,! ,gaekwad ,/udies 9 ,religion & ,philosophy3 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,& ,,!ology ,,( ,,av]roes ,pr9t$ by ,manibhai ,ma?urbhai ,gupta at ! 8,arya ,sudh>ak0 ,pr9t+ ,press1 ,raopura1 ,b>oda1 & ,publi%$ by ,a4 ,g4 ,widg]y1 ! ,college1 ,b>oda #a-a-aiba ,,! ,,philosophy ,,& ,,!ology ,,( ,,av]roes ,tractata translat$ f ! ,arabic ,by ,,mohammad ,,jamil-,,ur-,,rehman ,m4 ,a4 ,pr(essor ( ,islamic ,hi/ory1 ,hyd]abad ,=m]ly ,fell[ ( ! ,sem9> = ! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,religions1 ,b>oda4 ,,b>oda ,,d$ication to ,dr4 ,,azimudd9 ,,ahmad ,,sir1 ,x 0 at y\r feet t ,i fir/ le>n$ to appreciate hi/orical & lit]>y rese>*1 & ! foll[+ pages con/itute ! e>lie/ fruits ( t lit]>y lab\r ( m9e ! impetus = :i* ,i am pr\d to h receiv$ f y4 ,i crave y\r indulg5ce = my tak+ ! lib]ty ( d$icat+ ! same to y\r rev]$ "n1 ) ! hope t x w n fail to attract ! same g5]\s sympa?y f y z y h always %[n to y\r pupil4 ,,mohammad ,,jamil ,,ur ,,rehman ,,preface ,x 0 z a ,fell[ ( ! ,sem9> = ! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,religions at ! ,college1 ,b>oda1 t ! pres5t "w 0 begun4 ,! subject 0 tak5 up 9 ! fir/ place z a p>allel /udy to t conta9$ 9 a pap] 9 ! ,indian ,philosophical ,review1 ,volume ,,ii1 ,july #aiah1 pp4 #bd-cb entitl$ 8,maimonides & ! ,atta9m5t ( ,religi\s ,tru?40 ,b z ,i proce$$ ) my inve/igation ,i ?\ght x might be be/ to let ,av]roes speak = himself4 ,= ?is reason ,i h "h translat$ c]ta9 treatises ( ,av]roes1 z edit$ 9 ! ,arabic text by ,d4 ,h4 ,mull] 9 8,philosophie und ,!ologie von ,av]roes40 ,muni* #ahei4 ,i am confid5t t ! book w prove an int]e/+ "o & w expla9 itself to ! read] )\t any introduction on my "p4 ,?\gh ow+ to my appo9tm5t at ,hyd]abad ,i resign$ my position at ,b>oda soon aft] comm5c+ ?is "w ,i wi% "h to express my ?anks to ,pr(essor ,alban ,g4 ,widg]y ( ,b>oda = 8 con/ant sympa?y ) & enc\ragem5t = my "w 9 & out ( ! ,sem9>4 ,he has also k9dly accept$ ! book = inclusion 9 ! ,gaekwad ,/udies 9 ,religion & ,philosophy4 ,i am indebt$ to him = a complete revision ( ! manuscript & = ! on]\s "w ( see+ ! book ?r\gh ! press4 ,i am also indebt$ to my bro!r ,mutazid ,wali ur ,rehman1 ,b4,a4 = valuable help 9 r5d]+ _m obscure passages4 ,,mohammad ,,jamil ,,ur ,,rehman ,osmania ,univ]sity1 ,hyd]abad4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,a ,decisive ,disc\rse on ! ,del9eation ( ! ,relation betwe5 ,religion & ,philosophy4 ,i a4 ,app5dix3 ,on ! ,problem ( ,et]nal ,k :i* ,av]roes has m5tion$ 9 8 ,decisive ,disc\rse4 ,,ii4 ,an ,exposition ( ! ,me?ods ( ,argum5t conc]n+ ! ,doctr9es ( ! ,fai?1 & a ,det]m9ation ( ,d\bts & mislead+ ,innovation br\ght into ! ,fai? ?r\gh ,int]pretations4 ,i ,a ,,decisive ,,disc\rse ,,on ,,! ,,del9eation ,,( ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,religion ,,& ,,philosophy ,a ,,decisive ,,disc\rse ,,on ,,! ,,del9eation ,,( ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,religion ,,& ,,philosophy4#a ,& aft]3 ,praise be to ,god = all ,8 praisewor?y acts1 & bless+s on ,mohammad1 ,8 slave1 ! ,pure1 ! ,*os5 ,"o & ,8 ,apo/le4 ,! purpose ( ! foll[+ treatise is to inquire ?r\gh sacr$ ,law#b :e!r ! le>n+ ( philosophy & o!r sci5ces app]ta9+ !reto is p]mitt$1 or call$ dang]\s1 or comm5d$ by ! ,law1 & if comm5d$1 is x only approv$ or made obligatory4 ,we ma9ta9 t ! bus9ess ( philosophy is no?+ o!r ?an to look into creation & to pond] ov] x 9 ord] to be guid$ to ! ,creator1--9 o!r words1 to look into ! mean+ ( exi/5ce4 ,= ! k ( creation leads to ! cognisance ( ! ,creator1 ?r\gh ! k ( ! creat$4 ,! m p]fect becomes ! k ( creation1 ! m p]fect becomes ! k ( ! ,creator4 ,! ,law enc\rages & exhorts u to obs]ve creation4 ,?us1 x is cle> t ?is is to be tak5 ei!r z a religi\s injunction or z some?+ approv$ by ! ,law4 ,b ! ,law urges u to obs]ve creation by means ( reason & dem&s ! k !re( ?r\gh reason4 ,?is is evid5t f diff]5t v]ses ( ! ,quran4 ,= example ! ,quran says3 8,:]e=e take example f !m1 ye :o h eyes40#c ,t is a cle> indication ( ! necessity ( us+ ! reason+ faculty1 or r bo? reason & religion1 9 ! int]pretation ( ?+s4 ,aga9 x says3 8,or d !y n contemplate ! k+dom ( heav5 & e>? & ! ?+s :i* ,god ha? creat$40#d ,?is is a pla9 exhortation to enc\rage ! use ( obs]vation ( creation4 ,& rememb] t "o :om ,god especially di/+ui%es 9 ?is respect1 ,abraham1 ! prophet4 ,= ,he says3 8,& ?is did we %[ unto ,abraham3 ! k+dom ( heav5 & e>?40#e ,fur!r ,he says3 8,d !y n consid] ! camels1 h[ !y are creat$2 & ! heav51 h[ x is rais$40#f ,or /ill aga93 8,& 7:o7 m$itate on ! creation ( heav5 & e>?1 say+1 ,o ,"l ?\ ha/ n creat$ ?is 9 va940#g ,!re are _m o!r v]ses on ?is subject3 too num]\s to be enum]at$4 ,n[1 x be+ e/abli%$ t ! ,law makes ! obs]vation & consid]ation ( creation by reason obligatory--& consid]ation is no?+ b to make explicit ! implicit--?is c only be done ?r\gh reason4 ,?us we mu/ look into creation ) ! reason4 ,moreov]1 x is obvi\s t ! obs]vation :i* ! ,law approves & enc\rages mu/ be ( ! mo/ p]fect type1 p]=m$ ) ! mo/ p]fect k9d ( reason+4 ,z ! ,law emphasises ! k ( ,god & ,8 creation by inf]5ce1 x is incumb5t on any :o wi% to "k ,god & ,8 :ole creation by inf]5ce1 to le>n ! k9ds ( inf]5ce1 _! conditions & t :i* di/+ui%es philosophy f dialectic & exhortation f syllogism4 ,?is is impossible unless "o possesses k be=eh& ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( reason+ & le>ns to di/+ui% betwe5 reason+ & :at is n reason+4 ,?is _c be done except "o kn[s its diff]5t p>ts1 t is1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( premises4 ,h5ce1 = a believ] 9 ! ,law & a foll[] ( x1 x is necess>y to "k ^! ?+s be=e he beg9s to look into creation1 = !y are l in/rum5ts = obs]vation4 ,=1 j z a /ud5t discov]s by ! /udy ( ! law1 ! necessity ( k ( legal reason+ ) all its k9ds & di/9ctions1 a /ud5t w f9d out by obs]v+ ! creation ! necessity ( metaphysical reason+4 ,inde$1 he has a great] claim on x ?an ! juri/4 ,= if a juri/ argues ! necessity ( legal reason+ f ! say+ ( ,god3 8,:]e=e take example f !m ,o ye :o h eyes10#h a /ud5t ( div9ity has a bett] "r to e/abli% ! same f x on behalf ( metaphysical reason+4 ,"o _c ma9ta9 t ?is k9d ( reason+ is an innovation 9 religion because x did n exi/ 9 ! e>ly days ( ,islam4 ,= legal reason+ & its k9ds are ?+s :i* 7 inv5t$ also 9 lat] ages1 & no "o ?9ks !y are innovations4 ,su* %\ld also be our attitude t[>ds philosophical reason+4 ,!re is ano!r reason :y x %\ld be s1 b ?is is n ! prop] place to m5tion x4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! foll[]s ( ?is religion confirm philosophical reason+1 all except a small wor?less m9ority1 :o argue f religi\s ord9ances4 ,n[1 z x is e/abli%$ t ! ,law makes ! consid]ation ( philosophical reason+ & its k9ds z necess>y z legal reason+1 if none ( our pr$ecessors has made an ef=t to enquire into x1 we %\ld beg9 to d x1 & s help !m1 until ! k is complete4 ,= if x is difficult or r impossible = "o p]son to acqua9t himself s+le-h&$ ) all ?+s :i* x is necess>y to "k 9 legal matt]s1 x is /ill m difficult 9 ! case ( philosophical reason+4 ,&1 if be=e u1 somebody has enquir$ into x1 we %\ld d]ive help f :at he has said4 ,x is q immat]ial :e!r t man is our co-religioni/ or n2 = ! in/rum5t by :i* purification is p]fect$ is n made unc]ta9 9 its usefulness1 by its be+ 9 ! h&s ( "o ( our own p>ty1 or ( a =eign]1 if x possesses ! attributes ( tru?4 ,by ^! latt] we mean ^? ,anci5ts :o inve/igat$ ^! ?+s be=e ! adv5t ( ,islam4 ,n[1 su* is ! case4 ,all t is want$ 9 an enquiry into philosophical reason+ has already be5 p]fectly exam9$ by ! ,anci5ts4 ,all t is requir$ ( u is t we %\ld g back to _! books & see :at !y h said 9 ?is connection4 ,if all t !y say be true1 we %\ld accept x & if !re be some?+ wrong1 we %\ld be w>n$ by x4 ,?us1 :5 we h f9i%$ ?is k9d ( rese>* we %all h acquir$ in/rum5ts by :i* we c obs]ve ! univ]se1 & consid] its g5]al "*4 ,= s long z "o does n "k its g5]al "* "o _c "k ! creat$1 & s long z he does n "k ! creat$1 he c h no k ( ! ,creator4 ,?us we mu/ beg9 an inquiry into ! univ]se sy/ematically1 su* z we h le>n$ f ! tr5d ( rational inf]5ce4 ,x is also evid5t t ?is aim is to be atta9$ by ! inve/igation ( "o "p ( ! univ]se aft] ano!r1 & t help mu/ be d]iv$ f pr$ecessors1 z is ! case 9 o!r sci5ces4 ,imag9e t ! sci5ce ( geometry & a/ronomy _h become ext9ct 9 our day1 & a s+le individual desir$ to f9d out by himself ! magnitude ( ! heav5ly bodies1 _! =ms1 & _! di/ances f "o ano!r4 ,ev5 ?\gh he 7 ! mo/ sagaci\s ( m51 x w\ld be z impossible = him z to asc]ta9 ! proportion ( ! sun & ! e>? & ! magnitude ( ! o!r />s4 ,x w\ld only be atta9able by aid ( div9e revelation1 or some?+ l x4 ,if x be said to him t ! sun is a hundr$ & fifty or sixty times z big z ! e>?1 he w\ld take x to be %e] madness on ! "p ( ! speak]1 ?\gh x is an e/abli%$ fact 9 ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 s t no "o le>n$ 9 t sci5ce w h any d\bt ab\t x4 ,! sci5ce :i* ne$s mo/ examples f o!r sci5ces is t ( ,law4 ,= ! /udy ( jurisprud5ce _c be complet$ except 9 a v long "t4 ,if a man today w\ld himself le>n ( all ! argum5ts discov]$ by ! diff]5t disputants ( div]se sects1 9 problems :i* h always excit$ cont5tions 9 all ! big cities1 except ^? ( ,al-,maghrib1 he w\ld be a prop] object to be laugh$ at on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( ! task1 9 spite ( ! exi/5ce ( e fav\rable circum/ance4 ,?is is simil> n only 9 ! sci5ces b also 9 ! arts4 ,= no "o is capable ( discov]+ by himself alone ev]y?+ :i* is requir$4 ,& if ?is is s 9 o!r sci5ces & arts1 h[ is x possible 9 ! art ( arts--philosophy8 ,?is be+ s1 x becomes u to g back to ! ,anci5ts1 & to see :at obs]vations & consid]ations !y h made into ! univ]se1 accord+ to ! te/s ( inf]5ce4 ,we %\ld consid] :at !y h said 9 ?is connection & prov$ 9 _! books1 s t :atev] may be true 9 !m we may accept &1 :ile ?ank+ !m1 be glad to "k x1 & :atev] be wrong1 we %\ld be w>n$ by x1 be caution$1 & hold !m excus$ = _! mi/ake4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x may be tak5 t a se>* into ! books ( ! ,anci5ts is enjo9$ by ! ,law1 :5 _! mean+ & purpose be ! same z t to :i* ! ,law exhorts u4 ,anyone :o prev5ts a man f pond]+ ov] ^! ?+s1 t is1 a man :o has ! d\ble quality ( natural sagacity & rectitude 9 ! ,law1 ) ! m]it ( le>n+ & disposition--turns away ! p f ! door by :i* ! ,law invites !m to ent] into ! k ( ,god1 & t is ! door ( obs]vation :i* leads to ! p]fect k ( ,god4 ,su* an action is ! extreme limit ( ignorance & ( remot5ess f ,god4 ,if1 by /udy+ ^! books1 a man has be5 l$ a/ray & gone wrong on acc\nt ( "s natural defect1 bad tra9+ ( ! m9d1 inord9ate passion1 or ! want ( a tea*] :o might expla9 to him ! true significance ( ?+s1 by all or "s ( ^! causes1 we ought n on ?is acc\nt to prev5t "o fit to /udy ^! ?+s f do+ s4 ,= su* h>m is n innate 9 man1 b is only an accid5t ( tra9+4 ,x is n "r t a drug :i* is m$ically useful by its nature %\ld be disc>d$ because x may prove h>mful by accid5t4 ,! ,prophet told a man ^: bro!r 0 suff]+ ) di>rhea to treat him ) honey4 ,b ?is only increas$ ! ailm5t4 ,on 8 compla9+1 ! ,prophet said3 8,god 0 "r & ?y bro!r's /oma* 0 wrong40 ,we w\ld ev5 say t a man :o prev5ts ano!r fit = x1 f /udy+ ! books ( philosophy1 because c]ta9 wor?less p h be5 misl$ by !m1 is l a man :o refus$ a ?ir/y man cold & sweet wat]1 till he di$1 because "s p "u ! same circum/ances h be5 suffocat$ by x & h di$4 ,= dea? by suffocation ?r\gh dr9k+ cold wat] is accid5tal1 :ile by ?ir/ x is natural & inevitable4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s is n peculi> to ?is sci5ce only1 b is common to all4 ,h[ _m juri/s !re are 9 :om jurisprud5ce has become ! cause ( worldl9ess & lack ( piety8 ,we %\ld say t a l>ge majority ( juri/s are ( ?is k9d1 al?\gh _! sci5ce %\ld result 9 bett] action ?an o!r sci5ces :i* only lead to bett] k4 ,s f>1 !n1 ! position is e/abli%$4 ,n[1 we ,muslims firmly believe t our ,law is div9e & true4 ,?is v ,law urges u & br+s u to t bless+ :i* is kn[n z ! k ( ,god1 & ,8 creation4 ,?is is a fact to :i* e ,muslim w be> te/imony by 8 v nature & temp]am5t4 ,we say ?is1 because temp]am5ts diff] 9 believ+3 "o w believe ?r\gh philosophy2 :ile ano!r w believe ?r\gh dogmatic disc\rse1 j z firmly z ! =m]1 z no o!r me?od appeals to 8 nature4 ,!re are o!rs :o believe by exhortation alone1 j z o!rs believe ?r\gh inf]5ces4 ,= ?is reason our div9e ,law invites p by all ! ?ree me?ods1 :i* e man has to satisfy1 except ^? :o /ubbornly refuse to believe1 or ^?1 accord+ to :om ^! div9e me?ods h n be5 e/abli%$ on acc\nt ( ! wayw>dness ( _! he>ts4 ,?is is :y ! mission ( ! ,prophet has be5 decl>$ common to ! :ole _w1 = 8 ,law comprises all ! ?ree me?ods lead+ m5 t[>ds ,god4 ,:at we say is q cle> f ! foll[+ say+ ( ,god3 8,invite m5 unto ! way ( ! ,"l1 by wisdom & mild exhortation1 & dispute ) !m 9 ! mo/ condesc5d+ mann]40#i ,z ?is ,law is true & leads to ! consid]ation ( ! k ( ,god1 we ,muslims %\ld believe t rational inve/igation is n contr>y to ,law1 = tru? _c contradict tru?1 b v]ifies x & be>s te/imony to x4 ,& if t is s1 & rational obs]vation is direct$ to ! k ( any exi/5t objects1 !n ! ,law may be f\nd to be sil5t ab\t x1 or conc]n$ ) x4 ,9 ! =m] case no dispute arises1 z x w\ld be equival5t to ! abs5ce ( its m5tion 9 ! ,law z injunctory1 & h5ce ! juri/ d]ives x f legal conjecture4 ,b if ! ,law speaks ( x1 ei!r x w agree ) t :i* has be5 prov$ by inf]5ce1 or else x w disagree ) x4 ,if x is 9 agreem5t x ne$s no comm5t1 & if x is oppos$ to ! ,law1 an int]pretation is to be s\ght4 ,int]pretation means to c>ry ! mean+ ( a ^w f its orig9al s5se to a metaphorical "o4 ,b ?is %\ld be done 9 su* a mann] z w n conflict ) ! cu/om ( ! ,arabian tongue4 ,x is to avoid ! nam+ ( an object1 by simply m5tion+ its l1 its cause1 its attribute1 or associate1 etc4 :i* are commonly quot$ 9 ! def9ition ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( metaphorical utt]ances4 ,& if ! juri/ does s 9 _m ( ! legal injunctions1 h[ v befitt+ w\ld x be = a le>n$ man to d ! same ) 8 argum5ts4 ,= ! juri/ has only 8 fanciful conjectures to dep5d ^u1 :ile a le>n$ man possesses positive ones4 ,we hold x to be an e/abli%$ tru? t if ! ,law is app>5tly oppos$ to a tru? prov$ by philosophy x admits ( an int]pretation accord+ to ! canons ( ! ,arabic language4 ,?is is a proposition :i* a ,muslim _c d\bt & a believ] _c mi/ru/4 ,"o :o is accu/om$ to ^! ?+s div9e c exp]i5ce = himself :at we h said4 ,! aim ( ?is disc\rse is to br+ toge!r intellectual & traditional sci5ce4 ,inde$1 we w\ld ev5 say t no logical conclusion w be f\nd to be oppos$ to ! ,law1 :i* :5 sift$ & inve/igat$ 9 its diff]5t p>ts w be f\nd 9 accordance1 or almo/ s1 ) x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t is :y all ,muslims are agre$ t all ! words ( ! ,law are n to be tak5 lit]ally1 nor all ( !m giv5 an int]pretation4 ,b !y v>y 9 v]ses1 :i* are or are n to be int]pret$4 ,= example1 ! ,a%>ites put an int]pretation ^u ! v]se ( ,equalisation#aj & on ! ,tradition ( ,desc5t1#aa :ile ! ,hanbalites take !m lit]ally4 ,! ,law has made two sides ( ^!--exot]ic & esot]ic--because ( ! diff]5ces ( human nature & m9ds 9 v]ify+ a ?+4 ,! exi/5ce ( an oppos$ esot]ic mean+ is 9 ord] to call ! att5tion ( ! le>n$ to f9d out a compreh5sive int]pretation4 ,to ?is ! foll[+ v]se ( ! ,quran ref]s3 8,x is he :o ha? s5t d[n unto !e ! book1 :]e9 are "s v]ses cle> to be und]/ood--!y are ! f\ndation ( ! book--& o!rs are p>abolical4 ,b !y ^: he>ts are p]v]se w foll[ t :i* is p>abolical !re91 out ( love ( s*ism1 & a desire ( ! int]pretation !re(2 yet none kn[e? ! int]pretation !re( except ,god4 ,b !y :o are well gr\nd$ 9 k say3 ,we believe !re91 ! :ole is f our ,"l1 & none w consid] except ! prud5t40#ab ,"h x may be object$ t 9 ! ,law !re are ?+s :i* all ,muslims h agre$ to take esot]ically1 :ile !re are o!rs on :i* !y h agre$ to put an int]pretation1 :ile !re are "s ab\t :i* !y disagree4 ,is x ju/ifiable to use logic 9 ! int]pretation ( ^? :i* h be5 tak5 lit]ally1 or o!rwise8 ,we w\ld say t if ! agreem5t is positive !re is no ne$ to apply logic2 b if x be conjectural !re is4 ,= ?is v reason ,abu ,hamid 7,al ,ghazzali7 & ,abu ,ma'ali & o!r le>n$ doctors h orda9$ t a man does n become an unbeliev] by =sak+ ! common agreem5t & apply+ ! pr9ciple ( int]pretation 9 su* ?+s4 ,x w c]ta9ly be agre$ t complete cons5sus ( op9ion is n possible 9 metaphysical que/ions1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x is possible to e/abli% x 9 practical ?+s4 ,= x is n possible to e/abli% unanimity ( op9ion at any "t1 unless we conf9e ourselves to a small p]iod & "k p]fectly all ! le>n$ doctors liv+ 9 x1 t is1 _! p]sonalities1 _! numb] & _! views ab\t any "q to be quot$ to u directly f !m )\t a break 9 ! *a94 ,) all ?is we %\ld "k = c]ta9 t ! doctors liv+ at t "t are agre$ t !re is no di/9ction ( exot]ic & esot]ic mean+s 9 ! ,law1 t ! k ( no proposition %\ld be conceal$ f anybody1 & t ! me?od ( tea*+ ! ,law %\ld be ! same ) all m54 ,b we "k t a l>ge numb] ( p 9 ! e>ly days ( ,islam believ$ 9 exot]ic & esot]ic mean+s ( ! ,law1 & ?\ght t ! esot]ic mean+s %\ld n be disclos$ to an ignorant p]son :o _c und]/& !m4 ,= example1 ,bukh>i has relat$ on ! au?ority ( ,ali t he said 8,talk to m5 :at !y c und]/&4 ,d y int5d to give ! lie to ,god & ,8 ,apo/le80 ,!re are _m ,traditions to ! same effect relat$ f o!r p4 ,s1 h[ is x possible to conceive ( any cons5sus ( op9ion com+ d[n to u 9 metaphysical que/ions :5 we def9itely "k t 9 e age !re h be5 doctors :o take ! ,law to conta9 ?+s ! real significance ( :i* %\ld n be disclos$ to all m58 ,b 9 practical affairs x is q diff]5t4 ,= all p]sons are ( op9ion t !y %\ld be reveal$ to all m5 alike4 ,9 ^! ?+s unanimity ( op9ion c be easily obta9$ if ! proposition is publi%$1 & no disagreem5t is report$4 ,t may be suffici5t to obta9 unanimity ( op9ion 9 practical ?+s z di/9ct f ! sci5ces4 ,if x be ma9ta9$ t "o does n become an unbeliev] by ignor+ cons5sus ( op9ion 9 int]pretation1 z no unanimity is possible 9 x1 :at %all we say ( su* ,muslim philosoph]s z ,abu ,nasr 7,al ,f>abi7 & ,ibn ,s9a 7,avic5na78 ,= ,abu ,hamid 7,al ,ghazzali7 has *>g$ !m ) positive infidelity 9 8 book3 ,! ,refutation ( ! ,philosoph]s1 9 reg>d to ?ree ?+s3 ,! et]nity ( ! _w2 ,god's ignorance ( p>ticul>s2 & ! int]pretation conc]n+ ! resurrection ( bodies & ! /ate ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,to ?is we %\ld reply t f :at he has said x is n cle> t he has *>g$ !m positively ) infidelity4 ,= 9 8 book ,al ,tafriqah ba9'al ,islami w'al ,z9diqah he has expla9$ t ! infidelity ( a man :o ignores ! cons5sus ( op9ion is d\btful4 ,moreov] we h def9itely po9t$ out t x is n possible to e/abli% a cons5sus ( op9ion 9 su* matt]s1 especially :5 !re are _m p ( ! e>ly times :o h held t !re are int]pretations :i* %\ld n be disclos$ to all b only to ^? :o are fit = !m & ^? are m5 :o are 8well gr\nd$ 9 k0#ac1 a div9e injunction :i* _c be ov]look$4 ,= if su* p d n "k ! int]pretation 9 ^! matt]s !y w h no special crit]ion ( tru? = _! fai?1 :i* ! common p h n1 :ile ,god has describ$ !m z believ+ 9 ,him4 ,?is k9d ( fai? is always produc$ by ! acceptance ( ! argum5ts1 & t is n possible )\t a k ( int]pretation4 ,o!rwise1 ev5 ! common p believe 9 ! words ( ,god )\t any philosophy :atev]4 ,! fai? :i* ! ,quran has especially ascrib$ to ! le>n$ mu/ be a fai? /r5g!n$ ) full argum5ts1 :i* _c be )\t a k ( ! canons ( int]pretation4 ,= ,god has said t ! ,law admits ( int]pretation :i* is its real significance1 & ?is is :at is e/abli%$ by argum5ts4 ,yet ?\gh ?is is s1 x is impossible to e/abli% any well gr\nd$ cons5sus ( op9ion 9 ! int]pretations :i* ,god has ascrib$ to ! le>n$ m54 ,t is q evid5t to anyone ) insight4 ,b ) ?is we see t ,abu ,hamid 7,al ,ghazzali7 has made a mi/ake 9 ascrib+ to ! ,p]ipatetic ,philosoph]s ! op9ion t ,god has no k ( p>ticul>s4 ,!y are only ( op9ion t ! k ( ,god ab\t p>ticul>s is q diff]5t f ours4 ,= our k is ! effect ( ! exi/5ce ( a ?+4 ,su* k is produc$ by ! exi/5ce ( a ?+1 & *anges ) *anges 9 ! ?+4 ,on ! o!r h& ! k ( ,god is ! cause ( an exi/5t ?+4 ,?us "o :o comp>es ^! two k9ds ( k ascribes ! same *>act]i/ics to two q diff]5t ?+s--& t is extreme ignorance4 ,:5 appli$ bo? to et]nal & to transitory ?+s ! ^w k is us$ only 9 a =mal fa%ion1 j z we use _m o!r words = objects ess5tially diff]5t4 ,= in/ance ! ^w ,jalal is appli$ bo? to great & small2 & s>im to light & d>kness4 ,we h no def9ition :i* c embrace bo? ^! k9ds ( k1 z "s ( ! ,mutakallimun ( our times h ?\ght4 ,we h treat$ ?is "q sep>ately at ! reque/ ( "s ( our fri5ds4 ,h[ c x be suppos$ t ! ,p]ipatetic ,philosoph]s say t ,god has no k ( p>ticul>s :5 !y are ( op9ion t man is sometimes w>n$ ( ! com+ vicissitudes ( ! future ?r\gh visions1 & t he gets ^! admonitions 9 sleep1 ?r\gh a great & p[]ful ,director1 :o directs ev]y?+8 ,^! philosoph]s are n only ( op9ion t ,god has no k ( details su* z we h b !y also believe t ,he is ignorant ( univ]sals4 ,= all kn[n univ]sals ) u are also ! effect ( ! exi/5ce ( a ?+1 :ile ,god's k is q o!r ?an ?is4 ,f ^! argum5ts x is conclud$ t ,god's k is f> high] ?an t x %\ld be call$ univ]sal or p>ticul>4 ,!re is !re=e no diff]5ce ( op9ion conc]n+ ! proposition1 t is1 :e!r !y are call$ infidel or n4 ,z to ! et]nal or transitory nature ( ! _w3 ,i ?9k t 9 ?is matt] ! diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ! ,a%>ite ,mutakallimun & ! ,anci5t ,philosoph]s is = ! mo/ "p a v]bal diff]5ce1 at lea/ s f> z ! op9ion ( "s ( ! ,anci5ts is conc]n$4 ,= !y are agre$ on ! fact t !re are ?ree k9ds ( creation--! two extremes & a m$ial "o4 ,!y aga9 agree on ! nom5clature ( ! two extremes1 b !y disagree z to ! m$ial "o4 ,z to ! "o extreme1 x has come into exi/5ce f some?+ o!r ?an itself1 or f any?+ else--t is f a g5]ative cause or matt]--:ile "t exi/$ be=e x4 ,all ^? ?+s ^: exi/5ce is p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 z wat]1 animals1 vegetation1 etc41 are includ$ 9 ?is4 ,all ,anci5t & ,a%>ite philosoph]s are agre$ 9 d5om9at+ ?is creation ,orig9at$4 ,! o!r extreme is t :i* came into exi/5ce f no?+1 n out ( any?+1 & "t did n prec$e x4 ,! two p>ties are agre$ 9 call+ ?is ,et]nal4 ,?is extreme c be rea*$ by logic4 ,?is is ,god1 ! ,creator1 ,inv5tor1 & ,pres]v] ( all4 ,! m$ial k9d ( creation is t :i* has nei!r be5 made f no?+1 8matt]10 nor has "t prec$$ x1 b x has be5 creat$ by "s g5]ative cause4 ,9 ?is is includ$ ! :ole _w4 ,aga9 !y all agree on ! exi/5ce ( all ! ?ree categories ( ! univ]se4 ,! ,mutakallimun admit1 or !y ought to admit1 t be=e ! univ]se !re 0 no "t1 = accord+ to !m "t is contemporane\s ) motion & body4 ,!y are also agre$ ) ! ,anci5ts t future "t & creation h no end1 b !y diff] z to pa/ "t & its creation4 ,! ,mutakallimun are ( op9ion t x _h a beg9n+4 ,?is is ! belief ( ,plato & 8 disciples1 :ile ,ari/otle & 8 foll[]s are ( op9ion t x _h no beg9n+1 j z ! future has no end4 ,x is cle> t ! la/ m5tion$ k9d ( creation resembles bo? ! orig9at$ & ! et]nal creation4 ,s "o :o ?9ks t 9 ! pa/ creation !re are m *>act]i/ics ( ! et]nal ?an ! orig9at$ takes x to be et]nal & vice v]sa4 ,b 9 reality x is nei!r truly orig9at$ nor et]nal4 ,= ! orig9at$ creation is necess>ily subject to de/ruction :ile ! et]nal is )\t a cause4 ,!re are "s1 = example1 ,plato & 8 foll[]s1 :o h call$ x inf9itely orig9at$1 = accord+ to !m "t has no end4 ,!re is n "h s great a diff]5ce ab\t ! univ]se1 = x to be made ! basis ( a *>ge ( infidelity4 ,9 fact1 !y %\ld n be s *>g$ at all1 = op9ions :i* are wor?y ( ?is are f> remov$ f ours1 ^? q contr>y to !m1 z ! ,mutakallimun h ?\ght !m to be 9 ?is proposition4 ,i mean t !y take ! words orig9at$ & et]nal to be contr>y expressions1 :i* our inve/igation has %[n n to be ! case4 ,! /range ?+ ab\t all ^! op9ions is t !y are n 9 agreem5t ) ! lit]al s5se ( ! ,law4 ,= if we look closely we %all f9d _m v]ses :i* tell u ( ! creation ( ! univ]se--t is1 ( its orig9at$ nature4 ,creation & "t are said to be )\t end4 ,= accord+ to ! v]se3 8,x is ,he :o ha? creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>? 9 six days1 b ,8 ,?rone 0 above ! wat]s be=e ! creation !re(0#ad x is cle> t !re 0 a univ]se be=e ?is "o1 & t is ! ?rone & ! wat]1 & a "t :i* exi/$ be=e t wat]4 ,!n aga9 ! v]se 8,! day w come :5 ! e>? %all be *ang$ into ano!r e>? & ! heav5s into o!r heav5s0#ae %[s equally :5 tak5 lit]ally t !re w be a univ]se aft] ?is "o4 ,aga91 ! v]se3 8,!n ,he set 8 m9d to ! creation ( heav5 & x 0 smoke0#af %[s t ! heav5s 7 creat$ f some?+4 ,:atev] ! ,mutakallimun say ab\t ! univ]se is n bas$ on a lit]al s5se ( ! ,law1 b is an int]pretation ( x4 ,= ! ,law does n tell u t ,god 0 ev5 be=e m]e non-exi/5ce1 & moreov]1 ?is is n f\nd z an ord9ance 9 x4 ,h[ c we suppose t !re c\ld be any cons5sus ( op9ion ab\t ! int]pretation ( v]ses by ! ,mutakallimun8 ,9 fact1 !re is mu* 9 ! say+s ( "s philosoph]s :i* supports :at we h quot$ f ! ,law1 tak5 lit]ally4 ,^? :o diff] conc]n+ ^! obscure que/ions h ei!r rea*$ ! tru? & h be5 rew>d$2 or h fall5 into error & h to be excus$4 ,= x is compulsory r ?an volunt>y to believe a ?+ to be true1 ! pro( ( :i* has already be5 e/abli%$2 t is1 we _c believe or disbelieve x z we l1 z x dep5ds ^u our w to /& or n to d s4 ,s1 if "o ( ! conditions ( v]ification be fre$om ( *oice1 a le>n$ man1 & he alone1 %\ld be held excus$1 if he makes a mi/ake on acc\nt ( "s d\bt4 ,h5ce ! ,prophet has said t if a magi/rate judges rightly he receives two rew>ds1 & if he makes a mi/ake he des]ves only "o4 ,b :at magi/rate is great] ?an "o :o judges ! univ]se1 :e!r x is s or n4 ,^! are ! judges--! le>n$ m5--:om ,god has di/+ui%$ ) ! k ( int]pretation4 ,x is ?is k9d ( mi/ake ( insight :i* le>n$ p are q apt to make :5 !y look into ^? obscure que/ions ! inve/igation ( :i* ! ,law has impos$ ^u !m4 ,b ! mi/ake ! common p make 9 ^! matt]s is s9 pure & simple1 :e!r 9 !oretical or 9 practical ?+s4 ,z a magi/rate1 ignorant ( ,tradition1 :5 he makes mi/akes 9 judgm5t1 _c be held excus$1 s likewise a judge ( ! univ]se :5 n hav+ ! qualities ( a judge is also n excusable1 b is ei!r a s9n] or an unbeliev]4 ,if x be a condition t a magi/rate %all h capacity ( arbitration conc]n+ ! lawful & ! =bidd51 t is1 k ( ! pr9ciples ( ,law & _! application ?r\gh analogy--h[ mu* m befitt+ x is = an arbitrator ( ! univ]se to be arm$ ) fundam5tal k ( ! m5tal sci5ces1 & ! way ( d$uc+ results f !m4 ,mi/ake 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ,law is ?us ( two k9ds--a mi/ake :i* c be excus$ 9 "o fit to look into ! ?+ 9 :i* x has be5 committ$1 j z an exp]t physician is excus$ if he commits an error 9 ! application ( 8 sci5ce2 or a magi/rate :5 he misjudges1 & a mi/ake :i* is inexcusable 9 "o n fit to inve/igate a ?+4 ,b ! error :i* _c be excus$ = anybody1 & :i*1 if x happ5s to %[ itself 9 relation to ! v pr9ciples ( ! ,law1 is infidelity1 & if 9 univ]sals is an innovation1 is t error :i* is committ$ 9 ^? ?+s :i* h be5 settl$ by all argum5ts & s ! k ( !m is possible = ev]ybody1 = in/ance1 ! ackn[l$gem5t ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ( ,prophecy1 & ( ! happ9ess or ! mis]y ( ! next _w4 ,?is is s1 because all ^! ?ree pr9ciples are prov$ by ^? ?ree me?ods1 ! ju/ification ( :i* a man _c d5y by any means1 t is exhortative controv]sial & argum5tative pro(s4 ,a d5i] ( su* ?+s1 :i* are ! v root ( ! pr9ciple ( ! ,law1 is an unbeliev]1 a retrograde ) 8 tongue & 8 he>t1 or ?r\gh neglig5ce1 on acc\nt ( 8 d5y+ !m 9 spite ( pro(s4 ,= if he be a man believ+ 9 argum5ts1 he c v]ify !m ?r\gh ^! or if he believes 9 controv]sy1 he c v]ify ?r\gh t2 & if he believes 9 religions admonitions he c well ju/ify !m ?r\gh ^!4 ,& h5ce ! ,prophet has said3 8,i h be5 comm&$ to fight ) m5 till !y say3 #8,!re is no ,god b ,allah' & believe 9 me0 t is1 by any ( ^! ?ree means ( atta9+ ! ,fai?4 ,b !re are ?+s :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! obscurity1 _c be und]/ood by inf]5ce4 ,s1 ,god has fav\r$ su* ( 8 creatures z _c und]/& logic1 ei!r on acc\nt ( _! nature1 habit1 or lack ( m5tal tra9+1 by quot+ examples & p>ables ( su* ?+s & has urg$ !m to te/ify z to _! tru? ?r\gh !m4 ,= ev]yone has m5tal capacity en\gh to und]/& !m by ! help ( dogmatic & exhortatory argum5t :i* are common to all m54 ,?is is :y ! ,law has be5 divid$ into two k9ds3 exot]ic & esot]ic4 ,! exot]ic "p consi/s ( ^? examples :i* h be5 co9$ to express c]ta9 mean+s2 :ile ! esot]ic is ! mean+s !mselves1 :i* are n manife/$ except to ! le>n$ 9 philosophy4 ,^! are ! v f\r or five k9ds ( me?ods ( kn[+ reality m5tion$ by ,abu ,hamid 7,al ,ghazzali7 9 8 book call$ ,al ,tafriqah ba9 al ,islam wal ,z9diqah4 ,if x s happ5s z we h said t we c "k ( a ?+ by any ( ! above m5tion$ ?ree me?ods1 !n we d n /& 9 ne$ ( any examples = und]/&+ !m4 ,su* ?+s %\ld be tak5 lit]ally & int]pretation %\ld f9d no place ) reg>d to !m4 ,if ^! ?+s =m a "p ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,law1 "o :o puts an int]pretation ^u !m is an infidel4 ,= in/ance1 if a man believes t !re is no happ9ess or mis]y 9 ! next _w1 & t ! tea*+ is only an artifice to safegu>d ! life & prop]ty ( ! p f "o ano!r & t !re is no goal = m5 o!r ?an ?is life1 !n he is c]ta9ly an unbeliev]4 ,:5 ?is has once be5 e/abli%$ x w become cle> to y t int]pretation is n lawful 9 ! exot]ic "p ( ! ,law4 ,if ! canon ( int]pretation be us$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,law1 x is infidelity1 & if us$ 9 g5]al ?+s x is an innovation4 ,b !re is also a c]ta9 exot]ic law :i* requires an int]pretation f le>n$ m54 ,x is n misbelief = !m to take x exot]ically1 b x is s or is at lea/ an innovation 9 religion if ignorant m5 try to int]pret or expla9 x4 ,among ^! is ! v]se ( ,equalisation & ! ,tradition ( ,desc5t4 ,= ! ,prophet said ( a ,negro slave girl :o told him t ,god 0 9 heav53 8,emancipate h]1 = %e is a believ]40 ,= !re are p]sons :o _c believe a ?+ except ?r\gh _! imag9ation1 t is1 x is difficult = !m to believe a ?+ :i* !y _c imag9e4 ,among ^! may be class$ m5 :o _c und]/& a ?+ except ) a ref]5ce to space1 & h5ce believe 9 ,god z ?\gh physical1 not)/&+ t ^! are ! v p]sons :o h dealt v h>%ly ) ^? m5tion$ above4 ,!y ought to be told t ?+s ( 8 "* are p>abolical1 & t we %\ld pause & consid] ! say+ ( ,god3 8,yet none kn[e? ! int]pretation !re( except ,god40 ,al?\gh le>n$ m5 agree t ^! are to be int]pret$1 !y diff] 9 ! int]pretation accord+ to _! k ( pr9ciples ( philosophy4 ,!re is a ?ird "p ( ! ,law :i* occupies an int]m$iate position1 on acc\nt ( "s d\bt ab\t x4 ,"s say t x %\ld be tak5 exot]ically1 & t no int]pretation %\ld be all[$ 9 x2 :ile !re are o!rs :o say t !y h "s esot]ic mean+1 & %\ld n be tak5 exot]ically by ! le>n$4 ,?is is on acc\nt ( ! obscurity ( _! mean+4 ,a le>n$ man may be excus$ if he makes a mi/ake ab\t !m4 ,if ! ,law is divid$ into ^! ?ree p>ts1 x may be ask$3 to :i* ( ^! does ! description ( ! /ate ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t belong8 ,we w\ld reply t x is q cle>1 on ! v face ( ! "q1 t x belongs to t "p 9 :i* !re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,= "o gr\p ( m51 :o class !mselves among philosoph]s1 say t ^! ?+s %\ld be tak5 lit]ally4 ,=1 accord+ to !m1 !re is n a s+le argum5t :i* makes _! lit]al s5se absurd & unreasonable4 ,?is is ! me?od ( ! ,a%>ites4 ,b ano!r gr\p ( philosoph]s int]pret !m2 b !y diff] v widely 9 ! int]pretation itself4 ,among/ ^! may be m5tion$ ,abu ,hamid 7,al ,ghazzali7 & a l>ge numb] ( ,sufis4 ,!re are "s :o w\ld amalgamate ! two int]pretations1 z ,abu ,hamid has done 9 "s ( 8 books4 ,^! que/ions are among ^? 9 :i*1 if ! le>n$ m5 err !y are to be excus$2 o!rwise1 !y are to be ?ank$ & rew>d$4 ,=1 if "o ackn[l$ges ! reality ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 & !n beg9s to apply ! pr9ciples ( int]pretation to ! description1 & n its reality1 he does n 9 any way d5y x4 ,a d5ial ( its reality is infidelity1 = x is "o ( ! fundam5tals ( ! ,law1 & x c be easily v]ifi$ by any ( ! ?ree me?ods ( argum5t common to all m54 ,b "o :o is n le>n$ %\ld take x exot]ically1 an int]pretation 9 8 case is unbelief1 = x leads to infidelity4 ,we are ?us ( op9ion t su* p %\ld accept ! lit]al s5se1 = int]pretation w c]ta9ly lead !m to infidelity4 ,a le>n$ man :o discloses ! discussions ( ^! ?+s to ! common p helps !m t[>ds unbelief & "o :o abets ano!r 9 t direction is himself no bett] ?an an unbeliev]4 ,x is !re=e unsuitable t ^! int]pretations %\ld be publi%$ 9 any o!r ?an le>n$ books1 = 9 ?is way !y w rea* none b ! le>n$4 ,b x is a mi/ake bo? 9 religion & philosophy if !y are put 9 o!r books1 ) dogmatic & exhortative argum5ts1 z ,abu ,hamid has done4 ,al?\gh ! au?or's int5tion 0 good1 ! idea ?us to increase ! numb] ( le>n$ m51 he caus$ a good deal ( mis*ief ?r\gh x4 ,=1 on acc\nt ( ?is me?od "s p began to f9d fault ) philosophy1 & o!rs to blame religion1 & /ill o!rs began to ?9k ( reconcil+ ! two4 ,x seems t ?is 0 ! v aim :i* ,abu ,hamid _h 9 view 9 writ+ ^! books4 ,he has tri$ to awak5 ! nature ( m51 = he nev] atta*$ himself to any p>ticul> way ( ?9k+ 9 8 books4 ,he 0 an ,a%>ite ) ! ,a%>ites1 a ,sufi ) ! ,sufis & a philosoph] ) ! philosoph]s1 s mu* s t he 01 z has be5 said3 8,i am a ,yem9ite :5 ,i meet a ,yem9ite2 if ,i meet a ,ma'adi ,i am "o ( ,banu ,adnan40 ,h5ce1 x is necess>y = ! doctors ( ,islam to prev5t m51 except ! le>n$1 f read+ 8 books2 z x is incumb5t ^u !m to h9d] !m f read+ controv]sial writ+s :i* %\ld n be /udi$ except by ^? fit to d s4 ,z a rule ! read+ ( ^! books is less h>mful ?an ^? ( ! =m]4 ,= ! majority _c und]/& philosophical books1 only ^? end[$ ) sup]ior natures4 ,p are on ! :ole de/itute ( le>n+ & are aimless 9 _! read+ :i* !y d )\t a tea*]4 ,nev]!less !y succe$ 9 lead+ o!rs away f religion4 ,x is an inju/ice to ! be/ k9d ( m5 & ! be/ k9d ( creation2 = 9 _! case ju/ice consi/s 9 ! k ( ! be/ ?+s by ! be/ p1 fit to "k x4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! great] ! ?+ is ! high] w be ! inju/ice done to x on acc\nt ( ignorance4 ,h5ce ,god says3 8,poly!ism is a great inju/ice40#ag ,^! ?+s we h ?\ght prop] to m5tion "h1 t is1 9 a discussion ( ! relation betwe5 philosophy & religion & ! canons ( int]pretation 9 ,law4 ,if ^! matt]s _h n become commonly kn[n among m51 we w\ld n h said any?+ ab\t !m & w\ld n h ent]$ 9 a plea on behalf ( ! int]pret]s4 ,= ^! ?+s are suitable only = m5tion 9 philosophical books4 ,y ought to be aw>e t ! real purpose ( ! ,law is to imp>t ! k ( tru? & ( "r action4 ,! k ( tru? consi/s 9 ! cognisance ( ,god & ! :ole univ]se ) its inn] significance1 especially t ( religion1 & ! k ( happ9ess or mis]y ( ! next _w4 ,"r action consi/s 9 foll[+ ^? actions :i* are useful = happ9ess & avoid+ ^? :i* lead to mis]y4 ,! k ( ^! actions has be5 call$ practical k4 ,?is is divid$ into two k9ds3 ext]nal actions1 ! k ( :i* is call$ ,fiqh1 t is1 ,!ology2 & actions p]ta9+ to feel+s1 su* z gratitude1 pati5ce1 & o!r po9ts ( "* to :i* ! ,law has urg$ u or f :i* x has prohibit$ u4 ,?is is call$ ! k ( cont95ce & ( ! next _w4 ,abu ,hamid 9 8 book ,! ,revivification ( ! ,sci5ces ( ,religion seems to be incl9$ to ?is k9d1 & z ! p h always turn$ away f ! =m] k9d ( k & h turn$ !mselves to ! second :i* leads !m easily to piety1 ! book atta9$ its "n4 ,b we h w&]$ f our own purpose & w n[ return to x4 ,if ! purpose ( ! ,law is to imp>t ! k ( tru? & ( "r action1 ?is _c be atta9$ except by "o ( ! two me?ods3 viz1 by conception or v]ification su* z ,mutakallimun h ma9ta9$ 9 _! books4 ,!re are ?ree me?ods ( v]ification op5 to p3 philosophy1 dogmatics & exhortation4 ,!re are two me?ods ( conception3 ei!r by ! ?+ itself1 or by its l4 ,z all p _c by _! nature und]/& & accept philosophical & dogmatic argum5ts1 toge!r ) ! difficulty ( le>n+ ! use ( inf]5ces & ! long "t x takes to le>n !m1 & ! purpose ( ! ,law be+ to be q common among m51 x is necess>y t x %\ld conta9 all k9ds ( v]ifications & conceptions4 ,among ! me?ods ( v]ification !re are "s :i* are meant = ! common p3 t is1 exhortative & dogmatic1 ! exhortative be+ m common ?an ! o!r4 ,!re is "o me?od :i* is meant solely = ! le>n$1 & t is ! me?od ( rational inf]5ce4 ,n[1 x is ! prim>y aim ( ! ,law to improve ! condition ( ! _m )\t neglect+ ! few1 & h5ce ! me?od ( conception & v]ification adopt$ are common to ! majority4 ,^! me?ods are ( f\r k9ds3 ! fir/ is t :i*1 :ile 9 p>ticul>s ! same 9 bo?1 t is1 bo? exhortatively & dialectically1 is /ill true by conception & v]ification4 ,^! are syllogisms ( :i* ! m9or & ! major premise are c]ta91 besides be+ easily imag9$ & well kn[n4 ,^! are set be=e ! d$uctions :i* are drawn f !m1 & n f _! likes4 ,to ?is k9d ( religi\s injunction !re is no int]pretation1 & "o :o d5ies !m or puts an int]pretation ^u !m is an infidel4 ,! second k9d is t ! premises ( :i* al?\gh well kn[n or easily imag9$ are also positively e/abli%$4 ,_! conclusions are drawn by analogy4 ,^u ^!1 t is1 _! conclusions1 an int]pretation may be put4 ,! ?ird k9d is j ! rev]se ( ! second1 t is1 ! conclusions are !mselves int5d$ & _! premises are well kn[n or easily imag9$ )\t be+ positively e/abli%$4 ,^u ^! also--t is1 ^u ! conclusions1 no int]pretation c be put1 b ! premises may sometimes be int]pret$4 ,! f\r? k9d is t ! premises ( :i* are well-kn[n or conjectural )\t be+ positively e/abli%$4 ,_! d$uctions are by analogy :5 t is int5d$4 ,x is ! duty ( ! le>n$ m5 to int]pret !m & ( ! common p to take !m exot]ically4 ,9 %ort1 all t %\ld be int]pret$ c be grasp$ by philosophy alone4 ,s ! duty ( ! le>n$ p]son is to int]pret1 & ( ! common p to take x lit]ally1 bo? 9 conception & 9 v]ification4 ,! reason = ! latt] is t !y _c und]/& m4 ,a /ud5t ( law sometimes f9ds int]pretations :i* h a pref]5ce ov] o!rs1 9 a g5]al way by v]ification3 t is1 ! argum5t is m conv9c+ ) ! int]pretations ?an ) ! lit]al mean+s4 ,^! int]pretations are common & x is possible = !m to be admitt$ by any ^: speculative faculties h be5 develop$ 9 controv]sy4 ,"s ( ! int]pretations ( ! ,a%>ites & ! ,mutazilites are ( ?is type1 ?\gh ! argum5ts ( ! ,mutazilites are g5]ally ! m weighty4 ,b x is ! duty ( ! common p :o are n capable ( und]/&+ m ?an exhortation to take !m exot]ically4 ,inde$1 x is n prop] = !m to "k ! int]pretations at all4 ,?us !re are ?ree gr\ps into :i* m5 h be5 divid$3 ,^? :o are n includ$ among/ ^? :o %\ld "k ! int]pretations4 ,^! are common p :o are guid$ by exhortation alone4 ,!y =m a va/ majority3 = !re is n a s+le rational be+ :o _c accept a result by ?is me?od4 ,! second are dogmatic int]pret]s4 ,^! are s1 ei!r by _! nature only1 or bo? by nature & habit4 ,! ?ird are ^? :o c be def9itely call$ int]pret]s4 ,^! are ! philosoph]s1 bo? by nature & by philosophical tra9+4 ,?is k9d ( int]pretation %\ld n be discuss$ ) ! dogmati/s1 n to speak ( ! common p4 ,if any ( ^! int]pretations are disclos$ to ^? n fit to receive !m--especially philosophical int]pretations--^! be+ f> high] ?an common k1 !y may be l$ to infidelity4 ,= he wi%es to nullify ! exot]ic mean+ & to prove 8 int]pretation4 ,b if ! exot]ic mean+ is %[n to be false )\t ! int]pretation be+ e/abli%$1 he falls into infidelity1 if ?is conc]ns ! pr9ciples ( ! ,law4 ,s1 ! int]pretations %\ld n be disclos$ to ! common p1 & ought n to be put into exhortative or doctr9al books--t is1 books writt5 ) an expository purpose 9 view--z ,abu ,hamid has done4 ,h5ce1 x is necess>y t ! common p %\ld be told t ^? ?+s :i* are exot]ic1 & yet _c be und]/ood easily1 ! int]pretations ( :i* x is impossible = !m to und]/&1 are p>abolical1 & t no "o kn[s ! int]pretation !re( except ,god4 ,we %\ld /op at ! foll[+ words ( ,god3 8,none kn[e? ! int]pretation !re( except ,god40#ah ,?is is also ! answ] to ! "q ab\t "s ( ^? ab/ruse problems :i* ! common p _c und]/&3 8,!y w ask !e conc]n+ ! _s3 answ]3 ,! _s 0 creat$ at ! comm& ( my ,"l1 b ye h no k giv5 to y1 except a little40#ai ,aga91 "o :o int]prets ^! to p]sons n fit to receive !m is an infidel1 because he leads o!rs to infidelity1 :i* is q 9 opposition to ! purpose ( ! ,law4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 corrupt int]pretations are put on ! pr9ciples ( ! ,law1 z "s m5 ( our own times d4 ,we h kn[n _m p :o ?9k !y are philosoph]s & h5ce claim to f9d out /range ?+s ?r\gh philosophy1 :i* are 9 e way contr>y to religion1 & !y d n admit ( any o!r int]pretation4 ,!y ?9k !y mu/ disclose ^! ?+s to ! common p4 ,b by ! disclosure ( wrong notions !y lead !m to et]nal de/ruction4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 _! aim & t ( ! juri/s c be made cle> by ! foll[+ example4 ,s9ce x is n possible to make e "o an exp]t physician a c]ta9 physician laid d[n "s pr9ciples = ! pres]vation ( heal? & ! prev5tion ( diseases1 & he all[$ ! use ( "s ?+s b prohibit$ o!rs4 ,n[ a man comes & tells ! p t ! pr9ciples laid d[n by t physician are n correct & decl>es !m to be false1 & !y become discr$it$ 9 ! eyes ( ! p2 or says t !y are capable ( int]pretations :i* !y _c und]/& & _c v]ify by practice4 ,d y ?9k t p 9 ^! circum/ances w ev] act ^u ^? ?+s :i* are useful = _! heal? & = ! prev5tion ( diseases or t ! man himself w ev] be capable ( act+ on !m8 ,no1 he w be q incapable ( do+ s & ?us w lead !m all to de/ruction4 ,?is is ! case :5 ^? int]pretations :i* !y _c und]/& are correct1 to say no?+ ( ^? t are wrong4 ,= !y w n believe 9 heal? to be pres]v$1 nor disease to be prev5t$1 to say no?+ ( ! ?+s :i* pres]ve heal? or prev5t disease4 ,?is is ! condition ( t man :o discloses int]pretations ( ! ,law to ! common p & ^? n fit to receive !m4 ,& h5ce he is an unbeliev]4 ,! simile :i* we h describ$ above is a real p>allel1 & n m]ely fanciful 7z "s may ?9k7 z x is correct 9 e respect4 ,= ! relation ( ! m$ic9e to ! body is ! same z t ( ! ,law to ! s\l4 ,a physician is "o :o seeks to pres]ve ! heal? :5 he f9ds x good & tries to re/ore x :5 x is miss$4 ,9 ! same way a religi\s law-giv] is "o :o takes c>e ( ! heal? ( s\ls1 :i* is call$ piety4 ,! ,quran also makes cle> its purpose1 ?r\gh religi\s action1 by _m v]ses4 ,= in/ance3 8,o true believ]s1 a fa/ is orda9$ unto y z x 0 orda9$ ^? be=e y1 t ye may fe> ,god0#bj & 8,_! fle% is n accept$ ( ,god1 nei!r _! blood2 b y\r piety is accept$ by ,him0#ba &3 8,= pray] pres]ve? a man f fil?y crimes & f t :i* is blameable40#bb ,!re are _m o!r v]ses ( ! same nature 9 ! ,quran4 ,?us1 we see1 a religi\s law-giv] seeks to e/abli% ?is k9d ( heal? by religi\s k & practice4 ,?is is ! heal? ^u :i* dep5ds happ9ess & 9 ! case ( its abs5ce ! mis]y ( ! next _w4 ,?is %\ld h made x cle> to y n m]ely t "o %\ld n speak ( ! wrong int]pretation4 ,b also t x is n prop] to put ev5 true ones 9 ! books ( ! common p4 ,^! correct int]pretations are ( ! fai? :i* man has & ( :i* ! :ole creation 0 afraid to be> ! burd54 ,by ?is we ref] to ! foll[+ v]se ( ! ,quran3 8,we propos$ ! fai? unto ! heav5s1 & ! e>?1 & ! m\nta9s1 & !y refus$ to und]take ! same1 & 7 afraid !re(1 b man und]took x3 v]ily he is unju/ to himself & fooli%40#bc ,^! int]pretations & ! idea t _! discussion is necess>y 9 ! ,law h giv5 rise to _m sects 9 ,islam1 s mu* s t !y h d5\nc$ "o ano!r ) infidelity & innovations4 ,?is is especially ! effect ( wrong int]pretations4 ,! ,mutazilites int]pret$ a l>ge numb] ( v]ses & ,traditions & disclos$ !m to ! p4 ,s also did ! ,a%>ites1 ?\gh _! int]pretations 7 less 9 numb]4 ,!y only succe$$ 9 creat+ hatr$ & w>s among m51 de/roy+ ! ,law1 & disunit+ ! p completely4 ,to add to ?is1 ! me?od :i* !y h adopt$ 9 prov+ ^! int]pretations is adapt$ nei!r to ! common p nor to ! le>n$4 ,= if y look closely into x1 y w f9d t x is n correct accord+ to ! norms ( logic--?is anyone :o has _h any tra9+ may see = himself )\t ! lea/ ef=t4 ,9 fact1 _m ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ! ,a%>ites build _! conclusions are sophi/ical 9 _! nature4 ,!y d5y _m fundam5tals1 l ! pro( ( accid5ce1 ! influ5ce ( "o ?+ ^u ano!r1 ! necessity ( cause & effects1 ab/ract figures & ! processes lead+ to !m4 ,inde$1 ,a%>ite ,mutakallimun h be5 9 ?is respects unju/ to ,mohammadans1 = "o ( _! sects has d5\nc$ z infidels all ^? :o d n recognise ! exi/5ce ( ,god by me?ods :i* !y h devis$ = ! k ( ,him3 b 9 tru? !y !mselves are 9 ! wrong & are unbeliev]s4 ,x is ^u ?is po9t t ! diff]5ce ( op9ion arises4 ,"s say t ! fir/ pr9ciple is ( reason1 :ile o!rs allege t x is ( fai?4 ,t is to say !y h ?\ght t fai?1 ev5 be=e kn[+ ! me?ods common to all & to :i* ! ,law has made a call on all1 is ! only me?od ( arriv+ at tru?4 ,?us !y h mi/ak5 ! real purpose ( ! ,law-giv]1 & be+ !mselves 9 ! wrong !y h l$ o!rs a/ray4 ,if x be alleg$ t ! me?od t ! ,a%>ites & o!r ,mutakallimun h devis$ are n ^? g5]al me?ods 9 ! purpose ( ! ,law-giv] = ! in/ruction ( ! common p1 & t x is n possible )\t "s me?od be+ adopt$1 !n ! "q arises3 ,:at are ^? me?ods :i* are giv5 9 ! ,law8 ,we ma9ta9 t ^! me?ods are to be f\nd 9 ! ,quran alone4 ,=1 if we look closely we %all f9d t 9 ! ,quran all ! ?ree k9ds ( me?ods are laid d[n1 = ! :ole ( mank9d1 bo? = ! majority & = ! le>n$ few4 ,if we reflect we %all come to see t no bett] me?ods c be discov]$ = ! in/ruction ( ! common p ?an ^? m5tion$ 9 ! ,quran4 ,anyone :o *anges !m by int]pretations :i* are nei!r cle> 9 !mselves nor cle>] ?an o!rs to ! common p1 makes null & void _! philosophy & _! effect1 ! goal ( :i* is ! happ9ess ( mank9d4 ,?is is q evid5t f ! e>ly & ! lat] condition ( ,islam1 = 9 ! e>ly days ,muslims s\ght p]fect excell5ce & piety by act+ on ^? pr9ciples )\t putt+ any int]pretation ^u !m4 ,& ^? among !m :o knew any int]pretation did n disclose x4 ,9 ! lat] days int]pretations 7 us$1 & piety decreas$1 ! love = o!rs 0 lo/1 & !y became divid$ into s*isms & p>ties4 ,h5ce "o :o c>es to remove ?is innovation f ! ,law1 %\ld turn to ! ,book1 & %\ld pick up f x ! exi/+ argum5ts = ?+s ^: belief is inculcat$ ^u u4 ,fur!r he %\ld deeply ?9k ov] ! esot]ic mean+s1 z f> z possible1 )\t putt+ int]pretations ^u !m1 except :5 !y are n q cle> to all4 ,! ass]tions ( ! ,book = ! in/ructions ( ! p1 :5 ?\ght ov] are ?+s1 ) ^: help we c rea* a /age f :i* none b ! le>n$ 9 logic c diff] ab\t ! esot]ic mean+ ( t :i* is n cle>4 ,?is peculi>ity _c be f\nd 9 any o!r ass]tions b t ( ! ,book4 ,!re are ?ree peculi>ities 9 ! ass]tions1 :i* h be5 expla9$ 9 ! ,quran1 = ! common p4 ,fir/1 t no?+ c be f\nd m conv9c+ & true ?an ^!4 ,secondly1 t !y c be accept$ by e nature2 & !y are su* t none c "k _! int]pretations1 if !re be any1 except ! le>n$ 9 logic4 ,?irdly1 t !y possess a call to ! righte\s1 = correct int]pretations4 ,?is is nei!r to be f\nd 9 ! s*ool ( ! ,a%>ites nor 9 t ( ! ,mutazalites i4 e4 _! int]pretations are nei!r g5]ally acceptable1 nor d !y make any call to ! righte\s1 nor are !y "r 9 !mselves4 ,x is = ?is reason t innovation has increas$1 & x is our desire to write ab\t x1 z f> z x is possible = u1 provid$ t we get leisure = x1 h p[] to d x1 & ,god gives u a respite 9 life4 ,x is j possible t ?is may be a beg9n+ = ! com+ g5]ation2 because ! brea* ( ,law1 due to evil passions1 & *ang$ beliefs is simply aggriev+ & sadd5+4 ,?is is /ill enhanc$ by ^?1 :o ascribe !mselves to philosophy1 because an injury f a fri5d is worse ?an ! injury f an enemy4 ,philosophy is a companion & a fo/]-si/] to ! ,law4 ,h5ce an injury f ?is s\rce is ! wor/ k9d ( injury1 ev5 if we neglect ! enmity1 hatr$1 & animosity :i* is creat$ betwe5 ! two1 al?\gh !y are companions by nature & fri5ds 9 reality4 ,x has also be5 injur$ by _m ignorant fri5ds :o ascribe !mselves to x4 ,^! are ! s*isms :i* exi/ 9 ,islam4 ,may ,god set all aright1 help all to ,8 love1 & br+ toge!r _! he>ts = piety1 & erase enmity & hatr$ by 8 fav\r & grace4 ,inde$ ,god has remov$ mu* ( evil1 ignorance & ! mislead+ ways ?r\gh ?is /rong gov]nm5t1 & has l$ ! _m to good1 especially ! p :o h walk$ 9 ! pa? ( s*ola/icism1 & h a lik+ = ! k ( ! ,tru?4 ,because x has call$ ! p to ! k ( ,god by m$iate pa?s1 :i* are high] ?an ! depressions ( ! bl9d foll[]s3 & l[] ?an t ( ! high-s\nd+ ,mutakallimun2 & has call$ ! le>n$ to _! duty ( consid]+ fully ! pr9ciples ( ,law4 ,,footnotes ,footnote #a3 ,a translation ( ,av]roes' ,kitab ,fasl a'l ,maqal wa ,taqrir ma ba9'a'l ,%>iata wa'l ,hikmati m9a'l ,ittisal4 ,ed4 by ,d4 ,j4 ,mull]1 ,philosophie und ,!ologie von ,av]roes1 ,muni* #ahei4 ,footnote #b3 i4 e4 ,%>iat4 ,comp>e ,jewi% ,torah4 ,footnote #c3 ,quran lix1 #b4 ,footnote #d3 ,quran vii1 #ahd4 ,footnote #e3 ,quran vi1 #ge4 ,footnote #f3 ,quran lxxxviii1 #ag4 ,footnote #g3 ,quran iii1 #agf4 ,footnote #h3 ,quran lix1 #b4 ,footnote #i3 ,quran xvi1 #abf4 ,footnote #aj3 8,x is he :o ha? creat$ y :atsoev] is on e>?1 & t set ,8 m9d to ! creation ( heav5 & =m$ x into sev5 heav5s2 he kn[e? all ?+40 ,quran ii1 #bi4 ,= an int]pretation ( ?is see ,raji's ,tafsiri ,kabir vol4 ,i4 p4 #bdi et seq4 ,cairo4 #acjg4 ,a4 ,h4 & ,tab>i's ,comm5t>y vol4 ,i4 p4 #adf et seq4 ,cairo4 #aijb ,a4 ,d4 ,footnote #aa3 8,v]ily ,god comes d[n e night to ! e>?0 7,nibayah fi ,gh>ibil ,hadi? by ,ibu ,a?ir vol4 ,,iv4 p4 #ach ,cairo #acaa ,a4 ,h47 ,= an int]pretation see ! above & ,qu/ata9's ,comm5t>y on ,buk>i1 vol4 ,,ix p4 #agh4 ,cairo4 #acjg ,a4 ,h4 ,footnote #ab3 ,quran iii1 #e4 ,footnote #ac3 ,quran iii1 #e4 ,footnote #ad3 ,quran xi1 #i4 ,footnote #ae3 ,quran xiv1 #ai4 ,footnote #af3 ,quran xli1 #aj4 ,footnote #ag3 ,quran xxxi1 #ab4 ,footnote #ah3 ,quran iii1 #e4 ,footnote #ai3 ,quran xvii1 #hg4 ,footnote #bj3 ,quran ii1 #gi4 ,footnote #ba3 ,quran xxii1 #ch4 ,footnote #bb3 ,quran xxix1 #dd4 ,footnote #bc3 ,quran xxxiii1 #fg4 ,ia4 ,,app5dix4 ,,on ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,et]nal ,,k1 ,,:i* ,,av]roes ,,has ,,m5tion$ ,,9 ,,8 ,,decisive ,,disc\rse4 ,may ,god p]petuate y\r hon\r & bless y1 & scre5 y always f ! eyes ( mis=tune4 ,?r\gh y\r excell5t intellig5ce & good und]/&+ y h le>n$ a great "p ( all ^! sci5ces1 till y\r insight in=m$ y ( ! d\bt :i* arises conc]n+ ! et]nal k ( ,god1 ) its be+ at ! same "t conc]n$ ) creat$ ?+s4 ,?us1 9 ! int]e/s ( tru?1 x is n[ incumb5t ^u u to remove ! d\bt f y\r m9d1 aft] we h /at$ x cle>ly4 ,= "o :o does n "k ! problem adequately _c v well solve ! d\bt4 ,! "q may be /at$ ?us3 ,if all ?is univ]se 0 9 ! k ( ,god be=e its creation1 !n1 0 x 9 ,8 k aft] its creation z x 0 be=e x came into exi/5ce2 or 0 x 9 ,8 k be=e its creation q diff]5t f t aft] its com+ into be+8 ,if we say t ! k ( ,god ab\t x aft] its creation is q diff]5t f t :i* x 0 be=e its creation1 x becomes necess>y = u to admit t ! et]nal k is *angeable2 or t :5 ! univ]se came into exi/5ce out ( non-exi/5ce1 !n !re is an addition to ! et]nal k2 :i* is impossible4 ,aga91 if we say t ! k ( x 0 ! same 9 bo? ! conditions1 !n x w\ld be said3 ,0 ! creat$ univ]se ! same be=e its com+ into exi/5ce z x 0 aft] its creation8 ,to ?is objection x w h to be answ]$ t x 0 n ! same be=e its creation z x 0 aft] x1 o!rwise ! exi/5t & ! non-exi/5t ?+ w\ld be ! same4 ,:5 ! oppon5t has admitt$ ?is mu*1 he may be ask$ :e!r ! real k does n consi/ 9 ! cognizance ( an exi/5t ?+ z x is4 ,if he says3 8,yes10 !n accord+ly x becomes necess>y t :5 a ?+ *anges 9 itself ! k ( x mu/ also *ange1 o!rwise x w\ld be a k ( some?+ o!r ?an ! real object4 ,?us x w\ld !n be necess>y to admit "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r ! et]nal k itself w *ange1 or ! creat$ ?+s w\ld be unkn[n to ,god4 ,& bo? ( ^! alt]natives are impossible ) reg>d to ,god4 ,?is d\bt is /ill fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! app>5t condition ( man1 t is1 ! relation ( 8 k ab\t non-exi/5t ?+s by ! supposition ( _! exi/5ce & its relation :5 ! ?+ 9 "q is f\nd4 ,x is self-evid5t t bo? k9ds ( k are diff]5t1 o!rwise ,god w\ld h be5 ignorant ( its exi/5ce at ! "t he f\nd x4 ,! argum5t :i* ! ,mutakallimun advance to meet ?is objection does n by any means deliv] u f ! d\bt4 ,!y say t ,god kn[s ! ?+s be=e _! com+ into be+1 z !y w\ld be aft] !y come into exi/5ce4 ,if !y say t no *ange occurs1 !y fall into mi/ake4 ,if on ! o!r h& !y admit a *ange1 !y may be ask$ :e!r ?is *ange 0 kn[n 9 ! et]nal k or n4 ,?us ! fir/ d\bt occurs aga94 ,on ! :ole x is difficult to imag9e t ! k ( a ?+ be=e & aft] its exi/5ce c be "o & ! same4 ,?is is ! /atem5t ( ! d\bt 9 ! briefe/ t]ms possible1 z we h put x = y\r sake4 ,a solution ( ?is d\bt requires a v long discussion1 b "h we int5d to /ate a po9t :i* might easily solve x4 ,abu ,hamid 7,al ,ghazzali7 has also tri$ to solve ?is d\bt 9 8 "w3 ,! ,refutation ( ! ,philosoph]s1 b 8 me?od is by no means satisfactory4 ,= he says some?+ to ?is effect3 he ?9ks ! kn[n & ! k are n connect$ ) ea* o!r1 s t :5 a *ange takes place 9 ! "o ! o!r does n *ange 9 itself4 ,s x is possible t x may happ5 9 ! case ( ,div9e k & ! ?+s exi/5t1 t is1 !y may *ange 9 !mselves :ile ,god's k may rema9 ! same4 ,= in/ance a pill> may be on ! "r h& ( ,zaid1 x may be *ang$ to 8 left )\t any *ange tak+ place 9 ,zaid himself4 ,b ! illu/ration is n at all a correct "o1 = ! relation has *ang$1 t is1 t :i* 0 on ! "r side is n[ on ! left4 ,t 9 :i* no *ange has tak5 place is ! condition ( t relation--,zaid4 ,x be+ s1 & ! k is only ! relation itself1 x is necess>y t x %\ld *ange ) a *ange 9 ! ?+ kn[n1 z ! *ange 9 ! relation ( ! pill> to ,zaid1 = x is n[ on ! left aft] be+ on ! "r4 ,! view :i* might solve ?is "q is t x %\ld be ma9ta9$ t ! condition ( et]nal k ( exi/5t ?+s is q o!r ?an ! creat$ k ) reg>d to !m4 ,= ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ is ! cause & means ( our k ( x1 :ile ! et]nal k is itself ! cause & means ( ! exi/5t ?+4 ,s if a *ange takes place 9 ! et]nal k aft] ! com+ into be+ ( an exi/5t ?+1 z x does 9 ! creat$ k !n x is involv$ t ! =m] _c be ! cause b only ! effect ( ! exi/5t ?+s4 ,?us x is necess>y t !re %\ld be no *ange 9 x1 z !re is 9 ! creat$ k4 ,?is mi/ake always occurs by our tak+ et]nal k to be l ! creat$ "o1 by an analogy f ! se5 to ! unse54 ,! error 9 ?is analogy has already be5 expos$4 ,j z no *ange takes place 9 any ag5t aft] ! creation ( 8 act--t is1 *ange ( k9d :i* 0 n f\nd be=e--s no *ange 9 ! et]nal k ( ,god aft] ! creation ( ! ?+ :i* 0 9 ,8 k4 ,s ?is d\bt is remov$4 ,at ! same "t x is n necess>y = u to say t z !re is no *ange 9 et]nal k1 !re=e1 ,he does n "k an exi/5t at ! "t ( its creation1 z x is4 ,b we mu/ believe t ,he kn[s n by a creat$ b by ,8 et]nal k4 ,= a *ange 9 k ) a *ange ( ! exi/5t ?+ is a condition ( ! k :i* dep5ds ^u ! exi/5t ?+1 su* a k be+ creat$4 ,?us ! relation ( ! et]nal k ) ! exi/5t ?+s is n ! same z t ( ! creat$ k4 ,x is n t !re is no connection betwe5 !m at all z "s philosoph]s are said to ma9ta91 :o z ! p ?9k1 say1 at ! "t ( d\bt1 t ,god has no k ( p>ticul>s at all4 ,b ?is is n z is commonly suppos$4 ,!y only say t ,he does n "k p>ticul>s by any creat$ k1 "o ( ! conditions ( :i* is its be+ creat$ by !m1 by :i* x is an effect & n a cause4 ,?is is ! la/ ( ! ?+s ab\t x :i* mu/ be rememb]$4 ,= our reason leads u to ! fact t ,god is ! ,kn[] ( ?+s1 all ( !m emanat+ f ,him4 ,?is is s because ,he is a kn[]1 n because ( ,8 exi/5ce1 nor ( ,8 exi/5ce 9 any =m1 b only because ( ,8 be+ a ,kn[]4 ,god has said1 8,%all n ,he "k all ?+s :o ha? creat$ !m1 s9ce ,he is ! sagaci\s1 ! kn[+40#bd ,! argum5ts also tell u t ,he kn[s by a k :i* may be ak9 to creat$ k4 ,s x is necess>y t !re %\ld be "s o!r k = ! exi/5t ?+s--& ?is is ! et]nal ( ,god4 ,moreov]1 h[ is x possible to suppose t ! ,p]ipatetic ,philosoph]s ?9k t ! et]nal k does n include p>ticul>s1 :ile !y say t ^! are a cause ( admonition to u 9 our dreams1 div9e revelations1 & o!r k9ds ( inspiration8 ,t is :at we ?9k ab\t ! solution ( ! problem--a solution 9 :i* !re is no d\bt or suspicion4 ,god is ! only help] to "r judgm5t1 & lead] to tru?4 ,peace be ^u y1 & bless+s ( ,god & ,8 beatitude4 ,god is ! be/ kn[] ( tru?3 & to ,him is ! return & ! refuge4 ,,footnotes ,footnote #bd3 ,quran lxvi1 #ad4 ,,ii ,,an ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,me?ods ,,( ,,argum5ts ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,beliefs ,,( ,,! ,,fai?1 ,,& ,a ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,unc]ta9 ,,d\bts ,,& ,,mislead+ ,,innovations ,,9 ,,int]pretations4 ,,an ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,me?ods ,,( ,,argum5ts ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,beliefs ,,( ,,! ,,fai? ,,& ,a ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,unc]ta9 ,,d\bts ,,& ,,mislead+ ,,innovations ,,9 ,,int]pretations4#be ,& aft]--,praise be to ,god1 :o sets ap>t anyone :om ,he w = ,8 k1 r5d]+ him fit = und]/&+ ,8 ,law & foll[+ ,8 pa?1 in=m+ him ( ! hidd5 recesses ( ,8 k1 ! real mean+ ( ,8 inspiration1 & ! purpose ( s5d+ ! ,apo/le to creatures1 9 spite ( :at has become cle> ab\t ! d\bt ( ! d\bt]s among ! ,prophet's own foll[]s1 & *anges ( mean+s introduc$ by ! false among 8 own p4 ,he has disclos$ to him t !re are int]pretations :i* ,god & ,8 ,apo/le h n ord]$4 ,may !re be ! mo/ p]fect bless+s ^u ! ,tru/y ( ,8 inspiration1 & ! ,seal ( ,8 prophets1 & ^u 8 family & relations4 ,we h already describ$ 9 ! =ego+ tractate ! con=mity ( philosophy ) ! ,law1 & its o!r relations4 ,we h said !re t ! ,law is ( two k9ds3 exot]ic & esot]ic4 ,! duty ( ! common p is to foll[ ! exot]ic law2 :ile ! duty ( le>n$ m5 is to foll[ ! esot]ic "o4 ,s ! duty ( ! common p is to foll[ ! mean+s ( ! ,law 9 _! lit]al s5se1 leav+ aside e int]pretation ( x4 ,! le>n$ m5 are n p]mitt$ to expose _! int]pretations to ! common p1 z ,ali1 7^u :om be peace7 has said1 8,tell ! p :at !y c und]/&4 ,d y wi% to give ! lie to ,god & ,8 ,apo/le80 ,s ,i ?\ght t 9 ! pres5t book ,i %\ld exam9e ! exot]ic mean+s :i* ! ,law int5ds ! common p to foll[1 & 9 ^?1 se>* ! real purpose ( ! ,law-giv]1 7on :om be peace7 accord+ to my ability & k4 ,= ! p ( ,8 ,law h be5 extremely di/urb$1 s mu* s t _m misguid$ sects & diff]5t divisions1 h be5 produc$1 e "o ( :i* ?9ks t x is foll[+ ! be/ ,law1 & t he :o disagrees is ei!r an innovator or an infidel ^: life & prop]ty is at /ake4 ,all ?is is directly oppos$ to ! purpose ( ! ,law-giv]4 ,its cause lies 9 ! mislead+ ?+s ab\t ! ,law :i* h be5 put =w>d4 ,9 our own times1 !re are f\r ( ^! sects :i* are fam\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! sect ( ! ,a%>ites1 & ^! are ! p :o are commonly tak5 to be m5 ( ,sunna4 ,!n !re are ,mutazilites1 ! sects ( ! ,bat9ites1 7,esot]ic71 & ! sect ( ! ,bomba/s4 ,e "o ( ^! sects has its own peculi> beliefs ab\t ,god1 & has turn$ _m an exot]ic ^w ( ! law to int]pretations1 :i* !y h appli$ to ^? beliefs4 ,!y ?9k t !irs 0 ! orig9al ,law :i* all ! p are ask$ to foll[1 & he :o deviates f x is ei!r an innovator or an infidel4 ,b :5 y look into all _! views & !n exam9e ! purpose ( ! ,law1 x w\ld appe> t a great "p ( !m are rec5t op9ions & innovat+ int]pretations4 ,( !m ,i w m5tion "h ^? indisp5sable beliefs 9 ! ,law1 )\t :i* ,fai? does n become complete1 & w se>*1 9 e "o ( !m1 ! real purpose ( ! ,law-giv]1 7peace be ^u him17 beyond t :i* has be5 made ! basis ( ! ,law1 & its beliefs be=e ! com+ into use ( incorrect int]pretations4 ,i w beg9 by expla9+ ! int5tion ( ! ,law-giv] z to ! beliefs :i* %\ld be held by ! common p ab\t ,god1 & ! me?ods :i* ,he adopt$ t[>ds !m4 ,all ?is is conta9$ 9 ! ,div9e ,book4 ,we w beg9 by an exposition ( ! me?ods :i* leads to ! k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,creator1 = ?is is ! fir/ ?+ :i* a /ud5t ought to "k4 ,b be=e ?is1 x is necess>y t we %\ld m5tion ! op9ions ( ! well-kn[n sects4 ,! ,bomba/s hold t ! me?od ( obta9+ k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,creator is by he>+ & n by reason1 t is1 ! belief 9 ,8 exi/5ce1 ! v]ification ( :i* is incumb5t ^u all m51 is en\gh to be taught by ! ,law-giv]1 & believ$ z an article ( ,fai?1 z is ! case ) 8 tea*+s ab\t ! condition ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 & o!rs ) :i* our reason has no p[] to deal4 ,?is is obvi\sly a mislead+ sect1 = x falls %ort ( ! purpose ( ! ,law1 z reg>ds ! me?od adopt$ t[>ds all ! p1 lead+ !m to ! k ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & call+ !m to ! confession ( ,8 belief4 ,x is q evid5t f _m v]ses ( ! ,div9e ,book1 t 9 x ! p h be5 call$ to v]ify ! exi/5ce ( ! ,creator by argum5ts ( reason :i* are m5tion$ 9 x4 ,= in/ance1 !re are ! foll[+ v]ses ( ! ,quran1 8,o m5 ( ,mecca1 s]ve y\r ,"l :o has creat$ y & ^? be=e y10#bf & 8,is !re any d\bt conc]n+ ,god1 ! ,creator ( heav5 & e>?80#bg & o!r v]ses on ! subject f\nd !re94 ,x is n fit = a man to say1 t if ^! argum5ts _h be5 necess>y = believ+ 9 ,god--t is1 _h 8 fai? be5 n complet$ )\t und]/&+ !m--! ,prophet w\ld n h invit$ anybody to ,islam )\t pres5t+ to him all ^! argum5ts1 = ! ,arabs already knew ! exi/5ce ( ! ,creator1 s t ,god has said1 8,if ?\ aske? !m :o has creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?1 !y w surely answ]1 ,god10#bh & h5ce !re 0 no use giv+ argum5ts4 ,x is impossible to f9d a man s /upid & dull1 t he _c und]/& ! argum5ts advanc$ by ,law = ! common p1 ?r\gh ! ,prophet4 ,?is is to say ! lea/4 ,if !re be f\nd su* a man1 !n x is 8 duty to believe 9 ,god by he>+ alone4 ,s mu* = ! ideas ( ! ,bomba/s ab\t ! exot]ics ( ! ,law4 ,! ,a%>ites are ( op9ion t ! v]ification ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god _c be atta9$ b by reason4 ,b ab\t ?is !y h adopt$ a me?od1 :i* is n among ! me?ods adopt$ by ,law1 & is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,quran1 nor ! p invit$ ?r\gh x to believe4 ,_! well-kn[n me?od is f\nd$ ^u ! fact t ! univ]se is a creat$ ?+1 :i* is itself bas$ ^u ! !ory ( ! composition ( atoms1 & t ! atom is a creat$ ?+1 & t o!r bodies are creat$ out ( x4 ,! me?od :i* !y adopt = ! exposition ( ! creation ( an atom1 :i* !y call al-,jauh>at u'l ,f>idah 7sole ,ess5ce71 is a mislead+ "o ev5 = _m religi\s m5 9 ! bus9ess ( controv]sy1 n to speak ( ! common p4 ,& despite ?is x is a me?od devoid ( philosophy1 & does n lead to a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,creator4 ,= if we suppose ! univ]se is a creat$ ?+1 x becomes necess>y1 z !y say1 t its ,creator mu/ also be a 8,creat$0 object4 ,b a d\bt pres5ts itself ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ?is creat$ ?+1 :i* is n 9 ! p[] ( s*ola/ic !ology to solve4 ,& t is ?is1 t we c take ?is ?+ to be nei!r et]nal nor creat$4 ,= if we take x z creat$1 !n x mu/ require ano!r creat$ ?+1 & ?is ano!r1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,?is is impossible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we take ,him z et]nal1 !n x is necess>y t 8 action 9 connection ) ! result mu/ also be et]nal4 ,9 ?is way ! results also become et]nal4 ,x is necess>y = a creat$ ?+ t its exi/5ce be dep5d5t ^u a creat$ action4 ,_! hypo!sis c only be prov$ if !y admit t a creat$ action c be p]=m$ by an et]nal ag5t4 ,= ! result ( ! action might be dep5d5t on ! action ( ! ag5t4 ,b !y d n admit x1 = accord+ to _! pr9ciples :at is coeval ) creat$ ?+s is itself creat$4 ,moreov]1 if ! ag5t sometimes acts & at o!r times rema9s inactive1 x is necess>y1 t !re be a condition bett] applicable 9 "o /ate ( ?+s ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,!n ab\t ?is condition ! same "q w rise1 & s x w g on till inf9ity4 ,& :at ! ,mutakallimun say 9 answ] to ?is objection t ! creat$ action is ! result ( et]nal int5tion1 does n relieve u ( our d\bt or satisfy our m9d4 ,= int5tion )\t action is dep5d5t ^u ! act1 & if ! act is a creat$ ?+1 !n x is necess>y t ! int5tion 9 connection ) x mu/ also be a creat$ ?+4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r we take ! int5tion z et]nal or creat$1 ris+ be=e ! action or ) x4 ,s we may take x z we l4 ,all ! same x is necess>y = !m to admit ei!r ( ! ?ree ?+s ab\t ! univ]se--ei!r a creat$ action1 ) a creat$ int5tion or a creat$ action & an et]nal int5tion1 or an et]nal action ) an et]nal int5tion4 ,b a creat$ ?+ is impossible f an et]nal action )\t any exp$i5t1 ev5 if we admit = _! sake1 t x comes into exi/5ce by et]nal action2 & putt+ int5tion itself or ! action1 connect$ ) ! act is a ?+ :i* _c be und]/ood4 ,?is is suppos+ an act )\t an ag5t1 ) a result1 )\t any int5tion4 ,int5tion is a condition ( ! action & n ! action itself4 ,also x is necess>y t ?is et]nal int5tion1 %\ld be connect$ ) non-exi/5ce ( a creat$ ?+1 = a p]iod ( "t :i* is indef9ite4 ,s if a creat$ ?+ be non-exi/5ce = an unkn[n p]iod ( "t1 !n x does n become connect$ ) ! int5tion at ! "t ( its creation1 except aft] ! completion ( a "t ( :i* !re is no limit1 & t :i* has no limit has no end4 ,s x becomes necess>y t ! int5tion %\ld nev] take ! =m ( action1 or a "t )\t limit %\ld come to an end1 :i* is impossible4 ,?is is ! argum5t ( ! ,mutakallimun1 on :i* !y rely 9 prov+ t ! revolutions ( ! heav5s are creat$4 ,moreov]1 x is necess>y t to ! int5tion :i* prec$es ! object1 & is connect$ ) x1 at a c]ta9 "t1 !re %\ld be creat$ 9 x at ! "t ( creation ( ! object a det]m9ation = do+ s4 ,= ! det]m9ation = ! creation ( an object _c be f\nd be=e t "t1 because if at ! "t ( action !re be f\nd no additional quality 9 ! ag5t1 ?an t he _h at ! "t ( int5tion1 !n action f him at t "t w\ld n be q z necess>y f him z inactivity4 ,we may g on 9 ?is way1 f9d+ all ! obscure & intricate d\bts1 f :i*1 n to speak ( ! common p1 ev5 clev] m51 le>n$ 9 s*ola/ic !ology1 9 philosophy1 _c escape4 ,s if ! common p be burd5$ ) a k ( ^! ?+s1 x w\ld be an unbe>able problem = !m4 ,!n aga9 ! me?ods adopt$ by ! ,a%>ites 9 prov+ ! creation ( ! univ]se are defective = all classes ( m54 ,! common p1 by _! v nature1 _c und]/& !m1 & !y are at ! same "t 9 no way reasonable4 ,s !y are nei!r fit = ! le>n$1 nor = ! masses4 ,we w>n our read]s ( !m & say3 ,! me?ods :i* !y adopt are ( two k9ds4 ,"o ( !m1 ! m fam\s ( ! two & ^u :i* a majority ( !m relies1 is bas$ ^u ?ree premises1 f :i* !y d]ive ! pro( = ! creation ( ! univ]se4 ,!y are3 7#a7 t ess5ces _c be sep>at$ f accid5ts1 t is1 !y _c be devoid ( !m2 7#b7 t ! accid5ts are creat$ ?+s2 7#c7 t t :i* _c be sep>at$ f a creat$ ?+ is itself creat$1 t is1 t :i* _c be sev]$ f ! creat$ ?+ is itself creat$4 ,n[1 if by ! fir/ premise :i* says t ! ess5ces _c be sep>at$ f ! accid5ts1 !y mean ! bodies :i* /& by !mselves1 !n ! premise is correct4 ,b if by ess5ce !y mean ! p>ticle :i* _c be divid$1 :i* !y call ,sole ,ess5ce1 !n !re is d\bt ab\t x1 :i* is n easy to solve4 ,= ! exi/5ce ( an indivisible ess5ce is n well e/abli%$ 9 itself1 & ab\t x !re are _m opposite & highly contradictory op9ions1 & x is n 9 ! p[] ( s*ola/ic !ology to br+ tru? out ( !m4 ,t is ! bus9ess ( philosoph]s :o are v few 9 numb]4 ,! argum5ts :i* ,a%>ites use are = ! mo/ "p exhortative4 ,= _! fam\s argum5t on ?is is t !y say t our fir/ k ab\t a ?+ is1 = in/ance1 t an elephant is bigg] ?an an ant1 = x is accept$ t ! =m] has m p>ticles 9 x ?an ! latt]4 ,if x be s1 !n x is made up ( p>ticles & is n a compact :ole 9 itself4 ,s :5 ! body is de/roy$ x *anges into p>ticles1 & :5 compos$ x is compos$ ( !m4 ,b ?is is wrong4 ,= !y h tak5 a divisible quantity z a cont9u\s "o1 & !n ?\ght t t :i* is applicable to ! divisible is also applicable to ! cont9u\s4 ,?is is true ab\t numb]s1 t is1 we say t a c]ta9 numb] is m ?an ! o!r1 by its conta9+ m p>ticles 9 x1 t is1 m units4 ,b x _c be true ( a cont9u\s quantity1 ( :i* we say t x is bigg] or great]4 ,9 ?is way ev]y?+ may be enum]at$ )\t any ref]5ce to its bulk at all4 ,& ! sci5ce ( ma!matics becomes ! sci5ce ( numb] only4 ,x is well-kn[n t e bulk c be consid]$ ) reg>d to l9e1 surface & volume4 ,moreov]1 a cont9u\s quantity x is possible to cut 9 ! middle & ?us get two p>ts4 ,b ?is is impossible 9 ! units ( numb]1 nay1 x is oppos$ to x4 ,!n1 aga91 ! body & o!r p>ticles ( a cont9u\s quantity are capable ( be+ divid$4 ,b ev]y?+ divisible is ei!r divid$ into o!r divisible quantities1 or into indivisible ones4 ,if x is divid$ into indivisible ones !n we h f\nd p>ticles :i* _c be divid$4 ,& if x is divid$ into o!r divisible p>ts1 !n aga9 ! "q arises :e!r ^! c be divid$ into divisible or indivisible p>ts4 ,s if x c be divid$ a limitless numb] ( times1 !re w\ld be limitless p>ticles 9 a limit$ ?+4 ,b x is "o ( ! prim>y pr9ciples ( k t p>ticles 9 a limit$ ?+ are limit$4 ,among ! obscure d\bts :i* c be attribut$ to ! ,a%>ites is ! "q :e!r if an atom is br\ght into be+1 ?is is diff]5t f creation itself1 = x is "o ( ! accid5ts8 ,:5 ! creat$ ?+ exi/s ! act ( creation is non-exi/5t = accord+ to _! pr9ciples1 ! accid5ts _c be sep>at$ f _! ess5ces4 ,s ?is has compell$ !m to reg>d creation z p]ta9+ to ! exi/5t ?+s & n = x4 ,!n !y may be ask$2 if creation implies ! non-exi/5ce ( a ?+1 ) :at is ! act ( ! ag5t connect$1 =1 accord+ to !m1 !re is no mean betwe5 exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce4 ,if ?is be s1 &1 accord+ to !m1 ! action ( ! ag5t is connect$ nei!r ) non-exi/5ce1 nor ) t :i* is & nev]!less br+s ab\t an exi/5ce1 x mu/ be connect$ ) a middle sub/ance4 ,?is d\bt has compell$ ! ,mutazilites to say t !re is a sub/ance1 ev5 9 non-exi/5ce1 :i* !y call ,matt] or ,fir/ ,elem5t4 ,!y %\ld admit t t :i* is non-exi/5t c be made exi/5t by action4 ,bo? ( ^! sects mu/ also admit ! exi/5ce ( a void4 ,^! are que/ions1 :i* z y see1 _c be solv$ by dogmatics4 ,?us1 x is cle> t su* a me?od _c be made a basis ( ! k ( ,god1 especially = ! masses4 ,we w %ortly describe a cle>] me?od ( kn[+ ,god4 ,n[ z to ! second premise1 accord+ to :i* x is said t all ! accid5ts are creat$ ?+s3--,?is is a premise conc]n+ :i* !re are d\bts1 & its mean+ is z hidd5 z ! s\l 9 a body4 ,= we h obs]v$ _m bodies to be creat$ & su* is also ! case ) "s accid5ts4 ,s !re is no diff]5ce 9 transf]r+ an obs]v$ object to ! invisible1 9 bo? ! cases4 ,= if x is necess>y1 ) reg>d to accid5ts1 to apply :at applies ( ! visible ?+s to ! invisible1 t is1 if we %\ld suppose a ?+ :i* we h n se51 s creat$1 by ! analogy ( t :i* we h obs]v$1 !n we %\ld also apply x to ! ess5ces4 ,?us we c become q c>eless ( prov+ ! creation ( accid5ts1 z di/9ct f t ( ess5ces4 ,! creation ( ! accid5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies is extremely d\btful to ! obs]v] j z !re is d\bt 9 _! ess5tial creation4 ,= ! creation ( _! accid5ts is nev] p]ceiv$4 ,s x is necess>y t we %\ld cle>ly obs]ve !m4 ,?is is ! me?od :i* surely & c]ta9ly leads pi\s p to ! k ( ,god4 ,?is is ! me?od ( ! *os5 m51 & t ) :i* ,god has p>ticul>ly bless$ ! prophet ,abraham4 ,he says3 8,& ?us did ,we %[ unto ,abraham ! k+dom ( heav5 & e>?1 t he might become ( ^? :o firmly believe40#bi ,= ! :ole d\bt conc]ns ! heav5ly bodies !mselves4 ,_m controv]siali/s h /opp$ "h & believ$ t ^! are s _m gods4 ,aga91 "t is "o ( ! accid5ts1 ! creation ( :i* x is impossible to imag9e1 = x is necess>y t ! non-exi/5ce ( a ?+ be prec$$ by "t4 ,b 9 ?is case x _c be imag9$ t ! non-exi/5ce ( a ?+ c be prec$$ by itself1 except by accept+ "t z exi/5t4 ,s also x is difficult to imag9e ! creation ( ! space 9 :i* ! univ]se is1 = e exi/5t ?+ occupies a =m] space4 ,= if x is a void1 z is ! op9ion ( ^? :o ?9k t ! void itself is space1 its creation also1 if we suppose x to be creat$1 mu/ be5 h prec$$ by ano!r void4 ,& if ! space be a tangible body1 z is ! op9ion ( ano!r gr\p1 !n x %\ld be conta9$ 9 ano!r body1 :i* w\ld require ano!r1 & s on )\t limit4 ,^! are all obscure problems & ! argum5ts :i* are br\ght to disprove ! et]nity ( ! accid5ts1 are necess>y = "o :o believes 9 ! et]nity ( ^? accid5ts :i* c be p]ceiv$2 t is1 "o :o ass]ts t n all ! accid5ts are creat$4 ,= !y say t ! accid5ts :i* c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses are creat$ ?+s4 ,if !y are n creat$1 !n !y w move f "o place to ano!r1 or w be lat5t 9 ! place 9 :i* !y are to appe>1 be=e !y make _! appe>ance4 ,!n !y disprove bo? ( ^! argum5ts1 & ?9k t !y h e/abli%$ t all ! accid5ts are creat$ ?+s4 ,b x has become app>5t f :at !y h said1 t ! app>5tly creat$ portions ( ! accid5ts are creat$1 n ^? ^: creation is n app>5t1 nor ^? 9 ^: case !re is d\bt1 su* z ! accid5ts :i* are 9 ! heav5ly bodies1 9 _! movem5t1 9 _! %ape1 etc41 etc4 ,s _! argum5ts ab\t ! creation ( all accid5ts1 c be int]pret$ by ! analogy ( ! visible to ! invisible4 ,?is is an exhortative argum5t1 except 9 ! sugge/ion ( reasonable argum5ts :i* dep5d "h on ! c]ta9ty ( ! simil>ity ( ! "* ( ! visible & ! invisible4 ,! ?ird premise :i* says1 t t :i* _c be sep>at$ f a creat$ ?+ is itself creat$1 is equivocal1 = x c be und]/ood 9 two ways3 ! ?+ :i* _c be sep>at$ f ! class ( creat$ ?+s1 b c be remov$ f its units2 & t :i* _c be sep>at$ f any "o ( ! ?+s 9 "q1 z if "o 7 to say1 8,t :i* _c be sep>at$ f ?is blackness 9 "q40 ,! second mean+ is ! correct "o1 t is x _c be sep>at$ f a c]ta9 accid5t1 :i* is creat$1 = x is absolutely necess>y t x %\ld also be a creat$ ?+4 ,= if x be et]nal x becomes devoid ( t accid5t1 f :i* we suppose t x _c sep>ate4 ,?is sep>ation is impossible4 ,! fir/ explanation1 & t is :i* !y mean1 does n necess>ily involve ! creation ( place1 t is1 t :i* is n sep>at$ f ! class ( creat$ ?+s4 ,= x is possible to imag9e a s+le place1 t is1 a body ^u :i* foll[ accid5ts )\t limit1 ei!r oppos$ to "o ano!r or o!rwise1 z y 7 to say1 movem5ts )\t limit4 ,su* is ! op9ion ( _m anci5t philosoph]s ab\t ! univ]se1 t x is made little by little4 ,?is is :y1 :5 ! ,mutakallimun saw ! weakness ( ?is premise1 !y resolv$ to make x /rong & secure1 by mak+ x cle>1 t accord+ to !m1 limitless accid5ts _c foll[ ^u a s+le po9t4 ,= !y ma9ta9 t on ?is occasion x is necess>y t !re _c be f\nd any o!r accid5t1 except t !re be an unlimit$ numb] ( accid5ts be=e x at ! place 9 "q4 ,?is helps !m to ! impossibility ( _! pres5ce1 = x is necess>y t x %\ld n be !re1 except aft] ! completion ( an unlimit$ numb]4 ,z ! limitless nev] ends1 x foll[s t ! ?+ :i* we h suppos$ %\ld n be !re4 ,= in/ance1 consid] ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies1 z we "k !m today4 ,if !re 7 be=e x limitless movem5ts1 !n x is inevitable t ?is p>ticul> movem5t %\ld n occur4 ,!y give ! example ( a man1 :o said to ano!r1 8,i w n give y ?is d9>1 till ,i h giv5 y be=e x a limitless numb] ( d9>s40 ,by ?is x is n possible = him to give ! d9> 9 "q at all4 ,b ?is example is n a correct "o4 ,= 9 x !re is a prim>y object1 !n a limit1 & !n ano!r object betwe5 !m1 :i* is )\t limit4 ,= he has said x 9 a limit$ "t4 ,s he has /ipulat$ t he w\ld give ! d9> betwe5 ! "t 9 :i* he is1 & ! "t ( :i* he speaks1 betwe5 :i* !re is a "t )\t limit4 ,?is is ! p]iod 9 :i* he w\ld give him ! d9>s )\t limit1 :i* is impossible4 ,s x is q cle> t ?is example does n illu/rate ! object = :i* x is giv54 ,_! op9ion t ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ :i* is f\nd aft] limitless ?+s1 is impossible1 is n correct 9 all ! cases4 ,= ! ?+s :i* happ5 "o aft] ano!r are ( two k9ds3 ^? :i* come to pass 9 cycles1 & ^? :i* occur 9 ord] & arrangem5t4 ,! ?+s :i* occur 9 cycles are necess>ily unlimit$1 except t some?+ may int]f]e to prev5t !m4 ,= in/ance if ! sun rises !re mu/ be its sett+2 if !re is a sett+ !n x mu/ rise1 & if x rise x mu/ h ris5 be=e4 ,9 ! same way1 if !re are cl\ds !re mu/ be vap\rs ris+ f ! e>?2 if !re rise vap\rs f ! e>?1 !n x mu/ be wet1 if ! e>? is wet1 !re mu/ h be5 ra91 & if !re 0 ra9 !re mu/ h be5 cl\ds1 & if ?us !re 7 cl\ds !re mu/ simil>ly h be5 cl\ds be=e !m4 ,aga9 among ^? ?+s :i* happ5 by ord]1 is1 = in/ance1 ! creation ( man f man1 & ( t man f ano!r4 ,if ?is happ5s by ess5ce !n x c be tak5 z limitless1 = :i* ! fir/ l9k is n f\nd1 ! la/ also _c be asc]ta9$4 ,if ?is is by accid5t1 z = in/ance1 if man be really made by "s "o o!r ?an man1 :o mu/ be 8 fa!r1 !n ! position ( 8 fa!r w\ld be ! same z t ( an in/rum5t 9 ! h&s ( a mak]4 ,s x is n possible to f9d an ag5t do+ limitless actions1 ) c\ntless diff]5t in/rum5ts4 ,all ^! views are n cle> 9 ?is connection4 ,we h m5tion$ !m "h1 t x may become kn[n1 t ! argum5ts :i* ^! p advance are no argum5ts at all1 nor are !y reason+s fit = ! masses1 t is1 op5 & cle> argum5ts :i* ,god has impos$ ^u all 8 creatures = ! sake ( belief4 ,x mu/ n[ h become cle> to y t ?is me?od is nei!r philosophical nor accord+ to ,law4 ,! o!r me?od is t :i* ,abul ,maali has d$uc$ & describ$ 9 "o ( 8 tractates kn[n z ,nizamiyyah4 ,he has bas$ x ^u two premises3 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! univ]se & all t x conta9s may be conceiv$ z o!r ?an :at x really is4 ,x may be q consi/5t1 = in/ance1 if x may be imag9$ small] ?an x is1 or bigg]1 or ( "s o!r %ape ?an x really has or hav+ m bodies 9 numb] ?an x really conta9s or ! movem5ts :i* are made 9 x may g 9 ! opposite direction f t :i* !y take n[4 ,?is may be s mu* s t x may become possible t a /one %\ld g upw>ds1 & fire d[nw>ds1 or t ! movem5t />t+ 9 ! ea/ %\ld />t 9 ! we/1 or ! we/]n f ! ea/]n4 ,! second premise is t e transi5t ?+ is creat$1 & = x !re is a creator2 t is1 an ag5t :o made x 9 ?is way bett] ?an 9 any o!r4 ,! fir/ premise is exhortative & v elem5t>y4 ,its fallacy is q app>5t ) reg>d to "s aspects ( ! univ]se--= in/ance1 ! exi/5ce ( man 9 "s o!r =m ?an he n[ possesses2 :ile 9 "s o!rs !re is d\bt--= in/ance1 :e!r ! movem5t f ! ea/ might *ange to "o f ! we/ & vice v]sa1 = ?is is n kn[n 9 itself4 ,x is possible t = ?is !re may be a cause ! exi/5ce ( :i* is n evid5t1 or x may be "o ( ^? causes :i* are hidd5 f man4 ,x is possible t :atev] ( ^! ?+s a man sees1 is l "o see+ = ! fir/ "t ?+s ( ! manufacture ( :i* he is ignorant4 ,= su* a man may ?9k t all or p>ts ( ! ?+ may possibly be made 9 j ! opposite fa%ion f t 9 :i* !y really are made2 & /ill 9 spite ( ?is idea ! same "w may be obta9$ f !m = :i* !y 7 made4 ,9 ?is case !re w\ld be no art 9 !m4 ,b its mak]1 & "o :o is associat$ ) ! mak] 9 "s ( 8 k1 "k t ! :ole ?+ is j ! opposite ( :at t man has se52 & t !re is no?+ 9 x b t :i* is absolutely necess>y1 or ! exi/5ce ( :i* makes x m p]fect & complete1 ?\gh outw>dly x may n seem q necess>y 9 x4 ,x is q cle> t ?is manufactur$ ?+1 may 9 ?is connection1 be tak5 z an illu/ration ( ,god's ,creation--prais$ be its ,great ,creator4 ,?is premise 9 be+ exhortative might be fit = all1 b be+ untrue & falsify+ ! wisdom ( ! ,creator1 is n fit = any4 ,x falsifies philosophy1 because philosophy is no?+ else b ! k ( ! causes ( ?+s4 ,if !re be no necess>y causes = a ?+1 :i* make its exi/5ce necess>y 9 ! =m 9 :i* x exi/s1 !n !re is no p>ticul> k :i* may be attribut$ to ! wise ,creator4 ,j z if !re _h n be5 "s necess>y causes = ! exi/5ce ( any manufactur$ ?+1 !re w\ld h be5 no art at all1 & no wisdom by :i* its mak] might be prais$1 & :i* might n be f\nd 9 any man o!r ?an ! mak]4 ,:]e w\ld be f\nd any wisdom 9 a man1 if he c\ld p]=m all 8 actions by any memb] ( 8 body1 or )\t any memb] at all1 s mu* s t he c\ld see ) 8 e>s1 z he c\ld see ) 8 eyes1 or smell ) 8 eyes z he c\ld ) 8 nose4 ,?is is all only falsify+ philosophy1 & ! mean+ = :i* ,god has call$ himself ,wise 7,hakim7--,high & ,holy be 8 "n f su* imputations4 ,we f9d t ,avic5na has also adopt$ ?is doctr9e1 = _m reasons4 ,he says t ev]y?+1 except ! mak]1 :5 tak5 by itself1 may ei!r be possible or all[able4 ,( ! latt]--t is1 ?+s all[able1 !re are two k9ds3 ,"o is all[able z reg>ds its mak]1 ! o!r is necess>y z reg>ds ! mak]2 & possible z reg>ds its ess5ce4 ,! only ?+ :i* is necess>y1 accord+ to all reasons1 is ! fir/ mak]4 ,?is op9ion is extremely incorrect4 ,because t :i* is possible 9 itself & its ess5ce1 w n possibly turn a necessity beyond its mak]1 b by a *ange ( ! possible nature into a necess>y "o4 ,if x be said t by ^! words he means 8,possible ) reg>d to itself01 t is1 :5 ! mak] arises x w rise also1 !n we w\ld say t ?is ris+ is impossible4 ,b ?is is n ! place to discuss ! matt] ) ?is man4 ,we v5tur$ to talk ( him1 because ( ! _m views :i* he has inv5t$4 ,n[ we w\ld return to our =m] !me4 ,! second premise1 :i* says t e transi5t ?+ is creat$1 is n 9 itself obvi\s4 ,! philosoph]s h diff]$ ab\t x4 ,plato all[s t ! app>5tly transi5t ?+ may be et]nal1 :ile ,ari/otle d5ies x4 ,x is a v intricate matt]1 & _c be made cle> except to ! philosoph]s1 t is1 le>n$ m51 :om ,god has set ap>t = ,8 k1 & has 9 ,8 ,book1 c\pl$ _! witness ) t ( ,himself & ,8 angels4 ,abul ,maali has tri$ to make ! premise cle> by "s o!r premises4 ,fir/1 t !re %\ld be some?+ unique 9 e transi5t ?+1 :i* may make x m pref]able by "o ( ! two qualities4 ,second1 t ?is p>ticul> ?+ _c be any o!r ?an t int5d$4 ,?ird1 t ! ?+ :i* exi/s by int5tion is creat$4 ,!n he says t a transi5t ?+ comes into exi/5ce by our int5tion1 t is x is produc$ by previ\s volition4 ,= all ! actions are p]=m$ ei!r by nature or by int5tion4 ,& nature is n "o ( ! pass+ ?+s :i* are alike1 t is1 x n only creates ! dissimil> b does ! bo?4 ,= in/ance1 sea-anemone w absorb ! yell[ lob 9 ! "r side ( ! body & n 9 ! left4 ,b int5tion is ! ?+ :i* is p>ticul>ly applicable to a ?+ oppos$ to its l4 ,!n he adds t ! univ]se is l its creation & exi/s 9 ! position 9 ! atmosph]e :]e x 0 made4 ,by ! void he means ano!r void 9 :i* ! _w 0 made4 ,s he conclud$ t ! univ]se 0 made by int5tion4 ,! premise :i* says t x is int5tion :i* fixes ! %ape ( a ?+1 is correct1 b t univ]se is surr\nd$ by a void is wrong1 or at lea/ n cle>4 ,!n aga9 accord+ to _! notions1 8 act ( plac+ ! void is bad4 ,t is1 x mu/ be et]nal1 o!rwise x w\ld require ano!r void = x4 ,! premise say+ t 9 ?is connection int5tion is no?+ b a creat$ ?+ is n cle>4 ,= ! int5tion ( an action is connect$ ) ! desir$ act itself1 = x is "o ( its adjuncts4 ,& x is cle> t :5 "o adjunct is f\nd ) ! action ! o!r mu/ be !re1 = example ! fa!r & ! son4 ,if "o be f\nd pot5tially ! o!r mu/ also be s4 ,h5ce if ! int5tion ( ! action is creat$1 !n necess>ily ! desir$ act mu/ also be creat$4 ,if ! int5tion ( ! action be et]nal1 !n ! ?+ desir$ by t action mu/ also be et]nal4 ,! int5tion :i* prec$es ! int5d$ object1 is said to be a pot5tial int5tion only2 t is1 ! int5tion :i* has n yet br\ght its int5d$ object into be+4 ,?is is q cle>1 = :5 ! int5d$ object has appe>$1 !n x becomes an exi/5t ?+1 :i* x 0 n be=e ! appe>ance ( ! int5d$ object 9 action4 ,:5 ?is becomes ! cause ( ! creation ( an int5d$ ?+1 only by means ( action1 !n1 if ! ,mutakallimun ass]t t int5tion is creat$1 x becomes cle> t ! int5d$ object mu/ also be creat$4 ,f ! ,law x is cle> t !re is no ne$ to g s deeply into ! problem z f> z ! masses are conc]n$4 ,s x has n m5tion$ any et]nal or creat$ int5tion1 b has only said t x exi/s & ! ?+s are creat$4 ,s ,god says3--8,v]ily1 ,our spee* ^u any?+ :5 ,we w ! same is1 t ,we only say unto x1 ,be2 & x is40#cj ,?is has be5 s because ! masses _c und]/& ! idea ( creat$ ?+s f an et]nal int5tion4 ,b ! fact is t ! ,law has n m5tion$ :e!r ! int5tion is creat$ or et]nal1 ?is be+ a d\btful ?+ = _m p4 ,! ,mutakallimun h also no c]ta9 argum5t to advance = provid+ ! possibility ( a creat$ int5tion = creation4 ,= ! pr9ciple ) :i* !y ma9ta9 _! position = negat+ ! exi/5ce ( int5tion z et]nal1 is ! premise :i* we h already m5tion$1 t is1 ! ?+ :i* _c be sep>at$ f ! creat$ ?+ is itself creat$4 ,we w m5tion ?is aga9 :5 talk+ ( int5tion4 ,f ! =ego+ x has become cle> t ! well-kn[n me?ods adopt$ by ,a%>ites = ! k ( ,god are c]ta9 nei!r philosophical1 nor by ,law4 ,?is w\ld be q cle> to anyone :o w\ld look closely into ! k9d ( argum5ts advanc$ 9 ! ,div9e ,book ab\t ! k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,creator4 ,= if y look closely into ?is matt] y w f9d t ! argum5ts comprise bo? qualities1 ^? ( be+ c]ta9 & at ! same "t cle>1 )\t be+ complex1 t is1 !y h few premises4 ,z to ! ,sufis _! me?od 9 !oris+ is n a philosophical me?od--t is1 made up ( a numb] ( premises1 & syllogisms4 ,!y ma9ta9 t ! k ( ,god1 or ( any?+ exi/5t1 is f\nd 9 our own he>ts1 aft] its deta*m5t f all physical desires1 & conc5tration ( m9d ^u ! desir$ object4 ,9 support ( _! pr9ciple !y br+ _m an argum5t f ! exot]ic side ( ,law4 ,= in/ance !y quote ! ,div9e words1 8,& fe> ,god1 & ,god w in/ruct y10#ca &1 8,:oev] d _! be/ endeav\r to prompt our true religion1 ,we w direct !m unto ,our ways20#cb & aga91 8,if ye fe> ,god1 ,he w grant y a di/9ction10#cc & _m o!r v]ses ( ?is k9d :i* are consid]$ to be helpful = _! purpose4 ,we say t ?is me?od1 if we suppose x to be real1 is n meant = all p4 ,_h ?is me?od be5 satisfactory = all p !n ! philosophical me?od w\ld h be5 q futile1 & its exi/5ce among ! p w\ld h be5 useless1 & ) x ! exi/5ce ( ! ,quran4 ,= t always invites u to !oris+1 judg+1 & admoni%+ by way ( philosophy4 ,we ( c\rse d n d5y t ! control ( physical desires is a condition = heal?y ?9k+1 z physical heal? is "o ( its conditions4 ,= ! control ( desires is pr(itable 9 acquir+ k by itself1 if x be made a condition = x1 j z heal? is a condition = education1 ?\gh x is n v useful = x4 ,t is :y our ,law has invit$ all ( u to ?is me?od & has insi/$ ^u x1 t is1 = "w1 n t x is suffici5t 9 itself1 z ^! p ?9k1 b t x is useful = ?9k+ z we h already describ$4 ,?is w\ld be q cle> to any "o :o c>es to pond] & ?9k ov] x4 ,z to ! ,mutazilites--_! books h n rea*$ u 9 suffici5t numb] 9 ?is ,p59sula 7,spa97 t we may be able to =m a fair e/imate ( ! me?od :i* !y h adopt$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,b x seems t _! me?ods are l ^? ( ! ,a%>ites4 ,if n[ t x is cle> t none ( ^! me?ods are 9 accordance ) t by :i* ! ,law invites all ! p1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce 9 _! dispositions1 to a confession ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 x may be ask$3 ,:at is t me?od :i* ! ,law has laid d[n 9 ! ,div9e ,book1 & ^u :i* ! ,companions ( ! ,prophet dep5d$8 ,we w\ld say t ! me?od :i* ! ,div9e ,book has adopt$1 & by :i* x has invit$ all to believe1 is1 :5 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ f ! ,quran1 dep5d5t ^u two pr9ciples4 ,! "o is a k ( ,god's solicitude = man1 & ! creation ( ev]y?+ = 8 sake4 ,we w\ld call ?is ! argum5t ( solicitude4 ,! second is ! creation ( ! ess5ces ( ! exi/5t ?+s1 z = example1 ! creation ( life 9 ! m9]als1 & feel+ & intellig5ce4 ,we w\ld call ?is me?od ! 8argum5t ( creation40 ,! fir/ me?od is f\nd$ ^u two pr9ciples3 fir/ t all ! exi/5t ?+s suit man2 secondly1 t ?is suitability mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! m9d ( ! ,mak] be=e ,he int5d$ to make ! object 9 "q1 = x _c be obta9$ by *ance alone4 ,n[ _! suitability = ! exi/5ce ( man c be easily asc]ta9$ by ! suitability ( day & night1 sun & moon1 = ! exi/5ce ( man4 ,su* is also ! case ) ! suitability ( ! f\r seasons1 & ( ! place 9 :i* he lives1 t is1 ! e>?4 ,x is also app>5t ) respect to animals1 vegetables1 & m9]als2 & _m o!r ?+s1 su* z ra91 riv]s1 seas1 ! :ole ( ! e>?1 wat]1 fire & air4 ,x is also evid5t f ! diff]5t memb]s ( 8 body1 on acc\nt ( _! suitability = ! pres]vation ( 8 life & exi/5ce4 ,on ! :ole1 a k ( ! b5efit d]iv$ f all ! exi/5t ?+s may be includ$ 9 x4 ,s x is necess>y = a man :o wants to "k ,god p]fectly1 to inve/igate ! b5efits d]iv$ f exi/5t ?+s4 ,9 ! argum5t ( creation is includ$ ! exi/5ce ( ! animal _w1 ! plant _w1 & ! heav5s4 ,?is me?od is aga9 bas$ ^u two pr9ciples1 :i* c be f\nd out by e man by 8 v nature4 ,! "o is t all ?+s h be5 made & creat$4 ,?is is q cle> 9 itself1 9 ! case ( animals & plants1 z ,god has said1 8,v]ily ! idols :i* ye invoke1 beside ,god1 c nev] create a s+le fly1 ?\gh !y may all assemble = t purpose40#cd ,we see an inorganic sub/ance & !n !re is life 9 x4 ,s we "k = c]ta91 t !re is an inv5tor & be/[] ( life1 & ,he is ,god4 ,( ! heav5s we "k by _! movem5ts1 :i* nev] become slack5$1 t !y "w = our b5efit by div9e solicitude1 & are subord9ate to our welf>e4 ,su* an appo9t$ & subord9ate object is always creat$ = "s purpose4 ,! second pr9ciple is t = e creat$ ?+ !re is a creator4 ,s x is "r to say f ! two =ego+ pr9ciples t = e exi/5t ?+ !re is an inv5tor4 ,!re are _m argum5ts1 accord+ to ! numb] ( ! creat$ ?+s1 :i* c be advanc$ to prove ?is premise4 ,?us x is necess>y = "o :o wants to "k ,god z ,he ought to be kn[n1 to acqua9t himself ) ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 s t he may get in=mation ab\t ! creation ( all ?+s4 ,= :o _c und]/& ! real sub/ance & purpose ( a ?+1 _c und]/& ! m9or mean+ ( its creation4 ,x is to ?is t ,god ref]s 9 ! foll[+ v]se1 8,or d !y n contemplate ! heav5 & ! e>?1 & ! ?+s :i* ,god has creat$80#ce ,& s a man :o w\ld foll[ ! purpose ( philosophy 9 inve/igat+ ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 t is1 w\ld try to "k ! cause :i* l$ to its creation1 & ! purpose ( x w\ld "k ! argum5t ( k9dness mo/ p]fectly4 ,^! two argum5ts are ^? adopt$ by ,law4 ,! v]ses ( ! ,quran lead+ to a k ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god are dep5d5t only on ! two =ego+ argum5ts4 ,x w be q cle> to anyone :o w exam9e closely ! v]ses1 :i* occur 9 ! ,div9e ,book 9 ?is connection4 ,^!1 :5 inve/igat$1 w be f\nd to be ( ?ree k9ds3 ei!r !y are v]ses %[+ ! 8argum5ts ( k9dness10 or ^? m5tion+ ! 8argum5ts ( creation10 or ^? :i* include bo? ! k9ds ( argum5ts4 ,! foll[+ v]ses may be tak5 z illu/rat+ ! argum5t ( k9dness4 8,h we n made ! e>? = a b$1 & ! m\nta9s = /akes to f9d ! same8 ,& h we n creat$ y ( two sexes2 & appo9t$ y\r sleep = re/2 & made ! night a g>m5t to cov] y2 & de/9$ ! day to ! ga9+ ( y\r livelihood & built ov] y sev5 solid heav5s2 & plac$ !re9 a burn+ lamp8 ,& d we n s5d d[n f ! cl\ds press+ =? ra91 wat] p\r+ d[n 9 abundance1 t we may !reby produce corn1 & h]bs1 & g>d5s plant$ ?ick ) trees80#cf &1 8,bless$ be ,he ,:o ha? plac$ ! twelve signs 9 ! heav5s2 ha? plac$ !re9 a lamp by day1 & ! moon :i* %9e? by night20#cg & aga91 8,let man consid] 8 food40#ch ,! foll[+ v]ses ref] to ! argum5t ( inv5tion1 8,let man consid]1 !re=e ( :at he is creat$4 ,he is creat$ ( ! se$ p\r$ =?1 issu+ f ! lo9s1 & ! brea/ bones20#ci &1 8,d !y n consid] ! camels1 h[ !y are creat$2 ! heav51 h[ x is rais$2 ! m\nta9s1 h[ !y are fix$2 ! e>? h[ x is ext5d$20#dj & aga91 8,o man1 a p>able is prop\nd$ unto y2 :]e=e he>k5 unto x4 ,v]ily ! idols :i* !y invoke1 besides ,god1 c nev] create a s+le fly1 ?\gh !y may all assemble = ! purpose40#da ,!n we may po9t to ! /ory ( ,abraham1 ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ v]se1 8,i direct my face unto ,him ,:o ha? creat$ heav5 & e>?2 ,i am or?odox1 & n ( ! idolators40#db ,!re may be quot$ _m v]ses ref]r+ to ?is argum5t4 ,! v]ses compris+ bo? ! argum5ts are also _m1 = in/ance1 8,o m51 ( ,mecca1 s]ve y\r ,"l1 ,:o has creat$ y1 & ^? :o h be5 be=e y3 p]adv5ture y w fe> ,him2 ,:o ha? spread ! e>? z a b$ = y1 & ! heav5 z a cov]+1 & ha? caus$ wat] to desc5d f heav51 & !reby produc$ fruits = y\r su/5ance4 ,set n up1 !re=e1 any equals unto ,god1 aga9/ y\r own k40#dc ,8 words1 8,:o ha? creat$ y1 & ^? :o h be5 be=e y10 lead u to ! argum5t ( creation2 :ile ! words1 8:o has spread ! e>?0 ref] to ! argum5t ( div9e solicitude = man4 ,( ?is k9d also are ! foll[+ v]ses ( ! ,quran1 8,"o sign ( ! resurrection unto !m is ! dead e>?2 ,we quick5 ! same by ra91 & produce !refrom1 v>i\s sorts ( gra91 ( :i* !y eat20#dd &1 8,n[ 9 ! creation ( heav5 & e>?1 & ! vicissitudes ( night & day are signs unto ^? :o are end[$ ) und]/&+1 :o rememb] ,god /&+1 & sitt+1 & ly+ on _! sides2 & m$itate on ! creation ( heav5 & e>?1 say+ ,o ,"l1 ,?\ ha/ n creat$ ?is 9 va91 f> be x f ,!e1 !re=e deliv] u f ! torm5t ( hell fire40#de ,_m v]ses ( ?is k9d comprise bo? ! k9ds ( argum5ts4 ,?is me?od is ! "r pa? by :i* ,god has invit$ m5 to a k ( ,8 exi/5ce1 & in=m$ !m ( x ?r\gh ! intellig5ce :i* ,he has implant$ 9 _! nature4 ,! foll[+ v]se ref]s to ?is fix$ & innate nature ( man1 8,& :5 ! ,"l drew =? _! po/]ity f ! lo9s ( ! sons ( ,adam1 & took !m witness aga9/ !mselves1 ,am ,i n y\r ,"l8 ,!y answ]$1 ,yea1 we d be> witness40#df ,s x is incumb5t = "o :o int5ds to obey ,god1 & foll[ ! injunction ( ,8 ,prophet1 t he %\ld adopt ?is me?od1 ?us mak+ himself "o ( ^? le>n$ m5 :o be> witness to ! div9ity ( ,god1 ) ,8 own witness1 & t ( ,8 angels1 z ,he says1 8,god ha? borne witness1 t !re is no ,god b ,he1 & ! angels1 & ^? :o are end[$ ) wisdom pr(ess ! same2 :o execute? righte\sness2 !re is no ,god b ,he2 ! ,mighty1 ! ,wise40#dg ,among ! argum5ts = bo? ( !mselves is ! praise :i* ,god ref]s to 9 ! foll[+ v]se1 8,nei!r is !re any ?+ :i* do? n celebrate 8 praise2 b ye und]/& n _! celebration !re(40#dh ,x is evid5t f ! above argum5ts = ! exi/5ce ( ,god t !y are dep5d5t ^u two categories ( reason+4 ,x is also cle> t bo? ( ^! me?ods are meant = p>ticul> p2 t is1 ! le>n$4 ,n[ z to ! me?od = ! masses4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two lies only 9 details4 ,! masses _c und]/& ! two above m5tion$ argum5ts b only :at !y c grasp by _! s5ses2 :ile ! le>n$ m5 c g fur!r1 & le>n by reason+ also1 besides le>n+ by s5se4 ,!y h gone s f> t a le>n$ man has said1 t ! b5efits ! le>n$ m5 d]ive f ! k ( ! memb]s ( human & animal body are a ?\s& & "o4 ,if ?is be s1 !n ?is is ! me?od :i* is taught bo? by ,law & by ,nature4 ,x is ! me?od :i* 0 prea*$ by ! ,prophet & ! div9e books4 ,! le>n$ m5 d n m5tion ^! two l9es ( reason+s to ! masses1 n because ( _! numb]1 b because ( a want ( dep? ( le>n+ on _! "p ab\t ! k ( a s+le ?+ only4 ,! example ( ! common p1 consid]+ & pond]+ ov] ! univ]se1 is l a man :o looks into a ?+1 ! manufacture ( :i* he does n "k4 ,= all t su* a man c "k ab\t x is t x has be5 made1 & t !re mu/ be a mak] ( x4 ,b1 on ! o!r h& ! le>n$ look into ! univ]se1 j z a man kn[+ ! art w\ld d2 try to und]/& ! real purpose ( x4 ,s x is q cle> t _! k ab\t ! ,mak]1 z ! mak] ( ! univ]se1 w\ld be f> bett] ?an t ( ! man :o only kn[s x z made4 ,! a!i/s1 :o d5y ! ,creator altoge!r1 are l m5 :o c see & feel ! creat$ ?+s1 b w\ld n ackn[l$ge any ,creator = !m1 b w\ld attribute all to *ance alone1 & t !y come into be+ by !mselves4 ,,( ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,god ,n[ !n if ?is is ! me?od adopt$ by ! ,law1 x may be ask$3 ,:at is ! way ( prov+ ! unity ( ,god by means ( ! ,law2 t is1 ! k ( ! religi\s =mula t 8!re is no god1 b ,god40 ,! negation conta9$ 9 x is an addition to ! affirmative1 :i* ! =mula conta9s1 :ile ! affirmative has already be5 prov$4 ,:at is ! purpose ( ?is negation8 ,we w\ld say t ! me?od1 adopt$ by ! ,law1 ( d5y+ div9ity to all b ,god is accord+ to ! ord9ance ( ,god 9 ! ,quran1 conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ ?ree v]ses4 ,fir/1 8,if !re 7 ei!r 9 heav5 or on e>? gods beside ,god1 v]ily bo? w\ld be corrupt$40#di ,secondly1 8,god has n begott5 issue2 nei!r is !re any o!r ,god ) him2 o!rwise e o!r ,god w\ld surely take away t :i* he has creat$2 & "s ( !m _h enabl$ !mselves ov] ! o!rs4 ,f> be x t f ,god1 :i* !y affirm ( ,him40#ej ,?irdly1 8,say1 unto ! idolators1 if !re 7 gods ) ,him1 z ye say1 !y w\ld surely seek an occasion ( mak+ "s attempt aga9/ ! possessor ( ! ,?rone40#ea ,! argum5t conta9$ 9 ! fir/ v]se is implant$ 9 our dispositions by our v nature4 ,= x is well-kn[n t if !re be two k+s1 & ! ord]s ( ! "o be z effectual z ^? ( ! o!r1 x is n possible to h ev5 a s+le city "u _! guidance4 ,x is impossible to h "o action ( a s+le k9d f two actors4 ,s x is necess>y t1 if bo? ( !m beg9 "w at ! same "t1 ! city w\ld be ru9$1 except 9 ! case t "o %\ld "w & ! o!r rema9 inactive4 ,?is is aga9/ our conception ( div9ity4 ,= :5 ! two actions ( ! same k9d are ga!r$ ^u a s+le object1 !n t object mu/ necess>ily be de/roy$4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! v]se1 8,if !re 7 ei!r 9 ! heav5 or on e>? gods besides ,god1 bo? w\ld be corrupt$40 ,! v]se1 8,e god has surely tak5 away t :i* he _h creat$10 has be5 reveal$ 9 refutation ( ! argum5t ( ^? :o believe 9 _m gods1 entru/$ ) diff]5t works4 ,= 9 ?is case x becomes incumb5t t ! gods do+ diff]5t works be indep5d5t ( "o ano!r1 & t !y %\ld n be exi/5t at "o & ! same "t4 ,b z ! _w is "o x is necess>y t !re be n 9 x gods ) diff]5t duties4 ,! ?ird v]se1 8,say unto ! idolators if !re 7 gods ) him1 z ye say1 !y w\ld surely seek an occasion ( mak+ "s attempt aga9/ ! ,possessor ( ! ,?rone10 is l ! fir/1 an argum5t to prove ! impossibility ( ! exi/5ce ( two gods1 ^: duties are ! same4 ,?is v]se means t _h !re be5 9 ! _w any o!r god1 b ! pres5t "o1 able to create ! _w & ^? 9 x1 s t 8 relation to x be t ( a creator1 !n he mu/ live ) ,god on ! ,?rone4 ,?us !re w\ld be f\nd two exi/5t ?+s ( ! same k9d 9 a s+le place4 ,b ?is is impossible4 ,= :5 ! relation is "o1 ! relat$ mu/ also be "o1 t is1 !y _c be ga!r$ 9 a s+le place z !y _c live 9 x4 ,! relation ( ,god to ! ,?rone is j its opposite3 ! ,?rone exi/s = ,him1 & n ,he = ! ,?rone4 ,t is :at ,god has said1 8,8 ,?rone is ext5d$ ov] heav5 & e>?1 & ! pres]vation ( !m is no burd5 unto him40#eb ,?is is ! argum5t by nature or by ,law = prov+ ! unity ( ,god4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! le>n$ & ! masses is t ! le>n$ "k m ab\t ! creation ( ! _w1 & ! purpose ( its diff]5t p>ts1 l a s+le body1 ?an ! common p4 ,x is to ?is t ! latt] "p ( ! v]se ref]s1 8,god =bid6 & f>1 v f>1 be t :i* !y utt]6 ,! sev5 heav5s praise him1 & ! e>?1 & all :o are !re93 nei!r is !re any?+ :i* do? n celebrate ,8 praise2 b ye und]/& n _! celebration !re(3 ,he is graci\s & m]ciful40#ec ,! argum5t :i* ! ,a%>ites d$uce f ?is v]se1 call+ x ! 8argum5t ( impossibility10 is nei!r 9 accordance ) natural nor legal argum5ts4 ,x is n 9 accordance ) nature1 because :at !y say is )\t any pro( at all2 :ile x is insuffici5t by ,law1 because ! common p _c und]/& x1 n to speak ( _! be+ satisfi$ ) x4 ,!y say1 t if !re be two gods1 !n x is m probable t !y w\ld diff]4 ,if ?is 7 to happ51 !n !re w\ld be "o ( ! foll[+ ?ree cases1 !re be+ no f\r? alt]native4 ,ei!r ! desire ( bo? ( !m w\ld be accompli%$1 or ! desire ( nei!r w\ld n4 ,!y say t x is impossible t ! desire ( nei!r ( !m be accompli%$1 b if x be s !n ! univ]se w\ld nei!r be exi/5t nor non-exi/5t4 ,if ! desire ( bo? ( !m be accompli%$1 !n ! univ]se w\ld be bo? exi/5t & non-exi/5t at ! same "t4 ,s !re rema9s no alt]native b t ! desire ( "o be accompli%$1 ! o!r's rema9+ unfulfill$4 ,s "o ^: desire rema9s unfulfill$ is helpless1 & ! helpless _c be a ,god4 ,! weakness ( ?is argum5t is t z x is possible to suppose t !y diff]1 x is j z possible to presume t !y agree1 a fact m becom+ to ! gods ?an diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,if !y agree ab\t ! creation ( ! _w1 !y w\ld be l two craftsm5 agre$ ^u mak+ some?+4 ,if x be s !n x mu/ be said t _! actions help !m to "w & live 9 a s+le place1 except t "s "o may say1 t p]haps "o w\ld d "o ?+ & ! o!r q ano!r ?+1 or p]haps !y w\ld "w by turns4 ,b ?is is an objection :i* _c be advanc$ by ! masses4 ,b if any sceptic controv]siali/ 7 to advance x1 he may be told t "o :o has p[] to create "o ?+ has p[] to create ! :ole4 ,s n[ aga9 x comes to ! same ?+1 :e!r !y agree or n1 & h[ c !y help ea* o!r 9 "w8 ,z to work+ by turn1 x w\ld be a defect 9 bo? ( !m4 ,x is m probable t if !re be two gods1 !re mu/ be two univ]ses4 ,b z ! univ]se is "o1 its ,mak] mu/ also be "o1 = a s+le "w c only be done by "o mak]4 ,s x is n necess>y t we %\ld und]/& ! v]se ( ,god1 8& "s ( !m _h enabl$ !mselves ov] ! o!r10 z po9t+ to disagreem5t alone1 b x may be tak5 z true ev5 9 ! case ( argum5t1 = ?is also leads to ! same result z disagreem5t w\ld d4 ,"h lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 u & ! ,mutakallimun1 ab\t ! mean+ ( ?is v]se1 ?\gh ,abul ,maali has said some?+ almo/ express+ our own views4 ,by ! =ego+ y w\ld und]/& t ! argum5t :i* ! ,mutakallimun h d$uc$ f ?is v]se is n ! "o :i* x really conta9s4 ,! impossibility to :i* _! argum5t leads is n "o :i* %\ld be d$uc$ f ! v]se 9 "q4 ,! impossibility :i* is d$uc$ f ! argum5t :i* !y ?9k is conta9$ 9 ! v]se1 is m ?an "o impossibility1 by _! divid+ x into ?ree p>ts1 :ile !re is no division 9 ! v]se itself4 ,s ! argum5t :i* !y use is ! "o :i* is kn[n to ! logicians z disjunctive syllogism1 & is kn[n 9 _! sci5ce z def9ition & division4 ,b ! argum5t conta9$ 9 ! v]se is "o :i* is kn[n 9 logic z hypo!tical syllogism1 :i* is q diff]5t f disjunctive syllogism4 ,any "o :o w\ld look mo/ cursorily into ?is sci5ce w\ld "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,!n1 aga91 ! impossibility :i* _! argum5t po9ts out is n t to :i* ! argum5t ( ! ,book leads4 ,!y say t univ]se w ei!r be nei!r exi/5t nor non-exi/5t1 or x w be exi/5t & non-exi/5t at ! same "t1 or its god w\ld be a helpless & weak god4 ,^! are impossible = ev]1 because ( ! impossibility ( m ?an "o4 ,! impossibility :i* ! v]se ref]s to1 is n s = ev]1 = 9 x x dep5ds ^u a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t1 t is :5 ! univ]se is f\nd corrupt$ at ! "t ( its exi/5ce4 ,= he says 8,if !re be any o!r god b ,god10 ! univ]se w\ld be f\nd corrupt$4 ,!n he has made an exception t x is n corrupt$1 & h5ce !re mu/ n be m ?an "o ,god4 ,s n[ x has become q cle> t ?is is ! me?od by :i* ,god has invit$ ! p to believe 9 ,8 exi/5ce1 & negate ! div9ity ( all b ,him4 ,^! are ! two propositions :i* are conta9$ 9 ! article ( ,fai?1 8,!re are no gods b ,he40 ,s "o :o ?9ks ov] ^! two propositions1 & believes 9 !m by ! me?od :i* we h po9t$ out1 is a ,muslim 9 reality1 ) a belief :i* is truly ,islamic4 ,b he ^: belief is n bas$ ^u ^! argum5ts1 ?\gh he confesses ! article1 he is a ,muslim ) ! o!r ,muslims1 only on acc\nt ( ! simil>ity ( names4 ,,on ,,div9e ,,attributes ,! attributes :i* ! ,div9e ,book has assign$ to ! ,creator & ,mak] ( ! univ]se1 are only ! p]fect =ms ( ^? :i* are f\nd 9 man1 & ^! are sev5 9 numb]3 ,k1 life1 p[]1 volition1 he>+1 see+ & talk+4 ,n[ z to k1 ,god 9 8 ,div9e ,book has said ! foll[+ 8,%all he n "k all ?+s :o has creat$ !m80#ed ,! argum5t conta9$ 9 ?is v]se is t a creat$ ?+ always %[s1 by ! arrangem5t :i* x possesses1--its diff]5t p>ts be+ made = ! sake ( "o ano!r = ! b5efit int5d$ to be d]iv$ f t ?+1--t its mak] is n nature only1 b x mu/ h be5 made by "o :o has arrang$ all = ! end 9 view4 ,s he mu/ h a k ( x4 ,= in/ance1 :5 a man looks at a h\se he kn[s t ! f\ndation 0 laid = ! sake ( ! walls1 & ! walls h be5 rais$ = ! ro(4 ,s x becomes cle> to him t ! h\se mu/ h be5 built by a man kn[+ ! art ( build+4 ,?is quality is et]nal1 = x is n fitt+ t ,god %\ld possess x = a "t only4 ,b we %\ld n g d[n deep into ?is matt]1 & %\ld n say1 l ! ,mutakallimun1 t ,he kn[s ! creat$ ?+s at ! "t ( _! creation1 by ,8 et]nal k1 = !n x becomes necess>y t ! k ( ! creat$ ?+ at ! "t ( its non-exi/5ce be ! same :i* is absurd1 :5 k is said to be dep5d5t ^u ! exi/5t ?+s4 ,z an exi/5t ?+ is sometimes an action1 & sometimes only a pot5tiality1 x is necess>y t ! k ( ! two exi/5ce be diff]5t1 z its "t ( be+ 9 pot5tiality is q diff]5t f ! "t ( its be+ 9 action4 ,b ?is ! ,law does n expla94 ,on ! o!r h& x ma9ta9s q an opposite position3 t ,god kn[s ! creat$ ?+ at ! "t ( its creation1 z ,he has said1 8,!re falle? no leaf1 b ,he kn[e? x2 nei!r is !re a s+le gra9 9 ! d>k p>ts ( ! e>?2 nei!r a gre5 ?+1 nor a dry ?+1 b x is writt5 9 ! p]spicu\s book40#ee ,s x is necess>y t we %\ld lay d[n 9 ,law t ,he kn[s a ?+ be=e x comes into be+2 kn[s a ?+ :5 x is1 & n :5 x %\ld h be52 & kn[s :5 a ?+ has be5 de/roy$ at ! "t ( its de/ruction4 ,?is is :at ! injunctions ( ! ,law e/abli%4 ,x has be5 s because ! masses _c und]/& ! univ]se ?r\gh visible ?+s1 except 9 ?is way4 ,! ,mutakallimun h no argum5t to advance aga9/ x1 except t !y say t ! k :i* *anges ) a *ange 9 ! exi/5t ?+ is itself creat$1 :ile ) ,god no?+ creat$ c be atta*$4 ,!y say s because !y ?9k t t :i* _c be sep>at$ f ! creat$ ?+ is itself creat$4 ,b we h already expos$ ! fallacy ( ?is argum5t4 ,s x is e/abli%$ by ! rules describ$1 & x %\ld n be said t he kn[s ! creation ( ! creat$1 & ! corruption ( ! corrupt$ ?+s1 nei!r by creat$ nor by et]nal k4 ,?is is an innovation 9 ,islam1 8,& is ?y ,"l =getful ( !e80#ef ,! attribute ( life is q evid5t f ! attribute ( ,k4 ,= our obs]vation %[s t "o ( ! conditions ( k is life4 ,accord+ to ! ,mutakallimun ! conditions ( an obs]v$ object c be appli$ to ! unse54 ,:at !y h said ab\t ?is is q true4 ,! attribute ( volition ne$s no pro(1 because x is "o ( ! conditions ( br++ =? a ?+1 t its mak] mu/ int5d x4 ,su* is also ! case ) p[]3 ,he mu/ possess p[]4 ,b to say t ,he int5d$ creat$ ?+s by et]nal int5tion is innovation 9 religion1 :i* 0 n kn[n to ! le>n$ 9 ,law1 & _c satisfy ! masses :o h rea*$ ! /age ( dogmatics4 ,we %\ld say t ,he int5ds mak+ a ?+ at ! "t ( its creation1 b does n int5d at ! "t ( its non-exi/5ce4 ,s ,god says3 8,v]ily our spee* unto any?+ :5 we w ! same is t we say unto x1 ,be2 & x is40#eg ,=1 z we h said1 ! common p are nev] compell$ to advance ! argum5t t ,he int5ds do+ a ?+ by et]nal int5tion1 b1 z ! ,mutakallimun h said1 t t by :i* ! creat$ ?+s exi/1 is itself creat$4 ,n[ if x be ask$1 h[ ! attribute ( ,spee* be assign$ to & prov$ 9 ,god1 we w\ld say t x c be ascrib$ to him on acc\nt ( ! attributes ( ,k & ,p[] ( creation4 ,= spee* is no?+ m ?an act on ! "p ( ! speak] to %[ to ! "o address$ ! k :i* he has1 or to disclose to him ! k :i* is 9 him4 ,?is is "o ( ! actions ( ! mak]4 ,& :5 t creat$ ?+1 :i* is really a creator1 man1 has p[] ov] ?is faculty1 because he kn[s & is p[]ful1 h[ befitt+ x is t x %\ld be f\nd 9 ! real ,creator4 ,!re is ano!r condition = ?is action1 among ! ?+s :i* we c obs]ve1 & t is t :i* mu/ be ! means ( p]=m+ x3 words4 ,?is be+ s1 x becomes necess>y t t action %\ld be p]=m$ by ,god 9 ! he>t ( somebody1 ,8 *os5 s]vant4 ,x is n necess>y t x %\ld always be ?r\gh ! m$ium ( words1 & s creat$4 ,b x may happ5 ei!r ?r\gh an angel2 or ?r\gh div9e inspiration1 t is )\t ! m$ium ( words :i* ,he may create1 b ?r\gh an act to ! he>]1 :i* discloses to him ! true nature ( ! ?+ meant1 or ?r\gh words :i* ,he may create 9 ! e>s ( him :o has be5 specialis$ to he> ,8 words4 ,x is to ^! ?ree me?ods t ! v]se ( ! ,quran ref]s1 8,x is n fit = a man t ,god %\ld speak unto him o!rwise ?an by private revelation1 or f beh9d a veil1 or by s5d+ a mess5g] to reveal1 by ,8 p]mission1 t :i* ,he please?40#eh ,s revelation is ! disclosure ( ! int5d$ secrets to ! inspir$ p]son )\t ! m$ium ( words :i* ,he creat$1 b ?r\gh an action done on ! m9d ( ! "o address$4 ,s ,god says1 8,aft]w>ds ,he approa*$ ! ,prophet & drew unto him2 until ,he 0 at ! di/ance ( two b[s' l5g? f him or yet ne>]2 & ,he reveal$ unto ,8 s]vant t :i* ,he reveal$40#ei ,! spee* f beh9d ! veil is "o :i* is p]=m$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( words4 ,?is is ! real spee*1 & t is ! "o :i* ,god specially be/[$ ^u ,moses1 & s ,he has said1 8,& ,god spake unto ,moses1 disc\rs+ ) him40#fj ,n[ z to 8 words1 8or by s5d+ a mess5g] to reveal10 ?is is ! ?ird k9d m5tion$ above1 t is1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "s angels4 ,sometimes ,god speaks to ! le>n$ m51 :o are ! successors ( ! prophets1 by disclos+ argum5ts to !m4 ,on acc\nt ( ^! causes x is true1 :5 ! le>n$ m5 say1 t ! ,quran is ! spee* ( ,god4 ,x has n[ become cle> to y t ! ,quran1 :i* is ! spee* ( ,god1 is et]nal1 b ! words express+ x are creat$ by him1 & are n human4 ,f x are except$ ! ,quranic words :i* we commonly use 9 our spee*1 t is1 ^! words are our own actions1 by ! comm& ( ,god1 :ile ! words ( ! ,quran are ^? creat$ by ,god4 ,he :o does n und]/& ^! ?+s by ?is me?od1 _c und]/& ?is argum5t & _c grasp z to h[ ! ,quran is ! ^w ( ,god4 ,! alphabets us$ 9 ! ,quran are our own inv5tion1 by ! comm& ( ,god4 ,we h to respect !m1 because ( !m are =m$ ! words creat$ by ,god1 = ! purpose :i* is n itself creat$4 ,he :o ?\ght ( words & n ( mean+1 t is1 did n sep>ate !m1 said t ! ,quran 0 creat$2 :ile he :o ?\ght ( ! mean+ :i* ^! words express1 said ! ,quran 0 n creat$4 ,b ! tru? lies 9 ! middle ( ^! two extreme views4 ,! ,a%>ites d5y t ! speak] is ! mak] ( 8 own spee*1 = !y ?9k t if !y admit x1 !y mu/ also admit t ,god is ! mak] ( ,8 spee*4 ,aga91 :5 !y believe1 t ! spee* c only exi/ ) ! speak]1 !y ?9k1 !y mu/ also believe1 tak+ 9 view ! two =ego+ pr9ciples1 t ,god is ,himself ! creator ( ,8 words4 ,9 ?is case ,he ,himself becomes ! place ( creat$ ?+s4 ,s !y ass]t t ,god is ! mak] ( spee*1 b x is an et]nal attribute 9 him1 l k1 etc4 ,?is is ! "t ( ! spee* 9 our m9d1 b n ( ! spee* :i* expresses :at we h 9 our m9d1 t is1 ! words4 ,z ! ,mutazilites ?\ght t spee* is ! action ( ! speak]1 !y said t by spee* is meant only ! words utt]$4 ,s !y believ$ t ! ,quran is 8,creat$40 ,s9ce accord+ to !m ! ^w is an action ( ! speak]1 s x is n "o ( its conditions t x %\ld exi/ ) ! speak]4 ,! ,a%>ites on ! o!r h&1 insi/ t x is "o ( its conditions t x %\ld exi/ only ) ! speak]4 ,?is is true 9 bo? ! cases1 t is 9 ! case ( ideas 9 our m9ds1 & ! words :i* express !m4 ,b 9 ! case ( ,god1 x is ! ideas :i* /& ) ,him1 & n ! words express+ !m4 ,s :5 ! ,a%>ites laid x d[n z a condition1 t ! spee* be absolutely dep5d5t ^u ! speak]1 !y d5y t ! speak] is ! mak] ( 8 spee*2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 ! ,mutazilites1 :5 !y laid x d[n z a condition t ! speak] is ! mak] ( 8 spee*1 ignor$ ! exi/5ce ( ideas 9 our m9ds4 ,9 ?is way !re is "s tru?1 & "s falsehood1 9 ! op9ions ( bo? ( ^! sects1 z mu/ h become cle> by :at we h said4 ,n[ we come to ! attributes ( he>+ & see+4 ,! ,law has prov$ !m to be possess$ by ,god by say+ t he>+ & see+ are ! two ess5tial qualities = kn[+ ! mean+ ( ?+s1 :i* _c be acquir$ by intellect4 ,s a mak] mu/ "k ev]y?+ ab\t ! object :i* he is mak+1 x is necess>y t he %\ld possess ! two s5ses ( he>+ & see+4 ,s ,he mu/ h ^! two faculties4 ,all ?is proves _! exi/5ce 9 ,god1 by means ( ! ,law1 ?r\gh ! tea*+ ( ! k :i* is f\nd 9 him4 ,moreov]1 ,"o on :om ! "n ( ,god & ! ,adorn$ is appli$ mu/ necess>ily possess all ! s5ses4 ,= x is useless = man to wor%ip him :o _c "k t he is be+ wor%ipp$1 z ,god has said1 8,o my fa!r1 :y do/ ?\ wor%ip t :i* he>e? n1 nei!r see?1 nor pr(ite? !e at all20#fa &1 8,d y !re=e wor%ip1 beside ,god1 t :i* _c pr(it y at all1 nor c x hurt y80#fb ,?is is ! p[] :i* has be5 ascrib$ to ,god1 & :i* ! ,law has comm&$ ! common p to "k & no?+ else4 ,( ! innovation :i* ?is "q ( attributes has giv5 rise to1 "o is :e!r !y are ! same z ,div9e ,ess5ce or some?+ add$ to x1 t is1 :e!r !y are f\nd 9 ! ess5ce itself 7,nafsiyyah71 or are only appli$ to x1 7,maanawiyyah74 ,by ,nafsiyyah we mean ^? attributes :i* are f\nd 9 ! ?+ itself1 & are n atta*$ to x = ! purpose ( add+ some?+ to ! ess5ce1 = exi/5ce1 we say "o or et]nal4 ,by ,maanawiyyah we mean ! attributes :i* are appli$ to a ?+ = "s purpose :i* is f\nd 9 x4 ,! ,a%>ites say t ^! attributes are only ,maanawiyyah1 t is qualities :i* are only add$ to ! ,div9e ,ess5ce4 ,s !y say t he kn[s by a k :i* has be5 add$ to ,8 ess5ce1 & lives by life atta*$ to x & s on4 ,?is has compell$ !m to admit t ! ,creator has a body1 = !re mu/ be ! quality & ! qualifi$1 ! be>] & ! borne4 ,?is is ! condition ( ! body1 s !y mu/ say t ! ess5ce is exi/5t by itself1 & ! qualities exi/ ?r\gh x1 or !y mu/ say t ^! attributes are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 !n !re mu/ be a numb] ( gods4 ,?is is ! belief ( ! ,*ri/ians1 :o say t ! ?ree p]sonifications are ^? ( ,exi/5ce1 ,life & ,k4 ,god has said ab\t x ! foll[+1 8,!y are c]ta9ly infidels1 :o say1 ,god is ! ?ird ( ! ?ree40#fc ,"o ( !m /&s by itself1 ! o!rs be+ dep5d5t ^u ! =m]4 ,s x becomes necess>y t !re %\ld be ess5ce1 exi/+ 9 itself1 & ! accid5ts dep5d+ on some?+ else4 ,! place 9 :i* ! ess5ce & ! accid5ts are f\nd toge!r mu/ necess>ily be a body4 ,su* is also ! case ) ! ,mutazilites ab\t ! "q1 t ! ess5ce & ! attributes are "o & ! same ?+4 ,?is !y ?9k1 is = ! prim>y pr9ciples ( k or may be oppos$ to !m4 ,= !y ?9k t accord+ to ! prim>y pr9ciples k mu/ be exi/5t )\t ! "o kn[+4 ,b k & ! "o kn[+ _c be ! same1 except t x may be possible t ! two may be v close to ea* o!r1 j z ! fa!r & ! son4 ,?is tea*+ is v remote = ! und]/&+ ( ! masses1 & to expla9 x to !m 9 detail is innovation1 = x w\ld m likely mislead ?an guide !m to ! "r pa?4 ,! ,mutazilites h no argum5t to advance 9 pro( ( _! proposition1 = !y h none4 ,su* is also ! condition ( ! ,mutakallimun 9 ! case ( d5y+ a body to ,god4 ,= :5 !y h e/abli%$ x1 !y are compell$ to admit ! creation ( ! body1 because x is a body4 ,we h already said t !y h no argum5t = x4 ,^? :o h su* are ! le>n$ p1 ! philosoph]s4 ,x is at ?is po9t t ! ,*ri/ians h err$4 ,!y believe 9 ! multiplicity ( attributes t !y are ess5ces exi/+ n by ! help ( ano!r1 b by !mselves1 l ! self1 7,zat74 ,!y also believe t ! qualities ) ^! attributes are two 9 numb]--k & life4 ,s !y say t ,god is "o f ! ?ree causes4 ,t ,he is ?ree !y say because ,he exi/s1 lives & kn[s4 ,!y say t ,he is "o1 because ,he is a collection ( all ! ?ree qualities4 ,& s !re are ?ree religi\s op9ions among !m4 ,"o p>ty believes t !y are all ! self 7,zat7 alone )\t any numb]2 ! o!r only believes 9 numb]s ( qualities4 ,?is is divid$ into two p>ties3 "o :i* ?9ks t !y exi/ by !mselves1 & ! o!r :i* makes !m exi/ by some?+ else4 ,all ?is is 9 contra/ ) ! purpose ( ! ,law4 ,x be+ s1 x is necess>y t "o :o wants to tea* ! k ( ^! ?+s to ! common p %\ld tell !m z mu* z ! ,law ord]s him to d--& t is only a confession ( _! exi/5ce )\t ent]+ into details4 ,= x is n possible = ! common p to believe & und]/& !m at all4 ,by common p "h ,i mean all ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! laws ( reason+1 ?\gh !y may or may n "k ! sci5ce ( s*ola/ic !ology4 ,x is n 9 ! p[] ( s*ola/ic !ology to "k ( ^! ?+s ev5 :5 x is said t x is n a sci5ce ( reason+ b ( dogmatics1 = ^! ?+s c nev] be cle>ly und]/ood by dogmatics alone4 ,s1 by n[1 ! ext5t ( ^! que/ions :i* %\ld be disclos$ to ! common p1 & ! me?od adopt$ = ?is purpose mu/ h become cle> to y by :at we h said4 ,,( ,,div9e ,,p]fection ,we h already describ$ ! way :i* ! ,law pursues 9 tea*+ ! common p ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 ! d5ial ( ,8 hav+ any associates1 & !reby ! k ( ,8 attributes1 & ! ext5t to :i* !y h be5 expla9$ 9 details 9 x1 "o aft] ano!r4 ,x is really an addition to1 & d$uction f1 & *ange & int]pretation ( ?is v limit & ext5t :i* has n be5 productive ( good to any & all ! p4 ,n[ x rema9s = u to "k ! me?od :i* ! ,law has adopt$ 9 expla9+ to ! common p ! p]fection ( ,god & fre$om f all defects1 & ! l5g? to :i* x has gone 9 detail+ x1 & ! cause ( re/rict+ its k to !m4 ,!n we %\ld m5tion ! me?ods :i* x adopts 9 tea*+ ! p ! k ( ,8 actions1 & ! latitude :i* x has all[$ 9 ?is respect4 ,hav+ done s1 we %all h accompli%$ ! purpose = :i* we began ?is book4 ,s we say t ! k ( ?+s kn[n z p]fection & hol9ess are f\nd 9 _m v]ses ( ! ,quran1 ! mo/ cle> & def9ite ( !m be+ ! foll[+1 8,!re is no?+ l ,him1 & x is ,he :o he>e? & see?20#fd &1 8,%all ,god1 !re=e1 ,:o create?1 be z he :o create? n40#fe ,! second v]se is an argum5t = ! v]se 8!re is no?+ l ,him40 ,= x is "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! dispositions ( all ! p to ?9k t ! ,creator mu/ ei!r be unlike ! ?+s :i* ,he has creat$1 or hav+ qualities :i* may be diff]5t f ^! :i* ,he has giv5 to ! creat$2 o!rwise he :o is himself creat$ _c be a ,creator4 ,:5 we h admitt$ t ! creat$ _c be ! creator !n x becomes incumb5t ^u u to say t ! qualities ( ! creat$ %\ld ei!r be n f\nd 9 ! ,creator1 or f\nd 9 ,him 9 "s diff]5t way ?an !y are 9 ! creat$4 ,we say1 89 "s diff]5t way10 because we h prov$ ! div9e qualities to be ^? :i* are f\nd 9 ! noble/ ( ,god's creatures1 man1 z k1 life1 p[]1 volition & s on4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! ,tradition ( ! ,prophet1 8,god creat$ ,adam aft] ,8 own image40 ,s x has be5 e/abli%$ t ! ,law has d5i$ ! simil>ity betwe5 ! ,creator & ! creat$ ) fitt+ argum5ts4 ,! d5ial ( simil>ity is ( two k9ds1 fir/1 t !re may n be f\nd 9 ! ,creator _m qualities ( ! creat$2 & secondly2 !re may be f\nd 9 him ! qualities ( ! creat$ 9 s p]fect & excell5t a =m z c\ld n be imag9$4 ,( ^! two k9ds x %\ld be se5 :i* "o ! ,law has expla9$1 & ab\t :i* x is retic5t4 ,we w\ld also try to f9d out ! cause = ?is retic5ce4 ,we w\ld say t ! qualities ( ! creat$ :i* h be5 d5i$ by ,law z p]ta9+ to ,god are ^? :i* %[ "s defects2 = example1 dea?1 z ,god says1 8,& d ye n tru/ 9 him :o live?1 & die? n10#ff or sleep & ?+s :i* lead to neglig5ce & c>elessness1 z reg>ds s5ses & ! protection ( ! exi/5t ?+s1 z ,he says1 8,nei!r slumb] nor sleep seize? ,him40#fg ,( su* qualities are error & =getfulness1 z ,god has said1 8,! k !re( is ) my ,"l1 9 ! book ( ,8 decrees3 my ,"l erre? n1 nei!r do? ,he =get40#fh ,a k ( ^? qualities ! exi/5ce ( :i* has be5 d5i$ 9 ,god is "o ( ! necess>y ?+s ( common education & is :y ! ,law has be5 v explicit ab\t !m4 ,x only w>ns u n to m$dle ) ^? ?+s :i* are f> f ! prim>y pr9ciples ( k1 because x kn[s ! small limits ( human k1 z ,god has said 9 _m diff]5t v]ses ( ! ,quran1 8,b ! great] "p ( m5 d n und]/&40 ,= example ,he says1 8,v]ily ! creation ( heav5 & e>? is m consid]able1 ?an ! creation ( man2 b ! great] "p ( m5 d n und]/&10#fi & 8,! in/itution ( ,god to :i* ,he has creat$ mank9d dispos$2 !re is no *ange 9 :at ,god ha? creat$4 ,?is is ! "r religion2 b ! great] "p ( m5 "k x n40#gj ,n[ x may be said1 :at is ! pro(--t is1 ! pro( advanc$ by ! ,law--( ! fact t ^! defects are n f\nd 9 ,god4 ,we w\ld say t x is app>5t f ! univ]se itself4 ,x is q safe4 ,no confusion or corruption ov]takes x4 ,_h ! ,creator be5 subject to neglig5ce1 c>elessness1 error or =getfulness ! :ole ( ! univ]se w\ld h be5 de/roy$4 ,god has made ?is cle> 9 _m v]ses ( ! ,quran4 ,he says1 8,v]ily ,god su/a9e? ! heav5 & ! e>?1 le/ !y fail3 & if !y %\ld fail1 none c\ld support ! same besides him20#ga &1 8,! pres]vation ( bo? is n burd5 unto him1 ,he is ! high1 ! mighty40#gb ,if our op9ion be ask$ ab\t ! an?ropomorphic attributes ( ,god1 :e!r ! ,law has d5i$ !m z attributes to ! ,creator or is only sil5t ab\t !m1 we w\ld say1 t x is evid5t t ! ,law is q sil5t ab\t !m1 & _! m5tion 9 x is q ne> to _! d5ial altoge!r4 ,x has come to be s because ! ,quran 9 _m v]ses speaks ( ,8 h&s & face1 & ^! v]ses are tak5 z %[+ physical attributes :i* ! ,creator has be/[$ ^u ! creat$1 j z ,he has giv5 him ! qualities ( p[]1 volition & s on--qualities :i* are common betwe5 ! ,creator & creat$1 except t !y are m p]fect 9 ! =m]4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is _m ,muslims believ$ t ! ,creator has a body diff]5t f all o!r bodies4 ,su* is ! case ) ! ,hanbalites & _! _m foll[]s4 ,b 9 my op9ion we %\ld foll[ ! pa? ( ! ,law2 & ?is %\ld nei!r d5y nor try to prove !m1 & :5ev] ask$ by ! common p to d s1 we %\ld answ] ) words ( ,god1 8,!re is no?+ l him2 & x is ,he :o he>e? & see?10#gc 9 ?is way prev5t+ !m f que/ion+4 ,x is s because ( ?ree reasons4 ,x is nei!r ne> to ! fir/1 nor to ! second1 nor to ! ?ird grade4 ,?is w\ld be q cle> to y f ! me?od adopt$ by ! ,mutakallimun4 ,!y say t ! pro( ( ! fact t ,he is n a body is t x has be5 prov$ t all bodies are creat$ ?+s4 ,if !y are ask$ to po9t out ! me?od ( prov+ ! latt] proposition1 !y adopt ! me?od1 :i* we h already po9t$ out1 conc]n+ ! creation ( accid5ts1 t t :i* _c be sep>at$ f creat$ ?+s is itself creat$4 ,y h already se51 f :at we h said1 t ?is me?od is n a philosophical "o1 & _h x be5 s1 ev5 !n a majority ( ! common p w\ld n h grasp$ x4 ,moreov]1 :atev] ^! p h said ab\t ,god1 t ,he is a ,self 7,zat7 & div9e attributes add$ to x1 proves by itself t ,he has a body1 on acc\nt ( ! d5ial ( creation1 r an argum5t d5y+ an?ropomorphism4 ,?is is ! fir/ reason :y ! ,law does n speak ( ^! ?+s 9 cle> t]ms4 ,! second reason is t common p ?9k t all t is exi/5t !y c imag9e & feel1 all else be+ non-exi/5t to !m4 ,s :5 !y are told t !re exi/s ,"o :o has no body1 _! imag9ation does n "w & ,he becomes almo/ non-exi/5t to !m1 p>ticul>ly s :5 !y are told t ,he is nei!r outside our k nor 9 x1 nei!r above nor bel[4 ,t is :y ! sect :i* believes 9 an?ropomorphism ?9ks ( ^? :o d5y x1 t !y also believe 9 x2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p>ty ?9ks its oppon5ts to be believ+ 9 a numb] ( gods4 ,! ?ird reason is t _h ! ,law d5i$ an?ropomorphism altoge!r !re w\ld h aris5 _m a misgiv+ ab\t :at has be5 said conc]n+ ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 & o!r beliefs4 ,( ^! "o is ! problem ( ,div9e ,vision :i* we f9d /at$ 9 au!ntic ,traditions4 ,^? :o h be5 v explicit 9 d5y+ x are ! two sects ( ! ,a%>ites & ! ,mutazilites4 ,! belief ( ! latt] has driv5 !m to d5y ! vision altoge!r2 :ile ! ,a%>ites h tri$ to make ! two ?+s agree1 b ?is 0 impossible = !m to d4 ,s !y h tak5 refuge 9 _m sophi/ic argum5ts1 ! weakness ( :i* we w\ld %[ :5 talk+ ( ! ,div9e ,vision4 ,ano!r problem :i* rises out ( ?is is t x evid5tly gives rise to a d5ial ( ! direction 9 :i* ,god is4 ,= if ,he has no body !n ! ,law becomes an allegory4 ,= ! adv5t ( ! prophets is f\nd$ ^u ! fact t ,div9e ,revelation is s5t to !m f ! heav54 ,^u ?is v pr9ciple is also bas$ our religion1 = ! ,div9e ,book has come d[n f ! heav5s1 z ,god says1 8,v]ily we h s5t d[n ! same 7! ,quran7 on a bless$ night40#gd ,! desc5d+ ( ! div9e revelation f heav5 is bas$ ^u ! fact ( ,god's be+ !re4 ,s also is ! desc5d+ & asc5d+ ( angels f heav51 z ,god says1 8,unto him asc5de? ! good spee*2 & ! righte\s "w w ,he exalt20#ge & says ,he1 8,! angels asc5d up unto & ! _s40#gf ,we w\ld m5tion all ! ?+s :i* ! d5i]s ( direction br+ to prove _! proposition :5 we come to talk ( ?is problem4 ,ano!r difficulty :i* arises is t ) ! d5ial ( an?ropomorphism we %all h to d5y movem5t to ,god1 aft] :i* x w\ld be difficult to expla9 ) reg>d to ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 t ,he w\ld appe> to ! p at t mom5t1 & w\ld himself sup]9t5d _! judgm5t1 z ,he says1 8,?y ,"l %all come & ! angels rank by rank40#gg ,x w\ld also be difficult to expla9 ! fam\s ,tradition ( ,desc5t1 ?\gh its explanation w\ld be1 on ! :ole easi] ?an t ( ! =m] 9 spite ( all t has be5 said ab\t x 9 ! ,law4 ,s x is necess>y t !re %\ld be disclos$ to ! common p no?+ :i* might lead !m to a disbelief 9 ! lit]al mean+s ( ^! ?+s4 ,?is w\ld be its effect ^u ! m9d ( ! p if tak5 exot]ically4 ,b :5 x is int]pret$ x w\ld come to ei!r ( two int]pretations4 ,ei!r int]pretation w\ld ov]come ! exot]ic side ( x & ( o!r ?+s l x1 ?us de/roy+ ! ,law altoge!r1 & falsify+ _! purpose2 or x w be said ab\t all ( !m t !y are only allegories1 :i* w\ld de/roy ! ,law1 & efface x f ! m9d ( ! p1 :ile ! man do+ x w\ld n "k ! s9 he has committ$ ) reg>d to ,law4 ,) all ?is1 if y 7 to look into ! argum5ts :i* ! int]pret]s advance ab\t ^! ?+s1 y w\ld f9d all ( !m unreasonable1 :ile ! exot]ic mean+s are mu* m satisfactory1 t is1 v]ification ?r\gh !m is m common & mu* bett]4 ,?is %\ld become cle>] to y :5 we beg9 to review ! argum5ts :i* !y advance = a d5ial ( an?ropomorphism1 & discuss ! "q ( direction1 z we may %ortly d4 ,y %\ld also "k t ! ,law nev] int5d$ to disclose ! "q ( ! d5ial ( ?is attribute completely to ! common p1 s9ce x c be done by an explanation ( ! s\l1 & ! ,law has n expla9$ to ! masses :at ! s\l 04 ,god says 9 ! ,quran1 8,!y w ask !e conc]n+ ! ,s\l2 answ]1 ,! ,s\l 0 creat$ at ! comm& ( my ,"l2 b ye h no k giv5 unto y except a little40#gh ,?is is s1 because x is difficult to e/abli% reasons = ! common p = ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ exi/+ by itself1 )\t a body4 ,_h ! d5ial ( ?is attribute be5 und]/ood by ! masses !n x w\ld n h be5 en\gh = prophet ,abraham to say 9 8 discussion ) ! infidel1 8,:5 ,abraham said1 ,my ,"l is ,he :o give? life & kille?3 he answ]$1 ,i give life & ,i kill40#gi ,on ! o!r h& he w\ld h said1 8,?\ art a body1 & ,god has n "o1 = e body is creat$10 z ! ,a%>ites w\ld argue4 ,s also x w\ld h suffic$ = ,moses 9 8 discussion ) ,ph>oah ab\t 8 div9ity2 & = ! ,holy ,prophet 9 case ( ! anti-*ri/1 tell+ ! ,fai?ful ( ! falsehood ( 8 claims = div9ity1 because he w\ld h a body :ile ,god has none4 ,on ! o!r h& he told !m t our ,god 0 n "o-ey$4 ,an argum5t prov+ ! physical defect 9 him 0 en\gh to falsify him4 ,s y see t all ^! are innovations 9 ,islam1 & h become ! cause ( its be+ split up into sects1 into :i* ! ,prophet tells u t 8 p w\ld be divid$4 ,n[ "s "o may object t ! ,law has n made x cle> to ! common p t ,god has or has n a body1 !n :at %\ld !y believe ab\t him4 ,?is is a "q :i* w naturally arise 9 ! m9d ( e man1 & _c be put away f him4 ,s x w\ld n satisfy ! common p to let !m "k ( a ?+1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* !y %\ld believe1 t x is n made ( matt]4 ,we %\ld say t !y %\ld be answ]$ ) ! answ] giv5 by ,law--,t ,he is ! ,light1 = ?is is ! quality :i* ,god has assign$ to himself 9 ,8 ,book1 = describ+ himself1 ,he says1 8,god is ! light ( heav5 & e>?40#hj ,! prophet has also assign$ to him ! game quality 9 an au!ntic ,tradition4 ,x says t he 0 ask$ :e!r he _h se5 ,god1 & he answ]$1 8,he 0 ,light1 & ,i saw him40 ,! ,tradition ( ! ,night ,j\rney says t :5 ! ,prophet ne>$ ! lote-tree1#ha x 0 completely cov]$ ) light1 :i* did n hide x f 8 sight4 ,!re is also a ,tradition 9 ! book ( ,muslim :i* says t ,god is a curta9 ( light1 :i*1 if op5$1 w\ld burn ! op5]1 & yet ,god w\ld n be se54 ,9 "s o!r read+s ( ?is v ,tradition x is said t ,he is sev5ty curta9s ( light4 ,x %\ld be kn[n t ?is illu/ration is especially fit = ,god1 = x comprises ! two ?+s1 t ,he c be felt1 our eyes & intellect be+ p[]less to see or compreh5d him1 & 9 spite ( ?is ,he is n a body too4 ,n[ accord+ to ! common p ! exi/5t ?+ is "o :i* c be felt1 :ile ! non-exi/5t ?+ is t :i* !y _c feel4 ,s light be+ ! be/ ( ! ?+s felt1 x is b fitt+ t ! be/ exi/+ ?+ %\ld be lik5$ unto x4 ,!re is ano!r cause = x :i* %\ld be notic$4 ,! condition ( ,8 exi/5ce to ! le>n$ p1 :5 !y beg9 to pond] ov] him1 is l ! condition ( ! eyes :5 !y look t[>ds ! sun4 ,b su* is n ! condition ( ! eyes ( ! bat4 ,s ?is quality fitt+ly describes ! condition ( ! two classes ( p4 ,moreov]1 ,god is ! cause ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 & ( our k ( !m4 ,?is is also ! quality ( ! light 9 %[+ col\rs1 & ( our see+ !m4 ,s ,god has v fitt+ly nam$ himself ,light4 ,:5 x is said t ,he is ,light !n !re rema9s no d\bt z to ,8 ,vision on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,f ^! x mu/ h become cle> to y :at ! prim>y belief ( ! ,law 0 ab\t ?is attribute1 & :at are ! innovations :i* rose 9 x aft]w>ds4 ,! ,law is sil5t ab\t x because !re is n f\nd 9 ! univ]se any?+ unse5 )\t a body1 except t :i* is f\nd by argum5ts among ?+s se5 z exi/5t ) ?is quality1 & t is ! s\l4 ,z ! belief ( ! s\l 0 impossible = ! masses1 x 0 also impossible = !m to und]/& ! exi/5ce ( a ,be+ :o exi/s )\t a body4 ,h5ce !y _c und]/& x ab\t ,god4 ,,( ,,direction ,?is is a quality :i* all ! p le>n$ 9 ,law h tri$ to prove1 until ! ,mutazilites d5i$ x1 & 7 foll[$ by ! lat] ,a%>ites1 l ,abul ,maali & ^? :o foll[ him4 ,all ! exot]ics ( ! ,law g to prove x4 ,= ,god says1 8,& eight %all be> ! ,?rone ( ?y ,"l on t ,day20#hb & 8,he gov]ne? all ! ?+s f heav5 ev5 to ! e>?3 h]eaft] %all !y return unto him1 on ! ,day ^: l5g? %all be a ?\s& ye>s1 ( ^? :i* ye compute40#hc ,aga91 ,he says1 8,! angels asc5d unto him & ! _s20#hd &1 8,are ,ye secure t ,he :o dwelle? 9 heav5 w n cause ! e>? to swall[ y up8 & behold1 x %all %ake40#he ,!re are _m o!r v]ses ( ?is k9d :i*1 if int]pret$1 w\ld turn ! :ole ( ! ,law into int]pretation2 & if tak5 allegorically1 w\ld make x an allegory4 ,all ! religi\s laws are bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple t ,god is 9 heav51 f :5ce he s5ds d[n angels to ,8 ,prophets ) revelations1 t f ! heav51 ! religi\s books us$ to desc5d1 & t t[>ds x 0 ! ,night ,j\rney ( ! ,prophet1 till he rea*$ ne> ! lote-tree4 ,all ! philosoph]s are1 moreov]1 agre$ t ,god & ,8 ,angels are 9 heav51 z is ! case ) all ! religions4 ,! d\bt :i* l$ !m to d5y ?is idea ( direction 0 t !y ?\ght t by believ+ 9 direction x w\ld be necess>y to believe 9 space1 :i* 9 its turn leads to a belief 9 an?ropomorphism4 ,b we say t ?is is n necess>ily ! case1 = direction c exi/ )\t space4 ,x is no?+ b ! surfaces ( ! body surr\nd+ x1 :i* are six 9 numb]4 ,t is :y we say t !re is an above & a bel[1 "r & left & be=e & beh9d = an animal4 ,or !y are ! surfaces ( a body surr\nd$ by ano!r body hav+ ! above-m5tion$ six directions4 ,s ! directions1 :i* are ! surfaces ( ! body itself1 are n ! spaces ( ! body 9 any respect4 ,b ! surfaces ( ! surr\nd+ bodies are space = x4 ,! atmosph]e surr\nd+ man1 & ! surfaces ( ! sky surr\nd+ ! surfaces ( ! atmosph]e1 = !y are ! spaces = x4 ,su* is also ! case ) diff]5t surr\nd+ & =m+ spaces = "o ano!r4 ,z to ! la/ sky x is evid5t t beyond x !re mu/ be no body4 ,= _h x be5 s1 x w\ld be necess>y t beyond x be ano!r body & s on to inf9ity4 ,s !re is no space at all = ! la/ body ( ! univ]se1 = x is n possible t 9 x be f\nd any body1 x be+ necess>y t !re be f\nd a body 9 e space4 ,s :5 !re is an argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ 9 t direction1 x is necess>y t x be n a body4 ,s "o :o d5ies ,8 exi/5ce !re goes aga9/ 8 own ideas4 ,he is exi/5t1 has a body1 is n exi/5t )\t a body4 ,!y _c say t beyond ! univ]se is a void4 ,= ! impossibility ( a void has be5 made q c]ta9 9 ! philosophical sci5ces4 ,= t ^u :i* ! "n void is commonly appli$1 are no?+ b dim5sions 7,abad71 9 :i* !re are no bodies4 ,= :5 ^! dim5sions are once remov$1 !re rema9s no?+ b non-exi/5ce4 ,b if ! void be suppos$ z exi/5t1 x is necess>y to admit ! exi/5ce ( accid5ts 9 some?+ n a body1 = dim5sions are accid5ts by _! hav+ a quality4 ,b x is said by ! ,anci5ts & e/abli%$ by pa/ religions t t place is ! dwell+ place ( ! spirits1 ,god & angels4 ,?is place has no space1 & is n gov]n$ by "t1 because ev]y?+ gov]n$ by "t & space c be corrupt$4 ,& x is necess>y t ! ?+s !re be uncorrupt$ & uncreat$4 ,?is has be5 made q cle> by :at ,i h said1 = !re _c be f\nd 9 t place any?+ b "o :i* is exi/5t & at ! same "t c be felt1 or is altoge!r non-exi/5t4 ,x is self-evid5t t an exi/5t object is always ref]r$ to by its exi/5ce2 t is1 x is said t x exi/s1 t is1 x has an exi/5ce4 ,s if any?+ exi/s !re1 x mu/ be ! noble/ ( all1 & x is necess>y t t exi/5t ?+ %\ld be ref]r$ to by ! be/ portion ( ! univ]se1 :i* are ! heav5s4 ,god has said conc]n+ ! nobility ( ! heav5s1 8,v]ily ! creation ( heav5 & e>? is m consid]able ?an ! creation ( man3 b ! great] "p ( m5 d n und]/&40#hf ,all ?is is p]fectly cle> to ! le>n$ m5 8,well gr\nd$ 9 k40#hg ,n[ x has become cle> to y t belief 9 direction is necess>y by religion & reason1 & t x =ms a "p ( ! ,law1 :i* is bas$ ^u x4 ,a d5ial ( ! pr9ciples is a d5ial ( all ! religions4 ,! cause ( ! difficulty 9 _! und]/&+ ?is1 & 9 _! d5ial ( an?ropomorphism is1 t !re _c be f\nd 9 ! visible _w an illu/ration ( su* a ?+4 ,?is 0 j ! reason :y ! ,law did n expressly d5y an an?ropomorphism4 ,= to ! common p v]ification ( an invisible object c only come :5 its exi/5ce be kn[n 9 ! visible _w1 z k1 :i* be+ a condition = _! own exi/5ce z visible1 c\ld to !m become a condition = ! exi/5ce ( an invisible ,mak]4 ,n[ z ! case ( ! visible 0 unkn[n 9 ! visible on ! "p ( ! _m1 & none knew x b ^? :o 7 well-gr\nd$ 9 k1 ! ,law-giv] =bade an inquiry into x1 z = example k ( ! ,s\l4 ,if x be ne$ful = ! common p to "k any?+1 !n ! ,law gives examples f ! visible _w4 ,& if "o example did n suffice = ! und]/&+ ( ! problem 9 view1 !n _m examples are giv51 z 9 ! case ( an acc\nt ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,! d\bt :i* arises out ( a d5ial ( direction1 on ! "p ( ^? d5y+ x1 is t ! common p _c compreh5d x1 p>ticul>ly s1 because !y h n be5 giv5 be=e h& to und]/& t ,god has no body4 ,s x is necess>y to take ! action ( ! ,law z our example1 o!rwise we w h to int]pret t :i* ! ,law itself has n expressly said4 ,) reg>d to ^! problems ( ! ,law1 ! p may be divid$ into ?ree classes4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re are p :o _c notice any d\bt aris+ out ( !m1 especially 9 ?+s :i* ! ,law has left to be tak5 exot]ically4 ,^! p are ! greate/ 9 numb]1 & may be describ$ z ! masses4 ,!n ! second gr\p ( m5 is "o :i* has d\bts2 b has n p[] to solve !m4 ,^! are above ! masses & bel[ ! le>n$ p4 ,x is = !m t !re are f\nd 9 ! ,law allegorical say+s1 & x is !y :om ,god has c5sur$4 ,= !re is no allegory 9 ! ,law = ! le>n$ or ! common p1 & x is 9 ?is light t all ! allegorical say+s ( ! ,quran %\ld be und]/ood4 ,_! example z reg>ds ! ,law is l ! example ( ! bread ( :eat :i* ?\gh a useful c]eal = ! l>ge numb] ( human be+s1 may prove h>mful to "s4 ,su* is also ! case ) religi\s tea*+3 x is useful = ! _m b sometimes becomes h>mful to "s4 ,! foll[+ words ( ,god po9t to ! same ?+4 8,he w n !reby mislead any except ! transgressors40#hh ,b ?is is f\nd only 9 a few v]ses ( ! ,quran ab\t a few p4 ,mo/ ( ! v]ses are1 h[ev]1 ^? :i* speak ( ?+s invisible = :i* !re is no example 9 ! visible _w4 ,s !y are express$ by ! ?+s ne>e/ to !m 9 ! visible _w1 on acc\nt ( _! simil>ity4 ,"s p take ! illu/ration z ! ?+ illu/rat$1 & h5ce !y fall into confusion & d\bt4 ,?is is :at is call$ allegorical 9 ! ,law1 & is n meant = ! le>n$ or ! common p1 :i* 9 reality =m two gr\ps ( m54 ,= ^! are ! p :o are really heal?y1 & delicate food is only fit = !m4 ,! o!r gr\p is a gr\p ( sick m5 :o are always few 9 numb]4 ,s ,god has said1 8,b !y ^: he>ts are p]v]se w foll[ t :i* is p>abolical !re91 out ( love ( s*ism40#hi ,^! are ! dogmatic & ! s*ola/ic !ologians4 ,! wor/ :i* ^! p h done 9 respect to ! ,law is t !y h int]pret$ mu* :i* !y ?\ght 0 n to be tak5 lit]ally1 & !n said t _! int]pretation 0 ! ?+ int5d$1 & t ,god _h m5tion$ x p>abolically only to te/ & try ,8 creatures4 ,god =bid t we %\ld ev] h su* an idea ab\t ,him4 ,! ,div9e ,book is a miracle ( cle>ness & lucidity4 ,s x is f> f ! real purpose ( ! ,law = "o to say ab\t a ?+ :i* is n p>abolical1 t x is s1 & !n set ab\t int]pret+ x accord+ to 8 own ideas1 tell+ ! p t _! duty lies 9 believ+ 8 int]pretations4 ,!y h done s 9 ! case ( ! v]se ( ,equalisation on ! ,?rone1 & o!rs1 say+ t _! exot]ic mean+ is only p>abolical4 ,on ! :ole _m int]pretations1 :i* ^! p ma9ta9 to be ! real purpose ( ! ,law1 :5 int5tly look$ into & deciph]$1 are f\nd want+ 9 argum5ts1 & n s]v+ ! purpose :i* ! exot]ic mean+ w\ld h ) reg>d to ! common p4 ,! prim>y purpose ( k = ! common p is action1 s t :i* is mo/ useful 9 action is mo/ suitable = !m4 ,b = ! le>n$ m51 ! purpose ( k is bo? k & action4 ,! man :o int]prets any?+ ( ! ,law1 ?9k+ t 8 int]pretation is ! real purpose ( x1 & !n discloses x to ! common p1 is l a man1 :o f9ds a m$ic9e :i* an exp]t physician _h comp\nd$ to pres]ve ! heal? ( all1 or ( a majority ( ! p2 !n !re came a man ) :om t m$ic9e did n agree on acc\nt ( ! co>s5ess ( 8 disposition4 ,he pres5t$ x to "s p1 & !n ?\ght t by "s drug1 :i* ! fir/ physician _h cle>ly specifi$1 z compos+ t univ]sally useful m$ic9e1 he did n mean ! drug commonly kn[n by t "n--b ano!r :i* he really meant1 b us$ ?is "n = x by a f>-fet*$ metaphor4 ,s he took out ! fir/ drug f ! comp\nd1 & plac$ ano!r 9 its /ead1 :i* he ?\ght to be ! "o int5d$ by ! fir/ physician4 ,!n he told ! p t ?is 0 ! m$ic9e int5d$4 ,! p began to use t 8improv$0 m$ic9e1 & _m ( !m got injur$ by x4 ,!n !re came ano!r gr\p ( m51 :o1 see+ ! p sick on acc\nt ( t m$ic9e1 ?\ght ( cur+ !m4 ,s !y *ang$ "s ( its drugs ) "s o!r ?an ! fir/ "o1 !n pres5t$ x to ! p = q ano!r disease ?an t int5d$ by ! fir/ physician4 ,!n !re appe>$ ano!r gr\p :i* int]pret$ ! m$ic9e 9 q ano!r way ?an ! two prec$+ gr\ps _h done4 ,! f\r? gr\p gave a new int]pretation to ! drug & prescrib$ x = a f\r? k9d ( disease4 ,s z "t w5t on ) t great m$ic9e1 ! int]pretations ( x took hold ( ! p in/ead ( ! drugs1 & !y *ang$ & trans=m$ x altoge!r4 ,z a result ! p 7 attack$ by _m diff]5t k9ds ( diseases1 till ! usefulness ( ! m$ic9e 0 altoge!r lo/4 ,su* is ! condition ( ^? sects :i* h ris5 9 ,islam4 ,= e "o ( !m has made int]pretations q diff]5t f ! o!rs1 & ma9ta9$ t its int]pretation %[s ! real purpose ( ! ,law1 :i* 0 at la/ r5t to piece1 & lo/ its prim>y purpose altoge!r4 ,! ,prophet1 kn[+ t a ?+ l ?is w\ld necess>ily happ5 among 8 p1 said1 8,my p w %ortly be divid$ into sev5tytwo sects4 ,all ( !m w be 9 hell1 except "o40 ,by ?is "o he meant ! sect :i* foll[$ ! exot]ic mean+s ( ! ,law1 )\t mak+ any int]pretations :i* may be disclos$ to ! p4 ,if y 7 to look into ! ,law & see ! corruption :i* x has suff]$ up to ?is "t1 ?r\gh int]pretations1 ! tru? ( ?is example w\ld become cle> to y4 ,! fir/ to make a *ange 9 ! religion--! great m$ic9e--7 ! ,kh>ijites1 :o 7 foll[$ by ! ,mutazilites4 ,!y 7 succe$$ by ! ,a%>ites1 aft] :om came ! ,sufis4 ,la/ ( all came ,al-,ghazzali1 :o w5t to ! extreme & corrupt$ ev]y?+4 ,he x is :o expla9$ philosophy to ! common p1 & disclos$ to !m ! op9ions ( ! philosoph]s z he und]/ood !m to be4 ,?is he did 9 a book call$ ,al-,maqasid1 9 :i* he ?\ght he 0 refut+ !m4 ,he plann$ 8 ,refutation ( ! ,philosoph]s1 & *>g$ !m ) infidelity 9 respect to ?ree que/ions1 te>+ !m to pieces1 z he ?\ght1 9 reg>d to cons5sus ( op9ion2 & call+ !m innovators z reg>ds o!r op9ions4 ,9 ?is book he has advanc$ _m speci\s argum5ts & confus$ reason+s1 :i* h l$ a/ray _m p bo? f religion & philosophy4 ,!n he said 9 8 book ,jawahir al-,quran t ! argum5ts :i* he _h m5tion$ 9 8 ,refutation 7 controv]sial 9 _! nature1 :ile 9 fact !y 7 m5tion$ 9 8 ,al ,maznun ala ,ghairi ,ahlihi4 ,!n 9 8 ,mi%kat ul ,anw> he m5tions grades ( m5 really kn[+ ,god4 ,he says t all b ^? :o believe t ,god is n ! mov] ( ! fir/ heav51 & t x is n ,he f :om ?is movem5t orig9ates1 are preclud$ f x4 ,?is is an explanation f him ( m5 le>n$ 9 div9e sci5ce4 ,he has said 9 _m places t div9e sci5ce exi/s only by guesses1 z oppos$ to c]ta9ties 9 o!r sci5ce4 ,9 8 book ,munqidh m9 al ,dalal he has gone aga9/ ! philosoph]s & ma9ta9$ t k c only be acquir$ by privacy & m$itation1 & t ^? 9 ?is rank are all v ne> to ! rank ( ! prophets4 ,he has m5tion$ ?is v fact 9 8 ,kimiya i ,saadat4 ,m5 h become divid$ into p>ties on acc\nt ( ?is confusion4 ,"o p>ty *ose to c5sure ! philosoph]s1 :ile ! o!r agre$ to int]pret ! ,law1 & make x con=m to philosophy4 ,all ?is is wrong4 ,! ,law %\ld be tak5 lit]ally2 & ! con=mity ( religion to philosophy %\ld n be told to ! common p4 ,= by an exposition ( x we %\ld be expos+ ! results ( philosophy to !m1 )\t _! hav+ intellig5ce en\gh to und]/& !m4 ,x is nei!r p]mitt$ nor desirable to expose any?+ ( ! result ( philosophy to a man :o has no argum5ts to advance1 = !re are no argum5ts ei!r ) ! le>n$ p :o h a ma/]y ov] bo? ! subjects1 or ) ! common p :o foll[ ! exot]ic ( ! ,law4 ,s 8 action br\ght disord] 9 respect to bo? ( ^! ?+s1 religion & philosophy1 9 ! m9d ( ! common p1 :ile he sav$ !m = ! o!rs4 ,! disord] 9 religion came ?r\gh 8 expos+ ^? int]pretations :i* %\ld n be expos$2 & s also ! disord] 9 philosophy 0 ! result ( 8 m5tion+ ^? ?+s 9 8 books :i* %\ld n be put 9 ! works on philosophy4 ,n[ x 0 ! result ( 8 treatm5t ( ! subjects t _m p d n "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 because ( 8 br++ bo? ( !m toge!r4 ,he has also insi/$ ^u ! fact t he knew ! cause ( do+ s1 z he did 9 8 ,al ,tafriqa ba9 al ,islami wa-z ,z9diqah4 ,9 x he has not$ d[n _m k9ds ( int]pretations & has decid$ t _! int]pret]s 7 n infidels ?\gh !y may g aga9/ ! cons5sus ( op9ion4 ,s9ce he has done s1 he is dang]\s to ! ,law = "s reasons1 to philosophy = o!rs1 & to bo? = "s o!r reasons4 ,s ?is man1 by disclos+ !m1 has %[n t he is dang]\s = bo? ! ?+s 9 reality & pr(itable to !m only by accid5t4 ,= tea*+ philosophy to "o :o is n fit = x1 w ei!r falsify philosophy or religion absolutely or w %[ con=mity betwe5 !m by accid5t only4 ,! "r ?+ w\ld h be5 n to disclose philosophy to ! common p at all4 ,b if tea*+ ( x 0 absolutely necess>y1 !n only t section ( ! p %\ld h be5 taught :o saw t religion 0 oppos$ to philosophy1 9 ord] to %[ !m t x 0 n s4 ,& also x might h be5 taught to ^? p :o ?\ght t philosophy is oppos$ to religion4 ,?is may h be5 %[n to ei!r ( ^! sections1 t 9 reality !y did n possess a k ( _! sub/ance & tru?1 t is1 ( religion & philosophy4 ,moreov]1 !y w\ld "k t ! op9ion ab\t religion1 t x 0 oppos$ to philosophy 0 "o :i* 0 ei!r ab\t "s innovation 9 religion1 & n ab\t its pr9ciples1 or is an error 9 und]/&+ t is1 a wrong int]pretation ( x1 z 0 %[n 9 ! case ( k ab\t p>ticul>s & o!r ?+s4 ,t is :y we 7 compell$ 9 ?is book to expla9 ! pr9ciples ( religion4 ,^! pr9ciples1 :5 int5tly look$ into w be f\nd 9 p]fect agreem5t ) philosophy4 ,su* is also ! case ) ! op9ion :i* says ?is philosophy is oppos$ to religion4 ,x only %[s t ! man has n _h a suffici5t tra9+ 9 ei!r philosophy or religion4 ,?is is ! reason t we 7 compell$ to expla9 x 9 our tractate entitl$ ,fasl al ,maqal fi ,muwafiqat il ,hikmat lil ,%>ia4 ,n[ t ?is has become cle> we w\ld return to our =m] !me4 ,! only problem :i* rema9s = u to solve1 out ( ^? :i* we propos$ is t ( ,div9e ,vision4 ,x is ?\ght = "s reasons1 t x =ms a "p ( ! problem :i* we h j discuss$1 on acc\nt ( ! words ( ,god1 8,! sight compreh5de? him n1 b ,he compreh5de? ! sight40#ij ,& h5ce ! ,mutazilites h d5i$ x1 sett+ aside ! argum5ts f\nd 9 ! ,law1 9 spite ( _! greatness 9 numb] & fame1 a v %ameful act on _! "p4 ,! cause ( ?is d\bt ( ! ,law t s9ce ! ,mutazilites d5i$ physical attributes1 & believ$ 9 expos+ _! ideas to e "o1 x became necess>y = !m to d5y direction also4 ,& hav+ once d5i$ direction !y mu/ also d5y ! ,vision1 = ! ?+ se5 mu/ be 9 "s direction to "o :o sees x4 ,to prove _! po9t !y are con/ra9$ to set aside ! traditional religion4 ,!y neglect$ ! ,traditions because !y 7 only isolat$ ?+s :i* %\ld n be believ$1 if f\nd oppos$ to ! tea*+s ( ! ,quran1 t is1 oppos$ to ! v]se1 8,! sight compreh5de? ,him n40 ,! ,a%>ites tri$ to mix toge!r ! two beliefs1 t is1 ! d5ial ( physical attributes1 & ! possibility ( vision ( ,"o hav+ no body1 by means ( our s5ses4 ,x became difficult = !m to prove x1 & !y took refuge 9 _m sophi/ical & conjectural argum5ts1 t is argum5ts :i* are ?\ght to be correct b are 9 reality wrong4 ,x is s because x is possible to h ! same grades 9 argum5ts z !re are among m54 ,j z !re may be f\nd m5 ) p]fect excell5ce & ^? bel[ !m1 till we may h a man :o ?9ks himself le>n$ & yet he is n1 be+ only a p$ant1 s !re are argum5ts :i* are extremely c]ta91 & ^? bel[ !m1 !n1 !re are speci\s argum5ts1 & ^? :i* ?\gh really false seem to be true4 ,! /atem5ts ( ! ,a%>ites 9 reg>d to ?is "q are ( two k9ds3 ^? refut+ ! argum5ts ( ! ,mutazilites1 & ^? prov+ ! possibility ( ! ,vision ( ,"o hav+ no body1 & t !re is no difficulty 9 our believ+ x4 ,! /atem5ts by :i* !y h oppos$ ! ,mutazilites 9 _! argum5t1 t ! ?+ se5 mu/ h a direction = "o :o sees x1 is t "s ( !m say t x is appli$ only to ! visible1 & n to ! invisible1 _w2 & t x is n "o ( ^? cases 9 :i* ! condition ( ! "o c be appli$ to ! o!r4 ,accord+ to !m x is possible = a man to see an object hav+ no direction1 = he sees by 8 p[] ( sight only t :i* comes be=e 8 eyes4 ,9 ?is !y h mix$ toge!r ! s5ses ( sight ) intellig5ce1 = ! latt] c p]ceive t :i* has no direction1 t is1 no space2 b = ! p]ception ( ! eye !re is a condition1 t ! ?+ to be p]ceiv$ be 9 a direction1 n only t b a p>ticul> direction too4 ,s if we take ! eye to be end[$ ) ! p[] ( see+1 !n x is n possible except "u v limit$ conditions4 ,^! are ?ree 9 numb]-light1 ! int]v5tion ( a transp>5t body betwe5 ! eye & ! object se51 & ! possession ( necess>y col\rs by ! object4 ,a refutation ( ^! conditions 9 ! eyes is also a refutation ( ^? prim>y pr9ciples ( k :i* are kn[n to all4 ,x w\ld be a refutation ( ! sci5ces ( philosophy & ma!matics4 ,! ,a%>ites also ma9ta9 t "o ( ! conditions z we h said1 = example1 is t e rational be+ has a life1 x be+ app>5t 9 ! visible _w z a condition = k4 ,h5ce we say to !m t ^! are also conditions = see+ ?+s 9 ! visible _w4 ,s accord+ to _! own pr9ciple is ! case ( ! visible & ! invisible4 ,9 8 book ,al ,maqasid ,abu ,hamid 7,al ,ghazzali7 int5d$ to oppose ! premise t e object p]ceivable mu/ be 9 "s direction to ! "o see+ x4 ,he says t a man sees himself reflect$ 9 a mirror & sees himself n 9 any o!r direction b ! opposite "o4 ,h5ce he c see 8 self 9 an opposite direction too4 ,b ?is is a mi/ake1 because :at he sees is n 8 self b only an image ( x4 ,?is image is 9 ! opposite direction1 be+ 9 ! mirror1 plac$ !re4 ,( ! argum5ts :i* !y advance to prove ! vision ( an object hav+ no body1 two are fam\s ones4 ,( ^! ! m fam\s is "o :i* says t an object se5 is ei!r because x has "s col\r1 or because x has a body1 or x is a col\r1 or because x is exi/5t4 ,sometimes !y m5tion _m o!r causes ?an really d exi/4 ,!y say t x is wrong to suppose t x mu/ be a body1 o!rwise1 no col\r w\ld be visible1 x be+ also incorrect to suppose ! space to be ! col\r4 ,n[ :5 all ! k9ds ( suppositions 9 ! premise h be5 refut$ we %all h to believe t only an exi/5t object w be se54 ,! mi/ake 9 ?is /atem5t is q cle>4 ,= an object is visible because ( itself4 ,?is is ! case ) ! col\r & ! body3 ! col\r be+ visible by itself1 & ! body ?r\gh ! col\r4 ,t is :y a ?+ :i* has no col\r _c be se54 ,_h ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ be5 ! only condition ( visibility1 x w\ld h be5 possible to see ! s\nd & ! s5ses4 ,9 t case see+1 he>+1 9 fact all ! five s5ses w\ld h be5 only "o1 :i* is q contr>y to our reason4 ,?is problem & o!rs l x h oblig$ ! ,mutakallimun to admit t x is possible to he> ! col\r1 & see ! s\nds4 ,b ?is is aga9/ nature1 z man has und]/ood x to be4 ,= x is absolutely evid5t t ! s5se ( see+ is q diff]5t f t ( he>+4 ,_! actions are q di/9ct f "o ano!r1 & ! organ ( ! "o _c "w z ! organ ( ! o!r4 ,x is j z impossible to turn he>+ z to turn col\r into s\nd4 ,^? :o say t sometimes s\nd c be se51 %\ld be ask$ to def9e ! s5se ( see+4 ,!y w\ld necess>ily answ] t x is a faculty :i* p]ceives ^? ?+s :i* c be se51 su* z col\r & s on4 ,!n !y %\ld be ask$ to def9e ! s5se ( he>+4 ,!y w\ld surely say t x is "o s5se by :i* s\nds c be he>d4 ,!n !y %\ld be ask$ :e!r at ! "t ( s\nd x is ! s5se ( he>+ only or see+ too4 ,if !y say t x is he>+ only1 !y admit t x _c p]ceive col\rs4 ,if !y say t x is see+ only1 !n x _c he> s\nds4 ,if x is nei!r alone1 = x p]ceives col\rs1 !n x is see+ & he>+ bo?4 ,b 9 ?is way ev]y?+ c be prov$ to be "o1 ev5 9 ! case ( contradictory ?+s4 ,?is is a ?+ :i* our ,mutakallimun admit or !y are compell$ to d s4 ,b x is cle> t x is a philosophical op9ion :i* is only fit = ^? anci5t p fam\s = x4 ,n[ ! second me?od :i* ,mutakallimun h adopt$ = prov+ ! possibility ( ,div9e ,vision is t :i* has be5 m5tion$ by ,abul ,maali 9 8 book1 ,al ,ir%ad4 ,x says t ! s5ses c only feel ! sub/ance 7,zat7 ( ?+s1 b t :i* sep>ates ! exi/5t ?+ f "o ano!r is n to be f\nd 9 ! sub/ance only4 ,s ! s5ses _c p]ceive ! sub/ance1 :i* is common to all ! exi/5t ?+s4 ,!y c only p]ceive a ?+ because x exi/s4 ,b all ?is is absurd1 :i* is q cle> f ! fact t if sight 7 only able to p]ceive ?+s !n x w\ld n h be5 possible = x to diff]5tiate betwe5 :ite & black1 = !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ?+s ab\t ^? qualities :i* are common to all4 ,?is also becomes impossible z reg>ds all ! o!r s5ses4 ,! s5se ( see+ c\ld n p]ceive diff]5t k9ds ( col\rs2 ! s5se ( he>+ _c diff]5tiate betwe5 ta/es4 ,x w\ld be necess>y t ! objects p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses be all ( a k9d1 & !re %\ld be no diff]5ce betwe5 objects p]ceiv$ by see+ & appreh5d$ by he>+4 ,?is is contr>y to t :i* man commonly und]/&s4 ,9 reality ! s5ses p]ceive ! sub/ance ( ?+s by ! p[] :i* is v\*saf$ to !m4 ,! cause ( ?is mi/ake lies 9 ! fact t t :i* p]ceives a sub/ance1 is ?\ght to be ! ?+ p]ceiv$4 ,_h !re n be5 said s mu* ab\t ^! ?+s1 & s mu* respect = ^? :o said x1 x w\ld n h satisfi$ anybody ) a /rong common s5se4 ,! cause ( su* a p]plex+ situation 9 ! ,law1 :i* has compell$ its vot>ies to take refuge 9 su* wor?less argum5ts1 z w\ld br+ a smile to ! lips ( anybody :o has made ! lea/ ef=t to di/+ui% betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( argum5ts1 is ! exposition ( an?ropomorphic qualities ( ,god to ! common p1 a fact :i* has be5 prohibit$ by ,god & ,8 ,prophet4 ,x is s because x is v difficult = a man to believe at ! same "t t !re exi/s ,"o )\t a body1 :o c be se5 ) our eyes4 ,= ! ?+s :i* ! s5ses compreh5d are 9 ! bodies or ! bodies !mselves4 ,h5ce ! ,mutakallimun h tri$ to prove t ! ,div9e ,vision w be an addition to our exi/+ qualities at t mom5t4 ,?is also %\ld n h be5 disclos$ to ! common p4 ,= s9ce _! intellect _c g beyond _! imag9ation t :i* !y _c imag9e is non-exi/5t = !m4 ,to imag9e a ?+ :i* has no body is n possible1 & h5ce a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( an object :i* !y _c imag9e1 is impossible = !m4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ! ,law refus$ to disclose ?is secret to !m1 & describ$ ,god1 = _! sake1 9 t]ms :i* !y c imag9e1 ascrib+ to him ! attributes ( he>+1 see+1 hav+ a face1 c4 c41 at ! same "t tell+ !m t ,he is n l any?+ :i* c be imag9$4 ,_h ! int5tion ( ! ,law be5 to make cle> to ! masses ! fact ( ,8 hav+ no body1 x w\ld n h m5tion$ ^! ?+s 9 detail4 ,b z light 0 ! highe/ ( imag9able ?+s1 x 0 giv5 to !m z an illu/ration ( ,god1 = x is ! be/ kn[n ( ! ?+s bo? to ! s5ses & to ! imag9ation4 ,su* is also ! case 9 respect to ! possibility ( _! und]/&+ ! ?+s ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,^! h also be5 m5tion$ 9 t]ms :i* !y c imag9e4 ,s n[ :5 ! ,law has adopt$ ?is c\rse ab\t ! app>5t description ( ,god1 !re arises no d\bt ab\t him4 ,= :5 x is said t ,he is ,light or t !re is a curta9 ( light ^u ,him1 z is m5tion$ 9 ! ,quran & au!ntic ,traditions1 & :5 x is said t ! ,fai?ful w see ,him on ! ,day ( ,judgem5t z !y see ! sun1 !re arises no d\bt or suspicion out ( x = ! common or ! le>n$ p4 ,x is s because to ! le>n$ x is q cle> t t condition w be an addition to our =m] k4 ,b :5 ?is is disclos$ to ! common p1 !y _c und]/& x1 & h5ce !y ei!r disbelieve ! :ole ( ! ,law1 or consid] its expon5t to be an infidel4 ,s "o :o adopts a me?od o!r ?an t laid d[n by ! ,law 9 ?is respect1 c]ta9ly goes a/ray4 ,if y look a little int5tly x w become cle> to y1 t 9 spite ( ! fact t ! ,law has n giv5 illu/ration ( ^? ?+s = ! common p1 beyond :i* _! imag9ation _c g1 x has also in=m$ ! le>n$ m5 ( ! und]ly+ mean+s ( ^? illu/rations4 ,s x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d ! limits :i* ! ,law has set ab\t ! in/ruction ( e class ( m51 & n to mix !m toge!r4 ,= 9 ?is mann] ! purpose ( ! ,law is multipli$4 ,h5ce x is t ! ,prophet has said1 8,we1 ! prophets1 h be5 comm&$ to adapt ourselves to ! conditions ( ! p1 & address !m accord+ to _! intellig5ce40 ,he :o tries to in/ruct all ! p 9 ! matt] ( religion1 9 "o & ! same way1 is l a man :o wants to make !m alike 9 actions too1 :i* is q aga9/ app>5t laws & reason4 ,f ! =ego+ x mu/ h become cle> to y t ! div9e vision has an exot]ic mean+ 9 :i* !re is no d\bt1 if we take ! words ( ! ,quran ab\t ,god z !y /&1 t is1 )\t prov+ or disprov+ ! an?ropomorphic attribute ( ,god4 ,n[ s9ce ! fir/ "p ( ! ,law has be5 made q cle> z to ,god's purity1 & ! quantity ( ! tea*+ fit = ! common p1 x is "t to beg9 ! discussion ab\t ! actions ( ,god1 aft] :i* our purpose 9 writ+ ?is tractate w be ov]4 ,,( ,,! ,,actions ,,( ,,god ,9 ?is section we w take up five que/ions1 ar\nd :i* all o!rs 9 ?is connection revolve4 ,9 ! fir/ place a pro( ( ! creation ( ! univ]se2 secondly1 ! adv5t ( ! prophets2 ?irdly1 pr$e/9ation & fate2 f\r?ly1 ,div9e ju/ice & inju/ice2 & fif?ly1 ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,fir/ ,problem3 ! ,creation ( ! ,univ]se3--,! ,law tea*es t ! univ]se 0 inv5t$ & creat$ by ,god1 & t x did n come into be+ by *ance or by itself4 ,! me?od adopt$ by ! ,law = prov+ ?is is n ! "o ^u :i* ! ,a%>ites h dep5d$4 ,= we h already %[n t ^? me?ods are n specially c]ta9 = ! le>n$1 nor common en\gh to satisfy all ! classes ( m54 ,! me?ods :i* are really s]viceable are ^? :i* h a v few premises1 & ! results ( :i* fall v ne> to ! commonly kn[n ideas4 ,b 9 in/ruct+ ! common p ! ,law does n fav\r /atem5ts compos$ ( long & complete reason+s1 bas$ ^u diff]5t problems1 ,s ev]yone :o1 9 tea*+ !m1 adopts a diff]5t c\rse1 & int]prets ! ,law accord+ to x1 has lo/ sight ( its purpose & gone a/ray f ! true pa?4 ,& s also1 ! ,law 9 giv+ illu/rations = its reason+s uses only ^? :i* are pres5t be=e u4 ,:atev] has be5 ?\ght necess>y = ! common p to "k1 has be5 expla9$ to !m by ! ne>e/ available examples1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,b :atev] 0 unnecess>y = !m to "k1 !y h be5 told t x 0 beyond _! k1 z ! words ( ,god ab\t ! ,s\l4#ia ,n[ t we h e/abli%$ ?is1 x is necess>y t ! me?od adopt$ by ! ,law = tea*+ ! creation ( ! univ]se to ! common p be su* z w\ld be ackn[l$g$ by all4 ,x is also necess>y t s9ce !re _c be f\nd any?+ pres5t to illu/rate ! creation ( ! univ]se ! ,law mu/ h us$ ! examples ( ! creation ( ?+s 9 ! visible _w4 ,s ! me?od adopt$ by ,law is t ! univ]se 0 made by ,god4 ,if we look int5tly into ! v]se p]ta9+ to ?is subject we %all see t ! me?od adopt$ is t ( div9e solicitude1 :i* we "k to be "o ( ^? :i* prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,:5 a man sees a ?+ made 9 a c]ta9 %ape1 proportion & fa%ion1 = a p>ticul> advantage is d]iv$ f x1 & purpose :i* is to be atta9$1 s t x becomes cle> to him1 t _h x n be5 f\nd 9 t %ape1 & proportion1 !n t advantage w\ld h be5 want+ 9 x1 he comes to "k = c]ta9 t !re is a mak] ( t ?+1 & t he _h made x 9 t %ape & proportion1 = a set purpose4 ,= x is n possible t all ^? qualities s]v+ t purpose be collect$ 9 t ?+ by *ance alone4 ,= in/ance1 if a man sees a /one on ! gr\nd 9 a %ape fit = sitt+1 & f9ds its proportions & fa%ion ( ! same k9d1 !n he w\ld come to "k t x 0 made by a mak]1 & t he _h made x & plac$ x !re4 ,b :5 he sees no?+ 9 x1 :i* may h made x fit = sitt+ !n he becomes c]ta9 t its exi/5ce 9 ! place 0 by *ance only1 )\t its be+ fa%ion$ by any mak]4 ,su* is also ! case ) ! :ole ( ! univ]se4 ,= :5 a man sees ! sun1 ! moon1 & all ! />s1 :i* are ! cause ( ! f\r seasons1 ( days & nights1 ( ra91 wat] & w9ds1 ( ! inhabitation ( ! p>ts ( ! e>?1 ( ! exi/5ce ( man1 & ( ! be+ ( all ! animals & ! plants & ( ! e>? be+ fit = ! habitation ( a man1 & o!r animals liv+ on x2 & ! wat] fit = ! animals liv+ 9 x2 & ! air fit = birds1 & if !re be any?+ amiss 9 ?is creation & edifice1 ! :ole _w w\ld come to confusion & disord]1 !n he w\ld come to "k ) c]ta9ty t x is n possible t ?is h>mony 9 x = ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! univ]se--man1 animals1 & plants--be f\nd by *ance only4 ,he w "k t !re is "o :o det]m9$ x1 & s "o :o made x by int5tion1 & t is ,god1 exalt$ & magnifi$ may ,he be4 ,he w\ld "k ) c]ta9ty t ! univ]se is a creat$ ?+1 = he w\ld necess>ily ?9k t x is n possible t 9 x %\ld be f\nd all ?is h>mony1 if x be n made by "s "o1 & _h come into exi/5ce by *ance alone4 ,?is k9d ( argum5t is q def9ite & at ! same "t cle>1 & "s h m5tion$ x "h4 ,x is bas$ ^u two pr9ciples :i* are ackn[l$g$ by all4 ,"o ( !m be+1 t ! univ]se1 ) all its compon5t p>ts1 is f\nd fit = ! exi/5ce ( man & ?+s2 secondly1 t :i* is f\nd suitable 9 all its p>ts1 = a s+le purpose1 lead+ to a s+le goal1 is necess>ily a creat$ ?+4 ,s ^? two pr9ciples lead u naturally to admit t ! univ]se is a creat$ ?+1 & t !re is a mak] ( x4 ,h5ce 8! argum5t ( analogy0 leads to two ?+s at "o & ! same "t1 & t is :y x is ! be/ argum5t = prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,?is k9d ( reason+ is also f\nd 9 ! ,quran 9 _m v]ses 9 :i* ! creation ( ! univ]se is m5tion$4 ,= in/ance1 8,h ,we n made ! e>? a b$1 & ! m\nta9s = %elt] to fix ! same8 ,& h ,we n creat$ y ( two sexes2 & appo9t$ y\r sleep = re/ & made ! night a g>m5t to cov] y1 & de/9$ ! day to a ga9+ ( a livelihood2 & built ov] y sev5 heav5s1 & plac$ !re9 a burn+ lamp8 ,& d ,we n s5d d[n f ! cl\ds press+ =? ra91 wat] p\r+ d[n 9 abundance1 t ,we may h]eby produce corn & h]bs1 & g>d5s plant$ ?ick ) trees40#ib ,if we pond] ov] ?is v]se x w\ld be f\nd t our att5tion has be5 call$ to ! suitability ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! univ]se = ! exi/5ce ( man4 ,9 ! v beg9n+ we are in=m$ ( a fact well-kn[n to all--& t is t ! e>? has be5 creat$ 9 a way :i* has made x suitable = our exi/5ce4 ,_h x be5 un/able1 or ( any o!r %ape1 or 9 any o!r place1 or n ( ! pres5t proportion1 x w\ld n h be5 possible to be "h1 or at all creat$ on x4 ,all ?is is includ$ 9 ! words1 8,h ,we n made ! e>? a b$ = y80 = 9 a b$ are collect$ toge!r all ! qualities ( %ape1 tranquility1 & peace1 to :i* may be add$ ^? ( smoo?ness & s(tness4 ,s h[ /range is ?is wond]ful "w & h[ excell5t ?is bless$ness1 & h[ wond]ful ?is collection ( all ! qualities6 ,?is is s because 9 ! ^w mihad 7b$7 are br\ght toge!r all ^? qualities1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! e>?1 r5d]+ x suitable = ! exi/5ce ( man4 ,x is a ?+ :i* becomes cle> to ! le>n$ aft] mu* le>n+ & a long "t1 8,b ,god w appropriate ,8 m]cy unto :om ,he please?40#ic ,!n z to ! div9e words1 8,& ! m\nta9s = /akes10--!y tell u ( ! advantage to be f\nd 9 ! tranquility ( ! e>? on acc\nt ( ! m\nta9s4 ,= _h ! e>? be5 creat$ small] ?an x is n[1 t is1 )\t m\nta9s x w\ld h be5 quiv]$ by ! motion ( o!r elem5ts1 ! wat] & ! air1 & w\ld h be5 %ak5 & ?us displac$4 ,?is w\ld naturally h be5 ! cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! animal _w4 ,s :5 its tranquility is 9 h>mony ) ^? liv+ on x1 x did n come into be+ by *ance alone1 b 0 made by "s "o's int5tion1 & det]m9ation4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 made by ,"o :o int5d$ x1 & det]m9$ x1 = ! sake ( ^? liv+ on x4 ,!n ,he calls our att5tion to ! suitability ( ! exi/5ce ( night & day = animals4 ,he says1 8,& made ! night a g>m5t to cov] y2 & de/9$ ! day to a ga9+ ( y\r livelihood40 ,he means to say t ,he has made ! night l a cov]+ & clo?+ = all ! ?+s1 f ! heat ( ! sun4 ,= _h !re be5 no sett+ ( ! sun at night1 all ! ?+s1 ^: life has be5 made dep5d5t ^u ! sun1 w\ld h p]i%$--t is1 ! animals & ! plants4 ,z clo?+ protects ! p f ! heat ( ! sun1 9 addition to its be+ a cov]+1 s ,god lik5$ ! night to x4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ! metaphors4 ,!re is also ano!r advantage 9 ! night = ! animals3 _! sleep 9 x is v deep1 aft] ! sett+ ( ! sun1 :i* keeps faculties 9 motion1 t is1 wide awake4 ,s ,god has said1 8,& appo9t$ y\r sleep = re/10 on acc\nt ( ! d>kness ( ! night4 ,!n ,he says1 8,& built ov] y sev5 heav5s1 & plac$ !re9 a burn+ lamp40 ,"h by ! ^w build+ ,he means _! creation1 & _! h>mony ) ! creat$ ?+s1 & _! arrangem5t & sy/em4 ,by /r5g? ,he means t p[] ( revolution & motion :i* is nev] slack5$1 & nev] ov]tak5 by fatigue2 & !y nev] fall l o!r ro(s & high edifices4 ,to ?is ref] ! words ( ,god1 8,& made ! heav5 a ro( well-support$40#id ,by all ?is ,he %[s _! fitness 9 numb]1 %ape1 fa%ion1 & movem5t1 = ! exi/5ce ( ^? :o live on ! e>? r\nd x4 ,7 "o ( ! heav5ly bodies1 n to speak ( all1 to /op = a mom5t all w\ld be *aos on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,"s p ?9k ! bla/ ( ! la/ trumpet1 :i* w be ! cause ( ! ?und]bolt1 w be no?+ b a /op 9 ! revolution ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,!n ,he tells u ( ! advantage ( ! sun = ^? liv+ on ! e>? & says1 8,& plac$ !re9 a burn+ lamp40 ,he calls x a lamp because 9 reality x is all d>kness1 & light cov]s ! d>kness ( ! night1 & if !re be no lamp1 man c get no advantage out ( 8 s5se ( sight at night "t2 & 9 ! same way if !re 7 no sun ! animals c h no b5efit ( _! s5se ( see+4 ,he calls our att5tion to ?is advantage ( ! sun1 ignor+ o!rs because x is ! noble/ ( all ! advantages & ! mo/ app>5t ( all4 ,!n ,he tells u ( ,8 k9dness 9 s5d+ d[n ra91 = ! sake ( ! plants & ! animals4 ,! com+ d[n ( ra9 9 an appo9t$ proportion1 & at an appo9t$ season1 = ! cultivat$ fields _c be by *ance alone1 b is ! result ( div9e solicitude = u all4 ,s ,he says1 8,& d ,we n s5d d[n f ! cl\ds press+ =? ra91 wat] p\r+ d[n 9 abundance t ,we may h]eby produce corn & h]bs1 & g>d5s plant$ ?ick ) trees40 ,!re are _m v]ses ( ! ,quran on ?is subject4 ,= in/ance1 ,he says1 8,d ye n see h[ ,god ha? creat$ ! sev5 heav5s1 "o above ano!r1 & ha? plac$ ! moon !re9 = a light1 & ha? appo9t$ ! sun = a tap]8 ,god ha? also provid$ & caus$ y to br+ =? corn f ! e>?40#ie ,if we 7 to c\nt all su* v]ses & comm5t ^u !m %[+ ! k9dness ( ! ,creator = ! creat$1 x w\ld take too _m volumes4 ,we d n int5d to d x 9 ?is book4 ,if ,god %\ld grant u life & leisure we %all write a book to %[ ! k9dness ( ,god to :i* ,he has call$ our att5tion4 ,x %\ld be kn[n t ?is k9d ( argum5t is j contr>y to t :i* ! ,a%>ites ?9k leads to ! k ( ,god4 ,!y ?9k t ! creation does n lead u to ! k ( ,god ?r\gh any ( ,8 goodness1 b ?r\gh possibility1 t is1 ! possibility :i* is f\nd 9 all ?+s1 :i* we c und]/& to be ( 8 %ape or ( q a contr>y "o4 ,b if ?is possibility be f\nd alike 9 bo? ! cases1 !n !re is no wisdom 9 ! creation ( ! univ]se1 & !re is f\nd no h>mony betwe5 man & ! p>ts ( x4 ,=1 z !y ?9k1 if x is possible = ! ?+s to h any o!r =m ?an !y h n[1 !n !re c exi/ no h>mony betwe5 man & o!r exi/5t ?+s by ! creation ( :i* ,god has oblig$ man & comm&$ him to be ?ankful to ,him4 ,?is op9ion1 by :i* ! creation ( man1 z a "p ( ! univ]se1 is j z possible1 = in/ance1 z 8 creation 9 ! void1 is l ! op9ion ( ^? :o say t man exi/s b he c\ld h be5 creat$ 9 q a diff]5t %ape1 & yet c\ld p]=m actions l a man4 ,accord+ to !m x is also possible t he may h =m$ ! "p ( ano!r univ]se q diff]5t f ! exi/+ "o4 ,9 t case ! bless+ ( ! univ]se c h no obligation = man1 = !y are n necess>y = 8 purpose4 ,h5ce man is q c>eless ( !m & !y ( him4 ,s _! exi/5ce is no bless+ to him4 ,?is is all aga9/ ! nature ( man4 ,on ! :ole1 a man :o d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ! effects arrang$ accord+ to ! causes 9 ! "q ( arts1 or ^: wisdom _c und]/& x1 !n he has no k ( ! art ( its ,mak]4 ,s also a man :o d5ies ! exi/5ce ( an ord] ( effects 9 accordance ) causes 9 ?is univ]se1 d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ! ,creator altoge!r4 ,_! say+ t ,god is above ^! causes1 & t !y _c h any be>+ on ! effects by ,8 comm&1 is v f> f ! true nature ( philosophy1 nay1 x is a de/roy] ( x4 ,= if x is possible to h ! same effects ) o!r ?an ! prescrib$ causes j 9 ! same degree z by !m1 !n :]e is ! greatness 9 produc+ ! effects f ! kn[n ,causes8 ,x is s because ! effects f ! causes h "o ( ! foll[+ ?ree reasons4 ,ei!r ! exi/5ce ( ! causes w be 9 place ( ! effects by compulsion1 z a man's tak+ 8 food2 or _! be+ m p]fect t is1 ! effect becom+ bett] & m p]fect ?r\gh !m1 z a man's hav+ two eyes1 or !y may h nei!r a bett] nor a m compulsive effect4 ,9 ?is case ! exi/5ce ( ! effect & ! cause w\ld be by *ance1 )\t any int5tion at all2 & h5ce1 !re w\ld be no greatness f\nd 9 x4 ,= in/ance1 if ! %ape ( human h&1 ! numb] ( ! f+]s1 & _! l5g? be nei!r necess>y nor add+ any p]fection 9 its "w 9 seiz+ ?+s ( diff]5t k9d1 !n ! actions ( ! h& f ?is %ape1 & numb] ( p>ts1 w\ld be by *ance alone4 ,if x be s1 !n x makes no diff]5ce :e!r a man is giv5 a h& or a ho(1 or some?+ else1 l ! diff]5t animals1 = _! p>ticul> actions4 ,on ! :ole1 if we ignore ! causes & _! effects1 !n !re rema9s no?+ to refute ! argum5ts ( ^? :o believe 9 ! creation ( ! univ]se by *ance alone1 t is1 ^? :o say t !re is no ,creator at all1 & t :i* has come into be+ 9 ?is univ]se is ! result ( mat]ial causes4 ,= tak+ "o ( ! two alt]natives x is n m possible t x may h happ5$ by *ance1 ?an done by an indep5d5t ,actor4 ,s :5 ! ,a%>ites say t ! exi/5ce ( "o or m possibilities %[s t !re is a p>ticul> ,mak] ( ^! ?+s1 !y c answ] & say t ! exi/5ce ( ?+s by "o ( ^! possibilities 0 by *ance alone1 = int5tion works z "o ( ! causes1 & t :i* happ5s )\t any means or cause is by *ance4 ,we see t _m ?+s come into be+ 9 ?is way4 ,= example1 ! elem5ts mix toge!r by *ance1 & !n by ?is un9t5tional mix+ !re is produc$ a new ?+4 ,!y mix aga91 & ?is q un9t5tionally produces q a new ?+4 ,9 ?is way e k9d ( creation may be said to h come into exi/5ce by *ance4 ,we say t x is necess>y t !re be f\nd ord] & arrangem5t1 ! m p]fect & f9i%$ ?an :at c be imag9$4 ,?is mix+ toge!r ( elem5ts is limit$ & pre>rang$1 & ?+s produc$ by !m are sure to happ51 & no disord] has ev] happ5$ 9 !m4 ,b all ?is c\ld n happ5 by *ance alone1 = t :i* happ5s 9 ?is way by *ance is ( ! lea/ value4 ,x is to ?is t ,god ref]s1 8,x is ! "w ( ! ,"l1 :o has rightly dispos$ all ?+s40#if ,i w\ld l to "k :at complet5ess c be f\nd 9 ?+s made by *ance1 = su* ?+s are by no means bett] ?an _! opposites4 ,to ?is ,god ref]s 9 ! foll[+ words1 8,?\ can/ n see 9 ! ,creation ( ! mo/ ,m]ciful any unfitness or disproportion4 ,lift ?y eyes aga9 to heav51 & look :e!r ?\ see/ any flaw40#ig ,b :at defect c be great] ?an t all ! ?+s c be f\nd ) any o!r quality ?an !y really possess4 ,= ! non-exi/5t quality may be bett] ?an ! exi/+ "o4 ,9 ?is way1 if "o ?9ks t 7 ! ,ea/]n movem5t to become ,we/]n & vice v]sa1 !re w\ld be no diff]5ce 9 ! univ]se1 !n he has de/roy$ philosophy altoge!r4 ,he is l a man :o ?9ks t 7 ! "r side ( ! animals to become left1 & vice v]sa1 !re w\ld be no diff]5ce at all = "o ( ! two alt]natives is !re4 ,= z x is possible to say t x is made accord+ to "o alt]native by an indep5d5t ,mak]1 s x is possible to ass]t t x 0 all made by *ance alone4 ,= we see s _m ?+s com+ into be+ by !mselves4 ,x is q cle> to y t all ! p see t l[] k9ds ( creation c\ld h be5 made 9 a diff]5t way f t 9 :i* !y really are & z !y see ?is l[] degree 9 _m ?+s !y ?9k t !y mu/ h be5 made by *ance4 ,b 9 ! high] creation !y "k t x is impossible to h be5 made 9 a m p]fect & excell5t =m ?an t giv5 to x by ! ,creator4 ,s ?is op9ion1 :i* is "o ( ! op9ions ( ! ,mutakallimun is bo? aga9/ ! ,law & philosophy4 ,:at we say is t ! op9ion ( possibility 9 creation is clos] to a complete d5ial ( ,god1 ?an lead+ u ne>] to ,him4 ,at ! same "t x falsifies philosophy4 ,= if we d n und]/& t !re is a mean betwe5 ! beg9n+s & ends ( ! creation1 ^u :i* is bas$ ! ends ( ?+s1 !n !re c nei!r be any ord] nor any me?od 9 x4 ,& if !y be want+ !n !re c be no pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t & kn[+ ,mak]2 = tak+ !m toge!r ) cause & effect we are l$ to ! fact t !y mu/ h be5 creat$ by wisdom & k4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! exi/5ce ( ei!r ( two possibilities %[s t !y may h be5 p]=m$ by a n-kn[+ ,mak] & by *ance alone4 ,j z a /one fall+ on ! e>? may fall 9 any place1 on any side1 & 9 any =m4 ,x w %[ ! want ( ! exi/5ce ei!r ( a creator at all or at lea/ ( a wise & kn[+ ,creator4 ,! ?+ :i* has compell$ ! ,mutakallimun ( ! ,a%>ites to adopt ?is op9ion is a d5ial ( ! action ( ^? natural =ces :i* ,god has put 9 all ?+s1 z ,he has end[$ !m ) life1 p[] & s =?4 ,!y avoid$ ! op9ion t !re 0 any o!r creator b ,god1 & ,god =bid t !re be any o!r1 = he is ! only creator ( ! causes & !y are made effective by ,8 comm& only4 ,we w talk ( ?is 9 detail :5 disc\rs+ on ,fate & ,pr$e/9ation4 ,!y 7 also afraid t by admitt+ ! natural causes !y might be accus$ ( say+ t ! univ]se came into be+ by *ance only4 ,!y w\ld h kn[n t a d5ial ( x means a d5ial ( a great "p ( ! argum5ts1 :i* c be advanc$ = a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,"o :o d5ies any "p ( ,god's creation d5ies ,8 "w :i* falls v ne> to a d5ial ( a "p ( ,8 attributes4 ,on ! :ole z _! op9ion is bas$ ^u ha/y conclusions1 :i* come to ! m9d ( a man by sup]ficial ?\ght & z app>5tly x appe>s t ! ^w 8int5tion0 c be appli$ to "o :o has p[] to d bad or o!rwise1 !y saw t if !y did n admit t all ! creation is possible1 !y w\ld n be able to say t x came into exi/5ce by ! action ( an int5d+ creator4 ,s !y say t all ! creation is possible s t !y may prove t ! creator is an intellig5t "o4 ,!y nev] ?\ght ( ! ord] :i* is necess>y 9 ?+s made1 & ) t _! com+ f an intellig5t creator4 ,^! p h also ignor$ ! blame !y w h to be> 9 ?us d5y+ wisdom to ! creator2 or ma9ta9+ t *ance %\ld be f\nd gov]n+ creation4 ,!y "k1 z we h said1 t x is necess>y1 on acc\nt ( ! ord] exi/5t 9 nature1 t x mu/ h be5 br\ght into be+ by "s kn[+ creator1 o!rwise ! ord] f\nd 9 x w\ld be by *ance4 ,:5 !y 7 compell$ to d5y ! natural =ces1 !y _h to d5y ) !m a l>ge numb] ( ^? =ces :i* ,god has made subs]vi5t to ,8 comm& = ! creation & pres]vation ( ?+s4 ,= ,god has creat$ "s ?+s f causes :i* ,he has produc$ f outside1 ^! are ! heav5ly bodies2 !re are o!r ?+s :i* ,he has made by causes plac$ 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 t is1 ! s\l1 & o!r natural =ces1 by :i* he pres]ves ^? ?+s4 ,s h[ wick$ is ! man :o de/roye? philosophy1 & 8inv5te? a lie ab\t ,god40#ih ,?is is only a "p ( ! *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 ! ,law1 9 ?is & o!r respects1 :i* we h already m5tion$1 & w m5tion h]eaft]4 ,f all ?is x mu/ h become cle> to y t ! me?od :i* ,god _h adopt$ = tea*+ ,8 creatures t ! univ]se is made & creat$ by ,him is ! me?od ( k9dness & wisdom1 t[>ds all ,8 creatures & especially t[>ds man4 ,x is a me?od :i* be>s ! same relation to our intellect1 z ! sun be>s to our s5ses4 ,! me?od :i* x has adopt$ t[>ds ! common p ab\t ?is problem1 is t ( illu/ration f ?+s obs]v$4 ,b z !re 0 no?+ :i* c\ld be giv5 z an illu/ration1 & z ! common p _c und]/& a ?+1 an illu/ration ( :i* !y _c see1 ,god tells u t ! univ]se 0 creat$ 9 a c]ta9 "t out ( a c]ta9 ?+1 :i* ,he made4 ,he tells u ,8 condition be=e ! creation ( ! univ]se1 8,8 ?rone 0 above ! wat]s40#ii ,he also says1 8,v]ily y\r ,"l is ,god :o creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>? 9 six days10#ajj & 8,!n ,he set ,8 m9d to ! creation ( ! heav5s1 & x 0 smoke40#aja ,9 addition to ^! !re are o!r v]ses ( ! ,book1 p]ta9+ to ?is subject4 ,s x is incumb5t t no?+ out ( !m %\ld be int]pret$ = ! common p1 & no?+ %\ld be pres5t$ to !m 9 expla9+ x b ?is illu/ration4 ,= "o :o *anges x1 makes ! wisdom ( ! ,law useless4 ,if x be said t ! ,law tea*es ab\t ! univ]se t x is creat$1 & made out ( no?+ & 9 no "t1 !n x is a ?+ :i* ev5 ! le>n$ _c und]/&1 n to speak ( ! common p4 ,s we %\ld n deviate 9 ?is matt] ( ! ,law1 f ! me?od laid d[n 9 x = in/ruct+ ! common p1 & %\ld n tell !m except ?is reg>d+ ! creation ( ! univ]se1 :i* is f\nd alike 9 ! ,quran1 ! ,bible1 & o!r reveal$ books4 ,! wond] is t ! example 9 ! ,quran is q 9 accordance ) ! creation ( ! ?+s 9 ! visible _w4 ,b ! ,law does n say s1 :i* is a w>n+ to ! le>n$ p t ! creation ( ! univ]se is n l ! creation ( all o!r ?+s4 ,he has us$ ! words creation & flaw1 because !y connote two ?+s1--,conception ( ! ?+s t c be se51 & ! creation ( ! ?+s :i* ! le>n$ prove 9 ! invisible _w4 ,s ! use ( ! words creation 7,hudu?7 & et]nal is an innovation 9 religion1 & ! cause ( great d\bt & corruption ( ! belief ( ! common p1 especially ( ! argum5tative among !m4 ,?is has greatly p]plex$ ! ,mutakallimun ( ! ,a%>ites1 & has prov$ !m 9 great d\bt4 ,= if !y expla9 t ,god int5ds do+ ?+s by an et]nal int5tion--:i*1 z we said1 is an innovation--!y h put x d[n t ! univ]se is creat$4 ,!n !y are ask$ h[ c a creat$ ?+ come f an et]nal int5tion4 ,!y answ] t ! et]nal int5tion became connect$ ) ! action at ! "t ( ! creation especially1 & t is ! "t 9 :i* ! univ]se 0 made4 ,!n !y may be ask$1 t if ! relation ( ! int5d+ ,creator t[>ds ! creat$ ?+ at ! "t ( its non-exi/5ce be ! same z at ! "t ( its creation1 !n t creat$ ?+ is by no means bett] ?an ! o!r ?+1 :5 at ! "t ( its mak+1 ! action :i* 0 n f\nd 9 its non-exi/5ce is n connect$ ) x4 ,if ! relation be diff]5t !n !re mu/ necess>ily be a creat$ int5tion o!rwise ! creat$ result ( an action w\ld come f an et]nal action1 = :at is necess>y ( x 9 action1 is necess>y also 9 int5tion4 ,if x be said t :5 ! "t ( its mak+ comes x is f\nd done2 x may be ask$3 is x s by an et]nal or a creat$ action8 ,if !y say by an et]nal action1 !y admit ! exi/5ce ( a creat$ ?+ by an et]nal action2 & if !y say by a creat$ action1 !n !re mu/ be a creat$ int5tion also4 ,!y may say t int5tion is ! action itself1 b ?is is impossible4 ,= int5tion is ! only cause ( ! action 9 ! int5d]4 ,if an int5d]1 int5d+ to d an act 9 a c]ta9 "t1 f9ds t act q ano!r ?an t :i* he int5d$1 !n t act w\ld h come into be+ )\t any int5d] at all4 ,at ! same "t1 if x is ?\ght t f a creat$ int5tion !re c only be a creat$ ?+1 !n z a rule an et]nal int5tion %\ld give an et]nal ?+1 o!rwise ! result ( a creat$ or et]nal int5tion w\ld be ! same1 :i* is impossible4 ,all ^! d\bts are f\nd 9 ,islam only ?r\gh ! ,mutakallimun1 by _! expla9+ ?+s 9 ,law1 :i* ,god _h =bidd5 !m to d4 ,= 9 ! ,quran x is n said :e!r int5tion is creat$ or et]nal4 ,s !y nei!r adh]e to ! exot]ic mean+s ( ! ,law1 :i* may h giv5 !m beatitude & salvation1 nor did !y atta9 ! degree ( c]ta9 & exact k1 s t !y may h _h ?is bless+4 ,h5ce !y are nei!r to be c\nt$ among ! le>n$ nor among ! masses1 :o believe & h /rong fai?4 ,!y are ! p 8^: he>ts are p]v]se0#ajb & 8^: he>ts are diseas$40#ajc ,!y say ?+s by _! tongues :i* are q contr>y to ^? :i* !y believe 9 _! he>ts1 a cause ( :i* is _! t5acity1 & love ( uphold+ _! op9ions at any co/4 ,by a repetition ( attitudes l ^! !y become q devoid ( all philosophy1 z we see ! case ( ^? :o are completely accu/om$ to ! ,a%>ite s*ool ( ?\ght1 & are well pleas$ ) x1 ev5 to ! degree ( love4 ,!y are c]ta9ly veil$ on acc\nt ( _! habit & environm5t4 ,:at we h said ab\t ?is "q is en\gh = our purpose4 ,n[ we w\ld take up ! second problem4 ,problem ,second3 ,prophetic ,mission3--,!re are two po9ts :i* are to be discuss$ 9 ?is problem4 ,fir/1 ! pro( ( ! com+ ( ! prophets2 & secondly an explanation ( ! fact t ! man claim+ to be a prophet is really s & does n lie4 ,_m p are desir\s ( prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ! prophets by analogy--& su* are ! ,mutakallimun4 ,!y say t x is prov$ t ,god speaks & int5ds1 & is ! ma/] ( ,8 creatures4 ,x is q consi/5t = su* a be+ 9 ! visible _w to s5d a mess5g] to 8 dep5d5t p4 ,h5ce su* a ?+ is also possible 9 ! unse5 _w4 ,!y h ?\ght ( mak+ ?is valid = prov+ ! adv5t ( ! prophets1 by absurd & f>-fet*$ argum5ts :i* only ,brahm9s %\ld use4 ,!y say t x is possible bo? 9 ! obs]v$ & unse5 _w4 ,9 ! obs]v$ _w x is q evid5t1 t :5 a man /&s up be=e a k+ & says1 8,o ye m51 ,i am ! mess5g] ( ! k+ t[>ds y0 & produces cr$5tials = 8 claim1 x is necess>y to ackn[l$ge him to be true4 ,!y say t 9 ! case ( ! prophets1 ! cr$5tials are ! miracles :i* !y p]=m4 ,= c]ta9 reasons ?is me?od is q fit & satisfactory = ! common p1 b :5 inve/igat$ !re appe> _m flaws 9 ! pr9ciple4 ,our ackn[l$gem5t ( a man :o claims to be ! mess5g] ( a k+ is n true unless we "k t ! symbols :i* he has are ^? ( ! royal mess5g]1 :i* c only happ51 if a k+ tells 8 subjects t :5ev] !y happ5 to see su* & su* symbols ) a man1 :i* are p>ticul>ly 81 !y %\ld take him z 8 mess5g]4 ,:5 ?is is s1 "o c object1 f :]e does x appe> t p]=mance ( miracles is ! special sign ( ! prophets8 ,?is c be prov$ nei!r by law nor by reason4 ,to prove x by religion is /ill m impossible2 x does n admit x4 ,reason alone _c affirm t !y are ! special symbols ( prophecy1 except t 9 _m cases !y 7 f\nd 9 p :o claim$ to be prophets & 9 none o!r4 ,s 9 ?is case a pro( ( anyone's prophecy is bas$ ^u two premises4 ,fir/1 ! man :o claims to be a prophet has p]=m$ a miracle1 & secondly1 ev]yone :o p]=ms a miracle is a prophet4 ,n[ z to ! premise t ! claimant = prophecy has p]=m$ miracles we c say t x p]ta9s to our s5ses aft] we h admitt$ t !re are actions p]=m$ by m51 :i* c nei!r be made by wondr\s workman%ip or by "s p>ticul> =ces1 b are beyond our conception4 ,! second premise c only be true :5 we admit ! exi/5ce ( ! prophets1 & t ! miracles are only p]=m$ by ^? :o are ! true claimants = prophetic mission4 ,we w\ld say t ?is premise is n true b = ^? :o believe ! exi/5ce ( ! prophets & ! miracles4 ,= in/ance if x has become cle> to man1 t ! univ]se is creat$1 !n he c]ta9ly kn[s t ! _w exi/s & ! ,creator too4 ,?is be+ s1 a man c object & say h[ c we say t "o :o p]=ms ! miracles is a prophet1 :5 ! prophetic mission itself rema9s unprov$8 ,ev5 aft] we admit ! exi/5ce ( miracle 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x may seem q impossible1 x is necess>y t ! two sides ( ! premise be admitt$ fir/ & !n ! "o c be appli$ to ! o!r4 ,"o _c say t ! exi/5ce ( ! prophets c be prov$ by reason1 because ( its possibility4 ,= ! possibility to :i* !y ref] is 9 fact really ignorance1 & is n f\nd 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,= in/ance1 if we say t x is possible t x w ra9 or n1 !n ! possibility is f\nd 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 t is1 x is felt t a ?+ may sometimes be1 & at o!rs n be1 z 9 ! case ( ra94 ,"h1 reason c exactly decide ! possibility ( a ?+ by its nature4 ,! necess>y 7wajib7 is q contr>y to x2 t is1 x is a ?+ ! exi/5ce ( :i* is always f\nd4 ,9 ?is case reason c always decide )\t a mi/ake1 because its nature _c be *ang$ or trans=m$4 ,s :5 "o p>ty admits ! exi/5ce ( a prophet1 at a c]ta9 "t x appe>s t ! prophetic mission is a ?+ ^: exi/5ce is possible & ! o!r p>ty says t x _c feel x1 !n t possibility becomes m]e ignorance 9 its case4 ,n[ we believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ?is possibility because we h kn[n ! prophets4 ,we say t a k ( ! mess5g]s f man1 leads u to a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( mess5g]s f ,god1 z ! exi/5ce ( a mess5g] f ,anir1 leads u to ! conclusion ( !re be+ a mess5g] f ,zaid also4 ,?is requires a simil>ity 9 ! natural dispositions ( bo? m5 & x is "h :]e ! difficulty lies4 ,if we suppose ?is possibility by itself ev5 9 ! future1 x w only be by ! means ( ! kn[n fact & n by our k & reason4 ,n[ "o ( ! premises ( ?is possibility has come into exi/5ce4 ,= ! possibility is 9 our k1 & ! fact 9 itself is an e/abli%$ "o1 by "o ( ! two alt]natives1 t is1 :e!r he s5t a mess5g] or did n4 ,s we h no?+ 9 ?is case b %e] ignorance1 z is ! d\bt :e!r ,anir s5t any mess5g]s 9 ! pa/ or did n1 :i* is q diff]5t f our d\bt+1 :e!r or n he w s5d any 9 future4 ,s :5 we d n "k ab\t ,zaid1 = in/ance1 :e!r he has or has n s5t any mess5g] 9 ! pa/1 x is n correct = u to suppose anybody to be 8 mess5g]1 if he happ5s to h 8 symbols ^u him4 ,we c admit 8 claim only aft] we "k t ,zaid did s5d a mess5g]4 ,s :5 we admit ! exi/5ce ( ! prophetic mission1 & ! miracles1 !n h[ c x be correct = u to say t "o :o p]=ms ! miracles is a prophet4 ,we _c believe 9 ?is by he>+ only1 = ?is faculty is n ! ?+ by :i* su* ?+s c be prov$4 ,at ! same "t we _c claim ?is premise to be true by exp]i5ce & habit1 except t ! miracles p]=m$ by ! prophets c be se5 by "o :o believes 9 _! mission1 & has nev] se5 !m to h be5 p]=m$ by anybody else1 s t !y may be tak5 z a conv9c+ sign = di/+ui%+ a prophet ( ,god1 f "o :o is n1 t is a di/9ction betwe5 "o ^: claim is "r1 & "o ^: claim is wrong4 ,by ^! ?+s x is se5 t ! ,mutakallimun h miss$ ! :ole purpose ( ! argum5t f miracles because !y h put possibility 9 ! place ( real exi/5ce1 possibility :i* is 9 reality ignorance4 ,!n !y h believ$ 9 ! premise t e "o :o p]=ms miracles is a prophet1 :i* _c be true except :5 ! miracles prove ! prophetic mission itself1 & ! s5d] ( mess5g]s4 ,x is n by reason t we c believe 9 ^! m>vel\s ?+s1 :i* happ5 aga9 & aga91 & are div9e1 z a conclusive pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( prophetic mission1 except t "o :o c d su* ?+s is an excell5t p]son1 & t su* p]sons _c lie4 ,b x c prove ! prophetic mission ( a p]son only :5 we admit t ! mission does exi/1 & t su* m>vel\s ?+s _c be p]=m$ by any p]son1 h[ev] good he may be1 except by "o :o is a a prophet4 ,! miracles _c prove ! prophetic mission ( a p]son1 because !re is no connection betwe5 !m & reason1 except t we admit t ! miracles are "o ( ! works ( ! prophets1 j z cur+ is ! "w ( ! physicians1 s t "o :o c cure is c]ta9ly a physician4 ,?is is "o ( ! fallacies ( ! argum5t4 ,moreov]1 if we admit ! exi/5ce ( ! prophetic mission1 by putt+ ! idea ( possibility1 :i* is 9 fact ignorance1 9 place ( c]ta9ty1 & make miracles a pro( ( ! tru? ( man :o claims to be a prophet x becomes necess>y t !y %\ld n be us$ by a p]son1 :o says t !y c be p]=m$ by o!rs ?an prophets1 z ! ,mutakallimun d4 ,!y ?9k t ! miracles c be p]=m$ by ! magicians & sa9ts4 ,! condition :i* !y atta* ) !m is t miracles prove a man to be a prophet1 :5 he at ! same "t claims to be s1 = ! true prophet c p]=m !m z oppos$ to ! false ones4 ,?is is an argum5t )\t any pro(1 = x c be und]/ood ei!r by he>+ or reason4 ,t is1 x is said t "o ^: claims to prophecy are wrong1 _c p]=m miracles1 b z we h already said1 :5 !y _c be p]=m$ by a li>1 !n !y c only be done by ! good p1 :om ,god has meant = ?is purpose4 ,^! p1 if !y speak a lie1 are n good1 & h5ce _c p]=m ! miracles4 ,b ?is does n satisfy ! p :o ?9k miracles to be possible f ! magicians1 = !y c]ta9ly are n good m54 ,x is "h t ! weakness ( ! argum5t lies4 ,h5ce "s p h ?\ght t ! be/ ?+ is to believe t !y _c be p]=m$ b by ! prophets & h5ce magic is only imag9ation1 & n a *ange ( ess5ce4 ,among ^! are also m5 :o d5y all sorts ( m>vel\s ?+s f ! sa9ts4 ,x is cle> to y f ! life ( ! prophet1 peace be ^u him1 t he nev] invit$ any man or community to believe 9 8 prophecy1 & t :i* he has br\ght ) him f ,god1 by means ( ! p]=mance ( any miracles1 9 support ( 8 claim1 su* z *ang+ "o elem5t into ano!r4 ,:atev] miracles did appe> f him 7 only p]=m$ 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 )\t on 8 "p any int5tion ( cont5tion or competition4 ,! foll[+ words ( ! ,quran w make ?is cle>2 8,& !y say3 ,we w by no means believe 9 !e1 until ?\ cause a spr+ ( wat] to gu% =? = u out ( ! e>?1 & ?\ h a g>d5 ( palm-trees & v9es1 & ?\ cause riv]s to spr+ =? f ! mid/ !re( 9 abundance2 or ?\ cause ! heav5 to fall d[n 9 pieces ^u u1 z ?\ ha/ giv5 out1 or ?\ br+ d[n ,god & ! angels to v\* = !e2 or ?\ h a h\se ( gold1 or ?\ asc5d by a ladd] to heav52 nei!r w we believe ?y asc5d+ ?i!r alone1 until ?\ cause a book to desc5d unto u1 be>+ witness ( !e :i* we may read4 ,answ]3 ,my ,"l be prais$1 ,am ,i o!r ?an a man s5t z an apo/le80#ajd ,!n aga91 8,no?+ h9d]$ u f s5d+ !e ) miracles1 except t ! =m] nations h *>g$ !m ) impo/ure40#aje ,! ?+ by :i* we invit$ ! p to believe 9 him1 & ) :i* he vi$ ) !m is ! ,quran4 ,= says ,god1 8,say1 v]ily1 if m5 & g5ii 7 purposely assembl$1 t !y might produce a book l ?is ,quran1 !y c\ld n produce "o l unto x1 al?\gh ! "o ( !m assign$ ! o!r40#ajf ,!n fur!r he says1 8w !y say1 ,he ha? =g$ ! ,quran8 ,answ]1 br+ !re=e t5 *apt]s l unto x =g$ by y\rself40#ajg ,?is be+ ! case ! miracle ( ! ,prophet ) :i* he vi$ ) ! p & :i* he advanc$ z an argum5t = ! tru? ( 8 claim to ! prophetic mission1 0 ! ,quran4 ,if x be said1 t ?is is q cle>1 b h[ does x appe> t ! ,quran is a miracle1 & t x proves 8 prophecy1 :ile j n[ we h prov$ ! weakness ( ! pro( ( prophecy by means ( miracles )\t any exceptions 9 ! case ( any prophet4 ,besides ! p h diff]$ 9 tak+ ! ,quran to be a miracle at all4 ,= 9 _! op9ion "o ( ! conditions ( a miracle is t x %\ld be q diff]5t f any act :i* may h become habitual4 ,b ! ,quran is ( ?is sort1 because x is only ^w1 ?\gh x excels all creat$ words4 ,s x becomes a miracle by its sup]iority only1 t is1 ! impossibility = p br++ any?+ l x1 on acc\nt ( its be+ highly eloqu5t4 ,?is be+ ! case x diff]s f ! habitual1 n 9 g5us b 9 details only1 & t :i* diff]s 9 ?is way is ( ! same g5us4 ,"s p say t x is a miracle by itself1 & n by its sup]iority4 ,!y d n lay x d[n z a condition = miracles t !y %\ld be q diff]5t f ! habitual1 b ?9k t x %\ld be su* a habitual act1 z m5 may fall %ort ( accompli%+4 ,we w\ld reply t x is z ! objectors say1 b ! ?+ ab\t x is n z !y h ?\ght4 ,t ! ,quran is an evid5ce ( 8 prophecy1 is bas$1 we believe1 ^u two pr9ciples1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,book itself4 ,! fir/ be+ t ! exi/5ce ( ! class ( m5 call$ prophets & apo/les is well-kn[n4 ,!y are ! m5 :o lay d[n laws = ! p by div9e revelation1 & n by human education4 ,_! exi/5ce c be d5i$ only by ! p :o d5y repeat$ action1 z ! exi/5ce ( all ?+s :i* we h n se5--! lives ( ! fam\s ?9k]s & s =?4 ,all ! philosoph]s1 & o!r m5 are agre$1 except ^? :o pay no reg>d to _! words1 7& !y are ! ,mat]iali/s71 t !re are m5 to :om h be5 reveal$ _m comm&m5ts = ! p1 to p]=m c]ta9 good actions1 by :i* _! beatitude may be p]fect$2 & to make !m give up c]ta9 wrong beliefs & vici\s actions4 ,?is is ! bus9ess ( div9e apo/les4 ,! second pr9ciple is1 t ev]yone :o does ?is "w1 t is1 lays d[n laws by revelation1 is a prophet4 ,?is pr9ciple is also q 9 accordance ) human nature4 ,= z x is kn[n t ! bus9ess ( m$ic9e is to cure a disease1 & "o :o c cure is a physician1 s x is also kn[n t ! bus9ess ( ! prophets is to give law to ! p by div9e revelation1 & "o :o does s is a prophet4 ,! ,book m5tions ! fir/ pr9ciple 9 ! foll[+3--8,v]ily ,we h reveal$ ,our w unto !e1 z ,we h reveal$ x unto ,noah1 & ! prophets :o succe$$ him1 & ,we h reveal$ x unto ,abraham1 & ,i%mael1 & ,isaac & ,jacob1 & ! tribes1 & unto ,jesus1 & ,job1 & ,jonas1 & ,a>on & ,solomon2 & we h giv5 !e ! ,quran z ,we gave ! ,psalms unto ,david2 "s apo/les h ,we s5t1 :om ,we h m5tion$ unto !e1 & ,god spake unto ,moses disc\rs+ ) him10#ajh & aga93 8,say1 ,i am n alone among ! apo/les40#aji ,! second pr9ciple is t ,mohamm$1 peace be ^u him1 has done ! "w ( a prophet1 t is1 has giv5 ,law to ! p by div9e revelation4 ,?is also c be kn[n f ! ,quran1 :]e ,god m5tions x4 ,he says1 8,o m51 n[ is an evid5t pro( come unto y f y\r ,"l1 & ,we h s5t d[n unto y manife/ light40#aaj ,by manife/ light is meant ! ,quran4 ,aga9 ,he says1 8,o m51 n[ is ! apo/le come unto y f y\r ,"l2 believe1 !re=e1 x w be bett] = y10#aaa & aga91 8,b ^? among !m :o are well-gr\nd$ 9 k1 & fai?ful1 :o believe 9 t :i* ha? be5 s5t d[n unto !e1 & t :i* ha? be5 s5t d[n unto ! prophets be=e !e20#aab & aga9 8,god is ! witness ( ! revelation :i* ,he ha? s5t d[n unto !e2 ,he s5t x d[n ) 8 special k2 ! angels are also witness !re(2 b ,god is a suffici5t witness40#aac ,if x be said1 h[ c ! fir/ pr9ciple be kn[n1 t is1 t !re is a class ( m5 :o give ! ,law to ! p by div9e revelation2 & s also1 h[ to "k ! second pr9ciple1 t is1 t :i* ! ,quran conta9s1 ab\t beliefs & actions1 is ( div9e orig98 ,we w\ld answ] t ! fir/ pr9ciple c be kn[n by ! in=mation :i* ^! m5 give ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 :i* 7 n f\nd be=e1 b come into exi/5ce aft] !y h in=m$ ! p ab\t !m1 & 9 a specifi$ "t2 & by _! comm& = do+ c]ta9 ?+s1 & tea*+ c]ta9 precepts :i* d n resemble ! common ?+s & actions1 :i* c be taught by human ag5cy4 ,?is is s because if ! miracles be ( ! k9d ( lay+ d[n ,laws1 prov+ t !y _c be laid d[n by human education1 b only ?r\gh div9e revelation1 !n x is prophecy4 ,b ! miracles :i* d n take ! =m ( laws1 z ! divid+ ( ! sea1 etc41 d n necess>ily prove ! prophecy ( anyone4 ,b !y c only be us$ z supplem5ts to ! =m]1 if !y fall v ne> to x4 ,b /&+ alone !y _c prove x1 & s by !mselves alone !y d n lead to a cognizance ( ! prophets1 if ! o!r k9d ( miracles1 :i* are its conclusive pro(s1 be n f\nd 9 !m4 ,s accord+ to ?is pr9ciple mu/ be und]/ood ! pro(s ( prophecy af=d$ by miracles1 t is1 ! miracles ( k & de$s are its conclusive pro(s :ile o!rs only make x /rong1 & c be us$ z witnesses4 ,s n[ x has become cle> to y t m5 ( ?is k9d d exi/1 & h[ c m5 be sure ( !m1 except by _! repeat$ appe>ance2 z is ! case ) physicians & o!r k9ds ( m54 ,if x be ask$3 ,h[ c x be prov$ t ! ,quran is a conclusive pro( t is a miracle :i* is ! bus9ess ( ! prophets to p]=m1 z cur+ is ! bus9ess ( a physician1 we w\ld say t ?is c be kn[n 9 _m ways3--,fir/1 ! precepts :i* x conta9s ab\t k & de$s1 _c be acquir$ by le>n+1 b only by div9e revelation2 secondly1 by ! in=mation :i* x gives ab\t hidd5 ?+s2 & ?irdly1 by its poetry1 :i* is q diff]5t f t :i* c be a*iev$ by imag9ation or repetition ( v]ses1 t is1 x is kn[n t x is ( q a diff]5t k9d f ! poetry ( ,arabic speak+ p1 :e!r ! language be acquir$ & le>n$1 z is ! case ) non-,arabs1 or x be ! "m-tongue1 z x is ) ! ,arabs !mselves4 ,! fir/ reason is ! mo/ weighty "o4 ,if x be ask$ h[ c x be kn[n t ! laws :i* conta9 bo? k & precepts ab\t de$s are ( div9e orig91 s mu* s t !y des]ve ! "n ( ! ^w ( ,god1 we w\ld say also t ?is also c be kn[n 9 _m ways4 ,fir/1 a k ( ! laws _c be acquir$ except aft] a k ( ,god1 & ( human happ9ess & mis]y2 & ! acts by :i* ?is happ9ess c be acquir$1 z *>ity & goodness & ! works :i* div]t m5 f happ9ess & produce et]nal mis]y1 su* z evil & wick$ness4 ,aga9 ! k ( human happ9ess & mis]y requires a k ( ! s\l & its sub/ance1 & :e!r x has et]nal happ9ess or n4 ,if x be s1 !n :at is ! quantity ( ?is happ9ess1 or mis]y2 & also :at am\nt ( good w\ld be ! cause ( happ9ess4 ,= ! case ( goodness & evil is j ! same z ) food1 :i* does n give heal?1 if tak5 9 any quantity & at any "t2 b mu/ be us$ 9 a specifi$ quantity & at an appo9t$ "t4 ,= ?is reason we f9d ^! limit$ 9 ! religi\s laws4 ,all ?is1 or a great] "p ( x1 _c be kn[n b by div9e revelation1 or at lea/ a k ?r\gh x w\ld be bett]4 ,aga9 a p]fect k ( ,god requires a k ( exi/5t ?+s4 ,!n a law-giv] mu/ "k ! quantity ( ?is k :i* w\ld be good to be imp>t$ to ! common p1 & ! me?od to be adopt$ 9 tea*+ !m4 ,all ?is1 or at lea/ a great] "p ( x1 _c be acquir$ by education1 le>n+ or philosophy4 ,?is c be cle>ly kn[n f imp>t+ le>n+1 & especially ! giv+ ( laws1 mak+ regulations1 & giv+ in=mation ab\t ! conditions ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,:5 all ?is is f\nd 9 ! ,quran 9 ! mo/ p]fect =m1 !re c be no d\bt t x is a div9e revelation & ,8 ^w1 giv5 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,8 prophet4 ,s ,god has said1 in=m+ ! p ab\t x1 8,say1 v]ily if man & g5ii 7 purposely assembl$1 t !y might produce a book l ?is ,quran1 !y c\ld n produce "o l x40 ,?is idea is fur!r /r5g!n$1 nay1 comes ne> exact surety & c]ta9ty1 :5 x is kn[n t ! prophet 0 an unlett]$ man1 & liv$ among a p1 un$ucat$1 wild1 & nomadic by habit1 :o _h nev] tri$ to inve/igate ! univ]se1 z 0 ! case ) ! ,greeks1 & o!r nations1 among :om philosophy 0 p]fect$ 9 long p]iods ( "t4 ,to ?is v fact ref] ! words ( ,god1 8,?\ c\ld/ n read any book be=e ?is2 nei!r c\ld/ ?\ write x ) ?y "r h&1 !n _h ga9say]s ju/ly d\bt$ ( ! div9e orig9 !re(40#aad ,h5ce ,god has repeat$ly told ! p ?is quality ( ,8 prophet4 8,x is ,he :o ha? rais$ up among ! illit]ate ,arabians an apo/le f among !mselves10#aae &1 8,^? :o %all foll[ ! ,apo/le ! illit]ate ,prophet40#aaf ,?is matt] c also be kn[n by ano!r me?od--t ( comp>ison ( ?is ,law ) ! o!rs4 ,=1 if ! bus9ess ( ! prophets be ! giv+ ( laws by div9e revelation1 z has be5 ackn[l$g$ by all :o believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! prophets1 !n if y look into ! tea*+s ( useful k & actions lead+ to happ9ess1 :i* are conta9$ 9 ! ,quran1 & comp>e !m ) o!r div9e books & religi\s sy/ems1 y w f9d x excell+ all ! o!rs 9 an unlimit$ degree4 ,on ! :ole1 if !re are books wor?y to be call$ ! words ( ,god1 on acc\nt ( _! wondr\s nature1 & sep>ation f ! g5ius ( human words & _! peculi>ity by :at !y conta9 9 reg>d to k & de$s1 !n x is cle> t ! ,quran is mu* m wor? ?y1 & _m times fitt]1 ?an !y are to be call$ ! words ( ,god4 ,?is w\ld be /ill cle>] to y if y c\ld "k ! pa/ books--! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,b t is n possible because !y h be5 *ang$ to a great ext5t4 ,7 we to describe ! sup]iority ( "o ,law ov] ano!r1 & ! sup]iority ( ! tea*+s giv5 to u ab\t ! k ( ,god1 & ! ,day ( ,judgm5t to ! laws giv5 to ! ,jews & ! ,*ri/ians1 x w\ld require _m volumes ) a confession ( our own %ort-com+s 9 deal+ ) ! subject4 ,= ?is v reason1 ! ,law ( ours has be5 call$ ! la/ ( ! div9e disp5sations4 ,! ,prophet1 peace be on him1 has said1 8,_h ,moses liv$ 9 my "t1 he c\ld n h help$ foll[+ me10 & ! ,prophet 0 "r1 on acc\nt ( ! univ]sal nature ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,quran1 & its regulations4 ,t is x is able to satisfy ! ne$s ( all1 be+ meant = ! :ole ( ! human race4 ,s ,god has said1 8say1 ,o m51 ,v]ily ,i am ! mess5g] ( ,god unto y all40#aag ,! ,prophet has said1 8,i h be5 s5t bo? to ! :ite & ! black nations40 ,! case ( religions is j ! same z t ( ,god4 ,!re are "s foods :i* agree ) all1 or mo/ ( ! p4 ,su* is ! case ) religions also4 ,s ! disp5sations be=e our own 7 meant = "s p>ticul> peoples1 ignor+ all o!rs1 b our religion 0 meant = ! :ole ( ! human race4 ,?is be+ ! case1 our ,prophet excels all ! o!r ,prophets1 to him comes ! div9e revelation1 :i* makes a man fit to be call$ a prophet4 ,s ! ,prophet has said in=m+ u ( 8 sup]iority ov] o!r prophets1 8,!re is no prophet to :om has n be5 giv5 a sign by :i* all ! m5 w\ld h believ$4 ,i h be5 giv5 div9e revelation1 & ,i hope t my foll[]s w\ld be 9 ! majority on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t40 ,all t we h said mu/ h made x cle> to y t ! pro( ( ! prophecy ( ! prophet f ! ,quran is n ( ! same k9d z t ( turn+ a /aff into a s]p5t = ! pro( ( ! prophecy ( ,moses1 or ( giv+ life to ! dead1 & cur+ ! bl9d & lepr\s = ! prophecy ( ,jesus4 ,= ^!1 al?\gh nev] p]=m$ by any b ! prophets1 & suffici5t to satisfy ! common p1 are n by any means conclusive pro(s ( prophecy1 :5 tak5 by !mselves1--!y n be+ acts :i* make a prophet4 ,n[ z to ! ,quran1 its case is j l cur+ by m$ic9e4 ,= in/ance1 suppose two m5 7 to claim to be physicians1 & "o 7 to say t he c\ld walk on wat]1 & ! o!r 7 to ass]t t he c\ld cure a disease1 & s "o walk$ on ! wat]1 & ! o!r cur$ a sick man4 ,9 ?is case1 our v]ification = m$ic9e w\ld be only = "o :o has cur$ a sick man1 b 9 ! case ( ! o!r1 x w\ld be outw>d satisfaction alone4 ,! fir/ is f> bett]4 ,! only reason by :i* ! common p c be satisfi$ 9 ?is respect is t "o :o c walk on wat]1 :i* is aga9/ ! nature ( m51 c c]ta9ly cure a disease1 :i* is :at m5 c d4 ,?is also is "o ( ! reasons ( ! connection betwe5 miracle1 :i* is n "o ( ! conditions ( prophecy1 & ! sign :i* makes a man des]ve ! "n ( a prophet3 div9e revelation4 ,( ?is quality is also ! fact1 t !re comes no?+ to ! m9d ( su* a man except t :i* ,god has orda9$ = ?is unique "w1 & specialis$ him = x1 among all 8 fell[-m54 ,s x is n inconsi/5t if he 7 to claim t ,god di/+ui%$ him ) 8 revelations4 ,on ! :ole1 :5 once x is laid d[n t ! prophets d exi/1 & t ! miracles _c be p]=m$ except by !m1 !y c become a prophecy1 t is ! miracles :i* are n 9 any way fit to be receiv$ z a pro( = x4 ,?is is ! me?od to be adopt$ ) reg>d to ! common p4 ,= ! d\bts & objections :i* we h describ$ ab\t unnatural miracles are n p]ceiv$ by ! masses4 ,b if y look int5tly y w f9d t ! ,law dep5ds ^u suitable & natural miracles1 & n ^u unnatural ones4 ,:at we h said ab\t ?is problem is en\gh = our purpose & = ! sake ( tru?4 ,problem ,?ird3 ,( ,fate & ,pr$e/9ation4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ intricate problems ( religion4 ,= if y look into ! traditional argum5ts ab\t ?is problem y w f9d !m contradictory2 su* also be+ ! case ) argum5ts ( reason4 ,! contradiction 9 ! argum5ts ( ! fir/ k9d is f\nd 9 ! ,quran & ! ,traditions4 ,!re are _m v]ses ( ! ,quran1 :i* by _! univ]sal nature1 tea* t all ! ?+s are pr$e/9$1 & t man is compell$ to d 8 acts2 !n !re are v]ses :i* say t man is free 9 8 acts & n compell$ 9 p]=m+ !m4 ,! foll[+ v]ses tell u t all ! ?+s are by compulsion1 & are pr$e/9$1 8,ev]y?+ h ,we creat$ b\nd by a fix$ degree20#aah aga91 8,) ,him ev]y?+ is regulat$ accord+ to a det]m9$ measure40#aai ,fur!r1 ,he says1 8,no accid5t happ5e? 9 ! e>?1 nor 9 y\r p]sons1 b ! same 0 ent]$ 9 ! ,book v]ily x is easy ) ,god40#abj ,!re may be quot$ _m o!r v]ses on ?is subject4 ,n[1 z to ! v]ses :i* say t man c acquire de$s by free w1 & t ?+s are only possible & n necess>y1 ! foll[+ may be quot$3 8,or ,he de/roye? !m 7by %ip-wreck71 because ( t :i* _! crew h m]it$2 ?\gh ,he p>done? _m ?+s40#aba ,& aga91 8,:atev] mis=tune befalle? y is s5t y by ,god1 = t :i* y\r h&s h des]v$40#abb ,fur!r1 ,he says1 8,b !y :o commit evil1 equal !reunto40#abc ,aga91 ,he says1 8,x %all h ! good :i* x ga9e?1 & x %all h ! evil :i* x ga9e?40#abd &1 8,& z to ,?amud1 ,we direct$ !m1 b !y lov$ bl9dness bett] ?an ! true directions40#abe ,sometimes contradiction appe>s ev5 9 a s+le v]se ( ! ,quran4 ,= in/ance1 ,he says1 8,aft] a mis=tune ha? befall5 y 7y _h already atta9$ two equal advantages71 d y say1 :5ce come? ?is8 ,answ]1 ,?is is f y\rselves40#abf ,9 ! next v]se1 ,he says1 8,& :at happ5? unto y1 on ! day :]eon ! two armies met1 0 c]ta9ly by p]mission ( ! ,"l40#abg ,( ?is k9d also is ! v]se1 8,:atev] good befalle? !e1 ,o man1 x is f ,god2 & :atev] evil befalle? !e1 x is f ?yself20#abh :ile ! prec$+ v]se says1 8,all is f ,god40#abi ,su* is also ! case ) ! ,traditions4 ,! ,prophet says1 8,e *ild is born 9 ! true religion2 8 p>5ts aft]w>ds turn him into a ,jew or a ,*ri/ian40 ,on ano!r occasion he said1 8,! foll[+ p h be5 creat$ = hell1 & d ! de$s ( ^? :o are fit = x4 ,^! h be5 creat$ = heav51 & d de$s fit = x40 ,! fir/ ,tradition says t ! cause ( disbelief is "o's own environm5ts2 :ile fai? & belief are natural to man4 ,! o!r ,tradition says t wick$ness & disbelief are creat$ by ,god1 & man is compell$ to foll[ !m4 ,?is condition ( ?+s has l$ ,muslims to be divid$ into two gr\ps4 ,! "o believ$ t man's wick$ness or virtue is 8 own acquirem5t1 & t accord+ to ^! he w be ei!r puni%$ or rew>d$4 ,^! are ! ,mutazilites4 ,! belief ( ! o!r p>ty is q oppos$ to ?is4 ,!y say t man is compell$ to d 8 de$s4 ,!y are ! ,jab>ites4 ,! ,a%>ites h tri$ to adopt a mean betwe5 ^! two extreme views4 ,!y say t man c d action1 b ! de$s done1 & ! p[] ( do+ x1 are bo? creat$ by ,god4 ,b ?is is q mean+less4 ,= if ! de$ & ! p[] ( do+ x be bo? creat$ by ,god1 !n man is necess>ily compell$ to d ! act4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons ( ! diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t ?is problem4 ,z we h said !re is ano!r cause ( diff]5ce ( op9ion ab\t ?is problem1 ?an ! traditional "o4 ,?is consi/s ( ! contradictory argum5ts advanc$4 ,= if we say t man is ! creator ( 8 own de$s1 x w\ld be necess>y to admit t !re are ?+s :i* are n done accord+ to ! w ( ,god1 or ,8 au?ority4 ,s !re w\ld be ano!r creator besides ,god1 :ile ! ,muslims are agre$ t !re is no creator b ,he4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we 7 to suppose t man _c act freely1 we admit t he is compell$ to d c]ta9 acts1 = !re is no mean betwe5 compulsion & fre$om4 ,aga91 if man is compell$ to d c]ta9 de$s1 !n on him has be5 impos$ a task :i* he _c be>2 & :5 he is made to be> a burd51 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 8 "w & ! "w ( inorganic matt]4 ,= inorganic matt] has no p[]1 nei!r has ! man ! p[] = t :i* he _c be>4 ,h5ce all p h made capability "o ( ! conditions = ! imposition ( a task1 su* z wisdom we f9d ,abul ,maali1 say+ 9 8 ,nizamiyyah1 t man is free 9 8 own de$s & has ! capability ( do+ !m4 ,he has e/abli%$ x ^u ! impossibility ( impos+ a task :i* "o _c be>1 9 ord] to avoid ! pr9ciple =m]ly disprov$ by ! ,mutazilites1 on acc\nt ( its be+ unfit by reason4 ,! succe$+ ,a%>ites h oppos$ !m4 ,moreov] if man _h no p[] 9 do+ a de$1 !n x w be only by *ance t he may escape f evil1 & t is mean+less4 ,su* also w\ld be ! case ) acquir+ goodness4 ,9 ?is way all ^? arts :i* lead to happ9ess1 z agriculture etc41 w\ld become useless4 ,s also w\ld become useless all ^? arts ! purpose ( :i* is protection f1 & repulsion ( dang] z ! sci5ces ( w>1 navigation1 m$ic9e etc4 su* a condition is q contr>y to all t is intelligible to man4 ,n[ x may be ask$ t if ! case is s1 h[ is ?is contradiction :i* is to be f\nd bo? 9 tradition & reason to be reconcil$ we w\ld say1 t app>5tly ! purpose ( religion 9 ?is problem is n to divide x into two sep>ate beliefs1 b to reconcile !m by means ( a middle c\rse1 :i* is ! "r me?od4 ,x is evid5t t ,god has creat$ 9 u p[] by :i* we c p]=m de$s :i* are contradictory 9 _! nature4 ,b z ?is _c be complete except by ! cause :i* ,god has furni%$ = u1 f outside1 & ! removal ( difficulties f !m1 ! de$s done are only complet$ by ! conjunction ( bo? ^! ?+s at ! same "t4 ,?is be+ s ! de$s attribut$ to u are done by our int5tion1 & by ! fitness ( ! causes :i* are call$ ! ,pr$e/9ation ( ,god1 :i* ,he has furni%$ = u f outside4 ,!y nei!r complete ! works :i* we int5d nor h9d] !m1 b c]ta9ly become ! cause ( our int5d+ !m--"o ( ! two ?+s4 ,= int5tion is produc$ 9 u by our imag9ation1 or = ! v]ification ( a ?+1 :i* 9 itself is n 9 our p[]1 b comes into be+ by causes outside u4 ,= in/ance1 if we see a good ?+1 we l x1 )\t int5tion1 & move t[>ds acquir+ x4 ,s also1 if we happ5 to come to a ?+ :i* x is bett] to %un1 we leave x )\t int5tion4 ,h5ce our int5tions are b\nd & atta*$ to causes ly+ outside ourselves4 ,to ?is ! foll[+ words ( ,god1 ref] 8,ea* ( !m ha? angels1 mutually succe$+ ea* o!r1 be=e him & beh9d him2 !y wat* him by ! comm& ( ,god40#acj ,z ^! outside causes take ?is c\rse accord+ to a well def9$ ord] & arrangem5t1 & nev] g a/ray f ! pa? :i* _! ,creator ha? appo9t$ = !m1 & our own int5tions c nei!r be compell$1 nor ev] f\nd1 on ! :ole1 b by _! fitness1 s x is necess>y t actions too %\ld also be )9 well-def9$ limits1 t is1 !y be f\nd 9 a giv5 p]iod ( "t & 9 a giv5 quantity4 ,?is is necess>y because our de$s are only ! effects ( causes1 ly+ outside u2 & all ! effects :i* result f limit$ & pre>rang$ causes1 are !mselves limit$1 & are f\nd 9 a giv5 quantity only4 ,?is relation does n exi/ only betwe5 our actions & outside causes1 b also betwe5 !m & ! causes :i* ,god has creat$ 9 our body1 & ! well-def9$ ord] exi/+ betwe5 ! inn] & out] causes4 ,?is is :at is meant by ,fate & pr$e/9ation1 :i* is f\nd m5tion$ 9 ! ,quran & is incumb5t ^u man4 ,?is is also ! 8,pres]v$ ,tablet40#aca ,god's k ( ^! causes1 & t :i* p]ta9s to !m1 is ! cause ( _! exi/5ce4 ,s no "o c h a full k ( ^! ?+s except ,god1 & h5ce ,he is ! only ,kn[] ( secrets1 :i* is q true2 z ,god has said1 8,say1 ,none ei!r 9 heav5 or e>?1 kn[e? t :i* is hidd5 besides ,god40#acb ,a k ( causes is a k ( secret ?+s1 because ! secret is a k ( ! exi/5ce ( a ?+1 be=e x comes into be+4 ,& z ! arrangem5t & ord] ( causes br+ a ?+ into exi/5ce or n at a c]ta9 "t1 !re mu/ be a k ( ! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( a ?+ at a c]ta9 "t4 ,a k ( ! causes z a :ole1 is ! k ( :at ?+s w\ld be f\nd or n f\nd at a c]ta9 mom5t ( "t4 ,prais$ be ,he1 ,:o has a complete k ( creation & all ( its causes4 ,?is is :at is meant by ! 8keys ( ! secret10 9 ! foll[+ words ( ,god1 8) ,him are ! keys ( secret ?+s2 none kn[e? !m besides ,himself40#acc ,all t we h said be+ true1 x mu/ h become evid5t h[ we c acquire our de$s1 & h[ f> !y are gov]n$ by pr$e/9ation & fate4 ,?is v reconciliation is ! real purpose ( religion by ^? v]ses & ,traditions :i* are app>5tly contradictory4 ,:5 _! univ]sal nature be limit$ 9 ?is mann]1 ^? contradictions %\ld vani% by !mselves1 & all ! d\bts :i* 7 rais$ be=e1 ab\t ! contradictory nature ( reason1 w\ld disappe>4 ,! exi/5t ?+s f our volition are complet$ by two ?+s3 our int5tion & ! o!r causes4 ,b :5 ! de$s are ref]r$ to only by "o ( ^! ag5cies1 d\bts w\ld rise4 ,x may be said is a good answ]1 & "h reason is 9 p]fect agreem5t ) religion1 b x is bas$ ^u ! pr9ciples t ^! are agre$ t !re are creative causes br++ into exi/5ce o!r ?+s2 :ile ! ,muslims are agre$ t !re is no ,creator b ,god4 ,we w\ld say t :atev] !y h agre$ ^u is q "r1 b ! objection c be answ]$ 9 two ways4 ,"o ( !m is t ?is objection itself c be und]/ood 9 two ways2 "o ( !m be+ t !re is no ,creator b ,god1 & all ^? causes :i* ,he has creat$1 _c be call$ creators1 except speak+ figuratively4 ,_! exi/5ce also dep5ds ^u ,him4 ,he alone has made !m to be causes1 nay1 ,he only pres]ves _! exi/5ce z creative ag5ts1 & protects _! effects aft] _! actions4 ,he aga91 produces _! ess5ces at ! mom5t :5 causes come toge!r4 ,he alone pres]ves !m z a :ole4 ,_h !re be5 no div9e protection !y c\ld n h exi/$ = ! lea/ mom5t ( "t4 ,abu ,hamid 7,al-,ghazzali7 has said t a man :o makes any ( ! causes to be co-exi/5t ) ,god is l a man :o makes ! p5 %>e ! "w ( a scribe 9 writ+2 t is1 he says t ! p5 is a scribe & ! man is a scribe too4 ,he means t writ+ is a ^w :i* may be appli$ to bo?1 b 9 reality !y h no resemblance 9 any?+ b ^w1 = o!rwise !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,su* is also ! case ) ! ^w ,creator1 :5 appli$ to ,god & ! ,causes4 ,we say t 9 ?is illu/ration !re are d\bts4 ,x %\ld h be5 cle>ly %[n1 :e!r ! scribe 0 ! ,creator ( ! ess5ce 7,ja:>7 ( p51 a pres]v] ( x1 z long z x rema9s a p51 & aga9 a pres]v] ( ! writ+ aft] x is writt51 a ,creator ( x aft] x has come 9 t\* ) ! p51 z we h j expla9$ t ,god is ! ,creator ( ! ess5ces 7,jawahir7 ( ev]y?+ :i* come into contact ) its causes1 :i* are s call$ only by ! usage4 ,?is is ! reason :y !re is no creator b ,god--a reason :i* agrees ) our feel+s1 reason & religion4 ,our feel+s & reason see t !re are ?+s :i* produce o!rs4 ,! ord] f\nd 9 ! univ]se is ( two k9ds3 t :i* ,god has put 9 ! nature & disposition ( ?+s2 & t :i* surr\nd ! univ]se f outside4 ,?is is q cle> 9 ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,= x is evid5t t ! sun & ! moon1 ! day & night1 & all o!r />s are ob$i5t to u2 & x is on ?is arrangem5t & ord] :i* ,god has put 9 _! movem5ts t our exi/5ce & t ( all o!r ?+s dep5ds4 ,s ev5 if we imag9e ! lea/ possible confusion 9 !m1 ) !m 9 any o!r position1 size & rapidity ( movem5t :i* ,god has made = !m1 all ! exi/5t ?+s ^u ! e>? w\ld be de/roy$4 ,?is is s because ( ! nature 9 :i* ,god has made !m & ! nature ( ! ?+s :i* are effect$ by !m4 ,?is is v cle> 9 ! effects ( ! sun & ! moon ^u ?+s ( ?is _w2 su* also be+ ! case ) ! ra9s1 w9ds1 seas & o!r tangible ?+s4 ,b ! great] effect is produc$ ^u plants1 & ^u a great] numb]1 or all1 on ! animals4 ,moreov]1 x is app>5t t _h !re n be5 ^? faculties :i* ,god has put 9 our bodies1 z regulat+ !m t c\ld n exi/ ev5 = a s+le mom5t aft] bir?4 ,b we say1 _h !re n be5 ! faculties f\nd 9 all ! bodies ( ! animals1 & plants & ^? f\nd 9 ! _w by ! movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies1 !n !y w\ld n h exi/$ at all1 n ev5 = a tw9kl+ ( ! eye4 ,s prais$ be ! 8,sagaci\s1 ! ,kn[+40#acd ,god has call$ our att5tion to ?is fact 9 ,8 book1 8,& ,he ha? subject$ ! night & ! day to y\r s]vice2 & ! sun & ! moon & ! />s1 :i* are compell$ to s]ve by ,8 ,comm&20#ace aga91 8,say1 :at ?9k ye1 if ,god %\ld cov] y ) p]petual night1 until ! day ( ,resurrection20#acf & aga91 8,( ,8 m]cy1 ,he ha? made y night & ! day1 t ye may re/ 9 ! "o1 & may seek to obta9 provision = y\rselves ( ,8 abundance1 by y\r indu/ry2 9 ! o!r20#acg &1 8,& ,he oblige? :atev] is 9 heav5 or on e>? to s]ve y40#ach ,fur!r ,he says1 8,he likewise compelle? ! sun & ! moon1 :i* dilig5tly p]=m _! c\rses1 to s]ve y2 & ha? subject$ ! day & night to y\r s]vice10#aci ,!re may be quot$ _m o!r v]ses on ! subject4 ,_h !re be5 any wisdom 9 _! exi/5ce by :i* ,god has fav\r$ u1 & !re w\ld n h be5 ^? bless+s = :i* we are to be grateful to ,him4 ,! second answ] to ! objection is1 t we say t ! ?+s produc$ out ( x are ( two k9ds3 ess5ces & sub/ances2 & movem5ts1 h>dness1 coldness & all o!r accid5ts4 ,! ess5ces & sub/ances are n creat$ by any b ,god4 ,_! causes effect ! accid5ts ( ^? ess5ces1 & n ! ess5ces !mselves4 ,= in/ance1 man & woman are only ! ag5ts1 :ile ,god is ! real creator ( ! *ild1 & ! life 9 x4 ,su* is also ! case ) agriculture4 ,! e>? is prep>$ & made ready = x1 & ! se$ scatt]$ 9 x4 ,b x is ,god :o produces ! e> ( ! corn4 ,s !re is no creator b ,god1 :ile creat$ ?+s are b ess5ces4 ,to ?is ref] ! words ( ,god4 8,o m51 a p>able is prop\nd$ unto y1 !re=e1 he>k5 unto x4 ,v]ily ! idols :i* ye invoke1 besides ,god1 c nev] create a s+le fly1 al?\gh !y may all assemble = ! purpose2 & if ! fly snat* any?+ f !m !y _c turn ! same f x4 ,weak is ! petition] & ! petition$40#adj ,?is is :]e ! unbeliev] want$ to mislead ,abraham1 :5 he said1 8,i give life & kill40#ada ,:5 ,abraham saw t he c\ld und]/& x1 he at once turn$ to ! conclusive argum5t & said1 8,v]ily1 ,god br+e? ! sun f ! ea/2 d ?\ br+ x f ! we/40 ,on ! :ole1 if ! matt] ab\t ! creator & ! do] be und]/ood on ?is wise1 !re w\ld be no contradiction1 ei!r 9 ,tradition or 9 reason4 ,s we say t ! ^w ,creator does n apply to ! creat$ ?+s by any ne> or f>-fet*$ metaphor1 = ! mean+ ( ! creator is ! inv5tor ( ! ess5ces4 ,s ,god has said1 8,god creat$ y1 & t :i* ye "k40 ,x %\ld be kn[n t "o :o d5ies ! effect ( ! causes on ! results ( !m1 also d5ies philosophy & all ! sci5ces4 ,= sci5ce is ! k ( ! ?+s by _! causes1 & philosophy is ! k ( hidd5 causes4 ,to d5y ! causes altoge!r is a ?+ :i* is un9telligible to human reason4 ,x is to d5y ! ,creator1 n se5 by u4 ,= ! unse5 9 ?is matt] mu/ always be und]/ood by a ref]5ce to ! se54 ,s ^? m5 c h no k ( ,god1 :5 !y admit t = e action !re is an actor4 ,x be+ s1 ! agreem5t ( ! ,muslims on ! fact t !re is no ,creator b ,god _c be p]fect1 if we und]/& by x ! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( an ag5t 9 ! visible _w4 ,= f ! exi/5ce ( ! ag5t 9 x1 we h br\ght an argum5t = ! ,creator 9 ! invisible _w4 ,b :5 we h once admitt$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,creator 9 ! invisible _w1 x becomes cle> t !re is no ,creative ag5t except "o by ,8 comm& & w4 ,x is also evid5t t we c p]=m our own de$s1 & t "o :o takes up only "o side ( ! "q is wrong1 z is ! case ) ! ,mutazilites & ! ,jab>ites4 ,^? :o adopt ! middle ,c\rse1 l ! ,a%>ites1 = discov]+ ! tru?1 _c f9d x4 ,= !y make no diff]5ce = a man betwe5 ! trembl+ & ! movem5t ( 8 h& by int5tion4 ,!re is no mean+ 9 _! admitt+ t bo? ! movem5ts are n by ourselves4 ,because if !y are n by ourselves we h no p[] to *eck !m1 s we are compell$ to d !m4 ,h5ce !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 trembl+ ( h& & volunt>y movem5t1 :i* !y w\ld call acquir$4 ,s !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 except 9 _! names1 :i* nev] effect ! ?+s !mselves4 ,?is is all cle> by itself4 ,f\r? ,problem3--,div9e ,ju/ice & ,inju/ice4 ,! ,a%>ites h express$ a v peculi> op9ion1 bo? ) reg>d to reason & religion2 ab\t ?is problem4 ,!y h expla9$ x 9 a way 9 :i* religion has n1 b h adopt$ q an opposite me?od4 ,!y say t 9 ?is problem ! case ( ! invisible _w is q oppos$ to ! visible4 ,!y ?9k t ,god is j or unju/ )9 ! limits ( religi\s actions1 s :5 a man's action is j ) reg>d to religion1 he also is j2 & :atev] religion calls x to be unju/2 ,he is unju/4 ,!y say t :atev] has n be5 impos$ z a div9ely orda9$ duty ^u m51 does n come )9 ! f\r walls ( religion4 ,he is nei!r j or unju/1 b all ,8 actions ab\t su* ?+s are j4 ,!y h laid d[n t !re is no?+ 9 itself :i* may be call$ j or unju/4 ,b to say t !re is no?+ :i* may 9 itself be call$ good or bad is simply intol]able4 ,ju/ice is kn[n z good1 & inju/ice z bad4 ,s accord+ to !m1 poly!ism is 9 itself nei!r inju/ice nor evil1 b ) reg>d to religion1 & _h religion orda9$ x1 x w\ld h be5 j & true4 ,su* also w\ld h be5 ! case ) any k9d ( s94 ,b all ?is is q contr>y to our traditions & reason4 ,z to tradition ,god has describ$ himself z j1 & d5i$ inju/ice to himself4 ,he says 8,god ha? borne witness t !re is no ,god b ,he2 & ! angels & ^? :o are end[$ ) wisdom pr(ess ! same1 :o execute? righte\sness20#adb & 8,?y ,god is n unju/ t[>ds ,8 s]vants20#adc & aga91 8,v]ily ,god w n deal unju/ly ) m5 9 any respect2 b m5 deal unju/ly ) _! own s\ls40#add ,x may be ask$1 ,:at is y\r op9ion ab\t mislead+ ! p1 :e!r x is j or unju/1 = ,god has m5tion$ 9 _m a v]se ( ! ,quran1 8,t ,he leads z well z misleads ! p80 ,he says1 8,god cause? to err :om ,he please?1 & directe? :om ,he please?20#ade &1 8,if we _h pleas$1 we _h c]ta9ly giv5 e s\l its direction40#adf ,we w\ld say t ^! v]ses _c be tak5 exot]ically1 = !re are _m v]ses :i* app>5tly contradict !m--! v]ses 9 :i* ,god d5ies inju/ice to himself4 ,= in/ance1 ,he says1 8,he like? n +ratitude 7,kufr7 9 ,8 s]vant40#adg ,s x is cle> t z ,he does n l +ratitude ev5 f !m1 ,he c]ta9ly _c cause !m to err4 ,z to ! /atem5t ( ! ,a%>ites t ,god sometimes does ?+s :i* ,he does n l1 & ord]s o!rs :i* ,he does n want1 ,god =bid u f hold+ su* a view ab\t him1 = x is pure infidelity4 ,t ,god has n misl$ ! p & has n caus$ !m to err w be cle> to y f ! foll[+ v]ses3 8,:]e=e be ?\ or?odox & set ?y face t[>ds true religion1 ! in/itution ( ,god1 to :i* ,he ha? creat$ man k9dly dispos$20#adh &1 8:5 ?y ,"l drew =? _! po/]ity f ! lions ( ! sons ( ,adam40#adi ,a ,tradition ( ! ,prophet says1 8,e *ild is born accord+ to ! div9e con/itution40 ,^! be+ contradictions 9 ?is problem we %\ld try to reconcile !m s t !y may agree ) reason4 ,! v]se1 8,v]ily ,god w cause to err :om ,he please?1 & w direct :om ,he please?0 ref]s to ! pre>rang$ div9e w1 ) :i* all ?+s h be5 end[$4 ,!y h be5 creat$ err+1 t is1 prep>$ to g a/ray by _! v nature1 & l$ to x by inn] & out] causes4 ,! mean+ ( ! v]se1 8,if we _h pleas$1 we h giv5 unto e s\l its direction10 is t ,he ?\ght ( n creat+ p ready to err1 by _! nature1 or by ! out] causes or by bo?1 ,he c\ld h done s4 ,b z ! dispositions ( m5 are diff]5t ! words may mislead ! "o & direct ! o!r4 ,= ^! are ! v]ses :i* speak ( mislead+ ! p4 ,= in/ance1 8,he w !reby mislead _m1 & w direct _m !reby3 b ,he w n mislead any !reby except ! transgressors0#aej2 &1 8,we h appo9t$ ! vision :i* we %[$ !e1 & also ! tree curs$ 9 ! ,quran10#aea & ! v]ses ab\t ! numb] ( angels ( hell4 8,?us do? ,god cause to err :om ,he please? & ,he directe? :om ,he please?40#aeb ,x means t = evil natures1 ^! v]ses are mislead+1 z = ! sick bodies ev5 good drugs are injuri\s4 ,b "s "o may object & ask1 :at 0 ! ne$ ( creat+ a class ( m5 already prep>$ to err1 = ?is is ! wor/ k9d ( inju/ice8 ,we w\ld say t div9e wisdom designat$ x s4 ,! inju/ice w\ld h consi/$ 9 its be+ o!rwise4 ,= ! nature & con/itution ( m51 9 ,8 v creation1 are su* t !y require "s m51 ?\gh v few1 to be wick$ & evil by _! nature4 ,su* is also ! case ) ! out] causes1 made = direct+ ! p to ! "r pa?1 :i* requires t "s m5 mu/ be bad4 ,if _m _h be5 good !n ! div9e law w\ld n h be5 fulfill$1 because ei!r !re _h n be5 creat$ ?+s 9 :i* !re is little evil & mu* good1 = ! good w\ld h disappe>$ on acc\nt ( t little evil2 or !re _h be5 creat$ ?+s ) mu* good & little evil4 ,n[ x is well kn[n t ! exi/5ce ( _m good ones ) a few evil ones1 is bett] ?an ! non-exi/5ce ( mu* good = ! sake ( little evil4 ,?is v evil 0 ! ?+ :i* rema9$ hidd5 to ! angels :5 ,god in=m$ !m t ,he 0 go+ to create ^u ! e>?1 a viceg]5t1 t is1 a man4 8,:5 ,god said to ! angels1 ,i am go+ to place a sub/itute on e>?1 !y said1 wilt ?\ place !re "o :o w d evil !re91 & %$ blood8 b we celebrate ?y praise1 & sanctify ,!e4 ,god answ]$1 ,v]ily ,i "k t :i* ye "k n40#aec ,he means t ! ?+ :i* is hidd5 f !m is t :5 !re is f\nd bo? good & evil 9 a ?+1 & good ov]p[]s ! evil1 reason requires ! creation ( ! "o = ! de/ruction ( ! o!r4 ,s f all ^! x is cle> h[ mislead+ c be attribut$ to ,him1 9 spite ( ,8 ju/ice1 & inju/ice disprov$4 ,! causes ( mislead+ are creat$1 because f !m appe> ! causes ( direction to good4 ,= "s p h n be5 giv5 causes ( direction to good 9 :i* !re is f\nd no?+ :i* may lead to err+4 ,su* is ! condition ( ! angels4 ,s also ! causes ( good h ^? evil1 ?\gh 9 _! nature mu* evil be n f\nd2 ?is applies to man4 ,x may be ask$3 ,:at is ! use ( ^! contradictory v]ses1 ?us compell+ ! p to take refuge 9 int]pretations1 :i* y h absolutely =bidd58 ,we w\ld say t to expla9 ?is problem to ! common p1 !y h be5 compell$ to adopt ?is me?od4 ,= !y %\ld "k t ,god is j1 & t ,he is ! ,creator ( all good & evil1 in/ead ( believ+1 z _m nations h done1 t !re are two ,gods1 ! creator ( good1 & ! creator ( evil4 ,s n[ !y "k t ,he is ! ,creator ( bo?4 ,z mislead+ is evil1 & z !re is no ,creator b ,he1 x 0 necess>y t x %\ld be attribut$ to ,him1 l ! creation ( evil4 ,b ?is %\ld be done )\t qualify+ x1 t is1 t ,he creat$ good = its own sake1 & evil = ! sake ( good--on acc\nt ( _! connection ) "o ano!r4 ,9 ?is way ,8 creation ( evil w\ld be q j4 ,to illu/rate3 fire has be5 made because ( its necessity = ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 & )\t x !y c\ld n h exi/$ at all4 ,x also de/roys ?+s by its v nature4 ,b if y ?9k ( ! de/ruction & evil :i* x causes1 & comp>e x to ! advantages :i* we d]ive out ( x1 y w f9d t its exi/5ce is bett] ?an non-exi/5ce1 t is1--good4 ,n[ ! v]se ( ! ,quran 8,no acc\nt %all be dem&$ ( him = :at ,he %all d2 b an acc\nt %all be dem&$ ( !m10 means t ,he does no?+ because x is incumb5t ^u him = x is degrad+ to him1 to ne$ do+ a ?+4 ,if x be s1 ,god ne$s t ?+ = ,8 own exi/5ce1 because ( necessity or to be m p]fect 9 ,8 ,be+--& ,god is free f su* imp]fections4 ,man is j because he ga9s some?+ good by be+ s1 :i* he _c ga9 o!rwise4 ,god is j1 n t ,he may become m p]fect by ,8 ju/ice1 b because ,8 p]fection requires him to be j4 ,:5 we und]/& x 9 ?is way x w\ld be evid5t1 t ,he is n j 9 ! same way z man is j4 ,b x is n "r to say t ,he is n j at all1 & t all ,8 actions are nei!r j nor unju/1 z ! ,mutakallimuns h ?\ght4 ,= x _c be und]/ood by human intellect1 & is at ! same "t falsify+ religion4 ,^! p knew ! mean+ b 7 misl$4 ,= if we say t ,he is n at all j1 we falsify ! pr9ciple t !re are ?+s :i* are j & good 9 !mselves & o!rs :i* are evil & unju/4 ,aga91 if we suppose t ,he is j 9 ! same way z man is1 x becomes necess>y to admit !re is "s defect 9 him4 ,= "o :o is j1 8 exi/5ce is = ! sake ( ?+s = :i* he is j1 & s he is dep5d5t ^u ano!r4 ,x %\ld n[ be kn[n t x is n necess>y = all ! p to be told ?is int]pretation 9 its entirety4 ,only ^? %\ld be told x :o h "s d\bts ab\t ?is problem4 ,= n e "o among ! common p is confront$ by ^! contradictions 9 ! univ]sal v]ses1 & ,tradition4 ,su* p mu/ believe 9 ! exot]ic mean+s ( !m4 ,!re is ano!r reason = ^! v]ses4 ,! common p _c diff]5tiate betwe5 possible & impossible1 :ile to ,god is n ascrib$ p[] ov] ! impossible4 ,if !y be told :at is impossible 7,mu/ahil7 & !y ?9k t ,god has p[] ov] x1 & !n told t ,god has no p[]1 !y beg9 to ?9k t !re is "s defect 9 ,god1 because ,he _c d a c]ta9 ?+ & h5ce ,he is weak4 ,z ! exi/5ce ( ?+s free f evil 0 possible accord+ to ! masses1 ,god has said1 8,if we _h pleas$1 we _h c]ta9ly giv5 e s\l its direction2 b ! ^w :i* ha? proce$$ f ,me mu/ necess>ily be fulfill$1 :5 ,i said1 ,v]ily ,i w fill ! hell ) g5ii & m51 altoge!r40#aed ,?is v]se means "o ?+ to ! common p1 & ! o!r to ! le>n$4 ,! =m] take x to mean t x is n incumb5t ^u him t ,he %\ld create a class ( m5 to :om evil may be atta*$4 ,b x really means3 ,_h we ?\ght we c\ld create m5 ) :om evil c\ld n be atta*$1 b w\ld h be5 good 9 all & all1 & h5ce e "o _h be5 giv5 8 guidance4 ,?is mu* is en\gh = ?is problem4 ,n[ we w\ld deal ) ! fif? "q4 ,problem fif?3 ,( ! ,conditions ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t3--,! ,day ( ,judgm5t is a ?+ 9 :i* all ! religions are agre$1 & all ! le>n$ m5 h prov$ x by argum5ts4 ,! religions diff] ab\t ! conditions ( its exi/5ce2 nay1 9 reality !y d n diff] ab\t its condition1 b ab\t ! visible ?+s by :i* !y %\ld expla9 to ! common p ! conditions ( ! unse54 ,!re are "s religions :i* h made x only spiritual1 t is1 meant only = ! s\ls2 :ile o!rs h ?\ght x to be bo? physical & spiritual4 ,! reconciliation 9 ?is matt] dep5ds ^u ! te/imony ( div9e revelation1 & ! necess>y argum5ts ( all ! le>n$ m51 t is1 t = a man !re are two bless+s3 ( ! pres5t _w1 & ( ! _w to come1 :i* is itself e/abli%$ ^u pr9ciples1 admitt$ by all to be true4 ,"o ( !m is t :5 x is cle> t all ! exi/5t ?+s h n be5 creat$ 9 va91 b = "s p>ticul> "w assign$ to !m1 :i* is ! sum total ( _! life1 !n man is f> fitt] to be plac$ "u ?is category4 ,god himself has w>n$ u ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is purpose 9 all ! creat$ ?+s4 ,he says 9 ! ,quran1 8,we h creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?1 & :atev] is betwe5 !m1 9 va94 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ! unbeliev]s40#aee ,aga91 ,he says1 describ+ & prais+ ! le>n$ m51 :o h und]/ood1 ! real & inn] purpose ( ?is exi/5ce1 8,:o rememb] ,god /&+1 & sitt+1 & ly+ on _! sides2 & m$itate on ! creation ( heav5 & e>?1 say+1 ,o ,"l1 ?\ ha/ n creat$ ?is 9 va92 f> be x f !e !re=e1 deliv] u f ! torm5t ( hell fire40#aef ,! ultimate purpose 9 ! creation ( man is /ill m evid5t 9 him1 ?an 9 o!r ?+s4 ,god has in=m$ u ( x 9 _m a v]ses ( ! ,quran4 ,he says1 8,did ye ?9k t we _h creat$ y 9 sport2 & t ye %\ld n be br\ght aga9 be=e u10#aeg &1 8,do? man ?9k1 t he %all be left at full lib]ty1 )\t control80#aeh & fur!r on ,he says1 8,i h n creat$ g5ii & m5 = any o!r end1 b t !y %\ld s]ve me40#aei ,t is ! g5ius out ( all creation :i* c\ld "k him4 ,aga91 ,he says1 in=m+ u ( ! importance ( kn[+ ,god1 8,:at reason h ,i t ,i %\ld n wor%ip him :o ha? creat$ me8 = unto him %all ye return40#afj ,n[ x be+ cle> t man has be5 creat$ = a c]ta9 "w1 x is evid5t t ! "w %\ld be ( a p>ticul> k9d4 ,= we see t ev]y?+ has be5 creat$ = a c]ta9 "w1 :i* is f\nd 9 x1 & 9 none o!r2 t is1 x is specialis$ 9 x4 ,?is be+ s1 x is necess>y t ! real purpose ( man's creation be ^? de$s :i* are f\nd 9 him1 & 9 no o!r animal4 ,^! de$s p]ta9 to 8 rational p[]s4 ,z !re are two portions ( ! rational p[]s1--practical & !oretical--x is evid5t t ! fir/ k9d ( ?+ is dem&$ ( him4 ,t is1 t 8 faculties ( k & sci5ce %\ld be f\nd 9 _! p]fection4 ,! de$ by :i* s\l acquires p]fection 9 ^? two faculties are goodness & virtue1 & ^? t ret>d x are evil & wick$4 ,& z ^! actions are mo/ ( !m fix$ by div9e revelation1 religions appe>$ to fix !m4 ,) t !re also appe>s a k ( ^? qualities1 exhort+ ! p t[>ds !m4 ,!y ord]$ m5 to act ^u goodness1 & %ew evil4 ,!y taught !m ! quantity ( ! de$s :i* w be good = all ! p1 bo? 9 practice & 9 k tak5 toge!r4 ,!y also taught !m ! !oretical k ( ?+s1 :i* all ! p %\ld "k1 su* z ! k ( ,god1 angels1 ( high] creation1 & ( goodness4 ,9 ?is way !y also taught !m ! quantity ( ! acts :i* w\ld be necess>y to make ! s\ls excel 9 virtue4 ,?is is especially ! case ) our religion1 ,islam1 = :5 comp>$ ) o!r religions1 x is f\nd t x is absolutely ! be/ religion4 ,h5ce x 0 ! la/ ( div9e disp5sations4 ,n[ div9e revelation has in=m$ u 9 all ! religions t ! s\l w live1 & all ! argum5t ( ! le>n$ p h e/abli%$ ! same4 ,! s\ls are fre$ f physical desires aft] dea?4 ,if !y be pure1 _! purity is d\bl$ by ?is fre$om f desires4 ,if !y be evil ?is sep>ation increases _! depravity1 = !y are tr\bl$ by ! evil :i* !y h already e>n$1 & _! regret increases ab\t ! opportunities :i* !y lo/ be=e _! sep>ation f ! body1 = ?is purification is n possible )\t x4 ,x is to ?is t foll[+ v]se ref]s3--,a s\l w\ld say1 8,alas1 = t ,i h be5 neglig5t 9 my duties t[>ds ,god3 ,v]ily ,i h be5 "o ( ! scorn]s40#afa ,all ! religions agree ab\t ?is condition ( man1 & call x 8 la/ goodness or mis]y4 ,?is be+ s1 !re c\ld n be f\nd 9 ! visible _w any?+ :i* may be giv5 z an illu/ration1 s !re is a diff]5ce 9 its description 9 ! revelations giv5 to diff]5t prophets4 ,we mean to say1 t !re is a diff]5ce 9 illu/rat+ ! condition ( ! good & bad s\l on t occasion4 ,!re are "s :i* h n giv5 any illu/rations ( t happ9ess or mis]y :i* ! good & bad s\ls w h !re4 ,!y h only said t ! conditions !re w\ld be only spiritual1 & pleasures angelic4 ,o!rs h giv5 in/ances f ! visible _w2 t is1 !y h giv5 ! examples ( ! pleasures "h = ! pleasures ( ! next _w1 aft] d$uct+ ! tr\ble borne 9 acquir+ !m1 & 9 ! same way1 !y h illu/rat$ ! mis]y !re1 by ! example ( mis]y "h1 aft] d$uct+ ! pleasure :i* we d]ive f x4 ,ei!r ! p ( ^! religions receiv$ f ,god revelations :i* ^? did n receive :o made ! next _w purely spiritual1 or !y saw1 t illu/rations f ?+s visible are be/ und]/ood by ! common p & t !y are be/ l$ s or *eck$ f an action ?r\gh !m4 ,s !y said t ,god w put back ! good s\ls 9 _! respective bodies1 & ! be/ possible ease--9 p>adise4 ,! bad s\ls w also return to _! bodies1 :]e !y w be 9 ! wor/ possible mis]y1 :i* !y call hell-fire4 ,?is is true ( our religion1 ,islam1 9 illu/rat+ ! conditions ( ! next _w4 ,!re are _m v]ses ( ! ,quran :i* conta9 argum5ts z to ! possibilities ( ! conditions ( t _w1 :i* c be und]/ood & v]ifi$ by all4 ,= our reason _c appreh5d ^! ?+s m ?an ! possibility ( kn[+ :i* is common to all1 & :i* is ( ! k9d ( analogy ( ! exi/5ce ( ! l f ! be+ ( ! l1 t is ( its com+ into be+4 ,x is an analogy ( ! com+ into be+ ( ! small f ! exi/5ce ( ! big & ! great4 ,= in/ance1 ,god says1 8,& ,he prop\nde? unto u a comp>ison & =gette? ,8 ,creation40#afb ,9 ^! v]ses ! argum5t us$ is ! analogy ( ! return ( ! beg9n+1 :5 bo? are equal4 ,9 ! foll[+ v]se ! argum5t ( ^? is refut$ :o diff]5tiate betwe5 ! real & return ( ! same ?+4 ,he says1 8,he give? y fire out ( a gre5 tree40#afc ,! d\bt is t ! bir? 0 f heat & moi/ure1 :ile ! return w be f cold & dryness4 ,s ?is d\bt is met by ! fact t ,god c create ! contr>y f ! contr>y1 z ,he c create ! l f ! l4 ,! analogy is drawn f ! exi/5ce ( ! little f ! great4 ,= example1 ,god says1 8,is n ,he :o has creat$ ! ,heav5s & ! e>? able to create new creatures l unto !m6 yea1 c]ta9ly2 = ,he is ! wise ,creator40#afd ,^! v]ses h two argum5ts = prov+ ! resurrection & at ! same "t refut+ ! argum5ts ( ^? d5y+ x4 ,7 we to quote ! v]ses :i* give ?is pro( our disc\rse w\ld be l5g!n$4 ,b all ( !m are ( ! k9d we h m5tion$4 ,s1 z we h already said1 all ! religions are agre$ t !re is a bless+ or mis]y = ! human s\l aft] dea?1 b diff] 9 illu/rat+ ! conditions ( t mom5t & 9 expla9+ x to ! common p4 ,x seems t ! illu/ration 9 our religion is ! mo/ p]fect ( all = ! und]/&+ ( ! p1 & at ! same "t mo/ incit+ ( !m all to ga9 = _! s\ls ! advantages ( t day4 ,& x is ! _m ) :om lies ! prim>y purpose ( religion4 ,! spiritual illu/ration w\ld be lea/ incit+ to ! common p = desir+ ! ?+s ( h]eaft]4 ,s !y w\ld h little lik+ = x1 :ile !y w\ld fe> ! physical illu/ration4 ,s x seems t ! physical illu/ration w\ld be mo/ excit+ to !m1 ?an ! spiritual1 :ile ! latt] w\ld appeal only to ! controv]siali/s among ! s*ola/ic !ologians1 :o are always v few 9 numb]4 ,h5ce we f9d t ! ,muslims h be5 divid$ into ?ree p>ties ab\t ! mean+ ( ! conditions ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,"o p>ty says t t exi/5ce w\ld be j l our pres5t "o1 z reg>ds pleasures & enjoym5ts1 t is1 !y ?9k t bo? are ( ! same g5ius1 b diff] 9 p]petuity & t]m9ation3 ! "o is = ev] & ! o!rs come to an end4 ,! o!r p>ty ?9ks t ! two exi/5ces are diff]5t4 ,b ?is is aga9 subdivid$ into two p>ties4 ,! "o ?9ks t t exi/5ce ) our pres5t faculties is spiritual1 b has be5 describ$ z physical4 ,= ?is !re are _m religi\s argum5ts :i* x w\ld be useless to repeat "h4 ,! o!r p>ty says t t exi/5ce is physical only2 b !y at ! same "t believe1 t ! body w be diff]5t f our pres5t body4 ,?is is only transi5t1 t w be et]nal4 ,= ?is also !re are religi\s argum5ts4 ,x seems t ev5 ,abdullah ,b4 ,abbas held ?is view4 ,= x is relat$ ( him t he said1 8,!re is n\ght 9 ?is _w ( ! h]eaft]1 b names40 ,x seems t ?is view is bett] suit$ to ! le>n$ m5 because its possibility is bas$ ^u pr9ciples1 9 :i* !re is no disagreem5t accord+ to all m53 ! "o be+ t ! s\l is immortal1 & ! second is t ! return ( ! s\ls into o!r bodies does n look s impossible z ! return ( ! bodies !mselves4 ,x is s because ! mat]ial ( ! bodies "h is f\nd foll[+ & pass+ f "o body to ano!r1 i4 e42 "o & ! same matt] is f\nd 9 _m p & 9 _m diff]5t times4 ,! example ( bodies _c be f\nd1 = _! matt] is ! same4 ,= in/ance a man dies & 8 body becomes dissolv$ into e>?4 ,! e>? ultimately becomes dissolv$ into vegetable1 :i* is eat5 by q a diff]5t man f :om ano!r man comes into be+4 ,if we suppose !m to be diff]5t bodies1 !n our a=esaid view _c be true4 ,! tru? ab\t ?is "q is t man %\ld foll[ t :i* he himself has ?\ght out b anyh[ x %\ld n be ! view :i* may d5y ! fundam5tal pr9ciple altoge!r4 ,= ?is w\ld be d5y+ its exi/5ce4 ,su* a belief leads to infidelity1 on acc\nt ( a di/9ct k ( ?is condition be+ giv5 to man1 bo? by religion & by human reason1 :i* is all bas$ ^u ! et]nal nature ( ! s\l4 ,if x be said :e!r !re is any argum5t or in=mation 9 ! ,law ab\t ?is et]nal nature ( ! s\l1 we w\ld say t x is f\nd 9 ! ,quran itself4 ,god says1 8,god take? unto himself ! s\ls ( m5 at ! "t ( _! dea?2 & ^? :i* die n ,he also take? 9 _! sleep40#afe ,9 ?is v]se sleep & dea? h be5 plac$ ^u ! same level1 on acc\nt ( ! *ange 9 its in/rum5t1 & 9 sleep on acc\nt ( a *ange 9 itself4 ,= _h x n be5 s x w\ld n h come to its =m] condition aft] awak5+4 ,by ?is means we "k t ?is cession does n effect its ess5ce1 b 0 only atta*$ to x on acc\nt ( *ange 9 its in/rum5t4 ,s x does n foll[ t ) a cessation ( ! "w ( ! in/rum5t1 ! s\l also ceases to exi/4 ,dea? is only a cessation ( "w1 s x is cle> t its condition %\ld be l t ( sleep4 ,z someone has said t if an old man 7 to get ! eyes ( ! "y1 he w\ld beg9 to see l him4 ,?is is all t we ?\ght ( 9 an exposition ( ! beliefs ( our religion1 ,islam4 ,:at rema9s = u is to look into ?+s ( religion 9 :i* int]pretation is all[$ & n all[$4 ,& if all[$1 !n :o are ! p to take advantage ( x8 ,) ?is ?+ we w\ld f9i% our disc\rse4 ,! ?+s f\nd 9 ! ,law c be divid$ into five k9ds4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 !re are only two k9ds ( ?+s3 indivisible & ! divisible4 ,! second "o is divid$ into f\r k9ds4 ,! fir/ k9d :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! ,quran1 is q cle> 9 its mean+s4 ,! second is t 9 :i* ! ?+ m5tion$ is n ! ?+ meant b is only an example ( x4 ,?is is aga9 divid$ into f\r k9ds4 ,fir/1 ! mean+s :i* x m5tions are only illu/rations su* t !y c only be kn[n by ! f>-fet*$ & comp\nd analogies1 :i* _c be und]/ood1 b aft] a long "t & mu* lab\r4 ,none c accept !m b p]fect & excell5t natures2 & x _c be kn[n t ! illu/ration giv5 is n ! real ?+2 except by ?is f>-fet*$ way4 ,! second is j ! opposite ( ! =m]3 !y c be und]/ood easily1 & x c be kn[n t ! example is j :at is meant "h4 ,?irdly1 x c be easily kn[n t x is m]ely an illu/ration1 b :at x is ! example ( is difficult to compreh5d4 ,! f\r? k9d is q opposite to ! =m]4 ,! ?+ ( :i* x is an example1 is easily und]/ood2 :ile x is difficult to "k t x is an example at all4 ,! int]pretation ( ! fir/ k9d is wrong )\t d\bt4 ,! k9d 9 :i* bo? ! ?+s are f>-fet*$3 its int]pretation p>ticul>ly lies ) ^? :o are well-gr\nd$ 9 k2 & an exposition ( x is n fit = any b ! le>n$4 ,! int]pretation ( its opposite--t :i* c be und]/ood on bo? ! sides--is j :at is want$1 & an exposition ( x is necess>y4 ,! case ( ! ?ird k9d is l ! case ( ! above4 ,= 9 x illu/ration has n be5 m5tion$ because ( ! difficulty = ! common p to und]/& x3 x only incites ! p to action4 ,su* is ! case ) ! tradition ( ! prophet2 8,! black /one is ,god's action on ,e>?10 etc4 etc4 ,t :i* c be easily kn[n t is an example1 b difficult to "k ( :i* x is example1 %\ld n be int]pret$ b = ! sake ( p>ticul> p]sons & le>n$ m54 ,^? :o und]/& t x is only an illu/ration1 b are n le>n$ en\gh to "k ! ?+ :i* x illu/rates1 %\ld be told ei!r t x is allegorical & c be und]/ood by ! well-e/abli%$ le>n$ m52 or ! illu/ration %\ld be *ang$ 9 a way :i* might be ne> to _! und]/&+4 ,?is w\ld be ! be/ plan to dispel d\bts f _! m9ds4 ,! law ab\t ?is %\ld be t :i* has be5 laid d[n by ,abu ,hamid 7,al ,ghazzali7 9 8 book1 ,al ,tafriga ba9al ,islam wal ,z9diga4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t "o ?+ has five exi/5ces :i* he calls by ! "n ( ess5tial 7,zati72 s5sual 7,hissi72 rational 7,agli72 imag9ative 7,khayali7 & d\btful 7,%ilbhi74 ,s at ! "t ( d\bt x %\ld be consid]$ :i* ( ^! five k9ds w\ld bett] satisfy ! man :o has d\bts4 ,if x be t :i* he has call$ ess5tial !n an illu/ration w\ld be/ satisfy _! m9ds4 ,9 x is also includ$ ! foll[+ traditions ( ! ,prophet1 8,:atev] ! e>li] prophets saw ,i h se5 x f my place "h1 ev5 heav5 & hell40 8,betwe5 my ci/]n ( wat] & ! pulpit1 !re is a g>d5 ( p>adise20 & 8,! e>? w eat up ! :ole ( a man except ! extremity ( ! tail40 ,all ^!1 x c easily be kn[n are b illu/rations1 b :at is ! ?+ :i* !y illu/rate1 x is difficult to compreh5d4 ,s x is necess>y 9 ?is case to give an in/ance to ! p :i* !y may easily und]/&4 ,?is k9d ( illu/ration1 :5 us$ on su* an occasion is all[able2 b :5 us$ irrelevantly x is wrong4 ,abu ,hamid has n decid$ ab\t ! occasion :5 bo? ! sides ( ! "q--! illu/ration & ! illu/rat$--be bo? f>-fet*$ & difficult to und]/&4 ,9 ?is case !re w\ld app>5tly be a d\bt1 b a d\bt )\t any f\ndation4 ,:at %\ld be done is to prove t ! d\bt has no basis1 b no int]pretation %\ld be made1 z we h %[n 9 _m places 9 our pres5t book aga9/ ! ,mutakallimun1 ,a%>ites & ! ,mutazalites4 ,! f\r? k9d ( occasion is q opposite to ! =m]4 ,9 ?is x is v difficult to und]/& t x is an example1 b :5 once und]/ood1 y c easily compreh5d ! ?+ illu/rat$4 ,9 ! int]pretation ( ?is also1 !re is a consid]ation3 ab\t ^? p :o "k t if x is an example1 x illu/rates su* & su* a ?+2 b !y d\bt :e!r x is an illu/ration at all4 ,if !y are n le>n$ p1 ! be/ ?+ to d ) !m is n to make any int]pretation1 b only to prove ! fallacy ( ! views :i* !y hold ab\t its be+ an illu/ration at all4 ,x is also possible t an int]pretation may make !m /ill di/ant f ! tru?1 on acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! illu/ration & ! illu/rat$4 ,= ^! two k9ds ( occasions if an int]pretation is giv51 !y give rise to /range beliefs1 f> f ! law :i* :5 disclos$ are d5i$ by ! common p1 ,su* has be5 ! case ) ! ,sufis1 & ^? le>n$ m5 :o h foll[$ !m4 ,:5 ?is "w ( int]pretation 0 done by p :o c\ld n di/+ui% betwe5 ^! occasions1 & made no di/9ction betwe5 ! p = :om ! int]pretation is to be made1 !re arose diff]5ces ( op9ion1 at la/ =m+ into sects1 :i* end$ 9 accus+ "o ano!r ) unbelief4 ,all ?is is pure ignorance ( ! purpose ( ! ,law4 ,f :at we h already said ! am\nt ( mis*ief done by int]pretation mu/ h become cle> to y4 ,we always try to acquire our purpose by kn[+ :at %\ld be int]pret$1 & :at n1 & :5 int]pret$1 h[ x %\ld be done2 & :e!r all ! difficult portions ( ! ,law & ,traditions are to be expla9$ or n4 ,^! are all includ$ 9 ! f\r k9ds :i* h already be5 enum]at$4 ,! purpose ( our writ+ ?is book is n[ complet$4 ,we took x up because we ?\ght t x 0 ! mo/ important ( all purposes--connect$ ) ,god & ! ,law4 ,,footnotes ,footnote #be3 ,a translation ( ,al-,ka%f'an ,manhij i'l ,adillah fi ,aqaid il ,millah1 we ,t>if ma ,waqa fiha bi ,hasb i'l ,ta'wil m9 ,%ubhi'l ,muzighah wa ,bid'ill ,mudillah4 ,footnote #bf3 ,quran ii1 #ai4 ,footnote #bg3 ,quran xiv1 #aa4 ,footnote #bh3 ,quran xxxix1 #ci4 ,footnote #bi3 ,quran vi1 #ge4 ,footnote #cj3 ,quran xvi1 #db4 ,footnote #ca3 ,quran ii1 #bhb4 ,footnote #cb3 ,quran xxix1 #fi4 ,footnote #cc3 ,quran viii1 #bi4 ,footnote #cd3 ,quran xxii1 #gb4 ,footnote #ce3 ,quran vii1 #ahd4 ,footnote #cf3 ,quran lxxvii1 #f-af4 ,footnote #cg3 ,quran xxv1 #fb4 ,footnote #ch3 ,quran lxxx1 #bd4 ,footnote #ci3 ,quran lxxxvi1 #f4 ,footnote #dj3 ,quran lxxxviii1 #ag4 ,footnote #da3 ,quran xxii1 #gb4 ,footnote #db3 ,quran vi1 #gi4 ,! /ory ref]r$ to w be f\nd 9 ! prec$+ v]ses4 ,footnote #dc3 ,quran ii1 #ai4 ,footnote #dd3 ,quran xxxvi1 #cc4 ,footnote #de3 ,quran iii1 #ahh4 ,footnote #df3 ,quran vii1 #aga4 ,footnote #dg3 ,quran iii1 #af4 ,footnote #dh3 ,quran xvii1 #df4 ,footnote #di3 ,quran xxi1 #bb4 ,footnote #ej3 ,quran xxiii1 #ic4 ,footnote #ea3 ,quran xvii1 #dd4 ,footnote #eb3 ,quran ii1 #bef4 ,footnote #ec3 ,quran xvii1 #de1 #df4 ,footnote #ed3 ,quran lxxvii1 #ad4 ,footnote #ee3 ,quran vi1 #ei4 ,footnote #ef3 ,quran xix1 #fe4 ,footnote #eg3 ,quran xvi1 #db4 ,footnote #eh3 ,quran xlii1 #ej4 ,footnote #ei3 ,quran liii1 #h1 #aj4 ,footnote #fj3 ,quran iv1 #afb4 ,footnote #fa3 ,quran xix1 #dc4 ,footnote #fb3 ,quran xxi1 #fg4 ,footnote #fc3 ,quran v1 #gg4 ,footnote #fd3 ,quran xlii1 #i4 ,footnote #fe3 ,quran xvi1 #ag4 ,footnote #ff3 ,quran xxv1 #fj4 ,footnote #fg3 ,quran ii1 #bef4 ,footnote #fh3 ,quran xx1 #ed4 ,footnote #fi3 ,quran xxxv1 #ci4 ,footnote #gj3 ,quran xxx1 #bi4 ,footnote #ga3 ,quran xxxv1 #da4 ,footnote #gb3 ,quran ii1 #bef4 ,footnote #gc3 ,quran xlii1 #i4 ,footnote #gd3 ,quran xliv1 #b4 ,footnote #ge3 ,quran xxxv1 #aj4 ,footnote #gf3 ,quran lxx1 #d4 ,footnote #gg3 ,quran lxxxix1 #bc4 ,footnote #gh3 ,quran xvii1 #hg4 ,footnote #gi3 ,quran ii1 #bfj4 ,footnote #hj3 ,quran xxiv1 #ce4 ,footnote #ha3 ,he also saw him ano!r "t1 by ! lote-tree1 beyond :i* !re is no pass+3 ne> x is ! g>d5 ( et]nal abode4 ,:5 ! lote-tree cov]$ t :i* x cov]$1 8 eye-sight turn$ n aside1 nor did x w&]3 & he really beheld "s ( ! great] signs ( 8 ,"l4 7,quran lii1 #af1 #ah47 ,! lote-tree is ! limit beyond :i* nei!r angel nor man c pass4 ,x /&s 9 ! sev5? heav51 on ! "r h& ( ! ,?rone ( ,god4 ,footnote #hb3 ,quran lxix1 #ag4 ,footnote #hc3 ,quran xxxii1 #b4 ,footnote #hd3 ,quran lxx1 #d4 ,footnote #he3 ,quran lxvii1 #af4 ,footnote #hf3 ,quran xl1 #ei4 ,footnote #hg3 ,quran iii1 #e4 ,footnote #hh3 ,quran ii1 #bd4 ,footnote #hi3 ,quran iii1 #e4 ,footnote #ij3 ,quran vi1 #ajc4 ,footnote #ia3 ,!y w ask ! conc]n+ ! ,s\l3 answ]1 ,! ,s\l 0 creat$ at ! comm& ( my ,"l3 b ye h no k giv5 unto y1 except a little4--7,quran xxii1 #he47 ,footnote #ib3 ,quran lxxvii1 #c1 et4 seq4 ,footnote #ic3 ,quran ii1 #ii4 ,footnote #id3 ,quran xxi1 #cc4 ,footnote #ie3 ,quran lxxi1 #ad-af4 ,footnote #if3 ,quran xxvii1 #ij4 ,footnote #ig3 ,quran lxvii1 #c4 ,footnote #ih3 ,quran iii1 #hh4 ,footnote #ii3 ,quran xi1 #i4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,quran vii1 #eb4 ,footnote #aja3 ,quran xli1 #aj4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,quran iii1 #e4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,quran ii1 #h4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,quran xvii1 #ib-ie4 ,footnote #aje3 ,quran1 xvii1 #fa4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,quran xvii1 #ij4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,quran xi1 #af4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,quran iv1 #afa1 #afb4 ,footnote #aji3 ,quran xlvi1 #h4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,quran iv1 #agc4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,quran iv1 #afh4 ,footnote #aab3 ,quran iv1 #afj4 ,footnote #aac3 ,quran iv1 #afd4 ,footnote #aad3 ,quran xxix1 #dg4 ,footnote #aae3 ,quran lxii1 #b4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,quran vii1 #aef4 ,footnote #aag3 ,quran vii1 #aef4 ,footnote #aah3 ,quran liv1 #di4 ,footnote #aai3 ,quran xiii1 #i4 ,footnote #abj3 ,quran lvii1 #bb4 ,footnote #aba3 ,quran xlii1 #cb4 ,footnote #abb3 ,quran xlii1 #cb4 ,footnote #abc3 ,quran x1 #bh4 ,footnote #abd3 ,quran ii1 #bgh4 ,footnote #abe3 ,quran xli1 #af4 ,footnote #abf3 ,quran iii1 #aei4 ,footnote #abg3 ,quran iii1 #afj4 ,footnote #abh3 ,quran iv1 #ha4 ,footnote #abi3 ,quran iv1 #hj4 ,footnote #acj3 ,quran xiii1 #ab4 ,footnote #aca3 ,quran lxxxv1 #bb4 ,footnote #acb3 ,quran xxvii1 #fg4 ,footnote #acc3 ,quran vi1 #ei4 ,footnote #acd3 ,quran lxvii1 #ad4 ,footnote #ace3 ,quran xvi1 #ab4 ,footnote #acf3 ,quran xxviii1 #ga4 ,footnote #acg3 ,quran xviii1 #gc4 ,footnote #ach3 ,quran xlv1 #ab4 ,footnote #aci3 ,quran xiv1 #cg4 ,footnote #adj3 ,quran xxii1 #gb4 ,footnote #ada3 8,ha/ ?\ n consid]$ him :o disput$ ) ,abraham conc]n+ 8 ,"l1 because ,god _h giv5 him ! ,k+dom8 ,:5 ,abraham ,said1 ,my ,"l is ,he :o give? life & kille?3 he answ]$1 ,i give life & kill1 ,abraham said1 v]ily ,god br+e? ! sun f ! ea/ d ?\ br+ x f ! we/2 :]eupon ! infidel 0 conf\nd$2 = ,god directe? n ! ungodly p40 ,quran ii1 #bfj4 ,footnote #adb3 ,quran iii1 #af4 ,footnote #adc3 ,quran xli1 #df4 ,footnote #add3 ,quran x1 #de4 ,footnote #ade3 ,quran xiv1 #d4 ,footnote #adf3 ,quran xxxii1 #aa4 ,footnote #adg3 ,quran xxxix1 #i4 ,footnote #adh3 ,quran xxx1 #bi4 ,footnote #adi3 ,quran vii1 #aga4 ,footnote #aej3 ,moreov]1 ,god w n be a%am$ to prop\nd 9 a p>able ( a great1 or ev5 a m despicable ?+3 = !y :o believe w "k x to be true f _! ,"l2 b ! unbeliev]s w say1 :at meane? by ?is p>able8 ,he w !reby mislead etc4 7,quran ii1 #bd74 ,footnote #aea3 ,quran xvii1 #fb4 ,by ! vision may be meant ! ,prophet's night j\rney to heav5 or ! vision :i* he saw at ,hudaibiyyah1 see+ himself ent]+ ,mecca or 8 vision ab\t ! ,omayy$s4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,quran lxxiv1 #cd4 ,footnote #aec3 ,quran ii1 #bh4 ,footnote #aed3 ,quran xxxii1 #ad4 ,footnote #aee3 ,quran xxxviii1 #bf4 ,footnote #aef3 ,quran iii1 #ahh4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,quran xxiii1 #aag4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,quran lxxv1 #cf4 ,footnote #aei3 ,quran li1 #ef4 ,footnote #afj3 ,quran xxxvi1 #ba4 ,footnote #afa3 ,quran xxxix1 #eg4 ,footnote #afb3 ,quran xxxvi1 #gh4 ,footnote #afc3 ,quran xxxvi1 #hj4 ,footnote #afd3 ,quran xxxxvi1 #ha4 ,footnote #afe3 ,quran xxxix1 #dc4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,! cov] image 0 creat$ by ! transcrib]1 & is plac$ 9 ! ,public ,doma94 ,obvi\s typographical errors & v>iable spell+ 7 correct$4 ,quran ref]5ce =matt+ has be5 made uni=m to e4g4 8,quran xxv1 #fj40 ,! foll[+ corrections h be5 made to ! text3 ,page ,orig9al ,new ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ad cogniscance cognisance #bh heav5a heav5s #cj conc5sus cons5sus #ec cogniscance cognisance #fj necess>ry necess>y #fj %onld %\ld #fj int]pretes int]prets #fd ,qnran ,quran #fg tbe ! #fi ,mutazalites ,mutazilites #ga ,mutakallimum ,mutakallimun #gf he be #ia upo ^u #ig nev]!les nev]!less #ih nonexi/5t non-exi/5t #abi no n #ace s is #acg controv]tiali/ controv]siali/ #adc ,mutakalimun ,mutakallimun #adg b[s b[s' #afa ,quran ,quran xxx1 #bh4 ,footnote #df #afb ,quran ,quran xxxv1 #da4 ,footnote #dg #aff ii #aj ,footnote #ea #agd ,maati ,maali #ahf by be #aic ,quran ,quran vi1 #ajc4 ,footnote #ff #aid ? ! #aih imposible impossible #bjg excep except ,footnote #fg #bai beeause because #bbb pre-arrang$ pre>rang$ #bdd !re-( !re( #bea repeatsd repeat$ #bea appe>5ce appe>ance #beg ,qnran ,quran ,footnote #ic #bei di/+i%$ di/+ui%$ #bfa ,quran ,,livi ,quran liv1 #bfb ,qu>n ,quran ,footnote #ajb #bfe ,mutazlites ,mutazilites #bfe intellegible intelligible #bff p]fom p]=m #bff use u #bfi ,,yxvii ,,xxvii ,footnote #ajh #bgj ?+s ?+s3 #bgd ,remov$ duplicate footnote #aaa4 ,numb]s ( ! subsequ5t footnotes correct$4 #bgf #aah ,remov$ second1 unus$ footnote an*or #bgg alsays always #bgg 9 an #bgh ?ay !y #bgh _! !re #bgh !re _! #bgi ,injusitce ,inju/ice #bhj ,add$ footnote an*ors1 footnotes on next page #bhb ,add$ footnote an*ors #bhb ,quran1 ,,xxxv1 #i ,remov$ footnote1 z no mat*+ quran quote 0 f\nd 9 ! text #bhc ,add$ footnote an*ors #bhe 9-spite 9 spite #bhe ,add$ footnote an*or #bhf contradict>y contradictory #bhf ,cr]tor ,creator #bhf attributd attribut$ #bhi #aca ,quran1 ,,xxx1 #ad4 #aca ,quran1 ,,xxxii1 #ad4 #bib t ,t #bic !oratical !oretical #bie t is1 444 _w2 ,remov$ duplicate "p #bif mirs]y mis]y #bif possiblities possibilities #bii divd$ divid$ #cjj ent]nal et]nal #cjj reilgi\s religi\s #cjd f>fet*$ f>-fet*$ #cje ?an !n #cjf occassion occasion #cjf irrelev5tly irrelevantly #cjf ,mutazalites ,mutazilites #cjg man m5 #cjh int]p]etation int]pretation