* h a spread ( ab\t two-?irds in*1 are gray ) black blot*es4 ,!re is a r$di% m>k ne> ! base ( ! =ew+s4 ,! immature l>va is br[n1 b *anges to d>k gre5 z x develops to a l5g? ( "o-half in*4 ,x has a %9y1 br[ni% black head & is enclos$ 9 a gray case :i* completely cov]s ! body & is borne 9 a position ne>ly p]p5dicul> to ! leaf on :i* ! l>va is fe$+4 ,! pecan leaf casebe>] ov]w9t]s z an immature l>va 9 a hib]naculum ar\nd a bud4 ,x em]ges 9 late ,m>* or e>ly ,april z ! buds op54 ,! l>vae mature 9 ,april1 ,may & ,june & trans=m into pupae )9 _! gray cases1 ,figure #ae4 ,! mo?s are pres5t f ,may until e>ly ,augu/4 ,eggs are deposit$ dur+ ?is p]iod on ! und]side ( ! leaves4 ,! l>vae :i* hat* f ^! eggs develop sl[ly1 & d n atta9 a l5g? ( m ?an "o-sixte5? in* dur+ t season4 ,!y con/ruct little w9d+ cases 9 :i* !y live4 ,_! fe$+ produces irregul> blot*es on ! leaf surface1 ,figure #af4 ,be=e ! leaves drop 9 ! fall1 ! l>vae migrate to ! buds1 & con/ruct _! ov]w9t]+ hib]nacula4 ,only "o g5]ation is complet$ ea* ye>4 ,control4--,control ( ?is insect is accompli%$ by spray+ = ! pecan nut casebe>]4 ,see spray s*$ule1 page #d4 ,! insecticides recomm5d$ = nut casebe>] control also r$uce infe/ations ( ! leaf casebe>]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae4 ,ov]w9t]$ l>vae ( pecan leaf casebe>] 9 _! cases4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af4 ,summ] injury to ! leaves by ! pecan leaf casebe>]4 ,,pecan ,,phyllox]a ,! pecan phyllox]a1 ,phyllox]a deva/atris ,p]g41 & ! pecan leaf phyllox]a1 ,p4 notabilis ,p]g41 produce galls on ! new gr[? ( pecans4 ,leaves1 twigs & nuts may be affect$4 ,! galls are conspicu\s swell+s1 ,figure #ag1 :i* atta9 a size ( f "o-t5? to #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y are caus$ by a s(t-bodi$ insect :i* is closely relat$ to aphids4 ,! w9t] is pass$ 9 ! egg /age 9 crevices 9 ! b>k4 ,9 ! spr+1 ! egg hat*es & ! t9y nymph fe$s on ! t5d]1 "y gr[?1 app>5tly secret+ a sub/ance :i* /imulates ! plant tissues to develop into galls4 ,aft] ! nymph rea*es maturity1 a numb] ( eggs are deposit$ inside ! gall4 ,! "y nymphs ( ! succe$+ g5]ation develop )9 ! gall1 :i* splits op5 9 #a to #c weeks1 lib]at+ !m4 ,sev]al g5]ations foll[ dur+ ! summ] & fall1 z long z !re is fre% "y gr[? on ! tree4 ,f #d to #e weeks are requir$ = ea* g5]ation#d4 ,control4--,! dormant oil spray recomm5d$ = obscure scale control w prev5t ! developm5t ( phyllox]a4 ,if dormant oil is n appli$1 use #b p9ts ( nicot9e sulfate plus #f p\nds ( soap2 #c p\nds ( #be p]c5t mala?ion wettable p[d]2 or two & a half p\nds ( #aj p]c5t gamma isom] ,,bhc wettable p[d] p] #ajj gallons ( wat] :5 ! leaves are "o-?ird gr[n4 ,,sawflies ,sawfly l>vae1 ,p]icli/a sp4 & o!rs1 fe$ on ! foliage ( pecans dur+ ,april & e>ly ,may4 ,! l>vae1 :i* are light gre51 *ew holes 9 ! leaves4 ,usually ! midrib & ve9s are left intact1 giv+ ! leaflets a lacy appe>ance1 ,figure #ah4 ,! adults closely resemble wasps1 except t !y are n 8wasp-wai/$40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,develop+ galls ( ! pecan phyllox]a4 ,note ! op5 gall on ! l[] leaf4 ,control4--,! l>vae may be controll$ ) an application ( #b p\nds ( #ej p]c5t ,,ddt wettable p[d] or #a p\nd ( #be p]c5t p>a?ion wettable p[d] p] #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah4 ,sawfly injury to pecan foliage4 ,,may ,,beetles ,_m species ( ,may beetles may damage pecans e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,! beetles appe> only at night & sp5d ! day conceal$ b5ea? ! surface ( ! soil4 ,!y fe$ on ! "y leaves & prev5t ! foliage f develop+4 ,beetles ( ! mo/ common species are "o-half to ?ree-f\r?s in* long & %9y d>k br[n4 ,!y are attract$ to lights & are obs]v$ commonly on por*es or scre5 doors at night4 ,! l>vae are ! grubworms1 or :ite grubs1 :i* fe$ 9 ! soil on ! roots ( _m plants4 ,! female beetle deposits eggs 9 ! soil1 :]e ! l>va develops4 ,mo/ species require two summ]s = ! l>va to mature4 ,pupation is accompli%$ 9 a cell :i* is con/ruct$ 9 ! gr\nd 9 ! fall ( ! second ye>4 ,! beetles em]ge ! foll[+ spr+4 ,bo? l>vae & adults may be f\nd 9 ! soil dur+ ! w9t]4 ,control4--,may beetles are usually a problem 9 or*>ds :i* are n cultivat$ because ! l>vae fe$ on ! roots ( ! sod cov]4 ,cultivation ( ! or*>d p]iodically w r$uce ! food supply ( ! grubs1 & small] infe/ations ( adults w appe> ! foll[+ ye>4 ,:]e cultivation is n feasible1 sprays w control ! adults4 ,apply #b p\nds ( #ej p]c5t ,,ddt wettable p[d]2 #d p\nds ( lead ars5ate2 or #a p\nd ( #be p]c5t p>a?ion wettable p[d] p] #ajj gallons ( wat] :5 damage by ?is insect is sev]e#i4 ,,pecan ,,cig> ,,casebe>] ,! pecan cig> casebe>]1 ,coleophora c>yaefoliella 7,clem71 may be damag+ 9 "s ye>s4 ,! l>va fe$s on ! leaves1 produc+ t9y holes4 ,x con/ructs a light br[n1 cig>-%ap$ case ab\t "o-f\r? in* 9 l5g? :i* encases x ?r\gh\t developm5t4 ,control4--,! spray appli$ = control ( ! nut casebe>] w usually prev5t significant injury by ! cig> casebe>]4 ,see spray s*$ule1 page #d4 ,,fall ,,webworm ,! webs produc$ by ! fall webworm1 ,hyphantria cunea 7,drury71 are famili> to ev]yone4 ,leaves are eat5 by ! l>vae :i* live 9 loosely wov51 dirty :ite webs1 ,figure #ai4 ,! adult is a :ite mo? :i* may h black or br[n spots on ! =ew+4 ,its w+s h a span ( ab\t #a in*4 ,! l>vae are pale yell[ spott$ ) black4 ,!y atta9 a l5g? ( #a in* :5 full gr[n & are cov]$ ) long black & :ite hairs4 ,! insect ov]w9t]s z a pupa 9 lightly wov5 cocoons 9 debris on ! soil or "u ! b>k4 ,9 ! spr+ ! adults em]ge & lay masses ( gre5i% :ite eggs on ! leaves4 ,! cat]pill>s :i* hat* f ! eggs fe$ on ! leaves 9 colonies "u webs :i* !y con/ruct4 ,aft] fe$+ = a mon? to #f weeks1 ! l>vae crawl d[n ! tree & pupate 9 loose cocoons 9 debris1 "u b>k1 or 9 loose soil4 ,adults appe> dur+ ! summ] & deposit eggs = ! second g5]ation4 ,! l>vae ( ?is g5]ation fe$ ext5sively until fall1 crawl d[n ! tree & pupate = ! w9t]4 ,control4--,light infe/ations on a few trees c be elim9at$ by prun+ out ! affect$ bran*es & burn+ !m4 ,if ?is me?od ( control is n practicable1 ! trees %\ld be spray$ ) #b p\nds ( #ej p]c5t ,,ddt wettable p[d]2 #a p\nd ( #be p]c5t p>a?ion wettable p[d]2 or #c p\nds ( lead ars5ate p] #ajj gallons ( wat]#i4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ai4 ,web ( ! fall webworm on a pecan limb4 ,,walnut ,,cat]pill> ,dur+ ! spr+ & summ]1 ! walnut cat]pill>s1 ,datana integ]rima ,g4 ,r4 & o!rs1 may /rip ! leaves f bran*es or entire small trees4 ,! adult is a mo? ) a w+span ( #a to #b in*es4 ,! =ew+s are light br[n ) d>k] wavy l9es4 ,! h9dw+s are light] 9 color )\t l9es4 ,! immature l>va is r$di% br[n ) n>r[ yell[i% l9es t ext5d ! l5g? ( ! body4 ,! full-gr[n l>va is almo/ black ) two grayi% l9es on ! back & two on ! sides4 ,_m long1 s(t gray hairs are di/ribut$ ov] ! body4 ,?is insect ov]w9t]s 9 ! pupal /age 9 ! soil4 ,! adult em]ges 9 ! spr+ & deposits eggs 9 masses on ! und]side ( ! leaves1 ,figure #bj4 ,! l>vae fe$ 9 colonies on ! leaves = ab\t #c weeks4 ,at p]iodic int]vals1 ! gr\ps ( l>vae move to ! trunk to molt &1 aft] %$d+ _! sk9s1 !y return to ! leaves to fe$ until ! next molt4 ,!y d n encase !mselves 9 webs4 ,!re are two g5]ations ea* ye>1 ! fir/ appe>+ 9 late spr+ & e>ly summ]1 ! second 9 lat] summ] & fall4 ,l>vae ( ! second g5]ation complete developm5t & crawl d[n to pupate 9 ! soil4 ,control4--,:5 ^! insects become abundant en\gh to defoliate portions ( ! tree1 !y may be controll$ by apply+ a spray conta9+ #b p\nds ( #ej p]c5t ,,ddt wettable p[d]2 #c p\nds ( lead ars5ate2 or #a p\nd ( #be p]c5t p>a?ion wettable p[d] p] #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bj4 ,walnut cat]pill> adults & egg mass on a pecan leaflet4 ,,pecan ,,catocala ,sev]al species ( catocalas1 ,figure #ba1 among !m ,catocala mae/osa ,hl/41 may /rip ! leaves ( pecans 9 ! spr+ leav+ only ! midribs4 ,! cat]pill>s are v d>k gray & atta9 a l5g? ( ab\t #c in*es :5 full gr[n4 ,!y are v active :5 di/urb$ & move ) a loop+ motion4 ,bo? ! cat]pill>s & ! mo?s are well cam\flag$4 ,:5 !y re/ on ! trees dur+ ! day1 _! color s h>monizes ) ! color ( ! b>k t !y are frequ5tly indi/+ui%able4 ,control4--,"o application ( #b p\nds ( #ej p]c5t ,,ddt wettable p[d] p] #ajj gallons ( wat] controls ?is pe/4 ,al?\gh ! majority ( catocala l>vae rea* maturity be=e ! "t to spray = ! nut casebe>]1 a numb] ( !m w be kill$ :5 ! recomm5d$ spray is appli$ = ! latt] insect4 ,,pecan ,,spittlebug ,9 ! spr+ & e>ly summ] a numb] ( buds & small nuts may be cov]$ ) foamy :ite masses4 ,inside ^! masses are sev]al small insects call$ spittlebugs1 ,cla/opt]a obtusa 7,say74 ,! :ite fro? is produc$ probably to ma9ta9 an artificial high humidity1 :i* is requir$ = developm5t4 ,! adults resemble leafhopp]s & fly actively dur+ ! summ]4 ,?is insect has n be5 kn[n to cause any significant injury on pecans 9 ,texas4 ,,pecan ,,bud ,,mo? ,! pecan bud mo?1 ,gret*5a bolliana 7,sl+471 damages nurs]y /ock & fre%ly top-work$ pecans4 ,! gre5i% l>vae fe$ 9 ! axils ( ! newly set buds & 9 ! t]m9als ( "y trees1 caus+ ext5sive bran*+4 ,!re are sev]al g5]ations ea* ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ba4 ,mo? ( ! pecan catocala4 ,control4--,?is insect may be controll$ by apply+ a spray conta9+ #b p\nds ( #ej p]c5t ,,ddt wettable p[d] p] #ajj gallons ( wat]4 ,,twig ,,girdl] ,! adult twig girdl]1 ,oncid]es c+ulata 7,say7 7,o4 texana ( "s au?ors71 girdles twigs & bran*es1 weak5+ !m s t !y fall (f or die on ! tree1 ,figure #bb4 ,?is insect is active dur+ ! late summ] & e>ly fall4 ,_m twigs may be f\nd on ! gr\nd "u a sev]ely infe/$ tree4 ,second>y bran*+ may occur & ! numb] ( be>+ twigs is r$uc$4 ,! twig bor] is a grayi% br[n beetle "o-half to five-eigh?s in* 9 l5g? ) a broad gray b& ov] ! middle ( ! w+ cov]s4 ,its head is r$di% br[n & be>s a pair ( long ant5nae1 :i* ext5d beyond ! abdom5 on ! male4 ,! l>va is a :ite legless grub ab\t ?ree-f\r?s in* long :5 x rea*es maturity4 ,?is insect ov]w9t]s z a p>tially gr[n l>va 9 a twig on ! tree or gr\nd4 ,x develops rapidly 9 ! spr+ fe$+ 9 ! twig4 ,foll[+ pupation1 ! adult em]ges 9 late ,augu/ or e>ly ,septemb]4 ,! female sy/ematically girdles twigs & deposits eggs 9 ! sev]$ portion s9ce ! l>va is unable to develop 9 heal?y sapwood4 ,! eggs hat* 9 a few weeks into l>vae :i* rema9 small until ! foll[+ spr+ :5 !y complete developm5t1 pupate & em]ge z adults 9 ! late summ] & fall4 ,!re is "o g5]ation annually1 al?\gh "s individuals require #b ye>s to mature#a4 ,control4--,infe/ations may be r$uc$ by remov+ girdl$ bran*es f ! trees & ! gr\nd & burn+ !m4 ,*emical control is also effective4 ,! trees %\ld be spray$ ) #d p\nds ( #ej p]c5t ,,ddt wettable p[d] p] #ajj gallons ( wat] :5 ! fir/ injur$ bran*es are obs]v$ 9 late ,augu/ or e>ly ,septemb]4 ,two or ?ree applications at #b-week int]vals may be requir$ = mo/ effective control#i4 ,,r$-,,%\ld]$ ,,%ot-,,hole ,,bor] ,! r$-%\ld]$ %ot-hole bor]1 ,xylobiops basil>e 7,say71 & o!r %ot-hole bor]s also injure trees 9 a devitaliz$ condition4 ,! l>vae fe$ 9 wood1 pupate & em]ge z adults ?r\gh r\nd holes ab\t "o-eigh? in* 9 diamet] 9 ! b>k4 ,_m ( ^! holes may be obs]v$ 9 close proximity to ea* o!r4 ,control4--,s9ce ?is insect fe$s on dy+ or dead wood1 prun+s & dead limbs %\ld be remov$ f ! or*>d & burn$4 ,adequate f]tiliz] & wat] w keep trees 9 a heal?y condition & prev5t injury by ?is pe/4 ,,fla!ad$ ,,bor]s ,! fla!ad$ apple tree bor]1 ,*rysobo?ris femorata 7,oliv471 & o!r species ( fla!ad$ bor]s attack unheal?y or rec5tly transplant$ pecan trees by burr[+ 9 ! b>k & sapwood ( ! l>ge bran*es & trunk4 ,_! pres5ce is indicat$ by ! appe>ance ( d>k5$1 depress$ areas 9 ! b>k f :i* traces ( frass may protrude4 ,:5 ^! portions ( ! b>k are remov$1 %all[ w9d+ burr[s pack$ ) sawdu/ may be obs]v$4 ,! burr[s usually are on ! sunny side ( ! trunk or bran*1 b may ext5d completely ar\nd & p5etrate ! wood to a dep? ( #b in*es4 ,"y trees may be girdl$ by ?is insect4 ,! adult beetle is ab\t "o-half in* long1 broad & blunt at ! head end & tap]+ to a po9t po/]iorly4 ,its w+ cov]s1 :i* h a metallic %e51 are d>k color$ & corrugat$4 ,! l>va1 or bor]1 :i* is legless & yell[i% :ite1 atta9s a l5g? ( #a in*es :5 full gr[n4 ,imm$iately beh9d ! head is a broad1 flatt5$ exp&$ area f :i* ! insect takes its "n4 ,! w9t] is pass$ by l>vae 9 v>y+ /ages ( developm5t )9 ! tree4 ,9 ! spr+1 !y *ange to pupae 9 _! burr[s1 em]g+ z adults dur+ ! spr+ & summ]4 ,! female beetles deposit _! eggs 9 cracks or bruises 9 ! b>k4 ,! l>vae :i* hat* f ^! eggs fe$ dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! season & pass ! w9t]4 ,!re is only "o g5]ation ea* ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bb4 ,adult twig girdl] & *>act]i/ic injury to twig4 ,control4--,! beetles are attract$ to trees or areas ( trees 9 a devitaliz$ condition1 induc$ by transplant+1 dr\?1 sunscald1 bruises or poor gr[+ conditions4 ,! trees mu/ be kept 9 a heal?y1 vigor\s condition by prop] f]tilization & wat]+4 ,on "y or transplant$ trees1 wrapp+ ! trunks 9 e>ly spr+ be=e ! adults appe> is ! only effective control kn[n = ^! insects4 ,injury c be prev5t$ by ?or\ghly wrapp+ ! entire trunk f gr\nd level to ! bran*es ) heavy pap] or o!r wrapp+ mat]ial4 ,! wrapp+ %\ld be ti$ securely ) tw9e & %\ld be ma9ta9$ on ! tree = #b ye>s4 ,regul> obs]vations %\ld be made to see t ! tw9e does n girdle ! tree4 ,9 old] trees1 ! bor]s c be remov$ ) a %>p knife4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to injure z little ( ! heal?y wood z possible4 ,if ! w\nd is ext5sive1 x %\ld be trimm$ & !n pa9t$ ) a comm]cial tree pa9t or ) a mixture ( "o "p creosote & ?ree p>ts coal t>4 ,dead & dy+ limbs & trees %\ld be remov$ f ! or*>d ea* ye> & burn$ be=e ! foll[+ spr+4 ,if !y are n burn$1 ! bor]s 9 !m may mature & re-infe/ surr\nd+ trees4 ,comm]cial tree bor] prep>ations are ( little value 9 controll+ ?is insect4 ,,obscure ,,scale ,! obscure scale1 ,*rysomphalus obscurus 7,com/471 is a pe/ ( consid]able importance1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! m arid portions ( ! ,/ate4 ,! t9y insect "u its scale cov]+ sucks ! sap f ! limbs & bran*es1 caus+ !m to lose _! leaves & die back f ! tips4 ,! tree is s devitaliz$ by ! fe$+ ( ?is insect t x is made vuln]able to attack by wood bor]s4 ,! scale cov]+ ov] a full-gr[n female is ab\t "o-eigh? in* long & is usually d>k gray1 & closely resembles ! b>k ( ! tree4 ,infe/$ limbs appe> to h _h wood a%es spr9kl$ ov] !m1 ,figure #bc4 ,num]\s pits appe> 9 ! b>k :]e ! insects fe$1 produc+ a r\gh5$ appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bc4 ,sev]e infe/ation ( obscure scale on a pecan twig4 ,! w9t] is pass$ by ! female scales "u _! cov]+s on ! b>k4 ,eggs laid 9 ! spr+ hat* into t9y1 salmon-color$ crawl]s :i* move ab\t = a %ort "t1 !n settle d[n & ins]t _! beaks4 ,:ile !y are fe$+1 a scale cov]+ develops :i* is made up ( secret$ wax & ca/ sk9s4 ,! females nev] move aga9 f ! spot !y h select$1 b ! adult males develop w+s & em]ge f _! scale cov]+s to mate ) ! females4 ,only "o g5]ation is produc$ ea* ye>4 ,control4--,:5 damag+ populations develop1 a spray application ( #c gallons ( #ig p]c5t miscible dormant oil p] #ajj gallons ( wat] dur+ ! dormant season w keep ?is pe/ "u control4 ,application ( ,fungicides & ,insecticides ,:5 possible1 fungicides = disease control & insecticides = insect control %\ld be comb9$ 9 ! spray tank & appli$ to ! trees 9 "o op]ation4 ,! spray mat]ials %\ld be appli$ ev5ly & ?or\ghly to all ! leaf & nut surfaces to provide a *emical b>ri] to disease organisms & insects4 ,d n neglect ! tops ( ! trees4 ,diseases & insects c h>bor & multiply 9 all unspray$ areas ( ! tree4 ,?or\gh cov]age ) spray mat]ials is ess5tial = effective control4 ,z a guidel9e1 apply approximately #a gallon ( spray mixture = ea* foot ( tree height4 ,apply #bj gallons to a #bj-;foot tree & #dj gallons to a #dj-;foot tree1 etc4 ,spray ,equipm5t ,v>i\s types ( spray ma*9es = application ( fungicides & insecticides to pecan trees are available4 ,! spray ma*9es employ ei!r a high pressure hydraulic pump1 high pressure c5trifugal pump or l[ pressure high air velocity sy/ems4 ,all ! ma*9es are portable & are equipp$ ) a gasol9e eng9e or op]ate f a truck or tractor p[] take(f %aft4 ,= pecan spray+1 a tank hav+ a m9imum capacity ( #cjj gallons is desirable4 ,! pump %\ld deliv] #bj to #cj gallons p] m9ute & ma9ta9 a pressure ( #djj to #fjj p\nds p] squ>e in* :ile op]at+4 ,a spray gun :i* is adju/able to produce a mi/ spray = spray+ small trees or ! l[] canopy ( l>ge trees & a n>r[ /ream t w rea* ! tops ( tall trees is ess5tial4 ,= safety & durability high pressure rubb] hose hav+ an inside diamet] ( ?ree-f\r?s in* %\ld be us$ ) all high pressure spray ma*9es4 ,lit]ature ,cit$ #a;,bils+1 ,s4 ,w41 #aiaf2 ,life hi/ory ( ! pecan twig girdl]4 ,j\rnal ,econ4 ,ent4 #i3aaj-aae4 #b;,bils+1 ,s4 ,w41 #aibg2 ,/udies on ! biology ( ! pecan nut casebe>]4 ,texas ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,bullet9 #cdg1 #ga pp4 #c;,bils+1 ,s4 ,w41 #aida2 ,an economical me?od ( remov+ ,spani% moss 7,till&sia us5oides7 & ,ball moss 7,till&sia recurvata7 f trees4 ,texas ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,progress ,report #gdg4 #d;,dobb9s1 ,trab] ,norman1 #aicb2 ,! biology ( ! pecan phyllox]a4 ,ma/]'s ,degree ,!sis1 ,texas ,a4 & ,m4 ,college4 #e;,dorman1 ,h>vey ,s41 #aicd2 ,! life hi/ory ( ! yell[ pecan aphid ,monellia nigropunctata ,granovsky4 ,ma/]'s ,degree ,!sis4 ,texas ,a4 & ,m4 ,college4 #f,k+1 ,d4 ,r4 & ,david ,w4 ,rosb]g1 #aiee2 ,exp]im5ts = ! control ( pecan insects & diseases1 #aied4 ,texas ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,progress ,report #aghf4 #g,k+1 ,d4 ,r4 & ,david ,w4 ,rosb]g1 #aief2 ,control ( ,tetrany*us hicoriae ,mc,g4 on pecans4 ,j\rnal ,econ4 ,ent4 #di 7#c73djd-e4 #h,nickels1 ,c4 ,b41 #aieb2 ,control ( ! pecan weevil 9 ,texas4 ,j\rnal ,econ4 ,ent4 #de 7#f73 #ajii-aajj4 #i,osburn1 ,m4 ,r41 ,a4 ,m4 ,phillips1 ,william ,c4 ,pi]ce1 & ,john ,r4 ,cole1 #aied2 ,insects & diseases ( ! pecan & _! control4 ,,usda ,f>m]s ,bullet9 #ahbi1 #ef pp4 #aj,rosb]g1 ,david ,w41 #aiej2 ,control ( pecan diseases 9 #aiej4 ,texas ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,progress ,report #accj4 #aa,rosb]g1 ,david ,w4 & ,d4 ,r4 ,k+1 #aied2 ,pecan disease & insect control exp]im5ts 9 ,texas1 #aiec4 ,texas ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,progress ,report #afga4 ,y\r ,c\nty ,,ext5sion ,,ag5ts ,illu/ration3 ,ext5sion ag5ts c furni% y ! late/ in=mation on f>m+1 ran*+ & homemak+4 ,!y repres5t bo? ,! ,texas ,a4 ,m4 ,college ,sy/em & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 y\r c\nty4 ,mo/ c\nty ext5sion ag5ts h _! (fices 9 ! c\nty c\r?\se or agriculture build+4 ,!y welcome y\r visits1 calls or lett]s = assi/ance4 ,?is publication is "o ( _m prep>$ by ! ,texas ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,s]vice to pres5t up-to-date1 au?oritative in=mation1 bas$ on results ( rese>*4 ,ext5sion publications are available f y\r local ag5ts or f ! ,agricultural ,in=mation ,(fice1 ,college ,/ation1 ,texas4 ,coop]ative ,ext5sion ,"w 9 ,agriculture & ,home ,economics4 ,! ,texas ,a4 ,m4 ,college ,sy/em & ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture coop]at+4 ,di/ribut$ 9 fur!rance ( ! ,acts ( ,congress ( ,may #h1 #aiad1 z am5d$1 & ,june #cj1 #aiad4 #aj,m-#c-ei4 ,repr9t4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4