,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,tri-,,nitro-,,glyc]91 ,,z ,,appli$ ,,9 ,,! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 ,subm>9e ,bla/+1 ,,etc41 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,by ,,geo4 ,m4 ,,m[bray1 ,,nor? ,,adams1 ,,mass4 #ahgb4 ,,nor? ,,adams3 ,,james ,t4 ,,rob9son ,,son1 ,,pr9t]s ,,& ,,b9d]s1 ,,transcript ,,(fice1 ,transcript ,build+1 ,bank ,/reet4 #ahgb4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahgb1 by ,,george ,m4 ,,m[bray1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,di/rict ( ,massa*usetts4 ,,d$ication4 ,,to ,,walt] ,,%anly1 ,m4 ,p4 ,indebt$ to y = ! res\rces :i* h enabl$ me to inve/igate ! prop]ties ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 & r5d] its manufacture a comm]cial success1 p]mit me to d$icate ! foll[+ pages 9 tok5 ( my appreciation ( ! indomitable en]gy1 admirable organization1 integrity ( purpose1 & eng9e]+ tal5t :i* h rescu$ ! ,hoosac ,tunnel f ! mire ( politics & r5d]$ x an eng9e]+ success2 not)/&+ extraord9>y imp$im5ts ( flood1 wat] fissures1 /rikes1 jeal\sy & indiff]5ce on ! "p ( ^? *iefly int]e/$1 t mu/ h be5 mo/ di%e>t5+ to y\r m9d1 & *all5g$ a resolution & res\rces seldom comb9$ ) ! abilities y h %ewn 9 ?is "w4 ,our relations dur+ ! pa/ ?ree ye>s hav+ be5 )\t a ripple1 r5d] ?is1 my simple duty1 an agreeable task4 ,,geo4 ,m4 ,,m[bray4 ,,preface4 ,a pap] read by reque/ at ! ,albany ,in/itute1 0 ! g]m ( ! foll[+ pages2 its publication 9 ?is =m1 ,i consid]$ w\ld furni% eng9e]s1 contractors & railroad directors1 :o occasionally apply to me = p>ticul>s z to ! use ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 ) detail$ in=mation impossible to cond5se 9 a bus9ess lett]4 ,hurri$ly compos$ dur+ ! sp>e h\rs ( a manufacture involv+ grave responsibility1 ! writ] weight$ ) ! additional task ( defeat+ an attempt to monopolize ! use 7n ! manufacture7 ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :il/ ! subject itself1 8,explosives1 & fir+ m9es by ,electricity10 con/antly dem&$ exp]im5tal rese>*1 ?is "w has n ! arrangem5t nor ! complet5ess ,i c\ld desire2 b ! au?or hopes x w create a m favorable reg>d 9 ! public m9d1 t[>ds ! mo/ p[]ful bla/+ ag5t kn[n1 by correct+ errors 9 respect to its prop]ties1 & ! casualties att5d+ its use2 & assi/ m9]s & contractors to a m intellig5t acqua9tance ) "s ( ! mat]ials ! pres5t advanc$ /ate ( eng9e]+ progress has br\ght into practical use4 ,,geo4 ,m4 ,,m[bray4 ,nor? ,adams1 ,mass41 ,june #a/1 #ahgb4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,nitro-,glyc]9--,introduction ( ! explosive 9 ,new ,york1 ,san ,francisco1 ,lake ,sup]ior1 & ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 ,massa*usetts2 ,accid5ts2 ,reports ( ,eng9e]s ,?os4 ,a4 ,doane1 ,w4 ,p4 ,grang] & ,b4 ,d4 ,fro/1 ( ! ,manufactur]2 ,m9]s' /atem5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,subm>9e ,bla/+--,erie ,h>bor--,dimon's ,reef1 ,new ,york--,co5ties ,reef1 ,n4 ,y4--,oil ,wells1 ,p5n4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,nitro-,glyc]9 consid]$ 9 its *emical details4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,electricity 9 bla/+ op]ations4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]9 manufactur$ at ! ,hoosac ,tunnel--,h[ ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]9 is made--,h[ /or$--,h[ ,gutta-,p]*a is purifi$--,h[ ! ,explod]s are manufactur$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,explosive mixtures4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,nitro-,glyc]9 pat5ts & litigation4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,hoosac ,tunnel--,drill+ by ma*9e--,bla/+ ) ,p[d]--,nitro-,glyc]94 ,,directions ,,= ,,h&l+ ,,& ,,us+ ,,tri-,,nitro-,,glyc]94 ,,app5dix4 ,a4 ,memor&a = ,contractors4 ,b4 ,ov]-s5sitive ,explod]s4 ,c4 ,pr(essor ,abel on effects ( initial explosion on explosives4 ,d4 ,c> freight$ ) #d1hjj lbs4 ,nitro-,glyc]9 (f ! track4 ,e4 ,accid5ts at ! ,hoosac ,tunnel4 ,,illu/rations4 ,,page4 ,i4 ,vignette4 ,,ii4 ,drill+ ma*9e at head+1 a photograph tak5 9 ,tunnel by ,magnesium light1 #g1gfj feet f ,we/ ,portal4 ,,iii4 ,/]eoscopic view4 ,twelve cans aft] an explosion1 #ah ,,iv4 8 8 ,we/ ,end1 ,hoosac ,tunnel1 #bh ,v4 8 8 ,ea/ ,end1 ,hoosac ,tunnel1 #ci ,,vi4 8 8 ,nitro-,glyc]9 factory1 #dc ,,vii4 8 8 8 8 int]ior ( conv]t+ room1 #df ,,viii4 8 8 ,c5tral %aft1 ,hoosac ,tunnel1 #ej ,,ix4 ,m9]s asc5d+ 8 8 8 8 #eh ,x4 ,bur/+ ( c1 :il/ convey+ ,nitro-,glyc]91 ,hoosac ,tunnel1 #ff ,,xi4 ,s9k+ ,c5tral ,%aft1 ,hoosac ,tunnel1 #gd ,,xii4 ,pr(ile ( ! ,hoosac ,m\nta91 %ew+ progress ,janu>y #a1 #ahgb1 #hj ,,xiii4 ,/ope+ out enl>gem5t1 ,ea/ ,end1 #he ,,xiv4 ,driv+ b5* "w & dump+ f head+1 ,we/ ,end1 #ij 7,photographs tak5 by ,l4 ,daft1 op]at+ = ,messrs4 ,?ompson ,co41 ( ,albany1 ! draw+s by ,assi/ant ,eng9e]s ,c4 ,o4 ,w$]k9* & ,g4 ,lunt1 ! wood-cuts by ,&rew ,son1 ,bo/on47 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,nitro-,glyc]9--,introduction ( ! explosive 9 ,new ,york1 ,san ,francisco1 ,lake ,sup]ior1 & ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 ,massa*usetts4 ,accid5ts1 ,reports ( ,eng9e]s ,?os4 ,a4 ,doane1 ,w4 ,p4 ,grang] & ,b4 ,d4 ,fro/1 ( ! ,manufactur]1 ,m9]s' /atem5t4 ,! city ( ,new ,york 0 />tl$ "o f9e ,sunday morn+ 7#ahfe7 by an explosion 9 ,gre5wi* ,/reet1 opposite ! ,wyom+ ,hotel1 ! w9d[s ( e h\se )9 "o hundr$ y>ds ( ! entrance to ! ,wyom+ ,hotel 7 %att]$1 p$e/rians 7 ?r[n d[n1 & ! pavem5t brok5 up4 ,a few m9utes previ\s to ! explosion1 "o ( ! gue/s 9 ! hotel _h be5 engag$ poli%+ 8 boots2 = ?is purpose he _h drawn f "u ! c\nt] ( ! hotel (fice a small box1 on :i* he _h re/$ 8 foot2 notic+ a r$di% vapor emanat+ f !re1 he drew ! att5tion ( ! hotel cl]k to x1 :o tak+ ! box 9 8 h&s made 8 way to ! front door & ?rew x into ! gutt]1 :]eupon explosion in/antly foll[$4 ,an inve/igation ( ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! /orage ( ?is box1 develop$ ! foll[+ facts3 ,"s "t previ\sly a pass5g] f ,g]many :o _h occupi$ a room at ! hotel1 be+ unsuccessful 9 obta9+ employm5t _h left x z security = 8 bo>d1 /at+ t x 0 ,glono9 ,oil1 a new mat]ial t _h be5 us$ 9 ,g]many = bla/+ purposes ) great success1 t he1 ! pass5g]1 _h be5 entru/$ ) an ag5cy = introduc+ ! same to m9]s & o!rs1 b _h fail$ to get x introduc$ into use2 und\bt$ly ! box conta9$ ,nitro-,glyc]91 manufactur$ by ! ,nobel ,bro!rs1 :o _h a manufactory :]e ?is explosive 0 comp\nd$1 at ,hamburgh4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> #ahff ?is sub/ance 0 aga9 a prom95t subject ( discussion1 ow+ to an explosion :i* 0 att5d$ ) ! burn+ & ultimate de/ruction ( ! /eam] 8,european10 "o ( ! ,we/ ,india mail packets1 :ile %e 0 ly+ at ! railway :>f ( ,colon or ,asp9wall1 on ! ,atlantic side ( ! i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,kn[+ t ,nitro-,glyc]9 0 on bo>d "u ! "n ( 8glonv5e0 or 8glono9 oil10 on its way to ! gold m9+ di/ricts ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,pacific ,/ates1 z an explosive or bla/+ ag5t1 x 0 conclud$ t ! explosion 0 due to ?is sub/ance4 ,un=tunately1 =ty-sev5 p]sons 7 ei!r kill$ at ! "t ( ! explosion or di$ %ortly aft]w>d f ! injuries !y su/a9$4 ,imm$iately succe$+ ?is accid5t ano!r explosion occurr$ 9 ! (fice ( ,wells1 ,f>go ,co41 9 ,san ,francisco1 by :i* eight p]sons lo/ _! lives4 ,! damages by ! explosion on bo>d ! 8,european0 7 e/imat$ at "o million doll>s1 = ! vessel1 built ( iron & ( unusual /r5g?1 0 de/roy$1 & ! pi] ) an upp] railroad track = unload+ c>go1 & w>eh\ses = /or+ freight1 7 completely wreck$4 ,! ,san ,francisco explosion involv$ a fur!r loss ( a qu>t] million doll>s4 ,9 all ! above cases ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 manufactur$ at ,hamburgh rea*$ ,new ,york safely2 9 ! ,wyom+ ,hotel explosion x _h be5 ly+ 9 ! hotel sev]al weeks1 9 ! ,asp9wall cata/rophe x _h be5 transport$ ov] ! ,i/hmus & re%ipp$ by /eam] z express freight by ,wells1 ,f>go ,co41 to ,san ,francisco1 & c>t$ to _! (fice 9 ,montgom]y ,/reet be=e ! explosion occurr$4 ,x subsequ5tly transpir$ t ! imm$iate cause ( ! explosion at ,asp9wall 0 a case slipp+ f ! sl+s :il/ be+ hoi/$ out ( ! hold ( ! vessel2 9 ,san ,francisco1 ! circum/ances z detail$ to ! writ]1 7 z foll[s3 a man pass+ by ,wells1 ,f>go ,co4's (fice he>d "o ( ! employee's address a g5tleman rid+ pa/ on horseback1 say+1 8,doctor1 we h got a case ( glono9 oil & x seems to be smok+1 ,i wi% y w\ld /ep 9 & advise u :at _h bett] be done ) x20 ! doctor 7,hill7 dism\nt$1 reque/+ a pass]-by to take *>ge ( 8 horse & walk x up & d[n ! block1 ! animal be+ too high spirit$ to /& )\t an att5dant2 sc>cely _h ! p]son 9 *>ge gone a block f ! (fice :5 ! explosion occurr$4 ,x c only be inf]r$ t 9 break+ op5 ! case to discov] ! cause ( leakage ( r$ fumes1 ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 0 explod$4 ,i h s9ce asc]ta9$ f ! ,new ,york consignee ( ?is p>cel ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 7,messrs4 ,nobel's ag5t7 t aft] ! %ipm5t to ,panama1 :i* 0 only a "p ( ! consignm5t f ,hamburgh1 ! ag5t leav+ ano!r portion 9 w>eh\se 9 ,t5? ,/reet1 ,new ,york1 proce$$ to ,lake ,sup]ior 9 ! w9t] season ) a "p ( ! same %ipm5t1 :]e1 on arrival & op5+ ! cases1 he f\nd x _h be5 pack$ 9 bottles surr\nd$ ) sawdu/1 & 9 congeal+ _h bur/ ! bottles1 a portion ( ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 be+ f\nd solid 9 ! neck ( ! bottle4 ,?is !re=e1 if correctly report$1 w\ld g to prove ! ,nobel ,nitro-,glyc]9 exp&s dur+ congelation4#a ,:at _h be5 bottles conta9+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 7 n[ fragm5ts ( brok5 glass1 :il/ ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 itself1 ow+ to ! extremely cold temp]ature ( a ,lake ,sup]ior w9t]1 0 f\nd 9 solid mass ( ! exact m\ld ( ! bottle t _h conta9$ x4 ,^u discov]+ ?is condition ( ! cases & _! cont5ts ! consignee at ,lake ,sup]ior telegraph$ to 8 correspond5t 9 ,new ,york3 8,direct ,messrs4 ,b&mann to ?r[ ! cases ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 %ipp$ to !m1 ov]bo>d on arrival40 ,probably 9 ! belief t ! temp]ature ( ! upp] lakes 0 ! cause ( ! brok5 bottles & t ! w>m] temp]ature ( ! tropics & ,san ,francisco did n apply1 ?is advice 0 neglect$4 #a ,?is prop]ty di/+ui%es x f ! ,m[bray ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]91 ! latt] contract+ ab\t "o-twelf? ( its bulk 9 congeal+2 fur!r1 ! ,nobel pat5ts claim a prep>ation :i* congeals at #ee;,f1 :]eas ! ,m[bray ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]9 congeals at #de;,f4 ,no fur!r evid5ce is necess>y to prove t a real diff]5ce ( compon5t p>ts exi/s betwe5 ! two prep>ations4 ,reflect+ z a *emi/ ^u ^! explosions1 t "h 0 a comp\nd made at ,hamburgh1 c>t$ to ! :>f1 load$ on bo>d /eam] by ! /ev$ores1 voyag+ to ,london1 re%ipp$ to ,panama1 ! express portion ( x =w>d$ across ! ,i/hmus by railway1 !nce light]$ to & load$ ^u ! /eam]1 be>+ twelve days' voyage to ,san ,francisco1 :]e on arrival x is tak5 to ! express (fice1 previ\s to be+ =w>d$ to ! m9es2 n[ h[ did x happ51 s9ce !re is no effect )\t a cause1 aft] all ?is h&l+ t an explosion took place8 ,det]m9$ to solve ?is problem1 ,i und]took ! prep>ation & qualitative exam9ation ( ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,resid+ at t "t at ,titusville 9 ! oil region ( ,p5nsylvania1 :]e ! disa/r\s results ( speculations 9 oil t]ritory dur+ ! previ\s ye>1 compell$ mo/ ( u to 8ma/]ly inactivity10 ,i _h ! leisure1 :il/ my curiosity 0 piqu$ to discov]1 ! app>5tly anomal\s prop]ties :i* ?is explosive seem$ to pres5t1 & 9 #ahff1 aft] matur+ ! process pat5t$ ,april #g1 #ahfh1 ,i ins]t$ a brief adv]tisem5t 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 (f]+ to manufacture ,nitro-,glyc]9 on a l>ge scale = m9]s & o!rs4 ,9 #ahff1 ,i receiv$ a communication f ,?omas ,a4 ,doane1 ,esq41 *ief eng9e] ( ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 :o 0 ke5ly alive to ! necessity ( m effici5t means = driv+ t "w4 ,i extract f 8 annual report to ! ,commission]s ( ! ,troy & ,gre5field ,railroad & ,hoosac ,tunnel1 ,james ,m4 ,%ute1 ,alvah ,crock] & ,*>les ,hudson1 dat$ ,dec4 #ai1 #ahff1 & hav+ ref]5ce to ! "w ( ! curr5t ye>1 z foll[s3 8,page #ba4 ,x has be5 my cont9ual desire s9ce ent]+ ^u ?is "w to le>n h[ to fire sev]al *>ges at ! same "t4 ,?is ,i hop$ to d ( ,colonel ,tal ,p4 ,%affn]1 b 8 com+ ^u our "w 0 s long delay$1 x be+ some?+ m ?an a ye> aft] 8 fir/ brief visit "h1 t x began to seem hopeless4 ,la/ spr+1 9 mak+ a visit to ! ,bessem] /eel works 9 ,troy1 p>tly 9 way ( bus9ess1 b m out ( curiosity to see & le>n some?+ conc]n+ ?is process ( mak+ /eel1 x 0 my good =tune to obta9 an introduction ?r\gh ,mr4 ,holley ( ! /eel works1 to ,j4 ,j4 ,revey ( ,london4 ,mr4 ,revey is connect$ ) ! gun-cotton works ( ,london1 & 0 acqua9t$ ) ! mo/ approv$ me?ods ( simultane\s fir+4 ,he v k9dly & fully expla9$ to me ! process & gave me a description ( ! electrical ma*9e & fuses necess>y1 & also aft]w>ds made a visit to our ,tunnel4 ,! ,commission]s ord]$ = me two electric ma*9es1 f\r ?\s& fuses1 & sev]al miles ( conduct+ & connect+ wire4 ,^! 7 sev]al mon?s 9 transit & be=e _! arrival ,colonel ,%affn] came ) 8 mat]ial4 ,8 ma*9e = explod+ 0 ,:eat/one's magneto-electric explod]1 & by x & 8 sy/em ( connect+ wires x 0 f\nd impossible to fire m ?an ab\t five *>ges at once1 & ^! n simultane\sly4 ,?is ( c\rse 0 f> f satisfactory4 ,%ortly aft]1 ! ebonite 7or ,au/rian patt]n7 ma*9es ) ! ,abel fuses ord]$ = me1 arriv$1 & we v soon le>n$ h[ to use !m bo?1 & h be5 able to fire at once z _m z ?irty-"o *>ges4 8,:ile x is important to save ! "t :i* c be sav$ by ?is process 9 fir+1 & to r$uce ! risk ( accid5t1 & to avoid ! smoke made by ! burn+ ( ! common fuse1 x is mu* m important to ! progress t simultaneity ( fir+ be secur$4 ,if *>ges 9 adjo9+ holes c be fir$ z ?\gh b "o *>ge1 !n !y help ea* o!r & mu* m rock w be torn away4 ,! :ole top may be ?r[n d[n or ! bottom br\ght up by prop] arrangem5t ( holes1 & by means ( a r+ ( conv]g+ holes ! c5t] may be dragg$ out4 ,! passage ( ! electric sp>k ?r\gh "o sy/em ( wires occupies practically no appreciable "t1 :ile ?r\gh sev]al sy/ems x may4 ,if ! *>ges 9 adjo9+ holes are fir$ ) ! int]val ( an in/ant1 x may j z well be a week s f> z ! te>+ ( ! rock is conc]n$4 8,! numb] ( fuses obta9$ 0 s small t _! influ5ce ^u progress is h>dly appreciable1 except possibly at ! ,c5tral ,%aft4 8,"u ! direction ( ,colonel ,%affn]1 exp]im5ts h be5 tri$ at ! ,we/ ,%aft ) ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,! article us$ 0 import$ f ,europe1 & mu* "t 0 consum$ 9 ord]+1 %ipp+1 & pass+ x ?r\gh ! cu/om h\se4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ,colonel ,%affn] has be5 em95tly successful4 ,no accid5t has result$1 & inde$ !re seems to be comp>atively little risk if ! article is good & ord9>y c>e is tak5 9 its use4 8,! ,glyc]9 w occasion to "s p]sons1 if !y are expos$ to x 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 a heada*e#b = an h\r or two1 :ile o!rs are n ?us affect$4 ,our m5 h made v little compla9t 9 ?is respect1 & inde$ !re has be5 no difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 introduc+ ?is new & p[]ful explosive among m5 :o nev] be=e h us$ any?+ b p[d]4 #b ,?is effect has nev] be5 produc$ by ! ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]9 78,m[bray's07 & is ano!r & v emphatic pro( ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two prep>ations4 8,x 0 "s "t ago demon/rat$ by exp]im5t1 t d\ble progress c\ld be made ) ,glyc]9 ov] t made ) p[d] at less co/4 ,?is is a wond]ful a*ievem5t & its effect ^u ! prospect ( ?is "w1 9 reg>d to its e>ly completion at reasonable co/ _c b be good4 ,x is true t ! exp]im5t 0 limit$ to a %ort] "t by reason ( ! small supply ( electrical fuses & ,nitro-,glyc]9 ?an c\ld h be5 wi%$1 & t my views may ^u fur!r exp]i5ce be modifi$ or *ang$ ev51 b ) :at in=mation ,i n[ h !re is no room to d\bt its fitness = our purpose4 ,x is ! te/imony ( all :o h se5 our "w1 includ+ ,mr4 ,revey1 ,george ,b]keley ( ,london1 ,c4 ,e41 ,dr4 ,erh>dt ( ,london1 ,colonel ,%affn]1 & o!rs famili> ) tunnell+1 t :ile our rock is n 9 g5]al h>d] to drill ?an _m o!rs1 x is mo/ p]si/5tly t\gh4 ,t is1 ! numb] ( *>ges we fire1 if !y c\ld be 9 granite or lime or 9 any brittle /one1 w\ld br+ out two or ?ree times m ( debris ?an n[4 ,x is !re=e necess>y t we %\ld h ! quicke/ explosive to get ! be/ result4 ,z prep>ations ( m]cury are n to be ?\ght ( on acc\nt ( _! dang]1 we take ,nitro-,glyc]9 z be+ next 9 p[]1 :ile x is comp>atively safe4 ,:5ev] its ext5sive use %all be conclud$ ^u x w be necess>y to secure ! s]vices ( "s sci5tific p]son exp]t 9 h&l+ x1 t "s antidote aga9/ heada*e may be discov]$1 & t ! risk may be r$uc$ to ! l[e/ possible po9t4 ,bulk = bulk1 :i* is ! only useful comp>ison to be made "h1 ,nitro-,glyc]9 is eight times m p[]ful ?an common p[d]40 ,9 same report1 page #fd1 ! consult+ eng9e]1 ,b5j4 ,h4 ,latrobe1 /ates3 8,9 ! ea/ head+ ( ! ,we/ ,%aft exp]im5ts ) ,nitro-,glyc]9 z an explosive 7 made ) highly favorable results1 z report$ by ! *ief eng9e] :o /ates1 ! =w>d progress 9 ! head+ prop] 7six by fifte5 9 section7 z d\bl$1 & 9 ! head+ enl>gem5t 7to t5 & a half & fifte57 z trebl$ by ?is new ag5t :5 comp>$ ) gunp[d]4 ,he also reports #aj4bj p] cubic y>d sav$ 9 ! head+1 & #c4fd 9 ! enl>gem5t1 on a simil> comp>ison ) gunp[d]1 results c]ta9ly ( ! mo/ enc\rag+ "*1 & invit+ to f>!r & p]sev]+ ef=t = ! safe & successful use ( ! new explosive40 ,! ,commission]s !mselves report--page #f3 8,! value & economy ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 z an explosive seems to h be5 fully demon/rat$ & ! me?od ( us+ x ) safety to ! employees appe>s to be ! only "q n[ undet]m9$4 ,its e>ly introduction is v desirable & prep>ations are mak+ to br+ ?is ab\t :5ev] x %all appe> prud5t to d s1 s9ce x is believ$1 on ! /r5g? ( num]\s exp]im5ts made 9 ! tunnel at ! ,we/ ,end1 t by ! use ( ?is ag5t alone1 z comp>$ ) gunp[d]1 ! "t requir$ = complet+ ! "w may be greatly r$uc$40 ,betwe5 ! issu+ ( ! above report & t ( #ahfg1 circum/ances l$ to ! )drawal ( ,mr4 ,doane f ! ,tunnel1 & ,commission] ,hon4 ,alvah ,crock] p]sonally und]took ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! "w4 ,9 8 report dat$ ,janu>y1 #ahfh1 ! foll[+ rem>ks occur3 8,nitro-,glyc]9--exp]im5ts z made 9 ! ,we/ ,%aft z giv5 by ,mr4 ,doane & ref]r$ to by ,hon4 ,tappan ,w5twor?1 *airman ( ! ,tunnel ,committee ( t ye>1 induc$ e>ly action by ! ,commission4 ,z long ago z ,febru>y la/ ,i visit$ ,new ,york1 & sp5t sev]al days 9 endeavor+ to asc]ta9 if ! article _h be5 made !re1 or 9 ! vic9ity1 b to no purpose4 ,f9d+ subsequ5tly t ! railroads refus$ absolutely to transport x1 ! matt] re/$ until ! fir/ ( ,july1 :5 ,i address$ ,george ,m4 ,m[bray1 ,esq41 ( ,titusville1 op]ative *emi/1 & ) ! p]mission ( ! ,commission he 0 call$ to ,nor? ,adams & a contract conclud$ ) him highly advantage\s to ! ,commonweal?4 ,z w appe> 9 ! app5dix1 ! public w be gratifi$ to le>n t we are on ! eve ( giv+ x a fair trial40 ,on ! #bi? ( ,octob]1 #ahfg1 ! writ] arriv$ 9 ,nor? ,adams & ,i subjo9 my report to ! sup]9t5d+ commission]1 dat$ ,janu>y #aa1 #ahfh1 & address$ to ,hon4 ,alvah ,crock]1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,hoosac ,tunnel3 8,sir3 ,i avail myself ( p]mission to report progress ( ! arrangem5t to introduce ,nitro-,glyc]9 = ! purpose ( bla/+ 9 ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 subject to ! conditions impos$ by y at an int]view held 9 ! eng9e]'s (fice1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ,octob]1 #ahfg4 ,^! conditions 7-- 8,fir/4 ,to conduct ! op]ations ) a /rict reg>d to ! safety ( ! m9]s1 & to avoid all risks t might endang] ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate1 connect$ ) ! ,tunnel4 8,second4 ,! outlay ( capital = ! necess>y works to be defray$ at my own co/ & exp5se4 8,?ird4 ,t ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 %\ld be suppli$ at curr5t m>ket rates1 freight add$2 ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts furni%+ a conv5i5t site = ! build+s1 compress$ air1 & a supply ( wat]1 free ( co/1 & to give ! subscrib] a pref]5ce 9 consid]ation ( 8 erect+ ! works adjac5t to ! ,tunnel4 8,! reasons t l$ to ?is arrangem5t 71 t z ! rock f\nd 9 excavat+ ! ,tunnel 0 exce$+ly t\gh1 any increas$ progress or l9eal advance p] mon? )\t any increas$ exp5diture2 9 o!r words1 dim9i%$ co/ p] l9eal foot & quick5$ advance1 seem$ possible only by ! use ( a m effective explosive ag5t ?an gunp[d]2 t 9 ,nitro-,glyc]9 ?is great] p[] exi/$1 & !re=e its use 0 desirable2 ! problem be+ conv5i5ce ( supply1 gu>d+ aga9/ ! possibility ( accid5t1 by plann+ c>efully e detail 9 its use1 rigidly en=c+ e precaution1 a failure 9 any ( ^! po9ts involv+ pecuni>y loss 9 outlay = ! works by ! p>ty und]tak+ its supply & sup]9t5d+ its use 9 ! ,tunnel4 8,agree+ ) y 9 ! propriety ( ^! views1 ,i comm5c$ op]ations on ! #cj? ( ,octob]4 ,dur+ ! pa/ two mon?s a conv5i5t two-/ory factory has be5 erect$1 & ! necess>y app>atus set up !re91 ab\t #ajjj feet s\? ( ! we/ %aft2 )9 tw5ty feet ( ?is factory1 a small dwell+ = myself & an exp]i5c$ assi/ant1 & ab\t #ejj feet fur!r s\? on ! extreme l9e ( l& own$ by ! ,/ate1 a magaz9e = /or+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 has be5 con/ruct$4 ,inclem5t wea!r some:at ret>d$ ^! op]ations1 nev]!less1 ! crude articles us$ 9 ! manufacture & e appliance to r5d] ! labor ( mak+ a 8*emically pure0 ,nitro-,glyc]91 )\t dang] to ^? engag$ 9 its manufacture1 7 complet$ & 9 good work+ ord] on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb]1 #ahfg4 8,! assi/ance r5d]$ me by ! g5tlem5 sup]9t5d+ ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! tunnel "w1 mat]ially contribut$ to ?is result1 & ,i gratefully ackn[l$ge _! uni=m c\rtesy & promptitude 9 =w>d+ my und]tak+4 ,y\r own con/ant att5dance at ! eng9e]'s (fice p]mitt$ me almo/ daily to submit my plans1 :i* !re=e met no delay 9 be+ subject$ to ! scrut9y ( ! eng9e] 9 *>ge1 :o z promptly report$ on !m4 8,on ! #b;d ( ,janu>y1 #ahfh1 ,i mov$ up to ! works & on ! foll[+ day te/$ ! app>atus by manufactur+1 & al?\gh some:at delay$ by ! necessity ( dry+ ! pla/]+ 9 ! magaz9e1 & introduc+ suitable heat+ app>atus to ma9ta9 a mod]ate temp]ature dur+ ?is inclem5t season1 7a neglect ( :i* precaution remotely l$ to ! ,b]g5 accid5t7 yet to-day we h a supply ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 prop]ly & safely /or$1 ready = use4 ,samples ( ?is h be5 duly te/$ = its explosive =ce by ! eng9e] 9 *>ge & 8 assi/ant1 giv+ satisfaction z to its trem5d\s p[]1 & facility ( explosion1 ) a peculi> fuse & explod]4 ,y may !re=e rely on a regul> supply z ne$$1 & ,i submit t a mon?'s consumption be kept on h&1 9 ord] t x may free itself f adh]5t wat]1 :i*1 except o!r means be us$ to free x1 does n sep>ate = ab\t t5 days4 ,fre$ f ?is ob/9ately adh]+ moi/ure1 x is saf] & m effective = bla/+ purposes4 8,z respects its application to bla/+1 dur+ ! ensu+ week ! conduct+ wires w be laid to ! ea/ head+ 7we/ %aft7 & 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! electrical ma*9e 9 work+ ord]1 ,i h arrang$ t ! act necess>y to fir+ a bla/ %all be p]=m$ 9 ! "t-keep]'s (fice1 :]e ! air is dry & !re=e favorable to excit+ ! *>ge ( electricity1 b ! control & ! means to signal = a dis*>ge1 w be 9 ! ,tunnel at a safe di/ance f ! head+4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 al?\gh requir+ m conduct+ wire1 ! incessant repairs to a co/ly & delicate in/rum5t & disappo9tm5t & delay att5d+ miss-fires w be avoid$1 & ! drill]s w be deta9$ f _! labor at ea* dis*>ge = a less p]iod ( "t4 8,! ord] ( *>g+ & fir+ is z foll[s3 ,:5 ! drill holes h be5 complet$1 7say e f\r h\rs7 signal is made1 = ! c>tridges :i* are only !n tak5 into ! ,tunnel1 7! ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 its conta9+ c>tridge 9 "o vessel1 ! explod]s1 ) prim+ & connect+ wires atta*$1 9 ano!r sep>ate vessel47 ,on arrival at ! head+1 ! m9]s are dismiss$ to a safe di/ance1 ! drill holes are !n gaug$1 to be assur$ !y w receive ! c>tridges2 n[1 & = ! fir/ "t ! explod]s are atta*$ to ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 c>tridges1 & imm$iately pass$ into ! drill holes1 ^! latt] are plugg$ ) a bung1 p]=at$ to all[ ! delicate connect+ wires to pass1 7?us avoid+ cutt+ ! insulation aga9/ ! rock1 & conf9+ ! flame27 connection is made beg9n+ ) ! return wire to ! c>tridges consecutively1 & on to ! conduct+ wire4 ,! op]ator n[ retires f ! head+ "s #cjj feet t[>ds ! %aft :]e a simple b important app>atus1 or break is arrang$2 he !n & !re connects 8 return wire & 8 conduct+ wire to two simil> wires t lead to ! electrical dis*>ge1 :i* duty is p]=m$ 9 ! dry1 w>m room be=e ref]r$ to1 & ! explosions take place in/antane\sly4 ,! above modification is a necessity to avoid ! damag+ influ5ce ( ! moi/ure 9 ! ,tunnel1 s di/urb+ 9 its effect on ! ma*9e4 ,i h only to add1 t we h "u-way app>atus = coat+ & re-cov]+ damag$ insulat$ wires1 an improvem5t to insure p]fect explosion ( ! ,nitro-,glyc]92 ! manufacture ( ,abel's prim+ = fuse1 ! =mula hav+ be5 publi%$ by ! inv5tor2 matt]s ( comp>atively m9or importance1 b :]e s _m bla/s are daily occurr+1 involv+ consid]able sav+ 9 co/ & express *>ges1 & secur+ a bett] article :5 made by ! individual = 8 own actual use1 ?an :5 made simply = sale1 all t5d+ to great] safety & c]ta9ty 9 fir+ ! bla/s1 ameliorations t h already be5 submitt$ to & approv$ by y\r eng9e] 9 *>ge1 :o w d\btless spe$ily report ! actual results ( bla/+ op]ations4 ,respectfully1 ,,geo4 ,m4 ,,m[bray1 ,op]ative ,*emi/4 ,! foll[+ lett] f ! ,eng9e] 9 *>ge to ! ,commission]s1 is int]e/+1 z %[+ t ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 we _h made1 0 sup]ior1 & possess$ f> m valuable prop]ties1 ?an t :i* _h be5 import$ f ,hamburg3 ,,nor? ,,adams1 ,,feb4 #ah1 #ahfh4 ,to ! ,commission]s ( ! ,troy & ,gre5field ,railroad & ,hoosac ,tunnel ,,g5tlem53--,i h to report t ye/]day #d ,p4 ,m41 we explod$ elev5 c>tridges ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 *>ges ( #a-b lb4 ea*1 9 op5 holes )\t tamp+1 ) entire success4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 made 9 ! ,ea/ head+ ( ,we/ ,%aft4 ,on approa*+ ! head+1 ! abs5ce ( f\l gases & smoke 0 rem>kable1 ! mass ( brok5 rock lay close to ! head+1 & !re 0 no appe>ance ( any rock ?r[n to any di/ance f ! head+4 ,inquir+ ( ! m9]s if !y exp]i5c$ any heada*e1 elicit$ ! rem>k !y notic$ a pleasant smell1 b no?+ fur!r4 ,?is settles ! "q ( its applicability 9 a close tunnel4 ,i attribute ?is fre$om f ! f\l gases :i* we notic$ 9 our exp]im5ts a ye> s9ce1 to ! evid5t purity ( ?is ,nitro-,glyc]92 x diff]s greatly f all descriptions ( ! article1 & 9 appe>ance f t we import$1 be+ a liquid colorless z wat]1 & free f smell or bubbles4 ,t :i* we import$ 0 a ?ick1 yell[ liquid1 q diff]5t 9 appe>ance f ?is4 ,i h reque/$ ,mr4 ,m[bray1 :o manufactures ! ,nitro-,glyc]91 to take *>ge ( ! bla/+1 & in=m$ him t ! ,commission]s wi% him to assume ! responsibility ( us+ ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 until fur!r ord]s1 or at lea/ until ! sy/em ( fir+ is ?or\ghly organiz$ among ! employees4 ,i enclose 8 reply1 & approve 8 sugge/ions1 subject to y\r in/ructions4 ,i am v truly y\rs1 ,w4 ,p4 ,,grang]1 ,eng9e] 9 *>ge4 ,! ,commission]s = ! ye> #ahfh1 report z foll[s3 ,dur+ ! ,summ]1 ,glyc]9 ( a v good quality has be5 manufactur$ at ?is po9t1 "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,m[bray1 & has be5 us$ = sev]al mon?s 9 bla/+ 9 ! tunnel ea/ ( ! ,we/ ,%aft4 ,no accid5t has att5d$ its use4 ,& :ile its effect 9 ! head+ did n meet ! expectations ( ! ,commission]s1 ! result ( its op]ation 9 ! b5* bel[ ! head+1 ju/ifies ! belief t ) due provision = its economic use1 & ess5tial c>e & att5tion paid ^u its managem5t1 x w prove an effective ag5t 9 ! prosecution ( ?is ent]prise4 ,! ,sup]9t5d+ ,eng9e]1 ,b5j4 ,d4 ,fro/1 ,esq41 reports z foll[s3 8,! foll[+ is a /atem5t ( mon?ly progress4 ,l5g? ,total di/ance driv54 f ,w4 ,%aft4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahfg1 #cc feet1 #abgb feet4 ,decemb]1 #ahfg1 #bb feet1 #abid feet4 ,janu>y1 #ahfh1 #cc feet1 #acbg feet4 ,febru>y1 #ahfh1 #ce feet1 #acfb feet4 ,m>*1 #ahfh1 #cd feet1 #acif feet4 ,april1 #ahfh1 #bd feet1 #adbj feet4 ,may1 #ahfh1 #bf feet1 #addf feet4 ,june1 #ahfh1 #c #ba feet1 #adfg feet4 ,july1 #ahfh1 7,nitro-,glyc]9 us$7 #dg feet1 #aead feet4 ,augu/1 #ahfh1 8 #dd feet1 #aeeh feet4 ,septemb]1 #ahfh1 8 #d #ea feet1 #afji feet4 #c ,prep>+ = ma*9e drill+4 #d ,septemb] #a1 to #bd1 #e-f mon?4 ,rate #fa feet p] mon?4 8,b = ! improv$ me?ods ( work+ introduc$1 ! advance w\ld h be5 mu* less satisfactory ?an t we are enabl$ to exhibit above4 8,conc]n+ ! employm5t ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 & ma*9e drill+ at ,we/ ,%aft1 x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k t _m difficulties are to be enc\nt]$ 9 ! tra9+ ( m5 to a new s]vice & 9 successfully employ+ a new description ( fuse & explosive4 ,"s rem>ks ^u our exp]i5ce 9 bla/+ ) ?is comp\nd1 w be f\nd 9 a subsequ5t portion ( ?is report4 ,cont9u\s use ( ma*9e drills 0 comm5c$ at ! ,we/ ,%aft 9 ! latt] "p ( ,june1 & ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 z an explosive 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/4 ,"s delays 7 necess>ily exp]i5c$ at fir/1 b greatly improv$ progress 0 %ortly atta9$4 ,"s previ\s trials ( ma*9e drill+ _h be5 made e>li] 9 ! pres5t ye>1 b )\t cont9u\s progress1 ^u :i* satisfactory e/imates ( success might be bas$4 ,! la/ work+s made1 includ+ ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 up to ! "t ( susp5sion1 ab\t five-six?s ( a work+ mon?1 atta9$ a l9e> progress ( #ea feet1 ) six drills only4 ,! ma*9]y provid$ at ,we/ ,%aft is only suffici5t to supply ! pneumatic p[] = ! ord9>y work+ ( ! above numb]1 to :i* accord+ly we h be5 necess>ily conf9$4 ,! two drill c>riages employ$ are l>g] ?an ^? at ,ea/ ,end1 & are int5d$ to c>ry five drills ea*--9 all1 t5 drills work+ at ! brea/ ( ! head+4 ,assum+1 z we may safely1 t ! rate ( progress is proportional to ! numb] ( drills employ$1 t5 drills w\ld advance #ajj feet p] mon?2 & ) full p[] provid$ & fur!r exp]i5ce to be acquir$ by ! workm51 ?is & ev5 great] av]age rates ( mon?ly progress c be made & ma9ta9$4 ,^! head+s are run at top1 i4e41 above ! excavations h]eaft] to be made1 & ( su* height1 & top outl9e z to correspond ) ! ro( ( ! complet$ tunnel4 ,am\nts ( progress ^u ?is section ( ! "w dur+ pres5t & prec$+ ye> are exhibit$ 9 ! foll[+ comp>ative table3-- ,we/ ,%aft ,head+ & ,adit4 ,enl>gem5t4 ,section4 ----------------------------------- ,l9e> ,cubic ,l9e> ,cubic ,feet4 ,y>ds4 ,feet4 ,y>ds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,ye> ,,end+ ,novemb] #a1 #ahfg #edc #bcdi #afa #bajj ,novemb] #a1 #ahfh #abhj #dfif #hb #dhh ,! limit$ employm5t ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 made previ\s to ,augu/ #a/1 _h be5 direct$ to excavations ( enl>gem5t1 :i* v ne>ly resemble op5 cut "w4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! two mon?s1 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 is all we h t ?r[s direct light ^u its value 9 m9+ op]ations1 us+ ?is phrase 9 its m limit$ s5se1 z appli$ to advance ( head+ only4 ,! v>y+ h>dness & t5acity ( rock & o!r att5dant conditions1 make mat]ial v>iations 9 ! progress ( sep>ate days or weeks1 ev5 9 ! same drift & ) ! same means & appliances ( work+4 ,= ! reasons ?us /at$1 actual records ( advance )\t full k & discussion ( all att5dant circum/ances1 & m especially :5 conf9$ to %ort p]iods1 mu/ n be held conclusive 9 reg>d to ! measure ( advantage to be d]iv$ f its use4 ,we _c claim t 9 ?is %ort "t1 full k z to its be/ possible application has be5 obta9$4 ,its sup]iority ov] ! p[d] ord9>ily us$ 9 bla/+1 z demon/rat$ by our exp]i5ce may be briefly express$ 9 ! foll[+ items3 8#a4 ,less numb] ( holes drill$ 9 proportion to area ( face c>ri$ =w>d4 ,e/imat$ sav+ #cc p] c5t4 8#b4 ,great] dep? ( holes p]missable4 ,av]age dep? ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 #db in*es2 = bla/+ p[d]1 #cj in*es4 8#c4 ,m complete avail ( ! full dep? ( hole drill$4 ,! greatly sup]ior explosive p[] ( ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 r>ely fails to take out ! rock to ! full dep? ( ! hole4 ,p[d] (t5 comes %ort ( ?is1 & by reason ( ?is loss ( useful effect1 a l>ge p]c5tage ( additional drill+ becomes necess>y4 8,9 all ! =ego+ comp>ison1 ,i assume x to be und]/ood t simultane\s bla/+ by electric batt]y is employ$4 ,! great economy ( =ce secur$ !reby1 :5ev] h>d rock may be enc\nt]$1 is admitt$ by all conv]sant ) ! matt]1 & s9ce ! e>ly "p ( ! ,summ]1 ,i h cont9u\sly employ$ x 9 bo? ! head+s advanc+ into ! m\nta94 8,x is hop$ & expect$ t fur!r exp]i5ce w demon/rate an increase 9 ea* ( ! sev]al items ( advantage result+ f ,glyc]9 bla/+2 & x is only claim$ t ! be/ use 0 made ( ! %ort t]m ( exp]im5t af=d$1 & ! mo/ fai?ful & dilig5t ef=t 0 put =? to atta9 ! be/ results & greate/ b5efit !refrom to ! ,commonweal?4 8,x 0 a s\rce ( great disappo9tm5t t ,pr(essor ,m[bray %\ld h be5 unable soon] to provide a cont9u\s supply ( ! explosive1 & 9 view ( ! fact t a small quantity 0 furni%$ e>li] 9 ! ye>1 x is appropriate to make m5tion ( ! ob/acles :i* = a "t delay$ its fur!r manufacture4 ,! fir/ lot produc$ 0 made ) import$ acids1 rea*+ ! actual /&>d ( purity repres5t$4 ,9 provid+ = m ext5d$ op]ations1 acids 7 ord]$ ( ,am]ican works ( ! same express$ /&>d1 b ^! :5 receiv$1 7 f\nd s f> bel[ requirem5t1 t a sep>ate process ( purification became necess>y4 ,= ?is process1 retorts ( a special patt]n n to be procur$ 9 m>ket1 _h to be manufactur$1 & sep>ate works erect$1 & 9 ! processes1 necessity = :i* 0 n =ese51 mu* delay 0 unavoidably enc\nt]$4 ,i h be5 fully satisfi$ ?r\gh\t ( ,pr(essor ,m[bray's e>ne/ desire fully to meet ! expectations ( ! ,commission]s & ( ! public1 & deem x prop] to make ?is g5]al /atem5t ( ! m important circum/ances1 unanticipat$1 & !re=e beyond 8 control1 :i* disappo9t$ 8 purpose40 ,i h be5 ?us explicit 9 n>rat+ ! v>i\s details connect$ ) ! introduction ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 at ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 9 ord] t full ju/ice might be done to ! g5tlem5 ^: ent]prise & au?ority 7 necess>y to be> up aga9/ ! prejudices :i* ! ?ree explosions h]e9be=e ref]r$ to _h caus$ on ! public m9d4 ,x is n[ five ye>s s9ce ,i comm5c$1 & h ) slight int]mission1 cont9u$1 to manufacture ?is explosive1 & dur+ ?is :ole p]iod b two accid5ts h occurr$ at my works4 ,! fir/ occurr$ on ! #bcrd ( ,decemb]1 #ahgj1 to my =eman1 :o ,i surmis$1 9 ! abs5ce ( pro(1 9 remov+ ! cl9k]s f ! heat]1 may h ?r[n a r$ hot coal on to ! inflammable floor bo>ds ( ! magaz9e1 moi/5$ ) ,nitro-,glyc]9 spilt dur+ ?ree ye>s use1 :il/ add+ fuel to ! p>lor /ove :i* w>m$ x4 ,x is a poor consolation t ,mr4 ,velsor1 ! =eman1 :o _h be5 engag$ ) me dur+ ! great] "p ( ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 _h f9i%$ 8 day's "w & 0 us+ ! magaz9e = a ba? h\se1 probably on acc\nt ( its seclusion4 ,univ]sally respect$1 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! prop]ties ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 c>eful & untir+1 cool1 c\rage\s1 & )\t bravado1 8 sup]9t5d5ce ( ! factory :]e ?\s&s ( p\nds ( ?is explosive 7 be+ h&l$1 & 9 ! c\rse ( di/ribution to diff]5t po9ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 /eadily & quietly ov]com+ ! dread ( ?is p[]ful bla/+ ag5t2 accompany+ me & aid+ 9 ! mo/ difficult op]ations ( subm>9e bla/+1 9 e case )\t a %ad[ ( accid5t1 lead to "o conclusion1 t "s slip ( ! h&1 failure ( a muscle1 />t$ a flame1 :i* 9 a magaz9e cr[d$ ) receptacles = ,nitro-,glyc]9 no human p[] c\ld arre/1 b :i* ,i am satisfi$1 8 c\rage\s s5se ( duty l$ him to attempt1 & !reby sacrific$ 8 valuable life4 ,! new magaz9e _h h>dly be5 complet$1 & /or$ ) ,nitro-,glyc]91 :5 on ,sunday morn+1 #f3cj o'clock1 ,m>* #ab1 '#ga1 ! neighborhood 0 />tl$ by ano!r explosion ( sixte5 hundr$ p\nds ( ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,! cause ( ?is la/ explosion1 0 cont9u\s ov]heat+ ( ! magaz9e4 ,"w at ! factory _h be5 susp5d$ = a week1 ! heat+ arrangem5t 0 n[ effect$ by /eam1 9 ord] to avoid a possibility ( actual fire1 ! wea!r = sev]al days _h be5 close & muggy1--"s p>ties :o _h visit$ ! magaz9e rem>k$ to me aft]w>ds1 !y _h notic$ a hot1 close air1 simil> to t exp]i5c$ on ent]+ ! dry+ room ( a pr9t factory1 :il/ ! wat*man confess$ he _h neglect$ to exam9e ! !rmomet]1 made up 8 fire "u ! boil]1 & gone to b$4 ,i _h be5 summon$ dur+ ! previ\s week to ,wa%+ton1 tak5 d[n ) sickness & unable to return home1--! new =eman hav+ be5 closely at "w )\t any ,*ri/mas vacation1 ow+ to ! previ\s accid5t1 avail$ himself ) my p]mission1 7dur+ ! susp5sion ( "w at ! factory7 to visit ,new ,york4 ,=tunately ?is accid5t involv$ no damage to life or limb1 :il/ a v in/ructive lesson 0 taught 9 ! foll[+ circum/ance3 )9 twelve feet ( ! magaz9e 0 a %$1 #afh conta9+ twelve #ej lb4 cans ( congeal$ ,nitro-,glyc]9 ready = %ipm5t4 ,?is %$ 0 utt]ly de/roy$1 ! floor bla/$ to spl9t]s1 ! joi/s r5t to fragm5ts1 ! cans ( congeal$ ,nitro-,glyc]9 driv5 into ! gr\nd1 ! t9 ( :i* !y 7 compos$ p]=at$1 contort$1 batt]$1 & portions ( t9 & ,nitro-,glyc]9 slic$ (f b n explod$4 ,n[1 ?is fact proves "o ( two ?+s1 ei!r t ! ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]9 made by ! ,m[bray process1 diff]s f ! ,g]man ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 its prop]ties1 or ! /atem5ts pr9t$ 9 ! =eign j\rnals z quot$ aga9 & aga9 t ,nitro-,glyc]9 :5 congeal$ is m dang]\s ?an :5 9 a fluid /ate1 are errone\s4 ,illu/ration ,! foll[+ incid5t is1 to say ! lea/1 in/ructive3 dur+ ! sev]e w9t] ( #ahfg & #ahfh1 ! ,de]field dam became ob/ruct$ ) ice1 & x 0 important t x %\ld be cle>$ out )\t delay2 ,w4 ,p4 ,grang]1 ,esq41 eng9e] 9 *>ge1 det]m9$ to attempt its removal by a bla/ ( ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,9 ord] to appreciate ! foll[+ details1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! curr5t lit]ature ( ?is explosive di/9ctly ass]t$ t :5 congeal$1 ! slighte/ t\* or j> 0 suffici5t to explode ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,mr4 ,grang] desir$ me to prep>e = him1 t5 c>tridges1 & z he _h to c>ry !m 9 8 sleigh f ! ,we/ end ( ! ,tunnel to ! ,ea/ end or ,de]field dam1 a di/ance ( n9e miles ov] ! m\nta91 he reque/$ !m to be pack$ 9 su* a way t !y w\ld n be affect$ by ! inclem5t wea!r4 ,i !re=e caus$ ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 to be w>m$ up to #ij1 w>m$ ! c>tridges1 & aft] *>g+ !m1 pack$ !m 9 a box ) sawdu/ t _h be5 heat$ to ! same temp]ature2 ! box 0 ti$ to ! back ( ! sleigh1 ) a buffalo robe ?r[n ov] x2 9 fl\nd]+ across ! divide :]e banks1 road1 h$ge & wat] c\rses 7 indi/+ui%able b5ea? ! drift$ sn[2 horse1 sleigh & driv] 7 upset1 ! box ( c>tridges got loose1 & 7 spread indiscrim9ately ov] ! sn[2 aft] rectify+ ?is mi%ap1 pick+ up ! v>i\s cont5ts ( sleigh1 & gett+ ready to />t aga91 x occurr$ to ,mr4 ,grang] to exam9e 8 c>tridges2 8 feel+s may be imag9$ :5 he discov]$ ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 froz5 solid2 to h left !m beh9d & proce$$ to ! dam :]e m9]s1 eng9e]s & labor]s 7 wait+ to use ?is !n mu* dread$ explosive1 w\ld nev] d1 s accept+ ! situation he replac$ !m 9 ! case1 & lay+ x betwe5 8 feet proce$$ on 8 way1 ?9k+ a heap b say+ no?+2 arriv$1 he =?) atta*$ fuse1 explod]1 p[d] & "s gun cotton1 & ins]t$ ! c>tridge 9 ! ice2 light+ ! fuse he retir$ to a prop] di/ance to wat* ! explosion2 pres5tly a %>p crack indicat$ t ! fuse _h done its "w1 & on proce$+ to ! hole drill$ 9 ! ice1 x 0 f\nd t fragm5ts ( ! copp] cap 7 imb$d$ 9 ! solid cyl9d] ( congeal$ ,nitro-,glyc]91 :i* 0 driv5 ?r\gh & out ( ! t9 c>tridge into ! an*or ice b5ea?1 b n explod$4 ,a second attempt 0 att5d$ ) l results4 ,foil$ 9 attempt+ to explode ! froz5 ,nitro-,glyc]91 ,mr4 ,grang] ?aw$ ! cont5ts ( ano!r c>tridge1 atta*$ ! fuse & explod] z be=e2 ?is "t ! explosion 0 entirely successful4 ,f t day ,i h nev] transport$ ,nitro-,glyc]9 except 9 a froz5 condition1 & to t lesson are we indebt$ = ! safe transmission ( m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& p\nds ( ?is explosive1 ov] ! r\ghe/ roads ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,new ,york1 & ! coal & oil regions ( ,p5nsylvania1 9 spr+ wagons ) our own teams4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,subm>9e ,bla/+1--,erie ,h>bor1--,dimon's ,reef1 ,n4 ,y41 --,co5ties ,reef1 ,n4 ,y41--,oil ,wells1 ,p5n4 ,9 ! w9t] #ahfi1 #ahgj1 ,i receiv$ a communication f ! eng9e] 9 *>ge1 ,major ,g4 ,cl9ton ,g>d9]1 =m]ly ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,b\nd>y ,l9e ,survey1 conc]n+ ! h>bor improvem5ts 9 ,erie1 ,p5n41 "u ,w4 ,a4 ,baldw91 ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,philadelphia & ,erie ,railroad1 ) a view to bla/+ 9 ! h>bor ( ,erie1 s z to furni% f #ae to #ag feet ( wat] = vessels lay+ alongside ( _! :>ves1 in/ead ( c>ry+ !m 7! :>ves7 into deep wat]2 ^! op]ations 7 entirely successful1 & ,i subjo9 ! report ( ,major ,g>d9] to ,g5]al ,p>ke1 ,u4 ,s4 ,eng9e] ,corps1 writt5 previ\s to dr$g+4 ,! c]tificates ( ,mr4 ,baldw91 ,sup]9t5d5t2 ,f4 ,j4 ,wilson1 ,ass't ,eng9e]2 ,*as4 ,f4 ,dunb>1 contractor = ! dr$g+1 foll[ ,major ,g>d9]'s report4 ,^! c]tificates x w be obs]v$1 7 giv5 aft] a consid]able portion ( ! rock _h be5 remov$ by ! dr$g+ ma*9e4 ,,lett] ,,f ,,major ,g4 ,,cl9ton ,,g>d9] ,,to ,,g5]al ,,john ,g4 ,,p>ke1 ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 ,wa%+ton ,city1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,(fice ,,( ,,philadelphia ,,erie ,,railroad4 ,erie ,h>bor--,augu/ #bnd1 #ahfi4 ,to ,,g5]al ,,john ,g4 ,,p>ke1 ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,my de> ,g5]al3 ,"s days ago ,i receiv$ a lett] f ,mr4 ,geo4 ,m4 ,m[bray1 :o is ! pat5tee ( a mo/ valuable improvem5t 9 ! manufacture ( ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,he be+ int]e/$ 9 hav+ 8 mat]ial us$ 9 ! improvem5ts at ,hell ,gate1 reque/$ me to report ^u ! exp]im5t 9 bla/+ at ?is place4 ,be+ unkn[n to ,g5]al ,newton1 & hav+ no "t = a report1 ,i take ! lib]ty ( writ+ to y on ! subject4 ,s9ce leav+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,b\nd>y ,survey1 ,i h be5 employ$ on ! ,philadelphia & ,erie ,railroad1 "u ! direction ( ! ,ass't ,g54 ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,baldw91 9 ! improvem5t ( _! dock at ?is t]m9us ( ! road4 ,! wat] at ! end ( ! ma9 pi] & = a %ort di/ance in%ore1 on ei!r side ( ! pi]1 is ov] #ad feet deep1 %oal+ back to ab\t #f feet1 :i* we _h to deep5 to #ad feet4 ,! bottom is a smoo? h>d surface ( %ale rock1 a portion ( :i* :5 expos$ to ! air dis9tegrates1 :ile o!r p>ts are suffici5tly h>d1 & are us$ =1 build+ purposes4 ,x lies 9 /rata ( ab\t eight in*es to twelve in*es ?ickness1 :i* we drill$ ?r\gh & bla/$ dur+ ! w9t]1 & are n[ dr$g+ ! rock4 ,! process ( drill+ 0 9 ! primitive /yle1 ) h& drills1 mo/ly done ?r\gh ! ice1 & ! bla/+1 ) p[d] 9 c>tridges ) small tubes rea*+ to ! surface ( ! wat]1 ?r\gh :i* ! mat* 0 conduct$ to ! p[d]4 ,fir+ h[ev]1 0 aft]w>ds done by dropp+ a r$ hot nail d[n ! tube1 :i* 0 q an improvem5t on ! mat*1 & gave u almo/ simultane\s explosions4 ,! holes drill$ 7 #e feet ap>t1 9 r[s ( #e feet f ea* o!r1 & ! l>ge/ *>ge ( p[d] us$ 0 a cani/] #b in*es 9 diamet] & #dj in*es long4 ,?is process hav+ be5 us$ to "s ext5t ! season be=e1 x 0 comm5c$ aga9 ?is la/ w9t]1 b ! "w be+ ext5d$1 we ?\ght x advisable to make "s improvem5ts 9 ! modus op]&i4 ,aft] a correspond5ce ) diff]5t manufactur]s ( ma*9e drills1 we f\nd no "o ( !m ready = bus9ess at once1 & be=e we 7 able to make t]ms1 our primitive /yle ( drill+ advanc$ almo/ to completion4 ,we s5t to ,mr4 ,m[bray :o 0 !n 9 ,titusville1 ,p5nsylvania1 to try 8 ,nitro-,glyc]91 & made an exp]im5t 9 a squ>e ( a little ov] t5 y>ds1 :]e ! rock to be remov$ 0 ov] sev5 feet deep4 ,! holes 7 drill$ a great] di/ance ap>t1 b to ! same dep? z us$ = p[d] 7#ae feet f surface ( wat]74 ,9 ?is squ>e we bla/$ ab\t #bcj squ>e y>ds ( rock1 us+ #ej p\nds ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 c>tridges fir$ 9 r[s by electricity1 b )\t a face ( rock to "w f1 su* z we _h ) ! p[d] bla/4 ,?is w\ld h tak5 #abe lbs4 p[d]4 ,^u rea*+ ! place ) ! dr$ge1 we f\nd ! rock completely crumbl$1 ,,r5d]+ ,,dr$g+ ,,z ,,easy ,,z ,,t ,,( ,,gravel1 & to ! dep? ( sev5te5 feet1 :ile ) ! p[d] bla/+ we h _h tr\ble1 & 9 two cases _h to bla/ aga9 to obta9 f\rte5 feet ( wat]1 & ev5 !n h to lift rock measur+ t5 & twelve cubic feet4 ,nitro-,glyc]9 is c]ta9ly f> sup]ior 9 its effect1 & w\ld h be5 mu* *eap] to use 9 ?is case4 ,gunp[d] does n bla/ to ! dep? ( ! holes drill$1 :il/ ,nitro-,glyc]9 te>s ! rock f ! bottom1 & "h seems to h p5etrat$ ?ree feet beyond4 ,! reason x 0 n us$ be=e1 0 ! difficulty 9 procur+ x4 ,! ne>e/ factory 0 t ( ,mr4 ,m[bray at ,titusville1 & ! local z well z /ate laws 7 su* t x c\ld n be transport$1 except by private conveyance1 :i* add$ to its co/4 ,t us$ 0 c>ri$ to ,corry 9 ,mr4 ,m[bray's c>riage1 ov] a v r\gh road1 & !nce by special tra9 to ?is place4 ,if pure1 ! dang] 9 ! use ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 is no great] ?an t ( p[d]1 & ! premature explosions t h prov$ s fatal 9 _m in/ances1 h )\t d\bt be5 caus$ by decomposition1 :i* 0 ! result ( imp]fect manufacture4 ,if regul>ly manufactur$1 accid5ts w be ! result only ( inexp]i5ce or ! neglect ( in/ructions f ^? hav+ exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! manufacture1 ! nitr\s vap\rs t are dis5gag$ at ! "t ( mix+1 if n entirely expell$1 w make x liable to explosion f any concussion1 & f ,mr4 ,m[bray's exp]i5ce 9 a numb] ( in/ances ) t manufactur$ by himself1 ,i %\ld judge 8 ,nitro-,glyc]9 to be z safe z p[d] 9 ! h&s ( exp]i5c$ p]sons4 ,x is ( a light yell[i% color1 ) pung5t aromatic ta/e1 r sweet ?an o!rwise1 & is s poison\s1 t 9 h&l+1 %\ld "o all[ x to rema9 on 8 h&s1 x w\ld produce int5se head a*e4 ,x does n explode f ! application ( flame to its surface1 yet w burn1 b explodes only f sev]e concussion1 z by ! explosion ( detonat+ mixtures & fulm9ates4 ,i write to y hop+ y w communicate any in=mation my lett] may conta9 to ,g5]al ,newton1 z x may s]ve ,mr4 ,m[bray1 :o ,i ?9k has made a great improvem5t 9 ! manufacture ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 & z he gives x 8 p]sonal att5tion1 ,i h no d\bt x is sup]ior to any n[ us$4 ,i 0 mu* pleas$ to receive ! report ( ! bla/+ 9 ,cali=nia1 & %\ld int]e/+ pr(essional pap]s be publi%$ by ! ,bureau1 let me beg y w rememb] ,y\r s9c]e fri5d1 ,g4 ,,cl9ton ,,g>d9]4 ,! exp]im5ts above n>rat$ & conduct$ "u ! sup]vision ( ,major ,g>d9]1 7 cont9u$1 7on ! removal ( ! ,major to ! ,p5nsylvania ,c5tral's works at ,altoona17 by ,f4 ,j4 ,wilson1 "u ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t ,wm4 ,a4 ,baldw91 & ! results expect$ 7 entirely fulfill$1 z w be se5 by ! subjo9$ communications3 ,,subm>9e ,,bla/+ ,,) ,,nitro-,,glyc]92 ,,results ,,z ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,bla/+ ,,p[d]1 ,,9 ,,erie ,,h>bor1 ,,may1 #ahgj4 ,philadelphia & ,erie ,r4 ,r42 ,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 ,lessee4 ,(fice ( ! ,g5]al ,sup]9t5d5t1 ,,erie1 ,,p5n41 ,may #ai?1 '#gj4 ,to ,,geo4 ,m4 ,,m[bray1 ,nor? ,adams1 ,mass41 ,de> ,sir3 ,! comp>ative values ( ! two mat]ials1 ,gun-,p[d] & ,nitro-,glyc]91 z to results & actual co/ = bla/+ 9 ! h>bor at ,erie1 _c be positively obta9$ until ! dr$g+ is f9i%$2 :5 ?is ye>'s op]ations ) ,nitro-,glyc]91 c be comp>$ ) t ( la/ ye> done ) p[d]4 ,! prospects ?us f> are s favorable1 h[ev]1 ,i regret t ! use ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 0 n adopt$ la/ ye>4 ,on ! completion ( ! "w ,i %all be pleas$ to furni% y ) /atem5ts ( comp>ative results1 feel+ confid5t !y w prove a m full satisfactory & valuable endorsem5t ( y\r ,nitro-,glyc]9 = subm>9e use1 ?an any !oretically bas$ op9ion c be4 ,i enclose y copy ( reports ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,wilson1 ,eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ,erie ,h>bor ,works1 & ( ,mr4 ,dunb>1 contractor = dr$g+1 :i* w give y an idea ( ! economical results to u f ! use ( y\r ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,y\rs truly1 ,,wm4 ,a4 ,,baldw91 ,g5'l4 ,supt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,erie1 ,p5n41 ,may #af?1 #ahgj4 ,,wm4 ,a4 ,,baldw91 ,esq41 ,g5'l4 ,supt4 ,p4 & ,e4 ,railroad4 ,de> ,sir3 ,bel[ please f9d a /atem5t ( comp>ative co/ ( drill+ & bla/+ :]e ,nitro-,glyc]9 is us$4 ,! #abdj lbs4 ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 7 us$ ov] an area ( #bf1gjj sq4 feet1 ) an av]age dep? ( rock ( ab\t sev5 & sev5-t5?s feet1 mak+ #aa1ejj cub4 y>ds ( rock measur$ 9 ! b$4 ,co/ ( drill+ & bla/+ 7us+ ,nitro-,glyc]971 #e1aai #fg4 ,co/ ( drill+ & bla/+ 7us+ ,p[d]71 #g1dge #gc4 ,diff]5ce ( co/ 9 favor ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 #b1cef #jf4 ,! diff]5ce 9 favor ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 dr$g+ & 9 "t sav$ is n tak5 into consid]ation 9 ! above 7see ,capt4 ,dunb>'s lett]74 ,v respectfully1 ,f4 ,j4 ,,wilson1 ,ass't ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,erie1 ,may #ah?1 #ahgj4 ,to ,w4 ,a4 ,,baldw91 ,esq41 ,g5'l4 ,supt4 ,p4 & ,e4 ,railroad1 ,de> ,sir3 ,9 reply to y\r inquiry z to ! relative diff]5ce 9 dr$g+ rock bla/$ by ,nitro-,glyc]9 & t bla/$ by ,p[d]1 ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ t ,i am c]ta9 we c dr$ge twice ! numb] ( cubic y>ds :]e x is bla/$ ) ! ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,i ?9k ,i c\ld speak safely & say ?ree y>ds to "o :]e ! rock is h>d4 ,9 fact1 !re are places :]e we c\ld d no?+ ) ! ,p[d] bla/+1 :5 we h no tr\ble ) ! ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,truly y\rs1 ,,*as4 ,f4 ,,dunb>1 ,firm ( ,lee ,dunb>4 ,,result4--,subm>9e drill+ & bla/+ ) ,nitro-,glyc]9 co/s #dd c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,gunp[d] co/s #ff c5ts p] cubic y>d4 ,nitro-,glyc]9 us$1 "o ounce & six-t5?s ( an ounce p] cubic y>d ( rock remov$4 ,,dimon',s ,,reef1 ,,new ,,york ,,h>bor4 ,g5]al ,newton1 ,u4 ,s4 ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 :o has be5 entru/$ ) ! exp5diture ( ! annual appropriation = ! improvem5ts 9 ,new ,york h>bor1 hav+ con/ruct$ a float+ drill+ app>atus1 ) /eam p[] to cap/ans1 f\r /eam d]ricks1 & direct eng9es to lift ! drop-drills1 appli$ to me 7#ahgj7 fir/1 to ent] ^u a competitive te/1 ) ,nitro-,glyc]9 z comp>$ ) ,dual91 & ) bla/+ p[d]1 into :i* a reel ( lightn+ fuse 0 ins]t$1 to ensure m p]fect & rapid combu/ion ( ! p[d]4 ,^! te/s 7 conduct$ at ,hell ,gate1 "u ! sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,rei!im]2 ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,pratt1 ) ,nitro-,glyc]91 on my behalf2 ,mr4 ,dittm> ) ,dual91 & ,mr4 ,gomez1 = ! p[d] & lightn+ fuse bla/s1 :o respectively direct$ ! holes to be drill$1 *>g$ !m1 & fir$ ! sev]al *>ges4 ,! results 7 decisive ( ! sup]iority ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 ov] bo? ,dual91 & ,bla/+ ,p[d]1 ev5 :5 assi/$ by a coil ( lightn+ or fulm9at+ fuse1 ins]t$ 9 ! p[d]4 ,two po9ts 7 elicit$1 z report$ by my op]ator2 fir/ ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 tore out m "w1 inv>iably rea*+ to ! bottom1 & sometimes beyond ! bottom ( ! drill hole1 :il/ its explosion 0 s in/antane\s x did n cause leakage 9 ! ro(1 z ) ,dual94 ,!reupon ,i 0 invit$ by ,g5]al ,newton1 to arrange op]ations = bla/+ at ,dimon's ,reef1 betwe5 ! ,/at5 ,isl& ,f]ry & ,gov]nor's ,isl&4 ,eight holes _h be5 drill$ 9 a circle ( tw5ty feet diamet]1 ) a n9? or c5tral hole1 ?us leav+ an av]age ( eight feet ( rock betwe5 ea* drill hole4 ,f9d+ t ! drill$ holes 7 %ap$ l an inv]t$ cone1 ow+ to ! omission ( ! ream]2 t is1 :il/ ! drill1 j>s1 s9k] b>1 cable & cable clut* ( ! ,p5nsylvania oil wells1 _h be5 us$1 ! provision = rem$y+ ! effect ( ! worn edges ( ! drill1 _h be5 ov]look$1 & ?us a v disadvantage\s =m ( hole1 viz43 funnel %ap$1 0 ! result1 necessitat+ ! use ( a c>tridge1 ^: diamet] mu/ n exce$ t ( ! smalle/1 :i* 9 ?is case 0 ! l[e/ "p ( ! drill$ hole4 ,! irregul>ity1 & jagg$ edge ( ^! unream$ holes1 _h also to be gu>d$ aga9/1 le/ ! friction ( any ,nitro-,glyc]9 moi/5+ ! outside ( ! c>tridge1 might cause a casualty4 ,i !re=e det]m9$1 until bett] drill+ c\ld be secur$1 to use #b in* two-ply rubb] hose = c>tridges1 a mat]ial by no means desirable1 because x af=d$ a cu%ion betwe5 ! rock & ! bla/1 b x became a necessity f ! funnel %ap$ drill holes1 :5 provid+ aga9/ ! risk ( premature explosion4 ,! holes be+ #d in*es 9 diamet] at ! upp] "p1 & b>ely #c in*es at ! bottom2 ! c>tridge made ( rubb] hose1 be+ uni=m ?r\gh\t1 conta9+ a column ( liquid ,nitro-,glyc]91 #b in*es 9 diamet] only1 & #f feet long2 at ! upp] "p ( ! holes !re 0 an int]v5+ cu%ion ( wat] & hose1 ov] #a in* ?ick2 & at ! l[] "p1 a cu%ion ( in* ( hose4 ,?is %\ld h be5 avoid$1 & ,i h m5tion$ ^! details z a caution to future op]ators1 :o desire ! full explosive =ce ( ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,! dep? ( wat] at or dur+ high-tide1 is ab\t tw5ty-two feet1 & at l[ tide1 f\rte5 to fifte5 feet1 ! tide runn+ f\r miles an h\r ) an am\nt ( silty matt]1 dra9age ( ,n4 ,y4 ,city sew]age1 r5d]+ x impossible = a div] to di/+ui% objects "o foot f 8 helmet4 ,"u ^! circum/ances plugs h to be ins]t$ 9 ! sev]al holes1 ea* plug atta*$ to ! o!r by a rope1 s z to enable ! div] to guide himself f "o hole to ! o!r4 ,ow+ to v>i\s int]f]+ circum/ances ! holes 7 only ready = bla/+ on ! #af? ( ,decemb]1 #ahgj2 & ! second day aft] arrival 9 ,new ,york1 accompani$ ) ?ree assi/ants1 ,i proce$$ to ! "w2 !re 0 a /iff w9d bl[+ f ! nor?we/1 :i*1 meet+ ! tide1 caus$ a *opp+ sea2 ! wea!r 0 cold z %[n by ! cru/ ( ice atta*$ to ! sc[4 ,! froz5 ,nitro-,glyc]9 0 ?aw$ out by hot wat] obta9$ f ! /eam boil] on bo>d ! sc[4 ,^! c>tridges 7 l[]$ to ! div] ) ! connect+ wire1 fuse1 & explod] atta*$1 "o aft] ! o!r1 occupy+ tw5ty m9utes2 two ( ! holes be+ too small to all[ ! c>tridge to be fully ins]t$1 ^! project$1 "o ab\t eighte5 in*es1 ! o!r "o foot above ! surface ( ! holes2 ! div]1 moreov]1 became entangl$ 9 ! wires & 9 ord] to extricate him1 x 0 necess>y twice to haul him to ! surface1 aft] :i* consid]able "t 0 occupi$ 9 mov+ ! sc[ f ov] ! site ( ! int5d$ explosion1 be=e ! ord] c\ld be giv5 to fire4 ,! am\nt ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 us$ to fill ! n9e c>tridges1 0 "o hundr$ & ?irty-f\r p\nds4 ,on ! ord] be+ giv51 ! *>ge 0 successfully fir$4 ,simil> *>ges ( n9e c>tridges1 ) m p]fect holes & a heavi] *>ge 7 fir$ ?ree weeks aft]w>ds4 ,,nitro-,,glyc]9 ,,torp$oes ,,9 ,,oil ,,wells4--,! ,legislature ( ,massa*usetts hav+ resolv$ to place ! fur!r con/ruction ( ! ,hoosac ,tunnel "u contract1 p5d+ ! transf] f ,octob]1 #ahfh1 to ,april1 #ahfi1 f ,/ate managem5t to ! pres5t contractors1 ,messrs4 ,f4 ,%anly ,co4 ,i proce$$ to ! ,oil ,region1 & !re v]ifi$ ! fact t ,nitro-,glyc]91 prop]ly explod$1 i4 e41 ! *>ge completely explod$1 0 m effici5t 9 caus+ an increas$ yield ( oil :5 appli$ to wells ceas+ or dim9i%+ _! yield1 ?an any o!r mat]ial4 ,erh>dt's p[d]1 ,ori5tal p[d]1 & ord9>y bla/+ p[d]1 _h be5 us$ v g5]ally1 & ,nitro-,glyc]9 _h be5 alleg$ to h be5 us$1 b ! results 7 unsatisfactory2 z soon h[ev]1 z we />t$ a ,nitro-,glyc]9 factory at ,titusville1 & ins]t$ *>ges v>y+ f six p\nds to fifty p\nds1 ! results 7 s advantage\s to ! well own]s1 t none o!rs w\ld be us$1 :ile ,nitro-,glyc]9 c\ld be obta9$4 ,! fir/ explosion 0 9 ,d4 ,crossley's well on ! ,we$ f>m1 a *>ge ( six p\nds hav+ be5 ins]t$1 & fir$4 ,! well ^: previ\s be/ yield _h only am\nt$ to six b>rels p] day1 increas$ =?) to "o hundr$ & tw5ty b>rels ( petroleum p] day1 & settl$ d[n to =ty b>rels p] day1 :i* 7 obta9$ daily = ne>ly a ye>4 ,on ! road to ,ent]prise at ! ,mc,kinney ,prior well1 ! explosion ( six p\nds ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 inv>iably />t$ ! well to fl[ at ! rate ( ab\t "o hundr$ b>rels 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,at ! ,crock] wells on ! ,we$ f>m1 ! increase aft] an explosion ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 0 usually f t5 b>rels to "o hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,aft] a *>ge ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 an oil well1 ! yield g5]ally rises to ! highe/ po9t x has ev] atta9$1 & !nce gradually dim9i%es !refrom1 app>5tly ow+ to an accumulation ( p>aff9e deposit$ 9 ! int]/ices ( ! walls ( ! well4 ,?is has l$ to ! p\r+ d[n ! well1 b5z9e1 & pump+ same out ) ! oil1 & is ano!r =m ( recup]at+ ! yield ( oil4 ,z ! process ( increas+ ! production ( ,petroleum 9 oil wells1 by means ( ! explosion ( gunp[d] or its equival5t1 sub/antially z describ$ 9 ! specification ( ,e4 ,o4 ,l4 ,rob]ts1 ante-dat$ ,may #bj1 #ahff1 0 claim$ by ! pat5tee to cov] ! use ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 & e kn[n or h]eaft] to be inv5t$ me?od ( effect+ an explosion 9 an oil well1 & z ! case has h]eto be5 pres5t$ 9 ! c\rts1 ?is claim has be5 su/a9$4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! contractors comm5c$ op]ations on _! "w at ! ,tunnel1 ,i resum$ my manufacture ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 = t "w1 leav+ ! oil region1 :]e ! oil op]ators & produc]s h s9ce be5 incessantly litigat+ ! validity ( ! ,rob]ts pat5ts above ref]r$ to1 )1 h[ev]1 up to ! pres5t date1 indiff]5t success4 ,! av]age ( greatly increas$ production 9 exhau/$ wells1 s f> z my exp]i5ce ext5d$1 dur+ f\r mon?s at "o hundr$ wells1 0 t #hj p] c5t4 7 b5efit$1 & 9 ab\t #bj p] c5t4 no m>k$ results 7 obta9$4 ,:5 ! "q z to :e!r ?is =m ( bla/+1 viz43 9 oil wells1 is pat5table has be5 decid$1 x w be "t to r5ew ! c>eful application ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 oil wells1 b at pres5t1 ! c>eless h&l+1 ! pursuit ( weal? reg>dless ( ! lives ( ! employ$1 & ! unscrupul\s ass]tion preval5t among ^? int]e/$ 9 ! pat5t ref]r$ to1 is depriv+ ! oil produc]s ( a valuable ag5t4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! pres5t yield ( oil is ample = ! consumption1 ?is1 s f> z ! public is conc]n$1 is ( less mom5t ?an x is to ! produc]s1 :o1 by ! "t economical & useful bla/+ 9 oil wells is ne$$ to br+ up ! yield to ! ev] increas+ dem&1 w h f9ally dispos$ ( ?is pat5t litigation4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,nitro-,glyc]9 ,consid]$ 9 its ,*emical ,details4 ,glyc]91 ! base ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 is produc$ f mo/ ( ! fix$ oils & solid fats by ! process ( saponification1 t is1 by treat+ ^! fatty bodies ) an alkali1 or o!r metallic oxide1 9 pres5ce ( wat]1 or ) wat] itself at a high temp]ature4 ,= _m ye>s ! ,glyc]9 ( comm]ce 0 produc$ f olive oil1 by boil+1 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]1 li?>ge1 :i* yield$ ! well kn[n lead pla/] or dia*ylon1 & a sweeti% liquid1 :i* by evaporation ( ! wat]1 0 f\nd to be ,glyc]92 ?us procur$1 h[ev]1 x 0 apt to be contam9at$ ) lead1 & !re=e v objectionable = m$ical purposes4 ,! s\rces :5ce x is n[ procur$1 are1 ! alkal9e "m liquor ( ! soap works1 :5 ! soap is sep>at$ by common salt3 also ! residue ( ! manufacture ( /e>ic acid = c&les1 by heat+ neutral fats ) wat] or ) /eam1 7,tilghmann's process73 & ! action ( muriatic acid on ca/or oil4 ,x is apt to be contam9at$ ) sulphuric acid1 oxalic acid1 lead1 & m g5]ally ) uncry/allizable sug>s4 ,! dem& has va/ly increas$ ( late ye>s = m$ical purposes1 ela/ic sponge1 & reta9+ moi/ure 9 tobacco1 pr9t works1 z a pres]v+ ag5t1 & = float+ compasses1 etc41 etc4 ,! foll[+ are ! synonyms ( ,nitro-,glyc]92 ,nitrate ( ,oxide ( ,lipyl1 7,,b]zelius72 ,glono91 ,mono-,nitro-,glyc]91 ,di-,nitro-,glyc]91 ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]91 7,,liecke7--,symbol1 7,c,h17 ,o1 #c,,no2 7,hydrog5 #a1 ,oxyg5 #h17 ! equival5t or atomic weight is #adg4 ,pure ,nitro-,glyc]9 is ne>ly colorless2 usually1 h[ev]1 ow+ to color+ matt] conta9$ 9 ! ,glyc]9 us$ 9 its manufacture1 x is ( a light yell[-t9t$ color1 oily1 )\t odor1 b hav+ an aromatic ta/e1 ,sp4 ,gr4 #a4f at #fj;,f1 v insoluble 9 wat]2 mixes ) alcohol 7"o "p to f\r p>ts7 & e!r2 x sep>ates f ! alcoholic solution by ! addition ( wat]4 ,a v9\s ta/e is p]ceptible to ! tongue1 ! maxill>y gl&s are /imulat$1 & 9 a few m9utes ! individual :o has ta/$ x f a p9's po9t = ! fir/ "t1 is consci\s ( a p]si/5t1 ?robb+ heada*e4 ,slightly t\*+1 x ) ! h&s produces a l effect2 aft] a few days ( frequ5t h&l+1 h[ev]1 ! sy/em becomes less susceptible to ^! effects1 & workm5 con/antly employ$ 9 its manufacture are n affect$ by x4 ,x is poison\s1 a small quantity be+ suffici5t to kill a dog1 7,,sobr]o74 ,x decomposes at #cbj;,f1 giv+ out r$ vapors1 & explodes at a high] temp]ature1 or by concussion or p]cussion1 cra%+ ! conta9+ vessel2 x ignites by flame1 & burns )\t explosion1 yield+ a light e!real flame ( consid]able volume4 ,pure ,nitro-,glyc]9 may be kept = a ye> un*ang$1 7,de ,vrij74 ,! writ] has expos$ x to fro/1 sun & ra91 = ?ree ye>s1 & f\nd x un*ang$4 ,unless p]fectly pure1 h[ev]1 x rapidly *anges1 becom+ ( an orange yell[ color1 evolv+ fumes1 & seems to become a :olly diff]+ comp\nd1 be+ difficult1 :5 ?us *ang$1 to congeal1 except at a mu* l[] temp]ature ?an #de;,f1 & is m readily explod$4 ,x v easily decomposes by dry+ 9 a w>m room ) r>efi$ air1 7,,williamson74 ,x is in/antly decompos$ :5 dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 by add+ an alcoholic solution ( cau/ic pota%1 ! reaction be+ s viol5t z to eject ! mixture f ! te/ tube4 ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 contact ) ! foll[+ salts3 nitrates ( lime1 cobalt1 soda1 b>ytes & pota%2 *lorides ( calcium1 ( b>ium2 p]*loride ( iron1 c>bonate ( lime1 sulphates ( pota%1 lime & soda1 0 f\nd un*ang$ aft] a ye>'s exposure4 ,,incompatibles3 nitrate ( silv] precipitates black oxide ( silv]2 nitrate ( copp] gives a precipitate ( p]oxide ( copp]1 ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 rema9+1 h[ev]1 bright & app>5tly un*ang$4 ,9 a solution ( nitrate ( m]cury1 !re appe>s a :ite film1 a bubble ( protoxide ( azote1 app>5tly adh]5t to ! ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,muriate ( ammonia seems to divide ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 into two liquids1 a light film sup]natant1 & ! heavi] liquid subjac5t4 ,! action ( *loride ( m]cury 7calomel7 is b v slight4 ,proto*loride ( t9 =ms a precipitate ( p]oxide ( t91 ! residu>y ,nitro-,glyc]9 reflect+ light p[]fully1 & z brightly z a diamond4 ,bi*romate ( pota% is p>tly r$uc$ to *romate4 ,sulphate ( copp] =ms a v slight precipitate ( oxide ( copp]1 ) app>5tly no *ange 9 ! residu>y ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,sulphate ( iron decomposes x1 giv+ a volum9\s precipitate1 ) evolution ( nitr\s fumes4 ,sulphuret ( ammonia decomposes x1 ) precipitation ( sulphur4 ,acetate ( lead1 *lor9e wat]1 f]ridcyanide ( potassium1 cyanide ( potassium1 sulphocyanide ( potassium1 & ( m]cury1 nitroprusside ( sodium decompose x1 also ! sulphurets ( iron1 & potassium4 ,! action ( t91 iron1 & lead1 sl[ly decompos+ ! ,nitro-,glyc]91 especially 9 ! pres5ce ( an acid1 indicates t metals hav+ an aff9ity = oxyg51 are ! mo/ active 9 promot+ decomposition1 evolv+ at ! same "t nitr\s fumes1 or protoxide ( nitrog51 :il/ ! residu>y ,nitro-,glyc]9 does n seem to be affect$2 ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 z ) sulphuret ( sodium1 potassium & ammonium1 ! action is prompt1 & if ^! reag5ts be add$ 9 suffici5t quantity1 ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 is :olly decompos$1 sulphur be+ precipitat$4 ,ascagne ,sobr]o1 ! discov]] ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 says3 x may be prep>$ by sl[ly introduc+ syrupy ,glyc]9 into a mixture ( two volumes conc5trat$ sulphuric acid to "o volume ( nitric acid1 ,sp4 ,gr4 #a4d1 dropp+ x 9 & rapidly cool+4 ,x seems to dissolve 9 ?is mixture )\t any noticeable reaction1 & by p\r+ x into wat]1 ! s =m$ ,nitro-,glyc]9 sep>ates f x4 ,x is !n wa%$ sev]al times 9 wat]1 is next dissolv$ 9 e!r1 & aft] evaporation 7dang]\s "w ?is7 is f9ally purifi$ ov] sulphuric acid4 ,de ,vrij recomm5ds dissolv+ #ajj grammes ( ,glyc]9 ,sp4 ,gr4 #a4bfb 9 #bjj c4 c4 ( hydrat$ nitric acid cool$ to #ad;,f1 tak+ c>e t ! mixture nev] exce$s 9 temp]ature #cb;,f4 ,:5 a homog5e\s mixture has be5 obta9$1 #bjj c4 c4 ( /rong sulphuric acid are add$ v gradually1 tak+ especial c>e t ! temp]ature ( ?is mixture nev] rises above #cb;,f4 ,! oily ,nitro-,glyc]9 :i* floats on ! surface is sep>at$ by a tap-funnel f ! acid liquid 7:i* yields m ,nitro-,glyc]9 on be+ dilut$ ) wat]7 & is n[ dissolv$ 9 ! smalle/ possible quantity ( e!r2 ?is solution is %ak5 ) wat]1 until ! wat] no long] r$d5s litmus2 ! e!r evaporat$ 7"h take c>e67 & ! rema9+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 heat$ ov] ! wat]-ba? till its weight rema9s con/ant4 ,m]ck1 ( ,d>m/adt1 ! em95t op]ative *emi/1 f\nd 9 foll[+ ,de ,vrij's me?od1 :il/ evaporat+ ! e!real solution1 & be=e ! temp]ature _h rea*$ #bab;,f1 x 0 accompani$ by a t]rible explosion4 ,an accid5t f ! same cause occurr$ 9 ! laboratory ( ,dr4 ,e4 ,von ,gorup-,besanez1 & we f9d 9 8,comptes ,r5dus0 an acc\nt ( ! effects ( ! explosion ( only #aj drops ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 :i*1 by "o ( ! pupils ( t *emi/1 9 8 laboratory1 7 put into a small ca/-iron saucepan1 & heat$ ) a ,buns5 gas flame4 ,! effect ( ! explosion 0 t ! =ty-six panes ( glass ( ! w9d[s ( ! laboratory 7 sma%$ to atoms1 ! saucepan 0 hurl$ ?r\gh a brick wall1 ! /\t iron /& on :i* ! vessel _h be5 plac$ 0 p>tly split1 p>tly spirally twi/$1 & ! tube ( ! ,buns5 burn] 0 split & flatt5$ outw>ds4 ,=tunately1 none ( ! ?ree p]sons pres5t 9 ! laboratory at ! "t 7 hurt4 ,:5 ,nitro-,glyc]9 is caus$ to fall drop by drop on a ?or\ghly r$ hot iron plate1 x burns (f z gunp[d] w\ld d "u ! same conditions2 b if ! iron is n r$ hot1 b yet hot en\gh to cause ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 to boil sudd5ly1 an explosion takes place4 ,nitro-,glyc]9 is decompos$ by evaporation1 ev5 9 vacuo1 ov] sulphuric acid at ord9>y temp]atures 7,,railton71 & :5 left to itself1 frequ5tly und]goes spontane\s decomposition2 b :5 well purifi$1 x may be kept = a long "t )\t alt]ation 7,h4 ,,watts72 exhibits diff]5t prop]ties1 accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* x is prep>$ 7,,glad/one74 ,liecke 9 ,d+l]'s ,polyte*nical ,j\rnal1 prescribes ! foll[+ =mul = manufactur+ ! ?ree sev]al prep>ations1 ,mono-,nitro-,glyc]91 ,di-,nitro-,glyc]9 & ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]94 ,mono-,nitro-,glyc]93 ,glyc]9 #ajj grammes4 ,nitric acid1 ,sp4 ,gr4 #a4c1 #bjj grammes4 ,dissolve ! ,glyc]9 9 ! nitric acid1 & !n add sulphuric acid #bjj cubic c5timet]s4 ,! product %\ld be ,c,h,o,h ,o ,,no,h ,di-,nitro-,glyc]93 ,sulphuric acid conta9+ #a eq4 wat]1 two volumes1 nitric acid1 ,sp4 ,gr4 #a4d1 "o volume2 mix ! above1 l[] ! temp]ature to #cb;,f1 or bel[1 & drop into x ,glyc]91 pure1 "o volume4 ,prod4 ,c,h,o,h ,o #b,,no ,tri-nitro-glyc]93 ,sulphuric ,acid1 #c4e p>ts4 ,nitrate ( ,pota%1 #a "p4 cool$ to #j;,f1 produces ,,ko #d,,s #f;,,ho1 f ?is ! conc5trat$ fum+ ,nitric acid is sep>at$ by decantation1 & be+ ma9ta9$ at #j;,f1 ,glyc]9 #j4h p>ts is v gradually add$1 produc+ ,c,h,o,,no ,o #b,,no ,f ! above extracts ( sev]al ( ! mo/ em95t *emi/s ( ! pres5t day1 ! read] w glean1 t 9 ord] to prep>e ?is explosive1 ( uni=m quality1 inv>iable 9 composition1 free f wat]1 or any o!r impurity1 x is n m]ely necess>y to buy ! be/ mat]ials1 b to h at comm& ! means ( v]ify+ _! purity be=e attempt+ its manufacture4 ,^! po9ts secur$1 viz3 purity & /r5g? ( mat]ials1 i4 e41 glyc]9 free f sug>1 fatty acid1 sal9e impurities1 & a mixture ( ,sulphuric ,acid ) ,nitric ,acid 9 due proportion1 ( due p]c5tage ( ! respective acids1 & n m wat] !re91 nor 9 ! glyc]91 at "o "t ( mak+1 ?an ano!r2 ! next po9t to comm& w be1 t 9 comb9+ ! glyc]9 ) ! acids1 :5 consid]able heat is evolv$1 ! heat ?us evolv$ %all be absorb$ rapidly1 s z nev] "u any circum/ances :atev]1 to exce$ a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,sobr]o names #cb;,f2 o!rwise1 accord+ to my exp]i5ce1 v diff]+ nitro-glyc]9 w result f v>iation ( temp]ature :il/ mix+4 ,su* products may be fatal to ! m9]1 al?\gh only affect+ ! manufactur] 9 a pecuni>y s5se4 ,i am l$ to emphasize ^! rem>ks f ! fact t prospectuses h be5 issu$ to tempt contractors to buy app>atus 9 ! "o case1 & (f]+ to manufacture on ! side ( a railroad cutt+1 if requir$1 9 ano!r case1 by p>ties :o h no exp]i5ce 9 ! manufacture1 & :o />t 9 _! new avocation1 by d]id+ ! c>e1 outlay & precautions t _! competitors h deem$ x necess>y to make1 9 ord] to secure a uni=m1 c]ta91 &1 = m9+ purposes1 p]fectly safe explosive2 = z ! product is to be h&$ ov] to ! un$ucat$ m9]1 :o _c e/imate ! risk he is subject$ to ev5 if su* a c\rse occurr$ to him1 x does seem to me j & prop]1 t ! controll+ eng9e]1 ! intellig5t contractor1 & especially ! op]at+ m9] :o is to h&le ?is explosive1 %\ld be advis$1 t "u ! t]m ,nitro-,glyc]91 v diff]5t sub/ances1 bo? z reg>ds explosive =ce1 & liability to spontane\s explosion1 d result1 unless extraord9>y precautions are adopt$ 9 ! selection ( ! crude mat]ials1 z well z secur+ uni=mly l[ temp]ature ?r\gh\t ! process ( mak+4 ,unless ?is be done1 decomposition sets 9 & is indicat$ by ! emanation ( fumes1 by ! deep5+ ( ! light lemon t9t to an orange yell[1 & at ?is po9t1 ! m9] %\ld decl9e us+ x1 & require ! manufactur] to take 8 place1 & ! risks cont+5t on us+ x4 ,s9ce _m ( ! accid5ts t h occurr$ ) ,nitro-,glyc]91 h be5 trac$ to leakage f ! conta9+ vessel1 notably ! ,san ,francisco accid5t1 probably ! ,panama explosion1 & und\bt$ly ! ,titusville or ,ent]prise explosion1 besides o!r cases :]e x leak$ ?r\gh ! bottom ( wagon & !nce on to ! spr+s1 ^: hamm]+ caus$ an explosion1 ! discov]y by ,grang]1 page #ai1 confirm$ by ! magaz9e explosion1 page #ah1 tea* ! importance ( transport+ ?is explosive 9 a solid /ate1 t is1 congeal$2 !re is h[ev] ano!r reason2 decompos+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 w n solidify at #de;,f1 & ! consum] has a ready & conv5i5t te/ = ! purity ( ?is article1 by see+ to x t he inv>iably pur*ases ! explosive deliv]able 9 a solid =m4 ,ano!r te/ is1 :5 explod$1 9 a close tunnel1 ! fumes or decompos$ gases %\ld n inconv5i5ce ! m9]4--,fail+ 9 ei!r ( ^! te/s1 x may fairly be reject$ z an inf]ior article1 or %\ld be us$ up z spe$ily z possible1 pref]ably by ! manufactur] or 8 m exp]i5c$ employees1 r ?an by a m9] :o may n be fully aw>e ( ! unnecess>y risk to :i* he is expos$ 9 h&l+ impure ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,,me?od ,,( ,,analysis4 ,walt] ,crum#e describes a me?od ( analys+ bodies conta9+ nitric acid1 applicable to ! nitro-comp\nds2 :5 nitrate ( pota% is us$1 x is previ\sly purifi$ by cry/allization1 & fus$ at little m ?an its melt+ heat4 ,nitro-,glyc]91 gun-cotton1 etc41 mu/ be depriv$ ( moi/ure4 #e ,ph>maceutical ,transactions1 vol4 #g1 #ahdh1 p4 #bg1 et seq4 ,a glass j> eight in*es long & an in* & a qu>t] 9 diamet]1 is fill$ ) & inv]t$ ov] m]cury2 a s+le lump ( "t fus$ nitrate1 weigh+ ab\t six gra9s1 is let up ?r\gh ! m]cury into ! inv]t$ j>1 & aft]w>ds fifty gra9s ( wat]4 ,z soon z ! nitrate is dissolv$1 #abe gra9s ( sulphuric acid1 asc]ta9$ to be free f nitric acid1 are add$4 ,by ! action ( ! m]cury ^u ! lib]at$ nitric acid1 deutoxide ( nitrog5 soon beg9s to be evolv$1 &1 usually 9 ab\t two h\rs1 )\t ! application ( heat1 ! :ole ( ! nitric acid is conv]t$ into t gas4 ,sometimes agitation is necess>y1 & x is easily p]=m$ by giv+ a j]k+ horizontal motion to ! upp] "p ( ! j>4 ,! surface ( ! sulphuric acid is !n m>k$1 & ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* ( solution ( sulphate ( iron rec5tly boil$1 let up into ! j>4 ,! gas is rapidly absorb$1 except a small portion at la/1 :i* mu/ be left sev]al h\rs to ! action ( ! solution1 or be well agitat$ 9 a small] tube ) a fre% portion ( x4 ,no correction ( ! nitric oxide has to be made = moi/ure1 = ! mixture ( acid & wat] employ$ has no p]ceptible vapor t5sion4 ,9 "o exp]im5t1 #e4dj gra9s ( nitrate ( pota% yield$ #d4ige cubic in*es ( gas1 at #fj;,f1 & b>omet] #cj in*es4 ,! residue n absorb$ by ! sulphate ( iron1 0 #j4jae cubic in*1 leav+ #d4if cubic in*es ( nitric oxide #a4eid gra9s ,,no1 & :i* correspond to #b4hfi gra9s nitric acid1 or #ec4ac ( ! nitrate ( pota%4 ,f\r consecutive exp]im5ts yield$ #ec4ac #ec4ad #ec4gc #ec4bi ------ ,mean #ec4cb or leav+ out ! ?ird exp]im5t4 ,mean #ec4ai ,! calculat$ p]c5tage ( nitric acid 9 nitrate ( pota%1 ! acid be+ repres5t$ by #f4ge1 & ! pota% by #e4hiib1 is #ec4cf4 ,,?omson gives = p]c5tage ( nitric acid 9 nitrate ( pota% #eb4id1 & ,,b]zelius #ec4dd4 ,salts 9 p[d]1 :i* are difficult to pass ?r\gh m]cury )\t loss1 may be enclos$ 9 small glass cyl9d]s4 ,nitro-,glyc]9 may be made into pellets ) p[d]$ glass1 & congeal$ at #de;,f1 or simply congeal$ by tak+ great c>e x is n p>tially ?aw$ dur+ manipulation4 ,mr4 ,!ron ,skeel1 ( ,albany1 has furni%$ me ) ! foll[+ extract f ! ,eng9e]+ ,j\rnal ( ! #ag? ,nov41 #ahga1 be+ an explanation ( ,m4 ,l4 ,hote's me?od ( analys+ ! gases produc$ by ! explosion ( ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,he uses ,ure's graduat$ electric eudiomet]1 made out ( a gre5 glass organic analysis tube4 ,introduce into ! app>atus t5 c5timet]s ( ! gases evolv$ f wat] by voltaic electricity1 !n introduce small globules ( ?9 glass1 conta9+ f five to six milligrammes ( ! explosive2 an electric sp>k be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! mix$ gases by means ( ! plat9a po9ts melt$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! eudiomet]1 explodes ! gases1 breaks ! small glass globules & explodes ! ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,! gases evolv$ are colorless1 & conta9 a proportion ( b9oxide ( nitrog54 ,submitt$ to ! prop] absorb5ts1 = moi/ure1 b9oxide ( nitrog5 & c>bonic acid1 !re rema9s nitrog54 ,?us3 #a gramme ,nitro-,glyc]9 gave at temp4 #j ,c5t4 #bi4g b>om4 press41 ( ^! gases #bhd c4c4 ,"o hundr$ p>ts by volume conta9$ ,c>bonic acid1 #de4gb ,b9oxide ( ,nitrog51 #bj4cf ,nitrog51 #cc4ib ------ #ajj4jj ,,m>t9#f has devis$ a me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! p]c5tage ( nitric acid1 by its conv]sion into ammonia4 ,nitric acid :5 mix$ ) sulphuric or muriatic acids1 9 ! pres5ce ( metallic z9c1 is conv]t$ into ammonia 7,gmel9 ,i1 #hbh74 ,by plac+ "s z9c 9 a mixture ( ! two acids1 !re is no dis5gagem5t ( gas1 :il/ ! nitric acid is conv]t$ into ammonia4 ,hydrog5 9 its nasc5t /ate comb9es ) ! oxyg5 ( ! nitrog5 comp\nd1 produc$ by ! nitric acid alone4 ,metallic z9c1 ) dilute nitric acid1 gives protoxide ( nitrog52 & by tak+ "o equival5t ( ?is gas & f\r equival5ts ( hydrog51 wat] & ammonia may be =m$4 ,,no #d;,h ,,nh ,,ho4 ,! nitric acid1 act+ gradually & sl[ly on ! z9c1 is trans=m$ into ammonia1 equival5t = equival5t4 ,:5 ?is reaction has ceas$1 !n foll[s a dis5gagem5t ( hydrog5 gas f ! z9c1 :i* is p]mitt$ = a few seconds4 ,x n[ rema9s to asc]ta9 ! p]c5tage ( ammonia4 ,! ammonia may be di/ill$ (f & !n absorb$ by a normal or previ\sly asc]ta9$ quantitative solution ( oxalic acid1 & aft]w>ds to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( oxalic acid n tak5 up2 d$uct ?is f ! orig9al quantity conta9$ 9 ! absorb+ solution1 & ! result gives ! p]c5tage ( oxalic acid neutraliz$ by ! absorption ( ! ammonia2 f ?is ! ammonia is calculat$4 ,mohr's app>atus = ! dis5gagem5t ( ammonia may be us$ ) advantage 9 ?is op]ation4 ,see ,mohr's ,traite d'analyse *imique1 supplem5t1 p4 #djb1 ,p>is1 #aheg4 ,tilb]g#g analys$ ! ,/ockholm ,nitro-,glyc]9 ) ! foll[+ results3 ,c,h7,,no7,o 7! ,c>bon atoms be+ e/imat$ z #ab1 ,hydrog5 #a1 ,oxyg5 #af17 & reg>d$ x z ,mono-,nitro-,glyc]94 #f ,comptes r5dus1 ,v4 xxxvii1 p4 #idg4 #g ,*emical ,news1 ,m>* #ahfi1 p4 #aea4 ,9 pro( ( ! fact ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 be+ explosive by concussion effect$ at a di/ance1 if pro( 7 ne$$1 ,i in/ance a small c conta9+ ab\t #d lbs4 ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 left by ! bla/] ab\t #cej feet f ! head+1 & p>tially protect$ by ! rail :i* 0 curv$ upw>ds to prev5t ! c>s runn+ ov] ! dump1 0 explod$1 :5 a full *>ge ( #af holes 0 fir$ 9 ! head+ at ! ,we/ ,end ( ! ,hoosac ,tunnel4 ,x w be not$ t !re c\ld be no heat develop$ #cej feet f ! prim>y explosion1 & be+ enclos$ 9 an ord9>y k]os5e c1 x appe>s a /rik+ in/ance ( ! possibility ( explosion f induc$ concussion4 ,aga91 9 ,april1 #ahgb1 a c>tridge ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 0 left 9 ! c>tridge *e/1 conta9+ ab\t #b lbs4 ,nitro-,glyc]91 :il/ #bj *>ges ( bla/+ p[d] 7 fir$ 9 ! head+1 #bjj feet di/ant2 ! explosion ( ! p[d] 0 unusually heavy1 & ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 explod$1 te>+ ! *e/ to pieces1 fractur+ ! air ma9 & disrupt+ ! track4 ,?is indubitably proves ! explosion ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 by concussion1 & %\ld w>n e op]ator to be c>eful to place any surplus explosive away f explod]s1 & z f> di/ant z possible f :]e an explosion is int5d$1 & p>ticul>ly 9 su* position t if x %\ld explode1 a cont+5cy possible1 !re may be no "o ne> ! vessel conta9+ su* surplus4 #h,! exp]im5ts ( ,febru>y #ag1 #ahgj1 describ$ by ,pr(essors ,b>k] & ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson1 :]e wat] & glass int]v5$ to receive ! heat & concussion1 confirm ! fact ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 be+ explosive by concussion1 )\t heat or pressure2 9 ^! in/ances nei!r heat nor pressure 7 admitt$1 yet ! explosion blew ! tub into fragm5ts1 cutt+ (f ! /aves level ) ! hoops1 sma%+ & fractur+ ! bottom ( ! tub on ! rock s]v+ z a p$e/al1 & s5d+ ! wat] up s t x desc5d$ 9 a %[] sev5ty feet f ! po9t ( explosion4 #h ,see ab/ract ( ,pr(4 ,b>k]'s affidavit1 t[>ds ! close ( ?is pamphlet4 ,x is prop] ,i %\ld "h ann\nce t1 aft] a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 dur+ my leisure h\rs1 ext5d+ ov] sev]al ye>s1 ) nitro-mannite1 nitro-sug>1 nitro-dextr91 nitro-/>*1 & nitro-naph?al91 ) a view to obta9 a homog5e\s comp\nd conv]tible :olly into gase\s matt]1 & miscible ) liquid ,nitro-,glyc]91 :i* w\ld n explode "u ord9>y conditions1 ,i h succe$$ 9 obta9+ su* a mixture1 viz43 ,nitro-,glyc]91 ?irty p>ts4 ,nitro-,toluol1 t5 p>ts4 ,mix$1 ?is w n explode :5 /ruck on an anvil1 burns :5 ?r[n on to ! fire1 & c only be explod$ ) v heavily *>g$ explod]s1 conta9+1 say1 fifte5 gra9s ( fulm9ate1 bett] & m surely1 h[ev]1 ) tw5ty gra9s4 ,to ?is ,i "k b "o drawback3 x does n solidify at a mod]ate 7#de;,f7 temp]ature1 &1 if ! conta9+ vessel %\ld leak1 a too frequ5t s\rce ( accid5t ) inf]ior ,nitro-,glyc]9 t _c be congeal$1 ! nitro-toluol is liable to evaporate1 & ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 is !n left ) its usually dang]\s prop]ties unimpair$4 ,?is 0 pat5t$ by ,c4 ,volney1 :o =m]ly bla/$ = me1 & = ! ,lake ,%ore ,n4 ,g4 ,co41 & assign$ to me = a consid]ation4 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,electricity = ,bla/+ ,op]ations4 ,al?\gh half a c5tury has pass$ s9ce bla/+ by electricity 0 effect$ by ,col4 ,pasley1 9 8 subm>9e explosions = remov+ ! wreck ( ! ,royal ,george1 at ,spi!ad1 ! app>atus = excit+ ! electricity necess>y to explode _m *>ges simultane\sly1 is /ill 7,may1 #ahgb71 v unsatisfactory4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,julius ,smi?1 ( ,bo/on1 tak+ ! ,au/rian friction batt]y1 recomm5d$ by ,b>on ,abn]1 9 8 report at ,vi5na1 = 8 basis1 has ameliorat$ ! arrangem5ts by enclos+ ! work+ p>ts 9 a bett] vulcanite cas+1 & secur+ ! dis*>ge by rev]s+ ! motion ( ! h&le1 b ! objections rema9 t an ebonite plate is scrat*$ by ! rubb]s1 t specks ( ! sulphuret ( t91 us$ z an amalgam1 cause a p>tial dis*>ge all ov] ! surface ( ! plate1 r5d]+ x a %ort-liv$ ma*9e ^: p[] is limit$1 unless ! prim+ ( ! explod]s is made v s5sitive1 & liable to explode by atmosph]ic electricity4 ,sev]al fatal accid5ts h occurr$ to m9]s1 f premature explosions ( ! *>ge :il/ load+ ! holes1 & ^! fatalities hav+ be5 trac$ to ! 8ov]-s5sitive prim+0 us$1 x behooves ! m9+ eng9e] to look well to ! explod]s (f]$ him1 & 9 e case he w f9d :]e cotton imm]s$ 9 a v>ni% is suffici5t insulation to protect ! wire f los+ its electricity1 ! prim+ us$ = *>g+ su* explod]s is too dang]\s = m9]s' use1 & involves a grave responsibility4 ,mr4 ,abel's ,electro-magnetic ,explod] limits ! dis*>ge to a s]ies ( five m9es1 or bla/s 9 ea* s]ies1 be+ ! ,v]du or ,sav>e sy/em1 & involves sev]al lead+ wires = num]\s explosions1 & al?\gh yield+ electricity 9 quantity x lacks int5sity4 ,! ,holtz ma*9e is altoge!r too vic>i\s 9 its op]ation = bla/+ purposes4 ,a ma*9e or app>atus t w dis*>ge #ajj bla/s1 if ne$$1 durable1 & n liable to d]angem5t or we>1 is a necessity1 & x %\ld evolve en\gh electricity & ( suffici5t t5sion to jump betwe5 ! wires #a-bj? ( an in* ap>t1 necess>y to fire prim+1 s z to secure simultane\s fir+4 ,! heat$ wire1 or a quantity ( electricity heat+ wire by ! resi/ance a small wire (f]s to ! curr5t1 s9ce x occupies "t1 brief ?\gh x be1 involves1 z ,i ?9k1 ! objection t ! dis*>ges _c be simultane\s 91 say tw5ty bla/s4 ,( ?is class are ! ma*9es n[ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction by ,mr4 ,moses ,f>m]1 ( ,bo/on1 :]e ! excit+ p[] is manual labor1 be+ a dynamo-electric ma*9e4 ,breguet's electro-magnetic explod]1 giv+ a sp>k by break+ contact1 is altoge!r too weak1 at lea/ = ! ,am]ican contractor4 ,! ord9>y ,ruhmkorff coil is accompani$ ) ! objection1 t 9 a num]\s s]ies ( bla/s1 ! sp>k1 :5 x has pass$ "s five or six holes1 seems to vani% 9 a gl[1 & to lose ! heat necess>y to effect decomposition ( ! prim+1 besides ! incumbrance ( acids & batt]y2 9 brief1 x is n suffici5tly portable = ! use ( contractors4 ,dur+ ! pa/ f\r ye>s ,i h giv5 ?is subject mu* att5tion1 &1 hav+ exp]im5t$ pretty ext5sively1 ,i h secur$ ! fir/ po9t1 viz43 a safe prim+ :i* is n affect$ by ! induc$ electricity caus$ by ma*9]y runn+1 friction ( h&l+1 or atmosph]ic electricity4 ,my pres5t aim--! evolution ( electricity ( suffici5t int5sity to leap fifty to "o hundr$ solutions ( cont9uity1 i4 e41 effect fifty bla/s simultane\sly1 ,i hope ,i h secur$1 b ?is subtile =ce1 electricity1 is s readily affect$ by s _m int]f]+ elem5ts 9 bla/+ op]ations1 t x w\ld be premature 9 ?is pat5t-dem&+ age1 to communicate ! progress ,i h obta9$1 until ! sev]al app>atus ,i am n[ con/ruct+ 7?ree =ms ( ma*9e71 are complete1 & h be5 subject$ to actual "w 9 sev]ely critical h&s4 ,an inv5tor is no judge ( ! success ( 8 own bantl+s4 ,aw>e ( ! %ort life ( ! frictional electric ma*9e1 z at pres5t con/ruct$2 kn[+ h[ ! ord9>y induction coil dim9i%es its int5sity ( sp>k1 9 proportion to ! numb] ( bla/s to be fir$2 see+ t ! ,electro-magnetic ma*9e is limit$ to a s]ies ( five bla/s1 :i* c only be explod$ consecutively2 t ! ,electro-dynamic ma*9es are op5 to ?is la/ objection1 besides de/ruction ( _! conduct+ p>ts by ov]heat+1 :il/ 9 ! matt] ( adopt+ 8ov]-s5sitive prim+0 to comp5sate = ! defici5cy ( electricity or *eap conduct+ wire1 !re looms up ! dang] to ! m9] ( h&l+ explod]s1 :i* 8g (f by look+ at0 !m1 x seem$ t1 unless "s amelioration 0 effect$ 9 ^! details1 ! great economy ( simultane\s bla/+ by means ( electricity w\ld h to be ab&on$4 ,add to ^! difficulties ! fact t any casualty occurr+ f any ( ! above causes w\ld rea* ! public z caus$ by ,nitro-,glyc]91 & my read] w compreh5d ! int]e/ ,i h felt1 dur+ ! pa/ f\r ye>s1 9 solv+ ! foll[+ problem3 ,to con/ruct an app>atus t w1 "u e condition ( atmosph]e1 :e!r damp1 d5se or r>efi$1 evolve1 at ! w ( ! op]ator1 abundance ( electricity2 su* electricity to possess ! prop]ty ( develop+ int5se heat1 s z n to ne$ a v s5sitive prim+1 & to possess suffici5t t5sion to ov]leap num]\s solutions ( cont9uity1 say fifty1 at a fla%4 ,next1 to discov] a prim+ composition1 to ins]t betwe5 ! solutions ( cont9uity1 t w\ld n be affect$ by moi/ure1 t w\ld be> h&l+ )\t dang] ( explod+1 be un*angeable = ye>s1 unaffect$ by ! induc$ electricity ( ! atmosph]e1 :e!r caus$ by ?und] /orms1 lightn+ on ! rail1 ma*9]y belt+ 9 motion1 or /eam bl[+ (f f a safety valve1 ozone1 etc41 & yet n too exhau/ive ( ! electric =ce ( ! sp>k requir$ to fire x4 ,! above seem$ to me ! conditions necess>y = ! app>atus & ! explod] 9 fir+ ) electricity4 ,9 addition to ^!1 = conduct+ su* electricity to ! po9ts requir$1 ! be/ conductor1 & ! be/ insulation atta9able4 ,fur!r1 t z ,nitro-,glyc]9 0 an exp5sive explosive to wa/e1 to supplem5t ! above details ) "s mat]ial t w\ld absolutely develope its extreme =ce in/antane\sly1 & n z is easily ! case1 burn a "p1 explode a "p1 & ?r[ ! rema9d] into ! atmosph]e1 to poison ! m9]s1 or by miss+ fire1 endang] life1 & wa/e "t4 ,h[ ^! objects1 s desirable1 h be5 obta9$1 ,i n[ proce$ to relate4 ,by modify+ ! ord9>y induction coil1 s z to make x yield a highly heat+ sp>k1 & rem$y+ its prop]ty ( los+ t5sion rapidly aft] leap+ f\r or five solutions ( cont9uity1 ! ,messrs4 ,rit*ie ,sons1 ( ,bo/on1 h con/ruct$ = me a coil t fires #ah int]vals :5 *>g$ ) rifle p[d] simply2 & !y are n[ con/ruct+ ano!r coil capable ( fir+ fifty m9es1 :5 *>g$ ) prim+ t is p]fectly safe to h&le1 & fulfill+ ! conditions enum]at$ above4 ,"o sp>k alone is requir$ to effect ^! results1 :i* may be summ$ up z 8elim9at+ ! heat+ prop]ties ( induc$ electricity40 ,i h previ\sly ref]r$ to ! necessity ( us+ a heavy *>ge ( fulm9ate ( m]cury1 9 ord] to secure p]fect & in/antane\s explosion ( a *>ge ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 )\t conf9+ ! latt]2 ! manipulat+ ?is explosive salt 7fulm9ate ( m]cury7 )\t haz>d to ! op]ators 7g5]ally girls71 0 accompli%$ by precipitat+ gum ma/i* f its alcoholic solution1 by ! addition ( wat]1 & mix+ 9 ! moi/ fulm9ate1 & !n fill+ ! pa/y comp\nd into a /\t copp] capsule1 :i* is subsequ5tly enclos$ 9 a wood5 case1 saturat$ ) p>aff9e4 ,! resi/ance ( ! /\t copp] capsule1 imm5sely adds to ! effective =ce ( ! explod]1 & ensures ! mo/ effective explosion ( ! ,nitro-,glyc]91 :i* _c be obta9$ by a wood5 capsule alone4 ,^! details z to ! requirem5ts = effectively explod+ ! nitro-comp\nds1 h be5 v fully exam9$ & prov$1 by ,abel1 ,article1 ,pyroxyl91 ,watts' ,*em4 ,diction>y1 ,vol4 #d1 p4 #ggf1 et seq41 & daily use confirms !m4 ,my obs]vation ( ! fatalities t h occurr$ ) ov]-s5sitive prim+ composition1 introduc$ ) a view to comp5sate = defici5t electric =ce1 & ?us to p]mit ! use ( a weak batt]y & *eap cotton cov]$ wire v>ni%$ ov] 7in/ead ( gutta-p]*a insulation71 9 ord] to sub/itute a weak curr5t t w\ld be suffici5t to fire ^! ov]-s5sitive explod]s = ! /rong] curr5t requir$ to fire a safe prim+1 satisfy me t electric bla/+ _h bett] be discont9u$1 & tape fuse resum$1 unless ! "w w be> ! exp5se ( absolutely safe mat]ials4 ,bett] to face ! difficulty1 con/ruct effici5t electric app>atus1 convey ! electricity along wires ( p]fect insulation to a safe prim+1 & by complete & viol5t explosion ( ! ,nitro-,glyc]91 or p[d]1 make su* effective bla/+ z n to ?r[ away ! labor ( drill+1 c&les1 p[]1 & bla/+ mat]ials4 ,i believe ?is ! true economy4 ,^! details may seem we>isome1 b ! casualties ( bla/+ c be/ be dim9i%$ by avoid+ miss$ holes1 a result only atta9able by us+ mat]ials absolutely reliable2 & ! read]1 if he has ev] attempt$ to h>ness up z a team ^? subtile1 evasive1 t]rific =ces--electricity & explosives1 = ! s]vice ( 8 fell[man1 w excuse ! writ]'s e>ne/ness & agree ) him t 9 su* a task ! rule %\ld be 8,aut nunquam t5ta aut p]fice40 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]9 ,manufactur$ at ! ,hoosac ,tunnel--,h[ ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]9 is ,made--,h[ ,/or$--,h[ ,gutta-,p]*a is ,purifi$--,h[ ! ,conduct+ ,wires are ,insulat$--,h[ ! ,explod]s are ,manufactur$4 ,!re are probably few ( my read]s :o h v5tur$ to tru/ !mselves )9 a ,nitro-,glyc]9 manufactory2 ! v "n is suffici5t to make ! pass]-by quick5 8 /ep1 till he is a safe di/ance beyond ! dread$ prec9ct4 ,"s acc\nt ( su* a factory w1 accord+ly1 be int]e/+ to _m :o are famili> ) ! article1 p]haps h us$ x1 b ^: curiosity has n be5 ( su* a nature z to induce !m to pay a visit to ! works1 :]e ! lea/ neglig5ce involves a dea? p5alty4 ,ab\t #ajj y>ds beyond ! ,we/ %aft ( ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 is to be se5 a bo>d f5ce surr\nd+ ab\t t5 acres ( gr\nd1 ) ! ann\ncem5t1 8,,nitro-,,glyc]9 ,,works2--,,dang]\s2--,,no ,,visitors ,,admitt$40 ,a drive lead+ betwe5 two r[s ( build+s br+s ! 8visitor0 to ! acid h\se1 a well-v5tilat$ build+1 #aej feet long4 ,"h are #aa /ills1 ea* sev5 feet long & two feet 9 diamet]4 ,"u ^! a light1 sl[ fire burns1 :i* is c>efully att5d$ to1 = ! temp]ature mu/ be kept mod]ate4 ,9 ea* ( ^! /ills is plac$ #cjj lbs4 ( nitrate ( soda & #cge lbs4 ( sulphuric acid4 ,a /onew>e pipe conducts ! gases1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ahj;,f1 f ea* /ill into a /one receiv] or cond5s]1 or r a s]ies ( f\r cond5s]s connect$ by /onew>e pipes1 rang$ on a plat=m ?ree feet above ! gr\nd4 ,into ! fir/ ( ^! #aej lbs4 ( sulphuric acid is p\r$1 into ! second #aej lbs41 into ! ?ird #ajj lbs41 & ! f\r? is empty4 ,! nitr\s vapor passes f ! /ill to ! fir/ cond5s]1 :]e a portion ( x1 =m+ z x cond5ses nitric acid1 is tak5 up by ! sulphuric acid2 ! rema9d] passes on to ! second1 ?ird & f\r? cond5s]s1 ?\gh a v small portion is left to pass into ! la/1 :i* only requires to be empti$ once a mon?4 ,x takes ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs = ! /ill to complete ! conv]sion ( its cont5ts into nitric acid1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! resultant mixture ( acids1 ab\t #fjj lbs41 is run (f into c>boys1 twelve ( ^! be+ fill$ f ?ree /ills4 ,ab\t #ajj c>boys are g5]ally kept 9 /ock1 z ! acid does n spoil :5 kept clos$4 ,^! c>boys are !n empti$ into a soap/one tank hav+ a capacity ( #ah c>boys1 & an iron pipe1 connect$ ) ! ma9 lead+ f two bl[]s 9 ! eng9e h\se1 is ins]t$ into ! acid1 caus+ a curr5t ( air to agitate x s z to remove ! nitr\s fumes1 mix x ?or\ghly & br+ x all to uni=m /r5g?4 ,=m]ly1 ?is 0 effect$ by remov+ ! acid into a glass vessel conta9+ ab\t =ty gallons1 & x requir$ boil+ = h\rs2 ! mode n[ practis$ occupies only five m9utes & ! risk ( fracture ( a glass vessel 9 a s& ba? is avoid$4 ,! acid is !n c>ri$ into ! conv]t+ room1 ab\t "o hundr$ feet long & well light$1 :]e x is weigh$1 sev5te5 p\nds be+ p\r$ into ea* ( "o hundr$ & sixte5 /one pit*]s :i* are arrang$ 9 n9e wood5 tr\ghs plac$ 9 ! c5tre & at ! end ( ! room1 & ^! tr\ghs are n[ fill$ ) ice-cold wat]1 or ice & salt1 s z to rise )9 f\r in*es ( ! top ( ! j>4 ,on %elves above ! tr\ghs1 are arrang$ glass j>s1 "o to ea* /one pit*]4 ,into ea* ( ^! glass j>s1 two p\nds1 by weight1 ( pure ,glyc]9 is p\r$1 & ?is1 by means ( a siphon1 ) a rubb] tube atta*$1 ab\t two feet long1 falls drop by drop into ! correspond+ pit*] ( mix$ sulphuric & nitric acids4 ,imm$iately bel[ ! %elf1 9 :i* ! ,glyc]9 j> /&s1 is a #b in* iron pipe1 :i* br+s a curr5t ( cold air f ! receiv]s connect$ ) ! two bl[]s be=e-m5tion$4 ,?is curr5t ( air is di/ribut$ to ea* j>1 :ile ! acid & glyc]9 are mix+1 by a rubb] pipe1 to :i* is atta*$ a glass tube #af in*es long1 & ) a in* bore4 ,dur+ ! h\r & a half to two h\rs t ! glyc]9 takes to run (f into ! pit*]s1 ! greate/ c>e1 & ! close/ att5tion is requisite4 ,! ?ree m5 ^: duty x is to att5d to ! mix+ process1 h ea* a r[ ( pit*]s to wat*1 walk+ ! :ole "t up & d[n1 beside !m1 ) !rmomet] 9 h&1 & z ! nitr\s fumes rise f ! =m+ ,nitro-,glyc]91 !y /ir ! mixture1 ) ! glass tube be=e-m5tion$1 9 any pit*] t may be giv+ out too viol5t fumes4 ,sometimes ?is is caus$ by ! glyc]9 runn+ a little freely1 :i* fires ! mixture1 wa/es ! glyc]91 =m+ oxalic acid1 & developes unpleasant vapors4 ,9 su* a case1 by pu%+ back a little wood5 peg 9 ! glass j>1 ! fl[ ( glyc]9 is less5$1 & by /irr+ ) ! glass tube ! nitr\s vapors dispell$4 ,%\ld ! eng9e also /op work+ by any un=se5 circum/ance1 ! curr5t ( air w ( c\rse be /opp$1 :5 ! mixture w take fire4 ,9 ?is case1 x is necess>y to /ir ! mixture1 & at once /op ! fl[ ( glyc]94 ,:5 ! glyc]9 & acid is all mix$1 & ! nitr\s fumes cease to appe>1 ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 f ea* pit*] is dump$ into a l>ge tank ( wat]1 at a temp]ature ( #gj1 ab\t #dej lbs4 ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 be+ ! am\nt ( ea* bat* manufactur$4 ,! ,nitro-,glyc]9 s9ks to ! bottom & is cov]$ by ab\t six feet ( wat]4 ,"h x rema9s = fifte5 m9utes to be subsequ5tly wa%$ free f any impurities4 ,?is tank goes ?r\gh ! floor into a basem5t *amb]1 its bottom be+ on a slight incl9e1 s t ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 may run out easily4 ,! wat] is fir/ drawn (f f ! top ( ! ,nitro-,glyc]91 & !n ! latt] is run into a wood5 sw++ tub1 9 %ape some:at l an old-fa%ion$ butt] *urn1 b a good deal l>g] 9 diamet]4 ,9 ?is x is wa%$ five times1 ?ree times ) pla9 wat]1 & twice ) soda1 a curr5t ( air work+ ?r\gh x at ! same "t4 ,! wat] f ?is tub is run (f into a wood5 tr\gh1 :i* conveys x to a b>rel buri$ 9 ! e>?1 9 ! side ( :i* a hole c>ries x to ano!r b>rel a little l[] d[n ! hill1 & ?is aga9 to ano!r b>rel1 :5ce x f9ds its way to ! dump ( rocks be+ remov$ f ! tunnel1 any ,nitro-,glyc]9 t may h escap$ 9 ! wa%+ process be+ collect$ & reta9$ 9 "o or o!r ( ^! b>rels4 ,! ,nitro-,glyc]9 is by ?is "t ?or\ghly wa%$ & ready to /ore 9 ! magaz9e1 #cjj feet di/ant1 to :i* x is c>ri$ 9 a c\ple ( copp] pails at a "t1 by a man ) a yoke1 simil> to :at milkm5 use = c>ry+ _! pails4 ,curi\s ?\ght1 t a man c>ry+ a c\ple ( h>mless look+ pails ) only a little colorless fluid 9 !m1 %\ld h en\gh explosive matt] ab\t him to annihilate a regim5t4 ,9 ! magaz9e ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 is p\r$ into 8crocks10 z !y are call$1 e>!nw>e j>s hold+ #fj lbs4 ,^! crocks are !n plac$ 9 a wood5 tank #b feet deep1 :i* holds #bj ( !m1 & imm]s$ to )9 six in*es f ! top ( ! j>s 9 wat] w>m$ by a small pipe f ! boil]1 to raise ! temp]ature to #gj1 at :i* temp]ature x is kept all ! "t1 z ne>ly z possible4 ,!y rema9 9 ?is wat] = ab\t #gb h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t any impurities /ill rema9+ rise to ! surface z scum1 & are skimm$ (f ) a spoon4 ,! ,nitro-,glyc]9 is !n *emically pure1 transp>5t z wat]1 refracts light p[]fully1 & is ready = pack+4 ,! t9 cans1 l9$ ) p>aff9e & conta9+ #ef lbs4 ea*1 are plac$ 9 a %all[ wood5 tr\gh1 & ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 be+ p\r$ f ! crocks into copp] cans1 is aga9 p\r$ into ! t9s ?r\gh a gutta-p]*a funnel1 ! bottom ( ! tr\gh be+ cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( pla/] ( p>is1 :i* absorbs & r5d]s h>mless any drops ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 t may be spilt4 ,! t9s :5 fill$ are !n plac$ 9 a wood5 tr\gh conta9+ ic$ wat]1 or ice & salt1 :]e ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 is sl[ly cry/alliz$ or congeal$2 9 ?is condition1 x is /or$ away 9 small magaz9es #cjj feet di/ant1 9 am\nts ( #cj to #dj cans ea*1 until requir$ = use4 ,illu/ration ,:5 ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 is to be convey$ ov] ! m\nta9s1 ! t9s are pack$ 9 op5 wood5 boxes1 ) two in*es ( sponge at ! bottom1 & f\r rubb] tubes und]nea?2 ^! are long en\gh to all[ ! ends to come "o in* ov] ! top ( ! t9 on opposite sides1 ?us int]pos+ two ela/ic tubes betwe5 ! outside ( ! t9 & ! inside ( ! wood5 box1 r5d]+ x p]fectly safe to c>ry4 ,ea* t9 is cellul>1 i4 e41 f ! top ( ea* t9 to ! bottom a tube passes1 ab\t t5 in*es deep & #a in* 9 diamet]1 = ! purpose ( ?aw+ ! congeal$ ,nitro-,glyc]9 :5 ! bla/] is ready to use x1 liquefaction be+ effect$ ) wat] ( #gj to #ij4 ,! t9s be+ clos$ ) a cork wrapp$ 9 bladd]1 are put into a sleigh or wagon1 cov]$ 9 summ] ) a lay] ( ice & blankets1 & may ?us be c>ri$ any di/ance 9 ?is purifi$ cry/all9e /ate1 z safely z s _m tubs ( butt]4 ,! reflect+ read] w note ! c>e tak5 to purify ! ,nitro-,glyc]92 x occupies #a h\rs to make x1 ab\t #gb h\rs to purify1 & ab\t #dh h\rs to congeal or cry/allize x4 ,& yet !re are p>ties :o attempt to make & v5d ,nitro-,glyc]91 & induce m9]s & contractors to use x1 tak5 direct f ! precipitat+ tank1 ) all its impurities t5d+ to decomposition1 & requir+ only "t & mod]ate temp]ature = spontane\s explosion2 h5ce1 ,i believe _m accid5ts4 ,proce$+ back to ! factory1 two ice-h\ses w be notic$1 capable ( conta9+ #djj tons ( ice1 requir$ = cry/alliz+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 summ]4 ,!re is a small eng9e-h\se ) a boil] ( fifte5 horse p[]1 & eng9e ( ab\t t5 horse p[]2 ?is latt]1 to pump wat] into ! wa%+ tank1 run ! two 8bl[]s10 & give p[] 9 ! gutta-p]*a factory4 ,! air is n pump$ directly into ! pipe :i* di/ributes x to ! pit*]s1 z ! pressure w\ld n be always uni=m2 b into two receiv]s "u ! floor ( ! factory1 :5ce x is ev5ly di/ribut$1 & depriv$ ( wat]y vapor1 :i* if bl[n into ! pit*]s w\ld raise ! temp]ature & vitiate ! product4 ,atta*$ to ! factory is a build+ ab\t #ij feet long1 = cov]+ ! copp] wire 7us$ 9 explod+7 ) gutta-p]*a1 s z to r5d] ! insulation p]fect4 ,! fir/ process is to purify ! crude gutta-p]*a :i* is import$ 9 blocks ab\t a foot long4 ,?is is plac$ aga9/ a rasp+ ma*9e ) too!d knives ab\t f\r in*es ap>t1 :i* cru% & te> ! gutta-p]*a to pieces1 deliv]+ x into a tr\gh ( wat]4 ,! impurities s9k1 :ile ! gutta-p]*a floats4 ,x is !n w>m$ 9 a /eam jacket$ kettle1 & :5 /ill pla/ic is put into ano!r te>+ or rasp+ ma*9e ) ano!r s]ies ( knives set clos] toge!r1 f ?is x drops into a tr\gh ( clean wat]1 m dirt sep>at+4 ,?is is repeat$ two or ?ree times1 z x is mo/ important t no extrane\s matt] %\ld be reta9$ 9 ! gutta-p]*a1 because x w\ld int]f]e ) p]fect insulation1 & s place 9 jeop>dy ! lives ( sev]al m54 ,x is aga9 /eam$ & put into a 8ma/icator0 consi/+ ( a flut$ roll] work+ 9 a /eam jacket2 "h x is 8*aw$ up0 = ab\t six h\rs1 until x arrives at a prop] consi/5ce2 x is !n pass$ betwe5 two smoo? cyl9d]s heat$ by /eam1 & transf]r$ !nce into a cyl9d]1 :]e x is press$ ?r\gh gauze wire1 "u a pressure ( f\r tons to ! in*4 ,be+ ?or\ghly cleans$1 x is !n /eam$1 ma/icat$ & press$ betwe5 ! cyl9d]s1 & is ready to cov] ! copp] wire4 ,five wires at a "t1 horizontally p>allel to "o ano!r1 are pass$ ?r\gh a gun metal m\ld ) a disc at ! fur!r end p]=at$ ) five holes b little l>g] ?an ! wires !mselves1 plac$ at ! base ( an upright cyl9d]4 ,! gutta-p]*a is ins]t$ 9 ! top ( ?is cyl9d]1 & a pressure ( #ie tons is put ^u x by means ( a screw1 :5 x is press$ into slots 9 ! m\ld surr\nd+ ! wires1 :i* are !n drawn f ! holes 9 ! disc1 ?r\gh a tr\gh ( wat] #hj feet long1 & back aga93 x is !n w\nd on drums ready = use4 ,! 8lead+0 wire receives two coat+s1 sep>ate discs hav+ l>g] bores be+ atta*$ to ! brass cyl9d]4 ,a h\se is atta*$ to ! factory1 = ! =eman & 8 family4 ,p]fect sy/em p]vades ?is factory1 & is absolutely necess>y 9 ! manufacture ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 to ensure safety4 ,! /eadie/ m5 possible are select$ = ! "w1 & ! =eman ( ! gutta-p]*a dep>tm5t1 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,wallace1 :o has *>ge ( ! ma*9]y1 is a skilful ma*9i/ & a ?or\ghly tru/wor?y ,scot*man4 ,he has f\r sons employ$1 ( :om "o takes *>ge ( ! works at ,maysville1 ,k5tucky1 ano!r1 is =eman ( ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 factory4 ,?ree m5 are employ$ 9 ! acid h\se1 work+ 9 ?ree %ifts ( eight h\rs ea*1 b !y d n actually "w m ?an sev5 h\rs2 e movem5t is l clock "w1 e man has 8 place & special duty1 :i* he is expect$ to p]=m at ! prop] "t4 ,9 ! morn+1 at #g or #g ,a4 ,m41 two m5 dump ! c>boys ( acid into ! soap/one tank & mix !m1 :ile a ?ird is fill+ ! glass j>s ) glyc]94 ,?is op]ation takes ab\t an h\r4 ,"o draws ! acid1 ano!r weighs x1 & a ?ird c>ries x to ! tr\ghs4 ,aft] an int]val dur+ :i* ! acids cool1 ?ree m5 att5d closely to ! conv]t+ ( glyc]9 into ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]91 kn[+ t _! safety1 & ! safety ( e man on ! works1 dep5ds on !mselves alone1 dur+ ?is process4 ,aft] ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 is dump$ into ! wat] tank1 two m5 are employ$ 9 wa%+ x1 d[n /airs1 :ile two wa% ! /one pit*]s ) wat]2 m wat]1 temp]ature ab\t #fj1 is swill$ on ! floors s z to keep !m scrupul\sly clean & p]fectly free f atoms ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 :i*1 /epp$ ^u :ile ! m5 are at "w1 might s5d !m to et]nity1 & ! build+ to smi!re5s4 ,! room is !n prep>$ = next day's op]ations1 & by ab\t "o or two o'clock1 aft] six1 or at mo/ sev5 h\rs' "w1 ! day's task is done4 ,mr4 ,wilson1 9 *>ge ( ! purify+ process1 cann+1 & prep>+ = %ipm5t1 has n[ be5 ov] f\r ye>s at ?is "w4 ,mak+ explod]s is a di/9ct op]ation1 requir+ great precision4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* ! prim+ = fuses is compos$1 are prep>$ 9 my private laboratory1 & consi/ ( sulphide & phosphide ( copp] ) *lorate ( pota%4 ,consid]able nicety ( manipulation is requir$ to prep>e ! =m] ( ^! comp\nds s z to obta9 homog5e\s1 uni=m sulphides & phosphides1 &1 f ! failure ( sev]al *emi/s--& "s ( our be/ h attempt$ ! manufacture--to prep>e !m1 ,i atta* great importance to ?is "w1 inv>iably mak+ !m myself4 ,=1 if prep>$ ) ! above +r$i5ts1 no accid5t c occur f atmosph]ic electricity1 friction etc41 a cont+5cy :i* all o!r prim+s n[ 9 use are liable to4 ,! prim+ is !n tak5 to ! w>eh\se :]e f ?ree to f\r h&s are employ$ 9 mak+ x up into explod]s4 ,two insulat$ wires f #d to #ab feet long1 are ins]t$ 9 ! smalle/ end ( a wood5 tube1 previ\sly dipp$ 9 boil$ p>aff9e1 in* long & in* diamet] at "o end1 & #c_/af at ! o!r1 to :i* !y are fa/5$ by a %\ld] ( gutta-p]*a4 ,imm$iately be=e ! prim+ is ins]t$1 an electric sp>k is pass$ ?r\gh & betwe5 ! wires :]e ! prim+ is put s z to asc]ta9 t ! insulation is p]fect1 & to gu>d aga9/ ! possibility ( a miss-fire4 ,?is be+ prov$1 ! prim+ is put 9 at ! o!r end ( ! tube1 & a small pap] plug boil$ 9 p>aff9e ins]t$2 !n a copp] cap1 in* long & in* diamet]1 receives #bj gra9s ( fulm9ate ( m]cury1 on ! top ( :i* a v>ni% is p\r$ :i* prev5ts any ( ! fulm9ate f be+ %ak5 out by accid5t1 or affect$ by vibration4 ,?is copp] cap is !n plac$ 9 a l>g] wood5 cap #a in* long1 ! fuse ins]t$ ab\t in*1 :5 x fits tight1 ! wood5 "p pa9t$ ) asphaltum v>ni% ar\nd ! jo9ts1 & ! explod] is complete & ready = s]vice4 ,?ree h&s employ$ ought to make #a1jjj a day ( ^! explod]s4 ,hav+ ?us giv5 a full acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 & its appurt5ances1 ,i w conclude ) ! rem>k t !re is no dang] 9 ! manufacture :5 due precaution is us$2 b1 to p>aphrase ! language ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 9 8 preface to 8,h\rs ( ,ex]cise 9 ! ,alps03 8,= ra%ness1 ignorance1 or c>elessness1 ,nitro-,glyc]9 leaves no m>g92 & to ra%ness1 ignorance1 or c>elessness1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! cata/rophes :i* %ock u are to be trac$40 ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,explosive ,mixtures4 ,! laws ( nature are immutable4 ,to-day1 to-morr[1 =ev]--un*ang$1 un*angeable1 z ! great ,creator himself1 :o e/abli%$ !m1 & x is only f sci5tific rese>*1 />t+ ) ! conviction t ^! laws are ,god's laws1 & !re=e immutable1 t results ( g5]al utility c be obta9$4 ,believ+ t ev]y?+ :i*1 9 common p>lance1 is t]m$ 8an accid5t10 is simply a violation ( ^! laws ?r\gh c>elessness or ignorance1 x is ! duty ( ! sci5tific *emi/ to inve/igate ! causes & effects ( ! adh]5ce to or violation ( ^! laws 9 reg>d to ! sci5ce ( :i* he is a /ud5t4 ,z a *emi/ ,i h accord+ly appli$ myself to a close exam9ation ( ! ph5om5a att5d+ ! prep>ation & use ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 & consequ5tly to ! inve/igation ( ! mixtures purport+ to be sub/itutes = ,nitro-,glyc]9 & gunp[d]1 ( :i* ,nitro-,glyc]9 is ! active base4 ,& ?is br+s be=e me1 9 all _! gl>+ defects1 ! anomalies ( ! pat5t sy/em ( our c\ntry1 especially 9 reg>d to *emical comp\nds4 ,= ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s1 ! greate/ *emi/s ! _w has ev] kn[n1 h giv5 ! results ( _! rese>*es free1 & untrammell$ by any pat5ts1 ?\gh !y might1 inde$1 h ju/ly tak5 toll ( ! _w at l>ge = _! discov]ies4 ,i ne$ only in/ance ,b]zelius1 :o ?rew op5 to ! _w ! num]\s discov]ies ( 8 long & valuable life1 & ,pel\ze1 ! celebrat$ ,fr5* *emi/1 :o devot$ fifte5 ye>s ( 8 life to ! inve/igation ( ! con/itu5ts ( fatty matt]s & _! decomposition into /e>ic1 m>g>ic1 oleic acids & glyc]94 ,let ! read] picture to himself1 = a mom5t1 :at w\ld h be5 ! /ate ( affairs 9 ! manufactur+ _w1 _h all ! *emi/s ( ! la/ fifty ye>s pat5t$ e discov]y !y made1 e mode ( prep>ation !y sugge/$2 h[ d>k1 gloomy & unc]ta9 w\ld ! pa? ( our manufactures h be52 !y mu/ almo/ h /ood /ill until ^! pat5ts1 & p]haps _! r5ewals also1 _h expir$4 ,by su* a c\rse1 ! blea*+ & pr9t+ ( cottons1 & all ! num]\s processes dep5d5t on appli$ *emi/ry1 w\ld h be5 def]r$ half a c5tury2 = x is only by ! quick1 free application ( ! discov]ies ( ! unselfi% *emi/1 t ! progress t has be5 made 0 possible4 ,:at a contra/ to ! self-aggr&izem5t ( ! pres5t race ( pat5t-seek+ *emi/s6 ,an individual1 ) ! labors ( ! gr& army ( sci5tific *emi/s = ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s be=e him1 selects "o1 two or ?ree *emical comp\nds1 mixes !m1 modifies to a c]ta9 ext5t "s prop]ty ( ei!r ( !m1 applies =1 & obta9s1 a pat5t4 ,!n = sev5te5 ye>s ?is 8gh\l0 sits ov] 8 mixture1 &1 ) ! assi/ance ( a lawy]1 proce$s to black-mail any "o1 :o1 9 atta9+ c]ta9 results1 is l$ by ! prop]ties ( ! sev]al comp\nds to avail himself ( a simil> mixture4 ,! discov]y ( a ,sobr]o is attempt$ to be appropriat$ by a ,nobel & 8 assignees1 &1 ) ! confid5ce inspir$ by ! weakness ( a pat5t exam9]1 :o *uckles at ! delusion ( ! pat5tee1 !y absolutely inf] t1 because !y h a pat5t1 !y c appropriate ! result ( ! *emi/'s labors obta9$ #bj ye>s be=e4 ,! pat5t (fice secures #ce4jj1 ! exam9] 8 sal>y1 & ! ceil+s ( ! noble build+ at ,wa%+ton are ultra-m>9$1 until ! visitor's eyes are dazzl$ ) ! brilliant color4 ,f9ally comes a suit 9 *anc]y1 9 :i* ?\s&s ( doll>s are exp5d$1 & 9 :i* ^! /eal]s ( o!r m5s' bra9s1 c\nt less on _! claim ?an on ! hope t !y may s int]f]e ) _! oppon5t's occupation1 & s deplete 8 pocket ) law-co/s1 t he w submit to accept a free lic5se1 at lea/1 & ?us enable !m to t]rify o!rs into paym5t4 ,! above rem>ks are some:at ( a digression f ! subject ( ?is *apt]1 b1 ,i ?9k mo/ ( my read]s w admit t !y are by no means uncall$ =4 ,i h be5 told1 & ! newspap]s teem ) ass]tions1 t ^! pat5t$ explosive comp\nds1 ) high s\nd+ names1 w be> 8tamp+0 z h>d z gunp[d]1 are saf]1 m p[]ful & *eap] ?an ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,we are a p1 ,b>num says1 :o l to be humbugg$2 ,i am afraid we are n ! only p :o l to be humbugg$--x is a weakness ( humanity--b ?is ,i d believe2 ! man :o is addict$ to humbug1 _h bett] give ,nitro-,glyc]9 a wide b]?1 t is1 if he hopes to end 8 days on a fea!r b$4 ,let u briefly exam9e ^! pat5ts--! ,"l deliv] u f all su*--= explosive mixtures1 & see ! am\nt ( inv5tion requir$4 ,= a mixture ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 ) rott5-/one1 a pat5t 0 grant$1 & 7! "n be+ ! only real inv5tion7 x 0 call$ 8dynamite40#i ,make a mixture ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 & sponge1 & pat5t x1 & =?) 8,porif]a nitroleum0 is pres5t$ to an admir+ public4#aj ,add pla/] ( ,p>is to ,nitro-,glyc]91 pat5t x1 & y h 9 all its explosive p[]1 8,sel5itic ,p[d]40#aa ,try r$ lead & ,nitro-,glyc]9 toge!r1 & :5 pat5t$1 8,metall9e ,nitroleum0 is ! la/ new s5sation to a/oni% ! weak n]ves ( contractors4#ab #i 8,dynamite0--,pat5t ,no4 #gh1cag1 dat$ ,may #bf1 #ahfh1 grant$ to ,alfr$ ,nobel1 ( ,hamburg1 ,g]many1 assignor to ,julius ,b&mann1 ( ,san ,francisco1 ,cali=nia4 ,! foll[+ is ! sub/ance ( ! claim3 8,my inv5tion consi/s 9 comb9+ ) ,nitro-,glyc]9 a sub/ance :i* possesses a v great absorb5t capacity1 & :i* at ! same "t1 is free f any quality :i* w decompose1 de/roy1 or injure ! ,nitro-,glyc]91 or its explosiv5ess4 ,! sub/ance :i* mo/ fully meets ! requirem5ts above m5tion$1 s f> z ,i "k1 is a c]ta9 k9d ( silici\s e>?1 kn[n "u ! v>i\s names ( silici\s m>l1 tripoli1 rott5-/one1 etc40 #aj 8,porif]a ,nitroleum0--,pat5t ,no4 #ic1gec1 dat$ ,aug4 #ag1 #ahfi1 grant$ to ,taliaf]ro ,p4 ,%affn]1 ( ,l\isville1 ,k5tucky4 ,! claim is z foll[s3 8,i claim a comp\nd compos$ ( a mixture ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 ) sponge or o!r vegetable fibre40 #aa 8,sel5itic ,p[d]0--,pat5t ,no4 #ic1geb1 dat$ ,aug4 #ag1 #ahfi1 grant$ to ,taliaf]ro ,p4 ,%affn]1 ( ,l\isville1 ,k5tucky4 ,! claim is z foll[s3 8,i claim ! comb9+ ( nitroleum or ,nitro-,glyc]9 ) pla/] ( ,p>is1 or equival5t sub/ances1 9 su* mann] z w make an explosive comp\nd40 #ab 8,metall9e ,nitroleum0--,pat5t ,no4 #ic1ged1 dat$ ,aug4 #ag1 #ahfi1 grant$ to ,taliaf]ro ,p4 ,%affn]1 ( ,l\isville1 ,k5tucky4 ,claim z foll[s3 8,i claim a comp\nd compos$ ( a mixture ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 ) metallic p[d] or atoms1 h[ev] =m$ or produc$40 ,take "s gunp[d] 9 a f9e /ate ( division1 & moi/5 x ) ,nitro-,glyc]9 until x becomes 8! color ( mud & ab\t ! consi/5cy ( putty02 assure ! editor ( ! ,b>numt[n ,inquir]1 t x has five times ! explosive p[] ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 & =?) a flam+ article appe>s1 ^u ! new explosive ag5t1 8,li?(racteur40#ac ,make a comp\nd ( sawdu/ & ,nitro-,glyc]91 & let y\r pat5t prove t y are unacqua9t$ ) ! commone/ prop]ties ( sulphuric acid & *>coal1 t1 on ! face ( x1 y\r prep>ation _c possibly be made z y describe 7t is n ! bus9ess ( ! exam9]1 or if x be1 he is s bo!r$ by ,prussian (fic]s t ^! facts escape 8 notice71 on paym5t ( #ce4jj1 a pat5t w issue1 give x a "n1 say1 8,dual901 boldly ass]t t its prop]ties are unequall$2 let a gov]nor ( a /ate1 ^: exp]i5ce is conf9$ to fire-crack]s1 witness an explosion 7x is n mat]ial :at sub/ance y explode be=e him71 hire a /eam]1 give a spl5did collation1 invite all ! report]s )9 rea*1 make any /atem5ts y please to !m 7!y w be swall[$ along ) ! collation1 especially if wa%$ d[n ) pl5ty ( ,heidsick71 & !re is no tell+ :]e ?is halo ( a pat5t may n c>ry ! unscrupul\s pat5tee4#ad #ac 8,li?(racteur0--,= a wond] ?is has n be5 pat5t$4 #ad 8,dual90--,pat5t ,no4 #ih1hed1 dat$ ,janu>y #ah1 #ahgj1 grant$ to ,c>l ,dittm>1 ( ,*>lott5b]g1 ,prussia4 ,claim z foll[s3 8,i claim a comp\nd consi/+ ( cellulose1 nitro-cellulose1 nitro-/>*1 nitro-mannite & ,nitro-,glyc]91 mix$ 9 diff]5t comb9ations1 dep5d+ on ! degree ( /r5g? :i* x is desir$ ! p[d] %\ld possess 9 adapt+ its use to v>i\s purposes40 ,b ^! ass]tions involve loss ( life1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ,joseph ,butloe 0 kill$ at ! ,hoosac ,tunnel4 ,he 0 attempt+ to introduce a dual9 c>tridge into a drill hole1 & z x did n rea* ! bottom ( ! hole he endeavor$ to pu% x 9 fur!r ) a 8tamp+ /ick10 a me?od :i* ! inv5tor ( dual9 advocat$1 & reg>d$ z p]fectly safe4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 9 ! pres5t case x 0 n s1 ! explosion foll[+ ! fir/ 8tamp0 in/antly kill+ ! op]ator1 & explod+ ! mis-/atem5ts ( ! pat5tee4 ,truly1 ^! g5tlem5 are wond]ful ma!maticians2 !y h discov]$ t a "p is great] ?an ! :ole1 t v>i\s mixtures ( in]t matt] ) ,nitro-,glyc]91 h great] explosive p[] ?an ,nitro-,glyc]9 p] se4 ,z ,dual9 is ! only "o ( ^! comp\nds t has be5 attempt$ to be br\ght 9 any way into competition ) ,nitro-,glyc]91 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 a synopsis ( ! results may possess int]e/4 ,"s six diff]5t p>cels ( dual9 9 all1 h be5 exp]im5t$ ) at ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 & ( ^! ! fir/ %ipm5t1 be+ useless at ! ,we/ ,end1 0 =w>d$ to ! ,c5tral ,%aft1 & !re aga9 tri$1 b ! effects1 z comp>$ ) ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 suppli$ by ! writ]1 7 n su* z to ju/ify ! contractors 9 cont9u+ its use1 consequ5tly x 0 ?r[n out4 ,ano!r p>cel1 int5d$ to be /rong]1 %ipp$ 9 ! hot summ] ( #ahgj1 explod$ 9 ! c>s 9 transit at ,worce/]1 prov+1 :at _h be5 suspect$ f a p]usal ( ! dual9 pat5ts1 t ! inv5tor 0 really ignorant ( ! prop]ties ( ! mat]ials ( :i* 8 comb9ation 0 compos$4 ,f evid5ce adduc$ at ,worce/]1 giv5 by ! comp\nd] ( dual91 & also by a manufactur] ( explod]s1 "s ( ^: w>es 7 9 ! same c>1 x appe>$ t ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 exud+ f ! mixture ( sawdu/ 7#dj p] c5t47 & ,nitro-,glyc]9 7#fj p] c5t47 ( :i* ! dual91 made at t "t by ,mr4 ,dittm>1 0 compos$1 fl[$ 9 a pool on ! floor ( ! c>1 &1 :5 ! c>s 7 set 9 motion1 a s]ies ( %>p detonations ensu$1 probably f ?is pool ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 runn+ on to ! :eels & be+ compress$ or hamm]$ dur+ ! revolution ( ! c> :eels on ! rails1 fir+ ! pool1 :i* 9 turn fir$ ! :ole %ipm5t ( dual91 toge!r ) ! explod]s4 ,aft] "s mon?s fur!r %ipm5ts 7 made1 & 9 all cases ! trials made ) ^! 7 sup]9t5d$ by ! introduc] ( dual91 &1 9 e case b "o1 7 report$ failures1 & reject$4 ,9 ! case 9 :i* a success 0 report$1 a small p>cel only 0 br\ght along1 & explod$ side by side ) ,nitro-,glyc]92 t is1 f\r holes 7 *>g$ ) dual91 & f\r o!r holes ne>ly p>allel ) !m 7 *>g$ ) ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,! enl>gem5t 0 br\ght d[n1 b :e!r ! "w 0 pr9cipally done ) ,nitro-,glyc]91 & only p>tially by ! dual91 0 left to conjecture4 ,! =eman ( ! drill]s ass]t$ t ! side *>g$ ) dual9 0 seamy1 :il/ ! side conta9+ ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 0 solid1 & )\t any seam4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 claim$ by ! inv5tor t dual9 0 n[ a success1 & a fur!r trial1 viz43 ! six?1 0 und]tak51 & #a1ejj lbs4 ( dual9 br\ght on ! gr\nd1 ab\t ! #bf? ( ,novemb]1 #ahgj4 ,on ,tuesday1 ! #bh?1 ! exp]im5ts "u ! sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,dittm> comm5c$1 & 7 cont9u$ on ! #bi? & #cj?1 b !y demon/rat$ beyond cavil1 !re be+ no ,nitro-,glyc]9 fir$ at ! same "t to assi/ !m1 t dual9 0 ( 8no acc\nt10 n "o s+le hole hav+ be5 8bottom$10 &1 aga91 ! dual9 left ov] f ?is exp]im5t1 #a1cjj lbs41 0 ?r[n out1 z utt]ly unable to effect ! bla/+ results obta9$ by ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 x 0 br\ght to sup]s$e4 ,f\r hundr$ p\nds ( ?is 0 ord]$ to ! ,c5tral %aft1 b ! results at ! ,ea/ ,end be+ s conclusive1 x 0 consign$1 l all ! previ\s %ipm5ts1 to ! tomb ( ! ,capulets1 & 0 subsequ5tly us$ up = trimm+1 9 lieu ( p[d]4 ,9 a previ\s *apt]1 ,i gave a full acc\nt ( ! exp]im5ts made at ,hallett's ,po9t1 ,new ,york4 ,on t occasion1 ,g5]al ,newton1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,eng9e]s1 report$ to me t he consid]$ t ,nitro-,glyc]91 9 po9t ( economy & p[]1 _h ! advantage ov] bo? dual9 & p[d] ev5 :5 supplem5t$ by fulm9at+ fuse4 ,! advantages claim$ 7only by ! inv5tor7 = dual91 are1 t x is *eap]1 saf]1 & m p[]ful ?an ,nitro-,glyc]91 & "s exp]im5ts made 9 ,prussia1 are adduc$ 9 pro(4 ,i h to obs]ve1 on ?is po9t1 t ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 made by ! ,nobel process1 probably us$ 9 ,prussia1 is v inf]ior to ! ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]9 made by my process1 bo? 9 /ability & 9 explosive =ce1 & x is mu* m readily explod$1 fifte5 gra9s ( fulm9ate ( m]cury be+ necess>y to ensure explosion ( ?is latt]1 )\t *ance ( failure4 ,nobel's ,nitro-,glyc]9 is said to exp& :5 solid1 9 :i* /ate ! slighte/ friction is said to explode x1 :ile ,m[bray's ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]9 actually contracts ab\t "o-t5? 9 bulk :5 solidify+1 & _c be explod$ :5 9 ! solid /ate1 except by a heavy *>ge ( fluid ,nitro-,glyc]9 fir$ ) x4 ,nobel's prep>ation is yell[1 & gives (f nitr\s fumes1 & is claim$ by ! pat5tee to solidify at #ej;,f1 :ile ,m[bray's is colorless z wat] & solidifies at #de;,f4 ,x may be possible1 b n probable1 !re=e1 t ,nobel's ,nitro-,glyc]9 is inf]ior to ,dittm>'s dual91 z us$ 9 ,prussia2 ! latt] !n said to h be5 a prep>ation ( nitrate ( ammonia1 sawdu/ imm]s$ 9 sulpho-nitric acid & ,nitro-,glyc]93 b t #dj p] c5t4 ( wa%$ sawdu/ 7n treat$ ) sulpho-nitric acid71 moi/5$ ) #fj p] c5t4 ( a d>k color$ & evid5tly impure ,nitro-,glyc]91 & su* 0 ,dittm>'s dual9 analys$ by me1 %\ld surpass1 9 bla/+1 a *emically pure ,nitro-,glyc]91 is to expect #fj c5ts ( curr5cy to h m value ?an #ajj c5ts ( gold1 or t a "p is great] ?an ! :ole4 ,z ,i h above ref]r$ to my analysis ( ,mr4 ,dittm>'s dual91 ,i w give 9 full ! process & result ( ! same1 = ! b5efit ( ! read]4 ,tw5ty 7#bj7 grammes ( dual9 7 all[$ to dige/ 9 a glass tube = sev]al days1 cov]$ ) wa%$ sulphuric e!r4 ,! e!r 0 !n drawn (f1 & ! residue 9 ! glass tube wa%$ ) e!r until ! cessation ( ! peculi> p]si/5t ta/e ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 caus+ ! 8,glyc]9 heada*e10 prov$ ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 0 exhau/$4 ,! residual woody fibre 0 n[ dri$ ?or\ghly1 & weigh$ eight grammes4 ,a portion ( x ?r[n on a r$ hot plate did n deflagrate2 ?is indicat$ x _h n be5 treat$ ) nitric acid1 & _h n be5 conv]t$ into nitro-cellulose4 ,wa%$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & ! wa%+s evaporat$1 no sal9e or cry/all9e salt 0 obta9$4 ,! residue1 dri$ & ?r[n on a r$ hot plate1 *>r$ & burnt l any o!r sawdu/4 ,n[1 ,i ass]t positively1 ! dual9 ,i analys$1 furni%$ by ,mr4 ,dittm> himself = bla/+ 9 ! ,tunnel1 0 simply a comp\nd ( wa%$ sawdu/ & ,nitro-,glyc]9 7actually yell[ fum+ ,nitro-,glyc]947 ,i h deem$ x due to myself to ext5d ^! obs]vations fur!r ?an ,i int5d$1 b1 9 ! int]e/ ( tru?1 ,i c\ld n p]mit ! fri5dly notices ( ! press1 :i* h be5 indu/ri\sly secur$1 nor ! bias$ views1 ( m5 employ$ 9 explod+1 7to :om paym5t ( t5 doll>s 0 promis$1 = e case ( dual9 us$1 to exagg]ate results71 to mislead m9+ contractors1 & ,i /& prep>$ to prove t #ajj p>ts dual9 are only equal to #ej p>ts pure ,nitro-,glyc]91 = practical bla/+ purposes4 ,dual9 is a mixture v>y+ accord+ to ! humor ( ! comp\nd]1 b nev] exce$+ "o-half ! /r5g? ( ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]92 x has all ! dang] ( ! ,nobel ,nitro-,glyc]91 ) ! additional t5d5cy to decomposition1 sworn to by ,mr4 ,dittm> himself at ! ,worce/] inve/igation1 ow+ to its be+ an admixture ( organic matt] ) ,nitro-,glyc]91 & its inv5tor1 7z evid5c$ by 8 pat5t1 :]e he proposes to conc5trate sulphuric acid1 & free x f nitrog51 by boil+ x ) *>coal671 does n und]/& ! prop]ties ( ! commone/ comm]cial comp\nds he und]takes to h&le4 ,^! facts det]m9e1 ,i submit1 ! sup]ior advantage ( a uni=m *emical product produc$ "u inv>iable conditions1 especially s9ce x is m difficult to explode x1 & x is proportionately saf]1 &1 above all1 has d\ble ! effective =ce4 ,mr4 ,dittm>'s promises h fail$1 & 8 repres5tations h be5 disprov$ by ! results at ! ,hoosac ,tunnel4 ,up to ,octob]1 #ahgj1 he _h six trials1 ( :i* he only claims "o z a success1 ?\gh he did succe$ 9 induc+ ! employees to misrepres5t ! facts to ! contractors1 & !reby obta9$ a te/imonial2 b ov] two ?\s& p\nds ( 8 dual9 0 buri$ 9 ! ,b]k%ire m\nta9s--a /]n pecuni>y lesson1 v]ify+ ! tru? ( ! old ,roman apo!gm1 s mu* neglect$ 9 mod]n times--8,magna e/ v]itas et prevalebit40 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,nitro-,glyc]9 ,pat5ts & ,litigation4 ,x is seldom t any valuable inv5tion has be5 br\ght into public use )\t co/ly litigation be+ entail$ on ! inv5tor2 & especially is ?is ! case 9 *emical discov]ies1 ei!r by pret5d]s :o w\ld int]f]e ) ! inv5tor :o has turn$ 8 discov]y to practical acc\nt1 on ! plea ( hav+ previ\sly conceiv$ ! same idea1 or by unscrupul\s individuals :o w\ld appropriate to _! own use1 )\t paym5t1 ! fruits ( ! labors ( o!r m5's bra9s2 h5ce ! writ] did n altoge!r escape1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ rem>ks on ! subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,m9]s asc5d+ ,c5tral ,%aft4 ,i w comm5ce by /at+ briefly t a pat5t 0 grant$ & f\r re-issues ( ! same made to ,alfr$ ,nobel & 8 assignees1 = ! use ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 = bla/+ purposes1 :5 8conf9$18 & = a process ( manufactur+ ! same1 by runn+ ! glyc]9 & mix$ acids toge!r rapidly1 9 suitable proportions1 into a tank ( wat]4 ,n[1 x has nev] be5 d5i$ t ,sobr]o 0 ! discov]] ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 & t x 0 compet5t = any "o to manufacture t article4 ,! only po9t1 !re=e1 on :i* a pat5t c\ld be obta9$ 0 = "s improv$ me?od ( mak+ x4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! c\rse ( exp]im5ts1 ,i discov]$ t by pass+ a curr5t ( cold1 compress$ air ?r\gh ! mix+ glyc]9 & acids1 a v valuable improvem5t 0 effect$1 economiz+ "t & mat]ial1 & r5d]+ ! process ( manufactur+ saf]2 & = ?is ,i obta9$ a pat5t on ,april #g1 #ahfh4 ,t my read]s may see h[ f> ,i 0 correct 9 my e/imate ( ! pat5table value ( my inv5tion1 ,i give bel[ ! op9ion ( em95t c\nsel3 ,,new ,,york1 ,july #aj1 #ahfi4 ,,geo4 ,m4 ,,m[bray1 ,,esq43 ,de> ,sir3--,pursuant to y\r reque/1 ,i h exam9$ y\r ,lett]s ,pat5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = inv5tions 9 ! manufacture ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 dat$ ! #g? ,april1 #ahfh4 ,i recollect ( aid+ y 9 prep>+ ! application = t pat5t1 & ( exam9+ x imm$iately aft] x 0 issu$4 ,i believ$ !n t t pat5t 0 good & valid1 & no?+ s9ce has occurr$ t has *ang$ my op9ion or %ak5 my confid5ce conc]n+ its validity4 ,i h rec5tly exam9$ copies ( ! five re-issu$ pat5ts to assignees ( ,alfr$ ,nobel1 & ,i f9d no?+ 9 !m1 or any ( !m1 :i* impairs ! validity ( y\r pat5t4 ,i fur!r say1 t x is my op9ion1 & cle>ly s1 t ! manufacture & sale ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 made accord+ to ! process describ$ 9 y\r pat5t1 does n infr+e ^u any ( ! five re-issu$ pat5ts grant$ to ! assignees ( ,nobel2 & t s f> z any ( ^? re-issu$ pat5ts are conc]n$1 or any?+ else t ,i "k (1 y h a cle> "r to manufacture & sell ,nitro-,glyc]9 accord+ to y\r pat5t4 ,v respectfully1 ,,geo4 ,,gif=d1 ,c\nsellor at ,law4 ,?is discov]y 0 n all[$ to pass un*all5g$1 = ,mr4 ,tal4 ,p4 ,%affn]1 hav+ le>nt t ,i _h obta9$ a pat5t1 came =w>d ) a claim t he _h conceiv$ ! idea 767 9 #ahfe2 & 9 ,janu>y1 #ahfi1 ne>ly a ye> aft] ! application = ! pat5t :i* 0 grant$ to me1 he appli$ = a pat5t = ! same ?+4 ,?is br\ght our respective rights be=e ! ,pat5t ,(fice 9 a matt] ( int]f]5ce4 ,h[ev]1 ! foll[+ rem>ks by ,mr4 ,john ,w4 ,?a*]1 ,exam9] ( ,int]f]5ces1 9 giv+ 8 decision on ! case1 w %[ pretty cle>ly to :om ! "r to a pat5t ju/ly belongs4 ,he says3 8,! pr9ciple is well e/abli%$ t he :o fir/ r$uces an inv5tion to practical =m is entitl$ to a pat5t !re=4 ,apply+ ?is te/ 9 ?is case1 ! "r to a pat5t seems to re/ entirely 9 ,m[bray1 & ! inv5tion is accord+ly aw>d$ to ! pat5tee40 ,& aga9 ,mr4 ,samuel ,s4 ,fi%]1 ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 9 giv+ 8 decision1 rem>ks3 8,! /ory ( ,%affn] is n t ( a man :o _h inv5t$ any?+4 ,he _h a !ory1 talk$ ab\t x1 d\bt$ its value2 did n exp]im5t to satisfy himself2 until ,m[bray 0 manufactur+ on a l>ge scale2 & evid5tly did n int5d to apply = a pat5t at all4 ,i c f9d none ( ! e>-m>ks ( a p]fect$ inv5tion1 c>ri$ beyond ! region ( exp]im5t2 /ill less ( any trace ( dilig5ce4 ,priority is aw>d$ to ,m[bray40 ,z previ\sly not$1 ! ,nobel pat5t ) its re-issues1 9 f\r divisions1 & tw5ty-f\r columns ( specifications1 conta9+ eight claims drawn up expressly to int]cept infr+]s1 specifically1 emphatically1 & unmi/akably insi/$3 #a/4 ,t ,nobel discov]$ x 0 necess>y to conf9e ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 ord] to explode x1 & t x 0 practically impossible to explode x unconf9$4 #b;d4 ,t heat & pressure 7 ! ag5ts necess>y = a successful explosion ( ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,! writ]1 h[ev]1 discov]$ t ! heat1 pressure & conf9em5t1 claim$ by ! ,nobel pat5t & re-issues1 7 unnecess>y1 by *>g+ an op5 glass tube ) ,nitro-,glyc]91 ! glass tube be+ imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 explod$ by ! concussion ( a cap conta9+ fulm9ate ( m]cury1 & s succe$$ 9 extricat+ himself f ! doma9 ( ! ,nobel pat5ts & _! p>ticul> claims4 ,b he c\ld n extricate himself f litigation2 ! insolv5t assignee1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bla/+ ,oil ,company1 cle>ly p]ceiv+ t ! monopoly1 z !y _h t]m$ x1 0 gone1 n[ resort$ to ! 8pis all]0 ( litigation1 misrepres5tation1 & ?reat5+ e "o :o us$ ,m[bray's ,nitro-,glyc]91 ) ! tr\ble ( mak+ affidavits1 engag+ c\nsel1 & collect+ evid5ce1 a by no means to be despis$ aggressive w>f>e to contractors1 :o ne$ all _! "t1 all _! capital1 & all _! +5uity1 to c>ry out _! contracts to a pr(itable result4 ,gu>antee+ ! paym5t ( en=c$ damages1 ,i met ?is flank movem5t by engag+ ! be/ c\nsel1 & resolutely set ab\t t]m9at+ ! pret5sions ( ^! pat5ts4 ,a ,suit 9 ,equity 0 comm5c$ 9 ! ,circuit ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,we/]n ,di/rict ( ,p5nsylvania1 dur+ ! ,may ,t]m1 #ahgj1 by ! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,bla/+ ,,oil ,,company ,,( ,,new ,,york1 ,,by ,,its ,,presid5t1 ,,tal4 ,p4 ,,%affn]1 vs4 ,,geo4 ,m4 ,,m[bray1 ,j4 ,h4 ,,k+1 ,,*as4 ,,lobb1 ,w4 ,l4 ,,holbrook1 ,,james ,,dickey ,,& ,a4 ,d4 ,,hatfield4 ,z ! sworn affidavits 9 ! above case1 n[ p5d+1 are ( great importance 9 sub/antiat+1 bo? practically & legally1 ! claims urg$ 9 previ\s obs]vations1 on behalf ( ! 8,m[bray sy/em0 ( manufactur+ & us+ ,nitro-,glyc]91 ,i give bel[ ! sub/ance ( ! te/imony4 ,evid5ce ( ,george ,f4 ,b>k]1 ,pr(essor ( ,physiological ,*emi/ry & ,toxicology 9 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ,yale ,college4 8,i h c>efully exam9$ ! sev]al re-issu$ pat5ts1 ,nos4 #c1cgg1 #c1cgh1 #c1cgi1 #c1chj1 #c1cha & #c1chb1 ! f\r =m] be+ divisions ,a1 ,b1 ,c & ,d1 ( ! re-issu$ pat5t1 grant$ ^u ! surr5d] ( ! orig9al pat5t ,no4 #ej1fag1 dat$ ,octob] #bd?1 #ahfe1 & ! two latt] divisions #a & #b ( ! orig9al pat5t1 also grant$ to ! assignees ( ,alfr$ ,nobel1 on surr5d] ( ! orig9al pat5t ,no4 #eg1age1 dat$ ,augu/ #ad?1 #ahff1 grant$ to said ,alfr$ ,nobel4 ,i w\ld fur!r /ate t 9 ! specifications ( ! be=e-m5tion$ re-issues x is ass]t$ t ,sobr]o discov]$ t ,glyc]9 0 capable ( giv+1 :51 mix$ ) sulphuric & nitric acids1 a sub/ance analog\s to gun cotton1 :i* is true2 & t ! specifications ( ! said pat5ts fur!r /ate t 8,sobr]o ab&on$ fur!r rese>* ) ! decl>$ op9ion t its combu/ion or explosion c\ld n be manag$02 :i* /atem5t1 hav+ read all :i* ,sobr]o is believ$ to h publi%$ ^u ! subject1 viz43 8 pap]s publi%$ 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus de ,l',academie des ,sci5ces1 ,volume ,,xxiv41 page #bdg1 pr9t$ 9 ,p>is ,a4 ,d4 #ahdg1 & 9 ! ,rep]toire de ,*imie ,applique1 ,volume ,,ii41 page #djj1 pr9t$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahfj1 ,i h entirely fail$ to f9d record$ by him z 8 op9ion40 ,j4 ,e4 de ,vrij also1 9 a communication to ! ,briti% ,association1 :i* 0 read 9 ,july1 #ahea1 & is publi%$ 9 ! report ( ! association = ! ye> #ahea1 page #eb 7,notices & ,ab/racts71 /ates 9 reg>d to ,nitro-,glyc]91 t x 8explodes at a mod]ate heat1 z 0 %[n by exp]im5t1 detonat+ :5 ! drops ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 on pap] 7 /ruck a sm>t bl[ ) a hamm]40 ,! be=e-m5tion$ re-issu$ pat5ts fur!r ass]t t 89 ord] to explode ! :ole1 or ev5 a l>ge proportion ( ! mass ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 x is necess>y to subject x to conf9em5t or re/ra9t02 :i* ass]tion is untrue1 = ,nitro-,glyc]91 :5 freely expos$ to ! air 9 an op5 vessel or plate1 may be & is capable ( be+ readily explod$1 )\t conf9em5t1 re/ra9t1 or pressure1 z ,i h prov$ by exp]im5t made at ,nor? ,adams1 on ! #ag? day ( ,may1 #ahgj1 9 explod+ ^u two occasions a quantity ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 an op5 sauc] ) great viol5ce1 on :i* occasion ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 0 explod$ by simple concussion 9 op5 vessels1 ! fulm9ate cap us$ z ! explod] be+ susp5d$ above ! surface ( ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 ! sauc]1 & di/ant ne>ly two in*es f x2 s t ! application ( heat & pressure1 or ( ei!r ( ^! ag5cies1 is unnecess>y4 ,! said re-issu$ pat5ts fur!r ass]t1 t 8! degree ( conf9em5t mu/ be suffici5t to all[ a pressure ^u ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 to an ext5t t #cfj;,f w be realiz$1 s t decomposition w take place be=e ! liquid c escape ! =ce or heat ( ! evolv$ gases ( a p]cussion cap1 etc402 :]eas ,i f\nd on ! above occasion t :5 wat] 0 int]pos$ betwe5 ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 & ! p]cussion cap1 s t no measurable increase ( temp]ature 7mu* less #cfj;,f7 c\ld possibly occur 9 ! =m]1 ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 c\ld be explod$4 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5t ?ree tubes1 clos$ at bottom & conta9+ half an ounce ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 ea*1 7 plac$ 9 wat] 9 a tumbl]1 be+ support$ an in* f ! bottom4 ,into ! wat] 9 ! tumbl]s1 & outside ( ! tubes1 di/ant f !m ne>ly an in*1 ! fulm9ate cap 0 put4 ,?is 0 !n fir$1 & caus$ ! explosion ( ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 ?r\gh ! int]v5+ wat]4 ,9 ! second exp]im5t1 us+ a tub ( wat] 9 :i* elev5 tubes conta9+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 7 plac$1 ! explosion ( six fulm9ate caps fail$ to fire ! ,nitro-,glyc]91 ! di/ance f ! tubes at :i* !y 7 plac$1 ne>ly or q t5 in*es1 be+ too great4 ,9 ! ?ird exp]im5t five su* tubes ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 7 susp5d$ 9 a tub ( wat] di/ant f\r or five in*es f ea* o!r2 ! fulm9ate cap be+ ins]t$ 9 ! middle tube4 ,on fir+ ?is cap ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 all ! tubes 0 explod$1 z judg$ f ! viol5t effects produc$4 ,! said re-issu$ pat5ts fur!r ass]t t 8,gun-cotton w explode 9 proportion to ! degree ( conf9em5t1 ignit+ at #bff;,f40 ,! celebrat$ *emi/ ( ! ,engli% ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 ,f4 ,a4 ,abel1 :o has made ! mo/ ext5d$ rese>*es ^u gun cotton on record1 ass]ts 9 8 pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical transactions = #ahfi 7an ab/ract ( :i* appe>s 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society ( ,london = #ahfi1 ,volume ,,xxiii41 page #aa17 8t r[s ( deta*$ masses ( gun cotton1 plac$ on ! gr\nd1 & ext5d$ #d or #e feet1 h be5 explod$ ) mo/ de/ructive results by fir+ a small detonat+ tube 9 contact ) ! piece ( compress$ gun cotton :i* =m$ "o extremity ( ! r[ or tra91 ! explosion ( ! entire quantity be+ app>5tly in/antane\s & equally viol5t ?r\gh\t40 ,& fur!r t ^! & simil> exp]im5ts 8appe> to indicate decisively t su* explosion is n a result ( ! heat develop$ by ! explosion ( ! detonat+ mat]ials40 ,i h witness$ ! manufacture ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 z practis$ by ! def5dant ,m[bray1 at 8 works situat$ ne> ! ,we/ ,%aft ( ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 9 ,massa*usetts1 & aft] a full exam9ation ( ! mode said to h be5 ! inv5tion ( ,alfr$ ,nobel1 & describ$ 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ re-issu$ pat5ts1 f9d t ! process actually 9 daily use1 at said ,m[bray's works1 is t describ$ 9 said ,m[bray's pat5t ,no4 #gf1dii1 dat$ ,april #g?1 #ahfh1 :i* process is sub/antially diff]5t f t describ$ 9 ! compla9ant's re-issues h]e9be=e set =?4 ,accord+ to said re-issues1 ,nobel's process consi/s 9 runn+ two sep>ate /reams1 ! "o ( ,glyc]91 ! o!r ( mix$ nitric & sulphuric acids simultane\sly into a conical vessel :i* is p]=at$ at ! l[] portion !re(1 ?r\gh :i* p]=ations ! mixture ( acids & ,glyc]9 passes into a vessel plac$ b5ea?1 conta9+ wat]4 ,9 ! ,m[bray process1 a s+le f9e /ream ( ,glyc]9 is all[$ to run into a previ\sly cool$ mixture ( sulphuric & nitric acids1 ?r\gh & into :i* cool$ mixture ( acids is cont9u\sly =c$1 :ile ! ,glyc]9 is ent]+1 a curr5t ( atmosph]ic air1 previ\sly artificially dri$1 compress$ & cool$4 ,! action ( ?is curr5t ( air is an ess5tially important & useful "o1 bo? ^u ! process itself & ^u ! result+ product4 ,fir/1 z to me*anical effects3 x ?or\ghly incorporates ! +r$i5ts2 x removes 9 "p ! nitr\s fumes :i* w\ld o!rwise be reta9$ by & contam9ate ! product1 & x cools ! mixture by absorb+ ! heat produc$ by ! *emical reaction ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,second1 z to ! *emical effects3 by ! action ( ! oxyg5 :i* ?is air conta9s x oxidizes ! nitr\s acid1 :i* may be pres5t 9 ! acids or may be produc$ 9 ! reaction1 to nitric acid1 & ?us economizes ! mat]ials1 increases ! quantity ( ! product1 & produces a *emically pure article1 z is %[n by ! fact t ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 ?us produc$ is p]fectly colorless1 congeals uni=mly at ! same degree ( temp]ature & produces1 :5 explod$1 no (f5sive vapors delet]i\s to ! heal? ( ! m9]s us+ x4 ,moreov]1 z1 9 my op9ion1 ^! nitr\s fumes t5d to induce decomposition 9 ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 & ?us to r5d] x un/able1 dang]\s1 & liable to spontane\s explosion1 z is demon/rat$ to be ! case 9 ! analog\s sub/ance gun cotton1 ! introduction1 9 ! me?od ( ,m[bray1 ( cold1 dry1 compress$ air into ! mixture1 9 ord] to get rid ( ^! nitr\s fumes1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a sub/antially new inv5tion4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! "* ( ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 is det]m9$ by ! /r5g? ( ! acids us$ 9 its prep>ation2 ! /rong] ! acids1 ! pur] ! product & ! m effici5t4 ,i v]ily believe ?is3 fir/1 because x is true ( ! precisely analog\s comp\nd gun cotton1 :i* is prep>$ 9 ! same way2 ,had[ hav+ prov$1 z /at$ 9 8 pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society ( ,london 9 #ahed1 ,volume ,,vii41 page #bja1 t at lea/ ?ree products are obta9$ by act+ ^u cotton by a mixture ( sulphuric & nitric acids1 ! mo/ explosive be+ always produc$ by ! /ronge/ acids2 & #bnd1 because ( simil> diff]5ces obs]v$ 9 ,nitro-,glyc]9 made by diff]5t exp]im5t]s1 & believ$ by !m to be due to l diff]5ces 9 composition2 ,railton obta9$ by analysis1 z /at$ 9 8 pap] 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society ( ,london = #ahed1 ,volume ,,vii41 page #bbb1 ! composition n[ univ]sally adopt$ z t ( ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]94 ,de ,vrij believes ! product he obta9$1 ,j\rnal de ,ph>macie1 s]ies ,,iii41 ,volume ,,xxviii41 page #ch1 #ahee1 to be ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]91 & ,liecke 9 ,d+l]'s ,polyte*nis*es ,j\rnal1 ,volume ,,clxxix41 page #aeg1 #ahff1 gives me?ods by :i* ,mono-,nitro-,glyc]91 ,di-,nitro-,glyc]9 & ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]9 may be produc$1 ! ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ^! me?ods be+ only ! /r5g? ( ! acids employ$4 ,glad/one's ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = #ahef1 page #eb 7,notices & ,ab/racts71 has %[n t diff]5t samples ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 diff]$ 9 prop]ties accord+ to ! am\nt ( wat] conta9$ 9 ! ,glyc]92 ?is wat]1 by dilut+ ! acids1 mak+ !m weak]4 ,moreov] ! physiological prop]ties ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 h be5 f\nd by diff]5t exp]im5ts to diff] widely4 ,sobr]o1 its discov]]1 says a v small quantity tak5 ^u ! tongue produces a sev]e heada*e = sev]al h\rs1 :5ce he concludes t x is poison\s4 ,de ,vrij 9 #ahea1 says t x is n poison\s1 & 9 #ahee t x produces heada*e1 ?\gh t5 drops caus$ no symptoms ( poison+ 9 a rabbit4 ,dr4 ,h]r+1 9 #ahdi1 report$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts1 s]ies ,,ii41 ,volume ,,viii41 page #beg1 obs]v$ ! viol5t heada*e produc$ by #a_/bej ( a gra9 ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 or ,glono91 z he propos$ to call x1 & kill$ a cat ) ?ree drops4 ,field1 9 #aheh1 ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1 ,volume ,,xvii41 page #edd1 confirm$ ^! results2 b ,h>ley & ,full]1 report$ 9 ! same place1 7 unable to obta9 !m by us+ o!r specim5s ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 ?\gh !y l>gely increas$ ! dose4 ,field consequ5tly says1 place giv51 page #fbg1 8,i am daily m conv9c$ ( two important facts connect$ ) x1 viz43 ! great v>iation 9 ! /r5g? ( diff]5t specim5s1 & ! v m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! susceptibility to its influ5ce40 ,9 fur!r support ( ! op9ion t sev]al alli$ b di/9ct ,nitro-,glyc]9s h be5 made1 ! wide diff]5ce 9 d5sity & 9 congeal+ po9t may also be m5tion$4 ,9 my op9ion ! be/ effect _c be obta9$ ) comm]cial acids1 ow+ to _! insuffici5t /r5g?4 ,i h witness$ at ! def5dant ,m[bray's works1 at ! ,we/ %aft ( ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 ! prep>ation ( ! acids us$ = mak+ ! ,nitro-,glyc]91 comm]cial acids be+ f\nd defici5t 9 /r5g?1 & 9 my op9ion x is to ! use ( ^! /rong] acids1 comb9$ ) ! me?od describ$ 9 def5dant's pat5t1 z above m5tion$1 t ! /ability1 effici5cy1 &1 above all1 ! fre$om f noxi\s gases & vapors ( ! products ( combu/ion ( def5dant's ,nitro-,glyc]9 is due1 :5 contra/$ ) t made by compla9ant1 :i* ,i h be5 in=m$ & v]ily believe is made ) acids ( comm]cial /r5g?1 & produces1 :5 explod$ 9 a m9e1 gases & vapors highly delet]i\s to heal?4 ,i h fur!r exam9$ ! pat5t ,no4 #ic1aac1 dat$ ,july #bg?1 #ahfi1 grant$ to ,m[bray1 = explod+ ,nitro-,glyc]91 & h exp]im5t$ ) ! same1 ! explosions h]e9be=e enum]at$ hav+ be5 effect$ by ! me?od !re9 describ$4 ,& ?is depon5t f9ds t by said ,m[bray's process ( explod+ ,nitro-,glyc]91 z claim$ 9 8 pat5t1 conf9em5t1 re/ra9t1 or pressure is :olly unnecess>y4 ,9 my op9ion ! same is true 9 explod+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 on a l>ge scale1 z ,i h be5 in=m$1 & v]ily believe t upw>ds ( "o ?\s& explosions ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 are made weekly 9 ! ,hoosac ,tunnel by ! mode s describ$ 9 said pat5t4 ,illu/ration ,i believe1 moreov]1 t ! me?od claim$ by ,m[bray1 9 said pat5t1 diff]s mat]ially f any ( ! v>i\s modes ( explod+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 describ$ 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ re-issues grant$ to ! assignees ( ,a4 ,nobel1 s9ce ^! v>i\s me?ods specifically require ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 to be "u conf9em5t1 or subject$ to heat or pressure :5 conf9$1 9 ord] to explode x2 :ile ,m[bray claims expos+ ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 to ! concussion1 agitation1 or p]cussion ( a heavy *>ge1 n less ?an t5 or twelve gra9s ( pure fulm9ate ( m]cury1 :i* fulm9ate is fir$ by pass+ ! electric sp>k ?r\gh a prim+ composition40 ,june #h1 #ahgj4 ,,george ,f4 ,,b>k]4 ,evid5ce ( ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson1 ,pr(essor ( ,analytical & ,agricultural ,*emi/ry 9 ,yale ,college4 8,i h read ! =ego+ affidavit ( ,pr(essor ,geo4 ,f4 ,b>k]2 ,i witness$ ! exp]im5ts !re9 describ$1 & concur 9 ! /atem5t conta9$ 9 said affidavit40 ,june #h1 #ahgj4 ,,samuel ,w4 ,,johnson4 ,evid5ce ( ,george ,m4 ,m[bray1 ,op]ative ,*emi/4 8,ab\t ,octob]1 #ahfg1 ,i conclud$ an agreem5t ) ! ,commonweal? ( ,massa*usetts1 to erect ,nitro-,glyc]9 works ne> ! ,we/ ,%aft ( ! ,hoosac ,tunnel2 ^! erect$1 ,i comm5c$ manufactur+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 ab\t ! #bf? day ( ,decemb]1 #ahfg1 & ) b few int]missions h cont9u$ to manufacture x = bla/+ purposes = ! tunnel "w ev] s9ce4 ,ab\t ,june #ac1 #ahfh1 ,i _h a long int]view ) ,mr4 ,taliaf]ro ,p4 ,%affn]1 ! compla9ant 9 ?is suit1 :5 ! said ,%affn] propos$ to me a consolidation ( int]e/s1 & told me1 if ,i w\ld influ5ce ,j4 ,h4 ,k+ & ,h5ry ,h9ckley to advance ! sum ( sev5ty-five ?\s& doll>s1 t ,rob]t ,r5nie ( ! ,lodi ,*emical ,works1 ( ,lodi1 ,new ,j]sey1 w\ld cr$it him ) acids to manufacture ,nitro-,glyc]91 to ! am\nt ( eighty-five ?\s& doll>s1 & he w\ld !n pur*ase l& ab\t tw5ty miles up ! ,hudson riv]1 & manufacture ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,! proposal ,i =w>d$ to ,j4 ,h4 ,k+ & ,h5ry ,h9ckley1 :o deem$ ! same too *im]ical to ent] ^u1 m especially s9ce said ,%affn] in=m$ me t "o-fif? ( ! consolidat$ association w\ld h to be paid to "o ,fr$]ick ,smi?1 "o-fif? to said ,rob]t ,r5nie1 & "o-fif? to said ,%affn]1 on behalf ( said ,u4 ,s4 ,bla/+ ,oil ,company's engagem5ts1 said ,company be+ deeply indebt$ to ! ,lodi ,*emical ,works1 accord+ to ! ass]tion ( ,joseph ,butt]wor?1 ! sup]9t5d5t at ,lodi4 ,mr4 ,%affn] fur!r in=m$ me t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bla/+ ,oil ,company _h transf]r$ & assign$ all ! pat5t rights conf]r$ by ! ,nobel pat5ts to him1 & he int5d$ to obta9 a re-issue ( ! said pat5ts1 & ) ! individual pat5ts obta9$ by him1 & ! pat5t t _h be5 grant$ to me 9 ,april1 #ahfh1 a ,company c\ld be =m$ t w\ld control ! supply ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i soon aft] consult$ ) ,j4 ,h4 ,k+ & ,h5ry ,h9ckley1 bo? capitali/s1 ) means1 z to ! proposals ( ,tal4 ,p4 ,%affn]1 & ! conclusion t we arriv$ at1 01 t1 z all ! ca% capital1 & ! only practicable me?od ( manufactur+ a safe1 /able & pure ,nitro-,glyc]91 0 already secur$ by pat5t to me1 to place sev5ty-five ?\s& doll>s at ! disposal ( ! p>ties nam$ by ,mr4 ,%affn] w\ld n be a s5sible or prud5t c\rse1 9 view ( ! condition to :i* ! managem5t ( ! said ,%affn] _h r$uc$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bla/+ ,oil ,company's affairs f9ancially1 & ! failure to supply ! dem& = ,nitro-,glyc]91 al?\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bla/+ ,oil ,company _h no competitor 9 ,new ,york2 s ,i in=m$ said ,%affn] t said ,h9ckley & ,k+ w\ld n advance ! money1 to wit3 sev5ty-five ?\s& doll>s1 "u su* arrangem5ts1 & ! proposition fell ?r\gh4 ,& ,i w\ld fur!r /ate1 t at ea* ( ! v>i\s int]views--"o ( !m prolong$ = f\r h\rs )\t int]ruption--! said ,tal4 ,p4 ,%affn] fully admitt$ to me t any "o c\ld or might make ,nitro-,glyc]91 ei!r by ! me?od describ$ by ,sobr]o1 ! inv5tor1 9 #ahdf1 or by my pat5t1 grant$ 9 #ahfh1 ,april #g?1 )\t 9 any way infr++ on ! pat5ts issu$ to ,a4 ,nobel1 & assign$ to said ,%affn]1 z ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bla/+ ,oil ,company4 ,& fur!r1 on ! #h? ,decemb]1 #ahfi1 ,i 0 at ,oil ,city1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,lake ,%ore ,nitro-,glyc]9 ,works1 & assi/$ 9 ! explosion ( "o bla/ 9 ?ree drill holes ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 us+ a frictional electric ma*9e1 insulat$ wires1 ! prim+ fuse & fulm9at+ *>ge1 z describ$ 9 ,lett]s ,pat5t1 grant$ to me1 ,july #bg?1 #ahfi1 & be+ ,no4 #ic1aac1 & entitl$ 8,an ,improv$ ,me?od ( ,explod+ ,nitro-,glyc]940 ,i am well in=m$ ( ! f\r re-issu$ pat5ts1 ,nos4 #c1cgg1 #c1cgh1 #c1cgi & #c1chj1 & ! me?ods !re9 describ$ diff] v mat]ially f ! me?od t 0 practis$ on ! #h? ,decemb]1 #ahfi1 at ! ,oil ,city ,tunnel1 by me1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ?is v mat]ial respect2 :]eas1 by ! me?od practis$ at ! ,tunnel1 an op]ator c bla/ simultane\sly at w "o hundr$ drill holes2 by ! me?ods describ$ 9 ! re-issues above m5tion$1 x is absolutely impossible to explode two drill holes simultane\sly4 ,& ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! simultane\s bla/+ ( a numb] ( holes & fir+ ! same numb] ( holes "o aft] ! o!r has be5 f\nd 9 actual results to effect an economy ( ?irty p] c5t4 9 ! co/ ( bla/+ out rock 9 ! ,hoosac ,tunnel4 ,9 a book 7,exhibit ,b71 entitl$ 8,liebig & ,kopp's annual report ( ,*emi/ry = #ahdg & #ahdh01 pages #cgf & #cgg1 volume #b1 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahej1 !re is a notice ( ! comp>ative p[] ( nitro-cotton & gunp[d]1 & ref]5ce is !re made to ! nitro-comp\nds1 made f dextr91 glyc]9 & sug>1 z be+ 8simil>ly explosive prep>ations10 to gun-cotton & nitro-mannite1 :i* latt] is describ$ z a *eap sub/itute = fulm9at+ m]cury 9 ! manufacture ( p]cussion caps1 & c]ta9 comp>ative exp]im5ts ) ! =m] 7gun-cotton71 z to ! relative value ( ! same1 comp>$ ) gunp[d]1 are m5tion$ z hav+ be5 made by ! celebrat$ p[d] manufactur]s1 8,messrs4 ,hall ,son1 ( ,d>t=d1 9 ! c\nty ( ,k5t1 ,engl&40 ,aft] su* publication1 ! claim made by ! said ,nobel1 or 8 assignees1 9 ! re-issues be=e-m5tion$1 t ,nobel discov]$ t ,nitro-,glyc]9 c\ld be explod$ "u conf9em5t is invalid1 = ! fact t ,nitro-,glyc]9 _h be5 describ$ z a simil>ly explosive prep>ation to nitro-mannite & nitro-cotton1 or gun-cotton1 by its discov]]1 ,sobr]o1 necess>ily involv$1 & inde$ publi%$ ! circum/ance ( its only be+ necess>y to subject x to ! l conditions ( o!r explosives to effect its explosion4 ,i fur!r /ate t 9 f\r affidavits fil$ 9 ?is ,c\rt1 on ! #be? ( ,febru>y1 by ,taliaf]ro ,p4 ,%affn]1 & ,t4 ,p4 ,%affn] & ,e4 ,a4 ,l4 ,rob]ts1 jo9tly1 & ,e4 ,a4 ,l4 ,rob]ts s+ly1 & ,w4 ,m4 ,%affn]1 ^! p>ties h sworn t ! mode ( explod+ at ! ,oil ,city ,tunnel1 ,decemb] #h?1 #ahfi1 0 id5tical & precisely simil> to ! mode describ$ 9 a pat5t grant$ to said ,t4 ,p4 ,%affn]1 ,decemb] #ah?1 #ahfh1 & re-issu$ ,april #ac?1 #ahfi1 ,no4 #c1cge1 :il/ ! v same p>ties describ+ ! same bla/+ at said ,oil ,city ,tunnel1 at ! same "t1 9 ! same words1 & almo/ ^w = ^w ?r\gh\t1 z positively h sworn t x 0 id5tical1 precisely simil> to ! mode ( bla/+ describ$ 9 ! re-issues ,nos4 #c1cgg1 #c1cgh1 #c1cgi & #c1chj4 ,nei!r ( ^! p>ties 7 at any "t on ! gr\nd dur+ ! op]ations !re9 & !reat 7to wit1 ,oil ,city ,tunnel7 p]=m$1 except ,w4 ,m4 ,%affn]1 :o 0 at no "t )9 tw5ty feet ( ! p>ties op]at+1 & :o has errone\sly /at$ t wat] 0 p\r$ on to ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 at ! bottom ( ! hole1 :i* to my c]ta9 k 0 n done4 ,& ,i ask ! att5tion ( ?is ,c\rt1 to ! affidavits fil$ 9 ?is cause = ! pla9tiff1 & also 9 a cause ( ,taliaf]ro ,p4 ,%affn] aga9/ ! same def5dants1 fil$ ,febru>y #be?1 #ahgj1 z completely disprov+ ea* o!r4 ,febru>y #bf1 #ahgj4 ,,geo4 ,m4 ,,m[bray4 ,evid5ce ( ,phillip ,mackey & ,timo?y ,lyn*1 =em5 ( m9]s at ! ,hoosac ,tunnel4 8,we 7 employ$ dur+ ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 #ahfh1 at ! ,we/ ,%aft ( ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 at ! "t :5 ,colonel ,%affn]1 ! compla9ant1 0 mak+ exp]im5ts ) ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 ! said tunnel1 & assi/$ him by drill+ holes 9 ! rock to receive ! c>tridges conta9+ ,nitro-,glyc]91 & tamp+ said holes4 ,aft] ! explosion ( ! said ,nitro-,glyc]91 we witness$ its effects on ! m9]s4 ,^! effects 7 usually to produce a dryness ab\t ! ?roat1 & feel+ ( ?ir/1 :i* l$ ! m9]s to take a dr9k ( wat]2 imm$iately !reaft] ! m9]s w\ld vomit1 & su* vomit+ w\ld be foll[$ by sev]e heada*e1 r5d]+ x necess>y = ! m9] s affect$ to be remov$ to ! air1 & out ( ! tunnel1 & ! effects ( su* heada*e w\ld la/ = f twelve to eighte5 h\rs2 9 fact1 ! vapors caus$ by ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 explod$ by said ,%affn] 7 ( su* a noxi\s "* z to disable ! m9]s g5]ally f cont9u+ _! "w4 8,dur+ ! pa/ ?ree ye>s we h (t5 exam9$ ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 manufactur$ by ,g4 ,m4 ,m[bray1 & be5 regul>ly employ$ z =em5 ( ! m9]s :o drill$ ! holes = receiv+ ! c>tridges ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 explod$ by said ,m[bray & by 8 assi/ants1 & we decl>e t ,m[bray's ,nitro-,glyc]9 diff]s greatly 9 appe>ance f t us$ by said ,%affn]2 t ,m[bray's ,nitro-,glyc]9 is colorless almo/ z wat]1 :]eas ,%affn]'s 0 orange-color$2 t ! explosive effects ( said ,m[bray's ,nitro-,glyc]9 7 mu* great]1 s f> z we c\ld obs]ve1 & t p>ticul>ly we h notic$ ! m9]s d n suff] f any noxi\s vapors aft] ! fir+ ( bla/s ( said ,m[bray's ,nitro-,glyc]91 & t dur+ ! ?ree ye>s ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 made by ,m[bray has be5 us$ 9 said ,tunnel1 !re has n be5 a s+le case :]e a m9] has be5 compell$ to leave 8 "w by reason ( ! gases giv5 (f by ! explosion ( ,m[bray's ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,& we consid] t ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 made by said ,m[bray1 & us$ 9 ! ,tunnel2 v mu* saf] to h&le1 & does n give (f noxi\s gases z comp>$ ) ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 made by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bla/+ ,oil ,company ( ,new ,york1 & us$ by said ,%affn] 9 ! ,hoosac ,tunnel4 ,& we v]ily believe t if said ,nitro-,glyc]9 7 attempt$ to be us$ 9 ! ,tunnel1 n[ t s g5]al a use is made ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 x w\ld compel ! m9]s to leave _! "w & s]i\sly ret>d ! progress ( ! "w by reason !re(1 = ^? :o c\ld endure x = a "t w\ld h to c>ry out ^? :o are unable to move aft] inhal+ ! gases ( ! ,%affn] ,nitro-,glyc]91 & ?us lose "t :i* w\ld o!rwise be employ$ 9 do+ "w4 8,we consid] x utt]ly useless to conf9e ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 :5 fir$ by ,m[bray's sy/em40 ,,philip ,,mackey1 ,feb4 #af1 #ahgj4 ,,timo?y ,,lyn*4 ,evid5ce ( ,john ,van ,velsor1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,m[bray's ,nitro-,glyc]9 works at ! ,hoosac ,tunnel3 8,9 ,octob]1 #ahfh1 ,i 0 employ$ to fit up a ,nitro-,glyc]9 factory at ,fairport1 ,ohio1 & in/ruct ! h&s 9 ! process ( manufactur+ "u ,m[bray's pat5t ( ,april #g?1 #ahfh4 ,i endorse ! evid5ce ( ,messrs4 ,mackey & ,lyn*1 z to ! diff]5ce 9 appe>ance & smell betwe5 ,m[bray's ,nitro-,glyc]9 & t manufactur$ "u ,nobel's pat5t by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,nitro-,glyc]9 ,company4 8,i h made "u ,m[bray's pat5t upw>ds ( tw5ty ?\s& p\nds ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 a great portion ( :i* has be5 explod$ 9 ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 by a me?od pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,m[bray1 dat$ ,july #bg?1 #ahfi1 ,no4 #ic1aac4 ,i h explod$ on num]\s occasions ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 made at said ,m[bray's factory1 )\t subject+ ! same to conf9em5t1 by fir+ a *>ge ( fulm9at+ m]cury1 say t5 or twelve gra9s1 conta9$ 9 a wood5 or copp] cap1 by means ( ! electric sp>k4 ,i h witness$ ! use ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 at ! ,we/ ,%aft ( ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 bo? 9 ! b5* "w & 9 ! head+1 :]e ! bla/]s left ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 ! drill holes entirely unconf9$1 su* be+ ! g5]al practice at ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 s t 9 case ( ! wires n conduct+ ! electricity1 or 9 case ( ! prim+ be+ defective & n fir+ ! fulm9at+ *>ge1 ! explod] might be remov$ f ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 )\t dang] to ! op]ator4 ,dur+ ! eighte5 mon?s ,i h be5 9 ! employ ( ,mr4 ,m[bray1 manufactur+ ,nitro-,glyc]91 he has only made ,nitro-,glyc]9 by 8 pat5t$ me?od1 & by none o!r4 ,febru>y #ah1 #ahgj4 ,,john ,,van ,,velsor4 ,evid5ce ( ,a4 ,d4 ,hatfield4 8,i h be5 employ$ 9 bla/+ 9 ! railroad tunnel at ,oil ,city1 us+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 furni%$ by ! ,lake ,%ore ,nitro-,glyc]9 ,company1 manufactur$ "u ,m[bray's pat5t4 ,9 fir+ & explod+ ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 ,i h act$ "u a lic5se f ,george ,m4 ,m[bray1 said ,nitro-,glyc]9 hav+ be5 explod$ )\t be+ conf9$40 ,febru>y #ai1 #ahgj4 ,a4 ,d4 ,,hatfield4 ,evid5ce ( ,*>les ,lobb1 ,railroad ,contractor4 8,i h be5 engag$ 9 tunnell+ ?r\gh ! hill at ,oil ,city1 ,pa41 = ! ,jame/[n & ,frankl9 ,railroad1 & h us$ = t purpose ,nitro-,glyc]9 manufactur$ by ! ,lake ,%ore ,nitro-,glyc]9 ,company1 "u ,m[bray's pat5t ( ,april #g1 #ahfh4 ,i h tri$ to pur*ase ,nitro-,glyc]9 f ,tal4 ,p4 ,%affn]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bla/+ ,oil ,company1 & h be5 unable to procure ! same4 ,said ,%affn] ref]r$ me to ,e4 ,a4 ,l4 ,rob]ts = ! pur*ase ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 & on application to said ,rob]ts 0 unable to obta9 any4 ,febru>y #ai1 #ahgj4 ,,*>les ,,lobb4 ,evid5ce ( ,david ,crossley4 8,i h be5 engag$ 9 op]at+ oil wells 9 ,p5nsylvania1 = t5 ye>s4 ,on ,decemb] #f1 #ahfi1 ,i obta9$ a torp$o conta9+ six p\nds ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 f ! ag5t ( ,rob]t's ,torp$o ,company1 :i* he said 0 f ,new ,york1 & ( ! be/ quality4 ,i _h x put into an oil well :]e x 0 explod$ by said ag5t4 8,! explosion ( said torp$o1 9 said well1 _h ! effect ( r$uc+ ! production ( oil 9 said well f two b>rels ( oil to "o & a half b>rels ( oil 9 a day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 8,on ! sixte5? day ( ,decemb]1 #ahfi1 ,i put 9 ano!r torp$o 9 ! same well1 :i* ,i obta9$ f ! same ag5t ( ! same company4 ,x conta9$ ! same quantity ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 :i* 0 repres5t$ to me to be ! same z be=e-m5tion$4 ,?is torp$o 0 explod$ by ! ag5t 9 said well on ! day la/ m5tion$4 ,be=e ! explosion ( ! torp$o 9 said well1 x produc$ "o & a half b>rels ( oil 9 a day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ! explosion ( said torp$o caus$ no diff]5ce 9 ! production ( oil f ! same well4 ,ab\t ! fir/ day ( ,octob]1 #ahfh1 ,i employ$ ,g4 ,m4 ,m[bray to explode a ,nitro-,glyc]9 torp$o 9 ano!r well ( m9e4 ,he explod$ said torp$o 9 said well 9 my pres5ce4 ,he us$ 9 ! torp$o six & a qu>t] p\nds ( ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,! effect ( ! explosion 0 to increase ! production ( said well f five b>rels to "o hundr$ b>rels 9 a day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,aft] ?is1 ,mr4 ,m[bray put 9 & explod$ o!r ,nitro-,glyc]9 torp$oes 9 wells = me1 & always ) ! effect ( increas+ _! production4 8,judg+ f my k z an exp]t 9 op]at+ oil wells & ! explosion ( torp$oes ( all ! v>i\s k9ds !re91 ,i consid] t ,g4 ,m4 ,m[bray's ,nitro-,glyc]9 is f> m effective ?an t ( any o!r p>ty1 or t 8 me?od ( explod+ is m effective40 ,febru>y #ai1 #ahgj4 ,,david ,,crossley4 ,evid5ce ( ,jesse ,smi?1 ,oil ,well ,op]ator4 8,9 ,novemb] #ahfi1 ,i _h a torp$o f ! ,rob]ts ,torp$o ,company explod$ 9 my well 9 ,craw=d ,co41 ,pa41 by _! ag5t4 ,! explosion 0 an utt] failure1 "o-half ! cont5ts ( ! torp$o /ill rema9+ 9 x2 ?is ! ag5t said 0 ,nitro-,glyc]940 ,febru>y #ai1 #ahgj4 ,,jesse ,,smi?4 ,evid5ce ( ,george ,we/4 8,i am employ$ 9 explod+ ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 ! holes drill$ by ! m9]s 9 ! ,oil ,creek ,tunnel1 ,pa4 ,i us$ ,nitro-,glyc]9 f ! ,lake ,%ore ,nitro-,glyc]9 ,works1 :i* is v diff]5t to t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bla/+ ,oil ,company1 ( ,new ,york1 & requires a diff]5t mode ( explosion4 ,i d n use any ( ! me?ods describ$ 9 ,nobel's pat5t ( ,octob] #bd1 & re-issu$ ,april #ac1 #ahfi1 = explod+1 = ! me?ods !re9 describ$ w\ld only explode x1 if at all1 :i* ,i d\bt1 by haz>d1 & n ) c]ta9ty1 ow+ to ! peculi> prop]ties ( ! ,lake ,%ore ,nitro-,glyc]9 z comp>$ ) :at ,i h se5 & us$ z ! ,%affn]1 or ,nobel's ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,i endorse all ! previ\s evid5ce z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,nobel or ,%affn] ,nitro-,glyc]91 & t made "u ,m[bray's pat5t4 ,! me?od ,i h us$ to explode ?is ,nitro-,glyc]91 at ! ,oil ,city ,tunnel1 consi/s 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,au/rian batt]y & electric fuse & fulm9at+ %ell2 t is1 an electric ma*9e1 ^: excit+ plate is made ( ebonite or h>d rubb]1 ) insulat$ & conduct+ wire t]m9als1 :i* are f _/ to _/ ( an in* ap>t1 & betwe5 ^? t]m9al po9ts a prim+ composition is ins]t$1 ?r\gh :i* ! electric sp>k be+ pass$1 su* prim+ ignites1 giv+ a flame 7insuffici5t to explode ! ,nitro-,glyc]91 b7 suffici5t to inflame a fulm9at+ comp\nd1 ( :i* !re is a heavy *>ge1 & ?is fulm9at+ comp\nd be+ explod$ by ! prim+ composition1 explodes ! ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,i h nev] us$ ! me?od ( explod+ ) gunp[d] z describ$ 9 ! ,nobel pat5t1 ,no4 #ej1fag1 9 ! tunnel a=esaid1 nor else:]e1 b ,i h witness$ attempts to explode ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 us$ "u ,m[bray's ,pat5t by means ( fuse & gunp[d]1 z describ$ by ,nobel1 :]e t me?od fail$40 ,febru>y #ai1 #ahgj4 ,,george ,,we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,s9k+ ! ,c5tral ,%aft4 ,evid5ce ( ,h4 ,julius ,smi?4 8,i am engag$ 9 ! bus9ess ( manufactur+ electric fuses & introduc+ explosive comp\nds to contractors1 m9]s & torp$o m54 ,i h c>efully exam9$ ! pat5ts 9 "q re-issu$ to ,tal4 ,p4 ,%affn]1 &1 ,i f9d1 by ! modes !re9 describ$1 x is impossible to fire ) c]ta9ty1 & simultane\sly1 m ?an two m9es *>g$ ) ,nitro-,glyc]9 by any ( ! me?ods describ$ 9 said f\r re-issu$ pat5ts2 & to effect any explosion ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 by any ( ! me?ods !re9 describ$1 & mat]ials deliv]$ to ! public by ! assignees ( ! inv5tor ,nobel1 x is absolutely ess5tial t ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 %\ld be conf9$ z describ$ 9 ! re-issues 9 "q4 ,i h also c>efully exam9$ ! pat5t issu$ to ,george ,m4 ,m[bray1 dat$ ,july #bg?1 #ahfi1 & f9d t ! process !re9 describ$ ( explod+ ,nitro-,glyc]91 does away ) ! necessity = conf9+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 ord] to explode x4 ,i endorse previ\s evid5ce f my own exp]i5ce 9 reg>d to explod+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 :5 unconf9$ "u ,m[bray's sy/em4 ,i h also manufactur$ & deliv]$ upw>d ( tw5ty ?\s& fuses to ! contractors ( ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 capable ( explod+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 :5 unconf9$1 at said ,hoosac ,tunnel4 ,i h be5 pres5t :5 ! modes describ$ 9 ! re-issues ( ! ,nobel pat5t h be5 c>efully practis$1 & entirely fail$ to fire ,nitro-,glyc]91 & 9 "o in/ance imm$iately aft] ! failure ( ! ,nobel sy/em1 ,i ins]t$ a fuse ( ! exact description1 & ) ! electric appliances z describ$ 9 ,geo4 ,m4 ,m[bray's pat5t1 ,no4 #ic1aac1 dat$ ,july #bg?1 #ahfi1 & ! result 0 a successful explosion4 ,! modes describ$ 9 ! ,nobel re-issues1 ,nos4 #c1cgg1 #c1cgh1 #c1cgi & #c1chj1 h be5 ab&on$ by all p>ties ) :om ,i am acqua9t$1 :o h important works to c>ry ?r\gh1 requir+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 to be explod$1 & p>ticul>ly by ! said ,tal4 ,p4 ,%affn] himself1 z ,i h manufactur$1 sold & deliv]$ to said ,%affn] & o!rs1 ! app>atus & ! explod+ electrical fuses = fir+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 made by said ,%affn]1 & ,nitro-,glyc]9 made by ! ,lake ,%ore ,nitro-,glyc]9 ,company1 :i* said fuses or electrical explod]s1 involve a pr9ciple ( fir+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 ( great practical importance & v rec5t developm5t1 viz41 ! pr9ciple ( concussion1 s z to effect ! explosion ( ! entire mass ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 in/antane\sly1 )\t requir+ ! explosion to be transmitt$ f p>ticle to p>ticle1 9 ?is respect diff]+ v mat]ially f ! me?ods describ$ 9 ! ,nobel re-issues above ref]r$ to1 :i* require1 fir/1 conf9em5t1 & !n heat & pressure1 to be develop$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,nitro-,glyc]940 ,febru>y #bd1 #ahgj4 ,h4 ,,julius ,,smi?4 ,evid5ce ( ,james ,h4 ,k+4 8,i am "o ( ! proprietors ( ! ,lake ,%ore ,nitro-,glyc]9 ,works1 situat$ ne> ,pa9esville1 ,ohio4 ,i am p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ,taliaf]ro ,p4 ,%affn]1 & endorse all ! evid5ce ( ,g4 ,m4 ,m[bray z to ,%affn]'s proposal to consolidate ! ,nobel & ,m[bray pat5ts1 & 8 admission t ! p>ties he repres5t$ did n claim ! exclusive "r to manufacture ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,i w\ld /ate t "o ,w4 ,b4 ,rob]ts1 ( ! firm ( ,rob]ts ,co41 ( ,titusville1 ,p5nsylvania1 in=m$ me t he is "o ( ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bla/+ ,oil ,company1 & t s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ?is suit ,i h deliv]$ to ,rob]ts ,co41 at reque/ ( ,w4 ,b4 ,rob]ts1 twelve hundr$ p\nds1 or !reab\ts1 ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 manufactur$ by ! company ( :i* ,i am a memb]4 8,i manufacture 7z a p>ty int]e/$ 9 ! ,lake ,%ore ,nitro-,glyc]9 ,works ( ,pa9esville7 "u a lic5se f ,george ,m4 ,m[bray1 "u a pat5t to said ,m[bray1 be>+ date ,april #g?1 #ahfh40 ,febru>y #be1 #ahgj4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,k+4 ,evid5ce ( ,james ,dickey4 8,i am acqua9t$ ) ,nobel's sy/em ( bla/+4 ,i assi/$ 9 mak+ t5 explosions 9 ,oil ,city ,tunnel1 = ,*>les ,lobb1 ! contractor4 ,we did n use any ( ! me?ods ( explod+ specifi$ 9 ,nobel's or ,%affn]'s pat5ts4 ,we us$ ! improv$ electrical ma*9e ( ,h4 ,julius ,smi?1 pat5t$ ,augu/ #aj1 #ahfi1 & us$ ! me?od ( fir+ & fuse describ$ 9 ,g4 ,m4 ,m[bray's pat5t ( ,july #bg1 #ahfi1 & :i* sev]al me?ods are entirely diff]5t f ^? m5tion$ 9 ! sev]al pat5ts claim$ by compla9ant 9 ?is case4 ,i us$ 9 ! bla/s made by me1 ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 manufactur$ by ! ,lake ,%ore ,nitro-,glyc]9 ,company1 "u ,geo4 ,m4 ,m[bray's pat5t1 ,no4 #gf1dii1 dat$ ,april #g1 #ahfh4 ,i endorse ! /atem5ts ( ! m9]s ,mackey & ,lyn* z to ! noxi\s effects & dang] aris+ f ! use ( ,%affn]'s ,nitro-,glyc]91 & ! fre$om f ! same 9 t manufactur$ by ,m[bray's sy/em40 ,febru>y #be1 #ahgj4 ,,james ,,dickey4 ,evid5ce ( ,w4 ,s4 ,holbrook4 8,i 0 engag$ along ) ,james ,dickey to p]=m "s bla/+ 9 ,oil ,creek ,tunnel4 ,i endorse 8 /atem5t z to ! k9d ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 & ! me?od ( explod+ us$ 9 said tunnel1 & fur!r /ate t we nev] us$ any o!r process or mat]ial40 ,febru>y #be1 #ahgj4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,holbrook4 ,evid5ce ( ,h5ry ,h4 ,pratt4 8,i 0 =eman at ! ,we/ ,%aft at ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 up to ,octob] #ae1 #ahfi4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahfi1 ,i w5t to ,oil ,city1 ,pa41 to %[ ,*>les ,lobb1 ! contractor = ! ,jame/[n & ,frankl9 ,railroad1 h[ to use ,nitro-,glyc]9 = bla/+ rock4 ,! wea!r be+ v cold1 w>m wat] 0 fir/ p\r$ into ! holes to prev5t ! froz5 sides ( ! drill$ hole *ill+ ! ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,a *>ge ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 0 !n p\r$ ?r\gh ! wat]1 & a small c>tridge ( t9 be+ introduc$1 ! *>ge 0 fir$ by means ( a frictional electric ma*9e1 connect$ ) a prim+ fuse & a *>ge ( fulm9at+ m]cury1 be+ ! mode set =? & %ewn 9 ! ,lett]s ,pat5t1 grant$ to ,george ,m4 ,m[bray1 ,no4 #ic1aac1 & dat$ ,july #bg?1 #ahfi4 ,i am famili> ) ! re-issu$ pat5ts 9 "q1 & ! mode by :i* ,i explod$ said ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 said tunnel1 z above describ$1 is v diff]5t f ! mode describ$ 9 ! pat5ts re-issu$ to said ,u4 ,s4 ,bla/+ ,oil ,company2 x w\ld h be5 utt]ly impossible to h fir$ ! said ?ree holes 9 said tunnel by ! mode /at$ 9 ! above ref]r$ to re-issues at "o & ! same mom5t1 z 0 done by me4 ,i f9d on exam9ation1 t 9 all ! pat5ts grant$ to ,taliaf]ro ,p4 ,%affn]1 ,nos4 #ea1fga1 #ea1fgd1 dat$ ,decemb] #ai?1 #ahfe1 ! mode ( fir+ a consecutive s]ies ( fuses is condemn$ by said ,%affn]1 & 9 pat5t ,no4 #ea1fgd1 t ! specification accompany+ said ,lett]s ,pat5t conta9s ! foll[+ words3 8,figures #f & #g repres5t ! h]et(ore kn[n mode ( explod+ two or m *>ges by ! same electric curr5t1 & ! =m] is %ewn z appli$ to a consecutive s]ies ( bla/s 9 l9e1 & ! latt] to ! head+ ( a tunnel10 su* mode be+ id5tically & exactly :at ,i practis$ at ! ,oil ,city tunnel1 & none o!r4 ,i confirm all ! previ\s evid5ce z to ! feasibility ( explod+ pure ,nitro-,glyc]9 :5 unconf9$1 & also z to ! good qualities ( ! ,m[bray ,nitro-,glyc]9 :5 comp>$ ) t made "u ! ,nobel re-issues40 ,febru>y #bf1 #ahgj4 ,h4 ,h ,,pratt4 ,evid5ce ( ,otto ,bur/5b9d]1 ( ,new ,york4 8,i h be5 famili> ) ! use ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 s9ce ,may1 #ahfe1 & introduc$ t article f ,hamburgh1 ,g]many1 9 ,july1 #ahfe4 ,i witness$ ! application ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 to bla/+ purposes ab\t #bj miles f ,hamburgh1 :5 _m di/+ui%$ citiz5s 7 pres5t1 a full acc\nt ( ! results effect$ be+ publi%$ aft]w>ds 9 ! pr9cipal ,g]man newspap]s4 ,! mode us$ to explode ,nitro-,glyc]9 on t occasion 0 by fuse & cap1 ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 be+ conf9$1 9 "o exp]im5t1 9 a gas-pipe1 plugg$ at ea* end1 & ! fuse l$ ?r\gh ! plug1 & at ! end ( ! fuse !re 0 a p]cussion cap atta*$2 9 ano!r exp]im5t a wood5 plug 0 holl[$ out conically inside & ! cone 0 fill$ ) gunp[d]2 to ?is plug a fuse 0 atta*$ & light$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,i myself fir$ ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 on or ab\t ! fifte5? day ( ,july1 ,a4 ,d4 #ahfe2 ?is 0 ! fir/ "t ,i us$ ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = bla/+ purposes2 ! mode ( op]ation 0 to p\r ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 into ! nak$ drill hole1 & l[] a wood5 plug *>g$ ) gunp[d]1 on to ! ,nitro-,glyc]91 p\r$ "s dry s& on to ! plug1 & fire a fuse :i* 0 situat$ on ! plug 9 ! usual way4 8,i am q famili> ) ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 manufactur$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bla/+ ,oil ,company1 "u ,nobel's pat5t1 & t manufactur$ by ,g4 ,m4 ,m[bray "u 8 own1 & confirm all ! previ\s evid5ce z to ! sup]iority ( ,m[bray's ,nitro-,glyc]91 9 explosive p[]1 9 abs5ce ( color1 abs5ce ( smell1 abs5ce ( nitr\s gases1 9 great] safety ?r\gh ! great] difficulty ( explod+ x1 & 9 purity4 ,z an exp]t ( consid]able exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 ,i ass]t t x is entirely unnecess>y to conf9e ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 ord] to explode ! same1 ! explosion be+ z ?or\gh1 & its effects ne>ly z p[]ful = bla/+ purposes1 ow+ to ! extreme in/antane\s conv]sion into gas :5 unconf9$1 provid$ a prop] *>ge ( fulm9ate be us$4 8,i h made ! explosion ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 & its application to bla/+ purposes1 my occupation s9ce #ahfe1 & am ?or\ghly famili> ) its prop]ties1 use1 & ! lit]ature ref]r+ to x1 & ,i h nev] he>d or read t ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 made by ,sobr]o 0 incapable ( be+ cry/alliz$1 b ,i v]ily believe1 & h always f\nd1 t ,nitro-,glyc]9 congeals :5 expos$ to a mod]ately l[ temp]ature40 ,june #g1 #ahgj4 ,,otto ,,bur/5b9d]4 ,p>ties us+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 are reque/$ to note1 t on ! #ai? ( ,m>*1 #ahgb1 ! insolv5t ,u4 ,s4 ,bla/+ ,oil ,company 7by ! aid ( funds drawn1 "u litigation also1 f ! ,oil produc]s ( ,p5nsylvania1 by ! notori\s torp$o pat5ts71 f9d+ _! tw5ty-f\r columns ( specification & eight claims :olly inapplicable to ! mode ( us+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 z n[ practis$1 surr5d]$ _! re-issues1 &1 z ,i am ( op9ion1 by ! injudici\s ov]sight ( ! ,exam9]1 an intimate fri5d ( ,mr4 ,%affn]1 obta9$ f\r m re-issues1 conta9+ tw5ty columns ( specification & sev5te5 claims1 !reby1 z em95t c\nsel advise me1 practically ab&on+ _! case up to ,m>* #ai1 #ahgb4 ,c\nsel fur!r advise me1 aft] full consid]ation ( ^! la/ re-issues1 t ! litigation has ent]$ ^u a new phase1 & t ! orig9al pat5t1 ! fir/ re-issues1 & ! second re-issues1 conta9 9 !mselves ! pro( ( _! utt] wor?lessness1 ne$+ no o!r evid5ce to r5d] !m void4 ,b a grav] & m s]i\s *>ge re/s ^u ! means by :i* ^! anomalies h be5 put on record 9 ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 :i* w be review$ by exp]i5c$ c\nsel1 be=e a compet5t tribunal4 ,= myself1 ) res\rces :i* ,i hope & int5d to keep unimpair$1 to conduct ?is bus9ess to its f9al issue1 ) a pecuni>y int]e/ ,i am b\nd to take c>e (1 besides a fur!r amus$ int]e/1 ar\s$ dur+ ! pa/ f\r ye>s1 by ! %ifts & pret5ces ( ?is impecuni\s company to avoid trial ( a suit in/itut$ by itself1 !re w be a c\rte\s desire to accommodate my oppon5ts ) ! e>lie/ possible v]dict1 c\nsel1 judges & jury c arrive at1 consi/5t ) a complete1 full & fair inve/igation ( pla9tiff's pret5ces & pat5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,hoosac ,tunnel--,drill+ by ,ma*9e--,bla/+ ) ,p[d]--,nitro-,glyc]94 ,! ,hoosac ,m\nta91 ^: summit is #b1gjj feet above ! sea level1 is compos$1 accord+ to ! geologi/1 ( mica slate1 s compress$ t ne> ! ,we/ ,end ! /ratification is contort$1 upheav$1 & int]m+l$ ) qu>tz & pyrites2 consequ5tly ! classification ( ! rock z 8mica slate0 conveys a v imp]fect idea ( its h>d impracticable nature to ! m9]4 ,to any "o :o w be at ! pa9s ( exam9+ ! masses ly+ ne> ! p[d] magaz9e1 built ( massive /one1 at ! ,we/ ,%aft1 ! h>dness ( ?is rock is at once app>5t4 ,p>ts ( ?is m\nta9 h be5 f\nd s h>d & t\gh1 & s difficult to drill1 t ?irty-f\r drills h be5 worn 9 drill+ a bla/ hole ?irty-six in*es deep4 ,?is 0 an exceptional case1 b simil> h>d lay]s are met f "t to "t4 ,_h x n be5 = ! ,burleigh drill & ,nitro-,glyc]91 ! /urdy indomitable p]sev]ance ( ,massa*usetts w\ld h be5 sev]ely /ra9$1 if n exhau/$1 9 runn+ ?is ,tunnel4 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,adams ,transcript1 = ,april #aa1 #ahgb1 gives a summ>y ( ! progress made dur+ ! mon? ( ,m>*1 & ! l5g?s rema9+ to be op5$ to complete ! "w3 ,illu/ration3 ,pr(ile ( ! ,hoosac ,m\nta91 & ,advance ( ,tunnel1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgb4 ,,hoosac ,,tunnel ,,progress ,,= ,,m>*1 #ahgb4 8,ea/ ,end1 #abj feet2 ,c5tral ,%aft1 ea/w>d1 #ajj feet2 ,we/ ,end1 #adj feet1 total1 #cfj feet4 ,total l5g?s op5$ to ,april #a1 #ahfb3 ,ea/ ,end1 #aj1aff feet2 ,c5tral ,%aft1 ea/1 #fag feet1 we/1 #cbe feet1 total1 #idb feet2 ,we/ ,end1 #g1did feet4 ,l5g?s rema9+ to be op5$3 betwe5 ,ea/ ,end & ,c5tral ,%aft1 #b1jed feet--#ehf feet less ?an half a mile4 ,betwe5 ,we/ ,end & ,c5tral ,%aft1 #d1cge feet--#hee feet m ?an two-?irds ( a mile40 ,a ref]5ce to ! wood cut opposite page #hj1 %[s ! pr(ile ( ! m\nta9 & progress ( ! ,tunnel to ,janu>y #a1 #ahgb4 ,! di/ance made dur+ ! mon? ( ,m>*1 9 ! ,ea/ head+1 0 #abj feet ( head+1 #bd feet wide & #i feet 9 height1 exclusive ( fir/ enl>gem5t or ro(1 & second enl>gem5t ( ro( to full size or /ope+1 :i* is usually c>ri$ on simultane\sly to ab\t #bej feet p] mon?4 ,?is head+ is be+ attack$ by twelve ( ! ,burleigh drill+ ma*9es1 m\nt$ on two c>riages mann$ by eight m9]s & a =eman1 :o "w = eight h\rs1 ) brief int]mission :il/ ! *>ges are be+ fir$4 ,! drills are impell$ by compress$ air1 mak+ #cjj /rokes p] m9ute1 & calculat$ to /rike ) a =ce ( #bjj lbs4 at ea* bl[1 p]=at+ f "o in* to five in*es p] m9ute1 ( a hole two in*es 9 diamet] :5 p[d] is us$1 & #a in* diamet] = ,nitro-,glyc]9 bla/+4 ,at ! ,ea/ head+1 p>tly ow+ to ! rock be+ s(t] ?an ei!r at ! ,we/ ,end or 9 ! ,c5tral ,%aft1 p>tly to ! m9]s be+ accu/om$ to p[d]1 p>tly to ! heavy batt]y ( drills enabl+ twelve drill+ ma*9es to "w at once1 & ?us make progress satisfactory to ! contractors1 :o1 wisely1 let well en\gh alone1 ! holes :5 drill$ to a dep? ( f two feet six in*es to ?ree feet1 are ea* *>g$ ) f "o to two & "o-half p\nds ( bla/+ p[d]1 !n tamp$2 ! c>riages are drawn back1 & ! sixte5 to tw5ty-six holes are fir$ simultane\sly by means ( a frictional electric ma*9e4 ,?is takes place e f\r h\rs1 explod+ f #ajj to #aej c>tridges e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! read] mu/ n inf] f ?is t e bla/ makes f two feet six in*es to ?ree feet ( advance2 because1 fir/1 ! holes are nev] drill$ = p[d] 9 a horizontal plane1 b at an angle1 sometimes upw>ds1 sometimes d[nw>ds1 to ! "r or left1 ! aim be+1 t a /raight l9e drawn f ! bottom ( ! hole to ! face ( ! rock %all be %ort] ?an ! extreme l5g? ( ! drill$ hole1 s t ! *>ge or bla/ :i* ex]ts its =ce 9 ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 may displace ! rock betwe5 ! bottom ( ! hole & ! surface ( ! rock1 & n coll> ! hole1 t is1 m]ely remove ! rock surr\nd+ ! outlet ( ! drill$ hole4 ,x is usually f\nd also1 t ! p[] ex]t$ by p[d] is n suffici5t1 9 work+ a head+1 to bla/ out ! rock f ! bottom ( ! hole1 b1 mo/ frequ5tly1 f ! po9t :]e ! c>tridge beg9s1 & ! tamp+ t]m9ates4 ,?us1 if a hole be drill$ at an acute angle f ! face to a dep? ( ?irty in*es1 ) a l9e ( lea/ resi/ance ( tw5ty-f\r in*es f ! bottom ( ! hole1 & a fifte5 in* c>tridge ( bla/+ p[d] be ins]t$1 & tamp+ to ! ext5t ( fifte5 in*es be ramm$ 9 above ! c>tridge1 ! rock remov$1 w1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 be remov$ f ab\t :]e ! c>tridge comm5ces1 t is ab\t #ab in*es1 or x may be #ad in*es1 9 a direct l9e f ! face4 ,& h]e9 lies ! v important di/9ction betwe5 p[d] & ,nitro-,glyc]92 ! latt]1 bottoms1 i4 e41 removes ! rock f ! bottom ( 79 ro(+ & qu>ry "w beyond7 ! hole2 ) p[d] ?is is r>ely ! case4 ,moreov]1 z ! dep? ( ! holes is increas$1 s mu/ ! diamet] be increas$ 9 proportion to ! dep? :5 p[d] is ! bla/+ ag5t1 b :5 ! drill$ hole is to be bla/$ out ) ,nitro-,glyc]91 a diamet] ( #a in*es is suffici5t = a hole hav+ a dep? ( t5 feet1 & a l9e ( lea/ resi/ance ( eight feet1 a dep? :olly inadmissible = p[d]1 because ! rock at t dep? w\ld act l ! bree* ( a cannon1 & ! explosion w\ld issue direct f ! hole1 only fractur+ ! edge1 i4 e41 coll>+ ! hole4 ,) ,nitro-,glyc]9 ! holes ne$ n be drill$ at s acute an angle to ! face ( ! rock1 & ne$ no tamp+1 t is1 ! drill$ hole is left entirely op51 & no "t is occupi$ !re=e 9 ramm+ mat]ials ov] ! explosive1 & no risk is incurr$ 9 cutt+ ! fuse or electric wire1 z ) p[d]1 dual9 or dynamite1 all ( :i* mu/ be tamp$4 ,! explosion ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 diff]s f t ( e o!r explosive 9 ?is1 t ! explosion is in/antane\s1 consequ5tly ! rock yields be=e any fla% c rea* ! m\? ( ! drill$ hole1 & ! "w is done be=e ! gases c travel six feet4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( deep holes2 to *>ge holes only #cj in*es deep 7except !y are f to in* diamet]7 is a wa/e ( ! mat]ial4 ,! same *>ge w cle> ! rock to ! bottom1 ) a hole drill$ six feet deep1 & 9 fact bottom ! six foot hole1 :il/ a simil> *>ge ins]t$ 9 a #cj in* hole may leave ?ree or six in*es ( ! hole visible ) its surr\nd+ rock1 aft] ! bla/4 ,& "h ,i _c refra9 f n>rat+ :at a n>r[ escape ,nitro-,glyc]9 _h at "o "t f be+ reject$ at ! ,tunnel4 ,9 ! d>k days ( ?is ent]prise1 :5 e c5t exp5d$ 0 n>r[ly wat*$1 & :5 x 0 favor en\gh = a m9] to condesc5d to all[ ,nitro-,glyc]9 to be us$ 9 8 %ift1 reque/s & entreaties = deep holes1 & remon/rances t ! holes 7 n drill$ deep en\gh to give ?is explosive a fair *ance1 7 f\nd fruitless2 until1 f9ally1 a consultation 0 held 9 ! "t-keep]'s (fice at ! ,we/ ,end1 ! purport ( :i* 01 to notify ! writ] t no m ,nitro-,glyc]9 0 ne$$1 z x did n answ] expectations4 ,! sup]9t5d5t1 at ! ,we/ ,%aft1 0 ask$ :at reason ,i gave t great] progress 0 n made ) ! new explosive4 ,8 reply 03 8,m[bray says ! holes are n drill$ deep en\gh1 &1 ,i ?9k 7he add$7 x is b fair 8 dem& = deep holes %\ld be compli$ )1 be=e y ?r[ up ! use ( ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,he has outlaid "s #e1jjj = ! exp]im5t1 & y ought at lea/ to see ! effect ( deep holes1 be=e y decide40 ,agre$2 ! sup]9t5d5t !n w5t to ! =eman ( ! %ift1 & reque/$ deep] holes1 ord]+ six feet holes4 8,x's no use10 0 ! reply2 8x's all nons5se2 :y1 ,i tell ye1 x won't bottom a hole #cj in*es deep2 !n h[ is x go+ to f>e ) a six foot hole2 besides1 we c't drill six feet holes by h& 9 "o %ift40 8,!n take two %ifts to d x1 & take ?ree if x is necess>y2 ?is ,nitro-,glyc]9 man says he mu/ h deep holes1 & he %all = ?is once1 if ,i drill !m myself1 & x takes a week to d x40 ,! deep 7only six feet7 holes 7 drill$1 & *>g$2 c>tridges ( same size z ^? ins]t$ 9 #cj in* holes1 7 us$1 & fir$1 e hole bottom$1 e m9] 0 a/oni%$1 & f t day ! use ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 0 a necessity = ! head+ 9 ! ,we/ ,end4 ,b x 0 a n>r[ escape f :at w\ld h be5 deem$ a failure4 ,on ano!r occasion1 dur+ a dr\ght1 ! supply ( wat] at ! ,we/ ,end1 :]e ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 0 manufactur$1 gave out1 &1 be+ a necessity 9 ! manufacture1 we _h to haul x by team4 ,?is 0 tr\blesome "w1 & co/ money4 ,!re _h be5 a *ange ( eng9e]s1 & ! g5tleman n[ 9 *>ge1 on ! difficulty rea*+ him1 det]m9$ fir/ to asc]ta9 :e!r ,nitro-,glyc]9 0 a necessity1 be=e comply+ ) ! contract ! ,commission]s _h made1 & :i* involv$ a supply ( compress$ air & wat]1 if !y us$ ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,& to make no mi/ake1 ! holes ( :at is t]m$ ! 8cut0 9 ! head+1 t is1 two s]ies ( f\r holes ea*1 9 a p>allel l9e f ! ro(1 ab\t n9e feet high1 7 drill$ ab\t five feet ap>t at ! face ( ! head+1 & six feet deep1 t5d+ t[>ds ea* o!r s t at ! bottom ( ! holes !y t]m9at$ ab\t ?ree feet ap>t4 ,aft] *>g+ & fir+1 ! above g5tleman & 8 assi/ant inspect$ ! result4 ,a mass ( rock eight feet 9 height1 five feet wide 9 front1 & ab\t five feet deep1 ) ! re> end ?ree feet wide1 _h be5 bl[n f its seat1 "s t5 feet f ! head+1 & !re /ood1 a monum5t 7until block-hol$7 ( ! use ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 :5 prop]ly appli$4 8,y %all h all ! wat] y want1 sir1 if ,i br+ x myself 9 pails10 0 ! en]getic assurance ( ?is g5tleman1 :o felt satisfi$ t ,nitro-,glyc]9 0 a necessity = ! ,hoosac ,tunnel4 ,illu/ration3 8,/ope+ out0 ,ro( ,enl>gem5t 7,ea/ ,end47 ,9 drill+ holes = bla/+ ) ,nitro-,glyc]91 a dep? ( n less ?an five feet %\ld be rea*$2 six feet are bett]1 b t5 & twelve feet are ! "r dep? = a head+1 :il/ fifte5 feet = b5* "w1 & eight feet ap>t1 or1 = qu>ry "w t5 feet ap>t1 & t5 feet f ! face1 provid$ ! rock is h>d en\gh 79 clay1 ow+ to ! sudd5 %ock ,nitro-,glyc]9 is ineffective72 explod$ 9 holes ( su* a dep? x w ?r[ out ev]y?+ be=e x--& make progress4 ,h[ difficult to get m9]s to drill su* holes1 h[ _m frivol\s objections1 h[ ! wires & _! connections w be tamp]$ ) to int]f]e ) ! int5d$ bla/1 & h[ crim9al1 contr>y1 & pig-head$1 !y deem ! contractor & ,nitro-,glyc]9 man :o insi/s on su* dep? ( holes1 ,i h (t5 exp]i5c$1 & x ne$s ! firmness & vim ( desp]ation to ent] a qu>ry1 desc5d a %aft1 or g into a rock cutt+1 & oppose ! life-long habits ( m5 :o believe hone/ly !y "k ev]y?+ t conc]ns m9+1 & :at !y d n "k is n wor? kn[+4 ,b if once a bla/ is %ewn1 & !y h to hoi/ out ! rock1 _! ob/9acy succumbs1 & 9 ?ree mon?s1 m51 :o knew x 0 poison1 & s dang]\s x 0 wick$ to ask !m to drill holes to receive x1 h positively refus$ to desc5d a %aft if p[d] 0 attempt$ to be us$ m]ely 9 a comp>ative exp]im5t1 alleg+1 t ! p[d] 0 unheal?y & n fit to be us$ at ! bottom ( a %aft1 :]e ! air 0 conf9$4 ,& "h let me truly add1 ,i h nev] s5t ,nitro-,glyc]9 to be exp]im5t$ ) 9 any rock "w1 rock cutt+1 or rock tunnel1 t 0 n foll[$ by a l>ge ord]1 repeat$ until ! end ( ! "w1 dur+ my pa/ exp]i5ce ( f\r ye>s' manufacture4 ,inde$1 !re h be5 only two cases :]e x 0 f\nd inapplicable1 & ^! 7 9 h>d clay1 :]e x seems actually to m\ld = itself a *amb]1 compress+ ! walls ( ! drill hole1 z if an enorm\s hydraulic ram _h be5 ins]t$2 b ! t5aci\s mass is n displac$1 x only suff]s compression4 ,:51 !re=e1 holes c be made ) a cr[-b>1 & n drill$1 d n use ,nitro-,glyc]91 b if y h rock1 be x z h>d z em]y1 or z ! magnetic iron ore ( ! ,lake ,sup]ior or ,ottawa ,iron m9es1 ! h>d] ! bett] = ! economy ( drill+1 :i* is v great1 s few holes be+ requir$1 ! introduction ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 ) a good /eam or air drill1 causes ! progress ( ! "w to advance to t degree t x is only limit$ by ! ability to remove ! debris ( bla/$ mat]ial4 ,to return f ?is digression to my subject4 ,to effect ?is progress ( #abj feet1 probably ab\t #c1jjj holes h be5 drill$ 9 an area n exce$+ #bd feet by t5 feet1 requir+ twelve drill+ ma*9es1 & #fj horse /eam p[] to compress ! air requisite to drive ! drills2 add to ?is ! p[d]1 ov] a ton & a half1 ! electric explod]s1 ! c&les & oil = m9]s1 & ! fact t a mass ( rock #abj feet long1 t5 feet high & tw5ty-f\r feet wide1 has to be c>ri$ out & dump$ two miles f :]e x 0 excavat$1 & "s slight idea ( ! labor at ?is "o po9t may be =m$4 ,n[ take d\ble ?is l5g? ( rock1 viz43 #bej feet1 increase its height to #ae feet1 keep+ its bread? ( #bd feet--,i say1 take ?is mass :i* is torn f ! ro(1 :il/ ! head+ is be+ pu%$1 & br+ x & dump x #a miles f :]e x lay solid1 & y h aga9 ano!r po9t on :i* y c beg9 to e/imate ! ,ea/ ,end "w4 ,ab\t #cej m51 a locomotive1 =ty c>s1 #bjj horse wat] p[]1 ma*9i/s1 blacksmi?s a legion1 = %>p5+ drills is h& "w1 s is pick+ up rock1 load+ c>s1 mak+ track1 & all ?is is done 9 ! smoky1 wet1 grimy1 conf9$ tunnel1 or r\nd ab\t its entrance1 & y h a mix$1 confus$ suspicion t ?is tunnel driv+ is a "w ne$+ high p[]s ( organization2 &1 ) ! lic5se ( ! m9]1 8 pay day1 8 w$d+s & 8 wakes & fun]als1 :i* are all p[]ful reasons = quitt+ "w1 y h a /ill cle>] idea ( ! anxiety su* "w involves4 ,,c5tral ,,%aft4 ,! ,plate1 opposite page #gd1 conveys an idea ( ! s9k+ ( ! ,c5tral ,%aft at #hia feet dep?2 at ! "t ( writ+1 ,may1 #ahgb1 h[ev]1 ?is %aft _h n only rea*$ grade1 b to a sump b5ea? grade at a dep? ( #a1jdj feet2 head+s & enl>gem5ts h be5 also driv5 at grade1 ea/ & we/1 to meet ! works f ! ,ea/ ,end1 & f ! ,we/]n ,%aft4 ,ow+ to ! /ratification ( ! rock1 :i* dips t[>ds ! we/1 great progress 0 anticipat$ 9 ?is direction2 b man proposes & ,god disposes2 on rea*+ ab\t #cjj feet we/w>d1 seams ( wat] 7 /ruck1 ( s ?reat5+ a nature t a p[]ful ,corni% pump 0 erect$1 at a co/ rea*+1 9 all its details1 #hj1jjj1 & n[1 ,may1 aft] enl>g+ ! diamet] ( ! =m] plung] pump1 prud5ce sugge/s ! tempor>y delay ( any fur!r di/urbance ( ?is wat] inlet 7imm$iately "u ! divide ( ! m\nta971 until ! pres5t pump+ =ce has suffici5tly dra9$ ! s\rces ( wat] supply to p]mit a fur!r advance ( ?is 7! we/]n7 head+ ( ! ,c5tral ,%aft to be driv5 )\t involv+ a flood+ out ( ! m5 work+ at ! ea/]n head+4 ,mean:ile1 f ! sump1 ! excavations are enl>g$ to full tunnel size1 ! capacity ( ! ,corni% & plung] pumps are be+ te/$1 & all en]gy summon$ to meet any difficulties to be ov]come :5 ?is we/]n head+ ( ! ,c5tral ,%aft %all resume "w4 ,all ! rock "h has to be mov$ f ! head+ by h& p[]1 & lift$ 7by /eam p[]7 #a1jjj feet to ! surface1 yet1 not)/&+ ^! adv]se circum/ances1 dur+ ,m>*1 #ajj feet 0 driv5 to ! ea/w>d alone4 ,i app5d a memor&um furni%$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,bond1 ( actual drill+ & bla/+1 tak5 at ?is po9t dur+ ! dates giv51 be+ ab\t ! av]age p]=mance4 ,on ,augu/ #ai?1 #ahga1 on ! nor? side ( ! ea/ head+1 ma*9e ,no4 #a1 />t+ at #aj ,a4 ,m41 _h at #b4jh ,p4 ,m4 drill$ ?ree holes1 av]ag+ ab\t five feet f\r in*es2 ! "t actually occupi$ 9 drill+ be+ #gd m9utes1 or an av]age ( ab\t #be m9utes to ea* hole4 ,! rema9+ #b h\rs & #ed m9utes are acc\nt$ = by *anges ( drills1 break+ ( c>riage1 & an int]val ( #dj m9utes = d9n]4 ,on ! s\? side1 ma*9e ,no4 #b1 />t+ at #i4ce ,a4 ,m41 _h at #b4ji ,p4 ,m4 drill$ ?ree holes1 av]ag+ ab\t six feet f\r in*es2 ! "t actually occupi$ 9 drill+ be+ #ha m9utes1 or an av]age ( #bg m9utes to ea* hole4 ,! rema9+ #c h\rs & #ac m9utes are acc\nt$ = 9 a simil> mann] to ! "t ( ma*9e ,no4 #a1 except t !re 0 no accid5t to ! c>riage4 ,! av]age "t ( ! two ma*9es 0 ab\t #bf m9utes = ! av]age dep? ( ab\t five feet t5 in*es1 be+ two in*es & sev5-t5?s p] m9ute4 ,x w be se5 by ^! facts t ! actual drill+ is b a comp>atively small "p ( ! "w2 br++ =w>d ! ma*9es1 connect+ to ! air ma91 ins]t+ ! drills into ! jaws ( ! ma*9e pi/on1 *ang+ ^! drills z !y we> d[n1 oil+1 releas+ drill :5 /uck1 remov+ back ! ma*9e c>riage out ( rea* ( ! bla/$ rock1 wait+ = bla/] to *>ge ! holes1 connect 8 wires1 & apply ! electric curr5t to fire ! explod]s1 remov+ ! debris to cle> ! track = ! approa* ( ! drills--all ^! op]ations1 s v>i$ & yet s necess>y1 ea* consume a consid]able quota ( ! eight h\rs allott$ to ea* %ift4 ,on ,augu/ #cj1 #ahga1 a bla/ 0 made 9 ! ea/ head+ at #e4cj ,p4 ,m41 z foll[s3 f\rte5 #g foot holes 7 fir$ ) #be lbs4 ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 ?r[+ out ab\t #cj tons ( loose rock2 & "o solid rock1 diamet] #i #d #d feet1 & weigh+ ab\t #bd1jjj lbs41 a di/ance ( #cj feet1 a weighty te/imonial to ! explosive p[] ( ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,! exp5se incurr$ & difficulties met )1 9 work+ at ! ,c5tral ,%aft1 w s]ve z a h9t to contractors to make all due all[ance 9 _! e/imates = /rik+ a seam ( wat]2 "w may g on smoo?ly = a long "t2 ! g5]al geological =mation ( hill or m\nta9 may be well und]/ood1 & yet ! contractor _c tell b t he may /rike a ve9 ( qu>tz t may ?r[ him back days & weeks 9 8 drill+ calculations1 or a seam ( wat] :i* w co/ him ?\s&s ( doll>s 9 ma*9]y & labor to keep x "u4 ,on ,decemb] #g1 #ahgj1 ! hoi/+ ma*9]y broke at ! ,c5tral ,%aft1 & !n ! foll[+ measurem5ts ( wat] 7 made4 ,on ,decemb] #c1 ! dep? 0 #c feet2 ,decemb] #ac1 #g feet2 ,decemb] #ae1 #h feet2 ,decemb] #bj1 #ba #a_/f feet2 & ,decemb] #bd1 #dh feet4 ,at midnight !y comm5c$ bail+ ) two buckets1 "o hav+ a capacity ( #cda gallons or #ed4fe cubic feet1 & ! o!r #ahi gallons or #ca4cf cubic feet4 ,! l>ge bucket 0 hoi/$ #a1jge times1 bail+ #eh1gde4c cubic feet ( wat]1 & ! small bucket #iff times1 ) #bi1cbg4h cubic feet ( wat]1 ! :ole am\nt be+ #edi1agi4j gallons 9 #bg days1 or #ba1jhj4j gallons p] day4 ,! foll[+ anecdote is wor? relat+1 z %[+ ! wond]ful escapes m5 sometimes h1 :5 ! *ances are "o hundr$ ?\s& to "o aga9/ _! lives3 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahgb1 ,?omas ,hawk9s felt tir$ & sleepy1 & conclud$ to lie d[n 9 ! ea/ head+ ( ! ,c5tral ,%aft1 ab\t #cj feet di/ant f :]e ! bla/] 0 *>g+ sixte5 holes ) ,nitro-,glyc]91 int5d+ to retire :5 ! holes 7 *>g$4 ,b he fail$1 z we _m ( u d1 to c>ry out 8 int5tion4 ,:5 ! bla/] _h *>g$ 8 holes1 he left ! head+1 connect$ 8 wires1 & hav+ hallo$ ! usual w>n+ 8,fire10 & e ?+ be+ quiet1 dis*>g$ 8 bla/4 ,?omas ,hawk9s 0 awak5$ by ! report ( ! bla/1 scatt]+ #cj or #dj tons ( rock1 & annoy$ to f9d 8 foot bruis$1 he limp$ out to meet ! m9]s return+ to _! "w1 :o n[1 :5 a bla/ is ab\t to take place1 unceas+ly ask him :]e he proposes to take up 8 position1 t !y may *oose an equally safe place4 ,an escape1 z wond]ful1 at ! ,we/ ,%aft1 is wor?y ( be+ record$4 ,on ,augu/ #c1 #ahfh1 z ,ri*>d ,dunn 0 advanc+ to ! head+1 ) a c ab\t a qu>t] fill$ ) ,nitro-,glyc]91 8 foot slipp$1 &1 9 try+ to avoid fall+1 he swung ! c ov] 8 head1 /rik+ ! drill+ ma*9e frame1 & fell pro/rate1 /ill hold+ ! c2 a ru% ( air 0 he>d1 & ! c 0 f\nd z %[n 9 ! photograph1 page #ff1 ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 n hav+ explod$4 ,! man got up a great deal m unconc]n$ ?an ^? at "w ne> him1 & quietly w5t =w>d & fill$ 8 c>tridges z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,z ,i told him aft]w>ds1 he w nev] be s ne> et]nity aga9 )\t actually rea*+ x4 ,! c _h be5 fill$ at a temp]ature ( #de;,f1 & ! temp]ature ( ! room :]e x _h be5 /or$ = #cf h\rs1 0 ab\t #fe1 ?us caus+ an expansion bo? ( ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 & ! air conta9$ 9 ! c4 ,! ,we/ ,end ( ! ,tunnel comprises ! brick ar* & portal1 well ,no4 #d1 ! supplem5t>y %aft1 & :at is kn[n z ! ,we/ ,%aft4 ,! brick ar* has be5 driv5 ?r\gh :at is aptly t]m$1 8demoraliz$ rock10 = imm$iately aft] ! spr+ ?aw x becomes a quicks&1 & spews into ! tunnel f e direction4 ,by driv+ small adits on ea* side1 & a c5tral adit "s di/ance ahead ( ! ma9 tunnel1 ,mr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,f>r5 ov]came ?is dang]\s & difficult "w1 :i* at "o "t ?reat5$ 8 contract1 & ?us enabl$ ! ar* "w to be c>ri$ on4 ,subsequ5tly1 ! c5tral adit 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh to ! ,we/ ,%aft1 & ?us ! co/ly & difficult task ( lift+ #dbj gallons ( wat] p] m9ute1 to a height ( #cbj feet1 0 avoid$1 & x n[ escapes by natural fl[ ?r\gh ! we/ portal4 ,drill+ is practis$ "h z describ$ = ! ,ea/ ,end & ,c5tral ,%aft2 9 ! ,ea/ ,end ! head+ is driv5 on grade1 & ! ov]hang+ enl>gem5t is 8/op$0 out by h& drill+ work$ f an ar*$ /age1 7see plate opposite page #he7 ?us avoid+ ! necessity ( h&l+ twice2 mules draw ! lad5 trucks1 f ! head+ & beyond :]e ?is /ope+ out ( ! ro( is go+ on1 to ! locomotive1 :i* hauls a tra9 ( c>s lad5 ) /one to ! dump4 ,at ! ,we/ ,end1 h[ev]1 ! ro( ( ! head+ is driv5 9 l9e ) ! ro( ( ! tunnel1 :i* is h]eby left complete z ! head+ progresses2 ?is involves truck+ by h&1 & dump+ ! rock f ! head+ ov] ! b5* to ! l[] level1 see plate opposite page #ij1 & is n f\nd s economical z ! ,ea/ ,end me?od4 ,^! diff]+ me?ods ( work+1 h[ev]1 7 n />t$ simply z exp]im5ts1 b = good eng9e]+ reasons2 at ! ,ea/ ,end1 ! dump 0 ample bel[ ! grade ( ! outlet1 :]eas1 at ! ,we/ ,end !re 0 no opportunity to get out at ! portal1 on ! l9e ( ! int5d$ railroad2 all ! rock "h _h to be lift$ 7until ! portal & ar*$ "w 7 complet$7 up & out ( ! ,we/ ,%aft1 & dump$ on to ! m\nta9 side1 &1 to avoid be+ imp$$ by wat]1 ! head+ 0 driv5 on a level high] ?an ! grade ( ! ,tunnel1 ?us ensur+ good dra9age = ! mo/ important "p ( ! "w1 z x 0 !n deem$1 viz43 mon?ly l9e> advance4 ,= ! ,commission]s 7 s]vants ( ! public1 & ! advance1 r ?an ! enl>gem5t ( ! ,tunnel1 0 ! measure ( _! success s f> z public op9ion 0 conc]n$4 ,only by a p]sonal visit to ?is enorm\s "w c a correct idea be obta9$ ( ! exp5se1 +5uity1 eng9e]+ skill1 & indomitable en]gy ( ! sev]al =em5 & sup]9t5d5ts at ! f\r divisions1 viz43 ,ea/ ,end1 "u ,mr4 ,blue2 at ! ,c5tral ,%aft1 "u ,mr4 ,roskr[2 at ! ,we/ ,%aft1 ,mr4 ,williams1 ) und]gr\nd sup]9t5d5t1 ,mr4 ,:ite2 & at ! ,we/ ,portal or ar* "w1 ! sub-contractors1 ,messrs4 ,hock+ & ,holbrook2 all ( :om are daily devis+ m exp$iti\s me?ods ( detail1 9 compass+ ! great end s\ght by ea* brigade1 ! completion ( ! ,hoosac ,tunnel contract at ! "t specifi$4 ,& :il/ ?is en]gy1 ?is organization1 & all ?is developm5t ( ! highe/ grade ( mod]n eng9e]+1 are be+ devot$ to c>ry+ out ! express$ wi% ( ! majority ( ! p ( ,massa*usetts1 ! malcont5t m9ority is sleepless 9 (f]+ e possible ob/ruction to ! "w2 9 ,gov]nor's c\ncil1 9 consult+ eng9e]+ sup]vision1 9 committee ( assembly1 9 ! newspap] press1 cov]t expression ( ! opposition has f\nd v5t1 & be5 d\btless useful 9 its way4 ,b is x n "t ?is opposition %\ld cease8 ,mu/ our citiz5s be = ev] conf9$ to "o r\te f _! ,capitol to ! ,we/8 ,surely !re w be traffic en\gh & ample1 to remun]ate bo? l9es1 :5 ! ,hoosac ,tunnel r\te is op54 ,if s1 ! "t is approa*+ = a g5]\s welcome f ! oppon5ts ( ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 & ! conditions 8at own]'s risk & at corporation's conv5i5ce0 may cease to appe> on our freight notes4 ,illu/ration3 ,driv+ ,b5* ,"w & ,dump+ f ,head+ 7,we/ ,end47 ,in/ructions = ,h&l+ & ,us+ ,,m[bray',s ,,tri-,,nitro-,,glyc]94 #a4 ,h&le c>efully1 avoid+ a sudd5 j> or concussion1 & be v c>eful1 if any is spilt outside ! c1 to avoid /rik+ x aga9/ any h>d sub/ance4 #b4 ,:5 solid1 ?aw out by plac+ ! cans 9 a tub ( w>m wat]1 n hott] ?an ! wri/ c be>1 fir/ p\r+ w>m wat] into ! c1 & always remove ! c be=e add+ m hot wat] to ! tub4 #c4 ,to fill ,c>tridges1 c4--,hold ! ,c>tridges to be fill$ ov] a tray1 say #b feet by #c feet1 ! bottom ( :i* %\ld be cov]$ ) ,pla/] ( ,p>is 7:i* w n readily explode :5 saturat$ ) ,nitro-,glyc]947 ,! soil$ ,pla/] ( ,p>is %\ld be frequ5tly r5ew$4 #d4 ,if ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 9 a liquid /ate is kept 9 /ore or magaz9e = "s "t1 ! cork %\ld be loosely ins]t$1 & a p9t ( cold wat] p\r$ 9 ea* c1 to be frequ5tly p\r$ (f & replac$ ) fre% cold wat] 9 w>m wea!r1 tak+ c>e to reta9 ! bladd] "u ! cork4 ,x is pref]able1 :5 ice c be procur$1 to congeal ! ,nitro-,glyc]94 #e4 ,use ,funnels 7gutta-p]*a if !y c be _h7 = fill+ wat] holes4 ,"u no circum/ances :atev] attempt to tamp ! drill holes2 x is unnecess>y1 & may kill ! man :o attempts x4 #f4 ,hot irons to w>m ! wat]1 or sold]+ ! cans1 w be sure to cause explosions4 #g4 ,nev] sl$ge or attempt drill+ 9 a hole or seam :]e ,nitro-,glyc]9 has be5 spill$2 fire an explod]1 :i* w effectually cle> x up4 #h4 ,nev] p\r ,nitro-,glyc]9 into a hole unless p]fectly sure t x is a s\nd hole1 or w hold wat]2 if seamy always use c>tridges4 #i4 ,to obta9 ! be/ results ) ,nitro-,glyc]91 drill deep holes1 #f feet or m4 ,use p[]ful explod]s & well insulat$ wires4 ,x is *eap] to fire by electric batt]y ) simultane\s explosion1 ?an to fire sev]al holes ) tape fuse4 #aj4 ,look out aft] a bla/ = any unexplod$ c>tridges ly+ ar\nd4 #aa4 ,nev] all[ any b ! mo/ c>eful p]sons to h&le or h *>ge ( ! ,nitro-,glyc]91 & insi/ ^u ! use ( e precaution to prev5t an accid5t or explosion4 #ab4 ,nev] all[ empty ,glyc]9 cans to be us$ = any o!r purpose1 b de/roy !m by a fuse & explod]1 or build+ a fire "u !m1 fir/1 h[ev]1 remov+ !m to a safe di/ance4 #ac4 ,exam9e y\r cans f "t to "t1 & notice if1 at ! level ( ! ,nitro-,glyc]91 any p9-holes h eat5 ?r\gh2 9 su* case procure a new c1 or /one j>1 & empty ! cont5ts out1 n tru/+ y\r hold to ! upp] "p ( ! c1 le/ x may give way4 #ad4 ,:5 solid1 or congeal$1 x is absolutely safe2 if possible1 !re=e1 any surplus %\ld be /or$ surr\nd$ ) ice1 s9ce no explosion c take place :5 x is solid4 ,,george ,m4 ,,m[bray4 ,nor? ,adams1 ,mass41 ,june1 #ahgb4 ,,app5dix4 ,a4 ,,memor&a ,,= ,,contractors4 #a4 ,!re are v diff]5t qualities ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 v>y+ f #ej p] c5t4 9 bla/+ =ce1 & ! same manufactur]1 unless able to control absolutely e detail ( 8 "w1 _c insure a precisely simil> product1 ev5 f simil> +r$i5ts4 #b4 ,! be/ ,nitro-,glyc]9 may be simply fir$1 or only explod$1 or its full bla/+ effects a*iev$1 precisely accord+ to ! initial velocity or =ce us$ to />t ! explosion2 two c5ts 9 an explod] !re=e may save t5 doll>s 9 a bla/4 #c4 ,t5 p] c5t4 ( wat] diffus$ ?r\gh ,nitro-,glyc]91 giv+ x a milky appe>ance 7,nitro-,glyc]9 emulsion71 w dim9i% its effective bla/+ results #cj p] c5t4 #d4 ,?irty p] c5t4 m bla/+ p[] is evolv$1 :5 ! ,nitro-,glyc]9 rea*es ! b>e rock ( ! drill hole1 ?an :51 by ins]tion 9 c>tridge1 ! metal ( ! c>tridge & a lay] ( air or wat] are int]pos$ betwe5 ! bla/+ gases & ! rock4 #e4 ,pure ,nitro-,glyc]9 may be safely /or$1 & does n readily *ange2 impure ,nitro-,glyc]9 ne$s only "t & temp]ature to explode spontane\sly4 #f4 ,9 h>d pan1 or indurat$ clay1 ,nitro-,glyc]9 is n s economical z p[d]2 9 granite1 gneiss1 hornbl5de1 qu>tz & o!r h>d rocks1 ! h>d] ! bett]1 especially 9 l>ge erratic b\ld]s1 ! l>g] ! bett]1 ,nitro-,glyc]9 w enable ! tunnel+1 cut or block-hol+1 to be p]=m$ at half ! co/ z comp>$ ) gunp[d]4 ,b4 8,,ov]-,,s5sitive0 ,,explod]s4 ,! t]m1 8ov]-s5sitive10 has be5 us$ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 & appli$ to explod]s4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,d[se1 ( ,lockport1 ,ill9ois1 appli$ 8fulm9ate ( copp]0 7a discov]y ( ,dr4 ,john ,davy7 z a prim+ = explod]s1 & pat5t$ ! application1 obs]v+ 9 8 pat5t t p>ties unaccu/om$ to ! prep>ation ( fulm9ates _h bett] leave ?is prep>ation alone4 ,! sequel %[s ,mr4 ,d[se's caution 0 n sup]flu\s4 ,two manufactur]s1 provok$ by ! comm]cial inconv5i5ce ( ! con/ant return ( explod]s ow+ to _! ineffici5cy1 h resort$ to ?is 8ov]-s5sitive0 prim+1 & receiv$ ! foll[+ w>n+s3 ,9 #ahfi1 ,mr4 ,/[ell 0 /&+ 9 ! (fice1 on ,sudbury /reet1 ,bo/on1 :il/ ,mr4 ,h4 ,julius ,smi? 0 pack+ #bjj explod]s 9 a rubb] bag1 9 :i* an ebonite electric ma*9e _h be5 plac$4 ,mr4 ,/[ell rem>k$1 8,is x safe to cr[d !m into a bag l t80 8,oh yes1 p]fectly safe10 0 ! reply1 :5 in/antly #agj out ( ! #bjj explod$1 sev]ely burn+ & injur+ bo? ,smi? & ,/[ell1 ! latt] be+ conf9$ to 8 b$ = five weeks 9 consequ5ce4 ,a simil> explosion occurr$ to ,mr4 ,smi? on ano!r occasion1 ! copp] caps p5etrat+ ! fle%y "p ( ! ?igh1 9 almo/ ! same p>ts z ,mr4 ,/[ell _h be5 w\nd$1 & burn+ ! eyela%es1 eyebr[s & face sev]ely2 by ?is accid5t ,mr4 ,smi? 0 conf9$ to 8 room = a consid]able "t4 ,mr4 ,smi?'s p>tn]1 9 t\*+ "s ( ?is prim+1 :il/ moi/1 9 a wood5 b[l1 0 also sev]ely burnt by its detonation1 ! face1 eyebr[s & eyela%es be+ injur$1 & himself conf9$ to 8 room = f\r days4 ,on ,?anksgiv+ day1 #ahfi1 ,*>les ,a4 ,br[n 0 h&l+ "s ( ?is prim+1 incauti\sly t\*+ x on a piece ( glass ) a /eel knife2 x explod$1 & ! consequ5ce has be5 deprivation ( sight4 ,"o ,hogan1 9 ! ,fall ( #ahga1 work+ 9 ,*>les ,a4 ,br[n's explod] factory1 lo/ ! sight ( "o eye1 ! o!r be+ sev]ely injur$1 by imprud5tly omitt+ 8 helmet 7usually worn :il/ h&l+ ?is mat]ial71 & proce$+ to move "s ( ! prim]s :il/ dry+ ! same4 ,! sup]9t5d5t1 =eman ( ma*9e %op1 =eman c>p5t] & bla/]1 engag$ 9 connect+ ! wires1 at ! enl>gem5t ( ! ,ea/ ,end1 7 kill$ ,april #ba1 #ahga1 by a premature explosion1 caus$ by ! lightn+ /rik+ ! iron rails1 :5ce ! induc$ & ambi5t electricity1 radiat+ to ! lead+ wire1 fir$ ! ov]-s5sitive explod]s :i* 7 ins]t$ 9 ! *>ges ( ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,at ! ,burleigh ,m9e1 ,georget[n1 two m5 7 kill$ f simil> causes produc+ simil> effects4 ,an explod]1 f "o ( ! above manufactur]s1 plac$ 9 a c>tridge t 0 be+ l[]$ ) =ty p\nds ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 f ! ,gov]nm5t sc[1 at ,dimon's reef1 to ! div] bel[1 explod$ by reason ( ! friction ( ! insulat+ wire z x pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,sup]9t5d5t ,pi]ce2 n[1 z !re 7 #cjj p\nds ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 on ! sc[1 _h x explod$1 x mu/ h de/roy$ ! sc[ & e s\l 7ab\t #dj7 on bo>d4 ,=tunately1 ! fulm9at+ *>ge 0 z imp]fect z ! prim+ 0 ov]-s5sitive1 confirm+ rem>ks on page #db4 ,^! casualties1 ! comm5ts ( ! press1 toge!r ) ! con/ant explosions 9 ! factories ( ^? :o prep>e 8ov]-s5sitive0 explod]s1 are beg9n+ to influ5ce bo? pr9cipals & employees1 & x is hop$ explod] mak]s w ev5tually succe$ 9 ei!r resort+ to ! ,abel prim+1 or discov]1 9 ! records ( ! ,pat5t (fice1 "s =mula t !y c imitate1 n s s5sitive z t ( ,mr4 ,jacob ,d[se1 & ^: proprietor is equally indiff]5t1 or n 8ov]-s5sitive0 to infr+em5t4 ,x is too mu* to expect !y w surprise _! fri5ds1 z ,%]idan is report$ to h a/oni%$ 81 :51 aft] repeat$ failures to guess h[ he became possess$ ( a new pair ( boots1 he coolly ann\nc$1 8he _h actually b\ght & paid = !m40 ,mean:ile1 ! manufactur] ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 if he w\ld avoid ! additional risk ( explod] accid5ts1 :i* are inv>iably laid to ,nitro-,glyc]91 mu/ make 8 own explod]s1 & try to con/ruct ! necess>y electric app>atus to fire !m1 until fur!r developm5ts h /imulat$ ^? :o h ent]$ into ^! trades to p]fect _! w>es4 ,c4 ,,pr(essor ,,abel ,,on ,,effects ,,( ,,initial ,,explosion ,,on ,,explosives4 ,mr4 ,abel1 ( ! ,woolwi* ,ars5al1 ,great ,brita91 9 an ab/ract ( ! ,proc4 ,royal ,society xvi4 #cie1 obs]ves3 ,! degree ( rapidity ) :i* an explosive sub/ance und]goes metamorphosis1 z also ! nature & results ( su* *ange1 are 9 ! great] numb] ( in/ances susceptible ( sev]al modifications1 by v>iation ( ! circum/ances "u :i* ! conditions ess5tial to *emical *ange are fulfill$4 ,excell5t illu/rations ( ! modes by :i* su* modifications may be br\ght ab\t are furni%$ by gun-cotton1 :i* may be made to burn v sl[ly & almo/ )\t flame1 to inflame ) great rapidity1 b )\t developm5t ( great explosive =ce1 or to ex]cise a viol5t de/ructive action2 accord+ z ! mode ( apply+ heat1 ! circum/ances att5d+ its application1 & ! me*anical conditions ( ! explosive ag5t are modifi$4 ,nitro-,glyc]9 or ,glono91 :i* be>s "s resemblance to *loride ( nitrog5 9 ! sudd5ness ( its explosion1 requires ! fulfillm5t ( special conditions = ! full developm5t ( its explosive =ce4 ,its explosion by ! simple action ( heat c be accompli%$ only :5 ! s\rce ( heat is appli$ = a consid]able "t 9 su* a way t *emical decomposition is e/abli%$ 9 "s portion ( ! mass1 & is favor$ by ! cont9u$ application ( heat to t "p2 "u ^! circum/ances ! *emical *ange proce$s ) v rapidly accel]at+ viol5ce1 & ev5tually br+s ab\t a sudd5 trans=mation ( ! heat$ portion into gase\s products1 :i* trans=mation is in/antly communicat$ ?r\gh\t ! mass ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 s t conf9em5t ( ! sub/ance is n necess>y to develop its full explosive =ce4 ,?is result c be obta9$ m exp$iti\sly1 & ) great] c]ta9ty1 by expos+ ! sub/ance to ! concussive action ( a detonation produc$ by ! ignition ( a small quantity ( fulm9at+ p[d] plac$ 9 contact ) or ne> to ! ,nitro-,glyc]94 ,! developm5t ( ! viol5t explosive action ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 freely expos$ to air1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a detonation1 0 reg>d$ until rec5tly z a peculi>ity ( t sub/ance2 b ,abel's exp]im5ts h %[n t gun-cotton & o!r explosive comp\nds & mixtures d n necess>ily require conf9em5t = ! full developm5t ( _! explosive =ce2 ?is result be+ obta9$ 7& v readily 9 "s in/ances1 especially 9 t ( gun-cotton7 by means simil> to ^? appli$ 9 ! case ( ,nitro-,glyc]91 viz43 by ! p]cussive action ( a detonation4 ,! action ( a detonation 9 det]m9+ ! viol5t explosion ( gun-cotton1 ,nitro-,glyc]91 etc41 _c be ascrib$ to ! direct op]ation ( ! heat develop$ by ! *emical *anges ( ! *>ge ( detonat+ comp\nd us$ z ! explod+ ag5t4 ,an exp]im5tal comp>ison ( ! me*anical =ce ex]t$ by diff]5t explosive comp\nds1 & by ! same comp\nd employ$ 9 diff]5t ways1 has %[n t ! rem>kable p[] exhibit$ by ! explosion ( small quantities ( c]ta9 bodies 7! m]curic & arg5tic fulm9ates7 to accompli% ! detonation ( gun-cotton1 :ile comp>atively l>ge quantities ( o!r highly explosive ag5ts are incapable ( produc+ ?is result1 is g5]ally acc\nt$ = 9 a satisfactory mann] by ! diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( =ce sudd5ly br\ght to be> 9 ! diff]5t in/ances ^u "s portion ( ! mass op]at$ ^u4 ,mo/ g5]ally1 !re=e1 ! degree ( facility ) :i* ! detonation ( a sub/ance w develop simil> *anges 9 a neighbor+ explosive sub/ance may be reg>d$ z proportionate to ! am\nt ( =ce develop$ )9 ! %orte/ space ( "t by t detonation1 ! latt] be+1 9 fact1 analog\s 9 its op]ation to t ( a bl[ f a hamm]1 or ( ! impact ( a projectile4 ,sev]al rem>kable results ( an exceptional "* h1 h[ev]1 be5 obta9$1 :i* indicate t ! developm5t ( explosive =ce "u ! circum/ances ref]r$ to1 is n always simply ascribable to ! sudd5 op]ation ( me*anical =ce4 ,?us silv] fulm9ate1 :i* explodes mu* m sudd5ly1 & ) mu* m p[]ful local =ce ?an m]curic fulm9ate1 nev]!less1 :5 appli$ "u ! same conditions1 does n induce ! explosion ( gun-cotton s readily z m]curic fulm9ate4 ,five gra9s ( m]curic fulm9ate enclos$ 9 a case ( /\t %eet metal1 & explod$ 9 close contact ) compress$ gun-cotton1 caus$ ! detonation ( ! latt]1 b five gra9s ( silv] fulm9ate enclos$ 9 t9-foil1 ?\gh x appe>$ to produce q z %>p a detonation z ! same quantity ( ! m]cury salt enclos$ 9 ! /\t case1 did n explode ! gun-cotton ) :i* x 0 surr\nd$1 b m]ely scatt]$ ! mass2 :5 enclos$ 9 ! /\t %eet metal case1 h[ev]1 ! five gra9s ( silv] fulm9ate accompli%$ ! detonation ( ! gun-cotton4 ,iodide & *loride ( nitrog5 are mu* m susceptible ( sudd5 explosion ev5 ?an silv] fulm9ate2 nev]!less1 ! iodide does n appe> to be capable ( caus+ ! explosion ( compress$ gun-cotton2 & ! *loride ( nitrog5 %[s b little capability ( produc+ ! same effect1 fifty gra9s be+ ! smalle/ quantity t w answ] ! purpose4 ,la/ly1 x is f\nd t ,nitro-,glyc]9 :5 explod$ by a *>ge ( m]curic fulm9ate1 w n br+ ab\t ! explosion ( compress$ gun-cotton plac$ 9 contact ) x1 ?\gh "u precisely simil> circum/ances ! explosion ( gun-cotton or ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 w induce ! explosion ( a l>g] mass ( its own k9d4 ,^! results po9t to ! conclusion1 t ! effect ( ! detonation ( "o sub/ance 9 caus+ ! explosion ( ano!r dep5ds n only on ! =ce1 b also on ! nature ( ! vibrations develop$ 9 ! =m]2 ! mo/ probable explanation ( ! obs]v$ results be+ t ! vibrations att5dant ^u a p>ticul> explosion1 if syn*ron\s ) ^? :i* w\ld result f ! explosion ( a neighb\r+ sub/ance 9 a /ate ( high *emical t5sion1 w1 by _! t5d5cy to develop ^? vibrations1 ei!r det]m9e ! explosion1 or1 at lea/1 greatly aid ! di/urb+ effect ( me*anical =ce sudd5ly appli$1 :ile1 9 ! in/ance ( ano!r explosion1 :i* develops vibratory impulses ( a diff]5t "*1 ! me*anical =ce appli$ ?r\gh its ag5cy1 has to op]ate ) little or no aid1 s t great] =ce or a m p[]ful detonation is requir$ 9 ! latt] case to accompli% ! same result4 ,d4 ,,nitro-,,glyc]9 ,,c> ,,(f ,,! ,,track4 ,! p]fect safety ) :i* ,nitro-,glyc]9 c be transport$1 :5 congeal$1 is demon/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ fact1 :i* %\ld effectually bani% f ! m9ds ( freight ag5ts & express companies ! objections :i* !y h h]et(ore successfully urg$ aga9/ c>ry+ ,nitro-,glyc]9 by rail2 s f>1 at lea/1 z conc]ns t manufactur$ by ! writ]4 ,on ,may #c1 #ahgb1 a special c> load$ ) sev5ty-n9e cans conta9+ #d1hjj p\nds ( congeal$ ,nitro-,glyc]91 0 be+ transport$ ov] ! ,*esapeake & ,ohio ,railroad1 f ,hunt+ton to ,*>le/[n2 ,c4 ,j4 ,*e%ire1 ,assi/+-,sup]9t5d5t at ! ,maysville1 ,ky41 ,works1 0 on ! c> runn+ at ! rate ( #ah miles an h\r2 sudd5ly ! c> jump$ ! track1 & 0 dragg$ ov] ! ties1 "s ( :i* 7 two feet t5 in*es measur$ di/ance ap>t 7! new roadway n !n balla/$71 = a di/ance ( #fhd feet1 be=e ! tra9 c\ld be br\ght to a /& /ill1 to ! no small con/]nation ( ,mr4 ,*e%ire1 ! eng9e-driv] & /ok]4 ,! r\gh jolt+ _h no effect :atev] on ! ,nitro-,glyc]91 except tumbl+ "s ( ! cans (f ! c>1 & 9 a few h\rs1 ! c> be+ replac$1 transportation 0 resum$1 & "o m exp]i5ce ( ! prop]ties ( our ,nitro-,glyc]9 add$ to ! li/4 ,e4 ,,accid5ts ,,at ,,! ,,hoosac ,,tunnel4 ,until )9 ! la/ two ye>s !re has be5 no complete record kept 9 ! ,/ate ,eng9e]'s (fice ( ! casualties among ! m9]s at "w on ?is great und]tak+2 b a c>eful exam9ation ( ! exi/+ records1 & ( ! sup]9t5d5ts at diff]5t portions ( ! "w1 has enabl$ u to pres5t ! foll[+ analysis ( ! accid5ts1 caus+ dea? or injuries to m9]s1 :i* h occurr$ )9 ! pa/ ?ree ye>s1 & to ?is we app5d ! accid5ts by gun-cotton1 ,erh>dt's p[d] & fire1 :i*1 al?\gh ( an e>li] date1 f _! peculi> nature h _h special memor&a made 9 reg>d to !m4 ,,analysis4 ,kill$4 ,injur$4 ,kill$ & injur$ by fall+ rocks1 tumbl+ d[n ,%aft1 & ! usual casualties ( m9]s o!r ?an ^? m5tion$ bel[1 #ad #ab ,fire--,burn+ ,c5tral ,%aft1 #ac ,ov]-s5sitive ,explod]s1 #g a numb]4 ,dual9 7ab\t #fjj lbs4 actually us$71 #a #c ,erh>dt's ,p[d] 7less ?an #ejj lbs4 us$71 #c #aj ,gun-,cotton 7ab\t #bej lbs4 us$71 #a #d ,nitro-,glyc]9 7ab\t #aej1jjj lbs4 us$71 #e #e ,gun-,p[d] 7mo/ ( ! accid5ts f p[d]1 occurr$ at an e>li] date ?an our record1 :i* 9 ?is respect is necess>ily incomplete71 #b #c ------ ------ #df #cg #h ------ #de ,?is analysis %[s #df kill$1 & #de 7all[+ #h z ! 8numb]0 vaguely m5tion$ 9 ! records7 injur$ by ! v>i\s s\rces ( accid5ts ref]r$ to1 & z ! relation ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 to o!r explosives is :at especially int]e/s our read]s1 ! foll[+ comp>ative analysis ( ! dea?s 9 proportion to ! numb] ( p\nds ( ea* explosive us$ at ! ,hoosac ,tunnel1 w enable !m to =m "s idea z to ! comp>ative safety ( ^? m5tion$4 ,,analysis4 ,kill$4 ,am\nt us$4 ,proportion lbs4 ( dea?s p] #ajj lbs4 ,erh>dt's ,p[d]1 #c #ejj 4#f ,gun-,cotton1 #a #bej 4#d ,dual91 #a #fjj 4#af ,nitro-,glyc]91 #e #aej1jjj 4#jjjc ,z ,nitro-,glyc]9 has #ac times ! explosive p[] ( gunp[d]1 our read]s1 :o are accu/om$ to use ! latt] = bla/+1 c easily asc]ta9 ! p]c5tage ( accid5ts 9 proportion to ! am\nt us$1 & s judge = !mselves z to ! comp>ative safety ( ^! explosives4 ,really1 :il/ us+1 only two lives h be5 lo/2 "o man ra%ly advanc+ to ! *>ge1 al?\gh advis$ to desi/1 :il/ 8 fuse 0 burn+2 ! o!r1 on *ange ( %ift1 aft] a bla/1 a c>tridge hav+ fail$ to explode1 & ! bla/] neglect+ to exam9e :e!r 8 c>tridge _h explod$1 all[$ ! new %ift to proce$ drill+ 9 ! same rock1 & )9 "o in* ( ! same spot previ\sly drill$1 & :]e a *>g$ c>tridge 0 conta9$1 :5 aft] a few in*es ( drill+ progress1 !y came on to ! conceal$ c>tridge--explosion foll[$4 ,9 ! magaz9e :]e ?ree 7 kill$1 9 ord] to hurry up1 aft] a previ\s night's spree1 x _h become ! practice1 not)/&+ p]emptory w>n+s1 to remove ! cov] ( ! /ove1 & expose ! nak$ c ( ,nitro-,glyc]9 to ! nak$ fire1 ( c\rse1 explosion mu/1 z x did1 foll[ ?is repreh5sible folly1 & disob$i5ce to ord]s1 result+ 9 kill+ ?ree m54 ,i h e/abli%$ ,tri-,nitro-,glyc]9 ,factories ,at ,nor? ,adams1 ,massa*usetts1 ,,alfr$ ,,wallace1 ,=eman2 ,at ,maysville1 ,k5tucky1 ,,john ,,wallace1 ,sup]9t5d5t2 ,at ,k+/on1 ,prov9ce ,ont>io1 ,upp] ,canada1 ,h4 ,h4 ,,pratt1 ,sup]9t5d5t2 ,9 ord] to facilitate supply1 & make deliv]ies at lea/ possible co/ = freight4 ,,geo4 ,m4 ,,m[bray1 ,,nor? ,,adams1 ,,mass4 ,:]e ord]s = ,explod]s1 bo? electric & tape fuse1 gutta-p]*a insulat$ lead+ & connect+ wire1 ( quality v sup]ior to any hi!rto made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %\ld be address$4 ,ag5t 9 ,new ,york ,city3 ,w4 ,b4 ,,t[ns5d1 ,no4 #dj ,broadway 7,room #ci47