,,! ,,dance ,,( ,,life ,,! ,,dance ,,( ,,life ,,by ,,havelock ,,ellis ,,au?or ,,( 8,,impressions ,,& ,,comm5ts10 8,,affirmations10 8,,essays ,,9 ,,w>-,,"t10 ,,etc4 ,,bo/on ,,& ,,new ,,york ,,h\ghton ,,miffl9 ,,company ,! ,riv]side ,press ,cambridge ,,copyright1 #aibc1 ,,by ,,havelock ,,ellis ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,second ,,impression1 ,,june1 #aibc ,,?ird ,,impression1 ,,augu/1 #aibc ,,f\r? ,,impression1 ,,septemb]1 #aibc ,,fif? ,,impression1 ,,octob]1 #aibc ,,six? ,,impression1 ,,novemb]1 #aibc ,,sev5? ,,impression1 ,,decemb]1 #aibc ,,eigh? ,,impression1 ,,febru>y1 #aibd ,,n9? ,,impression1 ,,july1 #aibd ,,t5? ,,impression1 ,,septemb]1 #aibd ,,elev5? ,,impression1 ,,octob]1 #aibd ,,twelf? ,,impression1 ,,decemb]1 #aibd ,! ,riv]side ,press ,,cambridge ,,massa*usetts ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,,?is book 0 plann$ _m ye>s ago4 ,z to ! idea runn+ ?r\gh x1 ,i _c say :5 t arose4 ,my feel+ is1 x 0 born ) me4 ,on reflection1 inde$1 x seems possible ! se$s fell imp]ceptibly 9 y\?--f ,f4 ,a4 ,lange1 maybe1 & o!r s\rces--to g]m9ate unse5 9 a cong5ial soil4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! idea und]lies mu* t ,i h writt54 ,ev5 ! pres5t book began to be writt51 & to be publi%$ 9 a prelim9>y =m1 m ?an fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,p]haps ,i may be all[$ to seek consolation = my sl[ness1 h[ev] va9ly1 9 ! say+ ( ,rod9 t 8sl[ness is beauty10 & c]ta9ly x is ! sl[e/ dances t h be5 to me mo/ beautiful to see1 :ile1 9 ! dance ( life1 ! a*ievem5t ( a civilisation 9 beauty seems to be inv]sely to ! rapidity ( its pace4 ,moreov]1 ! book rema9s incomplete1 n m]ely 9 ! s5se t ,i w\ld desire /ill to be *ang+ & add+ to ea* *apt]1 b ev5 incomplete by ! abs5ce ( _m *apt]s = :i* ,i _h ga!r$ mat]ial1 & tw5ty ye>s ago %\ld h be5 surpris$ to f9d miss+4 ,= !re are _m arts1 n among ^? we conv5tionally call 8f9e10 :i* seem to me fundam5tal = liv+4 ,b n[ ,i put =? ! book z x /&s1 delib]ately1 )\t remorse1 well cont5t s to d4 ,once t w\ld n h be5 possible4 ,a book mu/ be complet$ z x _h be5 orig9ally plann$1 f9i%$1 r\nd$1 poli%$4 ,z a man gr[s old] 8 ideals *ange4 ,?or\ghness is (t5 an admirable ideal4 ,b x is an ideal to be adopt$ ) discrim9ation1 hav+ due ref]5ce to ! nature ( ! "w 9 h&4 ,an arti/1 x seems to me n[1 has n always to f9i% 8 "w 9 e detail2 by n do+ s he may succe$ 9 mak+ ! spectator 8 co-work]1 & put into 8 h&s ! tool to c>ry on ! "w :i*1 z x lies be=e him1 b5ea? its veil ( yet p>tly unwork$ mat]ial1 /ill /ret*es into inf9ity4 ,:]e !re is mo/ lab\r !re is n always mo/ life1 & by do+ less1 provid$ only he has kn[n h[ to d well1 ! arti/ may a*ieve m4 ,he w n1 ,i hope1 a*ieve complete consi/5cy4 ,9 fact a "p ( ! me?od ( su* a book z ?is1 writt5 ov] a long p]iod ( ye>s1 is to reveal a cont9ual slight inconsi/5cy4 ,t is n an evil1 b r ! avoidance ( an evil4 ,we _c rema9 consi/5t ) ! _w save by gr[+ inconsi/5t ) our own pa/ selves4 ,! man :o consi/5tly--z he fondly supposes 8logically0--cl+s to an un*ang+ op9ion is susp5d$ f a hook :i* has ceas$ to exi/4 8,i ?\ght x 0 %e1 & %e ?\ght x 0 me1 & :5 we come ne> x w]5't nei!r "o ( u0--t metaphysical /atem5t holds1 ) a t\* ( exagg]ation1 a tru? we mu/ always be> 9 m9d conc]n+ ! relation ( subject & object4 ,!y c nei!r ( !m possess consi/5cy2 !y h bo? *ang$ be=e !y come up ) "o ano!r4 ,n t su* inconsi/5cy is a r&om flux or a %all[ opportunism4 ,we *ange1 & ! _w *anges1 9 accordance ) ! und]ly+ organisation1 & inconsi/5cy1 s condition$ by tru? to ! :ole1 becomes ! high] consi/5cy ( life4 ,i am !re=e able to recognise & accept ! fact t1 aga9 & aga9 9 ?is book1 ,i h come up aga9/ :at1 sup]ficially reg>d$1 seem$ to be ! same fact1 & ea* "t h br\ght back a slightly diff]5t report1 = x _h *ang$ & ,i _h *ang$4 ,! _w is v>i\s1 ( inf9ite iridesc5t aspect1 & until ,i atta9 to a correspond+ly inf9ite v>iety ( /atem5t ,i rema9 f> f any?+ t c\ld 9 any s5se be describ$ z 8tru?40 ,we only see a great opal t nev] looks ! same ?is "t z :5 we look$ la/ "t4 8,he nev] pa9t$ to-day q ! same z he _h pa9t$ ye/]day10 ,elie ,faure says ( ,r5oir1 & x seems to me natural & "r t x %\ld h be5 s4 ,i h nev] se5 ! same _w twice4 ,t1 inde$1 is b to repeat ! ,h]aclitean say+--an imp]fect say+1 = x is only ! half ( ! l>g]1 m mod]n syn!sis ,i h already quot$--t no man ba!s twice 9 ! same /ream4 ,yet--& ?is oppos+ fact is fully z significant--we really h to accept a cont9u\s /ream z con/itut$ 9 our m9ds2 x fl[s 9 ! same direction2 x coh]es 9 :at is m or less ! same %ape4 ,mu* ! same may be said ( ! ev]-*ang+ ba!r :om ! /ream receives4 ,s t1 aft] all1 !re is n only v>iety1 b also unity4 ,! div]sity ( ! ,_m is balanc$ by ! /ability ( ! ,"o4 ,t is :y life mu/ always be a dance1 = t is :at a dance is3 p]petual slightly v>i$ movem5ts :i* are yet always held true to ! %ape ( ! :ole4 ,we v]ge on philosophy4 ,! :ole ( ?is book is on ! ?re%old ( philosophy4 ,i ha/5 to add t x rema9s !re4 ,no dogmas are "h set =? to claim any g5]al validity4 ,n t ev5 ! te*nical philosoph] always c>es to make t claim4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley1 "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial ( mod]n ,engli% philosoph]s1 :o wrote at ! outset ( 8 c>e]1 8,on all que/ions1 if y pu% me f> en\gh1 at pres5t ,i end 9 d\bts & p]plexities10 /ill says1 =ty ye>s lat]1 t if ask$ to def9e 8 pr9ciples rigidly1 8,i become puzzl$40 ,= ev5 a *eese-mite1 "o imag9es1 c\ld only ) difficulty atta9 an adequate metaphysical conception ( a *eese1 & h[ mu* m difficult ! task is = ,man1 ^: ev]yday intellig5ce seems to move on a plane s mu* l t ( a *eese-mite & yet has s va/ly m complex a web ( ph5om5a to syn!tise4 ,x is cle> h[ hesitant & t5tative mu/ be ! attitude ( "o :o1 hav+ f\nd 8 life-"w else:]e ?an 9 ! field ( te*nical philosophy1 may incid5tally feel ! ne$1 ev5 if only playfully1 to speculate conc]n+ 8 function & place 9 ! univ]se4 ,su* speculation is m]ely ! in/9ctive impulse ( ! ord9>y p]son to seek ! wid] implications b\nd up ) 8 own little activities4 ,x is philosophy only 9 ! simple s5se 9 :i* ! ,greeks und]/ood philosophy1 m]ely a philosophy ( life1 ( "o's own life1 9 ! wide _w4 ,! te*nical philosoph] does some?+ q diff]5t :5 he passes ov] ! ?re%old & %uts himself up 9 8 /udy-- 8,veux-tu dc\vrir le monde1 ,f]me tes yeux1 ,rosemonde0-- & em]ges ) great tomes t are h>d to buy1 h>d to read1 &1 let u be sure1 h>d to write4 ,b ( ,socrates1 z ( ! ,engli% philosoph] ,fal/aff1 we are n told t he wrote any?+4 ,s t if x may seem to "s t ?is book reveals ! expansive influ5ce ( t great classico-ma!matical ,r5aissance 9 :i* x is our high privilege to live1 & t !y f9d "h 8relativity0 appli$ to life1 ,i am n s sure4 ,x sometimes seems to me t1 9 ! fir/ place1 we1 ! common h]d1 m\ld ! great movem5ts ( our age1 & only 9 ! second place d !y m\ld u4 ,i ?9k x 0 s ev5 9 ! great e>li] classico-ma!matical ,r5aissance4 ,we associate x ) ,desc>tes4 ,b ,desc>tes c\ld h effect$ no?+ if an innum]able cr[d 9 _m fields _h n creat$ ! atmosph]e by :i* he 0 enabl$ to brea! ! brea? ( life4 ,we may "h pr(itably be> 9 m9d all t ,sp5gl] has %[n conc]n+ ! unity ( _s und]ly+ ! mo/ div]se elem5ts 9 an age's productivity4 ,rog] ,bacon _h 9 him ! g5ius to create su* a ,r5aissance ?ree c5turies e>li]2 !re 0 no atmosph]e = him to live 9 & he 0 /ifl$4 ,b ,malh]be1 :o wor%ipp$ ,numb] & ,measure z dev\tly z ,desc>tes1 0 born half a c5tury be=e him4 ,t sil5t1 colossal1 f]oci\s ,norman--vividly br\ght be=e u by ,tallem5t des ,raux1 to :om1 r ?an to ,sa9t-,simon1 we owe ! real picture ( sev5te5?-c5tury ,france--0 possess$ by ! g5ius ( de/ruction1 = he _h ! natural in/9ct ( ! ,vik+1 & he swept all ! lovely ,romantic _s ( old ,france s completely away t x has sc>cely ev] reviv$ s9ce until ! days ( ,v]la9e4 ,b he _h ! ,norman classico-ma!matical ar*itectonic _s--he might h said1 l ,desc>tes1 z truly z x ev] c be said 9 lit]ature1 ,omnia apud me ma!matica fiunt--& he introduc$ into ! _w a new rule ( ,ord]4 ,giv5 a ,malh]be1 a ,desc>tes c\ld h>dly fail to foll[1 a ,fr5* ,academy mu/ come into exi/5ce almo/ at ! same "t z ! 8,disc\rs de la ,m?ode10 & ,le ,ntre mu/ already be draw+ ! geometrical designs ( ! g>d5s ( ,v]sailles4 ,desc>tes1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 c\ld n h work$ )\t support2 he 0 a man ( timid & yield+ "*1 ?\gh he _h once be5 a soldi]1 n ( ! h]oic temp] ( ,rog] ,bacon4 ,if ,desc>tes c\ld h be5 put back into ,rog] ,bacon's place1 he w\ld h ?\ght _m ( ,bacon's ?\ghts4 ,b we %\ld nev] h kn[n x4 ,he n]v\sly burnt "o ( 8 works :5 he he>d ( ,galileo's condemnation1 & x 0 =tunate t ! ,*ur* 0 sl[ to recognise h[ t]rible a ,bol%evi/ _h ent]$ ! spiritual _w ) ?is man1 & nev] realis$ t 8 books mu/ be plac$ on ! ,index until he 0 already dead4 ,s x is to-day4 ,we1 too1 witness a classico-ma!matical ,r5aissance4 ,x is br++ u a new vision ( ! univ]se1 b also a new vision ( human life4 ,t is :y x is necess>y to insi/ ^u life z a dance4 ,?is is n a m]e metaphor4 ,! dance is ! rule ( numb] & ( rhy?m & ( measure & ( ord]1 ( ! controll+ influ5ce ( =m1 ( ! subord9ation ( ! p>ts to ! :ole4 ,t is :at a dance is4 ,& ^! same prop]ties also make up ! classic _s1 n only 9 life1 b1 /ill m cle>ly & def9itely1 9 ! univ]se itself4 ,we are /rictly correct :5 we reg>d n only life b ! univ]se z a dance4 ,= ! univ]se is made up ( a c]ta9 numb] ( elem5ts1 less ?an a hundr$1 & ! 8p]iodic law0 ( ^! elem5ts is metrical4 ,!y are rang$1 t is to say1 n haphaz>d1 n 9 gr\ps1 b by numb]1 & ^? ( l quality appe> at fix$ & regul> int]vals4 ,?us our _w is1 ev5 fundam5tally1 a dance1 a s+le metrical /anza 9 a poem :i* w be = ev] hidd5 f u1 except 9 s f> z ! philosoph]s1 :o are to-day ev5 "h apply+ ! me?ods ( ma!matics1 may believe t !y h imp>t$ to x ! "* ( objective k4 ,i call ?is movem5t ( to-day1 z t ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 classico-ma!matical4 ,& ,i reg>d ! dance 7)\t prejudice to a di/9ction made lat] 9 ?is volume7 z ess5tially its symbol4 ,?is is n to belittle ! ,romantic elem5ts ( ! _w1 :i* are equally ( its ess5ce4 ,b ! va/ exub]ant en]gies & immeasurable possibilities ( ! fir/ day may p]haps be be/ e/imat$ :5 we h rea*$ _! f9al outcome on ! six? day ( creation4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! analogy ( ! two hi/orical p]iods 9 "q rema9s1 & ,i believe t we may consid] x holds good to ! ext5t t ! /rictly ma!matical elem5ts ( ! lat] p]iod are n ! e>lie/ to appe>1 b t we are 9 ! pres5ce ( a process t has be5 9 subtle movem5t 9 _m fields = half a c5tury4 ,if x is significant t ,desc>tes appe>$ a few ye>s aft] ,malh]be1 x is equally significant t ,e9/e9 0 imm$iately prec$$ by ! ,russian ballet4 ,we gaze 9 admiration at ! arti/ :o sits at ! organ1 b we h be5 bl[+ ! bell[s2 & ! great p]=m]'s music w\ld h be5 inaudible _h x n be5 = u4 ,?is is ! _s 9 :i* ,i h writt54 ,we are all engag$--n m]ely "o or two prom95t p]sons "h & !re--9 creat+ ! spiritual _w4 ,i h nev] writt5 b ) ! ?\ght t ! read]1 ev5 ?\gh he may n "k x1 is already on my side4 ,only s c\ld ,i write ) t s9c]ity & simplicity )\t :i* x w\ld n seem to me wor? :ile to write at all4 ,t may be se5 9 ! say+ :i* ,i set on ! =efront ( my e>lie/ book1 8,! ,new ,_s03 he :o c>ries f>!/ 8 mo/ intimate feel+s is simply ! fir/ 9 file ( a great numb] ( o!r m51 & "o becomes typical by be+ to ! utmo/ degree "o's self4 ,t say+ ,i *ose ) mu* delib]ation & complete conviction because x w5t to ! root ( my book4 ,on ! surface x obvi\sly ref]r$ to ! great figures ,i 0 !re conc]n$ )1 repres5t+ :at ,i reg>d$--by no means 9 ! poor s5se ( m]e mod]nity--z ! ,new ,_s 9 life4 ,!y _h all gone to ! dep?s ( _! own s\ls & !nce br\ght to ! surface & express$--audaci\sly or beautifully1 pung5tly or poignantly--intimate impulses & emotions :i*1 %ock+ z !y may h seem$ at ! "t1 are n[ se5 to be ^? ( an innum]able company ( _! fell[ m5 & wom54 ,b x 0 also a book ( p]sonal affirmations4 ,b5ea? ! obvi\s mean+ ( t motto on ! title-page lay ! m private mean+ t ,i 0 myself sett+ =? secret impulses :i* might "s day be f\nd to express ! emotions also ( o!rs4 ,9 ! ?irty-five ye>s t h s9ce pass$1 ! say+ has (t5 recurr$ to my m9d1 & if ,i h s\ght 9 va9 to make x m9e ,i f9d no adequate ju/ification = ! "w ( my life4 ,& n[1 z ,i said at ! outset1 ,i am ev5 prep>$ to ?9k t t is ! function ( all books t are real books4 ,!re are o!r classes ( s-call$ books3 !re is ! class ( hi/ory books & ! class ( =5sic books1 t is to say1 ! books ( facts & ! books ( argum5t4 ,no "o w\ld wi% to belittle ei!r k9d4 ,b :5 we ?9k ( a book prop]1 9 ! s5se t a ,bible means a book1 we mean m ?an ?is4 ,we mean1 t is to say1 a revelation ( some?+ t _h rema9$ lat5t1 unconsci\s1 p]haps ev5 m or less int5tionally repress$1 )9 ! writ]'s own s\l1 :i* is1 ultimately1 ! s\l ( mank9d4 ,^! books are apt to repel2 no?+1 inde$1 is s likely to %ock u at fir/ z ! manife/ revelation ( ourselves4 ,!re=e1 su* books may h to knock aga9 & aga9 at ! clos$ door ( our he>ts4 8,:o is !re80 we c>elessly cry1 & we _c op5 ! door2 we bid ! importunate /rang]1 :atev] he may be1 to g away2 until1 z 9 ! apologue ( ! ,p]sian my/ic1 at la/ we seem to he> ! voice outside say+3 8,x is ?yself40 ,h4 ,e4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,danc+ #cf ,,iii4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,?9k+ #fh ,,iv4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,writ+ #ada ,v4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,religion #aia ,,vi4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,morals #bdd ,,vii4 ,,conclusion #bhe ,,index #cei ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,i ,,x has always be5 difficult = ,man to realise t 8 life is all an art4 ,x has be5 m difficult to conceive x s ?an to act x s4 ,= t is always h[ he has m or less act$ x4 ,at ! beg9n+1 inde$1 ! primitive philosoph] ^: bus9ess x 0 to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ?+s usually came to ! conclusion t ! :ole univ]se 0 a "w ( art1 creat$ by "s ,supreme ,arti/1 9 ! way ( arti/s1 out ( mat]ial t 0 practically no?+1 ev5 out ( 8 own excretions1 a me?od :i*1 z *ildr5 sometimes in/9ctively feel1 is a k9d ( creative art4 ,! mo/ famili> to u ( ^! primitive philosophical /atem5ts--& really a /atem5t t is z typical z any--is t ( ! ,hebrews 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( _! ,book ( ,g5esis4 ,we read !re h[ ! :ole cosmos 0 fa%ion$ out ( no?+1 9 a measurable p]iod ( "t by ! art ( "o ,jehovah1 :o proce$$ me?odically by fir/ =m+ x 9 ! r\gh1 & gradually work+ 9 ! details1 ! f9e/ & mo/ delicate la/1 j z a sculptor might fa%ion a /atue4 ,we may f9d _m /atem5ts ( ! l k9d ev5 z f> away z ! ,pacific4#a ,&--also ev5 at ! same di/ance--! arti/ & ! craftsman1 :o resembl$ ! div9e creator ( ! _w by mak+ ! mo/ beautiful & useful ?+s = ,mank9d1 himself also p>took ( ! same div9e nature4 ,?us1 9 ,samoa1 z also 9 ,tonga1 ! c>p5t]1 :o built canoes1 occupi$ a high & almo/ sacr$ position1 approa*+ t ( ! prie/4 ,ev5 among ourselves1 ) our ,roman traditions1 ! "n ,pontiff1 or ,bridge-,build]1 rema9s t ( an impos+ & hi]atic p]sonage4 ,b t is only ! primitive view ( ! _w4 ,:5 ,man develop$1 :5 he became m sci5tific & m morali/ic1 h[ev] mu* 8 practice rema9$ ess5tially t ( ! arti/1 8 conception became mu* less s4 ,he 0 le>n+ to discov] ! my/]y ( measurem5t2 he 0 approa*+ ! beg9n+s ( geometry & ma!matics2 he 0 at ! same "t becom+ w>like4 ,s he saw ?+s 9 /raight l9es1 m rigidly2 he =mulat$ laws & comm&m5ts4 ,x 01 ,e9/e9 assures u1 ! "r way4 ,b x 01 at all ev5ts 9 ! fir/ place1 mo/ unfav\rable to ! view ( life z an art4 ,x rema9s s ev5 to-day4 ,yet !re are always "s :o1 delib]ately or by in/9ct1 h p]ceiv$ ! imm5se significance 9 life ( ! conception ( art4 ,t is especially s z reg>ds ! f9e/ ?9k]s ( ! two c\ntries :i*1 s f> z we may div9e1--h[ev] difficult x may "h be to speak positively & by demon/ration1--h _h ! f9e/ civilisations1 ,*9a & ,greece4 ,! wise/ & mo/ recognisably greate/ practical philosoph]s ( bo? ^! l&s h believ$ t ! :ole ( life1 ev5 gov]nm5t1 is an art ( def9itely l k9d ) ! o!r arts1 su* z t ( music or ! dance4 ,we may1 = in/ance1 recall to memory "o ( ! mo/ typical ( ,greeks4 ,( ,protagoras1 calumniat$ by ,plato1--?\gh1 x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ,plato's own transc5d5tal doctr9e ( ,ideas has be5 reg>d$ z an ef=t to escape f ! solv5t influ5ce ( ,protagoras' logic1--x is possible = ! mod]n hi/orian ( philosophy to say t 8! greatness ( ?is man c sc>cely be measur$40 ,x 0 ) measurem5t t 8 mo/ fam\s say+ 0 conc]n$3 8,man is ! measure ( all ?+s1 ( ^? :i* exi/ & ( ^? :i* h no exi/5ce40 ,x 0 by 8 insi/5ce on ,man z ! active creator ( life & k1 ! arti/ ( ! _w1 m\ld+ x to 8 own measure1 t ,protagoras is int]e/+ to u to-day4 ,he recognis$ t !re are no absolute crit]ia by :i* to judge actions4 ,he 0 ! fa!r ( relativism & ( ph5om5alism1 probably ! initiator ( ! mod]n doctr9e t ! def9itions ( geometry are only approximately true ab/ractions f empirical exp]i5ces4 ,we ne$ n1 & probably %\ld n1 suppose t 9 und]m9+ dogmatism he 0 sett+ up an individual subjectivism4 ,x 0 ! function ( ,man 9 ! _w1 r ?an ( ! individual1 t he _h 9 m9d :5 he enunciat$ 8 great pr9ciple1 & x 0 ) ! r$uction ( human activity & conduct to art t he 0 ma9ly conc]n$4 ,8 projects = ! art ( liv+ began ) spee*1 & he 0 a pione] 9 ! arts ( language1 ! initiator ( mod]n gramm>4 ,he wrote treatises on _m special arts1 z well z ! g5]al treatise 8,on ! ,art0 among ! pseudo-,hippocratic writ+s1--if we may ) ,gomp]z attribute x to him1--:i* embodies ! _s ( mod]n positive sci5ce4#b ,hippias1 ! philosoph] ( ,elis1 a contempor>y ( ,protagoras1 & l him commonly class$ among ! 8,sophi/s10 cultivat$ ! l>ge/ ideal ( life z an art :i* embrac$ all arts1 common to all mank9d z a fell[%ip ( bro!rs1 & at "o ) natural law :i* transc5ds ! conv5tion ( human laws4 ,plato made fun ( him1 & t 0 n h>d to d1 = a philosoph] :o conceiv$ ! art ( liv+ z s l>ge c\ld n possibly at e po9t adequately play at x4 ,b at ?is di/ance x is 8 ideal t ma9ly conc]ns u1 & he really 0 highly accompli%$1 ev5 a pione]1 9 _m ( ! multif>i\s activities he und]took4 ,he 0 a rem>kable ma!matician2 he 0 an a/ronom] & geomet]2 he 0 a copi\s poet 9 ! mo/ div]se modes1 &1 moreov]1 wrote on phonetics1 rhy?m1 music1 & mnemonics2 he discuss$ ! !ories ( sculpture & pa9t+2 he 0 bo? my?ologi/ & e?nologi/1 z well z a /ud5t ( *ronology2 he _h ma/]$ _m ( ! arti/ic crafts4 ,on "o occasion1 x is said1 he appe>$ at ! ,olympic ga!r+ 9 g>m5ts :i*1 f ! s&als on 8 feet to ! girdle r\nd 8 wai/ & ! r+s on 8 f+]s1 _h be5 made by 8 own h&s4 ,su* a be+ ( kaleidoscopic v]satility1 ,gomp]z rem>ks1 we call contemptu\sly a ,jack-(-all-trades4 ,we believe 9 subord9at+ a man to 8 "w4 ,b o!r ages h judg$ diff]5tly4 ,! fell[ citiz5s ( ,hippias ?\ght him wor?y to be _! ambassador to ! ,peloponnesus4 ,9 ano!r age ( imm5se human activity1 ! ,r5aissance1 ! va/-rang+ en]gies ( ,leo ,alb]ti 7 hon\r$1 & 9 yet a lat] l age1 ,did]ot--,pantophile z ,voltaire call$ him--display$ a l fi]y en]gy ( wide-rang+ int]e/s1 al?\gh x 0 no long] possible to atta9 ! same level ( wide-rang+ accompli%m5t4 ,( c\rse ! "w ( ,hippias 0 ( unequal value1 b "s ( x 0 ( firm quality & he %rank f no lab\r4 ,he seems to h possess$ a graci\s mode/y1 q unlike ! conceit$ pomposity ,plato 0 pleas$ to attribute to him4 ,he atta*$ m importance ?an 0 common among ! ,greeks to devotion to tru?1 & he 0 cosmopolitan 9 _s4 ,he 0 fam\s = 8 di/9ction betwe5 ,conv5tion & ,nature1 & ,plato put into 8 m\? ! words3 8,all ( y :o are "h pres5t ,i reckon to be k9sm5 & fri5ds & fell[ citiz5s1 & by nature1 n by law2 = by nature l is ak9 to l1 :]eas law is ! tyrant ( mank9d1 & (t5 compels u to d _m ?+s t are aga9/ nature40 ,hippias 0 9 ! l9e ( ^? ^: supreme ideal is totality ( exi/5ce4 ,ulysses1 z ,b5n rem>ks1 0 9 ,greek my? ! repres5tative ( ! ideal1 & its supreme repres5tative 9 real life has 9 mod]n times be5 ,goe!4#c ,,ii ,,b1 9 actual fact1 is life ess5tially an art8 ,let u look at ! matt] m closely1 & see :at life is l1 z p h liv$ x4 ,?is is ! m necess>y to d s9ce1 to-day at all ev5ts1 !re are simple-m9d$ p--well-mean+ hone/ p :om we %\ld n ignore--:o pooh-pooh su* an idea4 ,!y po9t to ! ecc5tric individuals 9 our ,we/]n civilisation :o make a little idol !y call 8,art10 & fall d[n & wor%ip x1 s+ incompreh5sible *ants 9 its hon\r1 & sp5d mo/ ( _! "t 9 p\r+ contempt on ! p :o refuse to recognise t ?is wor%ip ( 8,art0 is ! "o ?+ ne$$ = :at !y may or may n call ! 8moral uplift0 ( ! age !y live 94 ,we mu/ avoid ! error ( ! good simple-m9d$ folk 9 ^: eyes ^! 8,arty0 p loom s l>ge4 ,!y are n l>ge1 !y are m]ely ! morbid symptoms ( a social disease2 !y are ! fanta/ic reaction ( a society :i* z a :ole has ceas$ to move along ! true c\rse ( any real & liv+ art4 ,= t has no?+ to d ) ! ecc5tricities ( a small religi\s sect wor%ipp+ 9 a ,little ,be!l2 x is ! l>ge movem5t ( ! common life ( a community1 inde$ simply ! outw>d & visible =m ( t life4 ,?us ! :ole conception ( art has be5 s n>r[$ & s debas$ among u t1 on ! "o h&1 ! use ( ! ^w 9 its l>ge & natural s5se seems ei!r un9telligible or ecc5tric1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ev5 if accept$1 x /ill rema9s s unfamili> t its imm5se significance = our :ole vision ( life 9 ! _w is sc>cely at fir/ se54 ,?is is n altoge!r due to our natural obtusity1 or to ! abs5ce ( a due elim9ation ( subnormal /ocks among u1 h[ev] mu* we may be pleas$ to attribute to t dysg5ic factor4 ,x seems l>gely inevitable4 ,t is to say t1 s f> z we 9 our mod]n civilisation are conc]n$1 x is ! outcome ( ! social process ( two ?\s& ye>s1 ! result ( ! breakup ( ! classic tradition ( ?\ght into v>i\s p>ts :i* "u po/-classic influ5ces h be5 pursu$ sep>ately4#d ,religion or ! desire = ! salvation ( our s\ls1 8,art0 or ! desire = beautification1 ,sci5ce or ! se>* = ! reasons ( ?+s--^! conations ( ! m9d1 :i* are really ?ree aspects ( ! same pr(\nd impulse1 h be5 all[$ to furr[ ea* its own n>r[ sep>ate *annel1 9 ali5ation f ! o!rs1 & s !y h all be5 imp$$ 9 _! great] function ( f]tilis+ life4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve1 ,i may note 9 pass+1 h[ totally new an aspect a ph5om5on may take on :5 trans=m$ f "s o!r *annel into t ( art4 ,we may take1 = in/ance1 t rem>kable ph5om5on call$ ,napoleon1 z impressive an individuali/ic manife/ation z we c\ld well f9d 9 human hi/ory dur+ rec5t c5turies1 & consid] two contempor>y1 almo/ simultane\s1 e/imates ( x4 ,a di/+ui%$ ,engli% writ]1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 9 a notable & ev5 fam\s book1 8 8,outl9e ( ,hi/ory10 sets d[n a judgm5t ( ,napoleon ?r\gh\t a :ole *apt]4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,wells moves 9 ! e?ico-religi\s *annel4 ,he wakes up e morn+1 x is said1 ) a rule = ! guidance ( life2 "s ( 8 critics say t x is e morn+ a new rule1 & o!rs t ! rule is nei!r e?ical nor religi\s2 b we are "h conc]n$ only ) ! *annel & n ) ! direction ( ! /ream4 ,9 ! 8,outl9e0 ,mr4 ,wells pron\nces 8 e?ico-religi\s ana!ma ( ,napoleon1 8?is d>k little ar*aic p]sonage1 h>d1 compact1 capable1 unscrupul\s1 imitative1 & neatly vulg>40 ,! 8ar*aic0--! old-fa%ion$1 outworn--elem5t attribut$ to ,napoleon1 is acc5tuat$ aga9 lat]1 = ,mr4 ,wells has an extremely l[ op9ion 7h>dly ju/ifiable1 "o may rem>k 9 pass+7 ( primitive man4 ,napoleon 0 8a rem9d] ( anci5t evils1 a ?+ l ! bact]ium ( "s pe/il5ce02 8! figure he makes 9 hi/ory is "o ( almo/ incr$ible self-conceit1 ( vanity1 gre$1 & cunn+1 ( call\s contempt & disreg>d ( all :o tru/$ him40 ,!re is no figure1 ,mr4 ,wells ass]ts1 s completely anti!tical to ! figure ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,he 0 8a sc\ndrel1 bright & complete40 ,!re is no occasion to "q ?is condemnation :5 we place ourselves 9 ! *annel along :i* ,mr4 ,wells moves2 x is probably inevitable2 we may ev5 accept x he>tily4 ,yet1 h[ev] "r along t l9e1 t is n ! only l9e 9 :i* we may move4 ,moreov]--& ?is is ! po9t :i* conc]ns u--x is possible to ent] a sph]e 9 :i* no su* m]ely negative1 condemnatory1 & dissatisfy+ a conclusion ne$ be rea*$4 ,= obvi\sly x is dissatisfy+4 ,x is n f9ally acceptable t s supreme a protagoni/ ( humanity1 acclaim$ by millions1 ( :om _m gladly di$ = him1 & /ill occupy+ s l>ge & glori\s a place 9 ! human imag9ation1 %\ld be dismiss$ 9 ! end z m]ely an unmitigat$ sc\ndrel4 ,= s to condemn him is to condemn ,man :o made him :at he 04 ,he mu/ h answ]$ "s lyric cry 9 ! human he>t4 ,t o!r sph]e 9 :i* ,napoleon we>s a diff]5t aspect is ! sph]e ( art 9 ! l>g] & fundam5tal s5se4 lie ,faure1 a ,fr5* critic1 an excell5t hi/orian ( art 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 is able also to grasp art 9 ! l>g] s5se because he is n only a man ( lett]s b ( sci5ce1 a man ) m$ical tra9+ & exp]i5ce1 :o has liv$ 9 ! op5 _w1 n1 z ! critic ( lit]ature & art s (t5 appe>s to be1 a man liv+ 9 a damp cell>4 ,j aft] ,wells issu$ 8 8,outl9e10 lie ,faure1 :o probably knew no?+ ab\t x s9ce he reads no ,engli%1 publi%$ a book on ,napoleon :i* "s may consid] ! mo/ rem>kable book on t subject !y h ev] come across4 ,= to ,faure ,napoleon is a great lyric arti/4 ,x is h>d n to believe t ,faure _h ,wells's *apt] on ,napoleon op5 be=e him1 he speaks s mu* to ! po9t4 ,he entitl$ ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 8,napolon0 8,jesus & ,he10 & at once pi]ces to :at ,wells1 too1 _h p]ceiv$ to be ! core ( ! matt] 9 h&3 8,f ! po9t ( view ( morality he is n to be def5d$ & is ev5 incompreh5sible4 ,9 fact he violates law1 he kills1 he s[s v5geance & dea?4 ,b also he dictates law1 he tracks & cru%es crime1 he e/abli%es ord] ev]y:]e4 ,he is an assass94 ,he is also a judge4 ,9 ! ranks he w\ld des]ve ! rope4 ,at ! summit he is pure1 di/ribut+ recomp5se & puni%m5t ) a firm h&4 ,he is a mon/] ) two faces1 l all ( u p]haps1 9 any case l ,god1 = ^? :o h prais$ ,napoleon & ^? :o h blam$ him h alike n und]/ood t ! ,devil is ! o!r face ( ,god40 ,f ! moral po9t ( view1 ,faure says 7j z ,wells _h said71 ,napoleon is ,anti*ri/4 ,b f ?is /&po9t ( art1 all gr[s cle>4 ,he is a poet ( action1 z ,jesus 01 & l him he /&s ap>t4 ,^! two1 & ^! two alone among ! _w's supremely great m5 ( :om we h any def9ite k1 8act$ out _! dream in/ead ( dream+ _! action40 ,x is possible t ,napoleon himself 0 able to e/imate ! moral value ( t act$ dream4 ,z he once /ood be=e ! grave ( ,r\sseau1 he obs]v$3 8,x w\ld h be5 bett] = ! repose ( ,france if t man & ,i _h nev] exi/$40 ,yet we _c be sure4 8,is n repose ! dea? ( ! _w80 asks ,faure4 8,_h n ,r\sseau & ,napoleon precisely ! mission ( tr\bl+ t repose8 ,9 ano!r ( ! pr(\nd & almo/ imp]sonal say+s t sometimes fell f 8 lips1 ,napoleon obs]v$ ) a /ill deep] intuition ( 8 own function 9 ! _w3 8,i love p[]4 ,b x is z an arti/ t ,i love x4 ,i love x z a musician loves 8 viol91 to draw out ( x s\nds & *ords & h>monies4 ,i love x z an arti/40 ,z an arti/6 ,^! words 7 ! inspiration ( ?is f9ely illum9at+ /udy ( ,napoleon1 :i*1 :ile free f all desire to def5d or admire1 yet seems to expla9 ,napoleon1 9 ! l>g] s5se to ju/ify 8 "r to a place 9 ! human /ory1 s imp>t+ a f9al satisfaction :i* ,wells1 we feel1 c\ld he h escap$ f ! bonds ( ! n>r[ conception ( life t b\nd him1 _h 9 him ! _s & ! intellig5ce also to be/[ ^u u4 ,b x is "t to turn f ?is aside4 ,x is always possible to dispute ab\t individuals1 ev5 :5 s happy an illu/ration *ances to come be=e u4 ,we are n "h conc]n$ ) exceptional p]sons1 b ) ! int]pretation ( g5]al & normal human civilisations4 ,,iii ,i ,,take1 almo/ at r&om1 ! example ( a primitive p4 ,!re are _m o!rs t w\ld d z well or bett]4 ,b ?is happ5s to come to h&1 & x has ! advantage n only ( be+ a primitive p1 b "o liv+ on an isl&1 s possess+ until lately its own little-impair$ indig5\s culture1 z f> z possible remote 9 space f our own2 ! record also has be5 made1 z c>efully & z imp>tially z "o c well expect1 by a mission>y's wife :o speaks f a k cov]+ ov] tw5ty ye>s4#e ,x is almo/ ne$less to add t %e is z little conc]n$ ) any !ory ( ! art ( life z ! p %e is describ+4 ,! ,loyalty ,isl&s lie to ! ea/ ( ,new ,cal$onia1 & h belong$ to ,france = m ?an half a c5tury4 ,!y are ?us situat$ 9 mu* ! same latitude z ,egypt is 9 ! ,nor!rn hemisph]e1 b ) a climate temp]$ by ! ocean4 ,x is ) ! ,isl& ( ,lifu t we are ma9ly conc]n$4 ,!re are no /reams or m\nta9s 9 ?is isl&1 ?\gh a ridge ( high rocks ) l>ge & beautiful caves conta9s /alactites & /alagmites & deep pools ( fre% wat]2 ^! pools1 be=e ! com+ ( ! ,*ri/ians1 7 ! abode ( ! spirits ( ! dep>t$1 & !re=e greatly rev]5c$4 ,a dy+ man w\ld say to 8 fri5ds3 8,i w meet y all aga9 9 ! caves :]e ! /alactites are40 ,! ,loyalty ,isl&]s1 :o are ( av]age ,european /ature1 are a h&some race1 except = _! ?ick lips & dilat$ no/rils1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are mu* less pron\nc$ ?an among ,african negroes4 ,!y h s(t l>ge br[n eyes1 wavy black hair1 :ite tee?1 & ri* br[n sk9 ( v>y+ dep?4 ,ea* tribe has its own well-def9$ t]ritory & its own *ief4 ,al?\gh possess+ high moral qualities1 !y are a laught]-lov+ p1 & nei!r _! climate nor _! mode ( life dem&s prolong$ h>d lab\r1 b !y c "w z well z ! av]age ,briton1 if ne$ be1 = sev]al consecutive days1 &1 :5 ! ne$ is ov]1 l\nge or ramble1 sleep or talk4 ,! basis ( _! culture--& t is d\btless ! significant fact = u--is arti/ic4 ,e "o le>n$ music1 danc+1 & song4 ,!re=e x is natural = !m to reg>d rhy?m & grace 9 all ! actions ( life1 & almo/ a matt] ( in/9ct to cultivate beauty 9 all social relation%ips4 ,m5 & boys sp5t mu* "t 9 tattoo+ & poli%+ _! br[n sk9s1 9 dye+ & dress+ _! long wavy hair 7gold5 locks1 z mu* admir$ z !y always h be5 9 ,europe1 be+ obta9$ by ! use ( lime71 & 9 ano9t+ _! bodies4 ,^! occupations 71 ( c\rse1 conf9$ to ! m51 = man is naturally ! ornam5tal sex & woman ! useful sex4 ,! wom5 gave no att5tion to _! hair1 except to keep x %ort4 ,x 0 ! m5 also :o us$ oils & p]fumes1 n ! wom51 :o1 h[ev]1 wore bracelets above ! elb[ & beautiful long /r+s ( jade beads4 ,no clo?+ is worn until ! age ( tw5ty-five or ?irty1 & !n all dress alike1 except t *iefs fa/5 ! girdle diff]5tly & we> m elaborate ornam5ts4 ,^! p h sweet & musical voices & !y cultivate !m4 ,!y are good at le>n+ languages & !y are great orators4 ,! ,lifuan language is s(t & liquid1 "o ^w runn+ into ano!r pleasantly to ! e>1 & x is s expressive t "o may sometimes und]/& ! mean+ by ! s\nd4 ,9 "o ( ^! isl&s1 ,uvea1 s great is ! eloqu5ce ( ! p t !y employ oratory to cat* fi%1 :om inde$ !y reg>d 9 _! leg5ds z half human1 & x is believ$ t a %oal ( fi%1 :5 ?us politely pli$ ) complim5ts f a canoe1 w ev5tually1 & q spontane\sly1 bea* !mselves spellb\nd4 ,= a primitive p ! art ( life is necess>ily ( l>ge "p conc]n$ ) eat+4 ,x is recognis$ t no "o c g hungry :5 8 neighb\r has food1 s no "o 0 call$ ^u to make any great demon/ration ( gratitude on receiv+ a gift4 ,help r5d]$ to ano!r 0 help to "o's self1 if x contribut$ to ! common weal1 & :at ,i d = y to-day y w d = me to-morr[4 ,!re 0 implicit tru/1 & goods 7 left ab\t )\t fe> ( !ft1 :i* 0 r>e & puni%able by dea?4 ,x 0 n !ft1 h[ev]1 if1 :5 ! own] 0 look+1 "o took an article "o want$4 ,to tell a lie1 also1 ) int5t to deceive1 0 a s]i\s (f5ce1 ?\gh to tell a lie :5 "o 0 afraid to speak ! tru? 0 excusable4 ,! ,lifuans are fond ( food1 b mu* etiquette is practis$ 9 eat+4 ,! food mu/ be convey$ to ! m\? gracefully1 da9tily1 leisurely4 ,e "o help$ himself to ! food imm$iately 9 front ( him1 )\t hurry1 )\t rea*+ out = da9ty morsels 7:i* 7 (t5 (f]$ to wom571 = e "o look$ aft] 8 neighb\r1 & e "o naturally felt t he 0 8 bro!r's keep]4 ,s x 0 usual to invite pass]s-by cordially to %>e 9 ! repa/4 8,9 ! matt] ( food & eat+10 ,mrs4 ,hadfield adds1 8!y might put _m ( our c\ntrym5 to %ame40 ,n only mu/ "o nev] eat quickly1 or notice da9ties t are n ne> "o1 b x w\ld be indelicate to eat 9 ! pres5ce ( p :o are n !mselves eat+4 ,"o mu/ always %>e1 h[ev] small "o's portion1 & "o mu/ d s pleasantly2 "o mu/ accept also :at is (f]$1 b sl[ly1 reluctantly2 hav+ accept$ x1 y may1 if y l1 op5ly pass x on to "s "o else4 ,9 old days ! ,lifuans 71 occasionally1 cannibals1 n1 x w\ld seem1 ei!r f necessity or any ritual reason1 b because1 l "s peoples else:]e1 !y lik$ x1 hav+1 inde$1 at times1 a k9d ( crav+ = animal food4 ,if a man _h tw5ty or ?irty wives & a l>ge family1 x w\ld be q correct if1 n[ & !n1 he cook$ "o ( 8 own *ildr51 al?\gh presumably he might pref] t "s "o else's *ild 0 *os54 ,! *ild w\ld be cook$ :ole1 wrapp$ 9 banana or coconut leaves4 ,! social inconv5i5ces ( ?is practice h n[ be5 recognis$4 ,b !y /ill feel ! utmo/ respect & rev]5ce = ! dead & fail to f9d any?+ (f5sive or repulsive 9 a corpse4 8,:y %\ld !re be1 see+ x 0 once our food80 ,nor h !y any fe> ( dea?4 ,to v]m9 !y seem to h little objection1 b o!rwise !y h a /rong love ( cleanl9ess4 ,! idea ( us+ manure 9 agricultural op]ations seems to !m disgu/+1 & !y nev] d use x4 8,! sea 0 ! public playgr\nd40 ,mo!rs take _! little ones = sea-ba?s long be=e !y c walk1 & small *ildr5 le>n to swim z !y le>n to walk1 )\t tea*+4 ,) _! rev]5ce = dea? is associat$ a rev]5ce = old age4 8,old age is a t]m ( respect1 & e "o is pleas$ to be tak5 = old] ?an he is s9ce old age is hon\r$40 ,/ill1 reg>d = o!rs 0 g5]al--n conf9$ to ! ag$4 ,9 ! *ur* n[adays ! lep]s are seat$ on a sep>ate b5*1 & :5 ! b5* is occupi$ by a lep] heal?y wom5 w sometimes insi/ on sitt+ ) him2 !y c\ld n be> to see ! old man sitt+ alone z ?\gh he _h no fri5ds4 ,!re 0 mu* demon/ration on meet+ fri5ds aft] abs5ce4 ,a ,lifuan always said 8,olea0 78,?ank y07 = any good news1 ?\gh n affect+ him p]sonally1 z ?\gh x 7 a gift1 = he 0 glad to be able to rejoice ) ano!r4 ,be+ divid$ into small tribes1 ea* ) its own autocratic *ief1 w> 0 sometimes inevitable4 ,x 0 att5d$ by mu* etiquette1 :i* 0 always /rictly obs]v$4 ,! ,lifuans 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! civilis$ cu/om ( mak+ rules = w>f>e & break+ !m :5 w> actually broke out4 ,sev]al days' notice mu/ be giv5 be=e ho/ilities 7 comm5c$4 ,wom5 & *ildr51 9 contra/ to ! practice ( civilis$ w>f>e1 7 nev] mole/$4 ,z soon z half a doz5 fight]s 7 put out ( action on "o side1 ! *ief ( t side w\ld give ! comm& to cease fight+ & ! w> 0 ov]4 ,an indemnity 0 !n paid by ! conqu]ors to ! vanqui%$1 & n1 z among civilis$ peoples1 by ! vanqui%$ to ! conqu]ors4 ,x 0 felt to be ! conqu]$ r ?an ! conqu]or :o ne$$ consolation1 & x also seem$ desirable to %[ t no feel+ ( animosity 0 left beh9d4 ,?is 0 n only a delicate m>k ( consid]ation to ! vanqui%$1 b also v good policy1 z1 by neglect+ x1 "s ,europeans may h _h cause to le>n4 ,?is :ole ,lifuan art ( liv+ has1 h[ev]1 be5 und]m9$ by ! arrival ( ,*ri/ianity ) its usual accompanim5ts4 ,! ,lifuans are sub/itut+ ,european vices = _! own virtues4 ,_! simplicity & confid5ce are pass+ away1 ?\gh1 ev5 yet1 ,mrs4 ,hadfield says1 !y are conspicu\s = _! hone/y1 tru?fulness1 good-hum\r1 k9dness1 & polit5ess1 rema9+ a manly & intellig5t p4 ,,iv ,,! ,lifuans furni% an illu/ration :i* seems decisive4 ,b !y are savages1 & on t acc\nt _! example may be invalidat$4 ,x is well to take ano!r illu/ration f a p ^: high & long-cont9u$ civilisation is n[ undisput$4 ,! civilisation ( ,*9a is anci5t3 t has long be5 a famili> fact4 ,b = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s x 0 m]ely a leg5d to ,we/]n ,europeans2 none _h ev] rea*$ ,*9a1 or1 if !y _h1 !y _h nev] return$ to tell ! tale2 !re 7 too _m fi]ce & jeal\s b>b>ians betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,x 0 n until ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 ! pages ( ,m>co ,polo1 ! ,v5etian ,columbus ( ! ,ea/1--= x 0 an ,italian :o discov]$ ! ,old ,_w z well z ! ,new1--t ,*9a at la/ took def9ite %ape alike z a concrete fact & a m>vell\s dream4 ,lat]1 ,italian & ,portuguese travell]s describ$ x1 & x is int]e/+ to note :at !y _h to say4 ,?us ,p]]a 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 a n>rative :i* ,willes translat$ = ,hakluyt's 8,voyages10 pres5ts a detail$ picture ( ,*9ese life ) an admiration all ! m impressive s9ce we _c help feel+ h[ ali5 t civilisation 0 to ! ,ca?olic travell] & h[ _m tr\bles he _h himself to enc\nt]4 ,he is a/oni%$1 n only by ! spl5d\r ( ! lives ( ! ,*9ese on ! mat]ial side1 alike 9 l>ge ?+s & 9 small1 b by _! f9e mann]s 9 all ! ord9>y c\rse ( life1 ! c\rtesy 9 :i* !y seem$ to him to exce$ all o!r nations1 & 9 ! fair deal+ :i* f> surpass$ t ( all o!r ,g5tiles & ,moors1 :ile 9 ! ex]cise ( ju/ice he f\nd !m sup]ior ev5 to _m ,*ri/ians1 = !y d ju/ice to unkn[n /rang]s1 :i* 9 ,*ri/5dom is r>e2 moreov]1 !re 7 hospitals 9 e city & no begg>s 7 ev] to be se54 ,x 0 a vision ( spl5d\r & delicacy & humanity1 :i* he might h se51 "h & !re1 9 ! c\rts ( pr9ces 9 ,europe1 b n[h]e 9 ! ,we/ on s va/ a scale z 9 ,*9a4 ,! picture :i* ,m>co ,polo1 ! fir/ ,european to rea* ,*9a 7at all ev5ts 9 :at we may call mod]n times71 pres5t$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 yet m impressive1 & t ne$ n surprise u1 = :5 he saw ,*9a x 0 /ill 9 its great ,augu/an age ( ! ,sung ,dyna/y4 ,he repres5ts ! city ( ,hang-,*au z ! mo/ beautiful & sumptu\s 9 ! _w1 & we mu/ rememb] t he himself belong$ to ,v5ice1 soon to be kn[n z ! mo/ beautiful & sumptu\s city ( ,europe1 & _h acquir$ no small k ( ! _w4 ,z he describes its life1 s exquisite & ref9$ 9 its civilisation1 s humane1 s peaceful1 s joy\s1 s well ord]$1 s happily %>$ by ! :ole population1 we realise t "h _h be5 rea*$ ! highe/ po9t ( urban civilisation to :i* ,man has ev] atta9$4 ,m>co ,polo c ?9k ( no ^w to apply to x--& t aga9 & aga9--b ,p>adise4 ,! ,*9a ( to-day seems less /range & a/oni%+ to ! ,we/]n]4 ,x may ev5 seem ak9 to him--p>tly ?r\gh its decl9e1 p>tly ?r\gh 8 own progress 9 civilisation--by virtue ( its direct & practical "*4 ,t is ! conclusion ( a s5sitive & ?\ghtful travell] 9 ,india & ,japan & ,*9a1 ,g4 ,l[es ,dick9son4 ,he is impress$ by ! fri5dl9ess1 ! pr(\nd humanity1 ! gaiety1 ( ! ,*9ese1 by ! unequall$ self-respect1 indep5d5ce1 & c\rtesy ( ! common p4 8,! fundam5tal attitude ( ! ,*9ese t[>ds life is1 & has always be51 t ( ! mo/ mod]n ,we/1 ne>] to u n[ ?an to our m$ival ance/ors1 inf9itely ne>] to u ?an ,india40#f ,s f> x may seem sc>cely z arti/s t ^! travell]s reg>d ! ,*9ese4 ,!y insi/ on _! *e]ful1 practical1 social1 good-mann]$1 tol]ant1 peaceable1 humane way ( reg>d+ life1 on ! rem>kably educable _s 9 :i* !y are will+1 & easily able1 to *ange ev5 anci5t & deep-root$ habits :5 x seems conv5i5t & b5eficial to d s2 !y are will+ to take ! _w lightly1 & seem devoid ( ^? ob/9ate cons]vative in/9cts by :i* we are guid$ 9 ,europe4 ,! 8,resid5t 9 ,pek+0 says !y are ! lea/ romantic ( peoples4 ,he says x ) a nuance ( dispraise1 b ,l[es ,dick9son says precisely ! same ?+ ab\t ,*9ese poetry1 & ) no su* nuance3 8,x is ( all poetry ,i "k ! mo/ human & ! lea/ symbolic or romantic4 ,x contemplates life j z x pres5ts itself1 )\t any veil ( ideas1 any rhetoric or s5tim5t2 x simply cle>s away ! ob/ruction :i* habit has built up betwe5 u & ! beauty ( ?+s & leaves t1 %[+ 9 its own nature40 ,e "o :o has le>nt to enjoy ,*9ese poetry w appreciate ! delicate precision ( ?is comm5t4 ,! quality ( _! poetry seems to fall into l9e ) ! simple1 direct1 *ildlike quality :i* all obs]v]s note 9 ! ,*9ese !mselves4 ,! unsympa!tic 8,resid5t 9 ,pek+0 describes ! well-kn[n etiquette ( polit5ess 9 ,*9a3 8,a ,*9aman w inquire ( :at noble c\ntry y are4 ,y return ! "q1 & he w say 8 l[ly prov9ce is s-&-s4 ,he w invite y to d him ! hon\r ( direct+ y\r jewell$ feet to 8 degrad$ h\se4 ,y reply t y1 a discr$it$ worm1 w crawl into 8 magnific5t palace40 ,life becomes all play4 ,c]emony--! ,*9ese are unequall$ = c]emony1 & a ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5t1 ! ,bo>d ( ,rites & ,c]emonies1 exi/s to adm9i/] x--is no?+ b m or less cry/allis$ play4 ,n only is c]emony "h 8almo/ an in/9ct10 b1 x has be5 said1 8,a ,*9ese ?9ks 9 !atrical t]ms40 ,we are com+ ne> to ! sph]e ( art4 ,! quality ( play 9 ! ,*9ese "* & ,*9ese civilisation has impress$ alike !m :o h se5 ,*9a f af> & by actual contact4 ,x us$ to be said t ! ,*9ese _h inv5t$ gunp[d] long be=e ,europeans & done no?+ ) x b make fireworks4 ,t seem$ to ! :ole ,we/]n _w a t]rible bl9dness to ! valuable uses ( gunp[d]1 & x is only ( late ye>s t a ,european comm5tator has v5tur$ to rem>k t 8! prop] use ( gunp[d] is obvi\sly to make fireworks1 :i* may be v beautiful ?+s1 n to kill m540 ,c]ta9ly ! ,*9ese1 at all ev5ts1 appreciate to ! full ?is prop] use ( gunp[d]4 8,"o ( ! mo/ obvi\s *>act]i/ics ( ! ,*9ese is _! love ( fireworks10 we are told4 ,! grave/ p & ! mo/ intellectual occupy !mselves ) fireworks1 & if ! works ( ,b]gson1 9 :i* pyrote*nical allusions are s frequ5t1 are ev] translat$ into ,*9ese1 "o c well believe t ,*9a w produce en?usia/ic ,b]gsonians4 ,all toys are popul>2 ev]ybody1 x is said1 buys toys ( "o sort or ano!r3 pap] w9dmills1 rattles1 ,*9ese lant]ns1 & ( c\rse kites1 :i* h an almo/ sacr$ significance4 ,!y delight1 also1 9 m complicat$ games ( skill1 includ+ an elaborate =m ( *ess1 f> m difficult ?an ours4#g ,x is unnecess>y to add t to philosophy1 a high] & m ref9$ =m ( play1 ! ,*9ese are peculi>ly addict$1 & philosophic discussion is naturally wov5 9 ) an 8art ( exquisite enjoym5t0--c>ri$ probably to great] p]fection ?an any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,b]tr& ,russell1 :o makes ?is rem>k1 9 ! sugge/ive comm5ts on 8 own visit to ,*9a1 obs]ves h[ ?is simple1 *ild-l1 yet pr(\nd attitude t[>ds life results 9 a lib]ation ( ! impulses to play & enjoym5t :i* 8makes ,*9ese life unbelievably re/ful & delightful aft] ! solemn cruelties ( ! ,we/40 ,we are rem9d$ ( ,g\rmont's rem>k t 8pleasure is a human creation1 a delicate art1 to :i*1 z = music or pa9t+1 only a few are apt40 ,! social polity :i* br+s toge!r ! p :o ?us view life is at once s+ul> & appropriate4 ,i well rememb] h[ 9 y\? a new volume ( ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ ,s]ies1 a "p ( ! ,confucian ,l-k1 came into my h&s & h[ delight$ ,i 0 to le>n t 9 ,*9a life 0 regulat$ by music & c]emony4 ,t 0 ! beg9n+ ( an int]e/ 9 ,*9a t has n ceas$ to gr[1 ?\gh n[1 :5 x has become a sort ( fa%ion to exalt ! spiritual qualities ( ! ,*9ese above ^? ( o!r peoples1 "o may well feel dis9cl9$ to admit any int]e/ 9 ,*9a4 ,b ! conception itself1 s9ce x seems to h _h its beg9n+ at lea/ a ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 may prop]ly be consid]$ indep5d5tly ( our ,we/]n fa%ions4 ,x is ,propriety--! :ole c]emony ( life--9 :i* all h>moni\s int]c\rse subsi/s2 x is 8! *annel by :i* we appreh5d ! ways ( ,heav510 9 no sup]natural s5se1 = x is on ! e>? & n 9 ! skies t ! ,confucian ,heav5 lies conceal$4 ,b if human feel+s1 ! in/9cts--= 9 ?is matt] ! anci5t ,*9ese 7 at "o ) our mod]n psy*ologi/s1--are ! field t has to be cultivat$1 & x is c]emony t pl\ghs x1 & ! se$s ( "r action t are to be plant$ on x1 & discipl9e t is to we$ x1 & love t is to ga!r 9 ! fruits1 x is 9 music1 & ! joy & peace t accompany music1 t x all ends4 ,inde$1 x is also 9 music t x all beg9s4 ,= ! sph]e 9 :i* c]emonies act is ,man's ext]nal life2 8 int]nal life is ! sph]e ( music4 ,x is music t m\lds ! mann]s & cu/oms t are compris$ "u c]emony1 = ,confucius held t !re c be music )\t s\nd :]e 8virtue is deep & sil5t02 & we are rem9d$ ( ! 8,cresc5do ( ,sil5ces0 on ! ,*9ese pavilion 9 ,villi]s de l',isle ,adam's /ory1 8,le ,secret de l'anci5ne ,musique40 ,x is music t regulates ! he>t & m9d & ) t developm5t br+s joy1 & joy br+s repose4 ,& s 8,man became ,heav540 8,let c]emonies & music h _! c\rse until ! e>? is fill$ ) !m60 ,x is sometimes said t among ,*9ese morali/s & philosoph]s ,lao-tze1 ! deepe/ ( !m all1 alone /&s aside f ! *orus 9 praise ( music & c]emony4 ,:5 once ,confucius came to consult ,lao-tze conc]n+ ! rules ( propriety1 & rev]5ce = ! tea*+ ( ! sages ( antiquity1 we are told1 ,lao-tze repli$3 8,! m5 ( :om y speak1 sir1 h1 if y please1 toge!r ) _! bones1 m\ld]$40 ,confucius w5t away1 puzzl$ if n dissatisfi$ ,he 0 will+ to "w n only f )9 outw>ds1 b f )\t inw>ds1 because he all[$ s l>ge a place = social solidity1 = traditionalism1 = pat]nalism1 ?\gh he recognis$ t c]emony is subord9ate 9 ! s*eme ( life1 z col\r is 9 a pa9t+1 ! picture be+ ! real ?+4 ,lao-tze 0 an individuali/ & a my/ic4 ,he 0 little conc]n$ ) moralities 9 ! ord9>y s5se4 ,he recognis$ no action b f )9 outw>ds4 ,b ?\gh ,confucius c\ld sc>cely h altoge!r grasp$ 8 conception1 he 0 q able to grasp t ( ,confucius1 & 8 indiff]5ce to tradition1 to rule & propriety 0 simply an insi/5ce on ess5tial reality1 on 8music40 8,c]emonies10 he said1 8are ! outw>d expression ( inw>d feel+40 ,he 0 no m oppos$ to ! fundam5tal ,*9ese conception ?an ,george ,fox 0 oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity 9 refus+ to obs]ve ! m]e =ms & c]emonies ( ! ,*ur*4 ,a s\nd ,confucianism is ! outw>d manife/ation ( ,taoism 7z ,lao-tze himself taught x71 j z a s\nd socialism is ! outw>d manife/ation ( a g5u9e individualism4 ,x has be5 well said t ,*9ese sociali/ic solid>ity re/s on an individuali/ic basis1 x is n a bureaucratic ,/ate socialism2 x works f )9 outw>d4 7,"o ( ! fir/ ,european visitors to ,*9a rem>k$ t !re a /reet 0 l a home47 ,?is is well %[n by s great & typical a ,*9ese philosoph] z ,meh-ti1#h :o liv$ %ortly aft] ,confucius1 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,he taught univ]sal love1 ) univ]sal equality1 & = him to love meant to act4 ,he admitt$ an elem5t ( self-int]e/ z a motive = su* an attitude4 ,he desir$ to univ]salise mutual self-help4 ,foll[+ ,confucius1 b yet sev]al c5turies be=e ,jesus1 he decl>$ t a man %\ld love 8 neighb\r1 8 fell[ man1 z himself4 8,:5 he sees 8 fell[ hungry1 he fe$s him2 :5 he sees him cold1 he clo!s him2 ill1 he nurses him2 dead1 he buries him40 ,?is1 he said1 0 by no means oppos$ to filial piety2 = if "o c>es = ! p>5ts ( o!rs1 !y 9 turn w c>e = 84 ,b1 x 0 br\ght aga9/ him1 ! p[] ( egoism8 ,! ,ma/] agre$4 ,yet1 he said1 ,man accepts m difficult ?+s4 ,he c r5\nce joy1 life itself1 = ev5 absurd & ridicul\s ends4 ,a s+le g5]ation1 he add$1 su* is ! p[] ( imitation1 might suffice to *ange a p's cu/oms4 ,b ,meh-ti rema9$ placid4 ,he rem>k$ t ! great ones ( ! e>? 7 aga9/ human solid>ity & equality2 he left x at t4 ,he took no refuge 9 my/icism4 ,practical social action 0 ! sole end he _h 9 view1 & we h to rememb] t 8 ideals are l>gely embodi$ 9 ,*9ese in/itutions4#i ,we may und]/& n[ h[ x is t 9 ,*9a1 & 9 ,*9a alone among ! great surviv+ civilisations1 we f9d t art animates ! :ole ( life1 ev5 its morality4 8,?is univ]sal pres5ce ( art10 rem>ks an acute yet discrim9at+ obs]v]1 mile ,hovelaque1 :om ,i h already quot$1#aj 8manife/$ 9 ! smalle/ ut5sil1 ! humble/ /alls1 ! notices on ! %ops1 ! h&writ+1 ! rhy?m ( movem5t1 always regul> & measur$1 z ?\gh to ! tune ( unhe>d music1 ann\nces a civilisation :i* is complete 9 itself1 elaborat$ 9 ! smalle/ detail1 p5etrat$ by "o _s1 :i* no int]ruption ev] breaks1 a h>mony :i* becomes at l5g? a halluc9atory & ov]:elm+ obsession40 ,or1 z ano!r writ] has summ$ up ! ,*9ese attitude3 8,= !m ! art ( life is "o1 z ?is _w & ! o!r are "o4 ,_! aim is to make ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 "h & n[40 ,x is obvi\s t a natural temp]am5t 9 :i* ! art-impulse is s all-embrac+1 & ! /hetic s5sibility s acute1 might well h be5 ( a p]il\s in/ability4 ,we c\ld sc>cely h be5 surpris$ if1 l t surpass+ episode 9 ,egyptian hi/ory ( :i* ,akh5at5 0 ! lead] & ,tell-el-,am>na ! tomb1 x _h only endur$ = a mom5t4 ,yet ,*9ese civilisation1 :i* has ?r\gh\t %[n ! dom9at+ p[] ( ?is s5sitive temp]am5t1 has la/$ long] ?an any o!r4 ,! reason is t ! v excesses ( _! temp]am5t =c$ ! ,*9ese to =tify !mselves aga9/ its p]ils4 ,! ,great ,wall1 built m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 & /ill to-day almo/ ! mo/ impressive "w ( man on ! e>?1 is typical ( ?is attitude ( ! ,*9ese4 ,!y h ex]cis$ a /up5d\s en]gy 9 =tify+ !mselves aga9/ ! natural enemies ( _! own temp]am5t4 ,:5 "o looks at x f ?is po9t ( view1 x is easy to see t1 alike 9 its l>ge outl9es & its small details1 ,*9ese life is always ! art ( balanc+ an /hetic temp]am5t & gu>d+ aga9/ its excesses4 ,we see ?is 9 ! :ole ( ! anci5t & /ill prevail+ sy/em ( ,confucian morality ) its insi/5ce on =mal c]emony1 ev5 :51 dep>t+ f ! ?\ght ( its mo/ influ5tial f\nd]1--= c]emonialism 9 ,*9a w\ld h exi/$ ev5 if ,confucius _h n liv$1--x t5d$ to become m]ely an ext]nal =malism4 ,we see x 9 ! massive solid>ity ( ,*9ese life1 ! sy/ematic social organisation by :i* individual responsibility1 ev5 ?\gh leav+ individuality itself intact1 is m]g$ 9 ! responsibility ( ! family & ! /ill l>g] gr\p4 ,we see x 9 ! :ole drift ( ,*9ese philosophy1 :i* is ?r\gh\t s$ative & contemplative4 ,we see x 9 ! elem5t ( /oicism on ! "o h& & cruelty on ! o!r :i* 9 s g5u9ely good-natur$ a p w\ld o!rwise seem puzzl+4 ,! ,*9ese love ( fl[]s & g>d5s & l&scape sc5]y is 9 ! same direction1 & inde$ "o may say mu* ! same ( ,*9ese pa9t+ & ,*9ese poetry4#aa ,t is :y x is only to-day t we 9 ! ,we/ h rea*$ ! po9t ( n]v\s susceptibility :i* enables u 9 "s degree to compreh5d ! /hetic supremacy :i* ! ,*9ese rea*$ m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,?us1 dur+ its extremely long hi/ory--= ! o!r great civilisations ) :i* x 0 once contempor>y h pass$ away or be5 dis9tegrat$ & trans=m$--,*9ese civilisation has borne witness to ! great fact t all human life is art4 ,x may be because !y h realis$ ?is s ?or\ghly t ! ,*9ese h be5 able to pres]ve _! civilisation s long1 ?r\gh all ! viol5t %ocks to :i* x has be5 subject$4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t1 dur+ ! great] "p ( ! la/ ?\s& ye>s1 !re has be51 h[ev] sl[ & gradual1 a decl9e 9 ! vitality ( ,*9ese civilisation1 l>gely due1 x may well be1 to ! cru%+ pressure ( an excessive population4 ,=1 h[ev] rem>kable ! admiration :i* ,*9a ar\ses ev5 to-day1 its f9e/ fl[]+ p]iods 9 ! special arts lie f> 9 ! pa/1 :ile 9 ! art ( liv+ itself ! ,*9ese h long gr[n languid4 ,! diff]5t reports ( anci5t & mod]n travell]s reg>d+ "o def9ite social manife/ation1 ! preval5ce ( begg>y1 _c fail to tell u some?+ reg>d+ ! significant =m ( _! social life4 ,mod]n travell]s compla9 ( ! plague con/itut$ by ! preval5ce ( begg>s 9 ,*9a2 !y are ev5 a fix$ & p]man5t in/itution on a trades-union basis4 ,b 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,galeotto ,p]]a notic$ ) surprise 9 ,*9a ! abs5ce ( begg>s1 z ,m>co ,polo _h be=e him1 & ,fri> ,gasp> de ,cruz rem>k$ t ! ,*9ese s abhorr$ idl5ess t !y gave no alms to ! poor & mock$ at ! ,portuguese = do+ s3 8,:y give alms to a knave8 ,let him g & e>n x40 ,_! own prie/s1 he adds1 !y sometimes :ipp$ z be+ knaves4 7,x %\ld be not$ at ! same "t t x 0 consid]$ reasonable only to give half ! day to "w1 ! o!r half to joy & recreation47 ,b !y built great asylums = ! helpless poor1 & f\nd employm5t = bl9d wom51 gorge\sly dress$ & pa9t$ ) c]use & v]milion1 z pro/itutes1 :o 7 m e/eem$ 9 e>ly ,*9a ?an !y h be5 s9ce4 ,t is a curi\s in/ance ( ! unfl9*+ practicality /ill %[n by ! ,*9ese 9 endless ways4 ,! und\bt$ lassitude 9 ! lat] phases ( ?is long-liv$ ,*9ese culture has l$ to features 9 ! art ( life1 su* z begg>y & dirt among ! poor1 n manife/$ 9 ! y\ng] (f%oot ( ,*9ese & ,korean culture 9 ,japan1 ?\gh x is only fair to po9t out t imp>tial ,engli% obs]v]s1 l ,p>k]1 consid] ?is preval5ce ( v]m9 & dirt z simply due to ! preval5ce ( pov]ty1 & n great] ?an we f9d among ! poor 9 ,engl& & else:]e 9 ! ,we/4 ,m>co ,polo speaks ( ?ree hundr$ public ba?s 9 "o city alone 9 8 "t4 ,we note also t 9 ! m specialis$ arts ! transc5d5ce ( ,*9a belongs to ! pa/1 & ev5 sometimes a remote pa/4 ,x is s 9 ! art ( philosophy1 & ! arts ( poetry & pa9t+4 ,x is s also 9 ! art ( pott]y1 9 :i* ,*9ese supremacy ov] ! re/ ( ! _w has be5 longe/ recognis$--has n ! ^w 8*9a0 = c5turies be5 our "n = ! f9e/ pott]y8--& is mo/ beyond measure4 ,our k ( ! pott]y ( v>i\s cultures excels t ( any o!r human products because ( all x is ! mo/ p]durable4 ,we c bett] e/imate _! relative /hetic wor? n[ ?an 9 ! days :5 a g5]al rev]5ce = ,greek antiquity l$ to a popul> belief 9 ! beauty ( ,greek pott]y1 ?\gh sc>cely a s+le type ( its _m =ms c fairly be s consid]$ or ev5 be comp>$ to ! products ( ! ,m9oan pr$ecessors ( ,greek culture1 h[ev] int]e/+ !y may /ill rema9 = u z ! awkw>d & inappropriate f\ndation = exquisite little pictures4 ,! greate/ age ( ?is univ]sal human art 0 9 ,*9a & 0 ov] _m c5turies ago4 ,b ) :at devotion1 ) :at absolute conc5tration ( ! _s1 ! ,*9ese pott]s ( ! great p]iod /ruggl$ ) ! problem ( art is f9ely illu/rat$ by ! well-kn[n /ory :i* an old ,*9ese hi/orian tells ( ! sacrifice ( ! div9e ,t'ung1 ! _s :o protects pott]s4 ,x happ5$ t a complicat$ problem _h baffl$ ! pott]s4 ,t'ung laid d[n 8 life to s]ve !m & to a*ieve ! solution ( ! problem4 ,he plung$ into ! fire & ! b[l came out p]fect4 8,! vessel's p]fect glaze is ! god's fat & blood2 ! body mat]ial is ! god's body ( fle%2 ! blue ( ! decoration1 ) ! brilliant lu/re ( gems1 is ! ess5ce ( ! god's pure _s40 ,t /ory embodies ! ,*9ese symbol ( ! art ( liv+1 j z we embody our symbol ( t art 9 ! ,crucifixion ( ,jesus4 ,! =m is div]se2 ! ess5ce is ! same4 ,v ,,x w be se5 t :5 we analyse ! exp]i5ces ( life & look at x simply1 9 ! old-fa%ion$ way1 lib]at$ f ! artificial complexities ( a tempor>y & n[1 x may be1 dep>t+ civilisation1 :at we f9d is easy to sum up4 ,we f9d1 t is to say1 t ,man has =c$ himself to move along ?is l9e1 & t l9e1 & ! o!r l9e4 ,b x is ! same wat] ( life t runs 9 all ^! *annels4 ,until we h asc5d$ to a height :]e ?is is cle>1 to see all our little dogmatisms w b lead u a/ray4 ,we may illum9at+ly *ange ! analogy & turn to ! field ( *emi/ry4 ,all ^! v>i\s elem5ts ( life are b1 z x 71 allotropic =ms ( ! same elem5t4 ,! mo/ fundam5tal among ^! =ms is t ( art1 = life 9 all its =ms1 ev5 morality 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se1 is1 z ,duprat has argu$1 a matt] ( te*nique1 & te*nique at once br+s u to ! elem5ts ( art4 ,if we w\ld und]/& :at we are deal+ )1 we may1 !re=e1 be/ /udy ^! =ms "u t ( art4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a deep] *emical analogy ?an ?is to be se54 ,x may well be1 inde$1 t x is m ?an an analogy4 ,9 *emi/ry we are deal+1 n m]ely ) ! elem5ts ( life1 b ) ! elem5ts ( ! _w1 ev5 ( :at we call our univ]se4 ,x is n unreasonable to ?9k t ! same law holds good = bo?4 ,we see t ! =ms ( life may all be f\nd1 & !n bett] und]/ood1 9 "o =m4 ,"s day1 p]haps1 we %all also see t t fact is only a coroll>y ( ! l>g] fact--or1 if any "o pref]s s to reg>d x1 ! small] fact--t ! *emical elem5ts ( our _w c be reg>d$ z all only transmutations ( "o elem5t4 ,f ( old1 m5 in/9ctively div9$ t ?is might be s1 ?\gh !y 7 m]ely conc]n$ to *ange ! elem5ts into gold1 ! elem5t :i* !y mo/ highly valu$4 ,9 our own times ?is transmutation is beg9n+ to become1 on a m9ute scale1 a demon/rable fact1 ?\gh x w\ld seem easi] to transmute elem5ts into lead ?an into gold4 ,matt]1 we are ?us com+ to see1 may n be a confus$ v>iety ( sep>ate sub/ances1 b simply a diff]5t quantitative arrangem5t ( a s+le fundam5tal /uff1 :i* might possibly be id5tical ) hydrog5 or "s o!r already kn[n elem5t4 ,simil>ly we may n[ believe t ! m5 ( old :o ?\ght t all human life 0 made ( "o /uff 7 n altoge!r wrong1 & we may1 ) great] assurance ?an !y 7 able to claim1 analyse ! modes ( human action into diff]5t quantitative or o!r arrangem5ts ( :i* ! mo/ fundam5tal may well be id5tical ) art4 ,?is may p]haps become cle>] if we consid] m 9 detail "o ( ! sep>ate arts1 select+ ! mo/ widely symbolic ( all1 ! art t is mo/ cle>ly made ( ! /uff ( life1 & s able to translate mo/ truly & cle>ly into beautiful =m ! v>i\s modalities ( life4 ,footnote #a3 ,see1 = in/ance1 ,turn]'s ,samoa1 *ap4 #a4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,pacific1 creation 0 accompli%$1 9 a m g5u9ely evolution>y mann]1 by a long s]ies ( progressive g5]ations4 ,footnote #b3 ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 vol4 ,i1 book ,,iii1 *ap4 ,,vi4 ,footnote #c3 ,i h "h ma9ly foll[$ ,gomp]z 7,greek ,?9k]s1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dcj-cd72 !re is n n[1 h[ev]1 mu* controv]sy ov] ! position ( ,hippias1 :i* !re is n[1 inde$1 r a t5d5cy to exagg]ate1 consid]+ h[ small is ! basis ( k we possess4 ,?us ,duprel 7,la ,lg5de ,socratique1 p4 #dcb71 reg>d+ him z ! mo/ misund]/ood ( ! great ,sophi/s1 decl>es t ,hippias is 8! ?9k] :o conceiv$ ! univ]sality ( sci5ce1 j z ,prodicus caught glimpses ( ! syn!sis ( ! social sci5ces4 ,hippias is ! philosoph] ( sci5ce1 ! ,great ,logician1 j z ,prodicus is ! ,great ,morali/40 ,he comp>es him to ,pico della ,mir&ola z a ,humani/ & to ,leibnitz 9 p[] ( wide syn!sis4 ,footnote #d3 ,/rictly speak+1 9 ! te*nical s5se ( t mu*-abus$ ^w1 ?is is 8decad5ce40 7,i ref] to ! s5se 9 :i* ,i def9$ 8decad5ce0 _m ye>s ago 9 ,affirmations1 pp4 #age-hg47 ,s t :ile ! m9or arts h sometimes be5 classic & sometimes decad5t1 ! major art ( liv+ dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s1 al?\gh "o c ?9k ( great m5 :o h ma9ta9$ ! l>g] classic ideal1 has ma9ly be5 decad5t4 ,footnote #e3 ,emma ,hadfield1 ,among ! ,natives ( ! ,loyalty ,gr\p4 #aibj4 ,x w\ld no d\bt h be5 m satisfactory to select a p l ! ,fijians r ?an ! ,lifuans1 = !y repres5t$ a m robu/ & accompli%$ =m ( a r simil> culture1 b _! culture has rec$$ into ! pa/1--& ! same may be said ( ! ,m>quesans ( :om ,melville left1 9 ,typee1 a fam\s & delightful picture :i* o!r records confirm1--:ile t ( ! ,lifuans is /ill rec5t4 ,footnote #f3 ,g4 ,l[es ,dick9son1 ,an ,essay on ! ,civilisations ( ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,japan 7#aiad71 p4 #dg4 ,no d\bt !re are %ades to be add$ to ?is picture4 ,!y may be f\nd 9 a book1 publi%$ two ye>s e>li]1 ,*9a z x ,really ,is1 by 8a ,resid5t 9 ,pek+0 :o claims to h be5 born 9 ,*9a4 ,*9ese culture has rec$$1 9 "p swamp$ by ov]-population1 & conc]n+ a l& :]e to-day1 x has lately be5 said1 8magnific5ce1 crudity1 delicacy1 fetidity1 & fragrance are bl5d$10 x is easy = ,we/]n]s to %[ viol5t diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,footnote #g3 ,see1 = in/ance1 ! *apt] on games 9 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,h4 ,p>k]'s ,*9a3 ,pa/ & ,pres5t4 ,ref]5ce may be made to ! same au?or's important & imp>tial l>g] "w1 ,*9a3 ,its ,hi/ory1 ) a discrim9at+ *apt] on ,*9ese p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,p]haps1 ! mo/ p5etrat+ /udy ( ,*9ese psy*ology is1 h[ev]1 ,ar?ur ,h4 ,smi?'s ,*9ese ,*>act]i/ics4 ,footnote #h3 ,8 ideas h be5 /udi$ by ,madame ,alex&ra ,david1 ,le ,philosophe ,meh-ti et l',ide de ,solid>it4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,footnote #i3 ,eugne ,simon1 ,la ,cit ,*9oise4 ,footnote #aj3 ,e4 ,hovelaque1 ,la ,*9e 7,p>is1 #aibj71 p4 #dg4 ,footnote #aa3 ,?is po9t has n escap$ ! m acute /ud5ts ( ,*9ese civilisation4 ,?us ,dr4 ,john ,/eele1 9 8 edition ( ! ,i-,li1 rem>ks t 8c]emonial 0 f> f be+ a s]ies ( obs]vances1 empty & unpr(itable1 su* z x deg5]at$ into 9 lat] "t4 ,x 0 meant to inculcate t habit ( self-control & ord]$ action :i* 0 ! expression ( a m9d fully in/ruct$ 9 ! inn] mean+ ( ?+s1 & s5sitive to e impression40 ,/ill m cle>ly1 ,reg9ald ,f>r] wrote1 9 ,on ! ,eaves ( ! ,_w1 t 8! philosophic calm t ! ,*9ese delib]ately cultivate is _! necess>y arm\r to protect ! excessive susceptibility to emotion4 ,! ,*9ese w\ld be = ev] ! victims ( _! n]ves _h !y n = f\r ?\s& ye>s pursu$ reason & self-control ) self-protective en?usiasm40 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,danc+ ,i ,,danc+ & build+ are ! two prim>y & ess5tial arts4 ,! art ( danc+ /&s at ! s\rce ( all ! arts t express !mselves fir/ 9 ! human p]son4 ,! art ( build+1 or ar*itecture1 is ! beg9n+ ( all ! arts t lie outside ! p]son2 & 9 ! end !y unite4 ,music1 act+1 poetry proce$ 9 ! "o mighty /ream2 sculpture1 pa9t+1 all ! arts ( design1 9 ! o!r4 ,!re is no prim>y art outside ^! two arts1 = _! orig9 is f> e>li] ?an man himself2 & danc+ came fir/4#ab ,t is "o reason :y danc+1 h[ev] x may at times be scorn$ by pass+ fa%ions1 has a pr(\nd & et]nal attraction ev5 = ^? "o might suppose f>!/ f its influ5ce4 ,! joy\s beat ( ! feet ( *ildr51 ! cosmic play ( philosoph]s' ?\ghts rise & fall accord+ to ! same laws ( rhy?m4 ,if we are indiff]5t to ! art ( danc+1 we h fail$ to und]/&1 n m]ely ! supreme manife/ation ( physical life1 b also ! supreme symbol ( spiritual life4 ,! significance ( danc+1 9 ! wide s5se1 ?us lies 9 ! fact t x is simply an intimate concrete appeal ( a g5]al rhy?m1 t g5]al rhy?m :i* m>ks1 n life only1 b ! univ]se1 if "o may /ill be all[$ s to "n ! sum ( ! cosmic influ5ces t rea* u4 ,we ne$ n1 inde$1 g s f> z ! planets or ! />s & outl9e _! e!real dances4 ,we h b to /& on ! sea%ore & wat* ! waves t beat at our feet1 to obs]ve t at ne>ly regul> int]vals ?is seem+ly monoton\s rhy?m is acc5tuat$ = sev]al beats1 s t ! waves are really danc+ ! measure ( a tune4 ,x ne$ surprise u n at all t rhy?m1 ev] t5d+ to be m\ld$ into a tune1 %\ld m>k all ! physical & spiritual manife/ations ( life4 ,danc+ is ! primitive expression alike ( religion & ( love--( religion f ! e>lie/ human times we "k ( & ( love f a p]iod long ant]ior to ! com+ ( man4 ,! art ( danc+1 moreov]1 is intimately entw9$ ) all human tradition ( w>1 ( lab\r1 ( pleasure1 ( education1 :ile "s ( ! wise/ philosoph]s & ! mo/ anci5t civilisations h reg>d$ ! dance z ! patt]n 9 accordance ) :i* ! moral life ( m5 mu/ be wov54 ,to realise1 !re=e1 :at danc+ means = mank9d--! poignancy & ! _m-sid$ness ( its appeal--we mu/ survey ! :ole sweep ( human life1 bo? at its highe/ & at its deepe/ mom5ts4 ,,ii 8,,:at d y dance80 ,:5 a man belong+ to "o bran* ( ! great ,bantu division ( mank9d met a memb] ( ano!r1 said ,liv+/one1 t 0 ! "q he ask$4 ,:at a man danc$1 t 0 8 tribe1 8 social cu/oms1 8 religion2 =1 z an an?ropologi/ has put x1 8a savage does n prea* 8 religion1 he dances x40 ,!re are peoples 9 ! _w :o h no secul> dances1 only religi\s dances2 & "s inve/igators believe ) ,g]l& t e dance 0 ( religi\s orig94 ,t view may seem too extreme1 ev5 if we admit t "s ev5 ( our mod]n dances1 l ! waltz1 may h be5 orig9ally religi\s4 ,ev5 /ill 7z ,sk5e has %[n among ! ,arabs & ,swahili ( ,africa7 s v>i\s are dances & _! functions among "s peoples t !y cov] ! l>g] "p ( life4 ,yet we h to rememb] t = primitive man !re is no su* ?+ z religion ap>t f life1 = religion cov]s ev]y?+4 ,danc+ is a magical op]ation = ! atta9m5t ( real & important ends ( e k9d4 ,x 0 cle>ly ( imm5se b5efit to ! individual & to society1 by imp>t+ /r5g? & add+ organis$ h>mony4 ,x seem$ reasonable to suppose t x atta9$ o!r b5eficial ends1 t 7 incalculable1 = call+ d[n bless+s or w>d+ (f mis=tunes4 ,we may conclude1 ) ,wundt1 t ! dance 01 9 ! beg9n+1 ! expression ( ! :ole man1 = ! :ole man 0 religi\s4#ac ,?us1 among primitive peoples1 religion be+ s l>ge a "p ( life1 ! dance inevitably becomes ( supreme religi\s importance4 ,to dance 0 at once bo? to wor%ip & to pray4 ,j z we /ill f9d 9 our ,pray] ,books t !re are div9e s]vices = all ! great fundam5tal acts ( life1--= bir?1 = m>riage1 = dea?1--z well z = ! cosmic procession ( ! _w z m>k$ by ecclesia/ical fe/ivals1 & = ! great cata/rophes ( nature1 su* z dr\ghts1 s also x has ev] be5 among primitive peoples4 ,= all ! solemn occasions ( life1 = bridals & = fun]als1 = se$-"t & = h>ve/1 = w> & = peace1 = all ^! ?+s !re 7 fitt+ dances4 ,to-day we f9d religi\s p :o 9 *ur* pray = ra9 or = ! re/oration ( _! fri5ds to heal?4 ,_! =efa!rs also desir$ ^! ?+s1 b1 in/ead ( pray+ = !m1 !y danc$ = !m ! fitt+ dance :i* tradition _h h&$ d[n1 & :i* ! *ief or ! m$ic9e-man solemnly conduct$4 ,! gods !mselves danc$1 z ! />s dance 9 ! sky--s at lea/ ! ,mexicans1 & we may be sure _m o!r peoples1 h held2 & to dance is !re=e to imitate ! gods1 to "w ) !m1 p]haps to p]suade !m to "w 9 ! direction ( our own desires4 8,"w = u60 is ! song-refra91 express$ or impli$1 ( e religi\s dance4 ,9 ! wor%ip ( sol> deities 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 x 0 cu/om>y to dance r\nd ! alt>1 z ! />s dance r\nd ! sun4 ,ev5 9 ,europe ! popul> belief t ! sun dances on ,ea/] ,sunday has p]haps sc>cely yet di$ out4 ,to dance is to take "p 9 ! cosmic control ( ! _w4 ,e sacr$ ,dionysian dance is an imitation ( ! div9e dance4 ,all religions1 & n m]ely ^? ( primitive "*1 h be5 at ! outset1 & sometimes ?r\gh\t1 9 "s measure saltatory4 ,t 0 recognis$ ev5 9 ! anci5t _w by acute obs]v]s1 l ,lucian1 :o rem>ks 9 8 essay on danc+ t 8y _c f9d a s+le anci5t my/]y 9 :i* !re is no danc+2 9 fact mo/ p say ( ! devotees ( ! ,my/]ies t #8!y dance !m out4'0 ,?is is s all ov] ! _w4 ,x is n m pron\nc$ 9 e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 & among ! anci5t ,hebrews :o danc$ be=e ! ark1 ?an among ! ,au/ralian aborig9es ^: great corroborees are religi\s dances conduct$ by ! m$ic9e-m5 ) _! sacr$ /aves 9 _! h&s4 ,e ,am]ican ,indian tribe seems to h _h its own religi\s dances1 v>i$ & elaborate1 (t5 ) a ri*ness ( mean+ :i* ! pati5t /udy ( mod]n inve/igators has b sl[ly reveal$4 ,! ,%amans 9 ! remote /eppes ( ,nor!rn ,sib]ia h _! ec/atic religi\s dances1 & 9 mod]n ,europe ! ,turki% d]vi%es--p]haps ( relat$ /ock--/ill dance 9 _! cloi/]s simil> ec/atic dances1 comb9$ ) song & pray]1 z a regul> "p ( devotional s]vice4 ,^! religi\s dances1 x may be obs]v$1 are sometimes ec/atic1 sometimes pantomimic4 ,x is natural t ?is %\ld be s4 ,by ea* road x is possible to p5etrate t[>ds ! div9e my/]y ( ! _w4 ,! auto-intoxication ( raptur\s movem5t br+s ! devotees1 = a :ile at lea/1 into t self-=getful union ) ! n-self :i* ! my/ic ev] seeks4 ,! ec/atic ,h9du dance 9 hon\r ( ! pre-,aryan hill god1 aft]w>ds ,siva1 became 9 "t a great symbol1 8! cle>e/ image ( ! activity ( ,god10 x has be5 call$1 8:i* any art or religion c boa/ (40#ad ,pantomimic dances1 on ! o!r h&1 ) _! ef=t to height5 natural expression & to imitate natural process1 br+ ! danc]s into ! div9e sph]e ( creation & enable !m to assi/ vic>i\sly 9 ! en]gy ( ! gods4 ,! dance ?us becomes ! pres5tation ( a div9e drama1 ! vital renactm5t ( a sacr$ hi/ory1 9 :i* ! wor%ipp] is enabl$ to play a real "p4#ae ,9 ?is way ritual arises4 ,x is 9 ?is sph]e--highly primitive z x is--( pantomimic danc+ cry/allis$ 9 ritual1 r ?an 9 ! sph]e ( ec/atic danc+1 t we may to-day 9 civilisation witness ! survivals ( ! dance 9 religion4 ,! div9e s]vices ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 said ,lewis ,morgan1 took ! =m ( 8set dances1 ea* ) its own "n1 songs1 /eps1 & co/ume40 ,at ?is po9t ! e>ly ,*ri/ian1 wor%ipp+ ! ,div9e ,body1 0 able to jo9 9 spiritual communion ) ! anci5t ,egyptian or ! lat] ,japanese#af or ! mod]n ,am]ican ,indian4 ,!y are all alike privileg$ to ent]1 ea* 9 8 own way1 a sacr$ my/]y1 & to p>ticipate 9 ! sacrifice ( a heav5ly ,mass4 ,:at by "s is consid]$ to be ! e>lie/ kn[n ,*ri/ian ritual--! 8,hymn ( ,jesus0 assign$ to ! second c5tury--is no?+ b a sacr$ dance4 ,eusebius 9 ! ?ird c5tury /at$ t ,philo's description ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,!rapeuts agre$ at all po9ts ) ,*ri/ian cu/om1 & t meant ! prom95ce ( danc+1 to :i* inde$ ,eusebius (t5 ref]s 9 connection ) ,*ri/ian wor%ip4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 orig9ally a !atre1 ! *oir be+ ! rais$ /age1 ev5 ! ^w 8*oir10 x is argu$1 mean+ an enclos$ space = danc+4 ,x is c]ta9 t at ! ,eu*>i/ ! fai?ful ge/iculat$ ) _! h&s1 danc$ ) _! feet1 flung _! bodies ab\t4 ,*ryso/om1 :o ref]r$ to ?is behavi\r r\nd ! ,holy ,table at ,antio*1 only object$ to drunk5 excesses 9 connection ) x2 ! cu/om itself he evid5tly reg>d$ z traditional & "r4 ,:ile ! c5tral function ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip is a sacr$ drama1 a div9e pantomime1 ! associations ( ,*ri/ianity & danc+ are by no means conf9$ to ! ritual ( ! ,mass & its lat] m att5uat$ trans=mations4 ,! v idea ( danc+ _h a sacr$ & my/ic mean+ to ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 :o _h m$itat$ pr(\ndly on ! text1 8,we h pip$ unto y & ye h n danc$40 ,orig5 pray$ t above all ?+s !re may be made op]ative 9 u ! my/]y 8( ! />s danc+ 9 ,heav5 = ! salvation ( ! ,univ]se40 ,s t ! monks ( ! ,ci/]cian ,ord]1 :o 9 a lat] age work$ = ! _w m especially by pray+ = x 78or>e e/ labor>e071 7 engag$ 9 ! same task on e>? z ! />s 9 ,heav52 danc+ & pray+ are ! same ?+4 ,/4 ,basil1 :o 0 s enam\r$ ( natural ?+s1 describ$ ! angels danc+ 9 ,heav51 & lat] ! au?or ( ! 8,dieta ,salutis0 7said to h be5 ,/4 ,bonav5tura71 :i* is suppos$ to h influ5c$ ,dante 9 assign+ s l>ge a place to danc+ 9 ! 8,p>adiso10 describ$ danc+ z ! occupation ( ! inmates ( ,heav51 & ,*ri/ z ! lead] ( ! dance4 ,ev5 9 m mod]n times an anci5t ,corni% c>ol sang ( ! life ( ,jesus z a dance1 & repres5t$ him z decl>+ t he di$ 9 ord] t man 8may come unto ! g5]al dance40#ag ,?is attitude c\ld n fail to be reflect$ 9 practice4 ,g5u9e danc+1 n m]ely =malis$ & unrecognisable danc+1 su* z ! traditionalis$ ,mass1 mu/ h be5 frequ5tly introduc$ into ,*ri/ian wor%ip 9 e>ly times4 ,until a few c5turies ago x rema9$ n uncommon1 & x ev5 /ill p]si/s 9 remote corn]s ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,9 ,engli% ca!drals danc+ w5t on until ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,at ,p>is1 ,limoges1 & else:]e 9 ,france1 ! prie/s danc$ 9 ! *oir at ,ea/] up to ! sev5te5? c5tury1 9 ,r\ssillon up to ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,r\ssillon is a ,catalan prov9ce ) ,spani% traditions1 & x is 9 ,spa91 :]e danc+ is a deep] & m passionate impulse ?an else:]e 9 ,europe1 t religi\s danc+ took firme/ root & fl\ri%$ longe/4 ,9 ! ca!drals ( ,seville1 ,tol$o1 ,val5cia1 & ,j]es !re 0 =m]ly danc+1 ?\gh x n[ only survives at a few special fe/ivals 9 ! fir/4#ah ,at ,al>o 9 ,mallorca1 also at ! pres5t day1 a danc+ company call$ ,els ,cosi]s1 on ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,ro*1 ! patron sa9t ( ! place1 dance 9 ! *ur* 9 fanciful co/umes ) tamb\r9es1 up to ! /eps ( ! high alt>1 imm$iately aft] ,mass1 & !n dance out ( ! *ur*4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 9 ! ,abyss9ian ,*ur*--an (f%oot ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*--danc+ is also said /ill to =m "p ( ! wor%ip4 ,danc+1 we may see ?r\gh\t ! _w1 has be5 s ess5tial1 s fundam5tal1 a "p ( all vital & undeg5]ate religion1 t1 :5ev] a new religion appe>s1 a religion ( ! _s & n m]ely an anmic religion ( ! intellect1 we %\ld /ill h to ask ( x ! "q ( ! ,bantu3 8,:at d y dance80 ,,iii ,danc+ is n only intimately associat$ ) religion1 x has an equally intimate association ) love4 ,"h1 inde$1 ! relation%ip is ev5 m primitive1 = x is f> old] ?an man4 ,danc+1 said ,lucian1 is z old z love4 ,among insects & among birds x may be said t danc+ is (t5 an ess5tial "p ( love4 ,9 c\rt%ip ! male dances1 sometimes 9 rivalry ) o!r males1 9 ord] to *>m ! female2 !n1 aft] a %ort or long int]val1 ! female is ar\s$ to %>e 8 ard\r & jo9 9 ! dance2 ! f9al climax ( ! dance is ! union ( ! lov]s4 ,among ! mammals mo/ ne>ly relat$ to man1 inde$1 danc+ is b little develop$3 _! en]gies are m v>i\sly diffus$1 ?\gh a close obs]v] ( ! apes1 ,dr4 ,l\is ,rob9son1 has po9t$ out t ! 8spasmodic j]k+ ( ! *impanzee's feeble legs10 p\nd+ ! p>tition ( 8 cage1 is ! crude motion out ( :i* 8! heav5ly al*emy ( evolution has creat$ ! div9e movem5ts ( ,pavlova02 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! an?ropoid apes are (f%oots only f ! /ock t produc$ ,man1 8 c\s9s & n 8 ance/ors4 ,x is ! m primitive love-dance ( insects & birds t seems to reappe> among human savages 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 notably 9 ,africa1 & 9 a conv5tionalis$ & symbolis$ =m x is /ill danc$ 9 civilisation to-day4 ,inde$1 x is 9 ?is aspect t danc+ has s (t5 ar\s$ reprobation1 f ! days ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity until ! pres5t1 among ^? = :om ! dance has m]ely be51 9 ! words ( a sev5te5?-c5tury writ]1 a s]ies ( 8immode/ & dissolute movem5ts by :i* ! cupidity ( ! fle% is ar\s$40 ,b 9 nature & among primitive peoples x has its value precisely on ?is acc\nt4 ,x is a process ( c\rt%ip &1 ev5 m ?an t1 x is a novitiate = love1 & a novitiate :i* 0 f\nd to be an admirable tra9+ = love4 ,among "s peoples1 inde$1 z ! ,omahas1 ! same ^w meant bo? to dance & to love4 ,by 8 beauty1 8 en]gy1 8 skill1 ! male mu/ w9 ! female1 s impress+ ! image ( himself on h] imag9ation t f9ally h] desire is ar\s$ to ov]come h] retic5ce4 ,t is ! task ( ! male ?r\gh\t nature1 & 9 innum]able species besides ,man x has be5 f\nd t ! s*ool 9 :i* ! task may be/ be le>nt is ! danc+-s*ool4 ,^? :o h n ! skill & ! /r5g? to le>n are left beh9d1 &1 z !y are probably ! lea/ capable memb]s ( ! race1 x may be 9 ?is way t a k9d ( sexual selection has be5 embodi$ 9 unconsci\s eug5ics1 & aid$ ! high] developm5t ( ! race4 ,! mo?s & ! butt]flies1 ! ,african o/ri* & ! ,sumatran argus pheasant1 ) _! fell[s innum]able1 h be5 ! precursors ( man 9 ! /r5u\s s*ool ( erotic danc+1 fitt+ !mselves = selection by ! females ( _! *oice z ! mo/ spl5did prog5itors ( ! future race4#ai ,f ?is po9t ( view1 x is cle>1 ! dance p]=m$ a d\ble function4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! t5d5cy to dance1 aris+ "u ! obscure /ress ( ?is impulse1 br\ght out ! be/ possibilities ! individual held ! promise (2 on ! o!r h&1 at ! mom5t ( c\rt%ip1 ! display ( ! activities ?us acquir$ develop$ on ! s5sory side all ! lat5t possibilities ( beauty :i* at la/ became consci\s 9 man4 ,t ?is came ab\t we _c easily escape conclud+4 ,h[ x came ab\t1 h[ x happ5s t "s ( ! lea/ intellig5t ( creatures ?us develop$ a beauty & a grace t are en*ant+ ev5 to our human eyes1 is a miracle1 ev5 if n affect$ by ! my/]y ( sex1 :i* we _c yet compreh5d4 ,:5 we survey ! human _w1 ! erotic dance ( ! animal _w is se5 n to h lo/1 b r to h ga9$1 influ5ce4 ,x is no long] ! males alone :o are ?us compet+ = ! love ( ! females4 ,x comes ab\t by a modification 9 ! e>li] me?od ( selection t (t5 n only ! m5 dance = ! wom51 b ! wom5 = ! m51 ea* /riv+ 9 a /orm ( rivalry to ar\se & attract ! desire ( ! o!r4 ,9 innum]able p>ts ( ! _w ! season ( love is a "t :i* ! nubile ( ea* sex devote to danc+ 9 ea* o!r's pres5ce1 sometimes "o sex1 sometimes ! o!r1 sometimes bo?1 9 ! frantic ef=t to display all ! =ce & en]gy1 ! skill & endurance1 ! beauty & grace1 :i* at ?is mom5t are ye>n+ )9 !m to be p\r$ into ! /ream ( ! race's life4 ,f ?is po9t ( view we may bett] und]/& ! imm5se ard\r ) :i* e "p ( ! wond]ful human body has be5 br\ght into ! play ( ! dance4 ,! m5 & wom5 ( races spread all ov] ! _w h %[n a m>vell\s skill & pati5ce 9 imp>t+ rhy?m & measure to ! mo/ unlikely1 ! mo/ rebelli\s regions ( ! body1 all wr\ght by desire into pot5t & dazzl+ images4 ,to ! vigor\s races ( ,nor!rn ,europe 9 _! cold damp climate1 danc+ comes naturally to be danc+ ( ! legs1 s naturally t ! ,engli% poet1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 assumes t ! dance ( ,salome 0 a 8tw9kl+ ( ! feet40#bj ,b on ! opposite side ( ! _w1 9 ,japan & notably 9 ,java & ,madagasc>1 danc+ may be exclusively danc+ ( ! arms & h&s1 9 "s ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s ( ! h&s & f+]s alone4 ,danc+ may ev5 be c>ri$ on 9 ! seat$ po/ure1 z occurs at ,fiji 9 a dance connect$ ) ! prep>ation ( ! sacr$ dr9k1 ava4 ,9 "s di/ricts ( ,s\!rn ,tunisia danc+1 aga91 is danc+ ( ! hair1 & all night long1 till !y p]haps fall exhau/$1 ! m>riageable girls w move _! heads to ! rhy?m ( a song1 ma9ta9+ _! hair 9 p]petual balance & sway4 ,else:]e1 notably 9 ,africa1 b also sometimes 9 ,polynesia1 z well z 9 ! dances t _h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 anci5t ,rome1 danc+ is danc+ ( ! body1 ) vibratory or rotatory movem5ts ( brea/s or flanks4 ,! complete dance along ^! l9es is1 h[ev]1 t 9 :i* ! play ( all ! *ief muscle-gr\ps ( ! body is h>moni\sly int]wov54 ,:5 bo? sexes take "p 9 su* an ex]cise1 develop$ into an idealis$ yet passionate pantomime ( love1 we h ! complete erotic dance4 ,9 ! beautiful anci5t civilisation ( ! ,pacific1 x is probable t ?is ideal 0 sometimes rea*$1 & at ,tahiti1 9 #aggb1 an old voyag] crudely & summ>ily describ$ ! native dance z 8an endless v>iety ( po/ur+s & waggl+s ( ! body1 h&s1 feet1 eyes1 lips1 & tongue1 9 :i* !y keep spl5did "t to ! measure40 ,9 ,spa9 ! dance ( ?is k9d has sometimes atta9$ its noble/ & mo/ h>moni\sly beautiful expression4 ,f ! n>ratives ( travell]s1 x w\ld appe> t x 0 especially 9 ! eighte5? c5tury t among all classes 9 ,spa9 danc+ ( ?is k9d 0 popul>4 ,! ,*ur* tacitly enc\rag$ x1 an ,aragonese ,canon told ,b>etti 9 #aggj1 9 spite ( its occasional indecorum1 z a useful safety-valve = ! emotions4 ,x 0 n less s$uctive to ! =eign spectator ?an to ! p !mselves4 ,! grave travell] ,peyron1 t[>ds ! end ( ! c5tury1 gr[+ eloqu5t ov] ! languor\s & flexible movem5ts ( ! dance1 ! bewit*+ attitude1 ! voluptu\s curves ( ! arms1 decl>es t1 :5 "o sees a beautiful ,spani% woman dance1 "o is incl9$ to fl+ all philosophy to ! w9ds4 ,& ev5 t highly respectable ,anglican cl]gyman1 ! ,rev]5d ,joseph ,t[ns5d1 0 con/ra9$ to /ate t he c\ld 8almo/ p]suade myself0 t if ! f&ango 7 sudd5ly play$ 9 *ur* ! grave/ wor%ipp]s w\ld />t up to jo9 9 t 8lascivi\s pantomime40 ,!re we h ! rock aga9/ :i* ! primitive dance ( sexual selection suff]s %ipwreck z civilisation advances4 ,& t prejudice ( civilisation becomes s +ra9$ t x is br\ght to be> ev5 on ! primitive dance4 ,! pygmies ( ,africa are describ$ by ,sir ,h4 ,h4 ,john/on z a v decor\s & highly moral p1 b _! dances1 he adds1 are n s4 ,yet ^! dances1 ?\gh to ! eyes ( ,john/on1 bl9d$ by ,european civilisation1 8grossly indec5t10 he hone/ly1 & inconsi/5tly1 adds1 are 8danc$ rev]5tly40 ,,iv ,f ! vital function ( danc+ 9 love1 & its sacr$ function 9 religion1 to danc+ z an art1 a pr(ession1 an amusem5t1 may seem1 at ! fir/ glance1 a sudd5 leap4 ,9 reality ! transition is gradual1 & x began to be made at a v e>ly p]iod 9 div]se p>ts ( ! globe4 ,all ! matt]s t ent] into c\rt%ip t5d to fall "u ! sway ( art2 _! /hetic pleasure is a second>y reflection ( _! prim>y vital joy4 ,danc+ c\ld n fail to be fir/ 9 manife/+ ?is t5d5cy4 ,b ev5 religi\s danc+ swiftly exhibit$ ! same trans=mation2 danc+1 l prie/hood1 became a pr(ession1 & danc]s1 l prie/s1 =m$ a ca/e4 ,?is1 = in/ance1 took place 9 old ,hawaii4 ,! hula dance 0 a religi\s dance2 x requir$ a special education & an ardu\s tra9+2 moreov]1 x involv$ ! obs]vance ( important taboos & ! ex]cise ( sacr$ rites2 by ! v fact ( its high specialisation x came to be c>ri$ out by paid p]=m]s1 a pr(essional ca/e4 ,9 ,india1 aga91 ! ,devadasis1 or sacr$ danc+ girls1 are at once bo? religi\s & pr(essional danc]s4 ,!y are m>ri$ to gods1 !y are taught danc+ by ! ,brahm9s1 !y figure 9 religi\s c]emonies1 & _! dances repres5t ! life ( ! god !y are m>ri$ to z well z ! emotions ( love !y exp]i5ce = him4 ,yet1 at ! same "t1 !y also give pr(essional p]=mances 9 ! h\ses ( ri* private p]sons :o pay = !m4 ,x ?us comes ab\t t to ! =eign] ! ,devadasis sc>cely seem v unlike ! ,ram$j5is1 ! danc]s ( ! /reet1 :o are ( v diff]5t orig91 & mimic 9 _! p]=mances ! play ( m]ely human passions4 ,! ,portuguese conqu]ors ( ,india call$ bo? k9ds ( danc]s indiscrim9ately ,balheid]as 7or danc]s7 :i* we h corrupt$ 9 ,bayad]es4#ba ,9 our mod]n _w pr(essional danc+ z an art has become altoge!r divorc$ f religion1 & ev51 9 any biological s5se1 f love2 x is sc>cely ev5 possible1 s f> z ,we/]n civilisation is conc]n$1 to trace back ! tradition to ei!r s\rce4 ,if we survey ! developm5t ( danc+ z an art 9 ,europe1 x seems to me t we h to recognise two /reams ( tradition :i* h sometimes m]g$1 b yet rema9 9 _! ideals & _! t5d5cies ess5tially di/9ct4 ,i w\ld call ^! traditions ! ,classical1 :i* is mu* ! m anci5t & fundam5tal1 & may be said to be ( ,egyptian orig91 & ! ,romantic1 :i* is ( ,italian orig91 *iefly kn[n to u z ! ballet4 ,! fir/ is1 9 its pure =m1 solo danc+--?\gh x may be danc$ 9 c\ples & _m toge!r--& is bas$ on ! rhy?mic beauty & expressiv5ess ( ! simple human p]sonality :5 its en]gy is conc5trat$ 9 measur$ yet passionate movem5t4 ,! second is conc]t$ danc+1 mimetic & picturesque1 :]e9 ! individual is subord9at$ to ! wid] & v>iegat$ rhy?m ( ! gr\p4 ,x may be easy to devise ano!r classification1 b ?is is simple & in/ructive en\gh = our purpose4 ,!re c sc>cely be a d\bt t ,egypt has be5 = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 z inde$ x /ill rema9s1 a great danc+ c5tre1 ! mo/ influ5tial danc+-s*ool ! _w has ev] se51 radiat+ its influ5ce to s\? & ea/ & nor?4 ,we may p]haps ev5 agree ) ! hi/orian ( ! dance :o t]ms x 8! "m-c\ntry ( all civilis$ danc+40 ,we are n entirely dep5d5t on ! anci5t wall-pictures ( ,egypt = our k ( ,egyptian skill 9 ! art4 ,sacr$ my/]ies1 x is kn[n1 7 danc$ 9 ! temples1 & que5s & pr9cesses took "p 9 ! or*e/ras t accompani$ !m4 ,x is significant t ! musical in/rum5ts /ill peculi>ly associat$ ) ! dance 7 orig9at$ or develop$ 9 ,egypt2 ! guit> is an ,egyptian in/rum5t & its "n 0 a hi]oglyph already us$ :5 ! ,pyramids 7 be+ built2 ! cymbal1 ! tamb\r9e1 triangles1 ca/anets1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 7 all famili> to ! anci5t ,egyptians1 & ) ! ,egyptian art ( danc+ !y mu/ h spread all r\nd ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! great focus ( our civilisation1 at a v e>ly date4#bb ,ev5 beyond ! ,m$it]ranean1 at ,cadiz1 danc+ t 0 ess5tially ,egyptian 9 "* 0 e/abli%$1 & ,cadiz became ! danc+-s*ool ( ,spa94 ,! ,nile & ,cadiz 7 ?us ! two great c5tres ( anci5t danc+1 & ,m>tial m5tions !m bo? toge!r1 = ea* suppli$ its danc]s to ,rome4 ,?is danc+1 alike :e!r ,egyptian or ,gaditanian1 0 ! expression ( ! individual danc]'s body & art2 ! g>m5ts play$ b a small "p 9 x1 !y 7 frequ5tly transp>5t1 & sometimes disc>d$ altoge!r4 ,x 01 & x rema9s1 simple1 p]sonal1 passionate danc+1 classic1 !re=e1 9 ! same s5se z1 on ! side ( lit]ature1 ! poetry ( ,catullus is classic4#bc ,anci5t ,greek danc+ 0 ess5tially classic danc+1 z "h und]/ood4 ,on ! ,greek vases1 z reproduc$ 9 ,emmanuel's attractive book on ,greek danc+ & else:]e1 we f9d ! same play ( ! arms1 ! same sidew>d turn1 ! same extreme backw>d ext5sion ( ! body1 :i* _h long be=e be5 repres5t$ 9 ,egyptian monum5ts4 ,_m suppos$ly mod]n movem5ts 9 danc+ 7 c]ta9ly already common bo? to ,egyptian & ,greek danc+1 z well z ! clapp+ ( h&s to keep "t :i* is /ill an accompanim5t ( ,spani% danc+4 ,x seems cle>1 h[ev]1 t1 on ?is g5]al classic & ,m$it]ranean basis1 ,greek danc+ _h a developm5t s ref9$ & s special--?\gh 9 te*nical elaboration ( /eps1 x seems likely1 inf]ior to mod]n danc+--t x ex]cis$ no influ5ce outside ,greece4 ,danc+ became1 inde$1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & ! mo/ g5]ally cultivat$ ( ,greek arts4 ,p9d>1 9 a spl5did ,oxyrhyn*9e fragm5t1 describ$ ,hellas1 9 :at seem$ to him supreme praise1 z 8! l& ( lovely danc+10 & ,a!nu po9t$ out t he calls ,apollo ! ,danc]4 ,x may well be t ! ,greek drama arose out ( dance & song1 & t ! dance ?r\gh\t 0 an ess5tial & pla/ic elem5t 9 x4 ,ev5 if we reject ! /atem5t ( ,ari/otle t trag$y arose out ( ! ,dionysian di?yramb1 ! alt]native suppositions 7su* z ,ridgeway's !ory ( danc+ r\nd ! tombs ( ! dead7 equally involve ! same elem5ts4 ,x has (t5 be5 po9t$ out t poetry 9 ,greece dem&$ a practical k ( all t c\ld be includ$ "u 8danc+40 s*ylus is said to h develop$ ! te*nique ( danc+ & ,sophocles danc$ 9 8 own dramas4 ,9 ^! developm5ts1 no d\bt1 ,greek danc+ t5d$ to ov]pass ! fundam5tal limits ( classic danc+ & =e%ad[$ ! ballet4#bd ,! real g]m ( ! ballet1 h[ev]1 is to be f\nd 9 ,rome1 :]e ! pantomime ) its conc]t$ & picturesque me?od ( expressive action 0 develop$1 & ,italy is ! home ( ,romantic danc+4 ,! same impulse :i* produc$ ! pantomime produc$1 m ?an a ?\s& ye>s lat] 9 ! same ,italian region1 ! mod]n ballet4 ,9 bo? cases1 "o is incl9$ to ?9k1 we may trace ! influ5ce ( ! same ,etruscan & ,tuscan race :i* s long has _h its seat !re1 a race ) a g5ius = expressive1 dramatic1 picturesque art4 ,we see x on ! walls ( ,etruscan tombs & aga9 9 pictures ( ,botticelli & 8 fell[ ,tuscans4 ,! mod]n ballet1 x is g5]ally believ$1 _h its orig9 9 ! spectacul> pageants at ! m>riage ( ,galeazzo ,visconti1 ,duke ( ,milan1 9 #adhi4 ,! fa%ion = su* p]=mances spread to ! o!r ,italian c\rts1 includ+ ,flor5ce1 & ,ca!r9e de' ,m$ici1 :5 %e became ,que5 ( ,france1 br\ght ! ,italian ballet to ,p>is4 ,"h x spe$ily became fa%ionable4 ,k+s & que5s 7 its admir]s & ev5 took "p 9 x2 great /atesm5 7 its patrons4 ,be=e long1 & especially 9 ! great age ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 x became an e/abli%$ in/itution1 /ill an adjunct ( op]a b ) a vital life & gr[? ( its own1 ma9ta9$ by di/+ui%$ musicians1 arti/s1 & danc]s4 ,romantic danc+1 to a mu* great] ext5t ?an :at ,i h call$ ,classic danc+1 :i* dep5ds s l>gely on simple p]sonal qualities1 t5ds to be vitalis$ by transplantation & ! absorption ( new influ5ces1 provid$ t ! ess5tial basis ( te*nique & tradition is pres]v$ 9 ! new developm5t4 ,lulli 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury br\ght wom5 into ! ballet2 ,cam>go disc>d$ ! complicat$ co/umes & %ort5$ ! skirt1 s r5d]+ possible n only h] own lively & vigor\s me?od1 b all ! fre$om & airy grace ( lat] danc+4 ,x 0 ,nov]re :o by 8 ideas work$ out at ,/uttg>t1 & soon br\ght to ,p>is by ,gaetan ,ve/ris1 made ! ballet a new & complete art =m2 ?is ,swiss-,fr5* g5ius n only elaborat$ plot reveal$ by ge/ure & dance alone1 b1 j z ano!r & great] ,swiss-,fr5* g5ius ab\t ! same "t br\ght s5tim5t & emotion into ! novel1 he br\ght x into ! ballet4 ,9 ! ,fr5* ballet ( ! eighte5? c5tury a v high degree ( p]fection seems ?us to h be5 rea*$1 :ile 9 ,italy1 :]e ! ballet _h orig9at$1 x decay$1 & ,milan1 :i* _h be5 its s\rce1 became ! nurs]y ( a tradition ( devitalis$ te*nique c>ri$ to ! f9e/ po9t ( delicate p]fection4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* s*ool 0 ma9ta9$ z a liv+ =ce into ! n9ete5? c5tury1--:5 x 0 r5ovat$ afre% by ! new _s ( ! age & ,taglioni became ! mo/ e!real embodim5t ( ! _s ( ! ,romantic movem5t 9 a =m t 0 g5u9ely classic1--ov]spread+ ! _w by ! g5ius ( a few individual danc]s4 ,:5 !y _h gone1 ! ballet sl[ly & /eadily decl9$4 ,z x decl9$ z an art1 s also x decl9$ 9 cr$it & 9 popul>ity2 x became sc>cely respectable ev5 to admire danc+4 ,?irty or =ty ye>s ago1 ^? ( u :o /ill appreciat$ danc+ z an art--& h[ few !y 76--_h to seek = x pa9fully & sometimes 9 /range surr\nd+s4 ,a rec5t hi/orian ( danc+1 9 a book publi%$ s lately z #aijf1 decl>$ t 8! ballet is n[ a ?+ ( ! pa/1 &1 ) ! mod]n *ange ( ideas1 a ?+ t is nev] likely to be resuscitat$40 ,t hi/orian nev] m5tion$ ,russian ballet1 yet 8 book 0 sc>cely publi%$ be=e ! ,russian ballet arriv$ to scatt] ridicule ov] 8 ra% prophecy by rais+ ! ballet to a pit* ( p]fection x c r>ely h surpass$1 z an expressive1 emotional1 ev5 passionate =m ( liv+ art4 ,! ,russian ballet 0 an (f%oot f ! ,fr5* ballet & illu/rates once m ! vivify+ effect ( transplantation on ! art ( ,romantic danc+4 ,! ,empress ,anna introduc$ x 9 #agce & appo9t$ a ,fr5* ballet-ma/] & a ,neapolitan compos] to c>ry x on2 x rea*$ a high degree ( te*nical p]fection dur+ ! foll[+ hundr$ ye>s1 on ! traditional l9es1 & ! pr9cipal danc]s 7 all import$ f ,italy4 ,x 0 n until rec5t ye>s t ?is firm discipl9e & ^! anci5t traditions 7 vitalis$ into an art =m ( exquisite & vivid beauty by ! influ5ce ( ! soil 9 :i* !y _h sl[ly tak5 root4 ,?is contact1 :5 at la/ x 0 effect$1 ma9ly by ! g5ius ( ,fok9e & ! ent]prise ( ,diaghilev1 involv$ a k9d ( revolution1 = its outcome1 :ile g5u9e ballet1 has yet all ! effect ( delici\s novelty4 ,! tradition by itself 0 9 ,russia an exotic )\t real life1 & _h no?+ to give to ! _w2 on ! o!r h&1 a ,russian ballet ap>t f t tradition1 if we c conceive su* a ?+1 w\ld h be5 =mless1 extravagant1 biz>re1 n subdu$ to any f9e /hetic ends4 ,:at we see "h1 9 ! ,russian ballet z we "k x to-day1 is a spl5did & ardu\s te*nical tradition1 br\ght at la/--by ! comb9$ skill ( design]s1 compos]s1 & danc]s--into real fusion ) an environm5t f :i* dur+ m ?an a c5tury x _h be5 held ap>t2 ,russian g5ius = music1 ,russian feel+ = rhy?m1 ,russian skill 9 ! use ( bright col\r1 &1 n lea/1 ! ,russian orgia/ic temp]am5t1 ! ,russian _s ( t5d] poetic melan*oly1 & ! g5]al ,slav passion = folk-danc+1 %[n 9 o!r bran*es ( ! race also1 ,poli%1 ,bohemian1 ,bulg>ian1 & ,s]vian4 ,at almo/ ! same "t :at ,i h t]m$ ,classic danc+ 0 indep5d5tly reviv$ 9 ,am]ica by ,isadora ,duncan1 br++ back :at seem$ to be ! free naturalism ( ! ,greek dance1 & ,ru? ,/4 ,d5is1 seek+ to discov] & revitalise ! secrets ( ! old ,indian & ,egyptian traditions4 ,:5ev] n[ we f9d any re/or$ art ( !atrical danc+1 z 9 ! ,sw$i% ballet1 x has be5 inspir$ m or less1 by an eclectic bl5d+ ( ^! two reviv$ =ms1 ! ,romantic f ,russia1 ! ,classic f ,am]ica4 ,! result has be5 t our age sees "o ( ! mo/ spl5did movem5ts 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! ballet4 ,v ,danc+ z an art1 we may be sure1 _c die out1 b w always be und]go+ a rebir?4 ,n m]ely z an art1 b also z a social cu/om1 x p]petually em]ges afre% f ! s\l ( ! p4 ,less ?an a c5tury ago ! polka ?us arose1 extemporis$ by ! ,bohemian s]vant girl ,anna ,slezakova out ( h] own head = ! joy ( h] own he>t1 & only r5d]$ a p]man5t =m1 apt = _w-wide popul>ity1 by ! accid5t t x 0 obs]v$ & not$ d[n by an arti/4 ,danc+ has = ev] be5 9 exi/5ce z a spontane\s cu/om1 a social discipl9e4 ,?us x is1 f9ally1 t danc+ meets u1 n only z love1 z religion1 z art1 b also z morals4 ,all human "w1 "u natural conditions1 is a k9d ( dance4 ,9 a l>ge & le>n$ book1 support$ by an imm5se am\nt ( evid5ce1 ,k>l ,b*] has argu$ t "w diff]s f ! dance1 n 9 k9d1 b only 9 degree1 s9ce !y are bo? ess5tially rhy?mic4 ,!re is a good reason :y "w %\ld be rhy?mic1 = all great comb9$ ef=ts1 ! ef=ts by :i* alone great con/ructions su* z ^? ( megali?ic days c\ld be c>ri$ out1 mu/ be h>monis$4 ,x has ev5 be5 argu$ t ?is necessity is ! s\rce ( human spee*1 & we h ! s-call$ ,yo-heave-ho !ory ( languages4 ,9 ! memory ( ^? :o h ev] liv$ on a sail+ %ip--t lovelie/ ( human creations n[ disappe>+ f ! _w--!re w always l+] ! e*o ( ! *anties :i* sailors sang z !y hoi/$ ! topsail y>d or w\nd ! cap/an or work$ ! pumps4 ,t is ! type ( primitive comb9$ "w1 & x is inde$ difficult to see h[ su* "w c be effectively accompli%$ )\t su* a device = regulat+ ! rhy?mic en]gy ( ! muscles4 ,! dance rhy?m ( "w has ?us act$ socialis+ly 9 a p>allel l9e ) ! dance rhy?ms ( ! arts1 & inde$ 9 "p z _! inspir]4 ,! ,greeks1 x has be5 too fancifully sugge/$1 by insight or by intuition und]/ood ?is :5 !y fabl$ t ,orpheus1 :om !y reg>d$ z ! e>lie/ poet1 0 specially conc]n$ ) mov+ /ones & trees4 ,b*] has po9t$ out t ev5 poetic metre may be conceiv$ z aris+ out ( "w2 metre is ! rhy?mic /amp+ ( feet1 z 9 ! te*nique ( v]se x is /ill metaphorically call$2 iambics & tro*ees1 spondees & anap/s & dactyls1 may /ill be he>d among blacksmi?s smit+ ! anvil or navvies wield+ _! hamm]s 9 ! /reets4 ,9 s f> z !y arose out ( "w1 music & s++ & danc+ are naturally a s+le art4 ,a poet mu/ always write to a tune1 said ,sw9burne4 ,h]e9 ! anci5t ballad ( ,europe is a significant type4 ,x is1 z ! "n indicates1 a dance z mu* z a song1 p]=m$ by a s+] :o sang ! /ory & a *orus :o danc$ & %\t$ ! app>5tly mean+less refra92 x is absolutely ! *anty ( ! sailors & is equally apt = ! purposes ( conc]t$ "w4#be ,yet our mo/ complicat$ musical =ms are evolv$ f simil> dances4 ,! symphony is b a developm5t ( a dance suite1 9 ! fir/ place folk-dances1 su* z ,ba* & ,h&el compos$4 ,inde$ a dance /ill l+]s always at ! he>t ( music & ev5 ! he>t ( ! compos]4 ,moz>t1 :o 0 himself an accompli%$ danc]1 us$ (t5 to say1 s 8 wife /at$1 t x 0 danc+1 n music1 t he really c>$ =4 ,wagn] believ$ t ,bee?ov5's ,sev5? ,symphony--to "s ( u ! mo/ fasc9at+ ( !m & ! mo/ purely musical--0 an apo!osis ( ! dance1 &1 ev5 if t belief ?r[s no light on ! int5tion ( ,bee?ov51 x is at lea/ a revelation ( ,wagn]'s own feel+ = ! dance4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! dance itself1 ap>t f ! "w & ap>t f ! o!r arts1 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( _m to-day1 has _h a decisive influ5ce 9 socialis+1 t is to say 9 moralis+1 ! human species4 ,"w %[$ ! necessity ( h>moni\s rhy?mic cop]ation1 b ! dance develop$ t rhy?mic cop]ation & imp>t$ a b5efic5t impetus to all human activities4 ,x 0 ,grosse1 9 8 8,beg9n+s ( ,art10 :o fir/ cle>ly set =? ! high social significance ( ! dance 9 ! creation ( human civilisation4 ,! p>ticipants 9 a dance1 z all obs]v]s ( savages h not$1 exhibit a wond]ful unison2 !y are1 z x 71 fus$ into a s+le be+ /irr$ by a s+le impulse4 ,social unification is ?us accompli%$4 ,ap>t f w>1 ?is is ! *ief factor mak+ = social solid>ity 9 primitive life2 x 0 inde$ ! be/ tra9+ = w>4 ,x has be5 a tw(old influ5ce2 on ! "o h&1 x aid$ unity ( action & me?od 9 evolution3 on ! o!r1 x _h ! invaluable function--= man is naturally a timid animal--( imp>t+ c\rage2 ! univ]sal drum1 z ,l\is ,rob9son rem>ks1 has be5 an imm5se influ5ce 9 human affairs4 ,ev5 among ! ,romans1 ) _! highly develop$ milit>y sy/em1 danc+ & w> 7 def9itely alli$2 ! ,salii con/itut$ a college ( sacr$ milit>y danc]s2 ! danc+ season 0 ,m>*1 ! w>-god's mon? & ! beg9n+ ( ! w> season1 & all ?r\gh t mon? !re 7 dances 9 triple measure be=e ! temples & r\nd ! alt>s1 ) songs s anci5t t n ev5 ! prie/s c\ld und]/& !m4 ,we may trace a simil> influ5ce ( danc+ 9 all ! cop]ative arts ( life4 ,all our mo/ advanc$ civilisation1 ,grosse insi/$1 is bas$ on danc+4 ,x is ! dance t socialis$ man4 ,?us1 9 ! l>ge s5se1 danc+ has possess$ peculi> value z a me?od ( national education4 ,z civilisation grew self-consci\s1 ?is 0 realis$4 8,"o may judge ( a k+10 accord+ to anci5t ,*9ese maxim1 8by ! /ate ( danc+ dur+ 8 reign40 ,s also among ! ,greeks2 x has be5 said t danc+ & music lay at ! f\ndation ( ! :ole political & milit>y z well z religi\s organisation ( ! ,dorian /ates4 ,9 ! n>r[ s5se1 9 individual education1 ! great importance ( danc+ came to be realis$1 ev5 at an e>ly /age ( human developm5t1 & /ill m 9 ! anci5t civilisations4 8,a good education10 ,plato decl>$ 9 ! 8,laws10 ! f9al "w ( 8 old age1 8consi/s 9 kn[+ h[ to s+ & dance well40 ,& 9 our own day "o ( ! ke5e/ & mo/ enlight5$ ( educationi/s has lam5t$ ! decay ( danc+2 ! revival ( danc+1 ,/anley ,hall decl>es1 is imp]atively ne$$ to give poise to ! n]ves1 s*ool+ to ! emotions1 /r5g? to ! w1 & to h>monise ! feel+s & ! intellect ) ! body :i* supports !m4 ,x c sc>cely be said t ^! functions ( danc+ are yet g5]ally realis$ & embodi$ afre% 9 education4 ,=1 if x is true t danc+ eng5d]$ morality1 x is also true t 9 ! end1 by ! irony ( fate1 morality1 gr[n insol5t1 s\ght to cru% its own p>5t1 & = a "t succe$$ only too well4 ,f\r c5turies ago danc+ 0 attack$ by t _s1 9 ,engl& call$ ,puritanism1 :i* 0 !n spread ov] ! great] "p ( ,europe1 j z active 9 ,bohemia z 9 ,engl&1 & :i* has1 inde$1 be5 describ$ z a g5]al onset ( develop+ ,urbanism aga9/ ! old ,ruralism4 ,x made no di/9ction betwe5 good & bad1 nor paus$ to consid] :at w\ld come :5 danc+ w5t4 ,s x 0 t1 z ,remy de ,g\rmont rem>ks1 ! dr9k+-%op conqu]$ ! dance1 & alcohol replac$ ! viol94 ,b :5 we look at ! function ( danc+ 9 life f a high] & wid] /&po9t1 ?is episode 9 its hi/ory ceases to occupy s l>ge a place4 ,! conque/ ov] danc+ has nev] prov$ 9 ! end a matt] = rejoic+1 ev5 to morality1 :ile an art :i* has be5 s intimately mix$ ) all ! f9e/ & deepe/ spr+s ( life has always ass]t$ itself afre%4 ,= danc+ is ! l(tie/1 ! mo/ mov+1 ! mo/ beautiful ( ! arts1 because x is no m]e translation or ab/raction f life2 x is life itself4 ,x is ! only art1 z ,rahel ,v>nhag5 said1 ( :i* we ourselves are ! /uff4 ,ev5 if we are n ourselves danc]s1 b m]ely ! spectators ( ! dance1 we are /ill--accord+ to t ,lippsian doctr9e ( ,e9fhlung or 8empa?y0 by ,groos t]m$ 8! play ( inn] imitation0--:i* "h1 at all ev5ts1 we may accept z true--feel+ ourselves 9 ! danc] :o is manife/+ & express+ ! lat5t impulses ( our own be+4 ,x ?us comes ab\t t1 beyond its manifold practical significance1 danc+ has always be5 felt to possess also a symbolic significance4 ,m>cus ,aurelius 0 accu/om$ to reg>d ! art ( life z l ! danc]'s art1 ?\gh t ,imp]ial ,/oic c\ld n resi/ add+ t 9 "s respects x 0 m l ! wre/l]'s art4 8,i d\bt n yet to make a figure 9 ! great ,dance ( ,life t %all amuse ! spectators 9 ! sky10 said1 long aft]1 ,blake1 9 ! same /r5u\s _s4 ,9 our own "t1 ,nietzs*e1 f fir/ to la/1 %[$ himself possess$ by ! conception ( ! art ( life z a dance1 9 :i* ! danc] a*ieves ! rhy?mic fre$om & h>mony ( 8 s\l b5ea? ! %ad[ ( a hundr$ ,damoclean swords4 ,he said ! same ?+ ( 8 /yle1 = to him ! /yle & ! man 7 "o3 8,my /yle10 he wrote to 8 intimate fri5d ,rohde1 8is a dance40 8,e day ,i c\nt wa/$10 he said aga91 89 :i* !re has be5 no danc+40 ,! dance lies at ! beg9n+ ( art1 & we f9d x also at ! end4 ,! fir/ creators ( civilisation 7 mak+ ! dance1 & ! philosoph] ( a lat] age1 hov]+ ov] ! d>k abyss ( insanity1 ) ble$+ feet & muscles /ra9$ to ! break+ po9t1 /ill seems to himself to be weav+ ! maze ( ! dance4 ,footnote #ab3 ,x is ev5 possible t1 9 e>li] ?an human times1 danc+ & ar*itecture may h be5 ! result ( ! same impulse4 ,! ne/ ( birds is ! *ief e>ly =m ( build+1 & ,edmund ,sel\s has sugge/$ 7,zologi/1 ,decemb]1 #aija7 t ! ne/ may fir/ h aris5 z an accid5tal result ( ! ec/atic sexual dance ( birds4 ,footnote #ac3 8,n ! epic song1 b ! dance10 ,wundt says 7,vlk]psy*ologie1 #c;d ed4 #aiaa1 ,bd4 #a1 ,teil #a1 p4 #bgg71 8accompani$ by a monoton\s & (t5 mean+less song1 con/itutes ev]y:]e ! mo/ primitive1 &1 9 spite ( t primitiv5ess1 ! mo/ highly develop$ art4 ,:e!r z a ritual dance1 or z a pure emotional expression ( ! joy 9 rhy?mic bodily movem5t1 x rules ! life ( primitive m5 to su* a degree t all o!r =ms ( art are subord9ate to x40 ,footnote #ad3 ,see an int]e/+ essay 9 ,! ,dance ( ,siva3 ,f\rte5 ,indian ,essays1 by ,an&a ,coom>aswamy4 ,new ,york1 #aiah4 ,footnote #ae3 ,?is view 0 cle>ly put =w>d1 long ago1 by ,w4 ,w4 ,newell at ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,an?ropology at ,*icago 9 #ahic4 ,x has become almo/ a commonplace s9ce4 ,footnote #af3 ,see a *>m+ pap] by ,m>cella ,azra ,h9cks1 8,! ,art ( ,danc+ 9 ,japan10 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,july1 #aijf4 ,pantomimic danc+1 :i* has play$ a highly important "p 9 ,japan1 0 introduc$ into religion f ,*9a1 x is said1 9 ! e>lie/ "t1 & 0 n adapt$ to secul> purposes until ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,footnote #ag3 ,i owe "s ( ^! facts to an int]e/+ article by ,g4 ,r4 ,mead1 8,! ,sacr$ ,dance ( ,jesus10 ,! ,que/1 ,octob]1 #aiaj4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! dance ( ! ,seises 9 ,seville ,ca!dral is evid5tly ( great antiquity1 ?\gh x 0 s mu* a matt] ( c\rse t we d n he> ( x until #afij1 :5 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ! day1 9 opposition to ! ,*apt]1 wi%$ to suppress x4 ,a decree ( ! ,k+ 0 f9ally obta9$ p]mitt+ x1 provid$ x 0 p]=m$ only by m51 s t evid5tly1 be=e t date1 girls z well z boys took "p 9 x4 ,rev4 ,john ,morris1 8,danc+ 9 ,*ur*es10 ,! ,mon?1 ,decemb]1 #ahib2 also a valuable article on ! ,seises by ,j4 ,b4 ,tr5d1 9 ,music & ,lett]s1 ,janu>y1 #aiba4 ,footnote #ai3 ,see1 = ref]5ces1 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,/udies 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,sex1 vol4 ,,iii2 ,analysis ( ! ,sexual ,impulse1 pp4 #bi1 etc42 & ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 vol4 ,i1 *ap4 ,,xiii1 p4 #dgj4 ,footnote #bj3 ,at an e>li] p]iod1 h[ev]1 ! dance ( ,salome 0 und]/ood mu* m freely & (t5 m accurately4 ,z ,enl>t has po9t$ out1 on a capital 9 ! twelf?-c5tury cloi/] ( ,moissac1 ,salome holds a k9d ( ca/anets 9 h] rais$ h&s z %e dances2 on "o ( ! we/]n portals ( ,r\5 ,ca!dral1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 %e is danc+ on h] h&s2 :ile at ,hemelv]deghem %e is really execut+ ! morisco1 ! 8danse du v5tre40 ,footnote #ba3 ,= an excell5t acc\nt ( danc+ 9 ,india1 n[ be+ degrad$ by mod]n civilisation1 see ,otto ,ro?feld1 ,wom5 ( ,india1 *ap4 ,,vii1 8,! ,danc+ ,girl10 #aibb4 ,footnote #bb3 ,i may haz>d ! sugge/ion t ! gypsies may possibly h acquir$ _! r unacc\ntable "n ( ,egyptians1 n s mu* because !y _h pass$ ?r\gh ,egypt1 ! reason :i* is g5]ally sugge/$1--= !y mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh _m c\ntries1--b because ( _! pr(ici5cy 9 dances ( ! recognis$ ,egyptian type4 ,footnote #bc3 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ,egypt /ill reta9s1 almo/ un*ang$ ?r\gh fifty c5turies1 its traditions1 te*nique1 & skill 9 danc+1 :ile1 z 9 anci5t ,egyptian danc+1 ! g>m5t =ms an almo/ or q negligible elem5t 9 ! art4 ,loret rem>ks t a *>m+ ,egyptian danc] ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 ^: picture 9 h] transp>5t gauze he reproduces1 is an exact portrait ( a *>m+ ,almeh ( to-day :om he has se5 danc+ 9 ,!bes ) ! same figure1 ! same dress+ ( ! hair1 ! same jewels4 ,i he> f a physician1 a gyncologi/ n[ practis+ 9 ,egypt1 t a danc+-girl c lie on h] back1 & ) a full glass ( wat] /&+ on "o side ( h] abdom5 & an empty glass on ! o!r1 c by ! contraction ( ! muscles on ! side support+ ! full glass1 project ! wat] f x1 s z to fill ! empty glass4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n /rictly danc+1 b x is "p ( ! te*nique :i* und]lies classic danc+ & x witnesses to ! ?or\ghness ) :i* ! te*nical side ( ,egyptian danc+ is /ill cultivat$4 ,footnote #bd3 8,we mu/ le>n to reg>d ! =m ( ! ,greek drama z a dance =m10 says ,g4 ,w>re ,corni% 9 an int]e/+ article on 8,greek ,drama & ! ,dance0 7,=tnightly ,review1 ,febru>y1 #aiac71 8a musical symphonic dance-vision1 ?r\gh :i* ! hi/ory ( ,greece & ! s\l ( man are portray$40 ,footnote #be3 ,x %\ld p]haps be rem>k$ t 9 rec5t times x has be5 d5i$ t ! old ballads 7 built up on dance songs4 ,miss ,p\nd1 = in/ance1 9 a book on ! subject1 argues t !y 7 ( ari/ocratic & n communal orig91 :i* may well be1 ?\gh ! abs5ce ( ! dance elem5t does n seem to foll[4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,?9k+ ,i ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c] po9t$ out1 9 8 e>ly essay on 8,! ,g5esis ( ,sci5ce10 t sci5ce arose out ( art1 & t ev5 yet ! di/9ction is 8purely conv5tional10 = 8x is impossible to say :5 art ends & sci5ce beg9s40 ,sp5c] 0 "h us+ 8art0 9 ! fundam5tal s5se accord+ to :i* all practice is ( ! nature ( art4 ,yet x is ( int]e/ to f9d a ?9k] n[ commonly reg>d$ z s prosaic ass]t+ a view :i* to mo/ prosaic p seems fanciful4 ,to ! ord9>y solid man1 to any w\ld-be apo/le ( common s5se1 sci5ce--& by 8sci5ce0 he usually means appli$ sci5ce--seems ! exact opposite ( ! vag>ies & virtuosities t ! h>d-head$ homme moy5 s5suel is accu/om$ to look ^u z 8art40 ,yet ! di/9ction is mod]n4 ,9 classic times !re 0 no su* di/9ction4 ,! 8sci5ces0--reasonably1 z we may n[ see1 & n fancifully z 0 aft]w>ds suppos$--7 8! arts ( ! m9d40 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! same lib]al /udies--gramm>1 logic1 geometry1 music1 & ! re/--c\ld be spok5 ( ei!r z 8sci5ces0 or z 8arts10 & = ,rog] ,bacon1 :o 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 s g5u9e a man ( sci5ce1 e bran* ( /udy or le>n+ 0 a 8sci5tia40 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t x 0 ! ,ma!matical ,r5aissance ( ! sev5te5? c5tury :i* introduc$ ! undue emphasis on ! di/9ction betwe5 8sci5ce0 & 8art40 8,all ! sci5ces are s b\nd toge!r10 wrote ,desc>tes1 ! bann]-be>] ( t ,r5aissance1 9 8 8,rgles p\r la ,direction de l',esprit10 8t x is mu* easi] to le>n !m all at once ?an to le>n "o alone by deta*+ x f ! o!rs40 ,he add$ t we c\ld n say ! same ( ! arts4 ,yet we might p]haps say ( arts & sci5ces t we c only und]/& !m all toge!r1 & we may c]ta9ly say1 z ,desc>tes proce$$ to say ( ! sci5ces alone1 t !y all emanate f ! same focus1 h[ev] div]sely col\r$ by ! m$ia !y pass ?r\gh or ! objects !y enc\nt]4 ,at t mom5t1 h[ev]1 x 0 no d\bt practically useful1 h[ev] !oretically uns\nd1 to ov]emphasise ! di/9ction betwe5 8sci5ce10 ) its new in/rum5tal precision1 & 8art40#bf ,at ! same "t ! tradition ( ! old usage 0 n completely put aside1 & a ,ma/] ( 8,arts0 rema9$ a ma/] ( su* sci5ces z ! directors ( education succe$$ 9 recognis+ until ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,by t "t ! developm5t ( ! sci5ces1 & especially ( ! physical sci5ces1 z 8! discov]y ( tru?10 l$ to a r5ew$ emphasis on !m :i* result$ 9 ! practical re/riction ( ! t]m 8art0 to :at are ord9>ily call$ ! f9e arts4 ,m =mally1 sci5ce became ! /udy ( :at 7 suppos$ to be demon/rable & sy/ematically classifiable tru?s reg>d+ ! facts ( ! _w2 art 0 sep>at$ (f z ! play ( human impulses 9 mak+ ?+s4 ,sir ,sidney ,colv91 9 ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica10 aft] discuss+ ! matt] 7:i* ,mill _h already discuss$ at l5g? 9 8 8,logic0 & decid$ t ! diff]5ce is t ,sci5ce is 9 ! ,indicative ,mood & ,art 9 ! ,imp]ative ,mood71 conclud$ t sci5ce is 8ord]$ k ( natural ph5om5a & ( ! relations betwe5 !m10 or t 8,sci5ce consi/s 9 kn[+1 ,art consi/s 9 do+40 ,m5 ( sci5ce1 l ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]1 accept$ ?is conclusion4 ,t 0 z f> z x 0 possible to g 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b ! ye>s pass1 & ! progress ( sci5ce itself1 especially ! sci5ces ( ! m9d1 has upset ?is di/9ction4 ,! analysis ( 8kn[+0 %[$ t x 0 n su* a m]ely passive & receptive me?od ( recognis+ 8tru?0 z sci5ti/s _h innoc5tly suppos$4 ,?is is probably admitt$ n[ by ! ,reali/s among philosoph]s z well z by ! ,ideali/s4 ,dr4 ,*>les ,s+]1 p]haps our mo/ le>n$ hi/orian ( sci5ce1 n[ def9es sci5ce1 no long] z a body ( organiz$ k1 b z 8! process :i* makes k10 z 8k 9 ! mak+02 t is to say1 8! gr[+ edge betwe5 ! unkn[n & ! kn[n40#bg ,z soon z we ?us reg>d x1 z a mak+ process1 x becomes "o ) art4 ,ev5 physical sci5ce is p]petually lay+ aside ! 8facts0 :i* x ?\ght x knew1 & le>n+ to replace !m by o!r 8facts0 :i* x comes to "k z m satisfactory 9 pres5t+ an intelligible view ( ! _w4 ,! analysis ( 8kn[+0 %[s t ?is is n only a legitimate b an inevitable process4 ,su* a process is active & creative4 ,x cle>ly p>takes at lea/ z mu* ( ! nature ( 8do+0 z ( 8kn[+40 ,x involves qualities :i* on ano!r plane1 sometimes inde$ on ! same plane1 are ess5tially ^? involv$ 9 do+4 ,! craftsman :o m\lds conceptions ) 8 m9d _c be put 9 a fundam5tally diff]5t class f ! craftsman :o m\lds conceptions ) 8 h&1 any m ?an ! poet c be put 9 a totally diff]5t class f ! pa9t]4 ,x is no long] possible to d5y t sci5ce is ( ! nature ( art4 ,s x is t 9 ! fundam5tal s5se1 & ev51 x w h to be add$1 9 a s5se t compreh5ds ! extravagancies ( wild v>iations f ! norm1 we h to recognise t ! true man ( sci5ce is an arti/4 ,l ! lunatic1 ! lov]1 ! poet 7z a great physician1 ,sir ,william ,osl]1 has said71 ! /ud5t is 8( imag9ation all compact40 ,x 0 by 8 8wond]ful imag9ation10 x has be5 well po9t$ out1 t ,newton 0 con/antly discov]+ new tracks & new processes 9 ! region ( ! unkn[n4 ,! extraord9>y v>i\s life-"w ( ,helmholtz1 :o initiat$ ! valuation ( beauty on a physiological basis1 sci5tifically precise z x 01 _h1 z ,e9/e9 has rem>k$1 an /hetic col\r+4 8,!re is no su* ?+ z an unimag9ative sci5tific man10 a di/+ui%$ pr(essor ( me*anics & ma!matics decl>$ "s ye>s ago1 & if we are c>eful to rememb] t n e man :o believes t 8 life is devot$ to sci5ce is really a 8sci5tific man10 t /atem5t is lit]ally true4#bh ,x is n only true ( ! sci5tific man 9 ! special s5se2 x is also true ( ! philosoph]4 ,9 e philosoph]'s "w1 a philosophic writ] has rem>k$1 8! con/ruction ( a complete sy/em ( conceptions is n c>ri$ out simply 9 ! int]e/s ( k4 ,its und]ly+ motive is /hetic4 ,x is ! "w ( a creative arti/40#bi ,! intellectual lives ( a ,plato or a ,dante1 ,pr(essor ,graham ,wallas f a diff]5t /&po9t has rem>k$1 87 l>gely guid$ & su/a9$ by _! delight 9 ! %e] beauty ( ! rhy?mic relation betwe5 law & in/ance1 species & individual1 or cause & effect40#cj ,t rem>k1 ) its ref]5ce to ! laws & rhy?m 9 ! univ]se1 calls to m9d ! great initiator1 s f> z our k ext5ds back1 ( sci5tific rese>* 9 our ,european _w4 ,py?agoras is a dim figure1 & !re is no ne$ "h to insi/ unduly on 8 significance4 ,b !re is n ! slighte/ d\bt ab\t ! nature ( t significance 9 its be>+ on ! po9t be=e u4 ,dim & leg5d>y z he n[ appe>s to u1 ,py?agoras 0 no d\bt a real p]son1 born 9 ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 at ,samos1 & by 8 association ) t great %ipp+ c5tre d\btless enabl$ to voyage af> & glean ! wisdom ( ! anci5t _w4 ,9 antiquity he 0 reg>d$1 ,cic]o rem>ks1 z ! inv5tor ( philosophy1 & /ill to-day he is e/imat$ to be "o ( ! mo/ orig9al figures1 n only ( ,greece1 b ! _w4 ,he is a figure full ( int]e/ f _m po9ts ( view1 h[ev] veil$ 9 mi/1 b he only conc]ns u "h because he repres5ts ! beg9n+ ( :at we call 8sci5ce0--t is to say1 measurable k at its gr[+ po9t--& because he def9itely repres5ts x z aris+ out ( :at we all conv5tionally recognise z 8art10 & z1 inde$1 associat$ ) ! _s ( art1 ev5 its mo/ fanta/ic =ms1 all ! way4 ,py?agoras 0 a passionate lov] ( music1 & x 0 ?us t he came to make ! enorm\sly fruitful discov]y t pit* ( s\nd dep5ds ^u ! l5g? ( ! vibrat+ *ord4 ,!re9 x became cle> t law & spatial quantity rul$ ev5 9 fields :i* _h seem$ mo/ indep5d5t ( quantitative ord]4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! great sci5ce ( me*anics 0 firmly set up4 ,! discov]y 0 no accid5t4 ,ev5 8 r ho/ile contempor>y ,h]aclitus said ( ,py?agoras t he _h 8practis$ rese>* & inquiry beyond all o!r m540 ,he 0 c]ta9ly a brilliant ma!matician2 he 01 also1 n only an a/ronom]1 b ! fir/1 s f> z we "k1 to recognise t ! e>? is a sph]e1--s sett+ up ! ladd] :i* 0 to rea* at la/ to ! ,cop]nican conception1--:ile 8 foll[]s took ! fur!r /ep ( affirm+ t ! e>? 0 n ! c5tre ( our cosmic sy/em1 b conc5trically relat$4 ,s t ,py?agoras may n only be call$ ! ,fa!r ( ,philosophy1 b1 ) bett] "r ! ,fa!r ( ,sci5ce 9 ! mod]n exact s5se4 ,yet he rema9$ fundam5tally an arti/ ev5 9 ! conv5tional s5se4 ,8 free play ( imag9ation & emotion1 8 delight 9 ! ravi%+ *>m ( beauty & ( h>mony1 h[ev] x may sometimes h l$ him a/ray1--& introduc$ ! rev]5ce = ,numb] :i* s long entw9$ fancy too closely ) sci5ce1--yet1 z ,gomp]z puts x1 gave so>+ w+s to ! p[] ( 8 sev]e reason4#ca ,"o o!r great dim figure ( e>ly ,european antiquity %>es ) ,py?agoras ! philosophic dom9ance ov] our _w1 & t is ! ,platonic ,socrates1 or1 z we might p]haps say1 ! ,socratic ,plato4 ,& "h1 too1 we are 9 ! pres5ce ( a philosoph]1 if n a sci5ti/1 :o 0 a supreme arti/4 ,"h aga91 also1 we enc\nt] a leg5d>y figure conceal+ a m or less real human p]son4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce4 ,:ile all are agre$ t1 9 ,py?agoras we h a great & brilliant figure dimly se51 !re are _m :o consid] t 9 ,socrates we h a small & dim figure gr[n great & brilliant 9 ! ,platonic m$ium ?r\gh :i* alone he has be5 really influ5tial 9 our _w1 = )\t ,plato ! "n ( ,socrates w\ld h sc>cely be5 m5tion$4 ,! problem ( ! ,py?agorean leg5d may be said to be settl$4 ,b ! problem ( ! ,socratic leg5d is /ill "u discussion4 ,we _c1 moreov]1 q put x aside z m]ely ( academic int]e/1 = its solution1 if ev] rea*$1 w\ld t\* t great vital problem ( art 9 ! actual _w ) :i* we are "h ?r\gh\t conc]n$4 ,if "o exam9es any l>ge /&>d hi/ory ( ,greece1 l ,grote's to m5tion "o ( ! olde/ & be/1 "o is fairly sure to f9d a long *apt] on ! life ( ,socrates4 ,su* a *apt] is ins]t$1 )\t apology1 )\t explanation1 )\t compunction1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 9 a s-call$ 8hi/ory10 & ne>ly e "o1 ev5 to-day1 /ill seems to take x z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,few seem to possess ! critical & analytical m9d necess>y = ! exam9ation ( ! docum5ts on :i* ! 8hi/ory0 re/s4 ,if !y approa*$ ?is *apt] 9 a que/ion+ _s1 !y might p]haps discov] t x 0 n until ab\t half a c5tury aft] ! "t ( ! real ,socrates t any 8hi/orical0 evid5ce = ! exi/5ce ( our leg5d>y ,socrates beg9s to appe>4#cb ,few p seem to realise t ev5 ( ,plato himself we "k no?+ c]ta9 t c\ld n be held 9 a s+le s5t5ce4 ,! 8biographies0 ( ,plato began to be writt5 f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,x %\ld be easy to e/imate _! value4 ,!re are ?ree elem5ts--"o ( !m immeasurably m important ?an ! o!r two--( :i* ! composite portrait ( our mod]n ,socrates is made up3 ,x5ophon1 ,plato1 ! dramati/s4 ,to ! contribution furni%$ by ! fir/1 n mu* weight is usually atta*$4 ,yet x %\ld really h be5 reg>d$ z extremely illum9at+4 ,x sugge/s t ! subject ( 8,socrates0 0 a sort ( s*ool ex]cise1 useful practice 9 rhetoric or 9 dialectics4 ,! v fact t ,x5ophon's ,socrates 0 s rem9isc5t ( 8 creator ought to h be5 in/ructive4#cc ,x has1 h[ev]1 tak5 s*ol>s "s "t to recognise ?is1 & ,k>l ,jol1 :o sp5t fifte5 ( ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life ov] ! ,x5ophontic ,socrates1 to discov] t ! figure 0 j z mu* a fiction z ! ,platonic ,socrates1 has lately confess$ t he ?9ks ^? ye>s r wa/$4 ,x might h be5 cle> e>li] t :at ,plato _h done 0 really j ! same ?+ s f> z me?od 0 conc]n$1 ?\gh a totally diff]5t ?+ 9 result because done by ! mo/ ri*ly end[$ ( poet-philosoph]s1 ! mo/ consummate ( arti/s4 ,= t is probably h[ we ought to reg>d ,plato1 & n1 l "s1 z m]ely a great my/ificator4 ,x is true t ,plato 0 ! ma/] ( irony1 & t 8irony10 9 its fundam5tal mean+1 is1 z ,gomp]z po9ts out1 8pleasure 9 my/ify+40 ,b :ile ,plato's irony possesses a significance :i* we mu/ always keep be=e u1 x is yet only "o ( ! elem5ts ( 8 va/ & v]satile m9d4 ,x is to ! ?ird ( ^! s\rces t "s mod]n inve/igators are n[ incl9$ to atta* prim>y significance4 ,x 0 on ! /age--9 ! bran* ( drama t kept m closely 9 t\* ) life ?an t :i* _h fall5 into ! h&s ( ! prose dialecticians & rhetoricians--t we seem to f9d ! %ad[ ( ! real ,socrates4 ,b he 0 n ! ,socrates ( ! dramatic dialogues ( ,plato or ev5 ( ,x5ophon2 he 0 a m9or ,sophi/1 an inf]ior ,diog5es1 yet a rem>kable figure1 arre/+ & di/urb+1 ^: idiosyncrasies 7 q p]ceptible to ! cr[d4 ,x 0 an orig9al figure1 h>dly ! embodim5t ( a turn+-po9t 9 philosophy1 b fruitful ( great possibilities1 s t we c\ld h>dly be surpris$ if ! ma/] ( philosophic drama took x ov] f real life & ! /age = 8 own purposes4 ,to make cle> to myself ! possible way--,i am f> f ass]t+ x 0 ! actual way--9 :i* our leg5d>y ,socrates arose1 ,i sometimes ?9k ( ,*idley4 ,*idley 0 an ,au/ralian ,sophi/ & ,cynic1 9 ! good s5se ( bo? ^! words1 & )\t d\bt1 x seems to me1 ! mo/ orig9al & rem>kable figure t has ev] appe>$ 9 ,au/ralia1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 he 0 n a native1 ?\gh he sp5t ne>ly 8 :ole life !re4 ,he 0 always poor1 & l mo/ philosoph]s he 0 born ) a morbid n]v\s disposition1 ?\gh he acquir$ a f9e & robu/ frame4 ,he 0 liable n only to ! %ock ( outw>d circum/ances b ( inw>d impulses2 ^! he _h 9 ! pa/ (t5 succumb$ to1 & only sl[ly & pa9fully ga9$ ! complete ma/]y ov] z he ga9$ possession ( 8 own philosophy4 ,= all 8 falls1 :i* he felt acutely1 z ,augu/9e & ,bunyan z well z ,r\sseau felt su* lapses1 !re 0 9 him a real nobility1 an ev5 ascetic firmness & purity ( "*4 ,i nev] met him1 b ,i knew him m intimately1 p]haps1 ?an ^? :o came 9 contact ) him4 ,= _m ye>s ,i 0 9 t\* ) him1 & 8 la/ lett] 0 writt5 %ortly be=e 8 dea?2 he always felt ,i ought to be p]suad$ ( ! tru? he _h to reveal & nev] q und]/ood my sympa!tic attitude ( scepticism4 ,he _h dev\r$ all ! philosophic lit]ature he c\ld lay hold (1 b 8 philosophy--9 ! ,greek s5se1 z a way ( life1 & n 9 our mod]n s5se z a sy/em ( notions--0 8 own3 a new vision ( ,nature's simplicity & :ol5ess1 only new because x _h /ruck on a new s5sibility & sometimes 9 excessive & fanta/ic ways1 b he held 8 fai? ) unb5d+ devotion1 & nev] ceas$ to believe t all w\ld accept ! vision :5 once !y beheld x4 ,s he w5t ab\t ! /reets 9 ,sydney1 clad 7z a concession to public feel+7 9 ba?+ draw]s1 f9d+ any:]e he c\ld ! ,/oa :i* might s]ve = him1 to argue & discuss1 among all :o 7 will+1 ) eag] fai?1 ke5 m9d1 & pung5t spee*4 ,a few 7 won1 b mo/ 7 di/urb$ & %ock$4 ,! police p]si/5tly h>ass$ him2 !y felt b\nd to int]f]e ) :at seem$ su* an outrage on ! prim dec5cy ( ! /reets2 & z he quietly p]si/$ 9 foll[+ 8 own c\rse1 & x 0 h>d to br+ any s]i\s *>ge aga9/ him1 !y call$ 9 ! aid ( ! doctors1 & h5ce=? he 0 9 & out ( ! asylum in/ead ( ! prison4 ,no "o ne$ be blam$2 x 0 nobody's fault2 if a man transgresses ! ord9>y respectable notions ( dec5cy1 he mu/ be a crim9al1 & if he is n a crim9al1 he mu/ be a lunatic2 ! social organisation takes no acc\nt ( philosoph]s2 ! philosophic ,hipp>*ia & h] husb& mu/ n n[adays consummate _! m>riage 9 public1 & our mod]n philosoph]s meekly agree t philosophy is to h no?+ to d ) a life4 ,e "o 9 ! case seems to h behav$ ) due conv5tional propriety1 j z e "o behav$ ar\nd ! dea?b$ ( ,tol/oy's ,ivan ,ilit*4 ,x 0 ,*idley's dea?b$ !y 7 prep>+1 & he knew x1 b he unfl9*+ly grasp$ ! cup !y held out to him & drank x to ! dregs4 ,he felt he c\ld d no o!r4 ,!re 0 no fabl$ hemlock 9 x1 b x 0 j z deadly z ?\gh x _h be5 accompani$ by all ! dramatic symbolisation ( a =mal condemnation to dea?1 su* z _h really be5 record$ 7,plato well knew7 9 old ,a!nian annals4 ,!re 0 no ,plato 9 ,sydney4 ,b if !re _h be51 x is h>d to conceive any figure m fit = ! ends ( 8 trans=m+ art4 ,?r\gh t inspir+ m$ium ! plebeian ,sophi/ & ,cynic1 :ile yet reta9+ some?+ ( ! asp]ity ( 8 orig9al %ape1 w\ld h tak5 on a new glory1 8 biz>r]ies w\ld h be5 spiritualis$ & 8 morbidities become ! signs ( my/ic possession1 8 fate w\ld h appe>$ z consecrat$ 9 =m z x g5u9ely 0 9 sub/ance1 he w\ld h be5 ! m\?piece1 n only ( ! tru?s he really utt]$1 b ( a div9e eloqu5ce on ! v]ge ( :i* he _h 9 real life only trembl$1 &1 l ,socrates 9 ! h&s ( ,plato1 he w\ld h pass$1 z all ! f9e/ philosophy passes at la/1 into music4#cd ,s 9 ! end ,*idley w\ld h ent]$ mod]n hi/ory1 j z ,socrates ent]$ anci5t hi/ory1 ! ,sa9t & ,m>tyr ( ,philosophy4#ce ,if x %\ld s be t1 z we le>n to see him truly1 ! figure ( ! real ,socrates mu/ dim9i% 9 magnitude1 !n--& t is ! po9t :i* conc]ns u "h--! glory ( ! arti/ :o made him :at he has become = u is imm5sely enhanc$4 ,no long] ! m]ely apt & brilliant disciple ( a great ma/]1 he becomes himself ma/] & "l1 ! radiant creator ( ! *ief figure 9 ,european philosophy1 ! mo/ m>vell\s arti/ ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,s t :5 we look back at ! spiritual hi/ory ( ,europe1 x may become possible to say t its two supreme figures1 ! ,m>tyr ( ,philosophy & ! ,m>tyr ( ,religion1 7 bo?--h[ev] real ! two human p]sons out ( :i* !y 7 =m$--! "w ( man's imag9ation4 ,= !re1 on ! "o h&1 we see ! mo/ accompli%$ ( ,european ?9k]s1 & on ! o!r a little b& ( b>b>ians1 awkw>dly us+ j ! same ,greek language1 work+ ) an unconsci\s skill :i* ev5 transc5ds all t consci\s skill c\ld h a*iev$1 yet bo? be>+ immortal witness to ! tru? t ! human s\l only lives truly 9 art & c only be rul$ ?r\gh art4 ,s x is t 9 art lies ! solution ( ! conflicts ( philosophy4 ,!re we see ,realism1 or ! discov]y ( ?+s1 "o ) ,idealism1 or ! creation ( ?+s4 ,art is ! embodi$ h>mony ( _! conflict4 ,t c\ld n be m exquisitely symbolis$ ?an by ^! two supreme figures 9 ! spiritual life ( ,europe1 ! ,platonic ,socrates & ! ,gospel ,jesus1 bo? alike pres5t$ to u1 x is s significant to obs]ve1 z ma/]s ( irony4 ,!re has nev] aga9 be5 s great an arti/ 9 philosophy1 s supreme a dramati/1 z ,plato4 ,b 9 lat] times philosoph]s !mselves h (t5 be5 will+ to admit t ev5 if !y 7 n1 l ,plato1 dramati/s1 !re 0 poetry & art 9 _! vocation4 8,"o does n see :y ! s5se = ,philosophy %\ld be m g5]ally diffus$ ?an t = poetry10 rem>k$ ,s*ell+1 evid5tly reg>d+ !m z on ! same plane4 ,f4 ,a4 ,lange foll[$ ) 8 memorable 8,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism10 9 :i* ! conception ( philosophy z a poetic art 0 cle>ly set =?4 8,philosophy is pure art10 says 9 our own days a di/+ui%$ ?9k] :o is 9 especially close t\* ) ! religi\s philosophy ( ! ,ea/4 8,! ?9k] works ) laws ( ?\ght & sci5tific facts 9 j ! same s5se z ! musical compos] ) tones4 ,he mu/ f9d accords1 he mu/ ?9k out sequ5ces1 he mu/ set ! "p 9 a necess>y relation to ! :ole4 ,b = t he ne$s art40#cf ,b]gson reg>ds philosophy z an art1 & ,croce1 ! m ?an rival ( ,b]gson 9 popul> e/eem1 & ) int]e/+ po9ts ( contact ) ! ,fr5* philosoph]1 ?\gh 8 /&po9t is s diff]5t1 has repeat$ly po9t$ out--z reg>ds ,nietzs*e1 = in/ance1 & ev5 z reg>ds a philosoph] to :om he is s closely relat$ z ,hegel--t we may read philosophy = its poetic r ?an its hi/oric tru?4 ,croce's position 9 ?is matt] is n1 inde$1 easy to /ate q simply4 ,he includes /hetics 9 philosophy1 b he w\ld n reg>d philosophy z an art4 ,= him art is ! fir/ & l[e/ /ratum 9 ! m9d1 n 9 rank1 b 9 ord]1 & on x ! o!r /rata are laid & comb9e ) x4 ,or1 z he else:]e says1 8art is ! root ( our :ole !oretic life4 ,)\t root !re c be nei!r fl[] nor fruit40#cg ,b = ,croce art is n itself fl[] or fruit4 ,! 8,concept0 & o!r ab/ractions h to be br\ght 9 be=e ,croce is satisfi$ t he has atta9$ reality4 ,x may1 p]haps1 inde$1 be p]mitt$1 ev5 to an admir] ( ! skill ) :i* ,croce spreads out su* wide expanses ( ?\ght1 to sugge/ t1 9 spite ( 8 anxiety to keep close to ! concrete1 he is n !re9 always successful1 & t he t5ds to move 9 v]bal circles1 z may p]haps happ5 to a philosoph] :o w\ld r$uce ! philosophy ( art to ! philosophy ( language4 ,b1 h[ev] t may be1 x is a notewor?y fact t ! close relation%ip ( art & philosophy is admitt$ by ! two mo/ conspicu\s philosoph]s ( to-day1 rais$ to popul> em95ce 9 spite ( !mselves1 ! ,philosoph] ( ,o!r-worldl9ess & ! ,philosoph] ( ,?is-worldl9ess4 ,if we turn to ,engl&1 we f9d t1 9 an age & a l& :]e9 x 0 n s easy to make ! ass]tion z x has n[ m g5]ally become1 ,sir ,leslie ,/eph51 9 h>mony1 :e!r or n he knew x1 ) ,f4 ,a4 ,lange1 wrote to ,"l ,morley 7z he lat] became7 9 ! la/ c5tury3 8,i ?9k t a philosophy is really made m ( poetry ?an ( logic2 & ! real value ( bo? poetry & philosophy is n ! pret5d$ reason+1 b ! exposition 9 "o =m or o!r ( a c]ta9 view ( life40 ,x is1 we see1 j :at !y h all be5 say+1 & if x is true ( m5 ( sci5ce & philosoph]s1 :o are ! typical repres5tatives ( human ?9k+1 x is ev5 true ( e man on e>? :o ?9ks1 ev] s9ce ! day :5 consci\s ?9k+ began4 ,! _w is an unrelat$ mass ( impressions1 z x fir/ /rikes our infant s5ses1 fall+ at r&om on ! s5sory me*anism1 & all appe>+ z x 7 on ! same plane4 ,= an infant ! moon is no f>!r away ?an 8 "m's brea/1 ev5 ?\gh he possesses an inh]it$ m5tal app>atus fitt$ to cord9ate & di/+ui% ! two4 ,x is only :5 we beg9 to ?9k1 t we c arrange ^! unrelat$ impressions into intelligible gr\ps1 & ?9k+ is ?us ( ! nature ( art4#ch ,all su* art1 moreov]1 may yet be said to be an inv5tion ( fictions4 ,t great & fundam5tal tru?1 :i* und]lies s mu* mod]n philosophy1 has be5 exp\nd$ 9 ! cle>e/ & mo/ detail$ mann] by ,hans ,vaih+] 9 8 8,philosophie des ,als ,ob40 ,,ii ,,hans ,,vaih+] is /ill little kn[n 9 ,engl&2#ci & t is ! m rem>kable z he has always be5 /rongly atta*$ to ,engli% ?\ght1 ( :i* 8 fam\s book reveals an intimate k4 ,9 e>ly life he _h mix$ mu* ) ,engli% p1 = :om he has a deep reg>d1 & le>nt to rev]e1 n only ,d>w91 b ,hume & ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 :o ex]t$ a decisive influ5ce on 8 own philosophic developm5t4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] he project$ a hi/ory ( ,engli% philosophy1 b int]e/ 9 t subject 0 !n s small 9 ,g]many t he _h regretfully to ab&on 8 s*eme1 & 0 drawn in/ead1 ?r\gh no active ef=t on 8 "p1 to make ! /udy ( ,kant ! by-product ( 8 own m di/9ctive "w1 yet x 0 a fitt+ /udy1 = 9 ,kant he saw ! g]ms ( ! doctr9e ( ! 8z if10 t is to say1 ! practical significance ( fiction 9 human life1 ?\gh t is n ! idea traditionally associat$ ) ,kant1 :o1 inde$1 0 n himself cle> ab\t x1 :ile 8 insight 0 fur!r d>k5$ by 8 reaction>y t5d5cies2 yet ,vaih+] f\nd t x really play$ a l>ge "p 9 ,kant's "w & might ev5 be reg>d$ z 8 special & p]sonal way ( reg>d+ ?+s2 he 0 n s mu* a metaphysician1 ,vaih+] rem>ks1 z a metaphorician4 ,yet ev5 9 8 ,kantian /udies ! ,engli% influ5ce 0 felt1 = ,vaih+]'s "w has "h be5 to take up ! ,neo-,kantism ( ,f4 ,a4 ,lange & to develop x 9 an empirical & positivi/ic direction4 ,!re 0 evid5tly some?+ 9 ,vaih+]'s _s t alli$ him to ! ,engli% _s4 ,we may see t 9 8 portrait2 x is n ! face ( ! philosophic dream]1 ! s*ol>ly man ( ! /udy1 b ! eag]1 =ceful head ( ! practical man ( action1 ! d>+ adv5tur]1 ! man :o seems made to /ruggle ) ! concrete ?+s ( ! _w1 ! k9d ( man1 t is to say1 :om we consid] peculi>ly ,engli%4 ,t1 inde$1 is ! k9d ( man he w\ld h be52 t is ! k9d ( life1 a social life full ( activity & ( sport1 t he desir$ to lead4 ,b x 0 impossible4 ,an extreme & lifelong %ort-sight$ness prov$ a h&icap ( :i* he has nev] ceas$ to be consci\s4 ,s x came ab\t t 8 practical en]gy 01 z x 71 sublimat$ into a philosophy :i* yet reta9$ ! same =ceful dynamic quality4 ,= ! re/1 8 orig91 tra9+1 & vocation seem all to h be5 suffici5tly ,g]man4 ,he came1 l _m o!r em95t m51 out ( a ,swabian p>sonage1 & 0 himself int5d$ = !ology1 only bran*+ (f into philosophy aft] 8 univ]sity c>e] 0 well advanc$4 ,at ! age ( sixte5 he 0 deeply influ5c$1 z s _m o!rs h be51 by ,h]d]'s 8,ide5 zur ,ges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit02 t n only h>monis$ ) 8 own t5d5cy at ! "t t[>ds a mix$ !ism & pan!ism1 b x fir/ plant$ )9 him ! conception ( evolution 9 human hi/ory1 proce$+ f an animal orig91 :i* became a fundam5tal elem5t ( 8 m5tal con/itution4 ,:5 a ye> lat] he came across ,d>w9's doctr9es he felt t he knew !m be=eh&4 ,^! influ5ces 7 balanc$ by t ( ,plato1 ?r\gh ^: 8,ideas0 he caught 8 fir/ glimpse ( an 8,z-,if _w40 ,a little lat] ! /r5u\s tra9+ ( "o ( 8 tea*]s 9 ! logical analysis ( ,lat9 syntax1 especially 9 ! use ( ! conjunctions1 furni%$ ! s\rce f :i* subsequ5tly he drew t n[ well-kn[n phrase4 ,x 0 9 ^! ye>s t he rea*$ ! view1 :i* he has s9ce def9itely advocat$1 t philosophy %\ld n be made a sep>ate /udy1 b %\ld become a natural "p & coroll>y ( e /udy1 s9ce philosophy _c be fruitfully reg>d$ z a discipl9e by itself4 ,)\t psy*ology1 especially1 he f9ds t philosophy is m]ely 8a me?odic ab/raction40 ,a weighty influ5ce ( ^! days 0 con/itut$ by ! poems & essays ( ,s*ill]1 a ,swabian l himself1 &1 inde$1 associat$ ) ! hi/ory ( 8 own family4 ,s*ill] 0 n only an inspir+ influ5ce1 b x 0 9 ,s*ill]'s say+1 8,error alone is life1 & k is dea?10 t he f\nd 7h[ev] unju/ifiably7 ! fir/ expression ( 8 own 8fictionalism10 :ile ,s*ill]'s doctr9e ( ! play impulse z ! basis ( arti/ic creation & enjoym5t seem$ ! prophecy ( 8 own lat] doctr9e1 = 9 play he saw lat] ! 8z if0 z ! k]nel ( /hetic practice & contemplation4 ,at ! age ( eighte5 ,vaih+] proce$$ to ! ,swabian ,univ]sity ( ,tb+5 & "h 0 free to let 8 wide-rang+1 eag] m9d foll[ its own impulses4 ,he reveal$ a ta/e = ! natural sci5ces & ) ?is ! old ,greek nature philosoph]s1 especially ,anaxim&]1 = ! sake ( _! anticipations ( mod]n evolution>y doctr9es4 ,ari/otle also occupi$ him1 lat] ,sp9oza1 &1 above all1 ,kant1 ?\gh x 0 *iefly ! metaphysical ant9omies & ! practical reason :i* fasc9at$ him4 ,z ev]1 x 0 :at made = practice t seem$ mo/ly to conc]n him4 ,s*ell+1 ,hegel1 & ,s*lei]ma*]1 ! (ficial ,g]man ideali/s1 said no?+ to him4 ,he turn$ f !m to ,s*op5hau]1 & !nce he drew ! pessimisms1 ! irrationalism1 & ! volunt>ism :i* became p]man5t features ( 8 sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,! irrationalism1 z he himself po9ts out1 0 completely oppos$ to all e>ly influ5ces on him1 b x lay 9 8 own p]sonal circum/ances4 ,! contra/ betwe5 8 temp]am5tal impulse to en]getic practical action 9 e direction1 & ! res]ve1 passivity1 & isolation :i* myopia en=c$1 seem$ to him absolutely irrational & %>p5$ 8 vision = all ! irrationality ( exi/5ce4 ,s t a philosophy :i*1 l ,s*op5hau]'s1 tru?fully recognis$ & all[$ = ! irrational elem5t 9 exi/5ce came l a revelation4 ,z to ,vaih+]'s pessimism1 t1 z we might expect1 is h>dly ( :at w\ld be g5]ally consid]$ a pessimi/ic "*4 ,x is m]ely a recognition ( ! fact t mo/ p are ov]-sangu9e & !reby come to grief1 :]eas a little t\* ( pessimism w\ld h pres]v$ !m f mu* mis]y4 ,long be=e ! ,great ,w>1 ,vaih+] felt t _m ,g]mans 7 ov]-sangu9e reg>d+ ! milit>y p[] ( _! ,empire1 & ( ,g]many's place 9 ! _w1 & t su* optimism might easily conduce to w> & disa/]4 ,9 #aiaa he ev5 plann$ to publi% anonym\sly 9 ,switz]l& a pamphlet entitl$ 8,f9is ,g]mani10 ) ! motto 8,quos ,deus vult p]d]e1 prius dem5tat10 & 0 only prev5t$ by a sudd5 developm5t ( ! eye-tr\ble4 ,vaih+] po9ts out t an unju/ifi$ optimism _h = a long "t pa/ l$ 9 ! politics ( ,g]many--& also1 he might h said1 ( ! c\ntries lat] oppos$ to h]--to lack ( =esight1 ov]-ha/e1 & arrogance2 he might h add$ t a v slight t\* ( pessimism w\ld also h enabl$ ^! c\ntries1 on bo? sides1 to discov] ! n v remote tru? t ev5 ! victors 9 su* a conte/ w\ld suff] sc>cely less ?an ! conqu]$4 ,9 e>ly life ,vaih+] _h playfully def9$ ,man z a 8species ( ape afflict$ by megalomania02 he admits t1 :atev] tru? lies beh9d ! def9ition1 ! /atem5t is some:at exagg]at$4 ,yet x is c]ta9ly /range to obs]ve1 "o may comm5t1 h[ _m p seem to feel va9 ( _! own ungratifi$ optimism :5 ! place :]e optimism mo/ fl\ri%es is ! lunatic asylum4 ,!y nev] seem to pause to reflect on ! goal t lies ahead ( !m1 ?\gh !re mu/ be few :o on look+ back _c p]ceive :at t]rible accid5ts !y might h =ese5 & avoid$ by ! aid ( a little pessimism4 ,:5 ! gods1 to ru9 a man1 fir/ make him mad1 !y d x1 almo/ inv>iably1 by mak+ him an optimi/4 ,"o might haz>d ! ass]tion t ! *ief philosophic di/9ction betwe5 classic antiquity & mod]n civilisation is ! preval5ce 9 ! latt] ( a facile optimism2 & ! fact t ( all anci5t writ]s ! mo/ popul> 9 mod]n times has be5 ! complac5tly optimi/ic 7or really h$oni/ic7 ,horace is h>dly due to 8 te*nical virtuosity4 ,he :o w\ld walk sanely amid ! oppos+ p]ils 9 ! pa? ( life always ne$s a little optimism2 he also ne$s a little pessimism4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ,vaih+]'s dev\r+ appetite = k4 ,?is1 inde$1 0 extraord9>y1 & ( almo/ univ]sal range4 ,!re seem to h be5 few fields ) :i* he fail$ to come 9 t\*1 ei!r ?r\gh books or by p]sonal int]c\rse ) exp]ts4 ,he f\nd 8 way into all ! natural sci5ces1 he 0 drawn to ,greek ar*ology & ,g]man philosophy2 he began ! /udy ( ,sanscrit ) ,ro?4 ,!n1 realis+ t he _h completely neglect$ ma!matics1 he devot$ himself ) ard\r to analytic geometry & inf9itesimals1 a /udy :i* lat] he f\nd philosophically fruitful4 ,f9ally1 9 #ahgd1 he may be said to h r\nd$ ! circle ( 8 self-developm5t by read+ ! j publi%$ enl>g$ & mu* improv$ edition ( ,f4 ,a4 ,lange's 8,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism40 ,"h he realis$ ! pres5ce ( a _s ( ! noble/ ord]1 equipp$ ) ! wide/ culture & ! f9e/ lucidity ( vision1 ! ke5e/ religi\s radicalism comb9$ ) l>ge-he>t$ tol]ance & l(ty moral equilibrium1 all manife/$ 9 a complet$ ma/]-"w4 ,moreov]1 ! /&po9t ( ,f4 ,a4 ,lange 0 precisely t :i* ,vaih+] _h be5 indep5d5tly /ruggl+ t[>ds1 = x br\ght into view t doctr9e ( ! place ( fiction 9 life :i* he _h already se5 ahead4 ,x is n surpris+ t he %\ld g5]\sly & en?usia/ically acclaim ,lange z ma/] & lead]1 ?\gh 8 subsequ5t "w is 8 own1 & has c>ri$ ideas ( :i* ,lange held only ! se$s to new & fruitful developm5t4#dj ,x 0 9 #ahgf-gg t ,vaih+] wrote 8 book1 a m>vell\s a*ievem5t = s y\?ful a ?9k]1 = he 0 !n only ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ( age4 ,a f9al revision x nev] und]w5t1 & !re rema9 v>i\s peculi>ities ab\t ! =m into :i* x is ca/4 ,! s]i\s failure 9 eyesight seems to h be5 ! ma9 reason = delay+ ! publication ( a "w :i* ! au?or felt to be too revolution>y to put =? 9 an imp]fect =m4 ,he pref]r$ to leave x = po/hum\s publication4 ,b ! _w 0 n /&+ /ill1 & dur+ ! next ?irty ye>s _m ?+s happ5$4 ,vaih+] f\nd ! new sect ( ,pragmati/s com+ into fa%ion ) ideas resembl+ 8 own1 ?\gh 9 a crud] %ape1 :i* seem$ to r5d] philosophy ! 8m]etrix !ologorum40 ,_m di/+ui%$ ?9k]s 7 work+ t[>ds an attitude m or less l 8 own1 especially ,nietzs*e1 :om 7l _m o!rs ev5 to-day7 he _h long reg>d$ ) prejudice & avoid$1 b n[ discov]$ to be 8a great lib]ator0 ) cong5ial ve9s ( ?\ght4 ,vaih+] realis$ t 8 conception 0 be+ indep5d5tly put =w>d f v>i\s sides1 (t5 9 =ms t to him seem$ imp]fect or vici\s4 ,x 0 no long] advisable to hold back 8 book4 ,9 #aiaa1 !re=e1 8,die ,philosophie des ,als ,ob0 appe>$4 ,! problem :i* ,vaih+] set out to solve 0 ?is3 ,h[ comes x ab\t t ) consci\sly false ideas we yet rea* conclusions t are 9 h>mony ) ,nature & appeal to u z ,tru?8 ,t we d s is obvi\s1 especially 9 ! 8exact0 bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,9 ma!matics x is notori\s t we />t f absurdities to rea* a realm ( law1 & our :ole conception ( ! nature ( ! _w is bas$ on a f\ndation :i* we believe to h no exi/5ce4 ,= ev5 ! mo/ sob] sci5tific inve/igator 9 sci5ce1 ! mo/ ?or\ghgo+ ,positivi/1 _c disp5se ) fiction2 he mu/ at lea/ make use ( categories1 & !y are already fictions1 analogical fictions1 or labels1 :i* give u ! same pleasure z *ildr5 receive :5 !y are told ! 8"n0 ( a ?+4 ,fiction is1 inde$1 an indisp5sable supplem5t to logic1 or ev5 a "p ( x2 :e!r we are work+ inductively or d$uctively1 bo? ways hang closely toge!r ) fiction2 & axioms1 ?\gh !y seek to be prim>y v]ities1 are m ak9 to fiction4 ,if we _h realis$ ! nature ( axioms1 ! doctr9e ( ,e9/e91 :i* sweeps away axioms s famili> to u t !y seem obvi\s tru?s1 & sub/itutes o!rs :i* seem absurd because !y are unfamili>1 might n h be5 s bewild]+4 ,physics1 especially ma!matical physics1 ,vaih+] expla9s 9 detail1 has be5 bas$1 & fruitfully bas$1 on fictions4 ,! inf9ite1 inf9itely little or inf9itely great1 :ile helpful 9 light5+ our m5tal op]ations1 is a fiction4 ,! ,greeks dislik$ & avoid$ x1 & 8! gradual =mation ( ?is conception is "o ( ! mo/ *>m+ & in/ructive !mes 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce10 inde$1 "o ( ! mo/ notewor?y spectacles 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human _s2 we see ! work+ ( a logical impulse fir/ feel+ 9 ! d>k1 gradually con/ruct+ ideas fitt$ to yield preci\s s]vice1 yet full ( hopeless contradictions1 )\t any relation to ! real _w4 ,t absolute space is a fiction1 ,vaih+] po9ts out1 is no new idea4 ,hobbes _h decl>$ x 0 only a phantasma2 ,leibnitz1 :o agre$1 add$ t x 0 m]ely 8! idolum ( a few mod]n ,engli%m510 & call$ "t1 ext5sion1 & movem5t 8*oses idales40 ,b]keley1 9 attack+ ! defective conceptions ( ! ma!maticians1 fail$ to see t x 0 by means (1 & n 9 spite (1 ^! logically defective conceptions t !y atta9$ logically valuable results4 ,all ! m>ks ( fiction 7 set up on ! ma!matician's pure space2 x 0 impossible & un?9kable3 yet x prov$ useful & fruitful4 ,! tautological fiction ( 8,=ce0--an empty r$uplication ( ! fact ( a succession ( relation%ips--is "o t we con/antly fall back on ) imm5se satisfaction & ) ! feel+ ( hav+ a*iev$ some?+2 x has be5 a highly conv5i5t fiction :i* has aid$ repres5tation & exp]i5ce4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ fam\s1 & also1 x mu/ be add$1 "o ( ! mo/ fatal ( fantasies4 ,= :5 we talk (1 = in/ance1 a 8life-=ce0 & its lan1 or :atev] o!r da9ty t]m we l to apply to x1 we are n only summ>ily m+l+ toge!r _m sep>ate ph5om5a1 b we are runn+ ! risk t our conception may be tak5 = some?+ t really exi/s4 ,!re is always temptation1 :5 two processes t5d to foll[ ea* o!r1 to call ! prop]ty ( ! fir/ to be foll[$ by ! o!r its 8=ce10 & to measure t =ce by ! magnitude ( ! result4 ,9 reality we only h succession & coexi/5ce1 & ! 8=ce0 is some?+ t we imag9e4 ,we mu/ n1 !re=e1 treat our imag9ation ) contempt z 0 =m]ly ! fa%ion1 b r ! rev]se4 ,! two great p]iods ( ,engli% ,philosophy1 ,vaih+] rem>ks1 end$ ) ,ockham & ) ,hume1 :o ea* took up1 9 effect1 ! fictional po9t ( view1 b bo? too mu* on ! m]ely negative side1 )\t realis+ ! positive & con/ructive value ( fictions4 ,engli% law has above all realis$ x1 ev51 he adds1 to ! po9t ( absurdity4 ,no?+ is s preci\s z fiction1 provid$ only "o *ooses ! "r fiction4 8,matt]0 is su* a fiction4 ,!re are /ill p :o speak ) l(ty contempt ( 8,mat]ialism02 !y mean well1 b !y are unhappy 9 _! t]ms ( abuse4 ,:5 ,b]keley demon/rat$ ! impossibility ( 8matt]10 he ?\ght he c\ld af=d to ?r[ away ! conception z useless4 ,he 0 q wrong2 x is logically contradictory ideas t are ! mo/ valuable4 ,matt] is a fiction1 j z ! fundam5tal ideas ) :i* ! sci5ces g5]ally op]ate are mo/ly fictions1 & ! sci5tific mat]ialisation ( ! _w has prov$ a necess>y & useful fiction1 only h>mful :5 we reg>d x z hypo!sis & !re=e possibly true4 ,! repres5tative _w is a sy/em ( fictions4 ,x is a symbol by ! help ( :i* we ori5t ourselves4 ,! bus9ess ( sci5ce is to make ! symbol ev] m adequate1 b x rema9s a symbol1 a means ( action1 = action is ! la/ end ( ?9k+4 ,! 8atom10 to :i* matt] is ultimately r$uc$1 is reg>d$ by ,vaih+] z equally a fiction1 ?\gh x 0 at fir/ view$ z an hypo!sis1 & x may be add$ t s9ce he wrote x seems to h return$ to ! /age ( hypo!sis4#da ,b :5 ) ,boscovi* ! 8atom0 0 reg>d$ z simply ! be>] ( en]gy1 x became 8lit]ally a hypo/atis$ no?+40 ,we h to realise at ! same "t t e 8?+0 is a 8summatory fiction10 = to say1 z is (t5 said1 t a 8?+0 has prop]ties & yet has a real exi/5ce ap>t f its prop]ties is obvi\sly only a conv5i5t mann] ( spee*1 a 8v]bal fiction40 ,! 8=ce ( attraction10 z ,newton himself po9t$ out1 belongs to ! same class ( summatory fictions4 ,vaih+] is ?r\gh\t c>eful to di/+ui% fiction alike f hypo!sis & dogma4 ,he reg>ds ! di/9ction z1 me?odologically1 highly important1 ?\gh n always easy to make4 ,! 8dogma0 is put =w>d z an absolute & unque/ionable tru?2 ! 8hypo!sis0 is a possible or probable tru?1 su* z ,d>w9's doctr9e ( desc5t2 ! 8fiction0 is impossible1 b x enables u to rea* :at = u is relatively tru?1 &1 above all1 :ile hypo!sis simply contributes to k1 fiction ?us us$ becomes a guide to practical action & indisp5sable to :at we feel to be progress4 ,?us ! mighty & civilis+ /ructure ( ,roman law 0 built up by ! aid ( :at ! ,romans !mselves recognis$ z fictions1 :ile 9 ! diff]5t & m flexible sy/em ( ,engli% laws a con/ant inspiration to action has be5 furni%$ by ! suppos$ privileges ga9$ by ,magna ,c>ta1 ?\gh we n[ recognise !m z fictiti\s4 ,_m ( our ideas t5d to g ?r\gh ! ?ree /ages ( ,dogma1 ,hypo!sis1 & ,fiction1 sometimes 9 t ord] & sometimes 9 ! rev]se ord]4 ,hypo!sis especially pres5ts a /ate ( labile /ability :i* is unpleasant to ! m9d1 s x t5ds to become ei!r dogma or fiction4 ,! ideas ( ,*ri/ianity1 beg9n+ z dogmas1 h pass$ ?r\gh all ?ree /ages 9 ! m9ds ( ?9k]s dur+ rec5t c5turies3 ! my?s ( ,plato1 beg9n+ z fiction1 n only pass$ ?r\gh ! ?ree /ages1 b !n pass$ back aga91 be+ n[ aga9 reg>d$ z fiction4 ,! sci5tifically valuable fiction is a *ild ( mod]n times1 b we h already em]g$ f ! p]iod :5 ! use ( fiction 0 conf9$ to ! exact sci5ces4 ,?us we f9d fiction fruitfully fl\ri%+ 9 ! biological & social sci5ces & ev5 9 ! highe/ sph]es ( human spiritual activity4 ,! ,l9nan & simil> classificatory sy/ems are fictions1 ev5 ?\gh put =w>d z hypo!ses1 hav+ _! value simply z pictures1 z =ms ( repres5tation1 b lead+ to contradictions & liable to be replac$ by o!r sy/ems :i* pres5t m helpful pictures4 ,!re are /ill p :o disda9 ,adam ,smi?'s 8economic man10 z ?\gh proce$+ f a purely selfi% view ( life1 al?\gh ,buckle1 =e/all+ ,vaih+]1 long ago expla9$ t ,smi? 0 delib]ately mak+ use ( a 8valid artifice10 sep>at+ facts t he knew to be 9 nature insep>able--he bas$ 8 moral !ory on a totally diff]5t k9d ( man--because s he c\ld rea* results approximately true to ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,b5?am also adopt$ a fiction = 8 own sy/em1 ?\gh believ+ x to be an hypo!sis1 & ,mill criticis$ x z be+ 8geometrical02 ! criticism is correct1 comm5ts ,vaih+]1 b ! me?od 0 n !reby invalidat$1 = 9 complicat$ fields no o!r me?od c be fruitfully us$4 ,! same law holds :5 we approa* our highe/ & mo/ sacr$ conceptions4 ,x 0 recognis$ by enlight5$ philosoph]s & !ologians be=e ,vaih+] t ! diff]5ce betwe5 body & s\l is n diff]5t f t betwe5 matt] & =ce1--a provisional & useful di/9ction1--t light & d>kness1 life & dea?1 are ab/ractions1 necess>y1 inde$1 b 9 _! application to reality always to be us$ ) precaution4 ,on ! ?re%old ( ! moral _w we meet ! idea ( ,fre$om1 8"o ( ! weightie/ conceptions man has ev] =m$10 once a dogma1 9 c\rse ( "t an hypo!sis1 n[ 9 ! eyes ( _m a fiction2 yet we _c d )\t x1 ev5 al?\gh we may be firmly conv9c$ t our acts are det]m9$ by laws t _c be brok54 ,_m o!r great conceptions h t5d$ to foll[ ! same c\rse4 ,god1 ! ,s\l1 ,immortality1 ! ,moral ,_w-,ord]4 ,! critical he>]s und]/& :at is meant :5 ^! great words are us$1 & if ! uncritical misund]/&1 t1 adds ,vaih+]1 may sometimes be also useful4 ,= ^! ?+s are ,ideals1 & all ,ideals are1 logically speak+1 fictions4 ,z ,sci5ce leads to ! ,imag9>y1 s ,life leads to ! ,impossible2 )\t !m we _c rea* ! heights we are born to scale4 8,tak5 lit]ally1 h[ev]1 our mo/ valuable conceptions are wor?less40 ,:5 we review ! va/ field :i* ,vaih+] summ>ises1 we f9d t ?9k+ & exi/+ mu/ ev] be on two diff]5t planes4 ,! attempt ( ,hegel & 8 foll[]s to trans=m subjective processes into objective _w-processes1 ,vaih+] ma9ta9s1 w n "w out4 ,! ,?+-9-,itself1 ! ,absolute1 rema9s a fiction1 ?\gh ! ultimate & mo/ necess>y fiction1 = )\t x repres5tation w\ld be un9telligible4 ,we c only reg>d reality z a ,h]aclitean flux ( happ5+--?\gh ,vaih+] fails to po9t out t ?is 8reality0 also c only be an image or symbol--& our ?9k+ w\ld itself be fluid if x 7 n t by fiction we obta9 imag9>y /&po9ts & b\nd>ies by :i* to ga9 control ( ! fl[ ( reality4 ,x is ! special art & object ( ?9k+ to atta9 exi/5ce by q o!r me?ods ?an t ( exi/5ce itself4 ,b ! wi% by s do+ to und]/& ! _w is bo? unrealisable & fooli%1 = we are only try+ to compreh5d our own fictions4 ,we c nev] solve ! s-call$ _w-riddle because :at seem riddles to u are m]ely ! contradictions we h ourselves creat$4 ,yet1 ?\gh ! way ( ?9k+ _c be ! way ( be+1 s9ce !y /& on su* diff]5t f\ndations1 ?9k+ always has a k9d ( p>allelism ) be+1 & ?\gh we make our reckon+ ) a reality t we falsify1 yet ! practical result t5ds to come out "r4 ,j because ?9k+ is diff]5t f reality1 its =ms mu/ also be diff]5t 9 ord] to correspond ) reality4 ,our conceptions1 our conv5tional signs1 h a fictive function to p]=m2 ?9k+ 9 its l[] grades is comp>able to pap] money1 & 9 its high] =ms x is a k9d ( poetry4 ,imag9ation is ?us a con/itutive "p ( all ?9k+4 ,we may make di/9ctions betwe5 practical sci5tific ?9k+ & dis9t]e/$ /hetic ?9k+4 ,yet all ?9k+ is f9ally a comp>ison4 ,sci5tific fictions are p>allel ) /hetic fictions4 ,! poet is ! type ( all ?9k]s3 !re is no %>p b\nd>y betwe5 ! region ( poetry & ! region ( sci5ce4 ,bo? alike are n ends 9 !mselves1 b means to high] ends4 ,vaih+]'s doctr9e ( ! 8z if0 is n immune f criticism on m ?an "o side1 & x is fairly obvi\s t1 h[ev] s\nd ! g5]al pr9ciple1 p>ticul> 8fictions0 may alt] _! /atus1 & h ev5 done s s9ce ! book 0 writt54 ,moreov]1 ! doctr9e is n always q congru\s ) itself4 ,nor c x be said t ,vaih+] ev] really answ]$ ! "q ) :i* he set out4 ,9 philosophy1 h[ev]1 x is n ! atta9m5t ( ! goal t matt]s1 x is ! ?+s t are met ) by ! way4 ,& ,vaih+]'s philosophy is n only ( int]e/ because x pres5ts s cle>ly & vigor\sly a prevail+ t5d5cy 9 mod]n ?\ght4 ,rightly und]/ood1 x supplies a =tify+ influ5ce to ^? :o may h se5 _! *]i%$ spiritual edifice1 :atev] x may be1 fall ar\nd !m & are tempt$ to a mood ( disillusionm5t4 ,we make our own _w2 :5 we h made x awry1 we c remake x1 approximately tru]1 ?\gh x _c be absolutely true1 to ! facts4 ,x w nev] be f9ally made2 we are always /ret*+ =? to l>g] & bett] fictions :i* answ] m truly to our gr[+ k & exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 :5 we walk1 x is only by a s]ies ( regulat$ errors1 ,vaih+] well po9ts out1 a p]petual succession ( falls to "o side & ! o!r side4 ,our :ole progress ?r\gh life is ( ! same nature2 all ?9k+ is a regulat$ error4 ,= we _c1 z ,vaih+] insi/s1 *oose our errors at r&om or 9 accordance ) :at happ5s to please u2 su* fictions are only too likely to turn into dead5+ dogmas3 ! old vis dormitiva is ! type ( !m1 m]e husks t are ( no vital use & help u n at all4 ,!re are good fictions & bad fictions j z !re are good poets & bad poets4 ,x is 9 ! *oice & regulation ( our errors1 9 our read9ess to accept ev]-clos] approximations to ! unatta9able reality1 t we ?9k rightly & live rightly4 ,we triumph 9 s f> z we succe$ 9 t regulation4 8,a lo/ battle10 ,fo*1 quot+ ,de ,mai/re1 lays d[n 9 8 8,pr9cipes de ,gu]re10 8is a battle "o ?9ks "o has lo/02 ! battle is won by ! fiction t x is won4 ,x is s also 9 ! battle ( life1 9 ! :ole art ( liv+4 ,freud reg>ds dream+ z fiction t helps u to sleep2 ?9k+ we may reg>d z fiction t helps u to live4 ,man lives by imag9ation4 ,,iii ,,yet :at we consid] our highe/ activities arise out ( :at we are accu/om$ to reg>d z ! l[e/4 ,t is1 inde$1 m]ely a necess>y result ( evolution2 bip$s l ourselves spr+ out ( _m-limb$ creatures :om we %\ld n[ reg>d z little bett] ?an v]m91 & ! adult human creature ^: eyes1 z he sometimes imag9es1 are fix$ on ! />s1 0 a few ye>s e>li] m]ely a small animal crawl+ on all f\rs4 ,! impulse ( ! philosoph]1 ( ! man ( sci5ce1 ( any ord9>y p]son :o sometimes ?9ks ab\t seem+ly ab/ract or dis9t]e/$ que/ions--we mu/ include ! :ole range ( ! play ( ?\ght 9 response to ! /imulus ( curiosity--may seem at ! fir/ glance to be a q second>y & remote product ( ! great prim>y in/9cts4 ,yet x is n difficult to br+ ?is second>y impulse into direct relation ) ! fundam5tal prim>y in/9cts1 ev51 & p]haps inde$ *iefly1 ) ! in/9ct ( sex4 ,on ! m5tal side--:i* is n1 ( c\rse1 its fundam5tal side--! sexual in/9ct is ma9ly1 p]haps solely1 a reaction to ! /imulus ( curiosity4 ,b5ea? t m5tal surface ! really active =ce is a physiologically bas$ in/9ct urg5t t[>ds action1 b ! boy or girl :o fir/ becomes consci\s ( ! m5tal /imulus is unaw>e ( ! in/9ct x spr+s f1 & may ev5 disreg>d z unimportant its specific physiological manife/ations4 ,! *ild is only consci\s ( new curiosities1 & ^! x p]si/5tly seeks to satisfy at any available or likely s\rce ( in=mation1 aid$ by ! /r5u\s ef=ts ( its own re/lessly active imag9ation4 ,x is 9 exactly ! same position z ! metaphysician1 or ! biologi/1 or any ?9k] :o is fac$ by complex & yet unsolv$ problems4 ,& ! *ild is at fir/ baffl$ by j ! same k9d ( ob/acles1 due1 n l ^? ( ! ?9k]1 to ! sil5ce ( recalcitrant ,nature1 b to ! sil5ce ( p>5ts & tea*]s1 or to _! delib]ate ef=ts to lead him a/ray4 ,:]e d babies come f8 ,t is p]haps = _m *ildr5 ! e>lie/ sci5tific problem t is 9 ?is way r5d]$ s difficult ( solution4 ,no satisfy+ solution comes f ! s\rces ( in=mation to :i* ! *ild is wont to appeal4 ,he is left to su* slight imp]fect obs]vations z he c himself make2 on su* clues 8 se>*+ intellect works & ) ! aid ( imag9ation weaves a !ory1 m or less remote f ! tru?1 :i* may possibly expla9 ! ph5om5a4 ,x is a g5u9e sci5tific process--! play ( intellect & imag9ation ar\nd a few fragm5ts ( obs]v$ fact--& x is und\bt$ly a valuable discipl9e = ! *ildi% m9d1 ?\gh if x is too prolong$ x may imp$e or di/ort natural developm5t1 & if ! result+ !ory is radically false x may lead1 z ! !ories ( sci5tific adults sometimes lead1 if n spe$ily correct$1 to v>i\s un=tunate results4 ,a little lat]1 :5 he has ceas$ to be a *ild & pub]ty is approa*+1 ano!r "q is apt to arise 9 ! boy's m9d3 ,:at is a woman l8 ,!re is also1 less (t5 & m c>efully conceal$1 ! correspond+ curiosity 9 ! girl's m9d4 ,e>li] ?is "q _h seem$ ( no int]e/2 x _h nev] ev5 occurr$ to ask x2 !re 0 little realisation--sometimes none at all--( any sexual diff]5ce4 ,n[ x sometimes becomes a "q ( s+ul> urg5cy1 9 ! solution ( :i* x is necess>y = ! boy to conc5trate all ! sci5tific app>atus at 8 comm&4 ,= !re may be no ways ( solv+ x directly1 lea/ ( all = a well-behav$1 self-respect+ boy or a %y1 mode/ girl4 ,! y\?ful intellect is ?us held 9 full t5sion1 & its develop+ en]gy direct$ into all sorts ( new *annels 9 ord] to =m an imag9ative picture ( ! unkn[n reality1 fasc9at+ because incompletely kn[n4 ,all ! *ief recognis$ m5tal processes ( dogma1 hypo!sis1 & fiction1 develop$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race1 are to ?is end in/9ctively creat$ afre% 9 ! y\?ful individual m9d1 endlessly =m$ & re-=m$ & te/$ 9 ord] to fill 9 ! picture4 ,! "y inve/igator becomes a dilig5t /ud5t ( lit]ature & labori\sly exam9es ! relevant passages he f9ds 9 ! ,bible or o!r anci5t primitive nak$ books4 ,he exam9es /atues & pictures4 ,p]haps he f9ds "s old elem5t>y manual ( anatomy1 b "h ! long li/ ( /ructures ) ,lat9 names proves f> m baffl+ ?an helpful to ! y\?ful inve/igator :o c 9 no possible way fit !m all into ! smoo? surface %[n by ! /atues4 ,yet ! creative & critical habit ( ?\ght1 ! sci5tific m9d g5]at$ by ?is se>*1 is de/9$ to be ( imm5se value1 & long outlives ! "t :5 ! eag]ly s\ght triangul> spot1 hav+ fulfill$ its intellectual function1 has become a famili> region1 view$ ) indiff]5ce1 or at mo/ a homely t5d]ness4 ,t 0 b a brief & pass+ episode1 h[ev] p]man5tly b5eficial its results might prove4 ,) ! a*ievem5t ( pub]ty1 ) ! com+ ( adolesc5ce1 a l>g] & high] passion fills ! y\?'s s\l4 ,he =gets ! woman's body1 8 idealism seems to raise him above ! physical3 x is ! woman's p]sonality--mo/ likely "s p>ticul> woman's p]sonality--t he desires to "k & to grasp4 ,a tw(old developm5t t5ds to take place at ?is age--9 ^? y\?s1 t is to say1 :o possess ! lat5t attitude = psy*ic developm5t--& t 9 two div]se directions1 bo? equally away f def9ite physical desire1 :i* at ?is age is sometimes1 ?\gh n always1 at its lea/ prom95t place 9 consci\sness4 ,on ! "o h& !re is an attraction = an idealis$ p]son--p]haps a r remote p]son1 = su* mo/ easily l5d !mselves to idealisation--( ! opposite 7or occasionally ! same7 sex1 x may sometimes = a "t ev5 be ! h]o9e ( a novel4 ,su* an ideal attraction acts z an imag9ative & emotional f]m5t4 ,! imag9ation is /imulat$ to con/ruct = ! fir/ "t1 f su* mat]ial z x has come across1 or c d]ive f )91 ! coh]5t picture ( a desirable p]son4 ,! emotions are tra9$ & discipl9$ to play ar\nd ! figure ?us con/ruct$ ) a new imp]sonal & unselfi%1 ev5 self-sacrific+1 devotion4 ,b ?is process is n en\gh to use up all ! en]gies ( ! develop+ m9d1 & ! less s z su* impulses are unlikely by _! v nature to receive any consid]able degree ( gratification1 = !y are ( a nature to :i* no adequate response is possible4 ,?us x happ5s 9 adolesc5ce t ?is new /ream ( psy*ic en]gy1 emotional & intellectual1 g5]at$ f )91 concurr5tly ) its prim>y p]sonal function ( m\ld+ ! object ( love1 /reams ov] into ano!r l>g] & m imp]sonal *annel4 ,x is1 inde$1 lift$ on to a high] plane & trans=m$1 to ex]cise a fre% function by initiat+ new objects ( ideal desire4 ,! radiant images ( religion & ( art z well z ( sci5ce--h[ev] true x may be t !y h also o!r adjuvant s\rces--?us beg9 to em]ge f ! dep?s b5ea? consci\sness4 ,!y t5d to absorb & to embody ! new en]gy1 :ile its prim>y p]sonal object may s9k into ! backgr\nd1 or at ?is age ev5 fail to be consci\s at all4 ,?is process--! process 9 :i* all ab/ract ?9k+ is born z well z all arti/ic creation--mu/ to "s slight ext5t take place 9 e p]son ^: m5tal activity is n entirely conf9$ to ! imm$iate objects ( s5se4 ,b 9 p]sons ( m complex psy*ic organisation x is a process ( fundam5tal importance4 ,9 ^? ( ! highe/ complex organisation1 inde$1 x becomes :at we t]m g5ius4 ,9 ! mo/ magnific5t a*ievem5ts ( poetry & philosophy1 ( art & ( sci5ce1 x is no long] =bidd5 to see ! ultimate root 9 ?is adolesc5t developm5t4 ,to "s a glimpse ( ?is great tru? has f "t to "t appe>$4 ,f]r]o1 :o occupi$ himself ) psy*ology be=e atta9+ em95ce z a brilliant hi/orian1 sugge/$ ?irty ye>s ago t ! art impulse & its alli$ manife/ations are trans=m$ sexual in/9ct2 ! sexual impulse is 8! raw mat]ial1 s to speak1 f :i* art spr+s02 he connect$ t trans=mation ) a less developm5t ( ! sexual emotions 9 wom52 b t 0 mu* too ha/y an assumption1 = ap>t f ! fact t su* trans=mation c\ld nev] be complete1 & probably less s 9 wom5 ?an 9 m51 we h also to consid] ! nature ( ! two organisms ?r\gh :i* ! trans=m$ emotions w\ld op]ate1 probably unlike 9 ! sexes1 = ! "w done by two ma*9es obvi\sly does n dep5d entirely ^u fe$+ !m ) ! same am\nt ( fuel1 b also on ! con/ruction ( ! two eng9es4 ,mbius1 a brilliant & orig9al1 if n erratic1 ,g]man psy*ologi/1 :o 0 also conc]n$ ) ! "q ( diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( sexual en]gy1 reg>d$ ! art impulse z a k9d ( sexual second>y "*4 ,t is to say1 no d\bt1--if we develop ! sugge/ion1--t j z ! ext]nal features ( ! male & 8 ext]nal activities1 9 ! asc5d+ zological s]ies1 h be5 develop$ out ( ! impulse ( repress$ organic sexual desire /riv+ to manife/ itself ev] m urg5tly 9 ! /ruggle to ov]come ! coyness ( ! female1 s on ! psy*ic side !re has be5 a p>allel impulse1 if ( lat] developm5t1 to c>ry on ! same task 9 =ms ( art :i* h aft]w>ds acquir$ an indep5d5t activity & a yet fur!r gr[? dissociat$ f ?is prim>y biological function4 ,we ?9k ( ! natural ornam5ts :i* adorn male animals f f> d[n 9 ! scale ev5 up to man1 ( ! additions made !reto by tattoo+ & decoration & g>m5ts & jewels1 ( ! p>ades & dances & songs & musical s]5ades f\nd among l[] animals z well z ,man1 toge!r ) ! love-lyrics ( savages1 furni%+ ! beg9n+s ( ! mo/ exquisite arts ( civilisation4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t ^! sugge/ions introduce an assumption ( male sup]iority1 or male inf]iority--accord+ to our s*eme ( values--:i* unnecess>ily prejudices & confuses ! issue4 ,we h to consid] ! "q ( ! orig9 ( art ap>t f any suppos$ pr$om9ance ( its manife/ations 9 "o sex or ! o!r4 ,9 my own conception--put =w>d a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago--( :at ,i call$ auto-erotic activities1 x 0 on su* a basis t ,i s\ght to place x1 s9ce ,i reg>d$ ^? auto-erotic ph5om5a z aris+ f ! imp$$ spontane\s sexual en]gy ( ! organism & ext5d+ f simple physical processes to ! highe/ psy*ic manife/ations2 8x is impossible to say :at f9e/ elem5ts 9 art1 9 morals1 9 civilisation g5]ally1 may n really be root$ 9 an auto-erotic impulse10 ?\gh ,i 0 c>eful to add t ! transmutation ( sexual en]gy into o!r =ms ( =ce mu/ n be reg>d$ z itself completely acc\nt+ = all ! f9e/ human aptitudes ( sympa?y & art & religion4#db ,x is along ?is pa?1 x may p]haps be claim$1--z dimly glimps$ by ,nietzs*e1 ,h9ton1 & o!r e>li] ?9k]s1--t ! ma9 explanation ( ! dynamic process by :i* ! arts1 9 ! wide/ s5se1 h come into be+1 is n[ *iefly be+ explor$4 ,"o ?9ks ( ,freud & especially ( ,dr4 ,otto ,rank1 p]haps ! mo/ brilliant & clairvoyant ( ! y\ng] inve/igators :o /ill /& by ! ma/]'s side4 ,9 #aije ,rank wrote a little essay on ! arti/#dc 9 :i* ?is me*anism is set =? & ! arti/ plac$1 9 :at ! psy*o-analytic au?or consid]s 8 due place1 betwe5 ! ord9>y dream] at "o end & ! neurotic subject at ! o!r1 ! l[] =ms ( art1 su* z my?-mak+1 /&+ ne> to dreams1 & ! high] =ms1 su* z ! drama1 philosophy1 & ! f\nd+ ( religions1 ne> to psy*o-neurosis1 b all possess+ a sublimat$ life-=ce :i* has its root 9 "s modification ( sexual en]gy4 ,x may (t5 seem t1 9 ^! attempts to expla9 ! arti/1 ! man ( sci5ce is pass$ ov] or left 9 ! backgr\nd1 & t is true4 ,b art & sci5ce1 z we n[ "k1 h ! same roots4 ,! supreme m5 ( sci5ce are recognisably arti/s1 & ! e>lie/ =ms ( art1 :i* are v e>ly inde$1--,sir ,ar?ur ,evans has sugge/$ t m5 may h drawn be=e !y talk$1--7 d\btless associat$ ) magic1 :i* 0 primitive man's sci5ce1 or1 at all ev5ts1 8 ne>e/ approximation to sci5ce4 ,! connection ( ! sci5tific in/9ct ) ! sexual in/9ct is n1 inde$1 a m]ely rec5t insight4 ,_m ye>s ago x 0 cle>ly /at$ by a fam\s ,dut* au?or4 8,nature1 :o mu/ act wisely at ! risk ( annihilation10 wrote ,multatuli at ! conclusion ( 8 %ort /ory1 8,! ,adv5tures ( ,little ,walt]10 8has h]e9 act$ wisely by turn+ all h] p[]s 9 "o direction4 ,morali/s & psy*ologi/s h long s9ce recognis$1 )\t inquir+ into ! causes1 t curiosity is "o ( ! ma9 elem5ts ( love4 ,yet !y 7 only ?9k+ ( sexual love1 & by rais+ ! two relat$ t]m9i 9 correspond+ wise on to a high] plane ,i believe t ! noble ?ir/ = k spr+s f ! same soil 9 :i* noble love gr[s4 ,to press ?r\gh1 to reveal1 to possess1 to direct1 & to ennoble1 t is ! task & ! long+1 alike ( ! lov] & ! natural discov]]4 ,s t e ,ross or ,frankl9 is a ,w]!r ( ! ,pole1 & :oev] is 9 love is a ,mungo ,p>k ( ! _s40 ,,iv ,,z soon z we beg9 to ?9k ab\t ! _w ar\nd u 9 :at we va9ly call a dis9t]e/$ way--= dis9t]e/ is1 z ,leibnitz said1 a *im]a1 & !re rema9s a sup]ior int]e/--we become y\?s & lov]s & arti/s1 & !re is at ! same "t a significant /ra9 ( sexual imag]y 9 our ?\ght4#dd ,among ourselves ?is is n always cle>2 we h be5 dull$ by ! r\t9e ( civilisation & ! artificial =malities ( :at is call$ education4 ,x is cle> 9 ! my?opic creation ( comp>ative primitive ?\ght1 b 9 civilisation x is 9 ! "w ( m5 ( g5ius--poets1 philosoph]s1 pa9t]s1 &1 z we h to recognise1 m5 ( sci5ce--t ?is trait is mo/ conspicu\sly manife/$4 ,to realise ?is x is suffici5t to contemplate ! p]sonality & activity ( "o ( ! e>lie/ great mod]n m5 ( sci5ce1 ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,until rec5t times x w\ld h seem$ r /range s to describe ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,he /ill seem$1 z he 0 9 8 own "t1 prim>ily a pa9t]1 an arti/ 9 ! conv5tionally n>r[ s5se1 & z su* "o ( ! greate/1 fit to pa9t1 z ,br[n+ put x1 "o ( ! f\r walls ( ! ,new ,j]usalem4 ,yet ev5 8 contempor>ies :o s acclaim$ him 7 a little worri$ ab\t ,leon>do 9 ?is capacity4 ,he accompli%$ s little1 he work$ s sl[ly1 he left s mu* unf9i%$1 he seem$ to !m s volatile & un/able4 ,he 0 an enigma to :i* !y nev] secur$ ! key4 ,!y fail$ to see1 ?\gh x is cle>ly to be read ev5 9 8 face1 t no man ev] possess$ a m pi]c+ conc5tration ( vision1 a m fix$ p[] ( att5tion1 a m un%akable =ce ( w4 ,all t ,leon>do a*iev$ 9 pa9t+ & 9 sculpture & 9 ar*itecture1 h[ev] novel or gr&iose1 01 z ,solmi1 ! highly compet5t ,v9cian s*ol> has rem>k$1 m]ely a concession to 8 age1 9 reality a viol5ce done to 8 own nature1 & f y\? to old age he _h direct$ 8 :ole /r5g? to "o end3 ! k & ! ma/]y ( ,nature4 ,9 our own "t1 a s5sitive1 al]t1 widely in=m$ critic ( art1 ,b]nh>d ,b]5son1 sett+ out ) ! conv5tional v5]ation = ,leon>do z a pa9t]1 sl[ly1 z ! ye>s w5t by & 8 judgm5t grew m mature1 adopt$ a m critical attitude1 br++ d[n 8 a*ievem5ts 9 art to mod]ate dim5sions1 yet )\t tak+ any int]e/ 9 ,leon>do z a /up5d\s arti/ 9 sci5ce4 ,we may well und]/& t ve9 ( contempt = ! cr[d1 ev5 z x almo/ seems ! hatr$ = human society1 ! _s ( ,timon1 :i* runs across ,leon>do's writ+s1 bl5d$1 no d\bt inevitably bl5d$1 ) 8 ve9 ( human sweetness4 ,?is /]n devotee ( k decl>$1 l ! au?or ( 8,! ,imitation ( ,*ri/10 t 8,love conqu]s all ?+s40 ,!re is "h no discrepancy4 ,! man :o p\r$ a contemptu\s flood ( irony & d5unciation ov] ! mo/ sacr$ social in/itutions & _! mo/ respectable repres5tatives 0 ! same man--! ,gospels tell u--:o brood$ ) ! w+s ( a mat]nal t5d]ness ov] ! pa?os ( human ?+s4 ,:51 inde$1 our imag9ation plays ) ! idea ( a future ,ov]man1 x is ,leon>do :o comes be=e u z 8 =]unn]4 ,vas>i1 :o _h nev] se5 ,leon>do1 b has writt5 s admirable an acc\nt ( him1 c only describe him z 8sup]natural0 & 8div9e40 ,9 m rec5t times ,nietzs*e rem>k$ ( ,leon>do t 8!re is some?+ sup]-,european & sil5t 9 him1 ! *>act]i/ic ( "o :o has se5 too wide a circle ( ?+s good & evil40 ,!re ,nietzs*e t\*es1 ev5 ?\gh vaguely1 m ne>ly ?an ,vas>i c\ld1 ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ?is endlessly baffl+ & en*ant+ figure4 ,e man ( g5ius sees ! _w at a diff]5t angle f 8 fell[s1 & !re is 8 trag$y4 ,b x is usually a measurable angle4 ,we _c measure ! angle at :i* ,leon>do /&s2 he /rikes a?w>t ! l9e ( our conv5tional human ?\ght 9 ways t are sometimes a revelation & sometimes an imp5etrable my/]y4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! say+ ( ,h]aclitus3 8,m5 hold "s ?+s wrong & "s "r2 ,god holds all ?+s fair40 ,! dispute z to :e!r he 0 above all an arti/ or a man ( sci5ce is a fooli% & ev5 unmean+ dispute4 ,9 ! va/ orbit 9 :i* ,leon>do mov$ ! di/9ction _h little or no exi/5ce4 ,t 0 inexplicable to 8 contempor>ies ^: op9ions ,vas>i e*oes4 ,!y c\ld n und]/& t he 0 n ( ! cr[d ( mak]s ( pretty ?+s :o fill$ ! work%ops ( ,flor5ce4 ,!y saw a man ( beautiful aspect & f9e proportions1 ) a long curl$ be>d & we>+ a rose-col\r$ tunic1 & !y call$ him a craftsman1 an arti/1 & ?\ght him r fanta/ic4 ,b ! m$ium 9 :i* ?is arti/ work$ 0 ,nature1 ! m$ium 9 :i* ! sci5ti/ works2 e problem 9 pa9t+ 0 to ,leon>do a problem 9 sci5ce1 e problem 9 physics he approa*$ 9 ! _s ( ! arti/4 8,human +5uity10 he said1 8c nev] devise any?+ m simple & m beautiful1 or m to ! purpose1 ?an ,nature does40 ,= him1 z lat] = ,sp9oza1 reality & p]fection 7 ! same ?+4 ,bo? aspects ( life he treats z "p ( 8 task--! ext5sion ( ! field ( human k1 ! int5sion ( ! p[] ( human skill2 = art1 or1 z he call$ x1 practice1 )\t sci5ce1 he said1 is a boat )\t a rudd]4 ,c]ta9ly he occupi$ himself mu* ) pa9t+1 ! common m$ium ( self-expression 9 8 day1 ?\gh he produc$ s few pictures2 he ev5 wrote a treatise on pa9t+2 he possess$1 inde$1 a wid] p]ception ( its possibilities ?an any arti/ :o ev] liv$4 8,"h is ! creator ( mod]n l&scape60 exclaim$ ,corot be=e ,leon>do's pictures1 & a rem>kable description he has left ( ! precise effects ( col\r & light produc$ :5 a woman 9 :ite /&s on gre5 grass 9 bright sun%9e %[s t ,leon>do cle>ly appreh5d$ ! ple9-airi/e's problem4 ,d\btless x w prove possible to %[ t he =esaw /ill lat] me?ods4 ,he reject$ ^! me?ods because x seem$ to him t ! arti/ c\ld "w mo/ freely by mov+ midway betwe5 light & d>kness1 &1 inde$1 he1 fir/ ( pa9t]s1 succe$$ 9 comb9+ !m--j z he said also t ,pleasure & ,pa9 %\ld be imag$ z tw9s s9ce !y are ev] toge!r1 yet back to back because ev] contr>y--& devis$ ! me?od ( *i>oscuro1 by :i* light reveals ! ri*ness ( %ade & %ade height5s ! brightness ( light4 ,no inv5tion c\ld be m *>act]i/ic ( ?is man ^: grasp ( ! _w ev] involv$ ! union ( opposites1 & ! opposites bo? appreh5d$ m int5sely ?an falls to ! lot ( o!r m54 ,yet x is notewor?y t ,leon>do con/antly speaks ( ! arti/'s function z se>*+ into & imitat+ ,nature1 a view :i* ! or?odox arti/ ana!matises4 ,b ,leon>do 0 n ! or?odox arti/1 n ev51 p]haps1 z he is traditionally reg>d$1 "o ( ! _w's supreme pa9t]s4 ,= "o may sympa?ise ) ,mr4 ,b]5son's engag+ attempt--unconv9c+ z x has seem$--to 8expose0 ,leon>do4 ,! draw+s ,mr4 ,b]5son1 l e "o else1 admires :ole-he>t$ly1 b1 save = ! unf9i%$ 8,adoration10 :i* he reg>ds z a summit ( art1 he f9ds ! pa9t+s mo/ly mean+less & repell5t4 ,he _c rank ,leon>do z an arti/ high] ?an ,botticelli1 & concludes t he 0 n s mu* a great pa9t] z a great inv5tor 9 pa9t+4 ,) t conclusion x is possible t ,leon>do himself w\ld h agre$4 ,pa9t+ 0 to him1 he said1 a subtle inv5tion :]eby philosophical speculation c be appli$ to all ! qualities ( =ms4 ,he seem$ to himself to be1 "h & always1 a man /&+ at ! m\? ( ! gloomy cav]n ( ,nature ) ar*$ back1 "o h& re/+ on 8 knee & ! o!r %ad+ 8 eyes1 z he pe]s int5tly into ! d>kness1 possess$ by fe> & desire1 fe> ( ! ?reat5+ gloom ( t cav]n1 desire to discov] :at miracle x might hold4 ,we are f> "h f ! traditional attitude ( ! pa9t]2 we are ne>] to ! attitude ( t great seek] into ! my/]ies ( ,nature1 "o ( ! v few born ( wom5 to :om we c ev] ev5 pass+ly comp>e ,leon>do1 :o felt 9 old age t he _h only be5 a *ild ga!r+ %ells & pebbles on ! %ore ( ! great ocean ( tru?4 ,x is almo/ z plausible to reg>d ,leon>do z prim>ily an eng9e] z prim>ily a pa9t]4 ,he (f]$ 8 s]vices z a milit>y eng9e] & ar*itect to ! ,duke ( ,milan & set =? at l5g? 8 manifold claims :i* include1 "o may note1 ! ability to con/ruct :at we %\ld n[1 )\t hesitation1 describe z 8tanks40 ,at a lat] p]iod he actually 0 appo9t$ ar*itect & eng9e]-g5]al to ,cs> ,borgia1 & 9 ?is capacity 0 engag$ on a v>iety ( works4 ,he has1 inde$1 be5 describ$ z ! f\nd] ( pr(essional eng9e]+4 ,he 0 ! se] ( com+ /eam eng9es & ( /eam navigation & transportation4 ,he 01 aga91 ! inv5tor ( innum]able v>ieties ( balli/ic ma*9es & ordnance1 ( /eam guns & bree*-load+ arms ) screw bree*-lock4 ,8 sci5ce always t5d$ to become appli$ sci5ce4 ,exp]i5ce %[s ! road to practice1 he said1 sci5ce is ! guide to art4 ,?us he saw e problem 9 ! _w z 9 ! wide s5se a problem 9 eng9e]+4 ,all nature 0 a dynamic process ( =ces beautifully effect+ "w1 & x is ?is z x 7 di/9ctive vision ( ! _w z a :ole :i* seems to give ,leon>do t m>vell\s flair = detect+ vital me*anism 9 e field4 ,x is impossible ev5 to indicate summ>ily ! va/ ext5t ( ! region 9 :i* he 0 creat+ a new _w1 f ! /atem5t1 :i* he set d[n 9 l>ge lett]s1 8,! sun does n move10 ! e>? be+1 he said1 a />1 8mu* l ! moon10 d[n to su* +5i\s orig9al devices z ! con/ruction ( a div+-bell1 a swimm+-belt1 & a p>a*ute ( adequate dim5sions1 :ile1 z is n[ well kn[n1 ,leon>do n only m$itat$ ) conc5trat$ att5tion on ! problem ( flight1 b realis$ sci5tifically ! difficulties to be enc\nt]$1 & made +5i\s attempts to ov]come !m 9 ! design+ ( fly+-ma*9es4 ,x is en\gh--foll[+ exp]t sci5tific guidance--to enum]ate a few po9ts3 he /udi$ botany 9 ! biological _s2 he 0 a f\nd] ( geology1 discov]+ ! significance ( fossils & realis+ ! importance ( riv] erosion2 by 8 /udies 9 ! !ories ( me*anics & _! utilization 9 peace & w> he made himself ! prototype ( ! mod]n man ( sci5ce4 ,he 0 9 turn biologi/ 9 e field ( vital me*anism1 & ! inaugurator be=e ,vesalius 7:o1 h[ev]1 knew no?+ ( 8 pr$ecessor's "w7 ( ! m9ute /udy ( anatomy by direct inve/igation 7aft] he _h f\nd t ,gal5 c\ld n be reli$ on7 & po/-mortem dissections2 he ne>ly anticipat$ ,h>vey's conception ( ! circulation ( ! blood by /udy+ ! nature ( ! he>t z a pump4 ,he 0 hydraulician1 hydrograph]1 geometrician1 algebrai/1 me*anician1 optician4#de ,^! are b a few ( ! fields 9 :i* ,leon>do's m>vell\s insight into ! nature ( ! =ces t make ! _w & 8 div9+ art ( ! me?ods ( employ+ !m to human use h ( late ye>s be5 reveal$4 ,= c5turies !y 7 conceal$ 9 notebooks scatt]$ ?r\gh ,europe & ) difficulty deciph]able4 ,yet !y are n embodi$ 9 vague utt]ances or casual intuitions1 b display a labori\s conc5tration on ! precise details ( ! difficulties to be ov]come2 nor 0 pati5t indu/ry 9 him1 z (t5 happ5s1 ! sub/itute = natural facility1 = he 0 a p]son ( m>vell\s natural facility1 &1 l su* p]sons1 mo/ eloqu5t & p]suasive 9 spee*4 ,at ! same "t 8 m g5]al & reflective conclusions are express$ 9 a /yle comb9+ ! maximum ( cl>ity ) ! maximum ( concision1--f>1 inde$1 remov$ f ! *>act]i/ic florid r$undancy ( ,italian prose1--:i* makes ,leon>do1 9 addition to all else1 a supreme ma/] ( language4#df ,yet ! man to :om we mu/ cr$it ^! va/ intellectual a*ievem5ts 0 no ab/ract$ philosoph] %ut up 9 a laboratory4 ,he 01 ev5 to look ^u1 "o ( ! mo/ attractive & vivid figures t ev] walk$ ! e>?4 ,z has sometimes happ5$ ) div9e & my/]i\s p]sons1 he 0 ! natural *ild ( 8 "m1 ,cat]9a1 ( :om we are only told t %e 0 8( good blood10 belong+ to ,v9ci l ,s] ,pi]o ! fa!r1 & t a few ye>s aft] ,leon>do's bir? %e became ! reputable wife ( a citiz5 ( 8 native t[n4 ,s] ,pi]o da ,v9ci 0 a not>y1 ( a race ( not>ies1 b ! busie/ not>y 9 ,flor5ce & evid5tly a man ( robu/ vig\r2 he m>ri$ f\r times & 8 y\nge/ *ild 0 fifty ye>s ! junior ( ,leon>do4 ,we he> ( ! extraord9>y physical /r5g? ( ,leon>do himself1 ( 8 grace & *>m1 ( 8 accompli%m5ts 9 y\?1 especially 9 s++ & play+ on ! flute1 ?\gh he _h b an elem5t>y s*ool education4 ,except = :at he le>nt 9 ! work%op ( ! _m-sid$ b !n /ill y\?ful ,v]roc*io1 he 0 8 own s*oolma/]1 & 0 ?us enabl$ to atta9 t absolute emancipation f au?ority & tradition :i* made him indiff]5t ev5 to ! ,greeks1 to :om he 0 mo/ ak94 ,he 0 left-h&$2 8 peculi> me?od ( writ+ long rais$ ! suspicion t x 0 delib]ately adopt$ = concealm5t1 b x is to-day recognis$ z simply ! ord9>y mirror-writ+ ( a left-h&$ *ild )\t tra9+4 ,?is 0 n ! only anomaly 9 ,leon>do's /range nature4 ,we n[ "k t he 0 repeat$ly *>g$ z a y\? on suspicion ( homosexual (f5ces2 ! result rema9s obscure1 b !re is "s reason to ?9k he knew ! inside ( a prison4 ,?r\gh\t life he lov$ to surr\nd himself ) beautiful y\?s1 ?\gh no tradition ( lic5se or vice cl+s to 8 "n4 ,! precise nature ( 8 sexual temp]am5t rema9s obscure4 ,x mocks u1 b haunts u f out ( 8 mo/ fam\s pictures4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 ! 8,john ! ,bapti/0 ( ! ,l\vre1 :i* we may dismiss ) ! di/+ui%$ art critic ( to-day z an impud5t blasphemy or brood ov] long1 )\t be+ cle>ly able to det]m9e into :at obscure region ( ! ,freudian ,unconsci\s ,leon>do _h "h adv5tur$4 ,freud himself has devot$ "o ( 8 mo/ fasc9at+ essays to a psy*oanalytic int]pretation ( ,leon>do's enigmatic p]sonality4 ,he admits x is a speculation2 we may take x or leave x4 ,b ,freud has rightly appreh5d$ t 9 ,leon>do sexual passion 0 l>gely sublimat$ into intellectual passion1 9 accordance ) 8 own say+1 8,no?+ c be lov$ or hat$ unless fir/ we h k ( x10 or1 z he else:]e said1 8,true & great love spr+s out ( great k1 & :]e y "k little y c love b little or n at all40 ,s x 0 t ,leon>do became a ma/] ( life4 ,vas>i c\ld report ( him--almo/ 9 ! words x 0 report$ ( ano!r supreme b widely diff]5t figure1 ! ,jesuit sa9t1 ,francis ,xavi]--t 8) ! spl5d\r ( 8 mo/ beautiful c\nt5ance he made s]5e e brok5 _s40 ,to possess by self-ma/]y ! s\rces ( love & hate is to transc5d good & evil & s to possess ! ,ov]man's p[] ( b9d+ up ! he>ts t are brok5 by good & evil4 ,e p]son ( g5ius is 9 "s degree at once man1 woman1 & *ild4 ,leon>do 0 all ?ree 9 ! extreme degree & yet )\t any app>5t conflict4 ,! infantile /ra9 is unque/ion$1 &1 ap>t f ! problem ( 8 sexual temp]am5t1 ,leon>do 0 a *ild ev5 9 8 extraord9>y delight 9 devis+ fanta/ic toys & contriv+ disconc]t+ tricks4 ,8 m ?an fem99e t5d]ness is equally cle>1 alike 9 8 pictures & 9 8 life4 ,isabella d',e/e1 9 ask+ him to pa9t ! boy ,jesus 9 ! ,temple1 ju/ly ref]r$ to 8! g5tl5ess & sweetness :i* m>k y\r art40 ,8 t5d]ness 0 %[n n only t[>ds human be+s1 b to all liv+ ?+s1 animals & ev5 plants1 & x w\ld appe> t he 0 a veget>ian4 ,yet at ! same "t he 0 emphatically mascul9e1 altoge!r free f weakness or s(tness4 ,he delight$ 9 ugl9ess z well z 9 beauty2 he lik$ visit+ ! hospitals to /udy ! sick 9 8 ?ir/ = k2 he pond]$ ov] battles & fight+2 he %[$ no compunction 9 plann+ devili% eng9es ( milit>y de/ruction4 ,8 m9d 0 ( a def9itely reali/ic & positive ca/2 ?\gh !re seems no field ( ?\ght he fail$ to ent]1 he nev] t\*$ metaphysics1 & ?\gh 8 wor%ip ( ,nature has ! emotional tone ( religion1 ev5 ( ec/asy1 he 0 cle>ly disda9ful ( ! e/abli%$ religions1 & p]petually %ock$ 8! timid fri5ds ( ,god40 ,by precept & by practice he proclaim$ ! l(ty solitude ( ! individual s\l1 & he felt only contempt = ! h]d4 ,we see h[ ?is temp] became impress$ on 8 face 9 8 own draw+ ( himself 9 old age1 ) t int5t & ru?less gaze wrapp$ 9 intellectual contemplation ( ! outspread _w4 ,leon>do comes be=e u1 inde$1 9 ! end1 z a figure = awe r ?an = love4 ,yet1 z ! noble/ type ( ! ,ov]man we fa9tly try to conceive1 ,leon>do is ! foe1 n ( man1 b ( ! enemies ( man4 ,! great secrets t ) cle> vision 8 /]n grip tore f ,nature1 ! new in/rum5ts ( p[] t 8 en]gy wr\ght1 !y 7 all = ! use & delight ( mank9d4 ,s ,leon>do is ! ev]la/+ embodim5t ( t brood+ human _s ^: task nev] dies4 ,/ill to-day x /&s at ! m\? ( ! gloomy cav]n ( ,nature1 ev5 ( ,human ,nature1 ) b5t back & %ad$ eyes1 seek+ int5tly to p5etrate ! gloom beyond1 ) ! fe> ( t ?reat5+ d>kness1 ) ! desire ( :at r$eem+ miracle x yet p]*ance may hold4 ,v ,,t ,leon>do da ,v9ci 0 n only supremely great 9 sci5ce1 b ! inc>nation ( ! _s ( sci5ce1 ! arti/ & lov] ( ,nature1 is a fact x is well to be> 9 m9d4 ,_m mi/akes w\ld be avoid$ if x 7 m cle>ly pres5t to consci\sness4 ,we %\ld no long] f9d ! arti/s 9 design absurdly *af+ "u :at !y consid]$ ! bondage ( ! arti/s 9 ?\ght4 ,x w\ld no long] be possible1 z x 0 "s ye>s ago1 & may be /ill1 = a n>r[-m9d$ p$agogue l ,brunetire1 h[ev] useful 9 8 own field1 to be greet$ z a prophet :5 he fatu\sly proclaim$ :at he t]m$ 8! bankruptcy ( sci5ce40 ,un=tunately s _m ( ! p :o masqu]ade "u ! "n ( 8m5 ( sci5ce0 h no sort ( title to t "n4 ,!y may be do+ good & hone/ "w by accumulat+ 9 little cells ! facts :i* o!rs1 m truly inspir$ by ! _s ( sci5ce1 may "o day "w on2 !y may be do+ m or less necess>y "w by ! application to practical life ( ! discov]ies :i* g5u9e m5 ( sci5ce h made4 ,b !y !mselves h j z mu*1 & no m1 claim to use ! "n ( 8sci5ce0 z ! m5 :o make ! pots & di%es pil$ up 9 a crock]y %op h to use ! "n ( 8art40#dg ,!y h n yet ev5 le>nt t 8sci5ce0 is n ! accumulation ( k 9 ! s5se ( pil+ up isolat$ facts1 b ! active organisation ( k1 ! application to ! _w ( ! cutt+ edge ( a m>vell\sly delicate in/rum5t1 & t ?is task is impossible )\t ! wide/ range ( vision & ! mo/ re/less f]tility ( imag9ation4 ,( su* m g5u9e m5 ( sci5ce--to "n "o :om by virtue ( sev]al common int]e/s ,i 0 sometimes privileg$ to come ne>--0 ,francis ,galton4 ,he 0 n a pr(essional man ( sci5ce2 he 0 ev5 will+ t 8 love ( sci5ce %\ld be acc\nt$ simply a hobby4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! ord9>y pr(essional sci5tific man he 0 probably an amateur4 ,he 0 n ev51 z "s h be51 a le>n$ amateur4 ,i d\bt :e!r he _h really ma/]$ ! lit]ature ( any subject1 ?\gh ,i d n d\bt t t matt]$ little4 ,:5 he he>d ( "s fam\s work] 9 a field he 0 explor+1 he w\ld look up t man's "w2 s x 0 ) ,weismann 9 ! field ( h]$ity4 ,&1 z ,i w\ld note ) a smile 9 read+ 8 lett]s1 ,galton 0 n able to spell ,weismann's "n correctly4#dh ,8 attitude 9 sci5ce might be said to be pione]+ mu* l t ( ! pione]s ( museums 9 ! lat] sev5te5? & e>li] eighte5? c5turies1 m5 l ,tradescant & ,a%mole & ,evelyn & ,sloane3 an insatiable curiosity 9 ?+s t 7 only j beg9n+1 or _h n yet begun1 to ar\se curiosity4 ,s x 0 t :5 ,i made "s p]sonal exp]im5ts ) ! ,mexican cactus1 mescal 7,anhalonium ,lew9ii71 to explore its vision-produc+ qualities1 !n q unkn[n 9 ,engl&1 ,galton 0 eag]ly int]e/$ & want$ to exp]im5t on himself1 ?\gh ultimately dissuad$ on acc\nt ( 8 advanc$ age4 ,b1 on ?is basis1 ,galton's curiosity 0 n ! m]e inquisitiv5ess ( ! *ild1 x 0 cord9at$ ) an almo/ uniquely organis$ bra9 z ke5 z x 0 well-balanc$4 ,s t on ! "o h& 8 curiosity 0 trans=m$ into me?ods t 7 endlessly +5i\s & inv5tive1 & on ! o!r x 0 guid$ & held 9 *eck by inflexible caution & good s5se4 ,& he knew h[ to pres]ve t exquisite balance )\t any solemnity or t5sion or self-ass]tion1 b playfully & graci\sly1 ) ! mo/ unfail+ mode/y4 ,x 0 ?is r>e comb9ation ( qualities--"o may see x all 9 8 8,inquiries into ,human ,faculty0--:i* made him ! v type ( ! man ( g5ius1 op]at+1 n by pr(ession or by delib]ate tra9+1 b by natural function1 ?r[+ light on ! d>k places ( ! _w & creat+ sci5ce 9 out-(-!-way fields ( human exp]i5ce :i* be=e _h be5 left to caprice or n ev5 p]ceiv$ at all4 ,?r\gh\t he 0 an arti/ & if1 z is report$1 he sp5t ! la/ ye> ( 8 life *iefly 9 writ+ a novel1 t 0 ( a piece ) ! :ole ( 8 m>vell\s activity2 he _h nev] be5 do+ any?+ else4 ,only 8 romances 7 real4 ,galton's yet m fam\s c\s91 ,*>les ,d>w91 pres5ts 9 equal purity ! lov] & ! arti/ 9 ! sph]e ( ,nature & ,sci5ce4 ,no d\bt !re 7 once _m obtuse p]sons to :om ^! names seem$ sc>cely to fit :5 appli$ to ,d>w94 ,!re h be5 p to :om ,d>w9 sc>cely seem$ a man ( g5ius1 m]ely a dry labori\s p$e/rian /ud5t ( facts4 ,he himself ev5--z _m p f9d x difficult to =get--once lam5t$ 8 indiff]5ce to poetry & art4 ,b ,d>w9 0 "o ( ^? elect p]sons 9 ^: subconsci\s1 if n 9 _! consci\s1 nature is implant$ ! realisation t 8sci5ce is poetry10 & 9 a field altoge!r remote f ! poetry & art ( conv5tion he 0 alike poet & arti/4 ,only a man s end[$ c\ld f a sugge/ion receiv$ on read+ ,mal?us h conceiv$ ( natural selection z a *ief m\ld+ creative =ce ( an inf9ite succession ( liv+ =ms2 s also ( 8 fanta/ic !ory ( pang5esis4 ,ev5 9 trifl+ matt]s ( exp]im5t1 su* z sett+ a musician to play ! bassoon 9 8 gre5h\se1 to asc]ta9 :e!r music affect$ plants1 he _h all ! inv5tive imag9ation ( poet or ( arti/4 ,he 0 poet & arti/--?\gh ,i d\bt if ?is has be5 po9t$ out--9 8 :ole attitude t[>ds ,nature4 ,he work$ h>d1 b to him "w 0 a k9d ( play1 & x may well be t ) 8 fragile heal? he c\ld n h c>ri$ on 8 "w if x _h n be5 play4 ,aga9 & aga9 9 8 8,life & ,lett]s0 we f9d ! description ( 8 obs]vations or exp]im5ts introduc$ by "s su* phrase z3 8,i 0 inf9itely amus$40 ,& he rem>ks ( a biological problem t x 0 l a game ( *ess4 ,i d\bt1 inde$1 :e!r any great man ( sci5ce 0 m ( an arti/ ?an ,d>w91 m consci\sly aw>e t he 0 play+ ) ! _w1 m delici\sly ?rill$ by ! fun ( life4 ,t man may well h f\nd 8poetry & art0 dull :o himself _h creat$ ! !ory ( sexual selection :i* made ! :ole becom+ ( life art & ! secret ( x poetry4#di ,x is n alone among biologi/s1 f ^: /&po9t x may be judg$ easi] to rea*1 s9ce !y are conc]n$ ) liv+ ,nature1 t we f9d ! attitude ( ! lov] & ! arti/4 ,we f9d x j z well m>k$ :5 ! man ( g5ius plays 9 :at "s might ?9k ! arid field ( ! physici/4 ,f>aday work$ 9 a laboratory1 a simple "o1 inde$1 b ! k9d ( place :i* might be suppos$ fatal to ! true _s ( sci5ce1 & )\t 8 rese>*es 9 magnetic electricity we might h miss$1 ) or )\t a pang1 ^? mo/ practical ma*9es ( our mod]n life1 ! dynamo & ! telephone4 ,yet ,f>aday _h no practical ends 9 view2 x has be5 possible to say ( him t he inve/igat$ ,nature z a poet inve/igates ! emotions4 ,t w\ld n h suffic$ to make him ! supreme man ( sci5ce he 04 ,8 biograph]1 ,dr4 ,b5ce ,jones1 :o knew him well1 concludes t ,f>aday's fir/ great *>act]i/ic 0 8 tru/ 9 facts1 & 8 second 8 imag9ation4 ,!re we are br\ght to ! roots ( 8 nature4 ,only1 x is important to rememb]1 ^! two *>act]i/ics 7 n sep>ate & di/9ct4 ,9 !mselves !y may be oppos+ traits2 x 0 because 9 ,f>aday !y 7 held toge!r 9 vital t5sion t he became s pot5t an in/rum5t ( rese>* into ,nature's secrets4 ,tyndall1 :o 0 8 fri5d & fell[ work]1 seems to h p]ceiv$ ?is4 8,! =ce ( 8 imag9ation10 wrote ,tyndall1 80 enorm\s10--he 8rose f ! smalle/ beg9n+s to ! greate/ ends10 f 8bubbles ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 to ! atmosph]ic envelope ( ! e>? itself10--b 8he bridl$ x l a mighty rid]40 ,f>aday himself said to ! same effect3 8,let ! imag9ation g1 gu>d+ x by judgm5t & pr9ciples1 b hold+ x 9 & direct+ x by exp]im5t40 ,else:]e he has rem>k$ t 9 y\? he 01 & he might h add$ t he /ill rema9$1 8a v lively imag9ative p]son & c\ld believe 9 ! #8,arabian ,nights' z easily z 9 ! #8,encyclopdia'40 ,b he soon acquir$ almo/ an in/9ct = te/+ facts by exp]im5t1 = di/ru/+ su* alleg$ facts z he _h n s te/$1 & = accept+ all ! conclusions t he _h ?us rea*$ ) a complete indiff]5ce to commonly accept$ beliefs4 7,x is true he 0 a fai?ful & dev\t eld] 9 ! ,s&emanian ,*ur*1 & t is n ! lea/ fasc9at+ trait 9 ?is fasc9at+ man47 ,tyndall has insi/$ on bo? ( ^! aspects ( ,f>aday's m5tal activity4 ,he _h 8wond]ful vivacity10 he 0 8a man ( excitable & fi]y nature10 & 8und]nea? 8 sweetness 0 ! heat ( a volcano40 ,he himself believ$ t !re 0 a ,celtic /ra9 9 8 h]$ity2 !re 0 a tradition t ! family came f ,irel&2 ,i _c f9d t !re are any ,f>adays1 or p ( any "n resembl+ ,f>aday1 n[ 9 ,irel&1 b ,tyndall1 be+ himself an ,iri%man1 lik$ to believe t ! tradition 0 s\nd4 ,x w\ld only acc\nt = ! emotionally vivaci\s side ( ?is nature4 ,!re 0 also ! o!r side1 on :i* ,tyndall also insi/s3 ! love ( ord]1 ! extreme t5acity1 ! high self-discipl9e able to conv]t ! fire )9 into a cle> conc5trat$ gl[4 ,9 ! fusion ( ^! two qualities 8he 0 a prophet10 says ,tyndall1 8& (t5 wr\ght by an inspiration to be und]/ood by sympa?y alone40 ,8 expansive emotional imag9ation became ! s]vant ( tru?1 & sprang into life at its t\*4 ,9 c>ry+ out physical exp]im5ts he w\ld exp]i5ce a *ildlike joy & 8 eyes sp>kl$4 8,ev5 to 8 late/ days he w\ld almo/ dance = joy at be+ %[n a new exp]im5t40 ,silvanus ,?ompson1 9 8 book on ,f>aday1 insi/s 7z ,tyndall _h7 on ! association ) ?is *ildlike joy 9 imag9ative extravagance ( ! p]petual impulse to te/ & to prove1 8yet nev] hesitat+ to pu% to _! logical conclusions ! ideas sugge/$ by exp]im5t1 h[ev] widely !y might seem to lead f ! accept$ modes ( ?\ght40 ,8 me?od 0 ! me?od ( ! 8,arabian ,nights10 transf]r$ to ! region ( facts4 ,f>aday 0 n a ma!matician4 ,b if we turn to ,kepl]1 :o mov$ 9 ! sph]e ( ab/ract calculation1 we f9d precisely ! same comb9ation ( *>act]i/ics4 ,x 0 to ,kepl]1 r ?an to ,cop]nicus1 t we owe ! e/abli%m5t ( ! helioc5tric !ory ( our univ]se1 & ,kepl]1 m ?an any man1 0 ! precursor ( ,newton4 ,x has be5 said t if ,kepl] _h nev] liv$ x is difficult to conceive :o c\ld h tak5 8 place & a*iev$ 8 special "p 9 ! sci5tific creation ( our univ]se4 ,= t pione]+ "p 0 requir$ a s+ul> bl5d ( seem+ly oppos$ qualities4 ,only a wildly d>+1 orig9al1 & adv5tur\s _s c\ld break away f ! age-long traditions & rigid preconceptions :i* _h rul$ a/ronomy = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,only an endlessly pati5t1 c>eful1 labori\s1 precise inve/igator c\ld set up ! new revolution>y conceptions ne$$ to replace ^! traditions & preconceptions4 ,kepl] suppli$ ?is r>e comb9ation ( faculties4 ,he possess$ ! mo/ absurdly extravagant imag9ation2 he develop$ a great] reg>d = accuracy 9 calculation ?an ! _w _h ev] kn[n4 ,he 0 will+ to believe t ! e>? 0 a k9d ( animal1 & w\ld n h be5 surpris$ to f9d t x possess$ lungs or gills4 ,at ! same "t s set 0 he on secur+ ! precise tru?1 s pati5tly labori\s1 t "s ( 8 mo/ elaborate calculations 7 repeat$1 & )\t ! help ( log>i?ms1 ev5 sev5ty times4 ,! two ess5tial qualities t make ! supreme arti/ 9 sci5ce h nev] be5 s cle>ly made manife/ z 9 ,kepl]4 ,kepl] may well br+ u to ,e9/e91 ! greate/ pione] 9 ! compreh5sion ( ! univ]se s9ce 8 day1 &1 inde$1 "o :o is m ?an a pione]1 s9ce he already seems to h won a place beside ,newton4 ,x is a significant fact t ,e9/e91 ?\gh he possesses an extremely cauti\s1 critical m9d1 & is reg>d$ z conspicu\s = 8 common s5se1 has a pr(\nd admiration = ,kepl]1 :om he frequ5tly quotes4 ,= ,e9/e9 also is an imag9ative arti/4#ej ,e9/e9 is obvi\sly an arti/1 ev5 9 appe>ance1 z has (t5 be5 not$ by ^? :o h met him2 8he looks f> m ! musician ?an ! man ( sci5ce10 "o writes1 :ile ^? :o "k him well say t he is 8ess5tially z mu* an arti/ z a discov]]40 ,z a matt] ( fact he is an arti/ 9 "o ( ! mo/ commonly recognis$ arts1 be+ an accompli%$ musician1 a good viol9i/1 x is said1 :ile improvisation on ! piano1 he himself says1 is 8a necessity ( 8 life40 ,8 face1 we are told1 is illum9$ :5 he li/5s to music2 he loves ,ba* & ,haydn & ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov5 & ,wagn] mu* less1 :ile to ,*op91 ,s*umann1 & ! s-call$ romantics 9 music1 z we might anticipate1 he is indiff]5t4 ,8 love ( music is inborn2 x develop$ :51 z a *ild1 he w\ld ?9k out little songs 89 praise ( ,god10 & s+ !m by himself2 music1 ,nature1 & ,god began1 ev5 at t e>ly age1 to become a k9d ( unity to him4 8,music10 said ,leibnitz1 8is ! pleasure ! human s\l exp]i5ces f c\nt+ )\t be+ aw>e t x is c\nt+40 ,x is ! mo/ ab/ract1 ! mo/ ne>ly ma!matical ( ! arts--we may recall h[ music & ma!matics _h _! sci5tific orig9 toge!r 9 ! discov]y ( ,py?agoras--& x is n surpris+ t x %\ld be ,e9/e9's favorite art4#ea ,x is ev5 m natural t1 next to music1 he %\ld be attract$ to ar*itecture--! art :i* ,goe! call$ 8froz5 music0--= "h we are actually plung$ into me*anics1 "h /atics & dynamics are trans=m$ into visible beauty4 ,to pa9t+ he is indiff]5t1 b he is drawn to lit]ature1 al?\gh no great read]4 ,9 lit]ature1 inde$1 x w\ld seem t x is n s mu* art t he seeks z emotion2 9 ?is field x is no long] ! au/]ely ar*itectonic t draws him2 ?us he is n attract$ to ,ibs52 he is greatly attract$ to ,c]vantes z well z ,kell] & ,/r9db]g2 he has a pr(\nd admiration = ,%akespe>e1 b is cool] t[>ds ,goe!1 :ile x w\ld seem t !re is no writ] to :om he is m f]v5tly atta*$ ?an ! mo/ highly emotional1 ! mo/ pr(\ndly dis9tegrat$ 9 n]v\s organisation ( all great writ]s1 ,do/oievsky1 especially 8 ma/]piece1 8,! ,bro!rs ,k>amazov40 8,do/oievsky gives me m ?an any sci5ti/1 m ?an ,gauss40 ,all lit]>y analysis or /hetic subtlety1 x seems to ,e9/e91 fails to p5etrate to ! he>t ( a "w l 8,! ,k>amazovs10 x c only be grasp$ by ! feel+s4 ,8 face lights up :5 he speaks ( x & he c f9d no ^w b 8e?ical satisfaction40 ,= e?ics 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 z a sy/em1 means little to ,e9/e92 he w\ld n ev5 include x 9 ! sci5ces2 x is ! e?ical joy embodi$ 9 art :i* satisfies him4 ,moreov]1 x is said1 ! keynote ( ,e9/e9's emotional exi/5ce is ! cry ( ,sophocles' ,antigone3 8,i am n "h to hate ) y1 b to love ) y40 ,! be/ t life has to (f]1 he feels1 is a face gl[+ ) happ9ess4 ,he is an advanc$ democrat & pacifi/ r ?an 7z is sometimes suppos$7 a sociali/2 he believes 9 ! int]nationality ( all intellectual "w & sees no reason :y ?is %\ld de/roy national *>act]i/ics4 ,e9/e9 is n--& ?is is ! ess5tial po9t to make cle>--m]ely an arti/ 9 8 mom5ts ( leisure & play1 z a great /atesman may play golf or a great soldi] gr[ or*ids4 ,he reta9s ! same attitude 9 ! :ole ( 8 "w4 ,he traces sci5ce to its roots 9 emotion1 :i* is exactly :]e art also is root$4 ,( ,max ,planck1 ! physici/1 = :om he has great admiration1 ,e9/e9 has said3 8,! emotional condition :i* fits him = 8 task is ak9 to t ( a devotee or a lov]40 ,we may say ! same1 x w\ld seem1 ( ,e9/e9 himself4 ,he is n ev5 to be includ$1 z "s might h suppos$1 9 t rigid sect :i* ass]ts t all real sci5ce is precise measurem5t2 he recognises t ! biological sci5ces mu/ be l>gely indep5d5t ( ma!matics4 ,if ma!matics 7 ! only pa? ( sci5ce1 he once rem>k$1 ,nature w\ld h be5 illegible = ,goe!1 :o _h a non-ma!matical1 ev5 anti-ma!matical1 m9d1 & yet possess$ a p[] ( intuition great] ?an t ( _m an exact inve/igator4#eb ,all great a*ievem5ts 9 sci5ce1 he holds1 />t f intuition4 ,?is he con/antly repeats1 al?\gh he adds t ! intuition mu/ n /& alone1 = inv5tion also is requir$4 ,he is dispos$ to reg>d _m sci5tific discov]ies commonly reg>d$ ! "w ( pure ?\ght z really works ( art4 ,he w\ld h ?is view embodi$ 9 all education1 mak+ education a free & liv+ process1 ) no drill+ ( ! memory & no exam9ations1 ma9ly a process ( appeal to ! s5ses 9 ord] to draw out delicate reactions4 ,) 8 end1 & ev5 = ! sake ( acquir+ e?ical p]sonality1 he w\ld h e *ild le>n a h&icraft1 jo9]y1 bookb9d+1 or o!r1 &1 l lie ,faure1#ec he has great fai? 9 ! educational value ( ! c9ema4 ,we see t beh9d all ,e9/e9's activity lies ! conception t ! physici/'s "w is to atta9 a picture1 8a _w-picture10 z he calls x4 8,i agree ) ,s*op5hau]10 ,e9/e9 said at a celebration 9 hon\r ( ,planck 9 #aiah1 8t "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful motives t attract p to sci5ce & art is ! long+ to escape f ev]yday life ) its pa9ful co>s5ess & desolat+ b>5ess1 & to break ! fett]s ( _! own ev]-*ang+ desires4 ,x impels ^? ( ke5] s5sibility out ( _! p]sonal exi/5ces into ! _w ( objective p]ception & und]/&+4 ,x is a motive =ce ( l k9d to t :i* drives ! dwell] 9 noisy confus$ cities to re/ful ,alp9e heights :5ce he seems to h an outlook on et]nity4 ,associat$ ) ?is negative motive is ! positive motive :i* impels m5 to seek a simplifi$ synoptic view ( ! _w con=mable to _! own nature1 ov]com+ ! _w by replac+ x ) ?is picture4 ,! pa9t]1 ! poet1 ! philosoph]1 ! sci5ti/1 all d ?is1 ea* 9 8 own way40 ,sp5gl] has elaborately argu$ t !re is a p]fect id5tity ( physics1 ma!matics1 religion1 & great art4#ed ,we might fairly be all[$ to po9t to ,e9/e9 z a l(ty embodim5t ( t id5tity4 ,"h1 :]e we rea* ! sph]e ( ma!matics1 we are among processes :i* seem to "s ! mo/ inhuman ( all human activities & ! mo/ remote f poetry4 ,yet x is "h t ! arti/ has ! fulle/ scope = 8 imag9ation4 8,ma!matics10 says ,b]tr& ,russell 9 8 8,my/icism & ,logic10 8may be def9$ z ! subject 9 :i* we nev] "k :at we are talk+ ab\t1 nor :e!r :at we are say+ is true40 ,we are 9 ! imag9ative sph]e ( art1 & ! ma!matician is engag$ 9 a "w ( creation :i* resembles music 9 its ord]l9ess1 & is yet reproduc+ on ano!r plane ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 & s becom+ z x 7 a music ( ! sph]es4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! greate/ ma!maticians h aga9 & aga9 appeal$ to ! arts 9 ord] to f9d "s analogy to _! own "w4 ,!y h inde$ f\nd x 9 ! mo/ v>i\s arts1 9 poetry1 9 pa9t+1 9 sculpture1 al?\gh x w\ld c]ta9ly seem t x is 9 music1 ! mo/ ab/ract ( ! arts1 ! art ( numb] & ( "t1 t we f9d ! close/ analogy4 8,! ma!matician's be/ "w is art10 said ,mittag-,lefl]1 8a high & p]fect art1 z d>+ z ! mo/ secret dreams ( imag9ation1 cle> & limpid4 ,ma!matical g5ius & arti/ic g5ius t\* ea* o!r40 ,& ,sylve/] wrote 9 8 8,!ory ( ,reciprocants03 8,does x n seem z if ,algebra _h atta9$ to ! dignity ( a f9e art1 9 :i* ! workman has a free h& to develop 8 conceptions1 z 9 a musical !me or a subject = pa9t+8 ,x has rea*$ a po9t 9 :i* e prop]ly develop$ algebraical composition1 l a skilful l&scape1 is expect$ to sugge/ ! notion ( an inf9ite di/ance ly+ beyond ! limits ( ! canvas40 8,ma!matics1 rightly view$10 says ,b]tr& ,russell aga91 8possesses n only tru?1 b supreme beauty--a beauty cold & au/]e1 l t ( sculpture4444 ,! true _s ( delight1 ! exaltation1 ! s5se ( be+ m ?an man1 :i* is ! t\*/one ( ! highe/ excell5ce1 is to be f\nd 9 ma!matics z surely z 9 poetry40 ,! ma!matician has rea*$ ! highe/ rung on ! ladd] ( human ?\ght4 ,b x is ! same ladd] :i* we h all ( u be5 always asc5d+1 alike f ! infancy ( ! individual & ! infancy ( ! race4 ,molire's ,j\rda9 _h be5 speak+ prose = m ?an =ty ye>s )\t kn[+ x4 ,mank9d has be5 ?9k+ poetry ?r\gh\t its long c>e] & rema9$ equally ignorant4 ,footnote #bf3 ,x w\ld n appe> t ! pione]s ( ! ,ma!matical ,r5aissance ( ! tw5tie? c5tury are incl9$ to imitate ,desc>tes 9 ?is matt]4 ,e9/e9 w\ld c]ta9ly n1 & _m apo/les ( physical sci5ce to-day 7see1 e4g41 ,pr(essor ,smi!lls1 ,f a ,mod]n ,univ]sity3 ,"s ,aims & ,aspirations ( ,sci5ce7 insi/ on ! /hetic1 imag9ative1 & o!r 8art0 qualities ( sci5ce4 ,footnote #bg3 ,c4 ,s+]4 8,:at is ,sci5ce80 ,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #be? ,june1 #aiba4 ,s+] refuses ! "n ( 8sci5ce0 9 ! /rict s5se to fields ( completely organis$ k :i* h ceas$ gr[+1 l human anatomy 7?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! anatomi/ /ill rema9s a man ( sci5ce by work+ outw>ds into adjo9+ relat$ fields71 pref]r+ to t]m any su* field ( complet$ k a discipl9e4 ,?is seems conv5i5t & ,i %\ld l to reg>d x z s\nd4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 compatible ) ! old doctr9e ( ,mill & ,colv9 & ,ray ,lanke/]1 = x excludes f ! field ( sci5ce exactly :at !y reg>d$ z mo/ typically sci5ce1 & "s "o might possibly ask :e!r 9 o!r dep>tm5ts1 l ,hell5ic sculpture or ,sung pott]y1 a complet$ art ceases to be art4 ,footnote #bh3 ,x has (t5 be5 po9t$ out t ! imag9ative application ( sci5ce--arti/ic ideas l t ( ! /eam locomotive1 ! fly+-ma*9e heavi] ?an air1 ! telegraph1 ! telephone1 & _m o!rs--7 ev5 at ! mom5t ( _! be+ a*iev$1 elaborately %[n to be 8impossible0 by m5 :o _h be5 too ha/ily hoi/$ up to positions ( 8sci5tific0 em95ce4 ,footnote #bi3 ,j4 ,b4 ,baillie1 ,/udies 9 ,human ,nature 7#aiba71 p4 #bba4 ,?is po9t has become famili> ev] s9ce ,f4 ,a4 ,lange publi%$ 8 almo/ epo*-m>k+ "w1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism1 :i* has made s deep an impress on _m mod]n ?9k]s f ,nietzs*e to ,vaih+]2 x is inde$ a book :i* c nev] be =gott5 7,i speak f exp]i5ce7 by any "o :o read x 9 y\?4 ,footnote #cj3 ,g4 ,wallas1 ,! ,great ,society1 p4 #ajg4 ,footnote #ca3 ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 vol4 ,i1 *ap4 ,,iii1 :]e w be f\nd an attractive acc\nt ( ,py?agoras' c>e] & position4 ,footnote #cb3 ,always1 x may p]haps be not$ 9 pass+1 x seems to h be5 difficult = ! sob] & solemn ,nor!rn]1 especially ( ,engl&1 to ent] into ! ,greek _s1 all ! m s9ce t _s 0 only ! _s ( a spr9kl+ ( p amid a ho/ile mass ab\t z unlike any?+ we conv5tionally call 8,greek0 z c\ld well be imag9$1 s t1 z lie ,faure1 ! hi/orian ( art1 has lately rem>k$1 ,greek art is a biological 8mon/rosity40 7,yet1 ,i w\ld ask1 might we n say ! same ( ,france or ( ,engl&87 ,t is :y x is usually s irritat+ to read books writt5 ab\t ! ,greeks by b>b>ians2 !y slur ov] or ignore :at !y d n l &1 "o suspects1 !y in/9ctively mis9t]pret :at !y ?9k !y d l4 ,bett] ev5 ! mo/ imp]fect k ( a few orig9al texts1 bett] ev5 only a few days on ! ,acropolis1 ?an ! second-h& op9ions ( o!r p4 ,& if we mu/ h a book ab\t ! ,greeks1 !re is always ,a!nu1 mu* ne>] to !m 9 "t & 9 _s1 ) all 8 gossip1 ?an any ,nor!rn b>b>ian1 & an ev]la/+ delight4 ,footnote #cc3 ,along ano!r l9e x %\ld h be5 cle> t ! dialogues ( ! philosoph]s 7 drama & n hi/ory4 ,x w\ld appe> 7,croiset1 ,littrature ,grecque1 vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ddh et seq47 t ) ,epi*>mus ( ,cos1 :o 0 settl$ 9 ,meg>a at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 philosophic com$y fl\ri%$ brilliantly at ,syracuse1 & inde$ fragm5ts ( 8 =mal philosophic dialogue survive4 ,?us x is sugge/$ t ,a!nian com$y & sophi/ic prose dialogues may be reg>d$ z two bran*es drawn f ! anci5t prototype ( su* ,syracusan com$y1 itself ultimately d]iv$ f ,ionian philosophy4 ,x is wor? not+1 ,i might add1 t :5 we fir/ he> ( ! ,platonic dialogues !y 7 be+ gr\p$ 9 trilogies & tetralogies l ! ,greek dramas2 t indicates1 at all ev5ts1 :at _! e>lie/ editors ?\ght ab\t !m4 ,x is also int]e/+ to note t ! writ] (1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 ! late/ h&book to ,plato1 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,e4 ,taylor 7,plato1 #aibb1 pp4 #cb-cc71 reg>ds ! 8,socrates0 ( ,plato z no hi/orical figure1 n ev5 a mask ( ,plato himself1 b simply 8! h]o ( ! ,platonic drama10 ( :i* we h to approa* 9 mu* ! same way z ! "w ( 8a great dramati/ or noveli/40 ,footnote #cd3 ,he _h (t5 be5 bidd5 9 dreams to make music1 said ! ,platonic ,socrates 9 ,phd1 & he _h imag9$ t t 0 meant to enc\rage him 9 ! pursuit ( philosophy1 8:i* is ! noble/ & be/ ( music40 ,footnote #ce3 ,9 discuss+ ,socrates ,i h made "s use ( ,pr(essor ,duprel's rem>kable book1 ,la ,lg5de ,socratique 7#aibb74 ,duprel himself1 ) a little t\* ( irony1 recomm5ds a c>eful p]usal ( ! beautiful & monum5tal works erect$ by ,zell] & ,grote & ,gomp]z to ! hon\r ( ,socrates4 ,footnote #cf3 ,c\nt ,h]mann ,keys]l+1 ,philosophie als ,kun/ 7#aibj71 p4 #b4 ,he associates ?is ) ! ne$ = a philosophy to possess a subjective p]sonal "*1 )\t :i* x c h no value1 inde$ no cont5t at all4 ,footnote #cg3 ,croce1 ,problemi d' ,e/etica1 p4 #ae4 ,i h to admit1 = myself1 t1 :ile admir+ ! calm bread? ( ,croce's wide outlook1 x is sometimes my mis=tune1 9 spite ( myself1 :5 ,i g to 8 works1 to play ! "p ( a ,balaam reb\rs4 ,i g =? to bless3 &1 someh[1 ,i curse4 ,footnote #ch3 ,james ,h9ton1 a pione] 9 s _m fields1 cle>ly saw t ?9k+ is really an art fifty ye>s ago4 8,?9k+ is no m]e me*anical process10 he wrote 7,*apt]s on ! ,art ( ,?9k+1 pp4 #dc et seq471 8x is a great ,art1 ! *ief ( all ! ,arts4444 ,^? only c be call$ ?9k]s :o h a native gift1 a special end[m5t = ! "w1 & h be5 tra9$1 besides1 by assidu\s culture4 ,& ?\gh we cont9ually assume t e "o is capable ( ?9k+1 d we n all feel t !re is someh[ a fallacy 9 ?is assumption8 ,d we n feel t :at p set up z _! #8reasons' = disbeliev+ or believ+ are (t5 no?+ ( ! sort8444 ,! ,art faculty is ,imag9ation1 ! p[] ( see+ ! unse51 ! p[] also ( putt+ ourselves out ( ! c5tre1 ( r$uc+ ourselves to our true proportions1 ( truly us+ our own impressions4 ,& is n ?is 9 reality ! *ief elem5t 9 ! "w ( ! ?9k]8444 ,sci5ce is poetry40 ,footnote #ci3 ,s f>1 inde$1 z ,i am aw>e1 ,i 0 responsible = ! fir/ ,engli% acc\nt ( 8 "w 7outside philosophical j\rnals72 x appe>$ 9 ! ,london ,nation & ,a!num a few ye>s ago1 & is p>tly embodi$ 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,footnote #dj3 ,i h bas$ ?is sket* on an attractive & illum9at+ acc\nt ( 8 own developm5t writt5 by ,pr(essor ,vaih+] = ,dr4 ,raymund ,s*midt's highly valuable s]ies1 ,die ,deuts*e ,philosophie d] ,geg5w>t 9 ,selb/d>/ellung5 7#aiba71 vol4 ,,ii4 ,footnote #da3 8,mo/ work]s on ! problem ( atomic con/itution10 rem>ks ,sir ,erne/ ,ru!r=d 7,nature1 #e? ,augu/1 #aibb71 8take z a work+ hypo!sis t ! atoms ( matt] are purely electrical /ructures1 & t ultimately x is hop$ to expla9 all ! prop]ties ( atoms z a result ( c]ta9 comb9ations ( ! two fundam5tal units ( positive & negative electricity1 ! proton & electron40 ,footnote #db3 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,/udies 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,sex1 vol4 ,i4 ,footnote #dc3 ,otto ,rank1 ,d] ,kn/l]3 ,anstze zu e9] ,sexual ,psy*ologie4 ,footnote #dd3 ,! sexual /ra9 9 ! symbolism ( language is t\*$ on 9 my ,/udies 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,sex1 vol4 ,v1 & simil> traits 9 primitive leg5ds h be5 emphasis$--_m w\ld say ov]-emphasis$--by ,freud & ,jung4 ,footnote #de3 ,e9/e91 9 conv]sation ) ,moszk[ski1 express$ d\bt z to ! reality ( ,leon>do's previsions ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,b x sc>cely appe>$ t he _h inve/igat$ ! matt]1 :ile ! def9ite te/imony ( ! exp]ts 9 _m fields :o h done s _c be put aside4 ,footnote #df3 ,= ! ,italian read] ( ,leon>do ! fat little volume ( ,framm5ti1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,solmi & publi%$ by ,b>bra1 is a preci\s & inexhau/ible pocket companion4 ,= ! ,engli% read] ,mr4 ,mac,curdy's l>g] b mu* less ext5sive volume ( extracts f ! ,note-,books1 or ! /ill fur!r abridg$ ,?\ghts1 mu/ suffice4 ,h]b]t ,horne's annotat$ v]sion ( ,vas>i's ,life is excell5t = ,leon>do's p]sonality & c>e]4 ,footnote #dg3 ,morley ,rob]ts1 :o might be reg>d$ z a pupil 9 ! s*ool ( ,leon>do & tra9$ l him 9 ! field ( art1 has 9 v>i\s places ( 8 sugge/ive book1 ,w>f>e 9 ! ,human ,body1 spr9kl$ irony ov] ! examples he has come across ( ignorant speciali/s claim+ to be m5 ( 8sci5ce40 ,footnote #dh3 ,ne$less to say1 ,i d n m5tion ?is to belittle ,galton4 ,a c>eful att5tion to words1 :i* 9 its extreme =m becomes p$antry1 is by no means necess>ily associat$ ) a c>eful att5tion to ?+s4 ,until rec5t times ,engli% writ]s1 ev5 ! greate/1 7 always neglig5t 9 spell+2 x w\ld be fooli% to suppose !y 7 !re=e neglig5t 9 ?9k+4 ,footnote #di3 ,d>w9 ev5 ov]e/imat$ ! /hetic elem5t 9 8 !ory ( sexual selection1 & 7,i h _h occasion else:]e to po9t out7 unnecess>ily prejudic$ t !ory by sometimes unw>ily assum+ a consci\s /hetic elem5t4 ,footnote #ej3 ,x is probable t ! reason :y x is (t5 difficult to trace ! imag9ative arti/ 9 great m5 ( suppos$ly ab/ract sci5ce is ! paucity ( intimate in=mation ab\t !m4 ,ev5 _! sci5tific fri5ds h r>ely _h ! pati5ce1 or ev5 p]haps ! intellig5ce1 to obs]ve !m rev]5tly & to record _! obs]vations4 ,we "k almo/ no?+ t is intimately p]sonal ab\t ,newton4 ,z reg>ds ,e9/e91 we are =tunate 9 possess+ ! book ( ,moszk[ski1 ,e9/e9 7translat$ into ,engli% "u ! title ( ,e9/e9 ! ,se>*]71 :i* conta9s _m in/ructive conv]sations & obs]vations by a highly intellig5t & appreciative admir]1 :o has set !m d[n 9 a ,boswellian _s t fa9tly recalls ,eck]mann's book on ,goe! 7:i*1 inde$1 ,moszk[ski _h 9 m9d71 ?\gh fall+ f> %ort ( t supreme a*ievem5t4 ,! /atem5ts 9 ! text are ma9ly glean$ f ,moszk[ski4 ,footnote #ea3 ,sp5gl] holds 7,d] ,unt]gang des ,ab5dl&es1 vol4 ,x1 p4 #cbi7 t ! developm5t ( music ?r\gh\t its v>i\s /ages 9 our ,european culture really has be5 closely relat$ ) ! /ages ( ! developm5t ( ma!matics4 ,footnote #eb3 ,i w\ld "h ref] to a se>*+ inve/igation1 8,goe! und die ma!matis*e ,physik3 ,e9e ,erk5ntni/heoretis*e ,/udie10 9 ,ern/ ,cassir]'s ,idee und ,ge/alt 7#aiba74 ,x is "h %[n t 9 "s respects ,goe! po9t$ ! way along :i* ma!matical physics1 by foll[+ its own pa?s1 has s9ce travell$1 & t ev5 :5 mo/ non-ma!matical ,goe!'s sci5tific attitude 0 ju/ifiable4 ,footnote #ec3 ,see ! rem>kable essay1 8,de la ,c9pla/ique10 9 lie ,faure's ,l',arbre d'd5 7#aibb74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a future & reg5]at$ c9ema = :i* lie ,faure looks1 8to become ! art ( ! cr[d1 ! p[]ful c5tre ( communion 9 :i* new symphonic =ms w be born 9 ! tumult ( passions & utiliz$ = f9e & elevat+ /hetic ends40 ,footnote #ed3 ,o4 ,sp5gl]1 ,d] ,unt]gang des ,ab5dl&es1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #egf4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,writ+ ,i ,,f "t to "t we are solemnly w>n$ t 9 ! h&s ( mod]n writ]s language has fall5 into a morbid /ate4 ,x has become deg5]ate1 if n1 inde$1 ! victim ( 8s5ile ataxy0 or 8g5]al p>alysis40 ,c]ta9ly x is well t our monitors %\ld seek to ar\se 9 u ! :olesome _s ( self-criticism4 ,:e!r we write ill or well1 we c nev] be too s]i\sly conc]n$ ) :at x is t we are attempt+ to d4 ,we may always be grateful to ^? :o /imulate u to a m wakeful activity 9 pursu+ a task :i* c nev] be c>ri$ to p]fection4 ,yet ^! monitors seldom fail at ! same "t to ar\se a deep revolt 9 our m9ds4 ,we are n only impress$ by ! critic's own inability to write any bett] ?an ^? he criticises4 ,we are mov$ to "q ! validity ( ne>ly all ! rules he lays d[n = our guidance4 ,we are incl9$ to dispute altoge!r ! s\ndness ( ! premises f :i* he />ts4 ,( ^! ?ree t]ms ( our revolt1 cov]+ compreh5sively ! :ole gr\nd1 ! fir/ may be put aside--s9ce ! anci5t retort is always ineffective & x helps ! pati5t n at all to bid ! physician heal himself--& we may take ! la/ fir/4 ,m5 are always apt to b[ d[n be=e ! sup]ior might ( _! ance/ors4 ,x has be5 s always & ev]y:]e4 ,ev5 ! au?or ( ! once well-kn[n book ( ,g5esis believ$ t 8!re 7 giants 9 ! e>? 9 ^? days10 ! mighty m5 :i* 7 ( old1 ! m5 ( r5[n1 & /ill to-day among ourselves no pla9t is m common ?an t conc]n+ ! physical deg5]acy ( mod]n m5 z comp>$ ) our ance/ors ( a few c5turies ago4 ,n[ & !n1 inde$1 !re comes along a man ( sci5ce1 l ,pr(essor ,p>sons1 :o has measur$ ! bones f ! rema9s ( ! ance/ors we /ill see pil$ up 9 ! crypt at ,hy!1 & f9ds t--h[ev] f9e ! occasional exceptions--! av]age height ( ^? m5 & wom5 0 decid$ly less ?an t ( _! pres5t-day desc5dants4 ,=tunately = ! vitality ( tradition1 we *]i% a :olesome di/ru/ ( sci5ce4 ,& s x is ) our av]age lit]>y /ature4 ,! academic critic reg>ds himself z ! special depository ( ! accept$ tradition1 & f> be x f him to condesc5d to any m]e sci5tific inquiry into ! actual facts4 ,he half awak5s f slumb] to murmur ! expect$ d5unciation ( 8 own "t1 & !re) returns to slumb]4 ,he usually seems unaw>e t ev5 ?ree c5turies ago1 9 ! f9e/ p]iod ( ,engli% prose1 ,swift1 c]ta9ly himself a supreme ma/]1 0 already lam5t+ 8! corruption ( our /yle40 ,if x is ass]t$ t ! av]age writ] ( to-day has n equall$ ! supreme writ] ( "s e>li] age1--!re are b "o or two 9 any age1--we c only ejaculate3 ,/range if he _h6 ,yet t is all t ! academic critic usually seems to mean4 ,if he w\ld take ! tr\ble to comp>e ! av]age prose writ] ( to-day ) ! av]age writ] ( ev5 s great an age z ! ,elizabe?an1 he might easily conv9ce himself t ! =m]1 :atev] 8 imp]fections1 ne$ n fe> ! comp>ison4 ,:e!r or n ,progress 9 g5]al may be describ$ z 8! ex*ange ( "o nuisance = ano!r nuisance10 x is c]ta9ly s ) ! progress ( /yle1 & ! imp]fections ( our av]age ev]yday writ+ are balanc$ by ! q o!r imp]fections ( our =efa!rs' writ+4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 ne$ we envy 9 ! lit]>y me?ods ( t great & miscellane\s b& ( writ]s :om ,hakluyt br\ght toge!r 9 ^? admirable volumes :i* are truly great & really fasc9at+ only = reasons t h no?+ to d ) /yle8 ,raleigh himself "h %[s no di/9ction 9 8 n>rative ( t discr$itable episode1--z he cle>ly & rightly felt x to be1--! loss ( ! ,rev5ge by ! wilful ,gr5ville4 ,mo/ ( !m are bald1 sav\rless1 monoton\s1 /at+ ! obvi\s facts 9 ! obvi\s way1 b hopelessly fail+ to make cle>1 :5 r>ely !y attempt x1 any?+ t is n obvi\s4 ,!y h none ( ! little unconsci\s tricks ( mann] :i* worry ! critic to-day4 ,b _! :ole mann] is "o commonplace trick f :i* !y nev] escape4 ,!y are only reliev$ by its simplicity & by ! novelty :i* comes ?r\gh age4 ,we h to rememb] t all m$iocrity is imp]sonal & t :5 we enc\rage its manife/ations on pr9t$ pages we m]ely make m$iocrity m conspicu\s4 ,nor c t be rem$i$ by tea*+ ! m$iocre to cultivate tricks ( fa%ion or ( vanity4 ,!re is m p]sonality 9 ,claude ,b]n>d's 8,leons de ,physiologie ,exprim5tales10 a great critic ( life & lett]s has po9t$ out1 ,remy de ,g\rmont1 ?an 9 ,musset's 8,confession d'un ,enfant du ,sicle40 ,= p]sonality is n some?+ t c be s\ght2 x is a radiance t is diffus$ spontane\sly4 ,x may ev5 be mo/ manife/ :5 mo/ avoid$1 & no writ]--! rem>k has d\btless (t5 be5 made be=e--c be m p]sonal ?an ,flaub]t :o _h made almo/ a gospel ( ,imp]sonality4 ,b ! abs5ce ( rese>* = p]sonality1 h[ev] m]itori\s1 w n suffice to br+ p]sonality out ( m$iocrity4 ,moreov]1 ! obvi\s fact seems (t5 to be ov]look$ by ! critic t a va/ly l>g] proportion ( ! population n[ write1 & see _! writ+ pr9t$4 ,we live 9 :at we call a democratic age 9 :i* all are compulsorily taught h[ to make po?ooks & hang]s on pap]4 ,s t e n9compoop--9 ! att5uat$ s5se ( ! t]m--z soon z he puts a p5 9 ink feels t he has become1 l ,m4 ,j\rda91 a writ] ( prose4 ,t feel+ is ju/ifi$ only 9 a v limit$ s5se1 & if we wi% to comp>e ! condition ( ?+s to-day ) t 9 an age :5 p wrote at ! bidd+ ( "s urg5t /imulus f )\t or f )91 we h at ! outset to delete c]ta9ly ov] n9ety-five p] c5t ( our mod]n s-call$ writ]s be=e we in/itute any comp>ison4 ,! writ]s ?us /ruck out1 x may be add$1 _c fail to include _m p]sons ( mu* note 9 ! _w4 ,!re are all sorts ( p to-day :o write f all sorts ( motives o!r ?an a g5u9e aptitude = writ+4 ,to suppose t !re c be any comp>ison at ?is po9t ( ! pres5t ) ! pa/ & to dodd] ov] ! decay ( our language w\ld seem a s5ile proce$+ if we d n happ5 to "k t x occurs 9 all ages1 & t1 ev5 at ! "t :5 our prose spee* 0 z ne> to p]fection z x is ev] likely to be1 its critics 7 bemoan+ its corruption1 lam5t+1 = in/ance1 ! indol5t new practice ( increas+ sibilation by *ang+ 8arrive?0 into 8arrives0 & pron\nc+ 8walk$0 z 8walkd10 sometimes 9 _! criticisms %[+ no m k ( ! hi/ory & me?ods ( gr[? ( ,engli% ?an our academic critics %[ to-day4 ,= we "k :at to-day !y tell u2 x is n h>d to "k1 _! exhortations1 ?\gh few1 are repeat$ 9 s psittace\s a mann]4 ,"o ?9ks1 = in/ance1 ( t solemn w>n+ aga9/ ! enormity ( ! split inf9itive :i* has done s mu* to aggravate ! ,ph>isaism ( ! bad writ]s :o scrupul\sly avoid x4 ,?is sup]/ition seems to h _h its orig9 9 a false analogy ) ,lat9 9 :i* ! inf9itive is nev] split = ! good reason t x is impossible to split4 ,9 ! great] fre$om ( ,engli% x is possible & has be5 done = at lea/ ! la/ five hundr$ ye>s by ! greate/ ma/]s ( ,engli%2 only ! good writ] nev] uses ?is =m helplessly & involunt>ily1 b ) a def9ite object2 & t is ! only rule to obs]ve4 ,an absolute prohibition 9 ?is matt] is ! m>k ( ^? :o are too ignorant1 or else too un9tellig5t1 to recognise a usage :i* is ( ! ess5ce ( ,engli% spee*4#ee ,"o may p]haps ref]1 aga91 to ^? :o lay d[n t e s5t5ce mu/ end on a significant ^w1 nev] on a preposition1 & :o reprobate :at has be5 te*nically t]m$ ! po/-habit$ prefix4 ,!y are ! same wor?y & w\ld-be old-fa%ion$ p :o ?9k t a piece ( music mu/ always end monoton\sly on a bang+ *ord4 ,only "h !y h n1 any m ?an 9 music1 ev5 ! virtue--if su* x be--( old fa%ion1 = ! f9al s-call$ preposition is 9 ! g5ius ( ! ,engli% language & associat$ ) ! ,sc&9avian--9 ! wid] anci5t s5se ,dani%--/ra9 ( ,engli%1 "o ( ! f9e/ /ra9s x owns1 imp>t+ mu* ( ! pla/ic =ce :i* r5d]s x flexible1 ! elem5t :i* help$ to save x f ! /raitlac$ t5d5cy ( ,anglo-,saxon & ! awkw>d =mality ( ,lat9 & ,fr5* influ5ce4 ,! fooli% prejudice we are "h conc]n$ ) seems to date f a p]iod :5 ! example ( ,fr5*1 9 :i* ! f9al preposition is impossible1 happ5$ to be dom9ant4 ,its use 9 ,engli% is associat$ ) ! in=mal grace & simplicity1 ! v>iety ( t5d] cad5ce1 :i* our tongue admits4 ,9 su* matt]s z ! 8split inf9itive0 & ! 8po/-habit$ preposition10 !re %\ld nev] h be5 any d\bt z to ! complete validity & au?ority ( ! que/ion$ usages4 ,b !re are o!r po9ts at :i* "s ev5 good critics may be tempt$ to accept ! condemnation ( ! lit]>y gramm>ians4 ,x is suffici5t to m5tion "o3 ! nom9ative use ( ! pron\n 8me40 ,yet1 surely1 any "o :o consid]s social practice z well z psy*ological necessity %\ld n fail to see t we mu/ recognise a d\ble use ( 8me0 9 ,engli%4 ,! ,fr5*1 :o 9 su* matt]s seem to h possess$ a f9] social & psy*ological tact1 h realis$ t je _c be ! sole nom9ative ( ! fir/ p]son & h supplem5t$ x by moi 7mi f mihi74 ,! ,fr5*man1 :5 ask$ :o is !re1 does n reply 8,je60 ,b ! w\ld-be ,engli% puri/ is suppos$ to be r$uc$ to reply+ 8,i60 ,royal ,cleopatra asks ! ,mess5g]3 8,is %e z tall z me80 ,! w\ld-be puri/ no d\bt transmutes ?is z he reads into3 8,is %e z tall z ,i80 ,we ne$ n envy him4 ,su* an example indicates h[ indep5d5t ! free & :olesome life ( language is ( grammatical rules4 ,?is is n to dim9i% ! importance ( ! gramm>ian's task1 b simply to def9e x1 z ! =mulator1 & n ! lawgiv]1 ( usage4 ,8 rules are useful1 n m]ely 9 ord] to "k h[ be/ to keep !m1 b 9 ord] to "k h[ be/ to break !m4 ,)\t !m fre$om might become lic5ce4 ,yet ev5 lic5ce1 we h to recognise1 is ! necess>y (fsc\r+ ( spee* 9 its supreme manife/ations ( vitality & =ce4 ,engli% spee* 0 nev] m syntactically lic5ti\s ?an 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 b x 0 nev] m alive1 nev] m fitly ! mat]ial = a great arti/ to m\ld4 ,s x is t 9 ! sixte5? c5tury we f9d ,%akespe>e4 ,9 po/-,dryd5 days 7?\gh ,dryd5 0 an excell5t writ] & engag$ on an admirable task7 a supreme arti/ 9 ,engli% spee* became impossible1 & if a ,%akespe>e _h appe>$ all 8 /r5g? w\ld h be5 wa/$ 9 a va9 /ruggle ) ! gramm>ians4 ,fr5* spee* has run a simil> & almo/ syn*ron\s c\rse ) ,engli%4 ,!re 0 a magnific5tly natural =ce & weal? 9 sixte5?-c5tury ,fr5*3 9 ,rabelais x _h be5 ev5 extravagantly exub]ant2 9 ,montaigne x is /ill flexible & v>i\s--ondoyant et div]s--& /ill full ( natural delight & fre$om4 ,b aft] ,malh]be & 8 fell[s ,fr5* spee* acquir$ ord]l9ess1 precision1 & =mality2 !y 7 excell5t qualities1 no d\bt1 b _h to be paid = by "s degree ( ?9ness & primness1 ev5 "s /iff5+ ( ! jo9ts4 ,r\sseau came & p\r$ fre% blood f ,switz]l& into ! language & a new ineffable grace t 0 all 8 own2 s t if we n[ hesitate to say1 ) ,l&or1 t he excels all ! mod]ns = h>mony1 x is only because !y h le>nt :at he taught2 & ! lat] ,romantics1 "u ! bann] ( ,hugo1 imp>t$ col\r & brilliance4 ,yet all ! great arti/s :o h wre/l$ ) ,fr5* spee* = a c5tury h nev] be5 able to re/ore ! sc5t & ! sav\r & ! sub/ance :i* ,villon & ,montaigne )\t visible ef=t c\ld once f9d )9 its bord]s4 ,9 ?is z 9 o!r matt]s :at we call ,progress means ! discov]y ( new desirable qualities1 & !re) ! loss ( o!r qualities t 7 at lea/ equally desirable4 ,!n !re is yet ano!r w>n+ :i*1 especially 9 rec5t times1 is issu$ at frequ5t int]vals1 & t is aga9/ ! use ( v]bal c\nt]s1 ( worn or ev5 worn-out phrases1 ( :at we commonly fall back on mod]n ,fr5* to call cli*s4 ,we mean !reby ! use ( old /]eotyp$ phrases--,goe! call$ !m 8/amp$0 or ge/empelt--to save ! tr\ble ( mak+ a new liv+ phrase to suit our mean+4 ,! ^w cli* is ?us typographic1 ?\gh1 x s happ5s1 x is d]iv$ f an old ,fr5* ^w ( phonetic mean+1 cliquet] or cliqu] 7relat$ to ! ,g]man klats*571 :i* we already h 9 ,engli% z to 8click0 or to 8clack10 9 a s5se :i* well supplem5ts its m mod]n te*nical s5se = ?is lit]>y end4 ,yet ! w>n+ aga9/ cli*s is va94 ,! good writ]1 by ! v fact t he is alive & craves spee* t is vivid1 z cli*s nev] are1 in/9ctively avoids _! excessive use1 :ile ! n]v\s & bad writ]1 9 8 tremul\s anxiety to avoid ^! taboo$ cli*s1 falls into ! mo/ deplorable habits1 l ! late ,mr4 ,rob]t ,ross1 :o at "o "t 0 s anxi\s to avoid cli*s t he acquir$ ! habit ( us+ !m 9 an inv]t$ =m & wrote a prose t made "o feel l walk+ on %>p fl9ts2 =1 ?\gh a macadamiz$ road may n be s good to walk 9 z a fl[]$ mead[1 x is bett] ?an a macadamiz$ road ) ea* /one turn$ upside d[n & ! %>p edge upp]mo/4 ,z a matt] ( fact x is impossible to avoid ! use ( cli*s & c\nt]s 9 spee*1 & if x 7 possible ! results w\ld be 9 ! highe/ degree t$i\s & pa9ful4 ,! ^w 8cli*0 itself1 we h se51 is a cli*1 a worn c\nt] ( a ^w1 ) its orig9al mean+ all effac$1 & ev5 its second>y mean+ n[ only j visible4 ,t1 if ^? folk :o condemn cli*s only _h ! intellig5ce to p]ceive x1 is a significant fact4 ,y _c avoid us+ cli*s1 n ev5 9 ! v act ( condemn+ !m4 ,!y include1 if we only look ke5ly en\gh1 ne>ly ! :ole ( language1 almo/ e sep>ate ^w4 ,if "o c\ld avoid !m "o w\ld be un9telligible4 ,ev5 ^? common phrases :i* x is peculi>ly meet to call c\nt]s are n to be absolutely condemn$4 ,!y h become s common to use because s fit to use1 z ,baudelaire und]/ood :5 he spoke ( 8! imm5se dep? ( ?\ght 9 vulg> locutions40#ef ,!re is only "o rule to foll[ "h1--& x is simply ! rule 9 e "p ( art1--to "k :at "o is do+1 n to g %eeplike ) ! flock1 ignorantly1 un?9k+ly1 he$lessly1 b to m\ld spee* to expression ! mo/ truly "o kn[s h[4 ,if1 inde$1 we are seek+ cl>ity & ! precise expression ( ?\ght1 !re is no?+ we may n d if only we "k h[ to d x--b t 8if0 might well be 9 capitals4 ,"o :o has sp5t ! be/ "p ( 8 life 9 try+ to write ?+s t _h n be5 writt5 be=e1 & t 7 v difficult to write1 may p]haps be all[$ to confess ! h>dness ( ?is task4 ,to write is ?us an ardu\s intellectual task1 a process :i* calls = ! highe/ t5sion ( ! muscles 9 ! escalade ( a heav5 :i* ! /ronge/ & brave/ & al]te/ c nev] hope to take by viol5ce4 ,he has to be true1--:e!r x is 9 ! ext]nal _w he is work+ or 9 8 own int]nal _w1--& z tru? c only be se5 ?r\gh 8 own temp]am5t1 he is engag$ 9 m\ld+ ! expression ( a comb9ation :i* has nev] be5 se5 9 ! _w be=e4 ,x is sometimes said t ! great writ] seldom quotes1 & t 9 ! ma9 is true1 = he f9ds x difficult to mix an ali5 music ( ?\ght & spee* ) 8 own4 ,montaigne1 x is also said1 is an exception1 b t is sc>cely true4 ,:at ,montaigne quot$ he (t5 translat$ & s m\ld$ to ! patt]n ( 8 own m9d4 ,! same may be said ( ,rob]t ,burton4 ,if x _h n be5 s ^! writ]s 7almo/ c]ta9ly ,burton7 c\ld sc>cely h atta9$ to ! rank ( great au?ors4 ,! significant fact to note1 h[ev]1 is n t ! great writ] r>ely quotes1 b t he kn[s h[ to quote4 ,s*op5hau] 0 "h a ma/]4 ,he possess$ a m>vell\s flair = f9e say+s 9 remote books1 & ^! he w\ld n[ & aga9 let fall l jewels on 8 page1 ) s happy a skill t !y seem to be creat$ = ! spot on :i* !y fell4 ,x is ! little writ] r ?an ! great writ] :o seems nev] to quote1 & ! reason is t he is really nev] do+ any?+ else4#eg ,x is n 9 writ+ only1 9 all art1 9 all sci5ce1 ! task be=e ea* is t def9$ by ,bacon3 man add$ to ,nature4 ,x is s also 9 pa9t+1 z a great arti/ ( mod]n "t1 ,czanne1 recognis$ ev5 9 ^? same words3 8,he :o wi%es to make art10 he once said to ,voll>d1 8mu/ foll[ ,bacon1 :o def9$ ! arti/ z #8,homo additus ,natur4'0 ,s x is t ! arti/1 if he has succe$$ 9 be+ true to 8 function1 is necess>ily "o :o makes all ?+s new4#eh ,t rem>kable arti/ :o wrote ! ,book ( ! ,revelation has express$ ?is 9 8 allegorical1 p]haps unconsci\s1 ,ori5tal way1 = he repres5ts ! arti/ z he>+ ! div9e _s f ! ?rone )9 him utt]+ ! comm&3 8,behold1 ,i make all ?+s new4 ,write60 ,! comm& is simil> :atev] ! art may be1 ?\gh x is "h ! privilege ( ! writ] to f9d 8 own art set =? z ! inspir$ ensample ( all art4 ,?us x is t to write is a /r5u\s intellectual task n to be a*iev$ )\t ! ex]cise ( ! be/ tra9$ & mo/ delib]ate rational faculties4 ,t is ! outcome ( ! :ole argum5t up to ?is po9t4 ,!re is s mu* bad writ+ 9 ! _w because writ+ has be5 dom9at$ by ignorance & habit & prud]y1 & n lea/ by ! academic tea*]s & critics :o h kn[n no?+ ( :at !y claim to tea* & 7 (t5 !mselves s+ul> examples ( h[ n to write4 ,!re has1 on ! o!r h&1 be5 a little good writ+ "h & !re 9 ! _w1 ?r\gh ! ages1 because a few possess$ n only c\rage & passion & pati5ce1 b k & ! conc5trat$ intellectual att5tion1 & ! resolution to seek tru?1 & ! conviction t1 z !y imag9$1 ! g5ius !y s\ght consi/$ 9 tak+ pa9s4 ,yet1 if t 7 all1 _m p w\ld become great writ]s :o1 z we well "k1 w nev] become writ]s2 if t 7 all1 writ+ c\ld sc>cely ev5 be reg>d$ z an art4 ,= art1 or "o side ( x1 transc5ds consci\s k2 a poet1 z ,l&or rem>k$1 8is n aw>e ( all t he kn[s1 & seems at la/ to "k z little ab\t x z a silkworm kn[s ab\t ! f95ess ( h] ?read40 ,yet ! same great writ] has also said ( good poetry1 & ) equal tru?1 t 8! ignorant & inexp]t lose half its pleasures40 ,we always move on two feet1 z lie ,faure rem>ks 9 8 8,l',arbre d'd510 ! two poles ( k & ( desire1 ! "o a matt] ( delib]ate acquirem5t & ! o!r ( pr(\nd in/9ct1 & all our movem5ts are a p]petual leap f "o to ! o!r1 seek+ a c5tre ( gravity we nev] atta94#ei ,s ! a*ievem5t ( /yle 9 writ+1 z 9 all human int]c\rse1 is some?+ m ?an an inf9ite capacity = tak+ pa9s4 ,x is also def9$--&1 sometimes ,i ?9k1 supremely well def9$--z 8grace season$ ) salt40 ,beyond all t c be a*iev$ by k & ef=t1 !re mu/ be ! spontane\s grace t spr+s up l a f\nta9 f ! dep? ( a beautifully h>moni\s nature1 & !re mu/ be also ! quality :i* ! ,spani>ds call 8sal10 & s rightly admire 9 ! spee* ( ! wom5 ( ! p ( _! own l&1 ! salt quality :i* gives sav\r & po9t & antiseptic virtue4#fj ,! be/ lit]>y prose spee* is simply ! idealisation 9 ! heav5 ( art ( ! f9e/ common spee* ( e>?1 simply1 yet nev] rea*$ = m ?an a mom5t 9 a nation's long hi/ory4 ,9 ,greece x 0 immortally & radiantly a*iev$ by ,plato2 9 ,engl& x 0 atta9$ = a few ye>s dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! sev5te5? & ! fir/ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5turies1 l+]+ on1 inde$1 "h & !re to ! end ( t c5tury until cru%$ betwe5 ! p$antry ( ,johnson & ! poetic lic5ce ( ! ,romantics4 ,b = ! re/ only ! mo/ happily end[$ g5ius c ev5 atta9 = a r>e mom5t ! p]fection ( ! ,paul9e ideal ( 8grace season$ ) salt40 ,x is =tunate1 no d\bt1 t an age ( ma*9]y is well cont5t ) ma*9e-made writ+4 ,x w\ld be 9 bad ta/e--too physiological1 too s5tim5tal1 altoge!r too antiquat$--to ref] to ! symbolical significance ( ! highly relevant fact t ! he>t1 :ile und\bt$ly a ma*9e1 is at ! same "t a s5sitively pulsat+ organ ) fle%y /r+s /ret*$ f v5tricle to valves1 a h>p on :i* ! great arti/ may play until our he>ts also ?rob 9 unison4 ,yet !re are "s to :om x /ill seems t1 beyond me*anical skill1 ! cad5ces ( ! arti/'s spee* are ! cad5ces ( 8 he>t1 & ! footfalls ( 8 rhy?m ! footfalls ( 8 _s1 9 a great adv5ture across ! univ]se4 ,,ii ,,?us we d n always realise t le>n+ to write is p>tly a matt] ( individual in/9ct4 ,?is is s ev5 ( t writ+ :i*1 z *ildr51 we le>nt 9 copybooks ) engrav$ maxims at ! head ( ! page4 ,!re are "s1 inde$1 probably ! majority1 :o quickly a*ieve ! ability to pres5t a passable imitation ( ! irreproa*able model pres5t$ to !m4 ,!re are "s :o _c4 ,i speak z "o :o kn[s1 = ,i recall h[ my fir/ s*oolma/]1 a s>ca/ic little ,fr5*man1 irritat$ by my un*a/5able h&1 w\ld sometimes dem& if ,i wrote ) ! kit*5 pok]1 or aga9 ass]t t ,i kept a tame spid] to run ov] ! page1 :ile a lat] tea*]1 :o 0 an individuali/ & m tol]ant1 yet sometimes felt call$ ^u to murmur1 9 a tone ( dubi\s optimism3 8,y w h a h& ( y\r own1 my boy40 ,x is n lack ( docility t is 9 "q1 b an imp]ative dem& ( ! n]v\s sy/em :i* ! ef=ts ( ! w may inde$ b5d b _c cru%4 ,yet ! writ]s :o *e]fully lay d[n ! laws ( /yle seldom realise ?is complexity & my/]y enwrapp+ ev5 s simple a matt] z h&writ+4 ,no "o c say h[ mu* atavi/ic recurr5ce f remote ance/ors1 h[ mu* family n]v\s habit1 h[ mu* wayw>d yet deep-root$ p]sonal idiosyncrasy deflect ! *ild's pati5t ef=ts to imitate ! copp]plate model :i* is set be=e him4 ,! son (t5 writes l ! fa!r1 ev5 ?\gh he may seldom or nev] see 8 fa!r's h&writ+2 bro!rs may write s+ul>ly alike1 ?\gh taught by diff]5t tea*]s & ev5 9 diff]5t cont95ts4 ,x has be5 not$ ( ! anci5t & di/+ui%$ family ( ! ,tyrrells t _! h&writ+ 9 ! p>i% books ( ,/[m>ket rema9$ ! same ?r\gh\t _m g5]ations4 ,i h notic$1 9 a relation ( my own1 peculi>ities ( h&writ+ id5tical ) ^? ( an ance/or two c5turies ago ^: writ+ he c]ta9ly nev] saw4 ,! resemblance is (t5 n t ( exact =mation1 b ( g5]al air or und]ly+ /ructure4#fa ,"o is tempt$ to ?9k t (t51 9 ?is z 9 o!r matt]s1 ! possibilities are limit$1 & t :5 ! *ild is =m$ 9 8 "m's womb ,nature ca/ ! same old dice & ! same old comb9ations inevitably t5d to recur4 ,b t notion sc>cely fits all ! facts1 & our gr[+ k ( ! inf9ite subtlety ( h]$ity1 ( its pres5ce ev5 9 ! mo/ seem+ly elusive psy*ic *>act]s1 indicates t ! dice may be load$ & fall 9 accord ) h>monies we fail to p]ceive4 ,! developm5t ( ,m5delian analysis may 9 "t help u to und]/& !m4 ,! "p 9 /yle :i* belongs to atavism1 to h]$ity1 to unconsci\s in/9ct1 is probably v l>ge4 ,x eludes u to an ev5 great] ext5t ?an ! correspond+ "p 9 h&writ+ because ! man ( lett]s may h none among 8 ance/ors :o s\ght expression 9 /yle1 s t only "o ,milton speaks = a mute +lori\s family1 & h[ f> he speaks truly rema9s a matt] ( d\bt4 ,we only div9e ! tru? :5 we "k ! "* & de$s ( ! family4 ,!re c\ld be no m in/ructive revelation ( family hi/ory 9 /yle ?an is furni%$ by ,c>lyle4 ,!re _h nev] be5 any writ] 9 ! ,c>lyle family1 & if !re _h1 ,c>lyle at ! "t :5 8 mann] ( writ+ 0 =m$1 w\ld sc>cely h s\ght to imitate !m4 ,yet we c\ld n conceive ?is /]n1 labori\s1 plebeian family ( ,l[l& ,scots--) its remote ,teutonic aff9ities1 its co>s5ess1 its n>r[ness1 its ass]tive in>ticulative =ce--9 any m fitt+ v]bal translation ?an 0 giv5 x by ?is its la/ son1 ! pa!tic little figure ) ! face ( a lo/ *ild1 :o wrote 9 a padd$ room & turn$ ! r\gh muscul> & reproductive activity ( 8 fa!rs into m ?an half a c5tury ( eloqu5t *att] conc]n+ ,"w & ,sil5ce1 s writ+ 8 "n 9 lett]s ( gold on ! dome ( ! ,briti% ,museum4#fb ,:5 we consid] ! *>act]i/ics1 n ( ! family1 b ( ! race1 x is easi] to f9d examples ( ! =ce ( ance/ry1 ev5 remote ance/ry1 ov]com+ environm5t & dom9at+ /yle4 ,%akespe>e & ,bacon 7 bo? ,elizabe?ans :o bo? liv$ f y\? upw>ds 9 ,london1 & ev5 mov$ to "s ext5t almo/ 9 ! same circles4 ,yet all ! influ5ces ( tradition & environm5t1 :i* sometimes seem to u s /rong1 sc>cely suffic$ to spread ev5 ! fa9te/ v5e] ( simil>ity ov] _! /yle1 & we c\ld seldom mi/ake a s5t5ce ( "o = a s5t5ce ( ! o!r4 ,we always "k t ,%akespe>e--) 8 gay extravagance & r$undancy1 8 ess5tial idealism--came ( a p t _h be5 *ang$ 9 "* f ! surr\nd+ /ock by a ,celtic infold+ ( ! rec$+ ,briti% to ,wales4#fc ,we nev] fail to realise t ,bacon--) 8 in/9ctive gravity & temp]ance1 ! suppress$ ard\r ( 8 aspir+ intellectual passion1 8 temp]am5tal naturalism--0 root$ deep 9 t ,ea/ ,anglian soil :i* he _h nev] s mu* z visit$4 ,9 ,%akespe>e's ve9s !re dances ! blood ( ! m5 :o made ! 8,mab9ogion02 we recognise ,bacon z a man ( ! same c\ntryside :i* produc$ ! =efa!rs ( ,em]son4 ,or we may consid] ! m+l$ ,breton & ,gascon ance/ry ( ,r5an1 9 ^: bra91 9 ! v cont\r & melody ( 8 /yle1 ! anci5t b>ds ( ,brittany h jo9$ h&s ) ! tribe ( ,montaigne & ,brantme & ! re/4 ,or1 to take "o m example1 we c sc>cely fail to recognise 9 ! /yle ( ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne--z lat]1 may be1 9 t ( ,haw?orne--! glam\r ( :i* ! lat5t aptitude _h be5 h&$ on by ance/ors :o dwelt on ! bord]s ( ,wales4 ,9 ^! examples h]$it>y influ5ce c be cle>ly di/+ui%$ f m]ely ext]nal & traditional influ5ces4 ,n t we ne$ imply a disp>agem5t ( tradition3 x is ! f\ndation ( civilis$ progress4 ,spee* itself is a tradition1 a naturally develop$ conv5tion1 & 9 t inde$ x has its univ]sal applicability & use4 ,x is ! crude amorph\s mat]ial ( art1 ( music & poetry4 ,b on its =mal side1 :atev] its supreme significance z ! in/rum5t & m$ium ( expression1 spee* is a natural conv5tion1 an accumulat$ tradition4 ,ev5 tradition1 h[ev]1 is (t5 simply ! corporeal embodim5t1 z x 71 ( h]$ity4 ,beh9d _m a great writ]'s p]sonality !re /&s tradition1 & beh9d tradition ! race4 ,t is well illu/rat$ 9 ! /yle ( ,addison4 ,?is /yle--) a resili5t fibre und]nea? its delicacy & yet a c]ta9 fre$om z ( conv]sational famili>ity--has z its mo/ easily m>k$ /ructural signature a t5d5cy to a usage x has already be5 necess>y to m5tion3 ! t5d5cy to all[ ! preposition to lag to ! end ( ! s5t5ce r ?an to come tautly be=e ! pron\n ) :i* 9 ,lat9 x is comb9$4 ,9 a c5tury 9 :i* ! ,lat9-,fr5* elem5ts ( ,engli% 7 to become develop$1 z 9 ,gibbon & ,johnson1 to ! utmo/1 ! totally diff]5t physiognomy ( ,addison's prose rema9$ conspicu\s1--?\gh really f> f novel1--& to ! scioli/s ( a bygone age x seem$ m>k$ by c>elessness1 if n lic5ce1 at ! be/ by p]sonal idiosyncrasy4 ,yet1 z a matt] ( fact1 we "k x 0 no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,addison1 z 8 "n indicates1 0 ( ! /ock ( ! ,sc&9avian ,engli%1 & ! ,cumb]l& di/rict he belong$ to is l>gely ,sc&9avian2 ! adjo9+ p59sula ( ,furness1 :i* sw>ms ) simil> patronymics1 is inde$ "o ( ! mo/ purely ,sc&9avian spots 9 ,engl&4 ,n[ 9 ! ,sc&9avian languages1 z we "k1 & 9 ! ,engli% dialects bas$ ^u !m1 ! preposition comes usually at ! end ( ! s5t5ce1 & ,sc&9avian /ructural elem5ts =m an integral "p ( ,engli%1 ev5 m ?an ,lat9-,fr5*1 = x has be5 ! "p ( ! latt] r to enri* ! vocabul>y ?an to m\ld ! /ructure ( our tongue4 ,s t1 in/ead ( introduc+ a p]sonal idiosyncrasy or p]petrat+ a que/ionable lic5ce1 ,addison 0 cont9u+ 8 own ance/ral traditions & at ! same "t ass]t+ an organic pr]ogative ( ,engli% spee*4 ,x may be add$ t ,addison reveals 8 ,sc&9avian aff9ities n m]ely 9 ! mat]ial /ructure1 b 9 ! spiritual quality1 ( 8 "w4 ,?is delicate sympa!tic obs]vation1 ! ve9 ( g5tle melan*oly1 ! quiet re/ra9$ hum\r1 meet u aga9 9 mod]n ,norwegian au?ors l ,jonas ,lie4 ,:5 we put aside ^! ance/ral & traditional influ5ces1 !re is /ill mu* 9 ! writ]'s art :i*1 ev5 if p]sonal1 we c only t]m in/9ctive4 ,?is may be said ( t music :i* at _! f9e/ mom5ts belongs to all ! great writ]s ( prose4 ,e writ] has 8 own music1 ?\gh !re are few 9 :om x becomes audible save at r>e & preci\s int]vals4 ,! prose ( ! writ] :o c delib]ately make 8 own p]sonal cad5ces monoton\sly audible all ! "t gr[s we>isome2 x affects u z a t$i\s mann]ism4 ,?is is a k9d ( ma*9e-made prose :i* inde$ x requires a clev] artisan to produce2 b1 z ,l&or said1 8he mu/ be a bad writ] to :om !re are no inequalities40 ,! great writ]s1 ?\gh !y are always !mselves1 atta9 ! p]fect music ( _! /yle "u ! /ress ( a /imulus adequate to ar\se x4 ,_! music is ! audible translation ( emotion1 & only arises :5 ! waves ( emotion are /irr$4 ,x is n prop]ly speak+ a volunt>y effect4 ,we c b say t ! w9ds ( ! _s are brea!d ^u ! surface ( /yle1 & !y lift x into rhy?mic movem5t4 ,& = ea* writ] ^! waves h _! own special rate ( vibration1 _! peculi> %ape & int]val4 ,! ri* deep sl[ tones ( ,bacon h no?+ 9 common ) ! haunt+1 long-drawn melody1 fa9t & tremul\s1 ( ,newman2 ! high metallic falsetto r+ ( ,de ,qu9cey's rhetoric is f> away f ! p5sive l[-ton$ music ( ,pat]4 ,imitation1 z psy*ologi/s h taught u to realise1 is a "p ( in/9ct4 ,:5 we beg9 to le>n to write1 x r>ely happ5s t we are n imitators1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 unconsci\sly4 ,! v]se ( e "y poet1 h[ev] orig9al he may aft]w>ds gr[1 usually has pla9ly writt5 across x ! rhy?mic signature ( "s great ma/] ^: "w *ances to be abroad 9 ! _w2 once x 0 usually ,t5nyson1 !n ,sw9burne1 n[ v>i\s lat] poets2 ! same ?+ happ5s ) prose1 b ! rhy?m ( ! signature is less easy to he>4 ,z a writ] sl[ly f9ds 8 own c5tre ( gravity1 ! influ5ce ( ! rhy?m ( o!r writ]s ceases to be p]ceptible except 9 s f> z x co9cides ) 8 own natural movem5t & tempo4 ,t is a famili> fact4 ,we less easily realise1 p]haps1 t n only ! tunes b ! notes t !y are =m$ ( are1 9 e great writ]1 8 own4 ,9 o!r words1 he creates ev5 8 vocabul>y4 ,t is s n only 9 ! m obvi\s s5se t out ( ! mass ( words t make up a language e writ] uses only a limit$ numb] & ev5 among ^! has 8 words ( pr$ilection4#fd ,x is 9 ! mean+s he gives to words1 to names1 t a writ] creates 8 vocabul>y4 ,all language1 we "k1 is imag]y & metaphor2 ev5 ! simple/ names ( ! elem5t>y ?+s are metaphors bas$ on resemblances t sugge/$ !mselves to ! primitive m5 :o made language4 ,x is n o!rwise ) ! aborig9al man ( g5ius :o uses language to express 8 new vision ( ! _w4 ,he sees ?+s *>g$ ) en]gy1 or brilliant ) col\r1 or brea?+ out p]fume1 t ! writ]s :o came be=e him _h ov]look$1 & to designate ^! ?+s he mu/ use names :i* convey ! qualities he has p]ceiv$4 ,guid$ by 8 own new p]sonal s5sations & p]ceptions1 he creates 8 metaphorical vocabul>y4 ,if we exam9e ! /yle ( ,montaigne1 s fre% & p]sonal & inv5tive1 we see t its orig9ality lies l>gely 9 its vocabul>y1 :i* is n1 l t ( ,rabelais1 manufactur$ afre%1 b has its novelty 9 its metaphorical values1 su* new values be+ tri$ & temp]$ at e /ep1 to ! measure ( ! highly individual p]son beh9d !m1 :o !reby ex]ts 8 creative =ce4 ,9 lat] days ,huysmans1 :o inde$ saw ! _w at a m ecc5tric angle ?an ,montaigne1 yet ) unfl9*+ v]acity & absolute devotion1 set himself to ! task ( creat+ 8 own vocabul>y1 & at fir/ ! unfamili>ity ( its beauty e/ranges u4 ,to ?9k ( ,huysmans is to be l$ t[>ds an aspect ( /yle n to be pass$ ov]4 ,to say t ! arti/ 9 words is express+ a new vision ( ! _w & seek+ ! designations = ?+s z he sees !m1 is a l>ge "p ( ! tru?1 &1 ,i w\ld say1 p]haps ! mo/ important "p ( x4 ,= mo/ ( u1 ,i suppose 7z ,i "k x has be5 = me71 our vision ( ,nature has be5 l>gely1 ?\gh by no means entirely1 con/itut$ by pictures we h se51 by poems we h read1 t left an abid+ memory4 ,t is to say t ,nature comes to u ?r\gh an atmosph]e :i* is ! emanation ( supreme arti/s :o once ?rill$ u4 ,b we are "h conc]n$ ) ! process ( ! arti/'s "w & n ) 8 /hetic influ5ce4 ,! arti/ f9ds t words h a ri* cont5t ( _! own1 !y are alive & !y fl\ri% or decay4 ,!y s5d out connect+ ?reads 9 e direction1 !y ?rob ) mean+ t ev] *anges & rev]b]ates af>4 ,! writ] is n always1 or (t51 m]ely prep>+ a catalogue raisonn ( ?+s1 he is an arti/ & 8 pigm5ts are words4 ,(t5 he m]ely takes 8 sugge/ions f ! ?+s ( ! _w & makes 8 own pictures )\t any real resemblance to ! sc5e x is suppos$ to depict4 ,duj>d9 tells u t he once took ,huysmans to a ,wagn] conc]t2 he sc>cely li/5$ to ! music1 b he 0 fasc9at$ by ! programme ! att5dant h&$ to him2 he w5t home to write a brilliant page on 8,tannhus]40 ,mall>m1 on ! o!r h&1 0 soak$ 9 music2 to him music 0 ! voice ( ! _w1 & x 0 ! aim ( poetry to express ! _w by itself becom+ music2 he /ood on a height l a pione] & look$ t[>ds ! ,promis$ ,l&1 try+ to cat* intimations ( a new s5sibility & a future art1 b a great ma/] ( language1 l ,huysmans1 he nev] 04 ,huysmans has writt5 sup]b pages ab\t ,gu/ave ,moreau & ,flici5 ,rops1 ?9k+1 no d\bt1 t he 0 reveal+ supreme arti/s 7?\gh we ne$ n foll[ too closely ! fa%ion ( depreciat+ ei!r ( ^? arti/s71 b he 0 really only attract$ to _! programmes & !re9 exp]i5c+ a /imulus t *anc$ to be peculi>ly fitt$ = draw+ out 8 own special art4 ,baudelaire w\ld h writt5 less gorge\sly1 b he w\ld h produc$ a m f9al critical e/imate4 ,yet ev5 ! greate/ writ]s are affect$ by ! intoxication ( m]e words 9 ! arti/ry ( language4 ,%akespe>e is1 con/antly1 &1 n cont5t ) 8mak+ ! gre5 "o r$10 he mu/ ne$s at ! same "t 8! multitud9\s seas inc>nad9e40 ,x is conspicu\s 9 ,keats 7z ,leigh ,hunt1 p]haps 8 fir/ s5sitively acute critic1 cle>ly expla9$71 & (t51 z 9 8,! ,eve ( ,/4 ,agnes10 :]e he seem$ to be conc]n$ ) beautiful ?+s1 he 0 really conc]n$ ) beautiful words4 ,9 t way he is sometimes r mislead+ = ! too y\?ful read]2 8porphyry0 seem$ to me a m>vell\s sub/ance :5 z a boy ( twelve ,i read ( x 9 ,keats1 & ,i imag9e t ,keats himself w\ld h be5 surpris$1 _h he liv$ long en\gh to walk to ,/4 ,?omas's ,hospital ov] ! new ,london ,bridge1 :5 told t he 0 tread+ a granite t 0 porphyritic4 ,i recall h[ ,v]la9e w\ld sometimes repeat 9 v>y+ tones "s r unfamili> ^w1 roll+ x r\nd & r\nd 9 8 m\?1 suck+ x l a sweetmeat1 lick+ ! s\nd into ! %ape t pleas$ him2 "s p may p]haps h f\nd a little biz>re ! s+le words 78,gre510 = example7 :i* he sometimes made ! title ( a song1 b if !y adopt ! prelim9>y ,v]la9ian process !y may und]/& h[ he _h fitt$ su* words to music & mean+4 ,! mo/ obvi\sly beautiful ?+s 9 ! _w ( ,nature are birds & fl[]s & ! /ones we call preci\s4 ,b ! attitude ( ! poet 9 ! pres5ce ( ,nature is precisely t ( ,huysmans 9 ! pres5ce ( art3 x is ! programme t int]e/s him4 ,( birds ! k ( poets g5]ally is ( ! mo/ g5]alis$ & elem5t>y k9d2 !y are ! laugh+-/ock ( ! orni?ologi/2 !y are only a /age remov$ f ! /&po9t ( ! pa9t] :o 0 introduc+ a tree into 8 l&scape & :5 ask$ :at tree1 repli$1 8,oh1 j ! ord9>y tree40 ,ev5 ,goe! mi/ook ! f9*es by ! roadside = l>ks4 ,! poet1 "o may be sure1 ev5 to-day seldom c>ries 9 8 pocket ! little 8,fhr] dur* uns]e ,vogelwelt0 ( ,b]nh>d ,h(fmann1 & has probably nev] s mu* z he>d ( x4 ,( fl[]s 8 k seems to be limit$ by ! quality ( ! fl[]'s "n4 ,i h long *]i%$ an exquisite & q common ,engli% wild-fl[]1 b h nev] come across a poem ab\t x1 = its unattractive "n is ! /it*wort1 & x is only lately t ev5 9 prose x has met 7f ,mr4 ,salt7 ) due appreciation4 ,z reg>ds preci\s /ones ! same may be said1 & 9 ! gall]ies ( ! ,geological ,museum x has h>dly seem$ to me t1 among ! few visitors1 !re 7 poets 7unless ,i *anc$ to br+ "o myself7 to brood ov] all t beauty4 ,x is ! ^w & its inn] rev]b]ation ) :i* ! poet is really conc]n$1 ev5 sometimes p]haps delib]ately4 ,:5 ,milton misus$ ! ^w 8eglant9e0 "o realises ! unconsci\s appeal to him ( ! "n & "o _c feel q sure t x 0 altoge!r unconsci\s4 ,col]idge has be5 solemnly reprov$ = speak+ ( ! 8l\d0 bassoon4 ,b x 0 to ! timbre ( ! ^w1 n ( ! in/rum5t1 t ,col]idge 0 respond+1 & _h he be5 in=m$ t ! bassoon is n l\d1 ,i d\bt n he w\ld h repli$3 8,well1 if x is n l\d x ought to be40 ,on ! plane on :i* ,col]idge mov$ 8! l\d bassoon0 0 absolutely "r4 ,we see t ! arti/ 9 spee* moves among words r ?an among ?+s4 ,orig9ally1 x is true1 words are closely relat$ to ?+s1 b 9 _! f> rev]b]ation !y h become enri*$ by _m associations1 saturat$ ) _m col\rs2 !y h acquir$ a life ( _! own1 mov+ on ano!r plane ?an t ( ?+s1 & x is on t plane t ! arti/ 9 words is1 z an arti/1 conc]n$ ) !m4 ,x ?us comes ab\t t ! arti/ 9 words1 l ! arti/ 9 pigm5ts1 is p]petually pass+ betwe5 two planes--! plane ( new vision & ! plane ( new creation4 ,he is sometimes rem\ld+ ! ext]nal _w & sometimes ! int]nal _w2 sometimes1 by pr$ilection1 l+]+ m on "o plane ?an on ! o!r plane4 ,! arti/ 9 words is n irresi/ibly drawn to ! exact /udy ( ?+s or mov$ by ! /rong love ( ,nature4 ,! poets :o describe ,nature mo/ m9utely & mo/ fai?fully are n usually ! great poets4 ,t is intelligible because ! poet--ev5 ! poet 9 ! wide s5se :o also uses prose--is prim>ily ! in/rum5t ( human emotion & n ( sci5tific obs]vation4 ,yet t poet possesses imm5se res\rces ( /r5g? :o 9 e>ly life has /or$ )9 him ! m9ute k ( "s field ( ! actual ext]nal _w4#fe ,"o may d\bt1 inde$1 :e!r !re has be5 any supreme poet1 f ,hom] on1 :o has n _h ?is inn] res]voir ( s5sitive impressions to draw f4 ,! y\?ful ,%akespe>e :o wrote ! poems1 ) _! m9ute descriptions1 0 n a great poet1 z ! y\?ful ,m>l[e 01 b he 0 /or+ up ! mat]ial :i*1 :5 he _h develop$ into a great poet1 he c\ld draw on at ne$ ) a c>eless & assur$ h&4 ,)\t su* res]voirs1 ! noveli/s also w\ld nev] atta9 to t t\* ( ! poet :i*1 beyond _! /ory-tell+ p[]1 c /ir our he>ts4 8 la ,re*]*e du ,temps ,p]du0 is ! "n ( a great mod]n book1 b e noveli/ dur+ "p ( 8 "t has be5 a ,ulysses on a p]il\s voyage ( adv5ture = t f> home4 ,"o ?9ks ( ,george ,eliot & h] e>ly intimacy ) ! life ( c\ntry p1 ( ,h>dy :o _h acquir$ s acute a s5sitivity to ! s\nds ( ,nature1 ( ,conrad :o _h caught ! fla%es ( p5etrat+ vision :i* came to ! sailor on deck2 & 9 s f> z !y move away into sc5es :]e !y _c draw f ^? anci5t res]voirs1 ! adv5tures ( ^! arti/s1 h[ev] brilliant !y may become1 lose _! p[] ( intimate appeal4 ,! mo/ extravagant example ( ?is to-day is ! ,spani% noveli/ ,blasco ,ibaez1 :o wrote ( ! ,val5cian hu]ta t _h saturat$ 8 y\? 9 novels t 7 p5etrat+ & poignant1 & !n turn$ to writ+ = ! cosmopolitan cr[d novels ab\t any?+1 t 7 completely negligible4 ,we gr[ famili> 9 "t ) ! /yle ( ! great writ]s1 & :5 we read !m we translate !m easily & unconsci\sly1 z we translate a =eign language we are famili> )2 we und]/& ! vocabul>y because we h le>nt to "k ! special seal ( ! creative p]son :o m\ld$ ! vocabul>y4 ,b at ! outset ! great writ] may be almo/ z un9telligible to u z ?\gh he 7 writ+ 9 a language we _h nev] le>nt4 ,9 ! n[ remote days :5 8,leaves ( ,grass0 0 a new book 9 ! _w1 few :o look$ into x = ! fir/ "t1 h[ev] hone/ly1 b 7 repell$ & p]haps ev5 viol5tly repell$1 & x is h>d to realise n[ t once ^? :o fell on ,sw9burne's 8,poems & ,ballads0 saw at fir/ only picturesque hi]oglyphics to :i* !y _h no key4 ,b ev5 to-day h[ _m !re are :o f9d ,pr\/ unreadable & ,joyce un9telligible4 ,until we f9d ! door & ! clue ! new writ] rema9s obscure4 ,!re9 lies ! tru? ( ,l&or's say+ t ! poet mu/ himself create ! be+s :o are to enjoy 8 ,p>adise4 ,= mo/ ( ^? :o delib]ately seek to le>n to write1 words seem g5]ally to be felt z ( less importance ?an ! art ( arrang+ !m4 ,x is ?us t ! le>n] 9 writ+ t5ds to become ! devot$ /ud5t ( gramm> & syntax :om we came across at ! outset4 ,t is inde$ a t5d5cy :i* always increases4 ,civilisation develops ) a consci\s adhesion to =mal ord]1 & ! writ]--writ+ by fa%ion or by ambition & n by div9e "r ( creative in/9ct--foll[s ! c\rse ( civilisation4 ,x is an un=tunate t5d5cy1 = ^? :om x affects conqu] by _! numb]4 ,z we "k1 writ+ t is real is n le>nt t way4 ,j z ! sol> sy/em 0 n made 9 accordance ) ! a/ronom]'s laws1 s writ+ is n made by ! laws ( gramm>4 ,a/ronom] & gramm>ian alike c only come 9 at ! end1 to give a g5]alis$ description ( :at usually happ5s 9 ! respective fields x pleases !m to explore4 ,:5 a new comet1 cosmic or lit]>y1 ent]s _! sky1 x is _! descriptions :i* h to be readju/$1 & n ! comet4 ,!re seems to be no m pron\nc$ m>k ( ! decad5ce ( a p & its lit]ature ?an a s]vile & rigid subs]vi5cy to rule4 ,x c only make = ossification1 = an*ylosis1 = petrification1 all ! mile/ones on ! road ( dea?4 ,9 e age ( democratic plebeianism1 :]e ea* man ?9ks he is z good a writ] z ! o!rs1 & takes 8 laws f ! o!rs1 hav+ no laws ( 8 own nature1 x is d[n ?is /eep pa? t m51 9 a flock1 inevitably run4 ,we may f9d an illu/ration ( ! plebeian an*ylosis ( advanc+ civilisation 9 ! m9or matt] ( spell+4 ,we _c1 x is true1 ov]look ! fact t writ+ is read & t its appe>ance _c be q disreg>d$4 ,yet1 ultimately1 x appeals to ! e>1 & spell+ c h little to d ) /yle4 ,! laws ( spell+1 prop]ly speak+1 are few or none1 & 9 ! great ages m5 h und]/ood ?is & boldly act$ accord+ly4 ,!y ex]cis$ a f9e p]sonal discretion 9 ! matt] & p]mitt$ )\t "q a wide range ( v>iation4 ,%akespe>e1 z we "k1 ev5 spelt 8 own "n 9 sev]al diff]5t ways1 all equally correct4 ,:5 t great old ,elizabe?an m>9]1 ,sir ,m>t9 ,frobi%]1 ent]$ on "o ( 8 r>e & haz>d\s adv5tures ) ! p51 he creat$ spell+ absolutely afre%1 9 ! _s ( simple h]oism ) :i* he 0 always ready to sail out into /range seas4 ,8 epi/ol>y adv5tures are1 c]ta9ly1 m int]e/+ ?an admirable1 b we h no reason to suppose t ! di/+ui%$ p]sons to :om ^! lett]s 7 address$ view$ !m ) any disda94 ,m anmic ages _c endure creative vitality ev5 9 spell+1 & s x comes ab\t t 9 p]iods :5 ev]y?+ beautiful & h&made gives place to manufactur$ articles made :olesale1 uni=m1 & *eap1 ! same pr9ciples are appli$ to words1 & spell+ becomes a me*anic trade4 ,we mu/ h our spell+ uni=m1 ev5 if uni=mly bad4#ff ,j z ! man :o1 hav+ out ( %e] ignorance eat5 ! wrong end ( 8 asp>agus1 0 !nce=? compell$ to decl>e t he pref]r$ t end1 s x is ) our race 9 ! matt] ( spell+2 our ance/ors1 by *ance or by ignorance1 t5d$ to adopt c]ta9 =ms ( spell+ & we1 _! *ildr51 are =c$ to decl>e t we pref] ^? =ms4 ,?us we h n only lo/ all individuality 9 spell+1 b we pride ourselves on our loss & magnify our an*ylosis4 ,9 ,engl& x has become almo/ impossible to flex our /iff5$ m5tal jo9ts suffici5tly to press out a s+le lett]1 9 ,am]ica x is almo/ impossible to ext5d !m en\gh to admit t lett]4 ,x is conv5i5t1 we say1 to be rigid & =mal 9 ^! ?+s1 & !re) we are cont5t2 x matt]s little to u t we h !reby kill$ ! life ( our words & only ga9$ ! conv5i5cy ( dea?4 ,x w\ld be likewise conv5i5t1 no d\bt1 if m5 & wom5 c\ld be turn$ into rigid geometrical diagrams1--z inde$ our legislators sometimes seem to ?9k t !y already are1--b we %\ld pay by yield+ up all ! inf9ite v>iations1 ! beautiful s9uosities1 t _h once made up life4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 ! mu* great] matt] ( /yle we h paid heavily = ! atta9m5t ( our slavi% adh]5ce to me*anical rules1 h[ev] conv5i5t1 h[ev] inevitable4 ,! beautiful incorrection1 z we are n[ compell$ to reg>d x1 t s (t5 m>k$ ! great & ev5 ! small writ]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 has be5 lo/1 = all c n[ write :at any f9d x easy to read1 :at none h any consum+ desire to read4 ,b :5 ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne wrote 8 8,religio ,m$ici0 x 0 ) an art made up ( ob$i5ce to p]sonal law & ab&onm5t to free inspiration :i* /ill ravi%es u4 ,x is extraord9>y h[ f> indiff]5ce or incorrection ( /yle may be c>ri$ & yet rema9 completely adequate ev5 to complex & subtle ends4 ,pepys wrote 8 8,di>y10 at ! outset ( a life full ( /r5u\s "w & n a little pleasure1 ) a r>e devotion inde$1 b ) a concision & c>elessness1 a s+le eye on ! fact itself1 & an extraord9>y abs5ce ( self-consci\sness :i* rob x ( all claim to possess :at we conv5tionally t]m /yle4 ,yet 9 ?is vehicle he has p]fectly convey$ n m]ely ! mo/ vividly realis$ & delightfully detail$ picture ( a pa/ age ev] a*iev$ 9 any language1 b he has1 moreov]1 pa9t$ a psy*ological portrait ( himself :i* = its s]5ely imp>tial ju/ice1 its subtle gradations1 its bold juxtapositions ( col\rs1 has all ! qualities ( ! f9e/ ,velasquez4 ,!re is no /yle "h1 we say1 m]ely ! di>i/1 writ+ ) c>eless poignant vitality = 8 own eye1 & yet no /yle t we c\ld conceive w\ld be bett] fitt$1 or s well fitt$1 = ! miracle t has "h be5 effect$4 ,! p]sonal fre$om ( ,br[ne l$ up to spl5d\r1 & t ( ,pepys to cl>ity4 ,b :ile spl5d\r is n ! :ole ( writ+1 nei!r1 al?\gh "o returns to x aga9 & aga91 is cl>ity4 ,"h we come f ano!r side on to a po9t we _h already rea*$4 ,b]gson1 9 reply to ! "q3 8,comm5t doiv5t crire les ,philosophes80 lets fall "s obs]vations1 :i*1 z he himself rem>ks1 conc]n o!r writ]s beside philosoph]s4 ,a te*nical ^w1 he rem>ks1 ev5 a ^w inv5t$ = ! occasion or us$ 9 a special s5se1 is always 9 its place provid$ ! in/ruct$ read]--?\gh ! difficulty1 z he fails to po9t out1 is to be sure ( possess+ ?is in/ruct$ read]--accepts x s easily z n ev5 to notice x1 & he proce$s to say t 9 philosophic prose1 & 9 all prose1 & inde$ 9 all ! arts1 8! p]fect expression is t :i* has come s naturally1 or r s necess>ily1 by virtue ( s imp]i\s a pr$e/9ation1 t we d n pause be=e x1 b g /raight on to :at x seeks to express1 z ?\gh x 7 bl5d$ ) ! idea2 x became invisible by =ce ( be+ transp>5t40#fg ,t is well said4 ,b]gson also is on ! side ( cl>ity4 ,yet ,i d n feel t t is all !re is to say4 ,/yle is n a %eet ( glass 9 :i* ! only ?+ t matt]s is ! abs5ce ( flaws4 ,b]gson's own /yle is n s diaphan\s t "o nev] pauses to admire its quality1 nor1 z a ho/ile critic 7,ed\>d ,duj>d97 has %[n1 is x always s cle> z to be transp>5t4 ,! danc] 9 prose z well z 9 v]se--philosoph] or :atev] he may be--mu/ reveal all 8 limbs ?r\gh ! g>m5t he we>s2 yet ! g>m5t mu/ h its own prop] beauty1 & !re is a failure ( art1 a failure ( revelation1 if x possesses no beauty4 ,/yle inde$ is n really a m]e invisible transp>5t m$ium1 x is n really a g>m5t1 b1 z ,g\rmont said1 ! v ?\ght itself4 ,x is ! miracul\s transub/antiation ( a spiritual body1 giv5 to u 9 ! only =m 9 :i* we may receive & absorb t body1 & unless its cl>ity is balanc$ by its beauty x is n adequate to su/a9 t mo/ high function4 ,no d\bt1 if we lean on "o side m ?an ! o!r1 x is cl>ity r ?an beauty :i* we %\ld *oose1 = on ! o!r side we may h1 inde$1 a ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 & !re we are consci\s n s mu* ( a transub/antiation z ( a g>m5t1 ) ?ick embroid]y1 inde$1 & gli/5+ jewels1 b we are n always sure t mu* is hidd5 b5ea?4 ,a /ep fur!r & we rea* ,d',annunzio1 a spl5did mask ) no?+ b5ea?1 j z 9 ! /reets ( ,rome "o may sometimes meet a ,franciscan fri> ) a head sup]b z a ,roman ,emp]or's & yet1 "o div9es1 x means no?+4 ,! ,italian writ]1 x is significant to note1 *ose s o/5tati\sly magnific5t a "n z ,gabriele ,d',annunzio to conceal a real "n :i* 0 no?+4 ,! great angels ( annunciation create ! beauty ( _! own real names4 ,:o n[ f9ds ,%akespe>e ridicul\s8 ,& h[ lovely a "n is ,keats6 ,z a "p ( ! h>mony ( art1 :i* is necess>ily made out ( conflict1 we h to view t p]petual seem+ alt]nation betwe5 ! two planes--! plane ( vision & ! plane ( creation1 ! =m )9 & ! g>m5t t clo!s x--:i* may sometimes di/ract ! arti/ himself4 ,! prophet ,j]emiah once said 7& mod]n prophets h d\btless _h occasion to recognise ! tru? ( 8 rem>k7 t he seem$ to ! p r\nd him only z 8"o t ha? a pleasant voice & c play well on an in/rum5t40 ,b he fail$ to und]/& t x 0 only ?r\gh ?is quality ( voice & in/rum5t t 8 lam5tations _h any vital =ce or ev5 any be+1 & t if ! poem goes ! message goes4 ,inde$1 t is true ( all 8 fell[ prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new :o h fasc9at$ mank9d ) ! s\nd ( ^? h>ps t !y _h once hung by ! wat]s ( ,babylon4 ,! :ole ,bible1 we may be v sure1 w\ld h long ago be5 =gott5 by all b a few intellig5t ar*ologi/s1 if m5 _h n he>d 9 x1 aga9 & aga9 & aga91 8"o t ha? a pleasant voice & c play well on an in/rum5t40 ,socrates said t philosophy 0 simply music4 ,b ! same might be said ( religion4 ,! div9e dance ( satyrs & nymphs to ! s\nd ( pipes--x is ! symbol ( life :i* 9 "o =m or ano!r has float$ be=e human eyes f ! days ( ! sculptors ( ,greek bas-reliefs to ! m5 ( our own day :o cat* ! glimpse ( new h>monies 9 ! pages ( 8,l',esprit ,n\veau40 ,we _c b foll[ ! pip] t kn[s h[ to play1 ev5 to our own de/ruction4 ,!re may be mu* t is objectionable ab\t ,man4 ,b he has t engag+ trait4 ,& ! _w w end :5 he has lo/ x4 ,"o asks "o's self h[ x 0 t ! old way ( writ+1 z a p]sonal art1 gave place to ! new way ( writ+1 z a m]e imp]sonal pseudo-sci5ce1 rigidly b\nd by =mal & artificial rules4 ,! answ]1 no d\bt1 is to be f\nd 9 ! exi/5ce ( a great new curr5t ( ?\ght :i* began mightily to /ir 9 m5's m9ds t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x w be rememb]$ t x 0 at t "t1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,france1 t ! new devitalis$1 ?\gh m flexible1 prose appe>$1 ) its precision & accuracy1 its consci\s ord]l9ess1 its delib]ate me?od4 ,b only a few ye>s be=e1 ov] ,france & ,engl& alike1 a great intellectual wave _h swept1 imp>t+ to ! ma!matical & geometrical sci5ces1 to a/ronomy1 physics1 & alli$ /udies1 an impetus t !y _h nev] receiv$ be=e on s great a scale4 ,desc>tes 9 ,france & ,newton 9 ,engl& /& out z ! typical repres5tatives ( ! movem5t4 ,if t movem5t _h to ex]t any influ5ce on language--& we "k h[ s5sitively language reacts to ?\ght--x c\ld h be5 manife/$ 9 no o!r way ?an by ! *ange :i* actually took place4 ,& !re 0 e opportunity = t influ5ce to be ex]t$4#fh ,?is sudd5 expansion ( ! ma!matical & geometrical sci5ces 0 s great & novel t int]e/ 9 x 0 n conf9$ to a small b& ( m5 ( sci5ce3 x excit$ ! man 9 ! /reet1 ! woman 9 ! draw+-room2 x 0 inde$ a woman1 a bright & gay woman ( ! _w1 :o translat$ ,newton's pr(\nd book into ,fr5*4 ,?us x 0 t ! new qualities ( /yle 7 inv5t$1 n m]ely to express new qualities ( ?\ght1 b because new sci5tific ideals 7 mov+ )9 ! m9ds ( m54 ,a simil> reaction ( ?\ght on language took place at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 an attempt 0 made to vitalise language once m1 & to break ! rigid & =mal m\lds ! previ\s c5tury _h con/ruct$4 ,! attempt 0 imm$iately prec$$ by ! awak5+ ( a new gr\p ( sci5ces1 b ?is "t ! sci5ces ( life1 ! biological /udies associat$ ) ,cuvi] & ,lam>ck1 ) ,john ,hunt] & ,erasmus ,d>w94 ,) ! tw5tie? c5tury we see ! tempor>y exhau/ion ( ! biological _s ) its hi/orical =m 9 sci5ce & its romantic =m 9 art1 & we h a neo-classic _s :i* has involv$ a r5aissance ( ! ma!matical sci5ces &1 ev5 be=e t1 0 beg9n+ to affect spee*4 ,to admire ! old writ]s1 because = !m writ+ 0 an art to be ex]cis$ freely & n a va9 attempt to foll[ aft] ! ideals ( ! ab/ract sci5ces1 ?us by no means implies a contempt = t decorum & ord]l9ess )\t :i* all writt5 spee* mu/ be ineffective & obscure4 ,! great writ]s 9 ! great ages1 /&+ above classicism & above romanticism1 h always obs]v$ ?is decorum & ord]l9ess4 ,9 _! h&s su* obs]vance 0 n a s]vile & rigid adh]5ce to ext]nal rules1 b a beautiful conv5tion1 an in/9ctive f9e bre$+1 su* z is naturally obs]v$ 9 human int]c\rse :5 x is n brok5 d[n by intimacy or by any great crisis ( life or ( dea?4 ,! fre$om ( art by no means involves ! eas9ess ( art4 ,x may r1 inde$1 be said ! difficulty increases ) fre$om1 = to make ?+s 9 accordance ) patt]ns is ev] ! easie/ task4 ,! problem is equally ardu\s = ^? :o1 s f> z _! craft is consci\s1 seek an imp]sonal & = ^? :o seek a p]sonal ideal ( /yle4 ,flaub]t s\ght--9 va91 x is true--to be ! mo/ objective ( arti/s & to m\ld spee* ) h]oic en]gy 9 %apes ( ab/ract p]fection4 ,nietzs*e1 "o ( ! mo/ p]sonal arti/s 9 /yle1 s\ght likewise1 9 8 own words1 to "w at a page ( prose z a sculptor works at a /atue4 ,?\gh ! result is n p]haps fundam5tally diff]5t1 :i*ev] ideal x is t1 consci\sly or in/9ctively1 is foll[$1 ! p]sonal road ( /yle is d\btless !oretically--?\gh n necess>ily 9 practice--! s\nd]1 usually also t :i* moves mo/ ( u m pr(\ndly4 ,! great prose writ]s ( ! ,second ,empire 9 ,france made an unp>allel$ ef=t to c>ve or pa9t imp]sonal prose1 b its f9al beauty & effectiv5ess seem sc>cely equal to ! spl5did en]gy x embodies4 ,jules de ,gonc\rt1 8 bro!r ?\ght1 lit]ally di$ f ! m5tal exhau/ion ( 8 unceas+ /ruggle to atta9 an objective /yle adequate to express ! subtle texture ( ! _w z he saw x4 ,b1 :ile ! ,gonc\rts are great figures 9 lit]>y hi/ory1 !y h pione]$ no new road1 nor are !y ( ! writ]s :om m5 cont9u\sly love to read2 = x is z a docum5t t ! 8,j\rnal0 rema9s ( endur+ value4 ,yet ! great writ]s ( any s*ool be> witness1 ea* 9 8 own way1 t1 deep] ?an ^! conv5tions & decorums ( /yle1 !re is a law :i* no writ] c escape f1 a law :i* mu/ ne$s be le>nt1 b c nev] be taught4 ,t is ! law ( ! logic ( ?\ght4 ,all ! conv5tional rules ( ! con/ruction ( spee* may be put aside if a writ] is !reby enabl$ to foll[ m closely & lucidly ! =m & process ( 8 ?\ght4 ,x is ! law ( t logic t he mu/ = ev] foll[ & 9 atta9+ x alone f9d re/4 ,he may say ( x z dev\tly z ,dante3 8,9 la sua voluntade no/ra pace40 ,all progress 9 lit]>y /yle lies 9 ! h]oic resolve to ca/ aside accretions & exub]ances1 all ! conv5tions ( a pa/ age t 7 once beautiful because alive & are n[ false because dead4 ,! simple & nak$ beauty ( ,swift's /yle1 sometimes s ke5 & poignant1 re/s absolutely on ?is tru? to ! logic ( 8 ?\ght4 ,! tw9 qualities ( flexibility & intimacy are ( ! ess5ce ( all progress 9 ! art ( language1 & 9 _! progressive a*ievem5t lies ! atta9m5t ( great lit]ature4 ,if we comp>e ,%akespe>e ) 8 pr$ecessors & contempor>ies1 we c sc>cely say t 9 imag9ative =ce he is va/ly sup]ior to ,m>l[e1 or 9 intellectual grip to ,jonson1 b he immeasurably surpasses !m 9 flexibility & 9 intimacy4 ,he 0 able ) an incomp>able art to weave a g>m5t ( spee* s flexible 9 its /r5g?1 s intimate 9 its transp>5ce1 t x l5t itself to e %ade ( emotion & ! quicke/ turns ( ?\ght4 ,:5 we comp>e ! heavy & =mal lett]s ( ,bacon1 ev5 to 8 close/ fri5ds1 ) ! 8,famili> ,lett]s0 ( ! vivaci\s ,wel%man ,h[ell1 we c sc>cely believe ! two m5 7 contempor>ies1 s incomp>ably m expressive1 s flexible & s intimate1 is ! /yle ( ,h[ell4 ,all ! writ]s :o influ5ce ^? :o come aft] !m h done s by ! same me?od4 ,!y h ?r[n aside ! awkw>d & outworn g>m5ts ( spee*1 !y h wov5 a simpl] & m famili> spee*1 able to express subtleties or audacities t be=e seem$ inexpressible4 ,t 0 once done 9 ,engli% v]se by ,c[p] & ,wordswor?1 9 ,engli% prose by ,addison & ,lamb4 ,t has be5 done 9 ,fr5* to-day by ,pr\/ & 9 ,engli% by ,joyce4 ,:5 a great writ]1 l ,c>lyle or ,br[n+1 creates a spee* ( 8 own :i* is too clumsy to be flexible & too heavy to be intimate1 he may ar\se ! admiration ( 8 fell[s1 b he leaves no traces on ! spee* ( ! m5 :o come aft] him4 ,x is n easy to believe t su* w be ,joyce's fate4 ,8 8,ulysses0--c>ry+ to a mu* fur!r po9t qualities t began to appe> 9 8 e>li] "w--has be5 hail$ z epo*-mak+ 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 ?\gh a di/+ui%$ critic holds t x is ?is r by clos+ ?an by op5+ an epo*4 ,x w\ld /ill be prep>+ a new road1 & z ?us op]ative we may accept x )\t necess>ily judg+ x to be at ! same "t a ma/]-"w1 provid$ we und]/& :at x is t has be5 "h attempt$4 ,?is huge ,odyssey is an ord9>y day's hi/ory 9 ! ord9>y life ( "o ord9>y man & ! p]sons ( 8 imm$iate environm5t4 ,x is "h s\ght to reproduce z ,art ! :ole ( ! man's physical & psy*ic activity dur+ t p]iod1 omitt+ no?+1 n ev5 ! actions :i* ! mo/ naturali/ic ( noveli/s _h hi!rto ?\ght too trivial or too indelicate to m5tion4 ,n only ! ?\ghts & impulses t result 9 action1 b also ! ?\ghts & emotions t drift aimlessly across ! field ( 8 consci\sness1 are "h2 &1 9 ! pres5tation ( ?is comb9$ inn] & out] life1 ,joyce has sometimes plac$ bo? on ! same plane1 a*iev+ a new simplicity ( /yle1 ?\gh we may at fir/ sometimes f9d x h>d to div9e :at is out] & :at inn]4 ,moreov]1 he nev] hesitates1 :5 he pleases1 to *ange ! tone ( 8 /yle & ev5 to adopt )\t notice1 9 a delib]ately ironical & *ameleon-l fa%ion1 ! mann] ( o!r writ]s4 ,9 ^! ways ,joyce has "h a*iev$ t new intimacy ( vision1 t new flexibility ( expression1 :i* are ( ! ess5ce ( all great lit]ature at its vitally mov+ po9t ( advance4 ,he has succe$$ 9 realis+ & mak+ manife/ 9 art :at o!rs _h pass$ ov] or fail$ to see4 ,if 9 t difficult & dang]\s task he has fail$1 z "s ( u may believe1 to rea* ei!r complete cl>ity or complete beauty1 he has at all ev5ts made x possible = ^? :o come aft] to rea* a new height :i*1 )\t ! help ( ! road he _h con/ruct$1 !y might h miss$1 or ev5 fail$ to conceive1 & t is en\gh = any writ]'s fame4 ,:5 we turn to ,pr\/ we are 9 ! pres5ce ( a writ] ab\t :om1 no d\bt1 !re is no viol5t dispute4 ,!re may be mu* ab\t 8 "w t is di/urb+ to _m1 b he 0 n conc]n$1 l ,joyce1 to affront s _m prejudices1 & 9 ,france x is n ev5 necess>y1 = ! road has already be5 prep>$ by h]oic pione]s ( old dur+ a ?\s& ye>s4 ,b ! writ] :o br+s a new revelation is n necess>ily call$ ^u to invite ! execration ( ! h]d4 ,t is a risk he mu/ be call$ ^u to face1 x is n an inevitable fate4 ,:5 ! mob yell3 8,crucify him6 ,crucify him60 ! arti/1 9 :atev] m$ium1 he>s a voice f ,heav53 8,?is is my belov$ son40 ,yet x is conceivable t ! m p]fectly a new revelation is a*iev$ ! less antagonism x ar\ses4 ,pr\/ has und\bt$ly be5 ! ma/] ( a new intimacy ( vision1 a new flexibility ( expression1 ev5 ?\gh ! /yle ?r\gh :i* ! revelation has be5 made1 p]haps necess>ily on acc\nt ( ! complexity involv$1 has rema9$ a little difficult & also1 x mu/ be said1 a little neglig5t4 ,b x has a*iev$ a consid]able degree ( cl>ity & a high degree ( beauty4 ,s !re is less difficulty 9 recognis+ a great ma/]piece 9 8 la ,re*]*e du ,temps ,p]du0 ?an if x 7 m conspicu\sly ! "w ( a d>+ pione]4 ,x is se5 z ! revelation ( a new /hetic s5sibility embodi$ 9 a new & fitt+ /yle4 ,m>cel ,pr\/ has exp]i5c$ cle>ly :at o!rs h felt dimly or n at all4 ,! significance ( 8 "w is ?us altoge!r ap>t f ! p[] ( its dramatic incid5ts or its qualities z a novel4 ,to ! critic ( defective intellig5ce1 crav+ = sc5es ( s5sation1 x has sometimes seem$ t 8 l',ombre des ,jeunes ,filles en ,fleur0 is ! lea/ important section ( ,pr\/'s "w4 ,yet x is on t quiet & unev5tful tract ( 8 n>rative t ,pr\/ has mo/ surely set ! /amp ( 8 g5ius1 a g5ius1 ,i %\ld l to add1 :i* is peculi>ly cong5ial to ! ,engli% m9d because x 0 9 ! ,engli% tradition1 r ?an 9 ! ,fr5* tradition1 t ,pr\/ 0 mov+4#fi ,no d\bt x is possible = a writ] to g f> by ! ex]cise ( a f9ely att5tive docility4 ,by a dutiful /udy ( :at o!r p h said1 by a ref9$ clev]ness 9 cat*+ _! tricks1 & avoid+ _! subtleties1 _! pr(undities1 _! audacities1 by1 9 %ort1 a pati5t p]sev]ance 9 writ+ out copp]plate maxims 9 elegant copybooks1 he c become at la/1 l ,/ev5son1 ! idol ( ! cr[d4 ,b ! great writ] c only le>n out ( himself4 ,he le>ns to write z a *ild le>ns to walk4 ,= ! laws ( ! logic ( ?\ght are n o!r ?an ^? ( physical movem5t4 ,!re is /umbl+1 awkw>dness1 hesitation1 exp]im5t--be=e at la/ ! le>n] atta9s ! p]fect comm& ( t div9e rhy?m & p]il\s poise 9 :i* he ass]ts 8 supreme human privilege4 ,b ! process ( 8 le>n+ re/s ultimately on 8 own /ructure & function & n on o!rs' example4 8,/yle mu/ be f\nd$ ^u models02 x is ! rule set up by ! p$ant :o kn[s no?+ ( :at /yle means4 ,= ! /yle t is f\nd$ on a model is ! negation ( /yle4 ,! ard\r & h]oism ( great a*ievem5t 9 /yle nev] gr[ less z ! ages pass1 b r t5d to gr[ m4 ,t is s1 n m]ely because ! h>de/ tasks are left = ! la/1 b because ( ! ev] increas+ imp$im5ts plac$ 9 ! pa? ( /yle by ! pil+ up ( me*anical rules & rigid conv5tions4 ,x is d\btful :e!r on ! :ole ! =ces ( life really ga9 on ! surr\nd+ in]tia ( dea?4 ,! greate/ writ]s mu/ sp5d ! blood & sweat ( _! s\ls1 amid ! execration & disda9 ( _! contempor>ies1 9 break+ ! old m\lds ( /yle & p\r+ _! fre% life into new m\lds4 ,f ,dante to ,c>ducci1 f ,rabelais to ,pr\/1 f ,*auc] to ,:itman1 ! giants ( lett]s h be5 engag$ 9 ?is life-giv+ task1 & beh9d !m ! =ces ( dea? swiftly ga!r aga94 ,"h !re is always room = ! h]o4 ,no man1 inde$1 c write any?+ t matt]s :o is n a h]o at he>t1 ev5 ?\gh to ! p :o pass him 9 ! /reet or "k him 9 ! h\se he may seem z g5tle z any dove4 ,if all progress lies 9 an ev] great] flexibility & intimacy ( spee*1 a f9] adaptation to ! heights & dep?s ( ! mobile human s\l1 ! task c nev] be f9ally complet$4 ,e writ] is call$ afre% to reveal new /rata ( life4 ,by digg+ 9 8 own s\l he becomes ! discov]] ( ! s\l ( 8 family1 ( 8 nation1 ( ! race1 ( ! he>t ( humanity4 ,= ! great writ] f9ds /yle z ! my/ic f9d ,god1 9 8 own s\l4 ,x is ! f9al utt]ance ( a sigh1 :i* none c\ld utt] be=e him1 & :i* all c :o foll[4 ,9 ! end1 x w be se5 we return at la/ to ! po9t f :i* we />t4 ,we h complet$ ! cycle ( an art's evolution1--& x might1 inde$1 be any o!r art z mu* z writ+1--rea*+ 9 ! f9al sweep ( ev] wid] flights ! fact f :i* we />t$1 b see+ x anew1 ) a fre% univ]sal significance4 ,writ+ is an ardu\s spiritual & intellectual task1 only to be a*iev$ by pati5t & delib]ate lab\r & mu* d>+4 ,yet !re) we are only at ! beg9n+4 ,writ+ is also ! expression ( individual p]sonality1 :i* spr+s up spontane\sly1 or is sl[ly drawn up f )91 out ( a well ( inn] emotions :i* none may comm&4 ,b ev5 ) ^! two opposite factors we h n atta9$ ! complete syn!sis4 ,= /yle 9 ! full s5se is m ?an ! delib]ate & design$ creation1 m ev5 ?an ! unconsci\s & involunt>y creation1 ( ! individual man :o !re9 expresses himself4 ,! self t he ?us expresses is a bundle ( inh]it$ t5d5cies t came ! man himself c nev] entirely "k :5ce4 ,x is by ! in/9ctive /ress ( a highly s5sitive1 or slightly abnormal con/itution1 t he is impell$ to in/il ^! t5d5cies into ! ali5 magic ( words4 ,! /ylum :]e) he /rives to write himself on ! yet blank pages ( ! _w may h ! ob/9ate vig\r ( ! metal rod or ! wild & quav]+ wayw>dness ( an insect's w+1 b beh9d x lie =ces t ext5d into inf9ity4 ,x moves u because x is itself mov$ by pulses :i* 9 v>y+ measure we also h inh]it$1 & because its prim>y s\rce is 9 ! he>t ( a cosmos f :i* we ourselves spr+4 ,footnote #ee3 ,x may be z well to po9t t x is ! amateur lit]>y gramm>ian & n ! exp]t :o is at fault 9 ^! matt]s4 ,! attitude ( ! exp]t 7z 9 ,c4 ,t4 ,onions1 ,advanc$ ,engli% ,syntax7 is entirely reasonable4 ,footnote #ef3 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ano!r ari/ocratic ma/] ( spee* _h also made j ! same obs]vation4 ,l&or puts into ! m\? ( ,horne ,tooke ! words3 8,no expression c become a vulg>ism :i* has n a broad f\ndation4 ,! language ( ! vulg> ha? its s\rce 9 physics3 9 kn[n1 compreh5d$1 & op]ative ?+s40 ,at ! same "t ,l&or 0 z /]n a judge z ,baudelaire ( ! r&om use ( cli*s4 ,footnote #eg3 ,speak+ z a writ] :o has be5 mu* quot$1--x ought to be a satisfaction1 b ,i h _h my d\bts1--,i may say t ,i h obs]v$ t ^? :o quote belong mo/ly to two classes1 "o consi/+ ( good1 or at all ev5ts indiff]5t1 writ]s1 & ! o!r ( bad writ]s4 ,^? ( ! fir/ class quote ) fair precision & due ackn[l$gem5t1 ^? ( ! second ) no precision1 & only ! vague/ intimation1 or none at all1 t !y are quot+4 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t ! good writ] is m hone/ ?an ! bad writ]1 b t conclusion may be unju/ to ! bad writ]4 ,! fact is t1 hav+ little ?\ght or k ( 8 own1 he is n fully consci\s ( :at he is do+4 ,he is l a gre$y *ild :o1 see+ food 9 front ( him1 snat*es x at r&om1 )\t be+ able to recognise :e!r or n x is 8 own4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a ?ird class ( ^? :o _c resi/ ! temptation ( delib]ately putt+ =? ! pa9fully a*iev$ ?\ght or k ( o!rs z _! own1 sometimes1 p]haps1 seek+ to gloss ov] ! lapse )3 8,z e "o kn[s--0 ,footnote #eh3 ,croce1 :o is no d\bt ! mo/ in/ructive lit]>y critic ( our "t1 has1 9 8 own way1 insi/$ on ?is ess5tial fact4 ,z he w\ld put x1 !re are no objective /&>ds ( judgm5t2 we _c approa* a "w ( art ) our laws & categories4 ,we h to compreh5d ! arti/'s own values1 & only !n are we fit to pron\nce any judgm5t on 8 "w4 ,! task ( ! lit]>y critic is ?us imm5sely m difficult ?an x is vulg>ly suppos$ to be4 ,! same holds good1 ,i w\ld add1 ( criticism 9 ! fields ( art1 n exclud+ ! art ( love & ! arts ( liv+ 9 g5]al4 ,footnote #ei3 8,?is se>* is ! art ( all great ?9k]s1 ( all great arti/s1 inde$ ( all ^? :o1 ev5 )\t atta9+ expression1 desire to live deeply4 ,if ! dance br+s u s ne> to ,god1 x is1 ,i believe1 because x symbolizes = u ! movem5t ( ?is ge/ure40 7lie ,faure1 ,l',arbre d'd51 p4 #cah47 ,footnote #fj3 ,?is is t 8div9e malice0 :i* ,nietzs*e1 9 ,ecce ,homo1 speak+ ( ,he9e 78"o day ,he9e & ,i w be reg>d$ z by f> ! greate/ arti/s ( ! ,g]man language10 he says r egoti/ically1 b p]haps truly7 consid]$ ess5tial to p]fection4 8,i e/imate ! value ( m5 & ( races10 he add$1 8by _! ne$ to id5tify _! ,god ) a satyr10 a h>d say+1 no d\bt1 to ! mod]n man1 b x has its mean+4 ,footnote #fa3 ,s9ce ?is 0 writt5 ,i h f\nd t ,laycock1 ^: subtle obs]vation pione]$ s _m lat] ideas1 long ago not$ 78,"s ,organic ,laws ( ,memory10 ,j\rnal ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce1 ,july1 #ahge7 rev]sion to ance/ral modes ( h&writ+4 ,footnote #fb3 ,?is 0 writt5 fifte5 ye>s ago1 & z ,c>lyle has ( late be5 unduly depreciat$ ,i w\ld add t1 :ile /rictly to ! pres5t po9t1 x is n put =w>d z an e/imate ( ,c>lyle's g5ius4 ,t ,i seem to h attempt$ tw5ty-five ye>s e>li] 9 a private lett] 7to my fri5d ! late ,rev]5d ,angus ,mackay7 ,i may "h p]haps be all[$ to quote4 ,x 0 9 #ahhc1 soon aft] ! publication ( ,c>lyle's ,rem9isc5ces3 8,?is is n ,c>lylese1 b x is f9]4 ,! popul> judgm5t is hopelessly wrong4 ,we c nev] und]/& ,c>lyle till we get rid ( ! #8great prophet' notion4 ,c>lyle is n 7z we 7 once taught7 a #8great moral tea*]1' b1 9 ! high s5se1 a great com$ian4 ,8 books are wond]ful com$ies4 ,he is ! ,scot* ,ari/ophanes1 z ,rabelais is ! ,fr5* & ,he9e ! ,g]man ,ari/ophanes--( c\rse1 ) ! int5se nor!rn imag9ation1 m clumsy1 m imp]fect1 m pr(\nd ?an ! ,greek4 ,b1 at a long di/ance1 !re is a close resemblance to ,ari/ophanes ) ! same mixture ( audacity 9 me?od & cons]vatism 9 _s4 ,c>lyle's acc\nt ( ,lamb seems 9 ! true s5se ,ari/ophanic4 ,8 hum\r is1 too1 z broad z he d>es 7"s curi\s resemblances !re1 too74 ,9 8 lyrical outbur/s1 aga91 he foll[s ,ari/ophanes1 & aga9 at a di/ance4 ,( c\rse he _c be comp>$ z an arti/4 ,he has n1 l ,rabelais1 creat$ a _w to play )1 b1 l ,ari/ophanes g5]ally1 he sports ) ! ?+s t are40 ,t y\?ful e/imate 0 ali5 to popul> op9ion !n because ,c>lyle 0 idolis$2 x is n[1 no d\bt1 equally ali5 = an opposite reason4 ,x is only on extremes t ! indol5t popul> m9d c re/4 ,footnote #fc3 ,j4 ,b$doe1 ,! ,races ( ,brita91 p4 #bed4 ,footnote #fd3 ,i once /udi$1 z an example1 col\r-words 9 v>i\s writ]s1 f9d+ t e poet has 8 own col\r =mula4 ,v>iations 9 l5g? ( s5t5ce & peculi>ities ( usage 9 metre h (t5 be5 /udi$4 ,ref]5ce is made to "s ( ^! /udies by ,a4 ,nice=o1 8,metodo ,/ati/ico e ,docum5ti ,litt]>i10 ,revi/a d',italia1 ,augu/1 #aiag4 ,footnote #fe3 8,! ,muses are ! daught]s ( ,memory10 ,paul ,mor& tells u t ,pr\/ w\ld say2 8!re is no art )\t recollection10 & c]ta9ly x is supremely true ( ,pr\/'s art4 ,x is t elem5t ( art :i* imp>ts at once bo? atmosph]e & poignant intimacy1 ext]nal f>ness ) int]nal ne>ness4 ,! lyrics ( ,?omas ,h>dy owe _! intimacy ( appeal to ! dom9ance 9 !m ( recollection 79 ,late ,lyrics & ,e>li] "o might say x is nev] abs5t71 & t is :y !y c sc>cely be fully appreciat$ save by ^? :o are no long] v "y4 ,footnote #ff3 ,! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press publi%es a little volume ( ,rules = ,compositors & ,read]s 9 :i* ?is uni=m is set =?4 ,x is a useful & int]e/+ manual1 b "o wond]s h[ _m unnecess>y & ev5 undesirable usages--includ+ t morbid desire to cl+ to ! ize t]m9ation 7*>m+ z an ecc5tricity b hide\s z a rule7 :5 ise w\ld suffice--are h]eby fo/]$4 ,ev5 :5 we leave out ( consid]ation ! great hi/orical tradition ( v>iety 9 ?is matt]1 x is d\btful1 :5 we consid] !m compreh5sively1 :e!r ! advantages ( enc\rag+ e "o to spell l 8 fell[s ov]balances ! advantages ( enc\rag+ e "o to spell unlike 8 fell[s4 ,:5 ,i 0 a tea*] 9 ! ,au/ralian bu% ,i d]iv$ f> less enjoym5t f ! m or less 8correctly0 spelt ex]cises ( my pupils ?an f ! occasional notes ,i receiv$ f _! p>5ts :o1 nev] hav+ be5 taught to spell1 7 able to spell 9 ! gr& mann]4 ,we are wilfully ?r[+ away an endless s\rce ( delight4 ,footnote #fg3 ,le ,monde ,n\veau1 #ae? ,decemb]1 #aibb4 ,footnote #fh3 ,f]ris ,gre5slet 79 8 /udy ( ,joseph ,glanvill1 p4 #ahc71 ref]r+ to ! ,c>tesian influ5ce on ,engli% prose /yle1 quotes f ,sprat's ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society t ! ,society 8exact$ f its memb]s a close1 nak$1 natural way ( speak+1 positive expressions1 a native eas9ess1 br++ all ?+s z ne> ! ma!matic pla9ness z !y c40 ,! ,society pass$ a resolution to reject 8all amplifications1 digressions1 & swell+s ( /yle40 ,footnote #fi3 ,if x is ask$ :y ,i take examples ( a quality 9 art t is univ]sal f lit]>y p]sonalities t to _m are que/ionable1 ev5 morbid or p]v]se1 r ?an f "s m normal & unque/ion$ figure1 ,?omas ,h>dy1 = example1 ,i w\ld reply t ,i h always reg>d$ x z m helpful & in/ructive to take examples t are /ill que/ionable r ?an to fall back on ! unque/ionable t all w accept tamely )\t ?\ght4 ,=ty ye>s ago1 :5 ,h>dy's g5ius 0 sc>cely at all recognis$1 x seem$ wor? :ile to me to set =? ! quality ( 8 g5ius4 ,to-day1 :5 t quality is unque/ion$1 & ,h>dy receives g5]al love & rev]5ce1 x w\ld seem idle & unpr(itable to d s4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,religion ,i ,,religion is a l>ge ^w1 ( good import & ( evil import1 & ) ! g5]al discussion ( religion we are n 9 ?is place conc]n$4 ,its qu9tess5tial core--:i* is ! art ( f9d+ our emotional relation%ip to ! _w conceiv$ z a :ole--is all t "h matt]s1 & x is be/ t]m$ 8,my/icism40 ,no d\bt x ne$s "s c\rage to use t ^w4 ,x is ! common label ( abuse appli$ to e pseudo-spiritual ?+ t is held up = contempt4 ,yet x w\ld be fooli% to all[ ourselves to be deflect$ f ! "r use ( a ^w by ! accid5t ( its abuse4 8,my/icism10 h[ev] (t5 misus$1 w "h be us$1 because x is ! correct t]m = ! relation%ip ( ! ,self to ! ,n-,self1 ( ! individual to a ,:ole1 :51 go+ beyond 8 own p]sonal ends1 he discov]s 8 adju/m5t to l>g] ends1 9 h>mony or devotion or love4 ,x has become a commonplace among ! un?9k+1 or ^? :o ?9k badly1 to assume an opposition ( ho/ility betwe5 my/icism & sci5ce4#gj ,if 8sci5ce0 is1 z we h "s reason to believe1 an art1 if 8my/icism0 also is an art1 ! opposition c sc>cely be radical s9ce !y mu/ bo? spr+ f ! same root 9 natural human activity4 ,,ii ,,if1 inde$1 by 8sci5ce0 we mean ! organisation ( an intellectual relation%ip to ! _w we live 9 adequate to give u "s degree ( p[] ov] t _w1 & if by 8my/icism0 we mean ! joyful organisation ( an emotional relation%ip to ! _w conceiv$ z a :ole1#ga ! opposition :i* we usually assume to exi/ betwe5 !m is ( comp>atively mod]n orig94 ,among savage peoples su* an opposition c sc>cely be said to h any exi/5ce4 ,! v fact t sci5ce1 9 ! /rict s5se1 seems (t5 to beg9 ) ! />s might itself h sugge/$ t ! basis ( sci5ce is my/ical contemplation4 ,n only is !re usually no opposition betwe5 ! 8sci5tific0 & ! 8my/ical0 attitude among peoples we may fairly call primitive1 b ! two attitudes may be comb9$ 9 ! same p]son4 ,! 8m$ic9e-man0 is n m an embryonic man ( sci5ce ?an he is an embryonic my/ic2 he is bo? equally4 ,he cultivates n only magic b hol9ess1 he a*ieves ! conque/ ( 8 own s\l1 he ent]s into h>mony ) ! univ]se2 & 9 do+ ?is1 & p>tly1 inde$1 ?r\gh do+ ?is1 8 k is increas$1 8 s5sations & p[] ( obs]vation are r5d]$ acute1 & he is enabl$ s to ga9 organis$ k ( natural processes t he c to "s ext5t =esee or ev5 control ^? processes4 ,he is ! ance/or alike ( ! h]mit foll[+ aft] sanctity & ( ! inv5tor cry/allis+ discov]ies into pr(itable pat5ts4 ,su* is ! m$ic9e-man :]ev] we may f9d him 9 8 typical %ape--:i* he _c always adequately a*ieve--all ov] ! _w1 ar\nd ,torres ,/raits j z mu* z ar\nd ,behr+'s ,/raits4 ,yet we h fail$ to grasp ! significance ( ?is fact4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! ,%aman1 z on ! my/ical side we may conv5i5tly t]m ! m$ic9e-man1 to place himself "u ! conditions--& ev5 9 primitive life ^? conditions are v>i$ & subtle--:i* br+ 8 w into h>mony ) ! ess5ce ( ! _w1 s t he gr[s "o ) t ess5ce1 t its w becomes 8 w1 &1 rev]sely1 t1 9 a s5se1 8 w becomes its4 ,h]e)1 9 ?is unity ) ! _s ( ! _w1 ! possibility ( magic & ! p[] to control ! op]ation ( ,nature are introduc$ into human ?\ght1 ) its core ( reality & its endless trail ( absurdity1 p]si/+ ev5 into advanc$ civilisation4 ,b ?is h>mony ) ! ess5ce ( ! univ]se1 ?is control ( ,nature ?r\gh on5ess ) ,nature1 is n only at ! he>t ( religion2 x is also at ! he>t ( sci5ce4 ,x is only by ! possession ( an acquir$ or inborn temp]am5t attun$ to ! temp]am5t ( ,nature t a ,f>aday or an ,edison1 t any sci5tific discov]] or inv5tor1 c a*ieve 8 results4 ,& ! primitive m$ic9e-man1 :o on ! religi\s side has atta9$ h>mony ( ! self ) ! ,n-,self1 & by obey+ le>nt to comm&1 _c fail on ! sci5tific side also1 "u ! special conditions ( 8 isolat$ life1 to acquire an insight into natural me?ods1 a practical p[] ov] human activities & ov] ! treatm5t ( disease1 su* z on ! imag9ative & emotional side he already possesses4 ,if we are able to see ?is ess5tial & d\ble attitude ( ! ,%aman--m$ic9e-man--if we are able to elim9ate all ! extrane\s absurdities & ! extravagancies :i* conceal ! real nature ( 8 function 9 ! primitive _w1 ! problem ( sci5ce & my/icism1 & _! relation%ip to ea* o!r1 ceases to h difficulties = u4 ,x is z well to po9t out1 be=e pass+ on1 t ! inve/igators ( primitive ?\ght are n altoge!r 9 agreem5t ) "o ano!r on ?is "q ( ! relation ( sci5ce to magic1 & h complicat$ ! "q by draw+ a di/9ction betwe5 magic 7und]/ood z man's claim to control ,nature7 & religion 7und]/ood z man's submission to ,nature74 ,! difficulties seem due to an attempt to introduce cle>-cut def9itions at a /age ( ?\ght :]e none su* exi/$4 ,t m$ic9e-m5 & prie/s cultivat$ sci5ce1 :ile wrapp+ x up 9 occult & magical =ms1 seems indicat$ by ! e>lie/ hi/orical traditions ( ! ,ne> ,ea/4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] long ago br\ght toge!r mu* ( ! evid5ce on ?is po9t4 ,mc,dougall to-day 9 8 8,social ,psy*ology0 7,*apt] ,,xiii7 accepts magic z ! orig9 ( sci5ce1 & ,fraz] 9 ! e>ly edition ( 8 8,gold5 ,b\gh0 reg>d$ magic z 8! savage equival5t ( our natural sci5ce40 ,m>ett#gb 8pr(\ndly d\bts0 ?is1 & decl>es t if we c use ! ^w 8sci5ce0 at all 9 su* a context1 magic is occult sci5ce & ! v anti!sis ( natural sci5ce4 ,:ile all t ,m>ett /ates is admirably true on ! basis ( 8 own def9itions1 he sc>cely seems to realise ! virtue ( ! ^w 8equival5t10 :ile at ! same "t1 x may be1 8 def9ition ( magic is too n>r[4 ,silb]]1 f ! psy*o-analytic /&po9t1 accept+ ! developm5t ( exact sci5ce f "o bran* ( magic1 po9ts out t sci5ce is1 on ! "o h&1 ! recognition ( conceal$ natural laws &1 on ! o!r1 ! dynamisation ( psy*ic p[]1#gc & ?us falls into two great classes1 accord+ z its op]ation is ext]nal or int]nal4 ,?is seems a true & subtle di/9ction :i* ,m>ett has ov]look$4 ,9 ! late/ edition ( 8 "w1#gd ,fraz] has n insi/$ on ! relation or analogy ( sci5ce to magic1 b has be5 cont5t to po9t out t ,man has pass$ ?r\gh ! ?ree /ages ( magic1 religion1 & sci5ce4 8,9 magic ,man dep5ds on 8 own /r5g? to meet ! difficulties & dang]s t beset him on e side4 ,he believes 9 a c]ta9 e/abli%$ ord] ( ,nature on :i* he c surely c\nt1 & :i* he c manipulate = 8 own ends40 ,!n he f9ds he has ov]e/imat$ 8 own p[]s & he humbly takes ! road ( religion1 leav+ ! univ]se to ! m or less caprici\s w ( a high] p[]4 ,b he f9ds ?is view inadequate & he proce$s to rev]t 9 a measure to ! old] /&po9t ( magic by po/ulat+ explicitly :at 9 magic _h only be5 implicitly assum$1 8to wit1 an inflexible regul>ity 9 ! ord] ( natural ev5ts :i*1 if c>efully obs]v$1 enables u to =esee _! c\rse ) c]ta9ty1 & to act accord+ly40 ,s t sci5ce1 9 ,fraz]'s view1 is n s mu* directly d]iv$ f magic z itself 9 its orig9al %ape "o ) magic1 & ,man has proce$$1 n 9 a /raight l9e1 b 9 a spiral4 ,! pr(\nd significance ( ?is e>ly p]sonage is1 h[ev]1 surely cle>4 ,if sci5ce & my/icism are alike bas$ on fundam5tal natural in/9cts1 appe>+ spontane\sly all ov] ! _w2 if1 moreov]1 !y naturally t5d to be embodi$ 9 ! same individual1 9 su* a way t ea* impulse w\ld seem to be dep5d5t on ! o!r = its full developm5t2 !n !re c be no gr\nd = accept+ any di%>mony betwe5 !m4 ,! c\rse ( human evolution involves a division ( lab\r1 a specialisation ( sci5ce & ( my/icism along special l9es & 9 sep>ate individuals4#ge ,b a fundam5tal antagonism ( ! two1 x becomes evid5t1 is n to be ?\ght (2 x is un?9kable1 ev5 absurd4 ,if at "s p]iod 9 ! c\rse ( civilisation we s]i\sly f9d t our sci5ce & our religion are antagoni/ic1 !n !re mu/ be some?+ wrong ei!r ) our sci5ce or ) our religion4 ,p]haps n seldom !re may be some?+ wrong ) bo?4 ,= if ! natural impulses :i* normally "w be/ toge!r are sep>at$ & specialis$ 9 diff]5t p]sons1 we may expect to f9d a concomitant /ate ( atrophy & hyp]trophy1 bo? alike morbid4 ,! sci5tific p]son w become atrophi$ on ! my/ical side1 ! my/ical p]son w become atrophi$ on ! sci5tific side4 ,ea* w become morbidly hyp]trophi$ on 8 own side4 ,b ! assumption t1 because !re is a lack ( h>mony betwe5 oppos+ pa?ological /ates1 !re mu/ also be a simil> lack ( h>mony 9 ! normal /ate1 is unreasonable4 ,we mu/ sev]ely put out ( c\nt alike ! hyp]trophi$ sci5tific p ) atrophi$ religi\s in/9cts1 & ! hyp]trophi$ religi\s p ) atrophi$ sci5tific in/9cts4 ,nei!r gr\p c help u "h2 !y only introduce confusion4 ,we h to exam9e ! matt] critically1 to g back to ! beg9n+1 to take s wide a survey ( ! ph5om5a t _! seem+ly conflict+ elem5ts fall into h>mony4 ,! fact1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! p]son ) an ov]develop$ religi\s s5se comb9$ ) an und]develop$ sci5tific s5se necess>ily conflicts ) a p]son 9 :om ! rev]se /ate ( affairs exi/s1 _c be d\bt$1 nor is ! reason ( x obscure4 ,x is difficult to conceive a ,d>w9 & a ,/4 ,!resa ent]+ ) full & g5u9e sympa?y into ea* o!r's po9t ( view4 ,& t is s by no means because ! two attitudes1 /ripp$ ( all b _! ess5tials1 are irreconcilable4 ,if we /rip ,/4 ,!resa ( h] atrophi$ pseudo-sci5ce1 :i* 9 h] case 0 mo/ly !ological 8sci5ce10 !re 0 no?+ 9 h] attitude :i* w\ld n h seem$ to h>monise & to exalt t absolute adoration & s]vice to natural tru? :i* inspir$ ,d>w94 ,if we /rip ,d>w9 ( t atrophi$ s5se ( poetry & ! arts :i* he deplor$1 & t anmic secul> conception ( ! univ]se z a :ole :i* he seems to h accept$ )\t deplor+1 !re 0 no?+ 9 8 attitude :i* w\ld n h s]v$ to f]tilise & enri* ! spiritual exaltation ( ,!resa & ev5 to h remov$ f> f h] t temptation to ac$ia or slo?fulness :i* all ! my/ics :o are my/ics only h recognis$ z _! besett+ s91 m9imis$ z x 01 9 ,!resa1 by h] practical activities4 ,yet1 be+ z !y 7 p]sons ( supreme g5ius develop$ on opposite sides ( _! common human nature1 an impassable gulf lies betwe5 !m4 ,x lies equally betwe5 mu* m ord9>y p :o yet %[ ! same common "* ( be+ und]gr[n on "o side1 ov]gr[n on ! o!r4 ,?is difficulty is n dim9i%$ :5 ! p]son :o is ?us hyp]trophi$ on "o side & atrophi$ on ! o!r sudd5ly wakes up to 8 "o-sid$ /ate & ha/ily attempts to rem$y x4 ,! v fact t su* a "o-sid$ developm5t has come ab\t indicates t !re has probably be5 a cong5ital basis = x1 an innate di%>mony :i* mu/ require inf9ite pati5ce & special p]sonal exp]i5ce to ov]come4 ,b ! h]oic & o/5tati\s mann] 9 :i* ^! ill-balanc$ p ha/ily attempt ! a?letic feat ( re/or+ _! spiritual balance has frequ5tly ar\s$ ! int]e/1 & too (t5 ! amusem5t1 ( ! spectator4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 "o ( ! mo/ qu9tess5tially sci5tific p]sons ! _w has se51 a se>*] :o made ! mo/ /up5d\s ef=t to picture ! univ]se intellig5tly on its purely intelligible side1 seems to h realis$ 9 old age1 :5 he 01 inde$1 approa*+ s5ility1 t ! va/ hyp]trophy ( 8 faculties on t side _h n be5 comp5sat$ by any developm5t on ! religi\s side4 ,he =?) set himself to ! int]pretation ( ! ,book ( ,daniel & puzzl$ ov] ! prophecies ( ! ,book ( ,revelation1 ) ! same sci5tifically s]i\s air z ?\gh he 7 analys+ ! spectrum4 ,9 reality he _h n rea*$ ! sph]e ( religion at all2 he _h m]ely ex*ang$ good sci5ce = bad sci5ce4 ,su* s5ile ef=ts to p5etrate1 ere yet life is q ov]1 ! my/]y ( religion recall1 &1 inde$1 h a real analogy to1 t f9al ef=t ( ! emotionally />v$ to grasp at love :i* has be5 call$ 8old maid's insanity02 & j z 9 ?is ab]ration ! woman :o has all h] life put love into ! subconsci\s backgr\nd ( h] m9d is ov]come by an eruption ( ! suppress$ emotions & driv5 to create baseless leg5ds ( :i* %e is h]self ! h]o9e1 s ! sci5tific man :o has put religion into ! subconsci\s & sc>cely kn[n t !re is su* a ?+ may become 9 ! end ! victim ( an imag9>y religion4 ,9 our own "t we may h witness$ attempts ( ! sci5tific m9d to become religi\s1 :i*1 )\t am\nt+ to m5tal ab]ration1 are yet highly in/ructive4 ,x w\ld be a d\ble-edg$ complim5t1 9 ?is connection1 to comp>e ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge to ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,b aft] devot+ himself = _m ye>s to purely physical rese>*1 ,lodge also1 z he has confess$1 f\nd t he _h ov]look$ ! religi\s side ( life1 & !re=e set himself ) *>act]i/ic en]gy to ! task--! /ages ( :i* are describ$ 9 a long s]ies ( books--( develop+ ?is atrophi$ side ( 8 nature4 ,unlike ,newton1 :o 0 worri$ ab\t ! future1 ,lodge became worri$ ab\t ! pa/4 ,j z ,newton f\nd :at he 0 cont5t$ to reg>d z religi\s peace 9 speculat+ on ! mean+ ( ! ,books ( ,daniel & ,revelation1 s ,lodge f\nd a simil> satisfaction 9 speculations conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! s\l & 9 hunt+ out tags f ! poets to support 8 speculations4 ,s fasc9at+ 0 ?is occupation t x seem$ to him to con/itute a great 8message0 to ! _w4 8,my message is t !re is "s great tru? 9 ! idea ( prexi/5ce1 n an obvi\s tru?1 nor "o easy to =mulate--a tru? difficult to express--n to be id5tifi$ ) ! guesses ( re9c>nation & transmigration1 :i* may be fanciful4 ,we may n h be5 individuals be=e1 b we are *ips or fragm5ts ( a great mass ( m9d1 ( _s1 & ( life--drops1 z x 71 tak5 out ( a g]m9al res]voir ( life1 & incubat$ until inc>nate 9 a mat]ial body40#gf ,! g5u9e my/ic w\ld smile if ask$ to accept z a div9e message ^! phraseological grop+s 9 ! d>kness1 ) _! culm9ation 9 ! gospel ( 8incubat$ drops40 ,!y c]ta9ly repres5t an attempt to get at a real fact4 ,b ! my/ic is n tr\bl$ by speculations ab\t ! orig9 ( ! individual1 or !ories ( prexi/5ce1 fanta/ic my?s :i* belong to ! e>li] ,plato's /age ( ?\ght4 ,x is abundantly evid5t t :5 ! hyp]trophi$ man ( sci5ce seeks to cultivate 8 atrophi$ religi\s in/9cts x is ) ! utmo/ difficulty t he escapes f sci5ce4 ,8 conv]sion to religion m]ely means1 = ! mo/ "p1 t he has ex*ang$ s\nd sci5ce = pseudo-sci5ce4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ! man ) hyp]trophi$ religi\s in/9cts seeks to cultivate 8 atrophi$ sci5tific in/9cts1 ! results are sc>cely satisfactory4 ,"h1 inde$1 we are conc]n$ ) a ph5om5on t is r>] ?an ! rev]se process4 ,! reason may n be f> to seek4 ,! in/9ct ( religion develops e>li] 9 ! hi/ory ( a race ?an ! in/9ct ( sci5ce4 ,! man :o has f\nd ! massive satisfaction ( 8 religi\s crav+s is seldom at any /age consci\s ( sci5tific crav+s2 he is apt to feel t he already possesses ! supreme k4 ,! religi\s d\bt]s :o vaguely feel t _! fai? is at v>iance ) sci5ce are m]ely ! creatures ( cre$s1 ! product ( ,*ur*es2 !y are n ! g5u9e my/ics4 ,! g5u9e my/ics :o h ex]cis$ _! sci5tific in/9cts h g5]ally f\nd scope = su* ex]cise )9 an enl>g$ !ological s*eme :i* !y reg>d$ z "p ( _! religion4 ,s x 0 t ,/4 ,augu/9e f\nd scope = 8 full & vivid1 if caprici\s1 intellectual impulses2 s also ,aqu9as1 9 :om !re 0 d\btless less ( ! my/ic & m ( ! sci5ti/1 f\nd scope = ! rational & ord]ly developm5t ( a ke5 intellig5ce :i* has made him an au?ority & ev5 a pione] = _m :o are absolutely indiff]5t to 8 !ology4 ,aga9 we see t to und]/& ! real relations ( sci5ce & my/icism1 we mu/ return to ages :51 on nei!r side1 _h any accumulat$ mass ( dead traditions effect$ an artificial divorce betwe5 two great natural in/9cts4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t if we g outside civilisation ! divorce is n f\nd2 ! savage my/ic is also ! savage man ( sci5ce1 ! prie/ & ! doctor are "o4#gg ,x is s also = ! mo/ "p 9 b>b>ism1 among ! anci5t ,hebrews = in/ance1 & n only among _! prie/s1 b ev5 among _! prophets4 ,x appe>s t ! mo/ usual ,hebrew ^w = :at we t]m ! 8prophet0 signifi$ 8"o :o bur/s =?10 presumably into ! utt]ance ( spiritual v]ities1 & ! less usual words signify 8se]40 ,t is to say1 ! prophet 0 prim>ily a man ( religion1 second>ily a man ( sci5ce4 ,& t pr$ictive elem5t 9 ! prophet's function1 :i* to p]sons lack+ 9 religi\s in/9ct seems ! :ole ( 8 function1 has no relation%ip at all to religion2 x is a function ( sci5ce4 ,x is an insight into cause & effect1 a conception ( sequ5ces bas$ on ext5d$ obs]vation & enabl+ ! 8prophet0 to ass]t t c]ta9 l9es ( action w probably lead to ! deg5]ation ( a /ock1 or to ! decay ( a nation4 ,x is a sort ( appli$ hi/ory4 8,prophecy0 has no m to d ) religion ?an h ! =eca/s ( ! ,meteorological ,bureau1 :i* also are a k9d ( appli$ sci5ce 9 e>li] /ages associat$ ) religion4 ,if1 keep+ )9 ! sph]e ( civilisation1 we g back z f> z we c1 ! conclusion we rea* is n greatly diff]5t4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! great my/ics 9 hi/orical times is ,lao-tze4 ,he liv$ six hundr$ ye>s e>li] ?an ,jesus1 a hundr$ ye>s e>li] ?an ,sakya-,muni1 & he 0 m qu9tess5tially a my/ic ?an ei!r4 ,he 01 moreov]1 incomp>ably ne>] ?an ei!r to ! po9t ( view ( sci5ce4 ,ev5 8 occupation 9 life 01 9 relation to 8 age & l&1 ( a sci5tific "*2 he 01 if we may tru/ unc]ta9 tradition1 keep] ( ! ar*ives4 ,9 ! sub/ance ( 8 "w ?is h>mony ( religion & sci5ce is ?r\gh\t traceable1 ! v ^w 8,tao10 :i* to ,lao-tze is ! symbol ( all t to :i* religion may my/ically unite u1 is susceptible ( be+ translat$ 8,reason10 al?\gh t ^w rema9s inadequate to its full mean+4 ,!re are no !ological or metaphysical speculations "h conc]n+ ,god 7! v ^w only occurs once & may be a lat] int]polation71 ! s\l1 or immortality4 ,! delicate & pr(\nd art ( ,lao-tze l>gely lies 9 ! skill ) :i* he expresses spiritual v]ities 9 ! =m ( natural tru?s4 ,8 affirmations n only g to ! core ( religion1 b !y express ! ess5tial me?ods ( sci5ce4 ,?is man has ! my/ic's he>t1 b he has also ! physici/'s t\* & ! biologi/'s eye4 ,he moves 9 a sph]e 9 :i* religion & sci5ce are "o4 ,if we pass to m mod]n times & ! little ,european corn] ( ! _w1 ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean %ores1 :i* is ! cradle ( our latt]-day civilisation1 aga9 & aga9 we f9d traces ( ?is fundam5tal unity ( my/icism & sci5ce4 ,x may well be t we nev] aga9 f9d x 9 q s pure a =m z 9 ,lao-tze1 q s free f all admixture alike ( bad religion & bad sci5ce4 ,! exub]ant unbalanc$ activity ( our race1 ! re/less acquisitiv5ess--already manife/$ 9 ! sph]e ( ideas & traditions be=e x l$ to ! production ( millionaires--soon became an ev]-gr[+ imp$im5t to su* unity ( spiritual impulses4 ,among ! supple & yet f]oci\s ,greeks1 inde$1 v]satility & recklessness seem at a fir/ glance always to h /ood 9 ! way ( approa* to ! ess5tial t]ms ( ?is problem4 ,x 0 only :5 ! ,greeks began to absorb ,ori5tal influ5ces1 we are incl9$ to say1 t !y became g5u9e my/ics1 & z !y approa*$ my/icism !y left sci5ce beh9d4 ,yet !re 0 a ve9 ( my/icism 9 ! ,greeks f ! fir/1 n alone due to se$s f ! ,ea/ flung to g]m9ate fruitfully 9 ,greek soil1 ?\gh p]haps to t ,ionian elem5t ( ! ,ne> ,ea/ :i* 0 an ess5tial "p ( ! ,greek _s4 ,all t ,k>l ,jol ( ,basel has s\ght to "w out conc]n+ ! evolution ( ! ,greek philosophic _s has a be>+ on ?is po9t4 ,we are wrong1 he believes1 to look on ! e>ly ,greek philosoph]s ( ,nature z ma9ly physici/s1 treat+ ! religi\s & poetic my/ic elem5ts 9 !m z m]e ar*aisms1 concessions1 or contradictions4 ,hellas ne$$1 & possess$1 an e>ly ,romantic _s1 if we und]/& ! ,romantic _s1 n m]ely ?r\gh its reaction>y (f%oots1 b z a deep my/ico-lyrical expression2 x 0 comp>able 9 e>ly ,greece to ! ,romantic _s ( ! great creative m5 ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance or ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury1 & ! ,apoll9ian classic _s 0 develop$ out ( an ord]$ discipl9e & =mulation ( ! ,dionysian _s m my/ically ne> to ,nature4#gh ,if we be> ?is 9 m9d we are help$ to und]/& mu* 9 ! religi\s life ( ,greece :i* seems n to h>monise ) :at we conv5tionally call 8classic40 ,9 ! dim figure ( ,py?agoras we p]haps see n only a great lead] ( physical sci5ce1 b also a great initiator 9 spiritual my/]y4 ,x is1 at any rate1 fairly cle> t he e/abli%$ religi\s bro!rhoods ( c>efully select$ c&idates1 wom5 z well z m5 be+ eligible1 & liv+ on s l(ty & ari/ocratic a level t ! populace ( ,magna ,grecia1 :o c\ld n und]/& !m1 decid$ out ( res5tm5t to burn !m alive1 & ! :ole ord] 0 annihilat$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #ejj4 ,b exactly h[ f> ^! e>ly ,py?agoreans1 ^: community has be5 comp>$ to ! m$ival ord]s ( *ivalry1 7 my/ics1 we may imag9e z we li/1 9 ! light ( ! ,py?agorean e*oes we f9d "h & !re 9 ,plato4 ,on ! :ole we sc>cely g to ! ,greeks = a cle> exposition ( :at we n[ t]m 8my/icism40 ,we see m ( x 9 ,lucretius ?an we c div9e 9 8 ma/] ,epicurus4 ,& we see x /ill m cle>ly 9 ! ,/oics4 ,we c1 inde$1 n[h]e f9d a m pure & concise /atem5t ?an 9 ,m>cus ,aurelius ( ! my/ical core ( religion z ! union 9 love & h>mony & devotion ( ! self ) ! ,n-,self4 ,if ,lucretius may be acc\nt$ ! fir/ ( mod]ns 9 ! id5tification ( my/icism & sci5ce1 he has be5 foll[$ by _m1 ev5 ?\gh1 "o sometimes ?9ks1 ) an ev]-increas+ difficulty1 a droop+ ( ! w+s ( my/ical aspiration1 a limp+ ( ! feet ( sci5tific progress4 ,leon>do & ,giordano ,bruno & ,sp9oza & ,goe!1 ea* ) a little imp]fection on "o side or ! o!r1 if n on bo? sides1 h mov$ 9 a sph]e 9 :i* ! impulses ( religion are felt to spr+ f ! same c5tre z ! impulses ( sci5ce4 ,e9/e91 ^: attitude 9 _m ways is s int]e/+1 closely associates ! long+ = pure k ) religi\s feel+1 & he has rem>k$ t 89 e true se>*] ( ,nature !re is a k9d ( religi\s rev]5ce40 ,he is incl9$ to atta* significance to ! fact t s _m great m5 ( sci5ce--,newton1 ,desc>tes1 ,gauss1 ,helmholtz--h be5 9 "o way or ano!r religi\s4 ,if we _c altoge!r include su* m5 z ,sw$5borg & ,f>aday 9 ! same gr\p1 x is because we _c feel t 9 !m ! two impulses1 h[ev] highly develop$1 really spr+ f ! same c5tre or really make a true h>mony4 ,we suspect t ^! m5 & _! l kept _! my/icism 9 a sci5ce-pro( comp>tm5t ( _! m9ds1 & _! sci5ce 9 a my/icism-pro( comp>tm5t2 we tremble = ! explosive result1 %\ld ! wall ( p>tition ev] be brok5 d[n4 ,! difficulty1 we see aga91 has be5 t1 on ea* h&1 !re has be5 a gr[? ( non-ess5tial traditions ar\nd ! pure & vital impulse1 & ! obvi\s di%>mony ( ^! two sets ( accretions conceals ! und]ly+ h>mony ( ! impulses !mselves4 ,! possibility ( rea*+ ! natural h>mony is ?us n necess>ily by virtue ( any r>e degree ( intellectual atta9m5t1 nor by any r>e gift ( inborn spiritual temp]am5t1--?\gh ei!r ( ^! may 9 "s cases be op]ative1--b r by ! happy *ance t ! burd5 ( tradition on ea* side has fall5 & t ! my/ical impulse is free to play )\t a dead metaphysical !ology1 ! sci5tific impulse )\t a dead metaphysical =malism4 ,x is a happy *ance t may befall ! simple m easily ?an ! wise & le>n$4 ,,iii ,,! =ego+ consid]ations h p]haps cle>$ ! way to a realisation t :5 we look broadly at ! matt]1 :5 we cle> away all ! accumulat$ sup]/itions1 ! unreason$ prepossessions1 on ei!r side1 & s rea* firm gr\nd1 n only is !re no opposition betwe5 sci5ce & my/icism1 b 9 _! ess5ce1 & at ! outset1 !y are closely relat$4 ,! seem+ divorce betwe5 !m is due to a false & unbalanc$ developm5t on ei!r side1 if n on bo? sides4 ,yet all su* consid]ations _c suffice to make pres5t to u ?is unity ( app>5t opposites4 ,!re is1 inde$1 x has (t5 seem$ to me1 a c]ta9 futility 9 all discussion ( ! relative claims ( sci5ce & religion4 ,?is is a matt] :i*1 9 ! la/ resort1 lies beyond ! sph]e ( argum5t4 ,x dep5ds n only on a man's entire psy*ic equipm5t1 br\ght ) him at bir? & nev] to be fundam5tally *ang$1 b x is ! outcome ( 8 own intimate exp]i5ce dur+ life4 ,x _c be pr(itably discuss$ because x is exp]i5tial4 ,x seems to me1 !re=e1 t1 hav+ gone s f>1 & /at$ :at ,i consid] to be ! relations ( my/icism & sci5ce z reveal$ 9 human hi/ory1 ,i am b\nd to g fur!r & to /ate my p]sonal gr\nds = believ+ t ! h>moni\s satisfaction alike ( ! religi\s impulse & ! sci5tific impulse may be atta9$ to-day by an ord9>ily balanc$ p]son 9 :om bo? impulses crave = satisfaction4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a s]i\s difficulty4 ,to set =? a p]sonal religi\s exp]i5ce = ! fir/ "t requires consid]able resolution1 & n lea/ to "o :o is incl9$ to suspect t ! exp]i5ces usually s set =? c be ( no pr(\nd or significant nature2 t if ! und]ly+ motives ( a man's life c be br\ght to ! surface & put into words _! vital motive p[] is gone4 ,ev5 ! fact t m ?an =ty ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! exp]i5ce took place sc>cely suffices to make ! confession ( x easy4 ,b ,i recall to m9d t ! fir/ orig9al book ,i ev] plann$ 7& 9 fact began to write7 0 a book1 imp]sonal ?\gh sugge/$ by p]sonal exp]i5ce1 on ! f\ndations ( religion4#gi ,i put x aside1 say+ to myself ,i w\ld complete x 9 old age1 because x seem$ to me t ! problem ( religion w always be fre%1 :ile !re 7 o!r problems m press+ly 9 ne$ ( spe$y inve/igation4 ,n[1 x may be1 ,i beg9 to feel ! "t has come to c>ry t e>ly project a /age fur!r4 ,l _m ( ! g5]ation to :i* ,i belong$1 ,i 0 br\ght up f> f ! ,sunday-s*ool atmosph]e ( conv5tional religiosity4 ,i receiv$ little religi\s in/ruction outside ! home1 b !re ,i 0 made to feel1 f my e>lie/ ye>s1 t religion is a v vital & p]sonal matt] ) :i* ! _w & ! fa%ion ( x _h no?+ to d4 ,to t tea*+1 :ile /ill sc>cely m ?an a *ild1 ,i respond$ 9 a :olehe>t$ way4 ,necess>ily ! ex]cise ( ?is e>ly impulse foll[$ ! pa?s prescrib$ = x by my environm5t4 ,i accept$ ! cre$ set be=e me2 ,i privately /udi$ ! ,new ,te/am5t = my own satisfaction2 ,i hone/ly endeav\r$1 /rictly 9 private1 to m\ld my actions & impulses on :at seem$ to be ,*ri/ian l9es4 ,!re 0 no obtrusive outw>d evid5ce ( ?is2 outside ! home1 moreov]1 ,i mov$ 9 a _w :i* might be indiff]5t b 0 n actively ho/ile to my inn] aspirations1 &1 if ! ne$ = any ext]nal affirmation _h become inevitable1 ,i %\ld1 ,i am c]ta91 h invok$ o!r ?an religi\s gr\nds = my prote/4 ,religion1 z ,i in/9ctively felt !n & z ,i consci\sly believe n[1 is a private matt]1 z love is4 ,?is 0 my m5tal /ate at ! age ( twelve4 ,!n came ! p]iod ( emotional & intellectual expansion1 :5 ! sci5tific & critical in/9cts began to g]m9ate4 ,^! 7 completely spontane\s & n /imulat$ by any influ5ces ( ! environm5t4 ,to inquire1 to "q1 to inve/igate ! qualities ( ! ?+s ar\nd u & to se>* out _! causes1 is z native an impulse z ! religi\s impulse w\ld be f\nd to be if only we w\ld refra9 f excit+ x artificially4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?is sci5tific impulse 0 n greatly conc]n$ ) ! traditional body ( beliefs :i* 7 !n inextricably entw9$ 9 my m9d ) ! ex]cise ( ! religi\s in/9ct4 ,9 s f>1 inde$1 z x t\*$ !m x took up _! def5ce4 ,?us ,i read ,r5an's 8,life ( ,jesus10 & ! facile s5tim5t ( ?is book1 ! attitude ( arti/ic recon/ruction1 ar\s$ a criticism :i* l$ me to ov]look any und]ly+ s\nd] qualities4 ,yet all ! "t ! inquir+ & critical impulse 0 a sl[ly p]meat+ & invad+ influ5ce1 & its application to religion 0 f "t to "t /imulat$ by books1 al?\gh su* application 0 9 no slighte/ degree fav\r$ by ! social environm5t4 ,:51 too1 at ! age ( fifte51 ,i came to read ,sw9burne's 8,songs be=e ,sunrise10--al?\gh ! book made no v p]sonal appeal to me1--,i realis$ t x 0 possible to pres5t 9 an attractively mod]n emotional light religi\s beliefs :i* 7 incompatible ) ,*ri/ianity1 & ev5 actively ho/ile to its cre$4 ,! process ( dis9tegration took place 9 sl[ /ages t 7 n p]ceiv$ until ! process 0 complete4 ,!n at la/ ,i realis$ t ,i no long] possess$ any religi\s fai?4 ,all ! ,*ri/ian dogmas ,i _h be5 br\ght up to accept unque/ion$ _h slipp$ away1 & !y _h dragg$ ) !m :at ,i _h exp]i5c$ ( religion1 = ,i c\ld n !n s f> analyse all t is r\ghly lump$ toge!r z 8religion0 z to dis5tangle ! ess5tial f ! accid5tal4 ,su* analysis1 to be effectively conv9c+1 dem&$ p]sonal exp]i5ces ,i 0 n possess$ (4 ,i 0 n[ sev5te5 ye>s ( age4 ,! loss ( religi\s fai? _h produc$ no *ange 9 conduct1 save t religi\s obs]vances1 :i* _h nev] be5 o/5tati\sly p]=m$1 7 dropp$1 s f> z !y might be )\t hurt+ ! feel+s ( o!rs4 ,! revolution 0 s gradual & s natural t ev5 inw>dly ! %ock 0 n great1 :ile v>i\s activities1 ! gr[? ( m5tal aptitudes1 suffici5tly s]v$ to occupy ! m9d4 ,x 0 only dur+ p]iods ( depression t ! abs5ce ( fai? z a satisfaction ( ! religi\s impulse became at all acutely felt4 ,possibly x might h be5 felt less acutely if ,i c\ld h realis$ t !re 0 ev5 a real b5efit 9 ! cutt+ d[n & cle>+ away ( traditional & non-vital beliefs4 ,n only 0 x a :olesome & /r5u\s ef=t to obey at all co/s ! call ( :at 0 felt z 8tru?10 & !re=e hav+ 9 x a _s ( religion ev5 ?\gh direct$ aga9/ religion1 b x 0 evid5tly fav\rable to ! tra9+ ( intellig5ce4 ,! man :o has nev] wre/l$ ) 8 e>ly fai?1 ! fai? t he 0 br\ght up ) & t yet is n truly 8 own1--= no fai? is our own t we h n ardu\sly won1--has miss$ n only a moral b an intellectual discipl9e4 ,! abs5ce ( t discipl9e may m>k a man = life & r5d] all 8 "w 9 ! _w ineffective4 ,he has miss$ a tra9+ 9 criticism1 9 analysis1 9 op5-m9d$ness1 9 ! resolutely imp]sonal treatm5t ( p]sonal problems1 :i* no o!r tra9+ c comp5sate4 ,he is1 = ! mo/ "p1 condemn$ to live 9 a m5tal jungle :]e 8 arm w soon be too feeble to cle> away ! gr[?s t enclose him & 8 eyes too weak to f9d ! light4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ,i _h adopt$1 )\t kn[+ x1 ! be/ c\rse to /eel ! p[] ( ?9k+ & to r5d] possible a pati5t1 humble1 self-=getful attitude t[>ds ,nature1 !re 7 times :5 ,i became pa9fully1 almo/ despair+ly1 consci\s ( ! unsatisfi$ crav+s ( ! religi\s impulse4 ,^! moods 7 emphasis$ ev5 by ! books ,i read :i* argu$ t religion1 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* ,i und]/ood religion1 0 unnecess>y1 & t sci5ce1 :e!r or n =mulat$ into a cre$1 furni%$ all t we ne$ to ask 9 ?is direction4 ,i well rememb] ! pa9ful feel+s ) :i* ,i read at ?is "t ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss's 8,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new40 ,x is a sci5tific cre$ set d[n 9 old age1 ) mu* com=table complac5cy1 by a man :o f\nd consid]able satisfaction 9 ! ev5+ ( life 9 ! enjoym5t ( ,haydn's qu>tets & ,muni* br[n be]4 ,!y are bo? excell5t ?+s1 z ,i am n[ will+ to grant1 b !y are a sorry s\rce ( inspiration :5 "o is sev5te5 & consum$ by a ?ir/ = impossibly remote ideals4 ,moreov]1 ! philosophic horizon ( ?is man 0 z limit$ & z prosaic z ! /hetic atmosph]e 9 :i* he liv$4 ,i _h to ackn[l$ge to myself t ! sci5tific pr9ciples ( ! univ]se z ,/rauss laid !m d[n pres5t$1 s f> z ,i knew1 ! utmo/ scope 9 :i* ! human _s c\ld move4 ,b :at a poor scope6 ,i knew no?+ ( ! way t ,nietzs*e1 ab\t t "t1 _h demoli%$ ,/rauss4 ,b ,i _h ! feel+ t ! univ]se 0 repres5t$ z a sort ( factory fill$ by an inextricable web ( :eels & looms & fly+ %uttles1 9 a deaf5+ d94 ,t1 x seem$1 0 ! _w z ! mo/ compet5t sci5tific au?orities decl>$ x to be made4 ,x 0 a _w ,i 0 prep>$ to accept1 & yet a _w 9 :i*1 ,i felt1 ,i c\ld only w&] re/lessly1 an ignorant & homeless *ild4 ,sometimes1 no d\bt1 !re 7 o!r visions ( ! univ]se a little less di%e>t5+1 su* z t pres5t$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s 8,fir/ ,pr9ciples40 ,b ! dom9ant feel+ always 0 t :ile ! sci5tific outlook1 by :i* ,i ma9ly meant ! outlook ( ,d>w9 & ,huxley1 comm5d$ itself to me z pres5t+ a s\nd view ( ! _w1 on ! emotional side ,i 0 a /rang] to t _w1 if1 inde$1 ,i w\ld n1 ) ,om>1 8%att] x to bits40 ,at ! same "t1 x mu/ be not$1 !re 0 no fault to f9d ) ! g5]al tr5d ( my life & activities4 ,i 0 fully occupi$1 ) daily duties z well z ) ! actively int]e/$ contemplation ( an ev]-enl>g+ intellectual horizon4 ,?is 0 v notably ! case at ! age ( n9ete51 ?ree ye>s aft] all ve/iges ( religi\s fai? _h disappe>$ f ! psy*ic surface4 ,i 0 /ill int]e/$ 9 religi\s & philosophic que/ions1 & x s *anc$ t at ?is "t ,i read ! 8,life 9 ,nature0 ( ,james ,h9ton1 :o _h already attract$ my att5tion z a g5u9e man ( sci5ce ) yet an orig9al & p]sonal grasp ( religion4 ,i _h read ! book six mon?s be=e & x _h n greatly impress$ me4 ,n[1 ,i no long] "k :y1 ,i read x aga91 & ! effect 0 v diff]5t4 ,evid5tly by ?is "t my m9d _h rea*$ a /age ( saturat$ solution :i* ne$$ b ! %ock ( ! "r contact to recry/allise 9 =ms t 7 a revelation to me4 ,"h evid5tly ! "r contact 0 appli$4 ,h9ton 9 ?is book %[$ himself a sci5tific biologi/ :o c>ri$ ! me*ani/ic explanation ( life ev5 fur!r ?an 0 !n usual4#hj ,b he 0 a man ( highly passionate type ( intellect1 & :at might o!rwise be =mal & ab/ract 0 = him soak$ 9 emotion4 ,?us1 :ile he saw ! _w z an ord]ly me*anism1 he 0 n cont5t1 l ,/rauss1 to /op !re & see 9 x no?+ else4 ,z he view$ x1 ! me*anism 0 n ! me*anism ( a factory1 x 0 vital1 ) all ! gl[ & w>m? & beauty ( life2 x 01 !re=e1 some?+ :i* n only ! intellect might accept1 b ! he>t might cl+ to4 ,! be>+ ( ?is conception on my /ate ( m9d is obvi\s4 ,x act$ ) ! swiftness ( an electric contact2 ! dull a*+ t5sion 0 remov$2 ! two oppos+ psy*ic t5d5cies 7 fus$ 9 delici\s h>mony1 & my :ole attitude t[>ds ! univ]se 0 *ang$4 ,x 0 no long] an attitude ( ho/ility & dread1 b ( confid5ce & love4 ,my self 0 "o ) ! ,n-,self1 my w "o ) ! univ]sal w4 ,i seem$ to walk 9 light2 my feet sc>cely t\*$ ! gr\nd2 ,i _h ent]$ a new _w4 ,! effect ( t swift revolution 0 p]man5t4 ,at fir/ !re 0 a mom5t or two ( wav]+1 & !n ! prim>y exaltation subsid$ into an attitude ( calm s]5ity t[>ds all ^? que/ions t _h once seem$ s tortur+4 ,9 reg>d to all ^! matt]s ,i _h become p]man5tly satisfi$ & at re/1 yet absolutely unfett]$ & free4 ,i 0 n tr\bl$ ab\t ! orig9 ( ! 8s\l0 or ab\t its de/9y2 ,i 0 entirely prep>$ to accept any analysis ( ! 8s\l0 :i* might comm5d itself z reasonable4 ,nei!r 0 ,i tr\bl$ ab\t ! exi/5ce ( any sup]ior be+ or be+s1 & ,i 0 ready to see t all ! words & =ms by :i* m5 try to picture spiritual realities are m]e metaphors & images ( an inw>d exp]i5ce4 ,!re 0 n a s+le clause 9 my religi\s cre$ because ,i held no cre$4 ,i _h f\nd t dogmas 7--n1 z ,i _h once imag9$1 true1 n1 z ,i _h aft]w>ds suppos$1 false1--b ! m]e empty %ad[s ( intimate p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,i _h become indiff]5t to %ad[s1 = ,i held ! sub/ance4 ,i _h sacrific$ :at ,i held de>e/ at ! call ( :at seem$ to be ,tru?1 & n[ ,i 0 repaid a ?\s&-fold4 ,h5ce=? ,i c\ld face life ) confid5ce & joy1 = my he>t 0 at "o ) ! _w & :atev] might prove to be 9 h>mony ) ! _w c\ld n be out ( h>mony ) me4#ha ,?us1 x might seem to _m1 no?+ :atev] _h happ5$2 ,i _h n ga9$ "o s+le def9ite belief t c\ld be express$ 9 a sci5tific =mula or h>d5$ into a religi\s cre$4 ,t1 inde$1 is ! ess5ce ( su* a process4 ,a 8conv]sion0 is n1 z is (t5 assum$1 a turn+ t[>ds a belief4 ,m /rictly1 x is a turn+ r\nd1 a revolution2 x has no prim>y ref]5ce to any ext]nal object4 ,z ! great] my/ics h (t5 und]/ood1 8! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is )940 ,to put ! matt] a little m precisely1 ! *ange is fundam5tally a readju/m5t ( psy*ic elem5ts to ea* o!r1 enabl+ ! :ole ma*9e to "w h>moni\sly4 ,!re is no necess>y introduction ( new ideas2 !re is mu* m likely to be a ca/+ out ( dead ideas :i* h clogg$ ! vital process4 ,! psy*ic organism--:i* 9 conv5tional religion is call$ ! 8s\l0--_h n be5 9 h>mony ) itself2 n[ x is revolv+ truly on its own axis1 & 9 do+ s x simultane\sly f9ds its true orbit 9 ! cosmic sy/em4 ,9 becom+ "o ) itself1 x becomes "o ) ! univ]se4#hb ,! process1 x w be se51 is ?us really r analog\s to t :i* on ! physical plane takes place 9 a p]son ^: jaw or arm is dislocat$1 :e!r by "s inord9ate ef=t or "s sudd5 %ock ) ! ext]nal _w4 ,! mis]able man ) a dislocat$ jaw is out ( h>mony ) himself & ) ! univ]se4 ,all 8 ef=ts _c r$uce ! dislocation1 nor c 8 fri5ds help him2 he may ev5 come to ?9k !re is no cure4 ,b a surgeon comes along1 & ) a slight pressure ( 8 two ?umbs1 appli$ at ! "r spot1 d[nw>ds & backw>ds1 ! jaw spr+s into place1 ! man is re/or$ to h>mony--& ! univ]se is trans=m$4 ,if he is ignorant en\gh1 he w be ready to fall on 8 knees be=e 8 deliv]] z a div9e be+4 ,we are conc]n$ ) :at is call$ a 8spiritual0 process1--= x is an accept$ & necess>y conv5tion to di/+ui% betwe5 ! 8spiritual0 & ! 8physical10--b ?is crude & imp]fect analogy may help "s m9ds to und]/& :at is meant4 ,?us may be expla9$ :at may seem to "s ! curi\s fact t ,i nev] = a mom5t ?\ght ( accept+ z a gospel ! book :i* _h br\ght me a /imulus ( su* ine/imable value4 ,! p]son 9 :om 8conv]sion0 takes place is too (t5 told t ! process is connect$ 9 "s magical mann] ) a sup]natural influ5ce ( "s k9d1 a book1 a cre$1 a *ur*1 or :at n4 ,i _h read ?is book be=e & x _h left me unmov$2 ,i knew t ! book 0 m]ely ! surgeon's t\*1 t ! *ange _h its s\rce 9 me & n 9 ! book4 ,i nev] look$ into ! book aga92 ,i _c tell :]e or h[ my copy ( x disappe>$2 = all t ,i "k1 hav+ accompli%$ its mission1 x 0 drawn up aga9 to ,heav5 9 a %eet4 ,z reg>ds ,james ,h9ton1 ,i 0 int]e/$ 9 him be=e ! date ( ! episode "h n>rat$2 ,i am int]e/$ 9 him /ill4#hc ,x may fur!r be not$ t ?is process ( 8conv]sion0 _c be reg>d$ z ! outcome ( despair or z a protective regression t[>ds *ildhood4 ,! un=tunate individual1 we sometimes imag9e1 :o is b]eft ( religi\s fai? s9ks deep] & deep] into despond5cy1 until f9ally he unconsci\sly seeks ! relief ( 8 woes by plung+ into an abyss ( emotions1 !reby committ+ intellectual suicide4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! p]iod 9 :i* ?is ev5t occurr$ 0 n a p]iod ( dejection ei!r m5tal or physical4 ,i 0 fully occupi$2 ,i liv$ a heal?y1 op5-air life1 9 a f9e climate1 amid beautiful sc5]y2 ,i 0 revell+ 9 new /udies & ! gr[+ consci\sness ( new p[]s4 ,in/ead ( be+ ! ultimate /age 9 a process ( desc5t1 or a return to *ildhood1 su* psy*ic revolution may mu* m fitt+ly be reg>d$ z ! climax ( an asc5sional movem5t4 ,x is ! f9al ca/+ (f ( *ildi% ?+s1 ! initiation into complete manhood4 ,!re is no?+ ascetic 9 su* a process4 ,"o is sometimes tempt$ to ?9k t to approve my/icism is to prea* asceticism4 ,c]ta9ly _m my/ics h be5 ascetic4 ,b t has be5 ! accid5t ( _! philosophy1 & n ! ess5ce ( _! religion4 ,asceticism has1 inde$1 no?+ to d ) normal religion4 ,x is1 at ! be/1 ! outcome ( a set ( philosophical dogmas conc]n+ ! relation%ip ( ! body to ! s\l & ! exi/5ce ( a transc5d5tal spiritual _w4 ,t is philosophy1 ( a sort1 n religion4 ,plot9us1 :o has be5 s imm5sely influ5tial 9 our ,we/]n _w because he 0 ! ma9 *annel by :i* ,greek spiritual t5d5cies rea*$ u1 to become lat] embodi$ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 is usually reg>d$ z a typical my/ic1 ?\gh he 0 prim>ily a philosoph]1 & he 0 incl9$ to be ascetic4 ,!re9 we may n consid] him typically ,greek1 b ! e>ly philosophical doctr9e ( ,plato conc]n+ ! transc5d5tal _w ( 8,ideas0 easily l5t itself to developm5ts fav\rable to an ascetic life4 ,plot9us1 inde$1 0 n dispos$ to any extreme ascetic position4 ,! purification ( ! s\l meant = him 8to deta* x f ! body1 & to elevate x to a spiritual _w40 ,b he w\ld n h sympa?is$ ) ! h>% dualism ( fle% & _s :i* (t5 fl\ri%$ among ,*ri/ian ascetics4 ,he liv$ celibate1 b he 0 will+ to reg>d sex desire z beautiful1 ?\gh a delusion4#hd ,:5 we put aside ! philosophic doctr9es ) :i* x may be associat$1 x is se5 t asceticism is m]ely an adjuvant discipl9e to :at we mu/ reg>d z pa?ological =ms ( my/icism4 ,p :o come 9 contact ) ! ph5om5on ( 8conv]sion0 are obsess$ by ! notion t x mu/ h some?+ to d ) morality4 ,!y seem to fancy t x is some?+ t happ5s to a p]son lead+ a bad life :]eby he sudd5ly leads a good life4 ,t is a delusion4 ,:atev] virtue morality may possess1 x is outside ! my/ic's sph]e4 ,no d\bt a p]son :o has be5 initiat$ into ?is my/]y is likely to be moral because he is h5ce=? 9 h>mony ) himself1 & su* a man is usually1 by a natural impulse1 9 h>mony also ) o!rs4 ,l ,leon>do1 :o ?r\gh ! gl[ ( 8 adoration ( ,nature 0 z truly a my/ic z ,/4 ,francis1 ev5 by contact ) him 8e brok5 he>t is made s]5e40 ,b a religi\s man is n necess>ily a moral man4 ,t is to say t we mu/ by no means expect to f9d t ! religi\s man1 ev5 :5 he is 9 h>mony ) 8 fell[s1 is necess>ily 9 h>mony ) ! moral laws ( 8 age4 ,we fall into sad confusion if we take = grant$ t a my/ic is :at we conv5tionally t]m a 8moral0 man4 ,jesus1 z we "k1 0 almo/ z immoral f ! /&po9t ( ! society 9 :i* he mov$ z he w\ld be 9 our society4 ,t1 no d\bt1 is an extreme example1 yet ! same holds good1 9 a m9or degree1 ( _m o!r my/ics1 ev5 9 v rec5t times4 ,! satyrs & ! fauns 7 m9or div9ities 9 antiquity1 & 9 lat] times we h be5 apt to misund]/& _! holy functions & abuse _! sacr$ names4 ,n only is !re no necess>y moral *ange 9 su* a process1 /ill less is !re any necess>y intellectual *ange4 ,religion ne$ n involve intellectual suicide4 ,on ! intellectual side !re may be no obvi\s *ange :atev]4 ,no new cre$ or dogma _h be5 adopt$4#he ,x might r be said t1 on ! contr>y1 "s prepossessions1 hi!rto unconsci\s1 _h be5 realis$ & ca/ out4 ,! op]ations ( reason1 s f> f be+ fett]$1 c be effect$ ) great] fre$om & on a l>g] scale4 ,"u fav\rable conditions ! religi\s process1 inde$1 ?r\gh\t directly contributes to /r5g!n ! sci5tific attitude4 ,! m]e fact t "o has be5 impell$ by ! s9c]ity ( "o's religi\s fai? to "q1 to analyse1 & f9ally to de/roy "o's religi\s cre$1 is itself an incomp>able tra9+ = ! intellig5ce4 ,9 ?is task reason is submitt$ to ! h>de/ te/s2 x has e temptation to all[ itself to be lull$ into sleepy repose or cajol$ into speci\s reconciliations4 ,if x is true to itself "h x is /eel$ = e o!r task 9 ! _w1 = no o!r task c ev] dem& s complete a self-sacrifice at ! call ( ,tru?4 ,inde$1 ! f9al re/oration ( ! religi\s impulse on a high] plane may itself be said to ren=ce ! sci5tific impulse1 = x removes t s5se ( psy*ic di%>mony :i* is a subconsci\s fett] on ! rational activity4 ,! new inw>d h>mony1 proce$+ f a psy*ic c5tre t is at "o alike ) itself & ) ! ,n-,self1 imp>ts confid5ce to e op]ation ( ! intellect4 ,all ! metaphysical images ( fai? 9 ! unse5--too famili> 9 ! my/ical exp]i5ces ( m5 ( all religions to ne$ specification--are n[ on ! side ( sci5ce4 ,= he :o is ?us held 9 8 pa? c pursue t pa? ) s]5ity & tru/1 h[ev] d>+ its c\rse may sometimes seem4 ,x appe>s to me1 !re=e1 on ! basis ( p]sonal exp]i5ce1 t ! process ?us outl9$ is a natural process4 ,! h>mony ( ! religi\s impulse & ( ! sci5tific impulse is n m]ely a conclusion to be d$uc$ f ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,x is a liv+ fact to-day4 ,h[ev] obscur$ x may sometimes be1 ! process lies 9 human nature & is /ill op5 to all to exp]i5ce4 ,,iv ,,if ! developm5t ( ! religi\s in/9ct & ! developm5t ( ! sci5tific in/9ct are alike natural1 & if ! possibility ( ! h>mony ( ! two in/9cts is a v]ifiable fact ( exp]i5ce1 h[ is x1 "o may ask1 t !re has ev] be5 any dispute on ! matt]8 ,:y has n ?is natural exp]i5ce be5 ! exp]i5ce ( all8 ,v>i\s consid]ations may help to make cle> to u h[ x has happ5$ t a process :i* might reasonably be suppos$ to be intimate & sacr$ %\ld h become s obscur$ & s de=m$ t x has be5 fi]cely b&i$ ab\t by oppos+ factions4 ,at ! outset1 z we h se51 among comp>atively primitive peoples1 x really is a simple & natural process c>ri$ out h>moni\sly ) no s5se ( conflict4 ,a man1 x w\ld seem1 0 n !n ov]burd5$ by ! /ill unwritt5 traditions ( ! race4 ,he 0 comp>atively free to ex]cise 8 own impulses unfett]$ by ! *a9s =g$ out ( ! dead impulses ( ^? :o _h gone be=e him4 ,x is ! same /ill among uncultivat$ p]sons ( our own race 9 civilisation4 ,i well rememb] h[ once1 dur+ a long ride ?r\gh ! ,au/ralian bu% ) a settl]1 a quiet1 uncommunicative man ) :om ,i _h long be5 acqua9t$1 he sudd5ly told me h[ at times he w\ld asc5d to ! top ( a hill & become lo/ to himself & to ev]y?+ z he /ood 9 contemplation ( ! sc5e ar\nd him4 ,^? mom5ts ( ec/asy1 ( self-=getful union ) ! div9e beauty ( ,nature1 7 entirely compatible ) ! rational outlook ( a simple1 h>d-work+ man :o nev] w5t to *ur*1 = !re 0 no *ur* ( any k9d to g to1 b at su* mom5ts _h 9 8 own humble way1 l ,moses1 met ,god 9 a m\nta94 ,!re c be no d\bt t su* an exp]i5ce is n uncommon among simple folk un5cumb]$ by tradition1 ev5 :5 ( civilis$ race4 ,! burd5 ( traditions1 ( conv5tions1 ( ca/es has too (t5 prov$ fatal alike to ! manife/ation ( ! religi\s impulse & ! sci5tific impulse4 ,x is unnecess>y to po9t out h[ easily ?is happ5s 9 ! case ( ! religi\s impulse4 ,x is only too famili> a fact h[1 :5 ! impulse ( religion fir/ g]m9ates 9 ! "y s\l1 ! gh\ls ( ! ,*ur*es ru% out ( _! cav]ns1 seize on ! unhappy victim ( ! div9e efflu5ce & proce$ to assure him t 8 rapture is1 n a natural manife/ation1 z free z ! sunlight & z graci\s z ! unfold+ ( a rose1 b ! manife/ sign t he has be5 br&$ by a sup]natural =ce & fett]$ = ev] to a dead !ological cre$4 ,too (t5 he is ?us caught by ! bait ( 8 own rapture2 ! hook is firmly fix$ 9 8 jaw & he is drawn :i!r 8 bl9d guides w2 8 w+s droop & fall away2 s f> z ! f9] issues ( life are conc]n$1 he is done = & damn$4#hf ,b ! process is n s v diff]5t on ! sci5tific side1 ?\gh "h x is m subtly conceal$4 ,! y\? 9 :om ! natural impulse ( sci5ce arises is /]nly told t ! spontane\s movem5t ( 8 intellig5ce t[>ds ,nature & tru? is no?+1 = ! "o ?+ ne$ful is t he %all be put to discipl9e1 & tra9$ 9 ! sci5tific traditions ( ! ages4 ,! desirability ( su* tra9+ = ! effective que/ion+ ( ,nature is s cle> t bo? tea*] & pupil are apt to ov]look ! fact t x involves mu* t is n sci5ce at all3 all sorts ( dead traditions1 unrealis$ fragm5ts ( anci5t metaphysical sy/ems1 prepossessions & limitations1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 ! ob$i5ce to arbitr>y au?orities4 ,x is nev] made cle> to him t sci5ce also is an art4 ,s t ! actual outcome may be t ! f9ally accompli%$ man ( sci5ce has z little ( ! sci5tific impulse z ! fully fl$g$ religi\s man ne$ h ( ! religi\s impulse2 he becomes ! victim ( ano!r k9d ( ecclesia/ical sect>ianism4 ,!re is "o special piece ( anci5t metaphysics :i* until rec5tly sci5tific & religi\s sects h alike comb9$ to support3 ! fiction ( 8matt]10 :i* we pass+ly came ^u :5 consid]+ ! art ( ?9k+4 ,x is a fiction t has mu* to answ] = 9 di/ort+ ! sci5tific _s & 9 creat+ an artificial opposition betwe5 sci5ce & religion4 ,all sorts ( antique metaphysical peculi>ities1 inh]it$ f ! decad5ce ( ,greek philosophy1 7 attribut$ to 8matt]0 & !y 7 mo/ly ( a bad "*2 all ! good qualities 7 attribut$ to 8_s02 8matt]0 play$ ! ,devil's "p to ?is m div9e 8_s40 ,?us x 0 t 8mat]iali/ic0 came to be a t]m signify+ all t is mo/ heavy1 opaque1 depress+1 s\l-de/roy+1 & diabolical 9 ! univ]se4 ,! p>ty ( traditionalis$ religion fo/]$ ?is fiction & ! p>ty ( traditionalis$ sci5ce frequ5tly adopt$ x1 *e]ily propos+ to f9d inf9ite pot5tialities 9 ?is despis$ metaphysical sub/ance4 ,s t 8matt]0 :i* 0 on "o side trodd5 und]foot 0 on ! o!r side br&i%$ ov]head z a glori\s bann]4 ,yet 8matt]10 z psy*ologically m9d$ philosoph]s at la/ began to po9t out1 is m]ely a sub/ance we h ourselves inv5t$ to acc\nt = our s5sations4 ,we see1 we t\*1 we he>1 we smell1 & by a brilliant syn!tic ef=t ( imag9ation we put toge!r all ^? s5sations & picture to ourselves 8matt]0 z be+ ! s\rce ( !m4 ,sci5ce itself is n[ purg+ 8matt]0 ( its complicat$ metaphysical prop]ties4 ,t 8matt]10 ! nature ( :i* ,dr4 ,johnson1 z ,boswell tells u1 ?\ght he _h settl$ by 8/rik+ 8 foot ) mighty =ce aga9/ a l>ge /one10 is com+ to be reg>d$ z m]ely an electrical emanation4 ,we n[ accept ev5 t transmutation ( ! elem5ts ( :i* ! al*emi/s dream$4 ,x is true t we /ill ?9k ( 8matt]0 z hav+ weight4 ,b s cauti\s a physici/ z ,sir ,joseph ,?omson long ago po9t$ out t weight is only an 8app>5tly0 inv>iable prop]ty ( matt]4 ,s t 8matt]0 becomes almo/ z 8e!real0 z 8_s10 &1 inde$1 sc>cely di/+ui%able f 8_s40 ,! spontane\s affirmation ( ! my/ic t he lives 9 ! spiritual _w "h & n[ w !n be1 9 o!r words1 m]ely ! same affirmation :i* ! man ( sci5ce has m labori\sly rea*$4 ,! man1 !re=e1 :o is t]rifi$ by 8mat]ialism0 has rea*$ ! f9al outpo/ ( absurdity4 ,he is a simple-m9d$ p]son :o places 8 own h& be=e 8 eyes & cries out 9 horror3 ,! ,univ]se has disappe>$6 ,we h n only to realise h[ our own prepossessions & ! metaphysical figm5ts ( our own creation h obscur$ ! simple realities ( religion & sci5ce alike2 we h also to see t our timid dread le/ religion %\ld kill our sci5ce1 or sci5ce kill our religion1 is equally fatal "h4 ,he :o w\ld ga9 8 life mu/ be will+ to lose x1 & x is by be+ hone/ to "o's self & to ! facts by apply+ c\rage\sly ! measur+ rod ( ,tru?1 t 9 ! end salvation is f\nd4 ,"h1 x is true1 !re are ^? :o smil+ly assure u t by adopt+ su* a me?od we %all m]ely put ourselves 9 ! wrong & endure mu* unnecess>y suff]+4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z 8,tru?10 !y decl>e1 reg>d$ z an objective imp]sonal reality2 we d n 8discov]0 tru?1 we inv5t x4 ,!re=e y\r bus9ess is to inv5t a tru? :i* %all h>moni\sly satisfy ! ne$s ( y\r nature & aid y\r effici5cy 9 practical life4 ,t we are ju/ifi$ 9 be+ di%one/ t[>ds tru? has ev5 be5 argu$ f ! doctr9e ( relativity by "s :o fail$ to realise t t doctr9e is "h h>dly relative4 ,c]ta9ly ! philosoph]s ( rec5t times1 f ,nietzs*e to ,croce1 h lov$ to analyse ! idea ( 8tru?0 & to %[ t x by no means signifies :at we us$ to suppose x signifi$4 ,b to %[ t tru? is fluid1 or ev5 ! creation ( ! individual m9d1 is by no means to %[ t we c at w play fa/ & loose ) x to suit our own mom5t>y conv5i5ce4 ,if we d we m]ely f9d ourselves1 at ! end1 9 a pool :]e we mu/ tramp r\nd & r\nd 9 intellectual slu% out ( :i* !re is no issue4 ,"o may well d\bt :e!r any ,pragmati/ has ev] really inv5t$ 8 tru? t way4 ,practically1 j z ! be/ result is atta9$ by ! man :o acts z ?\gh free-w 7 a reality & :o ex]ts x1 s 9 ?is matt]1 also1 practically1 9 ! end ! be/ result is atta9$ by assum+ t tru? is an objective reality :i* we mu/ pati5tly seek1 & 9 accordance ) :i* we mu/ discipl9e our own wayw>d impulses4 ,!re is no transc5d5t objective tru?1 ea* "o ( u is an arti/ creat+ 8 own tru? f ! ph5om5a pres5t$ to him1 b if 9 t creation he all[s any ali5 emotional or practical consid]ations to influ5ce him he is a bad arti/ & 8 "w is wr\ght = de/ruction4 ,f ! pragmatic po9t ( view1 x may ?us be said t if ! use ( ! measur+-rod ( tru? z an objective /&>d produces ! be/ practical results1 t use is pragmatically ju/ifi$4 ,b if s1 we are exactly 9 ! same position z we 7 be=e ! pragmati/ arriv$2 we c get on z well )\t him1 if n bett]1 = we run ! risk t he may confuse ! issues = u4 ,x is really on ! !oretic r ?an ! practical side t he is helpful4 ,x is n only ! ,pragmati/ ^: well-meant ef=ts to f9d an easy reconciliation ( belief & practice1 & indirectly ! concord ( religion & sci5ce1 come to grief because he has n realis$ t ! walls ( ! spiritual _w c only be scal$ ) mu* exp5diture ( treasure1 n )\t blood & sweat1 t we _c glide luxuri\sly to ,heav5 9 8 motor-c>4 ,we are also met by ! old-fa%ion$ ,intuitioni/4#hg ,x is no accid5t t ! ,intuitioni/ s (t5 walks h& 9 h& ) ! ,pragmati/2 !y are engag$ 9 ! same tasks4 ,!re is1 we h se51 ! impulse ( sci5ce :i* mu/ "w ?r\gh intellig5ce2 !re is1 also1 ! impulse ( religion 9 ! satisfaction ( :i* intellig5ce c only take a v humble place at ! ante*amb] ( ! sanctu>y4 ,to admit1 !re=e1 t reason _c ext5d into ! religi\s sph]e is absolutely s\nd s long z we realise t reason has a coord9ate "r to lay d[n ! rules 9 its own sph]e ( intellig5ce4 ,b 9 m5 ( a c]ta9 m5tal type ! two t5d5cies are alike s deeply implant$ t !y _c escape !m3 !y are n only impell$ to g beyond intellig5ce1 b !y are also impell$ to c>ry intellig5ce ) !m outside its sph]e4 ,! sph]e ( intellig5ce is limit$1 !y say1 & rightly2 ! s\l has o!r impulses besides t ( intellig5ce & life ne$s m ?an k = its complete satisfaction4 ,b 9 ! h&s ( ^! p ! faculty ( 8intuition10 :i* is to supplant t ( intellig5ce1 itself results 9 a product :i* by !m is call$ 8k10 & s spuri\sly be>s ! hall-m>k :i* belongs to ! product ( intellig5ce4 ,b ! result is disa/r\s4 ,n only is an illegitimate confusion introduc$1 b1 by attribut+ to ! impulse ( religion a "* :i* x is nei!r entitl$ to nor 9 ne$ (1 we m]ely discr$it x 9 ! eyes ( intellig5ce4 ,! philosoph] ( intuition1 ev5 9 d5y+ intellig5ce1 is apt to rema9 s pr$om9antly intellig5t t1 ev5 9 ent]+ :at is = him ! sph]e ( religion1 he /ill moves 9 an atmosph]e ( r>efi$ intellig5ce4 ,he is f>!r f ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 ?an ! simple man :o is q incapable ( und]/&+ ! philosoph]'s !ory1 b yet may be able to foll[ 8 own religi\s impulse )\t foi/+ into x an intellectual cont5t4 ,= ev5 ! simple man may be "o ) ! great my/ics :o all decl>e t ! unspeakable quality !y h acquir$1 z ,eckh>t puts x1 8ha? no image40 ,x is n 9 ! sph]e ( intellection1 x br+s no k2 x is ! outcome ( ! natural in/9ct ( ! individual s\l4 ,no d\bt !re really are p 9 :om ! in/9cts ( religion & ( sci5ce alike are develop$ 9 s rudim5t>y a degree1 if develop$ at all1 t !y nev] become consci\s4 ,! religi\s in/9ct is n an ess5tial in/9ct4 ,ev5 ! in/9ct ( sex1 :i* is mu* m fundam5tal ?an ei!r ( ^!1 is n absolutely ess5tial4 ,a v little bundle ( in/9cts & impulses is indisp5sable to a man on 8 way d[n ! pa? ( life to a peaceful & humble grave4 ,a man's equipm5t ( t5d5cies1 on ! l[e/ plane1 ne$s to be m complex & div]se ?an an oy/]'s1 yet n s v mu* m4 ,! equipm5t ( ! high] animals1 moreov]1 is ne$$ less = ! good ( ! individual ?an = ! good ( ! race4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 be surpris$ if ! p]sons 9 :om ! sup]flu\s in/9cts are rudim5t>y fail to und]/& !m1 confus+ !m & ov]lay+ !m ) ea* o!r & ) mu* t is outside bo?4 ,! wond] w\ld be if x 7 o!rwise4 ,:5 all d$uction has be5 made ( ! m5tal & emotional confusions :i* h obscur$ m5's vision1 we _c fail to conclude1 x seems to me1 t ,sci5ce & ,my/icism are ne>] to ea* o!r ?an "s w\ld h u believe4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( human cultures1 f> f be+ oppos$1 !y may ev5 be said to be id5tical4 ,f "t to "t1 9 lat] ages1 brilliant examples h appe>$ ( m5 :o h possess$ bo? in/9cts 9 a high degree & h ev5 fus$ ! two toge!r1 :ile among ! humble 9 _s & ! l[ly 9 intellect x is probable t 9 all ages innum]able m5 h by in/9ct h>monis$ _! religion ) _! intellig5ce4 ,b z ! accumulat$ exp]i5ces ( civilisation h be5 pres]v$ & h&$ on f g5]ation to g5]ation1 ?is free & vital play ( ! in/9cts has be5 l>gely p>alys$4 ,on ea* side fossilis$ traditions h accumulat$ s ?ickly1 ! g>m5ts ( dead metaphysics h be5 wrapp$ s closely ar\nd e manife/ation alike ( ! religi\s in/9ct & ! sci5tific in/9ct--= ev5 :at we call 8common s5se0 is really a h>d5$ mass ( dead metaphysics--t n _m p]sons c succe$ 9 reveal+ "o ( ^! in/9cts 9 its nak$ beauty1 & v few c succe$ 9 s reveal+ bo? in/9cts4 ,h5ce a p]petual antagonism4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 we are beg9n+ to realise t !re are no metaphysical =mulas to suit all m51 b t e man mu/ be ! arti/ ( 8 own philosophy4 ,z we realise t1 x becomes easi] ?an x 0 be=e to lib]ate ourselves f a dead metaphysics1 & s to give free play alike to ! religi\s in/9ct & ! sci5tific in/9ct4 ,a man mu/ n swall[ m beliefs ?an he c dige/2 no man c absorb all ! traditions ( ! pa/2 :at he fills himself ) w only be a poison to "w to 8 own auto-intoxication4 ,along all ^! l9es we see m cle>ly ?an be=e ! real h>mony betwe5 ,my/icism & ,sci5ce4 ,we see1 also1 t all argum5ts are mean+less until we ga9 p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,"o mu/ w9 "o's own place 9 ! spiritual _w pa9fully & alone4 ,!re is no o!r way ( salvation4 ,! ,promis$ ,l& always lies on ! o!r side ( a wild]ness4 ,v ,,x may seem t we h be5 h>p+ ov]mu* on a s+le /r+ ( :at is really a v ri* in/rum5t1 :5 ! :ole exalt$ art ( religion is br\ght d[n to ! argum5t ( its relation%ip to sci5ce4 ,! core ( religion is my/icism1 x is admitt$4 ,& yet :]e are all ! great my/ics8 ,:y no?+ ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s 9 :om ! :ole movem5t ( mod]n my/icism began1 ( _! glori\s pupils 9 ! ,moslem _w1 ( ,ramon ,lull & ,francis ( ,assisi & ,franois ,xavi] & ,john ( ! ,cross & ,george ,fox & ! 8,de ,imitatione ,*ri/i0 & 8,t[>ds ,democracy08 ,!re is no end to t li/ ( glori\s names1 & !y are all pass$ by4 ,to write ( ! my/ics1 :e!r ,pagan or ,*ri/ian or ,islamic1 is a mo/ delightful task4 ,x has be5 done1 & (t5 v well done4 ,! my/ics are n only !mselves an inc>nation ( beauty1 b !y reflect beauty on all :o ) und]/&+ approa* !m4 ,moreov]1 9 ! ph5om5a ( religi\s my/icism we h a key--if we only knew x--to _m ( ! mo/ preci\s human ?+s :i* on ! surface may seem to h no?+ 9 !m ( religion4 ,= ?is is an art :i* in/9ctively reveals to u ! secrets ( o!r arts4 ,x pres5ts to u 9 ! mo/ nak$ & ess5tial way ! inw>d exp]i5ce :i* has inspir$ m5 to f9d modes ( expression :i* are transmutations ( ! art ( religion & yet h on ! surface no?+ to indicate t ?is is s4 ,x has (t5 be5 se5 9 poetry & 9 music & 9 pa9t+4 ,"o might say t x is sc>cely possible to und]/& completely ! poetry ( ,%elley or ! music ( ,cs> ,franck or ! pictures ( ,van ,gogh unless !re is some:]e )9 an intimation ( ! secret ( my/icism4 ,?is is s n because ( any imp]fection 9 ! a*iev$ "w ( su* m5 9 poetry & 9 music & 9 pa9t+1--= "w t fails to conta9 its own ju/ification is always bad "w1--b because we %all n be 9 possession ( ! clue to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( t "w4 ,we may ev5 g beyond ! sph]e ( ! recognis$ arts altoge!r1 & say t ! :ole love ( ,nature & l&scape1 :i* 9 mod]n times has be5 s greatly develop$1 l>gely ?r\gh ,r\sseau1 ! *ief creator ( our mod]n spiritual _w1 is n intelligible if we are altoge!r ignorant ( :at religion means4 ,b we are n s mu* conc]n$ "h ) ! ri* & v>iegat$ g>m5ts ! impulse ( religion puts on1 or ) its possible transmutations1 z ) ! simple & nak$ %ape ( ^? impulses :5 b>$ ( all g>m5ts4 ,x 0 peculi>ly important to pres5t ! impulse ( my/icism nak$ because1 ( all ! fundam5tal human impulses1 t is ! "o mo/ (t5 s ri*ly wrapp$ r\nd ) gorge\s & fanta/ic g>m5ts t1 alike to ! eye ( ! ord9>y man & ! acute philosoph]1 !re has seem$ to be no liv+ ?+ inside at all4 ,x 0 necess>y to /rip (f all ^! g>m5ts1 to appeal to simple p]sonal direct exp]i5ce = ! actual core ( fact1 & to %[ t t core1 s f> f be+ soluble by analysis into :at sci5ce c\nts z no?+1 is itself1 l e o!r natural organic function1 a fact ( sci5ce4 ,x is en\gh "h1 :]e we are conc]n$ only ) ! prim>y /uff ( art1 ! b>e simple te*nique ( ! human dance1 to h br\ght into z cle> a light z may be ! altoge!r natural me*anism :i* lies beh9d all ! mo/ magnific5t fantasies ( ! my/ic impulse1 & w\ld /ill subsi/ & op]ate ev5 ?\gh !y 7 all ca/ into ! flames4 ,t is :y x has seem$ necess>y to dwell all ! "t on ! deep-ly+ h>mony ( ! my/ic's attitude ) ! sci5tific man's attitude4 ,x is a h>mony :i* re/s on ! fai? t !y are et]nally sep>ate1 h[ev] close1 h[ev] intimately cop]ative4 ,:5 ! my/ic pr(esses t1 z su*1 he has k ( ! same ord] z ! man ( sci5ce1 or :5 ! sci5ti/ claims t1 z su*1 he has emotion :i* is l t ( ! man ( religion1 ea* ( !m deceives himself4 ,he has introduc$ a confusion :]e no confusion ne$ be2 p]haps1 inde$1 he has ev5 committ$ t s9 aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/ ( 8 own spiritual integrity = :i* !re is no =giv5ess4 ,! function ( intellectual ?\ght--:i* is t ( ! art ( sci5ce--may1 c]ta9ly1 be invaluable = religion2 x makes possible ! purgation ( all t pseudo-sci5ce1 all t philosophy1 good or bad1 :i* has poison$ & encru/$ ! simple spontane\s impulse ( my/icism 9 ! op5 air ( ,nature & 9 ! face ( ! sun4 ,! man ( sci5ce may be a my/ic1 b _c be a true my/ic unless he is s rel5tless a man ( sci5ce t he c tol]ate no ali5 sci5ce 9 8 my/icism4 ,! my/ic may be a man ( sci5ce1 b he w n be a good man ( sci5ce unless he und]/&s t sci5ce mu/ be kept = ev] bright & pure f all admixture ( my/ical emotion2 ! f\nta9 ( 8 emotion mu/ nev] ru/ ! ke5ness ( 8 analytic scalpel4 ,x is useless to pret5d t any su* ru/9ess c ev] conv]t ! scalpel into a my/ical implem5t1 ?\gh x c be an admirable aid 9 cutt+ t[>ds ! my/ical core ( ?+s1 & p]haps if !re 7 m rel5tless sci5tific m5 !re w\ld be m m5 ( pure my/ic vision4 ,sci5ce by itself1 good or bad1 c nev] be religion1 any m ?an religion by itself c ev] be sci5ce1 or ev5 philosophy4 ,x is by look+ back into ! pa/ t we see ! facts 9 an ess5tial simplicity less easy to rea* 9 m sophi/icat$ ages4 ,we ne$ n aga9 g s f> back z ! m$ic9e-m5 ( ,africa & ,sib]ia4 ,my/icism 9 pagan antiquity1 h[ev] less intimate to u & less s$uctive ?an t ( lat] times1 is p]haps bett] fitt$ to reveal to u its true nature4 ,! ,greeks believ$ 9 ! spiritual value ( 8conv]sion0 z dev\tly z our ,*ri/ian sects & !y w5t beyond mo/ su* sects 9 _! elaborately sy/ematic me?ods = obta9+ x1 no d\bt = ! mo/ "p z sup]ficially z has be5 common among ,*ri/ians4 ,x is suppos$ t almo/ ! :ole population ( ,a!ns mu/ h exp]i5c$ ! ,eleus9ian initiation4 ,^! me?ods1 z we "k1 7 embodi$ 9 ! ,my/]ies associat$ ) ,dionysus & ,demet] & ,orpheus & ! re/1 ! mo/ fam\s & typical be+ ^? ( ,attic ,eleusis4#hh ,we too (t5 see ^? anci5t ,greek ,my/]ies ?r\gh a conceal+ mi/1 p>tly because x 0 rightly felt t matt]s ( spiritual exp]i5ce 7 n ?+s to talk ab\t1 s t precise in=mation is lack+1 p>tly because ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 hav+ _! own v simil> ,my/]ies to uphold1 7 c>eful to speak evil ( ,pagan ,my/]ies1 & p>tly because ! ,pagan ,my/]ies no d\bt really t5d$ to deg5]ate ) ! g5]al decay ( classic culture4 ,b 9 _! l>ge simple ess5tial outl9es !y seem to be fairly cle>4 ,= j z !re 0 no?+ 8orgia/ic0 9 our s5se 9 ! ,greek 8orgies10 :i* 7 simply ritual acts1 s !re 0 no?+1 9 our s5se1 8my/]i\s0 9 ! ,my/]ies4 ,we are n to suppose1 z is sometimes suppos$1 t _! ess5ce 0 a secret doctr9e1 or ev5 t ! exhibition ( a secret rite 0 ! sole object1 al?\gh x came 9 z "p ( ! me?od4 ,a my/]y meant a spiritual process ( initiation1 :i* 01 inde$1 necess>ily a secret to ^? :o _h n yet exp]i5c$ x1 b _h no?+ 9 itself 8my/]i\s0 beyond :at inh]es to-day to ! process 9 any ,*ri/ian 8revival10 :i* is ! ne>e/ analogue to ! ,greek ,my/]y4 ,x is only 8my/]i\s0 9 ! s5se t x _c be express$1 any m ?an ! sexual embrace c be express$1 9 words1 b c only be kn[n by exp]i5ce4 ,a prelim9>y process ( purification1 ! influ5ce ( sugge/ion1 a c]ta9 religi\s fai?1 a solemn & dramatic ritual c>ri$ out "u ! mo/ impressive circum/ances1 hav+ a real analogy to ! ,ca?olic's ,mass1 :i* also is a function1 at once dramatic & sacr$1 :i* culm9ates 9 a spiritual communion ) ! ,div9e--all ?is may contribute to ! end :i* 01 z x always mu/ be 9 religion1 simply a *ange ( inn] attitude1 a sudd5 exalt+ realisation ( a new relation%ip to et]nal ?+s4 ,! philosoph]s und]/ood ?is2 ,ari/otle 0 c>eful to po9t out1 9 an extant fragm5t1 t :at 0 ga9$ 9 ! ,my/]ies 0 n in/ruction b impressions & emotions1 & ,plato _h n hesitat$ to reg>d ! illum9ation :i* came to ! initiate 9 philosophy z ( ! nature ( t acquir$ 9 ! ,my/]ies4 ,s x 0 natural t :5 ,*ri/ianity took ! place ( ,paganism ! same process w5t on ) only a *ange 9 ext]nal circum/ances4 ,baptism 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*--be=e x sank to ! m]e magical sort ( rite x lat] became--0 ( ! nature ( initiation into a ,my/]y1 prec$$ by c>eful prep>ation1 & ! baptis$ initiate 0 sometimes cr[n$ ) a g>l& z ! initiat$ 7 at ,eleusis4 ,:5 we g out ( ,a!ns along ! beautiful road t leads to ! wret*$ village ( ,eleusis & l+] among ! va/ & complicat$ ru9s ( ! *ief %r9e ( my/icism 9 our ,we/]n _w1 ri* 9 associations t seem to /ret* back to ! ,neoli?ic ,age & sugge/ a "t :5 ! my/]y ( ! blossom+ ( ! s\l 0 "o ) ! my/]y ( ! upspr++ ( ! corn1 x may be t our ?\ghts by no unnatural transition pass f ! my? ( ,demet] & ,kore to ! remembrance ( :at we may h he>d or "k ( ! manife/ations ( ! _s among b>b>ian nor!rn]s ( o!r fai?s or ( no fai? 9 f> ,brita9 & ,am]ica & ev5 ( _! meet+s ( s-call$ 8revival40 ,= x is always ! same ?+ t ,man is do+1 h[ev] v>i\s & fanta/ic ! disguises he adopts4 ,& sometimes ! revelation ( ! new life1 spr++ up f )91 comes amid ! cr[d 9 ! fev]i% atmosph]e ( artificial %r9es1 maybe soon to %rivel up1 & sometimes ! blossom+ =? takes place1 p]haps m fav\rably1 9 ! op5 air & "u ! light ( ! sun & amid ! fl[]s1 z x 7 to a happy faun among ! hills4 ,b :5 all disguises h be5 /ripp$ away1 x is always & ev]y:]e ! same simple process1 a spiritual function :i* is almo/ a physiological function1 an art :i* ,nature makes4 ,t is all4 ,footnote #gj3 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to rem>k t if we *oose to give to 8my/icism0 a def9ition incompatible ) 8sci5ce10 ! opposition _c be remov$4 ,?is is1 = example1 done by ,croce1 :o yet recognises z highly important a process ( 8conv]sion0 :i* is no?+ else b my/icism z "h und]/ood4 7,see1 e4g41 ,piccoli1 ,b5$etto ,croce1 p4 #ahd47 ,only he has left himself no "n to apply to x4 ,footnote #ga3 8,! endeav\r ( ! human m9d to enjoy ! bless$ness ( actual communion ) ! highe/10 :i* is ,pr+le ,pattison's widely accept$ def9ition ( my/icism1 ,i pref] n to use because x is ambigu\s4 ,! 8endeav\r10 :ile x indicates t we are conc]n$ ) an art1 also sugge/s its /ra9$ pa?ological =ms1 :ile 8actual communion0 l5ds itself to ontological int]pretations4 ,footnote #gb3 ,! ,?re%old ( ,religion 7#aiad71 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #gc3 ,z5tralblatt fr ,psy*oanalyse 7#aiaa71 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #gd3 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 8,bald] ! ,beautiful10 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cjd-je4 ,footnote #ge3 ,f>nell ev5 ass]ts 79 8 ,greek ,h]o ,cults7 t 8x is impossible to quote a s+le example ( any "o ( ! high] _w-religions work+ 9 h>mony ) ! developm5t ( physical sci5ce40 ,he f9ds a 8special & unique0 exception 9 ! cult ( ,asclepios at ,cos & ,epidauros & ,p]gamon1 :]e1 aft] ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 7 physicians1 practis+ a rational m$ical sci5ce1 :o 7 also (ficial prie/s ( ! ,asclepios temples4 ,footnote #gf3 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 ,reason & ,belief1 p4 #ai4 ,footnote #gg3 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out t a diff]5tiation ( function has to be made soon] or lat]1 & sometimes x is made soon4 ,?is 0 s among ! ,todas ( ,india4 8,c]ta9 ,todas10 says ,dr4 ,riv]s 7,! ,todas1 #aijf1 p4 #bdi71 8h ! p[] ( div9ation1 o!rs are sorc]]s1 & o!rs aga9 h ! p[] ( cur+ diseases by means ( spells & rites1 :ile all ?ree functions are q sep>ate f ^? ( ! prie/ or %>man4 ,! ,todas h advanc$ "s way t[>ds civilisation ( function 9 ?is respect1 & h z sep>ate memb]s ( ! community _! prophets1 _! magicians1 & _! m$ic9e-m5 9 addition to _! prie/s40 ,footnote #gh3 ,jol1 ,ursprung d] ,naturphilosophie aus dem ,gei/e d] ,romantik 7#aijc72 ,nietzs*e und die ,romantik 7#aije74 ,b ,i am "h quot+ f ,pr(essor ,jol's acc\nt ( 8 own philosophical developm5t 9 ,die ,deuts*e ,philosophie d] ,geg5w>t1 vol4 ,i 7#aiba74 ,footnote #gi3 ,9 connection ) ?is s*eme1 x may be int]e/+ to note1 ,i prep>$1 9 #ahgi1 a que/ionnaire on 8conv]sion10 on ! l9es ( ! inve/igations :i* "s ye>s lat] began to be s fruitfully c>ri$ out by ! psy*ologi/s ( religion 9 ,am]ica4 ,footnote #hj3 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t = sci5ce ! me*ani/ic assumption always rema9s2 x is1 z ,vaih+] w\ld say1 a necess>y fiction4 ,to ab&on x is to ab&on sci5ce4 ,dries*1 ! mo/ prom95t vitali/ ( our "t1 has realis$ ?is1 & 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 own m5tal developm5t 7,die ,deuts*e ,philosophie d] ,geg5w>t1 vol4 ,i1 #aiba7 he %[s h[1 beg9n+ z a pupil ( ,haeckel & work+ at zology = _m ye>s1 aft] adopt+ ! !ory ( vitalism he ab&on$ all zological "w & became a pr(essor ( philosophy4 ,:5 ! religi\s spectator1 or ! /hetic spectator 7z is well illu/rat$ 9 ! ,fr5* review ,l',esprit ,n\veau71 sees ! 8ma*9]y0 z some?+ else ?an ma*9]y he is legitimately go+ outside ! sph]e ( sci5ce1 b he is n !reby de/roy+ ! basic assumption ( sci5ce4 ,footnote #ha3 ,long ago ,edi? ,simcox 79 a passage ( h] ,natural ,law :i* *anc$ to /rike my att5tion v soon aft] ! episode above n>rat$7 well describ$ 8conv]sion0 z a 8spiritual revolution10 n bas$ on any s+le rational consid]ation1 b due to ! 8cumulative evid5ce ( cognate impressions0 result+1 at a p>ticul> mom5t1 n 9 a *ange ( belief1 b 9 a total re>rangem5t & recol\r+ ( beliefs & impressions1 ) ! supreme result t ! ord] ( ! univ]se is appreh5d$ no long] z ho/ile1 b z fri5dly4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal fact ( 8conv]sion10 :i* is ! gate ( my/icism4 ,footnote #hb3 ,h[ we are to analyse ! conception ( 8univ]se0--ap>t f its p]sonal emotional tone1 :i* is :at ma9ly conc]ns u--is1 ( c\rse1 a matt] t mu/ be left altoge!r op5 & free4 ,sir ,james ,fraz] at ! end ( 8 ,gold5 ,b\gh 78,bald] ! ,beautiful10 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cjf7 f9ds t ! 8univ]se0 is an 8ev]-%ift+ phantasmagoria ( ?\ght10 or1 he adds1 sudd5ly %ift+ to a less ideali/ic & m reali/ic /&po9t1 8%ad[s on ! scre540 ,t is a lit]>y arti/'s metaphysical way ( describ+ ! matt] & c\ld n occur to any "o :o 0 n famili> ) ! magic lant]n :i* has n[ develop$ into ! c9ema1 belov$ ( philosoph]s = its symbolic significance4 ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell1 a m ab/ract arti/1 :o w\ld reject any su* 8imag9ative admixture0 z he w\ld f9d 9 ,fraz]'s view1 once sev]ely refus$ to recognise any su* ?+ z a 8univ]se10 b has s9ce less au/]ely admitt$ t !re is1 aft] all1 a 8set ( appe>ances10 :i* may fairly be labell$ 8reality10 s long z we d n assume 8a my/]i\s ,?+-9-,itself beh9d ! appe>ances40 7,nation1 #f? ,janu>y1 #aibc47 ,b !re are always "s p :o ?9k t an 8appe>ance0 mu/ be an appe>ance ( ,some?+1 & t :5 a 8%ad[0 is ca/ on ! scre5 ( our s5sory app>atus x mu/ be ca/ by ,some?+4 ,s e "o def9es ! 8univ]se0 9 8 own way1 & no two p--n ev5 ! same p]son long--c def9e x 9 ! same way4 ,we h to recognise t ev5 ! humble/ ( u is entitl$ to 8 own 8univ]se40 ,footnote #hc3 ,! simple & ess5tial outl9es ( 8conv]sion0 h be5 obscur$ because *iefly /udi$ 9 ! ,*ur*es among p ^: prepossessions & sup]/itions h r5d]$ x a highly complex process1 & mix$ up ) que/ions ( "r & wrong liv+ :i*1 important z !y are1 prop]ly =m no "p ( religion4 ,! man :o waits to lead a dec5t life until he has 8sav$ 8 s\l0 is n likely to possess a s\l t is wor? sav+4 ,h[ mu* ignorance prevails 9 reg>d to 8conv]sion10 ev5 among ! lead]s ( religi\s op9ion1 & :at viol5t contra/s ( op9ion--9 :i* sometimes bo? ! oppos+ p>ties are mi/ak5--0 well illu/rat$ by a discussion on ! subject at ! ,*ur* ,congress at ,%effield 9 #aibb4 ,a di/+ui%$ ,*ur*man well def9$ 8conv]sion0 z a unification ( "*1 involv+ ! :ole man1--w1 intellect1 & emotion1--by :i* a 8new self0 0 a*iev$2 b he also ?\ght t ?is great revolution>y process consi/$ usually 9 giv+ up "s 8def9ite bad habit10 v mu* d\bt$ :e!r sudd5 conv]sion 0 a normal ph5om5on at all1 & made no attempt to di/+ui% betwe5 t k9d ( 8conv]sion0 :i* is m]ely ! result ( sugge/ion & auto-sugge/ion1 aft] a k9d ( hy/]ical attack produc$ by fev]i% emotional appeals1 & t :i* is spontane\s & ( lifelong effect4 ,ano!r speak] w5t to ! opposite extreme by ass]t+ t 8conv]sion0 is an absolutely necess>y process1 & an ,ar*bi%op f9ally swept away 8conv]sion0 altoge!r by decl>+ t ! :ole ( ! religi\s life 7& ! :ole ( ! irreligi\s life87 is a process ( conv]sion4 7,! ,times1 #ab? ,octob]1 #aibb47 ,x may be a satisfaction to "s to realise t ?is is a matt] on :i* x is va9 to g to ! ,*ur*es = light4 ,footnote #hd3 ,dean ,+e 7,philosophy ( ,plot9us1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #afe7 has "s rem>ks on ,plot9us 9 relation to asceticism4 ,footnote #he3 ,jules de ,gaulti] 7,la ,philosophie (ficielle et la ,philosophie1 p4 #aej7 ref]s to ^? ,buddhi/ monks ! symbol ( ^: fai? 0 conta9$ 9 "o syllable3 ,om4 ,b ^? monks1 he adds1 belong$ to 8! only philosophic race t ev] exi/$0 & by ! aid ( _! pure fai?1 plac$ on a f\ndation :i* no argum5tation c upset1 all ! religi\s philosophies ( ! ,judeo-,hell5o-,*ri/ian tradition are b z fairy-tales told to *ildr54 ,footnote #hf3 ,we mu/ always rememb] t 8,*ur*0 & 8religion10 ?\gh (t5 confus$1 are f> f be+ int]*angeable t]ms4 8,religion0 is a natural impulse1 8,*ur*0 is a social in/itution4 ,! confusion is un=tunate4 ,?us ,freud 7,gr\p ,psy*ology1 p4 #ea7 speaks ( ! probability ( religion disappe>+ & ,socialism tak+ its place4 ,he means n 8religion10 b a 8,*ur*40 ,we _c speak ( a natural impulse disappe>+1 an in/itution easily may4 ,footnote #hg3 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 8intuition0 is a ^w ) all sorts ( philosophical mean+s1 9 addition to its psy*ological mean+s 7:i* 7 /udi$ "s ye>s ago by ,de>born 9 ! ,psy*ological ,review74 ,= ! anci5t philosophic writ]s1 f ! ,neo-,platoni/s on1 x 0 usually a sort ( special organ = com+ 9 contact ) sup]natural realities2 = ,b]gson x is at once a me?od sup]ior to ! intellect = obta9+ k & a me?od ( /hetic contemplation2 = ,croce x is solely /hetic1 & art is at once 8intuition0 & 8expression0 7by :i* he means ! =mation ( int]nal images74 ,= ,croce1 :5 ! m9d 8intuits0 by 8express+10 ! result is art4 ,!re is no 8religion0 = ,croce except philosophy4 ,footnote #hh3 ,! mod]n lit]ature ( ! ,my/]ies1 especially ( ,eleusis1 is v ext5sive & elaborate 9 _m languages4 ,i w only m5tion "h a small & n v rec5t book1 ,*ee?am's ,hulsean ,lectures on ,! ,my/]ies ,pagan & ,*ri/ian 7#ahig7 z = ord9>y read]s suffici5tly indicat+ ! g5]al significance ( ! ,my/]ies4 ,!re is1 yet brief]1 a m mod]n discussion ( ! matt] 9 ! ,*apt] on 8,religion0 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,+e 9 ,r4 ,w4 ,liv+/one's useful collection ( essays1 ,! ,legacy ( ,greece 7#aiba74 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,morals ,i ,,no man has ev] c\nt$ ! books t h be5 writt5 ab\t morals4 ,no subject seems s fasc9at+ to ! human m9d4 ,x may well be1 inde$1 t no?+ imports u s mu* z to "k h[ to live4 ,yet x c sc>cely be t on any subject are ! books t h be5 writt5 m unpr(itable1 "o might ev5 say unnecess>y4 ,= :5 we look at ! matt] objectively x is1 aft] all1 fairly simple4 ,if we turn our att5tion to any collective community1 at any "t & place1 9 its moral aspect1 we may reg>d x z an army on ! m>* along a road ( life m or less encompass$ by dang]4 ,t1 inde$1 is sc>cely a metaphor2 t is :at life1 view$ 9 its moral aspect1 may really be consid]$4 ,:5 ?us consid]$1 we see t x consi/s ( an extremely small advance gu>d 9 front1 =m$ ( p]sons ) a limit$ fre$om ( moral action & able to act z patrols 9 v>i\s directions1 ( a l>g] body 9 ! re>1 9 anci5t milit>y language call$ ! blackgu>d & n )\t its uses1 & 9 ! ma9 ( a great compact majority ) :i* we mu/ always be *iefly conc]n$ s9ce !y really are ! army2 !y are ! community4 ,:at we call 8morals0 is simply bl9d ob$i5ce to words ( comm&--:e!r or n issu$ by lead]s ! army believes x has itself *os5--( :i* ! significance is hidd51 & beyond ?is ! duty ( keep+ 9 /ep ) ! o!rs1 or ( try+ to keep 9 /ep1 or ( pret5d+ to d s4#hi ,x is an automatic1 almo/ unconsci\s process & only becomes acutely consci\s :5 ! individual is hopelessly out ( /ep2 !n he may be relegat$ to ! re> blackgu>d4 ,b t happ5s seldom4 ,s !re is little ne$ to be conc]n$ ab\t x4 ,ev5 if x happ5$ v (t51 no?+ ov]:elm+ w\ld h tak5 place2 x w\ld m]ely be t :at we call$ ! blackgu>d _h n[ become ! ma9 army1 ?\gh ) a diff]5t discipl9e4 ,we are1 inde$1 simply conc]n$ ) a discipl9e or r\t9e :i* 9 ?is field is prop]ly describ$ z cu/om1 & ! ^w morals ess5tially means cu/om4 ,t is :at morals mu/ always be = ! mass1 &1 inde$1 to "s ext5t = all1 a discipl9e1 &1 z we h already se51 a discipl9e _c prop]ly be reg>d$ z a sci5ce or an art4 ,! innum]able books on morals1 s9ce !y h usually confus$ & befogg$ ?is simple & c5tral fact1 _c fail to be r unpr(itable4 ,t1 x w\ld seem1 is :at ! writ]s ?\ght--at all ev5ts ab\t ^? ! o!rs _h writt5--or else !y w\ld n h consid]$ x necess>y = !mselves to add to ! numb]4 ,x 0 n only an unpr(itable task1 x 0 also--except 9 s f> z an objectively sci5tific attitude has be5 assum$--aimless4 ,=1 al?\gh ! morals ( a community at "o "t & place is nev] ! same z t ( ano!r or ev5 ! same community at ano!r "t & place1 x is a complex web ( conditions t produces ! diff]5ce1 & x mu/ h be5 evid5t t to attempt to affect x 0 idle4#ij ,!re is no occasion = any "o :o is told t he has writt5 a 8moral0 book to be unduly elat$1 or :5 he is told t 8 book is 8immoral0 to be unduly ca/ d[n4 ,! significance ( ^! adjectives is /rictly limit$4 ,nei!r ! "o book nor ! o!r c h m ?an ! fa9te/ effect on ! m>* ( ! great compact majority ( ! social army4 ,yet1 :ile all ?is is s1 !re is /ill "s int]e/ 9 ! "q ( morals4 ,=1 aft] all1 !re is ! small body ( individuals ahead1 al]tly eag] to f9d ! road1 ) a s5sitive flair = all ! possibilities ! future may hold4 ,:5 ! compact majority1 bl9d & automatic & unconsci\s1 foll[s aft]1 to tramp along ! road ^! pione]s h discov]$1 x may seem b a dull road4 ,b be=e !y rea*$ x t road 0 int]e/+1 ev5 passionately int]e/+4 ,! reason is t1 = ^? :o1 9 any age1 are ?us situat$1 life is n m]ely a discipl9e4 ,x is1 or x may become1 really an art4 ,,ii ,,t liv+ is or may be an art1 & ! morali/ ! critic ( t art1 is a v anci5t belief4 ,x 0 especially widespread among ! ,greeks4 ,to ! ,greeks1 inde$1 ?is belief 0 s +ra9$ & in/9ctive t x became an implicitly assum$ attitude r ?an a def9itely express$ fai?4 ,x 0 natural to !m to speak ( a virtu\s p]son z we %\ld speak ( a beautiful p]son4 ,! 8good0 0 ! 8beautiful02 ! sph]e ( e?ics = ! ,greeks 0 n di/+ui%$ f ! sph]e ( /hetics4 ,9 ,sophocles1 above all poets1 we ga!r ! idea ( a natural agreem5t betwe5 duty & incl9ation :i* is at once bo? beauty & moral ord]4 ,b x is ! beautiful t seems to be mo/ fundam5tal 9 1 :i* 0 ! noble1 ! hon\rable1 b fundam5tally ! beautiful4 8,beauty is ! fir/ ( all ?+s10 said ,isocrates1 ! fam\s orator2 8no?+ t is devoid ( beauty is priz$4444 ,! admiration = virtue comes to ?is1 t ( all manife/ation ( life1 virtue is ! mo/ beautiful40 ,! supremely beautiful 01 = ! f9] sort ( ,greeks1 in/9ctively if n always consci\sly1 ! supremely div9e1 & ! ,argive ,h]a1 x has be5 said1 8has m div9ity 9 h] c\nt5ance ?an any ,madonna ( !m all40 ,t is h[ x came to pass t we h no ^w 9 our spee* to apply to ! ,greek conception2 /hetics = u is ap>t f all ! s]i\s bus9ess ( life1 & ! attempt to introduce x !re seems m]ely comic4 ,b ! ,greeks spoke ( life itself z a craft or a f9e art4 ,protagoras1 :o appe>s to-day z a pione] ( mod]n sci5ce1 0 yet ma9ly conc]n$ to reg>d liv+ z an art1 or z ! sum ( _m crafts1 & ! ,platonic ,socrates1 8 oppon5t1 /ill always assum$ t ! morali/'s position is t ( a critic ( a craft4 ,s influ5tial a morali/ z ,ari/otle rem>ks 9 a matt]-(-fact way1 9 8 8,poetics10 t if we wi% to asc]ta9 :e!r an act is1 or is n1 morally "r we mu/ consid] n m]ely ! intr9sic quality ( ! act1 b ! p]son :o does x1 ! p]son to :om x is done1 ! "t1 ! means1 ! motive4 ,su* an attitude t[>ds life puts out ( c\rt any appeal to rigid moral laws2 x meant t an act mu/ befit its p>ticul> relation%ips at a p>ticul> mom5t1 & t its moral value c\ld1 !re=e1 only be judg$ by ! /&>d ( ! spectator's in/9ctive feel+ = proportion & h>mony4 ,t is ! attitude we adopt t[>ds a "w ( art4 ,x may well appe> /range to ^? :o *]i% ! mod]n idea ( 8/heticism0 t ! mo/ complete /atem5t ( ! ,greek attitude has come d[n to u 9 ! writ+s ( a philosoph]1 an ,alex&rian ,greek :o liv$ & taught 9 ,rome 9 ! ?ird c5tury ( our ,*ri/ian ,era1 :5 ! ,greek _w _h vani%$1 a religi\s my/ic1 moreov]1 ^: life & tea*+ 7 p5etrat$ by an au/]e ascetic sev]ity :i* "s w\ld c\nt m$ival r ?an ,greek4#ia ,x is 9 ,plot9us1 a ?9k] ^: inspir+ influ5ce /ill lives to-day1 t we probably f9d ! ,greek attitude1 9 its l(tie/ aspect1 be/ mirror$1 & x 0 probably ?r\gh *annels t came f ,plot9us--?\gh _! s\rce 0 usually unrecognis$--t ! ,greek moral _s has *iefly rea*$ mod]n times4 ,_m great ?9k]s & morali/s ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 x has be5 claim$1 7 ultimately indebt$ to ,plot9us1 :o repres5t$ ! only g5u9ely creative ef=t ( ! ,greek _s 9 ! ?ird c5tury4#ib ,plot9us seems to h _h little int]e/ 9 art1 z commonly und]/ood1 & he 0 an impati5t1 rapid1 & disord]ly writ]1 n ev5 tr\bl+ to spell correctly4 ,all 8 art 0 9 ! spiritual sph]e4 ,x is impossible to sep>ate /hetics1 z he und]/ood x1 f e?ics & religion4 ,9 ! beautiful disc\rse on ,beauty1 :i* =ms "o ( ! *apt]s ( 8 fir/ 8,ennead10 x is ma9ly ) spiritual beauty t he is conc]n$4 ,b he insi/s t x is beauty1 beauty ( ! same quality z t ( ! physical _w1 :i* inh]es 9 goodness1 8nor may ^? tell ( ! spl5d\r ( ,virtue :o h nev] kn[n ! face ( ,ju/ice & ( ,wisdom beautiful beyond ! beauty ( ,ev5+ & ( ,dawn40 ,x is a beauty1 he fur!r /ates1--?\gh "h he seems to be pass+ out ( ! purely /hetic sph]e1--t ar\ses emotions ( love4 8,?is is ! _s t ,beauty mu/ ev] induce1 wond]m5t & a delici\s tr\ble1 long+ & love1 & a trembl+ t is also delight4 ,= ! unse5 all ?is may be felt z = ! se51 & ?is s\ls feel = x1 e s\l 9 "s degree1 b ^? ! m deeply :o are ! m truly apt to ?is high] love--j z all take delight 9 ! beauty ( ! body1 b all are n /rung z %>ply1 & ^? only t feel ! ke5] w\nd are kn[n z ,lov]s40 ,goodness & ,tru? 7 on ! same plane = ,plot9us z ,beauty4 ,x may ev5 be said t ,beauty 0 ! mo/ fundam5tal ( all1 to be id5tifi$ ultimately z ! ,absolute1 z ,reality itself4 ,s x 0 natural t 9 ! sph]e ( morals he %\ld speak indiff]5tly ei!r ( 8extirpat+ evil & implant+ goodness0 or ( 8introduc+ ord] & beauty to replace goodness0--9 ei!r case 8we talk ( real ?+s40 8,virtue is a natural concordance among ! ph5om5a ( ! s\l1 vice a discord40 ,b ,plot9us def9itely rejects ! notion t beauty is only symmetry1 & s he avoids ! n>r[ conception ( "s m mod]n /hetic morali/s1 notably ,hut*eson4 ,h[1 !n1 he asks1 c\ld ! sun be beautiful1 or gold1 or light1 or night1 or ! />s8 8,beauty is some?+ m ?an symmetry1 & symmetry owes its beauty to a remot] pr9ciple0--its aff9ity1 9 ! op9ion ( ,plot9us1 ) ! 8,ideal ,=m10 imm$iately recognis$ & confirm$ by ! s\l4 ,x may seem to "s t ,plot9us r$uces to absurdity ! conception ( morality z /hetics1 & x may well be t ! ,greeks ( ! great p]iod 7 wis] :5 !y left ! nature ( morals less explicit4 ,yet ,plot9us _h 9 him ! root ( ! matt]4 ,he _h ris5 to ! conception t ! moral life ( ! s\l is a dance2 8,consid] ! p]=m]s 9 a *oral dance3 !y s+ toge!r1 ?\gh ea* "o has 8 own p>ticul> "p1 & sometimes "o voice is he>d :ile ! o!rs are sil5t2 & ea* br+s to ! *orus some?+ ( 8 own2 x is n en\gh t all lift _! voices toge!r2 ea* mu/ s+1 *oicely1 8 own "p 9 ! music set = him4 ,s x is ) ! ,s\l40#ic ,! ,hell5ic ext5sion ( ! /hetic emotion1 z ,b5n po9t$ out1 involv$ no weak5+ ( ! moral fibre4 ,t is s1 we see1 & ev5 emphatically s1 :5 x becomes def9itely explicit z 9 ,plot9us1 & revolution>ily ho/ile to all ^? ideals ( ! moral life :i* mo/ p h be5 accu/om$ to consid] mod]n4 ,z usually among ! ,greeks1 x is only implicitly1 also1 t we detect ?is attitude among ! ,romans1 ! pupils ( ! ,greeks4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! ,romans1 ^: impulses ( art 7 v limit$1 ^: practical m9d crav$ precision & def9ition1 prov$ rebelli\s to ! idea t liv+ is an art2 yet x may well be t !y /ill reta9$ t idea at ! core ( _! morality4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o /ood on ! ?re%old betwe5 ! old ,roman & new ,*ri/ian worlds 0 able to write3 8,! art ( liv+ well & rightly is ! def9ition t ! anci5ts give ( #8virtue4'0 ,= ! ,lat9s believ$ t ars 0 d]iv$ f ! ,greek ^w = virtue1 4#id ,yet !re really rema9$ a diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,greek & ! ,roman views ( morals4 ,! ,greek view1 x is univ]sally admitt$1 0 /hetic1 9 ! mo/ def9ite s5se2 ! ,roman 0 n1 & :5 ,cic]o wi%es to translate a ,greek ref]5ce to a 8beautiful0 action x becomes an 8hon\rable0 action4 ,! ,greek 0 conc]n$ ) :at he himself felt ab\t 8 actions2 ! ,roman 0 conc]n$ ) :at !y w\ld look l to o!r p1 & ! cr$it1 or discr$it1 t w\ld be reflect$ back on himself4 ,! ,hebrews nev] ev5 dream$ ( su* an art4 ,_! attitude is suffici5tly embodi$ 9 ! /ory ( ,moses & t visit to ,s9ai :i* result$ 9 ! production ( ! table ( ,t5 ,comm&m5ts :i* we may /ill see inscrib$ 9 old *ur*es4 ,= ev5 our mod]n feel+ ab\t morals is l>gely ,jewi%1 9 "s measure ,roman1 & sc>cely ,greek at all4 ,we /ill accept1 9 !ory at all ev5ts1 ! ,mosaic conception ( morality z a code ( rigid & inflexible rules1 arbitr>ily orda9$1 & to be bl9dly obey$4 ,! conception ( morality z an art1 :i* ,*ri/5dom once disda9$1 seems n[ aga9 to be f9d+ fav\r 9 m5's eyes4 ,! pa? has be5 made smoo? = x by great ?9k]s ( v>i\s complexion1 :o1 diff]+ 9 _m fundam5tal po9ts1 all alike ass]t ! relativity ( tru? & ! inaptitude ( rigid maxims to s]ve z guid+ =ces 9 life4 ,!y also ass]t1 = a l>ge "p1 implicitly or explicitly1 ! au?ority ( art4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury 0 usually inspir$ by ! maxims ( ,kant1 & lift$ its hat rev]5tly :5 x he>d ,kant declaim+ 8 fam\s say+s conc]n+ ! supremacy ( an inflexible moral law4 ,kant _h1 inde$1 felt ! /ream ( influ5ce :i* fl[$ f ,%aftesbury1 & he s\ght to mix up /hetics ) 8 sy/em4 ,b he _h no?+ ( ! g5u9e arti/'s _s4 ,! art ( morals 0 to him a set ( maxims1 cold1 rigid1 precise4 ,a sympa!tic biograph] has said ( him t ! maxims 7 ! man4 ,!y are sometimes f9e maxims4 ,b z guides1 z motives to practical action 9 ! _w8 ,! maxims ( ! valetud9>ian pr(essor at ,knigsb]g sc>cely seem t to u to-day4 ,/ill less c we h>monise maxims ) art4 ,nor d we any long] suppose t we are imp]t95t 9 ref]r+ to ! philosoph]'s p]sonality4 ,9 ! inve/igation ( ! sol> spectrum p]sonality may c\nt = little2 9 ! inve/igation ( moral laws x c\nts = mu*4 ,= p]sonality is ! v /uff ( morals4 ,! moral maxims ( an eld]ly pr(essor 9 a prov9cial univ]sity t[n h _! int]e/4 ,b s h ^? ( a ,casanova4 ,& ! moral maxims ( a ,goe! may possibly h m int]e/ ?an ei!r4 ,!re is ! rigid categorical imp]ative ( ,kant2 & !re is also t o!r dictum1 less rigid b m rem9isc5t ( ,greece1 :i* "s well-inspir$ p]son has put into ! m\? ( ,walt ,:itman3 8,:atev] ta/es sweet to ! mo/ p]fect p]son1 t is f9ally "r40 ,,iii ,,fundam5tally consid]$1 !re are two roads by :i* we may travel t[>ds ! moral ends ( life3 ! road ( ,tradition1 :i* is ultimately t ( ,in/9ct1 pursu$ by ! _m1 & ! road ( :at seems to be ,reason--s\ght out by ! few4 ,& 9 ! end ^! two roads are b ! same road1 = reason also is an in/9ct4 ,x is true t ! +5uity ( analytic inve/igators l ,h5ry ,sidgwick has succe$$ 9 enum]at+ v>i\s 8me?ods ( e?ics40 ,b1 r\ghly speak+1 !re c only be ^! two ma9 roads ( life1 & only "o has prov$ supremely important4 ,x has be5 by foll[+ ! pa? ( tradition m\ld$ by in/9ct t man rea*$ ! ?re%old ( civilisation3 :atev] may h be5 ! b5efits he d]iv$ f ! guidance ( reason he nev] consci\sly all[$ reason to control 8 moral life4 ,tables ( comm&m5ts h ev] be5 8giv5 by ,god02 !y repres5t$1 t is to say1 obscure impulses ( ! organism /riv+ to respond to practical ne$s4 ,no "o dream$ ( comm5d+ !m by decl>+ t !y 7 reasonable4 ,x is cle> h[ ,in/9ct & ,tradition1 ?us work+ toge!r1 act vitally & b5efic5tly 9 m\ld+ ! moral life ( primitive peoples4 ,! 8div9e comm&0 0 always a comm& condition$ by ! special circum/ance "u :i* ! tribe liv$4 ,t is s ev5 :5 ! moral law is to our civilis$ eyes 8unnatural40 ,! infanticide ( ,polynesian isl&]s1 :]e ! means ( subsi/5ce & ! possibilities ( expansion 7 limit$1 0 obvi\sly a necess>y measure1 b5efic5t & humane 9 its effects4 ,! kill+ ( ! ag$ among ! migrant ,eskimos 0 equally a necess>y & k9dly measure1 recognis$ z su* by ! victims !mselves1 :5 x 0 ess5tial t e memb] ( ! community %\ld be able to help himself4 ,primitive rules ( moral action1 greatly z !y diff] among !mselves1 are all m or less advantage\s & helpful on ! road ( primitive life4 ,x is true t !y all[ v little1 if any1 scope = div]g5t individual moral action1 b t1 too1 0 advantage\s4 ,b t1 also1 is ! rock on :i* an in/9ctive traditional morality mu/ /rike z civilisation is approa*$4 ,! tribe has no long] ! same unity4 ,social diff]5tiation has t5d$ to make ! family a unit1 & psy*ic diff]5tiation to make ev5 ! sep>ate individuals units4 ,! community ( int]e/s ( ! :ole tribe has be5 brok5 up1 & !re) traditional morality has lo/ alike its value & its p[]4 ,! developm5t ( ab/ract intellig5ce1 :i* co9cides ) civilisation1 works 9 ! same direction4 ,reason is1 inde$1 on "o side an integrat+ =ce1 = x %[s t ! assumption ( traditional morality--! id5tity ( ! individual's int]e/s ) ! int]e/s ( ! community--is s\ndly bas$4 ,b x is also a dis9tegrat+ =ce4 ,= if x reveals a g5]al unity 9 ! ends ( liv+1 x devises inf9itely v>i\s & p]plex+ly di/ract+ excuses = liv+4 ,be=e ! active invasion ( reason liv+ _h be5 an art1 or at all ev5ts a discipl9e1 highly conv5tionalis$ & ev5 rituali/ic1 b ! motive =ces ( liv+ lay 9 life itself & _h all ! b9d+ sanction ( in/9cts2 ! p5alty ( e failure 9 liv+1 x 0 felt1 w\ld be swiftly & automatically exp]i5c$4 ,to apply reason "h 0 to introduce a p[]ful solv5t into morals4 ,objectively x made morality cle>] b subjectively x de/roy$ ! exi/+ motives = morality2 x depriv$ man1 to use ! fa%ionable phraseology ( ! pres5t day1 ( a vital illusion4 ,?us we h morality 9 ! fundam5tal s5se1 ! actual practices ( ! ma9 army ( ! population1 :ile 9 front a v>iegat$ procession ( pranc+ philosoph]s gaily flaunt _! moral !ories be=e ! _w4 ,kant1 ^: p]sonal moral problems 7 conc]n$ ) eat+ sweetmeats1#ie & o!r philosoph]s ( v>y+ly inf]ior calibre1 7 reg>d$ z ! lawgiv]s ( morality1 ?\gh !y c>ri$ little en\gh weight ) ! _w at l>ge4 ,?us x comes ab\t t ab/ract moral speculations1 culm9at+ 9 rigid maxims1 are necess>ily /]ile & va94 ,!y move 9 ! sph]e ( reason1 & t is ! sph]e ( compreh5sion1 b n ( vital action4 ,9 ?is way !re arises a moral dualism 9 civilis$ man4 ,objectively he has become l ! gods & able to di/+ui% ! ends ( life2 he has eat5 ( ! fruit ( ! tree & has k ( good & evil4 ,subjectively he is /ill n f> remov$ f ! savage1 (t5e/ /irr$ to action by a confus$ web ( emotional motives1 among :i* ! int]wov5 /r&s ( civilis$ reason are z likely to produce discord or p>alysis z to furni% effici5t guides1 a /ate ( m9d fir/1 & p]haps be/1 set =? 9 its extreme =m by ,%akespe>e 9 ,hamlet4 ,on ! "o h& he _c return to ! primitive /ate 9 :i* all ! motives = liv+ fl[$ h>moni\sly 9 ! same *annel2 he _c dive/ himself ( 8 illum9at+ reason2 he _c rec$e f 8 h>dly acquir$ p]sonal individuality4 ,on ! o!r h& he c nev] expect1 he c nev] ev5 reasonably hope1 t reason w ev] hold 9 lea% ! emotions4 ,x is cle> t along nei!r pa? sep>ately c ! civilis$ man pursue 8 way 9 h>moni\s balance ) himself4 ,we beg9 to realise t :at we ne$ is n a code ( beautifully cut-&-dri$ maxims--:e!r emanat+ f sacr$ m\nta9s or f philosoph]s' /udies--b a happy comb9ation ( two diff]5t ways ( liv+4 ,we ne$1 t is1 a traditional & in/9ctive way ( liv+1 bas$ on real motor in/9cts1 :i* w bl5d ) reason & ! manifold ne$s ( p]sonality1 in/ead ( be+ de/roy$ by _! solv5t actions1 z rigid rules inevitably are4 ,our only valid rule is a creative impulse t is "o ) ! illum9ative p[] ( intellig5ce4 ,,iv ,,at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! se$-"t ( our mod]n ideas1 z x has s (t5 seem$ to be1 ! ,engli% p1 hav+ 9 art at l5g? br\ght _! language to a f9e degree ( cl>ity & precision1 & hav+ j pass$ ?r\gh a highly /imulat+ p]iod ( dom9ant ,puritanism 9 life1 became mu* int]e/$ 9 philosophy1 psy*ology1 & e?ics4 ,_! int]e/ 01 inde$1 (t5 sup]ficial & amateuri%1 ?\gh !y 7 soon to produce "s ( ! mo/ notable figures 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,! ?ird ,e>l ( ,%aftesbury1 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! gr\p1 himself illu/rat$ ?is unsy/ematic me?od ( ?9k+4 ,he 0 an amateur1 an ari/ocratic amateur1 c>eless ( consi/5cy1 & n by any means conc]n$ to erect a philosophic sy/em4 ,n t he 0 a worse ?9k] on t acc\nt4 ,! _w's greate/ ?9k]s h (t5 be5 amateurs2 = high ?9k+ is ! outcome ( f9e & indep5d5t liv+1 & = t a pr(essorial *air (f]s no special opportunities4 ,%aftesbury 01 moreov]1 a man ( fragile physical con/itution1 z ,kant 02 b1 unlike ,kant1 he 0 n a *ildi% hypo*ondriac 9 seclusion1 b a man 9 ! _w1 h]oically seek+ to live a complete & h>moni\s life4 ,by temp]am5t he 0 a ,/oic1 & he wrote a *>act]i/ic book ( 8,ex]cises10 z he propos$ to call :at 8 mod]n editor calls ! 8,philosophical ,regim510 9 :i* he consci\sly seeks to discipl9e himself 9 f9e ?9k+ & "r liv+1 pla9ly ackn[l$g+ t he is ! disciple ( ,epictetus & ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,b ,%aftesbury 0 also a man ( g5ius1 & z su* x 0 8 good =tune to ?r[ afre% into ! /ream ( ?\ght a fruitful conception1 9 "p absorb$1 inde$1 f ,greece1 & long implicit 9 m5's m9ds1 b nev] be=e made cle>ly recognisable z a moral !ory & an e?ical temp]1 susceptible ( be+ labell$ by ! philosophic hi/orian1 z x s9ce has be5 "u ! "n1 passable no d\bt z any o!r1 ( 8/hetic ,intuitionism40 ,greek morality1 x has be5 well said1 is n a conflict ( light & d>kness1 ( good & evil1 ! cle> *oice betwe5 ! broad road t leads to de/ruction & ! n>r[ pa? ( salvation3 x is 8an arti/ic balance ( light & %ade40 ,gizycki1 rem>k+ t ,%aftesbury has m aff9ity to ! ,greeks ?an p]haps any o!r mod]n morali/1 says t 8! key lay n only 9 8 head1 b 9 8 he>t1 = l c only be recognis$ by l40#if ,we h to rememb] at ! same "t t ,%aftesbury 0 really some?+ ( a classical s*ol>1 ev5 f *ildhood4 ,born 9 #afga1 ! gr&son ( ! =emo/ ,engli% /atesman ( 8 "t1 ! fir/ ,e>l1 ,an?ony ,coop]1 he _h ! advantage ( ! wise ov]sight ( 8 gr&fa!r1 :o plac$ ) him z a companion 9 *ildhood a lady :o knew bo? ,greek & ,lat9 s well t %e c\ld conv]se flu5tly 9 bo? languages4 ,s x 0 t by ! age ( elev5 he 0 famili> ) ! two classic tongues & lit]atures4 ,t d\btless 0 also a key to 8 intimate feel+ = ! classic _s1 ?\gh x w\ld n h suffic$ )\t a native aff9ity4 ,he became ! pupil ( ,locke1 & at fifte5 he w5t to ,italy1 to sp5d a consid]able "t !re4 ,he knew ,france also1 & ! ,fr5* tongue1 s well t he 0 (t5 tak5 = a native4 ,he liv$ = "s "t 9 ,holl&1 & !re =m$ a fri5d%ip ) ,bayle1 :i* began be=e ! latt] 0 aw>e ( 8 fri5d's rank & la/$ till ,bayle's dea?4 ,9 ,holl& he may h be5 slightly influ5c$ by ,grotius4#ig ,%aftesbury 0 n ( robu/ con/itution2 he suff]$ f a/hma1 & 8 heal? 0 fur!r affect$ by 8 zeal 9 public affairs z well z 8 en?usiasm 9 /udy1 = 8 morality 0 n t ( a recluse1 b ( a man :o play$ an active "p 9 life1 n only 9 social b5evol5ce1 l 8 desc5dant ! enlight5$ philan?ropic ,e>l ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( civil fre$om & tol]ation4 ,locke wrote ( 8 pupil 7:o 0 n1 h[ev]1 9 agreem5t ) 8 tutor's philosophic /&po9t1#ih ?\gh he always treat$ him ) consid]ation7 t 8! sword 0 too %>p = ! scabb>d40 8,he seems10 wrote ( ,%aftesbury 8 unfri5dly contempor>y ,m&eville1 8to require & expect goodness 9 8 species z we d a sweet ta/e 9 grapes & ,*9a oranges1 ( :i*1 if any ( !m are s\r1 we boldly pron\nce t !y are n come to t p]fection _! nature is capable (40 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ?is 0 correct4 ,%aftesbury1 x has be5 said1 0 ! fa!r ( t new e?ics :i* recognises t ,nature is n a m]e impulse ( self-pres]vation1 z ,hobbes ?\ght1 b also a racial impulse1 hav+ reg>d to o!rs2 !re are social incl9ations 9 ! individual1 he realis$1 t g beyond individual ends4 7,ref]r+ to ! fam\s dictum ( ,hobbes1 ,homo hom9i lupus1 he obs]ves3 8,to say 9 disp>agem5t ( ,man #8t he is to ,man a wolf' appe>s some:at absurd :5 "o consid]s t wolves are to wolves v k9d & lov+ creatures407 ,!re) 8goodness0 0 se51 virtually = ! fir/ "t 9 ! mod]n p]iod1 to be z 8natural0 z ! sweetness ( ripe fruit4 ,!re 0 ano!r reason1 a fundam5tal physiological & psy*ological reason1 :y 8goodness0 ( actions & ! 8sweetness0 ( fruits are equally natural1 a reason t w\ld1 no d\bt1 h be5 f\nd /range bo? by ,m&eville & ,%aftesbury4 ,morality1 ,%aftesbury describes z 8! ta/e ( beauty & ! reli% ( :at is dec5t10 & ! 8s5se ( beauty0 is ultimately ! same z ! 8moral s5se40 8,my fir/ endeav\r10 wrote ,%aftesbury1 8mu/ be to di/+ui% ! true ta/e ( fruits1 ref9e my palate1 & e/abli% a j reli% 9 ! k9d40 ,he ?\ght1 evid5tly1 t he 0 m]ely us+ a metaphor4 ,b he 0 speak+ ess5tially 9 ! direct1 /raight=w>d way ( natural & primitive ,man4 ,at ! f\ndation1 8sweetness0 & 8goodness0 are ! same ?+4 ,t c /ill be detect$ 9 ! v /ructure ( language1 n only ( primitive languages1 b ^? ( ! mo/ civilis$ peoples4 ,t morality is1 9 ! /rict s5se1 a matt] ( ta/e1 ( /hetics1 ( :at ! ,greeks call$ 1 is conclusively %[n by ! fact t 9 ! mo/ widely sep>at$ tongues--possibly :]ev] ! matt] has be5 c>efully inve/igat$--moral goodness is1 at ! outset1 express$ 9 t]ms ( ta/e4 ,:at is good is :at is sweet1 & sometimes1 also1 salt4#ii ,primitive peoples h highly develop$ ! s5sory side ( _! m5tal life1 & _! vocabul>ies be> witness to ! intimate connection ( s5sations ( ta/e & t\* ) emotional tone4 ,!re is1 inde$1 no occasion to g beyond our own ,european traditions to see t ! expression ( moral qualities is bas$ on fundam5tal s5sory qualities ( ta/e4 ,9 ,lat9 suavis is sweet1 b ev5 9 ,lat9 x became a moral quality1 & its ,engli% d]ivatives h be5 entirely deflect$ f physical to moral qualities1 :ile bitt] is at once a physical quality & a poignantly moral quality4 ,9 ,sanskrit & ,p]sian & ,arabic salt is n only a physical ta/e b ! "n = lu/re & grace & beauty4#ajj ,x seems well 9 pass+ to po9t out t ! deep] we p5etrate ! m fundam5tally we f9d ! /hetic conception ( morals gr\nd$ 9 ,nature4 ,b n e "o c>es to p5etrate any deep] & !re is no ne$ to insi/4 ,%aftesbury held t human actions %\ld h a beauty ( symmetry & proportion & h>mony1 :i* appeal to u1 n because !y accord ) any rule or maxim 7al?\gh !y may conceivably be susceptible ( measurem5t71 b because !y satisfy our in/9ctive feel+s1 evok+ an approval :i* is /rictly an /hetic judgm5t ( moral action4 ,?is in/9ctive judgm5t 0 n1 z ,%aftesbury und]/ood x1 a guide to action4 ,he held1 rightly en\gh1 t ! impulse to action is fundam5tal & prim>y1 t f9e action is ! outcome ( f9ely temp]$ natures4 ,x is a feel+ = ! j "t & measure ( human passion1 & maxims are useless to him ^: nature is ill-balanc$4 8,virtue is no o!r ?an ! love ( ord] & beauty 9 society40 /hetic appreciation ( ! act1 & ev5 an ec/atic pleasure 9 x1 are "p ( our /hetic delight 9 ,nature g5]ally1 :i* includes ,man4 ,nature1 x is cle>1 plays a l>ge "p 9 ?is conception ( ! moral life4 ,to lack balance on any plane ( moral conduct is to be unnatural2 8,nature is n mock$10 said ,%aftesbury4 ,%e is a miracle1 = miracles are n ?+s t are p]=m$1 b ?+s t are p]ceiv$1 & to fail "h is to fail 9 p]ception ( ! div9ity ( ,nature1 to d viol5ce to h]1 & to c\rt moral de/ruction4 ,a return to ,nature is n a return to ignorance or savag]y1 b to ! fir/ in/9ctive feel+ = ! beauty ( well-proportion$ affections4 8,! mo/ natural beauty 9 ! _w is hone/y & moral tru?10 he ass]ts1 & he recurs aga9 & aga9 to 8! beauty ( hone/y40 8,dulce et decorum e/ 0 8 sole reason10 he says ( ! classical pagan1 add+3 8,& ?is is /ill a good reason40 ,9 le>n+ h[ to act1 he ?\ght1 we are 8le>n+ to become arti/s40 ,x seems natural to him to ref] to ! magi/rate z an arti/2 8! magi/rate1 if he be an arti/10 he incid5tally says4 ,we mu/ n make morality dep5d on au?ority4 ,! true arti/1 9 any art1 w nev] act bel[ 8 "*4 8,let :o w make x = y z y fancy10 ! arti/ decl>es2 8,i "k x to be wrong4 ,:atev] ,i h made hi!rto has be5 true "w4 ,& nei!r = y\r sake or anybody's else %all ,i put my h& to any o!r40 8,?is is virtue60 exclaims ,%aftesbury4 8,?is disposition transf]r$ to ! :ole ( life p]fects a "*4 ,= !re is a workman%ip & a tru? 9 actions40 ,%aftesbury1 x may be repeat$1 0 an amateur1 n only 9 philosophy1 b ev5 9 ! arts4 ,he reg>d$ lit]ature z "o ( ! s*oolma/]s = f9e liv+1 yet he has n be5 g5]ally reg>d$ z a f9e arti/ 9 writ+1 ?\gh1 directly or indirectly1 he help$ to inspire n only ,pope1 b ,?omson & ,c[p] & ,wordswor?4 ,he 0 inevitably int]e/$ 9 pa9t+1 b 8 ta/es 7 m]ely ^? ( ! ord9>y connoisseur ( 8 "t4 ,?is gives a c]ta9 sup]ficiality to 8 g5]al /hetic vision1 ?\gh x 0 f> f true1 z ! !ologians suppos$1 t he 0 lack+ 9 s]i\sness4 ,8 *ief imm$iate foll[]s1 l ,hut*eson1 came out ( ,calv9i/ic ,puritanism4 ,he 0 himself an au/]e ,/oic :o adapt$ himself to ! tone ( ! well-br$ _w he liv$ 94 ,b if an amateur1 he 0 an amateur ( g5ius4 ,he ?rew a va/ & fruitful conception--caught f ! 8,poetics0 ( ,ari/otle1 8! ,great ,ma/] ( ,arts10 & develop$ ) f9e insight--into our mod]n _w4 ,mo/ ( ! great ,european ?9k]s ( ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies 7 9 "s measure inspir$1 influ5c$1 or anticipat$ by ,%aftesbury4 ,ev5 ,kant1 ?\gh he 0 unsympa!tic & nigg>dly ( appreciation1 help$ to develop ! conception ,%aftesbury fir/ =mulat$4 ,to-day we see x on e h&4 ,x is sl[ly & subtly m\ld+ ! :ole ( our mod]n morality4 8,! greate/ ,greek ( mod]n times0--s he appe>s to ^? :o /udy 8 "w to-day4 ,x is ?r\gh ,%aftesbury1 & ,%aftesbury alone t ,greek morals1 9 _! f9e/ ess5ce1 h be5 a vivify+ influ5ce 9 our mod]n _w4 ,georg von ,gizycki1 :o has p]haps mo/ cle>ly appreh5d$ ,%aftesbury's place 9 morals1 indicates t place ) precision & ju/ice :5 he /ates t 8he furni%$ ! elem5ts ( a moral philosophy :i* fits into ! frame ( a truly sci5tific conception ( ! _w40#aja ,t 0 a s]vice to ! mod]n _w s great & s d>+ t x c\ld sc>cely meet ) approval f 8 fell[ c\ntrym54 ,! m ke5ly philosophical ,scot*1 inde$1 recognis$ him1 fir/ ( all ,hume1 & he 0 accept$ & embodi$ z a k9d ( f\nd] by ! s-call$ ,scotti% ,s*ool1 ?\gh s ton$ d[n & adult]at$ & adapt$ to popul> ta/es & ne$s1 t 9 ! end he 0 !reby discr$it$4 ,b ! ,engli% nev] ev5 adult]at$ him2 !y clung to ! antiquat$ & es*atological ,paley1 br++ =? edition aft] edition ( 8 works :]eon to discipl9e _! y\?ful m9ds4 ,t l$ naturally on to ! ,engli% ,utilit>ians 9 morality1 :o w\ld disda9 to look at any?+ t c\ld be call$ ,greek4 ,sir ,leslie ,/eph51 :o 0 ! vigor\s & capable int]pret] to ! g5]al public ( ,utilit>ianism1 c\ld see no?+ good :atev] 9 ,%aftesbury2 he view$ him ) contemptu\s pity & c\ld only murmur3 8,poor ,%aftesbury60 ,mean:ile ,%aftesbury's fame _h f ! fir/ be5 pursu+ a v diff]5t c\rse 9 ,france & ,g]many1 = x is ! p outside a man's own c\ntry :o anticipate ! v]dict ( po/]ity4 ,leibnitz1 ^: va/ g5ius 0 on "s sides ak9 7,%aftesbury has1 inde$1 be5 t]m$ 8! ,leibnitz ( morals071 admir$ ! ,engli% ?9k]1 & ! univ]sal ,voltaire recognis$ him4 ,montesquieu plac$ him on a f\r-squ>e summit ) ,plato & ,montaigne & ,malebran*e4 ,! en?usia/ic ,did]ot1 see+ 9 ,%aftesbury ! expon5t ( ! naturali/ic e?ics ( 8 own temp]am5t1 translat$ a l>ge "p ( 8 *ief book 9 #agde4 ,h]d]1 :o inspir$ s _m ( ! *ief ?9k]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & ev5 ( to-day1 0 himself l>gely inspir$ by ,%aftesbury1 :om he once call$ 8! virtuoso ( humanity10 reg>d+ 8 writ+s z1 ev5 9 =m1 well-nigh wor?y ( ,greek antiquity1 & long propos$ to make a comp>ative /udy ( ! e?ical conceptions ( ,sp9oza1 ,leibnitz1 & ,%aftesbury1 b un=tunately nev] c>ri$ out t happy idea4 ,r\sseau1 n only by contact ( ideas1 b ! spontane\s ef=t ( 8 own nature t[>ds autonom\s h>mony1 0 9 t\* ) ,%aftesbury1 & s help$ to br+ 8 ideals into ! g5]al /ream ( mod]n life4 ,%aftesbury1 directly or indirectly1 inspir$ ! e>ly influ5tial ,fr5* ,sociali/s & ,communi/s4 ,on ! o!r h& he has equally inspir$ ! morali/s ( individualism4 ,ev5 ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,rod1 "o ( ! mo/ delicately ari/ocratic ( mod]n morali/s 9 rec5t "t1 puts =? conceptions1 :i*1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 are precisely ^? ( ,%aftesbury4 ,rod believes t all moral evil is a dissonance 9 ! /hetic ( conduct & t ! moral task 9 "* is t ( ! sculptor 9 m>ble3 8,virtue is a k9d ( art1 a div9e art40 ,ev5 ,croce1 :o began by mak+ a deep division betwe5 art & life1 holds t !re c be no great critic ( art :o is n also a great critic ( life1 = /hetic criticism is really itself a criticism ( life1 & 8 :ole philosophy may be reg>d$ z repres5t+ a /age ( transition betwe5 ! old traditional view ( ! _w & t conception t[>ds :i* 9 ! mod]n _w our gaze is turn$4#ajb ,z ,%aftesbury _h /at$ ! matt]1 h[ev]1 x 0 left on ! :ole vague & l>ge4 ,he made no v cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! creative arti/ic impulse 9 life & critical /hetic appreciation4 ,9 ! sph]e ( morals we mu/ (t5 be cont5t to wait until our activity is complet$ to appreciate its beauty or its ugl9ess4#ajc ,on ! backgr\nd ( g5]al /hetic judgm5t we h to conc5trate on ! =ces ( creative arti/ic activity1 ^: "w x is pa9fully to m\ld ! clay ( moral action1 & =ge its iron1 long be=e ! /hetic crit]ion c be appli$ to ! f9al product4 ,! arti/'s "w 9 life is full ( /ruggle & toil2 x is only ! spectator ( morals :o c assume ! calm /hetic attitude4 ,%aftesbury1 inde$1 evid5tly recognis$ ?is1 b x 0 n en\gh to say1 z he said1 t we may prep>e ourselves = moral action by /udy 9 lit]ature4 ,"o may be will+ to reg>d liv+ z an art1 & yet be ( op9ion t x is z unsatisfactory to le>n ! art ( liv+ 9 lit]ature z to le>n1 let u say1 ! art ( music 9 ar*itecture4 ,yet we mu/ n all[ ^! consid]ations to lead u away f ! great fact t ,%aftesbury cle>ly realis$--:at mod]n psy*ology emphasises--t desires c only be c\nt]$ by desires1 t reason _c affect appetite4 8,t :i* is ( orig9al & pure nature10 he decl>$1 8no?+ besides contr>y habit & cu/om 7a second nature7 is able to displace4 ,!re is no speculative op9ion1 p]suasion1 or belief1 :i* is capable imm$iately or directly to exclude or de/roy x40 ,:]e he w5t beyond "s mod]n psy*ologi/s is 9 8 ,hell5ic p]ception t 9 ?is sph]e ( in/9ct we are amid ! play ( art to :i* /hetic crit]ia alone c be appli$4 ,x 0 necess>y to conc5trate & apply ^! l>ge g5]al ideas4 ,to "s ext5t ?is 0 done by ,%aftesbury's imm$iate successors & foll[]s1 su* z ,hut*eson & ,arbuckle1 :o taught t man is1 e?ically1 an arti/ ^: "w is 8 own life4 ,!y conc5trat$ att5tion on ! really creative aspects ( ! arti/ 9 life1 /hetic appreciation ( ! f9i%$ product be+ reg>d$ z second>y4 ,= all art is1 prim>ily1 n a contemplation1 b a do+1 a creative action1 & morality is s prem95tly4 ,%aftesbury1 ) 8 foll[]s ,arbuckle & ,hut*eson1 may be reg>d$ z ! f\nd]s ( /hetics2 x 0 ,hut*eson1 ?\gh he happ5$ to be ! lea/ g5u9ely /hetic 9 temp]am5t ( ! ?ree1 :o wrote ! fir/ mod]n treatise on /hetics4 ,toge!r1 also1 !y may be said to h be5 ! revivali/s ( ,hell5ism1 t is to say1 ( ! ,hell5ic _s1 or r ( ! classic _s1 = x (t5 came ?r\gh ,roman *annels4 ,%aftesbury 01 z ,euck5 has well said1 ! ,greek _s among ,engli% ?9k]s4 ,he repres5t$ an inevitable reaction aga9/ ,puritanism1 a reaction :i* is /ill go+ on--inde$1 "h & !re only j beg9n+4 ,z ,puritanism _h a*iev$ s notable a victory 9 ,engl&1 x 0 natural t 9 ,engl& ! fir/ great *ampion ( ,hell5ism %\ld appe>4 ,x is to ,oliv] ,cromwell & ,praise-,god ,b>ebones t we owe ,%aftesbury4 ,aft] ,%aftesbury x is ,arbuckle :o fir/ des]ves att5tion1 ?\gh he wrote s little t he nev] atta9$ ! prom95ce he des]v$4#ajd ,he 0 a ,dubl9 physician ( ,scotti% ance/ry1 ! fri5d ( ,swift1 by :om he 0 highly e/eem$1 & he 0 a cripple f boyhood4 ,he 0 a man ( g5u9e arti/ic temp]am5t1 ?\gh ! art he 0 attract$ to 0 n1 z ) ,%aftesbury1 ! sculptor's or ! pa9t]'s1 b ! poet's4 ,x 0 n s mu* intuition on :i* he insi/$1 b imag9ation z =mative ( a "*2 moral approval seem$ to him ?or\ghly /hetic1 "p ( an imag9ative act :i* fram$ ! ideal ( a beautiful p]sonality1 ext]nalis+ itself 9 action4 ,:5 ,rob]t ,bridges1 ! poet ( our own "t1 sugge/s 79 8 8,necessity ( ,poetry07 t 8morals is t "p ( ,poetry :i* deals ) conduct10 he is speak+ 9 ! _s ( ,arbuckle4 ,an e>li] & great] poet 0 /ill ne>] to ,arbuckle4 8,a man to be greatly good10 said ,%elley 9 8 8,def5ce ( ,poetry10 8mu/ imag9e int5sely & compreh5sively4444 ,! great in/rum5t ( moral good is ! imag9ation40 ,if1 inde$1 ) ,adam ,smi? & ,s*op5hau]1 we *oose to base morals on sympa?y we really are !reby mak+ ! poet's imag9ation ! great moral in/rum5t4 ,morals 0 = ,arbuckle a dis9t]e/$ /hetic h>mony1 & he _h caught mu* ( ! g5u9e ,greek _s4 ,hut*eson 0 9 ?is respect less successful4 ,?\gh he _h occupi$ himself ) /hetics he _h little true /hetic feel+2 & ?\gh he accompli%$ mu* = ! revival ( ,greek /udies 8 own sympa?ies 7 really ) ! ,roman ,/oics1 ) ,cic]o1 ) ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & 9 ?is way he 0 l$ t[>ds ,*ri/ianity1 to :i* ,%aftesbury 0 really ali54 ,he democratis$ if n vulg>is$1 & dilut$ if n debas$1 ,%aftesbury's l(ti] conception4 ,9 8 too widely sympa!tic & receptive m9d ! ,%aftesburian ideal 0 n only ,romanis$1 n only ,*ri/ianis$2 x 0 plung$ into a miscellane\sly eclectic mass t (t5 became inconsi/5t & incoh]5t4 ,9 ! long run1 9 spite ( 8 great imm$iate success1 he injur$ 9 ^! ways ! cause he advocat$4 ,he ov]emphasis$ ! passively /hetic side ( morals2 he dwelt on ! t]m 8moral s5se10 by ,%aftesbury only occasionally us$1 z x _h long previ\sly be5 by ,ari/otle 7& !n only 9 ! s5se ( 8natural temp]0 by analogy ) ! physical s5ses71 & ?is t]m 0 long a /umbl+-block 9 ! eyes ( innoc5t philosophic critics1 too easily befool$ by words1 :o fail$ to see t1 z ,libby has po9t$ out1 ! und]ly+ idea simply is1 z held by ,%aftesbury1 t /hetic notions ( proportion & symmetry dep5d ^u ! native /ructure ( ! m9d & only s con/itute a 8moral s5se40#aje ,:at ,hut*eson1 z di/9ct f ,%aftesbury1 meant by a 8moral s5se0--really a conative in/9ct--is suffici5tly indicat$ by ! fact t he 0 incl9$ to consid] ! conjugal & p>5tal affections z a 8s5se0 because natural4 ,he desir$ to %ut out reason1 & cognitive elem5ts1 & t aga9 br\ght him to ! conception ( morality z in/9ctive4 ,hut*eson's conception ( 8s5se0 0 defective z be+ too liable to be reg>d$ z passive r ?an z conative1 ?\gh conation 0 impli$4 ,! fact t ! 8moral s5se0 0 really in/9ct1 & _h no?+ :atev] to d ) 8innate ideas10 z _m h ignorantly suppos$1 0 cle>ly se5 by ,hut*eson's oppon5ts4 ,! *ief objection br\ght =w>d by ! ,rev]5d ,john ,balguy 9 #agbh1 9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 8,f\ndation ( ,moral ,goodness10 0 precisely t ,hut*eson bas$ morality on in/9ct & s _h all[$ 8"s degree ( morality to animals40#ajf ,x 0 ,hut*eson's f9e & impressive p]sonality1 8 high "*1 8 eloqu5ce1 8 influ5tial position1 :i* enabl$ him to keep alive ! conception ( morals he prea*$1 & ev5 to give x an effective =ce1 ?r\gh\t ! ,european _w1 x might n o!rwise easily h ex]t$4 ,philosophy 0 to ,hut*eson ! art ( liv+--z x 0 to ! old ,greek philosoph]s--r ?an a "q ( metaphysics1 & he 0 c>eless ( consi/5cy 9 ?9k+1 an op5-m9d$ eclectic :o insi/$ t life itself is ! great matt]4 ,t1 no d\bt1 0 ! reason :y he _h s imm5se an influ5ce4 ,x 0 ma9ly ?r\gh ,hut*eson t ! m ari/ocratic _s ( ,%aftesbury 0 p\r$ into ! circulatory *annels ( ! _w's life4 ,hume & ,adam ,smi? & ,reid 7 ei!r ! pupils ( ,hut*eson or directly influ5c$ by him4 ,he 0 a great p]sonality r ?an a great ?9k]1 & x 0 z su* t he ex]t$ s mu* =ce 9 philosophy4#ajg ,) ,s*ill]1 ^: attitude 0 n1 h[ev]1 bas$ directly on ,%aftesbury1 ! /hetic conception ( morals1 :i* 9 its def9itely consci\s =m _h up till !n be5 especially ,engli%1 may be said to h ent]$ ! ma9 /ream ( culture4 ,s*ill] reg>d$ ! id5tity ( ,duty & ,incl9ation z ! ideal goal ( human developm5t1 & look$ on ! ,g5ius ( ,beauty z ! *ief guide ( life4 ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 "o ( ! greate/ spirits ( t age1 0 mov$ by ! same ideas1 ?r\gh\t 8 life1 mu* z 9 _m respects he *ang$1 & ev5 %ortly be=e 8 dea? wrote 9 deprecation ( ! notion t con=mity to duty is ! f9al aim ( morality4 ,goe!1 :o 0 ! intimate fri5d ( bo? ,s*ill] & ,humboldt1 l>gely %>$ ! same attitude1 & ?r\gh him x has _h a subtle & b\ndless influ5ce4 ,kant1 :o1 x has be5 said1 mi/ook ,duty = a ,prussian drill-s]geant1 /ill rul$ ! academic moral _w4 ,b a new vivify+ & m\ld+ =ce _h ent]$ ! l>g] moral _w1 & to-day we may detect its pres5ce on e side4 ,v ,x has (t5 be5 br\ght aga9/ ! conception ( morality z an art t x lacks s]i\sness4 ,x seems to _m p to involve an easy1 self-indulg5t1 dilettante way ( look+ at life4 ,c]ta9ly x is n ! way ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,except 9 imag9ative lit]ature--x 01 inde$1 an enorm\s & fateful exception--! ,hebrews 7 no 8/hetic intuitioni/s40 ,!y hat$ art1 = ! re/1 & 9 face ( ! problems ( liv+ !y 7 n 9 ! habit ( consid]+ ! lilies h[ !y gr[4 ,x 0 n ! beauty ( hol9ess1 b ! /]n rod ( a jeal\s ,jehovah1 :i* !y crav$ = _! enc\ragem5t along ! pa? ( ,duty4 ,& x is ! ,hebrew mode ( feel+ :i* has be51 m or less viol5tly & imp]fectly1 graft$ into our ,*ri/ianity4#ajh ,x is a complete mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to suppose t ^? = :om life is an art h ent]$ on an easy pa?1 ) no?+ b enjoym5t & self-indulg5ce be=e !m4 ,! rev]se is ne>] to ! tru?4 ,x is probably ! h$oni/ :o _h bett] *oose rules if he only c>es to make life pleasant4#aji ,= ! arti/ life is always a discipl9e1 & no discipl9e c be )\t pa94 ,t is s ev5 ( danc+1 :i* ( all ! arts is mo/ associat$ 9 ! popul> m9d ) pleasure4 ,to le>n to dance is ! mo/ au/]e ( discipl9es1 & ev5 = ^? :o h atta9$ to ! summit ( its art (t5 rema9s a discipl9e n to be ex]cis$ )\t h]oism4 ,! danc] seems a ?+ ( joy1 b we are told t ?is fam\s danc]'s slipp]s are fill$ ) blood :5 ! dance is ov]1 & t "o falls d[n pulseless & dea?like on leav+ ! /age1 & ! o!r mu/ sp5d ! day 9 d>kness & sil5ce4 8,x is no small advantage10 said ,nietzs*e1 8to h a hundr$ ,damoclean swords susp5d$ above "o's head2 t is h[ "o le>ns to dance1 t is h[ "o atta9s #8fre$om ( movem5t4'0#aaj ,= z pa9 is entw9$ 9 an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! p]fect a*ievem5t ( t :i* seems naturally ! mo/ pleasurable ( ! arts1 s x is ) ! :ole art ( liv+1 ( :i* danc+ is ! supreme symbol4 ,!re is no sep>at+ ,pa9 & ,pleasure )\t mak+ ! fir/ mean+less = all vital ends & ! second turn to a%es4 ,to exalt pleasure is to exalt pa92 & we _c und]/& ! mean+ ( pa9 unless we und]/& ! place ( pleasure 9 ! art ( life4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,james ,h9ton s\ght to make t cle>1 equally aga9/ ^? :o fail$ to see t pa9 is z necess>y morally z x und\bt$ly is biologically1 & aga9/ ^? :o w\ld puritanically refuse to accept ! morality ( pleasure4#aaa ,x is no d\bt important to resi/ pa91 b x is also important t x %\ld be !re to resi/4 ,ev5 :5 we look at ! matt] no long] subjectively b objectively1 we mu/ accept pa9 9 any s\nd /hetic or metaphysical picture ( ! _w4#aab ,we mu/ n be surpris$1 !re=e1 t ?is way ( look+ at life z an art has spontane\sly comm5d$ itself to m5 ( ! grave/ & deepe/ "*1 9 all o!r respects widely unlike4 ,%aftesbury 0 temp]am5tally a ,/oic ^: fragile con/itution involv$ a p]petual endeav\r to m\ld life to ! =m ( 8 ideal4 ,& if we g back to ,m>cus ,aurelius we f9d an au/]e & h]oic man ^: :ole life1 z we trace x 9 8 8,m$itations10 0 a spl5did /ruggle1 a man :o--ev51 x seems1 unconsci\sly--_h adopt$ ! /hetic crit]ion ( moral goodness & ! arti/ic conception ( moral action4 ,danc+ & wre/l+ express to 8 eyes ! activity ( ! man :o is /riv+ to live1 & ! goodness ( moral actions in/9ctively appe>s to him z ! beauty ( natural objects2 x is to ,m>cus ,aurelius t we owe t immortal utt]ance ( /hetic intuitionism3 8,z ?\gh ! em]ald %\ld say3 #8,:atev] happ5s ,i mu/ be em]ald4'0 ,!re c\ld be no man m unlike ! ,roman ,emp]or1 or 9 any m remote field ( action1 ?an ! ,fr5* sa9t & philan?ropi/ ,v9c5t de ,paul4 ,at once a g5u9e ,*ri/ian my/ic & a v wise & m>vell\sly effective man ( action1 ,v9c5t de ,paul adopts precisely ! same simile ( ! moral attitude t _h long be=e be5 put =? by ,plot9us & 9 ! next c5tury 0 aga9 to be tak5 up by ,%aftesbury3 8,my daught]s10 he wrote to ! ,si/]s ( ,*>ity1 8we are ea* l a block ( /one :i* is to be transf]r$ into a /atue4 ,:at mu/ ! sculptor d to c>ry out 8 design8 ,fir/ ( all he mu/ take ! hamm] & *ip (f all t he does n ne$4 ,= ?is purpose he /rikes ! /one s viol5tly t if y 7 wat*+ him y w\ld say he int5d$ to break x to pieces4 ,!n1 :5 he has got rid ( ! r\gh] p>ts1 he takes a small] hamm]1 & aft]w>ds a *isel1 to beg9 ! face ) all ! features4 ,:5 t has tak5 =m1 he uses o!r & f9] tools to br+ x to t p]fection he has int5d$ = 8 /atue40 ,if we desire to f9d a spiritual arti/ z unlike z possible to ,v9c5t de ,paul we may take ,nietzs*e4 ,ali5 z any man c\ld ev] be to a *eap or sup]ficial vision ( ! moral life1 & f> too intellectually ke5 to confuse moral problems ) purely /hetic problems1 ,nietzs*e1 :5 fac$ by ! problem ( liv+1 sets himself--almo/ z in/9ctively z ,m>cus ,aurelius or ,v9c5t de ,paul--at ! /&po9t ( art4 8,alles ,leb5 i/ ,/reit um ,ges*mack und ,s*meck540 ,x is a crucial passage 9 8,z>a?u/ra03 8,all life is a dispute ab\t ta/e & ta/+6 ,ta/e3 t is weight & at ! same "t scales & weigh]2 & woe to all liv+ ?+s t w\ld live )\t dispute ab\t weight & scales & weigh]60 ,= ?is gospel ( ta/e is no easy gospel4 ,a man mu/ make himself a "w ( art1 ,nietzs*e aga9 & aga9 decl>es1 m\ld$ into beauty by suff]+1 = su* art is ! highe/ morality1 ! morality ( ! ,creator4 ,!re is a c]ta9 indef9it5ess ab\t ! conception ( morality z an arti/ic impulse1 to be judg$ by an /hetic crit]ion1 :i* is pr(\ndly repugnant to at lea/ two classes ( m9ds fully entitl$ to make _! antipa?y felt4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x makes no appeal to ! ab/ract reason]1 indiff]5t to ! manifoldly concrete problems ( liv+4 ,= ! man ^: bra9 is hyp]trophi$ & 8 practical life %rivell$ to an insignificant r\t9e--! man ( :om ,kant is ! supreme type--x is always a temptation to rationalise morality4 ,su* a pure intellectuali/1 ov]look+ ! fact t human be+s are n ma!matical figures1 may ev5 desire to trans=m e?ics into a species ( geometry4 ,t we may see 9 ,sp9oza1 a nobl] & m inspir+ figure1 no d\bt1 b ( ! same temp]am5t z ,kant4 ,! impulses & desires ( ord9>y m5 & wom5 are manifold1 incon/ant1 (t5 conflict+1 & sometimes ov]:elm+4 8,morality is a fact ( s5sibility10 rem>ks ,jules de ,gaulti]2 8x has no ne$ to h rec\rse to reason = its affirmations40 ,b to m5 ( ! intellectuali/ type ?is consid]ation is almo/ negligible2 all ! passions & affections ( humanity seem to !m meek z %eep :i* !y may %eph]d1 & p5 )9 ! flimsie/ hurdles4 ,william ,blake1 :o c\ld cut d[n to t c5tral core ( ! _w :]e all ?+s are fus$ toge!r1 knew bett] :5 he said t ! only gold5 rule ( life is 8! great & gold5 rule ( art40 ,james ,h9ton 0 = ev] expatiat+ on ! close resemblance betwe5 ! me?ods ( art1 z %[n especially 9 pa9t+1 & ! me?ods ( moral action4 ,?oreau1 :o also belong$ to ?is tribe1 decl>$1 9 ! same _s z ,blake1 t !re is no gold5 rule 9 morals1 = rules are only curr5t silv]2 8x is gold5 n to h any rule at all40 ,!re is ano!r q diff]5t type ( p]son :o %>es ?is antipa?y to ! indef9it5ess ( /hetic morality3 ! ambiti\s moral re=m]4 ,! man ( ?is class is usually by no means devoid ( /rong passions2 b = ! mo/ "p he possesses no great intellectual calibre & s is unable to e/imate ! =ce & complexity ( human impulses4 ,! moral re=m]1 eag] to introduce ! mill5nium "h & n[ by ! aid ( ! newe/ me*anical devices1 is righte\sly indignant ) any?+ s vague z an /hetic morality4 ,he mu/ h def9ite rules & regulations1 cle>-cut laws & by-laws1 ) an arbitr>y li/ ( p5alties atta*$1 to be duly inflict$ 9 ?is _w or ! next4 ,! popul> conception ( ,moses1 desc5d+ f ! sacr$ m\nt ) a br&-new table ( comm&m5ts1 :i* he decl>es h be5 deliv]$ to him by ,god1 ?\gh he is ready to sma% !m to pieces on ! slighte/ provocation1 furni%es a delightful image ( ! typical moral re=m] ( e age4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only 9 savage & b>b>\s /ages ( society1 or among ! uncultivat$ classes ( civilisation1 t ! m5 ( ?is type c f9d _! fai?ful foll[]s4 ,yet !re is m to be said4 ,t v indef9it5ess ( ! crit]ion ( moral action1 falsely suppos$ to be a disadvantage1 is really ! prime condition = effective moral action4 ,! academic philosoph]s ( e?ics1 _h !y possess$ virility en\gh to ent] ! field ( real life1 w\ld h realis$--z we _c expect ! moral re=m]s bl9d$ by ! smoke ( _! own fanaticism to realise--t ! slav]y to rigid =mulas :i* !y prea*$ 0 ! dea? ( all high moral responsibility4 ,life mu/ always be a great adv5ture1 ) risks on e h&2 a cle>-sight$ eye1 a _m-sid$ sympa?y1 a f9e d>+1 an endless pati5ce1 are = ev] necess>y to all good liv+4 ,) su* qualities alone may ! arti/ 9 life rea* success2 )\t !m ev5 ! mo/ devot$ slave to =mulas c only meet disa/]4 ,no reasonable moral be+ may draw brea? 9 ! _w )\t an op5-ey$ fre$om ( *oice1 & if ! moral _w is to be gov]n$ by laws1 bett] to p x ) automatic ma*9es ?an ) liv+ m5 & wom54 ,9 our human _w ! precision ( me*anism is = ev] impossible4 ,! indef9it5ess ( morality is a "p ( its necess>y imp]fection4 ,!re is n only room 9 morality = ! high aspiration1 ! c\rage\s decision1 ! tonic ?rill ( ! muscles ( ! s\l1 b we h to admit also sacrifice & pa94 ,! less] good1 our own or t ( o!rs1 is m]g$ 9 a l>g] good1 & t _c be )\t "s r5d+ ( ! he>t4 ,s all moral action1 h[ev] 9 ! end x may be ju/ifi$ by its h>mony & balance1 is 9 ! mak+ cruel & 9 a s5se ev5 immoral4 ,!re9 lies ! f9al ju/ification ( ! /hetic conception ( morality4 ,x op5s a wid] p]spective & reveals l(ti] /&po9ts2 x %[s h[ ! seem+ loss is "p ( an ultimate ga91 s re/or+ t h>mony & beauty :i* ! un9tellig5t p>tisans ( a h>d & b>r5 duty s (t5 de/roy = ev]4 8,art10 z ,paulhan decl>es1 8is (t5 m moral ?an morality itself40 ,or1 z ,jules de ,gaulti] holds1 8,art is 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! only morality :i* life admits40 ,9 s f> z we c infuse x ) ! _s & me?od ( art1 we h trans=m$ morality into some?+ beyond morality2 x has become ! complete embodim5t ( ! ,dance ( ,life4 ,footnote #hi3 ,:at we call crime is1 at ! beg9n+1 usually an ef=t to get1 or to pret5d to get1 into /ep1 b1 be+ a viol5t or miscalculat$ ef=t1 x is liable to fail1 & ! crim9al falls to ! re> ( ! social army4 8,i believe t mo/ murd]s are really committ$ by ,mrs4 ,grundy10 a woman writes to me1 &1 ) ! due qualification1 ! say+ is wor?y ( m$itation4 ,t is :y ju/ice is impot5t to prev5t or ev5 to puni% murd]1 = ,mrs4 ,grundy is )9 all ( u1 be+ a "p ( ! social discipl9e1 & _c be hang$4 ,footnote #ij3 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 writ+ to a correspond5t1 once well express$ ! h>mlessness--if we *oose s to reg>d x--( moral tea*+3 8,aft] ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s' prea*+ ( ! religion ( amity1 ! religion ( enmity rema9s pr$om9ant1 & ,europe is peopl$ by two hundr$ million pagans1 masqu]ad+ z ,*ri/ians1 :o revile ^? :o wi% !m to act on ! pr9ciples !y pr(ess40 ,footnote #ia3 ,b lat] asceticism 0 /rictly ! outcome ( a ,greek t5d5cy1 to be trac$ 9 ,plato1 develop$ ?r\gh ,anti/h5es1 ?r\gh ,z5o1 ?r\gh ,epictetus1 :o all desir$ to lib]ate ! s\l f ! bonds ( matt]4 ,! ,neo-,platoni/s c>ri$ ?is t5d5cy fur!r1 = 9 _! "t1 ! prevail+ an>*y & confusion r5d]$ ! _w & society less ?an ev] a fitt+ hav5 = ! s\l4 ,x 0 n ,*ri/ianity t made ! _w ascetic 7& !re 7 elem5ts ( h$onism 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus71 b ! _w t made ,*ri/ianity ascetic1 & x 0 easy = a ,*ri/ian to become a ,neo-,platoni/1 = !y 7 bo? be+ m\ld$ by ! same =ces4 ,footnote #ib3 ,maurice ,croiset devotes a few lum9\s critical pages to ,plot9us 9 ! ,croisets' ,hi/oire de la ,littrature ,grecque1 vol4 ,v1 pp4 #hbj-ca4 ,z an ext5d$ acc\nt ( ,plot9us1 f a m en?usia/ically sympa!tic /&po9t1 !re are ,dr4 ,+e's well-kn[n ,gif=d ,lectures1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,plot9us 7#aiah72 ,i may also m5tion a c>eful s*ola/ic /udy1 ,l',e/htique de ,plot9 7#aiac71 by ,co*ez1 ( ,l\va91 :o reg>ds ,plot9us z ! climax ( ! objective /hetics ( antiquity & ! beg9n+ ( ! road to mod]n subjective /hetics4 ,footnote #ic3 ,ennead1 bk4 ,,iii1 *ap4 ,,vi4 ,i h mo/ly foll[$ ! translation ( ,/eph5 ,mc,kenna4 ,footnote #id3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 bk4 ,,iv1 *ap4 ,,xxi4 ,footnote #ie3 ,kant 0 habitually cold & calm4 ,b he 0 v fond ( dri$ fruits & us$ to h !m specially import$ = him by 8 fri5d ,mo!rby4 8,at "o "t he 0 eag]ly expect+ a vessel ) ,fr5* fruits :i* he _h ord]$1 & he _h already invit$ "s fri5ds to a d9n] at :i* !y 7 to be s]v$4 ,! vessel 01 h[ev]1 delay$ a numb] ( days by a /orm4 ,:5 x arriv$1 ,kant 0 in=m$ t ! provisions _h become %ort on acc\nt ( ! delay1 & t ! crew _h eat5 8 fruit4 ,kant 0 s angry t he decl>$ !y ought r to h />v$ ?an to h t\*$ x4 ,surpris$ at ?is irritation1 ,mo!rby said1 #8,pr(essor1 y _c be 9 e>ne/4' ,kant answ]$1 #8,i am really 9 e>ne/1' & w5t away4 ,aft]w>ds he 0 sorry40 7,quot$ by ,/uck5b]g1 ,! ,life ( ,kant1 p4 #ach47 ,b /ill x 0 q 9 accordance ) ,kantian morality t ! sailors %\ld h />v$4 ,footnote #if3 ,georg von ,gizycki1 ,die ,e?ik ,david ,hume's1 p4 #aa4 ,footnote #ig3 ,f4 ,c4 ,%>p1 ,m9d 7#aiab71 p4 #chh4 ,footnote #ih3 ,%aftesbury held t ,locke swept away too mu* & fail$ to all[ = inborn in/9cts 7or 8s5ses10 z he sometimes call$ !m7 develop+ naturally4 ,we n[ see t he 0 "r4 ,footnote #ii3 ,!re is no ne$ to ref] to ! value ( salt1 & !re=e ! appreciation ( ! flav\r ( salt1 to primitive p4 ,/ill to-day1 9 ,spa91 sal 7salt7 is popul>ly us$ = a m or less intellectual & moral quality :i* is highly admir$4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,dr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,my]s has t\*$ on ?is po9t 9 ,reports ( ! ,cambridge ,an?ropological ,exp$ition to ,torres ,/raits1 vol4 ,,ii1 "p ,,ii1 *ap4 ,,iv2 also 8,! ,ta/e-,names ( ,primitive ,peoples10 ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 ,june1 #aijd4 ,footnote #aja3 ,dr4 ,georg von ,gizycki1 ,die ,philosophie ,%aftesbury's 7#ahgf72 & ! same au?or's ,die ,e?ik ,david ,hume's 7#ahgh74 ,footnote #ajb3 ,x %\ld be add$ t ,croce is himself mov+ 9 ?is direction1 & 91 = in/ance1 ,il ,c>att]e di ,totalit della ,espressione ,arti/ica 7#aiag71 he recognises ! univ]sality ( art4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,/anley ,hall rem>ks 9 criticis+ ,kant's moral /hetics3 8,! beauty ( virtue is only se5 9 contemplat+ x & ! act ( do+ x has no beauty to ! do] at ! mom5t40 7,g4 ,/anley ,hall1 8,:y ,kant is ,pass+10 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 ,july1 #aiab47 ,footnote #ajd3 ,see article on ,arbuckle by ,w4 ,r4 ,scott 9 ,m9d1 ,april1 #ahii4 ,footnote #aje3 ,see a helpful pap] by ,m4 ,f4 ,libby1 8,influ5ce ( ! ,idea ( /hetic ,proportion on ! ,e?ics ( ,%aftesbury10 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 ,may-,octob]1 #aija4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,we f9d fallaci\s criticism ( ! 8moral s5se0 d[n to almo/ rec5t times1 91 = in/ance1 ,mc,dougall's ,social ,psy*ology1 ev5 ?\gh ,mc,dougall1 by 8 insi/5ce on ! in/9ctive basis ( morality1 0 himself c>ry+ on ! tradition ( ,%aftesbury & ,hut*eson4 ,b ,mc,dougall also dragg$ 9 8"s prescrib$ code ( conduct10 ?\gh he neglect$ to m5tion :o is to 8prescribe0 x4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,see ,w4 ,r4 ,scott1 ,francis ,hut*eson3 ,8 ,life1 ,tea*+ & ,position 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 7#aijj47 ,footnote #ajh3 ,x is notewor?y1 h[ev]1 t ! /hetic view ( morals has _h advocates1 n only among ! m latitud9>ian ,prote/ants1 b 9 ,ca?olicism4 ,a few ye>s ago ! ,rev]5d ,dr4 ,kolbe publi%$ a book on ,! ,art ( ,life1 design$ to %[ t j z ! sculptor works ) hamm] & *isel to %ape a block ( m>ble into a =m ( beauty1 s ,man1 by ! p[] ( grace1 ! illum9ation ( fai?1 & ! in/rum5t ( pray]1 works to trans=m 8 s\l4 ,b ?is simile ( ! sculptor1 :i* has appeal$ s /rongly alike to ,*ri/ian & anti-,*ri/ian morali/s1 proce$s1 :e!r or n !y knew x1 f ,plot9us1 :o1 9 8 fam\s *apt] on ,beauty1 bids u note ! sculptor4 8,he cuts away "h1 he smoo?s !re1 he makes ?is l9e light]1 ?is o!r pur]1 until a liv+ face has gr[n ^u 8 "w4 ,s d y also cut away all t is excessive1 /raight5 all t is crook$1 br+ light to all t is ov]ca/1 make all "o gl[ ( beauty1 & nev] cease *isell+ y\r /atue until ! godlike spl5d\r %9es on y f x1 & ! p]fect goodness /&s1 surely1 9 ! /a9less %r9e40 ,footnote #aji3 8,!y :o pit*$ ! goal ( _! aspiration s high knew t ! pa?s lead+ up to x 7 r\gh & /eep & long10 rem>ks ,a4 ,w4 ,b5n 7,! ,greek ,philosoph]s1 #aiad1 p4 #eg72 8!y said #8! beautiful is h>d'--h>d to judge1 h>d to w91 h>d to keep40 ,footnote #aaj3 ,d] ,wille zur ,ma*t1 p4 #ceh4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,mrs4 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,james ,h9ton1 #aiah4 ,footnote #aab3 ,?is has be5 well se5 by ,jules de ,gaulti]3 8,! joys & ! sorr[s :i* fill life are1 ! "o & ! o!r10 he says 7,la ,dp5dance de la ,morale et l',indp5dance des ,murs1 p4 #cdj71 8elem5ts ( spectacul> int]e/1 & )\t ! mixture ( bo? t int]e/ w\ld be aboli%$4 ,to make ( ! repres5tative wor? ( ph5om5a _! ju/ification 9 view ( a spectacul> end alone1 avoids ! objection by :i* ! moral !sis is fac$1 ! fact ( pa94 ,pa9 becomes1 on ! contr>y1 ! correlative ( pleasure1 an indisp5sable means = its realization4 ,su* a !sis is 9 agreem5t ) ! nature ( ?+s1 in/ead ( be+ w\nd$ by _! exi/5ce40 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,conclusion ,i ,,life1 we h se51 may be reg>d$ z an art4 ,b we _c help seek+ to measure1 quantitatively if n qualitatively1 our mode ( life4 ,we d s1 = ! mo/ "p1 in/9ctively r ?an sci5tifically4 ,x gratifies u to imag9e t1 z a race1 we h rea*$ a po9t on ! road ( progress beyond t v\*saf$ to our b5ight$ pr$ecessors1 & t1 z individuals or z nations1 x is giv5 to u1 =tunately1--or1 r1 ?r\gh our sup]ior m]its1--to enjoy a f9] degree ( civilisation ?an ! individuals & ! nations ar\nd u4 ,?is feel+ has be5 common to mo/ or all bran*es ( ! human race4 ,9 ! classic _w ( antiquity !y call$ outsid]s1 indiscrim9ately1 8b>b>ians0--a d5om9ation :i* took on an increas+ly depreciative s5se2 & ev5 ! l[e/ savages sometimes call _! own tribe by a ^w :i* means 8m510 !reby imply+ t all o!r peoples are n wor?y ( ! "n4 ,b 9 rec5t c5turies !re has be5 an attempt to be m precise1 to give def9ite values to ! feel+ )9 u4 ,all sorts ( dogmatic /&>ds h be5 set up by :i* to measure ! degree ( a p's civilisation4 ,! developm5t ( demography & social /ati/ics 9 civilis$ c\ntries dur+ ! pa/ c5tury %\ld1 x has seem$1 r5d] su* comp>ison easy4 ,yet ! m c>efully we look into ! nature ( ^! /&>ds ! m dubi\s !y become4 ,on ! "o h&1 civilisation is s complex t no "o te/ furni%es an adequate /&>d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! me?ods ( /ati/ics are s v>iable & unc]ta91 s apt to be influ5c$ by circum/ance1 t x is nev] possible to be sure t "o is op]at+ ) figures ( equal weight4 ,rec5tly ?is has be5 well & elaborately %[n by ,pr(essor ,nice=o1 ! ,italian sociologi/ & /ati/ician4#aac ,x is to be rememb]$ t ,nice=o has himself be5 a d>+ pione] 9 ! measurem5t ( life4 ,he has appli$ ! /ati/ical me?od n only to ! natural & social sci5ces1 b ev5 to art1 especially lit]ature4 ,:51 !re=e1 he discusses ! :ole "q ( ! validity ( ! measurem5t ( civilisation1 8 conclusions des]ve respect4 ,!y are ! m wor?y ( consid]ation s9ce 8 orig9ality 9 ! /ati/ical field is balanc$ by 8 le>n+1 & x is n easy to recall any sci5tific attempts 9 ?is field :i* he has fail$ to m5tion some:]e 9 8 book1 if only 9 a footnote4 ,! difficulties beg9 at ! outset1 & might well s]ve to b> ev5 ! entrance to discussion4 ,we want to measure ! height to :i* we h be5 able to build our 8civilisation0 t[>ds ! skies2 we want to measure ! progress we h made 9 our great dance ( life t[>ds ! unkn[n future goal1 & we h no idea :at ei!r 8civilisation0 or 8progress0 means4#aad ,?is difficulty is s crucial1 = x involves ! v ess5ce ( ! matt]1 t x is bett] to place x aside & simply g ahead1 )\t decid+1 = ! pres5t1 precisely :at ! ultimate significance ( ! measurem5ts we c make may prove to be4 ,q suffici5t o!r difficulties await u4 ,!re is1 fir/ ( all1 ! bewild]+ numb] ( social ph5om5a we c n[ attempt to measure4 ,two c5turies ago !re 7 no comp>able sets ( figures :]eby to measure "o community aga9/ ano!r community1 ?\gh at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,boisguilleb]t 0 already speak+ ( ! possibility ( con/ruct+ a 8b>omet] ( prosp]ity40 ,ev5 ! mo/ elem5t>y measurable fact ( all1 ! numb]+ ( peoples1 0 c>ri$ out s casually & imp]fectly & indirectly1 if at all1 t its gr[? & ext5t c\ld h>dly be comp>$ ) pr(it 9 any two nations4 ,z ! life ( a community increases 9 /ability & ord]l9ess & organisation1 regi/ration incid5tally gr[s elaborate1 & !reby ! possibility ( ! by-product ( /ati/ics4 ,?is aspect ( social life began to become pron\nc$ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & x 0 9 ! middle ( t c5tury t ,quetelet appe>$1 by no means z ! fir/ to use social /ati/ics1 b ! fir/ great pione] 9 ! manipulation ( su* figures 9 a sci5tific mann]1 ) a l>ge & philosophical outlook on _! real significance4#aae ,s9ce !n ! possible numb] ( su* means ( num]ical comp>ison has mu* increas$4 ,! difficulty n[ is to "k :i* are ! mo/ truly indicative ( real sup]iority4 ,b be=e we consid] t1 aga9 ev5 at ! outset1 !re is ano!r difficulty4 ,our app>5tly comp>able figures are (t5 n really comp>able4 ,ea* c\ntry or prov9ce or t[n puts =? its own sets ( /ati/ics & ea* set may be q comp>able )9 itself4 ,b :5 we beg9 critically to comp>e "o set ) ano!r set1 all sorts ( fallacies appe>4 ,we h to all[1 n only = v>y+ accuracy & complet5ess1 b = diff]5ce ( me?od 9 collect+ & regi/]+ ! facts1 & = all sorts ( qualify+ circum/ances :i* may exi/ at "o place or "t1 & n at o!r places or times ) :i* we are seek+ comp>ison4 ,! ^w 8civilisation0 is ( rec5t =mation4 ,x came f ,france1 b ev5 9 ,france 9 a ,diction>y ( #agbg x _c be f\nd1 ?\gh ! v]b civilis] exi/$ z f> back z #afid1 mean+ to poli% mann]s1 to r5d] sociable1 to become urbane1 "o might say1 z a result ( becom+ urban1 ( liv+ z a citiz5 9 cities4 ,we h to recognise1 ( c\rse1 t ! idea ( civilisation is relative2 t any community & any age has its own civilisation1 & its own ideals ( civilisation4 ,b1 t assum$1 we may provisionally ass]t--& we %all be 9 g5]al accordance ) ,nice=o--t1 9 its mo/ compreh5sive s5se1 ! art ( civilisation includes ! ?ree gr\ps ( mat]ial facts1 intellectual facts1 & moral 7) political7 facts1 s cov]+ all ! ess5tial facts 9 our life4 ,mat]ial facts1 :i* we are apt to consid] ! mo/ easily measurable1 include quantity & di/ribution ( population1 production ( weal?1 ! consumption ( food & luxuries1 ! /&>d ( life4 ,intellectual facts include bo? ! diffusion & degree ( in/ruction & creative activity 9 g5ius4 ,moral facts include ! preval5ce ( hone/y1 ju/ice1 pity1 & self-sacrifice1 ! position ( wom5 & ! c>e ( *ildr54 ,!y are ! mo/ important ( all = ! quality ( a civilisation4 ,voltaire po9t$ out t 8pity & ju/ice are ! f\ndations ( society10 &1 long previ\sly1 ,p]icles 9 ,?ucydides describ$ ! degradation ( ! ,peloponnesians among :om e "o ?9ks only ( 8 own advantage1 & e "o believes t 8 own neglig5ce ( o!r ?+s w pass unp]ceiv$4 ,plato 9 8 8,republic0 made ju/ice ! f\ndation ( h>mony 9 ! out] life & ! inn] life1 :ile 9 mod]n times v>i\s philosoph]s1 l ,%adwor? ,hodgson1 h emphasis$ t doctr9e ( ,plato's4 ,! :ole art ( gov]nm5t comes "u ?is head & ! :ole treatm5t ( human p]sonality4 ,! comp>ative preval5ce ( crim9ality has long be5 ! te/ mo/ complac5tly adopt$ by ^? :o seek to measure civilisation on its moral & mo/ fundam5tal aspect4 ,crime is m]ely a "n = ! mo/ obvi\s1 extreme1 & directly dang]\s =ms ( :at we call immorality--t is to say1 dep>ture f ! norm 9 mann]s & cu/oms4 ,!re=e ! highe/ civilisation is t ) ! lea/ crime4 ,b is x s8 ,! m c>efully we look into ! matt]1 ! m difficult x becomes to apply ?is te/4 ,we f9d t ev5 at ! outset4 ,e civilis$ community has its own way ( deal+ ) crim9al /ati/ics & ! discrepancies ?us introduc$ are s great t ?is fact alone makes comp>isons almo/ impossible4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out t v>y+ skill & ?or\ghness 9 ! detection ( crime1 & v>y+ sev]ity 9 ! attitude t[>ds x1 necess>ily c\nt = mu*4 ,( n less significance is ! legislative activity ( ! community2 ! great] ! numb] ( laws1 ! great] ! numb] ( (f5ces aga9/ !m4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ,prohibition is introduc$ into a c\ntry1 ! am\nt ( del9qu5cy 9 t c\ntry is enorm\sly increas$1 b x w\ld be ra% to ass]t t ! c\ntry has !reby be5 s5sibly l[]$ 9 ! scale ( civilisation4 ,to avoid ?is difficulty1 x has be5 propos$ to take into consid]ation only :at are call$ 8natural crimes02 t is1 ^? ev]y:]e reg>d$ z puni%able4 ,b1 ev5 !n1 !re is a /ill m disconc]t+ consid]ation4 ,=1 aft] all1 ! crim9ality ( a c\ntry is a by-product ( its en]gy 9 bus9ess & 9 ! :ole conduct ( affairs4 ,x is a poison\s excretion1 b excretion is ! measure ( vital metabolism4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 ! s-call$ evolutive social crimes1 :i* spr+ f motives n l[] b high] ?an ^? rul+ ! society 9 :i* !y arise4#aaf ,!re=e1 we _c be sure t we ought n to reg>d ! mo/ crim9al c\ntry z t :i* 9 "s aspects possesses ! highe/ civilisation4 ,let u turn to ! intellectual aspect ( civilisation4 ,"h we h at lea/ two highly important & q fairly measurable facts to consid]3 ! production ( creative g5ius & ! degree & diffusion ( g5]al in/ruction4 ,if we consid] ! matt] ab/ractly1 x is highly probable t we %all decl>e t no civilisation c be wor? :ile unless x is ri* 9 creative g5ius & unless ! population g5]ally exhibits a suffici5tly cultur$ level ( education out ( :i* su* g5ius may arise freely & into :i* ! se$s x produces may fruitfully fall4 ,yet1 :at d we f9d8 ,alike1 :e!r we g back to ! e>lie/ civilisations we h def9ite in=mation ab\t or turn to ! late/ /ages ( civilisation we "k to-day1 we fail to see any correspond5ce betwe5 ^! two ess5tial conditions ( civilisation4 ,among peoples 9 a l[ /ate ( culture1 among savages g5]ally1 su* in/ruction & education z exi/s really is g5]ally diffus$2 e memb] ( ! community is initiat$ into ! tribal traditions2 yet1 no obs]v]s ( su* peoples seem to note ! em]g5ce ( individuals ( /rik+ly productive g5ius4 ,t1 s f> z we "k1 began to appe>1 &1 inde$1 9 m>vell\s v>iety & excell5ce1 9 ,greece1 & ! civilisation ( ,greece 7z lat] ! m p[]ful b co>s] civilisation ( ,rome7 0 built up on a broad basis ( slav]y1 :i* n[adays--except1 ( c\rse1 :5 disguis$ z indu/ry--we no long] reg>d z compatible ) high civilisation4 ,anci5t ,greece1 inde$1 may sugge/ to u to ask :e!r ! g5ius ( a c\ntry be n directly oppos$ to ! temp] ( ! population ( t c\ntry1 & its 8lead]s0 really be its outca/s4 7,"s believe t _m1 if n all1 c\ntries ( to-day might s]ve to sugge/ ! same "q47 ,if we want to imag9e ! real _s ( ,greece1 we may h to ?9k ( a figure ) a t\* ( ,ulysses1 inde$1 b ) m ( ,!rsites4#aag ,! ,greeks :o int]e/ u to-day 7 exceptional p1 usually imprison$1 exil$1 or sla9 by ! m truly repres5tative ,greeks ( _! "t4 ,:5 ,plato & ! o!rs set =? s p]si/5tly an ideal ( wise mod]ation !y 7 really putt+ up--& 9 va9--a supplication = m]cy to a p :o1 z !y _h good gr\nd = realis+1 knew no?+ ( wisdom1 & sc(f$ at mod]ation1 & 7 ma9ly inspir$ by f]ocity & intrigue4 ,to turn to a m rec5t example1 consid] ! spl5did effloresc5ce ( g5ius 9 ,russia dur+ ! c5tral ye>s ( ! la/ c5tury1 /ill a vivify+ influ5ce on ! lit]ature & music ( ! _w2 yet ! population ( ,russia _h only j be5 deliv]$1 nom9ally at lea/1 f s]fdom1 & /ill rema9$ at ! intellectual & economic level ( s]fs4 ,to-day1 education has become diffus$ 9 ! ,we/]n _w4 ,yet no "o w\ld dream ( ass]t+ t g5ius is m preval5t4 ,consid] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = in/ance1 dur+ ! pa/ half-c5tury4 ,x w\ld surely be h>d to f9d any c\ntry1 except ,g]many1 :]e education is m highly e/eem$ or bett] und]/ood1 & :]e in/ruction is m widely diffus$4 ,yet1 s f> z ! production ( high orig9al g5ius is conc]n$1 an old ,italian city1 l ,flor5ce1 ) a few ?\s& inhabitants1 _h f> m to %[ ?an all ! ,unit$ ,/ates put toge!r4 ,s t we are at a loss h[ to apply ! intellectual te/ to ! measurem5t ( civilisation4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem t ! two ess5tial elem5ts ( ?is te/ are mutually incompatible4 ,let u fall back on ! simple solid fundam5tal te/ furni%$ by ! mat]ial aspect ( civilisation4 ,"h we are among elem5t>y facts & ! fir/ t began to be measur$4 ,yet our difficulties1 in/ead ( dim9i%+1 r increase4 ,x is "h1 too1 t we *iefly meet ) :at ,nice=o has call$ 8! p>adoxical symptoms ( sup]iority 9 progress10 ?\gh ,i %\ld pref] to call !m ambival5t2 t is to say1 t1 :ile f "o po9t ( view !y indicate sup]iority1 f ano!r1 ev5 ?\gh "s may call x a l[] po9t ( view1 !y appe> to indicate inf]iority4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by ! te/ ( gr[? ( population1 or ! height ( ! bir?-rate1 bett] by ! bir?-rate consid]$ 9 relation to ! dea?-rate1 = !y _c be intelligibly consid]$ ap>t4 ,! law ( ,nature is reproduction1 & if an intellectual rabbit 7 able to /udy human civilisation he w\ld und\bt$ly reg>d rapidity ( multiplication1 9 :i* he has himself atta9$ s high a degree ( pr(ici5cy1 z evid5ce ( progress 9 civilisation4 ,9 fact1 z we "k1 !re are ev5 human be+s :o take ! same view1 :5ce we h :at has be5 t]m$ 8,rabbitism0 9 m54 ,yet1 if any?+ is cle> 9 ?is obscure field1 x is t ! :ole t5d5cy ( evolution is t[>ds a dim9i%+ bir?-rate4#aah ,! mo/ civilis$ c\ntries ev]y:]e1 & ! mo/ civilis$ p 9 !m1 are ^? ) ! l[e/ bir?-rate4 ,!re=e1 we h "h to measure ! height ( civilisation by a te/ :i*1 if c>ri$ to an extreme1 w\ld mean ! disappe>ance ( civilisation4 ,ano!r su* ambival5t te/ is ! consumption ( luxuries ( :i* alcohol & tobacco are ! types4 ,!re is held to be no sur] te/ ( civilisation ?an ! increase p] head ( ! consumption ( alcohol & tobacco4 ,yet alcohol & tobacco are recognisably poisons1 s t _! consumption has only to be c>ri$ f> en\gh to de/roy civilisation altoge!r4 ,aga91 take ! preval5ce ( suicide4 ,t1 )\t d\bt1 is a te/ ( height 9 civilisation2 x means t ! population is w9d+ up its n]v\s & intellectual sy/em to ! utmo/ po9t ( t5sion & t sometimes x snaps4 ,we %\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ z v que/ionable a high civilisation :i* fail$ to %[ a high suicide-rate4 ,yet suicide is ! sign ( failure1 mis]y1 & despair4 ,h[ c we reg>d ! preval5ce ( failure1 mis]y1 & despair z ! m>k ( high civilisation8 ,?us1 :i*ev] ( ! ?ree gr\ps ( facts we attempt to measure1 x appe>s on exam9ation almo/ hopelessly complex4 ,we h to try to make our me?ods correspond+ly complex4 ,nice=o _h invok$ co-v>iation1 or simultane\s & sympa!tic *anges 9 v>i\s factors ( civilisation2 he expla9s ! index numb]1 & he appeals to ma!matics = aid out ( ! difficulties4 ,he also attempts to comb9e1 ) ! help ( diagrams1 a s+le picture out ( ^! awkw>d & contradictory te/s4 ,! example he gives is t ( ,france dur+ ! fifty ye>s prec$+ ! w>4 ,x is an int]e/+ example because !re is reason to consid] ,france z1 9 "s respects1 ! mo/ highly civilis$ ( c\ntries4 ,:at are ! *ief significant measurable m>ks ( ?is sup]iority8 ,nice=o selects ab\t a doz51 &1 avoid+ ! difficult attempt to comp>e ,france ) o!r c\ntries1 he conf9es himself to ! m easily practicable task ( asc]ta9+ :e!r1 or 9 :at respects1 ! g5]al art ( civilisation 9 ,france1 ! movem5t ( ! collective life1 has be5 upw>d or d[nw>d4 ,:5 ! diff]5t categories are translat$1 accord+ to recognis$ me?ods1 into index numb]s1 tak+ ! orig9al figures f ! (ficial 8,rsum0 ( ,fr5* /ati/ics1 x is f\nd t ea* l9e ( movem5t foll[s ?r\gh\t ! same direction1 ?\gh (t5 9 zigzag fa%ion1 & nev] turns back on itself4 ,9 ?is way x appe>s t ! consumption ( coal has be5 m ?an d\bl$1 ! consumption ( luxuries 7sug>1 c(fee1 alcohol7 ne>ly d\bl$1 ! consumption ( food p] head 7z te/$ by *eese & potatoes7 also increas+4 ,suicide has increas$ fifty p] c5t2 weal? has increas$ slightly & irregul>ly2 ! upw>d movem5t ( population has be5 extremely slight & p>tly due to immigration2 ! dea?-rate has fall51 ?\gh n s mu* z ! bir?-rate2 ! numb] ( p]sons convict$ ( (f5ce by ! c\rts has fall52 ! proportion ( illit]ate p]sons has dim9i%$2 divorces h greatly increas$1 & also ! numb] ( syndicali/ work]s1 b ^! two movem5ts are ( comp>ative rec5t gr[?4 ,?is example well %[s :at x is possible to d by ! mo/ easily available & g5]ally accept$ te/s by :i* to measure ! progress ( a community 9 ! art ( civilisation4 ,e "o ( ! te/s appli$ to ,france reveals an upw>d t5d5cy ( civilisation1 ?\gh "s ( !m1 su* z ! fall 9 ! dea?-rate1 are n /rongly pron\nc$ & mu* small] ?an may be f\nd 9 _m o!r c\ntries4 ,yet1 at ! same "t1 :ile we h to admit t ea* ( ^! l9es ( movem5t indicates an upw>d t5d5cy ( civilisation1 x by no means foll[s t we c view !m all ) complete satisfaction4 ,x may ev5 be said t "s ( !m h only to be c>ri$ fur!r 9 ord] to indicate dissolution & decay4 ,! consumption ( luxuries1 = in/ance1 z already not$1 is ! consumption ( poisons4 ,! increase ( weal? means little unless we take into acc\nt its di/ribution4 ,! increase ( syndicalism1 :ile x is a sign ( increas$ indep5d5ce1 intellig5ce1 & social aspiration among ! work]s1 is also a sign t ! social sy/em is becom+ reg>d$ z uns\nd4 ,s t1 :ile all ^! te/s may be said to indicate a ris+ civilisation1 !y yet d n invalidate ! wise conclusion ( ,nice=o t a civilisation is nev] an exclusive mass ( b5efits1 b a mass ( values1 positive & negative1 & x may ev5 be said t mo/ (t5 ! conque/ ( a b5efit 9 "o doma9 ( a civilisation br+s into ano!r doma9 ( t civilisation inevitable evils4 ,long ago1 ,montesquieu _h spok5 ( ! evils ( civilisation & left ! "q ( ! value ( civilisation op51 :ile ,r\sseau1 m passionately1 _h decid$ aga9/ civilisation4 ,we see ! :ole "q f ano!r po9t1 yet n incongru\sly1 :5 we turn to ,pr(essor ,william ,mc,dougall's ,l[ell ,lectures1 8,is ,am]ica ,safe = ,democracy80 s9ce republi%$ "u ! m g5]al title 8,national ,welf>e & ,national ,decay10 = ! au?or recognises t ! que/ions he deals ) g to ! root ( all high civilisation4 ,z he truly obs]ves1 civilisation gr[s con/antly m complex & also less subject to ! automatically balanc+ influ5ce ( national selection1 m dep5d5t = its /ability on our con/antly regulative & =esee+ control4 ,yet1 :ile ! intellectual task plac$ ^u u is ev] gr[+ heavi]1 our bra9s are n gr[+ correspond+ly heavi] to be> x4 ,!re is1 z ,remy de ,g\rmont (t5 po9t$ out1 no good reason to suppose t we are 9 any way innately sup]ior to our savage ance/ors1 :o _h at lea/ z good physical con/itutions & at lea/ z l>ge bra9s4 ,! result is t ! small m9ority among u :i* alone c attempt to cope ) our complexly develop+ civilisation comes to ! top by means ( :at ,arsne ,dumont call$ social capill>ity1 & ,mc,dougall ! social ladd]4 ,! small upp] /ratum is ( high quality1 ! l>ge l[] /ratum ( poor quality1 & ) a t5d5cy to feeble-m9d$ness4 ,x is to ?is l>ge l[] /ratum t1 ) our democratic t5d5cies1 we assign ! political & o!r guidance ( ! community1 & x is ?is l[] /ratum :i* has ! high] bir?-rate1 s9ce ) all high civilisation ! normal bir?-rate is l[4#aai ,mc,dougall is n conc]n$ ) ! precise measurem5t ( civilisation1 & may n be famili> ) ! attempts t h be5 made 9 t direction4 ,x is 8 object to po9t out ! necessity 9 high civilisation = a delib]ate & purposive art ( eug5ics1 if we w\ld prev5t ! ev5tual %ipwreck ( civilisation4 ,b we see h[ 8 conclusions emphasise ^? difficulties 9 ! measurem5t ( civilisation :i* ,nice=o has s cle>ly set =?4 ,mc,dougall is repeat+ :at _m1 especially among eug5i/s1 h previ\sly said4 ,:ile n disput+ ! elem5t ( tru? 9 ! facts & argum5ts br\ght =w>d f ?is side1 x may be po9t$ out t !y are (t5 ov]/at$4 ,?is has be5 well argu$ by ,c>r-,saund]s 9 8 valuable & almo/ monum5tal "w1 8,! ,population ,problem10 & 8 op9ion is ! m wor?y ( att5tion z he is himself a work] 9 ! cause ( eug5ics4 ,he po9ts out t ! social ladd] is1 aft] all1 h>d to climb1 & t x only removes a few individuals f ! l[] social /ratum1 :ile among ^? :o ?us climb1 ev5 ?\gh !y d n s9k back1 regression to ! mean is ev] 9 op]ation s t !y d n greatly enri* 9 ! end ! class !y h climb$ up to4 ,moreov]1 z ,c>r-,saund]s p]t95tly asks1 are we s sure t ! qualities t m>k successful climb]s--self-ass]tion1 acquisition1 emulation--are highly desirable8 8,x may ev5 be10 he adds1 8t we might view a dim9ution 9 ! av]age /r5g? ( "s ( ! qualities :i* m>k ! successful at lea/ ) equanimity40 ,tak5 altoge!r1 x w\ld seem t ! diff]5ces betwe5 social classes may ma9ly be expla9$ by environm5tal influ5ces4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 gr\nd to recognise a slight intellectual sup]iority 9 ! upp] social class1 ap>t f environm5t1 & s great is ! significance = civilisation ( quality t ev5 :5 ! diff]5ce seems slight x mu/ n be reg>d$ z negligible4#abj ,m ?an half a c5tury ago1 inde$1 ,george ,s& po9t$ out t we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! civilisation ( quantity & ! civilisation ( quality4 ,z ! great ,morgagni _h said mu* e>li]1 x is n en\gh to c\nt1 we mu/ evaluate2 8obs]vations are n to be numb]$1 !y are to be weigh$40 ,x is n ! bigge/ ?+s t are ! mo/ civilis$ ?+s4 ,! l>ge/ /ructures ( ,h9du or ,egyptian art are outweigh$ by ! temples on ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns1 & simil>ly1 z ,bryce1 :o _h /udi$ ! matt] s ?or\ghly1 0 wont to insi/1 x is ! smalle/ democracies :i* to-day /& highe/ 9 ! scale4 ,we h se5 t !re is mu* 9 civilisation :i* we may pr(itably measure1 yet1 :5 we seek to scale ! la/ heights ( civilisation1 ! ladd] ( our 8metrology0 comes to grief4 8,! me?ods ( ! m9d are too weak10 z ,comte said1 8& ! ,univ]se is too complex40 ,life1 ev5 ! life ( ! civilis$ community1 is an art1 & ! too mu* is z fatal z ! too little4 ,we may say ( civilisation1 z ,r5an said ( tru?1 t x lies 9 a nuance4 ,gumpl[icz believ$ t civilisation is ! beg9n+ ( disease2 ,arsne ,dumont ?\ght t x inevitably held )9 itself a toxic pr9ciple1 a pr9ciple by :i* x is itself 9 "t poison$4 ,! m rapidly a civilisation progresses1 ! soon] x dies = ano!r to arise 9 its place4 ,t may n seem to e "o a *e]ful prospect4 ,yet1 if our civilisation has fail$ to enable u to look fur!r ?an our own egoi/ic ends1 :at has our civilisation be5 wor?8 ,,ii ,,! attempt to apply measurem5t to civilisation is1 !re=e1 a failure4 ,t is1 inde$1 only ano!r way ( say+ t civilisation1 ! :ole manifold web ( life1 is an art4 ,we may dissect out a va/ numb] ( sep>ate ?reads & measure !m4 ,x is q wor? :ile to d s4 ,b ! results ( su* anatomical inve/igation admit ( ! mo/ div]se int]pretation1 &1 at ! be/1 c furni% no adequate crit]ion ( ! wor? ( a complex liv+ civilisation4 ,yet1 al?\gh !re is no precise measurem5t ( ! total value ( any l>ge =m ( life1 we c /ill make an e/imate ( its value4 ,we c approa* x1 t is to say1 z a "w ( art4 ,we c ev5 rea* a c]ta9 approximation to agreem5t 9 ! =mation ( su* e/imates4 ,:5 ,protagoras said t 8,man is ! measure ( all ?+s10 he utt]$ a dictum :i* has be5 v>i\sly int]pret$1 b f ! /&po9t we h n[ rea*$1 f :i* ,man is se5 to be prem95tly an arti/1 x is a monition to u t we _c to ! measurem5t ( life apply our in/rum5ts ( precision1 & cut life d[n to _! graduat$ m>ks4 ,!y h1 inde$1 _! imm5sely valuable uses1 b x is /rictly z in/rum5ts & n z ends ( liv+ or crit]ia ( ! wor? ( life4 ,x is 9 ! failure to grasp ?is t ! human trag$y has (t5 consi/$1 & = ov] two ?\s& ye>s ! dictum ( ,protagoras has be5 held up = ! pacification ( t trag$y1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 va94 ,protagoras 0 "o ( ^? 8,sophi/s0 :o h be5 pres5t$ to our contempt 9 absurd traditional %apes ev] s9ce ,plato c>icatur$ !m--?\gh x may well be t "s1 z1 x has be5 sugge/$1 ,gorgias1 may h giv5 col\r to ! c>icature--& x is only to-day t x is possible to decl>e t we mu/ place ! names ( ,protagoras1 ( ,prodicus1 ( ,hippias1 ev5 ( ,gorgias1 beside ^? ( ,h]odotus1 ,p9d>1 & ,p]icles4#aba ,x is 9 ! sph]e ( morals t ! conflict has (t5 be5 mo/ poignant4 ,i h already tri$ to indicate h[ revolution>y is ! *ange :i* ! ?\ghts ( _m h _h to und]go4 ,?is /ruggle ( a liv+ & flexible & gr[+ morality aga9/ a morality t is rigid & inflexible & dead has at "s p]iods ( human hi/ory be5 almo/ dramatically pres5t$4 ,x 0 s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ar\nd ! new moral discov]ies ( ! ,jesuits2 & ! ,jesuits 7 rew>d$ by becom+ almo/ until to-day a by-^w = all t is morally poison\s & crook$ & false--= all t is 8,jesuitical40 ,!re 0 once a great qu>rel betwe5 ! ,jesuits & ! ,jans5i/s--a qu>rel :i* is sc>cely dead yet1 = all ,*ri/5dom took sides 9 x--& ! ,jans5i/s _h ! supreme good =tune to entrap on _! side a great man ( g5ius ^: onslaught on ! ,jesuits1 8,les ,prov9ciales10 is ev5 /ill suppos$ by _m p to h settl$ ! "q4 ,!y are all[$ s to suppose because no "o n[ reads 8,les ,prov9ciales40 ,b ,remy de ,g\rmont1 :o 0 n only a /ud5t ( unread books b a p[]fully live ?9k]1 read 8,les ,prov9ciales10 & f\nd1 z he set =? 9 8,le ,*em9 de ,vel\rs10 t x 0 ! ,jesuits :o 7 m ne>ly 9 ! "r1 m truly on ! road ( advance1 ?an ,pascal4 ,z ,g\rmont %[$ by citation1 !re 7 ,jesuit doctr9es put =? by ,pascal ) rhetorical irony z ?\gh ! m]e /atem5t suffic$ to condemn !m1 :i* ne$ only to be lib]at$ f _! irony1 & we might n[adays add to !m4 ,?us spake ,z>a?u/ra4 ,pascal 0 a geometrician :o 7?\gh he1 inde$1 once wrote 9 8 8,p5ses03 8,!re is no g5]al rule07 desir$ to deal ) ! v>iable1 obscure1 & un/able complexities ( human action z ?\gh !y 7 problems 9 ma!matics4 ,b ! ,jesuits1 :ile x is true t !y /ill accept$ ! exi/5ce ( absolute rules1 realis$ t rules mu/ be made adju/able to ! v>y+ ne$s ( life4 ,!y ?us became ! pione]s ( _m conceptions :i* are accept$ 9 mod]n practice4#abb ,_! doctr9e ( inv9cible ignorance 0 a discov]y ( t k9d1 =eca/+ "s ( ! op9ions n[ held reg>d+ responsibility4 ,b 9 t age1 z ,g\rmont po9t$ out1 8to proclaim t !re might be a s9 or an (f5ce )\t guilty p>ties 0 an act ( intellectual audacity1 z well z sci5tific probity40 ,n[adays ! ,jesuits 7toge!r1 x is int]e/+ to note1 ) _! b>oque ar*itecture7 are com+ into cr$it1 & casui/ry aga9 seems reputable4 ,to e/abli% t !re c be no s+le inflexible moral code = all individuals has be51 & inde$ rema9s1 a difficult & delicate task1 yet ! m pr(\ndly "o consid]s x1 ! m cle>ly x becomes visible t :at once seem$ a dead & rigid code ( morality mu/ m & m become a liv+ act ( casui/ry4 ,! ,jesuits1 because !y _h a glimm] ( ?is tru?1 repres5t$1 z ,g\rmont conclud$1 ! hone/ & mo/ acceptable "p ( ,*ri/ianity1 respond+ to ! necessities ( life1 & 7 r5d]+ a s]vice to civilisation :i* we %\ld nev] =get4 ,!re are "s :o may n v cordially g to ! ,jesuits z an example ( ! ef=t to lib]ate m5 f ! burd5 ( a subs]vi5ce to rigid little rules1 t[>ds ! unification ( life z an active process1 h[ev] influ5tial !y may be admitt$ to be among ! pione]s ( t movem5t4 ,yet we may turn 9 :at direction we w1 we %all p]petually f9d ! same movem5t "u o!r disguises4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell1 :o is1 = _m1 ! mo/ int]e/+ & /imulat+ ?9k] to be f\nd 9 ,engl& to-day4 ,he might sc>cely desire to be associat$ ) ! ,jesuits4 ,yet he also seeks to unify life & ev5 9 an ess5tially religi\s _s4 ,8 way ( putt+ ?is1 9 8 8,pr9ciples ( ,social ,recon/ruction10 is to /ate t man's impulses may be divid$ into ^? t are creative & ^? t are possessive1 t is to say1 conc]n$ ) acquisition4 ,! impulses ( ! second class are a s\rce ( inn] & out] di%>mony & !y involve conflict2 8x is preoccupation ) possessions m ?an any?+ else t prev5ts m5 f liv+ freely & nobly02 x is ! creative impulse 9 :i* real life consi/s1 & 8! typical creative impulse is t ( ! arti/40 ,n[ ?is conception 7:i* 0 t ,plato assign$ to ! 8gu>dians0 9 8 communi/ic ,/ate7 may be a little too n>r[ly religi\s = ^? ^: position 9 life r5d]s a c]ta9 8preoccupation ) possessions0 inevitable2 x is useless to expect u all to become1 at pres5t1 fakirs & ,franciscans1 8c\nt+ no?+ "o's own1 save only "o's h>p40 ,b 9 reg>d+ ! creative impulses z ! ess5tial "p ( life1 & z typically manife/$ 9 ! =m ( art1 ,b]tr& ,russell is cle>ly 9 ! great l9e ( movem5t ) :i* we h be5 ?r\gh\t conc]n$4 ,we mu/ only at ! same "t--z we %all see lat]--rememb] t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! 8creative0 & ! 8possessive0 impulses1 al?\gh conv5i5t1 is sup]ficial4 ,9 creation we h n really put aside ! possessive in/9ct1 we may ev5 h int5sifi$ x4 ,= x has be5 reasonably argu$ t x is precisely ! deep urg5cy ( ! impulse to possess :i* /irs ! creative arti/4 ,he creates because t is ! be/ way1 or ! only way1 ( gratify+ 8 passionate desire to possess4 ,two m5 desire to possess a woman1 & "o seizes h]1 ! o!r writes a 8,vita ,nuova0 ab\t h]2 !y h bo? gratifi$ ! in/9ct ( possession1 & ! second1 x may be1 mo/ satisfy+ly & mo/ la/+ly4 ,s t--ap>t f ! impossibility1 & ev5 ! undesirability1 ( disp5s+ ) ! possessive in/9ct--x may be well to recognise t ! real "q is "o ( values 9 possession4 ,we mu/ ne$s lay up treasure2 b ! f9e arti/ 9 liv+1 s f> z may be1 lays up 8 treasure 9 ,heav54 ,9 rec5t "t "s al]t ?9k]s h be5 mov$ to attempt to measure ! art ( civilisation by less impossibly exact me?ods ?an ( old1 by ! /&>d ( art1 & ev5 ( f9e art4 ,9 a rem>kable book on 8,! ,revelations ( ,civilisation0--publi%$ ab\t ?ree ye>s be=e ! outbreak ( t ,great ,w> :i* "s h suppos$ to date a revolution>y po9t 9 civilisation--,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 :o has exp]t k ( ! ,egyptian civilisation :i* 0 second to none 9 its importance = mank9d1 has set =? a /atem5t ( ! cycles to :i* all civilisations are subject4 ,civilisation1 he po9ts out1 is ess5tially an int]mitt5t ph5om5on4 ,we h to comp>e ! v>i\s p]iods ( civilisation & obs]ve :at !y h 9 common 9 ord] to f9d ! g5]al type4 8,x %\ld be exam9$ l any o!r action ( ,nature2 its recurr5ces %\ld be /udi$1 & all ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie its v>iations %\ld be def9$40 ,sculpture1 he believes1 may be tak5 z a crit]ion1 n because x is ! mo/ important1 b because x is ! mo/ conv5i5t & easily available1 te/4 ,we may say ) ! old ,etruscans t e race has its ,great ,ye>--x spr\ts1 fl\ri%es1 decays1 & dies4 ,! simile1 ,petrie adds1 is ! m precise because !re are always irregul> fluctuations ( ! seasonal wea!r4 ,!re h be5 eight p]iods ( civilisation1 he reckons1 9 calculable human hi/ory4 ,we are n[ ne> ! end ( ! eigh?1 :i* rea*$ its climax ab\t ! ye> #ahjj2 s9ce !n !re h be5 m]ely ar*ai/ic revivals1 ! value ( :i* may be v>i\sly int]pret$4 ,he sc>cely ?9ks we c expect ano!r p]iod ( civilisation to arise = sev]al c5turies at lea/4 ,! av]age l5g? ( a p]iod ( civilisation is #accj ye>s4 ,ours ,petrie dates f ab\t ,a4,d4 #dej4 ,x has always ne$$ a fre% race to produce a new p]iod ( civilisation4 ,9 ,europe1 betwe5 ,a4,d4 #cjj & #fjj1 "s fifte5 new races broke 9 f nor? & ea/ = sl[ mixture4 8,if10 he conclud$1 8! s\rce ( e civilisation has la9 9 race mixture1 x may be t eug5ics w1 9 "s future civilisation1 c>efully segregate f9e races1 & prohibit cont9ual mixture1 until !y h a di/9ct type1 :i* w />t a new civilisation :5 transplant$4 ,! future progress ( ,man may dep5d z mu* on isolation to e/abli% a type z on fusion ( types :5 e/abli%$40 ,at ! "t :5 ,fl9d]s ,petrie 0 publi%+ 8 sugge/ive book1 ,dr4 ,oswald ,sp5gl]1 app>5tly 9 complete ignorance ( x1 0 engag$ 9 a f> m elaborate "w1 n actually publi%$ till aft] ! ,w>1 9 :i* an analog\s conception ( ! gr[? & decay ( civilisations 0 put =w>d 9 a m philosophic way1 p]haps m debatable on acc\nt ( ! complex detail 9 :i* ! conception 0 work$ out4#abc ,petrie _h consid]$ ! matt] 9 a summ>y empiric mann] ) close ref]5ce to ! actual =ces view$ broadly4 ,sp5gl]'s mann] is n>r[]1 m subjective1 & m metaphysical4 ,he di/+ui%es--?\gh he also recognises eight p]iods--betwe5 8culture0 & 8civilisation40 ,x is ! fir/ t is really vital & pr(itable2 a 8civilisation0 is ! decay+ lat] /age ( a 8culture10 its inevitable fate4 ,h]e9 x rea*es its climax4 8,civilisations are ! mo/ ext]nalis$ & arti/ic conditions ( :i* ! high] embodim5t ( ,man is capable4 ,!y are a spiritual s5ility1 an end :i* ) inn] necessity is rea*$ aga9 & aga940#abd ,! transition f 8culture0 to 8civilisation0 9 anci5t times took place1 ,sp5gl] holds1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & 9 ! mod]n ,we/ 9 ! n9ete5?4 ,b1 l ,petrie1 ?\gh m implicitly1 he recognises ! prom95t place ( ! art activities 9 ! :ole process1 & he explicitly emphasises ! int]e/+ way 9 :i* ^? activities :i* are g5]ally reg>d$ z ( ! nature ( art are int]wov5 ) o!rs n s g5]ally reg>d$4 ,,iii ,,h[ev] we look at x1 we see t ,man1 :e!r he works individually or collectively1 may conv5i5tly be reg>d$1 9 ! compreh5sive s5se1 z an arti/1 a bad arti/1 maybe1 = ! mo/ "p1 b /ill an arti/4 ,8 civilisation--if t is ! t]m we *oose to apply to ! total sum ( 8 gr\p activities--is always an art1 or a complex ( arts4 ,x is an art t is to be measur$1 or left immeasurable4 ,t "q1 we h se51 we may be/ leave op54 ,ano!r "q t might be put is easy to deal ) m summ>ily3 ,:at is ,art8 ,we may deal ) x summ>ily because x is an ultimate "q & !re c be no f9al answ] to ultimate que/ions4 ,z soon z we beg9 to ask su* que/ions1 z soon z we beg9 to look at any ph5om5on z an end 9 itself1 we are on ! p]il\s slope ( metaphysics1 :]e no agreem5t c1 or %\ld be1 possible4 ,! "q ( measurem5t 0 plausible1 & ne$$ c>eful consid]ation4 ,:at is ,art8 is a "q :i*1 if we are wise1 we %all deal ) z ,pilate dealt ) t l "q3 ,:at is ,tru?8 ,h[ futile ! "q is1 we may realise :5 we exam9e ! book :i* ,tol/oy 9 old age wrote to answ] x4 ,"h is a man :o 0 himself1 9 8 own field1 "o ( ! _w's supreme arti/s4 ,he c\ld n fail to say "o or two true ?+s1 z :5 he po9ts out t 8all human exi/5ce is full ( art1 f cradle songs & dances to ! (fices ( religion & public c]emonial--x is all equally art4 ,art1 9 ! l>ge s5se1 impregnates our :ole life40 ,b on ! ma9 po9t all t ,tol/oy c d is to br+ toge!r a l>ge miscellane\s collection ( def9itions--)\t see+ t z individual op9ions !y all h _! rightness--& !n to add "o ( 8 own1 n mu* worse1 nor mu* bett]1 ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,!reto he app5ds "s ( 8 own op9ions on arti/s1 :5ce x appe>s t ,hugo1 ,dick5s1 ,george ,eliot1 ,do/oievsky1 ,maupassant1 ,millet1 ,ba/i5-,lepage1 & ,jules ,breton--& n always !y--are ! arti/s :om he consid]s great2 x is n a li/ to treat ) contempt1 b he goes on to p\r contempt on ^? :o v5]ate ,sophocles & ,ari/ophanes & ,dante & ,%akespe>e & ,milton & ,mi*elangelo & ,ba* & ,bee?ov5 & ,manet4 8,my own arti/ic works10 he adds1 8,i rank among bad art1 except+ a few %ort /ories40 ,x seems a r$uction ( ! :ole "q1 ,:at is ,art8 to absurdity1 if "o may be p]mitt$ to say s at a "t :5 ,tol/oy w\ld appe> to be ! pione] ( "s ( our mo/ approv$ mod]n critics4 ,?us we see ! reason :y all ! p :o come =w>d to def9e art--ea* ) 8 own little measur+-rod q diff]5t f ev]ybody else's--inevitably make !mselves ridicul\s4 ,x is true !y are all ( !m "r4 ,t is j :y !y are ridicul\s3 ea* has mi/ak5 ! "o drop ( wat] he has measur$ = ! :ole ocean4 ,art _c be def9$ because x is inf9ite4 ,x is no accid5t t poetry1 :i* has s (t5 seem$ ! typical art1 means a mak+4 ,! arti/ is a mak]4 ,art is m]ely a "n we are pleas$ to give to :at c only be ! :ole /ream ( action :i*--9 ord] to imp>t to x selection & an unconsci\s or ev5 consci\s aim--is p\r$ ?r\gh ! n]v\s circuit ( a human animal or "s o!r animal hav+ a m or less simil> n]v\s organisation4 ,= a cat is an arti/ z well z a man1 & "s w\ld say m ?an a man1 :ile a bee is n only an obvi\s arti/1 b p]haps ev5 ! typical natural & unconsci\s arti/4 ,!re is no def9+ art2 !re is only ! attempt to di/+ui% betwe5 good art & bad art4 ,?us x is t ,i f9d no escape f ! ,ari/otelian position ( ,%akespe>e t 8,nature is made bett] by no mean ,b ,nature makes t mean4444 ,?is is an art ,:i* does m5d ,nature1 *ange x r1 b ,! art itself is ,nature40 ,& t ?is conception is ,ari/otelian1 ev5 ! ess5tial ,greek conception1 is no te/imony to ,%akespe>e's s*ol>%ip4 ,x is m]ely ! pro( t "h we are 9 ! pres5ce ( "o ( ^! great ultimate facts ( ! _w :i* _c b be s5sitively p]ceiv$ by ! f9e/ spirits1 h[ev] f> ap>t 9 "t & space4 ,ari/otle1 altoge!r 9 ! same _s z ,%akespe>e1 insi/$ t ! works ( man's mak+1 a ,/ate1 = example1 are natural1 ?\gh ,art p>tly completes :at ,nature is h]self sometimes unable to br+ to p]fection1 & ev5 !n t man is only ex]cis+ me?ods :i*1 aft] all1 are ^? ( ,nature4 ,nature ne$s ,man's art 9 ord] to a*ieve _m natural ?+s1 & ,man1 9 fulfill+ t ne$1 is only foll[+ ! guidance ( ,nature 9 seem+ to make ?+s :i* are all ! "t gr[+ by !mselves4#abe ,art is ?us sc>cely m ?an ! natural midwife ( ,nature4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o di/+ui%+ m>k ( ,art :i* at ?is /age1 z we conclude our survey1 mu/ be cle>ly indicat$4 ,x has be5 subsum$1 z ! acute read] w n h fail$ to note1 ?r\gh\t4 ,b x has1 = ! mo/ "p1 be5 delib]ately left implicit4 ,x has con/antly be5 assum$1 t is to say1 t ,art is ! sum ( all ! active en]gies ( ,mank9d4 ,we mu/ 9 ?is matt] ( necessity foll[ ,ari/otle1 :o 9 8 8,politics0 spoke1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ( all ^? :o practice 8m$ic9e1 gymna/ics1 & ! arts 9 g5]al0 z 8arti/s40 ,art is ! m\ld+ =ce ( e culture t ,man dur+ 8 long c\rse has at any "t or place produc$4 ,x is ! reality ( :at we imp]fectly t]m 8morality40 ,x is all human creation4 ,yet creation1 9 ! active visible con/ructive s5se1 is n ! :ole ( ,man4 ,x is n ev5 ! :ole ( :at ,man has be5 accu/om$ to call ,god4 ,:51 by :at is n[ t]m$ a process ( ,n>cissism1 ,man creat$ ,god 9 8 own image1 z we may in/ructively obs]ve 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,hebrew ,book ( ,g5esis1 he assign$ to him six p>ts ( active creational "w1 "o "p ( passive contemplation ( t "w4 ,t "o sev5? "p--& an imm5sely important "p--has n come "u our consid]ation4 ,9 o!r words1 we h be5 look+ at ,man ! arti/1 n at ,man ! /hetician4 ,!re 0 m ?an "o reason :y ^! two aspects ( human faculty 7 held cle>ly ap>t ?r\gh\t our discussion4 ,n only is x ev5 less possible to agree ab\t /hetics1 :]e ! v>iety ( individual judgm5t is rightly l>g]1 ?an ab\t art 7anci5t & famili> is ! say+1 ,de gu/ibus--71 b to confuse art & /hetics leads u into lam5table confusion4 ,we may note ?is 9 ! pione]s ( ! mod]n revival ( :at ,sidgwick call$ 8/hetic ,intuitionism0 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & especially 9 ,hut*eson1 ?\gh ,hut*eson's "w is indep5d5t ( consi/5cy1 :i* he c sc>cely ev5 be said to h s\ght4 ,!y nev] suffici5tly emphasis$ ! di/9ction betwe5 art & /hetics1 betwe51 t is to say1 :at we may possibly1 if we l1 call ! dynamic & ! /atic aspects ( human action4 ,h]e9 is ! :ole diff]5ce betwe5 "w1 = art is ess5tially "w1 & ! spectacul> contemplation ( "w1 :i* /hetics ess5tially is4 ,! two ?+s are ultimately "o1 b alike 9 ! special arts & 9 t art ( life commonly spok5 ( z morals1 :]e we are n usually conc]n$ ) ultimates1 ! two mu/ be cle>ly held ap>t4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( art we are conc]n$ ) ! int]nal impulse to guide ! activities 9 ! l9es ( good "w4 ,x is only :5 we look at ! "w ( art f ! outside1 :e!r 9 ! m specialis$ arts or 9 ! art ( life1 t we are conc]n$ ) /hetic contemplation1 t activity ( vision :i* creates beauty1 h[ev] we may please to def9e beauty1 & ev5 ?\gh we see x s widely z to be able to say ) ,remy de ,g\rmont3 8,:]ev] life is1 !re is beauty10#abf provid$1 "o may add1 t !re is ! /hetic contemplation 9 :i* x mu/ be mirror$4 ,x is 9 relation ) art1 n ) /hetics1 x may be not$ 9 pass+1 t we are conc]n$ ) morals4 ,t 0 once a "q ( seem+ly su* imm5se import t m5 7 will+ to spiritually slay ea* o!r ov] x4 ,b x is n a "q at all f ! /&po9t :i* has "h f ! outset be5 tak54 ,morals1 = u to-day1 is a species ( :i* art is ! g5us4 ,x is an art1 & l all arts x necess>ily has its own laws4 ,we are conc]n$ ) ! art ( morals3 we _c speak ( art & morals4 ,to take 8art0 & 8morals0 & 8religion10 & /ir !m up1 h[ev] vigor\sly1 into an indige/ible plum-pudd+1 z ,rusk9 us$ to d1 is no long] possible4#abg ,?is is a "q :i*--l s _m o!r furi\sly debat$ que/ions--only came into exi/5ce because ! disputants on bo? sides 7 ignorant ( ! matt] !y 7 disput+ ab\t4 ,x is no long] to be tak5 s]i\sly1 ?\gh x has its int]e/ because ! dispute has s (t5 recurr$1 n only 9 rec5t days1 b equally among ! ,greeks ( ,plato's days4 ,! ,greeks _h a k9d ( /hetic morality4 ,x 0 in/9ctive ) !m1 & t is :y x is s significant = u4 ,b !y seldom seem to h succe$$ 9 ?9k+ /hetic problems cle>ly out4 ,! attitude ( _! philosoph]s t[>ds _m ( ! special arts1 ev5 ! arts 9 :i* !y 7 !mselves supreme1 to u seem unreasonable4 ,:ile !y magnifi$ ! art1 !y (t5 belittl$ ! arti/1 & felt an ari/ocratic horror = any?+ t assimilat$ a man to a craftsman2 = craftsman meant = !m vulg>ian4 ,plato himself 0 all = goody-goody lit]ature & 9 our days w\ld be an en?usia/ic patron ( ,sunday-s*ool /ories4 ,he w\ld =bid any noveli/ to repres5t a good man z ev] mis]able or a wick$ man z ev] happy4 ,! :ole t5d5cy ( ! discussion 9 ! ?ird book ( ! 8,republic0 is t[>ds ! conclusion t lit]ature mu/ be occupi$ exclusively ) ! repres5tation ( ! virtu\s man1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t he 0 n a slave or a craftsman1 = to su* no virtue wor?y ( imitation %\ld ev] be attribut$4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 long life1 ,plato rema9$ ( ! same op9ion2 9 ! second book ( 8,! ,laws0 x is ) ! maxims ( virtue t he w h ! poet solely conc]n$4 ,! reason = ?is ultra-puritanical attitude1 :i* 0 by no means 9 practice t ( ! ,greeks !mselves1 seems n h>d to div9e4 ,! v fact t _! morality 0 temp]am5tally /hetic in/9ctively impell$ !m1 :5 !y 7 ?9k+ philosophically1 to moralise art g5]ally2 !y _h n yet rea*$ ! /&po9t :i* w\ld enable !m to see t art might be consonant ) morality )\t be+ artificially press$ into a n>r[ moral m\ld4 ,ari/otle 0 conspicu\sly among ^?1 if n ! fir/1 :o took a broad] & san] view4 ,9 opposition to ! common ,greek view t ! object ( art is to tea* morals1 ,ari/otle cle>ly express$ ! totally diff]5t view t poetry 9 ! wide s5se--! special art :i* he & ! ,greeks g5]ally 7 alone mu* conc]n$ to discuss--is an emotional delight1 hav+ pleasure z its direct end1 & only indirectly a moral end by virtue ( its ca?>tic effects4 ,!re9 he rea*$ an /hetic /&po9t1 yet x 0 s novel t he c\ld n securely reta9 x & 0 con/antly fall+ back t[>ds ! old moral conception ( art4#abh ,we may call x a /ep 9 advance4 ,yet x 0 n a complete /atem5t ( ! matt]4 ,inde$1 x e/abli%$ ! unreal conflict betwe5 two oppos+ conceptions1 ea* uns\nd because incomplete1 :i* loose ?9k]s h c>ri$ on ev] s9ce4 ,to ass]t t poetry exi/s = morals is m]ely to ass]t t "o art exi/s = ! sake ( ano!r art1 :i* at ! be/ is r a futile /atem5t1 :ile1 s f> z x is really accept$1 x _c fail to cru% ! art ?us subord9at$4 ,if we h ! insight to see t an art has its own "p ( life1 we %all also see t x has its own intr9sic morality1 :i* _c be ! morality ( morals or ( any o!r art ?an itself4 ,we may "h pr(itably be> 9 m9d t ant9omy betwe5 morals & morality on :i* ,jules de ,gaulti] has (t5 insi/$4 ,! ,puritan's /rait-jacket %[s ! vig\r ( 8 ext]nal morals2 x also be>s witness to ! lack ( int]nal morality :i* necessitates t control4 ,aga91 on ! o!r h&1 x is argu$ t art gives pleasure4 ,v true4 ,ev5 ! art ( morals gives pleasure4 ,b to ass]t t !re9 lies its sole end & aim is an altoge!r feeble & inadequate conclusion1 unless we g fur!r & proce$ to inquire :at 8pleasure0 means4 ,if we fail to take t fur!r /ep1 x rema9s a conclusion :i* may be said to m]ge into ! conclusion t art is aimless2 t1 r1 its aim is to be aimless1 & s to lift u out ( ! /ruggle & turmoil ( life4 ,t 0 ! elaborately develop$ argum5t ( ,s*op5hau]3 art--:e!r 9 music1 9 philosophy1 9 pa9t+1 9 poetry--is useless2 8to be useless is ! m>k ( g5ius1 its pat5t ( nobility4 ,all o!r works ( m5 are !re = ! pres]vation or alleviation ( our exi/5ce2 b ?is alone n2 x alone is !re = its own sake2 & is 9 ?is s5se to be reg>d$ z ! fl[]1 or ! pure ess5ce1 ( exi/5ce4 ,t is :y 9 its enjoym5t our he>t rises1 = we are !reby lift$ above ! heavy e>!n atmosph]e ( necessity40#abi ,life is a /ruggle ( ! w2 b 9 art ! w has become objective1 fit = pure contemplation1 & g5ius consi/s 9 an em95t aptitude = contemplation4 ,! ord9>y man1 said ,s*op5hau]1 plods ?r\gh ! d>k _w ) 8 lant]n turn$ on ! ?+s he wants2 ! man ( g5ius sees ! _w by ! light ( ! sun4 ,9 mod]n times ,b]gson adopt$ t view ( ,s*op5hau]'s1 ) a t]m9ology ( 8 own1 & all he said "u ?is head may be reg>d$ z a *>m+ fantasia on ! ,s*op5hau]ian !me3 8,g5ius is ! mo/ complete objectivity40 ,mo/ ( u1 x seems to ,b]gson1 nev] see reality at all2 we only see ! labels we h fix$ on ?+s to m>k = u _! usefulness4#acj ,a veil is int]pos$ betwe5 u & ! reality ( ?+s4 ,! arti/1 ! man ( g5ius1 raises ?is veil & reveals ,nature to u4 ,he is naturally end[$ ) a deta*m5t f life1 & s possesses z x 7 a virg9al fre%ness 9 see+1 he>+1 or ?9k+4 ,t is 8intuition10 an in/9ct t has become dis9t]e/$4 8,art has no o!r object b to remove ! practically useful symbols1 ! conv5tional & socially accept$ g5]alities1 s z to br+ u face to face ) reality itself40#aca ,art w\ld ?us be fulfill+ its function ! m completely ! fur!r x remov$ u f ord9>y life1 or1 m /rictly1 f any p]sonal int]e/ 9 life4 ,t 0 also ,remy de ,g\rmont's op9ion1 ?\gh ,i d n "k h[ f> he directly d]iv$ x f ,s*op5hau]4 8,if we give to art a moral aim10 he wrote1 8x ceases to exi/1 = x ceases to be useless4 ,art is incompatible ) a moral or religi\s aim4 ,x is un9telligible to ! cr[d because ! cr[d is n dis9t]e/$ & kn[s only ! pr9ciple ( utility40 ,b ! difficulty ( mak+ def9ite affirmation 9 ?is field1 ! p]petual ne$ to all[ = nuances :i* (t5 on ! surface involve contradictions1 is se5 :5 we f9d t s great an arti/ z ,e9/e9--= s we may "h fairly call him--& "o s little ( a =mal /hetician1 agrees ) ,s*op5hau]4 8,i agree ) ,s*op5hau]10 he said to ,moszk[ski1 8t "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful motives t attract p to sci5ce & art is ! long+ to escape f ev]yday life1 ) its pa9ful co>s5ess & unconsol+ b>r5ness1 & to break ! fett]s ( _! own ev]-*ang+ desires4 ,man seeks to =m a simplifi$ synoptical view ( ! _w con=mable to 8 own nature1 to ov]come ! _w by replac+ x ) 8 picture4 ,! pa9t]1 ! poet1 ! philosoph]1 ! sci5ti/1 ea* does ?is 9 8 own way4 ,he transf]s ! c5tre ( 8 emotional life to ?is picture1 to f9d a sur] hav5 ( peace ?an ! sph]e ( 8 turbul5t p]sonal exp]i5ce (f]s40 ,t is a s\nd /atem5t ( ! facts1 yet x is absurd to call su* an a*ievem5t 8useless40 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 :at philosoph]s h really meant :5 !y h said t art 7x is ! s-call$ f9e arts only t !y h 9 m9d7 is useless1 is t an art mu/ n be consci\sly pursu$ = any prim>y useful end outside itself4 ,t is true4 ,x is ev5 true ( morals1 t is to say ! art ( liv+4 ,to live 9 ! consci\s prim>y pursuit ( a 8useful0 end--su* z "o ( ! f9e arts--outside liv+ itself is to live badly2 to decl>e1 l ,&r ,gide1 t 8outside ! doctr9e ( #8,art = ,art' ,i "k n :]e to f9d any reason = liv+10 may well be ! legitimate expression ( a p]sonal feel+1 b1 unless und]/ood 9 ! s5se "h tak51 x is n a philosophical /atem5t :i* c be br\ght "u ! species ( et]nity1 be+1 inde$1 "o ( ^? confusions ( sub/ances :i* are1 metaphysically1 damnable4 ,s1 aga91 9 ! art ( sci5ce3 ! mo/ useful applications ( sci5ce h sprung f discov]ies t 7 completely useless = purposes outside pure sci5ce1 s f> z ! aim ( ! discov]] w5t1 or ev5 s f> z he ev] knew4 ,if he _h be5 b5t on 8useful0 ends1 he w\ld probably h made no discov]y at all4 ,b ! b>e /atem5t t 8art is useless0 is s vague z to be really mean+less1 if n inaccurate & mislead+4 ,!re=e1 ,nietzs*e 0 p]haps mak+ a pr(\nd /atem5t :5 he decl>$ t art is ! great /imulus to life2 x produces joy z an aid to life2 x possesses a usefulness1 t is to say1 :i* transc5ds its direct aim4 ,! arti/ is "o :o sees life z beauty1 & art is ?us fulfill+ its function ! m completely1 ! m deeply x enables u to p5etrate into life4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ,nietzs*e insuffici5tly gu>d$ 8 /atem5t4 ,art = art's sake1 said ,nietzs*e1 is 8a dang]\s pr9ciple10 l tru? = tru?'s sake & goodness = goodness' sake4 ,art1 k1 & morality are simply means1 he decl>$1 & valuable = _! 8life-promot+ t5d5cy40 7,!re is "h a pione]+ sugge/ion ( ! ,am]ican doctr9e ( ,pragmatism1 accord+ to :i* h[ a ?+ 8works0 is ! te/ ( its validity1 b ,nietzs*e c by no means be c\nt$ a ,pragmati/47 ,to look ?us at ! matt] 0 c]ta9ly1 ) ,s*op5hau] & ) ,g\rmont1 to put aside ! sup]ficial moral function ( art1 & to recognise 9 x a l>g] sociological function4 ,x 0 on ! sociological function ( art t ,guyau1 :o 0 s p5etrat+ & sympa!tic a ?9k]1 insi/$ 9 8 book1 po/hum\sly publi%$ 9 #ahhi1 8,l',art au ,po9t de ,vue ,sociologique40 ,he argu$ t art1 :ile rema9+ indep5d5t1 is at ! f\ndation "o ) morals & ) religion4 ,he believ$ 9 a pr(\nd unity ( all ^! t]ms3 life1 morality1 society1 religion1 art4 8,art1 9 a ^w1 is life40 ,s t1 z he po9t$ out1 !re is no conflict betwe5 ! !ory ( art = art1 prop]ly int]pret$1 & ! !ory t assigns to art a moral & social function4 ,x is cle> t ,guyau 0 on ! "r road1 al?\gh 8 /atem5t 0 confus+ly awkw>d 9 =m4 ,he de=m$ 8 /atem5t1 moreov]1 ?r\gh 8 p]petual t5d5cy to insi/ on ! spontane\sly socialis+ organisation ( human gr\ps--a t5d5cy :i* has ende>$ him to all :o adopt an an>*i/ conception ( society--&1 =gett+ t he _h plac$ morals only at ! dep? ( art & n on ! surface1 he commits himself to ! supremely false dictum3 8,art is1 above ev]y?+1 a ph5om5on ( sociability10 & ! l /atem5ts1 f> too closely resembl+ ! doctr9>y pron\ncem5ts ( ,tol/oy4 ,= sociability is an indirect end ( art3 x _c be its direct aim4 ,we are "h n f> f ! ambigu\s doctr9e t art is 8expression10 = 8expression0 may be too easily confus$ ) 8communication40#acb ,all ^! em95t philosoph]s--?\gh !y meant some?+ :i* s f> z x w5t 0 true--h fail$ to produce a satisfy+ /atem5t because !y h none ( !m und]/ood h[ to ask ! "q :i* !y 7 try+ to answ]4 ,!y fail$ to und]/& t morals is j z mu* an art z any o!r vital psy*ic function ( man2 !y fail$ to see t1 ?\gh art mu/ be free f ! dom9ance ( morals1 x by no means foll[$ t x has no morality ( its own1 if morality involves ! organis$ integrity :i* all vital ph5om5a mu/ possess2 !y fail$ to realise t1 s9ce ! arts are simply ! sum ( ! active functions :i* spr+ out ( ! s+le human organism1 we are n call$ ^u to worry ov] any imag9>y conflicts betwe5 functions :i* are necess>ily h>moni\s because !y are all "o at ! root4 ,we _c too (t5 repeat ! pregnant maxim ( ,bacon t ! "r "q is ! half ( k4 ,"h we might almo/ say t x is ! :ole ( k4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 unnecess>y to pursue ! subject fur!r4 ,he :o _c himself pursue x fur!r _h be/ leave x alone4 ,b :5 we ent] ! /hetic sph]e we are no long] arti/s4 ,t1 inde$1 is inevitable if we reg>d ! arts z ! sum ( all ! active functions ( ! organism4 ,rick]t1 ) 8 me?odical vision ( ! _w1--= he insi/s t we mu/ h "s sort ( sy/em1--has pres5t$ :at he reg>ds z a reasonable s*eme 9 a tabul> =m at ! end ( ! fir/ volume ( 8 8,sy/em40#acc ,he divides ,reality into two great divisions3 ! moni/ic & asocial ,contemplative & ! plurali/ic & social ,active4 ,to ! fir/ belong ! sph]es ( ,logic1 /hetics1 & ,my/icism1 ) _! values1 tru?1 beauty1 imp]sonal hol9ess2 to ! second1 ,e?ics1 ,erotics1 ! ,philosophy ( ,religion1 ) _! values1 morality1 happ9ess1 p]sonal hol9ess4 ,?is view ( ! matt] is ! m significant z ,rick]t /&s aside f ! tradition repres5t$ by ,nietzs*e & returns to ! ,kantian curr5t1 enri*$1 inde$1 & p]haps n q consi/5tly1 by ,goe!4 ,x seems probable t all ,rick]t's active attitudes t[>ds reality may fairly be call$ ,art1 & all ! contemplative attitudes1 /hetics4 ,!re is 9 fact no?+ novel 9 ! di/9ction :i* und]lies ?is classification1 & x has be5 recognis$ ev] s9ce ! days ( ,baumg>t51 ! commonly accept$ f\nd] ( mod]n /hetics1 n to g fur!r back4#acd ,art is ! active practical ex]cise ( a s+le discipl9e3 /hetics is ! philosophic appreciation ( any or all ! arts4 ,art is conc]n$ ) ! m or less unconsci\s creation ( beauty3 /hetics is conc]n$ ) its discov]y & contemplation4 /hetics is ! metaphysical side ( all productive liv+4 ,,iv ,,?is complete unlik5ess on ! surface betwe5 art & /hetics--= ultimately & fundam5tally !y are at "o--has to be emphasis$1 = ! failure to di/+ui% !m has l$ to confusion & v]bosity4 ,! practice ( morals1 we mu/ ev] rememb]1 is n a matt] ( /hetics2 x is a matt] ( art4 ,x has n1 nor has any o!r art1 an imm$iate & obvi\s relation%ip to ! creation ( beauty4#ace ,:at ! arti/ 9 life1 z 9 any o!r art1 is directly conc]n$ to express is n prim>ily beauty2 x is mu* m likely to seem to him to be tru? 7x is int]e/+ to note t ,e9/e91 s mu* an arti/ 9 ?\ght1 insi/s t he is simply conc]n$ ) tru?71 & :at he produces may seem at fir/ to all ! _w1 & ev5 possibly to himself1 to be ugly4 ,x is s 9 ! sph]e ( morals4 ,= morals is /ill conc]n$ ) ! possessive in/9ct1 n ) ! creation ( beauty1 ) ! ne$s & ! satisfaction ( ! ne$s1 ) ! indu/rial & economic activities1 ) ! milit>y activities to :i* !y fatally t5d4 ,b ! /hetic attitude1 z ,gaulti] expresses x1 is ! radiant smile on ! human face :i* 9 its primitive phases 0 anatomically built up to subs]ve crude vital ne$s2 z he else:]e m ab/ractly expresses x1 8,beauty is an attitude ( s5sibility40 ,x is ! task ( /hetics1 (t5 a sl[ & pa9ful task1 to see art--includ+ ! art ( ,nature1 "s w\ld insi/--z beauty4 ,t1 x has to be add$1 is no mean task4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 ess5tial4 ,x is ess5tial to sweep away 9 art all t is ultimately f\nd to be fundam5tally ugly1 :e!r by be+1 at ! "o end1 di/a/efully pretty1 or1 at ! o!r1 hopelessly crude4 ,= ugl9ess produces nausea ( ! /oma* & sets ! tee? on edge4 ,x does s lit]ally1 n metaphorically4 ,ugl9ess1 s9ce x int]f]es ) dige/ion1 s9ce x di/urbs ! n]v\s sy/em1 impairs ! =ces ( life4 ,= :5 we are talk+ /hetics 7z ! ^w itself indicates7 we are ultimately talk+ physiologically4 ,ev5 our metaphysics--if x is to h any mean+ = u--mu/ h a physical side4 ,unless we hold t fact 9 m9d1 we %all talk a/ray & are likely to say little t is to ! po9t4 ,art has to be se5 z beauty & x is ! function ( /hetics s to see x4 ,h[ sl[ly & pa9fully ! function works e "o mu/ "k by obs]v+ ! /hetic judgm5ts ( o!r p1 if n by recall+ 8 own exp]i5ces4 ,i "k 9 my own exp]i5ce h[ h>dly & subconsci\sly ?is process works4 ,9 ! matt] ( pictures1 = in/ance1 ,i h f\nd ?r\gh\t life1 f ,rub5s 9 adolesc5ce to ,czanne 9 rec5t ye>s1 t a revelation ( ! beauty ( a pa9t]'s "w :i*1 on ! surface1 is ali5 or repulsive to "o's s5sibility1 came only aft] ye>s ( contemplation1 & !n mo/ (t5 by a sudd5 revelation1 9 a fla%1 by a direct intuition ( ! beauty ( "s p>ticul> picture :i* h5ce=? became ! clue to all ! pa9t]'s "w4 ,x is a process comp>able to t :i* is 9 religion t]m$ 8conv]sion10 &1 inde$1 ( l nature4#acf ,s also x is 9 lit]ature4 ,& 9 life8 ,we are accu/om$ to suppose t a moral action is mu* easi] to judge ?an a picture ( ,czanne4 ,we d n dream ( br++ ! same pati5t & att5tive1 z x 7 /hetic1 _s to life z we br+ to pa9t+4 ,p]haps we are "r1 consid]+ :at poor bungl+ arti/s mo/ ( u are 9 liv+4 ,= 8art is easy1 life is difficult10 z ,liszt us$ to say4 ,! reason1 ( c\rse1 is t ! art ( liv+ diff]s f ! ext]nal arts 9 t we _c exclude ! introduction ( ali5 elem5ts into its texture4 ,our art ( liv+1 :5 we a*ieve x1 is ( s high & f9e a quality precisely because x s l>gely lies 9 h>moni\sly weav+ into ! texture elem5ts t we h n ourselves *os51 or t1 hav+ *os51 we _c ?r[ aside4 ,yet x is ! attitude ( ! spectators t helps to p]petuate t bungl+4 ,x is ,plot9us :om we may fairly reg>d z ! f\nd] ( /hetics 9 ! philosophic s5se1 & x 0 z =mulat$ by ,plot9us1 ?\gh ?is we sometimes fail to recognise1 t ! ,greek attitude 9 ^! matt]s1 h[ev] sometimes modifi$1 has come d[n to u4#acg ,we may be =giv5 = n always recognis+ x1 because x is r /range t x %\ld be s4 ,x is /range1 t is to say1 t ! /hetic attitude1 :i* we reg>d z s emphatically ,greek1 %\ld h be5 left = =mulation until ! ,greek _w _h pass$ away1 t x %\ld n h be5 ,plato1 b an ,alex&rian1 liv+ 9 ,rome sev5 c5turies aft] him1 :o set =? :at seems to u a di/9ctively ,platonic view ( life4#ach ,! ,greeks1 inde$1 seem to h recognis$1 ap>t f ! l[] m]ely 8e?ical0 virtues ( habit & cu/om1 ! high] 8intellectual0 virtues :i* 7 delib]ately plann$1 & s ( ! nature ( art4 ,b ,plot9us def9itely recognis$ ! /hetic contemplation ( ,beauty1 toge!r ) ! ,"o & ! ,good1 z ?ree aspects ( ! ,absolute4#aci ,he ?us at once plac$ /hetics on ! highe/ possible p$e/al1 beside religion & morals2 he plac$ x above art1 or z compreh5d+ art1 = he insi/$ t ,contemplation is an active quality1 s t all human creative en]gy may be reg>d$ z ! by-play ( contemplation4 ,t 0 to c>ry r f> ! function ( /hetic contemplation4 ,b x s]v$ to /amp = ev]1 on ! m9ds ( all s5sitive to t /amp :o came aft]1 ! def9ite realisation ( ! sublime/1 ! mo/ ne>ly div9e1 ( human aptitudes4 ,e great _s has furni%$ ! measure ( 8 greatness by ! m or less complet5ess 9 :i* at ! ultimate outpo/ ( 8 vision ov] ! _w he has atta9$ to t active contemplation ( life z a spectacle :i* ,%akespe>e f9ally embodi$ 9 ! figure ( ,prosp]o4 ,x may be int]e/+ to note 9 pass+ t1 psy*ologically consid]$1 all /hetic enjoym5t among ! ord9>y population1 nei!r arti/s 9 ! n>r[ s5se nor philosoph]s1 /ill necess>ily p>takes to "s degree ( g5u9e /hetic contemplation1 & t su* contemplation seems to fall r\ghly into two classes1 to "o or o!r ( :i* e "o :o exp]i5ces /hetic enjoym5t belongs4 ,^! h1 ,i believe1 be5 def9$ by ,mll]-,frei5fels z t ( ! 8,zus*au]10 :o feels t he is look+ on1 & t ( ! 8,mitspiel]10 :o feels t he is jo9+ 92 on ! "o side1 we may say1 he :o kn[s he is look+ on1 ! spectator1 & on ! o!r he :o imag9atively jo9s 91 ! p>ticipator4 ,! p ( ! fir/ gr\p are ^?1 x may be1 9 :om ! s5sory n]v\s app>atus is highly develop$ & !y are able to adopt ! mo/ typical & complete /hetic attitude2 ! p ( ! o!r gr\p w\ld seem to be mo/ develop$ on ! motor n]v\s side & !y are ^? :o !mselves desire to be arti/s4 ,groos1 :o has develop$ ! /hetic side ( 8mit]leb510 is ( ?is temp]am5t1 & he _h at fir/ suppos$ t e "o 0 l him 9 ?is respect4#adj ,plot9us1 :o held t contemplation embrac$ activity1 mu/ surely h be5 ( ?is temp]am5t4 ,col]idge 0 emphatically ( ! o!r temp]am5t1 spectator haud p>ticeps1 z he himself said4 ,b1 at all ev5ts 9 nor!rn c\ntries1 t is probably n ! m common temp]am5t4 ,! /hetic attitude ( ! cr[ds :o g to wat* football mat*es is probably mu* m t ( ! imag9ative p>ticipator ?an ( ! pure spectator4 ,!re is no occasion "h to trace ! hi/ory ( /hetic contemplation4 ,yet x may be wor? :ile to note t x 0 cle>ly pres5t to ! m9d ( ! f9e ?9k] & great morali/ :o br\ght ! old ,greek idea back into ! mod]n _w4 ,9 ! 8,philosophical ,regim50 7z x has be5 nam$7 br\ght to light a few ye>s ago1 9 :i* ,%aftesbury set d[n 8 self-commun+s1 we f9d him writ+ 9 "o place3 8,9 ! morn+ am ,i to see anew8 ,am ,i to be pres5t yet long] & cont5t8 ,i am n we>y1 nor ev] c be1 ( su* a spectacle1 su* a !atre1 su* a pres5ce1 nor at act+ :atev] "p su* a ma/] assigns me4 ,be x ev] s long1 ,i /ay & am will+ to see on :il/ my sight cont9ues s\nd2 :il/ ,i c be a spectator1 su* z ,i ought to be2 :il/ ,i c see rev]5tly1 ju/ly1 ) und]/&+ & applause4 ,& :5 ,i see no m1 ,i retire1 n disda9fully1 b 9 rev]5ce to ! spectacle & ma/]1 giv+ ?anks4444 ,away1 man6 rise1 wipe ?y m\?1 ?r[ up ?y napk9 & h done4 ,a bellyful 7!y say7 is z good z a fea/40 ,t may seem b a simple & homely way ( /at+ ! matt]1 ?\gh a few ye>s lat]1 9 #agbg1 a yet great] _s ?an ,%aftesbury1 ,swift1 comb9+ ! conception ( life z /hetic contemplation ) t ( life z art1 wrote 9 a lett]1 8,life is a trag$y1 :]e9 we sit z spectators a:ile1 & !n act our own "p 9 x40 ,if we desire a m sy/ematically philosophical /atem5t we may turn to ! di/+ui%$ ?9k] ( to-day :o 9 _m volumes has mo/ p[]fully pres5t$ ! same ess5tial conception1 ) all its implications1 ( life z a spectacle4 8,tirez le rideau2 la f>ce e/ j\e40 ,t ,%akespe>ian utt]ance1 :i* us$ to be attribut$ to ,rabelais on 8 dea?-b$1 & ,swift's comm5t on life1 & ,%aftesbury's intimate m$itation1 w\ld seem to be--on ! philosophic & ap>t f ! moral side ( life--entirely 9 ! _s t ,jules de ,gaulti] has s elaborately develop$4 ,! _w is a spectacle1 & all ! m5 & wom5 ! actors on its /age4 ,enjoy ! spectacle :ile y w1 :e!r com$y or trag$y1 ent] into ! _s ( its manifold ri*ness & beauty1 yet take x n too s]i\sly1 ev5 :5 y leave x & ! curta9s are drawn t conceal x = ev] f y\r eyes1 gr[n we>y at la/4 ,su* a conception1 inde$1 0 already to be se5 9 a delib]ately philosophical =m 9 ,s*op5hau] 7:o1 no d\bt1 influ5c$ ,gaulti]7 &1 lat]1 ,nietzs*e1 especially ! e>ly ,nietzs*e1 al?\gh he nev] entirely ab&on$ x2 8 break ) ,wagn]1 h[ev]1 :om he _h reg>d$ z ! typical arti/1 l$ him to become sudd5ly r critical ( art & arti/s1 z we see 9 8,human-all-too-,human10 :i* imm$iately foll[$ 8,wagn] 9 ,bayreu?10 & he became incl9$ to look on ! arti/1 9 ! n>r[ s5se1 z only 8a spl5did relic ( ! pa/10 n1 inde$1 altoge!r los+ 8 e>li] conception1 b dispos$ to believe t 8! sci5tific man is ! f9e/ developm5t ( ! arti/ic man40 ,9 8 essay on ,wagn] he _h pres5t$ art z ! ess5tially metaphysical activity ( ,man1 "h foll[+ ,s*op5hau]4 8,e g5ius10 well said ,s*op5hau]1 8is a great *ild2 he gazes out at ! _w z some?+ /range1 a spectacle1 & !re=e ) purely objective int]e/40 ,t is to say t ! highe/ attitude atta9able by man t[>ds life is t ( /hetic contemplation4 ,b x took on a diff]5t "* 9 ,nietzs*e4 ,9 #ahgh ,nietzs*e wrote ( 8 e>ly essay on ,wagn]3 8,at t "t ,i believ$ t ! _w 0 creat$ f ! /hetic /&po9t1 z a play1 & t z a moral ph5om5on x 0 a deception3 on t acc\nt ,i came to ! conclusion t ! _w 0 only to be ju/ifi$ z an /hetic ph5om5on40#ada ,at ! end ( 8 active c>e] ,nietzs*e 0 once m reproduc+ ?is proposition 9 _m ways4 ,jules de ,gaulti] has mu* int]e/$ himself 9 ,nietzs*e1 b he _h already rea*$1 no d\bt ?r\gh ,s*op5hau]1 a r simil> conception be=e he came 9 contact ) ,nietzs*e's "w1 & 9 ! pres5t day he is c]ta9ly ! ?9k] :o has mo/ sy/ematically & philosophically elaborat$ ! conception4#adb ,gaulti] is mo/ g5]ally kn[n by t p]haps n q happily *os5 t]m ( 8,bov>ism10 embodi$ 9 ! title ( 8 e>lie/ book & ab/ract$ f ,flaub]t's h]o9e1 :i* /&s = "o ( 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic conceptions1 &1 inde$1 9 a l>ge s5se1 = ! c5tral idea ( 8 philosophy4 ,9 its prim>y psy*ological s5se ,bov>ism is ! t5d5cy--! unconsci\s t5d5cy ( ,emma ,bov>y &1 m or less1 all ( u--to conceive ( ourselves z o!r ?an we are4 ,our picture ( ! _w1 = good or = evil1 is an idealis$ picture1 a fiction1 a wak+ dream1 an als ob1 z ,vaih+] w\ld say4 ,b :5 we idealise ! _w we beg9 by fir/ idealis+ ourselves4 ,we imag9e ourselves o!r ?an we are1 & 9 s imag9+1 z ,gaulti] cle>ly realises1 we t5d to m\ld ourselves1 s t reality becomes a prolongation ( fiction4 ,z ,mei/] ,eckh>t long s9ce f9ely said3 8,a man is :at he loves40 ,a simil> ?\ght 0 9 ,plato's m9d4 ,9 mod]n times a v>iation ( ?is same idea has be5 work$ out1 n z by ,gaulti] f ! philosophic side1 b f ! m$ical & m especially ! psy*o-analytic side1 by ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,adl] ( ,vi5na4#adc ,adl] has sugge/ively %[n h[ (t5 a man's or a woman's "* is con/itut$ by a process ( fiction1--t is by mak+ an ideal ( :at x is1 or :at x ought to be1--& !n s f> z possible m\ld+ x into ! %ape ( t fiction1 a process :i* is (t5 int]wov5 ) morbid elem5ts1 especially ) an orig9al basis ( organic defect1 ! reaction be+ an ef=t1 sometimes successful1 to ov]come t defect1 & ev5 to trans=m x into a conspicu\s quality1 z :5 ,demo/h5es1 :o 0 a /utt]]1 made himself a great orator4 ,ev5 ?9k]s may n :olly escape ?is t5d5cy1 & ,i ?9k x w\ld be easily possible to %[ t1 = in/ance1 ,nietzs*e 0 mov$ by :at ,adl] calls ! 8mascul9e prote/02 "o rememb]s h[ %r9k+ly delicate ,nietzs*e 0 t[>ds wom5 & h[ emphatically he decl>$ !y %\ld nev] be approa*$ )\t a :ip4 ,adl] ow$ no?+ to ,gaulti]1 ( :om he seems to be ignorant2 he f\nd 8 fir/ inspiration 9 ,vaih+]'s doctr9e ( ! 8z if02 ,gaulti]1 h[ev]1 owes no?+ to ,vaih+]1 &1 inde$1 began to publi% e>li]1 ?\gh n be=e ,vaih+]'s book 0 writt54 ,gaulti]'s philosophic desc5t is ma9ly f ,sp9oza1 ,b]keley1 ,hume1 ,s*op5hau]1 & ,nietzs*e4 ,!re is ano!r deep] & wid] s5se1 a m ab/ract esot]ic s5se1 9 :i* ,jules de ,gaulti] und]/&s ,bov>ism4 ,x is n only ! human be+ & human gr\ps :o are psy*ologically ,bov>i/ic1 ! ,univ]se itself1 ! ,et]nal ,be+ 7to adopt an accept$ fiction71 metaphysically p>takes ( ,bov>ism4 ,! ,univ]se1 x seems to ,gaulti]1 necess>ily conceives itself z o!r ?an x is4 ,s+le1 x conceives itself multiple1 z subject & object4 ,?us is furni%$ ! fundam5tal conv5tion :i* we mu/ grant to ! ,dramati/ :o pres5ts ! cosmic tragi-com$y4#add ,x may seem to "s t ! vision ( ! _w :i* ,man pursues on 8 c\rse across ! ,univ]se becomes ev] m impalpable & vision>y4 ,& s p]haps x may be4 ,b ev5 if t 7 an undesirable result1 x w\ld /ill be useless to fight aga9/ ,god4 ,we are1 aft] all1 m]ely m\ld+ ! conceptions :i* a little lat] w become commonplac$ & truisms4 ,= really--:ile we mu/ hold physics & metaphysics ap>t1 = !y _c be bl5d$--a metaphysics :i* is out ( h>mony ) physics is negligible2 x is no?+ 9 ! _w4 ,& x is our physical _w t is becom+ m impalpable & vision>y4 ,x is 8matt]10 ! v /ructure ( ! 8atom10 t is melt+ into a dream1 & if x may seem t on ! spiritual side life t5ds to be m\ld+ itself to ! conception ( ,cald]on z a dream1 x is because ! physical atom is pursu+ t c\rse4 ,unless we hold 9 m9d ! analysis ( ! _w t[>ds :i* ! physici/ is br++ u1 we %all n und]/& ! syn!sis ( ! _w t[>ds :i* ! philosoph] is br++ u4 ,gaulti]'s philosophy may n be bas$ ^u physics1 b x seems to be 9 h>mony ) physics4 ,?is is ! metaphysical scaffold+--we may if we l *oose to disp5se ) x--by aid ( :i* ,jules de ,gaulti] erects 8 spectacul> conception ( ! _w4 ,he is by no means conc]n$ to d5y ! necessity ( morality4 ,on ! contr>y1 morality is ! necess>y re/ra9t on ! necess>y biological in/9ct ( possession1 on ! desire1 t is1 by ! acquisition ( c]ta9 objects1 to satisfy passions :i* are mo/ (t5 only ! exagg]ation ( natural ne$s1 b :i*--?r\gh ! p[] ( imag9ation su* exagg]ation inaugurates 9 ! _w--lead to ! developm5t ( civilisation4 ,limit$ & def9ite s long z conf9$ to _! biological ends1 ne$s are indef9itely ela/ic1 exhibit+1 inde$1 an almo/ hy/]ical "* :i* becomes insatiable4 ,!y m>k a hyp]trophy ( ! possessive in/9ct :i* exp]i5ce %[s to be a m5ace to social life4 ,?us ! ,great ,w> ( rec5t times may be reg>d$ z ! f9al tragic result ( ! excessive developm5t ?r\gh half a c5tury ( an economic fev]1 ! activity ( ne$s beyond _! due biological ends produc+ sudd5ly ! inevitable result4#ade ,s t ! possessive in/9ct1 :ile x is ! cause ( ! =mation ( an economic civilis$ society1 :5 pu%$ too f> becomes ! cause ( ! ru9 ( t society4 ,man1 :o beg9s by acquir+ j en\gh =ce to compel ,nature to supply 8 b>e ne$s1 himself becomes1 accord+ to ! tragic ,greek say+1 ! greate/ =ce ( ,nature4 ,yet ! fact t a civilisation may p]si/ = c5turies %[s t m5 9 societies h f\nd me?ods ( combat+ ! exagg]at$ developm5t ( ! possessive in/9ct1 ( reta9+ x )9 b\nds :i* h enabl$ societies to enjoy a fairly long life4 ,^! me?ods become embodi$ 9 religions & moralities & laws4 ,!y react 9 conc]t to re/ra9 ! gre$9ess eng5d]$ by ! possessive in/9ct4 ,!y make virtues ( ,temp]ance & ,sobriety & ,abnegation4 ,!y inv5t ,great ,images :i* ar\se human hopes & human fe>s4 ,!y prescribe imp]atives1 ) sanctions1 9 "p impos$ by ! ,great ,images & 9 "p by ! actual executive =ce ( social law4 ,s societies are enabl$ to immunise !mselves aga9/ ! ravag+ auto-intoxication ( an excessive in/9ct ( possession1 & ! s]vices r5d]$ by religions & moralities _c be too highly e/imat$4 ,!y are ! spontane\s physiological processes :i* c\nt]act disease be=e m$ical sci5ce comes into play4 ,b are !y ( any use 9 ^? p]iods ( advanc$ civilisation :i* !y h !mselves contribut$ to =m8 ,:5 ,man has replac$ fl9t knives & clubs & sl+s by ! elaborate weapons we "k1 c he be cont5t ) me?ods ( social pres]vation :i* date f ! "t ( fl9t knives & clubs & sl+s8 ,! efficacy ( ^? re/ra9ts dep5ds on a s5sibility :i* c\ld only exi/ :5 m5 sc>cely di/+ui%$ imag9ations f p]ceptions4 ,!nce arose ! cr$ulity on :i* religions & moralities fl\ri%$4 ,b n[ ! ,images h gr[n pale 9 human s5sibility1 j z !y h 9 words1 :i* are b effac$ images4 ,we ne$ a deep] reality to take ! place ( ^! e>ly beliefs :i* ! gr[? ( intellig5ce necess>ily %[s to be illusory4 ,we mu/ seek 9 ! human ego an in/9ct 9 :i* is manife/$ a truly autonom\s play ( ! p[] ( imag9ation1 an in/9ct :i* by virtue ( its own prop] developm5t may re/ra9 ! excesses ( ! possessive in/9ct & dissipate ! p]ils :i* ?reat5 civilisation4 ,! /hetic in/9ct alone answ]s to t d\ble dem&4 ,at ?is po9t we may pause to ref] to ! int]e/+ analogy betwe5 ?is argum5t ( ,jules de ,gaulti] & ano!r rec5tly propos$ solution ( ! problems ( civilisation pres5t$ by ,b]tr& ,russell1 to :i* !re has already be5 occasion to ref]4 ,! two views 7 cle>ly sugge/$ by ! same ev5ts1 ?\gh app>5tly 9 complete indep5d5ce1 & x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! consid]able degree ( h>mony :i* unites two su* di/+ui%$ ?9k]s 9 diff]5t l&s1 & ) unlike philosophic /&po9ts z reg>ds ultimate realities4#adf ,man's impulses1 z we "k1 ,b]tr& ,russell holds to be ( two k9ds3 ^? t are possessive & ^? t are creative2 ! typical possessive impulse be+ t ( prop]ty & ! typical creative impulse t ( ! arti/4 ,x is 9 foll[+ ! creative impulse1 he believes1 t man's pa? ( salvation lies1 = ! possessive impulses necess>ily lead to conflict :ile ! creative impulses are ess5tially h>moni\s4 ,b]tr& ,russell seeks ! unification ( life4 ,b consi/5cy ( action %\ld1 he holds1 spr+ f consi/5cy ( impulse r ?an f ! control ( impulse by w4 ,l ,gaulti]1 he believes 9 :at has be5 call$1 p]haps n happily1 8! law ( irony02 t is to say1 t ! m>k we hit is nev] ! m>k we aim$ at1 s t1 9 all supreme success 9 life1 z ,goe! said ( ,wilhelm ,mei/]1 we are l ,saul1 ! son ( ,ki%1 :o w5t =? to seek 8 fa!r's asses & f\nd a k+dom4 8,^? :o be/ promote life10 ,russell pref]s to put x1 8d n h life = _! purpose4 ,!y aim r at :at seems l a gradual inc>nation1 a br++ into our human exi/5ce ( some?+ et]nal40 ,&1 aga9 l ,gaulti]1 he invokes ,sp9oza & :at 9 8 phraseology he call$ 8! intellectual love ( ,god40 8,take no ?\ght1 say+1 ,:at %all we eat8 or1 ,:at %all we dr9k8 or1 ,:]e)al %all we be clo!d8 ,:osoev] has kn[n a /rong creative impulse has kn[n ! value ( ?is precept 9 its exact & lit]al s5se2 x is preoccupation ) possession1 m ?an any?+ else1 t prev5ts m5 f liv+ freely & nobly40#adg ,?is view ( ! matt] seems sub/antially ! same1 x may be 9 an unduly simplifi$ =m1 z ! conception :i* ,jules de ,gaulti] has work$ out m subtly & complexly1 seek+ to weave 9 a l>ge numb] ( ! ess5tial factors1 realis+ t ! h>mony ( life mu/ yet be bas$ on an und]ly+ conflict4#adh ,! ma9 diff]5ce w\ld seem to be t ,b]tr& ,russell's creative impulse seems to be fairly id5tical ) ! productive impulse ( art 9 ! l>ge s5se 9 :i* ,i h ?r\gh\t und]/ood x1 :ile ,jules de ,gaulti] is ess5tially conc]n$ ) ! philosophic or religi\s side ( ! art impulse2 t is to say1 ! attitude ( /hetic contemplation :i* 9 appe>ance =ms ! absolute anti!sis to ! possessive in/9ct4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t !re is no real discrepancy "h1 = z we may reg>d /hetic contemplation z ! passive aspect ( art1 s art may be reg>d$ z ! active aspect ( /hetic contemplation1 & ,b]tr& ,russell1 we may c]ta9ly believe1 w\ld include ! "o "u art z ,jules de ,gaulti] w\ld include ! o!r "u /hetics4 ,! /hetic in/9ct1 z ,jules de ,gaulti] und]/&s x1 answ]s ! d\ble dem& ( our ne$s to-day1 n1 l religions & moralities1 by evok+ images z m5aces or z promises1 only effective if !y c be realis$ 9 ! _w ( s5sation1 & s m]ely con/itut+ ano!r attempt to gratify ! possessive in/9ct1 by enslav+ ! p[] ( imag9ation to t ali5 ma/]4 ,?r\gh ! /hetic in/9ct ,man is enabl$ to procure joy1 n f ! ?+s !mselves & ! s5sations due to ! possession ( ?+s1 b f ! v images ( ?+s4 ,beyond ! s5se ( utility b\nd up ) ! possession ( objects1 he acquires ! privilege1 b\nd up ) ! sole contemplation ( !m1 ( enjoy+ ! beauty ( ?+s4 ,by ! /hetic in/9ct ! p[] ( imag9ation realises its own prop] t5d5cy & atta9s its own prop] end4 ,su* a process _c fail to h its reaction on ! social environm5t4 ,x mu/ c\nt]act ! exagg]ation ( ! possessive in/9ct4 ,to t impulse1 :5 x transgresses ! legitimate b\nds ( biological ne$s & ?reat5s to gr[ l a de/ructive canc]1 ! /hetic in/9ct proposes ano!r end1 a m human end1 t ( /hetic joy4 ,!re) ! exub]ance ( insatiable & ru9\s cupidity is caught 9 ! =ms ( art1 ! beauty ( ! univ]se is manife/$ to all eyes1 & ! happ9ess :i* _h be5 s\ght 9 ! p>adoxical ent]prise ( glutt+ t insatiable desire f9ds its p]petual satisfaction 9 ! absolute & complete realisation ( beauty4 ,z ,jules de ,gaulti] und]/&s x1 we see t ! /hetic in/9ct is l9k$ on to ! possessive in/9ct4 ,b]tr& ,russell w\ld sometimes seem to leave ! possessive in/9ct 9 ! void )\t mak+ any provision = its satisfaction4 ,9 ,gaulti]'s view1 we may probably say x is tak5 9 *>ge by ! /hetic in/9ct z soon z x has fulfill$ its legitimate biological ends1 & its excessive developm5ts1 :at might o!rwise be de/ructive1 are sublimat$4 ,! /hetic in/9ct1 ,gaulti] insi/s1 l ! o!r in/9cts1 ev5 ! possessive in/9ct1 has imp]ative claims2 x is an appetite ( ! ego1 develop$ at ! same he>? ( intimate activity1 draw+ its /r5g? f ! same sup]abundance f :i* !y draw /r5g?4 ,!re=e1 9 ! measure 9 :i* x absorbs =ce !y mu/ lose =ce1 & civilisation ga9s4 ,! developm5t ( ! /hetic s5se is1 inde$1 indisp5sable if civilisation--:i* we may1 p]haps1 f ! pres5t po9t ( view1 reg>d ) ,gaulti] z ! embroid]y work$ by imag9ation on ! /uff ( our elem5t>y ne$s--is to pass safely ?r\gh its critical p]iod & atta9 any degree ( p]si/5ce4 ,! appe>ance ( ! /hetic s5se is !n an ev5t ( ! fir/ ord] 9 ! rank ( natural miracles1 /rictly comp>able to ! evolution 9 ! organic sph]e ( ! optic n]ves1 :i* made x possible to "k ?+s cle>ly ap>t f ! s5sations ( actual contact4 ,!re is no m]e simile "h1 ,gaulti] believes3 ! faculty ( draw+ joy f ! images ( ?+s1 ap>t f ! possession ( !m1 is bas$ on physiological conditions :i* gr[+ k ( ! n]v\s sy/em may "s day make cle>]4#adi ,x is ?is specific quality1 ! p[] ( enjoy+ ?+s )\t be+ r$uc$ to ! ne$ ( possess+ !m1 :i* diff]5tiates ! /hetic in/9ct f o!r in/9cts & conf]s on x ! "* ( morality4 ,bas$1 l ! o!r in/9cts on egoism1 x1 yet1 unlike ! o!r in/9cts1 leads to no de/ructive /ruggles4 ,its p[]s ( giv+ satisfaction are n dissipat$ by ! numb] ( ^? :o secure t satisfaction4 /hetic contemplation eng5d]s nei!r hatr$ nor envy4 ,unlike ! ?+s t appeal to ! possessive in/9ct1 x br+s m5 toge!r & increases sympa?y4 ,unlike ^? moralities :i* are compell$ to in/itute prohibitions1 ! /hetic s5se1 ev5 9 ! egoi/ic pursuit ( its own ends1 becomes bl5d$ ) morality1 & s s]ves 9 ! task ( ma9ta9+ society4 ,?us x is t1 by aim+ at a diff]5t end1 ! /hetic s5se yet atta9s ! end aim$ at by morality4 ,t is ! aspect ( ! matt] :i* ,gaulti] w\ld emphasise4 ,!re is impli$ 9 x ! judgm5t t :5 ! /hetic s5se deviates f its prop] ends to burd5 itself ) moral int5tions--:51 t is1 x ceases to be itself--x ceases to realise morality4 8,art = art's sake60 ! arti/s ( old cri$4 ,we laugh at t cry n[4 ,gaulti]1 inde$1 consid]s t ! idea ( pure art has 9 e age be5 a r$ rag 9 ! eyes ( ! human bull4 ,yet1 if we _h possess$ ! necess>y intellig5ce1 we might h se5 t x held a great moral tru?4 8,! poet1 retir$ 9 8 ,t[] ( ,ivory1 isolat$1 accord+ to 8 desire1 f ! _w ( man1 resembles1 :e!r he s wi%es or n1 ano!r solit>y figure1 ! wat*] enclos$ = mon?s at a "t 9 a ligh?\se at ! head ( a cliff4 ,f> f ! t[ns peopl$ by human cr[ds1 f> f ! e>?1 ( :i* he sc>cely di/+ui%es ! outl9es ?r\gh ! mi/1 ?is man 9 8 wild solitude1 =c$ to live only ) himself1 almo/ =gets ! common language ( m51 b he kn[s admirably well h[ to =mulate ?r\gh ! d>kness ano!r language inf9itely useful to m5 & visible af> to seam5 9 di/ress40#aej ,! arti/ = art's sake--& ! same is con/antly f\nd true ( ! sci5ti/ = sci5ce's sake#aea--;9 turn+ aside f ! common utilit>ian aims ( m5 is really engag$ 9 a task none o!r c p]=m1 ( imm5se utility to m54 ,! ,ci/]cians ( old hid _! cloi/]s 9 =e/s & wild]nesses af> f society1 mix+ n ) m5 nor p]=m+ = !m s-call$ useful tasks2 yet !y sp5t _! days & nights 9 *ant & pray]1 work+ = ! salvation ( ! _w1 & !y /& z ! symbol ( all high] types ( arti/s1 n ! less s because !y1 too1 illu/rate t fai? transc5d+ sight1 )\t :i* no art is possible4 ,! arti/1 z ,gaulti] w\ld probably put x1 has to effect a necess>y ,bov>ism4 ,if he seeks to mix himself up ) ! passions ( ! cr[d1 if 8 "w %[s ! desire to prove any?+1 he !reby neglects ! creation ( beauty4 ,necess>ily s1 = he excites a /ate ( combativity1 he sets up moral1 political1 & social values1 all hav+ relation to biological ne$s & ! possessive in/9ct1 ! mo/ viol5t ( f]m5ts4 ,he is ent]+ on ! /ruggle ov] ,tru?--?\gh 8 op9ion is "h wor? no m ?an any o!r man's--:i*1 on acc\nt ( ! presumption ( its univ]sality1 is br&i%$ ab\t 9 ! mo/ f]oci\sly oppos$ camps4 ,! "m :o seeks to soo! h] cry+ *ild prea*es him no s]mon4 ,%e holds up "s bright object & x fixes 8 att5tion4 ,s x is ! arti/ acts3 he makes u see4 ,he br+s ! _w be=e u1 n on ! plane ( covet\sness & fe>s & comm&m5ts1 b on ! plane ( repres5tation2 ! _w becomes a spectacle4 ,in/ead ( imitat+ ^? philosoph]s :o ) analyses & syn!ses worry ov] ! goal ( life1 & ! ju/ification ( ! _w1 & ! mean+ ( ! /range & pa9ful ph5om5on call$ ,exi/5ce1 ! arti/ takes up "s fragm5t ( t exi/5ce1 transfigures x1 %[s x3 ,!re6 ,& !re) ! spectator is fill$ ) en?usia/ic joy1 & ! transc5d5t ,adv5ture ( ,exi/5ce is ju/ifi$4 ,e great arti/1 a ,dante or a ,%akespe>e1 a ,do/oievsky or a ,pr\/1 ?us furni%es ! metaphysical ju/ification ( exi/5ce by ! beauty ( ! vision he pres5ts ( ! cruelty & ! horror ( exi/5ce4 ,all ! pa9 & ! madness1 ev5 ! ugl9ess & ! commonplace ( ! _w1 he conv]ts into %9+ jewels4 ,by reveal+ ! spectacul> "* ( reality he re/ores ! s]5ity ( its innoc5ce4#aeb ,we see ! face ( ! _w z ( a lovely woman smil+ ?r\gh h] te>s4 ,h[ are we to expect ?is morality--if s we may /ill t]m x--to prevail8 ,jules de ,gaulti]1 z we h se51 realis+ t ! old moralities h melt$ away1 seems to ?9k t ! morality ( art1 by virtue ( its life1 w take ! place ( t :i* is dead4 ,b he is n specially conc]n$ to discuss 9 detail ! me*anism ( ?is replacem5t1 ?\gh he looks to ! social action ( arti/s 9 initiation & /imulation4 ,t 0 ! view ( ,guyau1 & x fitt$ 9 ) 8 sociological conception ( art z be+ "o ) life2 great poets1 great arti/s1 ,guyau believ$1 w become ! lead]s ( ! cr[d1 ! prie/s ( a social religion )\t dogmas4#aec ,b ,gaulti]'s conception goes beyond ?is4 ,he _c feel t ! direct action ( poets & arti/s is suffici5t4 ,!y only reveal ! m conspicu\s aspects ( ! /hetic s5se4 ,gaulti] consid]s t ! /hetic s5se1 9 humbl] =ms1 is mix$ up ) ! mo/ primitive manife/ations ( human life1 :]e9 x plays a "p ( unsuspect$ importance4#aed ,! m ?or\gh inve/igation ( ^! primitive =ms1 he believes1 w make x possible = ! lawmak] to aid ! me*anism ( ?is trans=mation ( morality4 ,hav+ !re) br\ght u to ! ?re%old ( ! /hetic revolution1 ,jules de ,gaulti] dep>ts4 ,x rema9s necess>y to po9t out t x is only ! ?re%old4 ,h[ev] intimately ! elem5ts ( ! /hetic s5se may be bl5d$ ) primitive human exi/5ce1 we "k too well t1 z ! conditions ( human exi/5ce are modifi$1 art seems to contract & deg5]ate1 s we c h>dly expect ! /hetic s5se to develop 9 ! rev]se direction4 ,at pres5t1 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( civilisation1 ) ! decay ( ! controll+ p[] ( ! old morality1 ! /hetic s5se (t5 seems to be also decreas+1 r ?an increas+1 9 ! masses ( ! population4#aee ,"o ne$ n be tr\bl$ to f9d examples4 ,!y occur on e h& & :5ev] we take up a newspap]4 ,"o notes1 = in/ance1 9 ,engl&1 t ! mo/ widespread spectacul>ly attractive ?+s outside cities may be said to be ! private p>ks & ! *ur*es4 7,cities lie outside ! pres5t argum5t1 = _! inhabitants are c>efully wat*$ :5ev] !y approa* any?+ t appeals to ! possessive in/9ct47 ,=m]ly ! p>ks & *ur*es 7 freely op5 all day long = ^? :o desir$ to enjoy ! spectacle ( _! beauty & n to possess x4 ,! own]s ( p>ks & ! gu>dians ( *ur*es h f\nd x increas+ly necess>y to close !m because ( ! al>m+ly de/ructive or pr$atory impulses ( a section ( ! public4 ,s ! _m h to suff] = ! s9s ( :at may only be ! few4 ,x is common to speak ( ?is z a rec5t t5d5cy ( our s-call$ civilisation4 ,b ! excesses ( ! possessive in/9ct _c h be5 entirely lat5t ev5 9 remote times1 ?\gh !y seem to h be5 less 9 evid5ce4 ,! ,platonic ,timu attribut$ to ! spectacle ( ! sun & ! moon & ! />s ! exi/5ce ( philosophy4 ,he fail$ to note t ! sun & ! moon & ! />s w\ld h disappe>$ long ago--z ev5 _! inf9itely m num]\s analogues on ! e>? b5ea? are likely to disappe>--_h !y happ5$ to be )9 ! rea* ( pr$atory human h&s4 ,b ! w>ps & /ra9s ( civilis$ life1 ) its excessive indu/rialism & milit>ism1 seem to di/urb ! :olesome balance ( ev5 ! humble/ elem5ts ( ! possessive & /hetic in/9cts4 ,?is means1 9 ! fir/ & mo/ important place1 t ! lib]ty ( ! :ole community 9 its f9e/ manife/ations is abridg$ by a h&ful ( imbeciles4 ,!re are inf9ite fre$oms :i* x w\ld be a joy = !m to take1 & a help to _! "w1 & a b5efit to ! _w1 b !y _c be all[$ to take !m because !re are "s :o c only take !m & p]i%1 damn+ o!rs ) !mselves4 ,besides ?is supreme injury to life1 !re are p]petual m9or injuries t ! same incapable section ( p are responsible = 9 e direction1 :ile ! actual co/ ( !m 9 money1 to ! community !y ex]t s p]nici\s an influ5ce on1 is s great & s increas+ t x con/itutes a social & individual burd5 :i* f "t to "t leads to outbur/s ( anxi\s expo/ulation nev] /eady en\gh to be embodi$ 9 any well-su/a9$ & coh]5t policy4 ,x is n1 inde$1 to be desir$ t ! eug5ic action ( society %\ld be directly aim$ at any n>r[ly /hetic or moral end4 ,t has nev] be5 ! ideal ( any ( ^? ^: conceptions ( social life des]ve to be tak5 s]i\sly1 lea/ ( all ,galton1 :o is commonly reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! mod]n sci5tific art ( eug5ics4 8,society w\ld be v dull10 he rem>k$1 8if e man resembl$ ,m>cus ,aurelius or ,adam ,b$e40 ,he ev5 ass]t$ t 8we mu/ leave morality z f> z possible out ( ! discussion10 s9ce moral goodness & badness are %ift+ phases ( a civilisation2 :at is held morally good 9 "o age is held bad 9 ano!r4 ,t w\ld hold true ( any /hetic revolution4 ,b we _c af=d to d )\t ! sane & :olesome p]sons :o are s well balanc$ t !y c adju/ !mselves to ! conditions ( e civilisation z x arises & c>ry x on to its f9e/ issues4 ,we %\ld n1 inde$1 seek to bre$ !m directly1 & we ne$ n1 s9ce "u natural conditions ,nature w see to _! bre$+4 ,b x is all ! m incumb5t ^u u to elim9ate ^? ill-balanc$ & poison\s /ocks produc$ by ! unnatural conditions :i* society 9 ! pa/ _h e/abli%$4#aef ,t we h to d alike 9 ! int]e/s ( ! (fspr+ ( ^! diseas$ /ocks & 9 ! int]e/s ( society4 ,no p[] 9 ,heav5 or ,e>? c ev] conf] ^u u ! "r to create ! unfit 9 ord] to hang !m l mill/ones ar\nd ! necks ( ! fit4 ,! g5ius ( ,galton enabl$ him to see ?is cle>ly afre% & to indicate ! reasonable pa? ( human progress4 ,x 0 a tru? t _h long be5 =gott5 by ! /r5u\s humanit>ians :o rul$ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 s anxi\s to p]petuate & multiply all ! wor/ spawn ( _! humanity4 ,yet x 0 an anci5t tru?1 c>ri$ into practice1 h[ev] unconsci\sly & in/9ctively1 by ,man ?r\gh\t 8 upw>d c\rse1 probably ev5 f ,paloli?ic times1 & :5 x ceas$ ,man's upw>d c\rse also ceas$4 ,z ,c>r-,saund]s has %[n1 9 a le>n$ & compreh5sive "w :i* is ( prim>y importance = ! und]/&+ ( ! hi/ory ( ,man1 almo/ e p on ! face ( ! e>? has adopt$ "o or m practices--notably infanticide1 abortion1 or sev]e re/riction ( sexual int]c\rse--adapt$ to ma9ta9 due selection ( ! be/ /ocks & to limit ! excess ( f]tility4 ,!y l>gely ceas$ to "w because ,man _h acquir$ ! humanity :i* 0 repell$ by su* me?ods & lo/ ! intellig5ce to see t !y mu/ be replac$ by bett] me?ods4 ,= ! process ( human evolution is no?+ m ?an a process ( sift+1 & :]e t sift+ ceases evolution ceases1 becomes1 inde$1 devolution4#aeg ,:5 we survey ! hi/ory ( ,man we are con/antly rem9d$ ( ! pr(\nd tru? :i* (t5 lay b5ea? ! p>ables ( ,jesus1 & !y might well =m ! motto = any treatise on eug5ics4 ,jesus 0 con/antly seek+ to sugge/ ! necessity ( t process ( sift+ 9 :i* all human evolution consi/s2 he 0 ev] quick to po9t out h[ few c\ld be1 z x 0 !n phras$1 8sav$10 h[ extremely n>r[ is ! pa? to ! ,k+dom ( ,heav51 or1 z _m might n[ call x1 ! ,k+dom ( ,man4 ,he proclaim$ symbolically a doctr9e ( h]$ity :i* is only to-day beg9n+ to be directly =mulat$3 8,e tree t br+e? n =? good fruit is hewn d[n & ca/ into ! fire40 ,!re 0 no compunction at all 9 8 promulgation ( ?is radical yet necess>y doctr9e = ! de/ruction ( unfit /ocks4 ,ev5 ! be/ /ocks ,jesus 0 9 fav\r ( de/roy+ ru?lessly z soon z !y _h ceas$ to be ! be/3 8,ye are ! salt ( ! e>?3 b if ! salt h lo/ 8 sav\r1 444 x is !nce=? good = no?+1 b to be ca/ out1 & to be trodd5 "u foot ( m540 ,jesus has be5 reproa*$ by ,nietzs*e = f\nd+ a religion = slaves & plebeians1 & s 9 ! result x may h become4 ,b we see t1 9 ! words ( ! ,tea*] z !y h be5 h&$ d[n1 ! religion ( ,jesus 0 ! mo/ ari/ocratic ( religions4 ,its doctr9e embodi$ n ev5 ! p]mission to live = ^? human /ocks :i* fall %ort ( its ari/ocratic ideal4 ,x ne$ n surprise u to f9d t ,jesus _h already said two ?\s& ye>s ago :at ,galton1 9 a m mod]n &--"s w\ld add--m humane way1 0 say+ ye/]day4 ,if !re _h n be5 a core ( vital tru? b5ea? ! surface ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian's tea*+1 x c\ld h>dly h surviv$ s long4 ,we are told t x is n[ dead1 b %\ld x ev] be reviv$ we may well believe t ?is is ! aspect by :i* x w be comm5d$4 ,x is a significant fact t at ! two spiritual s\rces ( our _w1 ,jesus & ,plato1 we f9d ! ass]tion ( ! pr9ciple ( eug5ics1 9 "o implicitly1 9 ! o!r explicitly4 ,jules de ,gaulti] 0 n conc]n$ to put =w>d an ari/ocratic conception ( 8 /hetic doctr9e1 &1 z we h se51 he rema9$ on ! ?re%old ( eug5ics4 ,he 0 cont5t to sugge/1 ?\gh ) no positive assurance1 a m democratic conception4 ,he _h1 inde$1 "o may div9e1 a pr$ilection = t middle class :i* has furni%$ s va/ a numb] ( ! supreme figures 9 art & ?\ght2 by produc+ a class ( p disp5s$ f tasks ( utility1 he _h po9t$ out1 8a society creates = itself an organ fitt$ = ! high] life & be>s witness t x has pass$ beyond ! m]ely biological /age to rea* ! human /age40 ,b ! middle class is n indisp5sable1 & if x is doom$ ,gaulti] saw ways ( replac+ x4#aeh ,especially we may seek to ensure t1 9 e social gr\p1 ! individual task ( utilit>ian "w %all be s limit$ t ! work] is enabl$ to ga9 a leisure suffici5tly ample to devote1 if he has ! aptitude1 to works ( intellect or art4 ,he w\ld agree ) ,otto ,braun1 ! inspir$ y\? :o 0 sla9 9 ! ,great ,w>1 t if we desire ! enablem5t ( ! p 8! eight-h\rs day becomes no?+ less ?an ! mo/ imp]ative dem& ( culture40 ,x is 9 ?is direction1 x may well be1 t social evolution is mov+1 h[ev] its complete realisation may1 by tempor>y causes1 f "t to "t be imp$$4 ,! insi/5t dem& = increas$ wages & dim9i%$ h\rs ( "w has n be5 inspir$ by ! desire to raise ! level ( culture 9 ! social environm5t1 or to inaugurate any /hetic revolution1 yet1 by 8! law ( irony0 :i* s (t5 controls ! realisation ( ?+s1 t is ! result :i* may be a*iev$4 ,! new leisure conf]r$ on ! work] may be trans=m$ into spiritual activity1 & ! lib]at$ utilit>ian en]gy into /hetic en]gy4 ,! road w\ld ?us be op5$ = a new human adv5ture1 ( anxi\s int]e/1 :i* ! future alone c reveal4 ,we _c be sure t ?is trans=mation w take place4 ,we _c be sure1 inde$1 t x is possible = x to take place unless ! g5]al quality ( ! population 9 :om s f9e a process mu/ be effect$ is rais$ by a m rigid eug5ic process ?an !re is yet any real det]m9ation among u to ex]t4 ,m5 /ill b[ d[n be=e ! feti% ( m]e quantity 9 population1 & t wor%ip may be _! undo+4 ,giant social organisms1 l ! giant animal species ( e>ly times1 may be de/9$ to disappe> sudd5ly :5 !y h atta9$ _! extreme expansion4 ,ev5 if t %\ld be s1 ev5 if !re %\ld be a solution ( cont9uity 9 ! c\rse ( civilisation1 ev5 !n1 z aga9 ,jules de ,gaulti] also held1 we ne$ n despair1 = life is a f\nta9 ( ev]la/+ exhil>ation4 ,no creature on ! e>? has s tortur$ himself z ,man1 & none has rais$ a m exultant ,alleluia4 ,x w\ld /ill be possible to erect places ( refuge1 cloi/]s :]e9 life w\ld yet be full ( joy = m5 & wom5 det]m9$ by _! vocation to c>e only = beauty & k1 & s to h& on to a future race ! liv+ tor* ( civilisation4 ,:5 we read ,palladius1 :5 we read ,rabelais1 we realise h[ va/ a field lies op5 = human activity betwe5 ! ,!baid on "o side & ,!lema on ! o!r4 ,out ( su* a%es a new _w might well arise4 ,sunset is ! promise ( dawn4 ,,! ,,end ,footnote #aac3 ,alfr$ ,nice=o1 ,les ,indices ,numriques de la ,civilisation et du ,progrs4 ,p>is1 #aiba4 ,footnote #aad3 ,pr(essor ,bury1 9 8 admirable hi/ory ( ! idea ( progress 7,j4 ,b4 ,bury1 ,! ,idea ( ,progress1 #aibj71 nev] def9es ! mean+ ( 8progress40 ,z reg>ds ! mean+ ( 8civilisation0 see essay on 8,civilisation10 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,conflict 7#aiai71 pp4 #ad-bb4 ,footnote #aae3 ,quetelet1 ,physique ,sociale4 7#ahfi47 ,footnote #aaf3 ,see e4g41 ,maurice ,p>melee's ,crim9ology1 ! sane/ & mo/ compreh5sive manual on ! subject we h 9 ,engli%4 ,footnote #aag3 lie ,faure1 ) 8 usual incisive insight1 has set out ! real *>act]s ( ! 8,greek ,_s0 78,reflexions sur le ,gnie ,grec10 ,monde ,n\veau1 ,decemb]1 #aibb74 ,footnote #aah3 ,?is t5d5cy1 on :i* ,h]b]t ,sp5c] long ago insi/$1 is 9 its l>g] aspects q cle>4 ,e4 ,c4 ,pell 7,! ,law ( ,bir?s & ,dea?s1 #aiba7 has argu$ t x holds good ( civilis$ man to-day1 & t our decreas+ bir? rate ) civilisation is q indep5d5t ( any ef=t on ,man's "p to atta9 t evolution>y end4 ,footnote #aai3 ,pr(essor ,mc,dougall ref]s to ! high bir?-rate ( ! l[] /ratum z m 8normal40 ,if t 7 s1 civilisation w\ld c]ta9ly be doom$4 ,all high evolution normally involves a l[ bir?-rate4 ,/range h[ difficult x is ev5 = ^? mo/ conc]n$ ) ^! que/ions to see ! facts simply & cle>ly6 ,footnote #abj3 ,a4 ,m4 ,c>r-,saund]s1 ,! ,population ,problem3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,human ,evolution 7#aibb71 pp4 #deg1 #dgb4 ,footnote #aba3 ,duprel1 ,la ,lg5de ,socratique 7#aibb71 p4 #dbh4 ,duprel consid]s 7p4 #dca7 t ! ,protagorean _s 0 m>k$ by ! idea ( expla9+ ! ?+s ( ?\ght1 & life 9 g5]al1 by ! meet+1 opposition1 & h>mony ( individual activities1 lead+ up to ! sociological notion ( conv5tion1 & beh9d x1 ( relativity4 ,nietzs*e 0 a pione] 9 re/or+ ! ,sophi/s to _! rightful place 9 ,greek ?\ght4 ,! ,greek culture ( ! ,sophi/s grew out ( all ! ,greek in/9cts1 he says 7,! ,w to ,p[]1 section #dbh73 8,& x has ultimately %[n itself to be "r4 ,our mod]n attitude ( m9d is1 to a great ext5t1 ,h]aclitean1 ,democritean1 & ,protagorean4 ,to say t x is ,protagorean is ev5 suffici5t1 because ,protagoras 0 himself a syn!sis ( ,h]aclitus & ,democritus40 ,! ,sophi/s1 by realiz+ t _m suppos$ objective ideas 7 really subjective1 h (t5 be5 view$ ) suspicion z cont5t ) a m]e egoti/ically individuali/ic conception ( life4 ,! same has happ5$ to ,nietzs*e4 ,x 0 probably an error z reg>ds ! greate/ ,sophi/s1 & is c]ta9ly an error1 ?\gh ev5 /ill commonly committ$1 z reg>ds ,nietzs*e2 see ! conv9c+ discussion ( ,nietzs*e's moral aim 9 ,salt]1 ,nietzs*e ! ,?9k]1 *ap4 ,,xxiv4 ,footnote #abb3 ,i may "h1 p]haps1 rem>k t 9 ! ,g5]al ,preface to my ,/udies 9 ! ,psy*ology ( ,sex ,i sugge/$ t we n[ h to lay ! f\ndation ( a new casui/ry1 no long] !ological & ,*ri/ian1 b naturali/ic & sci5tific4 ,footnote #abc3 ,oswald ,sp5gl]1 ,d] ,unt]gang des ,ab5dl&es1 vol4 ,i 7#aiah72 vol4 ,,ii 7#aibb74 ,footnote #abd3 ,9 an int]e/+ pamphlet1 ,pessimismus8 ,sp5gl] has s9ce po9t$ out t he does n reg>d 8 argum5t z pessimi/ic4 ,! end ( a civilisation is its fulfilm5t1 & !re is /ill mu* to be a*iev$ 7?\gh n1 he ?9ks1 along ! l9e ( art7 be=e our own civilisation is fulfill$4 ,) ,sp5gl]'s conception ( t fulfilm5t we may1 h[ev]1 fail to sympa?ise4 ,footnote #abe3 ,see1 = in/ance1 ,w4 ,l4 ,newman1 ,! ,politics ( ,ari/otle1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bja1 & ,s4 ,h4 ,but*]1 ,ari/otle's ,!ory ( ,poetry & ,f9e ,art1 p4 #aai4 ,footnote #abf3 ,beauty is a dang]\s conception to deal )1 & ! remembrance ( ?is great say+ may1 p]haps1 help to save u f ! degrad+ notion t beauty m]ely inh]es 9 objects1 or has any?+ to d ) ! prim & smoo? conv5tions :i* make prett9ess4 ,ev5 9 ! f9e art ( pa9t+ x is m reasonable to reg>d prett9ess z ! negation ( beauty4 ,x is possible to f9d beauty 9 ,degas & ,czanne1 b n 9 ,b\gu]eau or ,cabanel4 ,! pa? ( beauty is n s(t & smoo?1 b full ( h>%ness & asp]ity4 ,x is a rose t gr[s only on a bu% cov]$ ) ?orns4 ,z ( goodness & ( tru?1 m5 talk too lightly ( ,beauty4 ,only to ! brave/ & skilfulle/ is x giv5 to break ?r\gh ! bri]s ( h] palace & kiss at la/ h] en*ant$ lips4 ,footnote #abg3 ,rusk9 0 :at ,sp9oza has be5 call$1 a ,god-intoxicat$ man2 he _h a gift ( div9e rhapsody1 :i* rea*$ at times to inspiration4 ,b x is n en\gh to be ,god-intoxicat$1 = into him ^: m9d is disord]ly & ignorant & ill-discipl9$ ! ,gods p\r _! w9e 9 va94 ,sp9oza's m9d 0 n ( t k9d1 ,rusk9's too (t5 01 s t ,rusk9 c nev] be1 l ,sp9oza1 a p]man5t =ce 9 ! _w ( ?\ght4 ,8 int]e/ is outside t field1 ma9ly p]haps psy*ological 9 ! precise notation ( a p>ticul> k9d ( /hetic s5sibility4 ,! admiration ( ,rusk9 *]i%$ by ,pr\/1 himself a supreme ma/] 9 ?is field1 is significant4 ,footnote #abh3 ,but*]1 ,ari/otle's ,!ory ( ,poetry & ,f9e ,art1 *ap4 ,v1 8,art & ,morals40 ,ari/otle c\ld h accept$ ! almo/ ,freudian view ( ,croce t art is ! deliv]]1 ! process ?r\gh :i* we ov]come ! /ress ( inn] exp]i5ces by objectify+ !m 7/hetics z ,sci5ce ( ,expression1 p4 #ce74 ,b ,plato c\ld n accept ,croce1 /ill less ,freud4 ,footnote #abi3 ,s*op5hau]1 ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung 7#ahei71 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ddb4 ,= a c>eful & detail$ /udy ( ,s*op5hau]'s conception ( art1 see ,a4 ,fauconnet1 ,l',e/htique de ,s*op5hau] 7#aiac74 ,footnote #acj3 ,i f9d t ,i h "h neglig5tly ascrib$ to ,b]gson a metaphor :i* belongs to ,croce1 :o at ?is po9t says ! same ?+ z ,b]gson1 ?\gh he gives x a diff]5t "n4 ,9 /hetics z ,sci5ce ( ,expression 7,engli% translation1 p4 #ff7 we read3 8,! _w ( :i* z a rule we h intuition ,b]gson c\ld n h us$ t ^w "h is a small ?+4444 #8,"h is a man1 "h is a horse1 ?is is heavy1 ?is is h>d1 ?is pleases me1' etc4 ,x is a m$ley ( light & col\r1 :i* c\ld n pictorially atta9 to any m s9c]e expression ?an a haphaz>d spla% ( col\r1 f among :i* w\ld ) difficulty /& out a few special di/9ctive traits4 ,?is & no?+ else is :at we possess 9 our ord9>y life2 ?is is ! basis ( our ord9>y action4 ,x is ! index ( a book4 ,! labels ti$ to ?+s take ! place ( ?+s !mselves40 ,footnote #aca3 ,h4 ,b]gson1 ,le ,rire4 ,= a cle>1 concise1 & sympa!tic exposition ( ,b]gson's /&po9t1 ?\gh )\t special ref]5ce to art1 see ,k>9 ,/eph51 ,! ,misuse ( ,m9d4 ,footnote #acb3 ,?is may seem to ca/ a critical reflection on ,croce4 ,let me1 !re=e1 ha/5 to add t x is m]ely ! p]sonal impression t ,croce1 = all 8 virtu\s aspirations aft] ! concrete1 t5ds to fall into v]bal ab/raction4 ,he s (t5 rem9ds "o ( t old lady :o us$ to f9d 7= %e di$ dur+ ! ,great ,w>7 su* spiritual consolation 9 8t bless$ ^w ,mesopotamia40 ,?is ref]s1 h[ev]1 to ! e>li] m ?an to ! lat] ,croce4 ,footnote #acc3 ,h4 ,rick]t1 ,sy/em d] ,philosophie1 vol4 ,i 7#aiba74 ,footnote #acd3 ,be=e ,baumg>t5 ?is di/9ction seems to h be5 recognis$1 ?\gh too vaguely & inconsi/5tly1 by ,hut*eson1 :o is s (t5 reg>d$ z ! real f\nd] ( mod]n /hetics4 ,w4 ,r4 ,scott 7,francis ,hut*eson1 p4 #baf7 po9ts out ^! two pr9ciples 9 ,hut*eson's "w1 8! ,int]nal ,s5ses1 z d]iv$ f ,reflection1 repres5t+ ! attitude ( ! #8,spectator' or obs]v] 9 a picture gall]y :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 z d$uc$ f f9d a p>allel 9 ! arti/'s own consci\sness ( success 9 8 "w1 ?us ! =m] might be call$ /atic & ! latt] dynamic consci\sness1 or1 9 ! special case ( ,morality1 ! fir/ applies prim>ily to approval ( ! acts ( o!rs1 ! second to ea* individual's approval ( 8 own conduct40 ,footnote #ace3 ,?is w\ld probably be recognis$ ev5 by ^? morali/s :o1 l ,hut*eson1 9 _! anxiety to make cle> an important relation%ip1 h spok5 ambigu\sly4 8,probably ,hut*eson's real ?\ght10 rem>ks ,f4 ,c4 ,%>p 7,m9d1 #aiba1 p4 #db71 8is t ! moral emotion1 :ile possess+ _m important aff9ities ) ! /hetic1 is 9 ! la/ resort diff]5t 9 cont5t40 ,footnote #acf3 ,s*op5hau] long ago po9t$ out t a picture %\ld be look$ at z a royal p]sonage is approa*$1 9 sil5ce1 until ! mom5t x pleases to speak to y1 =1 if y speak fir/ 7& h[ _m critics "o kn[s :o 8speak fir/0671 y expose y\rself to he> no?+ b ! s\nd ( y\r own voice4 ,9 o!r words1 x is a spontane\s & 8my/ical0 exp]i5ce4 ,footnote #acg3 ,x is ?r\gh ,plot9us1 also1 t we realise h[ /hetics is on ! same plane1 if n "o1 ) my/icism4 ,= by 8 insi/5ce on ,contemplation1 :i* is /hetics1 we le>n to und]/& :at is meant :5 x is said1 z x (t5 is1 t my/icism is ,contemplation4 7,on ?is po9t1 & on ! e>ly evolutions ( ,*ri/ian ,my/icism1 see ,dom ,cu?b]t ,butl]1 ,we/]n ,my/icism 7#aibb747 ,footnote #ach3 ,really1 h[ev]1 ,plot9us 0 "h a ,neo-,ari/otelian r ?an a ,neo-,platoni/1 = ,ari/otle 7,e?ics1 book ,x1 *ap4 #f7 _h put ! claim ( ! ,contemplative life high] ev5 ?an ,plato & almo/ =e/all$ ,plot9us4 ,b z ,ari/otle 0 himself "h a ,platoni/ t does n mu* matt]4 ,footnote #aci3 ,see ,+e1 ,philosophy ( ,plot9us1 p4 #agi4 ,9 a f9e passage 7quot$ by ,bridges 9 8 ,_s ( ,man7 ,plot9us repres5ts contemplation z ! great function ( ,nature h]self1 cont5t1 9 a sort ( self-consci\sness1 to d no?+ m ?an p]fect t fair & bright vision4 ,?is 8metaphysical ,n>cissism10 z ,palante might call x1 accords ) ! conception ( v>i\s lat] ?9k]s1 l ,s*op5hau]1 & l ,gaulti]1 :o h[ev]1 seldom ref]s to ,plot9us4 ,footnote #adj3 ,r4 ,s*midt1 ,deuts*e ,philosophie d] ,geg5w>t 9 ,selb/d>/ellung5 7#aiba71 vol4 ,,ii4 ,footnote #ada3 ,e4 ,fr/]-,nietzs*e1 ,das ,leb5 ,nietzs*es1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #adb3 ,w4 ,m4 ,salt] 9 8 ,nietzs*e ! ,?9k]--probably ! be/ & mo/ exact /udy ( ,nietzs*e's ?\ght we possess--summ>ises ,nietzs*e's 8/hetic metaphysics10 z he t]ms x 7pp4 #df-dh71 9 words :i* apply almo/ exactly to ,gaulti]4 ,footnote #adc3 ,see especially 8 book b] d5 ,n]vs5 ,*>akt] 7#aiab74 ,x has be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,footnote #add3 ,jules de ,gaulti]1 ,le ,bov>ysme1 & v>i\s o!r ( 8 works4 ,georges ,palante has lucidly & concisely exp\nd$ ! idea ( ,bov>ism 9 a small volume1 ,la ,philosophie du ,bov>ysme 7,m]cure de ,france74 ,footnote #ade3 ,gaulti] has lum9\sly discuss$ ! relations ( ,w>1 ,civilisation1 & ,art 9 ! ,monde ,n\veau1 ,augu/1 #aibj1 & ,febru>y1 #aiba4 ,footnote #adf3 ,^! are problems conc]n+ :i* innoc5t p might imag9e t ! wise refra9$ f speculat+1 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! v>i\s gr\ps ( philosophic devotees may be divid$ into ^? t]m$ 8,ideali/s0 & ^? t]m$ 8,reali/s10 ea* assur$ ( ! sup]iority ( 8 own way ( view+ ?\ght4 ,r\ghly speak+1 = ! ideali/ ?\ght means ! creation ( ! _w1 = ! reali/ its discov]y4 ,b "h 7z 9 _m diff]5ces betwe5 ,twe$l$um & ,twe$l$ee = :i* m5 h sla9 "o ano!r ^! ?\s&s ( ye>s7 !re seem to be sup]iorities on bo? sides4 ,ea* looks at ?\ght 9 a diff]5t aspect4 ,b ! ideali/ c\ld h>dly create ! _w ) no?+ !re to make x f1 nor ! reali/ discov] x save ?r\gh creat+ x afre%4 ,we _c1 s to put x1 express 9 a s+le =mula ( ?ree dim5sions :at only exi/s z a unity 9 f\r dim5sions4 ,footnote #adg3 ,b]tr& ,russell1 ,pr9ciples ( ,social ,recon/ruction 7#aiaf71 p4 #bce4 ,footnote #adh3 ,i may "h be all[$ to ref] to ano!r discussion ( ?is po9t1 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,conflict1 & ,o!r ,essays1 pp4 #eg-fh4 ,footnote #adi3 ,i may rem>k t ,plato _h long be=e attribut$ ! same obs]vation to ! ,py?agorean ,timu 9 ! sublime & amus+ dialogue t goes "u t "n3 8,sight 9 my op9ion is ! s\rce ( ! greate/ b5efit to u1 = _h we nev] se5 ! />s1 & ! sun1 & ! heav5s1 none ( ! words :i* we h spok5 ab\t ! univ]se w\ld ev] h be5 utt]$4 ,b n[ ! sight ( day & night1 & ! mon?s & ! revolution ( ! ye>s1 h creat$ ,numb]1 & h giv5 u a conception ( ,"t1 & ! p[]s ( inquir+ ab\t ! ,nature ( ! ,univ]se1 & f ?is s\rce we h d]iv$ philosophy1 ?an :i* no great] good ev] 0 or w be giv5 by ! gods to mortal man40 ,footnote #aej3 ,jules de ,gaulti]1 8,la ,gu]re et les ,de/9es de l',art10 ,monde ,n\veau1 ,augu/1 #aibj4 ,footnote #aea3 ,?us ,e9/e91 l e true man ( sci5ce1 holds t cultural developm5ts are n to be measur$ 9 t]ms ( utilit>ian te*nical advances1 mu* z he has himself be5 conc]n$ ) su* advances1 b t1 l ! devotee ( 8,art = ,art's sake10 ! man ( sci5ce mu/ proclaim ! maxim1 8,sci5ce = ,sci5ce's sake40 ,footnote #aeb3 ,9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs ,i h1 9 my own way1 reproduc$ ! ?\ght1 occasionally ! words1 ( ,jules de ,gaulti]1 m especially 9 8,la ,moralit ,e/htique0 7,m]cure de ,france1 #ae? ,decemb]1 #aiba71 probably ! f9e/ %ort /atem5t ( ?is di/+ui%$ ?9k]'s reflections on ! matt] 9 "q4 ,footnote #aec3 ,guyau1 ,l',art au ,po9t de ,vue ,sociologique1 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #aed3 ,?is diffus$ /hetic s5se is correlat$ ) a diffus$ arti/ic in/9ct1 bas$ on craftsman%ip1 :i* ! ,greeks 7 afraid to recognise because !y look$ d[n ) contempt on ! h&icrafts z vulg>4 ,william ,morris 0 a pione] 9 ass]t+ ?is association4 ,z a di/+ui%$ ,engli% writ]1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,m>riott1 ! noveli/ & critic1 cle>ly puts ! mod]n doctr9e3 8,! fir/ /ep is to absorb1 or re-absorb1 ! #8,arti/' into ! craftsman4444 ,once agree t ! same /hetic consid]ations :i* apply to pa9t+ a picture apply1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t degree1 to pa9t+ a door1 & y h emancipat$ lab\r )\t any prejudice to ! highe/ mean+ ( art4444 ,a good surface ( pa9t on a door is z truly an emotional or /hetic consid]ation z #8significant =m1' inde$ x is #8significant =m4'0 7,nation & ,a!num1 #a/ ,july1 #aibb47 ,pr(essor ,santayana has spok5 9 ! same s5se3 8,9 a ?or\ghly humanis$ society ev]y?+--clo!s1 spee*1 mann]s1 gov]nm5t--is a "w ( art40 7,! ,dial1 ,june1 #aibb1 p4 #efc47 ,x is1 inde$1 ! g5]al t5d5cy to-day & is traceable 9 ,croce's lat] writ+s4 ,footnote #aee3 ,?us x has (t5 be5 po9t$ out t ! ,papuans are arti/s 9 design ( ! fir/ rank1 ) a f9] ta/e 9 "s matt]s ?an ! mo/ highly civilis$ races ( ,europe4 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,semon1 :o has "s rem>ks to ?is effect 7,correspond5zblatt ( ! ,g]man ,an?ropological ,society1 ,m>*1 #aijb71 adds t _! unfail+ arti/ic s5se is spread ?r\gh\t ! :ole population & %[n 9 e object ( daily use4 ,footnote #aef3 ,! pres5ce ( a small m9ority ( abnormal or p]v]se p]sons--!re w be su*1 we may be sure1 9 e possible society--af=ds no excuse = re/rict+ ! lib]ty ( ! _m to ! /&>d ( ! few4 ,! g5]al preval5ce ( an /hetic morality 9 classic times fail$ to prev5t occasional outbur/s ( morbid sexual impulse 9 ! pres5ce ( objects ( art1 ev5 9 temples4 ,we f9d records ( ,pygmalionism & alli$ p]v]sities 9 ,lucian1 ,a!nu1 ,pl9y1 ,val]ius ,maximus4 ,yet suppos+ t ! ,greeks _h li/5$ to ! proposals ( "s /ray$ ,puritan visitor1 f ,brita9 or ,new ,engl&1 to aboli% nude /atues1 or suppose t ,plato1 :o wi%$ to d away ) imag9ative lit]ature z liable to demoralise1 _h possess$ ! influ5ce he desir$1 h[ inf9ite ! loss to all mank9d6 ,9 mod]n ,europe we n only propose su* legal abolition2 we actually1 h[ev] 9 va91 c>ry x out4 ,we seek to r$uce all human exi/5ce to absurdity4 ,x is1 at ! be/1 unnecess>y1 = we may be sure t1 9 spite ( our ef=ts1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( absurdity w always rema94 ,footnote #aeg3 ,a4 ,m4 ,c>r-,saund]s1 ,! ,population ,problem3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,human ,evolution 7,ox=d ,press1 #aibb74 ,footnote #aeh3 ,j4 de ,gaulti]1 8,art et ,civilisation10 ,monde ,n\veau1 ,febru>y1 #aiba4 ,,index ,abortion1 once practis$1 #ced4 ,absolute1 !1 a fiction1 #aja4 ,abyssian ,*ur*1 danc+ 9 wor%ip (1 #de4 ,act+1 music1 & poetry1 proce$ 9 "o /ream1 #cf4 ,adam1 ,villi]s de l',isle1 8 /ory ,le ,secret de l'anci5ne ,musique1 #be4 ,addison1 ,joseph1 8 /yle1 #afa-fc1 #ahd4 ,adl]1 ,dr4 ,alfr$1 ( ,vi5na1 #ccf1 #ccg4 ,adolesc5ce1 idealisation 91 #ajg1 #ajh4 s*ylus1 develop$ te*nique ( danc+1 #ef4 /hetic contemplation1 #cad1 #cae1 #cbe1 #cbf2 recognis$ by ! ,greeks1 #ccj1 #cca2 two k9ds (1 t ( spectator & t ( p>ticipator1 #cca1 #ccb2 ! ,%aftesbury attitude t[>d1 #ccb1 #ccc2 ! ,swift attitude t[>d1 #ccc2 involves life z a spectacle1 #ccc1 #ccd2 & ! sy/ems ( ,gaulti] & ,russell1 #cdc2 eng5d]s nei!r hatr$ nor envy1 #cdf4 /hetic in/9ct1 to replace moralities1 religions1 & laws1 #cdj1 #cda1 #cdc-de2 diff]5tiat$ f o!r in/9cts1 #cdf2 has ! "* ( morality1 #cdf4 /hetic intuitionism1 #bfj1 #bgf1 #bgi1 #cad4 /hetic s5se1 developm5t (1 indisp5sable = civilisation1 #cde2 realises morality :5 unburd5$ ) moral int5tions1 #cdf2 mix$ ) primitive manife/ations ( life1 #cej2 correlat$ ) diffus$ arti/ic in/9ct1 #cej n42 seems to be decreas+1 #cej-eb4 /hetics1 & e?ics1 among ! ,greeks1 #bdg2 ) u1 #cdh2 9 ! ,greek s5se1 #bfc2 ! f\nd]s (1 #bga1 #cbi2 & art1 ! unlik5ess (1 #cbe-bh2 on same plane ) my/icism1 #ccj n4 ,africa1 love-dance 91 #df1 #di1 #ej4 ,akh5at51 #bh4 ,al>o1 9 ,mallorca1 danc+ 9 *ur* at1 #dd1 #de4 ,alb]ti1 ,leo1 va/-rang+ ideas (1 #e4 ,alcohol1 consumption (1 z te/ ( civilisation1 #bie1 #bif4 ,anatomy1 /udi$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #abj4 ,anaxim&]1 #hi4 ,ance/ry1 ! =ce (1 9 h&writ+1 #aeg1 #aeh2 9 /yle1 #aeh-fa1 #aij4 ,anna1 ,empress1 #ei4 ,anti/h5es1 #bdi n4 8,appe>ance10 #bai n4 ,aqu9as1 ,sa9t ,?omas1 #bjb4 ,arabs1 danc+ among1 #ch4 ,arbuckle1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( /hetics1 #bga2 insi/$ on imag9ation z =mative ( "*1 #bgb4 ,ar*itecture4 ,see ,build+4 ,ari/ophanes1 #caa4 ,ari/otle1 #hi2 on trag$y1 #ef2 on ! ,my/]ies1 #bdb2 on ! moral quality ( an act1 #bdh2 8 use ( ! t]m 8moral s5se10 #bgc2 on ,art & ,nature 9 ! mak+ ( ! ,/ate1 #cac2 8 use ( ! t]m 8arti/s10 #cac2 8 view ( poetry1 #cah2 & ! contemplative life1 #ccj n4 ,art1 life z1 m difficult to realise ?an to act1 #a1 #b2 univ]se conceiv$ z "w (1 by ! primitive philosoph]1 #a2 life z1 views ( f9e/ ?9k]s ( ,*9a & ,greece on1 #b-f1 #bdg-eb2 :ole conception (1 has be5 n>r[$ & debas$1 #f1 #g2 9 its prop] s5se1 #g1 #h2 z ! desire = beautification1 #h2 ( liv+1 has be5 decad5t dur+ ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s1 #h n42 ,napoleon 9 ! sph]e (1 #aj2 ( liv+1 ! ,lifuan1 #ac-ah2 ( liv+1 ! ,*9ese1 #bg2 ,*9ese civilisation %[s t human life is1 #cj2 ( liv+1 ,t'ung's /ory ! embodim5t ( ! ,*9ese symbol (1 #cc2 life id5tical )1 #cc-ce2 ( danc+1 #cf1 #ea-fg1 see ,danc+2 ( life1 a dance1 #ff1 #fg2 sci5ce &1 no di/9ction betwe51 9 classic times1 #fh2 sci5ce &1 di/9ction betwe51 9 mod]n times1 #fh-gj2 sci5ce is ( ! nature (1 #ga2 repres5t$ by ,py?agoras z s\rce ( sci5ce1 #gd2 ,greek1 #gf n42 ( ?9k+1 #fh-adj1 see ,?9k+2 ! solution ( ! conflicts ( philosophy 91 #hb1 #hc2 philosophy &1 close relation%ip (1 #hc-he2 impulse (1 trans=m$ sexual in/9ct1 #ajh-ab2 & ma!matics1 #ach-dj2 ( writ+1 #ada-aij1 see ,writ+2 ,man add$ to ,nature1 is ! task 91 #aec2 ! fre$om & ! eas9ess (1 d n necess>ily g toge!r1 #ahb2 ( religion1 #aia-bdc1 see ,religion2 ( morals1 #bdd-hd1 see ,morals2 ! critic (1 a critic ( life1 #bfi2 civilisation is an1 #cja1 #caj2 consid]ation ( ! "q ( ! def9ition (1 #caj-ab2 ,nature &1 #cab1 #cac2 ! sum ( ! active en]gies ( mank9d1 #cac2 & /hetics1 ! unlik5ess (1 #cad1 #cae1 #cbe-bh2 a g5us1 ( :i* morals is a species1 #caf2 ea*1 has its own morality1 #cah2 to ass]t t x gives pleasure a feeble conclusion1 #cai2 on ! uselessness (1 accord+ to ,s*op5hau] & o!rs1 #cai-ba2 mean+lessness ( ! /atem5t t x is useless1 #cbb2 sociological function (1 #cbc1 #cbd2 philosoph]s h fail$ to see t x has a morality ( its own1 #cbd1 #cbe2 = art's sake1 #cdf1 #cdg4 ,arti/1 p>takes ( div9e nature ( creator ( ! _w1 #b2 ,napoleon z an1 #aj-ab2 ! true sci5ti/ z1 #gb1 #gc1 #aab2 ! philosoph] z1 #gb1 #gc1 #he2 explanation (1 #ajh-ab2 ,bacon's def9ition (1 ,man add$ to ,nature1 #aec2 makes all ?+s new1 #aec2 9 words1 passes betwe5 ! plane ( new vision & ! plane ( new creation1 #agj1 #agh2 life always a discipl9e =1 #bgg2 lays up 8 treasure 9 ,heav51 #cjg2 ,man z1 #caj2 is a mak]1 #cab2 ,ari/otle's use ( ! t]m1 #cac2 reveals ,nature1 #cbj2 has to effect a necess>y ,bov>ism1 #cdh1 #cdi4 ,arti/ic creation1 ! process ( its bir?1 #ajh1 #aji4 ,arts1 sometimes classic & sometimes decad5t1 #h n42 & sci5ces1 #fh-gj2 ,ma/] (1 #fi4 8,arty0 p1 #f1 #g4 8,z if10 g]ms ( doctr9e (1 9 ,kant1 #hg2 _w (1 & ,plato's 8,ideas10 #hh2 s\rce ( ! phrase1 #hh1 #hi2 se5 9 play1 #hi2 ! doctr9e (1 n immune f criticism1 #ajb2 =tify+ influ5ce ( ! doctr9e1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,see ,fiction1 ,vaih+]4 ,asceticism1 has no?+ to d ) normal religion1 #bbb1 #bbc2 among ! ,greeks1 trac$1 #bdi n42 & ,*ri/ianity1 #bdi n4 ,asclepios1 ! cult (1 #aig n4 ,atavism1 9 h&writ+1 #aeg1 #aeh2 9 /yle1 #aeh-fa1 #aij4 ,a!nu1 #ee1 #cec n42 8 book ab\t ! ,greeks1 #gf n4 ,atom1 a fiction or an hypo!sis1 #ig1 #cch2 ! /ructure (1 #ig n4 ,attraction1 =ce (1 a fiction1 #ih4 ,aurelius1 ,m>cus1 reg>d$ art ( life z l ! danc]'s art1 #ff2 8 /atem5t ( ! my/ical core ( religion1 #bjg2 adopt$ /hetic crit]ion ( moral action1 #bgi4 ,au/ralians1 religi\s dances among1 #dj4 ,auto-erotic activities1 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,axioms1 ak9 to fiction1 #id1 #ie4 ,babies1 #aje4 ,ba*1 ,seba/ian1 #fb1 #caa4 ,bacon1 ,francis1 8 def9ition ( ! arti/1 ,man add$ to ,nature1 #aec2 8 /yle comp>$ ) t ( ,%akespe>e1 #afj2 ! music ( 8 /yle1 #afc2 heavy & =mal lett]s (1 #ahd2 8 axiom1 ! "r "q is half ! k1 #cbe4 ,bacon1 ,rog]1 on ! sci5ces1 #fh4 ,balguy1 ,rev4 ,john1 #bgd4 ,ballad1 a dance z well z song1 #fb4 ,ballet1 !1 *ief =m ( ,romantic danc+1 #ec2 ! g]m (1 to be f\nd 9 anci5t ,rome1 #ef2 orig9 ( ! mod]n1 #ef2 ! ,italian & ! ,fr5*1 #ef-eh2 decl9e (1 #eh2 ! ,russian1 #eh-fj2 ! ,sw$i%1 #fj4 ,bantu1 ! "q ( !1 #ch1 #de4 ,baptism1 #bdb4 8,b>b>ians10 ! classic use ( ! t]m1 #bhe4 ,b>ebones1 ,praise-,god1 #bgb4 ,b>etti1 ,g4 ,m41 #ej4 ,ba/i5-,lepage1 ,jules1 #caa4 ,baudelaire1 ,*>les1 on vulg> locutions1 #aea4 ,baumg>t51 ,a4 ,g41 ! commonly accept$ f\nd] ( /hetics1 #cbf4 ,bayad]es1 #eb4 ,bayle1 ,g4 ,l41 #bfa4 8,beautiful10 !1 among ,greeks & ,romans1 #bdg1 #beb4 ,beauty1 develop$ by danc+1 #dg2 z an elem5t ( lit]>y /yle1 #agf-gh2 & ! good1 among ! ,greeks1 #bdg2 ,plot9us's doctr9e (1 #bej1 #bea2 ( virtue1 #bgj n42 /hetic contemplation creates1 #cae1 #cbg1 #cbh2 & prett9ess1 #cae n42 revelation (1 sometimes comes z by a process ( 8conv]sion10 #cbh1 #cbi4 ,bee1 !1 an arti/1 #cab4 ,bee?ov51 #caa2 8 ,sev5? ,symphony1 #fb1 #fc4 ,begg>y 9 ,*9a1 #ca4 ,b5n1 ,a4 ,w41 8 ,! ,greek ,philosoph]s1 #f1 #beb1 #bgg n4 ,b5?am1 ,j]emy1 adopt$ a fiction = 8 sy/em1 #ii4 ,b]5son1 ,b]nh>d1 critic ( art1 #aad2 8 attitude t[>d ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #aad1 #aag4 ,b]gson1 ,h5ri ,l\is1 pyrote*nical allusions frequ5t 91 #bc2 reg>ds philosophy z an art1 #hc1 #hd2 on cl>ity 9 /yle1 #agf1 #agg2 8 idea ( intuition1 #bcb n42 on reality1 #cbj4 ,b]keley1 ,george1 #ie4 ,b]n>d1 ,claude1 p]sonality 9 8 ,leons de ,physiologie ,exprim5tales1 #add4 ,bible1 !1 ! s\rce ( its long life1 #agi4 ,see ,old ,te/am5t1 ,revelation4 ,birds1 danc+ (1 #cf n41 #de2 ! attitude ( ! poet t[>d1 #afh4 ,bir?-rate1 z te/ ( civilisation1 #bid1 #bif1 #bii n4 8,bitt]10 a moral quality1 #bfd4 ,blackgu>d1 !1 #bdd1 #bde4 ,blake1 ,william1 on ! ,dance ( ,life1 #ff2 on ! gold5 rule ( life1 #bha4 ,blasco ,ibaez1 #aga4 ,blood1 ,h>vey's conception ( circulation (1 ne>ly anticipat$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #abj4 ,boisguilleb]t1 ,pi]re ,le ,pesant1 sieur de1 8 8b>omet] ( prosp]ity10 #bhg4 ,botany1 /udi$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #aai4 ,botticelli1 ,s&ro1 #ef4 ,b\gu]eau1 ,g4 ,a41 #cae n4 ,bov>ism1 explanation (1 #cce2 appli$ to ! ,univ]se1 #ccg2 a necess>y1 effect$ by ! arti/1 #cdh1 #cdi4 ,brantme1 ,pi]re de ,b41 8 /yle1 #afa4 ,braun1 ,otto1 #ceg4 ,breton1 ,jules1 #caa4 ,bridges1 ,rob]t1 #bgb4 ,br[ne1 ,sir ,?omas1 8 /yle1 #afa1 #age1 #agf1 #agh4 ,br[n+1 ,rob]t1 #aac2 too clumsy to influ5ce o!rs1 #ahd4 ,brunetire1 ,f]d9&1 a n>r[-m9d$ p$agogue1 #abe4 ,bruno1 ,giordano1 #bjg4 ,bruno1 ,leon>do1 #bjg4 ,bryce1 ,james1 on democracies1 #cjj4 ,b*]1 ,k>l1 on "w & dance1 #fa1 #fb4 ,buckle1 ,h4 ,t41 #ii4 ,buddhi/ monks1 #bbd n4 ,build+1 & danc+1 ! two prim>y arts1 #cf2 birds' ne/s1 ! *ief e>ly =m (1 #cf n4 ,bunyan1 ,john1 #gi4 ,burton1 ,rob]t1 z reg>ds 8 quotations1 #aeb4 ,bury1 ,j4 ,b41 #bhg n4 ,cabanel1 #cae n4 ,cadiz1 ! danc+-s*ool ( ,spa91 #ed4 ,cam>go1 innovations (1 9 ! ballet1 #eg4 ,c>lyle1 ,?omas1 revelation ( family hi/ory 9 8 /yle1 #aeh1 #aei2 comp>$ to ,ari/ophanes1 #aei n42 too clumsy to n9flu5ce o!rs1 #ahd4 ,c>p5t]1 !1 sacr$ position (1 9 "s c\ntries1 #b4 ,c>r-,saund]s1 ,a4 ,m41 on ! social ladd] & ! successful climb]s1 #bii1 #cjj2 on select+ ! be/ /ock ( humanity1 #ced4 ,cassir]1 ,erne/1 on ,goe!1 #acg n4 ,ca/anets1 #ed4 ,casui/ry1 #cjd n41 #cje4 ,categories1 are fictions1 #id4 ,ca!drals1 danc+ 91 #dd1 #de4 ,c]emony1 ,*9ese1 #bb1 #bi2 & music1 ,*9ese life regulat$ by1 #bd-bf4 ,czanne1 arti/1 #aec1 #cae n4 ,*anties1 ( sailors1 #fa1 #fb4 ,*ee?am1 ,samuel1 on ! ,pagan ,my/]ies1 #bda n4 ,*emi/ry1 analogy (1 to life1 #cc-ce4 ,*ess1 ! ,*9ese game (1 #bc4 ,*i>oscuro1 me?od (1 devis$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #aag4 ,*idley1 ,au/ralian philosoph]1 #gi-hb4 ,*9a1 f9e/ ?9k]s (1 p]ceiv$ significance 9 life ( conception ( art1 #c2 art animates ! :ole ( life 91 #bg1 #bh2 begg>y 91 #ca4 ,*9ese1 !1 ! acc\nts (1 #ah-ba2 _! poetry1 #ba1 #bb1 #bi1 #cb2 _! etiquette ( polit5ess1 #bb2 ! quality ( play 9 _! "*1 #bb-bd2 _! life regulat$ by music & c]emony1 #bd-bf1 #bi2 _! civilisation %[s t life is art1 #bg1 #bh1 #cj2 ! /hetic supremacy (1 #bh-cj2 endurance ( _! civilisation1 #bh1 #cj2 _! philosophic calm1 #bi n42 decl9e 9 civilisation (1 9 la/ ?\s& ye>s1 #cj2 _! pott]y1 #cb1 #cc2 embodim5t ( _! symbol ( ! art ( liv+1 #cc4 ,*9ese life1 ! art ( balanc+ /hetic temp]am5t & gu>d+ aga9/ its excesses1 #bi4 ,*oir1 ! ^w1 #db4 ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 suppos$ to h be5 orig9ally a !atre1 #db4 ,*ri/ian ritual1 ! e>lie/ kn[n1 a sacr$ dance1 #db4 ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 danc+ 91 #db-de2 c5tral function (1 a sacr$ drama1 #dc4 ,*ri/ianity1 ,lifuan art ( liv+ und]m9$ by arrival (1 #ah2 danc+ 91 #dj-de2 ! ideas (1 z dogmas1 hypo!ses1 & fictions1 #ii2 & ! ,pagan ,my/]ies1 #bdb2 & asceticism1 #bdi n42 ! ,hebrew mode ( feel+ graft$ into1 #bgf4 ,*ryso/om1 on danc+ at ! ,eu*>i/1 #dc4 ,*ur*1 & religion1 n ! same1 #bbh n4 ,*ur* ,congress1 at ,%effield 9 #aibb1 ideas ( conv]sion express$ at1 #bbj n4 ,*ur*es1 #cea4 ,cic]o1 #gc1 #beb4 ,c9ema1 educational value (1 #ach4 ,ci/]cian monks1 #dc4 ,ci/]cians1 !1 #cdg4 ,civilisation1 develops ) consci\s adhesion to =mal ord]1 #agb2 /&>ds = measurem5t (1 #bhe2 ,nice=o's measurem5t (1 #bhf2 on mean+ (1 #bhg2 ! ^w1 #bhh2 ! art (1 includes ?ree k9ds ( facts1 #bhi2 crim9ality z a measure (1 #bij1 #bia2 creative g5ius & g5]al in/ruction 9 connection )1 #bia-ic2 bir?-rate z te/ (1 #bid2 consumption ( luxuries z te/ (1 #bid1 #bie2 suicide rate z te/ (1 #bie2 te/s (1 appli$ to ,france by ,nice=o1 #bie-ig2 n an exclusive mass ( b5efits1 b a mass ( values1 #big2 becom+ m complex1 #bih2 small m9ority at ! top (1 #bih2 guidance (1 assign$ to l[] /ratum1 #bih1 #bii2 art ( eug5ics necess>y to save1 #bii1 #cjj2 ( quantity & ( quality1 #cjj2 n to be precisely measur$1 #cja2 ! m rapidly x progresses1 ! soon] x dies1 #cja2 an art1 #cja1 #caj2 an e/imate ( its value possible1 #cjb2 mean+ ( ,protagoras's dictum ) relation to1 #cjb2 measur$ by /&>d ( f9e art 7sculpture71 #cjg1 #cjh2 eight p]iods (1 #cjg1 #cjh2 a fre% race ne$$ to produce new p]iod (1 #cjh2 & culture1 #cji2 /hetic s5se indisp5sable =1 #cde2 possible break-up (1 #ceh4 ,cl>ity1 z an elem5t ( /yle1 #agf-gh4 ,cli*s1 #adi-ea4 ,cloi/]s1 = arti/s1 #ceh4 ,co*ez1 ( ,l\va91 on ,plot9us1 #bdi n4 ,col]idge1 ,s4 ,t41 8 8l\d bassoon10 #afi2 ( ! spectator type ( ! contemplative temp]am5t1 #ccb4 ,col\r-words1 #afd n4 ,colv91 ,sir ,sidney1 on sci5ce & art1 #gj4 ,comm&m5ts1 tables (1 #bec1 #bee4 ,communi/s1 ,fr5*1 inspir$ by ,%aftesbury1 #bfi4 ,community1 !1 #bdd4 ,comte1 ,j4 ,a41 #cja4 ,confucian morality1 !1 #bi4 ,confucianism1 outw>d manife/ation ( ,taoism1 #bf4 ,confucius1 consults ,lao-tze1 #be1 #bf4 ,conrad1 ,joseph1 8 k ( ! sea1 #aga4 ,contemplation4 ,see /hetic contemplation4 ,conv5tion1 & ,nature1 ,hippias makes di/9ction betwe51 #e4 ,conv5tions4 ,see ,traditions4 ,conv]sion1 a que/ionnaire on1 #baj n42 ! process (1 #bah2 ! fundam5tal fact (1 #bah1 #bah n42 ess5tial outl9es (1 h be5 obscur$1 #bbj n42 ,*ur*m5's ideas (1 #bbj n42 n ! outcome ( despair or a retrogression1 #bba1 #bbb2 no?+ ascetic ab\t x1 #bbb2 among ! ,greeks1 #bdj2 revelation ( beauty sometimes comes by a process (1 #cbh1 #cbi4 ,coop]1 ,an?ony1 #bfa4 ,corni%1 ,g4 ,w>re1 8 article on 8,greek ,drama & ! ,dance10 #ef4 ,cosmos4 ,see ,univ]se4 ,c\rt%ip1 danc+ a process (1 #df4 ,c[p]1 ,william1 #ahd2 influ5ce ( ,%aftesbury on1 #bff4 ,craftsman1 !1 p>takes ( div9e nature ( creator ( ! _w1 #b4 ,creation1 n ! :ole ( ,man1 #cad4 ,creative impulses4 ,see ,impulses4 ,crime1 an ef=t to get into /ep1 #bde n42 def9$1 #bij2 natural1 #bij2 evolutive social1 #bia4 ,crim9ality1 z a measure ( civilisation1 #bij1 #bia4 ,critics1 ( language1 #ada-ea2 difficulty ( _! task1 #aec n4 ,croce1 ,b5$etto1 8 idea ( art1 #hd2 t5ds to move 9 v]bal circles1 #hd2 on judg+ a "w ( art1 #aec n42 on my/icism & sci5ce1 #aia n42 t5ds to fall into v]bal ab/raction1 #cbd n42 8 idea ( intuition1 #bcb n41 #cbj n42 on ! critic ( art z a critic ( life1 #bfi2 on art ! deliv]]1 #cah n42 union ( /hetic s5se ) arti/ic in/9ct1 #cej n4 ,croiset1 ,maurice1 on ,plot9us1 #bdi n4 ,cromwell1 ,oliv]1 #bgb4 ,cruz1 ,fri> ,gasp> de1 on ! ,*9ese1 #ca4 ,culture1 & civilisation1 #cji4 ,curiosity1 ! sexual in/9ct a reaction1 to ! /imulus (1 #ajd1 #aab4 ,cu/om1 #bde4 ,cuvi]1 ,georges1 #aha4 ,cymbal1 !1 #ec4 ,dance1 love1 among insects1 birds1 & mammals1 #de1 #df2 among savages1 #df2 has ga9$ influ5ce 9 ! human _w1 #dh2 v>i\s =ms (1 #dh1 #di2 ! complete1 #di1 #ej2 ! s$uctiv5ess (1 #ej2 prejudice aga9/1 #ej1 #ea2 *oral1 ,plot9us comp>es ! moral life ( ! s\l to1 #bea1 #beb4 ,dance ( ,life1 !1 #ff1 #fg4 ,danc+1 & build+1 ! two prim>y acts1 #cf2 possibly acc\nts = orig9 ( birds' ne/s1 #cf n42 supreme manife/ation ( physical life & supreme symbol ( spiritual life1 #cf2 ! significance (1 #cg2 ! primitive expression ( religion & ( love1 #cg1 #ch1 #de2 entw9$ ) human tradition ( w>1 lab\r1 pleasure1 & education1 #cg2 ! expression ( ! :ole man1 #ch1 #ci2 rules ! life ( primitive m51 #ci n42 religi\s importance (1 among primitive m51 #ci1 #dj2 connect$ ) all religions1 #dj2 ec/atic & pantomimic1 #da1 #db2 survivals (1 9 religion1 #db2 9 ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 #db-de2 9 ca!drals1 #dd1 #de2 among birds & insects1 #de2 among mammals1 #de1 #df2 a process ( c\rt%ip & novitiate = love1 #df1 #dg2 d\ble function (1 #dg2 diff]5t =ms (1 #dh-ea2 becomes an art1 #ea2 pr(essional1 #eb2 ,classic & ,romantic1 #eb-fj2 ! ballet1 #ec1 #ef-fj2 solo1 #ec2 ,egyptian & ,gaditanian1 #ec1 #ed2 ,greek1 #ee1 #ef1 #fj2 z morals1 #fj1 #fa1 #fc2 all human "w a k9d (1 #fa1 #fb2 & music1 #fa-fc2 social significance (1 #fj1 #fa1 #fc1 #fd2 & w>1 alli$1 #fc1 #fd2 importance (1 9 education1 #fd1 #fe2 ,puritan attack on1 #fe2 is life itself1 #fe2 always felt to possess symbolic significance1 #ff2 ! le>n+ (1 a sev]e discipl9e1 #bgg4 ,danc+-s*ool1 ! function (1 process ( c\rt%ip1 #dg4 ,d',annunzio1 ,gabriele1 #agh4 ,danse du v5tre1 !1 #di n4 ,dante1 #caa1 #cdi2 danc+ 9 8 8,p>adiso10 #dc2 intellectual life (1 l>gely guid$ by delight 9 beauty ( rhy?mic relation betwe5 law & in/ance1 #gc4 ,d>w91 ,*>les1 #hh2 poet & arti/1 #abh1 #abi2 & ,/4 ,!resa1 #aih4 ,d>w91 ,erasmus1 #aha4 ,david1 ,alex&ra1 8 book1 ,le ,philosophe ,meh-ti et l',ide de ,solid>it1 #bf n4 ,decad5ce1 ( art ( liv+1 #h n42 rigid subs]vi5ce to rule a m>k (1 #agc4 ,degas1 #cae n4 ,democracies1 ! smalle/1 are highe/1 #cjj4 ,demography1 #bhe4 ,demo/h5es1 #ccf4 ,de ,qu9cey1 ,?omas1 ! music ( 8 /yle1 #afd4 ,desc>tes1 ,r51 on arts & sci5ces1 #fi2 repres5ts 9 ,france new impetus to sci5ces1 #ahj2 religi\s1 ?\gh man ( sci5ce1 #bjh4 ,design1 ! arts (1 #cf4 ,devadasis1 !1 sacr$ danc+ girls1 #ea1 #eb4 ,diaghilev1 #ei4 ,dick5s1 ,*>les1 #caa4 ,dick9son1 ,g4 ,l[es1 8 acc\nt ( ! ,*9ese1 #bj1 #ba2 8 acc\nt ( ,*9ese poetry1 #ba1 #bb4 ,did]ot1 ,d5is1 wide-rang+ int]e/s (1 #e2 translat$ ,%aftesbury1 #bfh4 8,dieta ,salutis10 !1 #dc4 ,discipl9e1 def9ition ( a1 #ga n4 8,div9e comm&10 !1 #bee4 8,div9e malice10 ( ,nietzs*e1 #aee n4 ,div+-bell1 con/ruct$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #aai4 ,divorces1 z te/ ( civilisation1 #bif4 ,doctor1 & prie/1 orig9ally "o1 #aig n41 #bjc4 ,dogma1 hypo!sis1 & fiction1 #ih1 #ii4 ,dogmas1 %ad[s ( p]sonal exp]i5ce1 #bag4 ,do/oievsky1 ,f4 ,m41 #caa1 #cdi2 8 ma/]piece1 8,! ,bro!rs ,k>amazov10 #ace1 #acf4 ,drama1 ,greek1 orig9 (1 #ee1 #ef2 ! real ,socrates possibly to be se5 91 #gh4 ,dries*1 ,hans1 on 8 own m5tal developm5t1 #baf n4 ,drum1 ! influ5ce ( !1 #fc4 ,dryd51 ,john1 #adh4 ,duj>d91 ,ed\>d1 8 /ory ( ,huysmans1 #aff2 on ,b]gson's /yle1 #agg4 ,dumont1 ,arsne1 on civilisation1 #bih1 #cja4 ,duncan1 ,isadora1 #fj4 ,duprat1 ,g4 ,l41 on morality1 #cd4 ,duprel1 ,pr(essor1 on ,hippias1 #f n42 8 ,la ,lg5de ,socratique1 #hb n42 on ! ,protagorean _s1 #cjb n4 ,duty1 #bge1 #bgf4 ,ea/]1 danc+ ( prie/s at1 #dd4 ,eckh>t1 ,mei/]1 #bcd1 #ccf4 ,education1 importance ( danc+ 91 #fd1 #fe2 ,e9/e9's views on1 #acg2 & g5ius1 z te/s ( civilisation1 #bia-ic4 ,egypt1 anci5t1 danc+ 91 #db2 ,classical danc+ orig9at$ 91 #eb2 ! mo/ influ5tial danc+-s*ool ( all "t1 #ec2 musical in/rum5ts associat$ ) danc+1 orig9at$ or develop$ 91 #ec2 mod]n1 danc+ 91 #ed n42 importance ( its civilisation1 #cjg4 ,eight-h\rs day1 !1 #ceg4 ,e9/e91 ,alb]t1 #b1 #fi n41 #gb2 sub/itutes new axioms = old1 #ie2 ca/s d\bts on ,leon>do da ,v9ci's previsions ( mod]n sci5ce1 #abj n42 seems to h won a place beside ,newton1 #acc2 an imag9ative arti/1 #acd2 8 fondness = music1 #acd1 #ace2 8 o!r arti/ic lik+s & dislik+s1 #ace1 #acf2 an arti/ also 9 8 "w1 #acf2 8 views on sci5ce1 #acg2 8 views on education1 #acg1 #ach2 on ! motives t attract p to sci5ce & art1 #ach1 #cba2 feels h>mony ( religion & sci5ce1 #bjg2 conc]n$ ) tru?1 #cbg2 & 8sci5ce = sci5ce's sake10 #cdg n4 ,eleus9ian ,my/]ies1 !1 #bdj-dc4 ,eliot1 ,george1 h] k ( ! life ( c\ntry p1 #aga2 ,tol/oy's op9ion (1 #caa4 ,ellis1 ,havelock1 *ildhood (1 #baj1 #baa2 8 p]iod ( emotional & intellectual expansion1 #baa2 loses fai?1 #bab2 influ5ce ( ,h9ton's 8,life 9 ,nature0 on1 #bae-ah4 ,els ,cosi]s1 danc+ company1 #de4 ,em]son1 ,r4 ,w41 8 /yle & t ( ,bacon1 #afa4 ,emmanuel1 8 book on ,greek danc+1 #ee4 ,empa?y1 #ff4 ,eng9e]+1 pr(essional1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci call$ ! f\nd] (1 #aah1 #aai4 ,engli% laws1 #ih4 ,engli% prose /yle1 ,c>tesian influ5ce on1 #ahj n4 ,engli% spee*1 lic5ti\sness (1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 #adh2 ! be/ lit]>y prose1 #aee1 #aef4 ,enjoym5t1 )\t possession1 #cdc-df4 ,epictetus1 #bdi n4 ,epicurus1 #bjg4 ,erosian1 riv]1 importance (1 realis$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #abj4 ,eskimos1 #bee4 ,e/e1 ,isabella d'1 #abc4 ,e?ics1 & /hetics1 among ! ,greeks1 #bdg4 ,etruscans1 !1 #ef1 #cjh4 ,eu*>i/1 danc+ at !1 #dc4 ,euck51 ,rudolf1 on ,%aftesbury1 #bga4 ,eug5ics1 art (1 necess>y = pres]vation ( civilisation1 #bii2 ,galton ! f\nd] ( ! mod]n sci5tific art (1 #cec2 ass]tion ( pr9ciple (1 by ,jesus1 #cee1 #cef2 "q ( rais+ quality ( population by process (1 #ceh4 ,eusebius1 on ! wor%ip ( ! ,!rapeuts1 #db4 ,evans1 ,sir ,ar?ur1 #aab4 ,evolution1 !ory (1 #hh1 #ajd2 a process ( sift+1 #cee2 & devolution1 #cee2 social1 #ceg1 #ceh4 ,exi/5ce1 totality (1 ,hippias's supreme ideal1 #f4 ,exi/+1 & ?9k+1 on two diff]5t planes1 #aja4 8,expression10 #cbd4 ,facts1 9 ! art ( civilisation1 mat]ial1 intellectual1 & moral 7) political71 #bhi4 ,f&ango1 !1 #ej4 ,f>aday1 ,mi*ael1 *>act]i/ics (1 tru/ 9 facts & imag9ation1 #acj-cb2 8 sci5ce & 8 my/icism1 #bjh4 ,f>nell1 ,l4 ,r41 on religion & sci5ce1 #aig n4 ,f>r]1 ,reg9ald1 on ! philosophic calm ( ! ,*9ese1 #bi n4 ,faure1 ,elie1 8 conception ( ,napoleon1 #aj2 on ,greek art1 #gf n42 has fai? 9 educational value ( c9ema1 #acg2 on k & desire1 #aed2 on ! ,greek _s1 #bib n4 ,f]r]o1 ,guglielmo1 on ! art impulse & ! sexual in/9ct1 #aji4 ,fiction1 g]ms ( doctr9e (1 9 ,kant1 #hg2 fir/ expression ( doctr9e (1 f\nd 9 ,s*ill]1 #hi2 doctr9e (1 9 ,f4 ,a4 ,lange's ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism1 #ic2 ,vaih+]'s doctr9e (1 #id-ajc2 hypo!sis1 & dogma1 #ih1 #ii2 ( ,bov>ism1 #cce1 #ccf2 "* con/itut$ by process (1 #ccf4 ,fictions1 ! v>iety (1 #id-ajj2 ! value (1 #if1 #ig2 summatory1 #ih2 sci5tific & /hetic1 #ajb2 may always be *ang$1 #ajc2 good & bad1 #ajc4 ,fiji1 danc+ at1 #di4 ,fijians1 !1 #ac n4 ,f9e arts1 !1 #gj2 civilisation measur$ by /&>d (1 #cjg2 n to be pursu$ = useful end outside !mselves1 #cbb4 ,fireworks1 #bb1 #bc4 ,flaub]t1 ,gu/ave1 is p]sonal1 #add2 s\ght to be mo/ objective ( arti/s1 #ahb4 ,fl[]s1 ! attitude ( ! poet t[>d1 #afh1 #afi4 ,fly+-ma*9es1 #gb n42 design$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #aai4 ,fo*1 ,f]d9&1 quot$1 #ajc4 ,fok9e1 #ei4 ,folk-dances1 #fb4 ,=ce1 a fiction1 #if4 ,fossils1 significance (1 discov]$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #abj4 ,fox1 ,george1 #bcg4 ,france1 te/s ( civilization appli$ to1 by ,nice=o1 #bie-ig4 ,francis ( ,assisi1 #bcg4 ,franck1 ,cs>1 my/icism 9 music (1 #bcg4 ,fraz]1 ,j4 ,g41 on magic & sci5ce1 #aie1 #aif4 ,fre$om1 a fiction1 #ajj4 ,fr5* ballet1 !1 #eg1 #eh4 ,fr5* spee*1 its c\rse1 #adh1 #adi4 ,freud1 ,sigmund1 #aaa1 #cah n42 reg>ds dream+ z fiction1 #ajc2 on ! probability ( ! disappe>ance ( religion1 #bbh n4 ,frobi%]1 ,sir ,m>t91 8 spell+1 #agc1 #agd4 ,gal51 #abj4 ,galton1 ,francis1 a man ( sci5ce & an arti/1 #abf-bh2 f\nd] ( ! mod]n sci5tific art ( eug5ics1 #cec2 & ,jesus's ass]tion ( ! pr9ciple ( eug5ics1 #cef4 ,games1 ! lik+ ( ! ,*9ese =1 #bc4 ,gaulti]1 ,jules de1 #ccj n42 on ,buddhi/ monks1 #bbd n42 on pa9 & pleasure 9 life1 #bgh n42 on morality & reason1 #bha2 on morality & art1 #bhd2 on ! ant9omy betwe5 morals & morality1 #cai2 on beauty1 #cbg2 on life z a spectacle1 #ccc2 ! ,bov>ism (1 #cce-cg2 8 philosophic desc5t1 #ccg2 applies ,bov>ism to ! ,univ]se1 #ccg2 8 philosophy seems to be 9 h>mony ) physics1 #cch2 ! place ( morality1 religion1 & law 9 8 sy/em1 #cch-dj2 place ( ! /hetic in/9ct 9 8 sy/em1 #cda1 #cdc-de2 sy/em (1 comp>$ ) ,russell's1 #cdb1 #cdc2 importance ( developm5t ( /hetic s5se to1 #cde2 & ! idea ( pure art1 #cdf1 #cdg2 consid]s /hetic s5se mix$ 9 manife/ations ( life1 #cdi1 #cej2 _h pr$ilection = middle class1 #cef1 #ceg2 sees no cause = despair 9 break-up ( civilisation1 #ceh4 ,gauss1 ,c4 ,f41 religi\s1 ?\gh man ( sci5ce1 #bjh4 ,g5esis1 ,book (1 ! fa%ion+ ( ! cosmos 91 #a1 #cad4 ,g5ius1 ! bir? (1 #aji2 & education1 z te/s1 ( civilisation1 #bia-ic2 ( c\ntry1 & temp] ( ! population1 #bib1 #bic4 ,geology1 f\nd$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #abj4 ,geometry1 ,protagoras's /udies 91 #c2 a sci5ce or art1 #fh4 ,gibbon1 ,edw>d1 #afb4 ,gide1 ,&r1 #cbb4 ,gizycki1 ,georg von1 on ,%aftesbury1 #bfj1 #bfg4 ,god1 a fiction1 #ajj1 #ccg4 ,goe!1 ,j4 ,w41 #cdb2 repres5tative ( ideal ( totality ( exi/5ce1 #f2 call$ ar*itecture 8froz5 music10 #ace2 8 p[] ( intuition1 #acg2 8 /udies 9 ma!matical physics1 #acg n42 use ( ^w 8/amp$0 ( c]ta9 phrases1 #adi2 mi/ook birds1 #afh2 felt h>mony ( religion & sci5ce1 #bjg2 & ,s*ill] & ,humboldt1 #bge4 ,gomp]z1 ,!odor1 8 ,greek ,?9k]s1 #d1 #e1 #f n42 #ge1 #gh4 ,gonc\rt1 ,jules de1 8 /yle1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,gonc\rts1 !1 #ahc4 ,good1 !1 & beauty1 among ! ,greeks1 #bdg4 ,goodness1 & sweetness1 9 ,%aftesbury's philosophy1 #bfb2 & sweetness1 orig9ally ! same1 #bfc2 moral1 orig9ally express$ 9 t]ms ( ta/e1 #bfc4 ,gorgias1 #cjb4 ,g\rmont1 ,remy de1 #fe2 8 rem>k ab\t pleasure1 #bd2 on p]sonality1 #add2 on /yle1 #agg2 on civilisation1 #bih2 on ! ,jesuits1 #cjd1 #cje2 on beauty1 #cae2 on art & morality1 #cba2 on sociological function ( art1 #cbc4 ,gov]nm5t1 z art1 #c4 ,grace1 an elem5t ( /yle 9 writ+1 #aee1 #aef4 ,gramm>1 ,protagoras ! initiator ( mod]n1 #d2 a sci5ce or art1 #fh2 writ+ n made by ! laws (1 #agb1 #agc4 ,gramm>ian1 !1 ! =mulator1 n ! lawgiv]1 ( usage1 #adh4 ,great ,wall ( ,*9a1 !1 #bh4 ,great ,w>1 !1 #cci4 ,greece1 anci5t1 g5ius built ^u basis ( slav]y 91 #bib2 ! _s (1 #bib4 ,greek art1 #gf n4 ,greek danc+1 #ee1 #ef1 #fj4 ,greek drama1 #ee1 #ef1 #gh4 ,greek morality1 an arti/ic balance ( light & %ade1 #bfj4 ,greek spee*1 ! be/ lit]>y prose1 #aee4 ,greek _s1 !1 #gf n4 ,greeks1 attitude ( ?9k]s (1 on life z art1 #c1 #bdg-ec2 ! pott]y (1 #cb2 importance ( danc+ & music 9 organisation ( "s /ates (1 #fd2 books on1 writt5 by b>b>ians1 #gf n42 my/icism (1 #bje-jg1 #bdj-dc2 sph]es ( e?ics & /hetics n di/+ui%$ among1 #bdg2 _h a k9d ( /hetic morality1 #caf-ah2 recognis$ de/ruction ( e?ical & intellectual virtues1 #ccj2 a small m9ority ( abnormal p]sons among1 #cec n4 ,gre5slet1 ,f]ris1 on ! ,c>tesian influ5ce on ,engli% prose /yle1 #ahj n4 ,groos1 ,k>l1 8 8! play ( inn] imitation10 #ff2 has develop$ /hetic side ( mit]leb51 #ccb4 ,grosse1 on ! social significance ( danc+1 #fc1 #fd4 ,grote1 ,george1 8 *apt] on ,socrates1 #gf4 ,grotius1 ,hugo1 #bfa4 ,guit>1 !1 an ,egyptian in/rum5t1 #ec4 ,gumpl[icz1 ,ludwig1 on civilisation1 #cja4 ,gunp[d]1 use made (1 by ,*9ese1 #bb1 #bc4 ,guyau1 insi/$ on sociological function ( art1 #cbc1 #cbd2 believes t poets & arti/s w be prie/s ( social religion )\t dogmas1 #cdi1 #cej4 ,gypsies1 possible orig9 ( ! "n 8,egyptians0 z appli$ to !m1 #ed n4 ,hadfield1 ,emma1 h] acc\nt ( ! life ( ! natives ( ! ,loyalty ,isl&s1 #ac-ah4 ,hakluyt1 ,ri*>d1 #adc2 8 picture ( ,*9ese life1 #ai4 ,hall1 ,/anley1 on importance ( danc+1 #fd1 #fe2 on ! beauty ( virtue1 #bgj n4 ,h&el1 ,g4 ,f41 #fb4 ,h&writ+1 p>tly a matt] ( individual in/9ct1 #aef1 #aeg2 ! complexity & my/]y enwrapp+1 #aeg2 resemblances 91 among memb]s ( ! same family1 #aeg1 #aeh2 atavism 91 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,hang-,*au1 #bj4 ,h>dy1 ,?omas1 8 lyrics1 #agj n42 8 s5sitivity to ! s\nds ( ,nature1 #aga2 8 g5ius unque/ion$1 #ahg n4 ,hawaii1 danc+ 91 #ea4 ,haw?orne1 ,na?aniel1 8 /yle1 #afa4 ,hebrews1 _! conception ( ! fa%ion+ ( ! univ]se1 #a2 anci5t1 _! prie/s & _! prophets1 #bjc2 nev] conceiv$ ( ! art ( morals1 #bec2 7 no /hetic intuitioni/s1 #bgf4 ,hegel1 ,g4 ,w4 ,f41 #ij2 poetic quality ( 8 philosophy1 #hd2 8 attempt to trans=m subjective processes into objective _w-processes1 #aja4 ,he9e1 ,he9ri*1 #aee n4 ,hell5ism1 ! revivali/s (1 #bga4 ,helmholtz1 ,h4 ,l4 ,f41 sci5ce & art 91 #gb4 ,hemelv]deghem1 ,salome on ,ca!dral at1 #di n4 ,h]aclitus1 #gd4 ,h]d]1 ,j4 ,g4 von1 8 ,ide5 zur ,ges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit1 #hh2 inspir$ by ,%aftesbury1 #bfh4 ,h]$ity1 9 h&writ+1 #aeg1 #aeh2 9 /yle1 #aeh-fa1 #aij2 tradition ! corporeal embodim5t (1 #afa4 ,h9cks1 ,m>cella ,azra1 on ! art ( danc+ 9 ,japan1 #db n4 ,h9du dance1 #da4 ,h9ton1 ,james1 on ?9k+ z an art1 #hf n42 on ! arts1 #aaa2 ! univ]se accord+ to1 #bae1 #baf2 ,ellis's copy ( 8 book1 #bbj2 on pleasure & pa9 9 ! art ( life1 #bgh2 on me?ods ( arts & moral action1 #bha1 #bhb4 ,hippias1 #cjb2 significance ( 8 ideas1 9 conception ( life z an art1 #d-f2 8 ideal1 #d1 #f2 ! ,great ,logician1 #f n4 ,hobbes1 ,?omas1 on space1 #ie2 8 dictum ,homo hom9i lupus1 #bfb4 ,hodgson1 ,%adwor?1 #bhi4 ,h(fman1 ,b]nh>d1 8 ,guide to ! ,bird-,_w1 #afh4 ,horace1 ! popul>ity (1 9 mod]n times1 #ib4 ,hovelaque1 mile1 on ! ,*9ese1 #bg1 #bh4 ,h[ell1 ,james1 8 8,famili> ,lett]s10 #ahd4 ,hugo1 ,victor1 #adi1 #caa4 ,hula dance1 !1 #ea4 ,humboldt1 ,wilhelm von1 #bge4 ,hume1 ,david1 took up fictional po9t ( view1 #if2 recognis$ ,%aftesbury1 #bfg2 influ5c$ by ,hut*eson1 #bge4 ,hunt1 ,leigh1 s5sitively acute critic ( ,keats1 #afg4 ,hunt]1 ,john1 #aha4 ,hut*eson1 ,francis1 /hetic morali/1 #bea2 came out ( ,calv9i/ic ,puritanism1 #bff2 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( /hetics1 #bga1 #cbf n42 wrote ! fir/ mod]n treatise on /hetics1 #bga2 repres5t$ reaction aga9/ ,puritanism1 #bga2 ,%aftesbury's ideas z develop$ by1 #bgc2 8 use ( ! t]m 8moral s5se10 #bgc1 #bgd2 8 impressive p]sonality1 #bgd2 philosophy 0 art ( liv+ to1 #bgd1 #bge2 inconsi/5t1 #cad2 on di/9ction betwe5 art & /hetics1 #cbf n42 8 idea ( ! /hetic & ! moral emotion1 #cbg n4 ,huysmans1 ,j4 ,k41 8 vocabul>y1 #afe2 at ,wagn] conc]t1 #aff2 fasc9at$ by conc]t programmes1 #aff1 #afg4 8,hymn ( ,jesus10 !1 #db4 ,hypo!sis1 dogma1 & fiction1 #ih1 #ii4 ,i & me1 #adg4 ,idealisation1 9 adolesc5ce1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,idealism1 #hc4 ,ideali/s1 #gj1 #cda n4 ,ideals1 are fictions1 #ajj4 ,imag9ation1 a con/itutive "p ( ?9k+1 #ajb2 man lives by1 #ajb2 gu>d$ by judgm5t & pr9ciples1 #acj-cb2 "p p]=m$ by1 9 morals1 #bgb2 & ! /hetic in/9ct1 #cdd4 ,imbeciles1 #ceb-ee4 ,imitation1 9 ! productions ( "y writ]s1 #afd4 ,immoral1 significance ( ! ^w1 #bdf4 ,immortality1 a fiction1 #ajj4 ,impulses1 creative & possessive1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cda-dc4 ,incl9ation1 #bge4 ,india1 danc+ 91 #ea1 #eb2 ! ,todas (1 #bjc n4 ,indians1 ,am]ican1 religi\s dances among1 #dj1 #db4 ,infanticide1 #bee1 #ced4 ,inf9ite1 !1 a fiction1 #ie4 ,inf9itive1 ! split1 #ade-dg4 ,+e1 ,dean1 on ,plot9us1 #bbc n41 #bdi n42 on ,pagan ,my/]ies1 #bda n4 ,innate ideas1 #bgd4 ,insects1 danc+ among1 #de4 ,in/9ct1 ! "p x plays 9 /yle1 #afc2 imitation a "p (1 #afd2 & tradition1 m\ld morals1 #bed-ei2 ! possessive1 #cch-dj1 #cdd1 #cde1 #cea1 see ,possessive in/9ct2 ! /hetic1 #cda1 #cdc-df1 #cej1 see /hetic in/9ct4 ,in/9cts1 #bcd1 #bce4 ,intellig5ce1 ! sph]e (1 #bcc1 #bcd4 ,intuition1 ! />t+ po9t ( sci5ce1 #acg2 mean+ (1 #bcb n42 ( ! man ( g5ius1 #cbj4 ,intuitionism1 /hetic1 #bfj1 #bgf1 #bgi1 #cad4 ,intuitioni/s1 !1 #bcb-cd4 ,inv5tion1 necess>y 9 sci5ce1 #acg4 ,inv9cible ignorance1 doctr9e (1 #cjd4 ,irony1 ,socratic1 #gh1 #hc4 ,irrationalism1 ( ,vaih+]1 #ij4 ,isocrates1 on beauty & virtue1 #bdg4 ,italy1 ,romantic danc+ orig9at$ 91 #ec1 #ef2 ! ballet 91 #ef-eh4 ,jans5i/s1 !1 #cjc4 ,japan1 danc+ 91 #db1 #di4 ,java1 danc+ 91 #di4 ,jehovah1 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 #a4 ,j]emiah1 ! prophet1 8 voice & in/rum5t1 #agh1 #agi4 ,j]es1 ca!dral (1 danc+ 91 #dd4 ,jesuits1 !1 #cjc-je4 ,jesus1 & ,napoleon1 #aj1 #aa2 & ! ,platonic ,socrates1 #hb1 #hc2 ass]ts pr9ciple ( eug5ics1 #cec1 #cef2 & ,plato1 #cef4 ,jol1 ,k>l1 on ! ,x5ophontic ,socrates1 #gh2 on ! evolution ( ! ,greek philosophic _s1 #bjf4 ,john ( ! ,cross1 #bcg4 ,johnson1 ,samuel1 ! p$antry (1 #aef2 ,lat9-,fr5* elem5t 91 #afb2 8 idea ( 8matt]10 #bcj4 ,john/on1 ,sir ,h4 ,h41 on ! danc+ ( ! ,pygmies1 #ea4 ,jones1 ,dr4 ,b5ce1 biograph] ( ,f>aday1 #acj4 ,jonson1 ,b51 #ahd4 ,joyce1 ,james1 #agb1 #ahd2 8 ,ulysses1 #ahe1 #ahf4 ,kant1 ,immanuel1 #hi2 g]ms ( ! doctr9e ( ! 8z if0 91 #hg2 8 idea ( ! art ( morals1 #bec1 #bed2 influ5c$ by ,%aftesbury1 #bec1 #bed1 #bff2 anecdote ab\t1 #beg n41 #bgf2 rationalises morality1 #bha4 ,keats1 ,john1 conc]n$ ) beautiful words 9 8,! ,eve ( ,/4 ,agnes10 #afg4 ,kepl]1 ,johann1 8 imag9ation & 8 accuracy 9 calculation1 #acb1 #acc4 ,keys]l+1 ,c\nt ,h]mann1 8 ,philosophie als ,kun/1 #hc n4 8,kn[+10 analysis (1 #gj1 #ga4 ,kolbe1 ,rev4 ,dr41 illu/rates /hetic view ( morals1 #bgf n4 ,lamb1 ,*>les1 #ahd4 ,l&or1 ,w4 ,s41 #adi2 on vulg>isms 9 language1 #aea n42 on ! poet & poetry1 #aed1 #agb2 on /yle1 #afc4 ,lange1 ,f4 ,a41 8 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism1 #gc n41 #hc2 sets =? conception ( philosophy z poetic art1 #hc2 ! ,neo-,kantism (1 #hg2 8 influ5ce on ,vaih+]1 #ib1 #ic4 ,language1 critics ( pres5t-day1 #ada-ea2 ( our =efa!rs & ( to-day1 #adc2 ?+s we are told to avoid 91 #ade-ea2 is imag]y & metaphor1 #afe2 reaction ( ?\ght on1 #agi-ha2 progress 91 due to flexibility & intimacy1 #ahc4 ,languages1 ! ,yo-heave-ho !ory (1 #fa4 ,lanke/]1 ,sir ,e4 ,ray1 #gj4 ,lao-tze1 & ,confucius1 #be1 #bf2 ! e>lie/ ( ! great my/ics1 #bjd2 h>mony ( religion & sci5ce 9 8 "w1 #bjd1 #bje4 ,law1 a re/ra9t plac$ ^u ! possessive in/9ct1 #cci1 #cdj2 to be replac$ by /hetic in/9ct1 #cdj1 #cda4 ,laycock1 on h&writ+1 #aeh n4 ,leibnitz1 ,b>on ,s4 ,w4 von1 #f n42 on space1 #ie2 on music1 #ace2 admir$ ,%aftesbury1 #bfh4 8,l',esprit ,n\veau10 #agi4 ,libby1 ,m4 ,f41 on ,%aftesbury1 #bgc4 ,lie1 ,jonas1 #afc4 ,life1 m difficult to realise x z an art ?an to act x s1 #a1 #b2 z art1 view ( highe/ ?9k]s ( ,*9a & ,greece on1 #b-f1 #bdg-eb2 ideal ( totality (1 #f2 art (1 has be5 decad5t dur+ la/ two ?\s& ye>s1 #h n42 ( ! ,loyalty ,isl&]s1 #ac-ah2 ! ,lifuan art (1 #ac-ah2 ! ,*9ese art (1 #bg1 #bh2 ,*9ese civilization proves t x is art1 #cj2 embodim5t ( ! ,*9ese symbol ( ! art (1 #cc2 id5tical ) art1 #cc-ce2 ! art (1 a dance1 #ff1 #fg2 me*ani/ic explanation (1 #baf2 view$ 9 its moral aspect1 #bdd2 ! morali/ ! critic ( ! art (1 #bdg2 z art1 attitude ( ,romans t[>d1 #beb2 z art1 attitude ( ,hebrews t[>d1 #bec2 ! art (1 bo? pa9 & pleasure 91 #bgg1 #bgh2 z art1 a conception approv$ by m5 ( high "*1 #bgh1 #bgi2 n to be precisely measur$ by /ati/ics1 #cjb2 z a spectacle1 #ccc1 #ccd4 ,lifu4 ,see ,loyalty ,isl&s4 ,lifuans1 !1 ! art ( liv+ (1 #ac-ah4 ,limoges1 #dd4 ,l9nan sy/em1 !1 a fiction1 #ii4 ,liszt1 ,franz1 #cbi4 ,liv+/one1 ,david1 #ch4 ,locke1 ,john1 & ,%aftesbury1 #bfa1 #bfb4 ,locomotive1 !1 #gb n4 ,lodge1 ,sir ,oliv]1 8 attempt to /udy religion1 #bja4 ,logic1 a sci5ce or art1 #fh2 & fiction1 #id2 ( ?\ght1 inescapable1 #ahc4 ,loret1 on danc+1 #ed n4 ,love1 danc+ ! primitive expression (1 #cg1 #de2 curiosity "o ( ! ma9 elem5ts (1 #aab4 ,love-dance1 #de-ea4 ,see ,dance1 ,danc+4 ,loyalty ,isl&s1 !1 cu/oms ( ! natives (1 #ac-ah4 ,lucian1 #cec n42 on danc+1 #dj1 #de4 ,lucretius1 #bjg4 ,lull1 ,ramon1 #bcg4 ,lulli1 ,j4 ,b41 br\ght wom5 into ! ballet1 #eg4 ,luxuries1 consumption (1 z te/ ( civilisation1 #bid-ig4 ,ma*9]y ( life1 #baf4 ,madagasc>1 danc+ 91 #di4 ,magic1 relation (1 to sci5ce & religion1 #aic-if4 ,magna ,c>ta1 #ih4 ,malh]be1 ,franois de1 #adh4 ,mall>m1 ,/phane1 music ! voice ( ! _w to1 #aff4 ,mallorca1 danc+ 9 *ur* 91 #dd1 #de4 ,mammals1 danc+ among1 #de1 #df4 ,man1 has f\nd x m difficult to conceive life z an art ?an to act x s1 #a2 8 conception less t ( an arti/1 z "t w5t on1 #b2 9 ,protagoras's philosophy1 #c1 #d1 #cjb2 c]emony & music1 8 ext]nal & int]nal life1 #be2 add$ to ,nature1 #aec2 has pass$ ?r\gh /ages ( magic1 religion1 & sci5ce1 #aif2 an arti/ ( 8 own life1 #bga2 is an arti/1 #caj2 z arti/ & z /hetician1 #cad2 becomes ! greate/ =ce 9 ,nature1 #cci2 practices adopt$ by1 to ma9ta9 selection ( be/ /ock1 #ced4 ,m&eville1 ,sir ,john1 on ,%aftesbury1 #bfb4 ,manet1 #caa4 ,m>co ,polo1 8 picture ( ,*9ese life1 #ai1 #bj2 notic$ abs5ce ( begg>s 9 ,*9a1 #ca2 on public ba?s 9 ,*9a1 #cb4 ,m>ett1 on magic & sci5ce1 #aie4 ,m>l[e1 ,*ri/oph]1 #agj1 #ahd4 ,m>quesans1 !1 #ac n4 ,m>riott1 ,*>les1 on ! union ( /hetic s5se ) arti/ic in/9ct1 #cej n4 ,m>tial1 #ed4 ,mass1 danc+ 9 ritual (1 #dc-de2 analogy ( ,pagan ,my/]ies to1 #bdb4 ,ma/] ( ,arts1 #fi4 ,mat]ialism1 #ig1 #bcj4 ,mat]iali/ic1 ! t]m1 #bbi4 ,ma!matical ,r5aissance1 !1 #fi4 ,ma!matics1 false ideas 91 #id1 #ie2 & art1 #ach-dj4 ,matt]1 a fiction1 #ig1 #bbi1 #cch2 & _s1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,maupassant1 ,guy de1 #caa4 ,mc,dougall1 ,william1 accepts magic z orig9 ( sci5ce1 #aie2 8 criticism ( ! 8moral s5se10 #bgd n42 8 /udy ( civilisation1 #bih2 on bir?-rate1 #bih n4 ,me & ,i1 #adg4 ,mead1 ,g4 ,r41 8 article ,! ,sacr$ ,dance ( ,jesus1 #dd4 ,measurem5t1 ,protagoras's say+ conc]n+1 #c1 #cjb4 ,me*anics1 beg9n+ ( sci5ce (1 #gd2 !ories (1 /udi$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #abj4 ,m$ici1 ,ca!r9e de'1 br\ght ,italian ballet to ,p>is1 #eg4 ,m$ic9e1 & religion1 #aig n41 #bjc4 ,m$ic9e-man1 !1 #aib-ie4 ,meh-ti1 ,*9ese philosoph]1 #bf1 #bg4 ,m51 ( to-day & ( =m] days1 _! comp>ative height1 #adb4 8,m5 ( sci5ce10 #abe1 #abf4 ,see ,sci5ti/4 ,meteorological ,bureau1 !1 #bjc4 ,metre1 poetic1 aris+ out ( "w1 #fb4 ,mi*elangelo1 #caa4 ,milan1 ! ballet 91 #eh4 ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 on sci5ce & art1 #gj2 criticism ( ,b5?am1 #ii4 ,millet1 ,j4 ,f41 #caa4 ,milton1 ,john1 8 misuse ( ! ^w 8eglant9e10 #afi2 ,tol/oy's op9ion (1 #caa4 ,mir&ola1 ,pico della1 #f n4 ,mittag-,lefl]1 ,gu/av1 on ma!matics1 #aci4 ,mbius1 ,paul ,julius1 ,g]man psy*ologi/1 #aji4 ,moissac1 ,salome capital 91 #di n4 ,montaigne1 ,m4 ,e4 de1 8 /yle flexible & v>i\s1 #adh2 8 quotations m\ld$ to ! patt]n ( 8 own m9d1 #aeb2 8 /yle & t ( ,r5an1 #afa2 ! orig9ality ( 8 /yle f\nd 9 vocabul>y1 #afe4 ,montesquieu1 ,b>on de1 8 admiration = ,%aftesbury1 #bfh2 on ! evils ( civilisation1 #big4 ,moral1 significance ( ! t]m1 #bdf4 ,moral maxims1 #bed1 #beh4 ,moral re=m]1 !1 #bhb4 8,moral s5se10 ! t]m z us$ by ,hut*eson & ,%aftesbury1 #bgc1 #bgd2 9 ,mc,dougall's ,social ,psy*ology1 #bgd n4 ,moral tea*+1 #bdf n4 ,moral ,_w-,ord]1 !1 a fiction1 #ajj4 ,mor&1 ,paul1 #agj n4 ,moreau1 ,gu/ave1 #afg4 ,morgagni1 ,g4 ,b41 #cjj4 ,morris1 ,william1 #cej n4 ,moses1 #bec1 #bhb4 ,moszk[ski1 ,alex&]1 8 book on ,e9/e91 #acd n4 ,morali/1 ! critic ( ! art ( life1 #bdg4 ,morality1 ,greek1 an arti/ic balance ( light & %ade1 #bfj2 a matt] ( ta/e1 #bfc2 ! /hetic quality (1 evid5c$ by language1 #bfc1 #bfd2 ,%aftesbury's views on1 #bfd-ff2 ! influ5ce ( ,%aftesbury on our mod]n1 #bff1 #bfg2 imag9ation 91 #bgb2 in/9ctive1 accord+ to ,hut*eson1 #bgd2 conception (1 z an art1 does n lack s]i\sness1 #bgf2 ! /hetic view (1 advocat$ by ,ca?olics1 #bgf n42 ! /hetic view (1 repugnant to two classes ( m9ds1 #bhj-hb2 indef9it5ess ( crit]ion (1 an advantage1 #bhb1 #bhc2 ju/ification ( /hetic conception (1 #bhc1 #bhd2 flexible & inflexible1 illu/rat$ by ,jesuits & ,pascal1 #cjc-je2 art ! reality (1 #cad2 /hetic1 ( ! ,greeks1 #caf-ah2 ! ant9omy betwe5 morals &1 #cai2 a re/ra9t plac$ ^u ! possessive in/9ct1 #cch-dj2 to be replac$ by /hetic in/9ct1 #cdj1 #cda2 /hetic in/9ct has ! "* (1 #cdf4 ,morals1 danc+ z1 #fa1 #fc1 #ff2 books on1 #bdd2 def9$1 #bde2 means cu/om1 #bde2 ,plot9us's conception (1 #bej-eb2 z art1 views ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans on1 diff]1 #beb2 ,hebrews nev] conceiv$ ( ! art (1 #bec2 z art1 mod]n conception (1 #bec2 ! mod]n feel+ ab\t1 is ,jewi% & ,roman1 #bec2 ,kant's idea ( ! art (1 #bec1 #bed2 =m$ by in/9ct1 tradition & reason1 #bed-ei2 ,greek1 h come to mod]n _w ?r\gh ,%aftesbury1 #bfg2 ! /hetic attitude possible = spectator (1 #bgj2 art & /hetics to be kept ap>t 91 #cad1 #cae1 #cbe-bh2 a species ( ! g5us art1 #caf2 ! ant9omy betwe5 morality &1 #cai2 philosoph]s h fail$ to see t x is an art1 #cbd4 ,morisco1 !1 #di n4 ,moz>t1 ,wolfgang1 8 int]e/ 9 danc+1 #fb4 ,mll]-,frei5fels1 ,ri*>d1 two k9ds ( /hetic contemplation def9$ by1 #cca4 ,multatuli1 quot$ on ! s\rce ( curiosity1 #aab4 ,music1 & c]emony1 #bd-bf2 & act+1 & poetry1 #cf2 & s++1 & danc+1 _! relation1 #fb2 a sci5ce or art1 #fh2 discov]y ( ,py?agoras 91 #gd2 philosophy ! noble/ & be/1 #ha n42 ! mo/ ab/ract1 ! mo/ ne>ly ma!matical ( ! arts1 #ace2 ( /yle1 #afc1 #afd2 ( philosophy & religion1 #agi4 ,musical =ms1 evolv$ f simil> dances1 #fb4 ,musical in/rum5ts1 #ec1 #ed4 ,musset1 ,alfr$ de1 8 ,confession d'un ,enfant du ,sicle1 #add4 ,my/]ies1 ! ,eleus9ian1 #bdj-dc4 ,my/ic1 ! g5u9e1 #bjb2 ,lao-tze1 ! e>lie/ great1 #bjd4 ,my/ics1 ! great1 #bcf1 #bcg4 ,my/icism1 ! "r use & ! abuse ( ! ^w1 #aia2 & sci5ce1 suppos$ diff]5ce betwe51 #aia-bjc2 :at is meant by1 #aib2 & sci5ce1 ! h>mony (1 z reveal$ 9 human hi/ory1 #bjc-jh2 ( ! ,greeks1 #bje-jg1 #bdj-dc2 & sci5ce1 ! h>mony (1 z support$ by p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ,havelock ,ellis1 #bji-ah2 & sci5ce1 h[ !y came to be consid]$ out ( h>mony1 #bbf-ce2 & sci5ce1 h>mony (1 summ>y ( consid]ations confirm+1 #bce1 #bcf2 ! key to mu* t is preci\s 9 art & ,nature 91 #bcg1 #bch2 is n sci5ce1 #bch-dj2 /hetics on same plane z1 #ccj n4 ,see ,religion4 ,napoleon1 describ$ z unmitigat$ sc\ndrel by ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 #h-aj2 describ$ z lyric arti/ by lie ,faure1 #aj4 ,nature1 & conv5tion1 ,hippias made di/9ction betwe51 #e2 comes ?r\gh an atmosph]e :i* is ! emanation ( supreme arti/s1 #aff2 ! attitude ( ! poet 9 ! face (1 #afh1 #afi2 ! object ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci's se>*+s1 #aad1 #aag1 #abe2 ,man add$ to1 #aec2 communion )1 #bbg2 9 ,%aftesbury's sy/em1 #bfe2 & art1 #cab1 #cac4 ,neo-,platoni/s1 !1 #bcg2 asceticism 91 #bdi n4 ,ne/s1 birds'1 & danc+1 #cf n4 ,newell1 ,w4 ,w41 #da n4 ,newman1 ,c>d9al ,j4 ,h41 ! music ( 8 /yle1 #afd4 ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac1 8 wond]ful imag9ation1 #gb2 8 =ce ( attraction a summatory fiction1 #ih2 repres5ts 9 ,engl& new impetus to sci5ces1 #ahj2 8 attempt to /udy religion1 #aii-bja2 religi\s1 ?\gh a man ( sci5ce1 #bjh4 ,nice=o1 ,alfr$1 8 measurem5t ( civilisation1 #bhf1 #bic1 #big2 te/s ( civilisation appli$ to ,france by1 #bie-ig4 ,nietzs*e1 ,fri$ri*1 #aaa2 conceiv$ ! art ( life z a dance1 #ff1 #fg2 poetic quality ( 8 philosophy1 #hd2 ,vaih+]'s op9ion (1 #id2 on ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #aae2 ! 8div9e malice0 (1 #aee n42 lab\r$ at 8 prose1 #ahb2 demoli%$ ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss's ideas1 #bae2 on le>n+ to dance1 #bgg2 8 gospel ( ta/e1 #bhj2 on ! ,sophi/s1 #cjb n42 on art z ! great /imulus ( life1 #cbb1 #cbc2 on ! _w z a spectacle1 #ccd1 #cce2 mov$ by ! 8mascul9e prote/10 #ccf2 ,jesus reproa*$ by1 #cee4 ,noveli/s1 _! res]voirs ( k1 #aga4 ,nov]re1 & ! ballet1 #eg4 ,ockham1 ,william (1 #if4 ,old ,te/am5t1 !1 & ! conception ( morality z an art1 #bgf4 ,see ,bible1 ,g5esis4 ,omahas1 !1 #df4 ,onions1 ,c4 ,t41 #adf n4 ,optimism1 & pessimism1 #ij-ib4 ,orig51 on ! danc+ ( ! />s1 #dc4 ,orpheus1 fable (1 #fa4 ,osl]1 ,sir ,william1 #gb4 ,pacific1 !1 creation z conceiv$ 91 #b2 danc+ 91 #di4 ,see ,lifuans4 ,pa91 & pleasure1 unit$1 #bgh4 ,pa9t+1 ,*9ese1 #bi1 #cb2 & sculpture1 & ! arts ( design1 #cf2 ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #aac1 #aad1 #aag1 #aah4 ,palante1 ,georges1 #ccg n4 ,paley1 ,william1 #bfg4 ,palladius1 #ceh4 ,pantomime1 & pantomimic danc+1 #da1 #db1 #di1 #ef4 ,papuans1 !1 are arti/ic1 #cea n4 ,p>a*ute1 con/ruct$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #aai4 ,p>is1 danc+ 9 *oir 91 #dd2 ! ballet at1 #eg4 ,p>k]1 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,h41 8 book ,*9a3 ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 #bc n42 8 view ( ,*9ese v]m9 & dirt1 #ca1 #cb4 ,p>ks1 #cea4 ,p>melee1 ,maurice1 8 ,crim9ology1 #bia n4 ,p>sons1 ,pr(essor1 #adb4 ,pascal1 ,blaise1 & ! ,jesuits1 #cjc1 #cjd4 ,pat]1 ,w4 ,h41 ! music ( 8 /yle1 #afd4 ,pattison1 ,pr+le1 8 def9ition ( my/icism1 #aib n4 ,paul1 ,v9c5t de1 8 moral attitude1 #bgi1 #bhj4 ,paulhan1 on morality1 #bhd4 ,pell1 ,e4 ,c41 on decreas+ bir?-rate1 #bid n4 ,pepys1 ,samuel1 ! accompli%m5t ( 8 8,di>y10 #agf4 ,p]]a1 ,galeotto1 8 picture ( ,*9ese life1 #ai2 notic$ abs5ce ( begg>s 9 ,*9a1 #ca4 ,p]icles1 #bhi4 ,p]sonality1 #add4 ,pessimism1 & optimism1 #ij-ib4 ,petrie1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s1 8 attempt to measure civilisation by /&>d ( sculpture1 #cjg1 #cjh4 ,peyron1 travell]1 #ej4 ,ph5om5alism1 ,protagoras ! fa!r (1 #c4 ,philosoph]1 ! primitive1 usually conclud$ t ! univ]se 0 a "w ( art1 #a2 a creative arti/1 #gb1 #gc1 #he2 curiosity ! /imulus (1 #ajd1 #aje4 ,philosophy1 ( ! ,*9ese1 #cb2 solution ( ! conflicts (1 9 art1 #hb1 #hc2 & art1 close relation%ip (1 #hc-he2 & poetry1 #hc1 #he2 is music1 #agi4 ,physics1 & fiction1 #ie4 ,pictures1 revelation ( beauty 91 #cbh1 #cbi2 %\ld be look$ at 9 sil5ce1 #cbi n4 ,p9d>1 calls ,hellas 8! l& ( lovely danc+10 #ee4 ,planck1 ,max1 physici/1 #acf4 ,plato1 ,protagoras calumniat$ by1 #c2 made fun ( ,hippias1 #d2 8 description ( a good education1 #fd2 a creative arti/1 #gc2 8 picture ( ,socrates1 #ge1 #gh2 ! biographies (1 #gf1 #gg2 8 irony1 #gh1 #hc2 a m>vell\s arti/1 #hb2 a supreme arti/ 9 philosophy1 #hc2 a supreme dramati/1 #hc2 8 8,ideas0 & ! 8,z-,if _w10 #hh2 ! my?s1 z fictions1 hypo!ses1 & dogmas1 #ii2 repres5ts ! acme ( lit]>y prose spee*1 #aee2 & ,plot9us1 #bbb2 on ! ,my/]ies1 #bdb2 asceticism1 trac$ 91 #bdi n42 on ju/ice1 #bhi2 8 ideal ( wise mod]ation address$ to an immod]ate p1 #bib2 ,sophi/s c>icatur$ by1 #cjb2 8 8gu>dians10 #cjf2 ! ultrapuritanical attitude (1 #cag1 #cah n42 & ,bov>ism1 #ccf2 on ! value ( sight1 #cde n42 wi%$ to d away ) imag9ative lit]ature1 #cec n42 & ,jesus1 #cef4 ,pleasure1 a human creation1 #bd2 & pa91 unit$1 #bgh4 ,pl9y1 #cec n4 ,plot9us1 #bbb2 ,greek moral _s reflect$ 91 #bdi2 8 doctr9e ( ,beauty1 #bej1 #bea2 8 idea t ! moral life ( ! s\l is a dance1 #bea1 #beb2 8 simile ( ! sculptor1 #bgf n42 f\nd] ( /hetics 9 ! philosophic s5se1 #cbi2 recognis$ ?ree aspects ( ! ,absolute1 #ccj2 insi/$ on contemplation1 #ccj n41 #cca2 ( ! p>ticipat+ contemplative temp]am5t1 #ccb4 ,poet1 ! type ( all ?9k]s1 #ajb2 ,l&or on1 #aed2 8 attitude 9 ! pres5ce ( ,nature1 #afh1 #afi2 ! great1 does n describe ,nature m9utely1 b uses 8 k (1 #agj1 #aga4 ,poetry1 ,*9ese1 #ba1 #bb1 #bi1 #cb2 & music1 & act+1 #cf2 & danc+1 #ef2 & philosophy1 #hc1 #he2 & sci5ce1 no %>p b\nd>y betwe51 #ajb1 #abh1 #abi2 ,l&or on1 #aed2 a mak+1 #cab2 ,ari/otle's view (1 #cah2 does n exi/ = morals1 #cah4 ,polka1 orig9 ( !1 #fj4 ,polynesia1 danc+ 91 #di4 ,polynesian isl&]s1 #bee4 ,pontiff1 ! ,bridge-,build]1 #b4 ,pope1 ,alex&]1 influ5ce ( ,%aftesbury on1 #bff4 ,porphyry1 #afg4 ,possessive impulses1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cda-dc4 ,possessive in/9ct1 re/ra9ts plac$ ^u1 #cch-dj2 9 ,gaulti] & ,russell1 #cdd2 excesses (1 #cea4 ,pott]y1 ( ! ,*9ese1 #cb1 #cc2 ( ! ,greeks & ! ,m9oan pr$ecessors ( ! ,greeks1 #cb4 ,p\nd1 ,miss1 on ! orig9 ( ! ballad1 #fb n4 ,pragmatism1 #cbc4 ,pragmati/s1 !1 #ic1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,preci\s /ones1 attitude ( ! poet t[>d1 #afi4 ,preposition1 ! po/-habit$1 #adf1 #adg1 #afb4 ,prett9ess1 & beauty1 #cae n4 ,prie/1 cultivat$ sci5ce 9 =m ( magic1 #aie2 & doctor1 orig9ally "o1 #aig n41 #bjc4 ,prodicus1 #cjb2 ! ,great ,morali/1 #f n4 ,progress1 #adc1 #adi2 on mean+ (1 #bhg4 ,prophecy1 #bjd4 ,prophet1 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,propriety1 #bd-bf4 ,protagoras1 significance ( 8 ideas1 9 conception ( life z an art1 #c1 #d2 8 int]e/ = u to-day1 #c2 8 dictum 8,man is ! measure ( all ?+s10 #c1 #cjb2 conc]n$ to reg>d liv+ z an art1 #bdh4 ,pr\/1 ,m>cel1 #agb1 #ahd2 8 art1 #agj n41 #ahf1 #ahg2 8 ,a la ,re*]*e du ,temps ,p]du1 #aga1 #ahg2 admiration (1 = ,rusk91 #caf n4 ,pub]ty1 que/ions aris+ at "t (1 #aje-jg4 ,puritanism1 reaction aga9/1 repres5t$ by ,hut*eson1 #bga4 ,pygmalionism1 #cec n4 ,pygmies1 ! danc+ ( !1 #ea4 ,py?agoras1 repres5ts ! beg9n+ ( sci5ce1 #gc1 #gd2 fundam5tally an arti/1 #gd1 #ge2 f\nd$ religi\s bro!rhoods1 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,quatelet1 on social que/ions1 #bhh4 ,quot+1 by writ]s1 #aeb4 ,rabbitism1 #bid4 ,rabelais1 ,franois1 #adh1 #afe1 #ceh4 ,race mixture1 #cjh4 ,raleigh1 ,sir ,walt]1 8 lit]>y /yle1 #adc4 ,ram$j5is1 !1 /reet danc]s1 #eb4 ,rank1 ,dr4 ,otto1 8 essay on ! arti/1 #aaa4 ,realism1 #hc4 ,reali/s1 #gj1 #cda n4 ,reality1 a flux ( happ5+1 #aja4 ,reason1 helps to m\ld morals1 #bee-ei4 ,reid1 ,?omas1 influ5c$ by ,hut*eson1 #bge4 ,relativism1 ,protagoras ! fa!r (1 #c4 ,religion1 z ! desire = ! salvation ( ! s\l1 #h2 orig9 ( dance 91 #ch2 connection ( dance )1 among primitive m51 #ci2 9 music1 #agi2 & sci5ce1 suppos$ diff]5ce betwe51 #aia-bjc2 its qu9tess5tial core1 #aia2 control ( ,nature ?r\gh on5ess ) ,nature1 at ! he>t (1 #aid2 relation (1 to sci5ce & magic1 #aid-if2 ! man (1 /udy+ sci5ce1 #bjb2 & sci5ce1 ! h>mony (1 z reveal$ 9 human hi/ory1 #bjc-jh2 & sci5ce1 ! h>mony (1 z support$ by p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ,havelock ,ellis1 #bji-ah2 asceticism has no?+ to d ) normal1 #bbb2 & sci5ce1 h[ !y came to be consid]$ out ( h>mony1 #bbf-ce2 ! burd5 ( ! traditions (1 #bbg2 & *ur*1 n ! same1 #bbh n42 ! in/9ct (1 #bcd2 & sci5ce1 h>mony (1 summ>y ( consid]ations confirm+1 #bce1 #bcf2 is n sci5ce1 #bch-dj2 an act1 #bdc2 a re/ra9t plac$ ^u ! possessive in/9ct1 #cci1 #cdj2 to be replac$ by /hetic in/9ct1 #cdj1 #cda4 ,see ,my/icism4 ,religions1 9 e case orig9ally saltatory1 #dj4 ,religi\s dances1 ec/atic & pantomimic1 #da2 survivals (1 #db2 9 ,*ri/ianity1 #db-de4 ,r5an1 ,j4 ,e41 8 /yle1 #afa2 8 ,life ( ,jesus1 #bab2 on tru?1 #cja4 8,resid5t 9 ,pek+1 ,a10 au?or ( ,*9a z x ,really ,is1 #ba1 #bb4 ,revelation1 ,book (1 #aec4 ,revival1 !1 #bda1 #bdc4 ,rhy?m1 m>ks all ! physical & spiritual manife/ations ( life1 #cg2 9 "w1 #fa4 ,rick]t1 ,h41 8 tw(old division ( ,reality1 #cbe1 #cbf4 ,ridgeway1 ,william1 8 !ory ( orig9 ( trag$y1 #ef4 ,rob]ts1 ,morley1 ironical ov] c]ta9 8m5 ( sci5ce10 #abf n4 ,rob9son1 ,dr4 ,l\is1 on apes & danc+1 #df2 on ! influ5ce ( ! drum1 #fc4 ,rod1 8 conceptions ^? ( ,%aftesbury1 #bfi4 ,roman law1 #ih4 ,romans1 ! anci5t1 danc+ & w> alli$ among1 #fc1 #fd2 did n believe t liv+ is an art1 #beb4 ,romantic _s1 !1 #bjf4 ,romantics1 !1 #adi1 #aef4 ,rome1 anci5t1 danc+ 91 #di2 g5ius built ^u basis ( slav]y 91 #bib4 ,rops1 ,flici51 #afg4 ,ross1 ,rob]t1 #aej4 ,r\5 ,ca!dral1 ,salome on portal (1 #di n4 ,r\sseau1 ,j4 ,j41 ,napoleon be=e grave (1 #aa2 felt 8 lapses1 #gi2 grace (1 #adi2 love ( ,nature develop$ ?r\gh1 #bch2 & ,%aftesbury1 #bfh1 #bfi2 decid$ aga9/ civilisation1 #bih4 ,r\ssillon1 #dd4 ,rule1 rigid subs]vi5cy to1 m>k ( decad5ce1 #agc2 mu* lo/ by rigid adh]5ce to1 9 /yle1 #age4 ,rules = ,compositors & ,read]s1 on spell+1 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #agd n4 ,rusk91 ,john1 #caf2 a ,god-intoxicat$ man1 #caf n4 ,russell1 ,b]tr&1 on ! ,*9ese1 #bc2 on ma!matics1 #aci1 #adj2 on ! creative & ! possessive impulses1 #cje-jg1 #cda1 #cdb2 sy/em (1 comp>$ ) ,gaulti]'s1 #cdb1 #cdc4 ,russia1 ! g5ius (1 comp>$ ) ! temp] ( ! population1 #bic4 ,russian ballet1 !1 #eh-fj4 ,ru!r=d1 ,sir ,erne/1 on ! atomic con/itution1 #ig n4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 #gi1 #bjb2 on ! art ( liv+ well1 #beb4 ,/4 ,basil1 on ! danc+ ( ! angels1 #dc4 ,/4 ,bonav5tura1 said to h be5 au?or ( 8,diet a ,salutis10 #dc4 ,/4 ,d5is1 ,ru?1 #fj4 ,/4 ,!resa1 & ,d>w91 #aih1 #aii4 ,salome1 ! dance (1 #di4 ,salt1 intellectual & moral sugge/ion ( ! ^w1 #bfc1 #bfc n41 #bfd4 ,salt1 ,mr41 #afi4 ,salt]1 ,w4 ,m41 8 ,nietzs*e ! ,?9k]1 #cce n4 ,samoa1 sacr$ position ( c>p5t] 91 #b4 ,s&1 ,george1 on civilisation1 #cjj4 ,santayana1 ,pr(essor ,george1 on union ( /hetic s5se ) arti/ic in/9ct1 #cej n4 ,s*ell+1 ,f4 ,w4 ,j4 von1 #ij2 on philosophy & poetry1 #hc4 ,s*ill]1 ,fri$ri* von1 influ5ce on ,vaih+]1 #hi2 & ! /hetic conception ( morals1 #bge4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,fri$ri*1 #ij4 ,s*midt1 ,dr4 ,raymund1 #ic n4 ,s*op5hau]1 ,ar?ur1 #ccj n42 8 influ5ce on ,vaih+]1 #ij2 z reg>ds 8 quotations1 #aeb2 morals bas$ on sympa?y1 accord+ to1 #bgb2 on ! uselessness ( art1 #cai2 on ! man ( g5ius1 #cbj2 on sociological function ( art1 #cbc2 on ! prop] way ( look+ at pictures1 #cbi n42 on ! _w z a spectacle1 #ccd4 ,sci5ce1 _s ( mod]n1 9 ,protagoras1 #d2 z ! se>* = ! reason ( ?+s1 #h2 & poetry1 no %>p b\nd>y betwe51 #ajb1 #abh1 #abi2 impulse to1 & ! sexual in/9ct1 #aab2 intuition & inv5tion ne$$ by1 #acg2 & my/icism1 suppos$ diff]5ce betwe51 #aia-bjc2 :at is meant by1 #aib2 & art1 no di/9ction betwe51 9 classic times1 #fh2 & art1 di/9ction betwe51 9 mod]n times1 #fh-gj2 def9itions (1 #gj1 #ga2 is ( ! nature ( art1 #ga2 ! imag9ative application (1 #gb2 ,py?agoras repres5ts ! beg9n+ (1 #gd2 control ( ,nature ?r\gh on5ess ) ,nature1 at ! he>t (1 #aid2 relation (1 to magic & religion1 #aid-if2 & pseudo-sci5ce1 #aii-bjb2 & my/icism1 ! h>mony (1 z reveal$ 9 human hi/ory1 #bjc-jh2 & my/icism1 ! h>mony (1 z support$ by p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ,havelock ,ellis1 #bji-ah2 & my/icism1 h[ !y came to be consid]$ out ( h>mony1 #bbf-ce2 traditions (1 #bbh2 ! in/9ct (1 #bcd2 & my/icism1 h>mony (1 summ>y ( consid]ations confirm+1 #bce1 #bcf2 is n religion1 #bch-dj2 n pursu$ = useful ends1 #cbb2 = sci5ce's sake1 #cdg4 ,sci5ces1 & arts1 #fh-gj2 biological & social1 fiction 91 #ii2 ma!matical impetus giv5 to1 t[>d end ( sev5te5? c5tury1 #ahj2 biological1 awak5+ (1 #aha2 ma!matical1 r5aissance (1 #aha4 ,sci5ti/1 ! true1 an arti/1 #gb1 #gc1 #aab1 #abf2 curiosity ! /imulus (1 #ajd1 #aje2 ! false1 #abe1 #abf2 :o turns to religion1 #aii-bja4 ,scott1 ,w4 ,r41 on art & /hetics1 #cbf n4 ,scotti% ,s*ool1 !1 #bfg4 ,sculpture1 pa9t+1 & ! arts ( design1 #cf2 civilisation measur$ by /&>d (1 #cjh4 ,seises1 !1 ! dance (1 #dd n4 ,sel\s1 ,edmund1 #cf n4 ,semon1 ,pr(essor1 ,r41 #cea n4 8,s5se10 ,hut*eson's conception (1 #bgd4 ,seville1 ca!dral (1 danc+ 91 #dd4 ,sex1 in/9ct (1 a reaction to ! /imulus ( curiosity1 #ajd2 e>ly que/ions conc]n+1 #aje-jg2 s\rce ( art impulse1 #ajh-ab2 & ! sci5tific int]e/1 #aab2 n absolutely ess5tial1 #bcd4 ,sexual imag]y1 /ra9 (1 9 ?\ght1 #aac4 8,%ad[10 #bai n4 ,%aftesbury1 ,e>l (1 influ5ce on ,kant1 #bed2 illu/rat$ unsy/ematic me?od ( ?9k+1 #bei2 8 book1 #bfj2 8 !ory ( /hetic ,intuitionism1 #bfj2 8 aff9ity to ! ,greeks1 #bfj2 8 e>ly life1 #bfa2 8 idea ( goodness1 #bfb2 8 pr9ciples exp\nd$1 #bfd-ff2 8 influ5ce on lat] writ]s & ?9k]s1 #bff2 8 influ5ce on our mod]n morality1 #bff1 #bfg2 ! greate/ ,greek ( mod]n times1 #bfg1 #bga2 8 s]vice to ! mod]n _w1 #bfg2 measure ( 8 recognition 9 ,scotl& & ,engl&1 #bfg2 recognition (1 abroad1 #bfh1 #bfi2 made no cle> di/9ction betwe5 creative arti/ic impulse & critical /hetic appreciation1 #bgj2 realis$ t reason _c affect appetite1 #bgj2 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( /hetics1 #bga2 8 use ( ! t]m 8moral s5se10 #bgc1 #bgd2 temp]am5tally a ,/oic1 #bgi2 ( ! /hetic contemplative temp]am5t1 #ccb1 #ccc4 ,%akespe>e1 ,william1 #adh2 8 /yle comp>$ ) t ( ,bacon1 #afj2 affect$ by ! intoxication ( words1 #afg2 /or$ up mat]ial to be us$ freely lat]1 #agj1 #aga2 ! spell+ ( 8 "n by himself1 #agc2 surpasses contempor>ies 9 flexibility & intimacy1 #ahd2 ,tol/oy's op9ion (1 #caa2 on ,nature & art1 #cab1 #cac2 8 figure ( ,prosp]o1 #cca4 ,%amans1 !1 religi\s dances among1 #dj1 #da2 _! wills br\ght into h>mony ) ! ess5ce ( ! _w1 #aic2 d\ble attitude (1 #aid4 ,%>p1 ,f4 ,c41 on ,hut*eson1 #cbg n4 ,%elley1 ,p4 ,b41 my/icism 9 poetry (1 #bcg2 on imag9ation & morality1 #bch4 ,sidgwick1 ,h5ry1 #bee1 #cad4 ,s+]1 ,dr4 ,*>les1 8 def9ition ( sci5ce1 #gj1 #ga4 ,s++1 relation to music & danc+1 #fb4 ,silb]]1 ,h]b]t1 on magic & sci5ce1 #aie4 ,simcox1 ,edi?1 h] description ( conv]sion1 #bah n4 ,sk5e1 on dances among ,african tribes1 #ch4 ,slezakova1 ,anna1 ! polka extemporis$ by1 #fj4 ,smi?1 ,adam1 8 8economic man10 #ii2 morals bas$ on sympa?y1 accord+ to1 #bgb2 influ5c$ by ,hut*eson1 #bge4 ,smi?1 ,ar?ur ,h41 8 book ,*9ese ,*>act]i/ics1 #bc n4 ,social capill>ity1 #bih4 ,social ladd]1 #bih1 #bii4 ,social /ati/ics1 #bhf-hh4 ,sociali/s1 ,fr5*1 inspir$ by ,%aftesbury1 #bfi4 ,socrates1 ! ,platonic1 #ge1 #gh2 ,grote's *apt] on1 #gf2 ! real & ! leg5d>y1 #gf1 #gi1 #hb2 ?ree elem5ts 9 our composite portrait (1 #gg-gi2 ! ,platonic1 & ! ,gospel ,jesus1 #hb1 #hc2 on philosophy & music1 #agi2 8 view ( ! morali/1 #bdh4 ,solid>ity1 sociali/ic1 among ! ,*9ese1 #bf1 #bg4 ,solmi1 ,v9cian s*ol>1 #aad4 ,sophi/s1 !1 #d1 #cjb1 #cjb n4 ,sophocles1 danc$ 9 8 own dramas1 #ef2 beauty & moral ord] 91 #bdg2 ,tol/oy's op9ion (1 #caa4 ,s\l1 a fiction1 #ajj2 9 h>mony ) itself1 #bai2 ! moral life (1 z a dance1 #bea1 #beb4 ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 danc+ 91 #di4 ,space1 absolute1 a fiction1 #ie4 ,spa91 danc+ 91 #dd1 #ej1 #ed4 ,spee*1 ! be/ lit]>y prose1 #aee2 9 ,greece1 #aee2 9 ,engl&1 #aee1 #aef2 ! arti/'s1 #aef2 a tradition1 #afa4 ,spell+1 & ?9k+1 #abg n42 has little to d ) /yle1 #agc2 n[ uni=m & uni=mly bad1 #agd1 #age4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 on sci5ce & art1 #fh2 on use ( sci5ce 9 =m ( magic1 #aie2 ! univ]se accord+ to1 #bae2 on ! h>mlessness ( moral tea*+1 #bdf n42 on dim9i%+ bir?-rate1 #bid n4 ,sp5gl]1 ,dr4 ,oswald1 on ! developm5t ( music1 #ace n42 argues on ! id5tity ( physics1 ma!matics1 religion1 & great art1 #ach2 8 !ory ( culture & civilisation1 #cji1 #caj4 ,sp9oza1 ,b>u*1 #hi2 has mov$ 9 sph]e :]e impulses ( religion & sci5ce spr+ f same s\rce1 #bjg2 trans=ms e?ics into geometry1 #bha2 has be5 call$ a ,god-intoxicat$ man1 #caf n42 8 8intellectual love ( ,god10 #cdb4 ,_s1 & matt]1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,/ati/ics1 unc]ta9ty (1 #bhf2 = measurem5t ( civilisation1 #bhf-hh2 appli$ to ,france to te/ civilisation1 #bie-ig4 ,/eele1 ,dr4 ,john1 on ! ,*9ese c]emonial1 #bi n4 ,/eph51 ,sir ,leslie1 on poetry & philosophy1 #he2 c\ld see no good 9 ,%aftesbury1 #bfh4 ,/ev5son1 ,r4 ,l41 #ahh4 ,/ocks1 eradication ( unfit1 by ,man1 #ced2 recomm5d$ by ,jesus1 #cee1 #cef4 ,/oics1 !1 #bjg4 ,/rauss1 ,d4 ,f41 8 ,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new1 #bad4 ,/yle1 lit]>y1 ( to-day & ( our =e-fa!rs' "t1 #adc2 ! a*ievem5t (1 #aee2 grace season$ ) salt1 #aee2 atavism 91 9 memb]s ( ! same family1 #aeh1 #aij2 atavism 91 9 ! race1 #afj1 #aij2 mu* t is in/9ctive 91 #afc2 ! music (1 #afc1 #afd2 vocabul>y 91 #afd1 #afe2 ! effect ( m]e words on1 #afe-fg2 famili>ity ) au?or's1 necess>y to und]/&+1 #aga1 #agb2 spell+ has little to d )1 #agc2 mu* lo/ by slavi% adh]5ce to rules 91 #age2 mu/ h cl>ity & beauty1 #agf-gh2 ,engli% prose1 ,c>tesian influ5ce on1 #ahj n42 p]sonal & imp]sonal1 #ahb1 #ahc2 progress 91 lies 9 ca/+ aside accretions & exub]ances1 #ahc2 f\nd$ on a model1 ! negation ( /yle1 #ahh2 ! task ( break+ ! old m\lds (1 #ahh1 #ahi2 summ>y ( elem5ts (1 #aij4 ,see ,writ+4 ,suicide1 rate (1 z te/ ( civilisation1 #bie1 #bif4 ,swahili1 danc+ among1 #ch4 ,sw$5borg1 ,emanuel1 8 sci5ce & 8 my/icism1 #bjh4 ,sw$i% ballet1 !1 #fj4 ,sweet 7suavis71 ref]r+ to moral qualities1 #bfd4 ,sweetness1 & goodness1 9 ,%aftesbury's philosophy1 #bfb2 orig9ally ! same1 #bfc4 ,swift1 ,jona?an1 lam5ts 8! corruption ( our /yle10 #adb2 beauty ( 8 /yle1 re/s on tru? to logic ( 8 ?\ght1 #ahc2 utt]ance (1 comb9+ two conceptions ( life1 #ccc4 ,swimm+-belt1 con/ruct$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #aai4 ,sw9burne1 ,c4 ,a41 on writ+ poetry to a tune1 #fb2 8 ,poems & ,ballads1 #agb2 8 ,songs be=e ,sunrise1 #bab4 ,sylve/]1 ,j4 ,j41 on ma!matics1 #aci4 ,symphony1 ! developm5t ( a dance suite1 #fb4 ,syndicalism1 z te/ ( civilisation1 #bif1 #big4 ,taglioni1 ,m>ia1 #eh4 ,tahiti1 danc+ at1 #ej4 ,tamb\r9e1 !1 #ec4 ,tao1 ! ^w1 #bjd4 ,ta/e1 ! gospel (1 #bhj4 ,telegraph1 !1 #gb n4 ,telephone1 !1 #gb n4 ,tell-el-,am>na1 #bh4 ,!ology1 #bbg4 ,!rapeuts1 ! wor%ip (1 #db4 ,?+-9-,itself1 !1 a fiction1 #aja4 ,?+s1 are fictions1 #ih4 ,?9k+1 ( ! nature ( art1 #he1 #hf2 & exi/+1 on two diff]5t planes1 #aja2 ! special art & object (1 #aja2 is a comp>ison1 #ajb2 is a regulat$ error1 #ajc2 ab/ract1 ! process ( its bir?1 #ajh1 #aji4 ,?ompson1 ,silvanus1 on ,f>aday1 #acb4 ,?omson1 ,james1 influ5ce ( ,%aftesbury on1 #bff4 ,?omson1 ,sir ,joseph1 on matt] & weight1 #bcj4 ,?oreau1 ,h4 ,d41 on morals1 #bhb4 ,?\ght1 logic (1 inescapable1 #ahc4 ,tobacco1 consumption (1 z te/ ( civilisation1 #bie4 ,todas1 !1 ( ,india1 #bjc n4 ,tol$o1 ca!dral (1 danc+ 91 #dd4 ,tol/oy1 ,c\nt ,leo1 8 op9ions on art1 #caa4 ,tonga1 sacr$ position ( c>p5t] 91 #b4 ,tooke1 ,horne1 #aea n4 ,t[ns5d1 ,rev4 ,joseph1 on ! f&ango1 #ej4 ,tradition1 ! corporeal embodim5t ( h]$ity1 #afa2 & in/9ct1 m\ld morals1 #bed-ei4 ,traditions1 religi\s1 #bbg2 sci5tific1 #bbh4 ,triangles1 #ec4 ,tru?1 ! measur+-rod (1 #bcj-cb4 ,tunisia1 ,s\!rn1 danc+ 91 #di4 ,t'ung1 ! /ory (1 #cc4 ,turki% d]vi%es1 dances (1 #da4 ,tuscans1 !1 #ef4 ,see ,etruscans4 ,tyndall1 ,john1 on ,f>aday1 #acj-cb4 ,tyrrells1 !1 ! h&writ+ (1 #aeg4 ,ugl9ess1 #cbh4 ,ulysses1 repres5tative ( ideal ( totality ( exi/5ce1 #f4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! g5ius (1 comp>$ ) ! temp] ( ! population1 #bic4 ,univ]se1 conceiv$ z "w ( art by primitive philosoph]1 #a2 accord+ to ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss1 #bad2 accord+ to ,sp5c]1 #bae2 accord+ to ,h9ton1 #baf2 accord+ to ,sir ,james ,fraz]1 #bai n42 accord+ to ,b]tr& ,russell1 #bai n42 conception (1 a p]sonal matt]1 #bai n42 ! s-call$ mat]iali/ic1 #bbi1 #bcj2 ,bov>ism (1 #ccg4 ,utilit>ians1 !1 #bfg1 #bfh4 ,uvea1 #ae4 ,see ,loyalty ,isl&s4 ,vaih+]1 ,hans1 8 ,philosophie des ,als ,ob1 #hf2 ,engli% influ5ce ^u1 #hf1 #hg2 alli$ to ,engli% _s1 #hg1 #hh2 8 orig91 #hh2 8 tra9+1 & vocation1 #hh-ic2 influ5ce ( ,s*ill] on1 #hi2 philosoph]s :o influ5c$1 #hi1 #ij2 8 pessimisms1 irrationalism1 & volunt>ism1 #ij2 8 view ( milit>y p[] ( ,g]many1 #ij1 #ia2 8 dev\r+ appetite = k1 #ib2 reads ,f4 ,a4 ,lange's ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism1 #ib1 #ic2 writes 8 book at ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 #ic2 8 book publi%$1 #id2 ! problem he set out to prove1 #id2 8 doctr9e ( fiction1 #id-ajb2 8 doctr9e n immune f criticism1 #ajb2 ! =tify+ influ5ce ( 8 philosophy1 #ajb1 #ajc2 influ5c$ ,adl]1 #ccg4 ,val5cia1 ca!dral (1 danc+ 91 #dd4 ,val]ius1 ,maximus1 #cec n4 ,van ,gogh1 my/icism 9 pictures (1 #bcg4 ,v>nhag51 ,rahel1 #ff4 ,v]bal c\nt]s1 #adi1 #aej4 ,v]la9e1 ,paul1 ! significance ( words to1 #afh4 ,vesalius1 #abj4 ,vas>i1 ,giorgio1 8 acc\nt ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #aae1 #abc4 ,ve/ris1 ,gaetan1 & ! ballet1 #eg4 ,v9ci1 ,leon>do da1 man ( sci5ce1 #aac1 #abe2 z a pa9t]1 #aac1 #aad1 #aag1 #aah2 8 "o aim1 ! k & ma/]y ( ,nature1 #aad1 #aag1 #abe2 an ,ov]man1 #aae2 sci5ce & art jo9$ 91 #aae-ag2 z ! f\nd] ( pr(essional eng9e]+1 #aah1 #aai2 ! ext5t ( 8 /udies & inv5tions1 #aai1 #abj2 a supreme ma/] ( language1 #aba2 8 appe>ance1 #aba2 8 p>5tage1 #aba2 8 y\?ful accompli%m5ts1 #abb2 8 sexual temp]am5t1 #abb1 #abc2 ! man1 woman1 & *ild 91 #abc1 #abd2 a figure = awe r ?an love1 #abd4 ,v9ci1 ,s] ,pi]o da1 fa!r ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #aba4 ,virtue1 & beauty1 among ! ,greeks1 #bdg2 ! art ( liv+ well1 #beb2 9 ,%aftesbury's sy/em1 #bfe1 #bff2 beauty (1 #bgj n4 ,virtues1 e?ical & intellectual1 #ccj4 ,visconti1 ,galeazzo1 spectacul> pageants at m>riage (1 #eg4 ,vocabul>y1 ea* writ] creates 8 own1 #afd1 #afe4 ,voltaire1 ,f4 ,m4 ,a4 de1 recognis$ ,%aftesbury1 #bfh2 on ! f\ndations ( society1 #bhi4 ,wagn]1 ,ri*>d1 on ,bee?ov5's ,sev5? 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