,transcrib]'s ,note ,sup]scripts are prec$$ by a or enclos$ 9 braces2 italics are enclos$ 9 und]scores2 boldface is enclos$ 9 equals signs4 ,,! ,,c5tury ,,sci5ce ,,s]ies ,,edit$ ,,by ,,sir ,,h5ry ,e4 ,,roscoe1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,mi*ael ,,f>aday ,,8 ,,life ,,& ,,"w ,! ,c5tury ,sci5ce ,s]ies4 ,edit$ by ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,roscoe1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,pa/eur4 ,by ,,p]cy ,,frankl&1 ,ph4,d47,wrzburg71 ,b4,sc4 7,lond471 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,mrs4 ,,p]cy ,,frankl&4 ,humphry ,davy1 ,poet & ,philosoph]4 ,by ,t4 ,e4 ,,?orpe1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,*>les ,d>w9 & ! ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection4 ,by ,,edw>d ,b4 ,,p\lton1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,john ,dalton & ! ,rise ( ,mod]n ,*emi/ry4 ,by ,sir ,,h5ry ,e4 ,,roscoe1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,major ,r5nell1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ! ,rise ( ,engli% ,geography4 ,by ,sir ,,clem5ts ,r4 ,,m>kham1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,ju/us von ,liebig3 8 ,life & ,"w 7#ahjc-ahgc74 ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,%5/one1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,lectur] on ,*emi/ry 9 ,clifton ,college4 ,! ,h]s*els & ,mod]n ,a/ronomy4 ,by ,,agnes ,m4 ,,cl]ke4 ,*>les ,lyell & ,mod]n ,geology4 ,by ,pr(essor ,t4 ,g4 ,,bonney1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,j4 ,cl]k ,maxwell & ,mod]n ,physics4 ,by ,r4 ,t4 ,,glazebrook1 ,f4,r4,s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mi*ael ,f>aday3 8 ,life & ,"w4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,silvanus ,p4 ,,?ompson1 ,f4,r4,s4 #es4 ,,cassell ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,london2 ,p>is1 ,new ,york ,melb\rne4 ,illu/ration3 ,ev] ,y\rs ,truly ,m ,f>aday ,,! ,,c5tury ,,sci5ce ,,s]ies ,,mi*ael ,,f>aday ,,8 ,,life ,,& ,,"w ,,by ,,silvanus ,p4 ,,?ompson1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,pr9cipal ,,( ,,& ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,physics ,,9 ,,! ,,city ,,& ,,guilds ,,( ,,london ,,te*nical ,,college1 ,,f9sbury ,,cassell ,,& ,,company1 ,,limit$ ,,london1 ,,p>is1 ,,new ,,york ,,melb\rne #ahih ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,illu/ration ,,on ,a ,,portrait ,,( ,,f>aday4 ,0 ev] man s simple & s sage1 ,s cr[n$ & yet s c>eless ( a prize6 ,great ,f>aday1 :o made ! _w s wise1 ,& lov$ ! lab\r bett] ?an ! wage4 ,& ?is y say is h[ he look$ 9 age1 ,) t /rong br[ & ^! great humble eyes ,t seem to look ) rev]5t surprise ,on all outside himself4 ,turn o'er ! page1 ,record+ ,angel1 x is :ite z sn[4 ,ah ,god1 a fitt+ mess5g] 0 he ,to %[ ,?y my/]ies to u bel[4 ,*ild z he came has he return$ to ,!e4 ,w\ld he c\ld come b once aga9 to %[ ,! wond]-deep ( 8 simplicity4 ,,cosmo ,,monkh\se4 ,,preface ,%ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,f>aday 9 #ahfg1 ?ree biographies ( him--ea* admirable 9 its own l9e--7 publi%$4 ,! 8,life & ,lett]s ( ,f>aday10 by ,dr4 ,b5ce ,jones1 secret>y ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 :i* 0 issu$ 9 #ahfh 9 two volumes1 has long be5 out ( pr9t4 8,f>aday z a ,discov]]10 writt5 9 #ahfh by ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 :i*1 ?\gh slight] z a record1 br+s out _m po9ts ( "* into /rik+ relief1 is also n[ exhau/$4 ,dr4 ,glad/one's 8,mi*ael ,f>aday10 publi%$ 9 #ahgb1 s ri* 9 rem9isc5ces1 & s appreciative ( ! moral & religi\s side ( 8 "*1 is also out ( pr9t4 ,o!r & brief] biographies exi/2 ! 8loge ,hi/orique0 ( ,m4 ,dumas2 ! article 8,f>aday0 9 ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica0 by ,pr(essor ,cl]k ,maxwell2 & ! *apt] on ,f>aday 9 ,dr4 ,w4 ,g>nett's 8,h]oes ( ,sci5ce40 ,b !re seems room = ano!r acc\nt ( ! life & lab\rs ( ! man ^: influ5ce ^u ! c5tury 9 :i* he liv$ 0 s great4 ,= =ty ye>s he 0 a liv+ & inspir+ voice 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution1 beyond all "q ! greate/ sci5tific expositor ( 8 "t4 ,?r\gh\t almo/ ! :ole ( t "t 8 orig9al rese>*es 9 physics1 & *iefly 9 electricity1 7 ext5d+ ! b\nd>ies ( k & lay+ ! f\ndations n only = ! great developm5ts ( electrical eng9e]+ ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s b = ^? /ill great] developm5ts 9 ! !ories ( electricity1 magnetism1 & light :i* are e ye> be+ ext5d$ & made fruitful4 ,7 !re no o!r reason ?an ^! developm5ts 9 practice & !ory1 !y w\ld amply ju/ify ! ef=t to review n[1 aft] s _m ye>s1 ! position ( ,f>aday among/ ! em95t m5 ( ! c5tury n[ draw+ to its close4 ,^? :o 7 intimately acqua9t$ ) him are a fa/ dw9dl+ b&4 ,9 ! recollection ( su* z h surviv$ him1 8 image lives & moves1 surr\nd$ ) graci\s memories1 a vivid p]sonality in/9ct ) r>e & unselfi% k9dl9ess4 ,b ! survivors are few1 & _! ranks gr[ ?9n] ) ea* succe$+ ye>4 ,& s x comes ab\t t ! task ( writ+ ( 8 life & "w has be5 entru/$ to "o :o nev] ceases to regret t he nev] met ,f>aday4 ,?anks to ! p]mission ( ! manag]s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 a numb] ( %ort extracts f ,f>aday's notebooks1 hi!rto unpubli%$1 are n[ pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,mu* m rema9s :i* x is to be hop$1 = ! b5efit ( sci5ce1 may be publi%$ ere long4 ,! au?or desires fur!r to ackn[l$ge ! k9dness ( ,messrs4 ,longmans ,co4 9 all[+ ! reproduction ( ! illu/rations on pages #c & #beh1 :i* are tak5 f ,b5ce ,jones's 8,life & ,lett]s ( ,f>aday10 publi%$ 9 #ahfh4 ,mr4 ,elk9 ,ma!ws has k9dly p]mitt$ ! ins]tion ( ! sonnet by ,mr4 ,cosmo ,monkh\se :i* foll[s ! title-page4 ,! au?or is also indebt$ to ,dr4 ,j4 ,hall ,glad/one1 ,f4,r4,s41 = _m valuable notes & sugge/ions1 & to ,miss ,m4 ,k4 ,reynolds = photographs us$ 9 prep>+ ,fig4 #ad4 ,mo/ ( all he is indebt$ to ,miss ,jane ,b>n>d = access to ,f>aday's private pap]s1 & = p]mission to pr9t c]ta9 extracts f !m4 ,s4 ,p4 ,t4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*ap4 ,i4--,,e>ly ,,life1 ,,tra9+1 ,,& ,,travel #a ,,*ap4 ,,ii4--,,life ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,in/itution #ce ,,*ap4 ,,iii4--,,sci5tific ,,rese>*es--,,fir/ ,,p]iod #ge ,,*ap4 ,,iv4--,,sci5tific ,,rese>*es--,,second ,,p]iod #ajb ,,*ap4 ,v4--,,sci5tific ,,rese>*es--,,?ird ,,p]iod #agb ,,*ap4 ,,vi4--,,middle ,,& ,,lat] ,,life #bbb ,,*ap4 ,,vii4--,,views ,,on ,,! ,,pursuit ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,on ,,education #bfa ,,*ap4 ,,viii4--,,religi\s ,,views #bhf ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,portrait ,frontispiece ,,figs4 ,,page #a4 ,riebau's ,%op #c #b4 ,electromagnetic ,rotations 7facsimile sket*7 #hh #c4 ,app>atus = ,rotation 7facsimile sket*7 #hh #d4 ,f>aday's ,r+ 7facsimile sket*7 #ajh #e4 ,induction ,exp]im5t 7facsimile sket*7 #aaa #f4 ,! 8,new ,electrical ,ma*9e0 7facsimile sket*7 #aba #g4 ,! ,teetotum ,app>atus #abc #h4 ,! ,revolv+ ,copp] ,cyl9d] 7facsimile sket*7 #abd #i4 ,e>? ,inductor #abe #aj4 ,a ,sp>k f a ,magnet 7facsimile sket*7 #abi #aa4 ,h[ to ,cut ! ,magnetic ,l9es #acc #ab4 ,illu/ration ( ! ,new ,t]ms 7facsimile sket*7 #ade #ac4 ,bundle ( ,wires 7facsimile sket*7 #aea #ad4 ,app>atus = ,inve/igat+ ,dielectric ,capacity #aei #ae4 ,block ( ,heavy-glass 7facsimile sket*7 #agf #af4 ,action ( ,magnet on ,light 7facsimile sket*7 #agg #ag4 ,arrangem5ts ( ,magnets 7facsimile sket*7 #agh #ah4 ,! ,r+ ,electromagnet 7facsimile sket*7 #agi #ai4 ,! ,equatorial ,position #ahh #bj4 ,illu/ration ( ,lat]al ,vibrations #aie #ba4 ,a ,lecture ,model #bci #bb4 ,cottage at ,hampton ,c\rt #beh ,,mi*ael ,,f>aday4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,life1 ,,tra9+1 ,,& ,,travel4 ,on ! #bbnd ( ,septemb]1 #agia1 0 born1 at ,new+ton ,butts1 !n an outly+ ,surrey village1 b s9ce long surr\nd$ & swall[$ up )9 ! area ( ,great] ,london1 ! boy ,mi*ael ,f>aday4 ,he 0 ! ?ird *ild ( 8 p>5ts1 ,james & ,m>g>et ,f>aday1 :o _h b rec5tly migrat$ to ,london f ! little ,york%ire village ( ,clapham4 ,clapham lies "u ! %ad[ ( ,+lebor\gh1 on ! we/]n bord] ( ! c\nty1 midway betwe5 ,settle & ,kirkby ,lonsdale4 ,! fa!r1 ,james ,f>aday1 0 a work+ blacksmi?2 ! "m1 daught] ( a f>m] ( ,mall]/ang1 ! romantic valley :i* runs pa/ ,p5dragon ,ca/le to ,kirkby ,/eph54 ,james ,f>aday 0 "o ( ! t5 *ildr5 ( a ,rob]t ,f>aday1 :o 9 #agef _h m>ri$ ,elizabe? ,dean1 ! own] ( a small home/ead kn[n z ,clapham ,wood ,hall1 s9ce pull$ d[n4 ,all ,rob]t ,f>aday's sons appe> to h be5 br\ght up to trades1 "o be+ a %oemak]1 ano!r a groc]1 ano!r a f>m]1 ano!r a flax-work]1 & ano!r a %opkeep]4 ,desc5dants ( "s ( ^! /ill live 9 ! di/rict4 ,aft] ,mi*ael's bir?1 8 p>5ts mov$ to ! nor? side ( ! ,?ames1 liv+ = a %ort "t 9 ,gilb]t ,/reet1 b remov+ 9 #agif to rooms ov] a coa*-h\se 9 ,jacob's ,well ,mews1 ,*>les ,/reet1 ,man*e/] ,squ>e1 :]e !y liv$ till #ahji4 ,9 t ye>1 "y ,mi*ael be+ n[ ne>ly eighte5 ye>s old1 !y mov$ to #ah1 ,weym\? ,/reet1 ,portl& ,place4 ,"h 9 ! succe$+ ye> ,james ,f>aday1 :o _h long be5 an invalid1 di$2 8 wid[1 :o = "s ye>s rema9$ on at ,weym\? ,/reet1 ma9ta9+ h]self by tak+ 9 lodg]s until h] sons c\ld support !mselves & h]1 surviv$ till #ahch4 ,?\gh a capable woman & a good "m1 %e 0 q un$ucat$4 ,9 h] decl9+ ye>s %e 0 :olly support$ by h] son1 ( :om %e 0 v pr\d1 & to :om %e 0 devot$4 ,mi*ael receiv$ v little s*ool+4 ,"o ( 8 nephews tells ! foll[+ tale ( 8 boyhood4 ,he 0 at a dame's s*ool2 &1 ei!r f "s defect 9 8 spee* or because he 0 too "y to articulate 8 r's prop]ly1 he pron\nc$ 8 eld] bro!r's "n 8,wob]t40 ,! h>% s*oolmi/ress1 b5t on cur+ ! defect by p]sonal *a/isem5t1 s5t ! a=esaid 8,wob]t0 out ) a halfp5ny to get a cane1 t "y ,mi*ael might be duly flogg$4 ,b ?is ref9em5t ( cruelty react$ on itself2 = ,rob]t1 boil+ ) indignation1 pit*$ ! halfp5ny ov] a wall1 & w5t home to tell 8 "m1 :o promptly came d[n to ! sc5e ( action & remov$ bo? boys f ! s*ool4 ,f ! age ( five to ?irte5 ,mi*ael liv$ at ,jacob's ,well ,mews1 sp5d+ 8 out-(-s*ool h\rs at home or 9 ! /reets play+ at m>bles & o!r games ) ! *ildr5 ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,riebau',s ,,%op4 ,sid5ote3 ,,bookb9d]',s ,,err&-,,boy4 ,9 #ahjd he w5t on trial = twelve mon?s z err&-boy to a booksell] & /ation] at ,no4 #b1 ,bl&=d ,/reet--,mr4 ,george ,riebau4 ,?is h\se1 :i* is /ill kept z a /ation]'s %op 7by ,mr4 ,william ,pike71 is n[ m>k$ ) an enamell$ tablet record+ its connection ) ! life ( ,f>aday4#a ,:5 he fir/ w5t to ,mr4 ,riebau1 x 0 8 duty to c>ry r\nd ! newspap]s 9 ! morn+4 ,he has be5 graphically describ$ z a bright-ey$ err&-boy :o 8slid along ! ,london pavem5ts1 ) a load ( br[n curls ^u 8 head & a packet ( newspap]s "u 8 arm40 ,"s ( ! j\rnals 7 l5t out1 & _h to be call$ = aga94 ,he 0 v p>ticul> on ,sunday morn+s to take !m r\nd e>ly1 t he might complete 8 "w 9 "t to g ) 8 p>5ts to _! place ( wor%ip4 ,!y belong$--z 8 gr&fa!r be=e him--to ! sect kn[n z ,s&emanians1 a small body :i* sep>at$ f ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ( ,scotl& t[>ds ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,_! views1 :i* 7 v primitive1 7 held ) int5se e>ne/ness & s9c]ity ( purpose4 ,_! f\nd] _h taught t ,*ri/ianity nev] 0 or c\ld be ! =mal or e/abli%$ religion ( any nation )\t subv]t+ its ess5tial pr9ciples2 t religion 0 ! affair ( ! individual s\l2 & t 8! ,bible0 alone1 ) no?+ add$ to x or tak5 away f x by man1 0 ! sole & suffici5t guide = ! s\l4 ,!y reject$ all prie/s or paid m9i/]s1 b recognis$ an in/itution ( unpaid eld]%ip4 ,_! wor%ip 0 exce$+ly simple4 ,?\gh _! numb]s 7 few1 !y 7 exce$+ly dev\t1 simple1 & exclusive 9 _! fai?4 ,d\btless ! rigor\s moral influ5ces p]vad+ ! family & fri5ds ( ,james ,f>aday _h a great "p 9 m\ld+ ! "* ( "y ,mi*ael4 ,to 8 dy+ day he rema9$ a memb] ( ?is obscure sect4 ,z he 0 no m]ely nom9al adh]5t1 b an exce$+ly devot$ memb]1 & at two diff]5t p]iods ( 8 life an eld] & a prea*]1 no review ( 8 life-"w w\ld be complete )\t a full] ref]5ce to ! religi\s side ( 8 "*4 ,sid5ote3 ,,appr5tic$ ,,z ,,bookb9d]4 ,aft] ! ye> ( trial1 ,mi*ael ,f>aday 0 =mally appr5tic$ to le>n ! arts ( bookb9d]1 /ation]1 8& booksell]10 to ,mr4 ,riebau4 ,! ind5ture#b is dat$ ,octob] #g1 #ahje4 ,x is /at$ t1 89 consid]ation ( 8 fai?ful s]vice1 no premium is giv540 ,dur+ 8 sev5 ye>s ( appr5tice%ip !re came unexpect$ opportunities = self-improvem5t4 ,f>aday's lifelong fri5d & co-religioni/1 ,cornelius ,v>ley1 says3--8,:5 my att5tion 0 fir/ drawn to ,f>aday1 ,i 0 told t he _h be5 appr5tic$ to a bookb9d]4 ,i said he 0 ! be/ bookworm = eat+ 8 way to ! inside2 = hundr$s _h work$ at books only z s mu* pr9t$ pap]4 ,f>aday saw a m9e ( k1 & resolv$ to explore x40 ,to "o ( 8 fri5ds he said t a book by ,watts1 8,on ! ,m9d10 fir/ made him ?9k1 & t ! article on 8,electricity0 9 a cyclopdia :i* came into 8 h&s to be b\nd fir/ turn$ 8 att5tion to sci5ce4 ,he himself wrote3--8,:il/ an appr5tice ,i lov$ to read ! sci5tific books :i* 7 "u my h&2 &1 among/ !m1 delight$ 9 ,m>cet's #8,conv]sations 9 ,*emi/ry' & ! electrical treatises 9 ! #8,encyclopdia ,britannica4' ,i made su* simple exp]im5ts 9 *emi/ry z c\ld be defray$ 9 _! exp5se by a few p5ce p] week1 & also con/ruct$ an electrical ma*9e1 fir/ ) a glass phial1 & aft]w>ds ) a real cyl9d]1 z well z o!r electrical app>atus ( a correspond+ k9d40 ,?is e>ly ma*9e#c is n[ pres]v$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 to :i* x 0 pres5t$ by ,sir ,james ,s\?4 ,among/ ! books :i* he _h to b9d 7 ,lyons' 8,exp]im5ts on ,electricity0 & ,boyle's 8,notes ab\t ! ,producibl5ess ( ,*ymicall ,pr9ciples10 :i* books1 toge!r ) ,miss ,burney's 8,evel9a10 all b\nd ) 8 own h&s1 are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,sid5ote3 ,,new ,,acqua9tances4 ,walk+ ne> ,fleet ,/reet1 he saw display$ a bill ann\nc+ t ev5+ lectures on natural philosophy 7 deliv]$ by ,mr4 ,tatum at #ec1 ,dorset ,/reet1 ,salisbury ,squ>e1 ,e4,c41 price ( admission "o %ill+4 ,) 8 ma/]'s p]mission1 & money furni%$ by 8 eld] bro!r ,rob]t1 :o 0 a blacksmi? & 7lat]7 a gasfitt]1 ,mi*ael began to ta/e sci5tific tea*+4 ,betwe5 ,febru>y1 #ahaj1 & ,septemb]1 #ahaa1 he att5d$ "s twelve or ?irte5 lectures4 ,he made full & beautiful notes ( all he he>d3 8 notebooks1 b\nd by himself1 be+ /ill pres]v$4 ,at ^! lectures he fell 9 ) sev]al ?or\ghly cong5ial comrades1 "o ( !m1 by "n ,b5jam9 ,abbott1 be+ a well-educat$ "y ,quak]1 :o 0 confid5tial cl]k 9 a m]cantile h\se 9 ! ,city4 ,( ! o!rs--among/ :om 7 ,magra?1 ,newton1 ,nicol1 ,huxtable1 & ,ri*>d ,phillips 7aft]w>ds ,f4,r4,s4 & ,presid5t ( ! ,*emical ,society7--sev]al rema9$ lifelong fri5ds4 ,happily = po/]ity1 ! lett]s--long & *atty--:i* ! lad wrote 9 ! fulness ( 8 he>t to ,abbott h be5 pres]v$2 !y are publi%$ 9 ,b5ce ,jones's 8,life & ,lett]s40 ,!y are rem>kable n only = _! vivacity & fre%ness b = _! elevat$ tone & excell5t composition--true specim5s ( ! lo/ art ( lett]-writ+4 ,! mo/ wond]ful ?+ ab\t !m is t !y %\ld h be5 writt5 by a bookb9d]'s appr5tice ( no education beyond ! common s*ool ( ! di/rict4 ,9 8 v fir/ lett] he compla9s t ideas & notions :i* spr+ up 9 8 m9d 8are irrevocably lo/ = want ( not+ at ! "t40 ,?is seems ! fir/ premonition ( t loss ( memory :i* s afflict$ him 9 aft] life4 ,9 8 lat] ye>s he always c>ri$ 9 8 wai/coat pocket a c>d on :i* to jot d[n notes & memor&a4 ,he w\ld /op to set d[n 8 notes 9 ! /reet1 9 ! !atre1 or 9 ! laboratory4 ,riebau1 8 ma/] 9 ! bookb9d+ bus9ess1 seems1 f ! way he enc\rag$ ! /udies ( 8 "y appr5tice1 to h be5 no ord9>y man4 ,8 "n w\ld sugge/ a =eign extraction2 & to 8 %op resort$ m ?an "o political refugee4 ,!re lodg$ at "o "t at ,riebau's an arti/ nam$ ,masqu]i]1#d :o _h pa9t$ ,napoleon's portrait & _h fl$ f ,france dur+ ! tr\bl\s times4 ,= ! appr5tice boy1 :o us$ to du/ 8 room & black 8 boots1 ,masqu]i] took a /rong lik+4 ,he l5t him books on p]spective & taught him h[ to draw4 ,ano!r frequ5t] ( ,riebau's %op 0 a ,mr4 ,dance1 ^: int]e/ 9 ! indu/ry & intellig5ce ( ! appr5tice l$ him to an act :i* *ang$ ! :ole de/9y ( 8 life4 ,f>aday himself1 9 ! v few autobiographical notes :i* he p5n$1 wrote ?us3-- ,dur+ my appr5tice%ip ,i _h ! good =tune1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,dance1 :o 0 a cu/om] ( my ma/]'s %op & also a memb] ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 to he> f\r ( ! la/ lectures ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy 9 t locality4#e ,! dates ( ^! lectures 7 ,febru>y #bi1 ,m>* #ad1 ,april #h & #aj1 #ahab4 ,( ^! ,i made notes1 & !n wrote out ! lectures 9 a full] =m1 int]sp]s+ !m ) su* draw+s z ,i c\ld make4 ,! desire to be engag$ 9 sci5tific occupation1 ev5 ?\gh ( ! l[e/ k9d1 induc$ me1 :il/ an appr5tice1 to write1 9 my ignorance ( ! _w & simplicity ( my m9d1 to ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 !n ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,naturally en\gh1 8,no answ]0 0 ! reply left ) ! port]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,lett]s ,,to ,,abbott4 ,he submitt$ 8 notes to ! criticism ( 8 fri5d ,abbott1 ) :om he discuss$ *emical & electrical problems1 & ! exp]im5ts :i* !y _h individually tri$4 ,out ( ?is correspond5ce1 "o lett] only c be giv52 x 0 writt5 ,septemb] #bh1 #ahab1 t5 days be=e ! expiry ( 8 appr5tice%ip3-- ,de> ,a----1 444 ,i w hurry on to philosophy1 :]e ,i am a little m sure ( my gr\nd4 ,y\r c>d 0 to me a v int]e/+ & pleas+ object4 ,i 0 highly gratifi$ 9 obs]v+ s pla9ly del9eat$ ! c\rse ( ! electric fluid or fluids 7,i d n "k :i*74 ,x appe>s to me t by mak+ use ( a c>d ?us prep>$1 y h hit ^u a happy illu/rat+ m$ium betwe5 a conductor & a non-conductor2 _h ! int]pos$ m$ium be5 a conductor1 ! electricity w\ld h pass$ 9 connection ?r\gh x--x w\ld n h be5 divid$2 _h ! m$ium be5 a non-conductor1 x w\ld h pass$ 9 connection1 & undivid$1 z a sp>k ov] x1 b by ?is v>y+ & disjo9$ conductor x has be5 divid$ mo/ effectually4 ,%\ld y pursue ?is po9t at any "t /ill fur!r1 x w be necess>y to asc]ta9 by :at p>ticul> p[] or ef=t ! sp>k is divid$1 :e!r by its aff9ity to ! conductor or by its own repulsion2 or if1 z ,i h no d\bt is ! case1 by ! jo9t action ( ^! two =ces1 x w\ld be well to obs]ve & asc]ta9 ! proportion ( ea* 9 ! effect4 ,!re are problems1 ! solution ( :i* w be difficult to obta91 b ! sci5ce ( electricity w n be complete )\t !m2 & a philosoph] w aim at p]fection1 ?\gh he may n hit x--difficulties w n ret>d him1 b only cause a proportionate ex]tion ( 8 m5tal faculties4 ,i _h a v pleas+ view ( ! planet ,saturn la/ week ?r\gh a refractor ) a p[] ( n9ety4 ,i saw 8 r+ v di/9ctly2 'tis a s+ul> app5dage to a planet1 to a revolv+ globe1 & ,i %\ld ?9k caus$ "s peculi> ph5om5a to ! planet )9 x4 ,i allude to _! mutual action ) respect to meteorology & p]haps electricity4444 ,! ma/]1 a ,fr5* emigr nam$ ,de la ,ro*e1 ( ,k+ ,/reet1 ,portman ,squ>e1 to :om he engag$ himself z a j\rneyman bookb9d]1 0 ( a v passionate disposition1 & made ,f>aday v uncom=table4 ,he long$ to get out ( trade1 & "u ! enc\ragem5t ( ,mr4 ,dance he wrote to ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 s5d+1 8z a pro( ( my e>ne/ness10 ! notes he _h tak5 ( ,davy's la/ f\r lectures4 ,f>aday's lett]1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ b nev] publi%$1 is an a/\nd+ example ( ! high-fl[n cr++ /yle 9 vogue at t date4 ,davy's reply 0 fav\rable1 & l$ to a tempor>y engagem5t ( "s days z amanu5sis at ! "t :5 he 0 w\nd$ 9 ! eye by an explosion ( ! *loride ( nitrog54 ,f>aday himself1 ne>ly tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds1 wrote#f a full acc\nt ( ! circum/ances4 ,m4 ,f>aday to ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,p>is4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,decemb] #bc1 #ahbi4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1--,y ask$ me to give y an acc\nt ( my fir/ introduction to ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 :i* ,i am v happy to d1 z ,i ?9k ! circum/ances w be> te/imony to 8 goodness ( he>t4 ,:5 ,i 0 a booksell]'s appr5tice1 ,i 0 v fond ( exp]im5t & v adv]se to trade4 ,x happ5$ t a g5tleman1 a memb] ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 took me to he> "s ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy's la/ lectures 9 ,albem>le ,/reet4 ,i took notes1 & aft]w>ds wrote !m out m fairly 9 a qu>to volume4 ,my desire to escape f trade1 :i* ,i ?\ght vici\s & selfi%1 & to ent] into ! s]vice ( ,sci5ce1 :i* ,i imag9$ made its pursu]s amiable & lib]al1 induc$ me at la/ to take ! bold & simple /ep ( writ+ to ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 express+ my wi%es1 & a hope t1 if an opportunity came 9 8 way1 he w\ld fav\r my views2 at ! same "t1 ,i s5t ! notes ,i _h tak5 ( 8 lectures4 ,! answ]1 :i* makes all ! po9t ( my communication1 ,i s5d y 9 ! orig9al1 reque/+ y to take great c>e ( x1 & to let me h x back1 = y may imag9e h[ mu* ,i value x4 ,y w obs]ve t ?is took place at ! end ( ! ye> #ahab1 & e>ly 9 #ahac he reque/$ to see me1 & told me ( ! situation ( assi/ant 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 !n j vacant4 ,at ! same "t t he ?us gratifi$ my desires z to sci5tific employm5t1 he /ill advis$ me n to give up ! prospects ,i _h be=e me1 tell+ me t ,sci5ce 0 a h>% mi/ress2 & 9 a pecuni>y po9t ( view b poorly rew>d+ ^? :o devot$ !mselves to h] s]vice4 ,he smil$ at my notion ( ! sup]ior moral feel+s ( philosophic m51 & said he w\ld leave me to ! exp]i5ce ( a few ye>s to set me "r on t matt]4 ,f9ally1 ?r\gh 8 good ef=ts ,i w5t to ! ,royal ,in/itution e>ly 9 ,m>* ( #ahac1 z assi/ant 9 ! laboratory2 & 9 ,octob] ( ! same ye> w5t ) him abroad z 8 assi/ant 9 exp]im5ts & 9 writ+4 ,i return$ ) him 9 ,april1 #ahae1 resum$ my /ation 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & h1 z y "k1 ev] s9ce rema9$ !re4 ,i am1 de> ,sir1 v truly y\rs1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,sid5ote3 ,,w9s ,,fav\r ,,) ,,davy4 ,! foll[+ is ,davy's note3-- ,mr4 ,p4 ,f>aday1 #ahh1 ,weym\? ,/41 ,portl& ,place4 ,decemb] #bd1 #ahab4 ,,sir1--,i am f> f displeas$ ) ! pro( y h giv5 me ( y\r confid5ce1 & :i* displays great zeal1 p[] ( memory1 & att5tion4 ,i am oblig$ to g out ( ,t[n1 & %all n be settl$ 9 t[n till ! end ( ,jany ,i w !n see y at any "t y wi%4 ,x w\ld gratify me to be ( any s]vice to y2 ,i wi% x may be 9 my p[]4 ,i am ,sir y\r obt4 humble s]vt4 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,accord+ly1 ,f>aday call$ on ,davy1 :o receiv$ him 9 ! ant]oom to ! lecture !atre1 by ! w9d[ ne>e/ to ! corridor4 ,he advis$ him !n to /ick to bookb9d+1 promis+ to s5d him books f ! ,in/itution to b9d1 z well z o!r books4 ,he mu/ h be5 agreeably impress$1 o!rwise he w\ld n1 :5 disabl$1 h s5t = ,f>aday to write = him4 ,e>ly 9 #ahac ! humble h\sehold1 9 :i* ,f>aday liv$ ) 8 wid[$ "m 9 ,weym\? ,/reet1 0 "o night />tl$ by ! app>ition ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy's gr& coa*1 f :i* a footman alight$ & knock$ l\dly at ! door4 ,= "y ,f>aday1 :o 0 at t mom5t undress+ up/airs1 he left a note f ,sir ,humphry ,davy reque/+ him to call next morn+4 ,at t int]view ,davy ask$ him :e!r he 0 /ill desir\s ( *ang+ 8 occupation1 & (f]$ him ! po/ ( assi/ant 9 ! laboratory 9 place ( "o :o _h be5 dismiss$4 ,! sal>y 0 to be tw5ty-five %ill+s a week1 ) two rooms at ! top ( ! h\se4 ,! m9ute appo9t+ him is dat$ ,m>* #a1 #ahac3-- ,sid5ote3 ,,ent]s ,,royal ,,in/itution4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy has ! hon\r to in=m ! manag]s t he has f\nd a p]son :o is desir\s to occupy ! situation 9 ! ,in/itution lately fill$ by ,william ,payne4 ,8 "n is ,mi*ael ,f>aday4 ,he is a y\? ( tw5ty-two ye>s ( age4 ,z f> z ,sir ,h4 ,davy has be5 able to obs]ve or asc]ta91 he appe>s well fitt$ = ! situation4 ,8 habits seem good1 8 disposition active & *e]ful1 & 8 mann] intellig5t4 ,he is will+ to engage himself on ! same t]ms z ^? giv5 to ,mr4 ,payne at ! "t ( quitt+ ! ,in/itution4 ,resolv$--,t ,mi*ael ,f>aday be engag$ to fill ! situation lately occupi$ by ,mr4 ,payne on ! same t]ms4#g ,!re h come d[n sev]al additions to ! /ory4 ,"o1 probably apocryphal1 says t ,f>aday's fir/ introduction to ,davy 0 occasion$ by ,davy's call+ at ,riebau's to select "s bookb9d+1 & see+ on ! %elves ! b\nd volume ( manuscript notes ( 8 own lectures4 ,! o!r 0 n>rat$ by ,gassiot to ,tyndall1 z foll[s3-- ,clapham ,common1 ,surrey1 ,novemb] #bh1 #ahfg4 ,,my ,,de> ,,tyndall1--,sir ,h4 ,davy 0 accu/om$ to call on ! late ,mr4 ,pepys 9 ! ,p\ltry1 on 8 way to ! ,london ,in/itution1 ( :i* ,pepys 0 "o ( ! orig9al manag]s2 ! latt] told me t on "o occasion ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 %[+ him a lett]1 said1 8,pepys1 :at am ,i to d8--"h is a lett] f a "y man nam$ ,f>aday2 he has be5 att5d+ my lectures1 & wants me to give him employm5t at ! ,royal ,in/itution--:at c ,i d80 8,d80 repli$ ,pepys1 8put him to wa% bottles2 if he is good = any?+ he w d x directly2 if he refuses1 he is good = no?+40 8,no1 no10 repli$ ,davy1 8we mu/ try him ) some?+ bett] ?an t40 ,! result 01 t ,davy engag$ him to assi/ 9 ! ,laboratory at weekly wages4 ,davy held ! jo9t (fice ( ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,director ( ! ,laboratory2 he ultimately gave up ! =m] to ! late ,pr(essor ,br&e1 b he insi/$ t ,f>aday %\ld be appo9t$ ,director ( ! ,laboratory1 &1 z ,f>aday told me1 ?is enabl$ him on subsequ5t occasions to hold a def9ite position 9 ! ,in/itution1 9 :i* he 0 always support$ by ,davy4 ,i believe he held t (fice to ! la/4 ,believe me1 my de> ,tyndall1 y\rs truly1 ,j4 ,p4 ,,gassiot4 ,9 #ahjh ,mr4 ,tatum _h f\nd$ a ,city ,philosophical ,society4#h ,x consi/$ ( ?irty or =ty "y m5 9 humble or mod]ate rank1 :o met on ,w$nesdays = mutual in/ruction2 lectures be+ giv5 once a =tnight by ! memb]s 9 turn4 ,tatum introduc$ ,f>aday to ?is ,society 9 #ahac4 ,edw>d ,magra? 0 secret>y4 ,among/ ,f>aday's notes ( 8 life is ! foll[+3-- ,dur+ ?is spr+ ,magra? & ,i e/abli%$ ! mutual-improvem5t plan1 & met at my rooms up 9 ! attics ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 or at ,wood ,/reet at 8 w>eh\se4 ,x consi/$ p]haps ( half-a-doz5 p]sons1 *iefly f ! ,city ,philosophical ,society1 :o met ( an ev5+ to read toge!r1 & to criticise1 correct1 & improve ea* o!r's pronunciation & con/ruction ( language4 ,! discipl9e 0 v /urdy1 ! rem>ks v pla9 & op51 & ! results mo/ valuable4 ,?is cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,at ,,"w ,,9 ,,*emi/ry4 ,he writes1 aft] a week ( "w at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 to ,abbott3-- ,royal ,in/itution1 ,m>* #h1 #ahac4 ,x is n[ ab\t n9e o'clock1 & ! ?\ght /rikes me t ! tongues are go+ bo? at ,tatum's & at ! lecture 9 ,b$=d ,/reet2 b ,i fancy myself mu* bett] employ$ ?an ,i %\ld h be5 at ! lecture at ei!r ( ^? places4 ,inde$1 ,i h he>d "o lecture already to-day1 & _h a f+] 9 x 7,i c't say a h&1 = ,i did v little74 ,x 0 by ,mr4 ,p[ell1 on me*anics1 or r on rotatory motion1 & 0 a pretty good lecture1 b n v fully att5d$4 ,z ,i "k y w feel a pleasure 9 he>+ 9 :at ,i h be5 or %all be occupi$1 ,i w in=m y t ,i h be5 employ$ to-day1 9 "p1 9 extract+ ! sug> f a portion ( beetroot1 & also 9 mak+ a comp\nd ( sulphur & c>bon--a comb9ation :i* has lately occupi$ 9 a consid]able degree ! att5tion ( *emi/s4 ,) respect to next ,w$nesday1 ,i %all be occupi$ until late 9 ! aft]noon by ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 & mu/ !re=e decl9e see+ y at t "t2 ?is ,i am ! m ready to d z ,i %all enjoy y\r company next ,sunday1 & hope to possess x (t5 9 a %ort "t4 ,! next lett] to ,abbott1 dat$ ,april #i1 rec\nts an explosion 9 :i* bo? he & ,sir ,humphry ,davy receiv$ consid]able injury4 ,9 ,june he wrote to ,abbott f\r v rem>kable lett]s conc]n+ lectures & lectur]s4 ,he _h already he>d ,tatum & ,davy1 & _h n[ assi/$ ,br&e & ,p[ell 9 _! lectures1 & _h ke5ly obs]v$ _! habits1 peculi>ities1 & defects1 z well z ! effects !y produc$ on ! audi5ce4 ,he writes )\t ! slighte/ suspicion ( sugge/ion t he himself has any likelihood ( becom+ a lectur]1 & says t he does n pret5d to any ( ! requisites = su* an (fice4 8,if ,i am unfit = x10 he says1 8'tis evid5t t ,i h yet to le>n2 & h[ le>n bett] ?an by ! obs]vation ( o!rs8 ,if we nev] judge at all1 we %all nev] judge "r40 8,i1 too1 h inducem5ts 9 ! ,city ,philosophical ,society to draw me =w>d 9 ! acquisition ( a small portion ( k on ?is po9t40 8,i %all po9t out b few beauties or few faults t ,i h n witness$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a num]\s assembly40 ,he beg9s by consid]+ ! prop] %ape ( a lecture-room2 its prop] v5tilation1 & ne$ ( suitable entrances & exits4 ,!n he goes on to consid] suitability ( subjects & dignity ( subject4 ,9 ! second ( ! lett]s he contra/s ! p]ceptive p[]s ( ! eye & e>1 & ! prop] arrangem5ts = a lectur]'s table2 !n consid]s diagrams & illu/rations4 ,! ?ird lett] deals ) ! deliv]y & /yle ( ! lecture1 ! mann] & attitudes ( ! lectur]1 8 me?ods ( keep+ alive ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce1 & duration ( ! disc\rse4 ,9 ! f\r? ( ^! lett]s 7see p4 #bbh71 he dwells on ! mi/akes & defects ( lectur]s1 _! unnecess>y apologies1 ! *oice ( apt exp]im5ts1 & avoidance ( trivialities4 ,sid5ote3 ,,proposals ,,= ,,=eign ,,travel4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahac1 aft] b six mon?s ( "w 9 ! laboratory1 a proposition came to him f ,sir ,humphry ,davy :i* result$ 9 a complete *ange ( sc5e4 ,x 0 an episode ( =eign travel1 la/+1 z x prov$1 eighte5 mon?s4 ,9 ! autobiographical notes he wrote3-- ,9 ! autumn ,sir ,h4 ,davy propos$ go+ abroad1 & (f]$ me ! opportunity ( go+ ) him z 8 amanu5sis1 & ! promise ( resum+ my situation 9 ! ,in/itution ^u my return to ,engl&4 ,:]eupon ,i accept$ ! (f]1 left ! ,in/itution on ,octob] #ac1 &1 aft] be+ ) ,sir ,h4 ,davy 9 ,france1 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 ! ,tyrol1 ,g5eva1 c41 9 t & ! foll[+ ye>1 return$ to ,engl& & ,london ,april #bc1 #ahae4 ,be=e he left ,engl&1 on ,septemb] #ah1 #ahac1 at ! reque/ ( 8 "m1 he wrote to an uncle & aunt ! foll[+ acc\nt ( himself3-- ,i 0 =m]ly a booksell] & b9d]1 b am n[ turn$ philosoph]1 :i* happ5$ ?us3--,:il/ an appr5tice1 ,i1 = amusem5t1 le>nt a little ( *emi/ry & o!r p>ts ( philosophy1 & felt an eag] desire to proce$ 9 t way fur!r4 ,aft] be+ a j\rneyman = six mon?s1 "u a disagreeable ma/]1 ,i gave up my bus9ess1 &1 by ! int]e/ ( ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 fill$ ! situation ( *emical assi/ant to ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 9 :i* (fice ,i n[ rema91 & :]e ,i am con/antly engag$ 9 obs]v+ ! works ( ,nature & trac+ ! mann] 9 :i* %e directs ! arrangem5t & ord] ( ! _w4 ,i h lately _h proposals made to me by ,sir ,humphry ,davy to accompany him1 9 8 travels ?r\gh ,europe & into ,asia1 z philosophical assi/ant4 ,if ,i g at all ,i expect x w be 9 ,octob] next1 ab\t ! end1 & my abs5ce f home w p]haps be z long z ?ree ye>s4 ,b z yet all is unc]ta94 ,i h to repeat t1 ev5 ?\gh ,i may g1 my pa? w n pass ne> any ( my relations1 or p]mit me to see ^? :om ,i s mu* long to see4 ,to ,f>aday1 :o 0 n[ tw5ty-two ye>s old1 =eign travel meant mu* m ?an to mo/ "y m5 ( equal age4 ,) 8 humble br++ up & sl5d] res\rces1 he _h nev] _h ! *ance ( see+ ! outside _w2 he _h nev]1 to 8 own recollection1 ev5 se5 ! sea4 ,:5 on ,w$nesday1 ,octob] #ac1 he />t$ out on ! j\rney to ,plym\?1 9 ord] to cross to ! port ( ,morlaix1 he began 8 j\rnal ( =eign travel ?us3-- ,?is morn+ =m$ a new epo* 9 my life4 ,i h nev] be=e1 )9 my recollection1 left ,london at a great] di/ance ?an twelve miles4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,new ,,elem5t4 ,?is j\rnal he kept ) m9ute c>e1 ) ! sole purpose ( recall+ ev5ts to 8 m9d4 ,x gives full details z to ,davy's sci5tific fri5ds & "w1 int]m+l$ ) graphic descriptions ( sc5]y2 & is rem>kable also = its p]sonal retic5ce4 ,z ) _m ano!r1 s ) ,f>aday1 =eign travel took 9 8 life ! place ( resid5ce at a ,univ]sity4 ,9 ,france1 9 ,italy1 he receiv$ enl>g$ ideas2 & :at he saw ( le>n$ m5 & academies ( sci5ce ex]cis$ no small =mative effect ^u "o !n at ! mo/ impressionable age4 ,he comm5ts gaily on ! odd incid5ts ( travel2 ! lum9esc5ce ( ! sea at night2 ! amaz+ fuss at ! ,cu/om ,h\se2 ! po/ilion ) 8 jack-boots1 :ip1 & p\*2 ! gl[-worm 7! fir/ gl[-worm he _h ev] se572 & ! slim pigs ( ,norm&y4 ,at ,p>is he visits ! ,l\vre1 :]e 8 *ief comm5t on its treasures is1 t by _! acquisition ,france has made h]self 8a nation ( ?ieves40 ,he goes to ! ,prefecture ( ,police = 8 passport1 9 :i* he is describ$ z hav+ 8a r\nd *91 a br[n be>d1 a l>ge m\?1 a great nose10 etc4 ,he visits ! *ur*es1 :]e ! !atrical air p]vad+ ! place 8makes x impossible to atta* a s]i\s or important feel+ to :at is go+ on40 ,he comm5ts on ! wood fires1 ! *>coal us$ 9 cook+1 ! wa%]wom5 on ! riv] bank1 ! int]nal decorations ( h\ses1 ! pr9t+ ( ! books4 ,!n he goes ab\t ) ,davy among/ ! ,fr5* *emi/s4 ,ampre1 ,clm5t1 & ,dsormes come to ,davy to %[ him ! new & /range sub/ance 8,x10 lately discov]$ by ,m4 ,c\rtois4 ,!y heat x1 & behold x rise 9 vap\r ( a beautiful violet col\r4 ,ampre himself1 on ,novemb] #bcrd1 gives ,davy a specim54 ,!y c>efully note d[n its *>act]s4 ,davy & 8 assi/ant make _m new exp]im5ts on x4 ,at fir/ its orig9 is kept a pr(\nd secret by ! ,fr5*man4 ,!n x transpires t x is made f a%es ( seawe$4 ,!y "w on x at ,*evreul's laboratory4 ,f>aday borr[s a voltaic pile f ,*evreul4 ,) t intuition :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( him1 ,davy jumps almo/ at once to a conclusion z to ! nature ( ! new body1 :i* = ne>ly two ye>s _h be5 9 ! h&s ( ! ,fr5*m5 await+ elucidation4 ,:5 he leaves ,p>is1 !y d n :olly bless 8 rapidity ( ?\ght4 ,b ,f>aday has se5--) placid indiff]5ce--a glimpse ( ! great ,napoleon 8sitt+ 9 "o corn] ( 8 c>riage1 cov]$ & almo/ hidd5 by an enorm\s robe ( erm9e1 & 8 face ov]%ad[$ by a trem5d\s plume ( fea!rs1 t desc5d$ f a velvet hat02 he has also met ,humboldt1 & he has he>d ,m4 ,gay ,lussac lecture to ab\t two hundr$ pupils4 ,dumas has record$ 9 8 8loge ,hi/orique0 a reflection ( ! impressions left by ! travell]s4 ,aft] speak+ ( ! criticism to :i* ,davy 0 expos$ dur+ 8 visit1 he says3-- ,8 laboratory assi/ant1 long be=e he _h won 8 great celebrity by 8 works1 _h by 8 mode/y1 8 amiability1 & 8 intellig5ce1 ga9$ mo/ devot$ fri5ds at ,p>is1 at ,g5eva1 at ,montpelli]4 ,among/ ^! may be nam$ 9 ! front rank ,m4 de la ,rive1 ! di/+ui%$ *emi/1 fa!r ( ! illu/ri\s physici/ :om we c\nt among/ our =eign associates4 ,! k9dnesses ) :i* he cov]$ my y\? contribut$ n a little to unite u--,f>aday & myself4 ,) pleasure we us$ to recall t we made "o ano!r's acqua9tance "u ! auspices ( t affectionate & helpful philosoph] ^: example s truly witness$ t sci5ce does n dry up ! he>t's blood4 ,at ,montpelli]1 beside ! hospitable he>? ( ,br>d1 ! associate ( ,*aptal1 doy5 ( our correspond+ memb]s1 ,f>aday has left memories equally *>g$ ) an undy+ sympa?y :i* 8 ma/] c\ld nev] h inspir$4 ,we admir$ ,davy1 we lov$ ,f>aday4 ,x is ,decemb] #bi :5 ! travell]s leave ,p>is & cross ! =e/ ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,f>aday ?9ks he nev] saw a m beautiful sc5e ?an ! =e/ dress$ 9 an airy g>m5t ( cry/all9e ho> fro/4 ,!y pass ?r\gh ,lyons1 ,montpelli]1 ,aix1 ,nice1 se>*+ on ! way = iod9e 9 ! sea-plants ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,at ! end ( ,janu>y1 #ahad1 !y cross ! ,col de ,t5de ov] ! sn[ at an elevation ( #f1jjj feet into ,italy1 & f9d !mselves 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,c>nival at ,tur94 ,!y rea* ,g5oa1 & g to ! h\se ( a *emi/ to make exp]im5ts on ! raia torp$o1 ! electric skate1 try+ to asc]ta9 :e!r wat] c\ld be decompos$ by ! electrical dis*>ges ( ^! s+ul> fi%es4 ,f ,g5oa !y g by sea to ,l]ici 9 an op5 boat1 ) mu* discom=t & fe> ( %ip-wreck2 & !nce by l& to ,flor5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,,) ,,davy ,,9 ,,italy4 ,at ,flor5ce he goes ) ,davy to ! ,accademia del ,cim5to4 ,he sees ! libr>y1 ! g>d5s1 ! museum4 ,"h is ,galileo's own telescope--a simple tube ( pap] & wood1 ) l5ses at ea* end--) :i* he discov]$ ,jupit]'s satellites4 ,"h is ! great burn+ glass ( ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany4 ,& "h is a num]\s collection ( magnets1 includ+ "o enorm\s load/one support+ a weight ( #aej p\nds4 ,!y make 8! gr& exp]im5t ( burn+ ! diamond0 9 oxyg5 by ! sun's heat conc5trat$ ?r\gh ! ,gr& ,duke's burn+ glass4 ,!y f9d ! diamond to be pure c>bon4 ,!n e>ly 9 ,april !y dep>t = ,rome4 ,f ,rome ,f>aday wrote to 8 "m a long *atty lett] summ>is+ 8 travels1 & s5d+ messages ( k9dly remembrance to 8 old ma/] ,riebau & o!rs4 ,he tells h[1 9 spite ( political tr\bles1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy's high "n has procur$ !m free admission ev]y:]e1 & h[ !y h j he>d t ,p>is has be5 tak5 by ! ,alli$ troops4 ,at ,rome !y witness unconv9c$ "s attempts ( ,mori*9i to imp>t magnetism to /eel ne$les by ! sol> rays4 ,!y pass ! ,colosseum by moonlight1 mak+ an e>ly morn+ />t across ! ,campagna1 on ! road to ,naples1 ) an arm$ gu>d = fe> ( brig&s4 ,twice1 9 ! middle ( ,may1 !y asc5d ,vesuvius1 ! second "t dur+ a p>tial eruption r5d]$ all ! m vivid by ! lat5ess ( ! h\r--half-pa/ sev5--at :i* ! edge ( ! crat] 0 rea*$4 ,9 ,june !y visit ,t]ni1 & note ! ne>ly circul> ra9b[ visible 9 ! spray ( ! cat>act2 & s across ! ,ap5n9es to ,milan4 ,at ,milan occurs ! foll[+ entry3-- ,friday #ag? ,june1 #ahad1 ,milan4 ,saw ,m4 ,volta1 :o came to ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 an hale eld]ly man1 be>+ ! r$ ribbon1 & v free 9 conv]sation4 ,he does n record h[ ! c]emoni\s old ,c\nt1 :o _h specially attir$ himself 9 8 ,c\rt uni=m to welcome ! illu/ri\s *emi/1 0 horrifi$ at ! in=mal mann]s & unc\rtly dress ( ! t\ri/ philosoph]4 ,s1 travell+ by ,como & ,domo d',ossola1 !y come to ,g5eva1 & "h rema9 a long "t2 & ,f>aday writes aga9 to 8 "m & to ,abbott4 ,he c ev5 f9d "t to discuss ) ! latt] ! relative m]its ( ! ,fr5* & ,italian languages1 & ! tr5d ( civilisation 9 ,p>is & 9 ,rome4 ,twice he s5ds messages to ,riebau4 ,"o ( 8 lett]s to ,abbott1 9 ,septemb]1 conta9s passages ( m ?an transi5t int]e/3-- ,"s d\bts h be5 express$ to me lately ) respect to ! cont9uance ( ! ,royal ,in/itution2 ,mr4 ,newman c probably give a guess at ! issue ( !m4 ,i h ?ree boxes ( books1 c41 !re1 & ,i %\ld be sorry if !y 7 lo/ by ! turn+ up ( un=ese5 circum/ances2 b ,i hope all w end well 7y w n read ?is out al\d74 ,rememb] me to all fri5ds1 if y please4 ,& 8n[ = y & ,i to ourselves40444 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh life1 my de> fri5d1 ev]yone mu/ expect to receive lessons1 bo? 9 ! s*ool ( prosp]ity & 9 t ( adv]sity2 &1 tak5 9 a g5]al s5se1 ^! s*ools d n only include ri*es & pov]ty1 b ev]y?+ t may cause ! happ9ess & pleasure ( man1 & e feel+ t may give him pa94 ,i h be5 9 at ! door ( bo? ^! s*ools2 nor am ,i s f> on ! "r h& at pres5t t ,i d n get hurt by ! ?orns on my left4 ,) respect to myself1 ,i h always p]ceiv$ 7:51 aft] a "t1 ,i saw ?+s m cle>ly7 t ^? ?+s :i* at fir/ appe>$ z mis=tunes or evils ultimately 7 actually b5efits1 & productive ( mu* good 9 ! future progress ( ?+s4 ,sometimes ,i comp>$ !m to /orms & tempe/s1 :i* cause a tempor>y dis>rangem5t to produce p]man5t good2 sometimes !y appe>$ to me l roads--/ony1 unev51 hilly1 & uncom=table1 x is true--b ! only roads to a good beyond !m2 & sometimes ,i said !y 7 cl\ds :i* int]v5$ betwe5 me & ! sun ( prosp]ity1 b :i* ,i f\nd 7 refre%+1 res]v+ to me t tone & vig\r ( m9d :i* prosp]ity alone w\ld en]vate & ultimately de/roy4444 ,sid5ote3 ,,h9ts ,,( ,,discom=t4 ,y talk ( travell+1 & ,i own ! ^w is s$uc+1 b travell+ does n secure y f uneasy circum/ances4 ,i by no means int5d to det] y f x2 = ?\gh ,i %\ld l to f9d y at home :5 ,i come home1 & ?\gh ,i "k h[ mu* ! loss w\ld be felt by our fri5ds1 yet ,i am aw>e t ! fund ( k & ( ent]ta9m5t op5$ w\ld be almo/ inf9ite4 ,b ,i %all set d[n a few ( my own ?\ghts & feel+s1 c41 9 ! same circum/ances4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 my de> ,b41 ,i fancy t :5 ,i set my foot 9 ,engl& ,i %all nev] take x out aga92 = ,i f9d ! prospect s diff]5t f :at x at fir/ appe>$ to be1 t ,i am c]ta91 if ,i c\ld h =ese5 ! ?+s t h pass$1 ,i %\ld nev] h left ,london4 ,9 ! second place1 entic+ z travell+ is--& ,i appreciate fully its advantages & pleasures--,i h sev]al times be5 m ?an half decid$ to return ha/ily home2 b second ?\ghts h /ill induc$ me to try :at ! future may produce1 & n[ ,i am only reta9$ by ! wi% ( improvem5t4 ,i h le>n$ j en\gh to p]ceive my ignorance1 &1 a%am$ ( my defects 9 ev]y?+1 ,i wi% to seize ! opportunity ( rem$y+ !m4 ,! little k ,i h ga9$ 9 languages makes me wi% to "k m ( !m1 & ! little ,i h se5 ( m5 & mann]s is j en\gh to make me desir\s ( see+ m2 add$ to :i*1 ! glori\s opportunity ,i enjoy ( improv+ 9 ! k ( *emi/ry & ! sci5ces cont9ually det]m9es me to f9i% ?is voyage ) ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,b if ,i wi% to enjoy ^? advantages1 ,i h to sacrifice mu*2 & ?\gh ^? sacrifices are su* z an humble man w\ld n feel1 yet ,i _c quietly make !m4 ,travell+1 too1 ,i f9d1 is almo/ inconsi/5t ) religion 7,i mean mod]n travell+71 & ,i am yet s old-fa%ion$ z to rememb] /rongly 7,i hope p]fectly7 my y\?ful education2 & ^u ! :ole1 malgr ! advantages ( travell+1 x is n impossible b t y may see me at y\r door :5 y expect a lett]4 ,y w p]ceive1 de> ,b41 t ,i d n wi% y ha/ily to leave y\r pres5t situation1 because ,i ?9k t a ha/y *ange w only make ?+s worse4 ,y w naturally comp>e y\r situation ) o!rs y see ar\nd y1 & by ?is comp>ison y\r own w appe> m sad1 :il/ ! o!rs seem bright] ?an 9 tru? !y are2 =1 l ! two poles ( a batt]y1 ! ideas ( ea* w become exalt$ by approa*+ !m4 ,b ,i leave y1 de> fri5d1 to act 9 ?is case z y\r judgm5t may direct1 hop+ always = ! be/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sir ,humphry works (t5 on iod9e1 & has lately be5 mak+ exp]im5ts on ! prismatic spectrum at ,m4 ,pictet's4 ,!y are n yet p]fect$1 b f ! use ( v delicate air !rmomet]s1 x appe>s t ! rays produc+ mo/ heat are c]ta9ly out ( ! spectrum & beyond ! r$ rays4 ,our "t has be5 employ$ lately 9 fi%+ & %oot+2 & _m a quail has be5 kill$ 9 ! pla9s ( ,g5eva1 & _m a tr\t & grayl+ h be5 pull$ out ( ! ,rhone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i ne$ n say1 de> ,b51 h[ p]fectly ,i am y\rs1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ari/ocratic ,,hauteur4 ,?is lett] reveals1 :at ! di>y ( travel s scrupul\sly hides1 ! exi/5ce ( circum/ances :i* 7 h>dly tol]able 9 ,f>aday's position4 ,to make ! ref]5ce intelligible x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,davy1 :o _h come up to ,london 9 #ahja z a raw y\?1 ( imm5se ability b v unc\? ext]ior1 _h develop$ into a fa%ionable p]son1 _h become ! idol ( ! h\r1 _h m>ri$ a v weal?y wid[1 _h be5 knight$1 & _h giv5 himself up v l>gely to ! pursuits ( fa%ionable society & to ! company ( ! ari/ocratic beau monde4 ,lady ,davy accompani$ ,sir ,humphry 9 ?is ,cont95tal t\r2 & ?\gh ,f>aday _h be5 tak5 ) !m z secret>y & sci5tific assi/ant1 x w\ld seem t he _h n always be5 treat$ ) ! respect due to "o 9 t position4 ,! above lett] evid5tly disquiet$ ,abbott1 = he wrote back to ,f>aday to inquire m closely into 8 p]sonal affairs1 tell+ him he 0 sure he 0 n happy1 & ask+ him to %>e 8 difficulties4 ,f>aday1 :o 0 n[ back 9 ,rome1 repli$ 9 ,janu>y 9 a long lett] ( twelve pages1#i :i* he says he _h int5d$ to fill ) an acc\nt ( ! wat]falls he _h se51 b :i* gives in/ead a detail$ acc\nt ( 8 vexations4 ,he _h1 he said1 writt5 8 =m] lett] :5 9 a ruffl$ /ate ( m9d4 ,he n[ gives ! explanation4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ?is lett] c\ld rea* ,abbott1 ! latt] _h writt5 yet m urg5tly to "k :at 0 ! matt]4 ,to ?is ,f>aday repli$ on ,febru>y #bcrd4 ,z ?is %ort] lett] summ>ises ! previ\s "o x may be giv5 "h4 ,bo? are pr9t$ 9 ,b5ce ,jones's 8,life & ,lett]s03-- ,rome1 ,febru>y #bc1 #ahae4 ,,de> ,b----1--,9 a lett] ( above twelve pages ,i gave answ]s to y\r "q respect+ my situation4 ,x 0 a subject n wor? talk+ ab\t1 b ,i consid] y\r inquiries z s _m pro(s ( y\r k9dness & ! int]e/ y take 9 my welf>e1 & ,i ?\ght ! mo/ agreeable ?anks ,i c\ld make y w\ld be to answ] !m4 ,! same lett] also conta9$ a %ort acc\nt ( a pap] writt5 by ,sir ,humphry ,davy on anci5t col\rs1 & "s o!r miscellane\s matt]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,secret ,,( ,,mortification4 ,i am q a%am$ ( dwell+ s (t5 on my own affairs1 b z ,i "k y wi% x1 ,i %all briefly in=m y ( my situation4 ,i d n mean to employ mu* ( ?is %eet ( pap] on ! subject1 b ref] y to ! be=e-m5tion$ long lett] = cle> in=mation4 ,x happ5$ a few days be=e we left ,engl&1 t ,sir ,h4's valet decl9$ go+ ) him1 & 9 ! %ort space ( "t all[$ by circum/ances ano!r c\ld n be got4 ,sir ,h4 told me he 0 v sorry1 b t1 if ,i w\ld d su* ?+s z 7 absolutely necess>y = him until he got to ,p>is1 he %\ld !re get ano!r4 ,i murmur$1 b agre$4 ,at ,p>is he c\ld n get "o4 ,no ,engli%m5 7 !re1 & no ,fr5*man fit = ! place c\ld talk ,engli% to me4 ,at ,lyons he c\ld n get "o2 at ,montpelli] he c\ld n get "o2 nor at ,g5oa1 nor at ,flor5ce1 nor at ,rome1 nor 9 all ,italy2 & ,i believe at la/ he did n wi% to get "o3 & we are j ! same n[ z we 7 :5 he left ,engl&4 ,?is ( c\rse ?r[s ?+s into my duty :i* x 0 n my agreem5t1 & is n my wi%1 to p]=m1 b :i* are1 if ,i rema9 ) ,sir ,h41 unavoidable4 ,^!1 x is true1 are v few2 = hav+ be5 accu/om$ 9 e>ly ye>s to d = himself1 he cont9ues to d s at pres5t1 & he leaves v little = a valet to p]=m2 & z he kn[s t x is n pleas+ to me1 & t ,i d n consid] myself z oblig$ to d !m1 he is always z c>eful z possible to keep ^? ?+s f me :i* he kn[s w\ld be disagreeable4 ,b ,lady ,davy is ( ano!r hum\r4 ,%e likes to %[ h] au?ority1 & at fir/ ,i f\nd h] extremely e>ne/ 9 mortify+ me4 ,?is occasion$ qu>rels betwe5 u1 at ea* ( :i* ,i ga9$ gr\nd1 & %e lo/ x2 = ! frequ5cy made me c>e no?+ ab\t !m1 & weak5$ h] au?ority1 & aft] ea* %e behav$ 9 a mild] mann]4 ,sir ,h4 has also tak5 c>e to get s]vants ( ! c\ntry1 yclep$ lacquais de place1 to d ev]y?+ %e c want1 & n[ ,i am some:at com=table2 inde$1 at ?is mom5t ,i am p]fectly at lib]ty1 = ,sir ,h4 has gone to ,naples to se>* = a h\se or lodg+ to :i* we may foll[ him1 & ,i h no?+ to d b see ,rome1 write my j\rnal1 & le>n ,italian4 ,b ,i w leave su* an unpr(itable subject1 & tell y :at ,i "k ( our int5d$ r\te4 ,= ! la/ few weeks x has be5 v undecid$1 & at ?is mom5t !re is no kn[+ :i* way we %all turn4 ,sir ,h4 int5d$ to see ,greece & ,turkey ?is summ]1 & arrangem5ts 7 half made = ! voyage2 b he has j le>n$ t a qu>ant9e mu/ be p]=m$ on ! road !re1 & to d ?is he has an utt] av]sion1 & t alone w p]haps break up ! j\rney4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s9ce ! long lett] ,i wrote y1 ,sir ,h4 has writt5 two %ort pap]s = ! ,royal ,society--! fir/ on a new solid comp\nd ( iod9e & oxyg51 & ! second a new gase\s comp\nd ( *lor9e & oxyg51 :i* conta9s f\r times z mu* oxyg5 z eu*lor9e4 ,! discov]y ( ^! bodies contradicts _m p>ts ( ,gay-,lussac's pap] on iod9e1 :i* has be5 v mu* vaunt$ 9 ^! p>ts4 ,! ,fr5* *emi/s 7 n aw>e ( ! importance ( ! subject until x 0 %[n to !m1 & n[ !y are 9 ha/e to reap all ! hon\rs atta*$ to x2 b _! ha/e opposes _! aim4 ,!y reason !oretically1 )\t demon/rat+ exp]im5tally1 & errors are ! result4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am1 my de> ,fri5d1 y\rs ev] & fai?fully1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,! equivocal position ?us =c$ ^u ,f>aday by ! hauteur ( ,lady ,davy ne>ly caus$ a contretemps dur+ ! /ay at ,g5eva1 :i* la/$ f ! end ( ,june1 #ahad1 to ab\t ! middle ( ,septemb]4 ,b5ce ,jones's acc\nt1 d]iv$ f ,f>aday himself1 is z foll[s3--,pr(essor ,g4 de la ,rive1 undazzl$ by ! brilliancy ( ,davy's reputation1 0 able to see ! true wor? ( 8 assi/ant4 ,davy 0 fond ( %oot+1 & ,f>aday1 :o accompani$ !m1 us$ to load ,davy's gun = him1 :ile ,de la ,rive load$ 8 own4 ,ent]+ into conv]sation ) ,f>aday1 ,de la ,rive 0 a/oni%$ to f9d t ! intellig5t & *>m+ "y man :om he _h tak5 hi!rto = a dome/ic 0 really prp>ateur de laboratoire 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,?is l$ him to place ,f>aday1 9 "o respect1 on an equality ) ,davy4 ,:il/ !y 7 /ay+ 9 8 h\se1 he wi%$ !m to d9e toge!r at 8 table4 ,davy1 x is said1 decl9$1 because ,f>aday act$ 9 "s ?+s z 8 s]vant4 ,de la ,rive express$ 8 feel+s /rongly1 & ord]$ d9n] 9 a sep>ate room = ,f>aday4 ,a rum\r spread ye>s aft] t ,de la ,rive gave a d9n] 9 ,f>aday's hon\r3 ?is is n s1 h[ev]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,visit ,,to ,,g5eva4 ,( t ,g5eva visit ,f>aday says1 9 #aheh1 to ,m4 ,a4 de la ,rive3-- ,i h "s su* ?\ghts 7( gratitude7 ev5 z reg>ds y\r own fa!r1 :o 01 ,i may say1 ! fir/ :o p]sonally at ,g5eva1 & aft]w>ds by correspond5ce1 enc\rag$ & by t su/a9$ me4 ,?is correspond5ce1 :i* began ) ! fa!r & 0 cont9u$ ) ! son1 la/$ altoge!r ne>ly fifty ye>s4 ,f ,g5eva ! travell]s w5t nor?w>d1 by ,lausanne1 ,vevay1 ,b]n1 ,zri*1 & ,s*affhaus51 across ,bad5 & ,wrtemburg to ,muni*4 ,aft] visit+ ?is & o!r ,g]man t[ns1 !y cross$ ,tyrol s\?w>ds to ,vic5za1 halt+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,pietra ,mala to collect ! inflammable gas :i* !re rises f ! soil4 ,!y sp5t a day 9 ,padua1 & ?ree days 9 ,v5ice2 & on by ,bologna to ,flor5ce1 :]e ,davy complet$ 8 analysis ( ! gas collect$ at ,pietra ,mala4 ,e>ly 9 ,novemb] !y 7 aga9 9 ,rome4 ,he writes once & aga9 to 8 "m1 :ile 8 anxiety ab\t ! ,royal ,in/itution makes him s5d inquiries to ,abbott z to :at is go+ to happ5 !re1 & to *>ge him1 8if any *ange %\ld occur 9 ,albem>le ,/reet10 n to =get 8 books :i* are ly+ !re4 8,i prize !m n[ m ?an ev]40 ,to 8 =m] ma/]1 ,riebau1 he wrote f ,rome z foll[s3-- ,rome1 ,jan4 #e?1 #ahae4 ,,hon\r$ ,,sir1 ,x is ) v peculi> b v pleas+ & inde$ flatt]+ s5tim5ts t ,i comm5ce a lett] int5d$ = y1 = ,i e/eem x z a high hon\r t y %\ld n only all[ b ev5 wi% me to write to y4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! %ort eight ye>s t ,i 0 ) y1 ,sir1 & dur+ ! ye> or two t pass$ aft]w>ds be=e ,i left ,engl&1 ,i cont9ually enjoy$ y\r goodness & ! effects ( x2 & x is gratify+ to me 9 ! highe/ degree to f9d t ev5 abs5ce has n impair$ x1 & t y are will+ to give me ! highe/ pro( ( 7all[ me to say7 fri5d%ip t di/ance w admit4 ,i h receiv$ bo? ! lett]s t y h wrote to me1 ,sir1 & consid] !m z f> f be+ ! lea/ pro(s ( y\r goodwill & remembrance ( me4 ,all[ me to ?ank y humbly b s9c]ely = ^! & all o!r k9dness1 & ,i hope t at "s future day an opportunity w occur :5 ,i c express m /rongly my gratitude4 ,i beg leave to return a ?\s& ?anks to my k9d ,mi/ress1 to ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,pa9e & ,george = _! remembrances1 & v5ture to give m9e ) respect 9 return4 ,i am v glad to he> t all are well4 ,i am v mu* afraid y say too mu* ( me to ,mr4 ,dance1 ,mr4 ,cosway1 ,mrs4 ,udney1 etc41 = ,i feel unwor?y ( :at y h said ( me =m]ly1 & :at y may say n[4 ,s9ce ,i h left ,engl&1 ! exp]i5ce ,i h ga9$ 9 m div]sifi$ & ext5d$ life1 & ! k ,i h ga9$ ( :at is to be le>n$ & :at o!rs "k1 h suffici5tly %[n me my own ignorance1 ! degree 9 :i* ,i am surpass$ by all ! _w1 & my want ( p[]s2 b ,i hope t at lea/ ,i %all return home ) an addition to my self-k4 ,:5 speak+ ( ^? :o are s mu* my sup]iors1 z ,mr4 ,dance1 ,mr4 ,cosway1 & ,mrs4 ,udney1 etc41 ,i feel a cont9ual fe> t ,i %\ld appe> to want respect1 b ! mann] 9 :i* y m5tion _! names 9 y\r lett] embold5s me to beg t y w give my humble/ respects to ^? honor$ p]sons1 if1 & only if 7,i am afraid ( intrud+7 !y %\ld aga9 speak ( me to y4 ,mr4 ,dance's k9dness claims my gratitude1 & ,i tru/ t my ?anks1 ! only m>k t ,i c give1 w be accept$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,books ,,& ,,booksell]s4 ,s9ce ,i h be5 abroad1 my old pr(ession ( books has (t5times occurr$ to my m9d & be5 productive ( mu* pleasure4 ,x 0 my wi% at fir/ to pur*ase "s useful book at e l>ge t[n we came to1 b ,i f\nd my /ock increase s fa/ t ,i 0 oblig$ to alt] my plan & pur*ase only at ,capital ,cities4 ,! fir/ books t ,i want$ 7 gramm>s & diction>ies1 b ,i f\nd few places l ,london :]e ,i c\ld get :atev] ,i want$4 ,9 ,france 7at ! "t we 7 !re7 ,engli% books 7 v sc>ce1 & also ,engli% & ,fr5* books2 & a ,fr5* gramm> = an ,engli%man 0 a ?+ difficult to f9d4 ,nev]!less ! %ops appe>$ well /ock$ ) books 9 _! own language1 & ! enc\ragem5t ,napoleon gave to ,arts & ,sci5ces ext5d$ its influ5ce ev5 to ! pr9t+ & b9d+ ( books4 ,i saw "s beautiful specim5s 9 bo? ^! bran*es at ! ,biblio?que ,impriale at ,p>is1 b ,i /ill ?9k !y did n exce$ or ev5 equal ^? ,i _h se5 9 ,london be=e4 ,we h z yet se5 v little ( ,g]many1 hav+ pass$ rapidly ?r\gh ,switz]l& & /opp+ b a few days at ,muni*1 b t little gave me a v favorable idea ( ! ,booksell]s' %ops4 ,i got an excell5t ,engli% & ,g]man diction>y imm$iately ,i ask$ = x1 & o!r books ,i ask$ = ,i f\nd 7 to be _h1 b ,e4 & ,g4 ,gramm>s 7 sc>ce1 ow+ to ! little communication betwe5 ! two ,empires1 & ! =m] p[] ( ! ,fr5* 9 ,g]many4 ,italy ,i h f\nd ! c\ntry furni%$ ) ! fewe/ means--if books are ! means ( dissem9at+ k1 & ev5 ,v5ice :i* is r5[n$ = ,pr9t+ appe>$ to me b>e & little wor?y ( its "*4 ,x is natural to suppose t ! great & mo/ e/imable use ( pr9t+ is to produce ^? books :i* are 9 mo/ g5]al use & :i* are requir$ by ! _w at l>ge2 x is ^? books :i* =m ?is bran* ( trade1 & consequ5tly e %op 9 x gives an acc\nt ( ! m valuable /ate ( ! art 7i4e47 ! use made ( x4 ,9 ,italy !re are _m books1 & ! %elves ( ! %ops !re appe> full1 b ! books are old1 or :at is new h come f ,france2 !y seem latt]ly to h resign$ pr9t+ & to h become satisfi$ ) ! libr>ies _! =efa!rs left !m4 ,i f\nd at ,flor5ce an ,e4 & ,i4 ,gramm> 7,v5]oni's71 :i* does a little cr$it to ,leghorn2 b ,i h se>*$ unsuccessfully at ,rome1 ,naples1 ,milan1 ,bologna1 ,v5ice1 ,flor5ce1 & 9 e "p ( ,italy = & ,e4 & ,i4 ,diction>y1 & ! only "o ,i c\ld get 0 ,rollasetti 9 #hvo4 ,e4 ,f4 & ,i4 ,a circum/ance /ill m s+ul> is ! want ( bibles2 ev5 at ,rome1 ! seat ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic fai?1 a bible ( mod]ate size is n to be f\nd1 ei!r ,prote/ant or ,ca?olic4 ,^? :i* exi/ are l>ge folios or #dtos & 9 sev]al volumes1 int]sp]s$ ) ! v>i\s read+s & comm5t>ies ( ! fa!rs1 & !y are 9 ! possession ( ! ,prie/s & religi\s pr(essors4 ,9 all %ops at ,rome :]e ,i ask = a small pocket bible ! man seem$ afraid to answ] me1 & "s ,prie/ 9 ! %op look$ at me 9 a v inquisitive way4 ,i mu/ n[1 ,k9d ,sir1 put an end to ?is lett]1 :i* ,i fe> y w ?9k already too long4 ,i beg y w h ! goodness to s5d to my ,"m & say ,i am well1 & give my duty to h] & my love to my bro!r & si/]s4 ,i h wrote f\r or five times lately f ,rome to v>i\s fri5ds4 ,rememb] me1 if y please1 to ,mr4 ,kit*51 & o!rs :o may enquire aft] me4 ,i ?ank y = y\r conclud+ wi%es & am1 ,sir1 ,y\r mo/ dutifully1 ,,f>aday4 ,to 8 si/]s he wrote also4 ,to ! eld]1 on ! ,*ur* fe/ivals1 ! ,c>nival1 & ! ru9s ( ! ,colosseum4 ,to ! y\ng]1 on ! be/ way ( le>n+ ,fr5*4 ,8 di>y is full ( ! ,c>nival1 ! fooli%ness ( :i* af=d$ him mu* amusem5t4 ,he witness$ ! horse-races 9 ! ,corso1 w5t f\r times to mask$ balls1 :]e 8 boyi% love ( upro>i\s fun broke out beyond re/ra9t1 = to ! la/ "o he w5t disguis$ 9 a night-g[n & night-cap4 ,betwe5 gaieties 9 ! ev5+s & *emical exp]im5ts ) ,davy 9 ! day1 8 "t mu/ h be5 pretty fully occupi$4 ,!y _h _h ! int5tion ( go+ on to ,greece & ,turkey1 b ow+ to dread ( qu>ant9e ^! projects 7 ab&on$1 & at ! end ( ,febru>y1 #ahae1 !y mov$ s\?w>ds to ,naples4 ,"h is a *>act]i/ic entry3-- ,tuesday1 ,m>* #g?4--,i he>d = news t ,bonap>te 0 aga9 at lib]ty4 ,be+ no politician1 ,i did n tr\ble myself mu* ab\t x1 ?\gh ,i suppose x w h a /rong influ5ce on ! affairs ( ,europe4 ,he w5t ) ,sir ,humphry to explore ,monte ,somma1 & v5tur$ to make ano!r asc5t ( ! cone ( ,vesuvius1 ) ! gratification ( f9d+ ! crat] 9 mu* great] activity ?an dur+ ! visits ( ! prec$+ ye>4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,t\r4 ,!n1 = reasons n altoge!r cle>1 ! t\r 0 sudd5ly cut %ort4 ,naples 0 left on ,m>* #ba/1 ,rome on #bd?1 ,mantua 0 pass$ on #cj?4 ,tyrol 0 recross$1 ,g]many trav]s$ by ,/uttg>dt1 ,heidelb]g1 & ,cologne4 ,brussels 0 rea*$ on #af? ,april1 :5ce ,london 0 rega9$ vi ,o/5d & ,deal4 ,a lett] writt5 f ,brussels to 8 "m positively ov]fl[s ) ! joy ( expect$ return4 ,he does n want 8 "m to be inquir+ at ,albem>le ,/reet z to :5 he is expect$3-- ,y may be sure t my fir/ mom5ts w be 9 y\r company4 ,if y h opportunities1 tell "s ( my de>e/ fri5ds1 b d n tell ev]ybody--t is1 d n tr\ble y\rself to d x4 ,i am ( no consequ5ce except to a few1 & !re are b a few t are ( consequ5ce to me1 & !re are "s :om ,i %\ld l to be ! fir/ to tell myself--,mr4 ,riebau = "o4 ,h[ev]1 let ,a4 "k1 if y c444 ,adieu till ,i see y1 de>e/ ,"m2 & believe me ev] y\r affectionate & dutiful son1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,p4,s4 ',tis ! %orte/ & 7to me7 ! sweete/ lett] ,i ev] wrote y4 ,a =tnight aft] 8 return to ,london1 ,f>aday 0 re-engag$1 at a sal>y ( ?irty %ill+s a week1 at ! ,royal ,in/itution z assi/ant 9 ! laboratory & m9]alogical collection4 ,he return$ to ! sc5e ( 8 =m] lab\rs2 b ) :at wid5$ ideas6 ,he _h _h eighte5 mon?s ( daily int]c\rse ) ! mo/ brilliant *emi/ ( ! age4 ,he _h se5 & conv]s$ ) ,ampre1 ,arago1 ,gay-,lussac1 ,*evreul1 ,dumas1 ,volta1 ,de la ,rive1 ,biot1 ,pictet1 ,de ,saussure1 & ,de ,/ael4 ,he _h =m$ a la/+ fri5d%ip ) m ?an "o ( ^!4 ,he _h d9$ ) ,c\nt ,rum=d1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,he _h ga9$ a c]ta9 ma/]y ov] =eign tongues1 & _h se5 ! ways ( =eign society4 ,?\gh x 0 _m ye>s be=e he aga9 quitt$ ,engl& = a =eign t\r1 he *]i%$ ! mo/ lively recollection ( _m ( ! incid5ts t _h befall5 him4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,life ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,in/itution4 ,among/ ! sci5tific societies ( ,great ,brita91 ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,london occupies a conspicu\s place4 ,x has _h _m imitators 9 its "t1 yet x rema9s unique4 ,a 8le>n$ society0 x may claim to be1 9 ! s5se t x publi%es sci5tific transactions1 & endeav\rs to conc5trate )9 itself & promote ! highe/ sci5ce1 )9 a c]ta9 range ( subjects4 ,9 "s respects x resembles a college2 = x appo9ts pr(essors1 & provides !m ) space1 appliances1 & mat]ials = rese>*1 & a !atre :]e9 to lecture4 ,= its memb]s x provides a com=table1 well-/ock$ libr>y1 & a read+-room :]e daily & p]iodic j\rnals may be consult$4 ,b x has a*iev$ a reputation f> 9 excess ( any x w\ld h held1 _h t reputation dep5d$ solely on its publications1 or on ! num]ical /r5g? ( its memb]%ip4 ,f\nd$ 9 ! ye> #agii by t erratic g5ius ,c\nt ,rum=d1 z a sort ( te*nical s*ool1#aj x w\ld spe$ily h come to an end _h n o!rs /epp$ 9 to develop x 9 new ways4 ,f ! c]ta9 ru9 :i* seem$ imp5d+ 9 #ahja1 x 0 sav$ by ! appe>ance ^u ! sc5e ( ! brilliant y\? ,humphry ,davy1 ^: lectures made x = t5 ye>s ! resort ( fa%ion4 ,9 #ahad x 0 aga9 9 su* l[ wat] t ,f>aday1 travell+ on ! ,cont95t at t "t z amanu5sis to ,sir ,humphry1 0 e mon? expect+ to he> ( its collapse4 ,until ab\t #ahcc1 :5 ! two ,full]ian ,pr(essor%ips 7 f\nd$1 x 0 cont9ually 9 f9ancial difficulties4 ,! p]si/5t & extraord9>y ef=ts made by ,f>aday f #ahbf to #ahci1 & ! reputation ( ! place :i* accru$ by 8 discov]ies1 7 beyond all "q its salvation f ru94 ,:5 x 0 f\nd$ x 0 locat$ 9 two private h\ses 9 ,albem>le ,/reet1 !n reg>d$ z q out ( t[n1 if n almo/ suburban2 ! premises be+ alt]$ & an entrance hall ) /aircase add$4 ,a little lat] ! lecture-!atre1 mu* z x /ill exi/s1 0 con/ruct$4 ,! ext]ior at fir/ rema9$ un*ang$4 ,! /ucco pila/]s ( ,grecian /yle1 :i* give x its air ( di/9ction1 7 n erect$ until #ahch4 ,! f9e rooms ( ! ,davy-,f>aday laboratory at ! s\? end 7 only add$ 9 #ahif by ! lib]ality ( ,mr4 ,ludwig ,mond4 ,besides ! laboratories = rese>* 9 physical *emi/ry1 :i* h ?us be5 associat$ ) ! old] "p ( ! ,in/itution1 additional rooms = ! libr>y h be5 provid$ 9 ?is munific5t gift to sci5ce4 ,! old] laboratories ( ! ,in/itution1 ?\gh !y reta9 "s features f ,rum=d's "t1 h be5 consid]ably remodell$4 ,! old rooms :]e ,davy1 ,"y1 ,br&e1 ,f>aday1 ,frankl&1 & ,tyndall conduct$ _! rese>*es are /ill 9 exi/5ce2 b ! *ief laboratory 0 recon/ruct$ 9 #ahgb 9 ,tyndall's "t2 & x has be5 q rec5tly enl>g$ & recon/ruct$ to accommodate ! heavy ma*9]y requir$ 9 ,pr(essor ,dew>'s rese>*es on liquid air & ! prop]ties ( bodies at l[ temp]atures4 ,! _s ( ! place may be summ$ up v briefly4 ,x has exi/$ = a c5tury z ! home ( ! highe/ k9d ( sci5tific rese>*1 & ( ! be/ & mo/ specialis$ k9d ( sci5tific lectures4 ,x 0 "h t ,davy fir/ %[$ ! electric arc lamp2 t he a/oni%$ ! _w by decompos+ pota% & produc+ potassium2 t he inv5t$ ! safety lamp4 ,x 0 "h t ,f>aday work$ & lab\r$ = ne>ly fifty ye>s4 ,"h t ,tyndall's inve/igations on radiant heat & diamagnetism 7 c>ri$ on4 ,"h t ,br&e1 ,frankl&1 ,odl+1 ,glad/one1 & ,dew> h h&$ on ! tor* ( *emi/ry f ! "t ( ,davy4 ,pr(essor%ips1 ( :i* ! educational duties are re/rict$ to a few lectures 9 ! ye>1 giv+ leisure & scope = rese>* z ! ma9 duty1 are n to be f\nd any:]e else 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s2 ^? at colleges & univ]sities be+ inv>iably hamp]$ ) educational & adm9i/rative duties4 ,sid5ote3 ,,royal ,,in/itution ,,laboratories4 ,z = ! lectures at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 !y may be divid$ "u ?ree heads3 ! aft]noon c\rses2 ! juv5ile lectures at ,*ri/mas2 ! ,friday night disc\rses4 ,! aft]noon lectures are ?rice a week at ?ree o'clock1 & consi/ usually ( %ort c\rses1 f ?ree lectures to z _m z twelve1 by em95t sci5tific & lit]>y m54 ,inv>iably "o ( ^! c\rses dur+ ! season1 ei!r be=e or aft] ,ea/]1 is giv5 by "o ( ! regul> ,pr(essors2 ! rema9+ lectur]s are paid pr(essional fees 9 proportion to ! duration ( _! c\rse4 ,! ,*ri/mas lectures1 always six 9 numb]1 are giv51 sometimes by "o ( ! ,pr(essors1 sometimes by outside lectur]s ( sci5tific reputation4 ,b ! ,friday night disc\rses1 giv5 at n9e o'clock1 dur+ ! season f ,janu>y till ,june1 are unique4 ,no fee is paid to ! lectur]1 save a contribution t[>d exp5ses if appli$ =1 & x is consid]$ to be a di/9ct hon\r to be invit$ to give su* a disc\rse4 ,!re is no sci5tific man ( any orig9al claim to di/9ction2 no *emi/1 eng9e]1 or electrician2 no physiologi/1 geologi/1 or m9]alogi/1 dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 :o has n be5 invit$ ?us to give an acc\nt ( 8 inve/igations4 ,occasionally a wid] range is tak51 & ! em95t writ] ( books1 dramati/1 metaphysician1 or musician has tak5 8 place at ! lecture-table4 ,! ,friday night ga!r+ is always a brilliant "o4 ,f ! salons ( society1 f ! _w ( politics & diplomacy1 z well z f ! ranks ( ! le>n$ pr(essions & ( ! f9e arts1 m5 & wom5 assemble to li/5 to ! exposition ( ! late/ discov]ies or ! newe/ advances 9 philosophy by ! m5 :o h made !m4 ,e disc\rse mu/1 s f> z ! subject admits1 be illu/rat$ 9 ! be/ possible way by exp]im5ts1 by diagrams1 by ! exhibition ( specim5s4 ,n infrequ5tly1 ! p]son invit$ to give a ,friday ev5+ disc\rse at ! ,royal ,in/itution w beg9 8 prep>ations five or six mon?s be=eh&4 ,at lea/ "o in/ance is kn[n--! occasion be+ a disc\rse by ! late ,mr4 ,w>r5 ,de la ,rue--:]e ! prep>ations 7 begun m ?an a ye> be=eh&1 & co/ sev]al hundr$s ( p\nds4 ,& ?is 0 to illu/rate a rese>* already made & complet$1 ( :i* ! b>e sci5tific results _h already be5 communicat$ 9 a memoir to ! ,royal ,society4 ,a m]e enum]ation ( ! em95t m5 :o h ?us giv5 _! "t & lab\rs to ! ,royal ,in/itution w\ld fill _m pages4 ,x is little cause = wond] !n t ! lecture-!atre at ,albem>le ,/reet is cr[d$ week aft] week 9 ! pursuit ( sci5ce "u conditions l ^!2 or t e lectur] is spurr$ on by ! _s ( ! place to d 8 subject ! utmo/ ju/ice by ! mann] 9 :i* he h&les x4 ,!re are no lectures s fam\s1 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w s popul>1 c]ta9ly none su/a9$ at s high a level1 z ! lectures ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,fam\s ,,lectures4 ,b x 0 n always ?us4 ,davy's brilliant b ill-balanc$ g5ius _h drawn fa%ionable cr[ds to ! morn+ lectures :i* he gave4 ,br&e prov$ to be a mu* m humdrum lectur]2 & ?\gh ) "y ,f>aday at 8 elb[ he f\nd 8 "w ( lectur+ a task 8on velvet10 he 0 n exactly an inspir+ p]son4 ,dur+ ,davy's protract$ t\r abroad ?+s _h n altoge!r prosp]$1 & 8 return 0 none too soon4 ,f>aday ?rew himself :ole-he>t$ly into ! "w ( ! ,in/itution1 n only help+ z lecture assi/ant1 b giv+ a h& also 9 ! prep>ation ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 :i* _h be5 e/abli%$ z a k9d ( j\rnal ( proce$+s4 ,b n[ ,f>aday 0 to take a quiet /ep =w>d4 ,he appe>s at ! ,city ,philosophical ,society 9 ! "* ( lectur]4 ,he gave sev5 lectures !re1 9 #ahaf1 on *emi/ry1 ! f\r? ( !m be+ 8,on ,radiant ,matt]40 ,extracts are giv5 f mo/ ( ^! lectures 9 ,b5ce ,jones's 8,life & ,lett]s ( ,f>aday02 !y %[ all t love ( accuracy1 t philosophic susp5se ( judgm5t 9 matt]s ( hypo!sis1 :i* 9 aft] ye>s 7 s *>act]i/ic ( ! man4 ,he also kept a commonplace book fill$ ) notes ( sci5tific matt]s1 ) lit]>y exc]pts1 anagrams1 epitaphs1 algebraic puzzles1 v>ieties ( spell+ ( 8 own "n1 & p]sonal exp]i5ces1 includ+ a poetical diatribe aga9/ fall+ 9 love1 toge!r ) ! foll[+ m prosaic aphorism3-- ,:at is ,love8--,a nuisance to ev]ybody b ! p>ties conc]n$4 ,a private affair :i* e "o b ^? conc]n$ wi%es to make public4 ,x also includes a piece 9 v]se1 by a memb] ( ! ,city ,philosophical ,society--a ,mr4 ,dryd5--call$ 8,qu>t]ly ,night10 :i* is int]e/+ z embalm+ a portrait ( ! y\?ful ,f>aday z he appe>$ to 8 comrades3-- ,neat 0 ! y\? 9 dress1 9 p]son pla92 ,8 eye read ?us1 ,philosoph] 9 gra92 ,( und]/&+ cle>1 reflection deep2 ,exp]t to appreh5d1 & /rong to keep4 ,8 wat*ful m9d no subject c elude1 ,nor speci\s arts ( sophi/s ere delude2 ,8 p[]s1 un%ackl$1 range f pole to pole2 ,8 m9d f error free1 f guilt 8 s\l4 ,w>m? 9 8 he>t1 good hum\r 9 8 face1 ,a fri5d to mir?1 b foe to vile grimace2 ,a temp] c&id1 mann]s unassum+1 ,always correct1 yet always unpresum+4 ,su* 0 ! y\?1 ! *ief ( all ! b&2 ,8 "n well kn[n1 ,sir ,humphry's "r h&4 ,at ?is date !re 7 no ev5+ duties at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 b ,f>aday f\nd 8 ev5+s well occupi$1 z he expla9s to ,abbott :5 ralli$ ab\t 8 hav+ des]t$ 8 old fri5d4 ,monday & ,?ursday ev5+s he sp5t 9 self-improvem5t accord+ to a regul> plan4 ,w$nesdays he gave to 8! ,society0 7i4e4 ! ,city ,philosophical74 ,saturdays he sp5t ) 8 "m at ,weym\? ,/reet2 leav+ only ,tuesdays & ,fridays = 8 own bus9ess & fri5ds4 ,sid5ote3 ,,city ,,philosophical ,,society4 ,& s ! busy mon?s pass1 & he gives m lectures 9 ! privacy ( ! ,city ,society1 "o ( !m1 8,on "s ,obs]vations on ! ,means ( obta9+ ,k10 atta9+ ! dignity ( pr9t at ! h&s ( ,eff+ham ,wilson1 ! ent]pris+ ,city publi%]1 :o a few ye>s lat] pr9t$ ,br[n+'s 8,p>acelsus0 & ,alfr$ ,t5nyson's fir/ volume1 8,poems3 ,*iefly ,lyrical40 ,by ! "t he has giv5 n9e lectures he has ga9$ confid5ce4 ,! disc\rses _h all be5 writt5 out be=eh&1 ?\gh nev] lit]ally 8read40 ,= ! t5? lecture--on ,c>bon--he wrote notes only4 ,?is is 9 ,july1 #ahag1 & 9 ^! notes he t\*es on a matt] 9 :i* he _h be5 v busily aid+ ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ! inv5tion ( ! safety lamp4 ,_m ( ! e>ly =ms ( exp]im5tal app>atus con/ruct$1 & "s ( ! e>ly lamps1 are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,dr4 ,clanny _h1 9 #ahac1 propos$ an entirely clos$ lamp1 suppli$ ) air f ! m9e1 ?r\gh wat]1 by bell[s4 ,aft] _m exp]im5ts on explosive mixtures ( gas & air1 & on ! prop]ties ( flame1 ,davy adopt$ an iron-wire gauze protector = 8 lamp1 :i* 0 introduc$ into coal m9+ e>ly 9 #ahaf4 ,9 ,davy's preface to 8 "w describ+ x1 he says3 8,i am myself indebt$ to ,mr4 ,mi*ael ,f>aday = mu* able assi/ance 9 ! prosecution ( my exp]im5ts40 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,rift ,,)9 ,,! ,,lute4 ,& well might ,davy be grateful4 ,) all 8 imm5se ability1 he 0 a man almo/ de/itute ( ! faculties ( ord] & me?od4 ,he _h little self-control1 & ! fa%ionable dissipations :i* he p]mitt$ himself less5$ t little4 ,f>aday n only kept 8 exp]im5ts go+1 b made himself responsible = _! records4 ,he pres]v$ e note & manuscript ( ,davy's ) religi\s c>e4 ,he copi$ out ,davy's scrawl$ rese>*es 9 a neat cle> delicate h&writ+1 begg+ only = 8 pa9s to be all[$ to keep ! orig9als1 :i* he b\nd 9 two qu>to volumes4 ,f>aday has be5 kn[n to rem>k to an intimate fri5d t among/ 8 advantages he _h _h be=e him a model to tea* him :at he %\ld avoid4 ,b he 0 ev] loyal to ,davy1 e>ne/ 9 8 praise1 & frank 9 8 ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 debt to 8 ma/] 9 sci5ce4 ,/ill !re arose ! little rift )9 ! lute4 ,! safety lamp1 great z 0 ! practical advantage x br\ght to ! m9]1 is n safe 9 all circum/ances4 ,davy did n l to admit ?is1 & w\ld nev] ackn[l$ge x4 ,exam9$ be=e a ,p>liam5t>y ,committee z to :e!r "u a c]ta9 condition ! safety lamp w\ld become unsafe1 ,f>aday admitt$ t ?is 0 ! case4 ,n ev5 8 devotion to 8 ma/] w\ld induce him to hide ! tru?4 ,he 0 true to himself 9 mak+ ! ackn[l$gm5t1 ?\gh x ang]$ 8 ma/]4 ,"o ,friday ev5+ at ! ,royal ,in/itution--probably ab\t #ahbf--!re 0 exhibit$ an improv$ ,davy lamp ) a eulogi/ic inscription2 ,f>aday add$ 9 p5cil ! words3 8,! op9ion ( ! inv5tor40 ,at ?is "t he began to give private lessons 9 *emi/ry to a pupil to :om he _h be5 recomm5d$ by ,davy4 ,8 lectures at ! ,city ,society 9 ,dorset ,/reet 7 cont9u$ 9 #ahah1 & at ! conclusion ( ^? on *emi/ry he deliv]$ "o on 8,m5tal ,in]tia10 :i* has be5 record$ at "s l5g? by ,b5ce ,jones4 ,9 #ahah he att5d$ a c\rse ( lessons on oratory by ! elocutioni/ ,mr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,sm>t1 pay+ out ( 8 sl5d] res\rces half a gu9ea a lesson1 s anxi\s 0 he to improve himself1 ev5 9 8 mann] ( lectur+4 ,8 notes on ^! lessons fill #acc manuscript pages4 ,8 o!r notes n[ beg9 to p>take less ( ! "* ( quotations & exc]pts1 & m ( ! nature ( qu]ies or problems = solution4 ,"h are "s examples3-- 8,d ! pi? balls div]ge by ! di/urbance ( electricity 9 consequ5ce ( mutual induction or n80 8,di/il oxalate ( ammonia4 ,qu]y1 results80 8,qu]y1 ! nature ( ! body ,phillips burns 9 8 _s lamp80 ,! ,phillips "h m5tion$ 0 ! *emi/ ,ri*>d ,phillips 7aft]w>ds ,presid5t ( ! ,*emical ,society71 "o ( 8 ,city fri5ds1 ^: "n s frequ5tly occurs 9 ! correspond5ce ( ,f>aday's middle life4 ,phillips busi$ himself to promote ! mat]ial int]e/s ( 8 fri5d :o--to use 8 own language--0 8con/antly engag$ 9 obs]v+ ! works ( ,nature1 & trac+ ! mann] 9 :i* %e directs ! arrangem5t & ord] ( ! _w10 on ! spl5did sal>y ( #ajj p] annum4 ,! foll[+ note 9 a lett] to ,abbott1 dat$ ,febru>y #bg1 #ahah1 reveals new pr(essional lab\rs3-- ,i h be5 m ?an en\gh employ$4 ,we h be5 oblig$ ev5 to put aside lectures at ! ,in/itution2 & n[ ,i am s tir$ ) a long att5dance at ,guildhall ye/]day & to-day1 be+ subpna$1 ) ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 ,mr4 ,br&e1 ,phillips1 ,aik91 & o!rs1 to give *emical in=mation on a trial 7:i*1 h[ev]1 did n come (f71 t ,i sc>cely "k :at ,i say4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,davy aga9 w5t abroad1 b ,f>aday rema9$ 9 ,engl&4 ,f ,rome ,davy wrote a note1 ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( :i* %[s h[ ,f>aday 0 advanc+ 9 8 e/eem3-- ,rome3 ,octob]1 #ahah4 ,mr4 ,hat*ett's lett] conta9$ praises ( y :i* 7 v gratify+ to me2 =1 believe me1 !re is no "o m int]e/$ 9 y\r success & welf>e ?an y\r s9c]e well-wi%] & fri5d1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,9 ! next ye> ,davy wrote aga91 sugge/+ to ,f>aday t he might possibly be ask$ to come to ,naples z a skill$ *emi/ to assi/ 9 ! unroll+ ( ! ,h]culaneum manuscripts4 ,9 ,may he wrote aga91 f ,flor5ce3-- ,x gives me great pleasure to he> t y are com=table at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & ,i tru/ t y w n only d some?+ good & hon\rable = y\rself1 b likewise = sci5ce4 ,i am1 de> ,mr4 ,f>aday1 always y\r s9c]e fri5d & well-wi%]1 ,h4 ,,davy4 ,! wi% t ,davy express$ t ,f>aday might 8d some?+0 = himself & likewise = sci5ce 0 de/9$ soon to come to fulfilm5t4 ,b 9 ! case ( "o :o _h work$ s closely & _h be5 s intimately associat$ z an assi/ant1 x mu/ necess>ily be no easy matt] always to draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! "w ( ! ma/] & t ( ! assi/ant4 ,ideas sugge/$ by "o might easily h occurr$ to ! o!r1 :5 _! ?\ghts _h s long be5 direct$ to ! same ends4 ,& s x prov$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,beg9s ,,orig9al ,,rese>*es4 ,ref]5ce to ,*apt] ,,iii4 w %[ t already1 beg9n+ 9 #ahaf ) a simple analysis ( cau/ic lime = ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ,f>aday _h become an active work] 9 ! doma9 ( orig9al rese>*4 ,! fasc9ation ( ! que/ ( ! unkn[n 0 already ^u him4 ,:ile work+ ) & = ,davy on ! prop]ties ( flame & its non-transmission ?r\gh iron gauze1 9 ! inve/igation ( ! safety lamp1 o!r problems ( a k9dr$ nature _h aris54 ,"o ( ^!1 relat+ to ! fl[ ( gases ?r\gh capill>y tubes1 ,f>aday _h attack$ by himself 9 #ahag4 ,! subject =m$ "o ( ! six orig9al pap]s :i* he publi%$ t ye>4 ,9 ! next two ye>s he contribut$ 9 all no few] ?an ?irty-sev5 pap]s or notes to ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4 ,9 #ahai began a long rese>* on /eel :i* la/$ ov] ! ye> #ahbj4 ,he _h already giv5 evid5ce ( t dislike ( half-tru?s1 t av]sion = 8d\btful k0 :i* m>k$ him s /rongly4 ,he _h expos$1 ) quiet b unsp>+ success1 ! empt9ess ( ! claim made by an ,au/rian *emi/ to h discov]$ a new metal1 8,sirium10 by ! simple device ( analys+ out f ! mass all ! con/itu5ts ( kn[n sorts1 leav+ beh9d--no?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,,he ,,falls ,,9 ,,love4 ,& n[1 ,f>aday be+ tw5ty-n9e ye>s ( age1 a new & all-important episode 9 8 life occurr$4 ,among/ ! memb]s ( ! little congregation :i* met on ,sundays at ,paul's ,alley1 ,r$ ,cross ,/reet1 0 a ,mr4 ,b>n>d1 a work+ silv]smi? ( ,pat]no/] ,r[1 an eld] 9 ! ,s&emanian body4 ,he _h two sons1 ,edw>d ,b>n>d1 a fri5d ( ,f>aday's1 & ,george1 :o became a well-kn[n wat]-col\r arti/2 & ?ree daught]s2 "o :o 0 already at ?is "t m>ri$2 ,s>ah1 n[ tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age2 & ,jane1 :o 0 /ill y\ng]4 ,edw>d _h se5 9 ,f>aday's note-book ^? boyi% tirades aga9/ fall+ 9 love1 & _h told 8 si/] ,s>ah ( !m4 ,nev]!less1 9 spite ( all su* misogyni/ic fancies1 ,f>aday woke up "o day to f9d t ! l>ge-ey$1 cle>-br[$ girl _h gr[n to a place 9 8 he>t t he _h ?\ght b>r$ aga9/ ! assaults ( love4 ,%e ask$ him on "o occasion to %[ h] ! rhymes aga9/ love 9 8 note-book4 ,9 reply he s5t h] ! hi!rto unpubli%$ poem3-- ,r4 ,i4 ,oct4 #aa?1 #ahai4 ,y ask'd me la/ night = ! l9es :i* ,i p5n'd1 ,:51 exult+ 9 ignorance1 tempt$ by pride1 ,i d>$ torpid he>ts & cold brea/s to comm5d1 ,& affection's k9d p['r & s(t joys to d]ide4 ,if y urge x ,i _c refuse y\r reque/3 ,?\gh to grant x w puni% sev]ely my crime3 ,b my fault ,i rep5t1 & my errors dete/2 ,& ,i hop$ to h %[n my conv]sion 9 "t4 ,rememb]1 our laws 9 _! m]cy decide ,t no culprit be =c$ to give pro( ( 8 de$3 ,!y protect him ?\gh fall'n1 8 fail+s !y hide1 ,& enable ! wret* f 8 crimes to rece$ 7sic74 ,! pr9ciple's noble6 ,i ne$ n urge long ,its adoption2 !n turn f a judge to a fri5d4 ,d n ask = ! pro( t ,i once act$ wrong1 ,b direct me & guide me ! way to am5d4 ,m4 ,f4 ,:at o!r previ\s passages betwe5 !m are h9t$ at 9 ! lett] :i* he s5t h]1 is unkn[n2 b on ,july #e1 #ahbj1 he wrote3-- ,royal ,in/itution4 ,y "k me z well or bett] ?an ,i d myself4 ,y "k my =m] prejudices1 & my pres5t ?\ghts--y "k my weaknesses1 my vanity1 my :ole m9d2 y h conv]t$ me f "o errone\s way1 let me hope y w attempt to correct :at o!rs are wrong4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aga9 & aga9 ,i attempt to say :at ,i feel1 b ,i _c4 ,let me1 h[ev]1 claim n to be ! selfi% be+ t wi%es to b5d y\r affections = 8 own sake only4 ,9 :atev] way ,i c be/ m9i/] to y\r happ9ess ei!r by assiduity or by abs5ce1 x %all be done4 ,d n injure me by )draw+ y\r fri5d%ip1 or puni% me = aim+ to be m ?an a fri5d by mak+ me less2 & if y _c grant me m1 leave me :at ,i possess1 b he> me4 ,s>ah ,b>n>d %[$ ! lett] to h] fa!r4 ,%e 0 "y1 & fe>$ to accept h] lov]4 ,all h] fa!r w\ld say by way ( c\nsel 0 t love made philosoph]s say _m fooli% ?+s4 ,! int5sity ( ,f>aday's passion prov$ = ! "t a b> to 8 advance4 ,fe>+ le/ %e %\ld be unable to return x ) equal =ce1 ,miss ,b>n>d %rank f reply+4 ,to po/pone an imm$iate decision1 %e w5t away ) h] si/]1 ,mrs4 ,reid1 to ,ramsgate4 ,f>aday foll[$ to press 8 suit1 & aft] sev]al happy days 9 h] company1 v>i$ ) c\ntry walks & a run ov] to ,dov]1 he 0 able to say3 8,n a mom5t's alloy ( ?is ev5+'s happ9ess occurr$4 ,ev]y?+ 0 delightful to ! la/ mom5t ( my /ay ) my companion1 because %e 0 s40 ,( ! _m lett]s t ,f>aday wrote to 8 future wife a numb] h be5 pres]v$4 ,!y are manly1 simple1 full ( quiet affection1 b absolutely free f gu% or =c$ s5tim5t ( any k9d4 ,extracts f sev]al ( !m are pr9t$ by ,b5ce ,jones4 ,"o ( ^!1 writt5 e>ly 9 #ahba1 runs z foll[s3-- ,i ti$ up ! enclos$ key ) my books la/ night1 & make ha/e to return x le/ its abs5ce %\ld occasion confusion4 ,if x has1 x w p]haps rem9d y ( ! disord] ,i mu/ be 9 "h also = ! want ( a key--,i mean ! "o to my he>t4 ,h[ev]1 ,i "k :]e my key is1 & hope soon to h x "h1 & !n ! ,in/itution w be all "r aga94 ,let no "o oppose my ga9+ possession ( x :5 unavoidable ob/acles are remov$4 ,ev]1 my de> girl1 "o :o is p]fectly y\rs1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,f>aday obta9$ leave ( ! manag]s to br+ 8 wife to live 9 8 rooms at ! ,in/itution2 & 9 ,may1 #ahba1 8 position 0 *ang$ f t ( lecture assi/ant to t ( sup]9t5d5t ( ! h\se & laboratory4 ,9 ^! *anges ,sir ,humphry ,davy gave him will+ assi/ance4 ,b 8 sal>y rema9$ #ajj a ye>4 ,ob/acles be+ n[ remov$1 ,f>aday & ,miss ,b>n>d 7 m>ri$ on ,june #ab4 ,few p]sons 7 ask$ to ! w$d+1 = ,f>aday wi%$ x to be 8j l any o!r day40 8,!re w10 he wrote1 8be no bu/le1 no noise1 no hurry 444 x is 9 ! he>t t we expect & look = pleasure40 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,happy ,,m>riage4 ,8 m>riage1 ?\gh *ildless1 0 extremely happy4 ,mrs4 ,f>aday prov$ to be exactly ! true helpmeet = 8 ne$2 & he lov$ h] to ! end ( 8 life ) a *ivalr\s devotion :i* has become almo/ a prov]b4 ,little indications ( 8 atta*m5t crop up 9 unexpect$ places 9 8 subsequ5t c>e]2 b z ) 8 religi\s views s ) 8 dome/ic affairs1 he nev] obtrud$ !m ^u o!rs1 nor yet %rank f m5tion+ !m :5 !re 0 cause4 ,tyndall1 9 aft] ye>s1 made ! int5sity ( ,f>aday's atta*m5t to 8 wife ! subject ( a /rik+ simile3 8,nev]1 ,i believe1 exi/$ a manli]1 pur]1 /eadi] love4 ,l a burn+ diamond1 x cont9u$ to %$1 = six & =ty ye>s1 its :ite & smokeless gl[40 ,9 8 diploma-book1 n[ 9 possession ( ! ,royal ,society1 9 :i* he c>efully pres]v$ all ! c]tificates1 aw>ds1 & hon\rs be/[$ ^u him by academies & univ]sities1 !re may be f\nd on a slip ins]t$ 9 ! volume ?is entry3-- #be? ,janu>y1 #ahdg4 ,among/ ^! records & ev5ts1 ,i "h ins]t ! date ( "o :i*1 z a s\rce ( hon\r & happ9ess1 f> exce$s ! re/4 ,we 7 m>ri$ on ,june #ab1 #ahba4 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,& two ye>s lat]1 9 ! autobiographical notes he wrote3-- ,on ,june #ab1 #ahba1 he m>ri$--an ev5t :i* m ?an any o!r contribut$ to 8 e>?ly happ9ess & heal?ful /ate ( m9d4 ,! union has cont9u$ = tw5ty-eight ye>s1 & has n[ise *ang$1 except 9 ! dep? & /r5g? ( its "*4 ,:5 ne> ! close ( 8 life1 he pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,in/itution ! bookcase ) ! volumes ( notes ( ,davy's lectures & ( books b\nd by himself1 ! inscription record$ t !y 7 ! gift ( 8,mi*ael & ,s>ah ,f>aday40 ,e ,saturday ev5+ he us$ to take 8 wife to h] fa!r's h\se at ,pat]no/] ,r[1 s t on ,sunday !y %\ld be ne>] to ! *apel at ,paul's ,alley4 ,& 9 aft] ye>s1 :5 he 0 away on sci5tific "w1 visit+ ligh?\ses1 or att5d+ meet+s ( ! ,briti% ,association1 he always tri$ to return = ! ,sunday4 ,a lett] f ,liebig 9 #ahdd 7see p4 #bbe7 gives "o ( ! v few glimpses ( contempor>y date ( ! impression made by ,mrs4 ,f>aday ^u o!rs4 ,"o mon? aft] 8 m>riage ,f>aday made 8 pr(ession ( fai? be=e ! ,s&emanian *ur*1 to :i* 8 wife already belong$1 & 0 admitt$ a memb]4 ,to 8 religi\s views1 & 8 relations to ! body he ?us =mally jo9$1 ref]5ce w be f\nd lat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fir/ ,,electrical ,,discov]y4 ,f>aday n[ settl$ d[n to a r\t9e life ( sci5tific "w4 ,8 pr(essional reputation 0 ris+1 & 8 s]vices z analy/ 7 be+ s\ght aft]4 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( ?is he 0 pursu+ inve/igations on 8 own acc\nt4 ,9 ! late summ] ( ?is ye> he made ! discov]y ( ! electro-magnetic rotations describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4--8 fir/ important piece ( orig9al rese>*--& _h 9 consequ5ce a s]i\s misund]/&+ ) ,dr4 ,wolla/on4 ,on ,septemb] #crd1 work+ ) ,george ,b>n>d 9 ! laboratory1 he saw ! electric wire = ! fir/ "t revolve ar\nd ! pole ( ! magnet4 ,rubb+ 8 h&s z he danc$ ar\nd ! table ) beam+ face1 he exclaim$3 8,!re !y g6 !re !y g6 we h succe$$ at la/40 ,!n he gleefully propos$ t !y %\ld w9d up ! day by go+ to "o ( ! !atres4 ,:i* %\ld x be8 8,oh1 to ,a/ley's1 to see ! horses40 ,& to ,a/ley's !y w5t4 ,on ,*ri/mas ,day he call$ 8 "y wife to see some?+ new3 an electric conduct+-wire revolv+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! magnetism ( ! e>? alone4 ,he also read two *emical pap]s at ! ,royal ,society1 ann\nc+ new discov]ies2 "o ( !m 9 conjunction ) 8 fri5d ,phillips4 ,9 ,july1 #ahbb1 he took 8 wife & h] "m to ,ramsgate1 :il/ he w5t (f ) ,phillips to ,swansea to try a new process 9 ,vivian's copp] works4 ,dur+ ?is en=c$ p>t+1 ,f>aday wrote 8 wife ?ree lett]s f :i* ! foll[+ are extracts3--- ,sid5ote3 8,a ,,m]e ,,love-,,lett]40 7,july #ba1 #ahbb74 ,i p]ceive t if ,i give way to my ?\ghts1 ,i %all write y a m]e love-lett]1 j z usual1 ) n a p>ticle ( news 9 x3 to prev5t :i* ,i w con/ra9 myself to a n>rative ( :at has happ5$ s9ce ,i left y up to ! pres5t "t1 & !n indulge my affection4 ,ye/]day 0 a day ( ev5ts--little1 b pleasant4 ,i w5t 9 ! morn+ to ! ,in/itution1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! day analys$ ! wat]1 & s5t an acc\nt ( x to ,mr4 ,hat*ett4 ,mr4 ,fi%] ,i did n see4 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce call$ 91 & behav$ ) 8 usual g5]osity4 ,he _h call$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! week1 &1 f9d+ t ,i %\ld be at ! ,in/itution on ,saturday only1 came up1 z ,i h already said1 & insi/$ on my accept+ two t5-p\nd bank-notes = ! in=mation he pr(ess$ to h obta9$ f me at v>i\s times4 ,is n ?is h&some8 ,! money1 z y "k1 c\ld n h be5 at any "t m acceptable2 & ,i _c see any reason1 my de> love1 :y y & ,i %\ld n reg>d x z ano!r pro(1 among _m1 t our tru/ %\ld )\t a mom5t's res]ve be freely repos$ on ,him :o provide? all ?+s = ,8 p4 ,h we n _m times be5 reproa*$1 by su* m]cies z ^!1 = our c>+ aft] food & raim5t & ! ?+s ( ?is _w8 ,on com+ home 9 ! ev5+1 i4e41 com+ to ,pat]no/] ,r[ home1 ,i le>n$ t ,mr4 ,phillips _h se5 ,c41 & _h told h] we %\ld n leave ,london until ,monday ev5+4 ,s ,i %all h to-morr[ to get ?+s ready 91 & ,i %all h en\gh to d4 ,i fancy we are go+ to a l>ge mansion & into high company1 s ,i mu/ take m clo!s4 ,hav+ ! #bj1 ,i am become bold4444 ,& n[1 h[ d my de> wife & "m d8 ,are y com=table8 are y happy8 are ! lodg+s conv5i5t1 & ,mrs4 ,o4 oblig+8 ,has ! place done y good8 ,is ! wea!r f9e8 ,tell me all ?+s z soon z y c4 ,i ?9k if y write directly y get ?is x w be be/1 b let x be a long lett]4 ,i d n "k :5 ,i wi%$ s mu* = a long lett] z ,i d f y n[4 ,y w get ?is on ,tuesday1 & any lett] f y to me _c rea* ,swansea be=e ,?ursday or ,friday--a sad long "t to wait4 ,direct to me1 ,po/ ,(fice1 ,swansea2 or p]haps bett]1 to me at -- ,vivian ,esq41 ,m>9o1 ne> ,swansea1 ,s\? ,wales4444 ,& n[1 my de> girl1 ,i mu/ set bus9ess aside4 ,i am tir$ ( ! dull detail ( ?+s1 & want to talk ( love to y2 & surely !re c be no circum/ances "u :i* ,i c h m "r4 ,! !me 0 a *e]ful & delightful "o be=e we 7 m>ri$1 b x is d\bly s n[4 ,i n[ c speak1 n ( my own he>t only1 b ( bo? our he>ts4 ,i n[ speak1 n ) any d\bt ( ! /ate ( y\r ?\ghts1 b ) ! fulle/ conviction t !y answ] to my own4 ,all t ,i c n[ say w>m & animat$ to y1 ,i "k t y w\ld say to me aga94 ,! excess ( pleasure :i* ,i feel 9 kn[+ y m9e is d\bl$ by ! consci\sness t y feel equal joy 9 kn[+ me y\rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,,f ,,husb& ,,to ,,wife4 ,m>9o3 ,sunday1 ,july #bh1 #ahbb4 ,,my ,,de>ly ,,belov$ ,,wife1--,i h j read y\r lett] aga91 prep>atory to my writ+ to y1 t my ?\ghts might be /ill m elevat$ & quick5$ ?an be=e4 ,i c\ld almo/ rejoice at my abs5ce f y1 if x 7 only t x has produc$ su* an e>ne/ & w>m m>k ( affection f y z t lett]4 ,te>s ( joy & delight fell f my eyes on its p]usal4 ,i ?9k x 0 la/ ,sunday ev5+1 ab\t ?is "t1 t ,i wrote to y f ,london2 & ,i aga9 resort to ?is affectionate conv]sation ) y1 to tell y :at has happ5$ s9ce ! lett] :i* ,i got frank$ f ?is place to y on ,?ursday ,i believe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h be5 work+ v h>d "h at ! copp] works1 & ) "s success4 ,our days h gone on j z be=e4 ,a walk be=e breakfa/2 !n breakfa/2 !n to ! works till f\r or five o'clock1 & !n home to dress1 & d9n]4 ,aft] d9n]1 tea & conv]sation4 ,i h felt d\bly at a loss to-day1 be+ abs5t f bo? ! meet+ & y4 ,:5 away f ,london be=e1 ,i h _h y ) me1 & we c\ld read & talk & walk2 to-day ,i h _h no "o to fill y\r place1 s ,i w tell y h[ ,i h done4 ,!re are s _m "h1 & _! d9n] s late & long1 t ,i made up my m9d to avoid x1 ?\gh1 if possible1 )\t appe>+ s+ul>4 ,s1 hav+ rema9$ 9 my room till breakfa/ "t1 we all breakfa/$ toge!r1 & soon aft] ,mr4 ,phillips & myself took a walk out to ! ,mumbles ,po9t1 at ! extremity ( ?is side ( ! bay4 ,!re we sat d[n to admire ! beautiful sc5]y ar\nd u1 &1 aft] we _h view$ x long en\gh1 return$ sl[ly home4 ,we /opp$ at a little village 9 our way1 call$ ,oy/]m\?1 & d9$ at a small1 neat1 homely h\se ab\t "o o'clock4 ,we !n came back to ,m>9o1 & aft] a little :ile aga9 w5t out--,mr4 ,phillips to a relation 9 ! t[n1 & myself = a walk on ! s&s & ! edge ( ! bay4 ,i took tea 9 a little cottage1 &1 return+ home ab\t sev5 o'clock1 f\nd !m engag$ at d9n]1 s came up to my own room1 & %all n see !m aga9 to-night4 ,i w5t d[n = a light j n[1 & he>d !m play+ "s sacr$ music 9 ! draw+-room2 !y h all be5 to *ur* to-day1 & are :at are call$ regul> p4 ,! trial at ,h]e=d is put (f = ! pres5t1 b yet we %all n be able to be 9 t[n be=e ! end ( ?is week4 ,?\gh ,i long to see y1 ,i d n "k :5 x w be2 b ?is ,i "k1 t ,i am gett+ daily m anxi\s ab\t y4 ,mr4 ,phillips wrote home to ,mrs4 ,phillips f "h ev5 be=e ,i did--i4e4 la/ ,w$nesday4 ,?is morn+ he receiv$ a lett] f ,mrs4 ,phillips 7:o is v well7 desir+ him to ask me = a copy ( "o ( my lett]s to y1 t he may le>n to write love-lett]s ( suffici5t l5g?4 ,he laughs at ! scold+1 & says t x does n hurt at a di/ance4444 ,x seems to me s long s9ce ,i left y t !re mu/ h be5 "t = a great _m ?+s to h happ5$4 ,i expect to see y ) su* joy :5 ,i come home t ,i %all h>dly "k :at to d ) myself4 ,i hope y w be well & bloom+1 & animat$ & happy1 :5 y see me4 ,i d n "k h[ we %all contrive to get away f "h4 ,we c]ta9ly %all n h conclud$ be=e ,?ursday ev5+1 b ,i ?9k we %all endeav\r e>ne/ly to leave ?is place on ,friday night1 9 :i* case we %all get home late on ,saturday night4 ,if we _c d t1 z ,i %\ld n l to be travell+ all day on ,sunday1 we %all probably n leave until ,sunday night2 b ,i ?9k ! fir/ plan w be adopt$1 & t y w n h "t to answ] ?is lett]4 ,i expect1 nev]!less1 an answ] to my la/ lett]--i4e4 ,i expect t my de> wife w ?9k ( me aga94 ,expect "h means no?+ m ?an ,i tru/ & h a full confid5ce t x w be s4 ,my k9d girl is s affectionate t %e w\ld n ?9k a doz5 lett]s too mu* = me if !re 7 "t to s5d !m1 :i* ,i am glad !re is n4 ,give my love to our mo!rs z e>ne/ly z y w\ld y\r own1 & also to ,*>lotte or ,john1 or any su* "o t y may h ) y4 ,i h n writt5 to ,pat]no/] ,r[ yet1 b ,i am go+ to write n[1 s t ,i may be p]mitt$ to f9i% ?is lett] "h4 ,i d n feel q sure1 inde$1 t ! p]mission to leave (f is n z necess>y f my own he>t z f y\rs4 ,) ! utmo/ affection--) p]haps too mu*--,i am1 my de> wife1 my ,s>ah1 y\r devot$ husb&1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,f>aday's next sci5tific success 0 ! liquefaction ( *lor9e 7see ,*apt] ,,iii41 p4 #ic74 ,?is discov]y1 :i* creat$ mu* int]e/ 9 ! sci5tific _w1 0 ! occasion ( a s]i\s tr\ble ) ,sir ,humphry ,davy2 = d\btless ,davy 0 annoy$ t he _h left su* a simple exp]im5t to a m]e assi/ant4 ,writ+ on ! matt] ye>s aft]1 ,f>aday said3-- ,:5 my pap] 0 writt51 x 01 accord+ to a cu/om consequ5t ^u our relative positions1 submitt$ to ,sir ,h4 ,davy 7z 7 all my pap]s = ! 8,philosophical ,transactions0 up to a mu* lat] p]iod71 & he alt]$ x z he ?\ght fit4 ,?is practice 0 "o ( great k9dness to me1 = v>i\s grammatical mi/akes & awkw>d expressions 7 f "t to "t ?us remov$1 :i* might else h rema9$4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ,davy on ?is occasion add$ a note 7:i* 0 duly pr9t$7 say+ precisely h[ f> he _h any %>e 9 sugge/+ ! exp]im5t1 b 9 no wise trav]s+ any ( ,f>aday's claims4 ,al?\gh he ?us act$ g5]\sly to ! latt]1 !re c be no "q t he began to be s]i\sly jeal\s ( ,f>aday's ris+ fame4 ,! matt] 0 ! m s]i\s because "s :o did n h a nice appreciation ( ! circum/ances *ose to rake up a *>ge :i* _h be5 rais$ two ye>s be=e aga9/ ,f>aday by "s ( ,dr4 ,wolla/on's fri5ds--9 p>ticul> by ,dr4 ,w>burton--ab\t ! discov]y ( ! electro-magnetic rotations1 a *>ge :i* ,f>aday's /raight=w>d action & ,wolla/on's frank satisfaction ought to h dissipat$ = ev]4 ,& all ?is 0 d\bly aggravat+ because ,f>aday 0 n[ expect+ to be propos$ z a c&idate = ! ,fell[%ip ( ! ,royal ,society1 ( :i* ,sir ,humphry 0 ,presid5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,propos$ ,,= ,,! ,,fell[%ip4 ,at t "t1 z n[1 ! proposal pap] or 8c]tificate0 ( a c&idate = election mu/ be pres5t$1 sign$ by a numb] ( influ5tial ,fell[s4 ,f>aday's fri5d ,phillips took 9 h& ! pleasant task ( draw+ up ?is c]tificate & ( collect+ ! necess>y signatures4 ,! rule !n 0 t ! c]tificate s pres5t$ mu/ be read out at t5 successive meet+s ( ! ,society2 aft] :i* a ballot took place4 ,f>aday's c]tificate be>s tw5ty-n9e names4 ,! v fir/ is t ( ,wolla/on1 & x is foll[$ by ^? ( ,*ildr51 ,bab+ton1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,babbage1 ,phillips1 ,roget1 & ,sir ,james ,s\?4 ,on ! #e? ( ,may1 #ahbc1 ,f>aday wrote to ,phillips3-- ,a ?\s& ?anks to y = y\r k9dness--,i am delight$ ) ! names--,mr4 ,br&e _h told me ( x be=e ,i got y\r note & ?\ght x impossible to be bett]4 ,i suppose y w n be 9 ,grosv5or ,/reet ?is ,ev5+1 s ,i w put ?is 9 ! po/4 ,our ,be/ remembrances to ,mrs4 ,phillips4 ,y\rs ,ev]1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,! c]tificate 0 read = ! fir/ "t on ,may #a/4 ,! abs5ce ( ! names ( ,davy & ,br&e is acc\nt$ = by ! "o be+ ,presid5t & ! o!r ,secret>y4 ,b5ce ,jones gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( :at foll[$3-- ,t ,sir ,h4 ,davy actively oppos$ ,f>aday's election is no less c]ta9 ?an x is sad4 ,_m ye>s ago1 ,f>aday gave a fri5d ! foll[+ facts1 :i* 7 writt5 d[n imm$iately3--8,sir ,h4 ,davy told me ,i mu/ take d[n my c]tificate4 ,i repli$ t ,i _h n put x up2 t ,i c\ld n take x d[n1 z x 0 put up by my propos]s4 ,he !n said ,i mu/ get my propos]s to take x d[n4 ,i answ]$ t ,i knew !y w\ld n d s4 ,!n he said1 ,i z ,presid5t w take x d[n4 ,i repli$ t ,i 0 sure ,sir ,h4 ,davy w\ld d :at he ?\ght 0 = ! good ( ! ,royal ,society40 ,f>aday also said t "o ( 8 propos]s told him t ,sir ,h4 ,davy _h walk$ = an h\r r\nd ! c\rty>d ( ,som]set ,h\se1 argu+ t ,f>aday ought n to be elect$4 ,?is 0 probably ab\t ,may #cj4 ,f>aday also made ! foll[+ notes on ! circum/ance ( ! *>ge made by ,wolla/on's fri5ds3-- #ahbc4 ,9 relation to ,davy's opposition to my election at ! ,royal ,society4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy angry1 ,may #cj4 ,phillips' report ?r\gh ,mr4 ,*ildr51 ,june #e4 ,mr4 ,w>burton call$ fir/ "t1 ,june #e 7ev5+74 ,i call$ on ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 & he n 9 t[n1 ,june #i4 ,i call$ on ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 & saw him1 ,june #ad4 ,i call$ at ,sir ,h4 ,davy's1 & he call$ on me1 ,june #ag4 ,on ,july #h ,dr4 ,w>burton wrote t he 0 satisfi$ ) ,f>aday's explanation1 & add$ t he w\ld tell 8 fri5ds t 8my objections to y z a ,fell[ are & ought to be )drawn1 & t ,i n[ wi% to =w>d y\r election40 ,b5ce ,jones adds3-- ,on ,june #bi1 ,sir ,h4 ,davy ends a note1 8,i am1 de> ,f>aday1 v s9c]ely y\r well wi%] & fri5d40 ,s t outw>dly ! /orm rapidly pass$ away2 & :5 ! ballot 0 tak51 aft] ! c]tificate _h be5 read at t5 meet+s1 !re 0 only "o black ball4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fell[%ip ,,& ,,magnanimity4 ,! election took place ,janu>y #h1 #ahbd4 ,( ?is un=tunate misund]/&+1#aa ,davy's biograph]1 ,dr4 ,?orpe1 writes3-- ,! jeal\sy ?us manife/$ by ,davy is "o ( ! mo/ pitiful facts 9 8 hi/ory4 ,x 0 a sign ( t moral weakness :i* 0 at ! bottom ( mu* ( 8 unpopul>ity1 & :i* reveal$ itself 9 v>i\s ways z 8 physical /r5g? decay$4444 ,f>aday all[$ himself 9 aft] days no %ade ( res5tm5t aga9/ ,davy2 ?\gh he confess$ r sadly t aft] 8 election z ,f4,r4,s4 8 relations ) 8 =m] ma/] 7 nev] ! same z be=e4 ,if anyone recurr$ to ! old sc&al1 he w\ld fire ) indignation4 ,dumas 9 8 8loge ,hi/orique0 has giv5 ! foll[+ anecdote3-- ,f>aday nev] =got :at he ow$ to ,davy4 ,visit+ him at ! family lun*1 tw5ty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! latt]1 he notic$ evid5tly t ,i respond$ ) "s coolness to ! praises :i* ! recollection ( ,davy's great discov]ies _h evok$ f him4 ,he made no comm5t4 ,b1 aft] ! meal1 he simply took me d[n to ! libr>y ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & /opp+ be=e ! portrait ( ,davy he said3 8,he 0 a great man1 wasn't he80 ,!n1 turn+ r\nd1 he add$1 8,x 0 "h#ab t he spoke to me = ! fir/ "t40 ,i b[$4 ,we w5t d[n to ! laboratory4 ,f>aday took out a note-book1 op5$ x & po9t$ out ) 8 f+] ! words writt5 by ,davy1 at ! v mom5t :5 by means ( ! batt]y he _h j decompos$ pota%1 & _h se5 ! fir/ globule ( potassium ev] isolat$ by ! h& ( man4 ,davy _h trac$ ) a fev]i% h& a circle :i* sep>ates !m f ! re/ ( ! page3 ! words1 8,capital ,exp]im5t10 :i* he wrote bel[1 _c be read )\t emotion by any true *emi/4 ,i confess$ myself conqu]$1 & ?is "t1 )\t hesitat+ long]1 ,i jo9$ 9 ! admiration ( my good fri5d4 ,dr4 ,?orpe 9 8 life ( ,davy adds3-- 444 ,to ! end ( 8 days he ,f>aday reg>d$ ,davy z 8 true ma/]1 pres]v+ to ! la/1 9 spite ( 8 k ( ! moral frailties ( ,davy's nature1 ! respect & ev5 rev]5ce :i* is to be se5 9 8 e>ly lecture notes & 9 8 lett]s to 8 fri5d ,abbott4 ,9 #ahbc ! ,a!num ,club 0 />t$ by ,j4 ,wilson ,crok]1 ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 ,sir ,t4 ,lawr5ce1 ,sir ,f4 ,*antrey1 & o!rs1 z a resort = lit]>y & sci5tific m54 ,f>aday 0 made ,club ,secret>y2 b he f\nd ! duties totally uncong5ial1 & 9 #ahbd resign$ ! po/ to 8 fri5d ,magra?4 ,f>aday 0 advanc$ 9 #ahbe to ! position ( ,director ( ! ,laboratory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,br&e rema9+ ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry4 ,"o ( ! fir/ acts ( ! new ,director 0 to hold ev5+ meet+s ( ! memb]s 9 ! laboratory1 :5 exp]im5ts 7 %[n & "s demon/ration 0 giv54 ,!re 7 ?ree or f\r ( ^! in=mal ga!r+s t ye>4 ,9 ! next ye> ^! ,friday ev5+ meet+s 7 held m sy/ematically4 ,!re 7 sev5te5 dur+ ! season1 at six ( :i* ,f>aday gave disc\rses 7see p4 #ajj74 ,9 #ahbg !re 7 n9ete51 ( :i* he deliv]$ ?ree4 ,by ?is "t ! ga!r+s 7 held 9 ! !atre z at pres5t1 save t ladies 7 only admitt$ at t date1 & = _m ye>s1 to ! upp] gall]y4 ,he also orig9at$ ! ,*ri/mas lectures to juv5iles1 :ile cont9u+ to give regul> c\rses ( morn+ lectures1 z 8 pr$ecessors ,"y & ,davy _h done4 ,8 activity = ! ,royal ,in/itution 0 incessant4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fees ,,= ,,pr(essional ,,"w4 ,d[n to ! ye> #ahcj ,f>aday cont9u$ to und]take1 at pr(essional fees1 *emical analyses & exp]t "w 9 ! law-c\rts1 & !reby add$ consid]ably to ! v sl5d] emolum5t ( 8 position2 b1 f9d+ ?is "w to make increas+ dem&s on 8 "t1 :i* he c\ld ill sp>e f ! absorb+ pursuit ( orig9al rese>*es1 he decid$ to ab&on a practice :i* w\ld h made him ri*1 & )drew f exp]t practice4 ,! foll[+ lett] to ,phillips 0 writt5 only a few weeks be=e ?is det]m9ation3-- ,m4 ,f>aday to ,ri*>d ,phillips4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,june #ba1 #ahca4 ,,my ,,de> ,,phillips1--,i h be5 try+ h>d to get "t en\gh to write to y by po/ to-night1 b )\t success2 ! bell has rung1 & ,i am too late4 ,h[ev]1 ,i am resolv$ to be ready to-morr[4 ,we h be5 v anxi\s & r emb>rass$ 9 our m9ds ab\t y\r anxiety to "k h[ ?+s 7 proce$+1 & unc]ta9 :e!r ref]5ce to !m w\ld be pleasant1 & t has be5 ! cause :y ,i h n writt5 to y1 = ,i did n "k :at "* y\r connexion ) ,badams _h4 ,i 0 a little ! m emb>rass$ because ( my acqua9tance ) ,mr4 ,rick>d & 8 family1 &1 ( c\rse ) 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,dr4 ,ur*ell1 ( :om ,i h made num]\s enquiries to "k :at ,mr4 ,rick>d int5d$ do+ at ,birm+ham4 ,he 7express$ a7 hope x w\ld be no?+ unpleasant to y1 b 0 n sure4 ,our only bit ( com=t 9 ! matt] 0 on he>+ f ,daniell ab\t y a little2 he 0 "h to-day1 & glad to he> ( y ?r\gh me4 ,b n[ t ,i may write1 let me say t ,mrs4 ,f>aday has be5 v anxi\s ) myself1 & begs me e>ne/ly to rememb] h] to ,mrs4 ,phillips4 ,we h (t5 wi%$ we c\ld h _h y "h = an h\r or two1 to break (f :at we suppos$ might be ! tra9 ( ?\ghts at home4 ,) reg>d to ! five gu9eas1 d n ?9k ( x = a mom5t4 ,:il/ ,i suppos$ a m]cantile conc]n want$ my op9ion = its own int]e/$ uses1 ,i saw no reason :y x %\ld n pay me2 b x is altoge!r ano!r matt] :5 x becomes y\r affair4 ,i d n ?9k y w\ld h wi%$ me to pay y five gu9eas = any?+ y might h done p]sonally = me4 8,dog don't eat dog10 z ,sir ,e4 ,home said to me 9 a simil> case4 ,! affair is settl$4 ,i h no d\bt ,i %all be amus$ &1 z y speak ( new facts1 in/ruct$ by y\r lett] to ,dr4 ,reid1 z ,i am by all y\r lett]s4 ,daniell says he ?9ks y are break+ a fly ^u ! :eel4 ,y "k ,i consid] y z ! ,pr9ce ( ,*emical critics4 ,pe>sall has be5 work+1 z y "k1 on r$ manganese solutions4 ,he has n prov$1 b he makes out a /rong case = ! op9ion1 t !y owe _! col\r & o!r prop]ties to manganesic acid4 ,?is pap] w be 9 ! next numb] ( ! ,j\rnal4 ,) reg>d to ! gramme1 w9e-p9t1 etc41 etc41 9 ! manipulation ,i _h great tr\ble ab\t !m1 = ,i c\ld f9d no agreem5t1 & at la/ resolv$ to take c]ta9 conclusions f ,capt4 ,kat]'s pap] & ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 & calculate ! re/4 ,i ?9k ,i took ! data at page #fg1 p>agraph #aai1 z ! data1 b am n sure1 & _c g ov] !m aga94 ,my memory gets worse & worse daily4 ,i w n1 !re=e1 say ,i h n receiv$ y\r ,ph>macopia--t ( #ahbd is :at ,i h at h& & use4 ,i am n aw>e ( any o!r4 ,i h s5t a pap] to ! ,r4 ,s41 b n *emical4 ,x is on s\nd1 etc41 etc4 ,if !y pr9t x1 ( c\rse y w h a copy 9 due "t4 ,i am1 my de> ,phillips1 ,mo/ fai?fully & s9c]ely y\rs1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,is x "r to ask :at has become ( ,badams8 ,i suppose he is1 ( c\rse1 a default] at ! ,r4 ,s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sacrifices ,,= ,,sci5ce4 ,?is sacrifice = sci5ce 0 n small4 ,he _h made #a1jjj 9 #ahcj out ( ^! pr(essional occupations1 & 9 #ahca w\ld h made m b = 8 own decision4 ,9 #ahcb "s ,excise "w t he _h reta9$ br\ght him 9 #aee #is42 b 9 no subsequ5t ye> did x br+ 9 s mu*4 ,he might easily h made #e1jjj a ye> _h he *os5 to cultivate ! pr(essional connection ?us =m$2 & z he cont9u$1 ) little int]mission1 9 activity till #ahfj1 he might h di$ a weal?y man4 ,b he *ose o!rwise2 & 8 fir/ rew>d came 9 ! autumn ( #ahca1 9 ! great discov]y ( magneto-electric curr5ts--! pr9ciple ^u :i* all our mod]n dynamos & trans=m]s are bas$1 ! f\ndation ( all ! electric light+ & electric transmission ( p[]4 ,f ?is "w he w5t on to a rese>* on ! id5tity ( all ! k9ds ( electricity1 until !n suppos$ to be ( sep>ate sorts1 & f ?is to electro-*emical "w ( ! v highe/ value4 ,( all ^! inve/igations "s acc\nt w be f\nd 9 ! *apt]s :i* foll[4 ,b ! imm5se body ( pati5t sci5tific "w ?us done = ! love ( sci5ce 0 n accompli%$ )\t sacrifices ( a m ?an pecuni>y k9d4 ,he )drew m & m f society1 decl9$ to d9e 9 company1 ceas$ to give d9n]s1 )drew f all social & philan?ropic organisations2 ev5 )drew f tak+ any "p 9 ! managem5t ( any ( ! le>n$ societies4 ,! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce 0 />t$ 9 #ahca4 ,f>aday took no "p 9 t movem5t1 & did n att5d ! inaugural meet+ at ,york4 ,! next ye>1 h[ev]1 he att5d$ ! second meet+ ( t body at ,ox=d4 ,"h he 8_h ! pleasure0--x is 8 own phrase--( mak+ an exp]im5t on ! great magnet 9 ! ,univ]sity museum1 draw+ a sp>k by induction 9 a coil ( wire4 ,?is 0 a coil #bbj feet long1 w\nd on a holl[ cyl9d] ( pa/ebo>d1 :i* _h be5 us$ 9 ! classical exp]im5ts ( ! prec$+ ye>4 ,he also %[$ t ! induc$ curr5ts c\ld heat a ?9 wire connect$ to ! t]m9als ( ?is coil4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 made 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,william ,sn[7 ,h>ris1 ,pr(essor ,daniell1 & ,mr4 ,duncan1 seem to h excit$ great att5tion at ! "t4 ,! !ologians ( ,ox=d appe> to h be5 mightily di/ress$ bo? by ! success ( ! sp>k exp]im5t & by ! welcome %[n by ! ,univ]sity to ! repres5tatives ( sci5ce4 ,! foll[+ passage f ,pusey's life#ac reveals ! rampant cl]icalism :i* !n & = a score ( ye>s s\ght to put back ! clock ( civilisation4 ,dur+ ! ,long ,vacation ( #ahcb ,pusey _h pl5ty ( "w on h&4 ,! ,briti% ,association _h held its fir/ meet+ 9 ,ox=d dur+ ! mon? ( ,june1 & on ! #ba/ ! honor>y degree ( ,d4,c4,l4 0 be/[$ on f\r ( its di/+ui%$ memb]s3 ,brew/]1 ,f>aday1 ,br[n1 & ,dalton4 ,keble1 :o 0 n[ ,pr(essor ( ,poetry1 0 angry at ! 8temp] & tone ( ! ,ox=d doctors02 !y _h 8truckl$ sadly to ! _s ( ! times0 9 receiv+ 8! hodge-podge ( philosoph]s0 z !y did4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,c>p5t] _h assur$ ,dr4 ,macbride t 8! ,univ]sity _h prolong$ h] exi/5ce = a hundr$ ye>s by ! k9d reception he & 8 fell[s _h receiv$40 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,hodge-,,podge ,,( ,,philosoph]s4 ,x is n )\t significance1 p]haps1 t all ! f\r m5 ?us contemptu\sly labell$ by ,keble z ! 8hodge-podge ( philosoph]s0 7 ,diss5t]s4 ,brew/] & ,br[n 7! great botani/ & discov]] ( ! 8,br[nian0 motion ( p>ticles7 belong$ to ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ( ,scotl&1 ,dalton 0 a ,memb] ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 & ,f>aday a ,s&emanian4 ,newman appe>s to h be5 equally discompos$ by ! circum/ance1 = he got 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,rose to write an article--a long & we>y diatribe--aga9/ ! ,briti% ,association1 :i* he ins]t$ 9 ! ,briti% ,critic = #ahci4 ,its sl&]s1 assumptions1 suppressions1 & sugge/ions are 9 a v unwor?y temp]4 ,f>aday's devotion to ! ,royal ,in/itution & its op]ations 0 m>vell\s4 ,he _h already ab&on$ outside pr(essional "w4 ,f #ahch he refus$ to see any call]s except ?ree times a week4 ,8 extreme desire 0 to give himself un9t]rupt$ly to rese>*4 ,8 fri5d ,a4 de la ,rive says3-- ,e morn+ ,f>aday w5t into 8 laboratory z ! man ( bus9ess goes to 8 (fice1 & !n tri$ by exp]im5t ! tru? ( ! ideas :i* he _h conceiv$ ov]night1 z ready to give !m up if exp]im5t said no z to foll[ out ! consequ5ces ) rigor\s logic if exp]im5t answ]$ yes4 ,he _h 9 #ahbg decl9$ ! appo9tm5t ( ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity 7aft]w>ds call$ ,univ]sity ,college7 ( ,london1 giv+ z 8 reason ! int]e/s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,he wrote3-- ,i ?9k x a matt] ( duty & gratitude on my "p to d :at ,i c = ! good ( ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ! pres5t attempt to e/abli% x firmly4 ,! ,in/itution has be5 a s\rce ( k & pleasure to me = ! la/ f\rte5 ye>s2 & ?\gh x does n pay me 9 sal>y :at ,i n[ /rive to d = x1 yet ,i possess ! k9d feel+s & goodwill ( its au?orities & memb]s1 & all ! privileges x c grant or ,i require2 &1 moreov]1 ,i rememb] ! protection x has af=d$ me dur+ ! pa/ ye>s ( my sci5tific life4 ,^! circum/ances1 ) ! ?or\gh conviction t x is a useful & valuable e/abli%m5t1 & ! /rong hopes t ex]tions w be foll[$ ) success1 h decid$ me 9 giv+ at lea/ two ye>s m to x1 9 ! belief t aft] t "t x w proce$ well1 into :atev] h&s x may pass4 ,9 #ahbi1 h[ev]1 he 0 ask$ to become lectur] on *emi/ry at ! ,royal ,academy at ,woolwi*4 ,z ?is involv$ only tw5ty lectures a ye> he agre$1 ! sal>y be+ fix$ at #bjj a ye>4 ,^! lectures 7 cont9u$ until #ahdi4 ,sid5ote3 ,,tr9ity ,,h\se ,,appo9tm5t4 ,9 #ahcf ! :ole c\rse ( 8 sci5tific "w 0 *ang$ by 8 appo9tm5t z sci5tific advis] to ,tr9ity ,h\se1 ! body :i* has (ficial *>ge ( ! ligh?\se s]vice 9 ,great ,brita94 ,to ! ,deputy-ma/] he wrote3-- ,i consid] y\r lett] to me z a great complim5t1 & %\ld view ! appo9tm5t at ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 :i* y propose1 9 ! same light2 b ,i may n accept ev5 hon\rs )\t due consid]ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 my "t is ( great value to me2 & if ! appo9tm5t y speak ( involv$ any?+ l p]iodical r\t9e att5dances1 ,i d n ?9k ,i c\ld accept x4 ,b if x meant t 9 consultation1 9 ! exam9ation ( propos$ plans & exp]im5ts1 9 trials1 etc41 made z my conv5i5ce w\ld all[1 & ) an hone/ s5se ( a duty to be p]=m$1 !n ,i ?9k x w\ld consi/ ) my pres5t engagem5ts4 ,y h left ! title & ! sum 9 p5cil4 ,^! ,i look at ma9ly z reg>ds ! "* ( ! appo9tm5t2 y w believe me to be s9c]e 9 ?is :5 y rememb] my indiff]5ce to y\r proposition z a matt] ( int]e/1 ?\gh n z a matt] ( k9dness4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! goodwill & confid5ce ( all ar\nd me1 ,i c at any mom5t conv]t my "t into money1 b ,i d n require m ( ! latt] ?an is suffici5t = necess>y purposes4 ,! sum1 !re=e1 ( #bjj is q en\gh 9 itself1 b n if x is to be ! indicator ( ! "* ( ! appo9tm5t2 b ,i ?9k y d n view x s1 & t y & ,i und]/& ea* o!r 9 t respect2 & y\r lett] confirms me 9 t op9ion4 ,! position :i* ,i presume y w\ld wi% me to hold is analog\s to t ( a /&+ c\nsel4 ,z to ! title1 x might be :at y pleas$ almo/4 ,*emical advis] is too n>r[1 = y w\ld f9d me v5tur+ into p>ts ( ! philosophy ( light n *emical4 ,sci5tific advis] y may ?9k too broad 7or 9 me too presumptu\s72 & s x w\ld be1 if by x 0 und]/ood all sci5ce4 ,he held ! po/ ( sci5tific advis] = ne>ly ?irty ye>s4 ,! records ( 8 "w are to be f\nd 9 n9ete5 l>ge portfolios full ( manuscripts1 all index$ ) t m9ute & scrupul\s att5tion to ord] & me?od :i* *>act]is$ all 8 "w4 ,he also held nom9ally ! po/ ( sci5tific advis] to ! ,admiralty1 at a sal>y ( #bjj a ye>4 ,b ?is sal>y he nev] drew4 ,once ! (ficials ( ! ,admiralty reque/$ 8 op9ion ^u a pr9t$ adv]tis+ pamphlet ( somebody's pat5t dis9fect+ p[d] & anti-miasma lamp4 ,f>aday return$ x1 ) a quietly indignant prote/ t x 0 n su* a docum5t z he c\ld be expect$ to give an op9ion ^u4 ,f>aday's hope1 express$ 9 #ahbg1 t 9 two ye>s ! ,royal ,in/itution might be re/or$ to a f9ancially s\nd position1 0 n realis$4 ,he work$ ) ! mo/ scrupul\s economy1 not+ d[n e detail ( exp5diture ev5 9 f>?+s4 8,we 7 liv+ on ! p>+s ( our own sk910 he once told ! manag]s4 ,9 #ahcb ! f9ancial "q became acute4 ,at ! end ( t ye> a committee ( inve/igation report$ z foll[s3-- ,! ,committee are c]ta9ly ( op9ion t no r$uction c be made 9 ,mr4 ,f>aday's sal>y--#ajj p] annum1 h\se1 coals1 & c&les2 & beg to express _! regret t ! circum/ances ( ! ,in/itution are n su* z to ju/ify _! propos+ su* an increase ( x z ! v>iety ( duties :i* ,mr4 ,f>aday has to p]=m1 & ! zeal & ability ) :i* he p]=ms !m1 appe> to m]it4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,hundr$ ,a ,,ye>1 ,,& ,,two ,,rooms4 ,a hundr$ a ye>1 ! use ( two rooms1 & coals6 ,su* 0 ! /ip5d ( ! man :o _h j be=e be5 made ,d4,c4,l4 ( ,ox=d1 & _h receiv$ f ! ,royal ,society ! highe/ aw>d x c be/[--! ,copley ,m$al6 ,true1 he made #bjj by ! ,woolwi* lectures2 b he _h a wife to ma9ta91 8 ag$ "m 0 entirely dep5d5t ^u him1 & !re 7 _m calls ^u 8 private ex]cise ( *>ity4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahce x 0 ! int5tion ( ,sir ,rob]t ,peel to conf] ^u him a p5sion f ! ,civil ,li/1 b he w5t out ( (fice be=e ?is c\ld be arrang$1 & ,"l ,melb\rne became ,prime ,m9i/]4 ,sir ,james ,s\? _h 9 ,m>* writt5 to ,"l ,a%ley1 aft]w>ds ! well-kn[n ,e>l ( ,%aftesbury1 ask+ him to place a little hi/oriette ( ,f>aday 9 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel's h&s4 ,! said hi/oriette#ad conta9$ an acc\nt ( ,f>aday's e>ly c>e] & a description ( ! electrical ma*9e :i* he _h con/ruct$ z a lad4 8,n[ t 8 pecuni>y circum/ances10 x w5t on1 87 improv$1 he s5t 8 y\ng] si/] to bo>d+-s*ool1 b to enable him to defray ! exp5se1 to deprive himself ( d9n] e o!r day 0 absolutely indisp5sable40 ,peel express$ to ,a%ley lively regret at n hav+ receiv$ ! hi/oriette e>li] :5 he 0 /ill 9 (fice4 ,to ,a%ley1 lat]1 he wrote ! foll[+ hi!rto unpubli%$ lett]3-- ,drayton ,manor1 ,may #c1 #ahce4 ,,my ,,de> ,,a%ley1--,y d me b ju/ice 9 ent]ta9+ ! belief t _h ,i rema9$ 9 (fice "o ( my e>lie/ recomm5dations to 8 ,maje/y w\ld h be5 to grant a p5sion to ,mr4 ,f>aday1 on ! same pr9ciples precisely ^u :i* "o 0 grant$ to ,mr4 ,airy4 ,if !re _h be5 ! means1 ,i w\ld h made ! (f] be=e ,i left (fice4 ,i 0 q aw>e ( ,mr4 ,f>aday's high em95ce z a man ( sci5ce1 & ! valuable practical s]vice he has r5d]$ to ! public 9 t capacity2 b ,i 0 to blame 9 n hav+ asc]ta9$ :e!r 8 pecuni>y circum/ances made an addition to 8 income an object to him4 ,i am sure no man liv+ has a bett] claim to su* a consid]ation f ! ,/ate ?an he has1 & ,i tru/ ! pr9ciple ,i act$ on ) reg>d to ! aw>d ( civil p5sions w n only remove away imp$im5ts ( delicacy & indep5d5t feel+ f ! acceptance ( !m1 b w add a high] value to ! grant ( a p5sion z an hon\rable di/9ction ?an any t x c\ld d]ive f its pecuni>y am\nt4 ,ev]1 my de> ,a%ley1 ,mo/ fai?fully y\rs1 ,,rob]t ,,peel4 ,sid5ote3 ,,"l ,,melb\rne',s ,,p>ticiple4 ,sir ,james ,s\? /ill endeav\r$ to br+ ab\t ! grant ?us def]r$1 & wrote to ! ,hon4 ,c>ol9e ,fox1 ask+ h] to put ! hi/oriette ( ,f>aday 9 ! h&s ( ,"l ,holl&1 = him to lay be=e ,melb\rne4 ,f>aday at fir/ demurr$ to ,sir ,james ,s\?'s action1 b on ! advice ( 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,b>n>d1 )drew 8 demurr]4 ,lat] 9 ! ye> he 0 ask$ to wait on ,"l ,melb\rne at ! ,treasury4 ,he has left a di>y ( ! ev5ts ( ! day1 ,octob] #bf?4 ,accord+ to ^! notes x appe>s t ,f>aday fir/ _h a long talk ) ,melb\rne's secret>y1 ,mr4 ,"y1 ab\t 8 fir/ demurr+ on religi\s gr\nds to accept ! p5sion1 ab\t 8 objection to sav+s' banks1 & ! lay+-up ( weal?4 ,lat] 9 ! day he _h a %ort int]view ) ! ,fir/ ,"l ( ! ,treasury1 :5 ,"l ,melb\rne1 utt]ly mi/ak+ ! nature ( ! man be=e him1 inveigh$ r\ndly ^u ! :ole sy/em ( giv+ p5sions to sci5tific & lit]>y p]sons1 :i* he describ$ z a piece ( humbug4 ,he prefix$ ! ^w 8humbug0 ) a p>ticiple :i* ,f>aday's notes describe z 8!ological40 ,f>aday1 ) an in/ant fla% ( indignation1 b[$ & )drew4 ,! same ev5+ he left 8 c>d & ! foll[+ note at ! ,treasury3-- ,to ! ,"r ,hon4 ,"l ,visc\nt ,melb\rne1 ,fir/ ,"l ( ! ,treasury4 ,octob] #bf4 ,,my ,,"l1--,! conv]sation ) :i* y\r ,lord%ip hon\r$ me ?is aft]noon1 includ+1 z x did1 y\r ,lord%ip's op9ion ( ! g5]al "* ( ! p5sions giv5 ( late to sci5tific p]sons1 induces me respectfully to decl9e ! fav\r :i* ,i believe y\r ,lord%ip int5ds = me2 = ,i feel t ,i c\ld n1 ) satisfaction to myself1 accept at y\r ,lord%ip's h&s t :i*1 ?\gh x has ! =m ( approbation1 is ( ! "* :i* y\r ,lord%ip s pi?ily appli$ to x4 ,f>aday's di>y says3-- ,did n l x mu*1 &1 on ! :ole1 regret t fri5ds %\ld h plac$ me 9 ! situation 9 :i* ,i f\nd myself4 ,"l ,melb\rne said t 8he ?\ght !re _h be5 a great deal ( humbug 9 ! :ole affair4 ,he did n mean my affair1 ( c\rse1 b t ( ! p5sions altoge!r40444 ,i begg$ him to und]/& t ,i _h kn[n no?+ ( ! matt] until f> advanc$1 &1 ?\gh grateful to ^? fri5ds :o _h urg$ x =w>d1 wi%$ him to feel at p]fect lib]ty 9 ! affair z f> z ,i 0 conc]n$4444 ,9 ! ev5+ ,i wrote & left a lett]4 ,i left x myself at t5 o'clock at night1 be+ anxi\s t ,"l ,melb\rne %\ld h x be=e any?+ fur!r 0 done 9 ! affair4 ,sid5ote3 ,,mi*ael',s ,,p5sion4 ,h[ev]1 ! matt] did n end "h4 ,f>aday's fri5ds 7 indignant4 ,a cau/ic1 & probably exagg]at$1 acc\nt--= :i* ,f>aday disclaim$ all responsibility--( ! int]view appe>$ 9 ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 & 0 copi$ into ,! ,times ( ,novemb] #bh?1 ) ! result t1 _h x n be5 = ! p]sonal int]v5tion ( ! ,k+1 ! p5sion might h be5 refus$4 ,! /orm1 h[ev]1 pass$ away1 & ! p5sion ( #cjj p] annum 0 grant$ on ,decemb] #bd?4 ,ye>s aft]w>ds1 writ+ to ,mr4 ,b4 ,bell1 ,f>aday said1 8,"l ,melb\rne behav$ v h&somely 9 ! matt]40 ,9 ,fras]'s ,magaz9e = ,febru>y1 #ahcf 7vol4 xiii41 p4 #bbd71 is a portrait ( ,f>aday by ,maclise1 accompani$ by a v amus+ biographical notice by ,dr4 ,mag9n4 ,! picture repres5ts ,f>aday lectur+1 & surr\nd$ by 8 app>atus4 ,! article beg9s ?us3-- ,"h y h him 9 8 glory--n t 8 position 0 +lori\s :5 he /ood be=e ,melb\rne1 !n decorat$ ) a blue velvet travell+ cap1 & l\ng+ ) "o leg ov] ! *air ( ,cann+6--& di/9ctly gave t illu/ri\s despis] ( 8humbug0 to und]/& t he _h mi/ak5 8 lad4 ,no6 b "h y h him z he fir/ fla%$ ^u ! intellig5ce ( mank9d ! cond5sation ( ! gases1 or ! id5tity ( ! five electricities4 ,aft] a lively summ>y ( 8 c>e]1 & ! jocul> sugge/ion t1 z ! successor ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ,f>-a-day mu/ be ne>-a-knight ! article cont9ues3-- ,! future ,b>onet is a v good little fell[ 444 play+ a fair =k ov] a leg ( mutton1 & devoid ( any reluctance to p>take an old fri5d's ?ird bottle4 ,we "k ( few ?+s m agreeable ?an a cig> & a b[l ( pun* 7:i* he mixes admirably7 9 ! society ( ! unpret5d+ ex-bookb9d]4444 ,well1 al?\gh ,"y got ,brod]ip to write a sort ( def5ce ( 8 ma/]1 & 8,ju/ice ,b----0--mirabile dictu6--got ,hook to pr9t x 9 ! ,john ,bull1 ! curr5t ( public feel+ c\ld n be /opp$3 ,,reg9a spoke out--,,william ,,rex1 z 9 duty b\nd1 foll[$--,melb\rne apologis$--& 8,mi*ael's p5sion1 ,mi*ael's p5sion0 is all "r4 ,9 "o ( 8 note-books ( ?is p]iod is f\nd ! foll[+ entry3-- #ae ,janu>y1 #ahcd4 ,)9 ! la/ week h obs]v$ twice t a slight obscurity ( ! sight ( my left eye has happ5$4 ,x occurr$ on read+ ! lett]s ( a book held ab\t f\rte5 in*es f ! eye1 be+ obscur$ z by a fog ov] a space ab\t half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is space 0 a little to ! "r & bel[ ! axes ( ! eye4 ,look+ = ! effect n[ & o!r times1 ,i _c p]ceive x4 ,i note ?is d[n t ,i may h]eaft] trace ! progress ( ! effect if x increases or becomes m common4 ,happily1 ! tr\ble did n recur2 b ! entry is *>act]i/ic ( ! habits ( accuracy ( ! man4 ,loss ( memory1 un=tunately1 e>ly set 94 ,!re is actually a h9t ( ?is 9 ! fir/ ( 8 lett]s to ,abbott 7p4 #g71 & ref]5ces to ! tr\ble & to dizz9ess 9 ! head recur p]petually 9 8 correspond5ce4 ,:5ev] ^! bra9-tr\bles ?reat5$1 he 0 compell$ to drop all "w & seek re/ & *ange ( sc5e4 ,he (t5 ran d[n to ,brighton1 :i* he ?\ght1 h[ev]1 a poor place4 ,he con/ruct$ = himself a velocip$e#ae on :i* to take ex]cise4 ,two or ?ree times he w5t to ,switz]l& = a long] holiday1 usually accompani$ by 8 wife & h] bro!r1 ,george ,b>n>d4 8,physically10 says ,tyndall1 8,f>aday 0 bel[ ! middle size1 well set1 active1 & ) extraord9>y animation ( c\nt5ance4 ,8 head f =ehead to back 0 s long t he _h usually to bespeak 8 hats40 ,9 y\? 8 hair 0 br[n1 curl+ naturally2 lat] 9 life x approa*$ to :ite1 & he always p>t$ x d[n ! middle4 ,8 voice 0 pleasant1 8 laugh 0 he>ty1 8 mann]s :5 ) "y p1 or :5 excit$ by success 9 ! laboratory1 7 gay to boyi%ness4 ,inde$1 until ! end ( ! active p]iod ( 8 life he nev] lo/ ! capacity = boyi% delight1 or = unb5d+ 9 fun aft] ! /ress ( sev]e lab\r4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,sci5tific ,,rese>*es3 ,,fir/ ,,p]iod4 ,f fir/ to la/ ! orig9al sci5tific rese>*es ( ,f>aday ext5d ov] a p]iod ( =ty-f\r ye>s1 beg9n+ ) an analysis ( cau/ic lime1 publi%$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce 9 #ahaf1 & end+ ) 8 la/ unf9i%$ rese>*es ( #ahfj to #ahfb1 on ! possible exi/5ce ( new relations betwe5 magnetism & gravity & betwe5 magnetism & light4 ,! m]e li/ ( _! titles fills sev]al pages 9 ! catalogue ( sci5tific pap]s publi%$ by ! ,royal ,society4 ,= conv5i5ce ( description1 ^! =ty-f\r ye>s may be divid$ into ?ree p]iods3 ! fir/ la/+ f #ahaf to #ahcj1 a p]iod ( miscellane\s & 9 "s respects prelim9>y activity2 ! second f #ahca to ! end ( #ahci1 ! p]iod ( ! classical exp]im5tal rese>*es 9 electricity d[n to ! "t :5 !y 7 tempor>ily susp5d$ by ! s]i\s /ate ( 8 heal?2 ! ?ird f #ahdd1 :5 he 0 able to resume "w1 d[n to #ahfj1 a p]iod :i* includes ! completion ( ! exp]im5tal rese>*es on electricity1 ! discov]y ( ! relations betwe5 light & magnetism1 & t ( diamagnetism4 ,sid5ote3 ,,rese>*es ,,beg9n+4 ,f>aday's fir/ rese>* 0 an analysis = ,sir ,humphry ,davy ( a specim5 ( cau/ic lime :i* _h be5 s5t to him by ! ,du*ess ( ,montrose f ,tuscany4 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 9 :i* x appe>$1 0 a precursor ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & 0 inde$ edit$ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,f4 ,br&e4 ,f>aday frequ5tly wrote = x dur+ ^! ye>s1 & took editorial *>ge ( x on m ?an "o occasion dur+ ,br&e's holidays4 ,! pap] on cau/ic lime 0 repr9t$ by ,f>aday 9 ! volume ( 8 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es on ,*emi/ry & ,physics10 prefac$ by ! foll[+ note3-- ,i repr9t ?is pap] at full l5g?2 x 0 ! beg9n+ ( my communications to ! public1 & 9 its results v important to me4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy gave me ! analysis to make z a fir/ attempt 9 *emi/ry1 at a "t :5 my fe> 0 great] ?an my confid5ce1 & bo? f> great] ?an my k2 at a "t also :5 ,i _h no ?\ght ( ev] writ+ an orig9al pap] on sci5ce4 ,! addition ( 8 own comm5ts1 & ! publication ( ! pap]1 enc\rag$ me to g on mak+1 f "t to "t1 o!r slight communications1 "s ( :i* appe> 9 ?is volume4 ,_! transf]5ce f ! ,qu>t]ly into o!r j\rnals increas$ my boldness1 & n[ t =ty ye>s h elaps$1 & ,i c look back on :at successive communications h l$ to1 ,i /ill hope1 mu* z _! "* has *ang$1 t ,i h n ei!r n[ or =ty ye>s ago be5 too bold4 ,= ! next two or ?ree ye>s ,f>aday 0 v closely occupi$ 9 ! duties ( assi/+ ,sir ,humphry ,davy 9 8 rese>*es1 & 9 help+ to prep>e ! lectures = bo? ,davy & ,br&e4 ,yet he f\nd "t /ill to "w on 8 own acc\nt4 ,9 #ahag he _h six pap]s & notes 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 includ+ "o on ! escape ( gases ?r\gh capill>y tubes1 & o!rs on wire-gauze safety lamps & ,davy's exp]im5ts on flame4 ,9 #ahah he _h elev5 pap]s 9 ! ,j\rnal2 ! mo/ important be+ on ! production ( s\nd 9 tubes by flames1 :ile ano!r 0 on ! combu/ion ( ! diamond4 ,9 #ahai he _h n9ete5 pap]s 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal1 *iefly ( a *emical nature4 ,^! relat$ to boracic acid1 ! composition ( /eels1 ! sep>ation ( manganese f iron1 & on ! suppos$ new metal1 8,sirium0 or 8,ve/ium10 :i* he %[$ to be only a mixture ( iron & sulphur ) nickel1 cobalt1 & o!r metals4 ,sid5ote3 ,,o]/$',s ,,discov]y4 ,! ye> #ahbj 0 m>k$ 9 ! annals ( sci5ce by ! discov]y1 by ,o]/$ ( ,cop5hag51 ( ! prime fact ( electromagnetism1 ! deflexion :i* is produc$ ^u a magnetic ne$le by an electric curr5t t passes ei!r "u or ov] ! ne$le4 ,(t5 _h x be5 suspect$ t !re mu/ be "s connection betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( electricity & ^? ( magnetism4 ,! simil>ities betwe5 ! attractions & repulsions caus$ by electrifi$ bodies1 & ^? due to ! magnet :5 act+ on iron1 _h con/antly sugge/$ ! possibility t !re 0 "s real connection4 ,b1 z _h be5 po9t$ out c5turies be=e by ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :ile ! rubb$ amb] w attract any sub/ance if only small or light en\gh1 be+ indiff]5t to its mat]ial1 ! magnet w only attract iron or comp\nds ( iron1 & is totally inop]ative#af on all o!r sub/ances4 ,aga91 :ile x _h be5 notic$ t 9 h\ses :i* _h be5 /ruck by lightn+ knives1 ne$les1 & o!r /eel objects ne> ! pa? ( ! electric fla% _h become magnetis$1 no "o _h be5 able1 by us+ ! mo/ p[]ful electric ma*9es1 to repeat ) c]ta9ty ! magnetisation ( ne$les4 ,9 va9 !y _h tri$ to magnetise knives & wires by s5d+ sp>ks ?r\gh !m4 ,sometimes !y %[$ a trace ( magnetism1 sometimes none4 ,& 9 ! cases :]e "s slight magnetisation result$1 ! pol>ity c\ld n be dep5d$ ^u4 ,van ,sw9d5 _h writt5 a :ole treatise 9 two volumes on ! analogies betwe5 electricity & magnetism1 b left ! real relation betwe5 ! two m obscure ?an ev]4 ,aft] ! inv5tion1 9 #ahjj1 ( ! voltaic pile1 :i* = ! fir/ "t provid$ a means ( g5]at+ a /eady fl[ or curr5t ( electricity1 sev]al exp]im5t]s1 includ+ ,o]/$ himself1 _h aga9 essay$ to discov] ! long-suspect$ connection1 b )\t success4 ,o]/$ 0 notori\sly a poor exp]im5t]1 ?\gh a man ( great philosophical g5ius4 ,hav+ 9 #ahbj a m p[]ful voltaic batt]y 9 op]ation ?an previ\sly1 he repeat$#ag ! op]ation ( br++ ne> to ! compass ne$le ! copp] wire t convey$ ! curr5t2 &1 lay+ x p>allel to ! ne$le's direction1 & ov] or "u x1 f\nd t ! ne$le t5d$ to turn into a direction at "r angles to ! l9e ( ! curr5t1 ! s5se ( ! deviation dep5d+ ^u ! direction ( fl[ ( ! curr5t1 & also on ! position ( ! wire z to :e!r x 7 above or bel[ ! ne$le4 ,a curr5t fl[+ f s\? to nor? ov] ! ne$le caus$ ! nor?-po9t+ end ( ! ne$le to be deflect$ we/w>ds4 ,if ! wire 7 v]tical1 s t ! curr5t fl[$ d[nw>ds1 & a compass ne$le 0 br\ght ne> ! wire on ! s\? side1 !re=e t5d+ "u ! e>?'s directive influ5ce to po9t nor?w>ds t[>d ! wire1 x 0 obs]v$ t ! effect ( ! curr5t fl[+ 9 ! wire 0 to cause ! nor?-po9t+ end ( ! ne$le to turn we/w>ds4 ,or1 rev]s+ ! fl[ ( curr5t1 ! effect on ! ne$le 0 rev]s$2 x n[ t5d$ ea/w>ds4 ,all ^! ?+s ,o]/$ summ$ up 9 ! phrase t 8! electric conflict acts 9 a revolv+ mann]0 ar\nd ! wire4#ah ,9 mod]n phraseology ! :ole ( ! actions are expla9$ if "o c conceive t ! effect ( ! electric fl[ 9 ! wire is to t5d to make ! nor? pole ( a magnet revolve 9 "o s5se ar\nd ! wire1 :il/ x also t5ds to make ! s\? pole ( ! magnet revolve ar\nd ! wire 9 ! o!r s5se4 ,! nett result 9 mo/ cases is t ! magnetic ne$le t5ds to set itself squ>e across ! l9e ( ! curr5t4 ,o]/$ himself 0 n too cle> 9 8 explanations1 & seems1 9 8 lat] pap]s1 to h lo/ sight ( ! circul> motion amid/ repulsions & attractions4 ,?is discov]y1 :i* %[$ :at 0 ! geometrical relation betwe5 ! magnet & ! curr5t1 also %[$ :y ! e>li] attempts _h fail$4 ,x 0 requisite t ! electricity %\ld be 9 a /ate ( /eady fl[2 nei!r at re/ z 9 ! exp]im5ts ) electric *>ges1 nor yet 9 caprici\s or oscillatory ru% z 9 ^? ) sp>k-dis*>ges4 ,f>aday1 adv]t+ a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat] to ,o]/$'s discov]y1 said3 8,x bur/ op5 ! gates ( a doma9 9 sci5ce1 d>k till !n1 & fill$ x ) a flood ( light40 ,! v day t ,o]/$'s memoir 0 publi%$ 9 ,engl&1 ,davy br\ght a copy d[n into ! laboratory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & he & ,f>aday at once set to "w to repeat ! exp]im5ts & v]ify ! facts4 ,x is a matt] ( hi/ory h[1 on ! publication ( ,o]/$'s discov]y1 ,ampre leap$ =w>d to g5]alise on electromagnetic actions1 & discov]$ ! mutual actions t may exi/ betwe5 two curr5ts1 or r betwe5 two conduct+ wires t c>ry curr5ts4 ,!y are f\nd to exp]i5ce mutual me*anical =ces urg+ !m into p>allel proximity4 ,biot & ,laplace add$ to ^! inve/igations1 z also did ,arago4 ,davy discov]$ t ! nak$ copp] wire1 :ile c>ry+ a curr5t1 c\ld attract iron fil+s to itself--n end-ways 9 adh]5t tufts1 z ! pole ( a magnet does1 b lat]ally1 ea* fil+ or *a9let ( fil+s t5d+ to set itself tang5tially at "r angles to ! axis ( ! wire4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,p>adoxical ,,ph5om5on4 ,?is curi\s "r-angl$ relation betwe5 electric fl[ & magnetic =ce came z a complete p>adox or puzzle to ! sci5tific _w4 ,x _h tak5 c5turies to ?r[ (f ! /range unme*anical ideas ( =ce :i* _h dom9at$ ! old] a/ronomy4 ,! epicyclic motions ( ! planets po/ulat$ by ! ,ptolemaic sy/em 7 9 no way to be acc\nt$ = ^u me*anical pr9ciples4 ,kepl]'s laws ( planet>y motion 7 m]ely empirical1 embody+ ! results ( obs]vation1 until ,newton's discov]y ( ! laws ( circul> motion & ( ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal gravitation plac$ ! planet>y !ory on a rational basis4 ,newton's laws requir$ t =ces %\ld act 9 /raight l9es1 & t to e action !re %\ld be an equal & opposite reaction4 ,if ,a attract$ ,b1 !n ,b attract$ ,a ) an equal =ce1 & ! mutual =ce mu/ be 9 ! l9e drawn f ,a to ,b4 ,! discov]y by ,o]/$ t ! magnet pole 0 urg$ by ! electric wire 9 a direction transv]se to ! l9e jo9+ !m1 appe>$ at fir/ sight to contrav5e ! ideas ( =ce s ?or\ghly e/abli%$ by ,newton4 ,h[ c\ld ?is transv]sality be expla9$8 ,"s s\ght to expla9 ! effect by consid]+ ! conduct+ wire to op]ate z if made up ( a numb] ( %ort magnets set transv]sely across ! wire1 all _! nor? poles be+ set t[>ds ! "r1 & all _! s\? poles t[>ds ! left4 ,ampre took ! alt]native view t ! magnet might be reg>d$ z equival5t to a numb] ( electric curr5ts circulat+ transv]sely ar\nd ! core z an axis4 ,9 nei!r case 0 ! explanation complete4 ,sid5ote3 ,,two ,,ye>s ,,wa/$4 ,f>aday's sci5tific activities 9 ! ye> #ahbj 7 v m>k$4 ,new rese>*es on /eel _h be5 go+ on = "s mon?s4 ,x _h be5 hop$ t by alloy+ iron ) "s o!r metals1 su* z silv]1 plat9um1 or nickel1 a non-ru/+ alloy might be f\nd4 ,?is idea took its rise f ! errone\s notion t meteoric iron1 :i* is ri*ly alloy$ ) nickel1 does n ru/4 ,f>aday f\nd nickel /eel to be m readily oxidis$1 n less1 ?an ord9>y /eel4 ,! plat9um /eel 0 also a failure4 ,silv] /eel 0 ( m int]e/1 ?\gh x 0 f\nd impossible to incorporate 9 ! alloy m ?an a small p]c5tage ( silv]4 ,nev]!less1 silv] /eel 0 us$ = "s "t by a ,%effield firm = manufacture ( f5d]s4 ,! alloys ( iron ) plat9um1 iridium1 & rhodium 7 also ( no great use4 ,b ! rese>* demon/rat$ ! surpris+ effects :i* m9ute quantities ( o!r metals may h ^u ! quality ( /eel4 ,occasionally 9 lat] life ,f>aday w\ld pres5t "o ( 8 fri5ds ) a razor made f 8 own special /eel4 ,a pap] on ! use ( alloys ( /eel 9 surgical in/rum5t mak+ 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal 9 collaboration ) ,mr4 ,/od>t4 ,f>aday also read 8 fir/ pap] be=e ! ,royal ,society on two new comp\nds ( *lor9e & c>bon1 & on a new comp\nd ( iod9e1 c>bon1 & hydrog54 ,he also succe$$ 9 mak+ artificial plumbago f *>coal4 ,9 writ+ to 8 fri5d ,pr(essor ,g4 de la ,rive1 he gives a long & *atty ab/ract ( 8 rese>*es on ! alloys ( /eel4 ,!y appe> to h orig9at$ 9 "s analyses ( wootz or ,indian /eel1 a mat]ial :i*1 :5 et*$ ) acid1 %[s a beautifully damasc5$ or reticulat$ surface4 ,?is effect ,f>aday nev] f\nd ) pure /eel1 b imitat$ x successfully ) a /eel alloy$ ) 8! metal ( alum9e10 an elem5t :i* d[n to t "t _h n be5 isolat$4 ,he !n describes ! rhodium1 silv]1 & nickel /eels1 & m5tions incid5tally h[ he has be5 surpris$ to discov] t he c volatilise silv]1 & t he _c r$uce ! metal titanium4 ,he is d\btful :e!r ?is metal 8ev] has be5 r$uc$ at all 9 ! pure /ate40 ,x c n[ be readily r$uc$ ei!r 9 ! electric arc or by ! use ( metallic alum9ium4 ,he w9ds up ! lett] ) ! words3 8,pray pity u t1 aft] two ye>s' exp]im5ts1 we h got no fur!r2 b ,i am sure1 if y knew ! lab\r ( ! exp]im5ts1 y w\ld applaud u = our p]sev]ance at lea/40 ,9 #ahba1 ! ye> ( 8 m>riage1 came ! fir/ ( ! important sci5tific discov]ies :i* br\ght him int]national fame4 ,?is 0 ! discov]y ( ! electromagnetic rotations4 ,x appe>s t ,o]/$'s brilliant fla% ( insight t ! 8electric conflict acts 9 a revolv+ mann]0 ^u ! pole ( ! neighb\r+ compass ne$le _h be5 lo/ sight ( 9 ! discussions :i* foll[$1 & to :i* allusion has be5 made above4 ,all ! _w 0 ?9k+ ab\t attractions & repulsions4 ,two m51 h[ev]1 seem to h gone a little fur!r 9 _! ideas4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on _h sugge/$ t !re ought to be a t5d5cy1 :5 a magnet pole 0 pres5t$ t[>ds a /raight conduct+ wire c>ry+ a curr5t1 = t conduct+ wire to revolve ar\nd its own axis4 ,?is effect--?\gh 9 rec5t ye>s x has be5 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,george ,gore--he unsuccessfully tri$ to obs]ve by exp]im5ts4 ,he came 9 ,april1 #ahba1 to ! laboratory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution to make an exp]im5t1 b )\t result4 ,f>aday1 at ! reque/ ( 8 fri5d ,phillips1 :o 0 editor ( ! ,annals ( ,philosophy1 wrote = t magaz9e 9 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb] a hi/orical sket* ( electromagnetism d[n to date4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! v few ( ,f>aday's writ+s t 0 anonym\s4 ,x 0 simply sign$ 8,m40 ,?is is 9 vol4 iii4 p4 #ajg4 ,on p4 #aag ! editor says3 8,to ! hi/orical sket* ( electromagnetism ) :i* ,i h be5 fav\r$ by my anonym\s correspond5t1 ,i %all add a sket* ( ! discov]ies t h be5 made by ,mr4 ,f>aday ( ! ,royal ,in/itution40 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w ,f>aday repeat$ = 8 own satisfaction almo/ all ! exp]im5ts t he describ$4 ,?is l$ him to discov] t a wire1 includ$ 9 ! circuit1 b m\nt$ s z to hang ) its l[] end 9 a pool ( quicksilv]1 c\ld rotate ar\nd ! pole ( a magnet2 & conv]sely t if ! wire 7 fix$ & ! pole ( ! magnet free to move1 ! latt] w\ld rotate ar\nd ! =m]4 8,i did n realise10 he wrote1 8,dr4 ,wolla/on's expectation ( ! rotation ( ! electromagnetic wire ar\nd its axis40 ,z 0 s (t5 8 cu/om1 he _h no soon] f9i%$ ! rese>* = publication ?an he da%$ (f a brief summ>y ( x 9 a lett] to "o ( 8 fri5ds4 ,on ?is occasion x 0 ,pr(essor ,g4 de la ,rive1 ( ,g5eva1 :o 0 ! recipi5t ( 8 confid5ces4 ,on ,septemb] #ab he wrote3-- ,sid5ote3 ,,lett] ,,to ,,de ,,la ,,rive4 ,i am mu* flatt]$ & enc\rag$ to g on by y\r good op9ion ( :at little ?+s ,i h be5 able to d 9 sci5ce1 & especially z reg>ds ! *lorides ( c>bon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,y p>tly reproa* u "h ) n suffici5tly e/eem+ ,ampre's exp]im5ts on electromagnetism4 ,all[ me to ext5uate y\r op9ion a little on ?is po9t4 ,) reg>d to ! exp]im5ts1 ,i hope & tru/ t due weight is all[$ to !m2 b ^! y "k are few1 & !ory makes up ! great "p ( :at ,m4 ,ampre has publi%$1 & !ory 9 a great _m po9ts unsupport$ by exp]im5ts :5 !y ought to h be5 adduc$4 ,at ! same "t1 ,m4 ,ampre's exp]im5ts are excell5t1 & 8 !ory +5i\s2 &1 = myself1 ,i _h ?\ght v little ab\t x be=e y\r lett] came1 simply because1 be+ naturally sceptical on philosophical !ories1 ,i ?\ght !re 0 a great want ( exp]im5tal evid5ce4 ,s9ce !n1 h[ev]1 ,i h engag$ on ! subject1 & h a pap] 9 our 8,in/itution ,j\rnal10 :i* w appe> 9 a week or two1 & t w1 z x conta9s exp]im5t1 be imm$iately appli$ by ,m4 ,ampre 9 support ( 8 !ory1 mu* m decid$ly ?an x is by myself4 ,i int5d to enclose a copy ( x to y ) ! o!r1 & only want ! means ( s5d+ x4 ,i f9d all ! usual attractions & repulsions ( ! magnetic ne$le by ! conjunctive wire are deceptions1 ! motions be+ n attractions or repulsions1 nor ! result ( any attractive or repulsive =ces1 b ! result ( a =ce 9 ! wire1 :i* in/ead ( br++ ! pole ( ! ne$le ne>] to1 or fur!r f ! wire1 endeav\rs to make x move r\nd x 9 a nev] end+ circle & motion :il/ ! batt]y rema9s 9 action4 ,i h succe$$ n only 9 %[+ ! exi/5ce ( ?is motion !oretically1 b exp]im5tally1 & h be5 able to make ! wire revolve r\nd a magnetic pole1 or a magnetic pole r\nd ! wire1 at pleasure4 ,! law ( revolution1 & to :i* all ! o!r motions ( ! ne$le & wire are r$ucible1 is simple & beautiful4 ,conceive a portion ( connect+ wire nor? & s\?1 ! nor? end be+ atta*$ to ! positive pole ( a batt]y1 ! s\? to ! negative4 ,a nor? magnetic pole w\ld !n pass r\nd x cont9ually 9 ! app>5t direction ( ! sun1 f ea/ to we/ above1 f we/ to ea/ bel[4 ,rev]se ! connections ) ! batt]y1 & ! motion ( ! pole is rev]s$2 or if ! s\? pole be made to revolve1 ! motions w be 9 ! opposite directions1 z ) ! nor? pole4 ,if ! wire be made to revolve r\nd ! pole1 ! motions are accord+ to ^? m5tion$4 ,9 ! app>atus ,i us$ !re 7 b two plates1 & ! directions ( ! motions 7 ( c\rse#ai ! rev]se ( ^? ) a batt]y ( sev]al pairs ( plates1 & :i* are giv5 above4 ,n[ ,i h be5 able1 exp]im5tally1 to trace ?is motion into its v>i\s =ms z exhibit$ by ,ampre's1 ,nelice's1 c41 & 9 all cases to %[ t ! attractions & repulsions are only appe>ances due to ?is circulation ( ! pole1 to %[ t dissimil> poles repel z well z attract1 & t simil> poles attract z well z repel1 & to make1 ,i ?9k1 ! analogy betwe5 ! helix & common b> magnet f> /rong] ?an be=e4 ,b yet ,i am by no means decid$ t !re are curr5ts ( electricity 9 ! common magnet4 ,i h no d\bt t electricity puts ! circles ( ! helix into ! same /ate z ^? circles are 91 t may be conceiv$ 9 ! b> magnet1 b ,i am n c]ta9 t ?is /ate is directly dep5dant on ! electricity1 or t x _c be produc$ by o!r ag5cies2 & !re=e1 until ! pres5ce ( electrical curr5ts be prov$ 9 ! magnet by o!r ?an magnetical effects1 ,i %all rema9 9 d\bt ab\t ,ampre's !ory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,wi%+ y all heal? & happ9ess1 & wait+ = news f y1 ,i am1 my de> ,sir1 y\r v oblig$ & grateful ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,! ref]5ce at ! beg9n+ ( ?is lett] to ! *lorides ( c>bon has to d ) 8 discov]y communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society4 ,lat] 9 ! ye>1 a jo9t pap] on ano!r comp\nd ( c>bon & *lor9e1 by himself & 8 fri5d ,ri*>d ,phillips1 0 s5t 94 ,bo? 7 pr9t$ toge!r 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( #ahba4 ,sid5ote3 ,,leaves ,,f ,,! ,,note-,,book4 ,! foll[+ is an extract f ,f>aday's laboratory book relat+ to ! discov]y4 ,! acc\nt is incomplete1 a leaf hav+ be5 torn out3-- #ahba1 ,sept4 #c4 ,! ef=t ( ! wire is always to pass (f at a "r angle f ! pole1 inde$ to g 9 a circle r\nd x1 s :5 ei!r pole 0 br\ght up to ! wire p]p5dicul> to x & to ! radius ( ! circle x describ$1 !re 0 nei!r attraction nor repulsion1 b ! mom5t ! pole v>i$ 9 ! slighte/ mann] ei!r 9 or out1 ! wire mov$ "o way or ! o!r4 ,! poles ( ! magnet act on ! b5t wire 9 all positions & n 9 ! direction only ( any axis ( ! magnet1 s t ! curr5t c h>dly be cyl9drical or arrang$ r\nd ! axis ( a cyl9d]8 ,f ! motion above a nor? magnet pole 9 ! c5tre ( "o ( ! circles %\ld make ! wire cont9ually turn r\nd4 ,arrang$ a magnet ne$le 9 a glass tube ) m]cury ab\t x1 & by a cork1 wat]1 c41 support$ a connect+ wire s t ! upp] end %\ld g into ! silv] cup & its m]cury1 & ! l[] move 9 a *annel ( m]cury r\nd ! pole ( ! ne$le4 ,! batt]y arrang$ ) ! wire z be=e4 ,9 ?is way got ! revolution ( ! wire r\nd ! pole ( ! magnet4 ,! direction 0 z foll[1 look+ f above d[n3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 7,,facsimile ,,( ,,orig9al ,,sket*47 ,v satisfactory1 b make m s5sible app>atus4 ,tuesday1 ,sept4 #d4 ,app>atus = revolution ( wire & magnet4 ,a deep bas9 ) bit ( wax at bottom & !n fill$ ) m]cury4 ,a magnet /uck upright 9 wax s t pole j above ! surface ( m]cury4 ,!n piece ( wire float$ by cork at l[] end dipp+ into m]cy & above into silv] cup z be=e3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 7,,facsimile ,,( ,,orig9al ,,sket*47 ,! rese>* on ! electromagnetic rotations1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = ,octob]1 #ahba 7& repr9t$ 9 ! second volume ( ! 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9 ,electricity071 0 ! occasion ( a v s]i\s misund]/&+ ) ,dr4 ,wolla/on & 8 fri5ds1 :i* at "o "t ?reat5$ to cause ,f>aday's exclusion f ! ,royal ,society4 ,f>aday's prompt & frank action 9 appeal+ to ,dr4 ,wolla/on sav$ him 9 a v unpleasant crisis2 & ! latt] came ?ree or f\r times to ! laboratory to witness ! exp]im5ts4 ,on ,*ri/mas ,day ( ! same ye>1 ,f>aday succe$$ 9 mak+ a wire ?r\gh :i* an electric curr5t is pass+ move "u ! influ5ce ( ! e>?'s magnetism alone4 ,8 bro!r-9-law1 ,george ,b>n>d1 :o 0 9 ! laboratory at ! "t1 wrote3--8,all at once he exclaim$1 #8,d y see1 d y see1 d y see1 ,george8' z ! wire began to revolve4 ,"o end ,i recollect 0 9 ! cup ( quicksilv]1 ! o!r atta*$ above to ! c5tre4 ,i %all nev] =get ! en?usiasm express$ 9 8 face & ! sp>kl+ 9 8 eyes60 ,sid5ote3 ,,sc5es ,,9 ,,! ,,laboratory4 ,9 #ahbb little 0 add$ to ,f>aday's sci5tific "w4 ,he _h a jo9t pap] ) ,/od>t on /eel be=e ! ,royal ,society1 & 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal two %ort *emical pap]s & f\r on electromagnetical motions & magnetism4 ,he _h long kept a commonplace book 9 :i* he ent]$ notes & qu]ies z well z extracts f books & j\rnals2 b ?is ye> he began a fre% manuscript volume1 into :i* he transf]r$ _m ( ! qu]ies & sugge/ions ( 8 own orig9at+4 ,?is volume he call$ 8,*emical ,notes1 ,h9ts1 ,sugge/ions1 & ,objects ( ,pursuit40 ,x conta9s _m ( ! g]ms ( 8 own future discov]ies1 z ! foll[+ examples %[3-- ,conv]t magnetism into electricity4 ,d pi? balls div]ge by di/urbance ( electricities 9 consequ5ce ( induction or n8 ,g5]al effects ( compression1 ei!r 9 cond5s+ gases1 or produc+ solutions1 or ev5 giv+ comb9ations at l[ temp]atures4 ,light ?r\gh gold leaf on to z9e or mo/ oxidable metals1 ^! be+ poles--or on magnetic b>s4 ,transp>5cy ( metals4 ,sun's light ?r\gh gold leaf4 ,two gold leaves made poles--light pass$ ?r\gh "o to ! o!r4 ,:5ev] any qu]y f\nd an answ]1 he drew 8 p5 ?r\gh x & add$ ! date4 ,9 front ( ! book--probably at "s lat] "t--he wrote ^! words3-- ,i already owe mu* to ^! notes1 & ?9k su* a collection wor? ! mak+ by e sci5tific man4 ,i am sure none w\ld ?9k ! tr\ble lo/ aft] a ye>'s exp]i5ce4 ,a /rik+ example _h already occurr$ ( simil> sugge/ive notes 9 ! optical qu]ies ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,9 ano!r manuscript notebook occur ! foll[+ entries "u date ( ,septemb] #aj1 #ahba3-- #b simil> poles ?\gh !y repell at mo/ di/ances attract at v small di/ances & adh]e4 ,qu]y :y4444 ,c\ld n magnetise a plate ( /eel s z to resemble flat spiral4 ,ei!r ! magnetism w\ld be v weak & irregul> or !re w\ld be none at all4 ,^! are int]e/+ z %[+ h[ ,f>aday 0 educat+ himself by cont9ual exp]im5t4 ,! explanation ( ea* ( ^! p>adoxes has long pass$ into ! commonplace ( physics2 b !y w\ld /ill puzzle _m :o h le>n$ _! sci5ce booki%ly at second-h&4 ,x w be not$ t among/ ! entries cit$ above !re are two ( absolutely capital importance1 "o =e%ad[+ ! great discov]y ( magneto-electric induction1 ! o!r indicat+ h[ ! exi/5ce ( electro-optical relations 0 %ap+ itself z a possibility 9 ,f>aday's m9d4 ,an entry 9 8 laboratory book ( ,septemb] #aj is ( great int]e/3-- ,pol>is$ a ray ( lamp-light by reflection1 & endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 :e!r any depol>is+ action is ex]t$ on x by wat] plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( a voltaic batt]y 9 a glass ci/]n2 "o ,wolla/on's tr\gh us$2 ! fluids decompos$ 7 pure wat]1 weak solution ( sulphate ( soda1 & /rong sulphuric acid3 none ( !m _h any effect on ! pol>is$ light1 ei!r :5 out ( or 9 ! voltaic circuit1 s t no p>ticul> arrangem5t ( p>ticles c\ld be asc]ta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,sid5ote3 ,,an ,,unsuccessful ,,exp]im5t4 ,x may be add$ t no su* optical effect ( electrolytic conduction z t "h look$ = has yet be5 discov]$4 ,! exp]im5t1 unsuccessful at t day1 rema9s /ill an unsuccessful "o4 ,a s+ul> int]e/ atta*es to x1 h[ev]1 & x 0 repeat$ sev]al times by ,f>aday 9 subsequ5t ye>s1 9 hope ( "s results4 ,9 #ahbc ,f>aday read two pap]s to ! ,royal ,society1 "o on ,liquid ,*lor9e1 ! o!r on ! ,cond5sation ( sev]al ,gases into ,liquids4 ,no soon] 0 ! "w complet$ ?an he da%$ (f a lett] to ,de la ,rive to tell him :at he _h accompli%$4 ,"u date ,m>* #bd1 #ahbc1 he writes3-- ,i h be5 at "w lately1 & obta9$ results :i* ,i hope y w approve (4 ,i h be5 int]rupt$ twice 9 ! c\rse ( exp]im5ts by explosions1 bo? 9 ! c\rse ( eight days--"o burnt my eyes1 ! o!r cut !m2 b =tunately escap$ ) slight injury only 9 bo? cases1 & am n[ ne>ly well4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ,i took ! opportunity ( exam9+ ! hydrate ( *lor9e1 & analys+ x2 ! results1 :i* are n v important1 w appe> 9 ! next numb] ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal1 ov] :i* ,i h no influ5ce4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 on see+ my pap]1 sugge/$ to me to "w ) x "u pressure1 & see :at w\ld happ5 by heat1 c4 ,accord+ly ,i enclos$ x 9 a glass tube h]metically seal$1 heat$ x1 obta9$ a *ange 9 ! sub/ance1 & a sep>ation into two diff]5t fluids2 & ^u fur!r exam9ation ,i f\nd t ! *lor9e & wat] _h sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 & ! *lor9e gas1 n be+ able to escape1 _h cond5s$ into ! liquid =m4 ,to prove t x conta9$ no wat]1 ,i dri$ "s *lor9e gas1 introduc$ x into a long tube1 cond5s$ x1 & !n cool$ ! tube1 & aga9 obta9$ fluid *lor9e4 ,h5ce :at is call$ *lor9e gas is ! vap\r ( a fluid4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,i expect to be able to r$uce _m o!r gases to ! liquid =m1 & promise myself ! pleasure ( writ+ y ab\t !m4 ,i hope y w hon\r me ) a lett] soon4 ,i am1 de> ,sir1 v fai?fully1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,sid5ote3 ,,*lor9e ,,liquefi$4 ,! "w ( liquefy+ ! gases _h be5 tak5 up by ,f>aday dur+ 8 h\rs ( lib]ty f o!r duties4 ,x 0 probably 8 *>act]i/ic dislike to 8d\btful k0 :i* prompt$ him to re-exam9e a sub/ance :i* _h at "o "t be5 reg>d$ z *lor9e 9 a solid /ate1 b :i* ,davy 9 #ahaj _h demon/rat$ to be a hydrate ( t elem5t4 ,! fir/ "w 01 z n>rat$ above1 to make a new analysis ( ! suppos$ sub/ance4 ,?is analysis1 duly writt5 out1 0 submitt$ to ,sir ,humphry1 :o1 )\t /at+ precisely :at results he anticipat$ might foll[1 sugge/$ heat+ ! hydrate "u pressure 9 a h]metically seal$ glass tube4 ,?is ,f>aday did4 ,:5 s heat$1 ! tube fill$ ) a yell[ atmosph]e1 & on cool+ 0 f\nd to conta9 two liquids1 "o limpid & col\rless l wat]1 ! o!r ( an oily appe>ance4 ,conc]n+ ?is rese>* a curi\s /ory is told 9 ! life ( ,davy4 ,dr4 ,p>is1 ,davy's fri5d & biograph]1 happ5$ to visit ! laboratory :ile ,f>aday 0 at "w on ^! tubes4 ,see+ ! oily liquid1 he v5tur$ to rally ! "y assi/ant ^u 8 c>elessness 9 employ+ greasy tubes4 ,lat] 9 ! day1 ,f>aday1 on fil+ (f ! end ( ! tube1 0 />tl$ by f9d+ ! cont5ts sudd5ly to explode2 ! oily matt] completely disappe>+4 ,he spe$ily asc]ta9$ ! cause4 ,! gas1 lib]at$ f comb9ation ) wat] by heat1 _h "u ! pressure ( its own evolution liquefi$ itself1 only to re-exp& ) viol5ce :5 ! tube 0 op5$4 ,e>ly ! next day ,dr4 ,p>is receiv$ ! foll[+ laconic note3-- ,,de> ,,sir1-- ,! oil y notic$ ye/]day turns out to be liquid *lor9e4 ,y\rs fai?fully1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,lat] he adopt$ a compress+ syr+e to cond5se ! gas1 & aga9 succe$$ 9 liquefy+ x4 ,davy1 :o add$ a *>act]i/ic note to ,f>aday's publi%$ pap]1 imm$iately appli$ ! same me?od ( liquefaction by its own pressure to hydro*loric acid gas2 & ,f>aday r$uc$ a numb] ( o!r gases by ! same means4 ,^! rese>*es 7 n )\t dang]4 ,9 ! prelim9>y exp]im5ts an explosion ( "o ( ! tubes drove ?irte5 fragm5ts ( glass into ,f>aday's eye4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> he drew up a hi/orical /atem5t on ! liquefaction ( gases1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal = ,janu>y1 #ahbd4 ,a fur!r /atem5t by him 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e = #ahcf2 & 9 #ahdd 8 fur!r rese>*es on ! liquefaction ( gases 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,9 #ahbd ,f>aday aga9 br\ght to ! ,royal ,society a *emical discov]y ( fir/ importance4 ,! pap] 0 on "s new comp\nds ( c>bon & hydrog51 & on c]ta9 o!r products obta9$ dur+ decomposition ( oil by heat4 ,f cond5s$ oil-gas1 s obta9$1 ,f>aday succe$$ 9 sep>at+ ! liquid kn[n z b5z9 or b5zol1 or1 z he nam$ x at ! "t1 bic>buret ( hydrog54 ,x has s9ce its discov]y =m$ ! basis ( sev]al great *emical indu/ries1 & is manufactur$ 9 va/ quantities4 ,prior to ! read+ ( ?is pap] he _h1 z we h already relat$1 be5 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 an hon\r to :i* he _h = "s ye>s aspir$1 & :i* /ood alone 9 8 reg>d above ! sci5tific hon\rs ( lat] ye>s4 ,9 ?is ye> he tri$1 among/ 8 unsuccessful exp]im5ts1 two ( s+ul> int]e/4 ,"o 0 an attempt to f9d :e!r two cry/als 7su* z nitre7 ex]cis$ ^u "o ano!r any pol> attractions l ^? ( two lode/ones4 ,he susp5d$ !m by fibres ( cocoon silk1 &1 f9d+ ?is mat]ial n delicate en\gh1 by spid]-l9es4 ,! o!r 0 an attempt to discov] magneto-electricity4 ,= v>i\s reasons he conclud$ t ! approximation ( ! pole ( a p[]ful magnet to a conductor c>ry+ a curr5t w\ld h ! effect ( dim9i%+ ! am\nt ( t curr5t4 ,he plac$ magnets )9 a copp] wire helix1 & obs]v$ ) a galvanomet] :e!r ! curr5t s5t ?r\gh ! circuit ( ! helix by a giv5 batt]y 0 less :5 ! magnet 0 abs5t4 ,! result 0 negative4 ,sid5ote3 ,,rese>* ,,on ,,optical ,,glass4 ,9 ?is ye> also began ! labori\s rese>*es on optical glass1 :i* ?\gh 9 !mselves lead+ to no imm$iate success ( comm]cial value1 nev]!less furni%$ ,f>aday ) ! mat]ial ess5tial at ! "t = ! mak+ ( ! mo/ mom5t\s ( all 8 discov]ies4 ,a committee _h be5 appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society = ! improvem5t ( glass = optical purposes1 & ,f>aday 0 among/ ^? *os5 to act ^u x4 ,9 #ahbe ! ,royal ,society ,committee delegat$ ! inve/igation ( optical glass to a sub-committee ( ?ree1 ,h]s*el 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,john71 ,dollond 7! optician71 & ,f>aday4 ,! *emical "p1 includ+ ! exp]im5tal manufacture1 0 entru/$ to ,f>aday4 ,dollond 0 to "w ! glass & te/ its qualities f ! in/rum5t mak]'s po9t ( view1 :il/ ,h]s*el 0 to exam9e its refraction1 disp]sion1 & o!r physical prop]ties4 ,?is sub-committee work$ = ne>ly five ye>s1 ?\gh by ! removal ( ,h]s*el f ,engl& its numb] 0 r$uc$ to two4 ,9 #ahbg ! "w became m ardu\s4 ,f>aday ?us writes3-- ,! ,presid5t & ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society appli$ to ! ,presid5t & ,manag]s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution = leave to erect on _! premises an exp]im5tal room ) a furnace1 = ! purpose ( cont9u+ ! inve/igation on ! manufacture ( optical glass4 ,!y 7 guid$ 9 ?is by ! desire :i* ! ,royal ,in/itution has always ev9c$ to assi/ 9 ! advancem5t ( sci5ce2 & ! read9ess ) :i* ! application 0 grant$ %[$ t no mi/ak5 notion _h be5 =m$ 9 ?is respect4 ,z a memb] ( bo? bodies1 ,i felt mu* anxiety t ! inve/igation %\ld be successful4 ,a room & furnaces 7 built at ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,septemb]1 #ahbg1 & an assi/ant 0 engag$1 ,s]geant ,&]son1 ( ! ,royal ,artill]y4 ,he came on ! #crd ( ,decemb]4 ,&]son1 :o 0 ?us made assi/ant to ,f>aday1 rema9$ 9 t capacity till 8 dea? 9 #ahff4 ,he 0 a mo/ devot$ s]vant4 ,9 a footnote to ! 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es0 7vol4 iii4 p4 #c7 ,f>aday 9 #ahde wrote ( him3-- ,i _c resi/ ! occasion t is ?us (f]$ me ( m5tion+ ! "n ( ,mr4 ,&]son1 :o came to me z an assi/ant 9 ! glass exp]im5ts1 & has rema9$ ev] s9ce 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,he assi/$ me 9 all ! rese>*es into :i* ,i h ent]$ s9ce t "t2 & to 8 c>e1 /ead9ess1 exactitude1 & fai?fulness 9 ! p]=mance ( all t has be5 committ$ to 8 *>ge1 ,i am mu* indebt$4--,m4 ,f4 ,tyndall1 :o _h a great admiration = ,&]son1 decl>$ t 8 m]its z an assi/ant might be summ$ up 9 "o phrase--bl9d ob$i5ce4 ,! /ory is told ( him by ,b5jam9 ,abbott3-- ,sid5ote3 ,,&]son',s ,,ob$i5ce4 ,s]geant ,&]son 444 0 *os5 simply because ( ! habits ( /rict ob$i5ce 8 milit>y tra9+ _h giv5 him4 ,8 duty 0 to keep ! furnaces always at ! same heat1 & ! wat] 9 ! a%pit always at ! same level4 ,9 ! ev5+ he 0 releas$1 b "o night ,f>aday =got to tell ,&]son he c\ld g home1 & e>ly next morn+ he f\nd 8 fai?ful s]vant /ill /ok+ ! gl[+ furnace1 z he _h be5 do+ all night long4 ,! rese>* on optical glass 0 view$ askance by sev]al p>ties4 ,! exp5diture ( money :i* x involv$ 0 "o ( ! 8*>ges0 hurl$ aga9/ ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society by ,sir ,james ,s\? 9 #ahcj4 ,nev]!less x 0 deem$ suffici5tly important to receive p[]ful support1 z ! foll[+ lett] %[s3-- ,admiralty1 #bj ,dec41 #ahbg4 ,,sir1 ,i h]eby reque/1 on behalf ( ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude1 t y w cont9ue1 9 ! furnace built at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ! exp]im5ts on glass1 direct$ by ! jo9t ,committee ( ! ,royal ,society & ! ,bo>d ( ,longitude & already sanction$ by ! ,treasury & ! ,bo>d ( ,excise4 ,i am1 ,sir1 ,y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,?omas ,,"y1 ,m4,d41 ,sec4 ,bd4 ,long4 ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 ,esq41 ,royal ,in/itution4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahbe1 ,f>aday's duties t[>ds ! ,royal ,in/itution 7 some:at modifi$4 ,hi!rto he _h be5 nom9ally a m]e assi/ant to ,davy & ,br&e1 ?\gh he _h occasionally und]tak5 lectures = ! latt]4 ,n[1 on ,davy's recomm5dation1 he 01 z we h se51 appo9t$ by ! manag]s ,director ( ! ,laboratory "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry4 ,he 0 reliev$1 8because ( 8 occupation 9 rese>*10 f 8 duty z *emical assi/ant at ! lectures4 ,! rese>* on optical glass 0 n conclud$ till #ahbi1 :5 its results 7 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 ! ,bak]ian lecture ( t ye>--a memoir s long t x is said ?ree sitt+s 7 occupi$ 9 its deliv]y4 ,x is pr9t$ 9 ext5so 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( #ahcj4 ,x op5s z foll[s3-- ,:5 ! philosoph] desires to apply glass 9 ! con/ruction ( p]fect in/rum5ts1 & especially ! a*romatic telescope1 its manufacture is f\nd liable to imp]fections s important & s difficult to avoid1 t sci5ce is frequ5tly /opp$ 9 h] progress by !m--a fact fully prov$ by ! circum/ance t ,mr4 ,dollond1 "o ( our fir/ opticians1 has n be5 able to obta9 a disc ( fl9t glass #d in*es 9 diamet]1 fit = a telescope1 )9 ! la/ five ye>s2 or a simil> disc1 ( #e in*es1 )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s4 ,?is l$ to ! appo9tm5t by ,sir ,h4 ,davy ( ! ,royal ,society ,committee1 & ! ,gov]nm5t remov$ ! excise re/rictions1 & und]took to be> all ! exp5ses z long z ! inve/igation (f]$ a reasonable hope ( success4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 begun at ! ,falcon ,glass ,works1 ?ree miles f ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & cont9u$ !re 9 #ahbe1 #ahbf1 & to ,sept41 #ahbg1 :5 a room 0 built at ! ,in/itution4 ,at fir/ ! inquiry 0 pursu$ pr9cipally z relat$ to fl9t & cr[n glass2 b 9 ,septemb]1 #ahbh1 x 0 direct$ exclusively to ! prep>ation & p]fection ( peculi> heavy & fusible glasses1 f :i* "t cont9u$ progress has be5 made4 ,9 #ahcj ! exp]im5ts on glass-mak+ 7 /opp$4 ,9 #ahca ! ,committee = ! ,improvem5t ( ,glass = ,optical ,purposes report$ to ! ,royal ,society ,c\ncil t ! telescope made ) ,mr4 ,f>aday's glass _h be5 exam9$ by ,capta9 ,kat] & ,mr4 ,pond4 8,x be>s z great a p[] z c reasonably be expect$1 & is v a*romatic4 ,! ,committee !re=e recomm5d t ,mr4 ,f>aday be reque/$ to make a p]fect piece ( glass ( ! l>ge/ size t 8 pres5t app>atus w admit1 & also to tea* "s p]son to manufacture ! glass = g5]al sale40 ,sid5ote3 ,,glass-,,mak+ ,,laid ,,aside4 ,9 answ] to ?is ,f>aday s5t ! foll[+ lett] to ,dr4 ,roget1 ,sec4 ,r4,s43-- ,m4 ,f>aday to ,p4 ,m4 ,roget4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,july #d1 #ahca4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,i s5d y h]e) f\r l>ge & two small manuscript volumes relat+ to optical glass1 & compris+ ! j\rnal book & sub-committee book1 s9ce ! p]iod t exp]im5tal inve/igations comm5c$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,) ref]5ce to ! reque/ :i* ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society h done me ! hon\r ( mak+--namely1 t ,i %\ld cont9ue ! inve/igation--,i %\ld1 "u circum/ances ( p]fect fre$om1 ass5t to x at once2 b oblig$ z ,i h be5 to devote ! :ole ( my sp>e "t to ! exp]im5ts already describ$1 & consequ5tly to resign ! pursuit ( su* philosophical inquiries z sugge/$ !mselves to my own m9d1 ,i w\ld wi%1 "u ! pres5t circum/ances1 to lay ! glass aside = a :ile1 t ,i may enjoy ! pleasure ( work+ out my own ?\ghts on o!r subjects4 ,if at a future "t ! inve/igation %\ld be r5ew$1 ,i mu/ beg x to be cle>ly und]/ood ,i _c promise full success %\ld ,i resume x3 all t indu/ry & my abilities c effect %all be done2 b to p]fect a manufacture1 n be+ a manufactur]1 is :at ,i am n bold en\gh to promise4 ,i am1 c41 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,! optical glass 0 a failure1 s f> z conc]n$ ! orig9al hope t x w\ld lead to great improvem5ts 9 telescopes4 ,nev]!less x furni%$ sci5tific m5 ) a new mat]ial1 ! 8heavy glass0 consi/+ ess5tially ( boro-silicate ( lead1 = :i* sundry uses 9 spectroscopy & o!r optical in/rum5ts h s9ce be5 f\nd4 ,9 #ahde ,f>aday add$ ?is note3-- ,i consid] our results z negative1 except z reg>ds any good t may h result$ f my heavy glass 9 ! h&s ( ,amici 7:o appli$ x to microscopes7 & 9 my late exp]im5ts on light4 ,^! 7 ! fam\s exp]im5ts on magneto-optics & diamagnetism4 ,incid5tally ! rese>* _h l$ also to ! p]man5t engagem5t ( ,s]geant ,&]son z assi/ant to ,f>aday4 ,sid5ote3 ,,rese>*es ,,& ,,lectures4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s1 f #ahbe to #ahbi1 :i* _h be5 ?us occupi$ 9 an app>5tly fruitless que/1 he _h be5 f> f idle4 ,he _h gone on contribut+ *emical pap]s to ! ,philosophical ,transactions & to ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal4 ,^! dealt ) sulpho-naph?alic acid1 ) ! limits ( vaporisation1 ) ca\t*\c1 bisulphide ( copp]1 ! fluidity ( sulphur & phosphorus1 ! diffusion ( gases1 & ! relation ( wat] to hot poli%$ surfaces4 ,he _h also orig9at$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution ! ,friday ev5+ disc\rses 7see p4 #cc71 ! fir/ ( :i* he held 9 #ahbf4 ,= "s ye>s he himself deliv]$ no inconsid]able portion ( ^! disc\rses e session4 ,9 #ahbf he gave six1 9 #ahbg ?ree1 9 #ahbh five1 9 #ahbi six1 & ^! 9 addition to 8 regul> aft]noon c\rses ( six or eight lectures on "s connect$ subject4 ,he _h also1 9 #ahbf1 begun ! ,*ri/mas lectures adapt$ to a juv5ile audi5ce1 & _h 9 #ahbg giv5 a c\rse ( twelve lectures at ! ,london ,in/itution 9 ,f9sbury ,circus4 ,9 addition to ^! lab\rs he _h1 9 #ahbg1 br\ght out ! fir/ edition ( 8 book on 8,*emical ,manipulation40 ,9 #ahbi he began 8 lectures at ! ,royal ,milit>y ,academy at ,woolwi*1 :i* cont9u$ till #ahdi4 ,! ye> #ahcj may be reg>d$ z ! close ( ! fir/ p]iod ( ,f>aday's rese>*es1 dur+ :i* "t1 ?\gh mu* ( 8 lab\r _h be5 ( a prep>atory & ev5 desultory k9d1 x _h be5 a tra9+ = ! high] "w to come4 ,he _h made ?ree notable discov]ies 9 *emi/ry1 ! new sub/ances b5zol & butyl5e1 & ! solubility ( naph?al5e 9 sulphuric acid =m+ ! fir/ ( a new class ( bodies1 ! sulpho-acids4 ,he _h also made an important discov]y 9 physics1 t ( ! electromagnetic rotations4 ,he _h already publi%$ sixty orig9al pap]s1 besides _m notes ( less] importance1 n9e ( ^! pap]s be+ memoirs 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,he _h already begun to receive f le>n$ societies1 academies1 & univ]sities ! recognition ( 8 sci5tific atta9m5ts1 & he _h e/abli%$ firmly bo? 8 own reputation z a lectur]1 & ! reputation ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 :i* 0 ! sc5e ( 8 lectures4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,sci5tific ,,rese>*es3 ,,second ,,p]iod4 ,) ! ye> #ahca beg9s ! p]iod ( ! celebrat$ 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9 ,electricity & ,magnetism40 ,dur+ ! ye>s :i* _h elaps$ s9ce 8 discov]y ( ! electromagnetic rotations 9 #ahbc1 ,f>aday1 ?\gh occupi$1 z we h se51 ) o!r matt]s1 _h n ceas$ to pond] ! relation betwe5 ! magnet & ! electric curr5t4 ,! great discov]ies ( ,o]/$1 ,ampre1 & ,arago _h culm9at$ 9 ,engl& 9 two results3 9 ,f>aday's discov]y t ! wire :i* c>ries an electric curr5t t5ds to revolve ar\nd ! pole ( a neighb\r+ magnet2 & 9 ,/urgeon's inv5tion ( ! s(t-iron electromagnet1 a core ( iron surr\nd$ by a coil ( copp] wire1 capable ( act+ z a magnet at w :5 ! electric curr5t is transmitt$ to ! coil & s caus$ to circulate ar\nd ! iron core4 ,sid5ote3 ,,=e%ad[+s4 ,?is production ( magnetism f electricity1 at w1 & at a di/ance1 by ! simple device ( s5d+ ! electricity to circulate z a curr5t ar\nd ! c5tral core ( iron 0 !n1 z n[1 a cause ( mu* speculation4 ,! iron core :i* is to be made tempor>ily into a magnet /&s alone1 isolat$4 ,?\gh surr\nd$ outw>dly by ! magnetis+ coil ( copp] wire1 x does n t\* x2 nay1 mu/ be scre5$ f contact ) x by appropriate insulation4 ,! electric curr5t ent]+ ! copp] coil at "o end is conf9$ f leav+ ! copp] wire by any lat]al pa?3 x mu/ circulate ar\nd ea* & e convolution1 nor be p]mitt$ to fl[ back by ! return-wire until x has p]=m$ ! requir$ am\nt ( circulation4 ,t ! m]e ext]nal circulation ( electric curr5t ar\nd a totally disconnect$ int]ior core ( iron %\ld magnetise t core2 t ! magnetisation %\ld be ma9ta9$ s long z ! circulation ( electricity is ma9ta9$2 & t ! magnetis+ =ces %\ld cease s soon z ! curr5t is /opp$1 are facts1 famili> en\gh to e beg9n] 9 ! sci5ce1 b my/]i\s en\gh f ! ab/ract po9t ( view4 ,f>aday 0 firmly p]suad$ t1 great z _h be5 ^! discov]ies ( ! production ( magnetism & magnetic motions f electricity1 !re rema9$ o!r relations ( no less importance to be discov]$4 ,aga9 & aga9 8 m9d recurr$ to ! subject4 ,if x 7 possible to use electricity to produce magnetism1 :y %\ld n ! conv]se be true8 ,9 #ahbb 8 notebook sugge/ion 01 z we h se51 8,conv]t magnetism into electricity40 ,yes1 b h[8 ,he possess$ an intuitive b5t ( m9d to inquire ab\t ! relations ( facts to "o ano!r4 ,conv9c$ by %e] conv]se ) nature 9 ! laboratory1 ( ! correlation ( =ces & ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy long be=e ei!r ( ^? doctr9es _h receiv$ di/9ct enunciation z pr9ciples ( natural philosophy1 he seems nev] to h view$ an action )\t ?9k+ ( ! necess>y & appropriate reaction2 nev] to h deem$ any physical relation complete 9 :i* discov]y _h n be5 made ( ! conv]se relations = :i* in/9ctively he s\ght4 ,s 9 ,decemb]1 #ahbd1 we f9d him exp]im5t+ on ! passage ( a b> magnet ?r\gh a helix ( copp] wire 7see ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal = ,july1 #ahbe71 b )\t result4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahbe1 he s\ght = evid5ce t might prove an electric curr5t 9 a wire to ex]cise an influ5ce ^u a neighb\r+ wire connect$ to a galvanomet]4 ,b aga91 & yet aga9 9 ,decemb] ( ! same ye>1 ! entry /&s 8,no result40 ,a ?ird failure did n conv9ce him t ! se>* 0 hopeless3 x %[$ him t he _h n yet f\nd ! "r me?od ( exp]im5t+4 ,x is n>rat$ ( him h[ at ?is p]iod he us$ to c>ry 9 8 wai/coat pocket a small model ( an electromagnetic circuit--a /raight iron core ab\t an in* long1 surr\nd$ by a few spiral turns ( copp] wire--:i* model he at sp>e mom5ts w\ld take out & contemplate1 us+ x ?us objectively to conc5trate 8 ?\ghts ^u ! problem to be solv$4 ,a copp] coil1 an iron core4 ,giv5 t electricity 0 fl[+ ?r\gh ! "o1 x evok$ magnetism 9 ! o!r4 ,:at 0 ! conv]se8 ,at fir/ sight x might seem simple en\gh4 ,put magnetism f "s ext]nal s\rce into ! iron core1 & !n try :e!r on connect+ ! copp] coil to a galvanomet] !re 0 any indication ( an electric curr5t4 ,b ?is 0 exactly :at 0 f\nd n to result4 ,sid5ote3 ,,o!r ,,m5',s ,,failures4 ,& n ,f>aday alone1 b o!rs1 too1 7 foil$ 9 ! hope ( obs]v+ ! expect$ conv]se4 ,n all :o tri$ 7 z wise or z frank z ,f>aday 9 confess+ failure4 ,fresnel1 9 ! height ( ! fev] ( ,o]/$'s discov]y1 _h ann\nc$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is1 on ! #f? ( ,novemb]1 #ahbj1 t he _h decompos$ wat] by means ( a magnet :i* 0 laid motionless )9 a spiral ( wire4 ,embold5$ by ?is ann\ncem5t1 ,ampre rem>k$ t he too _h notic$ some?+ 9 ! way ( production ( curr5ts f a magnet4 ,b be=e ! end ( ! ye> bo? ^! /atem5ts 7 )drawn by _! au?ors4 ,aga91 9 ! ye> #ahbb1 ,ampre1 be+ at ,g5eva1 %[$ to ,pr(essor ,a4 de la ,rive 9 8 laboratory a numb] ( electromagnetic exp]im5ts f 8 classical rese>*es2 & among/ !m "o#bj :i* has be5 almo/ =gott51 b :i*1 _h x be5 foll[$ up1 w\ld assur$ly h l$ ,ampre to ! discov]y ( ! induction ( curr5ts4 ,9 ! exp]im5t 9 "q a ?9 copp] r+1 made ( a n>r[ /rip fold$ into a circle1 0 hung inside a circul> coil ( wire1 trav]s$ by a curr5t4 ,to ?is app>atus a p[]ful horse-%oe magnet 0 pres5t$2 & ,de la ,rive /ates t1 :5 ! magnet 0 br\ght up1 ! susp5d$ r+ 0 obs]v$ sometimes to move betwe5 ! two limbs ( ! magnet1 & sometimes to be repell$ f betwe5 !m accord+ to ! s5se ( ! curr5t 9 ! surr\nd+ coil4 ,he & ,ampre bo? attribut$ ! effect to tempor>y magnetism conf]r$ ^u ! copp] r+4 ,ampre himself 0 at ! "t dispos$ to attribute x to ! possible pres5ce ( a little iron z an impurity 9 ! copp]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s discrepancies 9 ! ?ree publi%$ v]sions ( ! /ory4 ,accord+ to ,becqu]el1 ,ampre _h by #ahbe satisfi$ himself ( ! non-exi/5ce ( induction curr5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,puzzl+ ,,exp]im5t4 ,q indep5d5tly1 ! "q ( ! possibility ( creat+ curr5ts by magnets 0 rais$ by ano!r discov]y1 t ( ! s-call$ 8magnetism ( rotation40 ,9 #ahbd ,arago _h obs]v$ t a f9e magnetic compass con/ruct$ = him by ,gambey1 hav+ ! ne$le susp5d$ 9 a cell1 ! base ( :i* 0 a plate ( pure copp]1 0 !reby damp$ 9 its oscillations1 & in/ead ( mak+ two or ?ree hundr$ vibrations be=e x came to re/1 z w\ld be ! case 9 ! op5 air1 execut$ only ?ree or f\r ( rapidly decreas+ amplitude4#ba ,9 va9 did ,dumas at ! reque/ ( ,arago analyse ! copp]1 9 ! supposition t iron might be pres5t4 ,inquiry compell$ ! conclusion t "s o!r explanation mu/ be s\ght4 ,&1 reason+ f ! app>5t action ( /ation>y copp] 9 br++ a mov+ magnetic ne$le to re/1 he conjectur$ t a mov+ mass ( copp] might produce motion 9 a /ation>y magnetic ne$le4 ,accord+ly he set into revolution1 b5ea? a compass ne$le1 a flat disc ( copp]1 & f\nd t1 ev5 :5 a %eet ( c>d or glass 0 int]pos$ to cut (f all air-curr5ts1 ! ne$le t5d$ to foll[ ! mov+ copp] disc1 turn+ z if dragg$ by "s invisible influ5ce4 ,to ! sugge/ion t m]e rotation conf]r$ ^u copp] a sort ( tempor>y magnetism ,arago li/5$ ) "s impati5ce4 ,all !ories propos$ to acc\nt = ! ph5om5on he discr$it$1 ev5 ?\gh emanat+ f ! great ma!matician ,poisson4 ,he held 8 judgm5t 9 absolute susp5se4 ,babbage & ,h]s*el measur$ ! am\nt ( ret>d+ =ce ex]t$ on ! ne$le by diff]5t mat]ials1 & f\nd ! mo/ effective to be silv] & copp] 7:i* are ! two be/ conductors ( electricity71 aft] !m gold & z9c1 :il/ lead1 m]cury1 & bismu? 7 inf]ior 9 p[]4 ,! next ye> ! same exp]im5t]s ann\nc$ ! successful inv]sion ( ,arago's exp]im5t2 = by sp9n+ ! magnet und]nea? a pivot$ copp] disc !y caus$ ! latt] to rotate briskly4 ,!y also made ! notable obs]vation t if slits are cut radially 9 ! copp] disc !y dim9i% its t5d5cy to be dragg$ by ! sp9n+ magnet4 ,/urgeon %[$ t ! damp+ effect ( a mov+ copp] disc 0 dim9i%$ by ! pres5ce ( a second magnet pole ( contr>y k9d plac$ beside ! fir/4 ,all ^! ?+s 7 mo/ sugge/ive ( ! real explanation4 ,x cle>ly _h some?+ to d ) ! electric conductivity ( ! metal disc1 & !re=e ) electric curr5ts4 ,/urgeon five ye>s lat] came v ne> to ! explanation3 aft] repeat+ ! exp]im5ts he conclud$ t ! effect 0 an electric di/urbance 9 ! copp] disc1 8a k9d ( reaction to t :i* takes place 9 electromagnetism40 ,f>aday knew ( all ! discussions :i* _h aris5 respect+ ,arago's rotations4 ,!y may h be5 ! cause ( 8 unsuccessful attempts ( #ahbd & #ahbe4 ,9 ,april1 #ahbh1 = ! f\r? "t he tri$ to discov] ! curr5ts :i* he 0 conv9c$ mu/ be producible by ! magnet1 & = ! f\r? "t )\t result4 ,! cause ( failure 0 t bo? magnet & coil 7 at re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,! summ] ( #ahca witness$ him = ! fif? "t mak+ ! attack on ! problem ?us p]si/5tly be=e him4 ,9 8 laboratory note-book he heads ! rese>* 8,exp]im5ts on ! production ( electricity f magnetism40 ,! foll[+ excell5t summ>y ( ! laboratory notes is tak5 f ,b5ce ,jones's 8,life & ,lett]s03-- ,i h _h an iron r+ made 7s(t iron71 iron r\nd & ?s ( an in* ?ick1 & r+ six in*es 9 ext]nal diamet]4 ,w\nd _m coils ( copp] r\nd1 "o half ( ! coils be+ sep>at$ by tw9e & calico2 !re 7 ?ree l5g?s ( wire1 ea* ab\t tw5ty-f\r feet long1 & !y c\ld be connect$ z "o l5g?1 or us$ z sep>ate l5g?s4 ,by trials ) a tr\gh ea* 0 insulat$ f ! o!r4 ,w call ?is side ( ! r+ ,a4 ,on ! o!r side1 b sep>at$ by an int]val1 0 w\nd wire 9 two pieces1 toge!r am\nt+ to ab\t sixty feet 9 l5g?1 ! direction be+ z ) ! =m] coils4 ,?is side call ,b4#bb ,*>g$ a batt]y ( t5 pairs ( plates f\r in*es squ>e4 ,made ! coil on ,b side "o coil1 & connect$ its extremities by a copp] wire pass+ to a di/ance1 & j ov] a magnetic ne$le 7?ree feet f wire r+71 !n connect$ ! ends ( "o ( ! pieces on ,a side ) batt]y3 imm$iately a s5sible effect on ne$le4 ,x oscillat$ & settl$ at la/ 9 orig9al position4 ,on break+ connection ( ,a side ) batt]y1 aga9 a di/urbance ( ! ne$le4 ,sid5ote3 ,,success ,,9 ,,sight4 ,9 ! sev5te5? p>agraph1 writt5 on ! #cj? ( ,augu/1 he says1 8,may n ^! transi5t effects be connect$ ) causes ( diff]5ce betwe5 p[] ( metals at re/ & 9 motion 9 ,arago's exp]im5ts80 ,aft] ?is he prep>$ fre% app>atus4 ,z 0 8 mann]1 he wrote (f to "o ( 8 fri5ds a lett] tell+ :at he 0 at "w ^u4 ,on ?is occasion ! recipi5t ( 8 confid5ces 0 8 fri5d ,phillips3-- ,mi*ael ,f>aday to ,ri*>d ,phillips4 ,royal ,in/itution4 ,sept4 #bc1 #ahca4 ,,my ,,de> ,,phillips1 ,i write n[1 ?\gh x may be "s "t be=e ,i s5d my lett]1 b t is ( no great consequ5ce4 ,i receiv$ y\r lett] to ,dr4 ,reid & read x on ! coa* go+ to ,ha/+s1 :]e ,i h be5 pass+ a few weeks1 & ,i fancy my fell[ pass5g]s ?\ght ,i _h got some?+ v droll 9 h&2 !y sometimes />t$ at my sudd5 bur/s1 especially :5 ,i _h ! mom5t be=e be5 v grave & s]i\s among/ ! proportions4 ,z y say 9 ! lett] !re are "s new facts & !y are always ( value2 o!rwise ,i %\ld h ?\ght y _h tak5 m tr\ble ?an ! matt] des]v$4 ,y\r quotation f ,boyle has nev]!less great =ce 9 x4 ,i %all s5d ) ?is a little ?+ 9 y\r own way 8,on ! ,alleg$ decl9e ( sci5ce 9 ,engl&40 ,x is writt5 by ,dr4 ,moll ( ,utre*t1 ^: "n may be m5tion$ 9 conv]sation ?\gh x is n pr9t$ 9 ! pamphlet4 ,i und]/& ! view tak5 by ,moll is n at all agreeable to "s4 8,i d n "k :at bus9ess ,moll _h to int]f]e ) our sci5tific disputes0 is h[ev] ! /ronge/ obs]vation ,i h he>d ( 9 reply4 ,i d n ?9k ,i ?ank$ y = y\r la/ ,ph>macopia4 ,i d s n[ v he>tily4 ,i %all deta9 ?is lett] a few days t ,i may s5d a c\ple ( my pap]s 7i4e4 a pap] & app5dix7 ) x1 = ?\gh n *emical ,i ?9k y w l to h !m4 ,i am busy j n[ aga9 on ,electro-,magnetism1 & ?9k ,i h got hold ( a good ?+1 b c't say2 x may be a we$ in/ead ( a fi% t aft] all my lab\r ,i may at la/ pull up4 ,i ?9k ,i "k :y metals are magnetic :5 9 motion ?\gh n 7g5]ally7 :5 at re/4 ,we ?9k ab\t y all v mu* at times1 & talk ov] affairs ( ,nelson ,squ>e1 b ,i ?9k we dwell m ^u ! illnesses & nurs+s & ^u ! sudd5 calls & *ats r ?an ! regul> p>ties4 ,pray rememb] u bo? to ,mrs4 ,phillips & ! damsils--,i hope ! ^w is n too famili>4 ,i am ,de> ,phillips1 ,mo/ ,truly ,y\rs1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,r4 ,phillips1 ,esq41 c41 c41 c4 ,sid5ote3 ,,t5 ,,days ,,( ,,spl5did ,,"w4 ,septemb] #bd 0 ! ?ird day ( 8 exp]im5ts4 ,he began 7p>agraph #ba7 by try+ to f9d ! effect ( "o helix ( wire1 c>ry+ ! voltaic curr5t ( t5 pairs ( plates1 ^u ano!r wire connect$ ) a galvanomet]4 8,no induction s5sible40 ,long] & diff]5t metallic helices 7p>agraph #bb7 %[$ no effect2 s he gave up ^? exp]im5ts = t day1 & tri$ ! effects ( b> magnets in/ead ( ! r+ magnet he _h us$ on ! fir/ day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,9 p>agraph #cc he says3-- ,an iron cyl9d] _h a helix w\nd on x4 ,! ends ( ! wires ( ! helix 7 connect$ ) ! indicat+ helix at a di/ance by copp] wire4 ,!n ! iron plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( b> magnets z 9 accompany+ figure 7,fig4 #e74 ,e "t ! magnetic contact at ,n or ,s 0 made or brok51 !re 0 magnetic motion at ! indicat+ helix--! effect be+1 z 9 =m] cases1 n p]man5t1 b a m]e mom5t>y pu% or pull4 ,b if ! electric communication 7i4e4 by ! copp] wire7 0 brok51 !n ! disjunction & contacts produc$ no effect :atev]4 ,h5ce "h di/9ct conv]sion ( magnetism into electricity4 ,! f\r? day ( "w 0 ,octob] #a4 ,p>agraphs #cf1 #cg1 & #ch describe ! discov]y ( induc$ voltaic curr5ts3-- #cf4 ,a batt]y ( t5 tr\ghs1 ea* ( t5 pairs ( plates f\r in*es squ>e1 *>g$ ) good mixture ( sulphuric & nitric acid1 & ! foll[+ exp]im5ts made ) x 9 ! foll[+ ord]4 #cg4 ,"o ( ! coils 7( a helix ( copp] wire #bjc feet long7 0 connect$ ) ! flat helix1 & ! o!r 7coil ( same l5g? r\nd same block ( wood7 ) ! poles ( ! batt]y 7x hav+ be5 f\nd t !re 0 no metallic contact betwe5 ! two72 ! magnetic ne$le at ! indicat+ flat helix 0 affect$1 b s little z to be h>dly s5sible4 #ch4 ,9 place ( ! indicat+ helix1 our galvanomet] 0 us$1 & !n a sudd5 j]k 0 p]ceiv$ :5 ! batt]y communication 0 made & brok51 b x 0 s slight z to be sc>cely visible4 ,x 0 "o way :5 made1 ! o!r :5 brok51 & ! ne$le took up its natural position at int]m$iate times4 ,h5ce !re is an induc+ effect )\t ! pres5ce ( iron1 b x is ei!r v weak or else s sudd5 z n to h "t to move ! ne$le4 ,i r suspect x is ! latt]4 ,! fif? day ( exp]im5t 0 ,octob] #ag4 ,p>agraph #eg describes ! discov]y ( ! production ( electricity by ! approximation ( a magnet to a wire3-- ,a cyl9drical b> magnet ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & eight in*es & a half 9 l5g?1 _h "o end j ins]t$ into ! end ( ! helix cyl9d] 7#bbj feet long72 !n x 0 quickly ?ru/ 9 ! :ole l5g?1 & ! galvanomet] ne$le mov$2 !n pull$ out1 & aga9 ! ne$le mov$1 b 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?is effect 0 repeat$ e "t ! magnet 0 put 9 or out1 & !re=e a wave ( electricity 0 s produc$ f m]e approximation ( a magnet1 & n f its =mation 9 situ4 ,! cause ( all ! e>li] failures 01 !n1 t bo? magnet & coil 7 at re/4 ,! magnet might lie 9 or ne> ! coil = a c5tury & cause no effect4 ,b :ile mov+ t[>ds ! coil1 or f x1 or by sp9n+ ne> x1 electric curr5ts 7 at once induc$4 ,! n9? day ( 8 exp]im5ts 0 ,octob] #bh1 & ?is day he 8made a copp] disc turn r\nd betwe5 ! poles ( ! great horse-%oe magnet ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,! axis & edge ( ! disc 7 connect$ ) a galvanomet]4 ,! ne$le mov$ z ! disc turn$40 ,! next day t he made exp]im5ts1 ,novemb] #d1 he f\nd 8t a copp] wire "o-eigh? ( an in* drawn betwe5 ! poles & conductors produc$ ! effect40 ,9 8 pap]1 :5 describ+ ! exp]im5t1 he speaks ( ! metal 8cutt+0 ! magnetic curves1 & 9 a note to 8 pap] he says1 8,by magnetic curves ,i mean l9es ( magnetic =ces :i* w\ld be depict$ by iron fil+s40 ,sid5ote3 ,,success ,,& ,,its ,,secret4 ,we "h come ^u ^? 8l9es ( =ce0 :i* play$ s important a "p 9 ^! & _m ( ,f>aday's lat] inve/igations4 ,!y 7 kn[n be=e ,f>aday's "t--_h1 9 fact1 be5 kn[n = two hundr$ ye>s4 ,desc>tes _h se5 9 !m evid5ce = 8 hypo!tical vortices4 ,muss*5broek _h mapp$ !m4 ,b x 0 res]v$ to ,f>aday to po9t out _! true significance4 ,to ! v end ( 8 life he cont9u$ to speculate & exp]im5t ^u !m4 ,all ?is spl5did "w _h occupi$ b a brief t5 days4 ,!n he re>rang$ ! facts :i* he _h ?us h>ve/$1 & wrote !m out 9 correct$ =m z ! fir/ s]ies ( 8 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9 ,electricity40 ,! memoir 0 read to ! ,royal ,society on ,novemb] #bd1 #ahca1 ?\gh x did n appe> 9 pr9t$ =m until ,janu>y1 #ahcb--;a delay :i* gave rise to s]i\s misund]/&+s4 ,! pap] hav+ be5 read1 he w5t away to ,brighton to take a holiday1 & 9 ! exub]ance ( 8 he>t p5n$ ! foll[+ lett]#bc to ,phillips3-- ,m4 ,f>aday to ,r4 ,phillips4 ,brighton3 ,novemb] #bi1 #ahca4 ,,de> ,,phillips1--,= once 9 my life ,i am able to sit d[n & write to y )\t feel+ t my "t is s little t my lett] mu/ ( necessity be a %ort "o & accord+ly ,i h tak5 an extra l>ge %eet ( pap] int5d+ to fill x ) news & yet z to news ,i h none = ,i )draw m & m f ,society1 & all ,i h to say is ab\t myself4 ,b h[ are y gett+ on8 are y com=table8 & h[ does ,mrs4 ,phillips d2 & ! girls8 ,bad correspondant z ,i am1 ,i ?9k y owe me a lett] & z 9 ! c\rse ( half an h\r y w be d\bly 9 my debt pray write u1 & let u "k all ab\t y4 ,mrs4 ,f>aday wi%es me n to =get to put h] k9d remembrances to y & ,mrs4 ,phillips 9 my lett]4 ,to-morr[ is ,/4 ,&rew's day1#bd b we %all be "h until ,?ursday4 ,i h made arrangem5ts to be out ( ! ,c\ncil & c>e little = ! re/ al?\gh ,i %\ld z a matt] ( curiosity h lik$ to see ! ,duke 9 ! *air on su* an occasion4 ,we are "h to refre%4 ,i h be5 work+ & writ+ a pap] & t always knocks me up 9 heal?1 b n[ ,i feel well aga9 & able to pursue my subject & n[ ,i w tell y :at x is ab\t4 ,! title w be1 ,i ?9k1 ,,exp]im5tal ,,rese>*es ,,9 ,,electricity3 ,i4 ,on ! induction ( electric curr5ts4 ,,ii4 ,on ! evolution ( ,electricity f magnetism4 ,,iii4 ,on a ,new electrical condition ( matt]4 ,,iv4 ,on ,arago's magnetic ph5om5a4 ,!re is a bill ( f>e = y2 & :at is m ,i hope x w n disappo9t y4 ,n[ ! pi? ( all ?is ,i mu/ give y v briefly2 ! demon/rations y %all h 9 ! pap] :5 pr9t$-- ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,pi? ,,( ,,! ,,discov]y4 ,i4 ,:5 an electric curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh "o ( two p>allel wires x causes at fir/ a curr5t 9 ! same direction#be ?r\gh ! o!r1 b ?is induc$ curr5t does n la/ a mom5t1 not)/&+ ! induc+ curr5t 7f ! ,voltaic batt]y7 is cont9u$ all seems un*ang$ except t ! pr9cipal curr5t cont9ues its c\rse1 b :5 ! curr5t is /opp$ !n a return curr5t occurs 9 ! wire "u induction ( ab\t ! same int5sity & mom5t>y duration b 9 ! opposite direction to t fir/ f\nd4 ,electricity 9 curr5ts !re=e ex]ts an inductive action l ord9>y electricity b subject to peculi> laws3 ! effects are a curr5t 9 ! same direction :5 ! induction is e/abli%$3 a rev]se curr5t :5 ! induction ceases & a peculi> /ate 9 ! int]im4 ,common electricity probably does ! same ?+ b z x is at pres5t impossible to sep>ate ! beg9n+ & ! end ( a sp>k or dis*>ge f ea* o!r1 all ! effects are simultane\s & neutralise ea* o!r-- ,,ii4 ,!n ,i f\nd t magnets w\ld induce j l voltaic curr5ts & by br++ helices & wires & jackets up to ! poles ( magnets1 electrical curr5ts 7 produc$ 9 !m ^! curr5ts be+ able to deflect ! galvanomet]1 or to make1 by means ( ! helix1 magnetic ne$les1 or 9 "o case ev5 to give a sp>k4 ,h5ce ! evolution ( electricity f magnetism4 ,! curr5ts 7 n p]man5t1 !y ceas$ ! mom5t ! wires ceas$ to approa* ! magnet because ! new & app>5tly quiesc5t /ate 0 assum$ j z 9 ! case ( ! induction ( curr5ts4 ,b :5 ! magnet 0 remov$1 & its induction !re=e ceas$1 ! return curr5ts appe>$ z be=e4 ,^! two k9ds ( induction ,i h di/+ui%$ by ! t]ms ,volta-electric & ,magneto-electric induction4 ,_! id5tity ( action & results is1 ,i ?9k1 a v p[]ful pro( ( ! tru? ( ,m4 ,ampre's !ory ( magnetism4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,jubilant ,,epi/le4 ,,iii4 ,! new electrical condition :i* int]v5es by induction betwe5 ! beg9n+ & end ( ! induc+ curr5t gives rise to "s v curi\s results4 ,x expla9s :y *emical action or o!r results ( electricity h nev] be5 z yet obta9$ 9 trials ) ! magnet4 ,9 fact1 ! curr5ts h no s5sible duration4 ,i believe x w expla9 p]fectly ! transf]5ce ( elem5ts betwe5 ! poles ( ! pile 9 decomposition b ?is "p ( ! subject ,i h res]v$ until ! pres5t exp]im5ts are complet$ & x is s analog\s1 9 "s ( its effects to ^? ( ,ritt]'s second>y piles1 ,de la ,rive & ,van ,beck's peculi> prop]ties ( ! poles ( a voltaic pile1 t ,i %\ld n wond] if !y all prov$ ultimately to dep5d on ?is /ate4 ,! condition ( matt] ,i h dignifi$ by ! t]m ,electrotonic1 ,,! ,,electrotonic ,,/ate4 ,:at d y ?9k ( t8 ,am ,i n a bold man1 ignorant z ,i am1 to co9 words b ,i h consult$ ! s*ol>s1#bf & n[ = ,,iv4 ,! new /ate has enabl$ me to make out & expla9 all ,arago's ph5om5a ( ! rotat+ magnet or copp] plate1 ,i believe1 p]fectly2 b z great names are conc]n$ ,arago1 ,babbage1 ,h]s*el1 c41 & z ,i h to diff] f !m1 ,i h spok5 ) t mode/y :i* y s well "k y & ,i & ,john ,fro/#bg h 9 common1 & = :i* ! _w s ju/ly comm5ds u4 ,i am ev5 half afraid to tell y :at x is4 ,y w ?9k ,i am hoax+ y1 or else 9 y\r compassion y may conclude ,i am deceiv+ myself4 ,h[ev]1 y ne$ d nei!r1 b _h bett] laugh1 z ,i did mo/ he>tily :5 ,i f\nd t x 0 nei!r attraction nor repulsion1 b j "o ( my old rotations 9 a new =m4 ,i _c expla9 to y all ! actions1 :i* are v curi\s2 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! electrotonic /ate be+ assum$ & lo/ z ! p>ts ( ! plate :irl "u ! pole1 & 9 consequ5ce ( magneto-electric induction1 curr5ts ( electricity are =m$ 9 ! direction ( ! radii2 cont9u+1 = simple reasons1 z long z ! motion cont9ues1 b ceas+ :5 t ceases4 ,h5ce ! wond] is expla9$ t ! metal has p[]s on ! magnet :5 mov+1 b n :5 at re/4 ,h5ce is also expla9$ ! effect :i* ,arago obs]v$1 & :i* made him contradict ,babbage & ,h]s*el1 & say ! p[] 0 repulsive2 b1 z a :ole1 x is really tang5tial4 ,x is q com=table to me to f9d t exp]im5t ne$ n quail be=e ma!matics1 b is q compet5t to rival x 9 discov]y2 & ,i am amus$ to f9d t :at ! high ma!maticians h ann\nc$ z ! ess5tial condition to ! rotation--namely1 t "t is requir$--has s little f\ndation1 t if ! "t c\ld by possibility be anticipat$ in/ead ( be+ requir$--i4e4 if ! curr5ts c\ld be =m$ be=e ! magnet came ov] ! place in/ead ( aft]--! effect w\ld equally ensue4 ,adieu1 de> ,phillips4 ,excuse ?is egoti/ical lett] f y\rs v fai?fully1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,! second section %[s t ,f>aday _h discov]$ ! cause ( all ! previ\s failures to evoke electric curr5ts 9 wires by means ( a magnet3 x requir$ relative motion4 ,:at ! magnet at re/ fails to d1 ! magnet 9 motion accompli%es4 ,?is crucial po9t is admirably commemorat$ 9 ! foll[+ impromptu giv5 by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,mayo to ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one3-- ,ar\nd ! magnet ,f>aday ,0 sure t ,volta's lightn+s play3 ,b h[ to draw !m f ! wire8 ,he took a lesson f ! he>t3 ',tis :5 we meet1 'tis :5 we "p1 ,breaks =? ! electric fire4 ,f>aday's holiday 0 brief2 by ,decemb] #e he 0 aga9 at "w on 8 rese>*es4 ,he re-obs]v$ ! directions ( ! induc$ curr5ts ab\t :i*1 z ! slip 9 8 lett] to ,phillips %[s1 8 m9d 0 9 "s d\bt4 ,!n on ,decemb] #ad? comes ! entry3--8,tri$ ! effects ( t]re/rial magnetism 9 evolv+ electricity4 ,obta9$ beautiful results40 8,! helix _h ! s(t iron cyl9d] 7fre$ f magnetism by a full r$ heat & cool+ sl[ly7 put into x1 & x 0 !n connect$ ) ! galvanomet] by wires eight foot long2 !n inv]t$ ! b> & helix1 & imm$iately ! ne$le mov$2 inv]t$ x aga91 ! ne$le mov$ back2 &1 by repeat+ ! motion ) ! oscillations ( ! ne$le1 made ! latt] vibrate #ahj1 or m40 ,! same day he 8made ,arago's exp]im5t ) ! e>? magnet1 only no magnet us$1 b ! plate put horizontal & rotat$4 ,! effect at ! ne$le 0 slight b v di/9ct4444 ,h5ce ,arago's plate a new electrical ma*9e40 ,sid5ote3 ,,po9ts ,,9 ,,! ,,discov]y4 ,:5 we comp>e ^! manuscript notes1 record+ ! exp]im5ts 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 made ) ! publi%$ acc\nt ( !m 9 ! 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es10 we f9d _m ( !m transcrib$ almo/ v]batim4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! ord] ( _! arrangem5t4 ,9 po9t ( "t ! exp]im5ts on ! evolution ( electricity f magnetism1 beg9n+ ) ! r+ 7p4 #ajh71 prec$$ ^? on ! induction ( a curr5t by ano!r curr5t4 ,9 ! pr9t$ 8,rese>*es0 ! exp]im5ts on ! induction ( curr5ts are put fir/1 ) an introductory p>agraph on ! g5]al ph5om5on ( induction4#bh ,f>aday's habit ( work+ up an exp]im5t--:e!r successful or unsuccessful--by increas+ ! p[] to ! maximum available is illu/rat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5ts on ! iron r+4 ,at fir/ he us$ a batt]y ( t5 pairs ( plates f\r in*es squ>e4 ,!n1 hav+ be5 em95tly successful 9 produc+ deflexions ( 8 galvanomet]1 he increas$ ! batt]y to "o hundr$ pairs ( plates1 ) ! result t :5 contact 0 complet$ or brok5 9 ! prim>y circuit ! impulse on ! galvanomet] 9 ! second>y circuit 0 s great z to make ! ne$le sp9 r\nd rapidly f\r or five times be=e its motion 0 r$uc$ to a m]e oscillation4 ,!n he remov$ ! galvanomet] & fix$ small p5cils ( *>coal to ! ends ( ! second>y helix2 & to 8 great joy p]ceiv$ a m9ute sp>k betwe5 ! lightly t\*+ *>coal po9ts :5ev] ! contact ( ! batt]y to ! prim>y helix 0 complet$4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ trans=m]1 = ! fir/ "t set--on a small scale--to produce a t9y electric light4 ,! sp>k he reg>d$ z a preci\s indication t :at he 0 produc+ really 0 an electric curr5t4 ,us+ ! great comp\nd /eel magnet ( ! ,royal ,society 7con/ruct$ by ,dr4 ,g[9 ,knight7 at ,*ri/ie's h\se at ,woolwi* he _h1 z n>rat$ above1 also obta9$ a sp>k f ! induc$ curr5t4 ,= "s "t he fail$ to obta9 ei!r physiological or *emical effects4 ,b ^u repeat+ ! exp]im5ts m at leisure at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ) ,daniell's arm$ load/one capable ( lift+ ?irty p\nds1 a frog 0 f\nd to be convuls$ v /rongly ea* "t magnetic contact betwe5 ! magnet & ! iron core ( ! exp]im5tal coil 0 made or brok54 ,! abs5ce ( evid5ce z to *emical action seem$ /ill to disquiet him4 ,he want$ to be sure t 8 induc$ curr5ts w\ld d ev]y?+ t ord9>y voltaic curr5ts w\ld d4 ,fail+ ! f9al pro( f *emical action1 he re/$ ! case on ! o!r id5tical prop]ties4 8,b an ag5t10 he says1 8:i* is conduct$ along metallic wires 9 ! mann] describ$2 :i*1 :il/ s pass+1 possesses ! peculi> magnetic actions & =ce ( a curr5t ( electricity2 :i* c agitate & convulse ! limbs ( a frog2 & :i*1 f9ally1 c produce a sp>k by its dis*>ge ?r\gh *>coal1 c only be electricity4 ,z all ! effects c be produc$ by f]rug9\s electro-magnets1 !re is no d\bt t arrangem5ts l ! magnets ( ,pr(essors ,moll1 ,h5ry1 ,t5 ,eyke1 & o!rs1 9 :i* z _m z two ?\s& p\nds h be5 lift$1 may be us$ = ^! exp]im5ts2 9 :i* case n only a bright] sp>k may be obta9$1 b wires also ignit$1 & z ! curr5ts c pass liquids1 *emical action be produc$4 ,^! effects are /ill m likely to be obta9$ :5 ! magneto-electric arrangem5ts1 to be expla9$ 9 ! f\r? section1 are excit$ by ! p[]s ( su* app>atus40 ,! app>atus describ$ 9 ! f\r? section compris$ sev]al =ms ( magneto-electric ma*9es1 t is to say1 primitive k9ds ( dynamos4 ,hav+ 9 8 m9d ! ph5om5on discov]$ by ,arago1 & ! exp]im5ts ( ,babbage & ,h]s*el on ! s-call$ magnetism ( rotation1 he foll[$ up ! idea t ^! effects might be due to induc$ curr5ts eddy+ r\nd 9 ! copp] disc4 ,no soon] _h he obta9$ electricity f magnets ?an he attempt$ to make ,arago's exp]im5t a new s\rce ( electricity1 &1 z he himself says1 8did n despair0 8( be+ able to con/ruct a new electrical ma*9e40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 7,,facsimile ,,( ,,orig9al ,,sket*47 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,new ,,electrical ,,ma*9e4 ,! 8new electrical ma*9e0 0 an exce$+ly simple contrivance4 ,a disc ( copp]1 twelve in*es 9 diamet] 7,fig4 #f71 & ab\t "o-fif? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 fix$ ^u a brass axle1 0 m\nt$ 9 frames1 s z to all[ ( revolution1 its edge be+ at ! same "t introduc$ betwe5 ! magnetic poles ( a l>ge comp\nd p]man5t magnet1 ! poles be+ ab\t half an in* ap>t4#bi ,! magnet fir/ us$ 0 ! hi/orical magnet ( ,g[9 ,knight4 ,! edge ( ! plate 0 well amalgamat$1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ a good b movable contact1 & a "p r\nd ! axle 0 also prep>$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,conduct+ /rips ( copp] & lead1 to s]ve z electric collectors1 7 prep>$1 s z to be plac$ 9 contact ) ! edge ( ! copp] disc2 "o ( ^! 0 held by h& to t\* ! edge ( ! disc betwe5 ! magnet poles4 ,! wires f a galvanomet] 7 connect$1 ! "o to ! collect+-/rip1 ! o!r to ! brass axle2 !n on revolv+ ! disc a deflexion ( ! galvanomet] 0 obta9$1 :i* 0 rev]s$ 9 direction :5 ! direction ( ! rotation 0 rev]s$4 8,"h1 !re=e1 0 demon/rat$ ! production ( a p]man5t curr5t ( electricity by ord9>y magnets40 ,^! effects 7 also obta9$ f ! poles ( electro-magnets1 & f copp] helices )\t iron cores4 ,sev]al o!r =ms ( magneto-electric ma*9es 7 tri$ by ,f>aday4 ,sid5ote3 ,,new ,,=ms ,,( ,,app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,9 "o1#cj a flat r+ ( twelve in*es' ext]nal diamet]1 & "o in* broad1 0 cut f a ?ick copp] plate1 & m\nt$ to revolve betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet1 two conductors be+ appli$ to make rubb+ contact at ! inn] & out] edge at ! "p :i* pass$ betwe5 ! magnetic poles4 ,9 ano!r1#ca a disc ( copp]1 "o-fif? ( an in* ?ick & only #a in* 9 diamet] 7,fig4 #g71 0 amalgamat$ at ! edge1 & m\nt$ on a copp] axle4 ,a squ>e piece ( %eet metal _h a circul> hole cut 9 x1 into :i* ! disc fitt$ loosely2 a little m]cury complet$ communication betwe5 ! disc & its surr\nd+ r+4 ,! latt] 0 connect$ by wire to a galvanomet]2 ! o!r wire be+ connect$ f ! in/rum5t to ! end ( ! axle4 ,^u rotat+ ! disc 9 a horizontal plane1 curr5ts 7 obta9$1 ?\gh ! e>? 0 ! only magnet employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,f>aday also propos$ a multiple ma*9e#cb hav+ sev]al discs1 metallically connect$ alt]nately at ! edges & c5tres by means ( m]cury1 :i* 7 !n to be revolv$ alt]nately 9 opposite directions1 ,9 ano!r app>atus1#cc a copp] cyl9d] 7,fig4 #h71 clos$ at "o extremity1 0 put ov] a magnet1 "o half ( :i* x enclos$ l a cap1 & to :i* x 0 atta*$ )\t mak+ metallic contact4 ,! arrangem5t 0 !n float$ upright 9 a n>r[ j> ( m]cury1 s t ! l[] edge ( ! copp] cap t\*$ ! fluid4 ,on rotat+ ! magnet & its atta*$ cap1 a curr5t 0 s5t ?r\gh wires f ! m]cury to ! top ( ! copp] cap4 ,9 ano!r app>atus1#cd /ill pres]v$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 a cyl9drical b> magnet1 half imm]s$ 9 m]cury1 0 made to rotate1 & g5]at$ a curr5t1 its own metal s]v+ z a conductor4 ,9 ano!r =m1#ce ! cyl9drical magnet 0 rotat$ horizontally ab\t its own axis1 & 0 f\nd to g5]ate curr5ts :i* fl[$ f ! middle to ! ends1 or vice v]s1 accord+ to ! rotation4 ,! description ( ^! new electrical ma*9es is conclud$ ) ! foll[+ pregnant words3-- ,sid5ote3 ,,an ,,e>?-,,inductor4 ,i h r1 h[ev]1 be5 desir\s ( discov]+ new facts & relations dep5d5t on magneto-electric induction1 ?an ( exalt+ ! =ce ( ^? already obta9$2 be+ assur$ t ! latt] w\ld f9d _! full developm5t h]eaft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,9 yet ano!r ma*9e 7,fig4 #i71 con/ruct$ by ,f>aday "s "t lat]1#cf a simple rectangle ( copp] wire w1 atta*$ to a frame1 0 rotat$ ab\t a horizontal axis plac$ ea/ & we/1 & g5]at$ alt]nate curr5ts1 :i* c\ld be collect$ by a simple commutator c4 ,)9 a few mon?s ma*9es on ! pr9ciple ( magneto-induction _h be5 devis$ by ,dal ,negro1 & by ,pixii4 ,9 ! latt]'s app>atus a /eel horse%oe magnet1 ) its poles upw>ds1 0 caus$ to rotate ab\t a v]tical %aft1 induc+ alt]nat+ curr5ts 9 a pair ( bobb9s fix$ above x1 & provid$ ) a horse%oe core ( s(t iron4 ,lat]1 9 #ahcb1 ,pixii produc$1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,ampre1#cg a second ma*9e1 provid$ ) m]cury cup connections to rectify ! alt]nations ( ! curr5t4 ,"o ( ^! ma*9es 0 %[n at ! ,briti% ,association meet+ at ,ox=d 9 ! same ye> 7p4 #fd74 ,! idea develop$ 9 ! ?ird "p ( ?is rese>* 0 int5sely orig9al & sugge/ive4 ,f>aday's own /atem5t is z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,electrotonic ,,/ate4 ,:il/ ! wire is subject to ei!r volta-electric or magneto-electric induction1 x appe>s to be 9 a peculi> /ate2 = x resi/s ! =mation ( an electrical curr5t 9 x1 :]eas1 if left 9 its common condition1 su* a curr5t w\ld be produc$2 & :5 left un9flu5c$ x has ! p[] ( orig9at+ a curr5t1 a p[] :i* ! wire does n possess "u common circum/ances4 ,?is electrical condition ( matt] has n hi!rto be5 recognis$1 b x probably ex]ts a v important influ5ce 9 _m1 if n mo/1 ( ! ph5om5a produc$ by curr5ts ( electricity4 ,= reasons :i* w imm$iately appe>1 ,i h1 aft] advis+ ) sev]al le>n$ fri5ds1 v5tur$ to designate x z ! electrotonic /ate4 ,?is peculi> condition %[s no kn[n electrical effects :il/ x cont9ues2 nor h ,i yet be5 able to discov] any peculi> p[]s ex]t$ or prop]ties possess$ by matt] :il/ reta9$ 9 ?is /ate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is /ate is altoge!r ! effect ( ! induction ex]t$1 & ceases z soon z ! inductive =ce is remov$4444 ,! /ate appe>s to be in/antly assum$1 requir+ h>dly a s5sible portion ( "t = t purpose4444 ,9 all ^? cases :]e ! helices or wires are advanc$ t[>ds or tak5 f ! magnet1 ! direct or inv]t$ curr5t ( induc$ electricity cont9ues = ! "t occupi$ 9 ! advance or recession2 = ! electro-tonic /ate is ris+ to a high] or fall+ to a l[] degree dur+ t "t1 & ! *ange is accompani$ by its correspond+ evolution ( electricity2 b ^! =m no objections to ! op9ion t ! electro-tonic /ate is in/antly assum$4 ,?is peculi> /ate appe>s to be a /ate ( t5sion1 & may be consid]$ z equival5t to a curr5t ( electricity1 at lea/ equal to t produc$ ei!r :5 ! condition is induc$ or de/roy$4 ,f>aday fur!r suppos$ t ! =mation ( ?is /ate 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a coil w\ld ex]t a reaction ^u ! orig9al curr5t1 giv+ rise to a ret>dation ( x2 b he 0 unable at ! "t to asc]ta9 exp]im5tally :e!r ?is 0 s4 ,he ev5 look$--?\gh also unsuccessfully--= a self-induc$ return curr5t f a conductor ( copp] ?r\gh :i* a /rong curr5t 0 l$ & !n sudd5ly int]rupt$1 ! expect$ curr5t ( reaction be+ 8due to ! dis*>ge ( its suppos$ electrotonic /ate40 ,if we w\ld und]/& ! r obscure language 9 :i* ?is idea ( an electrotonic /ate is c\*$1 we mu/ try to put ourselves back to ! epo* :5 x 0 writt54 ,at t date ! only ideas :i* _h be5 =mulat$ to expla9 magnetic & electric attractions & repulsions 7 f\nd$ ^u ! notion ( action at a di/ance4 ,mi*ell _h prop\nd$ ! view t ! electric & magnetic =ces v>y1 l gravity1 accord+ to a law ( ! inv]se squ>es ( ! di/ances4 ,c\lomb1 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts requir+ extraord9>y pati5ce z well z delicacy ( manipulation1 _h %[n--by an application ( ,mi*ell's torsion balance--t 9 p>ticul> cases :]e ! electric *>ges are conc5trat$ on small sph]es1 or :]e ! magnetic poles are small1 s z to act z m]e po9ts1 ?is law--:i* is ess5tially a geometric law ( po9t-action--is approximately fulfill$4 ,! ma!maticians1 ,laplace & ,poisson at _! head1 _h seiz$ on ?is demon/ration & _h elaborat$ _! ma!matical !ories4 ,be=e !m1 ?\gh ! rese>* lay = a c5tury unpubli%$1 ,cav5di% _h %[n t ! only law ( =ce z betwe5 "o elem5t ( an electric *>ge & ano!r compatible ) a *>ge be+ 9 equilibrium 0 ! law ( inv]se squ>es4 ,b 9 all ^! ma!matical reason+s "o ?+ _h be5 q left out ( sight--namely1 ! possible prop]ties ( ! int]v5+ m$ium4 ,f>aday1 to :om ! idea ( m]e action at a di/ance 0 abhorr5t1 if n un?9kable1 conceiv$ ( all ^! =ces ( attraction & repulsion z effects tak+ place by some?+ go+ on 9 ! int]v5+ m$ium1 z effects propagat$ f po9t to po9t cont9u\sly ?r\gh space4 ,9 8 e>li] "w on ! electromagnetic rotations he _h gr[n to reg>d ! space ar\nd ! conduct+ wire z be+ affect$ by ! s-call$ curr5t2 & ! space ab\t ! poles ( a magnet he knew to be trav]s$ by curv$ magnetic l9es1 invisible inde$1 b real1 ne$+ only ! simple/ ( exp$i5ts--! spr9kl+ ( iron fil+s--to reveal _! exi/5ce & tr5d4 ,:5 !re=e he f\nd t ^! new effects ( ! induction ( "o electric curr5t by ano!r c\ld likewise cross an int]v5+ space1 :e!r empty or fill$ ) mat]ial bodies1 he in/9ctively s\ght to ascribe ?is propagation ( ! effect to a prop]ty or /ate ( ! m$ium4 ,& f9d+ t /ate to be diff]5t f any /ate previ\sly kn[n1 diff]5t f ! /ate exi/+ betwe5 two magnets at re/ or betwe5 two /ation>y electric *>ges1 he foll[$ ! entirely philosophical c\rse ( explor+ its prop]ties & ( d5ot+ x by a "n :i* he deem$ appropriate4 ,z we %all see1 ?is idea ( an electrotonic /ate recurr$ 9 8 lat] rese>*es ) new & important connotations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,he 0 soon at "w aga91 z we h se54 ,he exp]im5t$1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcb1 on ! curr5ts produc$ by ! e>?'s rotation--on ! #aj? at ! r\nd pond 9 ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s1 & on ! #ab? & #ac? at ,wat]loo ,bridge4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,sp>k ,,f ,a ,,magnet4 8,?is ev5+10 he writes 9 8 notebook "u date ,febru>y #h1 8at ,woolwi*1 exp]im5t+ ) magnet1#ch & = ! fir/ "t got ! magnetic sp>k myself4 ,connect$ ends ( a helix into two g5]al ends1 & !n cross$ ! wires 9 su* a way t a bl[ at a b w\ld op5 !m a little ,fig4 #aj4 ,!n br++ a b aga9/ ! poles ( a magnet1 ! ends 7 disjo9$1 & bright sp>ks result$40 ,f succe$+ ) a /eel magnet x 0 b a %ort /ep to succe$ :5 a natural load/one 0 us$4 ,! next day we f9d ?is entry3--8,at home succe$$ beautifully ) ,mr4 ,daniell's magnet4 ,amalgamation ( wires v ne$ful4 ,?is is a natural load/one1 & p]haps ! fir/ us$ = ! sp>k40 ,he s5t to ! ,royal ,society an acc\nt ( ^! & ! e>li] exp]im5ts2 8 pap] on t]re/rial magneto-electric induction1 & on ! =ce & direction ( magneto-electric induction1 receiv$ ! di/9ction ( be+ read z ! ,bak]ian lecture ( ! ye>4 ,sid5ote3 ,,tyndall',s ,,summ>y4 ,! foll[+ summ>y ( ?is second pap] is f ! p5 ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall3-- ,he plac$ a b> ( iron 9 a coil ( wire1 & lift+ ! b> into ! direction ( ! dipp+ ne$le1 he excit$ by ?is action a curr5t 9 ! coil4 ,on rev]s+ ! b>1 a curr5t 9 ! opposite direction ru%$ ?r\gh ! wire4 ,! same effect 0 produc$1 :51 on hold+ ! helix 9 ! l9e ( dip1 a b> ( iron 0 ?ru/ into x4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! e>? act$ on ! coil ?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( ! b> ( iron4 ,he ab&on$ ! b>1 & simply set a copp] plate sp9n+ 9 a horizontal plane2 he knew t ! e>?'s l9es ( magnetic =ce !n cross$ ! plate at an angle ( ab\t #gj4 ,:5 ! plate spun r\nd1 ! l9es ( =ce 7 int]sect$ & induc$ curr5ts g5]at$1 :i* produc$ _! prop] effect :5 c>ri$ f ! plate to ! galvanomet]4 8,:5 ! plate 0 9 ! magnetic m]idian1 or 9 any o!r plane co9cid+ ) ! magnetic dip1 !n its rotation produc$ no effect ^u ! galvanomet]40 ,at ! sugge/ion ( a m9d fruitful 9 sugge/ions ( a pr(\nd & philosophic "*--,i mean t ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el--,mr4 ,b>l[1 ( ,woolwi*1 _h exp]im5t$ ) a rotat+ iron %ell4 ,mr4 ,*ri/ie _h also p]=m$ an elaborate s]ies ( exp]im5ts on a rotat+ iron disc4 ,bo? ( !m _h f\nd t :5 9 rotation ! body ex]cis$ a peculi> action ^u ! magnetic ne$le1 deflect+ x 9 a mann] :i* 0 n obs]v$ dur+ quiesc5ce2 b nei!r ( !m 0 aw>e at ! "t ( ! ag5t :i* produc$ ?is extraord9>y deflection4 ,!y ascrib$ x to "s *ange 9 ! magnetism ( ! iron %ell & disc4 ,b ,f>aday at once saw t 8 induc$ curr5ts mu/ come into play "h1 & he imm$iately obta9$ !m f an iron disc4 ,) a holl[ brass ball1 moreov]1 he produc$ ! effects obta9$ by ,mr4 ,b>l[4 ,iron 0 9 no way necess>y2 ! only condition ( success 0 t ! rotat+ body %\ld be ( a "* to admit ( ! =mation ( curr5ts 9 its sub/ance2 x mu/1 9 o!r words1 be a conductor ( electricity4 ,! high] ! conduct+ p[]1 ! m copi\s 7 ! curr5ts4 ,he n[ passes f 8 little brass globe to ! globe ( ! e>?4 ,he plays l a magician ) ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,he sees ! invisible l9es along :i* its magnetic action is ex]t$1 &1 sweep+ 8 w& across ^! l9es1 he evokes ?is new p[]4 ,plac+ a simple loop ( wire r\nd a magnetic ne$le1 he b5ds its upp] portion to ! we/2 ! nor? pole ( ! ne$le imm$iately sw]ves to ! ea/2 he b5ds 8 loop to ! ea/1 & ! nor? pole moves to ! we/4 ,susp5d+ a common b> magnet 9 a v]tical position1 he causes x to sp9 r\nd its own axis4 ,its pole be+ connect$ ) "o end ( a galvanomet] wire1 & its equator ) ! o!r end1 electricity ru%es r\nd ! galvanomet] f ! rotat+ magnet4 ,he rem>ks ^u ! 8s+ul> indep5d5ce0 ( ! magnetism & ! body ( ! magnet :i* c>ries x4 ,! /eel behaves z if x 7 isolat$ f its own magnetism4 ,& !n 8 ?\ghts sudd5ly wid51 & he asks himself :e!r ! rotat+ e>? does n g5]ate induc$ curr5ts z x turns r\nd its axis f we/ to ea/4 ,9 8 exp]im5t ) ! twirl+ magnet ! galvanomet] wire rema9$ at re/2 "o portion ( ! circuit 0 9 motion relatively to ano!r portion4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! twirl+ planet ! galvanomet] wire w\ld necess>ily be c>ri$ along ) ! e>?2 !re w\ld be no relative motion4 ,:at mu/ be ! consequ5ce8 ,take ! case ( a telegraph wire ) its two t]m9al plates dipp$ into ! e>?1 & suppose ! wire to lie 9 ! magnetic m]idian4 ,! gr\nd und]nea? ! wire is influ5c$1 l ! wire itself1 by ! e>?'s rotation2 if a curr5t f s\? to nor? be g5]at$ 9 ! wire1 a simil> curr5t f s\? to nor? w\ld be g5]at$ 9 ! e>? "u ! wire2 ^! curr5ts w\ld run aga9/ ! same t]m9al plate1 & ?us neutralise ea* o!r4 ,?is inf]5ce appe>s inevitable1 b 8 pr(\nd vision p]ceiv$ its possible invalidity4 ,he saw t x 0 at lea/ possible t ! diff]5ce ( conduct+ p[] betwe5 ! e>? & ! wire might give "o an advantage ov] ! o!r1 & t ?us a residual or diff]5tial curr5t might be obta9$4 ,he comb9$ wires ( diff]5t mat]ials1 & caus$ !m to act 9 opposition to ea* o!r1 b f\nd ! comb9ation ineffectual4 ,! m copi\s fl[ 9 ! bett] conductor 0 exactly c\nt]balanc$ by ! resi/ance ( ! wor/4 ,/ill1 ?\gh exp]im5t 0 ?us emphatic1 he w\ld cle> 8 m9d ( all discom=t by op]at+ on ! e>? itself4 ,he w5t to ! r\nd lake ne> ,k5s+ton ,palace1 & /ret*$ #dhj feet ( copp] wire1 nor? & s\?1 ov] ! lake1 caus+ plates sold]$ to ! wire at its ends to dip into ! wat]4 ,! copp] wire 0 sev]$ at ! middle1 & ! sev]$ ends connect$ ) a galvanomet]4 ,no effect :atev] 0 obs]v$4 ,b ?\gh quiesc5t wat] gave no effect1 mov+ wat] might4 ,he !re=e work$ at ,wat]loo ,bridge = ?ree days1 dur+ ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tide1 b )\t any satisfactory result4 ,/ill he urges1 8,!oretically x seems a necess>y consequ5ce1 t :]e wat] is fl[+ !re electric curr5ts %\ld be =m$4 ,if a l9e be imag9$ pass+ f ,dov] to ,calais ?r\gh ! sea & return+ ?r\gh ! l&1 b5ea? ! wat]1 to ,dov]1 x traces out a circuit ( conduct+ matt]1 "o "p ( :i*1 :5 ! wat] moves up or d[n ! ,*annel1 is cutt+ ! magnetic curves ( ! e>?1 :il/ ! o!r is relatively at re/4444 ,!re is e reason to believe t curr5ts d run 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! circuit describ$1 ei!r "o way or ! o!r1 accord+ z ! passage ( ! wat]s is up or d[n ! ,*annel40 ,?is 0 writt5 be=e ! subm>9e cable 0 ?\ght (1 & he once in=m$ me t actual obs]vation ^u t cable _h be5 f\nd to be 9 accordance ) 8 !oretic d$uction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,x may "h be apposite to discuss a fundam5tal "q rais$ 9 ^! rese>*es4 ,9 ,f>aday's m9d !re arose ! conviction ( a connection betwe5 ! induction ( curr5ts by magnets & ! magnetic l9es :i* invisibly fill all ! space 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! magnet4 ,t relation he discov]$ & ann\nc$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,induction4 8,! relation :i* holds betwe5 ! magnetic pole1 ! mov+ wire or metal1 & ! direction ( ! curr5t evolv$--i4e4 ! law :i* gov]ns ! evolution ( electricity by magneto-electric induction1 is v simple1 ?\gh r difficult to express4 ,if 9 ,fig4 #aa1 ,p ,n repres5t a horizontal wire pass+ by a m>k$ i4e4 #8nor?-seek+' magnetic pole1 s t ! direction ( its motion %all co9cide ) ! curv$ l9e proce$+ f bel[ upw>ds2 or if its motion p>allel to itself be 9 a l9e tang5tial to ! curv$ l9e1 b 9 ! g5]al direction ( ! arr[s2 or if x pass ! pole 9 o!r directions1 b s z to cut ! magnetic curves#ci 9 ! same g5]al direction1 or on ! same side z !y w\ld be cut by ! wire if mov+ along ! dott$ curv$ l9e2 !n ! curr5t ( electricity 9 ! wire is f ,p to ,n4 ,if x be c>ri$ 9 ! rev]se direction1 ! electric curr5t w be f ,n to ,p4 ,or if ! wire be 9 ! v]tical position1 figur$ ,p ,n1 & x be c>ri$ 9 simil> directions1 co9cid+ ) ! dott$ horizontal curve s f> z to cut ! magnetic curves on ! same side ) x1 ! curr5t w be f ,p to ,n40 ,sid5ote3 ,,cutt+ ,,! ,,magnetic ,,l9es4 ,:5 resum+ ! rese>* 9 ,decemb]1 ,f>aday inve/igat$ ! po9t :e!r x 0 ess5tial or n t ! mov+ wire %\ld1 9 8cutt+0 ! magnetic curves1 pass into positions ( great] or less] magnetic =ce2 or :e!r1 always int]sect+ curves ( equal magnetic int5sity1 ! m]e motion suffic$ = ! production ( ! curr5t4 ,he f\nd ! latt] to be true4 ,?is notion ( cutt+ ! invisible magnetic l9es z ! ess5tial act necess>y & suffici5t = induction 0 entirely orig9al ) ,f>aday4 ,= long x prov$ a /umbl+-block to ! ab/ract ma!maticians1 s9ce !re 01 9 mo/ cases1 no direct or easy way 9 :i* to express ! numb] ( magnetic l9es t 7 cut4 ,nei!r _h any conv5tion be5 adopt$ up to t "t z to h[ to reckon num]ically ! numb] ( magnetic l9es 9 any giv5 space ne> a magnet4 ,lat]1 9 #ahea1 ,f>aday himself gave great] precision to ^! ideas4 ,he f\nd t ! curr5t 0 proportional to ! velocity1 :5 ! conductor 0 mov+ 9 a uni=m magnetic field ) a uni=m motion4 ,also1 t ! quantity ( electricity ?r[n by induction into ! circuit 0 directly proportional to ! 8am\nt ( curves int]sect$40 ,! foll[+ passage1 f ,cl]k ,maxwell's article on ,f>aday 9 ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica10 admirably sums up ! matt]3-- ,! magnitude & orig9ality ( ,f>aday's a*ievem5t may be e/imat$ by trac+ ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( 8 discov]y4 ,z might be expect$1 x 0 at once made ! subject ( inve/igation by ! :ole sci5tific _w1 b "s ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ physici/s 7 unable to avoid mi/akes 9 /at+1 9 :at !y conceiv$ to be m sci5tific language ?an ,f>aday's1 ! ph5om5a be=e !m4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ! ma!maticians :o h reject$ ,f>aday's me?od ( /at+ 8 law z unwor?y ( ! precision ( _! sci5ce1 h nev] succe$$ 9 devis+ any ess5tially diff]5t =mula :i* %all fully express ! ph5om5a )\t introduc+ hypo!ses ab\t ! mutual action ( ?+s :i* h no physical exi/5ce1 su* z elem5ts ( curr5ts :i* fl[ out ( no?+1 !n along a wire1 & f9ally s9k into no?+ aga94 ,aft] ne>ly half a c5tury ( lab\r ( ?is k9d1 we may say t1 ?\gh ! practical applications ( ,f>aday's discov]y h increas$ & are increas+ 9 numb] & value e ye>1 no exception to ! /atem5t ( ^! laws z giv5 by ,f>aday has be5 discov]$1 no new law has be5 add$ to !m1 & ,f>aday's orig9al /atem5t rema9s to ?is day ! only "o :i* ass]ts no m ?an c be v]ifi$ by exp]im5t1 & ! only "o by :i* ! !ory ( ! ph5om5a c be express$ 9 a mann] :i* is exactly & num]ically accurate1 & at ! same "t )9 ! range ( elem5t>y me?ods ( exposition4 ,9 ! ye> #ahca1 :i* witness$ ?is ma/]piece ( sci5tific rese>*1 ,f>aday 0 busy 9 _m o!r ways4 ,he 0 /ill und]tak+ *emical analyses & exp]t "w = fees1 z witness 8 lett] to ,phillips on p4 #fb4 ,he 0 also1 until ,novemb]1 on ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,to ! 8,philosophical ,transactions0 he contribut$ a pap] 8,on ,vibrat+ ,surfaces10 9 :i* he solv$ a problem 9 ac\/ics :i* _h previ\sly gone )\t explanation4 ,x _h long be5 kn[n t 9 ! exp]im5ts ( obta9+ ! patt]ns call$ 8,*ladni's figures10 by /rew+ p[d]s ^u vibrat+ plates1 :ile ! heavi] p[d]s1 su* z s&1 mov$ into ! nodal l9es1 light] sub/ances1 su* z lycopodium du/1 collect$ 9 little circul> heaps ov] ! p>ts :]e ! vibration 0 mo/ en]getic4 ,f>aday's explanation 0 t ^! light] p[d]s 7 caught & :irl$ ab\t 9 little vortices :i* =m$ !mselves at spots :]e ! motions 7 ( greate/ amplitude4 ,he also wrote a pap] 8,on a ,peculi> ,class ( ,optical ,deceptions10 deal+ ) ! illusions t result f ! eye be+ %[n 9 successive glimpses1 z betwe5 ! tee? ( a revolv+ :eel1 diff]5t views ( a mov+ body4 ,?is rese>* 01 9 effect1 ! />t+ po9t ( a :ole l9e ( optical toys1 beg9n+ ) ! ph5aki/iscope or /roboscope1 :i* develop$ ?r\gh ! zoetrope & prax9o-scope into ! k9ematograph & animatograph ( rec5t date4 ,sid5ote3 ,,lectures ,,on ,,physical ,,subjects4 ,he gave f\r aft]noon lectures at ! ,royal ,in/itution & five ,friday ev5+ disc\rses4 ,^! 7 on optical deceptions1 on light & phosphoresc5ce1 be+ an acc\nt ( exp]im5ts rec5tly made by ,mr4 ,pe>sall1 *emical assi/ant 9 ! ,in/itution2 on oxalamide1 !n rec5tly discov]$ by ,m4 ,dumas2 on ,trevelyan's exp]im5ts ab\t ! production ( s\nd by heat$ bodies2 & on ! arrangem5ts assum$ by p>ticles ^u vibrat+ surfaces4 ,9 #ahcb he gave five ,friday ev5+ disc\rses1 f\r ( :i* relat$ to 8 own rese>*es4 ,9 ,augu/ he ent]$ ^u ! ?ird s]ies ( 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9 ,electricity10 :i* 0 devot$ to ! id5tity ( electricities d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces1 & on ! relation by measure ( common i4e4 frictional & voltaic electricity4 ,he did n l any d\bt to hang ab\t z to :e!r ! electricity obta9$ f magnets by induction 0 really ! same z t obta9able f o!r s\rces4 ,possibly he _h 9 8 m9d ! difficulties :i* _h aris5 ?irty ye>s be=e ov] ! discov]ies ( ,galvani & ,volta1 :5 x 0 s f> d\bt$ :e!r ! electricity 9 curr5ts f piles & batt]ies ( cells 0 ! same z ! electricity evok$ by friction1 t ! di/9ctive & mislead+ "n ( 8galvanism0 0 assign$ to ! =m]4 ,he comm5t$ on ! circum/ance t _m philosoph]s--& he includ$ ,davy by "n 9 an explicit ref]5ce--7 va9ly draw+ di/9ctions#dj betwe5 electricities f diff]5t s\rces1 or at lea/ d\bt+ :e!r _! id5tity 7 prov54 ,8 fir/ po9t 0 to consid] :e!r 8common electricity10 8animal electricity10 & 8magneto-electric curr5ts0 c\ld1 l 8voltaic electricity10 produce *emical decompositions4 ,he began by demon/rat+ t an ord9>y electric dis*>ge f a friction ma*9e c affect a suitably dispos$ galvanomet]4 ,"o ( 8 in/rum5ts ( suffici5t s5sitiv5ess 0 surr\nd$ by an enclos+ cage ( d\ble metal foil & wire-"w1 duly connect$ to 8e>?10 s z to r5d] x indep5d5t ( all di/urbances by ext]nal electric *>ges 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,8 8e>?0 = ?is purpose consi/$ ( a /\t metal wire connect$ ?r\gh ! pipes 9 ! h\se to ! metallic gas-pipes belong+ to ! public gas works ( ,london1 & also ) ! metallic wat]-pipes ( ,london--an effectual 8dis*>g+ tra940 ,he us$ a friction electric ma*9e ) a glass plate #ej in*es 9 diamet]1 & a ,leyd5-j> batt]y ( fifte5 j>s1 ea* hav+ ab\t #hd squ>e in*es ( coat$ glass4 ,?is batt]y ( j>s 0 fir/ *>g$ f ! ma*9e & !n dis*>g$ ?r\gh a wet ?read f\r feet long1 & ?r\gh ! galvanomet] to e>? vi ! 8dis*>g+ tra940 ,hav+ by ?is means satisfi$ himself t ^! electric dis*>ges c\ld deflect a galvanomet]1 :e!r ?r\gh ! wet ?read1 a copp] wire1 or ?r\gh wat]1 or r>efi$ air1 or by connection ?r\gh po9ts 9 air1 he w5t on to ! "q ( *emical decomposition4 ,dipp+ two silv] wires into a drop ( solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 he f\nd t "o ( !m became copp]-plat$ by ! electricity t 0 evolv$ by #ajj or #bjj turns ( ! disc ma*9e4 ,he blea*$ indigo1 turn$ />* purple ) iod9e lib]at$ f iodide ( potassium1 exactly z might h be5 done by a 8volta-electric curr5t0 f a batt]y ( cells4 ,he also decompos$ wat]1 giv+ due recognition to ! antec$5t exp]im5ts ( ,van ,troo/wyk1 ,pe>son1 & ,wolla/on4 ,sid5ote3 ,,id5tity ,,( ,,electricities4 ,9 ! pap] :i* he drew up he comp>es ^! results ) o!rs made ) electric dis*>ges f an electric kite & ) ^? ( ! torp$o & o!r electric fi%es4 ,he recapitulates ! prop]ties ( magneto-electricity & ! pro(s n[ accumulat+ t x c decompose wat]4 ,he drew up a s*$ule ( ! diff]5t effects :i* electricity c produce1 & ( ! diff]5t s\rces ( electricity1 %[+ 9 tabul> =m h[ f> ea* s-call$ k9d ( electricity _h be5 f\nd to produce ea* effect4 ,! conclusion 0 t !re is no philosophical diff]5ce betwe5 ! diff]5t cases2 s9ce ! ph5om5a produc$ by ! diff]5t k9ds ( electricity diff] n 9 _! "* b only 9 degree4 8,electricity1 :atev] may be its s\rce1 is id5tical 9 its nature40 ,on comp>+ ! effects produc$ by diff]5t dis*>ges1 he concludes t 8if ! same absolute quantity#da ( electricity pass ?r\gh ! galvanomet]1 :atev] may be its int5sity1 ! deflect+ =ce ^u ! magnetic ne$le is ! same40 ,he 0 !n able to g on to a quantitative comp>ison betwe5 ! 8quantity0 ( electricity f diff]5t s\rces1 & came to ! conclusion t bo? 9 magnetic deflection & 9 *emical =ce ! curr5t ( electricity giv5 by 8 /&>d batt]y = eight beats ( 8 wat* 0 equal to t ( ! friction ma*9e evolv$ by ?irty revolutions2 fur!r1 t 8! *emical p[]1 l ! magnetic =ce1 is 9 direct proportion to ! absolute quantity ( electricity :i* passes40 ,sid5ote3 ,,electro-,,*emical ,,"w4 ,?is s]ies ( rese>*es 0 publi%$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcc4 ,9 ,april ( ! same ye> he s5t to ! ,royal ,society ano!r pap]--! f\r? s]ies--on electric conduction4 ,x arose f ! surpris+ obs]vation t1 ?\gh wat] conducts1 ice acts z a complete non-conductor4 ,?is l$ to an exam9ation ( ! conduct+ p[] ( fusible solids 9 g5]al4 ,he f\nd t z a rule--except+ on ! "o h& ! metals1 :i* conduct :e!r solid or liquid1 & on ! o!r h& fatty bodies1 :i* are always non-conductors--!y assume conduct+ p[] :5 liquefi$1 & lose x :5 congeal$4 ,*loride ( lead1 ( silv]1 ( potassium1 & ( sodium1 & _m *lorates1 nitrates1 sulphates1 & _m o!r salts & fusible sub/ances 7 f\nd to foll[ ?is rule4 ,all ! sub/ances s f\nd to act 7 comp\nd bodies1 & capable ( decomposition by ! curr5t4 ,:5 conduction ceas$1 decomposition ceas$ also4 ,an app>5t exception 0 f\nd 9 sulphide ( silv]1 :i*1 :5 heat$1 acquir$ conduct+ p[]s ev5 be=e x assum$ ! liquid /ate1 yet decompos$ 9 ! solid /ate4 ,?is l$ him on to /udy electro-*emical decompositions m closely4 ,"h he 0 foll[+ directly 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 ma/] ,davy1 ^: discov]y ( ! decomposition ( pota% & soda by ! electric curr5t _h be5 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t sci5tific advances result+ f ! inv5tion ( ! voltaic cell4 ,! fif? s]ies ( rese>*es1 publi%$ 9 ,june1 #ahcc1 embodies ! "w4 ,he fir/ combats ! prevail+ op9ion t ! pres5ce ( wat] is necess>y = electro-*emical decomposition2 !n analyses ! views ( v>i\s philosoph]s--,grot?uss1 ,davy1 ,de la ,rive1 & o!rs--:o _h discuss$ ! "q :e!r ! decompositions are due to attractions ex]cis$ by ! two poles ( ! electric circuit4 ,?is he conte/s 9 ! mo/ direct mann]4 ,already he has reason to believe t = a giv5 quantity ( electricity pass$ ?r\gh ! liquid ! am\nt ( electro-*emical action is a con/ant quantity1 & dep5ds 9 no way on ! di/ance ( ! p>ticles ( ! decomposable sub/ance f ! poles4 ,he reg>ds ! elem5ts z progress+ 9 two /reams 9 opposite directions p>allel to ! curr5t1 :ile ! poles 8are m]ely ! surfaces or doors by :i* ! electricity ent]s into or passes out ( ! sub/ance suff]+ decomposition40 ,among/ ! laboratory notes ( ?is "t are _m :i* 7 nev] publi%$ 9 ! 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es10 or ( :i* only brief ab/racts appe>$4 ,"s ( ^! are ( great int]e/4 ,"h is "o lit]ally transcrib$3-- #bf ,feb4 #ahcc4 ,*loride ,magnesium4--,:5 solid & wire fuz$ 9 non-conductor--,:5 fuz$ conduct$ v well & 0 decompos$ ,a & ,p ,pole mu* action & gas--*lor9e8 ,at ,n ,pole ,magnesium sep>at$ & no gas4 ,sometimes ,magnesium burnt fly+ (f 9 globules burn+ brilliantly4 ,:5 wire at t pole put 9 wat] or :ite ,m ,a muriatic acid matt] r\nd x act$ p[]fully evolv+ hydrog5 & =m+ ,magnesia2 & :5 wire & surr\nd+ matt] heat$ 9 _s lamp ,magnesium burnt ) int5se light into ,magnesia4 ,,v ,,good ,,expt4 ,?is recalls ! 8capital exp]im5t0 entry :i* ,sir ,humphry ,davy wrote aft] ! acc\nt ( 8 decomposition ( cau/ic pota%4 ,on ! #g? ( ,april we come to a m>vell\s page ( speculations4 ,he has se5 t liquids1 bo? solutions & fus$ salts1 c be decompos$ by ! curr5t1 & t at lea/ "o solid is capable ( electrolysis4 ,b he f9ds t alloys & metals are n decompos$4 ,he f9ds t electrolysis is easie/ = ^? comp\nds t consi/ ( ! mo/ div]se elem5ts1 & is l$ on to speculate z to ! possible con/itution ( ^? conductors t ! curr5t does n decompose4 ,?is may involve a reca/+ ( accept$ ideas2 b f su* a /ep he does n %r9k1 z ! foll[+ extracts %[3-- ,metals may n be comp\nds ( elem5ts mo/ frequ5tly comb9$1 b r ( su* z are s simil> to ea* o!r z to pass out ( ! limit ( voltaic decomposition4 #ac? ,april 7same page74 ,if voltaic decomposition ( ! k9d ,i believe !n review all sub/ances ^u ! new view to see if !y may n be decomposable1 c4 c4 c4 ,sid5ote3 ,,attraction ,,by ,,poles ,,d\bt$4 ,he has n[ f\nd t ! facts obs]v$ d n admit ( be+ expla9$ on ! supposition t ! motion ( ! ions is due to ! attraction ( ! poles1 & accord+ly !re foll[s ! entry3-- 7,ap4 #ac1 #ahcc47 ,a s+le elem5t is nev] attract$ by a pole1 i4e4 )\t attraction ( o!r elem5t at o!r pole4 ,h5ce d\bt ,mr4 ,br&e's ,expts on attraction ( gases & vap\rs4 ,d\bt attraction by poles altoge!r4 ,to ?is subject he return$ 9 #ahcd2 an int]v5+ memoir--! six?--be+ tak5 up ) ! p[] ( metals & solids to br+ ab\t ! comb9ation ( gase\s bodies4 ,9 ! sev5? s]ies1 publi%$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcd1 8 fir/ "w is to expla9 ! new t]ms :i* he has adopt$1 on ! advice ( ,:ewell1 to express ! facts4 ,! s-call$ poles1 be+ 9 8 view m]ely doors or ways by :i* ! curr5t passes1 he n[ t]ms electrodes1 di/+ui%+ ! entrance & exit respectively z anode & ca?ode1#db :ile ! decomposable liquid is t]m$ an electrolyte1 & ! decompos+ process electrolysis4 8,f9ally10 he says1 9 a passage 7"h italicis$7 wor?y to be engrav$ 9 gold = ! ess5tial tru? x enunciates on a "q ( t]m9ology1 8,i require a t]m to express ^? bodies :i* c pass to ! electrodes1 or1 z !y are usually call$1 ! poles4 ,sub/ances are frequ5tly spok5 ( z be+ electronegative1 or electropositive1 accord+ z !y g "u ! suppos$ influ5ce ( a direct attraction to ! positive or negative pole4 ,b ^! t]ms are mu* too significant = ! use to :i* ,i %\ld h to put !m2 = ?\gh ! mean+s are p]haps "r1 !y are only hypo!tical1 & may be wrong2 & !n1 ?r\gh a v imp]ceptible b /ill v dang]\s1 because cont9ual1 influ5ce1 !y d great injury to sci5ce1 by contract+ & limit+ ! habitual views ( ^? engag$ 9 pursu+ x4 ,i propose to di/+ui% su* bodies by call+ ^? anions :i* g to ! anode ( ! decompos+ body2 & ^? pass+ to ! ca?ode1 cations2 & :5 ,i %all h occasion to speak ( ^! toge!r1 ,i %all call !m ions4#dc ,?us1 ! *loride ( lead is an electrolyte1 & :5 electrolyz$ evolves ! two ions1 *lor9e & lead1 ! =m] be+ an anion & ! latt] a cation40 ,9 ,f>aday's own b\nd volume ( ! 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es0 he has illu/rat$ ^! t]ms by ! sket* "h reproduc$4 7,fig4 #ab47 ,f>aday's lett] to ,:ewell :5 he consult$ him z to ! new words has n be5 pres]v$4 ,he disc>d$1 :5 ! pap] 0 pr9t$1 ! t]ms he _h fir/ us$4 ,:ewell's replies ( ,april #be? & ,may #e?1 #ahcd1 h be5 pres]v$ & are pr9t$ 9 ,todhunt]'s biography ( ,:ewell4 ,f ! lat] ( ! two ! foll[+ passage is extract$3-- ,sid5ote3 ,,new ,,nom5clature4 ,:ewell to ,f>aday1 ,may #e1 #ahcd4 ,if y take anode & ca?ode1 ,i w\ld propose = ! two elem5ts result+ f electrolysis ! t]ms anion & cation1 :i* are neut] p>ticiples signify+ t :i* goes up1 & t :i* goes d[n2 & = ! two toge!r y might use ! t]m ions4444 ,! ^w is n a sub/antive 9 ,greek1 b x may easily be s tak51 & ,i am p]suad$ t ! brevity & simplicity ( ! t]ms y w ?us h w 9 a =tnight procure _! univ]sal acceptation4 ,! anion is t :i* goes to ! anode1 ! cation is t :i* goes to ! ca?ode4 ,! ? 9 ! latt] ^w arises f ! aspirate 9 hodos 7way71 & !re=e is n to be introduc$ 9 cases :]e ! second t]m has n an aspirate1 z ion has n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,on ,may #ae? ,f>aday repli$ z foll[s3-- ,f>aday to ,:ewell4 ,i h tak5 y\r advice & ! names1 & use anode1 ca?ode1 anions1 cations & ions2 ! la/ ,i %all h b little occasion =4 ,i _h "s hot objections made to !m "h1 & f\nd myself v mu* 9 ! condition ( ! man ) 8 ,son & ,ass1 :o tri$ to please ev]ybody2 b :5 ,i held up ! %ield ( y\r au?ority x 0 wond]ful to obs]ve h[ ! tone ( objection melt$ away4 ,i am q delight$ ) ! facility ( expression :i* ! new t]ms give me1 & %all ev] be y\r debtor = ! k9d assi/ance y h giv5 me4 ,z ?\gh to prep>e ! way = a /ill fur!r cutt+ ( himself adrift f ! slav]y ( us+ t]ms t might be f\nd mislead+1 he add$ ! foll[+ note3-- ,x w be well und]/ood t ,i am giv+ no op9ion respect+ ! nature ( ! electric curr5t n[1 beyond :at ,i h done on =m] occasions2 & t ?\gh ,i speak ( ! curr5t z proce$+ f ! p>ts :i* are positive to ^? :i* are negative1 x is m]ely 9 accordance ) ! conv5tional1 ?\gh 9 "s degree tacit1 agreem5t ent]$ into by sci5tific m51 t !y may h a con/ant1 c]ta91 & def9ite means ( ref]r+ to ! direction ( ! =ces ( t curr5t4 ,! 8=m] occasions0 is a ref]5ce to an e>li] sugge/ion t a curr5t might mean any?+ progressive1 :e!r a fl[ 9 "o direction or two fluids mov+ 9 opposite directions1 or m]ely vibrations1 or1 /ill m g5]ally1 progressive =ces4 ,he _h expressly said t :at we call ! electric curr5t 8may p]haps be/ be conceiv$ ( z an axis ( p[] hav+ contr>y =ces1 exactly equal 9 am\nt1 9 contr>y directions40 ,sid5ote3 ,,electro-,,*emical ,,laws4 ,he !n sugge/s z a measur] ( curr5t ! /&>d =m ( electrolytic cell ev] s9ce kn[n z ! voltamet]4 ,he pref]r$ t k9d 9 :i* wat] is decompos$1 ! quantity ( electricity :i* _h fl[$ ?r\gh x be+ measur$ by ! quantity ( ! gas or gases evolv$ dur+ ! op]ation4 ,be=e adopt+ ?is he und]took c>eful exp]im5ts 9 :i* 8 f9e manipulative skill1 no less ?an 8 *emical exp]i5ce1 0 call$ into s]vice to v]ify ! fact t ! quantity ( wat] decompos$ 0 really proportionate to ! quantity ( electricity :i* has be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5t4 ,hav+ ?is /&>d1 he inve/igat$ num]\s o!r cases ( decomposition by ! curr5t1 & s arriv$ at a sub/antial basis = ! doctr9e ( def9ite electro-*emical action4 ,speak+ ( ! sub/ances into :i* electrolytes are divid$ by ! curr5t1 & :i* he _h call$ ions1 he says3 8,!y are comb9+ bodies2 are directly associat$ ) ! fundam5tal p>ts ( ! doctr9e ( *emical aff9ity2 & h ea* a def9ite proportion1 9 :i* !y are always evolv$ dur+ electrolytic action4444 ,i h propos$ to call ! numb]s repres5t+ ! proportions 9 :i* !y are evolv$ electro-*emical equival5ts4 ,?us hydrog51 oxyg51 *lor9e1 iod9e1 lead1 t9 are ions2 ! ?ree =m] are anions1 ! two metals cations1 & #a1 #h1 #cf1 #abe1 #ajd1 #eh1 are _! electro-*emical equival5ts ne>ly40 ,?is fundam5tal law be+ set ^u an impregnable basis ( facts1 he goes on to speculate ^u ! absolute quantity ( electricity or electric p[] belong+ to diff]5t bodies2 a notion :i* only )9 ! la/ few ye>s has f\nd g5]al acceptance4 ,9 develop+ ?is !ory he uses ! foll[+ language3-- ,accord+ to x i4e4 ?is !ory1 ! equival5t weights ( bodies are simply ^? quantities ( !m :i* conta9 equal quantities ( electricity1 or h naturally equal electric p[]s2 x be+ ! ,,electricity :i* det]m9es ! equival5t numb]1 because x det]m9es ! comb9+ =ce4 ,or1 if we adopt ! atomic !ory or phraseology1 !n ! atoms ( bodies :i* are equival5ts to ea* o!r 9 _! ord9>y *emical action1 h equal quantities ( electricity naturally associat$ ) !m4 ,b ,i mu/ confess ,i am jeal\s ( ! t]m atom4444 ,"h we f9d ! mod]n doctr9e ( electrons or unit>y atomic *>ges1 cle>ly =mulat$ 9 #ahcd4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is speculation he rem>ks t 8if ! electrical p[] :i* holds ! elem5ts ( a gra9 ( wat] 9 comb9ation1 or :i* makes a gra9 ( oxyg5 or hydrog5 9 ! "r proportions unite into wat] :5 !y are made to comb9e1 c\ld be ?r[n into ! condition ( a curr5t1 x w\ld exactly equal ! curr5t requir$ = ! sep>ation ( t gra9 ( wat] into its elem5ts aga940 ,& all ?is ye>s be=e !re 0 any doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy to guide ! m9d ( ! philosoph]6 ,! passage j cit$ conta9s ! g]ms ( ! !rmodynamic !ory ( electromotive =ces work$ out a doz5 ye>s lat] by ,sir ,william ,?omson 7n[ ,"l ,kelv971 by :i* !ory we c pr$ict ! electromotive =ces ( any giv5 *emical comb9ation f a k ( ! heat evolv$ by a giv5 mass ( ! product 9 ! act ( comb9+4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ano!r ,,unsuccessful ,,que/4 ,! eigh? s]ies ( ! rese>*es1 :i* 0 read 9 ,june1 #ahcd1 deals *iefly ) voltaic cells & batt]ies ( cells4 ,he is n[ apply+ to ! op]ations inside ! prim>y cell ! electro*emical pr9ciples le>n$ by ! /udy ( electrolysis 9 second>y cells4 ,8 ?\ghts h be5 incessantly play+ ar\nd ! problem ( electrolytic conduction4 ,he 0 conv9c$ t ! =ces :i* %e> ! anions f comb9ation ) ! cations & transf] !m 9 opposite directions mu/ be inh]5t be=e ! circuit is complet$1 & !re=e be=e any actual transf] or movem5t takes place4 8,x seems to me impossible10 he says1 8to resi/ ! idea t x ! 8transf]10 or 8:at is call$ ! voltaic curr5t0 mu/ be prec$$ by a /ate ( t5sion 9 ! fluid4 ,i h s\ght c>efully = indications ( a /ate ( t5sion 9 ! electrolytic conductor2 & conceiv+ t x might produce some?+ l /ructure1 ei!r be=e or dur+ its dis*>ge1 ,i endeav\r$ to make ?is evid5t by pol>is$ light40 ,he us$ a solution ( sulphate ( soda1 b )\t ! slighte/ trace ( optical action 9 any direction ( ! ray4 ,he repeat$ ! exp]im5t1 us+ a solid electrolyte1 borate ( lead1 9 its non-conduct+ /ate1 b equally )\t result4 ,dur+ ! "t ( ^! electro*emical rese>*es 9 #ahcc & #ahcd1 ,f>aday's activities = ! ,royal ,in/itution 7 undim9i%$4 ,9 #ahcc he gave sev5 ,friday disc\rses1 ?ree ( !m on ! rese>*es 9 h&1 "o on ,:eat/one's inve/igation ( ! velocity ( ! electric sp>k1 & "o on ! practical prev5tion ( dry rot 9 timb]1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds republi%$ z a pamphlet1 & ran to two editions4 ,9 #ahcd he gave f\r ,friday disc\rses2 two on 8 electro*emical rese>*es1 "o on ,ericsson's heat-eng9e1 & ! o!r on ca\t*\c4 ,! n9? s]ies ( electrical rese>*es occupi$ ! autumn ( #ahcd4 ,9 x he returns to ! /udy ( ! magnetic & inductive actions ( ! curr5t1 inve/igat+ ! self-induc$ sp>k at ! break ( ! circuit1 to :i* 8 att5tion _h be5 direct$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,j5k94 ,sev]al po9ts 9 ?is rese>* are little kn[n ev5 n[ to electricians1 ! laboratory notes be+ mu* m detail$ ?an ! publi%$ pap]4 ,he describes an exce$+ly neat high-spe$ break = produc+ rapid int]ruptions1 us+ = t purpose /ation>y ripples on ! surface ( a pool ( m]cury4 ,9 a wond]ful day's "w on #ac? ,novemb]1 fill+ ?irty-f\r pages ( ! laboratory book1 illu/rat$ ) num]\s unpubli%$ sket*es1 he tracks out ! prop]ties ( self-induction4 ,he proves t ! sp>k 7on break+ circuit7 f a wire coil$ up 9 a helix is f> bright] ?an t f an id5tical wire laid out /raight4 ,he f9ds t a non-inductive &1 !re=e1 sp>kless coil c be made by w9d+ ! wire 9 two opposite helices4 8,?us ! :ole inductive effect ( ! l5g? ( wire 0 neutralis$ by ! reciprocal & contr>y action ( ! two halves :i* con/itut$ ! helices 9 contr>y directions40 ,! next day he writes3 8,^! effects %[ t e "p ( an electric circuit is act+ by induction on ! neighb\r+ p>ts ( ! same curr5t1 ev5 9 ! same wire & ! same "p ( ! wire40 ,sid5ote3 ,,effects ,,( ,,self-,,induction4 ,on #bbnd ,novemb] he is try+ ano!r set ( exp]im5ts1 also nev] fully publi%$4 ,!y relate to ! dim9ution ( self-induction ( a /raight conductor by divid+ x into sev]al p>allel /r&s at a small di/ance ap>t f "o ano!r4 ,! note 9 ! laboratory book runs ?us3-- ,copp] wire #a_/bc ( in* 9 diamet]4 ,six l5g?s ( five feet ea*1 sold]$ at ends to piece ( copp] plate s z =m t]m9ations1 & ^! amalgamat$4 ,:5 ?is bundle 0 us$ to connect ! electro-motor x gave b v feeble sp>k on break+ contact1 b ! sp>k 0 s5sibly bett] :5 ! wires are held toge!r s z to act lat]ally ?an :5 !y 7 op5$ out f ea* o!r1 ?us %[+ lat]al action4 ,made a l>g] bundle ( ! same f9e copp] wire4 ,!re 7 #bj l5g?s ( #ah feet #b in*es ea* & ! ?ick t]m9al pieces ( copp] wire #f in*es long & ( in* ?ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,?is bundle he comp>$ ) a l5g? ( #ai feet #f in*es ( a s+le copp] wire in* 9 diamet]1 hav+ ab\t equal sectional area4 ,! latt] gave decid$ly ! l>ge/ sp>ks on break+ circuit4 ,f>aday did n see fit at ?is "t to accept ! idea1 sugge/$ inde$ by himself 9 #ahca1 t ^! effects ( self-induction 7 ! analogue ( mom5tum or in]tia4 ,t explanation he set aside on f9d+ t ! same wire :5 coil$ _h great] self-inductive action ?an :5 /raight4 ,_h he at t "t grasp$ ?is analogy1 he w\ld h se5 t ! v prop]ty :i* gives rise to ! sp>k at break ( circuit also ret>ds ! rapid gr[? ( a curr5t2 & !n ! exp]im5t describ$ above w\ld h %[n him t ,sir ,w4 ,sn[ ,h>ris 0 "r 9 pref]r+ flat copp] ribbon to a r\nd wire ( equival5t section z a mat]ial = lightn+ conductors4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 disappo9t$ to f9d s small a diff]5ce betwe5 r\nd wires & p>allel /r&s4 ,! memoir z publi%$ conta9s an exce$+ly int]e/+ conclusion3-- ,not)/&+ t ! effects appe> only at ! mak+ & break+ ( contact 7! curr5t1 rema9+ unaffect$1 seem+ly1 9 ! int]val17 ,i _c resi/ ! impression t !re is "s connect$ & correspond5t effect produc$ by ?is lat]al action ( ! elem5ts ( ! electric /ream dur+ ! "t ( its cont9uance4 ,an action ( ?is k9d1 9 fact1 is evid5t 9 ! magnetic relations ( ! p>ts ( ! curr5t4 ,b admitt+ 7z we may d = ! mom5t7 ! magnetic =ces to con/itute ! p[] :i* produces su* /rik+ & diff]5t results at ! comm5cem5t & t]m9ation ( a curr5t1 /ill !re appe>s to be a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( effects--a :eel 9 ! physical me*anism ( ! action1 z yet unrecognis$4 ,! t5? s]ies ( rese>*es1 on ! voltaic batt]y1 ?\gh complet$ 9 ,octob]1 #ahcd1 0 n publi%$ till ,june1 #ahce4 ,sid5ote3 ,,action ,,9 ,a ,,m$ium4 ,! next rese>*1 begun 9 ! autumn ( #ahce1 aft] a lull ( ab\t eight mon?s1 la/$ ov] two ye>s4 ,x 0 n complet$ till ,decemb]1 #ahcg4 ,?is inve/igation took ,f>aday away f magnetic & electro*emical matt]s to ! old subject ( /atical electric *>ges1 a subject hi!rto unt\*$ 9 8 rese>*es4 ,b he _h long brood$ ov] ! "q z to ! nature ( an electric *>ge4 ,ov] & ov] aga91 z he _h wat*$ ! inductive effect ( electric curr5ts act+ f wire to wire1 8 m9d turn$ to ! old problem ( ! inductive influ5ce--discov]$ eighty ye>s be=e1 by ,john ,canton--ex]t$1 app>5tly at a di/ance1 by electric *>ges4 ,he _h le>n$ to di/ru/ action at a di/ance1 & n[ ! "t 0 ripe = a se>*+ inquiry z to :e!r electric influ5ce1 or induction#dd z x 0 !n call$1 0 also an action propagat$ by contigu\s actions 9 ! int]v5+ m$ium4 ,f>aday _h done no special electric "w dur+ ! fir/ n9e mon?s ( #ahce4 ,he _h work$ at a *emical inve/igation ( fluor9e ?r\gh ! spr+1 & 9 ,july took a hurri$ t\r 9 ,switz]l&1 & return$ to "w at fluor9e4 ,n till ,novemb] #crd does he turn to ! subject ov] :i* he _h be5 brood+4 ,on t date1 int]calat$ betwe5 notes ( 8 *emical /udies1 fill+ a doz5 pages ( ! laboratory book1 are a magnific5t s]ies ( speculations z to ! nature ( *>ges1 & on ! "p play$ by ! electric--or1 z we %\ld n[ say1 ! dielectric--m$ium4 ,!y beg9 ?us3-- 8,h be5 ?9k+ mu* lately ( ! relation ( common & voltaic electricity1 ( induction by ! =m] & decomposition by ! latt]1 & am q conv9c$ t !re mu/ be ! close/ connection4 ,w be fir/ ne$ful to make out ! true "*0--note ! phrase--8( ord9>y electrical ph5om5a40 ,! foll[+ notes are = exp]im5t & obs]vation4 8,does common electricity reside ^u ! surface ( a conductor or ^u ! surface ( ! di-electric 9 contact ) x80 ,he goes on to consid] ! /ate ( a dielectric sub/ance1 su* z glass1 :5 situat$ betwe5 a positively *>g$ & a negatively *>g$ surface1 z 9 a *>g$ ,leyd5 j>1 & argues f analogy ?us3-- 8,h5ce ! /ate ( ! plate ( glass "u induction is ! same z ! /ate ( a magnet1 & if split or brok5 w\ld pres5t new ,positive & ,negative surfaces be=e n at all evid5t40 ,?is speculation 0 lat] v]ifi$ by ,matteucci4 8,probable t ph5om5a ( induction prove m decid$ly ?an any?+ else t ! electricity is 9 ! di-electric n 9 ! conductor40 ,he /ill work$ = a week or two on fluor9e1 int]pos+ "s exp]im5ts on ! temp]ature-limit ( magnetisation1 b on ,decemb] #d? decides n to g on ) fluor9e at pres5t4 ,!n1 beg9n+ on ,decemb] #e?1 !re foll[ tw5ty-n9e pages ( ! laboratory di>y1 illu/rat$ ) sket*es4 ,he _h borr[$ f a ,mr4 ,kipp a l>ge deep copp] pan ?irty-five in*es 9 diamet]1 & he set to "w electrify+ x & explor+ ! di/ribution ( ! *>ges1 inside & out1 & ! inductive effect on objects plac$ )94 ,ev]y:]e he is m5tally comp>+ ! di/ribution ( ! effects ) t ( ! fl[ ( curr5ts 9 an electrolyte4 ,be=e _m days he writes3-- ,sid5ote3 ,,pregnant ,,sugge/ions4 8,x appe>s to me at pres5t t ord9>y & electrolytic induction are id5tical 9 _! fir/ nature1 b t ! latt] is foll[$ by an effect :i* _c b f ! nature & /ate ( ! sub/ances take place ) ! =m]40 ,!n comes ?is pregnant sugge/ion3-- 8,try induction ?r\gh a solid cry/all9e body z to ! consequ5t action on pol>iz$ light40 ,by ! end ( a week he _h begun to suspect t 8 magnet analogy w5t f>!r ?an he 0 at fir/ prep>$ to hold4 ,! action ( a magnet 0 along curv$ l9es ( =ce4 ,s he asks3-- 8,c induction ?r\gh air take place 9 curves or r\nd a corn]--c probably be f\nd exp]im5tally--if s n a radiat+ effect40 ,aft] t5 days m he has made ano!r /ep4 8,electricity appe>s to exi/ only 9 pol>ity z 9 air1 glass1 electrolytes1 etc4 ,n[ metals1 be+ conductors1 _c take up t pol> /ate ( _! own p[]1 or r reta9 x1 & h5ce probably _c reta9 develop$ electric =ces4 99 99 99 99 99 8,metals1 h[ev]1 probably hold x = a mom5t1 z o!r ?+s d = a long] "t2 an end com+ at la/ to all40 ,?is1 x w be obs]v$1 is no?+ m or less ?an ,cl]k ,maxwell's !ory ( conduction z be+ ! break+ d[n ( an electro/atic /ra94 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahcf1 foll[$ ! fam\s exp]im5t ( build+ a twelve-foot cube1 :i* :5 electrifi$ ext]iorly to ! utmo/ ext5t1 %[$ inside no trace ( electric =ces4 ,! acc\nt 9 ! unpubli%$ ,,ms4 ( ! laboratory book is1 z is ! case ) s _m ( ^! middle-p]iod rese>*es1 mu* full] ?an ! publi%$ rsum ( !m 9 ! 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es40 ,all ?r\gh #ahcf he 0 /ill at "w4 ,ev5 :5 on a holiday 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 9 ,augu/1 he took 8 notebook ) him1 & writes3-- 8,aft] mu* consid]ation 7"h at ,ryde7 ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! electric =ces are arrang$ 9 ! v>i\s ph5om5a g5]ally1 ,i h come to c]ta9 conclusions :i* ,i w endeav\r to note d[n )\t committ+ myself to any op9ion z to ! cause ( electricity1 i4e4 z to ! nature ( ! p[]4 ,if electricity exi/ indep5d5tly ( matt]1 !n ,i ?9k t ! hypo!sis ( "o fluid w n /& aga9/ t ( two fluids4 ,!re are1 ,i ?9k1 evid5tly1 :at ,i may call two elem5ts ( p[] ( equal =ce & act+ t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,^! may conv5tionally be repres5t$ by oxyg5 & hydrog51 :i* repres5t !m 9 ! voltaic batt]y4 ,b ^! p[]s may be di/+ui%$ only by direction1 & may be no m sep>ate ?an ! nor? & s\? =ces 9 ! elem5ts ( a magnetic ne$le4 ,!y may be ! pol> po9ts ( ! =ces orig9ally plac$ 9 ! p>ticles ( matt]2 & ! description ( ! curr5t z an axis ( p[] :i* ,i h =m]ly giv5 sugge/s "s simil> g5]al impression = ! =ces ( quiesc5t electricity4 ,law ( electric t5sion might d1 & ?\gh ,i %all use ! t]ms positive & negative1 by !m ,i m]ely mean ! t]m9i ( su* l9es40 ,"r on until ,novemb] #cj?1 #ahcg1 ?is rese>* 0 cont9u$4 ,! summ>y ( ?is & ! succe$+ rese>*es ( #ahch on ! same subject1 drawn up by ,pr(essor ,tyndall1#de is at once s ma/]ly & s imp>tial t x _c be bett]$4 ,x is !re=e "h transcrib$ )\t alt]ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,,action ,,at ,a ,,di/ance ,,un?9kable4 ,8 fir/ great pap] on frictional electricity 0 s5t to ! ,royal ,society on ,novemb] #cj1 #ahcg4 ,we "h f9d him face to face ) an idea :i* beset 8 m9d ?r\gh\t 8 :ole subsequ5t life--! idea ( action at a di/ance4 ,x p]plex$ & bewild]$ him4 ,9 8 attempts to get rid ( ?is p]plexity he 0 (t5 unconsci\sly rebell+ aga9/ ! limitations ( ! intellect itself4 ,he lov$ to quote ,newton ^u ?is po9t3 ov] & ov] aga9 he introduces 8 memorable words1 8,t gravity %\ld be innate1 inh]5t1 & ess5tial to matt]1 s t "o body may act ^u ano!r at a di/ance ?r\gh a vacuum & )\t ! m$iation ( any?+ else1 by & ?r\gh :i* ?is action & =ce may be convey$ f "o to ano!r1 is to me s great an absurdity1 t ,i believe no man :o has 9 philosophical matt]s a compet5t faculty ( ?9k+ c ev] fall into x4 ,gravity mu/ be caus$ by an ag5t act+ con/antly accord+ to c]ta9 laws2 b :e!r ?is ag5t be mat]ial or immat]ial ,i h left to ! consid]ation ( my read]s40#df ,f>aday does n see ! same difficulty 9 8 contigu\s p>ticles4 ,& yet by transf]r+ ! conception f masses to p>ticles we simply less5 size & di/ance1 b we d n alt] ! quality ( ! conception4 ,:atev] difficulty ! m9d exp]i5ces 9 conceiv+ ( action at s5sible di/ances1 besets x also :5 x attempts to conceive ( action at ins5sible di/ances4 ,/ill ! inve/igation ( ! po9t :e!r electric & magnetic effects 7 wr\ght out ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( contigu\s p>ticles or n1 _h a physical int]e/ altoge!r ap>t f ! metaphysical difficulty4 ,f>aday grapples ) ! subject exp]im5tally4 ,by simple intuition he sees t action at a di/ance mu/ be ex]t$ 9 /raight l9es4 ,gravity1 he kn[s1 w n turn a corn]1 b ex]ts its pull along a "r l9e2 h5ce 8 aim & ef=t to asc]ta9 :e!r electric action ev] takes place 9 curv$ l9es4 ,?is once prov$1 x w\ld foll[ t ! action is c>ri$ on by means ( a m$ium surr\nd+ ! electrifi$ bodies4 ,8 exp]im5ts 9 #ahcg r$uc$1 9 8 op9ion1 ?is po9t to demon/ration4 ,he !n f\nd t he c\ld electrify by induction an insulat$ sph]e plac$ completely 9 ! %ad[ ( a body :i* scre5$ x f direct action4 ,he pictur$ ! l9es ( electric =ce b5d+ r\nd ! edges ( ! scre51 & reunit+ on ! o!r side ( x2 & he prov$ t 9 _m cases ! augm5tation ( ! di/ance betwe5 8 insulat$ sph]e & ! induc+ body1 in/ead ( less5+1 increas$ ! *>ge ( ! sph]e4 ,?is he ascrib$ to ! coalesc5ce ( ! l9es ( electric =ce at "s di/ance beh9d ! scre54 ,sid5ote3 ,,specific ,,inductive ,,capacity4 ,f>aday's !oretic views on ?is subject h n receiv$ g5]al acceptance1 b !y drove him to exp]im5t1 & exp]im5t ) him 0 always prolific ( results4 ,by suitable arrangem5ts he places a metallic sph]e 9 ! middle ( a l>ge holl[ sph]e1 leav+ a space ( some?+ m ?an half an in* betwe5 !m4 ,! int]ior sph]e 0 insulat$1 ! ext]nal "o un9sulat$4 ,to ! =m] he communicat$ a def9ite *>ge ( electricity4 ,x act$ by induction ^u ! concave surface ( ! latt]1 & he exam9$ h[ ?is act ( induction 0 affect$ by plac+ insulators ( v>i\s k9ds betwe5 ! two sph]es4 ,he tri$ gases1 liquids1 & solids1 b ! solids alone gave him positive results4 ,he con/ruct$ two in/rum5ts ( ! =ego+ description1 equal 9 size & simil> 9 =m4 ,! int]ior sph]e ( ea* communicat$ ) ! ext]nal air by a brass /em end+ 9 a knob4 ,! app>atus 0 virtually a ,leyd5 j>1 ! two coat+s ( :i* 7 ! two sph]es1 ) a ?ick & v>iable insulator betwe5 !m4 ,! am\nt ( *>ge 9 ea* j> 0 det]m9$ by br++ a pro(-plane into contact ) its knob1 & measur+ by a torsion balance ! *>ge tak5 away4 ,he fir/ *>g$ "o ( 8 in/rum5ts1 & !n divid+ ! *>ge ) ! o!r1 f\nd t :5 air int]v5$ 9 bo? cases1 ! *>ge 0 equally divid$4 ,b :5 %ell-lac1 sulphur1 or sp]maceti 0 int]pos$ betwe5 ! two sph]es ( "o j>1 :ile air occupi$ ?is int]val 9 ! o!r1 !n he f\nd t ! in/rum5t occupi$ by ! 8solid dielectric0 took m ?an half ! orig9al *>ge4 ,a portion ( ! *>ge 0 absorb$ 9 ! dielectric itself4 ,! electricity took "t to p5etrate ! dielectric4 ,imm$iately aft] ! dis*>ge ( ! app>atus no trace ( electricity 0 f\nd ^u its knob4 ,b aft] a "t electricity 0 f\nd !re1 ! *>ge hav+ gradually return$ f ! dielectric 9 :i* x _h be5 lodg$4 ,diff]5t insulators possess ?is p[] ( p]mitt+ ! *>ge to ent] !m 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,f>aday figur$ _! p>ticles z pol>is$1 & he conclud$ t ! =ce ( induction is propagat$ f p>ticle to p>ticle ( ! dielectric f ! inn] sph]e to ! out] "o4 ,?is p[] ( propagation possess$ by insulators he calls _! 8,specific ,inductive ,capacity40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,f>aday visualises ) ! utmo/ cle>ness ! /ate ( 8 contigu\s p>ticles2 "o aft] ano!r !y become *>g$1 ea* succe$+ p>ticle dep5d+ = its *>ge ^u its pr$ecessor4 ,& n[ he seeks to break d[n ! wall ( p>tition betwe5 conductors & insulators4 8,c we n10 he says1 8by a gradual *a9 ( association c>ry up dis*>ge f its occurr5ce 9 air ?r\gh sp]maceti & wat] to solutions1 & !n on to *lorides1 oxides1 & metals1 )\t any ess5tial *ange 9 its "*80 ,ev5 copp]1 he urges1 (f]s a resi/ance to ! transmission ( electricity4 ,! action ( its p>ticles diff]s f ^? ( an insulator only 9 degree4 ,!y are *>g$ l ! p>ticles ( ! insulator1 b !y dis*>ge ) great] ease & rapidity2 & ?is rapidity ( molecul> dis*>ge is :at we call conduction4 ,conduction1 !n1 is always prec$$ by atomic induction2 & :5 ?r\gh "s quality ( ! body1 :i* ,f>aday does n def9e1 ! atomic dis*>ge is r5d]$ sl[ & difficult1 conduction passes into insulation4 ,?\gh !y are (t5 obscure1 a f9e ve9 ( philosophic ?\ght runs ?r\gh ^! inve/igations4 ,! m9d ( ! philosoph] dwells amid ^? ag5cies :i* und]lie ! visible ph5om5a ( induction & conduction2 & he tries by ! /rong light ( 8 imag9ation to see ! v molecules ( 8 dielectrics4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be easy to criticise ^! rese>*es1 easy to %[ ! loos5ess1 & sometimes ! inaccuracy1 ( ! phraseology employ$2 b ?is critical _s w get little good out ( ,f>aday4 ,r let ^? :o pond] 8 works seek to realise ! object he set be=e him1 n p]mitt+ 8 occasional vagu5ess to int]f]e ) _! appreciation ( 8 speculations4 ,we may see ! ripples1 & eddies1 & vortices ( a fl[+ /ream1 )\t be+ able to resolve all ^! motions into _! con/itu5t elem5ts2 & s x sometimes /rikes me t ,f>aday cle>ly saw ! play ( fluids & e!rs & atoms1 ?\gh 8 previ\s tra9+ did n enable him to resolve :at he saw into its con/itu5ts1 or describe x 9 a mann] satisfactory to a m9d v]s$ 9 me*anics4 ,& !n aga9 occur1 ,i confess1 d>k say+s1 difficult to be und]/ood1 :i* di/urb my confid5ce 9 ?is conclusion4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 always be rememb]$ t he works at ! v b\nd>ies ( our k1 & t 8 m9d habitually dwells 9 ! 8b\ndless contiguity ( %ade0 by :i* t k is surr\nd$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cable ,,ret>dation ,,pr$ict$4 ,9 ! rese>*es n[ "u review ! ratio ( speculation & reason+ to exp]im5t is f> high] ?an 9 any ( ,f>aday's previ\s works4 ,amid mu* t is entangl$ & d>k we h fla%es ( wondr\s insight & utt]ances :i* seem less ! product ( reason+ ?an ( revelation4 ,i w conf9e myself "h to "o example ( ?is div9+ p[]3--,by 8 mo/ +5i\s device ( a rapidly rotat+ mirror1 ,:eat/one _h prov$ t electricity requir$ "t to pass ?r\gh a wire1 ! curr5t rea*+ ! middle ( ! wire lat] ?an its two ends4 8,if10 says ,f>aday1 8! two ends ( ! wire 9 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's exp]im5ts 7 imm$iately connect$ ) two l>ge insulat$ metallic surfaces expos$ to ! air1 s t ! prim>y act ( induction1 aft] mak+ ! contact = dis*>ge1 might be 9 "p remov$ f ! int]nal portion ( ! wire at ! fir/ in/ance1 & dispos$ = ! mom5t on its surface jo9tly ) ! air & surr\nd+ conductors1 !n ,i v5ture to anticipate t ! middle sp>k w\ld be m ret>d$ ?an be=e4 ,& if ^? two plates 7 ! inn] & out] coat+s ( a l>ge j> or ,leyd5 batt]y1 !n ! ret>dation ( ! sp>k w\ld be mu* great]40 ,?is 0 only a pr$iction1 = ! exp]im5t 0 n made4 ,sixte5 ye>s subsequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! prop] conditions came into play1 & ,f>aday 0 able to %[ t ! obs]vations ( ,w]n] ,siem5s & ,latim] ,cl>k on subt]rane\s & subm>9e wires 7 illu/rations1 on a gr& scale1 ( ! pr9ciple :i* he _h enunciat$ 9 #ahch4 ,! wires & ! surr\nd+ wat] act z a ,leyd5 j>1 & ! ret>dation ( ! curr5t pr$ict$ by ,f>aday manife/s itself 9 e message s5t by su* cables4 ,! mean+ ( ,f>aday 9 ^! memoirs on induction & conduction is1 z ,i h said1 by no means always cle>2 & ! difficulty w be mo/ felt by ^? :o are be/ tra9$ 9 ord9>y !oretic conceptions4 ,he does n "k ! read]'s ne$s1 & he !re=e does n meet !m4 ,= in/ance1 he speaks ov] & ov] aga9 ( ! impossibility ( *>g+ a body ) "o electricity1 ?\gh ! impossibility is by no means evid5t4 ,! key to ! difficulty is ?is4 ,he looks ^u e insulat$ conductor z ! inn] coat+ ( a ,leyd5 j>4 ,an insulat$ sph]e 9 ! middle ( a room is to 8 m9d su* a coat+2 ! walls are ! out] coat+1 :ile ! air betwe5 bo? is ! insulator1 across :i* ! *>ge acts by induction4 ,)\t ?is reaction ( ! walls ^u ! sph]e1 y c\ld no m1 accord+ to ,f>aday1 *>ge x ) electricity ?an y c\ld *>ge a ,leyd5 j>1 if its out] coat+ 7 remov$4 ,di/ance ) him is immat]ial4 ,8 /r5g? z a g5]alis] enables him to dissolve ! idea ( magnitude2 & if y aboli% ! walls ( ! room--ev5 ! e>? itself--he w\ld make ! sun & planets ! out] coat+ ( 8 j>4 ,i d>e n cont5d t ,f>aday 9 ^! memoirs made all ^! !oretic positions good4 ,b a pure ve9 ( philosophy runs ?r\gh ^! writ+s2 :ile 8 exp]im5ts & reason+s on ! =ms & ph5om5a ( electrical dis*>ge are ( imp]i%able importance4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! twelf? memoir1 n includ$ 9 ! above summ>y1 ,f>aday deals ) ! disruptive dis*>ge1 & ) ! nature ( ! sp>k "u v>y+ conditions4 ,?is is cont9u$ on into ! ?irte5? memoir1 read ,febru>y1 #ahch1 & is ext5d$ to ! cases ( 8bru%0 & 8gl[0 dis*>ges4 ,he discov]$ ! exi/5ce ( ! v rem>kable ph5om5on ( ! 8d>k0 dis*>ge ne> ! ca?ode 9 r>efi$ air4 ,he s\ght to correlate all ! v>i\s =ms ( dis*>ge1 z %[+ ! ess5tial nature ( an electric curr5t4 8,if a ball be electrifi$ positively10 he says1 89 ! middle ( a room1 & be !n mov$ 9 any direction1 effects w be produc$1 z if a curr5t 9 ! same direction 7to use ! conv5tional mode ( expression7 _h exi/$40 ,?is is ! !ory ( convection curr5ts lat] adopt$ by ,maxwell1 & v]ifi$ by exp]im5t by ,r[l& 9 #ahgf4 ,sid5ote3 ,,co9age ,,( ,,new ,,words4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is rese>* on induction1 ,f>aday _h1 z we h se51 be5 compell$ to adopt new ideas1 & !re=e to adopt new names to d5ote !m4 ,! t]m dielectric = ! m$ium 9 or across :i* ! electric =ces op]ate 0 "o ( ^!4 ,z 9 previ\s cases1 he consult$ ) 8 fri5ds z to suitable t]ms4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! foll[+ lett] f ,:ewell expla9s itself4 ,! lett] to :i* x is a reply has n be5 pres]v$1 b ! ref]5ce to ,f>aday's objection to ! ^w curr5t may be elucidat$ by a comp>ison ) :at ,f>aday wrote 9 criticism ( t ^w on pages #adf & #bab4 ,rev4 ,w4 ,:ewell to ,m4 ,f>aday4 ,,tr94 ,,coll41 ,,cambridge1 ,oct4 #ad1 #ahcg4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1--,i am always glad to he> ( ! progress ( y\r rese>*es1 & nev] ! less s because !y require ! fabrication ( a new ^w or two4 ,su* a co9age has always tak5 place at ! great epo*s ( discov]y2 l ! m$als t are /ruck at ! beg9n+ ( a new reign3--or r l ! *ange ( curr5cy produc$ by ! accession ( a new sov]eign2 = _! value & influ5ce consi/s 9 _! com+ into common circulation4 ,i am n sure t ,i und]/& ! views :i* y are at pres5t br++ into %ape suffici5tly well to sugge/ any su* t]ms z y ?9k y want4 ,i ?9k t if ,i c\ld h a qu>t] ( an h\r's talk ) y ,i %\ld probably be able to con/ruct t]ms t w\ld record y\r new notions1 s f> z ,i c\ld be made to und]/& !m bett] ?an ,i c by means ( lett]s3 = x is difficult )\t "q & discussion to cat* ! precise k9d ( relation :i* y want to express4 ,h[ev]1 by way ( beg9n+ su* a discussion1 ,i w\ld ask y :e!r y want ab/ract t]ms to d5ote ! diff]5t & relat$ conditions ( ! body :i* ex]cises & ! body :i* suff]s induction8 ,= ?\gh bo? are active & bo? passive x may /ill be conv5i5t to suppose a c]ta9 asc5dancy on "o side4 ,if s w\ld two su* words z inductricity & inducteity answ] y\r purpose8 ,!y are n v mon/r\s 9 _! =m2 & are suffici5tly di/9ct4 ,& if y want ! correspond+ adjectives y may call ! "o ! inductric1 & ! o!r ! inducte\s body4 ,?is la/ ^w is r a />tl+ "o2 b if su* relations are to be express$1 t]m9ations are a good artifice1 z we see 9 *emi/ry3 & ,i h no d\bt if y give ! _w facts & laws :i* are bett] express$ ) ?an )\t su* solecisms1 !y w soon accommodate to ! phrases1 z !y h (t5 done to worse ones4 ,b ,i am r 9 ! d>k z to :e!r ?is is ! k9d ( relation :i* y want to indicate4 ,if n1 ! attempt may p]haps s]ve to %ew y :]e my dulness lies4 ,i d n see my way any bett] z to ! o!r t]ms1 = ,i d n cat* y\r objection to curr5t1 :i* appe>s to me to be capable ( jogg+ on v well f ca?ode to anode1 or vice v]sa4 ,z = positive & negative1 ,i d n see :y ca?odic & anodic %\ld n be us$1 if !y w d ! s]vice y want ( !m4 ,i expect to be 9 ,london at ! end ( ! mon?1 & c\ld probably see y = half an h\r on ! #a/ ( ,novemb]1 say at #aj1 #aa1 or #ab4 ,b 9 ! mean "t ,i %all be glad to he> f y :e!r y c make any?+ ( su* conundrums z ,i h m5tion$1 & am always y\rs v truly1 ,w4 ,,:ewell4 ,m4 ,,f>aday ,esqre4 ,royal ,in/itution4 ,sid5ote3 ,,lat]al ,,actions ,,( ,,curr5t4 ,! conclud+ "p ( ! ?irte5? memoir1 9 :i* ^! new t]ms are us$1 is an exce$+ly /rik+ speculation on ! lat]al or transv]se effects ( ! curr5t4 ,9 call+ special att5tion to !m1 he says3 8,i ref] ( c\rse to ! magnetic action & its relations2 b ?\gh ?is is ! only recognis$ lat]al action ( ! curr5t1 !re is great reason = believ+ t o!rs exi/ & w\ld by _! discov]y rew>d a close se>* = !m40 ,he seems to h _h an in/9ctive p]ception ( some?+ t elud$ 8 grasp4 ,n until aft] ,maxwell _h giv5 ma!matical =m to ,f>aday's own sugge/ions 0 ?is vision to be realis$4 ,he is dimly aw>e t !re appe>s to be a lat]al t5sion or repulsion possess$ by ! l9es ( electric inductive action2 & onw>d runs 8 ?\ght 9 free speculation3-- ,:5 curr5t or dis*>ge occurs betwe5 two bodies1 previ\sly "u inductrical relations to ea* o!r1 ! l9es ( inductive =ce w weak5 & fade away1 &1 z _! lat]al repulsive t5sion dim9i%es1 w contract & ultimately disappe> 9 ! l9e ( dis*>ge4 ,may n ?is be an effect id5tical ) ! attractions ( simil> curr5ts8 i4e4 may n ! passage ( /atic electricity into curr5t electricity1 & t ( ! lat]al t5sion ( ! l9es ( ! inductive =ce into ! lat]al attraction ( l9es ( simil> dis*>ge1 h ! same relation & dep5d5ces1 & run p>allel to ea* o!r8 ,s]ies f\rte5 ( ! memoirs is on ! nature ( ! electric =ce & on ! relation ( ! electric & magnetic =ces1 & comprises an inconclusive inquiry z to a possible relation betwe5 specific inductive capacity & axes ( cry/allisation 9 cry/all9e dielectrics--a relation lat] assum$ z true by ,maxwell ev5 be=e x 0 demon/rat$ by ,von ,boltzmann4 ,9 ?is memoir1 too1 occurs a description ( a simple b effective induction balance4 ,!n he asks :at happ5s to insulat+ sub/ances1 su* z air or sulphur1 :5 !y are put 9 a place :]e ! magnetic =ces are v>y+2 !y ought1 he ?9ks1 to und]go "s /ate or condition correspond+ to ! /ate t causes curr5ts 9 metals & conductors1 &1 fur!r1 t /ate ought to be "o ( t5sion4 8,i h10 he says1 8by rotat+ non-conduct+ bodies ne> magnetic poles1 & poles ne> !m1 & also by caus+ p[]ful electric curr5ts to be sudd5ly =m$ & to cease ar\nd & ab\t insulators 9 v>i\s directions1 endeav\r$ to make "s su* /ate s5sible1 b h n succe$$40 ,9 %ort1 he 0 look+ = direct evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( :at ,maxwell call$ 8displacem5t curr5ts0--evid5ce :i* 0 lat] f\nd indep5d5tly by ! au?or & by ,rntg54 ,&1 aga91 !re rises 9 8 m9d a p]ception ( t electrotonic /ate :i* _h haunt$ 8 e>li] rese>*es z a some?+ impos$ ^u ! surr\nd+ m$ium dur+ ! gr[? or dy+ ( an electric curr5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,,incessant ,,activities4 ,9 ^! ye>s 7#ahce-ahch7 ,f>aday 0 /ill indefatigable 9 8 lecture duties4 ,9 #ahce he gave f\r ,friday disc\rses1 & 9 ,may & ,june eight aft]noon lectures at ! ,royal ,in/itution on ! metals2 also a c\rse ( f\rte5 lectures on electricity to ! m$ical /ud5ts at ,/4 ,george's ,hospital4 ,9 #ahcf he publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e a pap] on ! magnetism ( ! metals--notable z conta9+ ! /ill unv]ifi$ speculation t all metals w\ld become magnetic 9 ! same way z iron if only cool$ to a suffici5tly l[ temp]ature--& ?ree o!r pap]s1 includ+ "o on ! 8passive0 /ate ( iron4 ,he gave f\r ,friday disc\rses & six aft]noon lectures on heat4 ,9 #ahcg also f\r ,friday night disc\rses & six aft]noon lectures 7 deliv]$4 ,9 #ahch ?ree ,friday disc\rses & eight aft]noon lectures on electricity1 end+ 9 ,june ) a di/9ct enunciation ( ! doctr9e ( ! trans=mations ( 8=ce0 7i4e4 en]gy7 & its inde/ructibility1 af=d$ evid5ce ( 8 indu/ry 9 ?is respect4 ,at ! same "t he 0 giv+ sci5tific advice to ! au?orities ( ,tr9ity ,h\se z to _! ligh?\ses4 ,! laboratory notebook = ,m>* to ,augu/1 #ahch1 %[s a long rese>*1 occupy+ ne>ly #ajj folio pages1 on ! relation ( specific inductive capacity to cry/all9e /ructure4 ,?is is foll[$ by "s exp]im5ts ^u an electric eel1 at ! ,royal ,adelaide ,gall]y1 ) "s unpubli%$ sket*es ( ! di/ribution 9 ! wat] ( ! curr5ts x emits4 ,he prov$1 ) great satisfaction1 t ! curr5ts x gave 7 capable ( produc+ magnetic effects1 sp>ks1 & *emical decomposition4 ,^! obs]vations 7 embodi$ 9 ! fifte5? s]ies ( memoirs4 ,"o entry 9 ! laboratory book1 ( date ,april #e?1 #ahch1 is ( great int]e/1 z %[+ h[ 8 m9d ev] recurr$ to ! possibility ( f9d+ a connection betwe5 optical & electric ph5om5a3 8,mu/ try pol>iz$ light across a cry/all9e dielectric "u *>ge4 ,good reasons p]haps n[ evid5t :y a non-cry/all9e dielectric %\ld h no effect40 ,f>aday 0 n[ feel+ greatly ! /ra9 ( all ^! ye>s ( "w1 & 9 #ahci did little rese>* until ! autumn4 ,!n he return$ to ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! electromotive =ce ( ! voltaic cell1 & by ! end ( ! ye> complet$ two long pap]s on ?is vex$ "q2 !y =m$ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? s]ies1 & conclude ! memoirs ( ?is second p]iod4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,contact ,,!ory ,,( ,,electricity4 ,9 ! eigh? s]ies1 complet$ 9 ,april1 #ahcd1 on ! 8,electricity ( ! ,voltaic ,pile10 ,f>aday _h dealt ) ! "q--at t "t a topic ( excit$ controv]sy--( ! orig9 ( ! electromotive =ce 9 a cell1 ,volta1 :o knew no?+ ( ! *emical actions1 ascrib$ x to ! contact ( dissimil> metals1 :il/ ,wolla/on1 ,becqu]el1 & ,de la ,rive consid]$ x ! result ( *emical actions4 ,! controv]sy has long ceas$ to int]e/ ! sci5tific _w2 =1 ) ! recognition ( ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 x became evid5t t m]e contact _c provide a cont9u+ supply ( en]gy4 ,x w\ld n[ be altoge!r dead b = ! survival ( a belief 9 ! contact !ory on ! "p ( "o ( ! mo/ hon\r$ vet]ans 9 sci5ce4 ,b 9 ! ye>s #ahcd to #ahdj x 0 ( absorb+ int]e/4 ,f>aday's "w quietly remov$ ! props :i* support$ ! old] !ory1 & x crumbl$ away4 ,he f\nd t ! *emical & electrical effects 9 ! cell 7 proportional "o to ! o!r1 & insep>able4 ,he discov]$ a way ( mak+ a cell )\t any metallic contacts4 ,he %[$ t )\t *emical action !re 0 no curr5t produc$4 ,b 8 results 7 ignor$ = ! "t4 ,aft] six ye>s ,f>aday reop5$ ! "q4 ,aga9 ! admirable summ>y ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall is drawn ^u = ! foll[+ acc\nt3-- ,! memoir on ! 8,electricity ( ! ,voltaic ,pile10 publi%$ 9 #ahcd1 appe>s to h produc$ b little impression ^u ! support]s ( ! contact !ory4 ,^! inde$ 7 m5 ( too great intellectual weight & insight lightly to take up1 or lightly to ab&on1 a !ory4 ,f>aday !re=e resum$ ! attack 9 two pap]s communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society on ,febru>y #f & ,m>* #ai1 #ahdj4 ,9 ^! pap]s he hamp]$ 8 antagoni/s by a cr[d ( adv]se exp]im5ts4 ,he hung difficulty aft] difficulty ab\t ! neck ( ! contact !ory1 until 9 its ef=ts to escape f 8 assaults x s *ang$ its "* z to become a ?+ totally diff]5t f ! !ory propos$ by ,volta4 ,! m p]si/5tly x 0 def5d$1 h[ev]1 ! m cle>ly did x %[ itself to be a cong]ies ( devices1 be>+ ! /amp ( dialectic skill r ?an t ( natural tru?4 ,9 conclusion1 ,f>aday br\ght to be> ^u x an argum5t :i*1 _h its full weight & purport be5 und]/ood at ! "t1 w\ld h in/antly decid$ ! controv]sy4 8,! contact !ory10 he urg$1 8assumes t a =ce :i* is able to ov]come p[]ful resi/ance1 z = in/ance t ( ! conductors1 good or bad1 ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t passes1 & t aga9 ( ! electrolytic action :]e bodies are decompos$ by x1 c arise out ( no?+2 t )\t any *ange 9 ! act+ matt]1 or ! consumption ( any g5]at+ =ce1 a curr5t %all be produc$ :i* %all g on = ev] aga9/ a con/ant resi/ance1 or only be /opp$1 z 9 ! voltaic tr\gh1 by ! ru9s :i* its ex]tion has heap$ up 9 its own c\rse4 ,?is w\ld inde$ be a creation ( p[]1 & is l no o!r =ce 9 nature4 ,we h _m processes by :i* ! =m ( ! p[] may be s *ang$1 t an app>5t conv]sion ( "o into ! o!r takes place4 ,s we c *ange *emical =ce into ! electric curr5t1 or ! curr5t into *emical =ce4 ,! beautiful exp]im5ts ( ,seebeck & ,pelti] %[ ! conv]tibility ( heat & electricity2 & o!rs by ,o]/$ & myself %[ ! conv]tibility ( electricity & magnetism4 ,b 9 no case1 n ev5 9 ^? ( ! gymnotus & torp$o1 is !re a pure creation or a production ( p[] )\t a correspond+ exhau/ion ( some?+ to supply x40 ,9 #ahci ,f>aday gave five ,friday disc\rses & a c\rse ( eight aft]noon lectures on ! non-metallic elem5ts4 ,9 #ahdj he gave ?ree ,friday disc\rses & sev5 lectures on *emical aff9ity4 ,b 9 ! summ] came ! s]i\s breakd[n allud$ to on page #ge4 ,he did no exp]im5tal "w aft] ,septemb] #ad?1 nor inde$ = ne>ly two ye>s4 ,ev5 !n x 0 only a tempor>y return to rese>* to inve/igate ! s\rce ( ! electrification produc$ by /eam 9 ! rem>kable exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 7aft]w>ds ,"l7 ,arm/rong4 ,he prov$ x to be due to friction4 ,?is done1 he cont9u$ to re/ f rese>* until ! middle ( #ahdd1 ?\gh he lectur$ a little = ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,9 #ahda he gave ! juv5ile lectures4 ,9 #ahdb he gave two ,friday disc\rses1 "o ( !m be+ on ! lat]al dis*>ge 9 lightn+-rods4 ,he also gave ! ,*ri/mas lectures on electricity4 ,sid5ote3 ,,end ,,( ,,second ,,active ,,p]iod4 ,9 #ahdc he gave ?ree ,friday disc\rses1 "o ( :i* 0 on ! electricity g5]at$ by a jet ( /eam2 & repeat$ ! eight aft]noon lectures he _h giv5 9 #ahch4 ,9 #ahdd he gave eight lectures on heat & two ,friday disc\rses4 ,he also resum$ rese>* on ! cond5sation ( gases1 & va9ly tri$ to liquefy oxyg5 & hydrog51 ?\gh he succe$$ ) ammonia & nitr\s oxide4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s ( re/ he also did a little "w = ,tr9ity ,h\se1 *iefly conc]n+ ligh?\ses & _! v5tilation4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,sci5tific ,,rese>*es3 ,,?ird ,,p]iod4 ,?r\gh\t ! fruitful t5 ye>s ( ,f>aday's middle p]iod two magi/ral ideas _h sl[ly gr[n up 9 8 m9d1 & z he let 8 ?\ght play ab\t ! objects ( 8 daily activities1 ^! ideas possess$ & dom9at$ him z no newly sugge/$ idea c\ld h done4 ,!y 7 ! correlation & int]-conv]tibility ( ! =ces ( nature1 & ! optical relations ( magnetism & electricity4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( en=c$ re/1 f #ahci to #ahdd1 ^! ideas _h be5 ev] ) him4 ,8 0 a m9d :i* dur+ times ( quiet brood+ did n cease to advance4 ,9 sil5ce 8 ?\ghts arrang$ !mselves 9 read9ess = ! next p]iod ( activity1 & 8 "w1 :5 x began aga91 0 all ! m fruitful = ! antec$5t p]iod ( cogitation4 ,sid5ote3 ,,optical ,,analysis4 ,on ,augu/ #cj?1 #ahde1 ,f>aday = ! six? "t set to "w 9 8 laboratory to se>* = ! connection betwe5 light & electricity = :i* he _h s (t5 look$1 & ab\t :i* he _h s boldly speculat$4 ,he began by look+ = "s effect to be produc$ on pol>is$ light by pass+ x ?r\gh a liquid :i* 0 und]go+ electrolysis4 ,:at effect precisely he expect$ to obs]ve is unkn[n4 ,d\btless he _h an op5 m9d to p]ceive effects ( any k9d _h su* occurr$4 ,e>li] 9 ! c5tury ! ph5om5a ( pol>is$ light _h be5 work$ out 9 great detail1 ?r\gh a ho/ ( beautiful ph5om5a1 by ,arago1 ,biot1 ,brew/]1 & o!rs2 & _! discov]ies _h %[n t ?is ag5t is capable ( reveal+ 9 transp>5t sub/ances details ( /ructure :i* o!rwise w\ld be q invisible4 ,plac$ betwe5 two ,nicol prisms or two slices ( t\rmal9e1 to s]ve respectively z 8pol>is]0 & 8analys]10 ?9 %eets ( transp>5t cry/al--sel5ite or mica--7 made to reveal ! fact t !y possess$ an axis ( maximum ela/icity4 ,= :5 ! analys] & pol>is] 7 set 9 ! 8cross$0 position1 :]e ! "o w\ld cut (f all ! lum9\s vibrations t ! o!r w\ld transmit1 no light w\ld be visible to ! obs]v]1 unless 9 ! int]v5+ space !re 7 int]pos$ "s sub/ance end[$ ) "o ( two prop]ties1 ei!r t ( resolv+ "s "p ( ! vibrations into an oblique direction or else t ( rotat+ ! plane ( ! vibrations to "r or to left4 ,if ei!r ( ^! ?+s is done1 light appe>s ?r\gh ! analys]4 ,x is ?us t /ructure is obs]v$ 9 horn & 9 />* gra9s4 ,x is ?us t ! /ra9s 9 a piece ( compress$ glass are made visible4 ,x is ?us t cry/all9e /ructures g5]ally c be /udi$4 ,x is ?us t ! discov]y 0 made ( ! sub/ances :i* possess ! /range prop]ty ( twi/+ or rotat+ ! plane ( pol>isation ( light--namely1 qu>tz cry/al1 solutions ( sug> & ( c]ta9 alkaloids1 & c]ta9 o!r liquids1 su* z turp5t9e4 ,su* 0 ! ag5t :i* ,f>aday propos$ to employ to detect :e!r electric =ces impress any quality resembl+ t ( /ructure ^u transp>5t mat]ials4 ,! notes beg9 ) ! words3-- 8,i h _h a glass tr\gh made #bd in*es long1 #a in* wide & ab\t #a deep1 9 :i* to decompose electrolites &1 :il/ "u decomposition1 along :i* ,i c\ld pass a ray ( light 9 diff]5t conditions & aft]w>ds exam9e x40 ,he put into ?is tr\gh two plat9um electrodes & a solution ( sulphate ( soda1 b c\ld f9d no effects4 ,eight pages ( ! notebook are fill$ ) details all lead+ to negative results4 ,= t5 days he work$ at ^! exp]im5ts ) liquid electrolytes4 ,! sub/ances us$ 7 di/ill$ wat]1 solution ( sug>1 dilute sulphuric acid1 solution ( sulphate ( soda 7us+ plat9um electrodes71 & solution ( sulphate ( copp] 7us+ copp] electrodes74 ,! curr5t 0 s5t along ! ray1 & p]p5dicul> to x 9 two directions at "r angles ) ea* o!r4 ,! ray 0 made to rotate1 by alt]+ ! position ( ! pol>is] 79 ?is case a black-glass mirror at ! prop] angle71 s t ! plane ( pol>isation might be v>i$4 ,! curr5t 0 us$ z a cont9u\s curr5t1 z a rapidly int]mitt+ curr5t1 & z a rapidly alt]nat+ induction curr5t2 b 9 no case 0 any trace ( action p]ceiv$4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,difficult ,,rese>*4 ,!n he turn$ to solid dielectrics to see if "u electric /ra9 !y w\ld yield any optical effect4 ,he _h inde$ s f> back z #ahch tri$ ! exp]im5t ( coat+ two opposite faces ( a glass cube ) metal foil plates t 7 !n electrifi$ by a p[]ful electric ma*9e4 ,b ! exp]im5t _h no result4 ,?is exp]im5t he n[ repeats ) a score ( elaborate v>iations1 try+ bo? cry/all9e & non-cry/all9e dielectrics4 ,rock-cry/al1 ,icel& sp>1 fl9t glass1 heavy-glass1 turp5t9e1 & air1 _h a beam ( pol>is$ light pass$ ?r\gh !m1 & at ! same "t 8l9es ( electro/atic t5sion0 71 by means ( ! coat+s1 ,leyd5 j>s1 & ! electric ma*9e1 direct$ across ^! bodies1 bo? p>allel to ! pol>is$ ray & across x1 bo? 9 & across ! plane ( pol>isation2 b aga9 )\t any visible effect4 ,!n he tries on ! same bodies1 & on wat]1 ! 8t5sion0 ( a rapidly alt]nat+ induc$ curr5t1 b /ill ) ! same negative result4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall /at$ t f conv]sation ) ,f>aday1 & ) 8 fai?ful assi/ant ,&]son1 he inf]r$ t ! lab\r exp5d$ on ?is prelim9>y & app>5tly fruitless rese>* 0 v great4 ,x occupies _m pages ( ! laboratory notebook4 ,t ?irty-two ye>s lat] ,dr4 ,k]r succe$$ 9 f9d+ ?is optical effect ( electro/atic /ra9 = :i* ,f>aday va9ly s\ght1 is no reflection ^u ,f>aday's p[]s ( obs]vation4 ,_h !re be5 no ,f>aday !re _h d\btless be5 no discov]y by ,k]r4 ,s f> ! que/ _h be5 c>ri$ on ei!r ) electric curr5ts fl[+ ?r\gh ! transp>5t sub/ance or else ) m]e /atical electric =ces1 & a :ole =tnight _h be5 sp5t )\t result4 ,n[ ano!r track is tak51 & x leads /raight to success4 ,he sub/itutes magnetic = electric =ces4 ,sid5ote3 ,,magneto-,,optic ,,discov]y4 8#ac? ,sept4 #ahde4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 8,to-day work$ ) l9es ( magnetic =ce1 pass+ !m across diff]5t bodies transp>5t 9 diff]5t directions1 & at ! same "t pass+ a pol>iz$ ray ( light ?r\gh !m1 & aft]w>ds exam9+ ! ray by a ,ni*ol's ,eye-piece or o!r means4 ,! magnets 7 ,electro-magnets "o be+ our l>ge cyl9d] ,electro-magnet & ! o!r a tempor>y iron core put into ! helix on a frame4 ,?is 0 n ne>ly s /rong z ! =m]4 ,! curr5t ( #e cells ( ,grove's batt]y 0 s5t ?r\gh bo? helices at once & ! magnets 7 made & unmade by putt+ 9 or /opp+ (f ! electric curr5t40 ,air1 fl9t-glass1 rock-cry/al1 calc>e\s sp>1 7 exam9$1 b )\t effect4 ,& s he work$ on ?r\gh ! morn+1 try+ fir/ "o specim51 !n ano!r1 alt]+ ! directions ( ! poles ( 8 magnets1 rev]s+ _! pol>ity1 *ang+ ! position ( 8 optical app>atus1 increas+ ! batt]y-p[] ( 8 magnetis+ curr5t4 ,!n he be?9ks him ( t 8heavy-glass0--! boro-silicate ( lead--:i* _h co/ him ne>ly f\r ye>s ( preci\s lab\r dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( 8 sci5tific life4 ,! entry 9 ! notebook is *>act]i/ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 8,a piece ( heavy glass1 :i* 0 #b in*es by #ah in*es & #je ( an in* ?ick1 be+ a silico-borate ( lead1 0 exp]im5t$ )4 ,x gave no effects :5 ! same magnetic poles or ! contr>y poles 7 on opposite sides 7z respects ! c\rse ( ! pol>is$ ray72--nor :5 ! same poles 7 on ! same side ei!r ) ! con/ant or int]mitt+ curr5t2 ,,b :5 contr>y magnetic poles 7 on ! same side !re 0 an effect produc$ on ! pol>is$ ray1 & ?us magnetic =ce & light 7 prov$ to h relations to ea* o!r4 ,?is fact w mo/ likely prove exce$+ly f]tile1 & ( great value 9 ! inve/igation ( conditions ( natural =ce4 8,! effect 0 ( ?is k9d4 ,! glass1 a result ( "o ( my old exp]im5ts on optical glass1 _h be5 exce$+ly well anneal$ s t x did n 9 any degree affect ! pol>iz$ ray4 ,! two magnetic poles 7 9 a horizontal plane1 & ! piece ( glass put up flat aga9/ !m s t ! pol>iz$ ray c\ld pass ?r\gh its edges & be exam9$ by ! eye at a ,ni*oll's eye piece4 ,9 its natural /ate ! glass _h no effect on ! pol>iz$ ray b on mak+ contact at ! batt]y s z to r5d] ! cores ,n & ,s magnets in/antly ! glass acquir$ a c]ta9 degree ( p[] ( depol>iz+ ! ray :i* x reta9$ /eadily z long z ! cores 7 magnets b :i* x lo/ ! in/ant ! electric curr5t 0 /opp$4 ,h5ce x 0 a p]man5t condition & z 0 expect$ did n s5sibly appe> ) an int]mitt+ curr5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 8,! effect 0 n influ5c$ by any jogg+ motion or any mod]ate pressure ( ! h&s on ! glass4 8,! heavy glass _h t9foil coat+s on its two sides b :5 ^! 7 tak5 (f ! effect rema9$ exactly ! same4 8,a mass ( s(t iron on ! outside ( ! heavy glass greatly dim9i%$ ! effect see ,fig4 #ag4444 8,all ?is %ews t x is :5 ! pol>iz$ ray passes p>allel to ! l9es ( magnetic induction or r to ! direction ( ! magnetic curves1 t ! glass manife/s its p[] ( affect+ ! ray4 ,s t ! heavy glass 9 its magnetiz$ /ate corresponds to ! cube ( rock cry/al3 ! direction ( ! magnetic curves 9 ! piece ( glass correspond+ to ! direction ( ! optic axis 9 ! cry/al 7see ,exp4 ,rese>*es #afhi-afih74444 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 8,employ$ our l>ge r+ electro-magnet :i* is v p[]ful & has ( c\rse ! poles 9 ! "r position only !y are v close n m ?an #je ( an in* ap>t4 ,:5 ! heavy glass 0 put up aga9/ x ! effect 0 produc$ bett] ?an 9 any =m] case4444 ,sid5ote3 ,,en\gh ,,= ,,to-,,day4 8,h got en\gh = to-day40 ,! description :i* he publi%$ 9 ! 8,rese>*es0 ( ! fir/ successful exp]im5t is z foll[s3-- 8,a piece ( ?is glass ab\t #b in*es squ>e & #je ( an in* ?ick1 hav+ flat & poli%$ edges1 0 plac$ z a diamagnetic#dg betwe5 ! poles 7n z yet magnetiz$ by ! electric curr5t71 s t ! pol>iz$ ray %\ld pass ?r\gh its l5g?2 ! glass act$ z air1 wat]1 or any o!r indiff]5t sub/ance w\ld d2 & if ! eye-piece i4e4 analyz] 7 previ\sly turn$ into su* a position t ! pol>iz$ ray 0 ext+ui%$1 or r ! image produc$ by x r5d]$ invisible1 !n ! introduction ( ?is glass made no alt]ation 9 t respect4 ,9 ?is /ate ( circum/ances ! =ce ( ! electromagnet 0 develop$1 by s5d+ an electric curr5t ?r\gh its coils1 & imm$iately ! image ( ! lamp-flame became visible1 & cont9u$ s z long z ! arrangem5t cont9u$ magnetic4 ,on /opp+ ! electric curr5t1 & s caus+ ! magnetic =ce to cease1 ! light in/antly disappe>$2 ^! phnom5a c\ld be r5ew$ at pleasure1 at any in/ant ( "t1 & ^u any occasion1 %[+ a p]fect dep5d5ce ( cause & effect40 ,he paus$ = f\r days 9 ord] to procure m p[]ful electromagnets1 = ! effect :i* he _h obs]v$ 0 exce$+ly slight3 8,a p]son look+ = ! phnom5on = ! fir/ "t w\ld n be able to see x ) a weak magnet40 ,! entry 9 ! notebook beg9s aga93-- 8#ah? ,sept4 #ahde4 8,h n[ borr[$ & receiv$ ! ,woolwi* magnet40 ,sid5ote3 ,,an ,,excell5t ,,day',s ,,"w4 ,?is 0 a m p[]ful electromagnet ?an t at ! ,in/itution4 ,) ?is he sets to "w ) su* en]gy t twelve pages ( ! laboratory book are fill$ 9 "o day4 ,8 ?\ghts _h rip5$ dur+ ! five days1 & he advanc$ rapidly f po9t to po9t4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t ) ! ,woolwi* magnet br+s out ano!r po9t1 ( :i* at once he grasp$ ! significance3-- 8,heavy ,glass 7orig9al1 or #agddh7 :5 plac$ ?us produc$ a v f9e effect4 ,! brightness ( ! image produc$ rose gradually n in/antly1 due to ?is t ! iron cores d n take _! full int5sity ( magnetic /ate at once b require "t1 & s ! magnetic curves rise 9 int5sity4 ,9 ?is way ! effect is "o by :i* an optical exam9ation ( ! electromagnet c be made--& ! "t necess>y cle>ly %ewn40 ,he next asc]ta9s def9itely t ! ph5om5on is "o ( rotatory pol>isation--t is to say1 ! action ( ! magnet is to twi/ & rotate ! plane ( pol>isation ?r\gh a def9ite angle dep5d+ on ! /r5g? ( ! magnet & ! direction ( ! excit+ curr5t4 ,he f9ds ! direction ( ! rotation1 & v]ifies x by comp>ison ) ! ord9>y optical rotation produc$ by turp5t9e & by a solution ( sug>1 w9d+ up ) ! words3-- 8,an excell5t day's "w40 ,= f\r days he w5t on accumulat+ pro(s1 & n[ succe$+ ) ! v sub/ances ) :i* he =m]ly fail$4 ,on ,septemb] #bf? he tri$ ! conjo9t effect ( a magnetic & an electric field4 ,he also tri$ ! effect ( a curr5t runn+ along a transp>5t liquid electrolytically :il/ ! magnet 0 9 op]ation4 ,! only results appe>$ to be ^? due to ! magnet alone4 ,= six days 9 ,octob] ! exp]im5ts 7 cont9u$4 ,he not$1 z a desid]atum1 a transp>5t oxide ( iron4 8,) "s degree ( curiosity & hope0 he 8put gold leaf into ! magnetic l9es1 b c\ld p]ceive no effect40 ,he 0 in/9ctively look+ = ! ph5om5on :i* ,kundt lat] discov]$ z a prop]ty ( ?9 transp>5t films ( iron4 ,he ent]$ among/ ! speculative sugge/ions 9 8 notebook ! qu]y3 8,does ?is magnetic =ce t5d to make iron & oxide ( iron transp>5t80 ,on ,octob] #crd he tri$ exp]im5ts on light reflect$ f ! surface ( metals plac$ 9 ! magnetic field4 ,he inde$ obta9$ an optical rotation by reflection at ! surface ( a poli%$ /eel button1 b ! results 7 inconclusive ow+ to imp]fection ( ! surface4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,dr4 ,k]r to r$iscov] & foll[ up ?is effect4 ,on ,octob] #f? he look$ = me*anical & magnetic effects on pieces ( heavy-glass & on liquids 9 glass bulbs plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( 8 magnet1 b f\nd none4 ,he also look$ = possible effects ( rapid motion giv5 to ! diamagnetic :ile jo9tly subject to ! action ( magnetism & ! light1 b f\nd none4 ,sid5ote3 ,,unfulfill$ ,,expectations4 ,on ,octob] #aa? he ?9ks he has got hold ( ano!r new fact :5 exp]im5t+ on liquids 9 a long glass tube1 ! record ( x fill+ ?ree pages4 ,b two days aft]w>ds he f9ds x only a di/urb+ effect due to ! communication ( heat to ! liquid f ! surr\nd+ magnetis+ coil4 ,he seems to regret ! loss ( ! new fact1 b adds3 8,z to ! o!r ph5om5on ( circul> pol>ization1 t comes out con/ant1 cle>1 & beautiful40 ,!n1 ) t idea ( ! correlation ( =ces always 9 8 head1 !re recurs to him ! notion t if magnetism or electric curr5ts c affect a beam ( light1 !re mu/ be "s sort ( conv]se ph5om5on1 & t 9 "s way or o!r light mu/ be able to electrify or to magnetise4 ,?irty-"o ye>s be=e1 :5 visit+ ,rome ) ,davy1 he _h witness$ ! exp]im5ts ( ,mori*9i on ! alleg$ magnetic effect ( violet light1 & _h rema9$ unconv9c$4 ,8 own idea is v diff]5t4 ,& ,octob] #ad? be+ a bright day ) good sunlight1 he makes ! attempt4 ,select+ a v s5sitive galvanomet]1 he connects x to a spiral ( wire #a in* 9 diamet]1 #db in*es long1 ( #ef convolutions1 & !n directs a beam ( sunlight along its axis4 ,he tries lett+ ! beam pass alt]nately ?r\gh ! coil :ile ! outside is cov]$1 & !n along ! ext]ior :ile ! int]ior is %ad$4 ,b /ill !re is no effect4 ,!n he ins]ts an unmagnetis$ /eel b> )9 ! coil1 & rotates x :ile x is expos$ to ! sun's rays4 ,/ill !re is no effect1 & ! sun goes d[n on ano!r ( ! unfulfill$ expectations4 ,b _h he liv$ to le>n ( ! effect ( light 9 alt]+ ! electric resi/ance ( sel5ium discov]$ by ,mayhew1 ( ! photoelectric curr5ts discov]$ by ,becqu]el1 ( ! dis*>g+ action ( ultra-violet light discov]$ by ,h]tz1 ( ! revivify+ effect ( light on rec5tly demagnetis$ iron discov]$ by ,bidwell1 he w\ld h rejoic$ t su* o!r correlations %\ld h be5 f\nd1 ?\gh diff]5t f t :i* he s\ght4 ,on ,novemb] #crd he receives a new horse%oe magnet1 ) :i* he hop$ to f9d "s optical effect on air & o!r gases1 b aga9 )\t result4 ,t ! magnetism ( ! e>? does actually rotate ! plane ( pol>isation ( sky light 0 ! discov]y ( ,h5ri ,becqu]el s late z #ahgh4 ,fai?ful to 8 own maxim3 8,"w1 f9i%1 publi%10 ,f>aday lo/ no "t 9 writ+ out 8 rese>*4 ,x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society on ,novemb] #f?1 b ! ma9 result 0 v]bally m5tion$ on ,novemb] #crd at ! mon?ly meet+ ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & report$ 9 ! ,a!num ( ,novemb] #h?1 #ahde4 ,b ev5 be=e ! memoir 0 ?us giv5 to ! _w ano!r discov]y _h be5 made4 ,= on ,novemb] #d? ) ! new magnet he repeat$ an exp]im5t :i* a mon? previ\sly _h be5 )\t result4 ,s preoccupi$ 0 he ov] ! new ev5t t he did n ev5 g to ! meet+ ( ! ,royal ,society on ,novemb] #bj?1 :5 8 pap] on ! 8,action ( ,magnets on ,light0 0 read4 ,:at t new discov]y 0 is well told by ,f>aday himself 9 ! lett] :i* he s5t to ,pr(essor ,a4 de la ,rive on ,decemb] #d?3-- ,sid5ote3 ,,fre% ,,magnetic ,,discov]y4 ,f>aday to ,pr(essor ,aug4 de la ,rive4 ,brighton1 ,decemb] #d1 #ahde4 ,,my ,,de> ,,fri5d1-- 99 99 99 ,i c\nt ^u y z "o ( ^? ^: free he>ts h pleasure 9 my success1 & ,i am v grateful to y = x4 ,i h _h y\r la/ lett] by me on my desk = sev]al weeks1 int5d+ to answ] x2 b absolutely ,i h n be5 able1 = ( late ,i h %ut myself up 9 my laboratory & wr\ght1 to ! exclusion ( ev]y?+ else4 ,i he>d aft]w>ds t ev5 y\r bro!r _h call$ on "o ( ^! days & be5 exclud$4 ,well1 a "p ( ?is result is t :i* y h he>d1 & my pap] 0 read to ! ,royal ,society1 ,i believe1 la/ ,?ursday1 = ,i 0 n !re2 & ,i also und]/& !re h be5 notices 9 ! ,a!num1 b ,i h n _h "t to see !m1 & ,i d n "k h[ !y are done4 ,h[ev]1 ,i c ref] y to ! ,times ( la/ ,saturday 7,novemb] #bi?7 = a v good ab/ract ( ! pap]4 ,i d n "k :o put x 91 b x is well done1 ?\gh brief4 ,to t acc\nt1 !re=e1 ,i w ref] y4 ,= ,i am /ill s involv$ 9 discov]y t ,i h h>dly "t = my meals1 & am "h at ,brighton bo? to refre% & "w my head at once1 & ,i feel t unless ,i _h be5 "h1 & be5 c>eful1 ,i c\ld n h cont9u$ my lab\rs4 ,! consequ5ce has be5 t la/ ,monday ,i ann\nc$ to our memb]s at ! ,royal ,in/itution ano!r discov]y1 ( :i* ,i w give y ! pi? 9 a few words4 ,! pap] w g to ! ,royal ,society next week1 & probably be read z %ortly aft] z !y c !re f9d x conv5i5t4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i work$ ^u optical glass1 & made a vitre\s comp\nd ( silica1 boracic acid1 & lead1 :i* ,i w n[ call heavy glass1 & :i* ,amici uses 9 "s ( 8 microscopes2 & x 0 ?is sub/ance :i* enabl$ me fir/ to act on light by magnetic & electric =ces4 ,n[1 if a squ>e b> ( ?is sub/ance1 ab\t half an in* ?ick & two in*es long1 be v freely susp5d$ betwe5 ! poles ( a p[]ful horse-%oe electro-magnet1 imm$iately t ! magnetic =ce is develop$1 ! b> po9ts2 b x does n po9t f pole to pole1 b equatorially or across ! magnetic l9es ( =ce--i4e4 ea/ & we/ 9 respect ( ! nor? & s\? poles4 ,if x be mov$ f ?is position x returns to x1 & ?is cont9ues z long z ! magnetic =ce is 9 action4 ,?is effect is ! result ( a /ill simpl] action ( ! magnet on ! b> ?an :at appe>s by ! exp]im5t1 & :i* may be obta9$ at a s+le magnetic pole4 ,= if a cubical or r\nd$ piece ( ! glass be susp5d$ by a f9e ?read six or eight feet long1 & all[$ to hang v ne> a /rong magneto-electric pole 7n z yet made active71 !n on r5d]+ ! pole magnetic ! glass w be repell$1 & cont9ue repell$ until ! magnetism ceases4 ,?is effect or p[] ,i h work$ out ?r\gh a great numb] ( its =ms & /range consequ5ces1 & !y w occupy two s]ies ( ! 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es40 ,x belongs to all matt] 7n magnetic1 z iron7 )\t exception1 s t e sub/ance belongs to ! "o or ! o!r class--magnetic or diamagnetic bodies4 ,! law ( action 9 its simple =m is t su* matt] t5ds to g f /rong to weak po9ts ( magnetic =ce1 & 9 do+ ?is ! sub/ance w g 9 ei!r direction along ! magnetic curves1 or 9 ei!r direction across !m4 ,x is curi\s t among/ ! metals are f\nd bodies possess+ ?is prop]ty 9 z high a degree z p]haps any o!r sub/ance4 ,9 fact1 ,i d n "k at pres5t :e!r heavy glass1 or bismu?1 or phosphorus is ! mo/ /rik+ 9 ?is respect4 ,i h v little d\bt t y h an electro-magnet /rong en\gh to enable y to v]ify ! *ief facts ( po9t+ equatorially & repulsion1 if y w use bismu? c>efully exam9$ z to its fre$om f magnetism1 & mak+ ( x a b> an in* & a half long1 & "o-?ird or "o-f\r? ( an in* wide4 ,let me1 h[ev]1 ask ! fav\r ( y\r keep+ ?is fact to y\rself = two or ?ree weeks1 & pres]v+ ! date ( ?is lett] z a record4 ,i ought 79 ord] to pres]ve ! respect due to ! ,royal ,society7 n to write a description to anyone until ! pap] has be5 receiv$ or ev5 read !re4 ,aft] ?ree weeks or a mon? ,i ?9k y may use x1 gu>d+1 z ,i am sure y w d1 my "r4 ,& n[1 my de> fri5d1 ,i mu/ conclude1 & ha/5 to "w aga94 ,b fir/ give my k9de/ respects to ,madame de la ,rive1 & _m ?anks to y\r bro!r = 8 call4 ,ev] y\r ob$i5t & affectionate fri5d1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,sid5ote3 ,,magnetic ,,exp]im5ts4 ,! discov]y ( diamagnetism :i* ,f>aday ?us ann\nc$ 0 9 itself a notable a*ievem5t4 ,z ,tyndall po9ts out1 ! discov]y itself 0 9 all probability due to ,f>aday's habit ( n reg>d+ z f9al any negative result ( an exp]im5t until he _h br\ght to be> ^u x ! mo/ p[]ful res\rces at 8 comm&4 ,he _h tri$ ! effects ( ord9>y magnets on brass & copp] & o!r mat]ials commonly consid]$ z non-magnetic4 ,b :51 = ! purpose ( ! prec$+ rese>* on ! relation ( magnetism to light1 he _h delib]ately procur$ electromagnets ( unusual p[]1 he aga9 tri$ :at _! effect might be ^u non-magnetic /uffs4 ,susp5d+ a piece ( 8 heavy glass ne> ! poles 9 a /irrup ( writ+-pap] slung ^u ! end ( a long ?read ( cocoon silk1 he f\nd x to exp]i5ce a /rong me*anical action :5 ! magnet 0 /imulat$ by turn+ on ! curr5t4 ,8 precision ( description is *>act]i/ic3-- ,i %all h su* frequ5t occasion to ref] to two *ief positions ( position across ! magnetic field1 t1 to avoid p]iphrasis1 ,i w "h ask leave to use a t]m or two conditionally4 ,"o ( ^! directions is t f pole to pole1 or along ! l9es ( magnetic =ce1 ,i w call x ! axial direction2 ! o!r is ! direction p]p5dicul> to ?is1 & across ! l9e ( magnetic =ce & = ! "t1 & z respects ! space betwe5 ! poles1 ,i w call x ! equatorial direction4 ,note ! occurr5ce 9 ! above passage = ! fir/ "t ( ! t]m 8! magnetic field40 ,f>aday's description ( ! discov]y cont9ues z foll[s3-- ,! b> ( silicat$ borate ( lead or heavy glass already describ$ z ! sub/ance 9 :i* magnetic =ces 7 fir/ made effectually to be> on a ray ( light1 & :i* is #b in*es long1 & ab\t #je in* wide & ?ick1 0 susp5d$ c5trally betwe5 ! magnetic poles1 & left until ! effect ( torsion 0 ov]4 ,! magnet 0 !n ?r[n into action by mak+ contact at ! voltaic batt]y4 ,imm$iately ! b> mov$1 turn+ r\nd its po9t ( susp5sion1 into a position across ! magnetic curve or l9e ( =ce1 &1 aft] a few vibrations1 took up its place ( re/ !re4 ,on be+ displac$ by h& f ?is position x return$ to x1 & ?is occurr$ _m times 9 succession4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,ei!r end ( ! b> indiff]5tly w5t to ei!r side ( ! axial l9e4 ,! det]m9+ circum/ance 0 simply incl9ation ( ! b> "o way or ! o!r to ! axial l9e at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t4 ,if a p>ticul> or m>k$ end ( ! b> 7 on "o side ( ! magnetic or axial l9e :5 ! magnet 0 r5d]$ active1 t end w5t fur!r outw>ds until ! b> _h tak5 up ! equatorial position4444 ,"h1 !n1 we h a magnetic b> :i* po9ts ea/ & we/ 9 relation to nor? & s\? poles--i4e4 po9ts p]p5dicul>ly to ! l9es ( magnetic =ce4444 ,sid5ote3 ,,diamagnetic ,,laws4 ,to produce ^! effects ( po9t+ across ! magnetic curves1 ! =m ( ! heavy glass mu/ be long4 ,a cube or a fragm5t approa*+ r\ndness 9 =m w n po9t1 b a long piece w4 ,two or ?ree r\nd$ pieces or cubes1 plac$ side by side 9 a pap] tray1 s z to =m an oblong accumulation1 w also po9t4 ,portions1 h[ev]1 ( any =m are repell$2 s if two pieces be hung up at once 9 ! axial l9e1 "o ne> ea* pole1 !y are repell$ by _! respective poles1 & approa*1 seem+ to attract ea* o!r4 ,or if two pieces be hung up 9 ! equatorial l9e1 "o on ea* side ( ! axis1 !n !y bo? rec$e f ! axis1 seem+ to repel ea* o!r4 ,f ! little t has be5 said1 x is evid5t t ! b> pres5ts 9 its motion a complicat$ result ( ! =ce ex]t$ by ! magnetic p[] ov] ! heavy glass1 & t :5 cubes or sph]es are employ$ a mu* simpl] indication ( ! effect may be obta9$4 ,accord+ly1 :5 a cube 0 ?us us$ ) ! two poles1 ! effect 0 repulsion or recession f ei!r pole1 & also recession f ! magnetic axis on ei!r side4 ,s ! indicat+ p>ticle w\ld move ei!r along ! magnetic curves or across !m1 & x w\ld d ?is ei!r 9 "o direction or ! o!r1 ! only con/ant po9t be+ t its t5d5cy 0 to move f /rong] to weak] places ( magnetic =ce4 ,?is appe>$ mu* m simply 9 ! case ( a s+le magnetic pole1 = !n ! t5d5cy ( ! indicat+ cube or sph]e 0 to move outw>ds 9 ! direction ( ! magnetic l9es ( =ce4 ,! appe>ance 0 rem>kably l a case ( weak electric repulsion4 ,! cause ( ! po9t+ ( ! b>1 or any oblong arrangem5t ( ! heavy glass1 is n[ evid5t4 ,x is m]ely a result ( ! t5d5cy ( ! p>ticles to move outw>ds1 or into ! positions ( weake/ magnetic action4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ! b> ( heavy glass is imm]s$ 9 wat]1 alcohol1 or !r1 conta9$ 9 a vessel betwe5 ! poles1 all ! prec$+ effects occur--! b> po9ts & ! cube rec$es exactly 9 ! same mann] z 9 air4 ,! effects equally occur 9 vessels ( wood1 /one1 e>?1 copp]1 lead1 silv]1 or any ( ^? sub/ances :i* belong to ! diamagnetic class4 ,i h obta9$ ! same equatorial direction & motions ( ! heavy glass b> z ^? j describ$1 b 9 a v feeble degree1 by ! use ( a good common /eel horse%oe magnet4 ,!n he goes on to enum]ate ! _m bodies ( all sorts3 cry/als1 p[d]s1 liquids1 acids1 oils2 organic bodies su* z wax1 olive-oil1 wood1 beef 7fre% & dry71 blood1 apple1 & bread1 all ( :i* 7 f\nd to be diamagnetic4 ,on ?is he rem>ks3-- ,x is curi\s to see su* a li/ z ?is ( bodies pres5t+ on a sudd5 ?is rem>kable prop]ty1 & x is /range to f9d a piece ( wood1 or beef1 or apple1 ob$i5t to or repell$ by a magnet4 ,if a man c\ld be susp5d$ ) suffici5t delicacy aft] ! mann] ( ,dufay1 & plac$ 9 ! magnetic field1 he w\ld po9t equatorially1 = all ! sub/ances ( :i* he is =m$1 includ+ ! blood1 possess ?is prop]ty4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,magnetic ,,brake4 ,a few bodies 7 f\nd to be feebly magnetic1 includ+ pap]1 seal+-wax1 *9a ink1 asbe/os1 fluorsp>1 p]oxide ( lead1 t\rmal9e1 plumbago1 & *>coal4 ,z to ! metals1 he f\nd iron1 cobalt1 & nickel to /& 9 a di/9ct class4 ,a feeble magnetic action 9 plat9um1 palladium1 & titanium 0 suspect$ to be due to traces ( iron 9 !m4 ,bismu? prov$ to be ! mo/ /rongly diamagnetic1 & 0 specially /udi$4 ,! repell5t effect betwe5 bismu? & a magnet _h inde$ be5 casually obs]v$ twice 9 ! prior hi/ory ( sci5ce1 fir/ by ,brugmans1 !n by ,le ,baillif4 ,f>aday1 ) *>act]i/ic frankness1 ref]s to 8 hav+ a 8vague impression0 t ! repulsion ( bismu? by a magnet _h be5 obs]v$ be=e1 ?\gh unable at ! "t ( writ+ to recollect any ref]5ce4 ,8 own exp]im5ts ran ov] ! :ole range ( sub/ances1 h[ev]1 & demon/rat$ ! univ]sal exi/5ce 9 great] or less degree ( ?is magnetic nature4 ,c]ta9 diff]5ces obs]v$ betwe5 ! behavi\r ( bismu? & ( heavy glass on ! "o h&1 & ( copp] on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh all are diamagnetic1 l$ him to note & describe "s ( ! pseudo-diamagnetic effects :i* occur 9 copp] & silv]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! induction 9 !m ( eddy-curr5ts1 f :i* heavy-glass & bismu? are1 by _! inf]ior electric conductivity1 comp>atively free4 ,he describ$ ! beautiful & n[ classical exp]im5t ( arre/+1 by turn+ on ! excit+ curr5t1 ! rotation ( a copp] cyl9d] sp9n+ betwe5 ! poles ( an electromagnet4 ,f>aday cont9u$ to prosecute ?is newe/ l9e ( rese>*1 & at ! end ( ,decemb]1 #ahde1 pres5t$ ano!r memoir 7! tw5ty-fir/ s]ies ( ! ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es7 to ! ,royal ,society4 ,he _h n[ exam9$ ! salts ( iron1 & _h f\nd t e salt & comp\nd conta9+ iron 9 ! basic "p 0 magnetic1 bo? 9 ! solid & 9 ! liquid /ate4 ,ev5 prussian-blue & gre5 bottle-glass 7 magnetic4 ,! solutions ( ! salts ( iron 7 ( special importance1 s9ce !y furni% ! means ( mak+ a magnet :i* is = ! "t liquid1 transp>5t1 &1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 adju/able 9 /r5g?4 ,8 next /ep 0 to exam9e h[ bodies behav$ :5 imm]s$ 9 "s surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,a weak solution ( iron1 enclos$ 9 a v ?9 glass tube1 ?\gh x po9t$ axially :5 hung 9 air1 po9t$ equatorially :5 imm]s$ 9 a /rong] solution4 ,a tube full ( air po9t$ axially1 & 0 attract$ z if magnetic :5 surr\nd$ ) wat]4 ,sub/ances su* z bismu?1 copp]1 & phosphorus are1 h[ev]1 highly diamagnetic :5 susp5d$ 9 vacuo4 ,su* a view w\ld make m]e space magnetic4 ,h5ce ,f>aday incl9$ at fir/ to ! op9ion t diamagnetics _h a specific action anti!tically di/9ct f ord9>y magnetic action4 ,sev]al times he po9t$ out t all ! ph5om5a resolve !mselves simply into ?is1 t a portion ( su* matt] z is t]m$ diamagnetic t5ds to move f /rong] to places or po9ts ( weak] =ce 9 ! magnetic field4 ,he does1 inde$1 haz>d ! sugge/ion t ! ph5om5a might be expla9$ on ! assumption t !re 0 a sort ( diamagnetic pol>ity--t magnetic induction caus$ 9 !m a contr>y /ate to t :i* x produc$ 9 ord9>y magnetic matt]4 ,b 8 own exp]im5ts fail$ to support ?is view1 &1 9 opposition to ,web] & ,tyndall1 he ma9ta9$ aft]w>ds ! non-pol> nature ( diamagnetic action4 ,9 #ahdf ,f>aday gave two ,friday night disc\rses on ^! magnetic rese>*es1 "o on ! cohesive =ce ( wat]1 & "o on ,:eat/one's electromagnetic *ronoscope4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! la/-nam$ he said t he 0 induc$ to utt] a speculation :i* _h long be5 ga9+ /r5g? 9 8 m9d1 t p]haps ^? vibrations by :i* radiant en]gies1 su* z light1 heat1 act9ic rays1 etc41 convey _! =ce ?r\gh space are n m]e vibrations ( an !r1 b ( ! l9es ( =ce :i*1 9 8 view1 connect diff]5t masses1 & s 0 incl9$1 9 8 own phrase1 8to dismiss ! !r40 ,9 "o ( 8 o!r disc\rses he made ! sugge/ion t we might 8p]haps h]eaft] obta9 magnetism f light40 ,sid5ote3 ,,?\ghts ,,on ,,ray ,,vibrations4 ,! speculation above ref]r$ to is ( su* intr9sic importance1 9 view ( ! developm5ts ( ! la/ decade1 t x compels fur!r notice4 ,f>aday himself fur!r exp&$ x 9 a lett] to ,ri*>d ,phillips1 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e = ,may1 #ahdf1 "u ! title 8,?\ghts on ,ray-vibrations40 ,9 ?is av[$ly speculative pap] ,f>aday t\*$ ! highe/ po9t 9 8 sci5tific writ+s1 & ?rew out1 ?\gh 9 a t5tative & fragm5t>y way1 brilliant h9ts ( t :i* 8 imag9ation _h p]ceiv$1 z 9 a vision2--! doctr9e n[ kn[n z ! electromagnetic !ory ( light4 ,at ! dates :5 ! e>li] biographies ( ,f>aday appe>$1 nei!r t doctr9e nor ?is pap] _h receiv$ ! recognition due to its importance4 ,tyndall dismisses x z 8"o ( ! mo/ s+ul> speculations t ev] emanat$ f a sci5tific man40 ,b5ce ,jones j m5tions x 9 half a l9e4 ,dr4 ,glad/one does n allude to x4 ,x !re=e seems exp$i5t to give "h "s extracts f ! lett] itself3-- ,,?\ghts ,,on ,,ray-,,vibrations4 ,to ,ri*>d ,phillips1 ,esq4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,at y\r reque/1 ,i w endeav\r to convey to y a notion ( t :i* ,i v5tur$ to say at ! close ( ! la/ ,friday ev5+ meet+ 4442 b1 f fir/ to la/1 und]/& t ,i m]ely ?rew out1 z matt] = speculation1 ! vague impressions ( my m9d1 = ,i gave no?+ z ! result ( suffici5t consid]ation1 or z ! settl$ conviction1 or ev5 probable conclusion at :i* ,i _h arriv$4 ,! po9t int5d$ to be set =? = ! consid]ation ( ! he>]s 0 :e!r x 0 n possible t ! vibrations--:i* 9 a c]ta9 !ory are assum$ to acc\nt = radiation & radiant ph5om5a--may n occur 9 ! l9es ( =ce :i* connect p>ticles1 & consequ5tly masses1 ( matt] toge!r--a notion :i*1 z f> z x is admitt$1 w disp5se ) ! !r1 :i*1 9 ano!r view1 is suppos$ to be ! m$ium 9 :i* ^! vibrations take place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ano!r consid]ation be>+ conjo9tly on ! hypo!tical view1 bo? ( matt] & radiation1 arises f ! comp>ison ( ! velocities ) :i* ! radiant action & c]ta9 p[]s ( matt] are transmitt$4 ,! velocity ( light ?r\gh space is ab\t #aij1jjj miles#di a second4 ,! velocity ( electricity is1 by ! exp]im5ts ( ,:eat/one1 %[n to be z great z ?is1 if n great]4 ,! light is suppos$ to be transmitt$ by vibrations ?r\gh an !r :i* is1 s to speak1 de/itute ( gravitation1 b inf9ite 9 ela/icity2 ! electricity is transmitt$ ?r\gh a small metallic wire1 & is (t5 view$ z transmitt$ by vibrations also4 ,t ! electric transf]5ce dep5ds on ! =ces or p[]s ( ! matt] ( ! wire c h>dly be d\bt$ :5 we consid] ! diff]5t conductibility ( ! v>i\s metallic & o!r bodies1 ! means ( affect+ x by heat or cold1 ! way 9 :i* conduct+ bodies by comb9ation ent] into ! con/itution ( non-conduct+ sub/ances1 & ! contr>y1 & ! actual exi/5ce ( "o elem5t>y body 7c>bon7 bo? 9 ! conduct+ & non-conduct+ /ate4 ,! p[] ( electric conduction1 be+ a transmission ( =ce equal 9 velocity to t ( light1 appe>s to be ti$ up 9 & dep5d5t ^u ! prop]ties ( ! matt]1 & is1 z x 71 exi/5t 9 !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,lat]al ,,vibrations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,9 exp]im5tal philosophy we c1 by ! ph5om5a pres5t$1 recognise v>i\s k9ds ( l9es ( =ce4 ,?us !re are ! l9es ( gravitat+ =ce1 ^? ( electro/atic induction1 ^? ( magnetic action1 & o!rs p>tak+ ( a dynamic "* might be p]haps includ$4 ,! l9es ( electric & magnetic action are by _m consid]$ z ex]t$ ?r\gh space l ! l9es ( gravitat+ =ce4 ,= my own "p1 ,i incl9e to believe t :5 !re are int]v5+ p>ticles ( matt]--be+ !mselves only c5tres ( =ce--!y take "p 9 c>ry+ on ! =ce ?r\gh ! l9e1 b t :5 !re are none ! l9e proce$s ?r\gh space4 ,:atev] ! view adopt$ respect+ !m may be1 we c1 at all ev5ts1 affect ^! l9es ( =ce 9 a mann] :i* may be conceiv$ z p>tak+ ( ! nature ( a %ake or lat]al vibration4 ,= suppose two bodies1 ,a ,b1 di/ant f ea* o!r1 & "u mutual action1#ej & !re=e connect$ by l9es ( =ce1 & let u fix our att5tion ^u "o resultant ( =ce hav+ an inv>iable direction z reg>ds space2 if "o ( ! bodies move 9 ! lea/ degree "r or left1 or if its p[] be %ift$ = a mom5t )9 ! mass 7nei!r ( ^! cases be+ difficult to realise if ,a or ,b be ei!r electric or magnetic bodies71 !n an effect equival5t to a lat]al di/urbance w take place 9 ! resultant ^u :i* we are fix+ our att5tion1 = ei!r x w increase 9 =ce :il/ ! neighb\r+ resultants are dim9i%+1 or x w fall 9 =ce :ile !y are increas+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! view :i* ,i am s bold z to put =? consid]s1 !re=e1 radiation z a high species ( vibration 9 ! l9es ( =ce :i* are kn[n to connect p>ticles1 & also masses1 ( matt] toge!r4 ,x endeav\rs to dismiss ! !r1 b n ! vibrations4 ,! k9d ( vibration :i*1 ,i believe1 c alone acc\nt = ! wond]ful1 v>i$1 & beautiful ph5om5a ( pol>isation is n ! same z t :i* occurs on ! surface ( di/urb$ wat] or ! waves ( s\nd 9 gases or liquids1 = ! vibrations 9 ^! cases are direct1 or to & f ! c5tre ( action1 :]eas ! =m] are lat]al4 ,x seems to me t ! resultant ( two or m l9es ( =ce is 9 an apt condition = t action1 :i* may be consid]$ z equival5t to a lat]al vibration2 :]eas a uni=m m$ium l ! !r does n appe> apt1 or m apt ?an air or wat]4 ,! occurr5ce ( a *ange at "o end ( a l9e ( =ce easily sugge/s a consequ5t *ange at ! o!r4 ,! propagation ( light1 & !re=e probably ( all radiant action1 occupies "t2 & t a vibration ( ! l9e ( =ce %\ld acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( radiation1 x is necess>y t su* vibration %\ld occupy "t also4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,( ,a ,,speculation4 ,& n[1 my de> ,phillips ,i mu/ conclude4 ,i d n ?9k ,i %\ld h all[$ ^! notions to h escap$ f me _h ,i n be5 l$ unaw>es1 & )\t previ\s consid]ation1 by ! circum/ances ( ! ev5+ on :i* ,i _h to appe> sudd5ly#ea & occupy ! place ( ano!r4 ,n[ t ,i h put !m on pap]1 ,i feel t ,i ought to h kept !m mu* long] = /udy1 consid]ation1 & p]haps f9al rejection2 & x is only because !y are sure to g abroad 9 "o way or ano!r1 9 consequ5ce ( _! utt]ance on t ev5+1 t ,i give !m a %ape1 if %ape x may be call$1 9 ?is reply to y\r inquiry4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 t any hypo!tical view ( radiation :i* is likely to be receiv$ or reta9$ z satisfactory mu/ n mu* long] compreh5d alone c]ta9 ph5om5a ( light1 b mu/ include ^? ( heat & ( act9ic influ5ce also1 & ev5 ! conjo9$ ph5om5a ( s5sible heat & *emical p[] produc$ by !m4 ,9 ?is respect a view :i* is 9 "s degree f\nd$ ^u ! ord9>y =ces ( matt] may p]haps f9d a little consid]ation among/ ! o!r views t w probably arise4 ,i ?9k x likely t ,i h made _m mi/akes 9 ! prec$+ pages1 = ev5 to myself my ideas on ?is po9t appe> only z ! %ad[ ( a speculation1 or z "o ( ^? impressions on ! m9d :i* are all[able = a "t z guides to ?\ght & rese>*4 ,he :o lab\rs 9 exp]im5tal inquiries kn[s h[ num]\s ^! are1 & h[ (t5 _! app>5t fitness & beauty vani% be=e ! progress & developm5t ( real1 natural tru?4 ,i am1 my de> ,phillips1 ,ev] truly y\rs1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,april #ae1 #ahdf4 ,if x be ?\ght t too high a value has "h be5 set ^u a docum5t :i* its au?or himself only claim$ to be 8! %ad[ ( a speculation10 let t value be ju/ifi$ out ( ! m\? ( ! man :o eighte5 ye>s lat] enri*$ ! _w ) ! ma!matical !ory ( ! propagation ( electric waves1 ! late ,pr(essor ,cl]k ,maxwell4 ,9 #ahfd he publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions a 8,dynamical ,!ory ( ! ,electromagnetic ,field10 9 :i* ! foll[+ passages occur3-- ,we h !re=e reason to believe1 f ! ph5om5a ( light & heat1 t !re is an !real m$ium fill+ space & p]meat+ bodies capable ( be+ set 9 motion1 & ( transmitt+ t motion to gross matt]1 s z to heat x & affect x 9 v>i\s ways4444 ,h5ce ! p>ts ( ?is m$ium mu/ be s connect$ t ! motion ( "o "p dep5ds 9 "s way on ! motion ( ! re/2 & at ! same "t ^! connections mu/ be capable ( a c]ta9 k9d ( ela/ic yield+1 s9ce ! communication ( motion is n in/antane\s1 b occupies "t4 ,! m$ium is !re=e capable ( receiv+ & /or+ up two k9ds ( en]gy--namely1 ! 8actual0 en]gy dep5d+ on ! motion ( its p>ts1 & 8pot5tial0 en]gy1 consi/+ ( ! "w :i* ! m$ium w d 9 recov]+ f displacem5t 9 virtue ( its ela/icity4 ,! propagation ( undulations consi/s 9 ! cont9ual trans=mation ( "o ( ^! =ms ( en]gy into ! o!r alt]nately1 & at any in/ant ! am\nt ( en]gy 9 ! :ole m$ium is equally divid$1 s t half is en]gy ( motion & half is ela/ic resili5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ord] to br+ ^! results )9 ! p[] ( symbolic calculation1 ,i !n express !m 9 ! =m ( ! g5]al equations ( ! electromagnetic field4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! g5]al equations are next appli$ to ! case ( a magnetic di/urbance propagat$ ?r\gh a non-conduct+ field1 & x is %[n t ! only di/urbances :i* c be s propagat$ are ^? :i* are transv]se to ! direction ( propagation1 & t ! velocity ( propagation is ! velocity v1 f\nd f exp]im5ts su* z ^? ( ,web]1 :i* expresses ! numb] ( electro/atic units ( electricity :i* are conta9$ 9 "o electromagnetic unit4 ,?is velocity is s ne>ly t ( light1 t x seems we h /rong reason to conclude t light itself 7includ+ radiant heat & o!r radiations1 if any7 is an electromagnetic di/urbance 9 ! =m ( waves propagat$ ?r\gh ! electromagnetic field accord+ to electromagnetic laws4444 ,conduct+ m$ia are %[n to absorb su* radiations rapidly1 & !re=e to be g5]ally opaque4 ,sid5ote3 ,,electromagnetic ,,!ory ,,( ,,light4 ,! conception ( ! propagation ( transv]se magnetic di/urbances to ! exclusion ( normal ones is di/9ctly set =? by ,pr(essor ,f>aday 9 8 8,?\ghts on ,ray ,vibrations40 ,! electromagnetic !ory ( light1 z propos$ by him1 is ! same 9 sub/ance z t :i* ,i h begun to develop 9 ?is pap]1#eb except t 9 #ahdf !re 7 no data to calculate ! velocity ( propagation4 ,dur+ ! re/ ( ?is ye> 7#ahdf7 & ! next ,f>aday did v little rese>*1 ?\gh he cont9u$ 8 ,royal ,in/itution lectures & 8 reports = ,tr9ity ,h\se4 ,among/ ! latt] 9 #ahdg 0 "o on a proposal to light buoys by inc&esc5t electric lamps conta9+ a plat9um wire spiral4 ,he 0 compell$1 inde$1 to re/ by a recurr5ce ( bra9 tr\bles1 gidd9ess1 & loss ( memory4 ,hon\rs h[ev]1 cont9u$ to be heap$ ^u him bo? abroad & at home1 z ! foll[+ extract f ,b5ce ,jones %[s3-- ,9 #ahdf1 = 8 two great discov]ies1 ! ,rum=d & ! ,royal ,m$als 7 bo? aw>d$ to him4 ,?is d\ble hon\r w probably long be unique 9 ! annals ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,9 =m] ye>s he _h already receiv$ ! ,copley & ,royal ,m$als = 8 exp]im5tal discov]ies4 ,z 8 m$als increas$ x became rem>kable t he--:o kept 8 diploma-book1 8 portraits & lett]s ( sci5tific m51 & ev]y?+ he _h 9 ! mo/ p]fect ord]--seem$ to take lea/ c>e ( 8 mo/ valuable rew>ds4 ,!y 7 lock$ up 9 a box1 & might h pass$ = old iron4 ,probably he ?\ght1 z o!rs did aft]w>ds1 t _! value1 if se51 might lead to _! loss4 ,sid5ote3 ,,cry/all9e ,,=ces4 ,betwe5 ! tw5ty-fir/ & tw5ty-second s]ies ( 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es0 ne>ly ?ree ye>s elaps$4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahdh ! matt] :i* claim$ inve/igation 0 ! peculi> behavi\r ( bismu? 9 ! magnetic field4 ,c]ta9 anomalies 7 obs]v$ :i* 7 f9ally trac$ to ! cry/all9e nature ( ! metal1 = x appe>$ t :5 9 t /ate ! cry/als !mselves--to adopt mod]n phraseology--%[$ a great] magnetic p]meability 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to _! planes ( cleavage ?an 9 any direction p>allel to ^? planes4 ,h5ce :5 a cry/all9e fragm5t 0 hung 9 a uni=m magnetic field 7:]e ! diamagnetic t5d5cy to move f a /rong to a weak region ( ! field 0 elim9at$71 x t5d$ to po9t 9 a det]m9ate direction4 ,f>aday express$ x t ! /ructure ( ! cry/al %[$ a c]ta9 8axiality10 & he reg>d$ ^! effects z pres5t+ evid5ce ( a 8magnecry/allic0 =ce1 ! law ( action be+ t ! l9e or axis ( magnecry/allic =ce t5d$ to place itself p>allel to ! l9es ( ! magnetic field 9 :i* ! cry/al 0 plac$4 ,ars5ic1 antimony1 & o!r cry/all9e metals 7 simil>ly exam9$4 ,! subject 0 an intricate "o1 & !re are frequ5t obscurities 9 ! phraseology t5tatively adopt$ = expla9+ ! ph5om5a4 ,9 "o place ,f>aday r pa!tically lam5ts 8 imp]fect ma!matical k4 ,?is seems l an e*o ( 8 inability to foll[ ! analytical reason+ ( ,poisson1 :o1 />t+ f a hypo!sis ab\t ! suppos$ 8magnetic fluids0 be+ movable )9 ! p>ticles ( a body1 suppos+ t ^! p>ticles 7 non-sph]ical & 7 symmetrically arrang$1 _h pr$ict$ 79 #ahbg7 t a portion ( su* a sub/ance w\ld1 :5 br\ght into ! neighb\rhood ( a magnet1 act diff]5tly1 accord+ to ! diff]5t positions 9 :i* x might be turn$ ab\t its c5tre4 ,b ?is v inability to foll[ ,poisson's ref9$ analysis gave a new direction to ,f>aday's ?\ghts1 & caus$ him to conceive ! idea ( magnetic p]meabilities diff]+ 9 diff]5t directions1 an idea :i*1 z ,sir ,william ,?omson 7! pres5t ,"l ,kelv97 %[$ 9 #ahea1ec is equally susceptible ( ma!matical treatm5t by appropriate symbols4 ,"l ,kelv9 has also spok5 7op4 cit41 p4 #dhd7 ( ! matt] z foll[s3 8,! s+ul> comb9ation ( ma!matical acut5ess ) exp]im5tal rese>* & pr(\nd physical speculation :i* ,f>aday1 ?\gh n a #8ma!matician1' pres5t$ is rem>kably illu/rat$ by 8 use ( ! expression #8conduct+ p[] ( a magnetic m$ium = l9es ( =ce4'0 ,tyndall has giv5 a succ9ct summ>y ( ^! rese>*es--9 :i* also he took a "p--f :i* ! foll[+ extract mu/ suffice3-- ,& "h foll[s "o ( ^? expressions :i* *>act]ise ! conceptions ( ,f>aday 9 reg>d to =ce g5]ally3 8,x appe>s to me impossible to conceive ( ! results 9 any o!r way ?an by a mutual reaction ( ! magnetic =ce1 & ! =ce ( ! p>ticles ( ! cry/al ^u ea* o!r40 ,he proves t ! action ( ! =ce1 ?\gh ?us molecul>1 is an action at a di/ance4 ,he %[s t a bismu? cry/al c cause a freely-susp5d$ magnetic ne$le to set p>allel to its magnecry/allic axis4 ,few liv+ m5 are aw>e ( ! difficulty ( obta9+ results l ?is1 or ( ! delicacy necess>y to _! atta9m5t4 8,b ?\gh x ?us takes up ! "* ( a =ce act+ at a di/ance1 /ill x is due to t p[] ( ! p>ticles :i* makes !m coh]e 9 regul> ord] & gives ! mass its cry/all9e aggregation1 & s (t5 spok5 ( z act+ at ins5sible di/ances40 ,?us he broods ov] ?is new =ce1 & looks at x f all po9ts ( inspection4 ,exp]im5t foll[s exp]im5t1 z ?\ght foll[s ?\ght4 ,he w n rel9qui% ! subject z long z a hope exi/s ( ?r[+ m light ^u x4 ,he kn[s full well ! anomal\s nature ( ! conclusion to :i* 8 exp]im5ts lead him4 ,b exp]im5t to him is f9al1 & he w n %r9k f ! conclusion4 8,?is =ce10 he says1 8appe>s to me to be v /range & /rik+ 9 its "*4 ,x is n pol>1 = !re is no attraction or repulsion40 ,& !n1 z if />tl$ by 8 own utt]ance1 he asks3 8,:at is ! nature ( ! me*anical =ce :i* turns ! cry/al r\nd & makes x affect a magnet80444 8,i d n rememb]10 he cont9ues1 8h]et(ore su* a case ( =ce z ! pres5t "o--:]e a body is br\ght into position only )\t attraction or repulsion40 ,plck]1 ! celebrat$ geomet] already m5tion$1 :o pursu$ exp]im5tal physics = _m ye>s ( 8 life ) s+ul> devotion & success1 visit$ ,f>aday 9 ^? days1 & repeat$ be=e him 8 beautiful exp]im5ts on magneto-optic action4 ,f>aday repeat$ & v]ifi$ ,plck]'s obs]vations1 & conclud$1 :at he at fir/ seem$ to d\bt1 t ,plck]'s results & magnecry/allic action _h ! same orig94 ,sid5ote3 ,,magnetism ,,& ,,cry/allisation4 ,at ! end ( 8 pap]s1 :5 he takes a la/ look along ! l9e ( rese>*1 & !n turns 8 eyes to ! future1 utt]ances q z mu* emotional z sci5tific escape f ,f>aday4 8,i _c10 he says at ! end ( 8 fir/ pap] on magnecry/allic action1 8conclude ?is s]ies ( rese>*es )\t rem>k+ h[ rapidly ! k ( molecul> =ces gr[s ^u u1 & h[ /rik+ly e inve/igation t5ds to develop m & m _! importance & _! extreme attraction z an object ( /udy4 ,a few ye>s ago magnetism 0 to u an occult p[]1 affect+ only a few bodies4 ,n[ x is f\nd to influ5ce all bodies1 & to possess ! mo/ intimate relations ) electricity1 heat1 *emical action1 light1 cry/allisation1 & ?r\gh x ) ! =ces conc]n$ 9 cohesion4 ,& we may1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 well feel urg$ to cont9ue 9 our lab\rs1 enc\rag$ by ! hope ( br++ x into a bond ( union ) gravity itself40 ,9 #ahdh ,f>aday gave five ,friday night disc\rses1 ?ree ( !m on ! 8,diamagnetic ,condition ( ,flame & ,gases40 ,9 #ahdi he gave two1 "o ( !m on ,plck]'s rese>*es4 ,9 #ahej he gave two1 "o ( !m be+ on ! electricity ( ! air1 ! o!r on c]ta9 conditions ( freez+ wat]4 ,he _h mean:ile cont9u$ to "w at magnetism4 ,! tw5ty-?ird s]ies dealt ) ! suppos$ diamagnetic pol>ity4 ,x incid5tally discuss$ ! di/ortion produc$ 9 a magnetic field by a mass ( copp] 9 motion across x4 ,! tw5ty-f\r? s]ies 0 on ! possible relation ( gravity to electricity4 ,! pap] concludes ) ! words3 8,"h end my trials = ! pres5t4 ,! results are negative4 ,!y d n %ake my /rong feel+ ( ! exi/5ce ( a relation betwe5 gravity & electricity1 ?\gh !y give no pro( t su* a relation exi/s40 ,! next s]ies 7! tw5ty-fif?7 0 on ! 8,non-expansion ( ,gases by ,magnetic ,=ce0 & on ! 8,magnetic ,*>act]s ( ,oxyg5 :i* he _h f\nd to be highly magnetic1 ,nitrog51 & ,space40 ,he _h f\nd t magnetically sub/ances mu/ be class$ ei!r along ) iron & ! mat]ials t po9t axially1 or else ) bismu? & ^? t po9t equatorially1 9 ! magnetic field4 ,! be/ vacuum he c\ld procure he reg>d$ z ! z]o ( ^! te/s2 b be=e adopt+ x z su*1 he v]ifi$ by exp]im5t t ev5 9 a vacuum a magnetic body /ill t5ds f weak] to /rong] places 9 ! magnetic field2 :ile diamagnetic bodies t5d f /rong] to weak]4 ,he !n says we mu/ consid] ! magnetic "* & relation ( space free f any mat]ial sub/ance4 8,m]e space _c act z matt] acts1 ev5 ?\gh ! utmo/ latitude be all[$ to ! hypo!sis ( an e!r40 ,he !n proce$s z foll[s3-- ,sid5ote3 ,,m ,,new ,,words4 ,n[ t ! true z]o is obta9$1 & ! great v>iety ( mat]ial sub/ances satisfactorily divid$ into two g5]al classes1 x appe>s to me t we want ano!r "n = ! magnetic class1 t we may avoid confusion4 ,! ^w magnetic ought to be g5]al1 & include all ! ph5om5a & effects produc$ by t p[]4 ,b !n a ^w = ! subdivision oppos$ to ! diamagnetic class is necess>y4 ,z ! language ( ?is bran* ( sci5ce may soon require g5]al & c>eful *anges1 ,i1 assi/$ by a k9d fri5d1 h ?\ght t a ^w--n select$ ) p>ticul> c>e--might be provisionally useful2 & z ! magnetism ( iron1 nickel1 & cobalt :5 9 ! magnetic field is l t ( ! e>? z a :ole1 s t :5 r5d]$ active !y place !mselves p>allel to its axes or l9es ( magnetic =ce1 ,i h suppos$ t !y & _! simil>s 7includ+ oxyg5 n[7 might be call$ p>amagnetic bodies1 giv+ ! foll[+ division3-- p>amagnetic ,magnetic diamagnetic4 ,! 8k9d fri5d0 allud$ to 0 ,:ewell1 z ! foll[+ lett] %[s3-- ,rev4 ,w4 ,:ewell to ,m4 ,f>aday4 ,july1 #ahej4 ,i am always glad to he> ( y\r want+ new words1 because ! want %[s t y are pursu+ new ?\ghts--& y\r new ?\ghts are wor? some?+--b ,i always feel also h[ difficult x is = "o :o has n pursu$ ! tra9 ( ?\ght to sugge/ ! "r ^w4 ,!re are s _m relations involv$ 9 a new discov]y1 & ! ^w ought n gl>+ly to violate any ( !m4 ,! puri/s w\ld c]ta9ly object to ! opposition1 or co-ord9ation1 ( f]romagnetic & diamagnetic1 n only on acc\nt ( ! want ( symmetry 9 ! relation ( f]ro & dia1 b also because ! "o is ,lat9 & ! o!r ,greek4444 ,h5ce x w\ld appe> t ! two classes ( magnetic bodies are ^? :i* place _! l5g? p>allel1 or accord+1 to ! t]re/rial magnetic l9es1 & ^? :i* place _! l5g? transv]se to su* l9es4 ,keep+ ! preposition dia = ! latt]1 ! preposition p>a1 or ana1 might be us$ = ! =m]4 ,p]haps p>a w\ld be be/1 z ! ^w p>allel1 9 :i* x is involv$1 w\ld be a te*nical memory = x4444 ,i rejoice to he> t y h new views ( discov]y op5+ to y4 ,i always rejoice to hail ! light ( su* :5 !y dawn ^u y4 ,! tw5ty-six? s]ies ( rese>*es op5$ ) a consid]ation ( magnetic 8conduct+ p[]10 or p]meability z we %\ld n[ t]m x1 & !n bran*$ (f into a l5g?y discussion ( atmosph]ic magnetism4 ,! subject 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh ! tw5ty-sev5? s]ies1 :i* 0 complet$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahej4 ,! gi/ ( ?is is summ$ up 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,s*nbe93-- ,royal ,in/itution1 ,novemb] #ai1 #ahej4 ,,my ,,de> ,,s*,,nbe91--,i wi% ,i c\ld talk ) y1 in/ead ( be+ oblig$ to use p5 & pap]4 ,i h fifty matt]s to speak ab\t1 b ei!r !y are too trifl+ = writ+1 or too important1 = :at c "o discuss or say 9 a lett]8444 ,by ! bye1 ,i h be5 work+ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air also4 ,y rememb] t ?ree ye>s ago ,i di/+ui%$ x z a magnetic gas 9 my pap] on ! diamagnetism ( flame & gases f\nd$ on ,bancal>i's exp]im5t4 ,n[ ,i f9d 9 x ! cause ( all ! annual & diurnal1 & _m ( ! irregul>1 v>iations 9 ! t]re/rial magnetism4 ,! obs]vations made at ,hob>ton1 ,toronto1 ,gre5wi*1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,wa%+ton1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & ,s+apore1 all appe> to me to accord ) & support my hypo!sis4 ,i w n pret5d to give y an acc\nt ( x "h1 = x w\ld require "s detail1 & ,i really am we>y ( ! subject4 ,i h s5t 9 ?ree long pap]s to ! ,royal ,society1 & y %all h copies ( !m 9 due "t4444 ,ev]1 my de> ,s*nbe91 mo/ truly y\rs1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,sid5ote3 ,,pap]s ,,to ,,be ,,let ,,loose4 ,:ile writ+ out ^! rese>*es = ! ,royal ,society1 he _h be5 /ay+ 9 ,upp] ,norwood4 ,he wrote ?us ( himself to ,miss ,moore at ! end ( ,augu/3-- ,we h tak5 a little h\se "h on ! hill-top1 :]e ,i h a small room to myself1 & h1 ev] s9ce we came "h1 be5 deeply imm]s$ 9 magnetic cogitations4 ,i write1 & write1 & write1 until ?ree pap]s = ! ,royal ,society are ne>ly complet$1 & ,i hope t two ( !m w be good if !y ju/ify my hopes1 = ,i h to criticise !m aga9 & aga9 be=e ,i let !m loose4 ,y %all he> ( !m at "s ( ! ,friday ev5+s4 ,at pres5t ,i mu/ n say m4 ,aft] writ+1 ,i walk out 9 ! ev5+1 h&-9-h& ) my de> wife1 to enjoy ! sunset2 = to me1 :o love sc5]y1 ( all t ,i h se5 or c see !re is none surpasses t ( ,heav54 ,a glori\s sunset br+s ) x a ?\s& ?\ghts t delight me4 ,to ,de la ,rive he wrote lat] z foll[s3-- ,m4 ,f>aday to ,a4 de la ,rive4 ,royal ,in/itution1 ,febru>y #d1 #ahea4 ,,my ,,de> ,,de ,,la ,,rive1--,my wife & ,i 7 exce$+ly sorry to he> ( y\r sad loss4 ,x br\ght vividly to our remembrance ! "t :5 we 7 at y\r h\se1 & y1 & o!rs ) y1 made u s welcome4 ,:at c we say to ^! *anges b t !y %[ by comp>ison ! vanity ( all ?+s "u ! sun8 ,i am v glad t y h spirits to return to "w aga91 = t is a heal?y & prop] employm5t ( ! m9d "u su* circum/ances4 ,) respect to my views & exp]im5ts1 ,i d n ?9k t any?+ %ort] ?an ! pap]s 7& !y w run to a hundr$ pages 9 ! 8,transactions07 w give y possession ( ! subject1 because a great deal dep5ds ^u ! comp>ison ( obs]vations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w ) ! facts obta9$ by exp]im5t1 & ) ! d$uctions drawn f !m2 b ,i w try to give y an idea ( ! root ( ! matt]4 ,y are aw>e t ,i use ! phrase l9e ( magnetic =ce1 to repres5t ! pres5ce ( magnetic =ce1 & ! direction 7( pol>ity7 9 :i* x is ex]t$2 & by ! idea :i* x conveys "o obta9s v well1 & ,i believe )\t error1 a notion ( ! di/ribution ( ! =ces ab\t a b> magnet1 or betwe5 ne> flat poles pres5t+ a field ( equal =ce1 or 9 any o!r case4 ,n[1 if circum/ances be arrang$ s z to pres5t a field ( equal =ce1 :i* is easily done1 z ,i h %[n by ! electro-magnet1 !n if a sph]e ( iron or nickel be plac$ 9 ! field1 x imm$iately di/urbs ! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce1 = !y are conc5trat$ )9 ! sph]e4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 n m]ely conc5trat$1 b contort$1 = ! sum ( =ces 9 any "o section across ! field is always equal to ! sum ( =ces 9 any o!r section1 & !re=e _! cond5sation 9 ! iron or nickel _c occur )\t ?is contortion4 ,moreov]1 ! contortion is easily %[n by us+ a small ne$le 7"o-t5? ( an in* long7 to exam9e ! field1 =1 z be=e ! introduction ( ! sph]e ( iron or nickel1 x w\ld always take up a position p>allel to itself4 ,aft]w>ds x v>ies 9 position 9 diff]5t places ne> ! sph]e4 ,?is be+ und]/ood1 let u !n suppose ! sph]e to be rais$ 9 temp]ature4 ,at a c]ta9 temp]ature x beg9s to lose its p[] ( affect+ ! l9es ( magnetic =ce1 & ends by reta9+ sc>cely any4 ,s t z reg>ds ! little ne$le m5tion$ above1 x n[ /&s ev]y:]e p>allel to itself )9 ! field ( =ce4 ,?is *ange occurs ) iron at a v high temp]ature1 & is pass$ ?r\gh )9 ! compass1 app>5tly1 ( a small numb] ( degrees4 ,) nickel x occurs at mu* l[] temp]atures1 be+ affect$ by ! heat ( boil+ oil4 ,n[ take ano!r /ep4 ,oxyg51 z ,i %[$ above1 ?ree ye>s ago 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e = #ahdg1 vol4 xxxi41 pp4 #daj1 #dae1 #daf1 is magnetic 9 relation to nitrog5 & o!r gases4 ,e4 ,becqu]el1 )\t kn[+ ( my results1 has confirm$ & ext5d$ !m 9 8 pap] ( la/ ye>1 & giv5 c]ta9 excell5t measures4 ,9 my pap] ( #ahdg ,i %[$ also t oxyg5 7l iron & nickel7 lo/ its magnetic p[] & its ability ( be+ attract$ by ! magnet :5 heat$ 7p4 #dag74 ,& ,i fur!r %[$ t ! temp]atures at :i* ?is took place 7 )9 ! range ( common temp]ature1 = ! oxyg5 ( ! air--i4e4 ! air altoge!r--is increas$ 9 magnetic p[] :5 cool$ to #j ,f4 7p4 #djf74 ,n[ ,i mu/ ref] y to ! pap]s !mselves = ! 7to me7 /range results ( ! incompressibility 7magnetically speak+7 ( oxyg5 & ! inexpansibility ( nitrog5 & o!r gases2 = ! description ( a diff]5tial balance by :i* ,i c comp>e gas ) gas1 or ! same gas at diff]5t degrees ( r>efaction2 = ! det]m9ation ( ! true z]o1 or po9t betwe5 magnetic & diamagnetic bodies2 & = c]ta9 views ( magnetic conduction & pol>ity4 ,y w !re f9d describ$ c]ta9 v delicate exp]im5ts ^u diamagnetic & v weak magnetic bodies conc]n+ _! action on ea* o!r 9 a magnetic field ( equal =ce4 ,! magnetic bodies repel ea* o!r1 & ! diamagnetic bodies repel ea* o!r2 b a magnetic & a diamagnetic body attract ea* o!r4 ,& ^! results1 comb9$ ) ! qualities ( oxyg5 z j describ$1 conv9ce me t x is able to deflect ! l9es ( magnetic =ce pass+ ?r\gh x j z iron or nickel is1 b to an inf9itely small] am\nt1 & t its p[] ( deflect+ ! l9es v>ies ) its temp]ature & degree ( r>efaction4 ,sid5ote3 ,,atmosph]ic ,,magnetism4 ,!n comes 9 ! consid]ation ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x rises & falls 9 temp]ature by ! pres5ce & abs5ce ( ! sun4 ,! place ( ! great w>m region ne>ly 9 8 neighb\rhood2 ( ! two cold] regions :i* gr[ up & dim9i% 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es z ! sun travels betwe5 ! tropics2 ! effect ( ! extra w>m? ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e ov] ! s\!rn2 ! effect ( accumulation f ! action ( prec$+ mon?s2 ! effect ( dip & mean decl9ation at ea* p>ticul> /ation2 ! effects t foll[ f ! non-co9cid5ce ( magnetic & a/ronomical conditions ( pol>ity1 m]idians1 & s =?2 ! results ( ! di/ribution ( l& & wat] = any giv5 place--= all ^! & _m o!r ?+s ,i mu/ ref] y to ! pap]s4 ,i c\ld n d !m ju/ice 9 any acc\nt t a lett] c\ld conta91 & %\ld run ! risk ( lead+ y into error reg>d+ !m4 ,b ,i may say t1 d$uc+ f ! exp]im5ts & ! !ory :at are ! deviations ( ! magnetic ne$le at any giv5 /ation1 :i* may be expect$ z ! mean result ( ! heat+ & cool+ ( ! atmosph]e = a giv5 season & h\r1 ,i f9d su* a g5]al accordance ) ! results ( obs]vations1 especially 9 ! direction & g5]ally 9 ! am\nt = diff]5t seasons ( ! decl9ation v>iation1 z to give me ! /ronge/ hopes t ,i h assign$ ! true physical cause ( ^? v>iations1 & %[n ! modus op]&i ( _! production4 ,& n[1 my de> de la ,rive1 ,i mu/ leave y & run to o!r matt]s4 ,z soon z ,i c s5d y a copy ( ! pap]s ,i w d s1 & c only say ,i hope t !y w meet ) y\r approbation4 ,) ! k9de/ remembrances to y\r son1 ,believe me to be1 my de> fri5d1 ev] truly y\rs1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,?is hope ( expla9+ ! v>iations ( t]re/rial magnetism by ! magnetic prop]ties ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air 0 de/9$ to be illusory4 ,at t "t ! cosmical nature ( magnetic /orms 0 unkn[n & unsuspect$4 ,to ?is matt] we may well apply ,f>aday's own words address$ to ,tyndall respect+ ! alleg$ diamagnetic pol>ity1 & ! conflict ( views betwe5 himself on ! "o h& & ,web] & ,tyndall on ! o!r3--8,x is n wond]ful t views diff] at fir/4 ,"t w gradually sift & %ape !m4 ,& ,i believe t we h little idea at pres5t ( ! importance !y may h t5 or tw5ty ye>s h5ce40 ,sid5ote3 ,,l9es ,,( ,,magnetic ,,=ce4 ,9 #ahea1 f ,july to ,decemb]1 ,f>aday 0 actively at "w 9 ! laboratory4 ,! results con/itute ! mat]ial = ! tw5ty-eigh? & tw5ty-n9? 7! la/7 s]ies ( ! 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es40 ,9 ^! he return$ to ! subject ) :i* ! fir/ s]ies _h op5$ 9 #ahca3 ! induction ( electric curr5ts by ! relative motion ( magnets & conduct+ wires4 ,^! two memoirs1 toge!r ) 8 ,royal ,in/itution lecture ( ,janu>y1 #aheb1 8,on ! ,l9es ( ,magnetic ,=ce10 & ! pap] 8,on ! ,physical ,"* ( ! ,l9es ( ,magnetic ,=ce0 7:i* he s5t to ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 z conta9+ 8s mu* ( a speculative & hypo!tical nature071 %\ld be read1 & re-read1 & read aga91 by e /ud5t ( physics4 ,!y are repr9t$ at ! end ( ! ?ird volume ( ! 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es40 ,9 ! op5+ ( ! tw5ty-eigh? memoir he says3-- ,f my e>lie/ exp]im5ts on ! relation ( electricity & magnetism1 ,i h _h to ?9k & speak ( l9es ( magnetic =ce z repres5tations ( ! magnetic p[]--n m]ely 9 ! po9ts ( quality & direction1 b also 9 quantity4444 ,! direction ( ^! l9es ab\t & among/ magnets & electric curr5ts is easily repres5t$ & und]/ood 9 a g5]al mann] by ! ord9>y use ( iron fil+s4 ,a po9t equally important to ! def9ition ( ^! l9es is1 t !y repres5t a det]m9ate & un*ang+ am\nt ( =ce4 ,?\gh1 !re=e1 _! =ms1 z !y exi/ betwe5 two or m c5tres or s\rces ( p[]1 may v>y v greatly1 & also ! space ?r\gh :i* !y may be trac$1 yet ! sum ( p[] conta9$ 9 any "o section ( a giv5 portion ( ! l9es is exactly equal to ! sum ( p[] 9 any o!r section#ed ( ! same l9es1 h[ev] alt]$ 9 =m or h[ev] conv]g5t or div]g5t !y may be at ! second place4444 ,n[1 x appe>s to me t ^! l9es may be employ$ ) great advantage to repres5t ! nature1 condition1 & comp>ative am\nt ( ! magnetic =ces1 & t 9 _m cases !y h1 to ! physical reason]1 at lea/1 a sup]iority ov] t me?od :i* repres5ts ! =ces z conc5trat$ 9 c5tres ( action1 su* z ! poles ( magnets or ne$les2 or "s o!r me?ods1 z1 = in/ance1 t :i* consid]s nor? or s\? magnetisms z fluids diffus$ ov] ! end1 or among/ ! p>ticles1 ( a b>4 ,no d\bt any ( ^! me?ods :i* does n assume too mu* w1 ) a fai?ful application1 give true results4 ,& s !y all ought to give ! same results1 z f> z !y c respectively be appli$4 ,b "s may1 by _! v nature1 be applicable to a f> great] ext5t1 & give f> m v>i$ results1 ?an o!rs4 ,=1 j z ei!r geometry or analysis may be employ$ to solve correctly a p>ticul> problem1 ?\gh "o has f> m p[] & capability1 g5]ally speak+1 ?an ! o!r2 or1 j z ei!r ! idea ( ! reflexion ( images or t ( ! rev]b]ation ( s\nds may be us$ to repres5t c]ta9 physical =ces & conditions1 s may ! idea ( ! attractions & repulsions ( c5tres1 or t ( ! disposition ( magnetic fluids1 or t ( l9es ( =ce1 be appli$ 9 ! consid]ation ( magnetic ph5om5a4 ,x is ! occasional & m frequ5t use ( ! latt] :i* ,i at pres5t wi% to advocate4444 ,:5 ! natural tru?1 & ! conv5tional repres5tation ( x1 mo/ closely agree1 !n are we mo/ advanc$ 9 our k4 ,! emission & !r !ories pres5t su* cases 9 relation to light4 ,! idea ( a fluid or ( two fluids is ! same = electricity2 & !re ! fur!r idea ( a curr5t has be5 rais$1 :i*1 inde$1 has su* hold on ! m9d z occasionally to emb>rass ! sci5ce z respects ! true "* ( ! physical ag5cies1 & may be do+ s ev5 n[ to a degree :i* we at pres5t little suspect4 ,! same is ! case ) ! idea ( a magnetic fluid or fluids1 or ) ! assumption ( magnetic c5tres ( action ( :i* ! resultants are at ! poles4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,functions ,,( ,,! ,,!r4 ,h[ ! magnetic =ce is transf]r$ ?r\gh bodies or ?r\gh space we "k n--:e!r ! result is m]ely action at a di/ance1 z 9 ! case ( gravity1 or by "s int]m$iate ag5cy1 z 9 ! cases ( light1 heat1 ! electric curr5t1 &1 z ,i believe1 /atic electric action4 ,! idea ( magnetic fluids1 z appli$ by "s1 or ( magnetic c5tres ( action1 does n include t ( ! latt] k9d ( transmission1 b ! idea ( l9es ( =ce does4 ,nev]!less1 because a p>ticul> me?od ( repres5t+ ! =ces does n include su* a mode ( transmission1 ! latt] is n disprov$1 & t me?od ( repres5tation :i* h>monises ) x may be ! mo/ true to nature4 ,! g5]al conclusion ( philosoph]s seems to be t su* cases are by f> ! mo/ num]\s4 ,& = my own "p1 consid]+ ! relation ( a vacuum to ! magnetic =ce1 & ! g5]al "* ( magnetic ph5om5a ext]nal to ! magnet1 ,i am m incl9$ to ! notion t 9 ! transmission ( ! =ce !re is su* an action1 ext]nal to ! magnet1 ?an t ! effects are m]ely attraction & repulsion at a di/ance4 ,su* an action may be a function ( ! !r1 = x is n at all unlikely t if !re be an !r1 x %\ld h o!r uses ?an simply ! conveyance ( radiations4#ee ,he !n proce$s to rec\nt ! exp]im5tal evid5ce ( revolv+ magnets & loops ( wire4 ,foll[+ out ! old l9es ( s mov+ ! p>ts ( ! sy/em t ! magnetic l9es 7 8cut0 by ! copp] conductors1 & connect+ ! latt] ) a sl[-p]iod galvanomet]1 to te/ ! resultant induction1 he f\nd t 8! am\nt ( magnetic =ce0 or flux1 z we %\ld n[adays call x 8is det]m9ate = ! same l9es ( =ce1 :atev] ! di/ance ( ! po9t or plane at :i* _! p[] is ex]t$ is f ! magnet40 ,! conv]g5ce or div]g5ce ( ! l9es ( =ce caus$1 p] se1 no diff]5ce 9 _! am\nt4 ,obliquity ( int]section caus$ no diff]5ce1 provid$ ! same l9es ( =ce 7 cut4 ,if a wire 0 mov+ 9 a field ( equal int5sity1 & ) a uni=m motion1 !n ! curr5t produc$ 0 proportional to ! velocity ( motion4 ,! 8quantity ( electricity ?r[n into a curr5t0 01 cet]is p>ibus1 8directly z ! am\nt ( curves int]sect$40 ,)9 ! magnet1 runn+ ?r\gh its sub/ance1 exi/$ l9es ( =ce ( ! same nature z ^? )\t1 exactly equal 9 am\nt to ^? )\t1 & 71 inde$1 cont9u\s ) !m4 ,! conclusion mu/ logically be t e l9e ( =ce is a clos$ circuit4 ,hav+ ?us e/abli%$ ! exact quantitative laws ( magneto-electric induction1 he !n advanc$ to make use ( ! induc$ curr5t z a means ( inve/igat+ ! pres5ce1 direction1 & am\nt ( magnetic =ces--9 o!r words1 to explore & measure magnetic fields4 ,he con/ruct$ revolv+ rectangles & r+s furni%$ ) a simple commutator1 to measure inductively ! magnetic =ces ( ! e>?4 ,!n he employ$ ! induc$ curr5t to te/ ! con/ancy ( magnets :5 plac$ ne> to o!r magnets 9 ways t might affect _! p[]4 ,next he consid]s ! fields ( magnetic =ce ( two or m associat$ magnets1 & notes h[ _! magnetic l9es may coalesce :5 !y are s plac$ z to con/itute p>ts ( a common magnetic circuit4 ,! tw5ty-n9? s]ies is br\ght to a close by a discussion ( ! exp]im5tal way ( del9eat+ l9es ( magnetic =ce by means ( iron fil+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,electrotonic ,,/ate4 ,! pap] on ! 8,physical ,"* ( ! ,l9es ( ,magnetic ,=ce0 recapitulat$ ! po9ts e/abli%$ 9 ! tw5ty-n9? s]ies ( 8,rese>*es10 & emphasis is laid ^u ! logical necessity t "t mu/ be requir$ = _! propagation4 ,! physical effects 9 a magnetic field1 z equival5t to a t5d5cy = ! magnetic l9es to %ort5 !mselves1 & to repel "o ano!r lat]ally1 are consid]$1 & are contra/$ ) ! effects ( p>allel electric curr5ts4 ,comm5t+ on ! mutual relation betwe5 ! directions ( an electric curr5t & ( its surr\nd+ magnetic l9es1 he raises ! "q :e!r or n !y consi/ 9 a /ate ( t5sion ( ! !r4 8,aga9 & aga910 he says1 8! idea ( an electrotonic /ate has be5 =c$ on my m9d4 ,su* a /ate w\ld co9cide & become id5tifi$ ) t :i* w\ld !n con/itute ! physical l9es ( magnetic =ce40 ,!n he traces out ! analogy betwe5 a magnet1 ) its 8sphondyloid0 7or sp9dle-=m field7 ( magnetic l9es1 & a voltaic batt]y imm]s$ 9 wat]1 ) its re-entrant l9es ( fl[ ( circulat+ curr5t4 ,incid5tally1 :ile discuss+ ! pr9ciple ( ! magnetic circuit1 he po9ts out t :5 a magnet is furni%$ at its poles ) masses ( s(t iron1 x c bo? receive & reta9 a high] magnetic *>ge ?an x does )\t !m1 8= ^! masses c>ry on ! physical l9es ( =ce1 & deliv] !m to a body ( surr\nd+ space1 :i* is ei!r wid5$1 & !re=e increas$1 9 ! direction across ! l9es ( =ce1 or %ort5$ 9 t direction p>allel to !m1 or bo?2 & bo? are circum/ances :i* facilitate ! conduction f pole to pole40 ,sid5ote3 ,,novelty ,,( ,,f>aday',s ,,views4 ,?us clos$1 ) ! exception ( two fragm5t>y pap]s1 "o on 8,physical ,l9es ( ,=ce10 & ! o!r on 8,"s ,po9ts 9 ,magnetic ,philosophy10 9 ! ye>s #ahec & #ahed respectively1 ! ma9 life-"w ( ,f>aday1 8 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es40 ,_! effect 9 revolutionis+ electric sci5ce1 if sl[1 0 yet sure4 ,?\gh ! pr9ciple ( ! dynamo 0 discov]$ & publi%$ 9 #ahca1 ne>ly =ty ye>s elaps$ be=e electric-light+ ma*9]y became a comm]cial product4 ,?\gh ! dep5d5ce ( inductive actions1 bo? electromagnetic & electro/atic1 ^u ! prop]ties ( ! int]v5+ m$ium 0 demon/rat$ & elaborat$ 9 ^! 8,rese>*es10 electricians = _m ye>s cont9u$ to prop\nd !ories :i* ignor$ ?is fundam5tal fact4 ,fr5* & ,g]man writ]s cont9u$ to publi% treatises bas$ on ! anci5t doctr9es ( action at a di/ance1 & ( imag9>y electric & magnetic fluids4 ,von ,boltzmann1 a typical ,g]man ( ! fir/ rank 9 sci5ce1 says t until !re came /raight f ,engl& ! c\nt]-doctr9es amid/ :i* ,f>aday _h liv$1 8we 79 ,g]many & ,france7 _h all m or less imbib$ ) our mo!rs' milk ! ideas ( magnetic & electric fluids act+ direct at a di/ance40 ,& aga91 8,! !ory ( ,maxwell0--t is1 ,f>aday's !ory ?r[n by ,maxwell into ma!matical %ape--8is s diametrically oppos$ to ! ideas :i* h become cu/om>y to u1 t we mu/ fir/ ca/ beh9d u all our previ\s views ( ! nature & op]ation ( electric =ces be=e we c ent] into its portals40 ,! div]g5ce ( view betwe5 ,f>aday & ! ,cont95tal electricians is n[h]e m cle>ly /at$ ?an by ,f>aday's great int]pret]1 ,maxwell1 9 ! apologia :i* he prefix$ 9 #ahgc to 8 8,treatise on ,electricity & ,magnetism10 :]e91 speak+ ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ?is "w & ^? rec5tly publi%$ 9 ,g]many1 he wrote3-- ,"o reason ( ?is is t be=e ,i began ! /udy ( electricity ,i resolv$ to read no ma!matics on ! subject till ,i _h fir/ read ?r\gh ,f>aday's 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es on ,electricity40 ,i 0 aw>e t !re 0 suppos$ to be a diff]5ce betwe5 ,f>aday's way ( conceiv+ ph5om5a & t ( ! ma!maticians4 ,s t nei!r he nor !y 7 satisfi$ ) ea* o!r's language4 ,i _h also ! conviction t ?is discrepancy did n arise f ei!r p>ty be+ wrong4 ,i 0 fir/ conv9c$ ( ?is by ,sir ,william ,?omson ,"l ,kelv91 to ^: advice & assi/ance1 z well z to 8 publi%$ pap]s1 ,i owe mo/ ( :at ,i h le>n$ on ?is subject4 ,z ,i proce$$ ) ! /udy ( ,f>aday1 ,i p]ceiv$ t 8 me?od ( conceiv+ ! ph5om5a 0 also a ma!matical "o1 ?\gh n exhibit$ 9 ! conv5tional =m ( ma!matical symbols4 ,i also f\nd t ^! me?ods 7 capable ( be+ express$ 9 ! ord9>y ma!matical =ms1 & ?us comp>$ ) ^? ( ! pr(ess$ ma!maticians4 ,= in/ance1 ,f>aday1 9 8 m9d's eye1 saw l9es ( =ce trav]s+ all space :]e ! ma!maticians saw c5tres ( =ce attract+ at a di/ance4 ,f>aday saw a m$ium :]e !y saw no?+ b di/ance4 ,f>aday s\ght ! seat ( ! ph5om5a 9 real actions go+ on 9 ! m$ium2 !y 7 satisfi$ t !y _h f\nd x 9 a p[] ( action at a di/ance impress$ on electric fluids4 ,:5 ,i _h translat$ :at ,i consid]$ to be ,f>aday's ideas into a ma!matical =m1 ,i f\nd t 9 g5]al ! results ( ! two me?ods co9cid$1 s t ! same ph5om5a 7 acc\nt$ = & ! same laws ( action d$uc$ by bo? me?ods1 b t ,f>aday's me?ods resembl$ ^? 9 :i* we beg9 ) ! :ole & arrive at ! p>ts by analysis1 :ile ! ord9>y ma!matical me?ods 7 f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( beg9n+ ) ! p>ts & build+ up ! :ole by syn!sis4 ,i f\nd1 also1 t sev]al ( ! mo/ f]tile me?ods ( rese>* discov]$ by ! ma!maticians c\ld be express$ mu* bett] 9 t]ms ( ideas d]iv$ f ,f>aday ?an 9 _! orig9al =m4 ,! :ole !ory1 = in/ance1 ( pot5tial1 consid]$ z a quantity :i* satisfies a c]ta9 p>tial diff]5tial equation1 belongs ess5tially to ! me?od :i* ,i h call$ ( ,f>aday4444 ,if by any?+ ,i h "h writt5 ,i may assi/ any /ud5t 9 und]/&+ ,f>aday's modes ( ?\ght & expression1 ,i %all reg>d x z ! accompli%m5t ( "o ( my pr9cipal aims3 to communicate to o!rs ! same delight :i* ,i h f\nd myself 9 read+ ,f>aday's 8,rese>*es40 ,cl]k ,maxwell may also be cr$it$ ) ! rem>k t ,f>aday's "w _h _h ! result ( bani%+ ! t]m 8! electric fluid0 into ! limbo ( newspap] sci5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,,electric ,,light ,,9 ,,ligh?\ses4 ,f>aday's "w = ,tr9ity ,h\se cont9u$ dur+ ^! la/ ye>s ( rese>* "w4 ,he report$ on su* subjects z adult]ation ( :ite lead1 impure oils1 ,*ance's l5ses1 ligh?\se v5tilation1 & fog signals4 ,two sy/ems ( electric arc light+ = ligh?\ses--"o by ,watson1 us+ batt]ies1 ! o!r by ,holmes1 us+ a magneto-electric ma*9e--7 exam9$ 9 #ahec & #ahed1 b 8 report on !m 0 adv]se4 ,he 8c\ld n put up 9 a ligh?\se :at has n be5 e/abli%$ be=eh&1 & is only exp]im5tal40 ,9 #ahef he made five reports1 9 #aheg six1 & 9 #aheh twelve reports to ,tr9ity ,h\se1 "o ( ^! be+ on ! electric light at ! ,s\? ,=el&4 ,9 #ahei he report$ on fur!r trials 9 :i* ,duboscq's lamps 7 us$4 ,9 #ahfj he gave a f9al report on ! practicability & utility ( magneto-electric light+1 & express$ ! hope x w\ld be appli$1 z !re 0 n[ no difficulty4 ,9 #ahfa he inspect$ ! ma*9]y z e/abli%$ at ! ,dung5ess ligh?\se4 ,9 #ahfb he gave no few] ?an sev5te5 reports1 visit+ ,dung5ess1 ,grisnez1 & ! ,s\? ,=el&4 ,9 #ahfc he aga9 visit$ ,dung5ess4 ,9 #ahfd he made twelve reports1 & exam9$ ! draw+s & e/imates = e/abli%+ ! electric light at ,portl&4 ,8 la/ report 0 9 #ahfe1 ^u ! ,/4 ,bees' light1 & he !n retir$ f ?is s]vice4 ,8 ,friday night disc\rses 7 /ill cont9u$ dur+ ^! ye>s4 ,9 #ahee he gave "o on 8,ruhmkorff's ,induction-coil40 ,9 #ahef he gave "o on a process = silv]+ glass1 & on f9ely divid$ gold4 ,?is latt] subject1 ! optical prop]ties ( precipitat$ gold1 =m$ ! topic ( ! ,bak]ian lecture ( t ye>--8 la/ contribution to ! ,royal ,society4 ,he gave ano!r disc\rse on ! same subject 9 #aheg1 & also "o on ! cons]vation ( =ce4 ,9 #ahef1 :5 inve/igat+ ! cry/allisation ( wat]1 he discov]$ ! ph5om5on ( regelation ( ice4 ,9 virtue ( ?is prop]ty two pieces ( ice w freeze solidly toge!r "u pressure1 ev5 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e is above ! freez+ po9t4 ,?is discov]y l$ on ! "o h& to ! explanation ( glaci] motions2 on ! o!r to important results 9 !rmodynamic !ory4 ,9 #ahei he gave two disc\rses1 "o on ozone1 ! o!r on phosphoresc5ce & fluoresc5ce4 ,he also gave two 9 #ahfj1 on ligh?\se illum9ation by electric light1 & on ! electric silk-loom4 ,9 #ahfa he disc\rs$ on plat9um & on ,de la ,rue's eclipse photographs4 ,! la/ ( 8 ,friday night disc\rses 0 giv5 on ,june #bj?1 #ahfb4 ,x 0 on ,siem5s's gas furnaces4 ,he _h be5 d[n at ,swansea wat*+ ! furnaces 9 op]ation1 & n[ propos$ to describe _! pr9ciple4 ,x 0 r a sad occasion1 = x 0 b too evid5t t 8 p[]s 7 fa/ wan+4 ,e>ly 9 ! ev5+ he _h ! mis=tune to burn ! notes he _h prep>$1 & became confus$4 ,he conclud$ ) a t\*+ p]sonal explanation h[ ) advanc+ ye>s 8 memory _h fail$1 & t 9 ju/ice to o!rs he felt x 8 duty to retire4 ,at int]vals he /ill attempt$ to "w at rese>*4 ,9 #ahfj he s5t a pap] to ! ,royal ,society on ! relations ( electricity to gravity1 b1 on ! advice ( ,pr(essor 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,george7 ,/okes1 x 0 )drawn4 ,he _h also 9 contemplation "s exp]im5ts ^u ! "t requir$ 9 ! propagation ( magnetism1 & began ! con/ruction ( a complicat$ in/rum5t1 :i* 0 nev] f9i%$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,hypo!sis ,,& ,,exp]im5t4 ,8 v la/ exp]im5t1 z record$ 9 8 laboratory notebook1 is ( extraord9>y int]e/1 z %[+ h[ 8 m9d 0 /ill at "w inquir+ into ! bord]l& ( possible ph5om5a4 ,x 0 on ,m>* #ab?1 #ahfb4 ,he 0 inquir+ into ! effect ( a magnetic field ^u a beam ( light1 :i* he 0 obs]v+ ) a spectroscope to asc]ta9 :e!r !re 0 any *ange produc$ 9 ! refrangibility ( ! light4 ,! entry concludes3 8,n ! slighte/ effect on ! pol>is$ or unpol>is$ ray 0 obs]v$40 ,! exp]im5t is ( ! highe/ int]e/ 9 magneto-optics4 ,! effect = :i* ,f>aday look$ 9 va9 9 #ahfb 0 discov]$ 9 #ahig by ,zeeman4 ,t ,f>aday %\ld h conceiv$ ! exi/5ce ( ?is obscure relation betwe5 magnetism & light is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! acut5ess ( m5tal vision :i* he br\ght to be>4 ,liv+ & work+ among/ ! appliances ( 8 laboratory1 lett+ 8 ?\ghts play freely ar\nd ! ph5om5a1 incessantly fram+ hypo!ses to acc\nt = ! facts1 & z incessantly te/+ 8 hypo!ses by ! t\*/one ( exp]im5t1 nev] hesitat+ to pu% to _! logical conclusion ! ideas sugge/$ by exp]im5t1 h[ev] widely !y might seem to lead f ! accept$ modes ( ?\ght1 he work$ on ) a sci5tific prevision little %ort ( miracul\s4 ,8 exp]im5ts1 ev5 ^? :i* at ! "t seem$ unsuccessful1 9 t !y yield$ no positive result1 h prov$ to be a m9e ( amaz+ ri*ness4 ,! volumes ( 8 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es0 are a v]itable treasure-h\se ( sci5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,middle ,,& ,,lat] ,,life4 ,al?\gh to avoid discont9uity ! acc\nt ( ,f>aday's rese>*es has 9 ! previ\s *apt] be5 foll[$ to _! close 9 #ahfb1 we mu/ n[ return to 8 middle p]iod ( life1 :5 8 activities at ! ,royal ,in/itution 7 at _! z5i?4 ,sid5ote3 ,,breakd[n ,,( ,,heal?4 ,m5tion has be5 made ( ! s]i\s breakd[n ( ,f>aday's heal? at ! close ( #ahci4 ,dr4 ,la?am1 :om he consult$ z to 8 attacks ( gidd9ess1 wrote to ,br&e3-- ,grosv5or ,/reet1 ,decemb] #a1 #ahci4 ,,de> ,,br&e1--,i h be5 see+ our fri5d ,f>aday ^! two or ?ree days1 & be5 look+ aft] 8 heal?4 ,i tru/ he has no ailm5t m ?an re/ ( body & m9d w get rid (4 ,b re/ is absolutely necess>y = him4 ,inde$1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be h>dly prud5t = him to lecture aga9 = ! pres5t4 ,he looks up to 8 "w2 b1 9 tru?1 he is n fit1 & if he is press$ he w sudd5ly break d[n4 ,:5 we meet1 ,i w talk ! matt] ov] ) y4 ,y\rs mo/ s9c]ely1 ,p4 ,m4 ,,la?am4 ,! advice 0 tak54 ,he gave up ne>ly all rese>* "w1 b tri$ to g on ) ,friday night disc\rses & aft]noon lectures 9 #ahdj4 ,!n came a m s]i\s breakd[n1 & he re/$ = ne>ly f\r ye>s1 ) ! exception ( ! ,*ri/mas lectures 9 #ahda & a few ,friday disc\rses 9 #ahdb & #ahdc4 ,?is illness caus$ him great di/ress ( m9d1 ma9ly due to an idea t ! physicians did n und]/& 8 condition4 ,:5 9 ?is /ate he sometimes set d[n p5cil notes on scraps ( pap] to relieve 8 feel+s4 ,"o su* is ! foll[+3-- ,:]eas1 accord+ to ! decl>ation ( t true man ( ! _w ,talleyr&1 ! use ( language is to conceal ! ?\ghts2 ?is is to decl>e 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 :5 ,i say ,i am n able to be> mu* talk+1 x means really1 & )\t any mi/ake1 or equivocation1 or oblique mean+1 or implication1 or subt]fuge1 or omission1 t ,i am n able2 be+ at pres5t r weak 9 ! head1 & able to "w no m4 ,dur+ ^! times ( en=c$ idl5ess he us$ to amuse himself ) games ( skill1 ) pap]work1 & ) visits to ! !atre & to ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,mrs4 ,f>aday left ! foll[+ note3-- ,mi*ael 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ memb]s ( ! ,zoological ,society1 & ! ,g>d5s 7 a great res\rce to him :5 ov]wr\ght & di/ress$ 9 ! head4 ,! animals 7 a cont9ual s\rce ( int]e/1 & we1 or r ,i1 us$ to talk ( ! "t :5 we %\ld be able to af=d a h\se )9 my walk+ di/ance ( ! entrance2 = ,i mu* fe>$ he c\ld n cont9ue to live 9 ! ,in/itution ) ! cont9ual calls ^u 8 "t & ?\ght2 b he always %rank f ! notion ( liv+ away f ! ,r4 ,i4 ,8 niece1 ,miss ,reid1 told h[ fond he 0 ( see+ acrobats1 tumbl]s1 dw>fs & giants2 ev5 a ,pun* & ,judy %[ 0 an unfail+ s\rce ( delight4 ,:5 travell+ 9 ,switz]l&1 z he did on sev]al occasions1 accompani$ by ,mrs4 ,f>aday & h] bro!r1 ,george ,b>n>d1 ! arti/1 he kept a j\rnal1 :i* reveals 8 simple pleasures & en?usiasms4 ,he is delight$ ) wat]falls & avalan*es1 wat*es ! c[h]d collect+ 8 c[s & ! %eph]d call+ ! %eep1 :i* foll[$ him1 leav+ ! goats to /raggle4 ,on "o su* visit 79 #ahda71 9 ord] t he might n be abs5t on ,sunday f 8 wife1 he walk$ ! :ole di/ance f ,leuk]bad to ,?un1 ov] ! ,gemmi--a di/ance ( #de miles--9 "o day4 ,at ,int]lak51 obs]v+ t cl\t-nail-mak+ 0 practis$ z a local indu/ry1 he wrote3 8,i love a smi?'s %op & ev]y?+ relat+ to smi!ry4 ,my fa!r 0 a smi?40 ,sid5ote3 ,,impressions ,,( ,,liebig4 ,9 #ahdd he 0 well en\gh to att5d ! ,briti% ,association meet+ at ,york4 ,liebig1 :o _h also be5 !re1 wrote to him ?ree mon?s lat] ) "s rem9isc5ces4 ,:at _h /ruck him mo/ 0 ! t5d5cy 9 ,engl& to ignore ! m purely sci5tific works & to value only ^? ) a 8practical0 be>+4 8,9 ,g]many x is q ! contr>y4 ,"h1 9 ! eyes ( sci5tific m51 no value1 or at lea/ b a trifl+ "o1 is plac$ on ! practical results4 ,! enri*m5t ( sci5ce is alone consid]$ wor?y ( att5tion40 ,liebig fur!r express$ himself dissatisfi$ ) ! meet+ at ,york4 ,he _h be5 int]e/$ to make ! acqua9tance ( s _m celebrat$ m51 b x 01 /rictly1 8a fea/ giv5 to ! geologi/s1 ! o!r sci5ces s]v+ only to decorate ! table40 ,!n came a m p]sonal note3-- ,(t5 d my ?\ghts w&] back to ! p]iod :i* ,i sp5t 9 ,engl&1 among ! _m pleasant h\rs ( :i* ! remembrance ( ^? pass$ ) y & y\r amiable wife is to me always ! de>e/ & mo/ agreeable4 ,) ! pure/ pleasure ,i br+ to m9d my walk ) h]1 9 ! botanical g>d5 at ,york1 :5 ,i 0 af=d$ a glance ( ! ri*ness ( h] m9d2 :at a r>e treasure y possess 9 h]6 ,! breakfa/ 9 ! little h\se ) ,sn[ ,h>ris1 & ,graham1 & our be+ toge!r at ,bi%op?orpe1 are /ill fre% 9 my memory4 ,if ,liebig 0 dispos$ to und]rate ! useful applications ( sci5ce1 ,f>aday c]ta9ly 0 n4 ,?\gh 8 own rese>* "w 0 c>ri$ on ) ! s+le aim ( sci5tific progress2 ?\gh he himself nev] sw]v$ aside into any bran* rese>* t might h yield$ money2 yet he 0 ev] ready to exam9e1 & ev5 to lecture ^u1 ! inv5tions ( o!rs4 ,he accept$ = ! subjects ( 8 ,friday night disc\rses all sorts ( topics--artificial /one1 ma*9]y = p5-mak+1 li?ography1 ,ruhmkorff's induction coil1 a process = silv]+ mirrors1 & ligh?\se illum9ation by electric light4 ,8 v la/ lecture 0 on ,siem5s's gas-furnaces4 ,he c\ld be j z en?usia/ic ov] ! inv5tion ( ano!r z ov] "s discov]y ( 8 own4 ,) respect to 8 lecture on ! ,ruhmkorff coil1 ,tyndall describes him 9 a passage :i* is int]e/+1 z conta9+ an epi!t s9ce adopt$ = ano!r great man = :om ,tyndall _h less respect ?an = ,f>aday3-- ,i well rememb] ! ec/asy & surprise ( ! gr& old man1 evok$ by effects :i* we %\ld n[ deem utt]ly insignificant4 ,b5ce ,jones says3-- ,:5 he br\ght ! discov]ies ( o!rs be=e 8 he>]s1 "o object1 & "o alone1 seem$ to det]m9e all he said & did1 & t 01 8)\t comm5dation & )\t c5sure10 to d ! utmo/ t c\ld be done = ! discov]]4 ,9 s p]fect a "* x w\ld be m>vell\s if !re 7 n "s flaw4 ,8 p]si/5t ignor+ ( ,/urgeon1 & 8 attribution ( ! inv5tion ( ! electromagnet to ,moll & ,h5ry1 ^: "w 0 frankly bas$ on ,/urgeon's1 is simply inexplicable4 ,he fail$ to appreciate ! greatness ( ,dalton1 & ?\ght him an ov]rat$ man4 ,sid5ote3 ,,p]sonal ,,*>act]i/ics4 ,amid all 8 ov]fl[+ k9dl9ess ( he>t1 ,f>aday pres]v$ o!r less obvi\s traits ( "*4 ,any act ( inju/ice or meanness call$ =? an almo/ volcanic bur/ ( indignation4 ,hot fla%es ( temp]1 fi]ce mom5ts ( wra? 7 by no means unkn[n4 ,b he ex]cis$ a mo/ admirable self-control1 & a habitual discipl9e ( s\l t kept 8 temp] "u4 ,grim & =bidd+1 & ev5 exact+ he c\ld %[ himself to an idle or unfai?ful s]vant4 ,!re 7 ^? :o fe>$ z well z ^? :o lov$ & admir$ him4 ,dr4 ,glad/one says ( him t he 0 no 8model ( all ! virtues10 dreadfully un9t]e/+1 & disc\rag+ to ^? :o feel calm p]fection out ( _! rea*4 8,8 inn] life 0 a battle1 ) its w\nds z well z its victory40 8,x is true also10 he adds1 8t ) 8 great caution & 8 repugnance to moral evil1 he 0 m dispos$ to turn away 9 disgu/ f an err+ companion ?an to endeav\r to reclaim him40 ,= ?irty ye>s ,f>aday 0 ! =emo/ ( lectur]s on sci5ce 9 ,london4 ,f ! fir/ occasion :51 9 #ahbc1 z ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison n>rates1 he 0 call$ ^u unexpect$ly to act z sub/itute = ,pr(essor ,br&e at "o ( 8 morn+ lectures at ! ,royal ,in/itution 7!n held 9 ! subt]ranean laboratory71 d[n to ! "t ( 8 late/ appe>ance z a lectur] 9 #ahfb1 he 0 )\t a rival z ! expon5t ( natural sci5ce4 ,z no man c\ld a*ieve & reta9 su* a position )\t possess+ bo? natural gifts & appropriate tra9+1 x is fitt+ to inquire :at 7 ^? gifts & :at ! tra9+ :i* 7 s happily unit$ 9 him4 ,i 0 7he said7 a v lively1 imag9ative p]son1 & c\ld believe 9 ! ,arabian ,nights z easily z 9 ! ,encyclopdia2 b facts 7 important to me1 & sav$ me4 ,i c\ld tru/ a fact1 & always cross-exam9$ an ass]tion4 ,f ! v fir/ ,f>aday _h an appreciation ( ! way 9 :i* public lectures %\ld be giv54 ,9 8 notes ( ,davy's f\r? lecture ( ,april1 #ahab1 he wrote3-- ,dur+ ! :ole ( ^! obs]vations 8 deliv]y 0 easy1 8 diction elegant1 8 tone good1 & 8 s5tim5ts sublime4 ,8 own fir/ lecture 0 giv5 9 ! kit*5 ( ,abbott's h\se1 ) home-made app>atus plac$ on ! kit*5 table4 ,to ,abbott1 aft] only a few weeks ( exp]i5ce at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 he wrote ! lett]s ^u lectures & lectur]s1 to :i* allusion 0 made on p4 #ae4 ,^! %[ a mo/ rem>kably s\nd p]ception ( ! mat]ial & m5tal furniture requisite = success4 ,f ! ?ird & f\r? ( !m are cull$ ! foll[+ exc]pts3-- ,sid5ote3 ,,qualifications ,,( ,a ,,lectur]4 ,! mo/ prom95t requisite to a lectur]1 ?\gh p]haps n really ! mo/ important1 is a good deliv]y2 = ?\gh to all true philosoph]s sci5ce & nature w h *>ms innum]able 9 e dress1 yet ,i am sorry to say t ! g5]ality ( mank9d _c accompany u "o %ort h\r unless ! pa? is /rew$ ) fl[]s4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to ga9 ! att5tion ( an audi5ce 7& :at c be m disagreeable to a lectur] ?an ! want ( x871 x is necess>y to pay "s att5tion to ! mann] ( expression4 ,! utt]ance %\ld n be rapid & hurri$1 & consequ5tly un9telligible1 b sl[ & delib]ate1 convey+ ideas ) ease f ! lectur]1 & infus+ !m ) cle>ness & read9ess into ! m9ds ( ! audi5ce4 ,a lectur] %\ld endeav\r by all means to obta9 a facility ( utt]ance1 & ! p[] ( clo?+ 8 ?\ghts & ideas 9 language smoo? & h>moni\s1 & at ! same "t simple & easy4 ,) respect to ! action ( ! lectur]1 x is requisite t he %\ld h "s1 ?\gh x does n "h be> ! importance t x does 9 o!r bran*es ( oratory2 = ?\gh ,i "k ( no species ( deliv]y 7div9ity except$7 t requires less motion1 yet ,i w\ld by no means h a lectur] glu$ to ! table or screw$ on ! floor4 ,he mu/ by all means appe> z a body di/9ct & sep>ate f ! ?+s ar\nd him1 & mu/ h "s motion ap>t f t :i* !y possess4 ,a lectur] %\ld appe> easy & collect$1 undaunt$ & unconc]n$1 8 ?\ghts ab\t him1 & 8 m9d cle> & free = ! contemplation & description ( 8 subject4 ,8 action %\ld n be ha/y & viol5t1 b sl[1 easy1 & natural1 consi/+ pr9cipally 9 *anges ( ! po/ure ( ! body1 9 ord] to avoid ! air ( /iffness or sam5ess t w\ld o!rwise be unavoidable4 ,8 :ole behavi\r %\ld ev9ce respect = 8 audi5ce1 & he %\ld 9 no case =get t he is 9 _! pres5ce4 ,no accid5t t does n int]f]e ) _! conv5i5ce %\ld di/urb 8 s]5ity1 or cause v>iation 9 8 behavi\r2 he %\ld nev]1 if possible1 turn 8 back on !m1 b %\ld give !m full reason to believe t all 8 p[]s h be5 ex]t$ = _! pleasure & in/ruction4 ,"s lectur]s *oose to express _! ?\ghts extemporane\sly imm$iately z !y occur to ! m9d1 :il/ o!rs previ\sly arrange !m & draw !m =? on pap]4 ,b al?\gh ,i all[ a lectur] to write out 8 matt]1 ,i d n approve ( 8 read+ x--at lea/1 n z he w\ld a quotation or extract4 ,a lectur] %\ld ex]t 8 utmo/ ef=t to ga9 completely ! m9d & att5tion ( 8 audi5ce1 & irresi/ibly to make !m jo9 9 8 ideas to ! end ( ! subject4 ,he %\ld endeav\r to raise _! int]e/ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! lecture1 & by a s]ies ( imp]ceptible gradations1 unnotic$ by ! company1 keep x alive z long z ! subject dem&s x4 ,a flame %\ld be light$ at ! comm5cem5t1 & kept alive ) unremitt+ spl5d\r to ! end4 ,= ?is reason ,i v mu* disapprove ( breaks 9 a lecture1 & :]e !y c by any means be avoid$ !y %\ld on no acc\nt f9d place4444 ,= ! same reason--namely1 t ! audi5ce %\ld n gr[ tir$--,i disapprove ( long lectures2 "o h\r is long en\gh = anyone4 ,nor %\ld !y be all[$ to exce$ t "t4 ,a lectur] falls deeply b5ea? ! dignity ( 8 "* :5 he desc5ds s l[ z to angle = claps & asks = comm5dation4 ,yet h ,i se5 a lectur] ev5 at ?is po9t4 ,i h he>d him causelessly condemn 8 own p[]s4 ,i h he>d him dwell = a l5g? ( "t on ! extreme c>e & nic5ess t ! exp]im5t he w make requires4 ,i h he>d him hope = indulg5ce :5 no indulg5ce 0 want$1 & ,i h ev5 he>d him decl>e t ! exp]im5t n[ made _c fail1 f its beauty1 its correctness1 & its application1 to ga9 ! approbation ( all4444 ,i w\ld wi% apologies to be made z seldom z possible1 & g5]ally only :5 ! inconv5i5ce ext5ds to ! company4 ,i h sev]al times se5 ! att5tion ( by f> ! great] "p ( ! audi5ce call$ to an error by ! apology t foll[$ x4 ',tis well1 too1 :5 ! lectur] has ! ready wit & ! pres5ce ( m9d to turn any casual circum/ance to an illu/ration ( 8 subject4 ,any p>ticul> circum/ance t has become table-talk = ! t[n1 any local advantages or disadvantages1 any trivial circum/ance t may arise 9 company1 give great =ce to illu/rations aptly drawn f !m1 & please ! audi5ce highly1 z !y conceive !y p]fectly und]/& !m4 ,apt exp]im5ts 7to :i* ,i h be=e ref]r$7 ought to be expla9$ by satisfactory !ory1 or o!rwise we m]ely pat* an old coat ) new clo?1 & ! :ole hole becomes worse4 ,if a satisfactory !ory c be giv51 x ought to be giv54 ,if we d\bt a receiv$ op9ion1 let u n leave ! d\bt unnotic$ & affirm our own ideas1 b /ate x cle>ly1 & lay d[n also our objections4 ,if ! sci5tific _w is divid$ 9 op9ion1 /ate bo? sides ( ! "q1 & let ea* "o judge = himself by notic+ ! mo/ /rik+ & =cible circum/ances on ea* side4 ,!n1 & !n only1 %all we d ju/ice to ! subject1 please ! audi5ce1 & satisfy our hon\r1 ! hon\r ( a philosoph]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,use ,,( ,,criticism4 ,"o :o already _h set be=e himself su* high ideals c\ld n fail at lea/ to attempt to fulfil !m4 ,accord+ly1 :5 9 #ahaf he began to lecture to ! ,city ,philosophical ,society1 he began to att5d an ev5+ class on elocution conduct$ by ,mr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,sm>t1 ?\gh ! p9* ( pov]ty made x difficult to him to af=d ! ne$ful fees4 ,aga91 9 #ahbc1 previ\s to tak+ "p 9 ,br&e's laboratory lectures1 he took private lessons 9 elocution f ,sm>t1 at ! rate ( half-a-gu9ea a lesson4 ,aft] #ahbg1 :5 he 0 beg9n+ 8 regul> c\rses ( lectures 9 ! !atre1 he (t5 us$ to get ,mr4 ,sm>t to att5d 9 ord] to criticise 8 deliv]y4 ,among/ ! rules f\nd 9 8 manuscript notes 7 ! foll[+3-- ,nev] to repeat a phrase4 ,nev] to g back to am5d4 ,if at a loss = a ^w1 n to *-*-* or eh-eh-eh1 b to /op & wait = x4 ,x soon comes1 & ! bad habits are brok5 & flu5cy soon acquir$4 ,nev] d\bt a correction giv5 to me by ano!r4 ,8 niece1 ,miss ,reid1 :o liv$ f #ahcj to #ahdj at ! ,in/itution ) ! ,f>adays1 gave ! foll[+ among/ h] recollections3-- ,mr4 ,magra? us$ to come regul>ly to ! morn+ lectures1 = ! sole purpose ( not+ d[n = him any faults ( deliv]y or defective pronunciation t c\ld be detect$4 ,! li/ 0 always receiv$ ) ?anks2 al?\gh 8 corrections 7 n uni=mly adopt$1 he 0 enc\rag$ to cont9ue 8 rem>ks ) p]fect fre$om4 ,9 e>ly days he always lectur$ ) a c>d be=e him ) ,sl[ writt5 ^u x 9 di/9ct *>act]s4 ,sometimes he w\ld ov]look x & become too rapid2 9 ?is case1 ,&]son _h ord]s to place ! c>d be=e him4 ,sometimes he _h ! ^w ,"t on a c>d br\ght =w>d :5 ! h\r 0 ne>ly expir$4 ,sid5ote3 ,,z ,,lectur]4 ,9 spite ( 8 rec\rse to aids 9 acquir+ elocution>y excell5ce1 8 own /yle rema9$ simple & unspoil$4 8,8 mann]10 says ,b5ce ,jones1 80 s natural1 t ! ?\ght ( any art 9 8 lectur+ nev] occurr$ to anyone4 ,= 8 ,friday disc\rses1 & = 8 o!r set lectures 9 ! !atre1 he always made ample prep>ation be=eh&4 ,8 matt] 0 always ov]-abundant4 ,&1 if 8 exp]im5ts 7 always successful1 ?is 0 n solely attributable to 8 exce$+ skill ( h&4 ,=1 unrivall$ z he 0 z a manipulator1 9 ! cases 9 :i* he attempt$ to %[ complicat$ or difficult exp]im5ts1 t :i* 0 to be %[n 0 always well rehe>s$ be=eh& 9 ! laboratory4 ,he 0 exce$+ly p>ticul> ab\t small & simple illu/rations4 ,he nev] m]ely told 8 he>]s ab\t an exp]im5t1 b %[$ x to !m1 h[ev] simple & well kn[n x might be4 ,to a "y lectur] he once rem>k$3 #8,if ,i said to my audi5ce1 8,?is /one w fall to ! gr\nd if ,i op5 my h&10 ,i %\ld op5 my h& & let x fall4 ,take no?+ = grant$ z kn[n2 in=m ! eye at ! same "t z y address ! e>4' ,he always endeav\r$ at ! outset to put himself en rapport ) 8 audi5ce by introduc+ 8 subject on its mo/ famili> side1 & !n lead+ on to t :i* 0 less famili>4 ,be=e ! audi5ce became aw>e ( any transition1 !y 7 already assimilat+ new facts :i* 7 ?us br\ght )9 _! range4 ,nor did he /ay 8 disc\rse ^u ! enunciation ( facts m]ely4 ,almo/ inv>iably1 z 8 allott$ h\r drew t[>ds its close1 he gave re9 to 8 imag9ation4 ,^? :o _h begun ) him on ! l[] plane ( simple facts & _! correlations 7 bidd5 to consid] ! wid] be>+s ( sci5tific pr9ciples & _! relations to philosophy1 to life1 or to e?ics4 ,:ile he nev] =c$ a p]oration1 nor dragg$ 9 a quotation f ! poets1 8 own sci5tific inspiration1 z he outl9$ "s wide-sweep+ speculation or sugge/ion = future discov]ies1 amply suppli$ ! fitt+ f9ale4 ,if ! ru% ( 8 ideas might sometimes be comp>$ to te>+ ?r\gh a jungle1 x at lea/ nev] deg5]at$ into s]monis+2 & nev]1 save :5 he 0 physically ill1 fail$ to ar\se an en?usia/ic gl[ ( response 9 8 he>]s4 #8,no att5tive li/5]1' says ,mrs4 ,crosse1 #8ev] came away f "o ( ,f>aday's lectures )\t hav+ ! limits ( 8 spiritual vision enl>g$1 or )\t feel+ t 8 imag9ation _h be5 /imulat$ to some?+ beyond ! m]e expression ( physical facts4'0 ,he 0 n "o :o let himself dwell 9 illusions4 ,:5 he did well he 0 p]fectly consci\s ( ! fact1 & enjoy$ a mode/ satisfaction4 ,if he _h fail$ ( 8 be/1 he 0 consci\s too ( t4 ,8 delib]ate act 9 giv+ up all o!r lectures at ! "t :5 8 bra9-tr\bles 7 ga9+ ^u him1 :ile reta9+ ! ,*ri/mas lectures to juv5iles1 0 ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic4 ,( "o ( 8 e>li] c\rses ( lectures he himself made--ab\t #ahcb--! foll[+ note3-- ,! eight lectures on ! op]ations ( ! laboratory at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,april1 #ahbh1 7 n to my m9d4 ,!re does n appe> to be t opportunity ( fix+ ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce by a s+le cle>1 consi/5t1 & connect$ *a9 ( reason+ :i* occurs :5 a pr9ciple 7sic7 or "o p>ticul> application is made4444 ,i d n ?9k ! op]ations ( ! laboratory c be r5d]$ useful & popul> 9 lectures4444 ,! matt] ( ^! same lectures 01 h[ev]1 ! basis ( 8 book on ,*emical ,manipulation publi%$ 9 #ahbg4 ,x w5t ?r\gh ?ree editions1 & 0 repr9t$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,b 9 #ahch he decl9$ to let a new edition be issu$1 z he consid]$ ! "w out ( date4 ,besides ! note quot$ above f ! ,f>aday ,,ms4 occurs ! foll[+3-- ,! six juv5ile lectures giv5 ,*ri/mas1 #ahbg1 7 j :at !y ought to h be51 bo? 9 matt] & mann]2 b x w\ld n answ] to give an ext5d$ c\rse 9 ! same _s4 ,n9ete5 times did ,f>aday give ! ,*ri/mas lectures4 ,^? on ! ,*emi/ry ( a ,c&le 7 giv5 m ?an once2 & 7 ! la/ he gave1 9 #ahfj4 ,!y h be5 publi%$1 z 7 ^? on ! ,=ces ( ,nature4 ,! lectures on ,metals he 0 urg$ to publi%1 b decl9$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,royal ,in/itution1 ,janu>y #c1 #ahei4 ,,de> ,,sir1--,_m ?anks to bo? y & ,mr4 ,b5tley4 ,mr4 ,murray made me an unlimit$ (f] l t ( ,mr4 ,b5tley's _m ye>s ago1 b = ! reasons ,i am ab\t to give y ,i _h to refuse 8 k9dness4 ,he propos$ to take !m by %or?&1 & s save me tr\ble1 b ,i knew t w\ld be a ?or\gh failure2 ev5 if ,i c>$ to give "t to ! revision ( ! ,,ms41 /ill ! lectures )\t ! exp]im5ts & ! vivacity ( speak+ w\ld fall f> beh9d ^? 9 ! lecture-room z to effect4 ,& !n ,i d n desire to give "t to !m1 = money is no temptation to me4 ,9 fact1 ,i h always lov$ sci5ce m ?an money2 & because my occupation is almo/ entirely p]sonal ,i _c af=d to get ri*4 ,aga9 ?ank+ y & ,mr4 ,b5tley1 ,i rema91 ,v truly y\rs1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,sid5ote3 ,,an ,,inspir$ ,,*ild4 ,( 8 lectures ,lady ,pollock wrote3-- ,he w\ld play ) 8 subject n[ & !n1 b v delicately2 8 sport 0 only j en\gh to enliv5 ! att5tion4 ,he nev] suff]$ an exp]im5t to allure him away f 8 !me4 ,e t\* ( 8 h& 0 a true illu/ration ( 8 argum5t4444 ,b 8 mean+ 0 sometimes beyond ! conception ( ^? :om he address$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he lectur$ to *ildr5 he 0 c>eful to be p]fectly di/9ct1 & nev] all[$ 8 ideas to outrun _! intellig5ce4 ,he took great delight 9 talk+ to !m1 & easily won _! confid5ce4 ,! vivacity ( 8 mann] & ( 8 c\nt5ance1 & 8 pleasant laugh1 ! frankness ( 8 :ole be>+1 attract$ !m to him4 ,!y felt z if he belong$ to !m2 & inde$ he sometimes1 9 8 joy\s en?usiasm1 appe>$ l an inspir$ *ild4 444 ,8 quick sympa?ies put him s closely 9 relation ) ! *ild t he saw ) ! boy's new wond]1 & look$1 & mo/ likely felt = ! mom5t1 z if he _h nev] se5 ! ?+ be=e4 ,quick feel+s1 quick movem5t1 quick ?\ght1 vividness ( expression & ( p]ception1 belong$ to him4 ,he came across y l a fla% ( light1 & he seem$ to leave "s ( 8 light ) y4 ,8 pres5ce 0 always /imulat+4--,/4 ,paul's ,magaz9e1 ,june1 #ahgj4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review says3-- ,he _h ! art ( mak+ philosophy *>m+1 & ?is 0 due 9 no little measure to ! fact t to grey-head$ wisdom he unit$ wond]ful juv5ility ( _s4444 ,hil>i\sly boyi% ^u occasion he c\ld be1 & ^? :o knew him be/ knew he 0 nev] m at home1 t he nev] seem$ s pleas$1 z :5 mak+ an old boy ( himself1 z he 0 wont to say1 lectur+ be=e a juv5ile audi5ce at ,*ri/mas4 ,c>ol9e ,fox 79 8,memories ( ,old ,fri5ds071 "u date ,june #ac?1 #ahea1 wrote 9 h] j\rnal3-- ,we w5t to ,f>aday's lecture on 8,ozone40 ,he tri$ ! v>i\s me?ods ( mak+ ozone :i* ,s*nbe9 _h already p]=m$ 9 our kit*51 & he did !m brilliantly4 ,he 0 entirely at 8 ease1 bo? ) 8 audi5ce & 8 *emical app>atus4 ,9 ! di>y ( ,h4 ,crabb ,rob9son is an appreciation ( ,f>aday ( "s int]e/3-- ,may #h?1 #ahdj4444 ,att5d$ ,c>lyle's second lecture4 ,x gave great satisfaction1 = x _h uncommon ?\ghts & 0 deliv]$ ) unusual animation4444 ,9 ! ev5+ he>d a lecture by ,f>aday4 ,:at a contra/ to ,c>lyle6 ,a p]fect exp]im5tali/ ) an intellect s cle>4 ,)9 8 sph]e un uomo compito4 ,_m ref]5ces to ,f>aday's lectures occur 9 ! life ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow5 7publi%$ #ahid71 *iefly extract$ f ,mrs4 ,ow5's di>y4 ,two or ?ree extracts mu/ suffice3-- #ahci1 ,jan4 #h?4 ,at eight o'clock ) ,r4 to ! ,royal ,in/itution to he> ,f>aday lecture on electricity1 galvanism1 & ! electric eel4 ,f>aday is ! beau idal ( a popul> lectur]4 #ahde1 ,jan4 #ca4 ,to ,f>aday's lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,! l>ge/ cr[d ,i h ev] se5 !re4 ,_m g5tlem5 7 oblig$ to come into ! ladies' gall]y1 z !y c\ld n get seats else:]e4 ,aft] an exce$+ly int]e/+ lecture1 ,f>aday said he _h a few rem>ks to make on "s new re=m laws = ! ,in/itution4 ,^! rem>ks 7 admirably made1 & no "o c\ld feel (f5d$1 al?\gh x 0 a direct attack on ^? g5tlem5 :o help$ to r5d] ! ladies v uncom=table1 sometimes by fill+ seats1 & (t5 front seats1 9 ! "p int5d$ only = ladies4 ,we>+ a hat 9 ! libr>y 0 "o ( ! del9qu5cies1 likewise sitt+ 9 ! seats res]v$ = ! directors1 :o 7 oblig$ by _! (fice & duties to be la/ 94 ,mr4 ,f>aday also rem>k$ t ! =mation ( two curr5ts caus$ by c]ta9 g5tlem5 ru%+ up/airs ! in/ant ! lecture 0 ov] to fet* _! lady fri5ds 0 n conducive to ! com=t ( ^? com+ d[n/airs4 ,ev]y?+ tak5 v well4 ,sid5ote3 ,,royal ,,in/itution ,,lectures4 #ahdi1 ,may #bh?4 ,) ,r4 to ,royal ,in/itution4 ,we got !re j be=e ?ree1 & !re 0 a cr[d$ audi5ce z usual to he> ,f>aday's lecture4 ,! poor man ent]$ & attempt$ to speak1 b he 0 suff]+ f inflammation or excessive irritation ( ! l>ynx1 & aft] "s pa9ful ef=ts to speak1 a g5]al cry arose ( 8,po/pone10 & someone1 app>5tly 9 au?ority1 made a %ort spee* f ! gall]y4 ,mr4 ,f>aday /ill wi%$ to try & =ce 8 voice1 say+ he 0 well aw>e ( ! difficulty ( gett+ back ! c>riages1 etc41 be=e ! "t = ! lecture _h elaps$1 to say no?+ ( ! disappo9tm5t to "s2 b e mom5t ! cry increas$4 8,no1 no2 y are too valuable to be all[$ to injure y\rself4 ,po/pone1 po/pone40 ,poor ,f>aday 0 q ov]come4 ,! int]rupt$ lecture 0 resum$ aft] a =tnight's int]val2 & he made up ! full numb] ( lectures by giv+ two extra disc\rses1 at "o ( :i* ! ,pr9ce ,consort 0 pres5t4 ,at ano!r lecture 9 #ahef ,f>aday expla9$ ! magnet & /r5g? ( attraction4 ,he made u all laugh he>tily2 & :5 he ?rew a coalscuttle full ( coals1 a pok]1 & a pair ( tongs at ! great magnet1 & !y /uck !re1 ! !atre e*o$ ) %\ts ( laught]4 ,8 fri5d ,de la ,rive te/ifi$ 9 /rik+ t]ms to ,f>aday's p[] z a speak]4 ,no?+ c give a notion ( ! *>m :i* he imp>t$ to ^! improvis$ lectures1 9 :i* he knew h[ to comb9e animat$1 & (t5 eloqu5t1 language ) a judgm5t & art 9 8 exp]im5ts :i* add$ to ! cle>ness & elegance ( 8 exposition4 ,he ex]t$ an actual fasc9ation ^u 8 auditors2 & :51 aft] hav+ initiat$ !m into ! my/]ies ( sci5ce1 he t]m9at$ 8 lecture1 z he 0 9 ! habit ( do+1 by ris+ into regions f> above matt]1 space1 & "t1 ! emotion :i* he exp]i5c$ did n fail to communicate itself to ^? :o li/5$ to him1 & _! en?usiasm _h no long] any b\nds4 ,f>aday rema9$ all 8 life a ke5 obs]v] ( o!r lectur]s4 ,visit+ ,france 9 #ahde1 he w5t to he> ,arago give an a/ronomical lecture4 8,he deliv]$ x 9 an admirable mann] to a cr[d$ audi5ce10 0 8 comm5t4 ,to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,in/itution1 :o 9 #ahdf consult$ him reg>d+ ev5+ lectures1 he said3 ,i see no objection to ev5+ lectures if y c f9d a fit man to give !m4 ,z to popul> lectures 7:i* at ! same "t are to be respectable & s\nd71 none are m difficult to f9d4 ,lectures :i* really tea* w nev] be popul>2 lectures :i* are popul> w nev] really tea*4 ,!y "k little ( ! matt] :o ?9k sci5ce is m easily to be taught or le>n$ ?an ,a ,b ,c2 & yet :o ev] le>n$ 8 ,a ,b ,c )\t pa9 & tr\ble8 ,/ill1 lectures c 7g5]ally7 in=m ! m9d1 & %[ =? to ! att5tive man :at he really has to le>n1 & 9 _! way are v useful1 especially to ! public4 ,i ?9k !y might be useful to u n[1 ev5 if !y only gave an answ] to ^? :o1 judg+ by _! own e>ne/ desire to le>n1 ?9k mu* ( !m4 ,z to agricultural *emi/ry1 x is no d\bt an excell5t & a popul> subject1 b ,i r suspect t ^? :o "k lea/ ( x ?9k t mo/ is kn[n ab\t x4 ,sid5ote3 ,,use ,,( ,,models ,,& ,,c>ds4 ,8 fondness = illu/rat+ obscure po9ts 9 8 lectures by models has be5 m ?an once allud$ to4 ,he w\ld improvise ^! out ( wood1 pap]1 wire1 or ev5 out ( turnips or potatoes1 ) mu* dext]ity ( h&4 ,9 "o ( 8 unpubli%$ manuscripts1 dat+ ab\t #ahbf1 deal+ ) ! !n rec5tly discov]$ ph5om5a ( electromagnetism1 occurs ! foll[+ note3-- ,x is be/ = illu/ration to h a model ( ! con/ant position :i* ! ne$le takes across ! wire3 le voila 7,fig4 #ba74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,_m su* simple models 7 us$ 9 8 lectures4 ,he lean$ ^u !m to aid 8 defective memory2 b !y help$ 8 audi5ce q z mu* z !y aid$ him4 ,ref]5ce 0 made on p4 #g to 8 use ( c>ds1 on :i* to jot d[n notes ( ?\ghts t occurr$ to him4 ,"o su* runs z foll[s3-- ,rememb] to d "o ?+ at once4 ,also to f9i% a ?+4 ,also to d a little if ,i c\ld n d mu*4 ,pique ab\t ma!matics 9 *emi/s1 & resolution to support ! "* ( exp]im5t--z bett] = ! mass4 ,h5ce orig9 ( ! title ,exp4 rese>*es4 ,influ5ce ( au?ority4 ,davy & difficulty ( /e]+ betwe5 self-suffici5cy & dep5dance 7sic7 on o!rs4 ,aim at high ?+s1 b n presumptu\sly4 ,endeav\r to succe$--expect n to succe$4 ,criticise "o's own view 9 e way by exp]im5t--if possible1 leave no objection to be put by o!rs4 ,f>aday's en?usiasm ab\t exp]im5tal rese>*es 0 at times unre/ra9$1 & always contagi\s4 ,dumas describes h[ ,f>aday repeat$ = him ! exp]im5tal demon/ration ( ! action ( magnetism on light4 ,hav+ come to ! f9al exp]im5t1 ,f>aday rubb$ 8 h&s excit$ly1 :ile 8 eyes lit up ) fire1 & 8 animat$ c\nt5ance told ! passionate feel+s :i* he br\ght to ! discov]y ( sci5tific tru?4 ,on ano!r occasion ,plck]1 ( ,bonn1 !n on a visit to ,london1 %[$ ,f>aday 9 8 own laboratory ! action ( a magnet ^u ! lum9\s electric dis*>ge 9 vacuum tubes4 8,f>aday danc$ r\nd !m2 & z he saw ! mov+ ar*es ( light1 he cri$3 #8,oh1 to live always 9 x6'0 ,once a fri5d met him at ,ea/b\rne 9 ! mid/ ( a trem5d\s /orm1 rubb+ 8 h&s toge!r gleefully because he _h be5 =tunate en\gh to see ! lightn+ /rike ! *ur* t[]4 ,to ! ,b>oness ,burdett-,c\tts he once wrote invit+ h] to see "s exp]im5ts ^u spectrum analysis 9 8 private room4 ,! exp]im5ts1 he wrote1 w n be beautiful except to ! intellig5t4 ,yet ano!r rem9isc5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! ,memorials ( ,joseph ,h5ry4 ,x relates1 probably1 to ! date ( #ahcg1 :5 ,h5ry visit$ ,europe4 ,h5ry lov$ to dwell on ! h\rs t he & ,ba*e _h sp5t 9 ,f>aday's society4 ,i %all nev] =get ,h5ry's acc\nt ( 8 visit to ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 :]e ,f>aday1 ,:eat/one1 ,daniell1 & he _h met to try & evolve ! electric sp>k f ! !rmopile4 ,ea* 9 turn attempt$ x & fail$4 ,!n came ,h5ry's turn4 ,he succe$$1 call+ 9 ! aid ( 8 discov]y ( ! effect ( a long int]pol> wire wrapp$ ar\nd a piece ( s(t iron4 ,f>aday became z wild z a boy1 &1 jump+ up1 %\t$3 8,hurrah = ! ,yankee exp]im5t60 ,! foll[+ memor&um 0 f\nd on a slip ( pap] 9 ,f>aday's 8rese>* draw]03-- ,,! ,,f\r ,,degrees4 ,! discov]] ( a fact4 ,! reconcil+ ( x to kn[n pr9ciples4 ,discov]y ( a fact n reconcilable4 ,he :o ref]s all to /ill m g5]al pr9ciples4 ,m4,f4 ,sid5ote3 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,speculation4 ,f>aday's m9d 0 ( a v individual turn2 he c\ld n walk along ! beat5 tracks1 b mu/ pursue tru? :]ev] x l$ him4 ,8 dogg$ t5acity = exact fact 0 accompani$ by a p]fect fe>lessness ( speculation4 ,he w\ld ?r[ ov]bo>d )\t hesitation ! mo/ deeply-root$ notions if exp]im5tal evid5ce po9t$ to new] ideas4 ,he _h le>n$ to d\bt ! idea ( poles2 s he outgrew ! idea ( atoms1 :i* he consid]$ an arbitr>y conception4 ,_m :o he>d 8 bold speculations & 8 free co9age ( new t]ms deem$ him vague & loose 9 ?\ght4 ,no?+ c\ld be m untrue4 ,he let 8 m9d play freely ab\t ! facts2 he fram$ ?\s&s ( hypo!ses1 only to let !m g by if !y 7 n support$ by facts4 8,he is ! wise/ philosoph]10 he said 9 a lecture on ! nature ( matt]1 8:o holds 8 !ory ) "s d\bt--:o is able to proportion 8 judgm5t & confid5ce to ! value ( ! evid5ce set be=e him1 tak+ a fact = a fact & a supposition = a supposition1 z mu* z possible keep+ 8 m9d free f all s\rce ( prejudice2 or1 :]e he _c d ?is 7z 9 ! case ( a !ory71 rememb]+ t su* a s\rce is !re40 ,9 "o ( 8 lat] exp]im5tal rese>*es he wrote3-- ,z an exp]im5tali/1 ,i feel b\nd to let exp]im5t guide me into any tra9 ( ?\ght :i* x may ju/ify2 be+ satisfi$ t exp]im5t1 l analysis1 mu/ lead to /rict tru? if rightly int]pret$2 & believ+ also t x is 9 its nature f> m sugge/ive ( new tra9s ( ?\ght & new conditions ( natural p[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,:y ,,no ,,successor4 ,p]haps x 0 ?is v fre$om ( ?\ght :i* deb>r$ him f enli/+ o!r m5 z collaborators 9 8 rese>*es4 ,8 "o assi/ant = ?irty ye>s1 ,s]geant ,&]son1 0 inde$ invaluable to him = 8 quality ( implicit ob$i5ce4 ,o!r help]s 9 ! laboratory he _h none4 ,app>5tly he f\nd 8 rese>*es to be ( too individual a "* to p]mit him to deputise any "p ( 8 "w4 ,he 0 nev] satisfi$ :5 told ab\t ano!r's exp]im5t2 he mu/ p]=m x = himself4 ,(t5 a discov]y arose f "s *ance or trivial incid5t ( an o!rwise unsuccessful exp]im5t4 ,! p[] ( 8lat]al vision10 :i* ,tyndall has s /rongly emphasis$1 0 a prime factor 9 8 successes4 ,t p[] c\ld n be delegat$ to any m]e assi/ant4 ,_m times did outsid]s approa* him1 ?9k+ to br+ new facts to 8 notice2 nev]1 save on ! solit>y occasion :5 a ,mr4 ,william ,j5k9 drew 8 att5tion to ! 8extra-curr5t0 sp>k se5 on ! break+ ( an electric circuit1 did su* novelties turn out to be really new4 ,alleg$ discov]ies ?us br\ght to him m]ely plagu$ him4 ,he ?\ght t anyone :o _h ! wit to obs]ve any really new ph5om5on w\ld be ! p]son be/ qualifi$ to "w x out4 ,8 me?od 0 to "w on alone1 dwell+ amid/ 8 exp]im5ts until ! m9d1 famili>is+ itself ) ! facts1 0 ready to sugge/ _! correlations4 ,x 0 sometimes urg$ aga9/ him z a compla9t t he nev] took up any y\ng] man to tra9 him z 8 successor1 ev5 z ,davy _h tak5 up himself & tra9$ him 9 sci5tific "w4 ,"o ( ! miscellane\s notes1 f\nd aft] 8 dea?1 ?r[s "s light on ?is3-- ,x puzzles me greatly to "k :at makes ! successful philosoph]4 ,is x indu/ry & p]sev]ance ) a mod]ate proportion ( good s5se & intellig5ce8 ,is n a mode/ assurance or e>ne/ness a requisite8 ,d n _m fail because !y look r to ! r5[n to be acquir$ ?an to ! pure acquisition ( k1 & ! delight :i* ! cont5t$ m9d has 9 acquir+ x = its own sake8 ,i am sure ,i h se5 _m :o w\ld h be5 good & successful pursu]s ( sci5ce1 & h ga9$ !mselves a high "n1 b t x 0 ! "n & ! rew>d !y 7 always look+ =w>d to--! rew>d ( ! _w's praise4 ,9 su* !re is always a %ade ( envy or regret ov] _! m9ds1 & ,i _c imag9e a man mak+ discov]ies 9 sci5ce "u ^! feel+s4 ,z to ,g5ius & its p[]1 !re may be cases2 ,i suppose !re are4 ,i h look$ long & (t5 = a g5ius = our ,laboratory1 b h nev] f\nd "o4 ,b ,i h se5 _m :o w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 if !y _h submitt$ !mselves to a s\nd self-appli$ discipl9e ( m9d1 h become successful exp]im5tal ,philosoph]s4 ,to ,dr4 ,beck] he wrote3 ,i 0 nev] able to make a fact my own )\t see+ x2 & ! descriptions ( ! be/ works altoge!r fail$ to convey to my m9d su* a k ( ?+s z to all[ myself to =m a judgm5t ^u !m4 ,x 0 s ) new ?+s4 ,if ,grove1 or ,:eat/one1 or ,gassiot1 or any o!r told me a new fact1 & want$ my op9ion ei!r ( its value1 or ! cause1 or ! evid5ce x c\ld give on any subject1 ,i nev] c\ld say any?+ until ,i _h se5 ! fact4 ,= ! same reason ,i nev] c\ld "w1 z "s ,pr(essors d mo/ ext5sively1 by /ud5ts or pupils4 ,all ! "w _h to be my own4 ,sid5ote3 ,,income ,,& ,,exp5diture4 ,( ,f>aday's social life & surr\nd+s dur+ 8 m]idional & lat] p]iod mu* might be writt54 ,aft] 8 great rese>*es ( #ahca to #ahcf sci5tific hon\rs fl[$ 9 freely ^u him1 especially f =eign academies & univ]sities2 & ! fame he won at home w\ld h br\ght him1 _h he be5 s m9d$1 an ample pr(essional =tune & all ! artificial am5ities ( ,society :i* foll[ ! successful money-mak]4 ,f all su* mundane 8success0 he cut himself (f :5 9 #ahca he decid$ to ab&on pr(essional fee-e>n+1 & to devote himself to ! advancem5t ( sci5ce4 ,probably ! t5ets ( ! religi\s body to :i* he belong$ 7 a lead+ factor 9 compell+ ?is decision4 ,n hav+ laid ^u him ! necessity ( provid+ = a family1 & accu/om$ to live 9 an uno/5tati\s /yle1 he c\ld contemplate ! future )\t anxiety4 ,) 8 p5sion1 8 ,woolwi* lectures1 & 8 ,tr9ity ,h\se appo9tm5t1 ,f>aday 0 9 no s5se poor1 ?\gh 8 ,royal ,in/itution pr(essor%ip nev] br\ght him s mu* z #cjj a ye> until aft] he 0 ov] sixty ye>s ( age2 b on ! o!r h&1 8 private *>ities 7 v num]\s4 ,h[ mu* ( 8 income 0 sp5t 9 t way c nev] be kn[n2 = ! v privacy ( 8 de$s ( k9dness prev5t$ any record f be+ kept4 ,c]ta9 x is t 8 gifts to ! ag$ poor & sick mu/ h am\nt$ to sev]al hundr$s ( p\nds a ye>2 = :ile 8 income = _m ye>s mu/ h av]ag$ at lea/ #a1jjj or #a1ajj1 & 8 dome/ic exp5diture c\ld n h mu* exce$$ half t sum1 he does n seem to h attempt$ to save any?+4 ,nor did he grudge "t or /r5g? to d k9dly *>itable acts 9 visit+ ! sick4 ,f ab\t ! ye> #ahcd he resolutely decl9$ invitations to d9n]s & su* social gaieties2 n1 z "s av]r$1 f any religi\s asceticism1 b t he might ! m unre/ra9$ly devote himself to 8 rese>*es4 8,if10 says ,mrs4 ,crosse1 8,babbage1 ,:eat/one1 ,grove1 ,ow51 ,tyndall1 & a ho/ ( o!r di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s1 7 to be met v g5]ally 9 ! society ( ! day1 !re 0 "o man :o 0 v conspicu\s by 8 abs5ce--?is 0 ,f>aday6 ,8 biograph]s say t 9 e>li] ye>s he occasionally accept$ ,lady ,davy's invitations to d9n]2 b ,i nev] he>d ( 8 go+ any:]e1 except 9 ob$i5ce to ! comm&s ( royalty40 ,he did inde$ occasionally d9e quietly ) ,sir ,rob]t ,peel or ,e>l ,russell2 & ( ! few public d9n]s he att5d$1 he enjoy$ mo/ ! annual banquet ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,arts4 ,f>aday does n1 h[ev]1 appe> to h _h any v direct relations ) ! _w ( art4 ,once he 0 consult$ by ,"l ,john ,russell z to ! removal ( ,raphael's c>toons f ,hampton ,c\rt to ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,8 advice 0 adv]se1 on acc\nt ( ! p5etrat+ p[] ( du/4 ,?\gh a suffici5tly good draughtsman to prep>e 8 own draw+s1 he _h little or no k ( ! te*nicalities ( pa9t+4 ,yet 8 s5sitive & en?usia/ic temp]am5t _h mu* 9 common ) t ( ! arti/1 & he enjoy$ music1 especially good music1 greatly4 ,9 e>ly life he play$ ! flute & knew _m songs by he>t4 ,he took bass p>ts 9 conc]t$ s++1 & is said to h sung correctly 9 "t & tune4 ,9 8 circle ( acqua9tance%ip 7 numb]$ sev]al pa9t]s ( em95ce--,turn]1 ,l&se]1 & ,/anfield4 ,8 bro!r-9-law1 ,mr4 ,george ,b>n>d1 ! late well-kn[n wat]-col\r arti/1 has writt5 ! foll[+ note3-- ,my fir/ & _m foll[+ sket*+ trips 7 made ) ,f>aday & 8 wife4 ,/orms excit$ 8 admiration at all times1 & he 0 nev] tir$ ( look+ into ! heav5s4 ,he said to me once1 8,i wond] y arti/s don't /udy ! light & col\r 9 ! sky m1 & try m = effect40 ,i ?9k ?is quality 9 ,turn]'s draw+s made him admire !m s mu*4 ,he made ,turn]'s acqua9tance at ,hullm&el's1 & aft]w>ds (t5 _h applications f him = *emical in=mation ab\t pigm5ts4 ,f>aday always impress$ ^u ,turn] & o!r arti/s ! great necessity !re 0 to exp]im5t = !mselves1 putt+ wa%es & t9ts ( all _! pigm5ts 9 ! bright sunlight1 cov]+ up "o half1 & notic+ ! effect ( light & gases on ! o!r4444 ,f>aday did n fi% at all dur+ ^! c\ntry trips1 b j rambl$ ab\t geologis+ or botanis+4 ,sid5ote3 ,,sci5ce1 ,,lit]ature1 ,,& ,,art4 ,e>li] 9 8 c>e]1 ,f>aday & 8 bro!r-9-law us$ to enjoy conv]saziones ( arti/s1 actors1 & musicians at ,hullm&el's4 ,sometimes !y w5t up ! riv] 9 ,hullm&el's eight-o> boat1 camp+ gipsy-wise on ! banks = d9n]1 & enjoy+ ! s++ ( ,signor ,g>cia & 8 wife & ( 8 daught]1 aft]w>ds ,madame ,malibran4 ,f ^! ?+s1 too1 he )drew v l>gely :5 he ceas$ to d9e out1 ?\gh he /ill lik$ to he> ! op]a & to visit ! !atre4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 he seems to h _h v little 9 common ) lit]>y m54 ,9 ! la/ half ( ! previ\s c5tury !re _h be5 _m intimate relations betwe5 ! lead]s ( lit]ature & ^? ( sci5ce4 ,! circle :i* includ$ ,watt1 ,b\lton1 & ,w$gwood includ$ also ,prie/ley & ,erasmus ,d>w94 ,9 our own "t ! names ( ,d>w91 ,huxley1 ,hook]1 & ,tyndall are to be f\nd 9 conjunction ) ^? ( ,t5nyson1 ,br[n+1 & ,j[ett4 ,b ! biographies ( lit]>y m5 & arti/s ( ! p]iod f #ahcj to #ahej be> few ref]5ces to ,f>aday4 ,he mov$ 9 8 own _w1 & t a _w v mu* ap>t f lit]ature or art4 ,9 8 me?od ( work+ he 0 inde$ an arti/1 (t5 feel+ 8 way r ?an calculat+ x1 & arriv+ at 8 conclusions by :at seem$ insight r ?an by any direct process ( reason+4 ,! discov]y ( tru? comes ab\t 9 _m ways2 & if ,f>aday's me?od 9 sci5ce 0 arti/ic r ?an sci5tific1 x 0 amply ju/ifi$ by ! brilliant h>ve/ ( discov]ies :i* x enabl$ him to reap4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,f>aday nev] took out any pat5ts = 8 discov]ies2 inde$1 :5ev] 9 8 inve/igations he seem$ to come ne> to ! po9t :]e !y began to possess a m>ketable value f _! application to ! indu/ries1 he left !m1 to pursue 8 pione]+ inquiries 9 o!r bran*es4 ,he s\ght1 inde$1 = pr9ciples r ?an = processes1 = facts new to sci5ce r ?an = m]*antable inv5tions4 ,:5 he _h made ! discov]y ( magneto-electric induction--! basis ( all mod]n electric eng9e]+--he c>ri$ ! rese>* to ! po9t ( con/ruct+ sev]al exp]im5tal ma*9es1 & !n abruptly turn$ away ) ^! memorable words3-- ,i h r1 h[ev]1 be5 desir\s ( discov]+ new facts & new relations dep5d5t on magneto-electric induction ?an ( exalt+ ! =ce ( ^? already obta9$2 be+ assur$ t ! latt] w\ld f9d _! full developm5t h]eaft]4 ,sid5ote3 ,,practical ,,utilities4 ,sev]al times 0 ,f>aday kn[n1 :5 ask$ ab\t ! possible utility ( "s new sci5tific discov]y1 to quote ,frankl9's rejo9d]3 8,:at is ! use ( a baby80 ,x is n>rat$ ( him t on "o occasion1 at a ,tr9ity ,h\se d9n]1 he & ! ,duke ( ,well+ton _h a little fri5dly *at1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! ,duke advis$ ,f>aday to give 8 speculations 8a practical turn z f> z possible0--8a sugge/ion10 said ,f>aday1 :o always spoke ( ! vet]an ) pleasure1 8full ( weight1 com+ f su* a man40 ,f>aday 01 h[ev]1 ! la/ to despise ! importance ( indu/rial applications ( sci5ce4 ,9 8 unpubli%$ manuscripts at ! ,royal ,in/itution !re are "s curi\s ref]5ces to trials :i* he made ( a meat-cann+ process1 inv5t$ ab\t #ahdh by a ,mr4 ,goldn]1 ( ,f9sbury4 ,he also _h fancies = o!r dome/ic applications1 includ+ w9e-mak+4 ,he us$ himself to b9d 8 own note-books4 ,to a ,mr4 ,wooln\gh1 :o _h writt5 a book on ! m>bl+ ( pap]1 he wrote a lett] say+ h[ mu* int]e/ he felt 9 ! subject1 8because ( its associations ) my e>ly occupation ( bookb9d+2 & also because ( ! v beautiful pr9ciples ( natural philosophy :i* x involves40 ,he ev51 on "o occasion1 produc$ a home-made pair ( boots4 ,8 devotion to ! practical applications ( sci5ce is atte/$ by 8 untir+ "w = improv+ ! ligh?\ses ( our coa/4 ,x is believ$ t 8 dea? 0 accel]at$ by a sev]e cold caught :5 on a visit ( ligh?\se inspection dur+ /ormy wea!r4 ,f>aday 0 nev] a%am$ ( ! circum/ance ( 8 hav+ ris5 f a humble orig94 ,9 8 lett]s he n unfrequ5tly alludes to ?+s t rem9d him ( 8 bookb9d+ exp]i5ces1 or ( boyi% episodes 9 8 fa!r's smi?y4 ,yet he _h none ( ! vulg> pride ( asc5t :i* too (t5 dogs ! pa? ( ! self-made man4 ,sev]e self-discipl9e & g5u9e humility prev5t$ ei!r undue proclamation or awkw>d retic5ce respect+ 8 e>ly life4 ,8 eld] bro!r ,rob]t 0 a gasfitt]4 ,f>aday 0 n a%am$ to help him to secure "w 9 8 trade1 nor to give him ! b5efit ( 8 sci5tific aid 9 p]fect+ appliances = v5tilat+ by gas-burn]s4 ,! foll[+ *>act]i/ic /ory 0 told by ,frank ,b>n>d3-- ,rob]t 0 ?r\gh\t life a w>m fri5d & admir] ( 8 y\ng] bro!r1 & n a :it envi\s at see+ himself pass$ 9 ! social scale by him4 ,"o day he 0 sitt+ 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution j previ\s to a lecture by ! "y & ris+ philosoph]1 :5 he he>d a c\ple ( g5tlem5 beh9d him descant+ on ! natural gifts & rapid rise ( ! lectur]4 ,! bro!r--p]haps n fully appreh5d+ ! purport ( _! talk--li/5$ ) gr[+ indignation :ile "o ( !m dilat$ on ! l[ness ( ,f>aday's orig94 8,:y10 said ! speak]1 8,i believe he 0 a m]e %oeblack at "o "t40 ,rob]t c\ld endure ?is no long]2 b turn+ %>ply r\nd he dem&$3 8,pray1 sir1 did he ev] black y\r %oes80 8,oh6 de> no1 c]ta9ly n10 repli$ ! g5tleman1 mu* aba%$ at ! sudd5 inquisition into ! facts ( ! case4 ,sid5ote3 ,,_s ,,m$iums ,,expos$4 ,9 #ahec ,f>aday came be=e ! public 9 a novel mann]--z ! expos] ( ! !n rampant *>latanry ( table-turn+ & _s-rapp+4 ,! ,a!num = ,july #bnd conta9s a long lett] f him on table-turn+4 ,he exp]im5tally inve/igat$ ! alleg$ ph5om5a z produc$ by ?ree skilful m$iums 9 sances at ! h\se ( a fri5d4 ,8 me*anical skill 0 m ?an a mat*1 h[ev]1 = t ( ! suppos$ spirits4 ,:5 ! obs]v]s assembl$ ar\nd ! table plac$ _! h&s 9 ! or?odox way ^u ! table-top1 ! table turn$1 app>5tly )\t any ef=t on ! "p ( any "o ( ! p>ty4 ,?is 0 em95tly satisfactory = ! spirits4 ,b :5 ,f>aday int]pos$ betwe5 ea* h& & ! table-top a simple roll]-me*anism :i*1 if any individual 9 ! circle appli$ muscul> =ces t5d+ to turn x1 in/antly indicat$ ! fact1 ! table rema9$ immovable4 ,f>aday wrote m]ely describ+ ! facts1 & say+ t ! te/ app>atus 0 n[ on public view at #abb1 ,reg5t ,/reet4 ,he ends ?us3-- ,i mu/ br+ ?is long description to a close4 ,i am a little a%am$ ( x1 = ,i ?9k1 9 ! pres5t age1 & 9 ?is "p ( ! _w1 x ought n to h be5 requir$4 ,nev]!less1 ,i hope x may be useful4 ,!re are _m :om ,i d n expect to conv9ce2 b ,i may be all[$ to say t ,i _c und]take to answ] su* objections z may be made4 ,i /ate my own convictions z an exp]im5tal philosoph]1 & f9d x no m necess>y to ent] into controv]sy on ?is po9t ?an on any o!r 9 sci5ce1 z ! nature ( matt]1 or in]tia1 or ! magnetisation ( light1 on :i* ,i may diff] f o!rs4 ,! _w w decide soon] or lat] 9 all su* cases1 & ,i h no d\bt v soon & correctly 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,?is exposure excit$ great int]e/ at ! "t1 & !re 0 an active correspond5ce 9 ,! ,times4 ,! spirituali/s1 in/ead ( appreciat+ ! s]vices to tru? r5d]$ by ! man ( sci5ce1 rail$ bitt]ly at him4 ,ev5 ! ref9$ & noble _s ( ,mrs4 ,br[n+ 0 s dom9at$ by ! sup]/ition ( ! mom5t t1 z %[n by h] rec5tly publi%$ lett]s1 %e d5\nc$ ,f>aday 9 s+ul>ly acrimoni\s t]ms1 & taunt$ him = %all[ mat]ialism6 ,:at ,f>aday ?\ght ( ! hubbub evok$ by 8 action is be/ le>n$ f a lett] :i* he address$ ?ree weeks lat] to 8 fri5d ,s*nbe93-- ,i h n be5 at "w except 9 turn+ ! tables ^u ! table-turn]s1 nor %\ld ,i h done t1 b t s _m inquiries p\r$ 9 ^u me1 t ,i ?\ght x bett] to /op ! inp\r+ flood by lett+ all "k at once :at my views & ?\ghts 74 ,:at a weak1 cr$ul\s1 incr$ul\s1 unbeliev+1 sup]/iti\s1 bold1 fright5$1 :at a ridicul\s _w ours is1 z f> z conc]ns ! m9d ( man4 ,h[ full ( inconsi/5cies1 contradictions1 & absurdities x is4 ,i decl>e t1 tak+ ! av]age ( _m m9ds t h rec5tly come be=e me 7& ap>t f t _s :i* ,god has plac$ 9 ea*71 & accept+ = a mom5t t av]age z a /&>d1 ,i %\ld f> pref] ! ob$i5ce1 affections1 & in/9ct ( a dog be=e x4 ,d n :isp] ?is1 h[ev]1 to o!rs4 ,!re is ,"o above :o worke? 9 all ?+s1 & :o gov]ns ev5 9 ! mid/ ( t misrule to :i* ! t5d5cies & p[]s ( m5 are s easily p]v]t$4 ,he decl9$ an invitation 9 #ahee to see manife/ations by ! m$ium ,home1 say+ t he _h 8lo/ too mu* "t ab\t su* matt]s already40 ,n9e ye>s lat] ! ,bro!rs ,dav5port invit$ him to witness _! cab9et 8manife/ations40 ,aga9 he decl9$1 & add$3 8,i w leave ! spirits to f9d out = !mselves h[ !y c move my att5tion4 ,i am tir$ ( !m40 ,9 ?is ye> he wrote to ,! ,times respect+ ! disgraceful & insanit>y condition ( ! riv] ,?ames4 ,9 ,pun* ( ! foll[+ week appe>$ a c>toon repres5t+ ,f>aday pres5t+ 8 c>d to old ,fa!r ,?ames1 :o rises hold+ 8 nose to avoid ! /5*4 ,sid5ote3 ,,failure ,,( ,,memory4 ,) increas+ age ! infirmity ( loss ( memory made itself increas+ly felt4 ,he alludes frequ5tly to ?is 9 8 lett]s4 ,to "o fri5d :o upbraid$ him g5tly = n hav+ repli$ to a lett] he says3 8,d y rememb] t ,i =get80 ,to ano!r he says he is =gett+ h[ to spell su* words z 8)hold0 & 8successful40 ,to ,matteucci1 9 #ahdi1 he bemoans h[1 aft] work+ = six weeks at c]ta9 exp]im5ts1 he f\nd1 on look+ back to 8 notes1 he _h asc]ta9$ all ! same results eight or n9e mon?s be=e1 & _h entirely =gott5 !m6 ,9 ! same ye> he wrote to ,dr4 ,p]cy3-- ,i _c be on ! ,committee2 ,i avoid ev]y?+ ( t k9d1 t ,i may keep my /upid head a little cle>4 ,z to be+ on a ,committee & n work+1 t is worse /ill4 ,9 #ahei1 9 a lett] to 8 niece1 ,mrs4 ,deacon1 fill$ ma9ly ) religi\s ?\ghts1 he says3 8,my worldly faculties are slipp+ away day by day4 ,happy is x = all ( u t ! true good lies n 9 !m40 ,f ! j\rnals ( ,walt] ,:ite comes ! foll[+ anecdote "u date ,decemb] #bbnd1 #aheh3-- ,mr4 ,f>aday call$ to enquire on ! "p ( ,sir ,walt] ,trevelyan :e!r a ,,ms4 ( meteorological obs]vations made 9 ,gre5l& w\ld be acceptable4 ,! "q answ]$1 ,i express$ my pleasure at see+ him look+ s well1 & ask$ him if he 7 writ+ a pap] = ! ,royal4 ,he %ook 8 head4 8,no3 ,i am too old40 8,too old8 ,:y1 age br+s wisdom40 8,yes1 b "o may ov]%oot ! wisdom40 8,y _c mean t y h outliv$ y\r wisdom80 8,some?+ l x1 = my memory is gone4 ,if ,i make an exp]im5t1 ,i =get be=e twelve h\rs are ov] :e!r ! result 0 positive or negative2 & h[ c ,i write a pap] :ile t is ! case8 ,no1 ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) giv+ my lectures to *ildr540 ,f ano!r s\rce we le>n ( a hi!rto unrecord$ incid5t :i* happ5$ to ,mr4 ,joseph ,newton1 = "s "t an assi/ant 9 ! ,royal ,m9t4 ,:ile arrang+ "s preci\s mat]ial on ! ,royal ,in/itution !atre lecture-table1 previ\s to a lecture on ! ,m9t & m9t+ op]ations by ,pr(essor ,br&e1 ,mr4 ,newton notic$ an eld]ly1 sp>e1 & v pla9ly-dress$ individual wat*+ 8 movem5ts4 ,imag9+ t ?is p]son 0 a sup]ior mess5g] ( ! ,in/itution1 ,mr4 ,newton volunte]$ "s in=mation z to ! co9age ( gold4 8,i suppose10 said ! ,m9t employee1 8y h be5 "s ye>s at ! ,royal ,in/itution80 8,well1 yes1 ,i h1 a good _m10 respond$ ! dilapidat$ "o4 8,i hope !y treat y pretty lib]ally--,i mean1 t !y give y a respectable #8screw1' = t is ! ma9 po9t40 8,ah6 ,i agree ) y !re4 ,i ?9k t ! lab\r] is wor?y ( 8 hire1 & ,i %\ldn't m9d be+ paid a little bett]40 ,mr4 ,newton's surprise1 on return+ to ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ! ev5+1 to f9d t ! man :om he _h s rec5tly patronis$ 0 none o!r ?an ! illu/ri\s b mode/ ,mi*ael ,f>aday c bett] be imag9$ ?an describ$4 ,a pretty in/ance1 giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,lady ,pollock1 may be record$ ( ! feel+ ar\s$ by ,f>aday's pres5ce :5 he return$ to 8 accu/om$ seat 9 ! lecture-room ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 aft] a protract$ abs5ce occasion$ by illness3-- ,z soon z 8 pres5ce 0 recognis$1 ! :ole audi5ce rose simultane\sly & bur/ into a spontane\s utt]ance ( welcome1 l\d & long4 ,f>aday /ood 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ?is en?usia/ic greet+1 ) 8 f9e head slightly b5t2 & !n a c]ta9 resemblance to ! pictures & bu/s ( ,"l ,nelson1 :i* 0 always obs]vable 9 8 c\nt5ance1 0 v app>5t4 ,8 hair _h gr[n :ite & long1 8 face _h l5g!n$1 & ! agility ( 8 movem5t 0 gone4 ,! eyes no long] fla%$ ) ! fire ( ! s\l1 b !y /ill radiat$ k9dly ?\ght2 & ineffaceable l9es ( intellectual =ce & en]gy 7 /amp$ ^u 8 face4 ,sid5ote3 ,,hon\rs ,,(f]$ ,,& ,,decl9$4 ,9 #aheg he 0 (f]$ ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,a pa9t+ pres]v$ 9 ! rooms ( ! ,royal ,society records ! sc5e :5 ,"l ,wrottesley1 ,grove1 & ,gassiot wait$ ^u him z a deputation f ! ,c\ncil1 to press on him 8 acceptance ( ! highe/ place :i* sci5ce has to (f]4 ,he hesitat$ & f9ally decl9$1 ev5 z he _h decl9$ ! sugge/ion ( knigh?ood ye>s be=e4 8,tyndall10 he said 9 private to 8 successor1 8,i mu/ rema9 pla9 ,mi*ael ,f>aday to ! la/2 & let me n[ tell y1 t if ,i accept$ ! hon\r :i* ! ,royal ,society desires to conf] ^u me1 ,i c\ld n answ] = ! integrity ( my intellect = a s+le ye>40 ,he also decl9$ ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 :i* he _h s]v$ = fifty ye>s4 ,8 "o desire 0 = re/4 8,! rev]5t affection ( 8 fri5ds 010 said ,tyndall1 8to him inf9itely m preci\s ?an all ! hon\rs ( (ficial life40 ,allusion has be5 made to ,f>aday's t5d] & *ivalr\s reg>d = 8 wife4 ,extracts f two lett]s1 writt5 9 #ahdi & #ahfc respectively1 mu/ "h suffice to complete ! /ory3-- ,birm+ham1 ,dr4 ,p]cy's3 ,?ursday ev5+1 ,septemb] #ac1 #ahdi4 ,,my ,,de>e/ ,,wife1--,i h j left ,dr4 ,p]cy's hospitable table to write to y1 my belov$1 tell+ y h[ ,i h be5 gett+ on4 ,i am v well1 except+ a little facea*e2 & v k9dly treat$ "h4 ,!y all long mo/ e>ne/ly = y\r pres5ce1 = bo? ,mrs4 & ,dr4 ,p]cy are anxi\s y %\ld come2 & ?is ,i "k1 t ! ?+s we h se5 w\ld delight y1 b !n ,i d\bt y\r p[]s ( runn+ ab\t z we d2 & ?\gh ,i "k t if "t 7 giv5 y c\ld enjoy !m1 yet to press ! matt] into a day or two w\ld be a failure4 ,besides ?is1 aft] all1 !re is no pleasure l ! tranquil pleasures ( home1 & "h--ev5 "h--! mom5t ,i leave ! table1 ,i wi% ,i 7 ) y ,,9 ,,quiet4 ,oh6 :at happ9ess is ours6 ,my runs into ! _w 9 ?is way only s]ve to make me e/eem t happ9ess ! m4 ,i mean to be at home on ,saturday night1 b x may be late fir/1 s d n be surpris$ at t2 = if ,i c1 ,i %\ld l to g on an excursion to ! ,dudley cav]ns1 & t w\ld take ! day4444 ,write to me1 de>e/4 ,i %all get y\r lett] on ,saturday morn+1 or p]haps be=e4 ,love to fa!r1 ,m>g]y1 & ,j5ny1 & a ?\s& loves to y\rself1 de>e/1 ,f y\r affectionate husb&1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 99 99 99 99 99 #e1 ,cl>emont ,g>d5s1 ,glasg[3 ,monday1 ,augu/ #ad1 #ahfc4 ,,de>e/1--,"h is ! =tnight complete s9ce ,i left y & ! ?\ghts ( my return to our home cr[d 9 /rongly ^u my m9d4 ,n t we are 9 any way unc>$ =1 or left by our de> fri5ds1 save z ,i may desire = our own retirem5t4 ,ev]ybody has ov]fl[$ ) k9dness1 b y "k _! mann]1 & _! desire1 by y\r own exp]i5ce ) me4 ,i long to see y1 de>e/1 & to talk ov] ?+s toge!r1 & call to m9d all ! k9dness ,i h receiv$4 ,my head is full1 & my he>t also1 b my recollection rapidly fails1 ev5 z reg>ds ! fri5ds t are 9 ! room ) me4 ,y w h to resume y\r old function ( be+ a pill[ to my m9d1 & a re/1 a happy-mak+ wife4 ,my love to my de> ,m>y4 ,i expect to f9d y toge!r1 b d n assume to "k h[ ?+s may be4 ,jeannie's love ) m9e1 & also ,*>lotte's1 & a great _m o!rs :i* ,i _c call to m9d4 ,de>e/1 ,i long to see & be ) y1 :e!r toge!r or sep>ate4 ,y\r husb&1 v affectionate1 ,m4 ,,f>aday ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,wife ,,& ,,! ,,que54 ,9 #aheh ! ,que51 at ! sugge/ion ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 :o mu* e/eem$ & valu$ ,f>aday's g5ius1 plac$ at 8 disposal = life a com=table h\se on ! gre5 ne> ,hampton ,c\rt4 ,f>aday's only hesitation 9 accept+ ! (f] 0 a d\bt :e!r he c\ld af=d ! ne$ful repairs4 ,on a h9t ( ?is rea*+ ! ,que51 %e at once direct$ t x %\ld be put into ?or\gh repair inside & out4 ,he /ill kept 8 rooms at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & cont9u$ to live !re occasionally4 ,) ! increas+ infirmities ( age1 8 anxieties = 8 wife seem$ to be ! only tr\ble t m>r$ ! s]5ity ( 8 ?\ght4 ,lady ,pollock's n>rative gives ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3-- ,sometimes he 0 depress$ by ! idea ( 8 wife left )\t k9--( ! p>tn] ( 8 hopes & c>es depriv$ ( him4 ,%e _h be5 ! fir/ love ( 8 ard5t s\l2 %e 0 ! la/2 %e _h be5 ! brighte/ dream ( 8 y\?1 & %e 0 ! de>e/ com=t ( 8 age2 he nev] ceas$ = an in/ant to feel himself happy ) h]2 & he nev] = "o h\r ceas$ to c>e = h] happ9ess4 ,x 0 no wond]1 !n1 t he felt anxiety ab\t h]4 ,b he w\ld rally f su* a tr\ble ) 8 great religi\s tru/1 & look+ at h] ) moi/ eyes1 he w\ld say1 8,i mu/ n be afraid2 y w be c>$ =1 my wife2 y w be c>$ =40 ,!re are "s :o rememb] h[ t5d]ly he us$ to lead h] to h] seat at ! ,royal ,in/itution :5 %e 0 suff]+ f lam5ess2 h[ c>efully he us$ to support h]2 h[ wat*fully he us$ to att5d all h] /eps4 ,x did ! he>t good to see 8 devotion1 & to ?9k :at ! man 0 & :at he _h be54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,,f>aday',s ,,home ,,at ,,hampton ,,c\rt4 ,sid5ote3 ,,close ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,c>e]4 ,gradually 8 p[]s wan$4 ,he gave 8 la/ juv5ile lectures at ,*ri/mas1 #ahfj2 & 9 ,octob]1 #ahfa1 be+ n[ sev5ty ye>s ( age1 he resign$ 8 ,pr(essor%ip1 :ile reta9+ ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! laboratory4 8,no?+10 he wrote to ! manag]s1 8w\ld make me happi] 9 ! ?+s ( ?is life ?an to make "s sci5tific discov]y or developm5t1 & by t to ju/ify ! ,bo>d 9 _! desire to reta9 me 9 my position "h40 ,8 la/ rese>* 9 ! laboratory 0 made on ,m>* #ab1 #ahfb4 ,on ,june #bj? he gave 8 la/ ,friday night disc\rse--on ,siem5s's gas furnaces4 ,he _h1 z 8 notes %[1 already made up 8 m9d to ann\nce 8 retirem5t1 & ! lecture 0 a sad & t\*+ occasion1 = ! failure ( 8 p[]s 0 pa9fully evid5t4 ,he cont9u$ = two ye>s long]1 & ) surpris+ activity1 to "w = ,tr9ity ,h\se on ! subject ( ligh?\se illum9ation by ! electric light4 ,9 #ahfe he resign$ ^! duties to ,dr4 ,tyndall4 ,9 #ahfd he resign$ 8 eld]%ip 9 ! ,s&emanian *ur*4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahfe1 he resign$ ! position ( sup]9t5d5t ( ! h\se & laboratories ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,he cont9u$ to att5d ! ,friday ev5+ meet+s2 b 8 tott]+ condition ( frame & m9d 0 app>5t to all4 ,all ?r\gh ! w9t] ( #ahfe & #ahff he became v feeble4 ,yet he took an int]e/ 9 ,mr4 ,wilde's description ( 8 new magneto-electric ma*9e4 ,almo/ ! la/ pleasure he %[$ on any sci5tific matt] 0 :5 view+ ! long sp>k ( a ,holtz's influ5ce ma*9e4 ,he /ill enjoy$ look+ at sunsets & /orms4 ,all ?r\gh ! summ] & autumn ( #ahff & ! spr+ ( #ahfg 8 physical p[]s wan$4 ,he 0 fai?fully & lov+ly t5d$ by 8 wife & 8 devot$ niece1 ,jane ,b>n>d4 ,he 0 sc>cely able to move1 b 8 m9d 8ov]fl[$0 ) ! consci\sness ( ! affectionate reg>d ( ^? ar\nd him4 ,he gradually sank into torpor1 say+ no?+ & tak+ little notice ( any?+4 ,sitt+ 9 8 *air 9 8 /udy1 he di$ peacefully & pa9lessly on ! #bf? ( ,augu/1 #ahfg4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,augu/ he 0 quietly buri$ 9 ,highgate ,cemet]y1 8 rema9s be+ committ$ to ! e>?1 9 accordance ) ! cu/om ( ! religi\s body to :i* he belong$1 9 p]fect sil5ce4 ,none b p]sonal fri5ds 7 pres5t1 ! fun]al be+ by 8 own v]bal & writt5 wi%es /rictly simple & private4 ,a simple unadorn$ tomb/one m>ks ! la/ re/+-place ( ,mi*ael ,f>aday4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,views ,,on ,,! ,,pursuit ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,on ,,education4 ,betwe5 ,f>aday & ! sci5tific m5 ( 8 "t !re subsi/$ _m v>i\s relations4 ,! influ5ce :i* he ex]t$ z a lectur] & z an exp]im5tal inve/igator 0 unique2 b1 ap>t f su* influ5ces1 ^? relations 7 ma9ly conf9$ to individual fri5d%ips4 ,) ! organisation ( sci5ce he _h relatively v little to d4 ,we h se5 h[ highly he priz$ ! hon\r ( admission to ! ,fell[%ip ( ! ,royal ,society2 & x rema9s to be told ( ! gratification ) :i* he accept$ ! sci5tific hon\rs :i* he receiv$ f almo/ e academy & univ]sity 9 ,europe4 ,yet he took little "p 9 ! "w ( sci5tific societies z su*4 ,f\r ye>s aft] 8 election z ,f4,r4,s4 he s]v$ on ! ,c\ncil1 & he rema9$ on till #ahca4 ,he s]v$ aga9 9 #ahcc & #ahce4 ,he 0 n1 h[ev]1 satisfi$ ) ! managem5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 nor ) ! way 9 :i* its ,fell[%ip 0 at t "t be/[$ on m5 :o _h no real claims on sci5ce1 b 7 nom9at$ ?r\gh influ5ce4 ,e*oes ( ?is discont5t are to be f\nd 9 v>i\s pamphlets ( ! day by ,moll1 ,babbage1 ,s\?1 & o!rs4 ,f>aday1 :o edit$ ,moll's pamphlet on ! 8,decl9e ( ,sci5ce10 is believ$ to h _h an ev5 l>g] %>e 9 its production4 ,9 #ahcj ! really sci5tific m5 among/ ! ,fell[s desir$ to place ,sir ,john ,h]s*el z ,presid5t2 ! less sci5tific pref]r$ ! ,duke ( ,sussex4 ,f>aday took ! unusual /ep ( speak+ on ! "q1 advocat+ ! pr9ciple t em95ce 9 sci5ce %\ld be ! sole qualification = ! ,presid5cy4 ,at ! same meet+ ,h]s*el mov$1 & ,f>aday second$1 a plan = re=m+ ! ,c\ncil by nom9at+ a li/ ( fifty ,fell[s f ^: numb] ! ,c\ncil %\ld be *os54 ,!y c>ri$ _! plan1 & ,f>aday's "n 0 among/ ^? s select$ to s]ve4 ,b ! presid5tial election w5t 9 fav\r ( ! ,duke ( ,sussex by #aai to #aaj votes4 ,aft] #ahce ,f>aday nev] s]v$ aga9 on ! ,c\ncil4 ,9 #ahdc he wrote to ,matteucci3-- ,i ?9k y are aw>e t ,i h n att5d$ at ! ,royal ,society1 ei!r meet+s or c\ncil1 = "s ye>s4 ,ill heal? is "o reason1 & ano!r t ,i d n l ! pres5t con/itution ( x1 & want to re/rict x to sci5tific m54 ,z ^! my op9ions are n acceptable1 ,i h )drawn f any managem5t 9 x 7/ill s5d+ sci5tific communications if ,i discov] any?+ ,i ?9k wor?y74 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 deprives me ( p[] !re4 ,sid5ote3 ,,re=m ,,9 ,,! ,,royal ,,society4 ,two mon?s e>li] he wrote to ,grove1 :o at t "t 0 c>ry+ out ! long-ne$$ re=ms1 sympa?is+1 b decl9+ to co-op]ate3-- ,royal ,in/itution1 ,decemb] #ba1 #ahdb4 ,,my ,,de> ,,grove1--444 ,z to ! ,royal ,society1 y "k my feel+ t[>ds x is = :at x has be51 & ,i hope may be4 ,its pres5t /ate is n :olesome4 ,y are aw>e t ,i am n on ! c\ncil1 & h n be5 = ye>s1 & h be5 to no meet+ !re = ye>s2 b ,i d hope = bett] times4 ,i d n wond] at y\r feel+--all ,i meant to express 0 a wi% t its circum/ances & "* %\ld improve1 & t x %\ld aga9 become a desirable reunion ( all really sci5tific m54 ,x has done mu*1 is n[ do+ mu*1 9 "s p>ts ( sci5ce1 z its magnetic obs]vations %[1 & ,i hope w "s day become altoge!r heal?y4 ,ev]1 my de> ,grove1 y\rs s9c]ely1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,?\gh he cont9u$ d[n to #ahfj to s5d rese>*es = publication to ! ,royal ,society1 he seldom att5d$ its meet+s4#ef ,he 0 n ev5 pres5t 9 ,novemb]1 #ahde1 on ! occasion ( ! read+ ( 8 pap] on ! action ( ! magnet on light4 ,9 #aheg he decl9$ ! ,presid5cy1 ?\gh urg$ by ! unanim\s wi% ( ! ,c\ncil1 z n>rat$ on p4 #bbe4 ,?\gh 9 ! m]idian ( 8 active life1 he took no "p 9 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahca1 b 0 at ! ,ox=d meet+ 9 #ahcb1 be+ "o ( ! f\r sci5tific m5 7p4 #fe7 select$ to receive ! honor>y degree ( ,d4,c4,l4 on t occasion4 ,he also communicat$ a pap] on ,electro-*emical ,decomposition to ! ,b4,a4 meet+ at ,cambridge 9 #ahcc4 ,he act$ z presid5t ( ! ,*emical ,section ( ! ,association 9 #ahcg at ,liv]pool1 & 9 #ahdf at ,s\?ampton2 & he 0 *os5 z vice-presid5t ( ! ,association itself 9 ! ye>s #ahdd1 at ,york 7p4 #bbd72 #ahdi1 at ,birm+ham 7p4 #bef72 & #ahec1 at ,hull4 ,he deliv]$ ev5+ disc\rses 9 #ahdg1 at ,ox=d1 on ,magnetic & ,diamagnetic ,ph5om5a2 & 9 #ahdi1 at ,birm+ham1 on ,mr4 ,gassiot's ,batt]y4 ,he also contribut$ to ! proce$+s at ! meet+s at ,ipswi* 9 #ahea & at ,liv]pool 9 #ahed4 ,8 comp>ative alo(ness f sci5tific organisations arose probably f ! exce$+ly individual nature ( 8 own rese>*es--to :i* allusion 0 made on p4 #bdb--r ?an f any lack ( sympa?y4 ,he _h no jeal\sy ( co-op]ation 9 sci5ce4 ,to ,tyndall1 !n at ,m>burg1 he wrote 9 #ahej rejoic+ at ! circum/ance t ! "w on ! magnetic prop]ties ( cry/als 0 be+ tak5 up by o!rs4 8,x is wond]ful10 he says1 8h[ mu* good results f diff]5t p]sons work+ at ! same matt]4 ,ea* "o gives views & ideas new to ! re/4 ,:5 sci5ce is a republic1 !n x ga9s2 & ?\gh ,i am no republican 9 o!r matt]s1 ,i am 9 t40 ,o!r causes !re 71 d\btless1 t5d+ to 8 isolation1 among/ !m an old jeal\sy1 n[ long dead1 aga9/ ! ,royal ,in/itution on ! "p ( "s ( ! ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,above all1 probably1 0 8 dete/ation ( controv]sy4 ,sid5ote3 ,,priority ,,9 ,,sci5tific ,,discov]y4 ,sid5ote3 ,,priority ,,9 ,,publication4 ,priority 9 sci5tific discov]y 0 a matt] :i* deeply conc]n$ "o ^: life 0 devot$ to sci5tific pione]+4 ,to any "q z to sci5tific priority betwe5 himself & o!r work]s he 0 ke5ly s5sitive4 ,?is 01 inde$1 natural 9 "o :o _h volunt>ily rel9qui%$ =tune1 & retir$ f lucrative pr(essional "w1 9 ! sole & s+le aim ( advanc+ natural k4 ,8 s+le-m9d$ & s5sitive nature made him p>ticul>ly scrupul\s 9 all su* matt]s1 & 8 e>ly exp]i5ces mu/ h add$ to ! almo/ excessive ke5ness ( 8 p]ceptions4 ,hav+ _h 9 #ahbc1 :5 /ill m]ely assi/ant to ,davy1 to be> ! d\ble burd5 ( a s]i\s misund]/&+ ) ,dr4 ,wolla/on z to ! orig9ality ( 8 discov]y ( ! electro-magnetic rotations1 & ( a s]i\s e/rangem5t f 8 ma/] aris+ out ( ! liquid *lor9e discov]y--an e/rangem5t :i* ?reat5$ to cause 8 election to ! ,royal ,society to be indef9itely po/pon$--he 0 9 lat] life especially precise 9 dat+ & publi%+ 8 own rese>*es4 ,9 #ahca !re arose1 conc]n+ 8 great discov]y ( magneto-electric induction1 a curi\s misund]/&+4 ,8 discov]y 01 z we h se51 made 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,he collect$ 8 results & arrang$ !m 9 ! spl5did memoir--! fir/ 9 ! s]ies ( 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es 9 ,electricity0--:i* 0 read at ! ,royal ,society on ,novemb] #bd?4 ,! rsum ( 8 "w1 :i* he wrote five days lat] to ,phillips1 is giv5 on pages #aad-aag4 ,a =tnight lat] he wrote a %ort] & ha/y lett] 9 ! same way to 8 fri5d1 ,m4 ,ha*ette ( ,p>is--a lett] :i* ,f>aday subsequ5tly well t]m$ 8un=tunate10 9 view ( ! consequ5ces t foll[$4 ,m4 ,ha*ette1 a week lat]1 communicat$ ,f>aday's lett] to ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces on ,decemb] #bf?4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 ,le ,temps ( ,decemb] #bh?4 ,at t date ! complete memoir read to ! ,royal ,society 0 n yet pr9t$ or circulat$4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t two ,italian physici/s1 ,,mm4 ,nobili & ,ant9ori1 see+ ! brief lett]1 & 8consid]+ t ! subject 0 giv5 to ! philosophical _w = g5]al pursuit10 imm$iately began rese>*es on magneto-electric induction 9 ignorance ( ,f>aday's full "w4 ,_! results !y embodi$ 9 a pap]1 9 :i* !y claim$ to h 8v]ifi$1 ext5d$1 &1 p]haps1 rectifi$ ! results ( ! ,engli% philosoph]10 accus+ him ( errors bo? 9 exp]im5t & !ory1 & ev5 ( a brea* ( good fai? z to :at he _h said ab\t ,arago's rotations4 ,?is pap] !y dat$ ,janu>y #ca/1 #ahcb2 b x 0 publi%$ 9 ! belat$ numb] ( ! ,antologia = ,novemb]1 #ahca1 :]e its appe>ance at an app>5tly e>li] date ?an ,f>aday's orig9al pap] 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions made _m ,cont95tal read]s suppose t ! rese>*es ( ,nobili & ,ant9ori prec$$ ^? ( ,f>aday4 ,9 ,june1 #ahcb1 ,f>aday publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e a translation ( ,nobili's memoir1 ) 8 own annotations2 & lat] 9 ! ye> he wrote to ,gay ,lussac a long lett] on ! errors ( ,nobili & ,ant9ori4 ,he %[$ h[1 9 spite ( 8 ef=ts to cle> up ! misund]/&+1 9 spite ( 8 hav+ s5t sev]al mon?s previ\sly to ,,mm4 ,nobili & ,ant9ori copies ( 8 orig9al pap]s1 no correction or retractation _h be5 made by !m2 & he conclud$ by a dignifi$ prote/ t none might say he _h be5 too ha/y to write t :i* might h be5 avoid$4 ,x may be tak5 t ! rule n[ recognis$ z to priority ( sci5tific publication--namely1 t x dates f ! day :5 ! discov]] communicates x =mally to any ( ! recognis$ le>n$ societies--0 virtually e/abli%$ by ,f>aday's example4 ,x w be rememb]$ t writ+ to ,de la ,rive 9 #ahde1 to tell him ( 8 diamagnetic discov]ies1 he begg$ him to keep ! matt] secret1 add+3 8,i ought 79 ord] to pres]ve ! respect due to ! ,royal ,society7 n to write a description to any "o until ! pap] has be5 receiv$ or ev5 read !re40 ,to y\ng] m5 he inculcat$ ! necessity ( prop] & prompt publication ( _! rese>*es if !y w\ld reap ! b5efit ( _! "w4 ,to ,sir ,william ,crookes1 !n a ris+ "y *emi/1 he said3 8,"w1 ,f9i%1 ,publi%40 ,writ+ 9 #ahec to ,pr(essor ,matteucci1 :o _h be5 annoy$ ) him = all[+ ,du ,bois ,reymond1 ) :om ,matteucci _h _h "s controv]sy ab\t priority1 to d$icate 8 book to him1 ,f>aday says3 8,:o has n to put up 9 8 day ) ins9uations & misrepres5tations 9 ! acc\nts ( 8 proce$+s giv5 by o!rs1 be>+ = ! "t ! pres5t inju/ice1 :i* is (t5 un9t5tional1 & (t5 orig9ates 9 ha/y temp]1 & committ+ 8 fame & "* to ! judgm5t ( ! m5 ( 8 own & future "t80444 8,i see t t moves y :i* w\ld move me mo/--namely1 ! imputation ( a want ( good fai?--& ,i cordially sympa?ise ) any "o :o is s *>g$ unju/ly4 ,su* cases h seem$ to me almo/ ! only ones = :i* x is wor? :ile ent]+ into controv]sy40444 8,^! polemics ( ! sci5tific _w are v un=tunate ?+s2 !y =m ! great /a9 to :i* ! beautiful edifice ( sci5tific tru? is subject4 ,are !y inevitable80 ,controv]sy :e!r 9 religion or sci5ce 0 to him alike dete/able4 ,he took no "p 9 politics4 ,a lett] to ,tyndall 7see 8,f>aday z a ,discov]]10 p4 #ci71 writt5 aft] ! latt] _h told him ( a r heat$ discussion at ! ,briti% ,association meet+ 9 #ahee1 speaks ( 8 own ef=ts at =be>ance4 ,he says3-- ,^! great meet+s1 ( :i* ,i ?9k v well altoge!r1 advance sci5ce *iefly by br++ sci5tific m5 toge!r & mak+ !m to "k & be fri5ds ) ea* o!r2 & ,i am sorry :5 t is n ! effect 9 e "p ( _! c\rse4444 ,! real tru? nev] fails ultimately to appe>4444 ,x is bett] to be bl9d to ! results ( p>tisan%ip1 & quick to see good w4 ,"o has m happ9ess 9 oneself 9 endeav\r+ to foll[ ! ?+s t make = peace4 ,y c h>dly imag9e h[ (t5 ,i h be5 heat$ 9 private :5 oppos$1 z ,i h ?\ght unju/ly & sup]cili\sly1 & yet ,i h /riv51 & succe$$ ,i hope1 9 keep+ d[n replies ( ! l k9d4 ,& ,i "k ,i h nev] lo/ by x4 ,sid5ote3 ,,hatr$ ,,( ,,controv]sy4 ,dur+ ! ye>s :5 he 0 exam9+ ! app>atus ( rival inv5tors = ligh?\se illum9ation1 he c\ld calmly he> !m describ$ z ,mr4 ,s-&-,s's electric lights1 all ! :ile kn[+ t x 0 8 own discov]y ( magneto-electric induction :i* _h made ! me*anical production ( electric light possible4 ,yet he fir$ up if anyone d>$ to revive ! priority dispute betwe5 ,davy & ,/eph5son z to ! inv5tion ( ! safety lamp4 8,disgraceful subject10 0 8 own comm5t4 ,9 8 dispute ) ,sn[ ,h>ris z to ! design ( lightn+ rods1 9 :i*1 z x is n[ kn[n1 ,sn[ ,h>ris 0 "r2 9 8 dispute ) ,airy ov] ! curv$ l9es ( =ce2 9 8 m9or difficulties ov] ,h>e's pile & ,becqu]el's magnetic obs]vations1 none c\ld ei!r ass]t 8 own position ) m simple dignity1 nor admit ) great] frankness ! rights ( 8 rival4 ,to ,h>e he wrote3-- ,y mu/ excuse me1 h[ev]1 = sev]al reasons f answ]+ x ,h>e's lett] at any l5g?2 ! fir/ is my di/a/e = controv]sy1 :i* is s great t ,i w\ld on no acc\nt our correspond5ce %\ld acquire t "*4 ,i h (t5 se5 x d great h>m1 & yet rememb] few cases 9 natural k :]e x has help$ mu* ei!r to pull d[n error or advance tru?4 ,criticism1 on ! o!r h&1 is ( mu* value4 ,:5 we reflect h[ l>ge a "p ( 8 exp]im5tal rese>*es 0 devot$ to e/abli%+ ! relations betwe5 ! v>i\s =ces ( nature1 we _c b ?9k t ,f>aday mu/ h reg>d$ ) some:at mix$ feel+s ! publication 9 #ahdf ( ,sir ,william ,grove's volume on ! ,correlation ( ,=ces4 ,he _h1 9 ,june1 #ahcd1 giv5 a c\rse ( lectures on ! mutual relation ( *emical & electrical ph5om5a1 & _h dealt !re9 ) ! conv]sion ( *emical & electrical p[] into heat1 & _h speculat$ on ! inclusion ( gravitation 9 ^! mutual relations4 ,9 #ahec ,f>aday m>k$ ! old lecture notes ( ^! lectures ) 8 initials1 & endors$ !m ) ! words 8,correlation ( ,physical ,=ces40 ,probably none rejoic$ m ?an he t ,grove _h und]tak5 ! "w ( popul>is+ ! notion :i* = a score ( ye>s _h be5 famili> to himself4 ,yet he 0 ke5 to res5t an unju/ reflection1 z is %[n by 8 lett] to ,ri*>d ,phillips1 republi%$ 9 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ( ! 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es10 p4 #bbi1 respect+ ,dr4 ,john ,davy's ,life ( ,sir ,humphry4 ,f>aday has himself left on record 7p4 #aj7 t :5 he wrote to ,davy ask+ to be tak5 into 8 employm5t1 8 motive 0 8 desire 8to escape f trade1 :i* ,i ?\ght vici\s & selfi%1 & to ent] into ! s]vice ( ,sci5ce1 :i*1 ,i imag9$1 made its pursu]s amiable & lib]al40 ,davy _h smil$ at ?is boyi% notion1 & _h told him t ! exp]i5ce ( a few ye>s w\ld correct 8 ideas4 ,ye>s aft]w>ds he spoke ( ?is matt] to ,mrs4 ,&rew ,crosse 9 an int]view :i* %e has record$3-- ,aft] view+ ! ample appliances = exp]im5tal rese>*1 & feel+ mu* impress$ by ! sci5tific atmosph]e ( ! place1 ,i turn$ & said1 8,mr4 ,f>aday1 y mu/ be v happy 9 y\r position & ) y\r pursuits1 :i* elevate y entirely out ( ! mean] aspects & l[] aims ( common life40 ,he %ook 8 head1 & ) t wond]ful mobility ( c\nt5ance :i* 0 *>act]i/ic1 8 expression ( joy\sness *ang$ to "o ( pr(\nd sadness1 & he repli$3 8,:5 ,i quitt$ bus9ess & took to sci5ce z a c>e]1 ,i ?\ght ,i _h left beh9d me all ! petty meannesses & small jeal\sies :i* h9d] man 9 8 moral progress2 b ,i f\nd myself rais$ into ano!r sph]e1 only to f9d poor human nature j ! same ev]y:]e--subject to ! same weaknesses & ! same self-seek+1 h[ev] exalt$ ! intellect40 ,^! 7 8 words z well z ,i c recollect2 &1 look+ at t good & great man1 ,i ?\ght ,i _h nev] se5 a c\nt5ance :i* s impress$ me ) ! *>act]i/ic ( p]fect unworldl9ess4 ,sid5ote3 ,,hon\rs ,,& ,,titles4 ,probably few m5 h ev] be5 recipi5ts ( s _m sci5tific hon\rs z ,f>aday4 ,beg9n+ 9 ! ye> #ahbc ) 8 election z a correspond+ memb] ( ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces ( ,p>is1 & z an honor>y memb] ( ! ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society1 ! li/ ( 8 diplomas & di/9ctions--"s n9ety-sev5 9 numb]--end$ 9 #ahfd ) 8 election z ,associate ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,naples4 ,x includ$ hon\rs f almo/ e academy & univ]sity ( ,europe4 ,^! hon\rs ,f>aday valu$ v highly2 & :il/ he consign$ 8 v>i\s gold m$als to a m]e wood5 box1 8 diplomas 7 kept ) ! utmo/ c>e 9 a special diploma book1 9 :i* !y 7 m\nt$ & index$4 ,to ,mr4 ,spr+ ,rice1 :o 9 #ahch ask$ him = a li/ ( 8 titles1 he repli$1 enclos+ ! li/1 & add+ ?is rem>k3 8,"o title1 namely t ( ,f4,r4,s41 0 s\ght & paid =2 all ! re/ are spontane\s (f]+s ( k9dness & goodwill f ! bodies nam$40 ,ye>s aft]w>ds he 0 ask$ by ,"l ,wrottesley to advise ! ,gov]nm5t z to h[ ! position ( sci5ce or ( ! cultivators ( sci5ce 9 ,engl& might be improv$4 ,! lett] is s *>act]i/ic t x _c be sp>$3-- ,royal ,in/itution3 ,m>* #aj1 #ahed4 ,,my ,,"l1--,i feel unfit to give a delib]ate op9ion on ! c\rse x might be advisable = ! ,gov]nm5t to pursue if x 7 anxi\s to improve ! position ( sci5ce & its cultivators 9 our c\ntry4 ,my c\rse ( life1 & ! circum/ances :i* make x a happy "o = me1 are n ^? ( p]sons :o con=m to ! usages & habits ( society4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( all1 f my ,sov]eign d[nw>ds1 ,i h t :i* supplies all my ne$2 & 9 respect ( hon\rs1 ,i h1 z a sci5tific man1 receiv$ f =eign c\ntries & sov]eigns ^? :i*1 belong+ to v limit$ & select classes1 surpass 9 my op9ion any?+ t x is 9 ! p[] ( my own to be/[4 ,i _c say t ,i h n valu$ su* di/9ctions2 on ! contr>y1 ,i e/eem !m v highly1 b ,i d n ?9k ,i h ev] work$ = or s\ght aft] !m4 ,ev5 7 su* to be n[ creat$ "h1 ! "t is pa/ :5 ^! w\ld possess any attraction = me4444 ,)\t ?9k+ ( ! effect x might h ^u di/+ui%$ m5 ( sci5ce1 or ^u ! m9ds ( ^? :o1 /imulat$ to ex]tion1 might become di/+ui%$1 ,i d ?9k t a gov]nm5t %\ld1 = its own sake1 hon\r ! m5 :o d hon\r & s]vice to ! c\ntry4 ,i ref] n[ to hon\rs only1 n to b5eficial rew>ds4 ,( su* hon\rs1 ,i ?9k1 !re are none4 ,knigh?oods & b>onetcies are sometimes conf]r$ ) su* int5tions1 b ,i ?9k !m utt]ly unfit = t purpose4 ,in/ead ( conf]r+ di/9ction1 !y conf\nd ! man :o is "o ( tw5ty1 or p]haps fifty1 ) hundr$s ( o!rs4 ,!y depress r ?an exalt him1 = !y t5d to l[] ! especial di/9ction ( m9d to ! commonplace ( society4 ,an intellig5t c\ntry ought to recognise ! sci5tific m5 among/ its p z a class4 ,if hon\rs are conf]r$ ^u em95ce 9 any class1 z t ( ! law or ! army1 !y %\ld be 9 ?is also4 ,! ari/ocracy ( ! class %\ld h o!r di/9ctions ?an ^? ( l[ly & high-born1 ri* & poor1 yet !y %\ld be su* z to be wor?y ( ^? :om ! sov]eign & ! c\ntry %\ld delight to hon\r2 &1 be+ r5d]$ v desirable1 & ev5 enviable1 9 ! eyes ( ! ari/ocracy by bir?1 %\ld be unatta9able except to t ( sci5ce4 ,?us mu*1 ,i ?9k1 ! ,gov]nm5t & ! c\ntry ought to d1 = _! own sake & ! good ( sci5ce1 m ?an = ! sake ( ! m5 :o might be ?\ght wor?y ( su* di/9ction4 ,! latt] h atta9$ to _! fit place1 :e!r ! community at l>ge recognise x or n4444 ,i h ! hon\r to be1 my "l1 y\r v fai?ful s]vant1 ,m4 ,,f>aday4 ,sid5ote3 ,,h[ ,,sci5ce ,,c ,,be ,,hon\r$4 ,to ,pr(essor ,&rews he wrote 9 #ahdc 9 a simil> /ra93-- ,i h always felt t !re is some?+ degrad+ 9 (f]+ rew>ds = intellectual ex]tion1 & t societies or academies1 or ev5 k+s & emp]ors1 %\ld m+le 9 ! matt] does n remove ! degradation1 = ! feel+ :i* is hurt is a po9t above _! condition1 & belongs to ! respect :i* a man owes to himself4444 ,/ill1 ,i ?9k rew>ds & hon\rs good if prop]ly di/ribut$2 b !y %\ld be giv5 = :at a man has done1 & n (f]$ = :at he is to d4 ,:5 a fri5d wrote to him on he>+ a rum\r t he _h himself be5 knight$1 8 reply1 publi%$ ye>s aft] 9 ! ,london ,review1 03 8,i am happy t ,i am n a ,sir1 & d n int5d 7if x dep5ds ^u me7 to become "o4 ,by ! ,prussian knigh?ood#eg ,i d feel hon\r$2 9 ! o!r ,i %\ld n40 ,on "o occasion he comm5t$ r s>ca/ically ^u ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t & its /+9ess z comp>$ ) ^? ( all o!r civilis$ c\ntries 9 its aids to sci5tific progress4 ,?is compla9t is equally ju/ifi$ to-day4 ,to _m x may be news t ,engl& pays to its ,a/ronom] ,royal--:o mu/ obvi\sly be a p]son ( v high sci5tific qualifications--a sal>y less ?an ^? paid to ! five assi/ant "u-secret>ies 9 ! ,colonial & ,=eign ,(fices2 less ?an t paid to ! s]geants-at-arms 9 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t2 less ?an t paid to ! p]son appo9t$ ,director ( ,clo?+ 9 ! ,w> ,(fice4 ,enlight5$ ,engl&6 ,f>aday did n deem ! pursuit ( sci5ce to be necess>ily incompatible ) :at he t]m$ 8pr(essional bus9ess0--t is1 exp]t "w4 ,until ! day :5 he ab&on$ all pr(essional engagem5ts1 s z to devote himself to rese>*es1 he _h be5 receiv+ a consid]able & gr[+ income f ?is s\rce4 ,b he object$ to ! indignities to :i* ?is "w expos$ him f lawy]s1 :o w\ld n und]/& t he took no p>tisan view4 ,he c\ld n endure ! br[beat+ ( cross-exam9+ c\nsel4 ,! late ,"l ,c>dwell 0 witness to a g5tle b cru%+ repro( :i* he once adm9i/]$ to a b>ri/] :o attempt$ to bully him4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review attributes to a specific case 8 det]m9ation to cease exp]t "w4 ,he gave evid5ce once 9 a judicial case1 :5 ! sci5tific te/imony1 />t+ f giv5 premises1 0 s div]se t ! presid+ judge1 9 summ+ up laun*$ some?+ l a reproa* at ! sci5tific witnesses4 8,sci5ce has n %one ?is day10 0 8 lord%ip's rem>k4 ,f t "t =? no "o ev] saw ,f>aday z a sci5tific witness be=e a law tribunal4 ,sid5ote3 ,,univ]sity ,,degrees ,,9 ,,sci5ce4 ,among/ ! hon\rs receiv$ by ,f>aday !re 0 "o ( :i*1 9 #ahch1 he said t he felt x equal to any o!r he _h receiv$--namely1 t ( ,memb] ( ! ,s5ate ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 to :i* position he 0 nom9at$ 9 #ahcf by ! ,cr[n4 ,= tw5ty-sev5 ye>s he rema9$ a s5ator1 & :51 9 #ahei1 ! project = creat+ degrees 9 sci5ce 0 on foot1 he 0 "o ( ! committee :o drew up a report & s*eme ( exam9ation = ! ,s5ate4 ,to ! ,rev4 ,john ,b>l[ he wrote on ?is matt]3-- ,! ,s5ate ( ! ,univ]sity accept$ & approv$ ( ! report ( ! ,committee = ,sci5tific ,degrees1 s t t w g =w>d 7if ! ,gov]nm5t approve71 & w come into "w next ye>4 ,x seems to give mu* satisfaction to all :o h se5 x1 ?\gh ! subject is beset ) difficulties2 = :5 ! dep? & bread? ( sci5ce came to be consid]$1 & an e/imate 0 made ( h[ mu* a man ought to "k to obta9 a "r to a degree 9 x1 ! am\nt 9 words seem$ to be s enorm\s z to make me hesitate 9 dem&+ x f ! /ud5t2 & ?\gh 9 ! ,d4,s4 "o c\ld divide ! matt] & claim em95ce 9 "o bran* ( sci5ce1 r ?an good g5]al k 9 all1 /ill 9 ! ,b4,s41 :i* is a progressive degree1 a m ext5d$ ?\gh a m sup]ficial acqua9tance seem$ to be requir$4 ,9 fact1 ! matt] is s new1 & !re is s little t c s]ve z a previ\s exp]i5ce 9 ! f\nd+ & arrang+ ^! degrees1 t "o mu/ leave ! :ole endeav\r to %ape itself z ! practice & exp]i5ce accumulates4 ,:51 9 #ahfc1 8 feebl5ess impell$ him to resign ?is position1 he wrote to ,dr4 ,c>p5t]3-- ,! position ( a s5ator is "o t %\ld n be held by an inactive man to ! exclusion ( an active "o4 ,x has rejoic$ my he>t to see ! progress ( ! ,univ]sity1 & ( education "u its influ5ce & p[]2 & t delight ,i hope to h s long z life %all be sp>$ to me4 ,he _h little sympa?y ) ei!r text-book sci5ce or ) m]e exam9ations4 8,i h f> m confid5ce10 he wrote1 89 ! "o man :o works m5tally & bodily at a matt] ?an 9 ! six :o m]ely talk ab\t x4 ,no?+ is s good z an exp]im5t :i*1 :il/ x sets error "r1 gives an absolute advancem5t 9 k40 ,9 ano!r place he wrote3--8,let ! imag9ation g1 gu>d+ x by judgm5t & pr9ciples1 b hold+ x 9 & direct+ x by exp]im5t40 ,= book-le>n$ *emi/ry & m]e *emical !ory1 ap>t f exp]im5tal facts1 he _h an undisguis$ contempt4 ,writ+ to ,g5]al ,portlock on ! subject ( *emical education1 he /at$ t he _h be5 "o ( ! ,s5ate ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london appo9t$ to consid] especially ! be/ me?od ( exam9ation4 ,!y _h decid$ on exam9ation by pap]s1 accompani$ by viv voce4 8,we ?9k10 he add$1 8t no num]ical value c be atta*$ to ! que/ions1 because ev]y?+ dep5ds on h[ !y are answ]$40 ,!n1 ref]r+ to ! tea*+ at ,woolwi*1 he says1 8,my in/ructions always h be5 to look to ! note-books = ! result40 8,lectures alone _c be expect$ to give m ?an a g5]al idea ( ?is mo/ ext5sive bran* ( sci5ce1 & x w\ld be too mu* to expect t "y m5 :o at ! utmo/ he> only fifty lectures on *emi/ry %\ld be able to answ] ) mu* effect1 9 writ+1 to que/ions set d[n on pap]1 :5 we "k by exp]i5ce t daily "w = eight h\rs 9 practical laboratories = ?ree mon?s does n g v f> to conf] su* ability40 ,sid5ote3 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,univ]sities4 ,he _h1 at an e>li] date1 decl9$ to be appo9t$ z exam9] 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,he _h previ\sly decl9$ ! pr(essor%ip ( *emi/ry 9 ,univ]sity ,college2 & he _h also decl9$ ! *emical *air 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,?is 0 n1 h[ev]1 f any want ( sympa?y ) univ]sity "w1 or failure to appreciate ! ideal ( a univ]sity z a seat ( le>n+4 ,writ+ to ,tyndall1 9 #ahea1 ab\t ano!r univ]sity--t at ,toronto--he said3 8,i tru/ x is a place :]e a man ( sci5ce & a true philosoph] is requir$1 & :]e1 9 return1 su* a man w\ld be n\ri%$ & *]i%$ 9 proportion to 8 desire to advance natural k40 ,at ! same "t he _h an exce$+ repugnance to ! cu/om ( expect+ c&idates = pr(essorial *airs to produce 8te/imonials0 ( _! qualifications4 ,:5 8 intimate fri5d ,ri*>d ,phillips 0 a c&idate = ! v *air :i* ,f>aday refus$ at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,f>aday decl9$ on pr9ciple to give a te/imonial4 8,i %\ld inde$ h ?\ght10 he add$1 88 "* _h be5 kn[n to be su* t x w\ld r h be5 degrad$ ?an e/abli%$ by c]tificates40 ,simil>ly1 9 #ahea1 he told ,tyndall1 !n an applicant = ! ,*air ( ,physics at ,toronto1 t he _h 9 e case refus$ = _m ye>s pa/ to give any on ! application ( c&idates4 8,nev]!less10 he add$1 8,i wi% to say t :5 ,i am ask$ ab\t a c&idate by ^? :o h ! *oice or appo9tm5t1 ,i nev] refuse to answ]40 ,sid5ote3 ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,education4 ,on g5]al education1 ,f>aday's ideas 7 mu* 9 advance ( 8 "t4 ,f ! epo* :5 z a "y man he lectur$ to ! ,city ,philosophical ,society on ! means ( obta9+ k & on m5tal in]tia1 d[n to ! close ( 8 c>e]1 he consi/5tly advocat$ ! cultivation ( ! exp]im5tal me?od & ! use ( sci5ce z a means ( tra9+ ! faculties4 ,a concise acc\nt ( 8 views is to be f\nd 9 ! lecture he gave 9 #ahed be=e ! ,pr9ce ,consort on 8,m5tal ,education10 a lecture :i* prescribes ! self-educat+ discipl9e ( sci5tific /udy & exp]im5t z a means ( correct+ defici5cy ( judgm5t4 ,x includ$ a p[]ful plea = susp5se ( judgm5t & = ! cultivation ( ! faculty ( proportionate judgm5t4 ,9 #ahfb he 0 exam9$ at "s l5g? by ! ,royal ,commission]s ^u ,public ,s*ools4 ,) !m he plead$ /rongly = ! introduction ( sci5ce into ! s*ool curricula2 & :5 ask$ at :at age x might be s]viceable to introduce sci5ce-tea*+1 repli$3 8,i ?9k "o c h>dly tell t until aft] exp]i5ce = "s few ye>s4 ,all ,i c say is ?is t at my juv5ile lectures at ,*ri/mas "t ,i h nev] f\nd a *ild too "y to und]/& intellig5tly :at ,i told him2 !y came to me aft]w>ds ) que/ions :i* prov$ _! capability40 ,"o passage f ! close ( a lecture giv5 9 #aheh des]ves to be record$ = its f9e appreciation ( 8! k9d ( education :i* sci5ce (f]s to man03-- ,x tea*es u to be neglectful ( no?+1 n to despise ! small beg9n+s--!y prec$e ( necessity all great ?+s4444 ,x tea*es a cont9ual comp>ison ( ! small & great1 & t "u diff]5ces almo/ approa*+ ! inf9ite1 = ! small z (t5 conta9s ! great 9 pr9ciple z ! great does ! small2 & ?us ! m9d becomes compreh5sive4 ,x tea*es to d$uce pr9ciples c>efully1 to hold !m firmly1 or to susp5d ! judgm5t1 to discov] & obey law1 & by x to be bold 9 apply+ to ! greate/ :at we "k ( ! smalle/4 ,x tea*es u1 fir/ by tutors & books1 to le>n t :i* is already kn[n to o!rs1 & !n by ! light & me?ods :i* belong to sci5ce to le>n = ourselves & = o!rs2 s mak+ a fruitful return to man 9 ! future = t :i* we h obta9$ f ! m5 ( ! pa/4 ,bacon 9 8 in/ruction tells u t ! sci5tific /ud5t ought n to be z ! ant1 :o ga!rs m]ely1 nor z ! spid] :o sp9s f h] own b[els1 b r z ! bee :o bo? ga!rs & produces4 ,all ?is is true ( ! tea*+ af=d$ by any "p ( physical sci5ce4 ,electricity is (t5 call$ wond]ful1 beautiful2 b x is s only 9 common ) ! o!r =ces ( nature4 ,! beauty ( electricity or ( any o!r =ce is n t ! p[] is my/]i\s1 & unexpect$1 t\*+ e s5se at unaw>es 9 turn1 b t x is "u law1 & t ! taught intellect c ev5 n[ gov]n x l>gely4 ,! human m9d is plac$ above1 & n b5ea? x1 & x is 9 su* a po9t ( view t ! m5tal education af=d$ by sci5ce is r5d]$ sup]-em95t 9 dignity1 9 practical application & utility2 = by enabl+ ! m9d to apply ! natural p[] ?r\gh law1 x conveys ! gifts ( ,god to man4 ,sid5ote3 ,,on ,,ma!matics4 ,a peculi> int]e/ atta*es to ,f>aday's attitude t[>ds ! /udy ( ma!matics4 ,he :o _h nev] _h any s*ool+ beyond ! common s*ool ( 8 p>i% _h n advanc$ beyond ! simple/ algebra 9 8 ma/]y ov] symbolic reason+4 ,sev]al times 9 8 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es0 he deplores :at he t]m$ 8my imp]fect ma!matical k40 ,( ,poisson's !ory ( magnetism he said3 8,i am q unfit to =m a judgm5t40 ,dr4 ,sc(f]n repeats a pleasantry ( ,f>aday's hav+ on a c]ta9 occasion boa/$ t he _h once 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life p]=m$ a ma!matical op]ation--:5 he turn$ ! h&le ( ,babbage's calculat+ ma*9e4 ,c]ta9 x is t he w5t ?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 magnific5t rese>*es )\t once us+ ev5 a s9e or a cos9e1 or any?+ m recondite ?an ! simple rule-(-?ree4 ,he express$ ! same k9d ( regret at 8 unfamili>ity ) ! ,g]man language--8! language ( sci5ce & k10 z he t]m$ x 9 writ+ to ,du ,bois ,reymond--:i* prev5t$ him f read+ ! works ( ,pr(essor 8,ohms40 ,nev]!less he valu$ ! ma!matical p[]s ( o!rs1 & c\nsell$ ,tyndall to "w out 8 exp]im5tal results1 8s t ! ma!maticians may be able to take x up40 ,yet he nev] relax$ 8 pref]5ce = proce$+ along ! l9es ( exp]im5tal inve/igation4 ,8 curi\s phrase 7p4 #bci7 z to 8 pique respect+ ma!matics is v significant1 z is also 8 note ( jubilation 9 8 lett] to ,phillips 7p4 #aag7 at f9d+ t pure exp]im5t c successfully rival ma!matics 9 unravell+ ! my/]ies :i* _h elud$ ! ef=ts ( ,poisson & ,arago4 ,he himself attribut$ to 8 defective memory 8 want ( hold ^u symbolic reason+4 ,to ,tyndall he wrote 9 #ahea1 :5 ?ank+ him = a copy ( "o ( 8 sci5tific memoirs3-- ,su* pap]s z y\rs make me feel m ?an ev] ! loss ( memory ,i h su/a9$1 = !re is no read+ !m1 or at lea/ reta9+ ! argum5t1 "u su* defici5cy4 ,ma!matical =mul m ?an any?+ require quickness & surety 9 receiv+ & reta9+ ! true value ( ! symbols us$2 & :5 "o has to look back at e mom5t to ! beg9n+ ( a pap]1 to see :at ,h or ,a or ,b mean1 !re is no mak+ way4 ,/ill1 ?\gh ,i _c hold ! :ole tra9 ( reason+ 9 my m9d at once1 ,i am able fully to appreciate ! value ( ! results y arrive at1 & x appe>s to me t !y are exce$+ly well e/abli%$ & ( v great consequ5ce4 ,^! elem5t>y laws ( action are ( s mu* consequ5ce 9 ! developm5t ( ! nature ( a p[] :i*1 l magnetism1 is z yet new to u4 ,aga9 to ,cl]k ,maxwell1 9 #aheg1 he wrote3-- ,!re is "o ?+ ,i w\ld be glad to ask y4 ,:5 a ma!matician engag$ 9 inve/igat+ physical actions & results has arriv$ at 8 own conclusions1 may !y n be express$ 9 common language z fully1 cle>ly1 & def9itely z 9 ma!matical =mul8 ,if s1 w\ld x n be a great boon to su* z we to express !m s--translat+ !m out ( _! hi]oglyphics t we also might "w ^u !m by exp]im5t8 ,i ?9k x mu/ be s1 because ,i h always f\nd t y c\ld convey to me a p]fectly cle> idea ( y\r conclusions1 :i*1 ?\gh !y may give me no full und]/&+ ( ! /eps ( y\r process1 gave me ! results nei!r above nor bel[ ! tru?1 & s cle> 9 "* t ,i c ?9k & "w f !m4 ,if ?is be possible1 w\ld x n be a good ?+ if ma!maticians1 writ+ on ^! subjects1 7 to give u _! results 9 ?is popul> useful work+ /ate z well z 9 t :i* is _! own & prop] to !m8 ,! a*ievem5t ( ,f>aday 9 f9d+ = ! expression ( electromagnetic laws means :i*1 ?\gh n symbolic1 7 simple1 accurate1 & 9 advance ( ! ma!matics ( 8 "t1 has be5 allud$ to on page #bag4 ,liebig1 9 8 disc\rse on 8,induction & ,d$uction10 ref]s to ,f>aday ?us3-- ,i h he>d ma!matical physici/s deplore t ,f>aday's records ( 8 lab\rs 7 difficult to read & und]/&1 t !y (t5 resembl$ r ab/racts f a di>y4 ,b ! fault 0 !irs1 n ,f>aday's4 ,to physici/s :o h approa*$ physics by ! road ( *emi/ry1 ,f>aday's memoirs s\nd l an admirably beautiful music4 ,sid5ote3 ,,maxwell ,,& ,,von ,,helmholtz4 ,von ,helmholtz1 9 8 ,f>aday lecture ( #ahha1 has also t\*$ on ?is aspect4 ,n[ t ! ma!matical int]pretation ( ,f>aday's conceptions reg>d+ ! nature ( electric & magnetic =ces has be5 giv5 by ,cl]k ,maxwell1 we see h[ great a degree ( exactness & precision 0 really hidd5 beh9d ! words :i* to ,f>aday's contempor>ies appe>$ ei!r vague or obscure2 & x is 9 ! highe/ degree a/oni%+ to see :at a l>ge numb] ( g5]al !orems1 ! me?odical d$uction ( :i* requires ! highe/ p[]s ( ma!matical analysis1 he f\nd by a k9d ( intuition1 ) ! security ( in/9ct1 )\t ! help ( a s+le ma!matical =mula4 ,two o!r passages f ,von ,helmholtz are wor?y ( be+ add$3-- ,& n[1 ) a q wond]ful sagacity & intellectual precision1 ,f>aday p]=m$ 9 8 bra9 ! "w ( a great ma!matician )\t us+ a s+le ma!matical =mula4 ,he saw ) 8 m9d's eye t magnetis$ & dielectric bodies ought to h a t5d5cy to contract 9 ! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce1 & to dilate 9 all directions p]p5dicul> to ! =m]1 & t by ^! sy/ems ( t5sions & pressures 9 ! space :i* surr\nds electrifi$ bodies1 magnets1 or wires conduct+ electric curr5ts1 all ! ph5om5a ( electro/atic1 magnetic1 electromagnetic attraction1 repulsion1 & induction c\ld be expla9$1 )\t recurr+ at all to =ces act+ directly at a di/ance4 ,?is 0 ! "p ( 8 pa? :]e s few c\ld foll[ him2 p]haps a ,cl]k ,maxwell1 a second man ( ! same p[] & indep5d5ce ( intellect1 0 ne$$ to recon/ruct 9 ! normal me?ods ( sci5ce ! great build+ ! plan ( :i* ,f>aday _h conceiv$ 9 8 m9d1 & attempt$ to make visible to 8 contempor>ies4 ,nobody c d5y t ?is new !ory ( electricity & magnetism1 orig9at$ by ,f>aday & develop$ by ,maxwell1 is 9 itself well consi/5t1 9 p]fect & exact h>mony ) all ! kn[n facts ( exp]i5ce1 & does n contradict any "o ( ! g5]al axioms ( dynamics1 :i* h be5 hi!rto consid]$ z ! fundam5tal tru?s ( all natural sci5ce1 because !y h be5 f\nd valid1 )\t any exception1 9 all kn[n processes ( nature4 ,&1 aft] deal+ ) ! ph5om5a discuss$ by ,f>aday1 ,von ,helmholtz adds ^! pregnant words3-- ,nev]!less1 ! fundam5tal conceptions by :i* ,f>aday 0 l$ to ^! mu*-admir$ discov]ies h n receiv$ an equal am\nt ( consid]ation4 ,!y 7 v div]g5t f ! trodd5 pa? ( sci5tific !ory1 & appe>$ r />tl+ to 8 contempor>ies4 ,8 pr9cipal aim 0 to express 9 8 new conceptions only facts1 ) ! lea/ possible use ( hypo!tical sub/ances & =ces4 ,?is 0 really an advance 9 g5]al sci5tific me?od1 de/9$ to purify sci5ce f ! la/ remnants ( metaphysics4 ,f>aday 0 n ! fir/1 & n ! only man1 :o _h work$ 9 ?is direction1 b p]haps nobody else at 8 "t did x s radically4 ,cl]k ,maxwell said ( him3 ,! way 9 :i* ,f>aday made use ( 8 l9es ( =ce 9 co-ord9at+ ! ph5om5a ( electric induction %[s him to h be5 a ma!matician ( high ord]1 & "o f :om ! ma!maticians ( ! future may d]ive valuable & f]tile me?ods4 ,x is fitt+ to include 9 ?is review ( ,f>aday's place 9 relation to ! ma!matical side ( physics "s words ( ,"l ,kelv91 tak5 f 8 preface to ! ,engli% edition ( ,h]tz's 8,electric ,waves03-- ,f>aday1 ) 8 curv$ l9es ( electric =ce1 & 8 dielectric effici5cy ( air & ( liquid & solid insulators1 resuscitat$ ! idea ( a m$ium ?r\gh :i*1 & n only ?r\gh :i* b by :i*1 =ces ( attraction or repulsion1 seem+ly act+ at a di/ance1 are transmitt$4 ,! long /ruggle ( ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 n m]ely on ! "q ( a m$ium to s]ve = gravific me*anism1 b on ! correctness ( ! ,newtonian law ( gravitation z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev] expla9$4 ,! correspond+ controv]sy 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 v %ort1 & x soon became obvi\s t ,f>aday's idea ( ! transmission ( electric =ce by a m$ium n only did n violate ,c\lomb's law ( relation betwe5 =ce & di/ance1 b t1 if real1 x mu/ give a ?or\gh explanation ( t law4 ,nev]!less1 aft] ,f>aday's discov]y ( ! diff]5t specific inductive capacities ( diff]5t insulators1 tw5ty ye>s pass$ be=e x 0 g5]ally accept$ 9 ,cont95tal ,europe4 ,b be=e 8 dea?1 9 #ahfg1 he _h succe$$ 9 inspir+ ! ris+ g5]ation ( ! sci5tific _w ) some?+ approa*+ to fai? t electric =ce is transmitt$ by a m$ium call$ e!r1 ( :i*1 z _h be5 believ$ by ! :ole sci5tific _w = =ty ye>s1 light & radiant heat are transv]se vibrations4 ,f>aday himself did n re/ ) ?is !ory ( electricity alone4 ,! v la/ "t ,i saw him at "w at ! ,royal ,in/itution 0 9 an und]gr\nd cell>1 :i* he _h *os5 = fre$om f di/urbance1 & he 0 arrang+ exp]im5ts to te/ ! "t ( propagation ( magnetic =ce f an electromagnet ?r\gh a di/ance ( _m y>ds ( air to a f9e /eel ne$le1 poli%$ to reflect light2 b no result came f ^? exp]im5ts4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 or soon aft]1 c]ta9ly n long be=e ! end ( 8 work+ "t1 he 0 engag$ 7,i believe at ! ,%ot ,t[]1 ne> ,wat]loo ,bridge1 on ! ,surrey side7 9 ef=ts to discov] relations betwe5 gravity & magnetism1 :i* also l$ to no result4 ,sid5ote3 ,,kelv9',s ,,appreciation4 ,"l ,kelv91 :o 0 himself ! fir/ to p]ceive t ,f>aday's ideas 7 n inconsi/5t ) ma!matical expression1 & to direct ,cl]k ,maxwell & o!rs to ?is view1 _h1 9 #ahed1 delight$ ! old man by br++ ma!matical support to ! conception ( l9es ( =ce4 ,9 #aheg he s5t to ,f>aday a copy ( "o ( 8 pap]s1 & receiv$ 9 ackn[l$gm5t a lett] ( w>m enc\ragem5t1 :i*1 h[ev]1 does n appe> to h be5 pres]v$4 ,"l ,kelv9's reply is its own be/ comm5t>y3-- ,su* expressions f y w\ld be m ?an a suffici5t rew>d = any?+ ,i c\ld ev] contemplate do+ 9 sci5ce4 ,i feel /rongly h[ little ,i h done to des]ve !m1 b !y w enc\rage me ) a /rong] motive ?an ,i h ev] _h be=e to g on endeav\r+ to see 9 ! direction y h po9t$1 :i* ,i long ago le>n$ to believe is ! direction 9 :i* we mu/ look = a deep] insight into nature4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,religi\s ,,views4 ,! "n ( ,glasites or ,s&emanians is giv5 to a small sect ( ,*ri/ians :i* sep>at$ f ! ,scotti% ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ab\t #agcj "u ! lead]%ip ( ! ,rev4 ,john ,glas4 ,mo/ ( ! congregations :i* sprang up 9 ,engl& 7 =m$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! dissem9ation ( ! writ+s & by ! prea*+ ( ,rob]t ,s&eman1 son-9-law & successor ( ,glas4 ,h5ce ! d\ble "n4 ,! ,s&emanian ,*ur* 9 ,london 0 con/itut$ ab\t #agfj4 ,x /ill has a *apel 9 ,b>nsbury1 ?\gh ! sect z a :ole--nev] num]\s--has dw9dl$ to a small remnant4#eh ,! religi\s c5sus ( #ahea %[$ b six congregations 9 ,engl& & six 9 ,scotl&4 ,z x nev] 0 a proselytis+ body1 x is probable t x has dim9i%$ s9ce t date4 ,john ,glas 0 depos$ 9 #agbh by ! ,presbyt]ian ,c\rts f 8 position z m9i/] 9 ! ,scotti% ,*ur*1 because he taught t ! ,*ur* %\ld be gov]n$ only by ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ & ,8 apo/les1 & n be subject to any ,league or ,cov5ant4 ,he held t ! =mal e/abli%m5t by any nation ( a pr(ess$ religion 0 ! subv]sion ( primitive ,*ri/ianity2 t ,*ri/ did n come to e/abli% any worldly au?ority1 b to give a hope ( et]nal life to ,8 p :om ,he %\ld *oose ( ,8 own sov]eign w2 t 8! ,bible10 & x alone1 ) no?+ add$ to x nor tak5 away f x by man1 0 ! sole & suffici5t guide = ea* individual1 at all times & 9 all circum/ances2 t fai? 9 ! div9ity & "w ( ,*ri/ is ! gift ( ,god1 & t ! evid5ce ( ?is fai? is ob$i5ce to ! comm&m5t ( ,*ri/4 ,sid5ote3 ,,! ,,s&emanian ,,cre$4 ,! t5ets ( ,glas are some:at obscure & c\*$ 9 my/ical language4 ,!y prescribe a spiritual union :i* b9ds its memb]s into "o body z a ,*ur* )\t its be+ repres5t$ by any correspond+ outw>d ecclesia/ical polity4 ,he di$ 9 #aggc4 ,s&eman1 :o sp5t mo/ ( 8 life 9 prea*+ ^! doctr9es1 di$ ab\t ! same "t 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,he caus$ to be inscrib$ on 8 tomb t 8he boldly cont5d$ = ! anci5t fai? t ! b>e dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 )\t a de$ or ?\ght on ! "p ( man1 is suffici5t to pres5t ! *ief ( s9n]s spotless be=e ,god40 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,,primitive ,,*ur*4 ,! ,s&emanians try--s f> z mod]n conditions p]mit--to live up to ! practice ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* z x 0 9 ! "t ( ! ,apo/les4 ,at _! *apel !y 8broke bread0 e ,"l's day 9 ! =5oon1 mak+ ?is a common meal betwe5 ! morn+ & aft]noon s]vices1 & tak+ _! places by ca/+ lots4 ,& weekly1 at _! simple celebration ( ! ,"l's ,supp] at ! close ( ! aft]noon s]vice1 be=e p>tak+1 !y collect money = ! support ( ! poor & = exp5ses4 ,9 "s places !y d9$ toge!r at "o ano!r's h\ses in/ead ( at ! *apel4 8,!y e/eem ! lot z a sacr$ ?+4 ,! wa%+ ( ! feet is also reta9$3 n1 x w\ld seem1 on any special occasion1 b ! ablution is p]=m$ #8:5ev] x c be an act ( k9dness to a bro!r to d s4' ,ano!r peculi>ity ( ?is religi\s body is _! objection to second m>riages40#ei ,memb]s are receiv$ into ! ,*ur* on ! confession ( s9 & pr(ession ( fai? made publicly at "o ( ! aft]noon s]vices4 ,9 admitt+ a new memb] !y give ! kiss ( *>ity4 ,!y deem x wrong to save up money2 8! ,"l w provide0 be+ an ess5tial item ( fai?4 ,traces ( ?is curi\s fatalism may be f\nd 9 "o ( ,f>aday's lett]s to 8 wife 7p4 #eb74 ,he seems always to h sp5t 8 surplus income on *>ity4 ,! ,s&emanians h nei!r orda9$ m9i/]s nor paid prea*]s4 ,9 ea* congregation1 h[ev]1 !re are *os5 eld]s 7presbyt]s or bi%ops71 ( :om !re mu/ always be a plurality1 & ( :om two at lea/ mu/ be pres5t at e act ( discipl9e4 ,! eld]s take x 9 turns to preside at ! wor%ip1 & are elect$ by ! unanim\s *oice ( ! congregation4 ,! sole qualification = ?is (fice1 :i* is unpaid1 is t e>ne/ness ( purpose & s9c]ity ( life :i* w\ld h be5 requir$ 9 ,apo/olic times = ! (fice ( bi%op or presbyt]4 ,no diff]5ce ( op9ion is tol]at$1 b is met by excommunication1 :i* among/ families s connect$ by m>riage produces mu* unhapp9ess1 s9ce !y hold to ! ,apo/le's injunction1 8,) su* an "o1 no1 n to eat40 ,! =ego+ summ>y is ne$$ to enable ! read] to compreh5d ! relation%ip ( ,f>aday to ?is body4 ,8 fa!r & gr&fa!r _h belong$ to ?is sect4 ,9 #agfc !re 0 a congregation at ,kirkby ,/eph5 7! home ( ,f>aday's "m7 numb]+ ab\t ?irty p]sons2 & !re appe>s to h be5 a *apel--n[ us$ z a b>n--9 ,clapham4 ,a /rong religi\s feel+ _h be5 dom9ant 9 ! ,f>aday family ?r\gh ! prec$+ g5]ation4 ,james ,f>aday1 on 8 removal to ,london1 !re jo9$ ! ,s&emanian congregation1 :i* at t "t met 9 a small *apel 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,alley1 ,b>bican1 s9ce pull$ d[n4 ,x _h1 :5 f\nd$ 9 #agfb1 held its fir/ meet+s 9 ! hall ( ! ,glov]s' ,company1 & lat] 9 ,bull & ,m\? ,/reet1 till #aggh4 ,james ,f>aday's wife1 "m ( ,mi*ael ,f>aday1 nev] =mally jo9$ ! ,s&emanian ,*ur*1 ?\gh a regul> att5dant ( ! congregation4 ,mi*ael ,f>aday 0 f a boy br\ght up 9 ! practice ( att5d+ ?is simple wor%ip1 & 9 ! atmosph]e ( ?is primitive religi\s fai?4 ,d\btless su* surr\nd+s ex]cis$ a m\ld+ influ5ce on 8 m9d & "*4 ,! attitude ( ab/95ce f attempts to proselytise1 on ! "p ( ! *ur*1 f9ds its reflex 9 ,f>aday's habitual retic5ce1 t[>ds all save only ! mo/ intimate ( fri5ds1 on matt]s ( religi\s fai?4 8,nev] once10 says ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 8dur+ an intimacy ( fifte5 ye>s1 did he m5tion religion to me1 save :5 ,i drew him on to ! subject4 ,he !n spoke to me )\t hesitation or reluctance2 n ) any app>5t desire to #8improve ! occasion1' b to give me su* in=mation z ,i s\ght4 ,he believ$ ! human he>t to be sway$ by a p[] to :i* sci5ce or logic op5$ no approa*2 & "r or wrong1 ?is fai?1 held 9 p]fect tol]ance ( ! fai?s ( o!rs1 /r5g!n$ & beautifi$ 8 life40 ,sid5ote3 ,,8 ,,pr(ession ,,( ,,fai?4 ,( 8 spiritual hi/ory d[n to ! "t ( 8 m>riage v little is kn[n1 = he made no e>li] pr(ession ( fai?4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t he :o 0 s scrupul\s ( tru?1 s s+le-m9d$ 9 e relation ( life1 w\ld accept ! religi\s belief ( 8 fa!rs )\t satisfy+ 8 consci5ce z to ! rightness ( its claims4 ,yet none ( 8 lett]s or writ+s ( t p]iod %[ any trace#fj ( t /ress ( s\l ?r\gh :i* at "o "t or ano!r e s9c]e & e>ne/ seek] aft] tru? mu/ pass be=e he f9ds an*orage4 ,c]ta9 x is t he clung ) w>m atta*m5t to ! little self-conta9$ sect among/ :om he _h be5 br\ght up4 ,its influ5ce1 ?\gh contract+ 8 activities by preclud+ all ,*ri/ian communion or ef=t outside _! circle1 & cutt+ him (f f s mu* t o!r ,*ri/ian bodies hold good1 f5c$ him effectually f dreams ( worldl9ess1 & furni%$ him ) t v deta*m5t :i* 0 mo/ ess5tial to 8 sci5tific pursuits4 ,"o mon? aft] 8 m>riage he made 8 confession ( s9 & pr(ession ( fai? be=e ! ,s&emanian ,*ur*4 ,x 0 an act ( humility ! m /rik+ 9 t x 0 done )\t any consultation ) 8 wife1 to :om he 0 s closely atta*$1 & :o 0 already a memb] ( ! congregation4 ,:5 %e ask$ him :y he _h n told h] :at he 0 ab\t to d1 he repli$3 8,t is betwe5 me & my ,god40 ,9 #ahdd he wrote to ,lady ,lovelace z foll[s3-- 8,y speak ( religion1 & "h y w be sadly disappo9t$ 9 me4 ,y w p]haps rememb] t ,i guess$1 & n v f> aside1 y\r t5d5cy 9 ?is respect4 ,y\r confid5ce 9 me claims 9 return m9e to y1 :i* inde$ ,i h no hesitation 9 giv+ on fitt+ occasions1 b ^! ,i ?9k are v few1 = 9 my m9d religi\s conv]sation is g5]ally 9 va94 ,!re is no philosophy 9 my religion4 ,i am ( a v small & despis$ sect ( ,*ri/ians1 kn[n1 if kn[n at all1 z ,s&emanians1 & our hope is f\nd$ on ! fai? t is 9 ,*ri/4 ,b ?\gh ! natural works ( ,god c nev] by any possibility come 9 contradiction ) ! high] ?+s t belong to our future exi/5ce1 & mu/ ) ev]y?+ conc]n+ ,him ev] glorify ,him1 /ill ,i d n ?9k x at all necess>y to tie ! /udy ( ! natural sci5ces & religion toge!r1 &1 9 my int]c\rse ) my fell[ creatures1 t :i* is religi\s & t :i* is philosophical h ev] be5 two di/9ct ?+s40 ,8 own views 7 /at$ by himself at ! comm5cem5t ( a lecture on ,m5tal ,education 9 #ahed3-- ,high z man is plac$ above ! creatures ar\nd him1 !re is a high] & f> m exalt$ position )9 8 view2 & ! ways are inf9ite 9 :i* he occupies 8 ?\ghts ab\t ! fe>s1 or hopes1 or expectations ( a future life4 ,i believe t ! tru? ( t future _c be br\ght to 8 k by any ex]tion ( 8 m5tal p[]s1 h[ev] exalt$ !y may be2 t x is made kn[n to him by o!r tea*+ ?an 8 own1 & is receiv$ ?r\gh simple belief ( ! te/imony giv54 ,let no "o suppose = a mom5t t ! self-education ,i am ab\t to comm5d1 9 respect ( ! ?+s ( ?is life1 ext5ds to any consid]ations ( ! hope set be=e u1 z if man by reason+ c\ld f9d out ,god4 ,x w\ld be improp] "h to ent] ^u ?is subject fur!r ?an to claim an absolute di/9ction betwe5 religi\s & ord9>y belief4 ,i %all be reproa*$ ) ! weakness ( refus+ to apply ^? m5tal op]ations :i* ,i ?9k good 9 respect ( high ?+s to ! v highe/4 ,i am cont5t to be> ! reproa*4 ,"o ( 8 fri5ds wrote3 8,:5 he ent]$ ! meet+-h\se he left 8 sci5ce beh9d1 & he w\ld li/5 to ! pray] & exhortation ( ! mo/ illit]ate bro!r ( 8 sect ) an att5tion :i* %[$ h[ he lov$ ! ^w ( tru?1 f :omsoev] x came40 ,sid5ote3 ,,z ,,eld] ,,& ,,prea*]4 8,! mo/ rem>kable ev5t10 says ,dr4 ,b5ce ,jones1 8( 8 life 9 #ahdj 0 8 election z an eld] ( ! ,s&emanian ,*ur*4 ,dur+ t p]iod :5 9 ,london he prea*$ on alt]nate ,sundays40 ,?is 0 n an entirely new duty1 = he _h be5 occasionally call$ ^u by ! eld]s1 f ! date ( 8 admission 9 #ahba1 to exhort ! bre?r5 at ! week-day ev5+ meet+s1 or to read ! ,scriptures 9 ! congregation4 ,b5ce ,jones says t1 ?\gh no "o c\ld lecture l ,f>aday1 _m might prea* ) m effect4 ,! eag] & vivaci\s mann] ( ! lecture-room 0 ex*ang$ = a dev\t e>ne/ness t 0 9 complete contra/4 ,8 addresses h be5 describ$ z a pat*work ( texts cit$ rapidly f ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts2 & !y 7 always extempore1 ?\gh he prep>$ c>eful notes on a piece ( c>d be=eh&4 ,( ^!1 samples are giv5 9 ,b5ce ,jones's 8,life & ,lett]s40 ,8 fir/ disc\rse z an eld] 0 on ,matt4 xi4 #bh-cj1 dilat+ on ,*ri/'s "* & example4 8,le>n ( ,me40 ,! gr\nd ( humility ( ,*ri/ians mu/ be ! inf9ite di/ance betwe5 !m & _! ,patt]n4 ,he quot$ #a ,john ii4 #f2 #a ,pet] ii4 #ba2 ,phil4 iii4 #ag2 #a ,cor4 xi4 #a2 & #a ,cor4 xiv4 #a4 ,an exce$+ly vivid view ( ,f>aday z eld] ( ! ,*ur* 0 giv5 9 #ahhffa by ! late ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,walk]1 himself at "o "t a memb] ( ! ,s&emanian congregation 9 ,london2 a congregation1 moreov]1 :i* includ$ sev]al p]sons ( di/9ction--,cornelius ,v>ley1 ! engrav]1 & ,george ,b>n>d1 ! wat]-col\r pa9t]4 ,at ,f>aday's *apel !re 0 a presid+ eld]1 support$ by ! re/ ( ! eld]s on two r[s ( seats elevat$ across ! end ( ! *apel1 "o r[ above ! o!r4 ,! gr\nd floor 0 fill$ ) ! old-fa%ion$ high pews1 & !re 0 a gall]y above on bo? sides1 also ) pews4 ,f>aday sat 9 a pew on ! gr\nd floor1 ab\t ! middle4 ,!re 0 a l>ge table on ! floor ( ! *apel 9 front ( ! eld]s' seats4 ,! presid+ eld] usually prea*$4 ,su* 0 ! place ,f>aday wor%ipp$ 91 situat$ at ! end ( a n>r[ dirty c\rt1 surr\nd$ by squalid h\ses ( ! poore/ ( ! poor1 & s little kn[n t al?\gh ,i knew e /reet1 lane & alley ( ! :ole di/rict1 & ?is alley itself1 at ! bottom ( :i* ! *apel 01 ,i nev] knew ( ! exi/5ce ( ! meet+-h\se till ,i le>n$ ab\t ?irty-five ye>s ago t !re 0 a *apel !re to :i* ! _w-r5[n$ ,f>aday n only w5t1 b :]e he prea*$4 ,?is l$ me to make a se>*1 & to my great delight1 ,i f\nd x1 ?\gh ) "s difficulty4 ,al?\gh ! neighb\rhood 0 uncleanly1 n s 0 ! int]ior ( ! *apel1 nor ! d9+ room1 ) its tables & =ms1 all ( :i* 7 spotless4 ,f>aday's fa!r 0 a blacksmi?1 & wor%ipp$ "h4 ,he br\ght up 8 family religi\sly1 & ,f>aday f 8 e>lie/ days att5d$ ! *apel4 ,"h he met ,miss ,b>n>d1 8 future wife4 ,mr4 ,b>n>d 0 a respectable 8work+ silv]smi?10 z manufactur+ silv]smi?s 7 !n call$1 to di/+ui% !m f ! %opkeep]s :o !n1 z n[1 call$ !mselves 8silv]smi?s10 ?\gh frequ5tly mak+ none ( ! goods !y sell4 ,8 manufactory 0 = a "t at ,am5 ,c\rt1 ,pat]no/] ,r[2 aft]w>ds x 0 remov$ to a l>ge build+ erect$ by ! firm at ,angel ,/reet1 ne> ! ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice1 & ! bus9ess has s9ce be5 c>ri$ on by ! sons & gr&sons4 ,sid5ote3 ,,religi\s ,,s]vice4 ,mr4 ,b>n>d & 8 family wor%ipp$ at ! ,s&emanian ,*apel4 ,to ?is *apel ,f>aday walk$ e ,sunday morn+ f 8 e>lie/ days2 he nev] kept a c>riage1 & on religi\s pr9ciples w\ld n hire a cab or omnibus on ! ,"l's day4#fb ,! s]vice comm5c$ at elev5 9 ! morn+ & la/$ till ab\t "o1 aft] :i* ! memb]s--8bro!rs & si/]s10 z !y call$ ea* o!r--_h _! midday meal 89 common0 9 ! room atta*$ to ! *apel1 :i* has already be5 ref]r$ to4 ,! aft]noon wor%ip usually end$ ab\t five o'clock1 aft] p>tak+ ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,! s]vices 7 v mu* l ^? ( ! ,congregationali/s1 & consi/$ ( extempore pray]s1 hymns1 read+ ! ,scripture1 & a s]mon1 usually by ! presid+ eld]4 ,f>aday _h be5 an eld] = a great _m ye>s1 & = a consid]able "t 0 ! presid+ eld]1 & consequ5tly prea*$2 b dur+ ?is "t rel9qui%$ 8 (fice4 ,!re 0 "o peculi>ity 9 ! s]vice2 ! ,scriptures 7 n read by ! presid+ eld]1 b he call$ on "o ( ! memb]s to read2 & :5 ,f>aday 0 !re--:i* he always 0 :5 9 ,london--! presid+ eld] nam$ 8,bro!r ,mi*ael ,f>aday10 :o !n left 8 pew1 pass+ along ! aisle1 out ( ! *apel1 up ! /airs at ! back1 & reappe>$ beh9d ! presid+ eld]'s seat1 :o _h already op5$ ! l>ge ,bible 9 front ( him1 & po9t$ out ! *apt] to be read4 ,x 0 "o ( ! ri*e/ treats t x has be5 my good =tune to enjoy to he> ,f>aday read ! ,bible4 ,! read] 0 q unaw>e :at he 0 to read until x 0 select$ & :5 "o *apt] ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 f9i%$ ano!r w\ld be giv51 probably f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,usually ?ree *apt]s 7 read1 & sometimes f\r1 9 succession2 b if x _h be5 half a doz5 !re w\ld h be5 no we>9ess1 = ! p]fection ( ! read+1 ) its cle>ness ( pronunciation1 its judici\s emphasis1 ! ri* musical voice1 & ! p]fect *>m ( ! read]1 ) 8 natural rev]5ce1 made x a delight to li/54 ,i h he>d mo/ ( ^? :o are consid]$ our be/ read]s 9 *ur* & *apel1 b h nev] he>d a read] t ,i consid]$ equal to ,f>aday4 ,at ?is di/ance ( "t 8 tones are always 9 my e>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i 0 told by memb]s ( ! *apel t he 0 mo/ assidu\s 9 visit+ ! poor] bre?r5 & si/]s at _! own homes1 com=t+ !m 9 _! sorr[s & afflictions1 & assi/+ !m f 8 own purse4 ,inde$1 !y said1 he 0 cont9ually press$ to be ! gue/ ( ! high & noble 7:i* we may well believe71 b he w\ld1 if possible1 decl9e1 pref]r+ to visit "s poor si/] 9 tr\ble1 assi/ h]1 take a cup ( tea ) h]1 read ! ,bible & pray4 ,?\gh s full ( religion1 he 0 nev] obtrusive ) x2 x 0 too sacr$ a ?+4 ,tyndall has pres]v$ ano!r vivid rem9isc5ce ( ,f>aday's inn] life1 :i* he wrote d[n aft] "o ( ! e>lie/ d9n]s :i* he _h 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution4 8,at two o'clock he came d[n = me4 ,he1 8 niece1 & myself =m$ ! p>ty4 #8,i nev] give d9n]s1' he said2 #8,i don't "k h[ to give d9n]s2 & ,i nev] d9e out4 ,b ,i %\ld n l my fri5ds to attribute ?is to a wrong cause4 ,i act ?us = ! sake ( secur+ "t = "w1 & n ?r\gh religi\s motives z "s imag9e4' ,he said grace4 ,i am almo/ a%am$ to call 8 pray] a #8say+' ( grace4 ,9 ! language ( ,scripture1 x might be describ$ z ! petition ( a son into ^: he>t ,god _h s5t ! ,_s ( ,8 ,son1 & :o ) absolute tru/ ask$ a bless+ f 8 ,fa!r4 ,we d9$ on roa/ beef1 ,york%ire pudd+1 & potatoes1 drank %]ry1 talk$ ( rese>* & its requirem5ts1 & ( 8 habit ( keep+ himself free f ! di/ractions ( society4 ,he 0 bright & joyful--boylike1 9 fact1 ?\gh he is n[ sixty-two4 ,8 "w excites admiration1 b contact ) him w>ms & elevates ! he>t4 ,"h1 surely1 is a /rong man4 ,i love /r5g?1 b let me n =get ! example ( its union ) mode/y1 t5d]ness1 & sweetness1 9 ! "* ( ,f>aday40 ,!re is a /ory told by ! ,abb ,moigno t "o day at ,f>aday's reque/ he introduc$ him to ,c>d9al ,wiseman4 ,9 ! frank int]view :i* foll[$1 ! ,c>d9al did n hesitate to ask ,f>aday :e!r1 9 8 deepe/ conviction1 he believ$ all ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 holy1 ca?olic1 & apo/olic1 0 %ut up 9 ! little sect 9 :i* he 0 (ficially an eld]4 8,oh1 no60 0 ,f>aday's reply2 8b ,i d believe f ! bottom ( my s\l t ,*ri/ is ) u40 ,sid5ote3 ,,eld]%ip ,,int]rupt$4 ,! c\rse ( ,f>aday's eld]%ip 01 h[ev]1 int]rupt$4 ,x 0 expect$ ( an eld] t he %\ld att5d e ,sunday4 ,"o ,sunday he 0 abs5t4 ,:5 x 0 discov]$ t 8 abs5ce 0 due to 8 hav+ be5 8comm&$0 to d9e ) ! ,que5 at ,w9dsor1 & t s f> f express+ p5it5ce1 he 0 prep>$ to def5d 8 action1 8 (fice became vacant4 ,he 0 ev5 cut (f f ord9>y memb]%ip4 ,nev]!less1 he cont9u$ = ye>s to att5d ! meet+s j z be=e4 ,he w\ld ev5 return f ! prov9cial meet+s ( ! ,briti% ,association to ,london = ! ,sunday1 s z n to be abs5t4 ,9 #ahfj he 0 receiv$ back z an eld]1 :i* (fice he held aga9 = ab\t ?ree ye>s & a half1 & f9ally resign$ x 9 #ahfd4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ,f>aday ev] attempt$ to =m any connect$ ideas z to ! nature or me?od ( op]ation ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t ( ! physical _w1 9 :i* he _h su* a :ole-s\l$ belief4 ,newton has left u su* an attempt4 ,kant 9 8 own way has put =w>d ano!r4 ,s did ,h]s*el2 & s 9 our "t h ! au?ors ( 8,! ,unse5 ,univ]se40 ,to ,f>aday all su* 8natural !ology0 w\ld h seem$ va9 & aimless4 ,x 0 no "p ( ! lectur] on natural philosophy to speculate z to f9al causes beh9d ! physical laws ) :i* he dealt4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 0 x ! slighte/ use to ! ,*ri/ian to inquire 9 :at way ,god rul$ ! univ]se3 x 0 en\gh t ,he did rule x4 ,sid5ote3 ,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce4 ,f>aday's m5tal organisation1 :i* made x possible = him to erect an absolute b>ri] betwe5 8 sci5ce & 8 religion1 0 an unusual "o4 ,! human m9d is seldom built 9 su* rigid comp>tm5ts t a man ^: :ole life is sp5t 9 analys+1 te/+1 & weigh+ tru?s 9 "o dep>tm5t ( k1 c cut himself (f f apply+ ! same te/+ & inquir+ processes 9 ano!r dep>tm5t4 ,! f\nd] ( ! sect _h taught !m t ! ,bible alone1 ) no?+ add$ to x or tak5 away f x by man1 0 ! only & suffici5t guide = ! s\l4 ,app>5tly ,f>aday nev] admitt$ ! possibility ( human flaw 9 ! pr9t+1 edit+1 translation1 collation1 or con/ruction ( ! ,bible4 ,he app>5tly nev] ev5 desir$ to "k h[ x comp>$ ) ! olde/ manuscripts1 or :at 0 ! evid5ce = ! au!nticity ( ! v>i\s v]sions4 ,hav+ once accept$ ! views ( 8 sect z to ! absolute inspiration ( ! ,engli% ,bible z a :ole1 he p]mitt$ no subsequ5t "q to be rais$ z to its lit]al au?ority4 ,tyndall once describ$ ?is attitude ( m9d 9 8 own tr5*ant way by say+ t :5 ,f>aday op5$ ! door ( 8 oratory he clos$ t ( 8 laboratory4 ,! say+ may seem h>d1 b x is ess5tially true4 ,to few inde$ is su* a limitation ( "* possible3 possibly x may be unique4 ,we may rev]5ce ! frank s+le-m9d$ simplicity ( s\l :i* dwelt 9 ,f>aday1 & may yet hold t1 :atev] limitation 0 "r = him1 o!rs w\ld d wrong if !y refus$ to br+ ! p[]s ( ! m9d--,god-giv5 z !y believe--to be> ^u ! discov]y ( tru? 9 ! region ( ,biblical rese>*4 ,yet may none ( !m dream ( surpass+ 9 transp>5t hone/y ( s\l1 9 g5u9e ,*ri/ian humility1 9 ! virtues ( k9dness1 e>ne/ness1 & sympa!tic devotion1 ! great & good man :o d5i$ himself t fre$om4 ,,footnotes #a ,f>aday's usual place ( "w at bookb9d+ 0 a little room on ! left ( ! entrance4 7,see ! /ory ( 8 visit !re ) ,tyndall 9 aft] ye>s1 z n>rat$ 9 ,tyndall's 8,f>aday10 p4 #h47 #b ,/ill pres]v$ 9 ,f>aday's ,diploma-book1 n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,royal ,society4 #c ,an acc\nt ( ?is ma*9e w be f\nd 9 ! ,argonaut1 vol4 ii41 p4 #cc4 #d 8,:5 he ,f>aday 0 "y1 poor1 & altoge!r unkn[n1 ,masqu]i] 0 k9d to him2 & n[ t he is a great man he does n =get 8 old fri5d40--,di>y ( ,h4 ,crabb ,rob9son1 vol4 iii41 p4 #cge4 #e ,he always sat 9 ! gall]y ov] ! clock4 #f ,see ,dr4 ,p>is's 8,life ( ,davy10 vol4 ii41 p4 #b2 or ,b5ce ,jones's 8,life & ,lett]s ( ,f>aday10 vol4 i41 p4 #dg4 #g ,8 duties z laid d[n by ! manag]s 7 ^!3--8,to att5d & assi/ ! lectur]s & pr(essors 9 prep>+ =1 & dur+ lectures4 ,:]e any in/rum5ts or app>atus may be requir$1 to att5d to _! c>eful removal f ! model-room & laboratory to ! lecture-room1 & to clean & replace !m aft] be+ us$1 report+ to ! manag]s su* accid5ts z %all require repair1 a con/ant di>y be+ kept by him = t purpose4 ,t 9 "o day 9 ea* week he be employ$ 9 keep+ clean ! models 9 ! repository1 & t all ! in/rum5ts 9 ! glass cases be clean$ & du/$ at lea/ once )9 a mon?40 #h ,! ,city ,philosophical ,society 0 giv5 up at ! "t :5 ,me*anics' ,in/itutes 7 />t$ 9 ,london1 ,tatum sell+ 8 app>atus to t e/abli%$ 9 ,fleet ,/reet1 ! =]unn] ( ! ,birkbeck ,in/itution4 ,_m ( ! ,city ,society's memb]s jo9$ ! ,society ( ,arts4 #i ,two passages may be quot$4 8,f9ally1 ,sir ,h4 has no valet except myself 444 & 'tis ! "n m ?an ! ?+ :i* hurts40 8,:5 ,i return home1 ,i fancy ,i %all return to my old pr(ession ( booksell]1 = books /ill cont9ue to please me m ?an any?+ else40 #aj ,! meet+ at :i* x 0 actually orig9at$ 0 held "u ! presid5cy ( ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 ,p4,r4,s41 nom9ally z a meet+ = ! ,assi/ance ( ! ,poor6 #aa ,a writ] 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = #ahfh1 p4 #ej1 says3 8,we h reason to "k t ,davy 0 slightly annoy$ t ! c]tificate propos+ ,f>aday = election %\ld h orig9at$ ) ,ri*>d ,phillips1 & t he %\ld n h be5 consult$ be=e t g5tleman 0 all[$ to take ! matt] 9 h&40 ,?is is absurd1 because ! ,presid5t 0 by long-/&+ etiquette deb>r$ f sign+ ! c]tificates ( any b =eign memb]s1 z ! c]tificate book ( ! ,royal ,society atte/s4 #ab ,see p4 #ab4 #ac ,liddon's 8,life ( ,e4 ,b4 ,pusey0 7#ahic71 p4 #bai4 #ad ,= ?is in=mation & _m p>ticul>s ( ?is transaction ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,glad/one1 ,f4,r4,s4 #ae 8,x 0 probably 9 a f\r-:eel$ velocip$e t ,f>aday 0 accu/om$1 "s ?irty ye>s ago1 to "w 8 way up & d[n ! /eep roads ne> ,hamp/ead & ,highgate4 ,?is ma*9e appe>s to h be5 ( 8 own con/ruction1 & 0 work$ by lev]s & a crank axle 9 ! same mann] z ! re/ ( ! f\r-:eel$ class40--,! ,velocip$e3 its pa/1 its pres5t1 & its future4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,b4 ,fir?4 ,london1 #ahfi4 #af ,except on nickel & cobalt1 :i* are also p>a-magnetic metals4 #ag ,= a graphic acc\nt by ,han/e5 ( ! circum/ances ( ,o]/$'s discov]y1 see ,b5ce ,jones's 8,life & ,lett]s ( ,f>aday10 vol4 ii4 p4 #cij4 #ah 8,to ! effect :i* takes place 9 ?is conductor or unit+ wire & 9 ! surr\nd+ space1 we %all give ! "n ( ! conflict ( electricity40444 8,f ! prec$+ facts we may likewise collect t ?is conflict p]=ms circles2 = )\t ?is condition1 x seems impossible t ! "o "p ( ! unit+ wire1 :5 plac$ bel[ ! magnetic pole1 %\ld drive x t[>ds ! ea/1 & :5 plac$ above x t[>ds ! we/2 = x is ! nature ( a circle t ! motions 9 opposite p>ts %\ld h an opposite direction40--,h4 ,c4 ,,o]/$1 ,ann4 ( ,phil41 ,oct41 #ahbj1 pp4 #bgc-bgf4 #ai ,?is is an error due to ha/e 9 writ+4 #bj ,see a pap] by ! au?or 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e = ,june1 #ahie1 entitl$ 8,note on a ,neglect$ ,exp]im5t ( ,ampre40 #ba ,comp>e ,dumas1 8loge ,hi/orique de ,mi*el ,f>aday10 p4 xxxiii41 :o gives ! above /atem5t4 ,arago's own acc\nt to ! ,acadmie diff]s slightly4 #bb ,?is r+ ,f>aday is repres5t$ z hold+ 9 8 h& 9 ! beautiful m>ble /atue by ,foley :i* /&s 9 ! ,entrance ,hall ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,! r+ itself is /ill pres]v$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution among/ ! ,f>aday relics4 ,! accompany+ cut 7,fig4 #d7 is facsimil$ f ,f>aday's own sket* 9 8 laboratory note-book4 #bc ,n[ 9 ! possession ( ! au?or1 to :om x 0 giv5 by 8 k9swoman ,lady ,wilson1 y\nge/ daught] ( ,ri*>d ,phillips4 #bd ,! day ( ! ,annual ,meet+ & election ( ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society4 #be ,?is is a slip 9 ! description2 ! mom5t>y curr5t induc$ 9 ! second>y wire on mak+ ! curr5t 9 ! prim>y is inv]se3 x is succe$$ by a mom5t>y direct curr5t :5 ! prim>y curr5t is /opp$4 #bf ,?is d\btless ref]s to ,:ewell1 ( ,cambridge1 :om he 0 9 ! habit ( consult+ on que/ions ( nom5clature4 #bg ,a man ( fa%ion :o _h1 )\t any claim to di/9ction1 worm$ himself into sci5tific society1 pos$ z a savant1 & _h deliv]$ a high-fl[n oration on botany at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 #bh ,! use ( ?is t]m1 z di/+ui%$ f production1 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! prim>y g5]ation ( a curr5t 9 a voltaic cell1 a !rmopile1 or a friction-ma*9e1 by *emical or molecul> action1 & its indirect production )\t contact or communication ( any mat]ial sort1 z by motion ( a wire ne> a magnet or by second>y influ5ce f a neighb\r+ prim>y curr5t :ile t curr5t is v>y+ 9 /r5g? or proximity1 is exce$+ly significant4 ,f>aday's own mean+ 9 adopt+ x is be/ grasp$ by ref]r+ to p4 #a ( ! 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es03-- 8,on ! ,induction ( ,electric ,curr5ts40444 ,! g5]al t]m induction :i*1 z x has be5 receiv$ into sci5tific language1 may also1 ) propriety1 be us$ to express ! p[] :i* electrical curr5ts may possess ( induc+ any p>ticul> /ate ^u matt] 9 _! imm$iate neighb\rhood4444 ,i propose to call ?is action ( ! curr5t f ! voltaic batt]y volta-electric induction 444 b z a di/9ction 9 language is /ill necess>y1 ,i propose to call ! ag5cy ?us ex]t$ by ord9>y magnets magneto-electric or magne-electric induction4 #bi 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es10 i4 #be1 art4 #he4 ,?is copp] disc is /ill pres]v$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,x 0 %[n 9 action by ! au?or ( ?is "w1 at a lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution deliv]$ ,april #aa?1 #ahia4 ,fig4 #f is reproduc$ 9 facsimile f ,f>aday's laboratory note-book4 #cj 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es10 i4 art4 #ace4 #ca ,ib41 art4 #aee4 #cb ,ib41 art4 #aeh4 #cc ,ib41 art4 #bai4 #cd 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es10 i4 art4 #bbj4 #ce ,ib41 art4 #bbb4 #cf ,ib41 iii4 art4 #caib4 #cg 8,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys410 li4 #gf1 #ahcb4 #ch ,! great magnet ( ! ,royal ,society1 :i* 0 at ?is "t l5t to ,mr4 ,*ri/ie4 #ci ,orig9al footnote by ,f>aday4 ,by magnetic curves1 ,i mean ! l9es ( magnetic =ce1 h[ev] modifi$ by ! juxtaposition ( poles1 :i* w\ld be depict$ by iron fil+s2 or ^? to :i* a v small magnetic ne$le w\ld =m a tang5t4 #dj ,! entire uselessness z well z ! mislead+ effects ( su* unsci5tific nom5clature might well be tak5 to he>t by ^? electrophysiologi/s & electro!rapeuti/s :o /ill indulge 9 ! j>gon ( 8frankl9isation10 8f>adisation10 & 8galvanisation40 #da ,9 mod]n language ?is w\ld be call$ ! "t-integral ( ! dis*>ge4 ,! /atem5t is /rictly true if ! galvanomet] 7z 0 ! case ) ,f>aday's7 is "o ( relatively long p]iod ( oscillation4 #db ,f upw>ds & a way2 & d[nw>ds & a way4 ,! words ca?ode & cation are n[ m usually spell$ ka?ode & kation4 ,f>aday sometimes spell$ ! ^w ca?ion 7,exp4 ,res4 ,art4 #acea71 z did also ,:ewell 7,hi/4 ( ,ind4 ,sci5ces1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aff74 #dc ,lit]ally1 ! travell]s1 ! ?+s :i* are go+4 #dd ,! t]m induction appe>s to h be5 orig9ally us$1 9 contradi/9ction to contact or conduction1 to connote ^? effects :i* app>5tly are 9 ! class ( actions at a di/ance4 ,?us we may h induction ( a *>ge by a *>ge1 or ( a magnet-pole by a magnet-pole4 ,to ^! ,f>aday _h add$ ! induction ( a curr5t by a curr5t1 & ! induction ( a curr5t by a mov+ magnet4 ,amid su* v>y+ adaptations ( ! ^w induction1 !re is mu* ga9 9 allott+ to ! electro/atic induction ( *>ges by *>ges ! di/+ui%+ "n ( influ5ce1 z sugge/$ by ,prie/ley4 #de 8,f>aday z a ,discov]]10 p4 #fg4 #df ,newton's ?ird lett] to ,b5tley4 #dg ,f>aday's def9ition is3--8,by a diamagnetic1 ,i mean a body ?r\gh :i* l9es ( magnetic =ce are pass+1 & :i* does n by _! action assume ! usual magnetic /ate ( iron or load/one40 ,x 0 ?us a t]m /rictly analog\s to ! t]m dielectric us$ = bodies ?r\gh :i* l9es ( electric =ce might pass4 #dh i4e4 ,specim5 ,no4 #agd4 ,its composition 0 equal p>ts by weight ( boracic acid1 oxide ( lead1 & silica4 #di ,subsequ5t inve/igation has r$uc$ ?is figure to ab\t #ahf1djj miles p] second1 or ab\t #cj1jjj1jjj1jjj c5timetres p] second4 #ej ,! accompany+ diagram 7,fig4 #bj7 0 n giv5 by ,f>aday4 ,x 0 p5cill$ by ! au?or m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago 9 ! m>g9 ( 8 copy ( ,f>aday's 8,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es10 vol4 iii41 p4 #dej1 opposite ?is passage4 #ea ,! disc\rse 0 to h be5 deliv]$ by ,:eat/one himself1 :o1 h[ev]1 at ! la/ mom5t1 ov]come by ! %yness f :i* he suff]$ to an almo/ morbid degree1 quitt$ ! ,in/itution1 & left ! deliv]y ( ! disc\rse to ,f>aday4 #eb ,! italics "h are m9e4 ,s4 ,p4 ,t4 #ec ,x is "r to add t :at1 accord+ to ! !ory expla9$ 9 ! text1 mu/ be ! correct explanation ( ! peculi> ph5om5a ( magnetic induction dep5d+ on magnecry/allic prop]ties 0 cle>ly /at$ 9 ! =m ( a conjecture by ,f>aday 9 8 tw5ty-second s]ies 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 8,or we might suppose t ! cry/al is a little m apt = magnetic induction1 or a little less apt = diamagnetic induction1 9 ! direction ( ! magnecry/allic axis ?an 9 o!r directions0 7,sir ,william ,?omson1 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 #ahea1 or 8,pap]s on ,electro/atics & ,magnetism10 p4 #dgf74 #ed ,?is is exactly ,/okes's !orem ( 8tubes0 ( =ce4 ,s4 ,p4 ,t4 #ee ,! italics are m9e4 ,s4 ,p4 ,t4 #ef ,once aga9 did ,f>aday int]v5e 9 ,royal ,society affairs at ! crucial "t :5 ,"l ,rosse 0 elect$ ,presid5t 9 #ahdh4 ,! foll[+ exc]pts f ! j\rnals ( ,walt] ,:ite %[ ! cause3-- 8,novemb] #be?4--,!re h be5 _m secret conf]5ces ?is week--mu* trimm+ & "t-s]v+4 ,alas = human nature60 8,novemb] #cj?4--,! ev5tful day1 ! ballot begun4 ,mr4 ,f>aday made "s rem>ks ab\t ! li/40 #eg ,he 0 a ,*evali] ( ! ,prussian ,ord] ( ,m]it1 also ,comm&] 9 ! ,legion ( ,hon\r1 & ,knight ,comm&] ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,maurice & ,/4 ,laz>us4 #eh ,f>aday's nephew1 ,frank ,b>n>d1 /at$ 9 #ahga t ! ,london congregation includ$ among/ its memb]s n m ?an tw5ty m51 mo/ly q poor1 only sev5 or eight ( !m be+ ma/]s ( _! own bus9esses1 & t ,f>aday 0 = "s "t ! weal?ie/ man ( ! frat]nity4 #ei ,c4 ,m4 ,davies3 8,unor?odox ,london10 page #bhd4 #fj ,a lett] f 8 nephew1 ,frank ,b>n>d1 to ,dr4 ,glad/one says3 8,i believe t 9 8 y\ng] days he _h 8 p]iod ( hesitation1 ( que/ion+ 9 t great argum5t4 ,i h he>d t1 s alive 0 he to ! necessity ( inve/igat+ any?+ t seem$ important1 he visit$ ,joanna ,s\?cote1 p]haps to le>n :at t woman's pret5sions 73 ,i ?9k he 0 a m]e lad at t "t4 ,b ?is p]iod once pass$1 he que/ion$ no m1 = ! m he saw t ,nature 0 mighty1 ! m he felt t ,god 0 mighti]2 & to any cavill+s ^u ! d\bts ( ,col5so or ! reality ( ! ,mosaic cosmogony1 ,i believe he w\ld simply h repli$ 9 ! apo/le's words3 #8,is any?+ too h>d = ,god8'444 8,i once he>d him say f ! pulpit1 #8,i hope none ( my he>]s w 9 ^! matt]s li/5 to ! ?+ call$ philosophy4'0 #fa ,man*e/] ,gu>dian1 ,novemb] #bg4 #fb ,?is is n altoge!r accurate4 ,c]ta9ly 9 8 lat] life ,f>aday us$ to hire a cab to take him & ,mrs4 ,f>aday to ! 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