,transcrib]'s ,notes ,text pr9t$ 9 italics has be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores1 bold face text betwe5 equal signs4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ ) ,,all ,,capitals4 ,?is text conta9s *>act]s t may n display prop]ly ) all devices & sett+s4 ,sup]script /r+s are indicat$ by /r+4 ,sid5otes are pres5t$ betwe5 squ>e brackets imm$iately be=e ! p>agraph 9 :i* !y 7 giv5 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,m ,transcib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,cr[n #hvo1 price #fs4 #f;d4 ,,tea*+ ,,& ,,organisation4 ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,second>y ,s*ools4 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,practice4 ,edit$ by ,p4 ,a4 ,,b>nett1 ,m4,a4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,crit]ion 9 ,education4 ,by ,p4 ,a4 ,,b>nett1 ,m4,a41 late ,pr9cipal ( ! ,islewor? ,tra9+ ,college4 ,,ii4 ,organisation & ,curricula 9 ,boys' ,s*ools4 ,by ,a4 ,t4 ,,poll>d1 ,m4,a41 ,head ,ma/] ( ! ,city ( ,london ,s*ool4 ,,iii4 ,k9d]g>t54 ,by ,,el9or ,,welldon1 ,head ,mi/ress ( ! ,k9d]g>t5 ,dep>tm5t1 ,! ,ladies' ,college1 ,*elt5ham4 ,,iv4 ,read+4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,burrell1 ,m4,a41 ,assi/ant ,ma/] 9 ,brad=d ,gramm> ,s*ool4 ,v4 ,draw+ & ,writ+4 ,by ,i4 ,h4 ,,morris1 ,head ,ma/] ( ! ,gleadless ,road ,bo>d ,s*ool1 ,%effield4 ,,vi4 ,ari?metic & ,ma!matics4 ,by ,r4 ,,wormell1 ,d4,sc41 ,head ,ma/] ( ! ,city ,f\ndation ,s*ools1 ,london4 ,,vii4 ,engli% ,gramm> & ,composition4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,abbott1 ,d4,d41 late ,head ,ma/] ( ! ,city ( ,london ,s*ool4 ,,viii4 ,engli% ,lit]ature4 ,by ! ,,editor4 ,,ix4 ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 ,by ,r4 ,,som]vell1 ,m4,a41 ,assi/ant ,ma/] 9 ,h>r[ ,s*ool4 ,x4 ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 ,by ,h4 ,l4 ,,)]s1 ,m4,a41 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,islewor? ,tra9+ ,college4 ,,xi4 ,geography4 ,by ,e4 ,c4 ,k4 ,,gonn]1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,political ,economy 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,liv]pool4 ,,xii4 ,classics4 ,by ,e4 ,,lyttelton1 ,m4,a41 ,head ,ma/] ( ,haileybury ,college4 ,,xiii4 ,sci5ce4 ,by ,l4 ,c4 ,,miall1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,biology 9 ! ,york%ire ,college1 ,le$s4 ,,xiv4 ,mod]n ,languages4 ,by ,f4 ,,/orr1 ,b4,a41 ,*ief ,ma/] ( ,mod]n ,subjects 9 ,m]*ant ,taylors' ,s*ool4 ,,xv4 ,vocal ,music4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,mcnaught1 ,mus4,doc4 & ,h4,m4 ,assi/ant ,inspector ( ,music 9 ,tra9+ ,colleges4 ,,xvi4 ,discipl9e4 ,by ,a4 ,,sidgwick1 ,m4,a41 ,fell[ & ,tutor ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,,xvii4 ,ineffectiv5ess 9 ,tea*+4 ,by ,g4 ,e4 ,,buckle1 ,ma/] ( ,me?od 9 ! ,islewor? ,tra9+ ,college = ,s*oolma/]s4 ,,xviii4 ,specialisation4 ,by ,m4 ,g4 ,,glazebrook1 ,m4,a41 ,head ,ma/] ( ,clifton ,college4 ,,xix4 ,s*ool ,libr>ies4 ,by ,a4 ,t4 ,,m>t91 ,m4,a41 ,assi/ant ,ma/] 9 ,clifton ,college4 ,,xx4 ,s*ool ,hygi5e4 ,by ,c4 ,,dukes1 ,m4,d41 ,lond4 ,m$ical ,(fic] 9 ,rugby ,s*ool4 ,,xxi4 ,app>atus & ,furniture4 ,by ,w4 ,k4 ,,hill1 ,b4,a41 late ,head ,ma/] ( ,k5ti% ,t[n ,high ,s*ool4 ,,xxii4 ,organisation & ,curricula 9 ,girls' ,s*ools4 ,by ,m4 ,e4 ,,s&=d1 ,head ,mi/ress ( ! ,que5's ,s*ool1 ,*e/]4 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london2 ,,new ,,york1 ,,& ,,bombay4 ,,"w ,,& ,,play ,,9 ,,girls' ,,s*ools ,,"w ,,& ,,play ,,9 ,,girls' ,,s*ools ,,by ,,?ree ,,head ,,mi/resses ,,doro!a ,,beale ,,lucy ,h4 ,m4 ,,s\lsby ,,jane ,,frances ,,dove ,illu/ration ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,bombay #ahih ,,preface4 ,! book is divid$ into ?ree ,sections1 & ea* ( ! writ]s is responsible only = h] own "p1 & yet ,i hope x w n be m]ely a composite book2 all ! contributors are memb]s ( ! tea*+ /aff ( ! ,*elt5ham ,ladies' ,college1 or h at "s "t =m$ "p ( x1 & n[1 z !n1 !re is ,i believe a unity ( purpose1 :i* w give h>mony to ! "w4 ,! book is int5d$ to be a practical "o1 helpful *iefly to tea*]s 9 our l>ge ,second>y ,s*ools2 ! limits impos$ compel u 7#a7 to deal m ) me?ods ?an ! und]ly+ pr9ciples2 7#b7 to isolate m or less ! influ5ces ( ! s*ool f ^? ( ! manifold environm5t1 :i* are at ! same "t =m+ ! body1 m9d & "* ( ! *ild1 & :i* seem to make ! s*ool-life ( relatively small mom5t2 7#c7 we h to treat only ( a few ye>s ( life2 =1 l ! bird ( ! fable1 ! s\l ( ! *ild comes to u (t5 f "s unkn[n region1 /ays = a :ile 9 our banquet+ hall1 & !n passes aga9 into ! d>kness4 ,yet ,i suppose ! exp]i5ce ( mo/ ( u be>s witness to ! great importance ( ! s*ool-life z "o ( ! factors 9 ! 8developm5t ( a s\l04 8,! atmosph]e1 ! discipl9e1 ! life0 ( ! s*ool is s pot5t1 t ! ^w education has be5 (t5 limit$ to ! s*ool p]iod1 & ! pupils ( an ,ari/otle1 an ,as*am1 an ,arnold1 speak ( _! tea*]s z hav+ giv5 !m a new life4 ,our "w is n insignificant1 & our e>ne/ /udy mu/ be by in/ruction & discipl9e1 by :at ,plato calls music & gymna/ic1 to promote ! h>moni\s developm5t ( ! "*2 to br+ our *ildr5 into sympa!tic relations ) ! noble & ! good ( all ages2 to lead !m into ! possession ( t good l&1 8fl[+ ) milk & honey10 ! spiritual inh]itance ( humanity4 ,i w\ld fa9 hope1 t "o day all tea*]s w endeav\r to sp5d at lea/ "s "t1 be=e ent]+ on pr(essional "w1 9 /udy+ ! art1 ! sci5ce1 ! philosophy ( education4 ,9 ?is little book we h _h to re/rict ourselves almo/ to ! fir/1 b we h ref]r$ to works :i* deal ) ! high] aspects ( ! subject4 ,i w\ld e>ne/ly press on all my read]s1 t _! own education mu/ nev] be reg>d$ z f9i%$2 if we cease to le>n1 we lose ! p[] ( sympa?y ) our pupils1 & a tea*] )\t intellectual & moral sympa?y has no dynamic1 no inspir+ =ce4 ,especially %\ld all tea*]s be /ud5ts ( psy*ology1 ( t m>vell\s in/rum5t1 f :i* x is ours to draw =? heav5ly h>monies4 ,to _m a tea*] might ! words ( ,hamlet be address$ by h] pupils3-- ,h[ unwor?y a ?+ y make ( me6 ,y w\ld play ^u me2 y w\ld seem to "k my /ops2 y w\ld pluck out ! he>t ( my my/]y2 y w\ld s\nd me f my l[e/ note to ! top ( my compass2 & !re is mu* music1 excell5t voice 9 ?is little organ2 yet _c y make x speak4 ,d y ?9k ,i am easi] to be play$ on ?an a pipe8 ,?\gh y c fret me1 yet _c y play ^u me4 ,,doro!a ,,beale4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,section ,i4 ,,intellectual ,,education4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,doro!a ,,beale1 ,,pr9cipal ,,( ,,! ,,*elt5ham ,,ladies' ,,college2 ,,=m]ly ,,ma!matical ,,& ,,classical ,,tutor1 ,,que5',s ,,college1 ,,london4 ,,page ,,introduction ,doro!a ,beale #a ,a ,,few ,,practical ,,precepts ,doro!a ,beale #cg ,,"p ,i4 ,,humanities4 ,,engli% ,,language ,,g5]ally--,,read+1 ,,writ+1 ,,gramm>1 ,,composition ,doro!a ,beale #dd ,,classical ,,/udies ,william ,h4 ,d4 ,r\se1 ,m4,a4 #fg ,,mod]n ,,languages ,doro!a ,beale #id ,,spell+ ,,re=m ,doro!a ,beale #ajf ,,hi/ory ,,z ,,an ,,educational ,,subject ,doro!a ,beale #aad ,,tea*+ ,,mod]n ,,hi/ory ,,to ,,s5ior ,,classes ,alice ,&rews #abd ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,m>y ,hanbidge1 ,m4,a4 #aei ,,"t-,,maps ,doro!a ,beale #afh ,,economics ,,= ,,girls ,m>g>et ,bridges #ahf ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,amy ,lumby #aib ,,philosophy ,,& ,,religion ,doro!a ,beale #bjb ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,ma!matics4 ,,ari?metic ,doro!a ,beale #baf ,,ma!matics ,doro!a ,beale #bci ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,sci5ce4 ,,introduction--,,psy*ological ,,ord] ,,( ,,/udy ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,sci5tific ,,tea*+ ,doro!a ,beale #bea ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,biological ,,sci5ces ,*>lotte ,l4 ,laurie #bfj ,,geography ,m>g]y ,reid1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond47 #bge ,,physics ,aga?a ,leon>d1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond47 #bia ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,*emi/ry ,cl>e de ,br]eton ,evans1 ,d4,sc4 7,lond47 #cjg ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,/hetics4 ,,introduction--,,art ,doro!a ,beale #cbj ,,pian(orte ,,tea*+ ,dom5ico ,b>nett #cbf ,,! ,,viol9 ,lewis ,hann #cch ,,class-,,s++ ,flor5ce ,mosley #cdj ,,s++4 ,,tonic ,,sol-,,fa ,rhoda ,rooney #cdd ,,elocution ,rose ,seaton #cdf ,,draw+1 ,,pa9t+1 ,,etc4 ,paul9e ,m4 ,r&]son #cdh ,,bru% ,,draw+ ,m>y ,f>bro!r #ced ,,pa9t+ ,ar?ur ,ri*>dson #cef ,,fresco ,eadie ,reid #ceh ,,*9a ,,pa9t+ ,m9na ,crawley #cfj ,,art ,,ne$lework ,m9na ,crawley #cfa ,,wood-,,c>v+1 ,,etc4 ,m4 ,s4 ,lyndon ,smi? #cfb ,,modell+ ,evangel9e ,/irl+ #cfc ,,sloyd ,evangel9e ,/irl+ #cff ,,conclusion--,,relation ,,( ,,s*ool ,,to ,,home ,doro!a ,beale #cfg ,,section ,,ii41 p4 #cgd4 ,,! ,,moral ,,side ,,( ,,education4 ,,by ,,lucy ,h4 ,m4 ,,s\lsby1 ,,( ,,manor ,,h\se ,,s*ool1 ,,brondesbury1 ,n4,w42 ,,late ,,head ,,mi/ress ,,( ,,! ,,ox=d ,,high ,,s*ool4 ,,section ,,iii41 p4 #cif4 ,,cultivation ,,( ,,! ,,body4 ,,by ,,jane ,,frances ,,dove1 ,,( ,,wycombe ,,abbey ,,s*ool2 ,,late ,,head ,,mi/ress ,,( ,,/4 ,,leon>d',s ,,s*ool1 ,,/4 ,,&rews1 ,n4,b4 ,,index #dbe ,,section ,i4 ,,introduction4 ,by ,,doro!a ,,beale4 ,subject4 ,i h be5 ask$ to und]take "o section ( a book on ! education ( girls1 & to conf9e myself1 z f> z possible1 to ! intellectual aspects ( education1 leav+ to o!rs ! task ( deal+ ) ! physical & moral aspects4 ,i %all try to keep )9 ! assign$ limits--ab/a9 f any sy/ematic treatm5t ( ! laws ( hygi5e1 & write no =mal treatise on s*ool e?ics--b all ! intellectual "w mu/ ( c\rse be condition$ by ! necessities ( ! physical life1 & ! f9al cause ( all education mu/ be ! developm5t ( a "r "*4 ,education ( girls 9 second>y s*ools4 ,i am to treat ! subject too ) special ref]5ce to ! l>ge second>y s*ools :i* h come into exi/5ce dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 & 9 do+ s1 ,i mu/ dwell briefly ^u ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! ideals & !ories reg>d+ ! education ( girls1 :i* h f\nd expression 9 ^! s*ools1 & 9 ! ,wom5's ,colleges4 ,i %all speak ( :at has yet to be accompli%$1 = we are /ill 9 a p]iod ( transition1 & ,i %all consid] by :at means we may be/ realise our ideals4 ,aim ( education ,n[ 9 education !re is always a tw(old object4 ,bacon tells u ! fur!/ end ( k is 8! glory ( ! ,creator & ! relief ( man's e/ate0--9 o!r words1 ! p]fection ( ! individual1 & ! good ( ! community4 ,9 "s p]iods1 inde$ 9 pre-,*ri/ian times g5]ally1 ! latt] 0 emphasis$1#a m5 7 to live = ! commonweal?2 ! individual 0 reg>d$ z an in/rum5t = accompli%+ c]ta9 "w--he 0 n ?\ght ( z an end 9 himself4 ,?us ev5 ! mo/ enlight5$ among anci5t writ]s h spok5 ( slaves1 z if !y 7 m]e *attels4 ,our moral s5se is %ock$ by mu* t we read 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & /ill m by :at ! laws ( ,rome p]mitt$4 ,*ri/ianity on ! o!r h& taught t ! prim>y relation%ip ( ea* 0 to ! ,all-,fa!r1 ! prim>y duty ( ea* to realise ,god's ideal = ,8 *ildr51 to become p]fect1 & by glorify+ human nature to glorify ,god4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ comm&m5t1 b ! second 0 impli$ 9 ! fir/--self-love 0 n selfi%1 ! love ( ,god desc5d+ f heav5 became ! en?usiasm ( humanity4 #a ,ev5 ,milton writes3 8,i call a complete & g5]\s education t :i* fits a man to p]=m ju/ly1 skilfully & magnanim\sly all ! (fices to ! public & private1 ( peace & w>04 z reg>ds ! individual1 8,education10 writes ,mr4 ,rusk9 7,que5's ,g>d5s71 8is ! lead+ human s\ls to :at is be/ & mak+ :at is be/ out ( !m2 & ^! two objects are always atta9able toge!r1 & by ! same means2 ! tra9+ :i* makes m5 happie/ 9 !mselves1 also makes !m mo/ s]viceable to o!rs40 8,! only safe c\rse10 writes ,miss ,%irreff 7,intellectual ,education71 8is to hold up individual p]fectness z ! aim ( education40 z reg>ds ! commonweal?4 ,& s ! task ( ! educator is 9 ! fir/ in/ance to develop to ! highe/ p]fection all ! p[]s ( ! *ild1 t he may realise ! ideal ( ! ,all-,fa!r4 ,b ! p]fection ( man 8! ?9k]10 ! an?ropos1 8! upw>d look]10 c be atta9$ only :5 z a son he ent]s into1 & co-op]ates ) ! ,div9e purpose 9 ?\ght & act3 !re=e to "k ,god & ,8 laws = ,8 *ildr5's education & developm5t1 is ! beg9n+ & ! end4 ,^! laws man reads 7#a7 9 ! _w ( ,nature ) :i* sci5ce has to d2 7#b7 9 human hi/ory & in/itutions2 7#c7 9 ! hidd5 life ( ! s\l--( :i* philosophy & religion & e?ics treat4 ,he has to seek fir/ to "k tru?1 to br+ 8 w into con=mity ) ! ,div9e ?\ght1 & !n to utt] :at is true & "r 9 ^w & de$2 only ?us w ! k+dom ( righte\sness be set up1 & ! p]fection ( ! :ole--! well-be+ ( ! commonweal?--( 8man writ l>ge0 be secur$4 ,! mo/ civilis$ nations are devot+ _! be/ en]gies to ! "w ( education1 realis+ t ^u ?is dep5ds _! v exi/5ce--t x is n by />v+ ! individual life1 & m]g+ x 9 ! g5]al1 b by develop+ ea* to p]fection1 t ! common good w be secur$4 ,!y tru/ less to ! p[] ( laws & in/itutions1 m to ! p[] ( a "r education--less to ext]nal re/ra9t1 m to ! wisdom t comes ( a wisely direct$ exp]i5ce4 ,re=ms s9ce #ahdh4 ,^! pr9ciples h guid$ ! new movem5t = wom5's education1 & ^? :o h foll[$ ! *anges 9 public op9ion1 s9ce p h ?\ght m ( ea* individual z an end 9 himself1 are full ( confid5ce & hope4 ,! re=m]s said3 8,let u give to girls an invigorat+ diet>y1 physical1 intellectual1 moral2 seclusion f evil is impossible1 b we c /r5g!n ! pati5t to resi/ x04 ',tis life1 n dea? = :i* we pant1 ,m life & full]1 t we want6 ,su* 71 ,i believe1 ! feel+s & ! ?\ghts ( ^? :o initiat$ j fifty ye>s ago ! great movem5t1 :i* f\nd its fir/ visible expression 9 ! f\ndation ( ,que5's ,college by ,maurice & ,k+sley & ,tr5* & o!rs l-m9d$ & less kn[n4 ,?is 0 soon foll[$ by ! op5+ ( ,b$=d ,college1 #ahdi1 & ! ,*elt5ham ,ladies' ,college1 #ahec4 ,miss ,buss & h] bro!rs1 9 association ) ,mr4 ,la+1 e/abli%$ ! fir/ great ,high ,s*ool1 & ,mrs4 ,grey & ,miss ,%irreff c>ri$ on ! movem5t 9 t direction2 f ! ,union f\nd$ by !m grew up ! ,g4,p4,d4,s4 ,co41 :ile ,miss ,davies ) f>-see+ wisdom won ov] ,cambridge pr(essors 7among/ :om ,i may specially m5tion ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,sidgwick & ,james ,/u>t7 to (f] ! highe/ culture to wom54 ,! lead]s _h to ask & answ] _m que/ions4 ,:at direction1 :at %ape %\ld ! new movem5t = high] education take8 ,%\ld !re be two sorts ( education = girls & boys8 ,! ,s*ools' ,inquiry ,commission _h %[n t a specially fem99e education _h n produc$ v successful results1 & ! lead]s said3 ,let u give to girls ! solid tea*+ 9 languages & ma!matics & sci5ce1 :i* are f\nd to /r5g!n ! p[]s ( boys1 & prep>e !m to d good "w ( _m k9ds4 ,if x 0 object$ t wom5 7 to rule 9 ! home1 & m5 9 ! l>g] _w1 !y argu$1 t = girls z = boys1 ! "r c\rse 0 to give a lib]al education4 ,! boy does n le>n 9 ! s*ool ! ?+s :i* w be requir$ 9 8 future bus9ess or pr(ession1 b he br+s to ^! ! cultivat$ m9d1 ! p[] ( "w1 ! discipl9$ w4 ,results physical & moral4 ,& ! _w is m & m recognis+ t ! lead]s 7 "r1 & s*ools h aris5 9 all our great t[ns4 ,fifty ye>s ago !re 7 dismal prophecies--an outcry t /udy w\ld ru9 heal?4 ,n[ x is a common rem>k t !re is a g5]al improvem5t 9 physique4 ,wom5 too are m consci\s ( _! responsibilities 9 ! life ( ! family1 z well z 9 t ( ! c\ntry1 especially 9 social & *ur* life4 ,!y feel1 t ?\gh !y may h b ! 8smalle/ scruple0 ( excell5ce1 !y mu/ r5d] = x 8?anks & use04 ,besides1 ano!r good has be5 m & m realis$2 z ,mrs4 ,jameson1 9 h] beautiful lecture1#b set =?1 girls taught on ! same l9es1 & wom5 :o c ent] into ! subjects ( /udy & ?\ght :i* occupy ! m9ds ( _! fa!rs1 husb&s1 sons1 h m und]/&+1 m sympa?y1 m p[] to make ! home :at x %\ld be2 ! only heal?y intellectual companion%ip is communion betwe5 active m9ds1 & ! highe/ purposes ( m>riage are unfulfill$1 if ei!r husb& or wife lives 9 a region ( ?\ght :i* ! o!r _c ent]4 ,besides1 ^? _m wom5 :o rema9 unm>ri$ c1 if well educat$1 f9d 9 "s =m ( s]vice ! satisfaction ( _! high] nature4 ,surely wom5 tra9$ 9 good s*ools & colleges h z wives & mo!rs %>$ ! lab\rs & ent]$ m fully z companions into ! lives ( husb&s & *ildr54 ,! names ( _m w occur to my read]s1 b "o c>es n to "n ! liv+4 ,we see e ye> at ! ,conf]5ce ( ,wom5 ,work]s1 t ! se$ s[n 9 fai? has br\ght =? fruit2 t ! :ole aspect ( ! woman's realm has *ang$ s9ce ! days ( ,evel9a & ,miss ,au/54 #b 8,communion ( ,lab\r40 ,b none ( u may re/ 9 t :i* has be5 atta9$4 ,we ask = ! 8wages ( go+ on & n to die04 ,!re is e>ne/ endeav\r on ! "p ( all engag$ 9 ! "w ( education1 :i* has f\nd expression 9 su* societies z ! ,p>5ts' ,educational ,union1 ! ,*ild ,/udy ,society1 & ! ,tea*]s' ,guild4 ,tea*]s are n cont5t ) ! s*ool ye>1 b holiday c\rses are ! ord] ( ! day1 & _m are seek+ tra9+1 & o!rs ask = a ye> or a t]m to improve1 & books on education are p\r+ f ! press1 & "s ( u1 :o h ga9$ exp]i5ce :i* may be helpful to o!rs1 feel b\nd1 ?\gh mu* h9d]$ by ! calls ( active life1 to %>e ^? exp]i5ces1 & say :at we c ab\t ! ideals1 ! pr9ciples1 ! me?ods1 :i*1 we tru/1 h already1 9 spite ( ! gloomy port5ts ( ye>s gone by1 improv$ ! physical1 ! intellectual & moral vig\r ( ^? :o h %>$ ! l>g] life1 ent]$ into ! high] intellectual int]e/s1 & und]gone ! /r5g!n+ discipl9e ( our l>ge s*ools4 ,curriculum ,) ^! prelim9>y rem>ks1 ,i ent] ^u ! subject ( ! curriculum2 ,i h drawn up a table :i* ,i %all proce$ to discuss4 ,i h class$ ! subjects ( education "u five heads1 & divid$ ! pupils 9 a g5]al way also into five classes4 ,b be=e ,i deal ) ! practical1 let me speak ( ! ideal4 ,!re is no?+ s practical z ideas--^! are ! mov+ p[] ( all our acts4 ,if :at ,i h said is true1 ! subject _c be treat$ 9 ref]5ce to girls only2 n because ,i w\ld assimilate ! tea*+ ( girls to t ( boys1 b because ! tea*+ ( bo? %\ld aim at develop+ to ! highe/ excell5ce ! intellectual p[]s common to bo?4 ,! tea*+ ( mod]n sci5ce tells u t bo? pass ?r\gh ! same l[] /ages1 t !y may rise into ! high]1 & all hi/ory tells u t m5 & wom5 ,rise or s9k ,toge!r1 dw>f$ or godlike1 bond or free4 ,s we ask g5]ally :at is ! ,education ( ,man8 ,frbel has rightly emphasis$ ! la/ ^w4 ,x is ! developm5t ( t :i* di/+ui%es man f all ! l[] =ms ( life 8summ$ up0 9 him1 t c alone be prop]ly call$ ! ,education ( ,man3 o!r creatures c live1 z he does1 ! nutritive or vegetable life1 :i* goes on ( itself--o!r animals live ! consci\s life1 !y see & "k1 b to man alone x is possible to objectify all ?+s by transc5d+ !m1 & ev5 t l[] self1 :i* is "p ( 8 dual nature2 he is able to "k himself bo? z 8,i0 & 8me02 he br+s to s5sation ! =mative p[] ( 8 own ?\ght1 makes1 z ,kant has said1 ! univ]se :i* he did n create4 ,& s man does n m]ely p]ceive1 b app]ceive1 takes into 8 own be+ ideas1 ?\ghts2 comb9es1 associates ^!1--& inde$ x is difficult to speak ( ^! ideas o!rwise ?an ,h]b>t does1 z entities1 by :i* ! m9d gr[s1 fa%ion+ !m to its own uses1 z ! body does1 ! food on :i* x lives4 ,because he c objectify ?us1 language is possible4 ,man gives to ?\ghts1 ^! 8airy no?+s1 a local habitation & a "n02 he is able to plan1 to project & !re=e to =m judgm5ts4 ,b if he is relat$ to t _w to :i* ! s5ses rea*1 he is also 9 relation1 ?r\gh an inw>d feel+ :i* we call sympa?y1 ) o!r 8subjects10 able to recognise 9 o!rs t :i* he kn[s 9 himself z m9d2 if he f9ds himself s relat$ to ! _w ( s5se1 t he responds to its t\*1 mu* m ne>ly is he 9 relation ) o!r p]sonalities2 ^! he kn[s1 be=e he recognises objective nature2 ?r\gh o!r m9ds 8 own is educat$1 & s ! humanities take ! fir/ place2 he ent]s into relations ?r\gh ! communis s5sus ) a _w ( ?9k+ be+s4 ,^! p]sons communicate ?\ghts1 specially ?r\gh 7a7 language imm$iate1 & ?r\gh writt5 language4 ,by writt5 spee* ! limitations ( space & "t are aboli%$1 & we are able to speak n only ( m51 b ( man1 = n only is 8 physical life cont9u\s1 b 8 m5tal & moral life ?r\gh ! ages is "o4 ,s f language we pass to 7b7 hi/ory & lit]ature & hi/oric act1 ! record ( :at m5 h done & suff]$ & ?\ght & record$1 n 9 books only b 9 all mat]ial ?+s2 = man ! dead live2 & z ! actors pass f ! /age1 hi/ory1 no less ?an philosophy & sci5ce1 t5ds upw>ds to ^? high] regions ( ?\ght1 :]e we pond] on ! 7c7 my/]ies ( man's self-consci\s life1 on 8 relation to o!r m9ds1 & to ! ,"o ^: (fspr+ we are1 & 9 ,:om all ?+s live & move & h _! be+4 ,! subjects ( /udy !n may also be classifi$ "u five head+s3-- ,i4 ,! ,humanities3 :i* h to d ) man1 kn[n objectively ?r\gh ^w & de$1 9 language & lit]ature1 9 hi/ory & art2 subjectively1 z 9 e?ics1 religion1 philosophy4 ,,ii4 ,ma!matics3 embrac+ ?ree divisions relat+ to space1 numb]1 en]gy 9 ! ab/ract--^! h to d ) necess>y tru?4 ,,iii4 ,sci5ce3 :i* re/s n on a basis ( ?\ght only1 b on facts giv5 ?r\gh s5se objectively4 ,,iv4 /hetics3 :i* may be class$ "u ! ?ree heads1 z music1 pa9t+ & ! o!r arts--consid]$ subjectively4 ,v4 ,! ex]cises suitable = ! physical developm5t4 ,x is ) ! fir/ section t e tea*] has to d2 ?\gh he may be a speciali/ = sci5ce or ma!matics or music1 he has always to d ) man 9 8 manifold relations1 he has ev] to d ) ! humanities4 ,x mu/ be ! con/ant /udy ( ! tea*] to f9d ! be/ means ( develop+ ! p[]s ( ?\ght1 ( call+ =? "r motives ( action1 develop+ "r habits1 & s =m+ noble *>act]s1 :i* is ! f9al cause ( all 8 lab\rs4 ,ev] ?r\gh\t life he w by /udy & exp]i5ce deep5 & ext5d 8 k1 b x is e>ne/ly to be desir$ t he %\ld h "s leisure = def9ite prep>ation by ! /udy ( education z an art1 a sci5ce1 a philosophy1 be=e ent]+ on 8 responsible "w4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ev]y?+ else1 only ^? :o h ga9$ ! k are really judges ( its value4 ,! man :o kn[s no =eign tongue1 supposes he und]/&s ,engli%1 b we "k 9 h[ poor & faulty a way4 ,a /udy ( ! my/]ies ( our own be+1 ( ! fundam5tal basis ( philosophy & psy*ology1 p]sonal k ( & sympa?y ) ! great ?9k]s & philosoph]s & m>tyrs ( education1 mu/ move u to m purposeful & ?\ghtful & devot$ lives1 & give u a joy t we _c feel :5 we are work+ bl9dly & me*anically1 )\t ! fai? :i* works by love4 ,,h\rs ,,( ,,/udy ,,includ+ ,,prep>ation ,,p] ,,week4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,subjects4 ,a4 ,"u #h ,b4 #h to #ab ,hrs4 ,b ye>s4 ye>s4 & ,c4 ,ab\t #bd h\rs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a4 ,language4 ,engli% read+ ,elem5t>y ideas#ab & ,fr5* v4 ( gramm>1 voce4 ,fr5* v4 voce1 & read- + & trans- lation into ,eng- li%1 le>n+ poetry1 dia- logues1 etc4 #b4 ,man ,8- ,my?ological ,"t maps & ob- tory4 tales & epo*s 9 ,i4 jec- ,lit]a-/ories f _w's hi/ory4 ,hu- tive-ture4 hi/ory4 ,le>n- ,engli% hi/ory mani- ly4 ,art4 + poetry4 treat$ bio- ties4 graphically4 ,/ories f anci5t hi/ory4 ,le>n+ poetry4 #c4 ,man ,e?ics4,bible /ories1 ,bible lessons sub- ,reli- simple hymns &select$4 ,le>n- jec- gion4 pray]s4 + simple pas- tive-,philo- sages f ,new ly4 sophy4 ,te/am5t1 hymns & collects4 #d4 ,ari?metic ,ari?metic1 ,ari?metic 9 #c to & ,algebra4 *iefly ) "s cases #e concrete g5]alis$ to objects4 algebra = old] *ildr51 = y\ng] /ill mu* con- crete4 ,,ii4 ,ma?- #e4 ,geometry4 ,simple ideas ( ,elem5t>y prac- emat- =m4 tical geometry4 ics4 ,_m problems4 ,9 "s cases a beg9n+ ( logical demon- /rations4 #f4 ,k9ematics4 ,mix$ ,ma!- mats41 e4g41 ,me- *anics4 #g4 ,natural ,object lessons4 ,botany1 zoology1#b to #d ,sci5ce4 a/ronomy1 laws ( heal?--9 succession4 ,,iii4 #h4 ,physio- ,mak+ map ( ,erdkunde1 phys- ,sci- graphy4 s*ool & ne> iography1 ence4 places2 model+natural ph5ome- 9 clay or s&4na4 #i4 ,molecul> ,sci5ce4 #aj4 ,music4 ,sol-fa s++4 ,in/rum5tal music1 s++1 elocution4 ,,iv4 #aa4 ,draw+1 etc4,draw+ ) ,draw+ & #g to #i s- p5cil & pa9t+4 !t- bru%4 ics4 #ab4 ,pla/ic ,arts1,modell+ 9 ,v>i\s k9ds ( etc4 clay4 ,basket h&work4 mak+1 c>d- bo>d sloyd1 etc41 etc4 #ac4 ,gymna/ics1 ,sy/ematic etc4 drill4 ,v4 ,a?- let- #ad4 ,games4 ,k9d]g>t5 ,games4 ics4 games & drill4 #ae4 ,c\ntry ,field clubs4 ,excursions4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,subjects4 ,c4 #ab to #af ,d4 #af to #ah ,e4 ,ov] #ah ye>s4 ye>s4 ye>s4 ,ab\t #cj ,ab\t #cf h\rs4 h\rs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a4 ,language4 ,gramm>2 9- ,fr5*1 ,g]- ,an additional creas+ at- man or ,lat94language1 t5tion to ,9 "s cases,greek or philology2 "o o!r ,italian4 ,fr5*1 ) language4 ,g]man1 or ,lat94 #b4 ,man ,8- ,engli% 8- ,engli% con- ,anci5t clas- ob- tory4 tory 9 /itutional sics 9 ! ,i4 jec- ,lit]a-p]iods & hi/ory4 ,spe-orig9al or ,hu- tive-ture4 correspond+cial p]iod translations4 mani- ly4 ,art4 lit]>y ( ,engli%4 ,=eign clas- ties4 p]iods ) ,also ( an- sics & view special ci5t or mod-( ,european books4 ,out- ern4 ,diffi- lit]ature4 l9es ( cult books 9 g5]al 8- ,engli%4 tory1 anci5t & mod]n1 ) "t maps4 #c4 ,man ,e?ics4,a gospel4 ,9-,/4 ,john or ,fundam5tal sub- ,reli- /ruction 9 epi/les4 ideas ( phi- jec- gion4 ! pray]- ,doctr9al losophy4 tive-,philo- book1 etc4 tea*+4 ,*ri/ian dog- ly4 sophy4 matics & e?ics4 #d4 ,ari?metic ,ari?metic ,advanc$ pure & ,algebra4 & algebra & mix$ to quadrat- ma!matics4 ics4 ,,ii4 ,ma?- #e4 ,geometry4 ,euclid ,i4 & emat- ,,ii41 or ics4 equival5t4 #f4 ,k9ematics4 ,elem5t>y ,mix$ ,ma!-mix$ mats41 ma!matics4 e4g41 ,me- *anics4 #g4 ,natural ,botany1 ,physiology ,sci5ce4 zoology1 & "o or a/ronomy1 m bran*es laws ( ( physical heal?--9 sci5ce4 succession4 ,,iii4 #h4 ,physio- ,erdkunde1 ,sci- graphy4 physiography ence4 or natural ph5om5a4 #i4 ,molecul> ,*emi/ry1 ,sci5ce4 heat1 light1 electricity-- 9 succes- sion4 #aj4 ,music4 ,in/rum5tal music1 s+- +1 elocu- tion4 ,,iv4 #aa4 ,draw+1 etc4,draw+ & s- pa9t+4 ,"s "o !t- bran*4 ics4 #ab4 ,pla/ic ,arts1,v>i\s k9ds etc4 ( h&work4 #ac4 ,gymna/ics1 ,sy/ematic etc4 drill4 ,v4 ,a?- let- #ad4 ,games4 ,games4 ics4 #ae4 ,c\ntry ,field clubs4 ,excursions4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,i h m5tion$ at ! close ( ! introduction "s books n too l>ge or difficult :i* w be helpful to ^? :o desire to beg9 ! s]i\s /udy ( ! subjects includ$ "u ! g5]al head+ ( p$agogy4 ,9 ! table 7p4 #aj7 ,i h arrang$ c\rses ( /udy & gr\p$ pupils accord+ to age1 b only = ^? call$ ,b & ,c h ,i attempt$ to give ! "t ea* week1 :i* might be all[$ on an av]age = s]i\s /udy4 ,i ?9k ! ,bs g5]ally & ! ,cs almo/ always %\ld foll[ a fix$ c\rse1 ?\gh "s v>iation %\ld be p]mitt$ to ! ,cs4 ,! ,ds & ,es %\ld take special directions1 dropp+ "s subjects & giv+ mu* "t to o!rs4 ,"u ! head ( ,b1 ,i h giv5 :at is p]haps ! ne>e/ approa* to ! normal type 9 my own s*ool4 ,^? :o d n le>n music1 c ( c\rse take an extra language1 or o!rwise cultivate a special subject2 ^? :o are b slightly p]vi\s to ma!matical ideas are all[$ to drop ,euclid1 aft] hav+ done en\gh to pr(it by ! :olesome discipl9e ( writ+ out propositions say up to ,euclid ,i4 #bf4 ,^! may p]haps add ano!r musical in/rum5t or "s manual "w4 ,! pr9ciple ,i w\ld insi/ on is t our curriculum %\ld1 to use a s5sible figure1 be pyramidal1 hav+ a broad base & n>r[+2 ! total cubic cont5t might be ! same ea* ye>1 b 9 proportion z ! subjects tak5 7 few]1 !re w\ld be great] dep?4 ,?us ! ,cs w\ld specialise to a slight ext5t1 ! ,ds %\ld d s /ill m1 & ! ,es h f\nd out _! vocation1 s t = ^! la/ no "t-table c be giv54 ,sil5ce4 ,9 draw+ up a "t-table ,i h giv5 only ! g5]al l9es1 & assign$ an av]age "t = ea* section2 ! case ( e individual mu/ be sep>ately consid]$1 & !re %\ld always rema9 "s h\rs ( leisure--9 ! highe/ classes ,i h arrang$ = s*ool "w ab\t eight h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r4 ,if we give f\r h\rs to meals & outdoor ex]cise1 & eight to sleep1 we h a m>g9 ( f\r h\rs--a consid]able am\nt ( "t1 if multipli$ by six2 "p ( ?is may be giv5 to g5]al read+1 "p to social & family life1 b = ! gr[+ & develop+ m9d !re mu/ be "t = solitude1 = ent]+ into ! secret *amb]1 & li/5+ = ! voice he>d only 9 ! /illness4 ,we read mu* 9 praise ( 8,eyes0 & mu* 9 dis-praise ( 8,no-eyes10 b !re are times :5 great ?9k]s are bl9d to outw>d ?+s1 & deaf to e>?ly voices2 x is at su* times !re rise be=e ! m9d's eye ideals :i* fa%ion ! :ole life4 ,i am sure t 9 ^! days ! "y lose mu* = want ( m quiet on ,sundays4 ,!re may h be5 ov] /rictness 9 ! pa/--!re is n[ a surpris+ ignorance ( ! ,bible & ! gr\nds ( fai?4 ,! sil5ce rules ( a good s*ool t5d to produce a _s ( repose1 & a libr>y :]e no speak+ is all[$ is a help4 ,rules :i* h9d] idle talk 9 ! b$rooms are a great boon to ^? :o f9d ! value ( quiet at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! day1 & ,i e>ne/ly hope t ! excitem5t ( ! playgr\nd may nev] sup]s$e ! c\ntry rambles :i* h be5 fruitful ( spiritual heal? to _m ( u4 ,9 consid]+ h[ ,i %all be/ make ?is small volume ( use to tea*]s 9 high s*ools1 ,i propose to adopt ! foll[+ plan4 ,fir/ to treat ( a few g5]al matt]s :i* belong to organisation & ! me?ods ( managem5t--e4g41 di/ribution & economy ( "t1 corrections1 m>ks1 etc4 ,!n to deal ) ! subjects ( ! curriculum 9 ord]1 9 a s]ies ( pap]s by myself & my colleagues4 ,9 ,"p ,i4 ,i h writt5 fir/ ( language g5]ally1 embrac+ read+1 speak+1 gramm>1 composition1 =eign tongues4 ,x w be cle> to all t ,i c\ld n possibly1 9 ! few pages assign$ to ea* subject1 treat ! matt] exhau/ively1 b ,i hope ,i may /rike out "s l9es ( ?\ght :i* w be helpful1 & ! li/s ( books may assi/ tea*]s 9 _! /udies4 ,9 mo/ subjects ,i h be5 able to get a few pap]s f memb]s ( my /aff1 pa/ & pres5t4 ,"u ! head ( ,language ,i h "o f ,mr4 ,r\se1 a mo/ able tea*]1 :o _h _m ye>s' exp]i5ce ) our eld] pupils1 specially ^? read+ = classical hon\rs 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,9 ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature ,i h pap]s by ,miss ,a4 ,&rews1 ,miss ,hanbidge & ,miss ,lumby1 ! v successful tea*]s :o take ^! subjects 9 ! ,london & ,high] ,cambridge class2 !re is also a pap] on ,economics by ,miss ,bridges4 ,9 ,"p ,,iii4 ,i h pap]s by f\r specially able & exp]i5c$ tea*]s--,miss de ,br]eton ,evans1 ,d4,sc4 ,lond41 ,miss ,reid1 ,b4,sc4 ,lond41 ,miss ,leon>d1 ,b4,sc4 ,lond41 & ,miss ,laurie4 ,9 ,"p ,,iv4 ,i h a numb] ( %ort pap]s by memb]s ( our tea*+ /aff4 ,section ,,ii4 has be5 assign$ by ! publi%]s to ano!r h&1 & = t ,i am n responsible4 ,^u ! basis ( ?is classification1 ,i h drawn up a table %[+ h[ ! me?ods ( tea*+ ^! subjects w v>y ) ! age ( ! pupil1 & :at is1 ,i consid]1 ! be/ ord] ( subjects4 ,i h also add$ "s *apt]s on v>i\s subjects--z ,spell+ ,re=m & ! ,relation ( ,s*ool to ,home4 ,"t available4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r x w be be/ to consid] :at is ! am\nt ( "t at our disposal = s*ool tea*+4 ,! division ( ! ye> into ?ree t]ms ( ab\t twelve weeks1 consi/+ ( five or six days ea*1 is s g5]ally adopt$ t we may take t = grant$4 ,! ye>s ( s*ool life are at ! utmo/ ab\t t5--9 ! case ( mo/ girls f> less4 ,= day s*ools 9 l>ge t[ns1 att5d$ by pupils f consid]able di/ances1 two att5dances are impossible1 & ! morn+ has to la/ f ab\t #i or #icj to #a or #acj4 ,( ! f\r h\rs ab\t ?ree & a half are available = lessons1 ! rema9+ half-h\r be+ tak5 up ) ! g5]al assembly = pray]s & a brief int]val = recreation2 b ^! tw5ty-"o or tw5ty-f\r h\rs are n sp5t1 z p>5ts are apt to imag9e1 9 por+ ov] books1 b are v>i$ by lessons 9 gymna/ics1 draw+1 s++4 ,"s pupils 9 l>ge t[ns rema9 to d9e at ! s*ool1 & h aft]noon tea*+ 9 accompli%m5ts4 ,9 small t[ns !y return4 ,?irty h\rs a week %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be ! limit ( "t giv5 to /udy = girls ( s*ool age4 ,/ud5ts fully gr[n may /udy six h\rs a day4 ,eight %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 n be exce$$ by any4 ,l5g? ( lesson4 ,9 arrang+ ! "t-table1 sev]al ?+s h to be consid]$4 7#a7 ,a1 ! y\nge/ *ildr51 w\ld h no lessons ( m ?an half an h\r1 & n m ?an two h\rs ( def9ite in/ruction1 ! rema9d] be+ occupi$ ) games1 drill1 s++ & v>i\s h& occupations4 ,^? "u eight w\ld h a l>g] proportion ( ^! la/1 & p]haps att5d = a %ort] "t4 ,! eld] *ildr5 c h a read+ lesson be=e ! g5]al assembly1 & ! little ones might leave half an h\r be=e ! morn+ closes4 ,if !y wait = eld] si/]s1 amusem5ts may be devis$4 7#b7 ,9 ! case ( all1 an endeav\r %\ld be made to place ^? /udies :i* make ! heavie/ dem&s on ! att5tion z f> z possible 9 ! e>ly morn+ h\rs4 7#c7 ,! lessons = ,sections ,b & ,c w\ld av]age ab\t fifty m9utes1 "s be+ ?irty m9utes1 o!rs an h\r1 ! draw+ lesson be+ p]haps long]1 :il/ religi\s in/ruction foll[+ ^u pray]s w\ld occupy half an h\r1 z w\ld drill & s++4 7#d7 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to v>y ! subjects1 s t if possible two lecture lessons %\ld n foll[ "o ano!r1 nor two on language1 nor two ma!matical lessons4 ,ord] ( /udy4 ,diet>y4 ,we h next to consid] ! ord] ( /udy1 :at subjects are be/ adapt$ to ! /ate ( developm5t ( ! *ild1 or 9 :at diff]5t ways ! same subject may be treat$ to make x suitable at diff]5t ages4 ,9 ?is matt] fatal mi/akes are /ill made4#c ,happily ! tea*+s ( educational re=m]s h br\ght be=e u ! evils ( ! neglect ( psy*ological pr9ciples4 ,we are %ock$ :5 we he> ( mo!rs ignorant ( physiology1 fe$+ infants on bread & tea1 & giv+ soo?+ syrups2 we recognise ! dang] ( too _m sweets1 & ( cig>s = gr[+ boys--^! h _! p>allels 9 ! m5tal diet>y4 ,b x is n s mu* giv+ wrong ?+s z ! deprivation ( "r ?+s at ! "r "t t is fatal4 ,x is wond]ful h[ mu* un:olesome food c be dispos$ ( by a vigor\s *ild--!re is a fit ( sickness & x is gone2 b we see 9 ! adult bodily framework1 ! /unt$ skeleton1 ! decay+ tee?1 etc41 ! effect ( />vation dur+ ye>s ( gr[?4 ,to deprive ! *ild ( ! m5tal food & ex]cise necess>y = 8 developm5t at ea* p]iod ( 8 gr[? is a fatal error1 ! consequ5ces ( :i* are irrep>able4 ,?is has be5 =cibly put by ,dr4 ,h>ris1 ,*ief ,commission] ( ,education1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,speak+ ( ! prolongation = man ( ! p]iod ( infancy requir$ = 8 developm5t1 t he may be adapt$ to ! spiritual environm5t ( ! social community into :i* he is born1 he writes3 8,is x n evid5t t if ! *ild is at any epo* inur$ into any habit or fix$ =m ( activity belong+ to a l[] /age ( developm5t1 ! t5d5cy w be to arre/ gr[? at t po9t1 & make x difficult or next to impossible to cont9ue ! gr[? ( ! *ild into high] & m civilis$ =ms ( s\l-activity8 ,a sev]e drill 9 me*anical habits ( memoris+1 any ov]cultivation ( s5se-p]ception 9 t5d] ye>s1 may arre/ ! developm5t ( ! s\l1 =m a me*anical me?od ( ?9k+1 & prev5t ! fur!r gr[? into spiritual insight--especially on ! second plane ( ?\ght1 t :i* foll[s s5se-p]ception1 namely1 ! /age ( classify+ or ev5 ! se>* = causal relations1 !re is mo/ dang] ( ?is arre/$ developm5t4 ,! absorption ( ! gaze ^u ! adju/m5ts )9 ! ma*9e1 prev5ts u f see+ x z a :ole4 ,! att5tion to details ( col\r+ or draw+ may prev5t "o f see+ ! significance ( ! great works ( art4444 ,to keep ! intellect out ( ! abyss ( habit1 & to make ! e?ical behavi\r m & m a matt] ( unque/ion+ habit1 seems to be ! desid]atum40 #c 8,! logical ord] ( a good c\rse ( in/ruction10 writes ,compayr 7,psy*ology ,appli$ to ,education71 8mu/ correspond to ! *ronological ord] ( developm5t ( ! m5tal p[]s40 8,if10 writes ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 8! high] faculties are tax$ by pres5t+ an ord] ( k m complex & ab/ract ?an c be readily assimilat$1 ! abnormal result s produc$ w be accompani$ by equival5t evil40 ,tradition furni%es ^? :o h made no =mal /udy ( ! subject ( m5tal gr[? ) "s empirical rules = a heal?y diet>y1--z ,mr4 ,b>nett has %[n1#d or our *ildr5 w\ld f>e badly2 b ! evils ( misplac+ subjects 9 ! ord] ( /udy1 ( neglect+ to tea* ! "r subjects at ! "r "t1 & ( p>tial />vation1 are too app>5t4 ,let me conclude ) an illu/rative anecdote--an object lesson4 ,at s*ool ,i always kept cat]pill>s2 !y 7 regul>ly f$1 & seldom fail$ to come out 9 p]fect condition4 ,once "s 8woolly be>s0 escap$2 !y 7 f\nd aft] a few days1 & aga9 provid$ ) ample food2 b x 0 too late1 !y came out ) only rudim5t>y w+s4 #d ,tea*+ & ,organisation1 p4 #e4 ,b n only h we to provide ! "r subjects at ! "r "t1 we h to consid] h[ ! mann] ( tea*+ ! same subject may be adapt$ to ! age ( ! pupil4 ,9 an excell5t ,report on ! ,s*ools ( ,/4 ,l\is "s ye>s ago1 ,dr4 ,h>ris exp\nd$ ! spiral sy/em4 ,9 /udy+ say botany 9 ! l[e/ class1 ! *ildr5 w\ld le>n to obs]ve ! =ms ( plant life1 & become famili> ) ! ma9 facts ( classificatory botany1 ! obs]v+ p[] be+ *iefly call$ into action4 ,!n ! subject w\ld be dropp$1 & tak5 up ye>s aft] f ! physiological po9t ( view1 :5 ! le>n]s w\ld be able to und]/& ! *emical *anges1 ! process ( developm5t1 etc41 z !y c\ld n 9 e>li] ye>s4 ,simil>ly all ,h]b>tians "k h[ ! tea*+ ( hi/ory proce$s f ! my?ological /ory1 ?r\gh biography to hi/ory1 & "s ( u h se5 ! bad results ( giv+ little *ildr5 =mul>ies :i* h no mean+ = !m1 in/ead ( seek+ to develop 9 !m ?r\gh ! discipl9e ( home1 & ,bible tea*+ reg>d+ ! lives ( ! good1 feel+s ( filial tru/ & rev]5ce & ob$i5ce4 ,= examples ( ?is ,i may ref] to ,miss ,bremn]'s book on ! ,education ( ,girls4 ,9 ! accompany+ "t-table ,i h endeav\r$ to make a d\ble classification 9 ref]5ce to ! subjects taught1 & ! age ( ! le>n]s4 ,9 discuss+ x ,i %all cont9ue to use ! ^w faculty1 9 spite ( ,h]b>tian prote/s1 mean+ !reby ! p[] ( do+ c]ta9 special acts1 :i* v>y 9 "*4 ,we h ! p[] ( direct+ our att5tion to ! objects ( s5se1 or ( )draw+ x f ^!1 & becom+ consci\s only ( ! work+ ( our own m9d2 we h1 i4e41 ! faculty ( obs]vation & ( reflection2 by ! use ( ! ^w faculty--etymologically1 ! p[] ( do+--we ne$ n dismemb] ! ,subject1 b ?9k ( ! ,"o p]son z act+ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,"p ,i41 ! humanities1 %\ld ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse be repres5t$ 9 all its bran*es2 to x belong specially ! cultur-/udi54 ,i ?9k ( "s mis]able />v$ specim5s ( girls ,i h kn[n1 f$ ^u an almo/ unmix$ diet ( ei!r classics or ma!matics2 _! physique _h suff]$1 & !y _h no m5tal ela/icity1 _! "o idea be+ to w9 s*ol>%ips3 !y did ?is1 b nev] fl\ri%$ at ! univ]sity1 = want ( all-r\nd culture4 ,o!rs ,i h kn[n1 :o ?\ght !y c\ld be high-class musicians by practis+ _! f+]s1 )\t cultivat+ _! m9ds2 ! results 7 lam5table2 :]eas ^? :o gave half ! "t to music & half to cultur-/udi51 did m 9 ! limit$ "t4 ,is n ! ov]work ( :i* _m compla9 lat]1 due to ! too undivid$ "w at "o subject dur+ ! und]graduate p]iod at ! univ]sity8 ,ma!matics relieves ! /ra9 ( classics2 specialis+ may be comp>atively h>mless to ! full-gr[n man1 b ! *ild-speciali/ w gr[ up de=m$4 ,class tea*]s & speciali/s4 ,%all tea*+ be by class tea*]s or by speciali/s8 ,once e tea*] 0 expect$ to take all ! subjects ) h] class1 n[ ! t5d5cy is t[>ds specialisation4 ,9 junior classes ! class mi/ress has _m advantages ov] ! speciali/1 = %e kn[s :at ! *ildr5 c d1 ! "* & difficulties ( ea*1 & c adapt h] tea*+ to h] pupils4 ,9 any case %e mu/ ex]cise control ov] speciali/s1 ea* ( :om is incl9$ to ?9k h] subject ! mo/ important4 ,%e c get hold ( *ildr51 & ex]cise a /rong] influ5ce ?an an occasional tea*]1 & ! m subjects %e tea*es1 ! m intimate w be ! relation to h] pupils4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n good = *ildr5 to be %ut up to "o p]sonality1 ?\gh x is n well = !m to be "u too _m1 & !re ought always to be "o pr$om9ant2 = ?is reason special arrangem5ts are made 9 "s boys' s*ools = a tutor to foll[ ! boy's c>e] all ! way up ! s*ool4 ,a class tea*] too c correlate ! diff]5t subjects1 & make "o help ! o!r2 be+ always at h&1 %e c give su* help z is ne$$ at odd times1 to br+ up lagg>ds1 & g5]ally br+ ! intellectual to act ^u ! moral4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a speciali/ c atta9 to great] excell5ce1 ?r[ m life into ! subject1 keep up ) new discov]ies & me?ods2 ! be/ plan is p]haps = ! class tea*]1 at lea/ 9 junior classes1 to he> & help to br+ home to h] pupils ! tea*+ ( speciali/s2 ?is is desirable ) "s =eign tea*]s1 :o fail to und]/& ! exact difficulties ( ,engli% *ildr54 ,x c1 h[ev]1 only be done :5 ! /aff is l>ge4 ,! case is diff]5t ) upp] classes1 :i* %\ld be taught almo/ entirely by speciali/s1 ?\gh !re %\ld be always "s "o p]son responsible = ea* class4 ,head mi/ress4 ,!re seems to be a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! k9d ( influ5ce & control ex]cis$ by a ,head ,ma/]1 & a ,head ,mi/ress4 ,! gov]nm5t ( a boys' s*ool approa*es m ne>ly to a republic1 ( a girls' s*ool to a con/itutional mon>*y2 :il/ classes & tea*]s *ange = ! *ild ea* ye>1 ! head mi/ress is p]man5t1 & foll[s ea* ?r\gh all ! classes1 kn[+ h] 9 all h] phases4 ,%e reads m>ks1 gives enc\ragem5t & admonition1 & is 9 imm$iate relation ) ! o!r controll+ influ5ces1 p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,!n--ow+ possibly to ! fact t _m wom5 h n degrees--! head mi/ress p]mits h]self to criticise & advise h] tea*]s 9 a way t no "y ma/] fre% f ! ,hon\r ,s*ools w\ld p]mit4 8,i he> y g & li/5 to y\r tea*]s10 said ! head ( an ,ox=d ,college to me--8 face1 on my admitt+ x1 express$ m ?an 8 words4 ,aga91 ! head mi/ress consid]s h]self responsible = good ord] 9 e class1 :]eas 9 boys' s*ools ! entire responsibility seems to re/ on ! individual ma/]2 ?is mu/ always be ! case to a c]ta9 ext5t2 head mi/resses try to avoid indiscipl9e by insi/+ on ! tra9+ ( tea*]s1 & resort+ to v>i\s devices1 e4g41 a junior tea*] is made assi/ant to a s5ior1 & entru/$ ) a class ( h] own1 only :5 %e has %[n h]self able2 or--until %e has well grasp$ ! re9s--%e is set to tea* 9 a l>ge room 9 :i* !re may be ! head mi/ress & "s o!r tea*] capable ( ov]aw+ ! re/less2 or if %e is a speciali/ ! class tea*] may be 9 ! room4 ,if ! class is insubord9ate ow+ to ! bad tea*+ !y get1 !re is ( c\rse no alt]native b to *ange ! tea*]1 or to improve h]4 ,economy ( "t4 ,"h let me t\* on "s ( ! *ief p]plexities ( mod]n tea*]s4 ,pr(essor ,miall 7,?irty ,ye>s ( ,tea*+7 writes3 8,no "o c write on education )\t insi/+ on new subjects2 & yet ! old claims are n relax$4 ,we mu/ h sci5ce 9 sev]al bran*es1 mod]n languages 7m effici5t ?an h]et(ore71 draw+ & gymna/ics1 b classics & ma!matics & div9ity mu/ be kept up & improv$4 ,increas$ h\rs are n to be ?\ght (1 few] lessons1 %ort] lessons1 & n s mu* home-"w1 are ! cry4 ,m potatoes to c>ry1 & a small] basket to c>ry !m 94444 ,i believe ! problem is n an insoluble "o aft] all40 ,! rem$y1 or p]haps ,i ought to say r ! mitigation ( ! tea*]'s difficulties1 is to be f\nd 9 f\r directions4 7#a7 ,9 increas+ ! numb] ( s*ool ye>s4 ,! well-tra9$ k9d]g>t5 *ild comes ) an int]e/ 9 lessons1 a p[] ( att5tion1 a consid]able am\nt ( k1 & a cle> und]/&+ ( mu* t =m]ly *ildr5 knew no?+ ab\t1 s t we ga9 "t at ! beg9n+4 7#b7 ,!n if girls come e>li] to s*ool & /ay lat]1 if we h a girl f eight to eighte51 we c give _m ?+s 9 succession1 :i* we once _h to attempt simultane\sly1 :5 girls came 8to f9i%0 9 a ye>1 or at mo/ two ye>s4 7#c7 ,if ! h\rs are %ort]1 we c get m "w done ?an 0 ! case :5 *ildr5 7 we>i$ out ) long h\rs2 :5 ,i began my tea*+ life at ,*elt5ham1 *ildr5 came back sleepy = two h\rs ( aft]noon lessons1 & return$ to d home "w1 :5 !y %\ld h be5 9 b$4 7#d7 ,bett] me?ods economise "t1 b ?is matt] is s important t ,i %all insi/ on x at "s l5g?4 ,economy ( "t 9 s*ool4 7a7 ,fir/ let me beg a tea*] to ?9k h[ easy x is to wa/e half an h\r 9 "o m9ute4 ,y h ?irty girls be=e y & y say3 8,n[1 girls1 ,i am go+ to give y a lesson1 & y mu/ be v att5tive10 & s on = "o m9ute4 ,let e tea*] use z few words z possible4 ,let !re be no preambles1 no repetitions3 8,n[1 my de> *ild1 ,i wond] :e!r1 if ,i ask$1 y w\ld be able to tell me at once10 etc4 ,let ! "q be direct4 8,z ,i h said j n[10 !n d n say x aga94 ,word9ess mu/ be avoid$4 ,we all "k h[ we>isome x is to he> ! same ?+ repeat$ 9 ! same or diff]5t words4 ,if we see ?is 9 a book1 we skim2 if x is done 9 lesson or lecture1 we let our ?\ghts w&]4 ,*ildr5 d ! same4 ,i once he>d a mi/ress ( me?od recomm5d tea*]s to repeat !mselves6 7b7 ,le>n :at n to say1 e4g41 a "n t y d n want rememb]$4 ,i knew "s boys :o 7 set to le>n ! names ( ! 8,d no?+0 k+s2 ! memory mu/ n be load$ ) useless luggage4 7c7 ,9 giv+ a dictation1 "s tea*]s w habitually repeat twice2 ! consequ5ce is t _m d n li/5 ! fir/ "t1 & a ?ird repetition is (t5 ask$ =4 ,let x be und]/ood t ! s5t5ce w be giv5 di/9ctly1 & n repeat$4 7d7 ,9 ,engli% dictations d n ask t e ^w %\ld be writt51 b emphasise ^? requir$--8,ea* sep>ate p>cel 0 receiv$04 8,i did n p]ceive 8 mean+40 8,he did n succe$ 9 p]suad+ h] to sec$e40 7e7 ,if a lesson has be5 set1 we mu/ asc]ta9 t e "o has le>nt x1 b !re %\ld be no que/ion+ r\nd & r\nd a class4 ,if a "q & answ] take "o & a half m9utes 9 a class ( ?irty1 ! :ole "t is gone1 & ! tea*] has no di/9ct impression ( :i* pupils h answ]$ well2 b if two que/ions 9 succession are ask$ ( ea* & are promptly answ]$1 ! :ole lesson may be consid]$ to be kn[n4 ,suppose !re is a ,fr5* dialogue to be he>d1 or an ex]cise has be5 le>n$1 ! tea*] %\ld n read ! ,engli%2 ! s5t5ces %\ld all be numb]$1 ! tea*] call ! numb]1 & ! *ild read ! ,fr5* f ! ,engli%4 ,! s5t5ces 9 "s books are n numb]$1 & "s dialogue books are s pr9t$1 t ! ,fr5* _c be cov]$2 ^! are "t-wa/+ books4 ,a prompt reply mu/ always be giv52 s9ce we speak at ! rate ( ov] a hundr$ words 9 a m9ute1 ?ree *ildr5 c\ld say two %ort s5t5ces ea* 9 half a m9ute4 ,?us a class ( tw5ty c\ld be he>d 9 t5 m9utes1 or if ! class tea*] is assi/+1 & takes half ! class1 five m9utes only w\ld be necess>y1 & "t sav$ = oral composition1 or read+ ex]cises at sight1 or tra9+ 9 pronunciation1 etc4 ,"s tea*]s1 if unansw]$1 repeat a "q4 ,a girl :o is n sure w (t5 give an indi/9ct reply2 "o :o does ?is robs h] companions2 ! "t ( ! class _c be wa/$ ?us1 %e mu/ come 9 ! aft]noon & say x by h]self2 x w g5]ally be f\nd t h] vocal p[]s are improv$ by ?is ex]cise4 7f7 ,9 _m subjects a s-call$ writt5 viva voce may be prop]ly sub/itut$--say six que/ions writt5 on ! blackbo>d ) numb]s1 ! answ]s promptly writt5 9 class1 ! pap]s ( diff]5t girls ex*ang$1 ! faults und]l9$ & ! "n ( ! corrector sign$4 ,! answ]s c be quickly m>k$ by ! class tea*] at home4 ,?is has be5 dwelt on 9 ,miss ,&rews' pap]4 ,if ,fr5* v]bs h to be he>d1 table %\ld be susp5d$1 & ! tea*] po9t to a t5se & a numb]4 ,"h is a portion ( "o3-- ,s+4 ,plur4 ,indic4 ,pres4 #a1 #b1 #c4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,imp]f4 ,pass df9i1 etc4 ,( c\rse ?is rapid que/ion+ is suitable only :5 we wi% to asc]ta9 :e!r a lesson has be5 le>n$1 n to su* viva voces z are dialectic1 int5d$ to elucidate a subject & make pupils ?9k4 ,note-tak+ %\ld nev] be all[$ 9 junior classes2 a syllabus may 9 "s cases be pr(itably suppli$1 or ! lesson may be an amplification ( a text-book :i* ! pupils h read1 or que/ions may be set calculat$ to br+ out ! ma9 po9ts ( ! lesson4 ,x %\ld be an inv>iable rule t :atev] is writt5 is look$ ov] & correct$2 if ?is is n done1 we %all c]ta9ly get bad writ+1 slov5ly "w & g5]al inaccuracy4 ,%\ld ?is n be possible )\t ov]-work+ ! /aff1 ! writt5 "w ( ! pupils mu/ be dim9i%$1 or ! numb] ( tea*]s increas$4 ,corrections4 ,! "w ( correct+ is n m]e drudg]y1 & x is ess5tial1 n = ! sake ( ! pupil only1 b ( ! tea*]4 ,)\t writt5 ex]cises %e may imag9e %e is tea*+1 :il/ h] pupils are n le>n+4 ,a lesson %e felt to be good1 %e w f9d p]haps has be5 ill-adapt$ to ! class1 & !re=e relatively bad4 ,%e w f9d %e has n emphasis$ ! important matt]s1 %e has giv5 a confus$ picture 9 :i* "o fails to see ! wood = ! trees4 ,!re are no tea*]s l "o's own pupils if "o w le>n ( !m3 !y convict u ( disord]1 inaccuracy1 vagu5ess1 etc4 ,x is important h[ev] t ! tea*] %\ld be sp>$ z mu* z possible unnecess>y lab\r & wa/e ( "t4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ urg5t duties ( ! head mi/ress to see t ! tea*]s h n s mu* to d 9 ! way ( correct+1 z to /upefy !m1 & deprive !m ( ! "t requir$ = prep>+ lessons4 ,! "w ( correct+ %\ld be r$uc$ z f> z practicable = ! tea*]1 & made z pr(itable z possible = ! pupil4 ,suppose ! tea*]s to be free aft] "o o'clock1 an h\r may be giv5 9 ! aft]noon to correct+1 & "o 9 ! ev5+4 ,language tea*]s1 ^: prep>ation is light1 might d m1 ^? :o give lectures less2 ! "w ( correction mu/ be fairly di/ribut$1 & a junior tea*] tra9$ to correct1 by tak+ books fir/1 & hav+ ^! revis$ & giv5 out 9 class1 9 h] pres5ce by a s5ior tea*]4 ,giv+ up books4 ,v /rict rules mu/ be made reg>d+ ! giv+ up ( books at ! "r "t by ! pupils1 & _! be+ return$ punctually 9 class by ! tea*] ) explanations & comm5ts4 ,! books %\ld always be 9 uni=m1 & "s rules1 e4g41 respect+ ,fr5* be+ r$1 ,g]man1 blue1 etc41 are v useful4 ,outside %\ld be a label ) ! "n ( ! pupil1 ! class & ! bo>d+-h\se4 ,?is is important 9 ! case ( d]elicts4 ,all corrections %\ld be made 9 r$ ink1 & ! ex]cise sign$ ) ! initials ( ! corrector4 ,giv+ out books4 ,suppose we h a =eign language ex]cise to be giv5 out4 ,! tea*] %\ld come into class ) memor&a ( faults :i* h commonly occurr$1 & m5tion ^! to ! class g5]ally4 ,faults ( m]e c>elessness %\ld h a special indication 9 ! book ( ! (f5d]1 & ne$ n be spok5 ( fur!r to ! class4 ,ea* pupil %\ld1 be=e writ+ ! next ex]cise1 divide ! page1 write on "o side correctly ! s5t5ce 9 :i* ! fault occurr$1 und]l9+ ! words t 7 wrong1 b on no acc\nt writ+ ! mi/akes aga91 & on ! o!r expla9 :y x 0 wrong4 ,:5 an ari?metic pap] has be5 set ! tea*] may read out ! answ]1 & ea* girl write ,w or ,r4 ,! pap]s may be !n collect$1 & x w only rema9 = ! tea*] to see :e!r ! me?od 0 good4 ,if n1 %e c write ,l ,w = 8long way10 give explanations at ! next lesson1 & h ! sum done aga94 ,slates %\ld n be us$1 nor loose pap]s1 = su* ex]cises4 ,if ! pap] is an essay1 or answ]s to que/ions1 ! tea*] %\ld make notes ( ! subjects 9 :i* ! class g5]ally has gone wrong1 & expla9 ^!4 ,%e may select specim5s ( brok5 figures1 bad gramm>1 etc41 b x is v pr(itable to read out good specim5s2 x is a great help to u to see o!rs succe$1 :5 we h tri$ & fail$1 & !re is no?+ t _m ne$ m ?an a ^w ( enc\ragem5t to make !m feel able to try4 ,"o :o has done well may be reque/$ to ent] good p>agraphs 9 a book 7:at ,i ?9k ,dr4 ,k5n$y call$ a 8,gold5 ,book07 = ! b5efit ( ! class1 & ! wor/ writ]s desir$ to copy x2 ?is w\ld h done !m no good1 _h !y n tri$ & fail$1 b aft]w>ds x helps u mu* to see h[ well ano!r c express :at we c\ld n4 ,! tea*] may h]self write 9 ! book ( ! mo/ pa9/ak+ pupil1 ?+s :i* %e has fail$ to make cle>1 & ask h] to copy t into ! a=esaid book2 x w d h] good & help o!rs4 ,c]ta9 conv5tional m>ks may be agre$ on1 e4g41 ,l w\ld /& = word9ess1 ,c ,p = commonplace1 ,s = satisfactory1 ,g = good1 ,fig4 = brok5 metaphors1 etc4 ,app>atus4 ,diagrams & app>atus may be reckon$ among/ "t-sav+ ?+s1 b l ready-made toys ^! may be less pr(itable to *ildr5 ?an v simple ?+s1 :i* !y put toge!r !mselves1 & ! m !y make = !mselves1 ! m !y appreciate & pr(it by ! lab\rs ( o!rs4 ,f]gusson1 ly+ on 8 back ) a br[n pap] roll = a telescope1 & wat*+ ! movem5t ( ! />s1 le>n$ m ?an _m :o are provid$ ) an elaborate or]y1 & ! ,edgwor?s le>n$ m ab\t ! reason ( a ra9b[ f _! glass ( wat]1 ?an _m f ! l5s4 ,z ,miss ,leon>d has said 9 h] pap]1 _m ?+s are n necess>y 9 tea*+ elem5t>y sci5ce1 & x is a great pleasure to *ildr5 to make any?+ = !mselves4 ,"h ! k9d]g>t5 tra9+ w tell4 ,= high] "w well-equipp$ laboratories are good1 b ^! are an exp5sive luxury1 especially z new ?+s are be+ con/antly inv5t$4 ,physiological models are almo/ indisp5sable = class tea*+1 & excell5t botanical ones are obta9able4 ,a museum 9 :i* lessons c be giv51 & specim5s ref]r$ to1 is v desirable = natural sci5ce1 b *ildr5 %\ld h _! own private ones4 ,maps ( physical geography %\ld be con/antly be=e ! eye1 b wall maps ( political & hi/orical geography _c be s well se52 ! tea*] %\ld be able to draw on ! bo>d or on pap]1 maps br++ out ! special features ( ! lesson4 ,x is und]/ood t no class on hi/ory or geography is giv5 )\t l>ge maps bo? ( space & "t4#e #e ,& "h let me prote/ aga9/ ! mis*iev\s practice ( hav+ a r\nd roll] at ! bottom1 b a flat piece ( wood at ! top ( maps4 ,!y are sure to be roll$ on ! latt] & ! map cut to pieces4 ,work+ models ( pumps1 ar*im$ean screws1 me*anical p[]s1 & /eam eng9es are )9 ! rea* ( mo/1 & "s simple =ms ( or]y4 ,!re is an inexp5sive "o ) ! _w inside a glass globe1 on :i* are engrav$ a few circles1 & ?is removes ! difficulty :i* mo/ *ildr5 feel on see+ a pair ( globes4 ,m>ks1 reports1 prizes1 place-tak+4 ,9 =m] times :5 lessons 7 made less int]e/+1 _m ways 7 employ$ to keep up att5tion4 ,place-tak+1 by :i* ea* *ild took d[n all above h] :o fail$ to answ] a p>ticul> "q4 ,?is 0 mo/ di/ract+2 & s mu* dep5d$ on accid5t1 t x 0 impossible by means ( x to arrive at any tru/wor?y conclusions4 ,except = small *ildr5 x has :olly gone out4 ,! giv+ ( c\nt]s has f\nd m fav\r on ! ,cont95t1 b ?is l5ds itself to b>t]1 & any?+ :i* fo/]s ! habit ( consid]+ :at we c get by k1 is de/ructive ( t calmness1 t 8wise passiv5ess0 :i* is z necess>y = m5tal1 z = physical assimilation2 x is equival5t to play+ games1 or runn+ ab\t dur+ d9n]-"t4 ,"s record !re %\ld be ( ea* ex]cise1 "s 8/ock-tak+0 at int]vals1 & ^! int]vals %\ld = little ones be %ort1 = "t passes m sl[ly ) !m4 ,if ! head mi/ress ea* week looks ov] ! m>k-book 9 ! pres5ce ( ! class & ! tea*]1 %e is kept 9 t\* ) all1 comes to "k if !re are girls :o are wa/+ _! "t1 & is able to give enc\ragem5t or repro(1 & /r5g!n ! h&s ( tea*]s4 ,if !re are a great numb] ( lessons return$1 %e may f9d t a speciali/ is mak+ unreasonable dem&s2 %e sees if corrections h be5 omitt$ by ! tea*]--9 fact1 notices ?+s :i*1 if left to ! end ( ! t]m1 might h result$ 9 consid]able mis*ief4 ,x is undesirable1 h[ev]1 to take up mu* ( ! tea*]'s "t 9 add+ up m>ks1 & plac+ pupils 9 ord] ( m]it2 x may be left to individual class tea*]s to d z !y ?9k be/2 !re is no ne$ 9 ?is = uni=mity ( practice1 & x is always well to give e tea*] z mu* lib]ty 9 foll[+ h] own me?ods1 z is consi/5t ) ! g5]al managem5t4 ,9 language ex]cises ! numb] ( faults c be writt5 at ! end1 & classifi$ z m]e c>eless ones1 & ^? = :i* !re is at lea/ "s excuse--! =m] be+ c\nt$ d\ble4 ,9 ^! & o!r ex]cises a maximum say ( t5 m>ks may be giv52 9 _m ! tea*] c give only a g5]al e/imate1 b :5 return+ books1 %e c %[ :y %e puts a high] e/imate on "o ?an on ano!r4 ,9 junior classes ! m>ks may be add$1 read ) comm5ts1 & p]haps s5t home ea* week4 ,a sort ( wea!r *>t is us$ by u 9 ! y\nge/ classes--%[+ = ea* week :e!r !y h ris5 or fall5 9 ! numb] ( m>ks4 ,illu/ration ,prizes1 9 "p det]m9$ by "w done at home1 are dang]\s1 ! temptation to get undue help is great2 a consci5ti\s *ild w reject su* assi/ance z w\ld be really good = h]1 le/ %e %\ld ga9 an unfair advantage4 ,prizes giv5 on ! result ( exam9ations1 provid$ !y are giv5 n to ! be/1 b to all :o h atta9$ a c]ta9 /&>d1 are less objectionable2 we _c make x too cle> t good may be bett] ?an be/1 & t ! only praise we %\ld desire is to he>3 8,%e ha? done :at %e c\ld04 ,public prize-giv+s seem to me v undesirable4 ,a t]m9al report p>5ts may reasonably look =1 & words ( blame or enc\ragem5t may be made v helpful to ! *ild4 ,puni%m5ts 9 ! %ape ( d\bl$ lessons1 l9es1 etc41 are objectionable2 if a duty has be5 neglect$1 or badly done1 x has to be done at an inconv5i5t "t--say 9 ! aft]noon4 ,a f9e may be requir$ = untid9ess & damage--9 ord] to comp5sate o!rs = tr\ble & exp5se1 b to inflict a f9e = break+ rules is altoge!r wrong4 ,at a s*ool ,i knew1 :]e ?is 0 done1 girls w\ld delib]ately break rules1 e4g41 talk at prohibit$ times1 & say !y 7 go+ to h 8?ree p5nywor?04 ,into a matt] ( "r & wrong1 money _c ent]2 s also conduct prizes %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 nev] be giv52 ! prop] rew>d = do+ "r is a good consci5ce1 & ! tru/1 fri5d%ip1 respect ( o!rs4 ,use ( exam9ations4 ,hav+ liv$ ?r\gh ! pre-exam9ation p]iod1 & se5 ! great evils :i* result$ f !re be+ no te/1 ,i _c jo9 9 ! popul> condemnation4 ,!re is no unmix$ good1 & _m mi/akes1 :i* we le>n to avoid lat]1 are made :5 a sy/em is new4 ,i %all reg>d exam9ations only f ! po9t ( view ( _! value educationally4 7#a7 ,!y are useful z a te/ ( :at we really "k2 prep>ation = !m enables u to f9d out :at are our p]man5t possessions2 7#b7 competitive exam9ation compels u to set ^! 9 ord]1 & e/imate _! relative importance4 7#c7 ,exam9ations t5d to produce pres5ce ( m9d1 m5tal self-control1 7#d7 to suppress word9ess & aboli% a florid /yle1 & 7#e7 to make u feel ! supreme importance ( cle>ness & accuracy4 ,exam9+ is a difficult art1 & exam9]s h to le>n _! mti]4 ,all are n p]fect2 ! process ( read+ pap]s is exhau/+1 & aft] read+ n9ety-n9e1 an exam9] may fail to appreciate ! exquisite ?\ght & philosophic insight ( ! hundr$?4 ,x is possible he may =m an errone\s op9ion reg>d+ "s unusual p]=mance--!re h be5 review]s :o fail$ to appreciate ! e>ly volumes ( ,wordswor?1 ,t5nyson & ,br[n+2 !re are exam9]s1 h[ev]1 really sympa!tic1 labori\s1 & anxi\s to see :at has be5 done 7:i* is limit$7 r ?an f9d out :at has n be5 done 7:i* is unlimit$71 & ^! may give mu* help bo? by _! criticisms & _! enc\ragem5t4 ,x is good = all ( u to h our "w te/$ by a compet5t critic4 ,an int]nal exam9ation1 if well conduct$1 is mo/ valuable1 z x c bett] foll[ ! "w1 b on ! o!r h&1 _m tea*]s feel t an int]nal exam9ation places !m too mu* at ! m]cy ( caprice1 or p]sonal feel+1 & h5ce pref] a c5tral "o1 su* z ! ,univ]sity ,locals4 ,regul> att5dance4 ,s*ools mu/ insi/ on punctuality 9 return+1 & no unnecess>y abs5ces %\ld be all[$4 ,*ildr5 :o are abs5t _c foll[ ! tea*+ 9 ! next lesson1 & lagg>ds demoralise ! class & di/ract ! tea*]1 :o feels %e is n und]/ood4 ,rapport ) ! class4 ,9 conclusion let me say ! tea*] mu/ h ! p[] ( hold+ ! class4 ,%e mu/ be s5sitive to ! lea/ inatt5tion1 quick to disc]n :e!r x is h] fault or t ( ! pupil1 & take h] measures accord+ly1 act+ always ^u ! :olesome maxim 7:i* %\ld nev] be he>d outside ! common room71 c]ta9ly nev] :isp]$ to p>5ts1 t x is always ! tea*]'s fault1 if pupils d n le>n4 ,:5 %e fails to e/abli% ! rapport betwe5 h]self & h] class1 %e mu/ try to discov] ! cause ( h] failure4 ,"y *ildr51 l wild animals1 are tam$ by ! eye1 & a class is controll$ by a tea*] :o sees ev]y?+ t goes on4 ,if a tea*] :5 us+ ! bo>d turns away & writes 9 sil5ce1 a re/less *ild is almo/ sure to play "s amus+ trick1 & x may take a consid]able "t to recov] att5tion4 ,if exp]im5ts are p]=m$1 ! tea*]1 l ! conjur]1 %\ld nev] cease talk+ or que/ion+4 ,if %e _c manage to d bo?1 %e mu/ h an assi/ant4 ,dress1 mann]1 etc4 ,%e mu/ avoid awkw>d tricks4 ,i knew two v di/+ui%$ tea*]s ^: lectures 7 admirable1 b "o _h a habit ( pull+ a tuft ( hair1 & ano!r w\ld /uff 8 h&k]*ief c>efully into 8 fold$ h&1 & !n draw x out aga9--to ! great di/raction ( ! class4 ,we h all he>d ( ! p>liam5t>y orator & 8 button4 ,a /udy ( ! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y = ,augu/1 #ahig1 w\ld be pr(itable to tea*]s c>eless ab\t ext]nals4 ,! article is call$ 8,a ,/udy 9 ,morals04 ,! "q 0 put 9 writ+ & answ]$ by tw5ty-?ree boys & "o hundr$ & sixty girls3 8,reflect :i* tea*]s1 f k9d]g>t5 to college1 y h lik$ be/1 & be5 influ5c$ mo/ by1 & try to /ate :]e9 ! influ5ce 0 felt4 ,acc\nt if y c = ! exceptional influ5ce ( t p>ticul> tea*]4 ,0 x connect$ ) dress1 mann]1 voice1 looks1 be>+1 le>n+1 religi\s activity1 etc48 ,f\r out ( five m5tion$ ! mann] ( ! tea*] z ex]t+ an influ5ce4 ,"o 9 ?ree speaks ( ! voice1 "o 9 f\r speaks ( dress40 ,^! ext]nals1 z we are apt to call !m1 are ! outcome ( ! p]sonality1 or !y w\ld n ex]t influ5ce4 ,we mu/ !re=e s ord] our inn] be+ t mann]1 voice1 dress1 %\ld express self-respect & unselfi%ness1 "r feel+1 love ( ord]1 good ta/e4 ,if ,i 7 writ+ a treatise on psy*ology1 ,i might insi/ on ! tea*]'s ga9+ an insight into ! cont5ts ( ! *ild's m9d--:at ,h]b>t calls app]ception-masses1 b 9 ?is %ort introduction ,i c only t\* on ! subject4 ,i subjo9 a %ort li/ ( books n too difficult = tea*]s4 ,i conclude ) a few common rules d]iv$ f psy*ological obs]vation & a few practical h9ts = ! s*oolroom4 ,a ,,few ,,practical ,,precepts4 ,?is is n a treatise on psy*ology b a practical h&-book = "y tea*]s4 ,be=e ent]+ on ! special subjects1 x may be well to say some?+ ( ! application ( ! pr9ciples :i* are famili> to all :o are tra9$1 & dwell ^u a few ( ! mo/ important4 7#a7 ,!re is ! fundam5tal precept1 awak5 int]e/4 ,h y se5 ! ,m$usa spread+ its t5tacles idly on ! waves8 ,h y wat*$ ! *ange z x fa/5s on its prey8 ,s does ! m9d grasp t :i* is suitable = its n\ri%m5t4 ,z ! intellig5ce ( ! *ild awak5s1 x no long] p]ceives 9 ! lazy1 dreamy way 9 :i* ! infant is consci\s ( a light2 x app]ceives1 takes into itself ! object1 ! ^w1 ! ?\ght1 & gr[s !reby4 7#b7 ,avoid di/ractions4 ,! s5ses & ! m9d mu/ be fix$ on ! subject ( in/ruction4 ,:5 a bird is to be taught to speak1 he is plac$ 9 a d>k room1 %ield$ f ! di/ractions ( sight1 until ! words are acquir$1 !n ! use ( o!r s5ses ?an he>+ is p]mitt$2 s little *ildr5 require m quietness & isolation ?an old] ones4 ,di/ractions are n all ( s5se4 ,! m9d is di/ract$ by fe>4 ,h[ dreadful are ! old pictures ( ! dame1 tea*+ rod 9 h&1 or ! ma/] ) 8 cane2 "s may rememb] ! music tea*] ready to rap ! knuckles1 & "k h[ all s5se ( h>mony 0 de/roy$4 ,& x is s also ) ! seek+ ( rew>ds4 ,i hope place-tak+ & prizes & s*ol>%ips w "o day foll[ ! rod & ! cane1 & *ildr5 be l$ f _! e>lie/ ye>s to feel1 :at is really natural to !m1 t k is 9 itself a pleasure & a good4 7#c7 ,proce$ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,obs]ve ! laws ( association2 = ?is a tea*] mu/ be 9 intellectual sympa?y ) h] pupils--"k & feel by an inn] s5se1 :5 m9d is respond+ to m9d4 ,i h he>d "s s-call$ tea*]s1 :o spoke l a book1 :o 7 lectur]s2 !y saw _! own ?\ghts1 b n ^? ( _! pupils1 & 7 !re=e unable to lead !m on4 ,e4g41 if a sum 0 wrong1 !y w\ld say1 8,d x ?us10 in/ead ( inquir+ into ! cause ( ! mi/ake4 ,9 que/ion+ !y w\ld n try to see into ! *ild's m9d4 ,x is m difficult to ent] into intellectual sympa?y ) v little ones1 h5ce we ne$ specially able tea*]s = !m4 ,x is also bett] = class tea*]s n to *ange too (t51 z x takes "t to get into sympa?y ) a new class4 ,( c\rse speciali/s h to d ?is2 x is "o reason :y ct]is p>ibus !y are less successful ?an class tea*]s4 7#d7 ,proce$ 9 classify+ by notic+ fir/ ! lik5esses1 !n ! diff]5ces--9 o!r words1 proce$ f ! g5us to ! species4 ,!re are "s excell5t *apt]s on ?is 9 ,rosm9i's ,me?od ( ,education1 translat$ by ,mrs4 ,grey1 p4 #ae4 7#e7 ,make lessons pleasant4 ,?is does n imply t ! act ( le>n+ %\ld be always easy or amus+4 ,*ildr5 l to feel !y are mak+ progress1 & a tea*] we>ies !m :o is always try+ to be amus+1 b does n really get !m on4 ,porridge has a v pla9 ta/e1 b = ev]yday f>e ev5 *ildr5 pref] x to t>ts = breakfa/4 ,a ,london confection] 0 ask$1 if he did n f9d ! _m boys he employ$ make depr$ations4 8,no10 he said1 8:5 fir/ !y come ,i tell !m !y may eat :at !y l2 9 a few days !y make !mselves sick & eat no m40 ,!re 0 a book call$ ! ,decoy1 a /ory mix$ ) conv]sations on gramm>2 *ildr5 always manag$ to get ! /ory )\t ! gramm>4 ,!y l sums & hi/ory = regul> meals1 fairy tales = dess]t4 7#f7 ,tea*+ mu/ be adapt$ to ! m5tal /ate ( ! pupil1 & be j a little above 8 unassi/$ intellig5ce4 ,x is a worse fault to tea* bel[ ?an above ! p[]s ( ! *ild4 ,i %all nev] =get my indignation at hav+ a book giv5 me1 :i* 0 bel[ my p[]s1 nor ! /imulus ( try+ to d :at 0 h>d4 ,"o :o 0 aft]w>ds a di/+ui%$ tea*]1 told me h[ ! ,maurice lectures help$ him1 by mak+ him feel !re 7 regions ( ?\ght on :i* he _h n yet ent]$4 ,k q )9 rea* does n promote progress4 ,a fri5d :o _h a night s*ool 0 told by its memb]s1 8,we want to be taught some?+ z we c't und]/&04 ,!y meant some?+ !y c\ld n le>n )\t help2 !y want$ to ov]come difficulties4 7#g7 ,=m "r habits4 ,we %\ld z f> z possible prev5t ! mak+ ( mi/akes ev5 once4 ,a *ild :5 read+ ! ,bible miscall$ ! ^w patri>*1 read+ x p>tridge2 :5 an old man1 he nev] saw ! ^w )\t recall+ 8 error4 ,h5ce we %\ld n give *ildr5 misspelt words1 or bad gramm> to correct1 or let !m write ex]cises be=e ! e> has be5 cultivat$ to "k :at is "r4 ,i knew a music ma/] :o w\ld anticipate mi/akes1 & /op ! pupil1 say+3 8,y %all n play t wrong note04 ,on ! o!r h& ea* repetition ( a "r action makes x easi]1 & ! prime "w ( ! educator is to =m "r habits2 ^! %\ld become in/9ctive1 & s set free ?\ght = ev] high] & m p]fect p]=mance4 7#h7 ,awak5 & su/a9 ! _s ( inquiry4 ,we ne$1 h[ev]1 to be v c>eful n to ask que/ions1 :i* ! *ild _c possibly answ]4 ,?is enc\rages m]e guess+1 & ! habit ( decid+ ^u insuffici5t data4 ,we %\ld "q ! pupils1 & build on _! k1 b z !y get old] ! viva voce que/ion+ may be ov]done--& = ! highe/ classes x w\ld be simply a di/raction4 ,= ^! x is well to give que/ions to be ?\ght out1 & answ]$ 9 writ+4 ,pascal's fa!r %ut him up alone to f9d out ! translation ( a classical au?or2 !re are s _m helps n[1 t p rely ^u !m :5 !y might ga9 vig\r by grappl+ ) difficulties4 ,no intellectual habit is m ess5tial ?an ! habit ( pati5t1 su/a9$ inquiry1 t describ$ by ,newton :5 he said3 8,i keep ! subject ( my inquiry cont9ually be=e me1 till ! fir/ dawn+ op5s gradually by little & little to ! p]fect day04 7#i7 ,fo/] intellectual ambition4 ,help ! *ild to feel ! joy ( surm\nt+ difficulties1 ( climb+ ! heights4 ,?is invigorates ! intellectual life4 ,"s c rememb] h[1 e4g41 !y grappl$ ) ! dull "w ( e>ly ma!matical /udy1 t !y might "o day le>n to solve ! problems ( a/ronomy1 or w5t ?r\gh ! lab\r ( le>n+ irregul> v]bs1 t !y might read ! poetry & philosophy ( ,greece4 7#aj7 ,put be=e pupils ! highe/ ideals :i* !y c appropriate4 ,^! are n ! same at ea* /age ( developm5t4 ,! little *ild desires fir/ to h some?+1 & ?is is n wrong4 ,lat] x feels m ! ne$ ( love1 ( approbation1 & ?is is a legitimate & "r motive2 x is g5]ally 8 be/ guide1 until he c ex]cise himself1 irrespective ( ! outw>d voice1 to h a 8consci5ce void ( (f5ce04 ,we h to tea* him to discrim9ate voices :i* are 9 h>mony )1 f ^? 9 discord f1 t inw>d voice1 & to make ?is ultimately 8 supreme law4 7#aa7 ,! ultimate ideal or f9al cause %\ld be impli$ 9 all t we tea*1 viz41 ! atta9m5t ( ! p]fect developm5t ( ! individual1 ?r\gh br++ ea* into h>mony ) ! environm5t1 ! univ]sal1 & !reby on ! o!r h& help+ to p]fect ! :ole4 ,= ?is1 wisdom & self-d5ial & sympa?y ) ! noble/ & ! be/ are to be s\ght1 & above all ) ! ,"o1 ! ,inf9ite ,wisdom reveal$ 9 ,nature1 9 ! _w ( ?9k+ be+s & 9 ! self-consci\s m9d4 ,all %\ld feel 9 _! inmo/ s\l :at ,milton has express$3-- ,h[ *>m+ is ,div9e philosophy1 ,n h>% & crabb$ z dull fools suppose1 ,b musical z is ,apollo's lute1 ,& a p]petual fea/ ( nect>$ sweets1 ,:]e no dull surfeit reigns4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,"n ( ,"w4 ,au?or4 ,pages4,price4 ,pub- ,rem>ks4 li%]4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,psy*ological ,w4 ,h>ris #djj #fs4 ,appleton ,an excell5t ,f\ndations book by ! ,com- mission] ( ,education1 ,u4,s4,a41 %[+ ! correlation ( ! ,philoso- phy ( ,education ) ,psy*ology & ,e?ics4 ,philosophy ( ,ros5kranz #bhj #fs4 ,appleton ,well translat$4 ,education ,notes by ,dr4 ,h>ris add mu* to its value4 ,h&book ( ,sully #djj #fs4 ,longmans ,psy*ology #f;d4 ,education ( ,man,frbel #ccj #fs4 ,appleton ,well translat$ by ,hailmann4 ,educational ,laws,hughes #cjj #fs4 ,arnold ,%\ld be read by all tea*]s4 ,a v cle> ex- position ( ! ideas ( ,frbel & o!r re- =m]s4 ,p$agogy ( ,uf] #abj #bs4 ,isbi/] ,n too diffi- ,h]b>t #f;d4 cult = beg9- n]s4 ,h]b>t & ,de ,g>mo #bgj #es4 ,he9e- ,a cle> acc\nt ,h]b>tians mann ( ,h]b>t's ?\ghts & application ( 8 pr9ciples by o!rs4 ,ess5tials ( ,de ,g>mo #acj #bs4 ,hea? ,me?od #f;d4 ,h]b>t's ,,abc (,eckh(f #cjj #fs4 ,appleton ,n an easy ,s5se-,p]ception book4 ,gives mu* insight into ,h]b>t's !o- ries & prac- tice1 especially 9 ma!matics4 ,application ( ,mull9] #cfj #ds4 ,sonn5- ,introduction ,psy*ology to #f;d4 s*e9 gives a full ex- ,education position ( ,h]b>t's psy- *ology4 ,app]ception ,lange #abj ,isbi/] ,v cle>4 ,suitable = beg9n]s4 ,on ,h]b>tian l9es4 ,h]b>tian ,adams #bjj #bs4 ,isbi/] ,excell5t = ,psy*ology #f;d4 beg9n]s4 ,full ( apt illu/ra- tions4 ,prim] ( ,ladd #es4 ,longmans ,psy*ology #f;d4 ,lead+ ,rosm9i #cfj #es4 ,hea? ,a ?\ghtful1 ,pr9ciple ( religi\s1 sym- ,me?od pa!tic writ]4 ,translat$ by ,mrs4 ,grey4 ,vocation ( ! ,fi*te #acj #bs4 ,*apman ,w k9dle ,s*ol> #f;d4 en?usiasm & lift ! ?\ghts to ! high] aspects ( le>n+4 ,metaphysica ,nova,laurie #cjj #fs4 ,williams ,cle> & full et ,vetu/a ,norgate( int]e/4 ,outl9es ( ,re9 #bjj #fs4 ,sonn5- ,p$agogics s*e9 ,educational ,osc> #aib #cs4 ,!ories ,br[n+ #f;d4 ,elem5t>y ,baldw9 #cjj ,appleton ,v sy/ematic4 ,psy*ology ,n a book = ! g5]al read]1 b = ! s]i\s /u- d5t4 ,_m good diagrams4 ,psy*ology ,kir*n] #cej ,sonn5- ,a v ?or\gh s*e9 book1 suitable = ^? :o h "s kn[l- edge ( philoso- phy4 ,psy*ology ,ap- ,compayr #bbj #cs4 ,isbi/] ,useful & well pli$ to #f;d4 arrang$4 ,education ,education z a ,ba9 #dej #es4 ,kegan ,conta9s mu* ( ,sci5ce ,paul value to tea*]s4 ,) a ,education ,h]b]t #agj #bs4 ,williamsgood deal ! ,sp5c] #f;d4 ,nor- editor is n 9 gate sympa?y4 ,l',education des ,grard #cjj ,ha*ette ,a v int]e/- ,femmes + book4 ,r\sseau's ,emile,wor?+- #afj #cs4 ,hea? ,extracts ton #f;d4 ,les ,pres et les,leg\v #cej #cs4 ,hetzel ,%ort *apt]s ,fils giv+ 9 ! n>rative =m ! way a fa!r deals ) 8 son4 ,delightful read+4 ,hi/4 ,critique ,compayr #ejj ,ha*ette ,sev]al volumes4 des doctr9es de ,v judici\s l',education & int]e/+4 ,educational ,quick #ccj ,longmans ,v good4 ,re=m] ,l',education ,pro-,neck] de #gs4 ,?ree vols4 ,a gressive ,saussure m9e ( orig9al obs]vation4 ,rosm9i dep5ds mu* on x4 ,home ,education ,mason #cs4 ,kegan ,a v helpful #f;d4 ,paul book = p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,lectures on ,fit* #dcj #es4 ,camb4 ,%\ld be 9 ! ,tea*+ ,univ4 h&s ( all ,press tea*]s4 ,tea*+ & ,b>nett #dbj #fs4 ,longmans ,a v valuable ,organisation #f;d4 book4 ,conta9s #bc pap]s on diff]5t sub- jects4 ,aims & ,sp5s] #bhj ,camb4 ,v good4 ,con- ,practice ( ,univ4 ta9s #ab pap]s ,tea*+ ,press by v>i\s writ]s4 ,an ex- cell5t "o on mod]n languages by ! editor4 ,?irty ,ye>s ( ,miall #bej #cs4 ,macmillan,a s]ies ( ,tea*+ #f;d4 brightly-writt5 practical es- says1 :i* all tea*]s may read ) plea- sure & pr(it4 ,s*ool & ,home ,roop] #dhj #as4 ,br[n ,orig9al & ,life sugge/ive4 ,educative ,holman #ecj #fs4 ,isbi/] ,n too diffi- ,psy*ological cult = beg9- ,f\ndations n]s4 ,tea*+ & ,trumbull #djj ,hodd] ,tea*]s ,religi\s ,bell #ahj #bs4 ,macmillan,a v good ,tea*+ #f;d4 book4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! ,bureau ( ,education1 ,u4,s4,a41 issues valuable reports ea* ye>1 :i* are pres5t$ to ! ,tea*]s' ,guild & a few fav\r$ places4 ,!y always conta9 a great deal ( int]e/+ matt]4 ,! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,/anley ,hall1 %\ld be /udi$ by all :o desire to keep 9 t\* ) ! new sci5tific me?ods4 ,no4 = ,aug41 #ahig1 is specially good4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,humanities4 ,,engli% ,,language ,,g5]ally--,,read+1 ,,writ+1 ,,gramm>1 ,,composition4 ,by ,,doro!a ,,beale4 ,i propose to treat 9 ord] ( ! diff]5t subjects ( our s*ool curriculum4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is language g5]ally4 ,read+4 ,z a bran* ( =mal in/ruction1 we beg9 ) read+4 ,a m aggravat+ subject ( dispute c h>dly be f\nd ?an t :i* relates to ! tea*+ ( read+4 ,! pure ,frbellian w h none ( x be=e ! *ild is sev5 ye>s old1 & occasionally *ildr5 d come to s*ool unable to read1 b ) ! s5ses awak5$ to all sorts ( o!r relations except t ( articulate s\nds to writt5 =ms4 ,9 spite ( ! reproa*es ( ^? :o build ! sepul*res ( ! prophets1 we tea* read+ :5 a *ild seems ready = x1 & ma9ta9 t ! pr9ciples ( ,frbel are be/ c>ri$ out :5 we improve on 8 me?ods1 & adapt ourselves to new circum/ances2 we urge t ! *ildr5 f intellectual homes are diff]5t f ! class ( *ildr5 ) :om he _h mo/ to d4 ,:5 begun4 ,i w\ld n press read+ ^u infants1 nor require ! close & cont9u\s att5tion t read+ implies1 b z soon z ! appetite = any special k9d ( k is %[n1 we may conclude1 on ,frbellian pr9ciples1 t ! *ild is fit = x4 ,our ord] is3 7#a7 draw+1 7#b7 writ+1 7#c7 read+4 ,fir/ lessons4 ,! k9d]g>t5 *ild has le>n$ to draw l9es1 /raight & curv$1 develop+ into simple objects & curi\s patt]ns--rude picture-writ+1 x may be call$4 ,we lead on to writ+ 9 "s su* way z ?is4 ,alphabet4 8,h[ did m5 at fir/ s5d sil5t messages to "o ano!r :5 !y 7 f> (f8 ,if y want$ a doll1 y might draw a picture ( "o & s5d x to "m on y\r bir?day4 ,a man might make a picture ( a fi%1 & s5d x to a fi%]man ) a piece ( money1 & ! fi%]man w\ld und]/&2 or "o might want to sell a %eep1 & s5d a picture to 8 neighb\r2 ?is w\ld be easi] ?an s5d+ ! %eep4 ,9 fact1 ! fir/ lett] ( ! alphabet is a rude picture ( ! head ( an ox1 ,illu/ration4 ,p 7 n p>ticul>1 z we see on old monum5ts1 :i* way ! lett] /ood1 & s we h x sometimes topsy-turvy1 sometimes sideways1 ,illu/ration2 ?is is l a ,greek alpha1 ,illu/ration1 ,illu/ration4 ,be? 9 ,hebrew 0 a dwell+1 two t5ts ,illu/ration1 ,gimel ,illu/ration1 ! camel's head & long neck4 ,delta ,illu/ration1 a door4 ,kappa 1 a bird ) its w+s out4 ,rho 1 a man's head4 ,b ) pictures only x is h>d to make s5t5ces2 e4g41 if y want$ to say1 8,i h f\nd "s wat]10 y might draw ,illu/ration1 b y w\ld h to f9d "s way ( %[+ :e!r y meant #8,i h' or #8,i want'2 & if somebody s5t y ! picture ( a man walk+1 y might n "k :e!r y 7 expect$ to come or to g4 ,x is h>d to repres5t v]bs by pictures1 ?\gh x is s easy 9 speak+40 ,"s pictures ( ,egyptian hi]oglyphics & explanations w "h be f\nd to int]e/ *ildr5 mu*---"p ( _! draw+ lesson might be to copy a hi]oglyph alphabet4 ,!n we might enl>ge on ! ne$ = words to tell p :at to d4 ,baby says 8mamma10 8doll10 8puss10 b x wants also to say 8come10 8give10 8g10 & ?is _c be pictur$1 s p seem to h tri$ to repres5t s\nds by draw+ a picture ( ! m\? mak+ ! diff]5t s\nds4 ,i suppose ! fir/ s\nd mo/ babies make is a sort ( mumbl+1 & if !y op5 _! m\?s we get a s\nd l ma2 n[ 9 all languages ma /&s = "m1 ) "s slight alt]ations4 ,:at is ,m l8 ,is x n mu* l a m\? %ut up8 & suppose y add a r\nd %ape to repres5t an op5 m\? y w\ld get some?+ l picture-writ+ ma4 ,y might put ! two side by side1 a picture ( a woman & ma--! ,egyptians (t5 _h ! two signs4 ,! next easy s\nd is pa1 & ?is /&s 9 all languages t ,i "k1 = fa!r4 ,h[ c\ld ?is be writt58 ,if y say ap y w notice a movem5t ( ! lips1 :i* op5 ) a sort ( bur/+ s\nd4 ,we may repres5t t movem5t by a /roke & put a r\nd aft] x to /& = ! op5 m\? ,p4 ,!re is ano!r s\nd v l ,p1 b n q s %>ply said4 ,we he> x 9 ab4 ,we c make ! /roke z be=e1 & put ! loop l[] d[n1 to %[ t ba is a quiet] s\nd ?an pa--s %or?& writ]s make a long /roke = ! b & a %ort "o = p 7b p7 & put no loop4 ,?us we get ?ree lip lett]s1 b we c %ut up ! m\? 9 ! middle--half %ut x & we get n1 :i* is half m4 ,! brea? w h to come ( c\rse ?r\gh ! nose4 ,we c move ! tongue sudd5ly f ! tee? & get d z 9 ad1 & write a /roke z be=e1 b put a loop repres5t+ ! op5 m\? beh9d x2 ! s\nd ne>e/ to x :i* we he> 9 at w\ld h ! loop at ! top1 ,illu/ration1 z we _h 9 pa1 b 9 our alphabet ! loop has disappe>$ & we h only t4 ,9 %or?& we write a long horizontal /roke = d & a %ort "o = t4 ,?us we h ?ree d5tals4 ,we may also %ut up ! ?roat & let ! brea? g ?r\gh ! nose1 z 9 s+1 or we may make ! sudd5 movem5t q 9 ! ?roat4 ,we c\ld take ! bird %ape b ?9k ( ! two /rokes z if po9t+ d[n ! ?roat 9 1 & = ! s(t] s\nd only "o po9t] 1 ?is 0 ! ,greek ,g4 ,we make x r\nd] at ! bottom n[4 ,= ! fir/ ( ! ?roat s\nds we h no s+le lett]1 b we write an n to %[ x is a nose lett]1 & a g to %[ ! %utt+ up is to be done 9 ! ?roat4 ,s n[ y see we h got n9e lett]s--?ree made ) ! lips1 ?ree ) ! tongue ne> ! middle ( ! m\?1 ?ree 9 ! ?roat4 ,?ree are made by s5d+ ! brea? ?r\gh ! nose1 ?ree are made by a sudd5 op5+ & s5d+ ! brea? ?r\gh x ) =ce1 & ?ree by s5d+ ! brea? m g5tly4 ,! names giv5 to ^! diff]5t sorts ( lett]s ,i may n[ give & ! %or?& signs3--#f ,nasals4 ,h>d4 ,s(t4 ,lip lett]s m ,illu/ration p b ,too? lett]s n ,illu/ration t d ,?roat lett]s ng ,illu/ration k g #f ,i give ! *>act]s ( ! script1 :i* is mu* simpl] = *ildr5 ?an ,pitman's4 ,read+ books publi%$ by ,a4 ,*rysogon ,beale 7,sonn5s*e97 are p]haps ! be/ = beg9n]s4 ,!re are col\r$ pictures ( ! m\?2 ! deaf alphabet is giv51 & ! words :i* are n writt5 phonetically are gradually introduc$4 ,sonn5s*e9's books are also good1 & ,miss ,soames' ,introduction to ,phonetics4 ,?us ! *ild c\ld be taught to obs]ve ! movem5ts = articulation1 be int]e/$ 9 e>ly writ+s1 & prep>$ to look intellig5tly at anci5t monum5ts4 ,9 tea*+1 ! s\nds ( ! lett]s w be giv5 ( c\rse1 n _! names1 & ! alphabet w be f ! fir/ classifi$1 & a basis laid = philological /udy4 ,a %or?& alphabet w be le>n$ side by side )\t tr\ble1 & besides ?is1 ! pronunciation w be improv$--all ?is )\t any ov]-pressure or giv+ any in/ructions unsuit$ = a small *ild4 ,9 a lat] lesson ! mean+ ( an aspirate %\ld be expla9$1 & add$ to ea* ( ! mutes2 we !n get f\r v>ieties "u ! heads ( labial1 d5tal & guttural4 ,! sibilants1 :i* are 9 "s respects aspirates1 may be classifi$1 & ! feeble lip aspirate 9 :5 7writt5 9 old ,engli% hw57 %\ld be notic$4 ,! relation ( palatals l & r1 & ! diff]5t k9ds ( palatals1 may be dwelt on4 ,i give a compreh5sive table1 f\nd$ on "o 9 ,pr(essor ,key's volume on ! alphabet4 ,! ?ree horizontal planes give gutturals1 d5tals & labials4 ,! front plane ! %>p mutes1 ! back ! flat mutes2 ! "r plane ! %>p aspirates1 ! left ! flat aspirates2 ! sibilants are class$ z d5tal aspirates & ! nasals app5d$4 ,o!r classifications are notic$ 9 ! pap] on ,spell+ ,re=m4 ,illu/ration ,! classification ( v[els is m difficult1 & x may be po9t$ out h[ easily ^! pass into "o ano!r4 ,h[ difficult x is too = ,engli% p to su/a9 a pure v[el1 o1 )\t pass+ into u1 a into ai4 ,! vocal triangle z giv5 9 ,bra*et's diction>y1 adapt$ f ,helmholtz & ,brcke1 is p]haps mo/ easily und]/ood4 ,illu/ration ,= ^? :o d n use ! alphabet ( ! matre phontique1 tables su* z ^? ( ,l>\sse %\ld be always at h& to hang on ! wall1 :5 ,fr5* lessons are giv54 ,^! tables enable "o to draw att5tion to s\nds :i* ,engli% p d n discrim9ate1 or :i* (f] special difficulty1 e4g41 1 1 1 ais1 ai1 ou1 u1 eu1 e2 to ! feebly nasalis$ v[els z 9 ,fr5* pa91 pron\nc$ ,anglice1 pang2 to ! =mation ( ! s\nd con/antly *ang$ by ,engli% p into ou1 :5 a v[el foll[s1 e4g41 l\i = lui2 to ! prop] pronunciation ( moi1 mwa1 n mwau2 to ! addition ( a syllable1 z 9 de] = dir2 to ! attractive p[] ( labial consonants1 mak+ impossible inpossible1 & s on4 ,sy/ematic tea*+ saves mu* "t4 ,= old] pupils x is an in/ructive & amus+ ex]cise to "w out ! comb9ations ( two v[els to produce a multitude ( mix$ or diph?ongal =ms2 su* an ex]cise w d mu* to tea* delicate discrim9ation ( s\nds1 & x is important e>ly to cultivate ! e> & ! vocal organs4 ,i app5d ! diph?ong table--to read x proce$ f "o v[el to ano!r1 foll[+ ! arr[ head4 ,illu/ration ,int]*ange ( lett]s4 ,! classification ( lett]s is ( ! greate/ importance z ! basis ( l+ui/ic /udy1 & s ! matt] %\ld e>ly be made int]e/+ & intelligible1 n only = ! sake ( pronunciation1 b z acc\nt+ =1 & simplify+ a great _m rules ( gramm>1 & enabl+ pupils to acquire quickly a l>ge vocabul>y1 :5 !y beg9 =eign tongues1 by obs]v+ su* laws z are exp\nd$ by ,grimm & ,v]ni]1 & ?us help+ !m lat] to recognise t !re is su* a ?+ z a sci5ce ( language1 some?+ m ?an a we>isome li/ ( empirical rules & unreasonable exceptions4 ,?us read+1 if taught z x %\ld be1 con=ms to ! psy*ological pr9ciples 7#a7 t we %\ld develop ! p[]s ( obs]vation1 7#b7 let ! *ild d or make some?+1 7#c7 %[ ! uses ( :at is produc$1 7#d7 plant "s root pr9ciples :i* may gr[ up & be> fruit 9 lat] /udies1 7#e7 associate ! diff]5t /udies ) "o ano!r4 ,! reason :y tea*+ is (t5 s dull1 is t tea*]s d n take a l>ge view ( ! field ( in/ruction1 b "w l day-lab\r]s1 & adopt t fatal maxim1 y %\ld 8?r[ x all (f1 out ( s*ool h\rs04 8,i am a g5tleman aft] f\r o'clock10 said a s*oolma/]6 ,n[ ,i %\ld l ^? :o are go+ to tea* ! alphabet to read ,max ,mll]'s ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght 9 _! leisure h\rs4 ,x is too pond]\s a volume to buy--#ffj pages--b x %\ld be 9 ! ,tea*]s' ,libr>y4 ,!re is a mo/ int]e/+ *apt] on ! orig9 ( roots1 :i* he traces to imp]atives4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t ! two volumes ( ,lectures on ,language %\ld be famili> to all1 & t ! tea*] %\ld "w out roots = h]self aft] ! model ( 8,m>04 ,%e mu/ n1 h[ev]1 bury ! important ?+s "u a mass ( erudition2 ! l>g] h] /ore ! m %\ld %e be able to select by ! discursive faculty 7,i ask p>don ( ,h]b>t7 :at is mo/ illu/rative ( h] subject = ! special class3 x is v important to "k :at n to say4 ,melville ,bell's ,visible ,spee* is v in/ructive read+1 & all %\ld be famili> ) ,le ,me/r43 ,fonetiq ( ,paul ,passy4 ,i ab/a9 f recomm5d+ "s ( ! v le>n$ books 8made 9 ,g]many04 ,^! are n suit$ to p]sons ( limit$ leisure1 b are r = ! ,gramm>ian :o said3-- ,let me "k all6 ,prate n ( mo/ or lea/1 ,pa9ful or easy1 ,ev5 to ! crumbs1 ,i'd fa9 eat up ! fea/1 ,ay1 nor feel queasy4 ,if read+ is begun e>ly1 taught 9 ! way sugge/$1 & ! s\nds insi/$ on1 to ! exclusion ( ! absurd spell+1 :i* pret5ds to produce cat f see ay tee1 *ildr5 seem to get on sl[ly at fir/1 b ! progress is rapid1 :5 !y h once ma/]$ ! signs1 i4e41 z rapid z is possible ) our cacography4 ,9 an excursus ,i h insi/$ on ! great importance ( re=m$ spell+4 ,x is difficult to get p to agree1 b any sy/em1 ,soames' or ,pitman's or ,bell's1 w\ld be bett] ?an our pres5t *aos4 ,if ,gov]nm5t w\ld give lib]ty to ^? :o tea* a phonetic sy/em1 ?+s w\ld improve1 & *ildr5 w\ld easily read ord9>y *>act]s aft]w>ds4 ,all :o write %or?& mu/ spell phonetically4 ,voice production4 ,n only "r articulation ne$s att5tion1 b :at is call$ voice production4 ,! heal? ( _m a delicate girl may be greatly /r5g!n$ by habituat+ h] to brea! z %e ought1 & ! :ole class ( :at are call$ cl]gym5's ?roats are 9 great measure1 if n entirely due to ! improp] use ( ! organs ( spee*4 ,!re w be little difficulty lat]1 if we1 f ! beg9n+1 make *ildr5 /& & brea! rightly1 speak & read ) due att5tion to /ops & emphasis1 & to ^? subtle *anges ( voice on :i* expression dep5ds s mu*4 ,*ildr5 %\ld nev] be all[$ to le>n a poem )\t prep>ation1 or to memorise x by gabbl+ x ov]2 z well might we expect !m to become musicians by rattl+ (f pieces un/udi$1 )\t reg>d to "t & acc5t4 ,at fir/1 ! poems to be le>n$ %\ld be repeat$ viva voce by ! tea*] to ! little ones4 ,lat]1 a special /udy %\ld be made ( any?+ set to a class1 & x %\ld be le>n$ by ! m9d1 n ! e>4 ,9 ,france & ,g]many a poem is n set until x has be5 discuss$ & expla9$1 po9ts ( importance insi/$ on1 special beauties1 etc4 ,a read+ class %\ld n be "o 9 :i* ea* girl has to li/5 to ! bad read+ ( ano!r4 ,i "k no manual s good = ! tea*]1 & = eld] pupils1 z ,pr(essor ,meiklejohn's ,expressive ,read+4 ,!re are "s good rem>ks 9 a brief pap] by ,mr4 ,birrell 9 ,b>nett's ,tea*+ & ,organisation1 & ,i may draw att5tion to page #aca ( ,sp5s]'s *apt]s on ,tea*+1 = all ^! books %\ld be 9 ! ,tea*]s' ,libr>y4 ,f ! fir/1 *ildr5 %\ld le>n poetry by he>t--poetry suit$ to _! und]/&+4 ,a *ild 0 he>d to drone =?3-- ,save t f yond] ivy-mantl$ t[] ,! l[+ h]d do? to ! moon compla94 ,! reflections ( ! poet 7 utt]ly un9t]e/+ to him2 he did n p]ceive ! absurdity ( c[s asc5d+ a t[]4 ,i _c suffici5tly deprecate ! sett+ ( melodramatic pieces *os5 n = _! intr9sic beauty1 b to %[ ! p[] ( execution--to borr[ a musical t]m4 ,! pieces le>n$ ne$ n be all poetry4 ,"s ( ,hans ,&]s5's ,mhr*5 are excell5t4 ,sc5es 9 :i* sev]al c take "p help to give animation4 ,le>n+ by he>t4 ,?r\gh\t _! s*ool life *ildr5 %\ld cont9ue to /ore _! memory1 dur+ ! ye>s 9 :i* x is easy to le>n1 ) ma/]pieces 9 prose & poetry2 because le>n+ by he>t 0 =m]ly ov]done x is mu* neglect$ n[4 ,^! e>ly acquisitions are a treasure all "o's life4 ,famili>ity ) really good writ]s is ! fir/ ?+ necess>y = writ+ well2 x is good to let *ildr5 write f memory passages le>n$ in/ead ( giv+ dictation4 ,recitation4 ,look+ at ! high] aspects1 ,i c h>dly exagg]ate ! importance ( gett+ *ildr5 to speak ) ! und]/&+ & "r expression2 = ?is tea*]s mu/ make !m ent] into ! mean+ ( ! writ]1 realis+ ! imag]y1 ! feel+s1 ! ?\ghts2 ?is calls out "r emotion1 & ?us elocution becomes ( no small value z a "p ( moral tra9+4 ,plato dwells mu* on ! influ5ce = good or evil ^u ! actor :o realises ! "* he repres5ts1 & z ,ari/otle has said t ?r\gh ! drama "o may purify ! s\l1 s we may help our pupils to feel all ! gr& music ( our great poets1 & to ent] ) full] sympa?y into ! tea*+ ( ! sacr$ scriptures ( ! _w4 ,!re is an excell5t article 9 ! volume ( ,special ,reports issu$ by ! ,education ,(fice by ,mr4 ,dale ( ,m]ton ,college1 f :i* ,i give extracts4 8,be=e ! read+ ( ,geibel's poem on ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa 7! /ory ( ! sleep+ kais] :o wakes to grasp ! sceptre once m7 a s*ol> 0 bidd5 to relate ! fairy tale ( ! sleep+ pr9cess4 8,! analysis ( ! piece into sections 0 giv51 ea* ) a brief title indicat+ its subject-matt]1 & ! exposition ( _! relation to "o ano!r1 %[+ x _h a di/9ct purpose & value40 ,oral composition4 ,! practice ( composition may beg9 sy/ematically 9 q e>ly ye>s4 ,mr4 ,dale has giv5 an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* *ildr5 are taught orally1 & "o :o att5d$ a ,f]i5-,kursus at ,j5a has expla9$ ! matt] fully to me4 ,fir/1 ! tea*] always insi/$ ^u answ]s to que/ions be+ complete s5t5ces4 ,i quote once m f ,mr4 ,dale1 b ! :ole article %\ld be read4 8,! fir/ division ( ! subject 9 ! ,g]man code is #8ex]cises 9 speak+'2 & ! c>eful & admirable tra9+ 9 oral expression is wor?y ( special att5tion4 ,x is ( frequ5t occurr5ce to he> a boy :5 call$ ^u = an answ] speak ) b little hesitation = two or ?ree m9utes1 us+ grammatical & connect$ language1 & display+ a vocabul>y :i* might h be5 suppos$ to be too wide = any b adults4 ,?is result is ! work+1 prim>ily1 ( a pr9ciple :i* has always la9 deep 9 ! ,g]man conception ( tea*+1 & :i* has be5 re9=c$ by ! influ5ce ( ,h]b>t & 8 foll[]s1 t 9 e lesson ! *ild %\ld take an active "p4 ,x is giv5 z a precept to e sem9> /ud5t1 #8,let ! tea*] speak little1 ! *ildr5 mu*'4 8,! tea*+ ( composition is "o ( ! mo/ valuable p>ts ( ! "w done 9 ! ,g]man s*ools4 ,x is begun at a v e>ly age & practis$ /eadily ?r\gh\t ! c\rse4 8,! composition is conduct$ by ^w ( m\?4 #8,:o1' asks ! tea*]1 #8c give me a s5t5ce to beg9 ! fir/ section8' ,"o is sugge/$1 & criticis$4 #8,c any "o else give me a bett]8' ,! o!rs !n sugge/1 if necess>y ) a little help1 _! v>iants1 & f9ally "o v]sion is accept$4 ,9 ! case ( ! y\nge/ *ildr5 ?is is writt5 on ! blackbo>d4 ,! same process is pursu$ ) ea* section till ! piece is f9i%$4 ,) ! old] boys ! blackbo>d is n us$1 save = ! titles indicat+ ! outl9e ( ea* section4 ,! class !n writes x out f memory4 8,! fundam5tal presupposition ( ?is me?od is ! inability ( "y pupils to compose & ?9k out a s]ies ( ideas )\t mu* assi/ance1 ev5 ?\gh ! subject be a famili> "o4 ,_! ?\ghts ne$ conc5tration & guidance1 & ?is help is giv5 !m by ! work+ out ( ! matt] 9 class4 ,yet individual lib]ty ( expression is by no means sacrific$4 ,! s5t5ces are ! *ildr5's own1 & = ! purpose ( good composition ! oral me?od is invaluable4 ,x proce$s on ! s\nd pr9ciple t a *ild %\ld be taught to te/ /yle by ! e> & n by ! eye alone4 ,x makes %ort "w ( a lumb]+ p]iod4 8,on ! o!r h&1 ! activity & int]e/ ( e s*ol> are kept up by ! desire to improve on 8 fell[s1 & to h 8 own v]sion accept$4 ,con/ant practice1 moreov]1 is ga9$ 9 ! art ( f9d+ synonyms1 & x af=ds an admirable opportunity ( in/ruction 9 gramm> & or?ography4 ,inde$1 ! practis+ s*ool at ,j5a1 foll[+ a sugge/ion ( ,pr(essor ,zill]1 removes grammatical explanations altoge!r f ! read+ piece1 & transf]s !m to ! *ild's own composition1 an exp$i5t :i* avoids ! fault ( defac+ ! beauty & unity ( a poem by pick+ x to pieces = ! sake ( illu/ration40 ,sometimes a picture is us$ to =m a subject ( conv]sation1 que/ion+ & explanation4 ,?us is ! valuable p[] ( oral composition =m$1 a good vocabul>y obta9$1 ta/e cultivat$1 & t respect = ! "m tongue :i* is s sadly want+ 9 _m ,engli% p4 ,*ildr5 ga9 a facility 9 writ+ :i* no dissection into diff]5t clauses1 enl>gem5ts ( pr$icates1 etc41 c give4 ,rules are introduc$ ) ! reasons = su* rules1 & only at la/ a gramm> is plac$ 9 ! pupil's h&s--ev5 z a ,euclid is giv5 :5 x is all kn[n4 ,i h he>d a small k9d]g>t5 boy /& up & give 9 a cle> & quiet way q a long /ory :i* he _h /udi$4 ,! habit ( accurate expression w ?us be =m$ & ! ?\ght become cle>1 = x is language alone :i* gives =m & body to ?\ght--gives x 8a local habitation to a "n04 ,9 ! high] s*ools1 ,mr4 ,dale writes1 ! practice ( oral composition is cont9u$ 7p4 #egc73-- 8,! practice ( oral p>aphrase :i* we saw exi/+ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools "h rea*es its climax4 ,! s*ol>s are bidd5 to prep>e a sc5e or passage ( "s au?or1 or to read up "s p]iod ( lit]>y hi/ory at home4 ,! next morn+1 be=e ! lesson beg9s1 "o ( !m is call$ ^u to give a summ>y ( :at he has read1 a sort ( %ort essay by ^w ( m\?--la/+ ?ree or f\r m9utes1 & sometimes ev5 long]4 ,! correctness bo? ( /yle & matt]1 ) :i* ?is difficult task is p]=m$1 ne$s to be he>d 9 ord] to be fully appreciat$ at its true value4 ,x comb9es _m ( ! advantages ga9$ f a debat+ society ) ^? ( an essay4 ,x cultivates read9ess ( spee* & ?\ght1 :ile1 l an essay1 by enabl+ ! tea*] to gauge ! po9ts on :i* int]e/ has c5tr$1 x l5ds him a prop] />t+-place = 8 lecture40 ,?is oral composition tells v advantage\sly ^u ! writt5 "w1 & c\ld be introduc$ m g5]ally into ,engli% s*ools2 b f q e>ly ye>s *ildr5 %\ld be accu/om$ to write answ]s to que/ions ^u _! lessons1 or to tell some?+ t !y "k4 ,lat]1 subjects may be giv5 to be ?\ght out or a rsum giv5 ( a lesson2 & la/ly ! pupils ( ! high] class requir$ to read up a subject1 & write ^u x1 or compose an essay4 ,gramm> taught inductively4 ,z reg>ds ! =mal tea*+ ( ,engli% gramm>1 ,i %all say b little4 ,i may in/ead ref] my read]s to ! long & int]e/+ pap] by ,dr4 ,abbott 9 ! volume edit$ by ,mr4 ,b>nett1 & to 8 book1 ,h[ to ,tell ! ,p>ts ( ,spee*4 ,! sy/em he recomm5ds w =m a good f\ndation = ! acquisition ( =eign tongues4 ,pupils are l$ to make _! own def9itions1 & 9 "p _! own gramm>4 ,a class ?us taught ,fr5* by our pres5t ,mi/ress ( ,me?od 7 a/oni%$ & delight$ to f9d !y knew already ! *ief rules ( _! ,fr5* gramm>1 :5 at l5g? x 0 plac$ 9 _! h&s4 ,x is impossible & unnecess>y to insi/ ^u all grammatical =ms be+ obta9$ inductively2 life is too %ort to c>ry x out 9 all its details1 & s ! tabulation & le>n+ ( v>i\s p>adigms becomes necess>y2 b pupils %\ld le>n to =m !m4 ,i am sure !re is mu* less use 9 ! old-fa%ion$ p>s+ ex]cises ?an is g5]ally suppos$2 p>s+ becomes me*anical2 n9e-t5?s ( :at !y h to write *ildr5 "k1 & ne$ n ?9k ab\t1 & :5 s5t5ces are giv5 to p>se1 c]ta9 words only %\ld be und]l9$ = p>s+4 ,i fir/ que/ion$ its usefulness :5 ,i f\nd at s*ool t "o :o 0 s dull1 t we us$ to reg>d h] z some:at ( an idiot1 always came to ! top :5 we took places = p>s+4 ,:at ! ,fr5* call analyse logique--classify+ all words & phrases accord+ to _! function 9 ! s5t5ce--is valuable4 ,logical & grammatical analysis4 ,mr4 ,blaki/on 9 8 ,s*ool ,managem5t endorses ?is view1 & recomm5ds ! tea*+ ( logical ev5 be=e grammatical p>s+4 ,mr4 ,fe>on 9 ,s*ool ,inspection writes3 8,:at is want$ is to get z quickly z possible a notion ( ! /ructure ( ! s5t5ce1 & ! logical relation ( its p>ts4 ,! tea*+ ( ,engli% %\ld be bas$ on ! analysis ( s5t5ces4 ,"s may ?9k ! tea*+ ( ,engli% gramm> by means ( logical analysis m difficult ?an ! old me?od4 ,i am p]fectly conv9c$ f obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 bo? z a tea*] & z an inspector1 t ?is is n ! case4 ,!y are n m difficult ?an ! t]ms :i* x is necess>y to use 9 tea*+ gramm> on ! old sy/em4 ,! great po9t is to make *ildr5 h an intellig5t und]/&+ ( ! real ?+s :i* und]lie !m & :i* !y repres5t40 ,pr(essor ,woodw>d 7,monographs on ,education7 writes3 8,!re is ne$ ( prep>atory drill 9 =ms & language /udy1 to br+ a *ild to ! intellig5t /udy ( con/ruction1 b ?is done1 ! analytical me?od ( s5t5ce-/udy comm5ds itself4 ,intellig5ce is call$ into play1 = ! pupil is no long] /udy+ words z words1 b z ! expression ( ?\ght2 memory is subord9ate & reason to ! front--n\ns1 v]bs1 etc41 are 9 "s languages /amp$ ) di/+ui%+ m>ks1 & c be recognis$ by _! =ms1 b 9 ,engli% ! p[] ( any ^w & its influ5ce 9 ! s5t5ce are r>ely dep5d5t on its =m2 ! "p ( spee* _c be det]m9$ at sight1 b by its connection & dep5d5cy40 ,! analysis ( s5t5ces is ( c\rse v important 9 ! /udy ( =eign languages4 ,ho/s ( rules ab\t conjunctions1 gov]n+ moods1 etc41 c be disc>d$ if once *ildr5 c recognise a dep5d5t s5t5ce4 ,v>i\s models ( analysis are giv5 9 all good gramm>s4 ,"h is a =m :i* has _m recomm5dations z %[+ cle>ly ! /ructure ( a complex s5t5ce3-- ,s5t5ce4 ,dep5d5t4 ,pr9cipal4 #a ,! man subject ( #e #b :o subj4 ( #c #c wrote pr$4 ( #b adjective ext5sion ( #a #d t lett] obj4 ( #c #e said pr$icate ( #a #f t conj4 #g he subj4 ( #h sub/antive object ( #e #h w\ld return pr$4 ( #g #i b conj4 #aj he subj4 ( #aa #aa did n pr$4 ( #aj ,ano!r matt] :i* %\ld h great att5tion is ! use ( t5ses4 ,!re is no?+ p]haps s difficult = =eign]s to acquire z ! p[] ( discrim9at+ t5ses4 ,ow+ to ! want ( ! pres5t & future imp]fect 9 ,fr5* v]bs1 _m *ildr5 get an idea t imp]fect means pa/1 & few "k until !y le>n ,greek t 8,i h writt50 is a pres5t t5se4 ,su* a table z ?is c be us$ to contra/ languages3-- ,indef9ite4 ,imp]fect4 ,p]fect4 ,pres5t ,i write am writ+ h writt5 ,pa/ ,wrote 0 writ+ _h writt5 ,future ,%all write %all be writ+ %all h writt5 ,! au?ors ( ! ,p>allel ,gramm> ,s]ies h s\ght to r$uce ! "t occupi$ 9 le>n+ gramm>4 ,9 "o book ! g5]al rules only ne$ be giv51 & ! v>iations f ^! rules appe> 9 o!r gramm>s4 ,?us ! tiresome repetitions 9 ea* gramm> ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet--! def9itions ( ! p>ts ( spee* ( _m rules reg>d+ concords--c\ld appe> once = all4 ,let me 9 conclusion quote a portion ( ! resolutions conc]n+ ! tea*+ ( ,engli% pass$ by ! ,conf]5ce call$ by ! ,committee ( ,t54#g #g ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,t5 on second>y /udies1 #ahib1 ,wa%+ton4 8,! ma9 direct object ( ! tea*+ ( ,engli% 9 s*ools is 7#a7 to enable ! pupil to und]/& ! express$ ?\ghts ( o!rs & to give expression to ?\ghts ( 8 own2 & 7#b7 to cultivate a ta/e = read+1 to give ! pupil "s acqua9tance ) good lit]ature1 & to furni% him ) ! means ( ext5d+ t acqua9tance4 ,incid5tally1 o!r ends may be subs]v$1 b su* subsidi>y int]e/s %\ld nev] be all[$ to encroa* on ! two ma9 purposes4 ,?\gh x may be necess>y to consid] ^! sep>ately1 9 practice !y %\ld nev] be dissociat$ 9 ! m9d ( ! tea*]1 & _! mutual dep5d5ce %\ld be kept con/antly pres5t to ! m9d ( ! pupils4 8,if ! pupil is to secure control ( ! language z an in/rum5t = ! expression ( 8 ?\ghts1 x is necess>y 7#a7 t dur+ ! p]iod ( life :5 imitation is ! *ief motive pr9ciple 9 education1 he %\ld be kept s f> z possible away f ! influ5ce ( bad models & "u ! influ5ce ( good models1 & 7#b7 t e ?\ght :i* he expresses1 :e!r orally or on pap]1 %\ld be reg>d$ z a prop] subject = criticism z to language4 ,?us e lesson %\ld become a "p ( ! pupil's tra9+ 9 ,engli%4 ,!re c be no m appropriate mom5t = a brief lesson 9 expression ?an ! mom5t :5 ! pupil has some?+ :i* he is try+ to express4 8,9 addition to ?is incid5tal tra9+1 appropriate special in/ruction 9 ,engli% %\ld =m a "p ( ! curriculum f ! beg9n+4 ,?is special in/ruction may be consid]$ "u ?ree heads3 ,a4 ,language & composition4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two ye>s at s*ool1 *ildr5 7"u eight7 may acquire "s flu5cy ( expression by reproduc+ orally 9 _! own words /ories told !m by _! tea*]s1 & by inv5t+ /ories ab\t objects & pictures4 8,9 ! ?ird s*ool ye> *ildr5 %\ld beg9 to compose 9 writ+2 !y %\ld copy & write f dictation & f memory %ort & easy passages ( prose & v]se4 8,! subjects assign$ %\ld gradually increase 9 difficulty4 7,! p>aphras+ ( poetry is n to be comm5d$47 ,pa9s %\ld be tak5 to improve ! *ild's vocabul>y by sugge/+ to him1 = ! expression ( 8 ?\ghts1 bett] words ?an ^? he may himself h *os54 ,he %\ld also be tra9$ to p]ceive ! l>g] divisions ( ?\ght :i* are conv5tionally indicat$ by p>agraphs4 ,! tea*] %\ld be> 9 m9d ! necessity ( correctness 9 ! =mation ( s5t5ces & p>agraphs4 8,compositions & all o!r writt5 ex]cises %\ld receive c>eful & appropriate criticism1 & ! /aff ( in/ructors %\ld be l>ge en\gh to protect e tea*] f an excess ( ?is peculi>ly exact+ & fatigu+ "w4 8,b4 ,=mal or sy/ematic gramm>4 ,n e>li] ?an twelve ye>s ( age ! /udy ( =mal gramm>1 ) drill 9 fundam5tal analysis1 may be tak5 up4 ,x %\ld n be pursu$ z a sep>ate /udy long] ?an is necess>y to famili>ise ! pupil ) ! ma9 pr9ciples4 ,probably a s+le ye> w be suffici5t4 ,subsequ5tly1 al?\gh grammatical analysis may prop]ly accompany read+ & ! /udy ( composition1 x %\ld n be reg>d$ z a sep>ate subject 9 ! curriculum4 ,! tea*+ ( =mal gramm> %\ld aim pr9cipally to enable ! pupil 7#a7 to recognise ! p>ts ( spee*1 & 7#b7 to analyse s5t5ces bo? z to /ructure & z to syntax4 ,r\t9e p>s+ %\ld be avoid$4 8,) reg>d to ! /udy ( =mal gramm> ! ,conf]5ce wi%es to lay /ress on ?ree po9ts3 7#a7 a /ud5t may be taught to speak & write good ,engli% )\t receiv+ any special in/ruction 9 =mal gramm>2 7#b7 ! /udy ( =mal gramm> is valuable z tra9+ 9 ?\ght1 b has only an indirect be>+ on ! art ( writ+ & speak+2 & 7#c7 ! tea*+ ( =mal gramm> %\ld be z f> z possible incid5tal1 & %\ld be br\ght into close connection ) ! pupil's "w 9 read+ & composition4 ,^! pr9ciples expla9 ! consid]able r$uction recomm5d$ by ! ,conf]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( "t all[$ to ?is /udy4 8,! be/ results 9 ! tea*+ ( ,engli% 9 high s*ools _c be secur$ )\t ! aid giv5 by ! /udy ( "s o!r language4 ,lat9 & ,g]man are especially suit$ to ?is end4 8,e tea*]1 :atev] 8 dep>tm5t1 %\ld feel responsible = ! use ( good ,engli% by 8 pupils40 ,"o w\ld l to say mu* on ! /udy ( language g5]ally1 & n only ( its m]e =mal elem5ts--( ! 8fossil poetry0 to be f\nd 9 figures ( spee*2 ( ! metaphors :i* express ! same ?\ght 9 diff]5t languages4 ,i give ! names ( "s useful books1 b !re are _m o!r good gramm>s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,"n ( ,"w4 ,au?or4 ,pages4,price4 ,pub- ,rem>ks4 li%]s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,lectures on ,m4 ,mll] #aajj ,longmans ,indisp5sable4 ,language ,lectures on ,m4 ,mll] #ffj ,longmans ,full ( ,sci5ce ( int]e/4 ,?\ght ,philology ,peile #ajj #as4 ,macmillan,excell5t4 ,may be us$ z a class-book = *ildr54 ,etymological ,skeat #gs4 ,cl>5don,v necess>y ,diction>y #f;d4 ,press = language tea*]s4 ,etymological ,bra*et ,cl>5don,introduction ,diction>y ,press specially good4 ,requir$ by all :o tea* ,fr5*4 ,engli% ,pa/ &,nesfield #dej #cs4 ,macmillan,v good = ,pres5t #f;d4 upp] classes4 ,engli% ,gramm> ,hyde #aej #as4 ,crosby ,sugge/ive = ,cl>ke ! tea*]4 ,conta9s mu* t is int]- e/+4 ,comp>ative ,sayce #djj ,trbn] ,philology ,prim] ( ,sweet #abj #as4 ,cl>5don ,phonetics #f;d4 ,press ,visible ,spee* ,bell #hj #bs4 ,volta ,! l>ge book ,press1 co/s ab\t f\r ,wa%+- doll>s4 ton ,ecriture phon- tique ,passy #as4 ,firm9 ,cle> & easy4 ,les sons du #f;d4 ,didot franais ,phontique des ,victor #es4 ,heelbronn,some:at diffi- deuts*5 #f;d4 cult4 ,introduction to ,soames #bhj #cs4 ,sonn5- ,a v useful ,phonetics #f;d4 s*e9 introduction1 adapt$ to ,engli%1 ,fr5* & ,g]man4 ,expressive ,meiklejohn #cfj ,hold5 ,v good4 ,con- ,read+ ta9s a suitable selection4 ,plea = ,re- ,pitman ,pitman =m$ ,spell+ ,spell+ ,re=m ,glad/one ,pitman ,h[ to ,tea* ,/anley #dj #as4 ,hea? ,read+ ,hall ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,among/ ,engli% gramm>s ,i may m5tion ^? by ,morris & ,mason1 v>i\s books by ,dr4 ,abbott1 & ! ,p>allel ,gramm> ,s]ies4 ,!re are good gramm>s1 too num]\s to m5tion1 suitable = s*ool use4 ,,classical ,,/udies4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,d4 ,,r\se1 ,m4,a41 =m]ly ,fell[ ( ,*ri/'s ,college 9 ,cambridge1 & a ,ma/] at ,rugby ,s*ool4 ,aim ( a girl's education4 ,x 7 idle to expect t classics c be /udi$ ) ! same ?or\ghness 9 girls' s*ools z 9 boys'4 ,girls' s*ools h gr[n up ) o!r traditions2 music & draw+ & mod]n languages h s long be5 ! /aple ( a girl's education1 t x is p]haps too late n[ to make any radical *ange4 ,nor is x cle> t ev5 if possible1 x w\ld be well to sub/itute classics = ^! subjects4 ,if ! object ( girls' education be1 z _m ?9k1 n s mu* to turn out f9i%$ s*ol>s z to give an intellig5t & sympa!tic int]e/ 9 life1 ?is c be bett] a*iev$ by graft+ classics ^u ! exi/+ curriculum1 ?an by ou/+ o!r /udies = ! sake ( ^!4 ,nev]!less1 !re w be _m ^: aim x is to give !mselves to tea*+ z a pr(ession1 & "s :o are s*ol>s born1 & will+ to sp5d _! life 9 rese>* & /udy4 ,a good s*ool mu/ provide = ^!2 & we h to consid] h[ to comb9e ! int]e/s ( bo? classes4 ,! result w naturally be a compromise3 ! av]age pupil gett+ less ?an ! av]age boy gets1 :ile ! few speciali/s w ne$ to make up = lo/ "t1 & to compress _! "w into a %ort] p]iod ?an is usually giv5 to x4 ,! object ( tea*+ w be ! same 9 any case3 a ma/]y ( ! matt] p]fect z f> z x goes2 & at ! outset1 ! me?ods w be mu* ! same4 ,importance ( ,lat9 9 all s*emes ( high] education4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to insi/ on ! value ( ,lat9 = e educat$ man or woman4 ,x is n only valuable z a ?or\gh tra9+ ( ! m9d1 9 close reason+ & unremitt+ att5tion2 nor only z op5+ to ! /ud5t a lit]ature ( great int]e/3 x is actually useful 9 a practical way4 ,x is ! key to all ! ,romance languages2 ,lat9 once ma/]$1 ,fr5* & ,italian1 ,spani% & ,portuguese are br\ght )9 easy rea*4 ,almo/ all t has !n to be le>nt is ! gramm> ( ^! languages2 = ! body ( ! words is already famili>4 ,c]ta9ly mu* /udy & practice w be ne$$ be=e ^! languages c be spok52 b is x no?+ to be able to read8 ,m5 :o are prep>+ = ! ,civil ,s]vice 9 ,india le>n ,sanskrit2 n because ! ,gov]nm5t is int]e/$ 9 ! tra9+ ( _! m9ds1 b because ?is is ! key to ! spok5 dialects ( ,india4 ,z ?is dead language is practically useful 9 le>n+ ,h9di or ,b5gali1 s ,lat9 is practically useful 9 le>n+ ,italian or ,fr5*4 ,!n aga91 ! grammatical drill is mu* m rigid & effective 9 tea*+ ,lat9 ?an 9 tea*+ ,fr5*1 ,italian1 or ev5 ,g]man4 ,! relation ( action to object1 ! subord9ation ( ?\ght to ?\ght1 ! dep5d5ce ( an oblique /atem5t1 all become cle> to ! m9d 9 ,engli% or ,fr5* :5 !y h be5 made cle> to ! eye by ,lat94 ,nor mu/ we =get t )\t ,lat9 no "o c really und]/& ,engli%1 especially ! ,engli% ( su* writ]s z ,milton & ,bacon4 ,& besides ^! advantages1 ,lat9 has a direct use 9 sev]al pr(essions1 :i* are n[ or may yet be op5 to wom53 9 m$ic9e1 9 ! law1 9 lett]s2 & ev5 9 bus9ess a k ( x1 z already po9t$ out1 w enable any "o to become fit = =eign correspond5ce ) f> less difficulty ?an o!rwise4 ,we w assume1 !n1 t ,lat9 w be begun ev5 9 girls' s*ools e>ly en\gh 7say at ?irte5 or f\rte57 to get ?r\gh ! gramm>1 )\t undue pressure1 by ! "t ! speciali/ w wi% to beg9 ,greek4 ,!re may be at t "t a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w yet to get ?r\gh :i* a boy ( ! same age w\ld h done2 b ?is w h to be done m quickly1 t is all4 ,x mu/ n be slurr$ or neglect$1 c]ta9ly2 b ! /ud5t w probably f9d t ! "w progresses at a r quick] rate ?an might be expect$1 because ! m9d is already bett] tra9$ & /or$ ?an is usual at t /age ( ! /udy4 ,! "r me?od ( tea*+ a language4 7#a7 ,gramm>4 ,to 8le>n by read+0 n suffici5t4 ,! "r me?od ( tea*+ a language may be put 9 a nut%ell3 gramm>1 read+1 writ+ & conv]sation %\ld g side by side4 ,= conv5i5ce1 & because ( ! importance ( ! subjects1 gramm> & ex]cises 9 composition w naturally h special times assign$ to !m2 b !y %\ld nev] be left out ( sight4 ,no con/ru+ lesson ought to be done )\t "s grammatical drill1 or )\t a few s5t5ces ( conv]sation1 :i* is 9 fact composition 9 brief4 ,! importance ( gramm> c h>dly be ov]e/imat$2 & ! fir/ ?+ ! le>n] mu/ und]/& is t ! skeleton ( ! language1 ! inflections1 h to be kn[n by he>t4 ,a k ( cognate languages may help1 & comp>ative tables ( =ms may help bo? intellig5ce & memory1 b 9 ! end x all comes to ! same ?+3 h[ev] ! pupil may h le>nt !m1 he mu/ be prep>$ to say (f 8 decl5sions & conjugations f memory 9 ! usual tabul> =m4 ,!re are1 9 ?is slip%od age1 ^? :o affect to despise precise k1 su* z geographical names & facts1 hi/orical dates1 & ! p>adigms ( a gramm>4 8,le>n by read+0 is _! motto 9 language2 a mo/ false & p]nici\s pr9ciple1 z ,i c te/ify f sad exp]i5ce4 ,x has be5 my lot to le>n "o or two languages suffici5tly well to enable me to read 9 !m1 & ,i grieve to relate t 9 ^! ,i %irk$ ! drudg]y ( ! gramm>4 ,! result is t al?\gh a c]ta9 am\nt ( gramm> has soak$ 91 ,i _c yet read )\t a manual by my side4 ,! mo/ su* a me?od c d is to give ! g5]al s5se ( a s5t5ce2 b x (t5 fails to d ev5 t1 inasmu* z ! g5]al s5se ( a s5t5ce is made up ( ! precise s5se ( its p>ts4 ,exactness 9 und]/&+ is n to be _h )\t pay+ ! price1 & ! price is an exact k ( gramm>4 ,! rott5ness ( ?is sy/em is %[n :5 x comes to writ+2 & ! productions ( ^! empirics might well make ,qu9tilian />e & gasp4 ,?us1 h[ev] ! gramm> may be taught to beg9 )1 ! class %\ld always h h&y "s book conta9+ j ! facts ( ! language1 arrang$ 9 ! usual fa%ion1 & n encumb]$ ) ex]cises4 ,!y w ne$ ?is 9 ! end1 & !y may z well h x at ! beg9n+4 ,! mo/ useful books ( ! k9d are ,k5n$y's ,revis$ ,lat9 ,prim] 7or ,po/gate's ,new ,lat9 ,prim]1 :i* is 9 "s respects bett]1 notably 9 ! m>k+ ( quantities7 & ,abbott & ,mansfield's ,greek ,gramm>4 ,if no book ( ex]cises is us$1 x is h>dly necess>y to say t ^! books _c be le>nt /raight ?r\gh f cov] to cov]4 ,inde$1 ! v fir/ pages ( bo? are un9telligible to beg9n]s4 ,9 t case ! tea*] mu/ himself select :at is to be le>nt2 & ! tables :i* foll[ 7pp4 #hg-h7 are meant to assi/ 9 ?is4 7#b7 ,read+ to be begun z soon z possible4 ,z soon z ! pupil is able to und]/& a simple s5t5ce1 he %\ld beg9 to use "s read+ book4 ,"o ( ! mo/ satisfactory ,lat9 read]s ,i h _h to d ) is ,abbott's ,dux ,lat9us2 "s ( ! books err 9 n be+ simple en\gh 9 ! /ructure ( ! s5t5ces4 ,equally good & m easy to "w ) are ! *eap ,s+le ,t]m ,read]s ( ,messrs4 ,riv+ton4 ,! soon] ! pupil c be put on to a g5u9e classical au?or1 ! bett]4 ,eutropius1 ,nepos or ,phdrus is bett] suit$ = beg9n]s ?an ,cs>2 ,cs> w come next4 ,/ories f ,ovid may foll[1 & "s ( ,cic]o's lucid & int]e/+ n>rative2 ! be/ selection is t ( ,wal=d 7,cl>5don ,press74 ,virgil may be well begun 9 ,allcr(t's ,/ory ( neas 7,blackie74 ,once ! pupil has atta9$ ?is /age1 fur!r selection %\ld be easy2 only1 be x said1 too _m notes spoil ! s*ol>4 ,! /ud5t w be able soon] to tackle an au?or 9 ,greek ?an 9 ,lat91 because ( ! great] simplicity ( ! language4 ,9 a v %ort "t he ought to pass on to ! excell5t ,cl>5don ,press ,easy ,selections f ,x5ophon1 or "s adaptation ( /ories f ,h]odotus1 or p>ts ( ,lucian4 ,he may !n take "o ( ! ,rugby ,sc5es f ,greek ,plays 7,riv+tons71 & ! easi] p>ts ( ,?ucydides1 z edit$ 9 ,riv+ton's ,middle ,=m ,greek ,read]s4 ,con/ru+4 7#c7 ,conv]sation4 ,h[ to be us$4 ,its great advantages4 ,9 ! con/ru+ lesson1 ! tea*] w ( c\rse try to give ea* pupil a small portion to translate2 & ) a class ( tw5ty-five ?is c easily be done 9 ?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r1 leav+ "t = que/ions4 ,he w !n g ?r\gh ! passage himself1 ask+ a "q or two n[ & !n to rivet _! att5tion2 & !n "o & ano!r %\ld be call$ ^u to decl9e or conjugate z _m ( ! words 7regul> z well z irregul>7 z c be got into ! "t4 ,x is ne$less to insi/ t con/ant practice is necess>y 9 gramm> & p>s+4 ,9 ?is mann] ! accid5ce w be kept fre% 9 ! m9d1 & at la/ 7x is to be hop$7 firmly impress$ ^u x4 ,b "o mo/ important aid to le>n+ is s (t5 neglect$1 t x w be necess>y to speak ab\t x r fully4 ,?is is conv]sation4 ,fir/ let me say t no?+ is meant resembl+ ! me?od ( ,g\94 ,:at may be ! m]its ( t me?od 9 ! case ( ,fr5* or ,g]man1 x is ne$less to ask "h2 b ,i am confid5t t a syntax & accid5ce s elaborate z ^? ( ,greek c\ld n possibly be taught by t me?od 9 any reasonable "t1 & ,i d n believe !y c\ld be s taught at all4 ,simple conv]sation c be begun z soon z ! pupil beg9s to read4 ,we w suppose ! read+ book conta9s ! s5t5ce1 ,po/ triduum ,cs> equitatum ad ,labi5um misit4 ,! tea*] w ask1 ,quid fecit ,cs>8 & ! pupil mu/ be made to answ]1 at fir/ by prompt+ if necess>y1 ,misit equitatum ,cs>4 ,! next "q may be1 ,ad quem misit equitatum8 ! reply1 ,ad ,labi5um misit equitatum ,cs>4 ,o!r que/ions may be got out ( ?is %ort s5t5ce2 su* z ,quis misit8 quid8 qu&o8 ,! class %\ld be made to give always a complete s5t5ce 9 reply4 ,at fir/ !y may h ! book op5 be=e !m2 b s soon z !y are us$ to ! s\nd ( ! words1 !y %\ld be made to %ut ! book & answ] f memory4 ,five m9utes at ! end ( a lesson is n mu* to give1 & x is surpris+ h[ ?is k9d ( ?+ quick5s int]e/ & memory4 ,! pupils f9d ! advantage :5 !y sit d[n to write _! ex]cises1 = n[ ! words & con/ructions come quickly into ! m9d4 ,moreov]1 !y w f9d t !y h le>nt unconsci\sly ! diff]5ce 9 emphasis :i* position makes2 = x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! simple answ]s giv5 above1 ! words :i* answ] ! "q1 & are !re=e ! mo/ important1 come fir/ 9 ! answ]4 ,! tea*] %\ld r+ ! *anges on 8 read+ ex]cise 9 ?is way1 until aft] a t]m or two he w be able to beg9 talk+ to !m on o!r subjects3 su* z ! wea!r1 ! pictures on ! walls1 ! pupils' dress1 _! inky f+]s1 any?+ t occurs to him4 ,he mu/ take e opportunity ( dropp+ 9 ! accusative & inf9itive1 a phrase ( purpose or consequ5ce1 or ! l2 & ?us1 )\t mu* tr\ble1 ^! bugbe>s w be got rid (4 ,if a pupil c answ] no m ?an ,nescio quid dicas1 x is some?+ t he uses ! subjunctive 9 a dep5d5t "q4 ,a difficulty met4 ,b x w be ask$1 :]e are ! tea*]s to be f\nd :o c d ?is8 ,! answ] is1 t x is p]fectly easy to le>n1 & only ne$s practice4 ,! tea*] w h 8 own book op5 be=e him1 & ne$ n g beyond its words till he has ga9$ confid5ce2 !n by degrees he w d x m & m easily1 & 9 a :ile talk+ w come q naturally to him4 ,9 m discursive conv]sations1 x is true1 "s prep>ation w be necess>y1 b x is q wor? ! :ile4 ,!re are "o or two little books t tea*]s w f9d useful1#h b !y w be/ make _! own collections4 ,a few h\rs' read+ w give an ample /ore ( colloquialisms f ,plato1 ,ari/ophanes & ,lucian1 f ,plautus1 ,t]5ce1 & ,cic]o's lett]s4 ,x is n a bad plan to compile li/s ( colloquial s5t5ces1 say a hundr$1 & make e pupil le>n !m by he>t4 #h ,spre*5 ,sie ,attis*8 ,ioannides3 ,ko*1 ,leipzig1 #ahhi4 ,spre*5 ,sie ,late9is*8 ,id4 ,s>g5t1 ,greek ,prose ,composition4 ,blackie1 ,gr4 ,conv]sation4 ,a practical te/4 ,x may be wor? :ile say+ t ! writ] has te/$ ?is me?od1 & f\nd x practicable ) "y & old4 ,moreov] x has be5 appli$1 )9 8 k1 to ! tea*+ ( ,russian1 a language h>dly less difficult ?an ,greek2 & x is f\nd possible1 by comb9+ conv]sation1 read+1 writ+ & le>n+ by he>t1 to tea* ev5 obtuse p]sons h[ to read an ord9>y novel or newspap]1 to write a social or (ficial lett]1 & to conv]se on ord9>y topics1 9 ?ree mon?s1 al?\gh be=e !y began ?is c\rse !y knew n ev5 ! ,russian alphabet4 7#d7 ,composition4 ,= ,lat9 composition ! tea*] c h>dly d bett] ?an beg9 ) ,abbott's ,via ,lat9a2 = ,greek1 ,rit*ie's ,practical ,greek ,me?od is to be recomm5d$1 ?\gh n s unres]v$ly4 ,:at books are be/ to foll[ up ) may be se5 f ! li/s giv5 bel[4 ,b aft] all1 x is n books t tea*1 s mu* z ! tea*]2 & he _h bett] fix on ! subjects t are to be taught at ea* /age1 & select or make ! ex]cises necess>y to tea* !m4 ,practical h9ts = tea*+ x4 ,e ex]cise w ( c\rse be correct$1 & ! pupil %\ld nev] pass on )\t hav+ writt5 out a correct translation ( ! ex]cise himself4 ,if x is practicable1 ! be/ ?+ is = him to be told 8 mi/akes1 & !n to rewrite ! ex]cise1 do+ x aga9 & aga9 until x is "r4 ,b if "t p]mits n ?is1 ! tea*] may d a good deal to enc\rage self-help by go+ r\nd ! class :il/ !y are writ+1 & und]l9+ all mi/akes1 :i* ! pupils are !n to correct1 if !y c4 ,z soon z possible1 pieces ( cont9u\s prose %\ld be done z well z s5t5ces2 & ?is c be begun q e>ly1 9 fact aft] a c\ple ( t]ms' "w4 ,! same plan ( und]l9+ mi/akes may be foll[$ ) ^!2 b x w be f\nd advantage\s1 z ! "w increases 9 difficulty1 to give m & m (t5 fair copies ( ! tea*]'s1 or by "s o!r compet5t p]son4 ,9 all composition x is useful to dictate ! fair copy1 & !n to give a few m9utes = ! class to le>n x4 ,! class %\ld !n be call$ up1 ! copy tak5 away1 & ! ,engli% %\ld be translat$ viva voce4 ,( c\rse any reasonable translation w be accept$2 x is n meant t only ! v words ( ! copy giv5 w d4 ,let ! old pieces be done ov] n[ & aga9 at sight2 & ! results _c fail to be good4 ,type-s5t5ces to be le>nt by he>t4 ,mo/ ( ! ex]cise books h explanations prefix$ to ea* ex]cise1 ) examples4 ,all su* examples1 or at lea/ "o ( ea* con/ruction1 %\ld be le>nt by he>t4 ,! same %\ld be done ) ! syntax rules ( any gramm> :i* may be 9 use4 ,^! %\ld all be s well drill$ into ! pupils1 t :5 a rule is giv51 or a head+1 or 7= beg9n]s7 ! ,engli% mean+1 ! pupils %\ld be able to reel (f ! example )\t hesitation4 ,a c]ta9 portion ( syntax1 or ( ! ex]cise book1 or bo?1 %\ld be set = ea* /age2 & ! classes :i* are /udy+ t "p ( ! subject mu/ le>n ^!1 & keep up ! old "w4 ,! read+ book w give pl5ty ( opportunity to ask = ^! quotations1 & x %\ld con/antly be done4 ,! (t5] ! pupil repeats 8 example ( ! in/rum5tal ablative1 or :atev] x may be1 ! bett] he w "k x2 & he _c "k x too well4 ,! pupil %\ld be te/$ & kept up to ! m>k by regul> gramm> pap]s1 at lea/ twice a t]m4 ,unse5 translation4 ,unse5 translation %\ld be comm5c$ z e>ly z possible1 & =m "p ( ! regul> "w4 ,beg9n]s c try "s unprep>$ piece out ( _! read+ book1 :i* !y mu/ d on pap]1 & )\t help1 except t !y w use ! vocabul>y4 ,z soon z ! pupils are f> en\gh on to use a diction>y1 "s special book ( unse5s %\ld be tak51 su* z ,j]ram's ,anglice ,r$d5da4 ,! use ( helps c be gradually discont9u$1 until ! pupil is wean$ f !m altoge!r4 ,?is c be done by =bidd+ diction>ies1 & giv+ ! mean+s ( ! m unfamili> words1 few] & few] by degrees4 ,repetition4 ,z soon z ! pupil has begun to read a v]se au?or1 repetition %\ld be begun1 & nev] aft]w>ds discont9u$4 ,v]se is easi] to le>n1 s ) v]se we beg92 b pieces ( prose = le>n+ %\ld be set lat]4 ,x is useful to make ! repetition a "p ( ! t]m9al exam9ation1 & to h e ^w ( x writt5 out4 ,a ,greek play & a book ( ,virgil %\ld be *os5 7say ! ,m$ea1 or ! dipus ,tyrannus1 & ! ,i,vth or ,v,ith neid71 toge!r ) ! ,h]oides ( ,ovid1 & if "t all[s1 "o ( ! spee*es aga9/ ,catil9e & a ,philippic ( ,demo/h5es4 ,^! c be divid$ into portions1 a portion = ea* =m or class1 & x %\ld be und]/ood t ?is has to be le>nt dur+ ! t]m & kept up aft]w>ds4 ,! exam9ation w simply consi/ 9 writ+ out all ! portion le>nt dur+ ! t]m1 & all ! old "w1 if any4 ,z ! "w w always be ! same1 ! old] pupils w soon get to "k x p]fectly4 ,! sy/em "h recomm5d$ has be5 us$ 9 "o great s*ool = p]haps a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 & ! results h be5 excell5t4 ,me?ods ( "w m advanc$4 ,:at is to be aim$ at4 ,use ( notes & o!r aids4 ,we w n[ suppose t ! accid5ce & syntax are fairly well kn[n1 & t ! pupil is ready to read a book ( ,virgil or a spee* ( ,cic]o1 ,euripides or ,demo/h5es1 )\t s]i\s difficulty4 ,! me?ods foll[$ w n *ange2 !y w m]ely be appli$ m widely4 ,! gramm> w ne$ to be kept fre% by ! same means z be=e1 & ! /udy w be made m intellig5t by use ( ! comp>ative & hi/orical me?ods2#i con/ru+ w be done 9 ! same ord]1 b "s /yle w be expect$2 composition w be work$ by means ( correction & fair copies1 b ! pieces *os5 w be h>d]1 & "h1 too1 /yle w be m att5d$ to2 conv]sation w by ?is "t h become easy & int]e/+1 & w cov] a wid] range ( ideas4 ,! aims ( ! tea*] at ?is /age mu/ be to tea* self-reliance1 & to direct ! /ud5t m & m to illu/rative read+4 ,x is advisable at ?is /age to d "p ( ! "w )\t ! aid ( notes4 ,! class is read+1 we w suppose1 a book ( ,horace's ,odes1 & "o ( ,cic]o's spee*es4 ,he %\ld h a complete text ( ,horace1 & ! prop] volume ( ,cic]o's works 7or ! :ole71 ) no notes at all2 f ?is he %\ld prep>e ! "w = ! fir/ "t ( do+4 ,difficulties he mu/ make out z be/ he c1 ) ! aid ( gramm> & diction>y1 "s diction>y ( antiquities 7,ri* = beg9n]s1 ,smi?'s l>ge "o = old] /ud5ts71 ,g['s ,companion & ! pictorial ,atlas ( ,antiquities4 ,= revision1 he %\ld be giv5 notes dictat$ by ! tea*]1 or "s edition ) pr9t$ notes 9 x4 ,! class "w %\ld be done ) ! utmo/ c>e & exactness1 & p>ts ( ! au?or committ$ to memory3 side by side ) ?is %\ld g m discursive read+1 especially = ! old] /ud5ts4 ,!y %\ld be enc\rag$ 7& at la/ expect$7 to read m ( ! au?or by !mselves1 & to br+ difficulties to ! tea*]1 :o ought n[ & aga9 to te/ _! progress4 ,?us ! curriculum ( ! latt] "p ( ! s*ool "w w consi/ ( a portion ( all ! *ief au?ors to be read 9 s*ool1 & z mu* m z possible ( ! same au?ors read out ( s*ool4 #i ,l9dsay's ,%ort ,hi/orical ,lat9 ,gramm>4 ,= ,greek !re is none su* z yet1 b notes may be giv5 f ,giles' ,manual1 or ,k+ & ,cookson 7see li/s bel[74 ,illu/rative works4 ,! pupil %\ld also be direct$ to illu/rative works :i* w s]ve to quick5 8 int]e/ 9 any au?or4 ,! excell5t s]ies ( ,anci5t ,classics = ,engli% ,read]s conta9s an acc\nt ( ea* au?or1 ) extracts translat$2 & well d ,i rememb] my int]e/ 9 ! ,x5ophon ( ?is s]ies1 :5 q a boy4 ,passages might be read to ! class f "s book ( travels2 ,on ! ,track ( ! ,t5 ,?\s&1 if ,x5ophon be ! au?or2 ,travels or ,explorations 9 ,egypt1 if ,h]odotus2 & s =?4 ,! read] ( ,cic]o c\ld n fail to be int]e/$ 9 ,boissi]'s ,cic]o & 8 ,fri5ds2 ! ,lat9 poets are well illu/rat$ by ,sell>'s ,roman ,poets ( ! ,republic & ( ! ,augu/an ,age4 ,symonds' ,greek ,poets1 ,mahaffy's lit]>y & hi/orical books1 ,*ampagny's ,les ,cs>s1 ,gir>d's ,education ,a?ni5ne are only a few out ( _m books :i* make ! old days live aga91 & add to ! lit]>y appreciation ( a le>n]4 ,translations4 ,! eld] pupils 9 _! private read+ mu/ be taught ! prop] use ( translations4 ,x is n to be expect$ t !y w d )\t !m entirely2 b !y %\ld h access to ! be/1 9 a s*ool libr>y or else:]e1 "u "s direction at fir/ & aft]w>ds at discretion4 ,if !y are cle>ly %[n t x is _! int]e/ to use !m only :]e _! own hone/ ef=ts h fail$1 or z models 9 ! case ( books !y h already done1 mo/ ( !m w be s5sible en\gh n to abuse _! lib]ty4 ,! pupil w ga9 mu*1 too1 by read+ "s ( ! old translations ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,f ,nor?'s ,plut>*1 ,hobbes' ,?ucydides1 ,holl&'s ,livy1 & o!r su*1 ! le>n] w ga9 a new idea ( :at ! ,engli% language c d1 mu* to ! advantage ( 8 /yle4 ,nor is !re ! same dang] 9 giv+ pupils ^! books z 9 all[+ !m ! free use ( mod]n translations4 ,!y reproduce ! _s r ?an ! lett]1 & are ( little use z 8cribs04 ,/yle4 ,lectures & demon/rations4 ,:5 ! pupil has le>nt h[ to write correct ,lat9 or ,greek1 x w be "t to pay "s att5tion to /yle4 ,! pieces *os5 %\ld at fir/ be def9itely hi/orical1 oratorical1 philosophical1 or dialogue1 accord+ to ! au?or be+ at ! "t /udi$2 9 ! la/ /age1 ^! %\ld be giv5 "o aft] ! o!r1 unless any weak po9t ne$s /r5g!n+4 ,x is useful n[ & aga9 to give lectures & demon/rations 9 composition to a class4 ,ea* w be provid$ ) a copy ( ! ,engli%1 & ! tea*] !n w get to ! he>t ( x1 /ate its ?\ghts 9 ! sequ5ce & subord9ation z simply z possible1 & f9ally translate x bit by bit1 us+ ! blackbo>d to record ea* /ep4 ,que/ions may be ask$ or anticipat$1 & ! v>i\s r5d]+s sugge/$ %\ld be weigh$ & discuss$4 ,9 ?is mann] ! beg9n] sees h[ a tra9$ m9d works1 & is help$ to guide 8 own4 ,good examples ( ! me?od may be se5 9 ,sidgwick's ,lectures on ,greek ,prose ,composition1 ,po/gate's ,s]mo ,lat9us1 & ,s>g5t's ,prim]s4 ,v]se-writ+4 ,its value4 ,s f> no?+ has be5 said ( v]se composition4 ,mu* obloquy has be5 p\r$ on ?is ( late ye>s2 & x may be admitt$ t =m]ly too mu* "t 0 giv5 to x4 ,b 9 spite ( all t objectors c say1 !re is no mann] ( d\bt t v]se-writ+ is a practice ( v great value4 ,no "o really pret5ds t x c make poets 7! common sne]72 all t is claim$ = x is1 t x is valuable z a m5tal gymna/ic & 9 tra9+ ! lit]>y s5se4 ,prose-writ+ c tea* ! p[] ( words1 b only v]se _! subtl] associations2 prose tea*es ! effect ( position ^u emphasis1 b v]se makes cle> t !re is su* a ?+ z lit]>y =m4 ,mo/ p nev] realise ! rhy?m ( a piece ( prose2 its m /rik+ faults may (f5d or its m]its unconsci\sly please1 b :y ^! please or (f5d x w\ld be beyond _! p[] to say4 ,b ! dulle/ boy or girl :o has le>nt h[ to piece toge!r an elegiac c\plet1 und]/&s t ?is p>ticul> k9d ( composition is regulat$ by def9ite b\nds1 & ca/ 9 a =m1 ! v>iations ( :i* are limit$4 ,8 e> becomes attun$ m or less to rhy?m1 & ?is fir/ /ep may be us$ to lead him on to ! compreh5sion ( lit]>y =m 9 o!r k9ds4 ,i d n say t he w nev] le>n ! lesson )\t writ+ v]ses1 b t ?is is ! easie/ way to tea* x2 & ,i w\ld apply ! same pr9ciple to ,engli% or any o!r language4 ,"s incid5tal advantages foll[ at ! same "t2 n ! lea/ t ! pupil und]/&s ! metre ( ! poets he reads4 ,he w n le>n ?is equally well by scann+4 ,to h full effect ! act ( scann+ mu/ be unconsci\s2 t is1 ! read] mu/ take 9 words1 mean+ & rhy?m at ! same "t )\t ef=t4 ,s f> z my exp]i5ce goes1 ^? :o h n le>nt h[ to write v]ses nev] read poetry 9 ?is way1 b ! scann+ 7if done7 is done by a consci\s ef=t1 :i* draws (f ! m9d f ! poetry4 ,let ! class1 !n1 z soon z !y beg9 to read a v]se au?or1 d a t]m's "w or two on elem5t>y ex]cises 9 metre 7,i w n say v]se-writ+7 f ,p5rose's ,lat9 ,elegiac ,v]se ,composition4 ,! "t w n be wa/$1 z has be5 %[n1 ev5 if no m is done4 ,^? :o wi% to g fur!r 9 ,lat9 v]se _c d )\t a skill$ tea*]1 = no books exi/ :i* c help him mu*4 ,demon/rations on ! blackbo>d c tea* a great deal at ?is /age2 b no?+ c be done by ! pupil )\t le>n+ a great deal ( ,lat9 v]se by he>t4 ,greek v]se is easi] to compose ?an ,lat91 & may be begun q late4 ,ne>ly all ! elem5t>y books on ,greek v]se are useless )\t a tea*]1 & ne$ con/ant sup]vision & help2 p]haps ,i may be p>don$ = m5tion+ a little book call$ ,damon1 s9ce ?is is ! only "o :]e9 ! le>n] is l$ on by /eps graduat$ close "o aft] ! o!r4 ,pupils may g /raight f ?is book to ! r5d]+ ( pieces ( ,engli% v]se1 b bo? ,sidgwick's & ,s>g5t's books on ,greek v]se w always be f\nd useful4 ,pronunciation ( ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,x is necess>y n[ to say some?+ ab\t ! pronunciation ( ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,! re=m$ pronunciation is /rongly to be recomm5d$4 ,?is is simply set =? 9 a pamphlet publi%$ by ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1#aj & = ,lat9 is practically t giv5 9 ! fir/ pages ( ! ,lat9 ,prim]4 ,! sole advantage ( pron\nc+ ,lat9 & ,greek words z if !y 7 ,engli%1 is t ! le>n] ne$ le>n no?+ new4 ,b ?is is f> outweigh$ by ! disadvantages2 & aft] all1 ! pupil has begun to le>n ,fr5* or ,g]man1 & s is n /ruck dumb at be+ call$ ^u to pron\nce i z ee4 ,! ma9 disadvantages are ^!3 7#a7 ,confusion ( s1 c1 & t1 z ,c]es ) ,s]es1 c$it ) s$it2 7#b7 ,confusion ( quantity1 m5ss 7abl4 pl47 ) m5ss 7g54 s+471 mlum 78evil07 ) mlum 78apple072 7#c7 ,difficulty ( pronunciation 9 _m words1 especially 9 ,greek1 z :5 ! fir/ syllable is made to rhyme ) law2 7#d7 ,loss ( mu* beauty 9 ! s\nd ( ! languages4 #aj ,! ,re=m$ ,pronunciation ( ,greek & ,lat93 ,arnold & ,conway4 #ahie4 ,,is4 ,! acc5t 9 ,greek4 ,to be taught z f> z practicable4 ,9 "o po9t1 h[ev]1 ,i diff] f ! au?ors ( ?is pamphlet--t is1 on ! "q ( ,greek acc5tuation4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! ,greek acc5ts mu/ be le>nt1 & rightly s1 = _m int]e/+ l+ui/ic po9ts turn on !m2 b x is also ! inv>iable practice n to try to pron\nce !m4 ,b !re is really no reason :y mo/ ( !m %\ld n be pron\nc$4 ,! ,greek acc5t1 z is well kn[n1 0 a musical intonation2 ! acute#aa d5ot+ a rise 9 ! tone1 ! circumflex a rise foll[$ by a fall1 i4e41 a k9d ( drawl4 ,! circumflex c always be pron\nc$ ) ease2 s c ! acute1 :5 f9al2 s c ! great majority ( int]nal acc5ts4 ,x is j z easy to say z 4 ,! only cases ( real difficulty are words l 1 1 :]e a long v[el foll[s an acc5t$ syllable4 ,^! might be waiv$ = beg9n]s1 b ^! are few comp>$ to ! re/2 & ev5 to pron\nce ! acc5t & quantity 9 ^! is n v difficult1 especially ) ! re=m$ pronunciation4 ,?is plan has be5 tri$1 & f\nd to "w fairly1 ) "y boys f twelve to sixte54 #aa ,! grave on f9als1 :5 writt5 = acute1 is practically ! same4 ,value ( old ,engli% translations4 ,!re is a means by :i* ! classical tea*] may be greatly help$1 & t is if ! g5]al c\rse ( /udies 9 ! s*ool be s arrang$1 t good ,engli% translations ( ! classics =m a fair proportion ( ! ,engli% au?ors read4 ,_m ( ^! translations are !mselves ,engli% classics1 su* z ,*apman's & ,pope's ,hom]1 ,nor?'s ,plut>*1 ,dryd5's ,virgil & ,juv5al4 ,o!rs !re are 9 pl5ty1 no less excell5t ?an ^!1 if less kn[n--,pha]'s ,virgil1 ,holl&'s v]sions ( ,livy1 ,suetonius1 ,plut>*'s ,morals1 & _m o!r works2 ,hobbes' ,?ucydides1 ,b>n>d's ,t]5ce1 ,e*>d's ,plautus--inde$ !re is h>dly a classical au?or ( repute :o did n f9d a wor?y translator 9 ! ,elizabe?an age4 ,a few ( ^! are accessible 9 *eap repr9ts1#ab & if !re 7 a dem& = any ( !m a repr9t w\ld appe> at once4 ,by read+ ^! ! *ildr5 w become famili> ) ! subject-matt] ( classical au?ors be=e !y h to translate !m2 & !y w also h made acqua9tance ) "s f9e works ( lit]ature1 _m ( :i* 7su* z ,nor?7 are int]e/+ f association ) ,%aksp]e4 ,:5 ,roman or ,greek hi/ory comes 9 ! regul> hi/orical cycle1 "s ( ^! books might well be read along ) !m4 #ab ,messrs4 ,d5t ,co41 9 ! ,temple ,classics1 h br\ght out ,*apman1 & int5d to include ,nor? & o!rs4 ,models & illu/rations4 ,! la/ ?+ to be m5tion$ is ! use ( models & illu/rations4 ,!re is almo/ no limit to ! numb] ( su* ?+s t c be _h2 ! real limit is ! dep? ( ! tea*]'s purse4 ,b ! s*ools ought to provide ^! ?+s = use2 x is too mu* to expect t tea*]s %\ld sp5d _! sp>+s & sav+s 9 educational plant4 ,any money sp5t 9 ?is way is amply repaid by ! int]e/ add$ to ! "w4 ,classical tea*]s ought to h at _! disposal lant]n slides illu/rat+ classical life & hi/ory1 wall pictures & maps1 photographs & models4 ,slides may be hir$ f ! ,hell5ic ,society1 or b\ght ?r\gh ! ,tea*]s' ,guild2#ac = wall pictures !re are two excell5t s]ies1 ^? ( ,cybulski & ,launitz4 ,( photographs !re are ?\s&s4 ,! wise tea*] w travel & collect !m2 b = ^? :o w n1 "o or two addresses ( photograph]s are giv5 bel[1#ad ) ! names ( "s useful works4 ,! pictures c be kept 9 ! s*ool libr>y1 & hung up = ! t]m :5 !y w be useful4 ,= ! photographs1 frames ) movable backs are mo/ to be recomm5d$1 z ! pictures c !n be *ang$ at w4 ,! tea*] %\ld talk ab\t !m1 & "q 8 class1 & 7z already sugge/$7 !y may =m a topic ( ,lat9 or ,greek conv]sation4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ mu* *ildr5 w le>n f ^! ?+s4 ,9 addition1 x is highly desirable t ea* pupil %\ld h 8 pictorial atlases z he has an atlas ( geography4 #ac ,!re is a l>ge collection 9 ! ,guild ,museum1 ,g[] ,/reet1 ,london4 ,"h also models may be se54 #ad ,see p4 #ic4 ,recapitulation4 ,weak po9ts to be /r5g!n$4 ,! writ] has n[ po9t$ out :at1 9 8 op9ion1 is ! place :i* ,lat9 & ,greek %\ld take 9 a girl's education1 & ! me?ods be/ calculat$ to tea* !m4 ,if 9 ^! !re is n mu* t is new1 !y are at all ev5ts su* z exp]i5ce has prov$ to be s\nd4 ,"o or two po9ts may be indicat$ :i* are apt to be weak 9 girl /ud5ts1 & mu/ !re=e be specially gu>d$ aga9/4 ,!y are apt to be %aky 9 gramm>1 & !y seem to h less m5tal self-reliance ?an boys4 ,z reg>ds ^? :o le>n late1 !y mu/ g ov] ! same gr\nd2 = no tea*] & no book1 no n if angels wrote x1 c po9t out a royal road to le>n+4 ,^! late-le>n]s br+ to ! task a m9d already m or less tra9$1 & s !y w get on fa/]2 b let !m bew>e ( try+ to get on too fa/4 ,!y mu/ make up _! m9ds t gramm> has to be le>nt1 & "w at x ) a w4 ,if !y h already done half ( ! drudg]y by le>n+ ,lat91 z "h recomm5d$1 _! task w be n easy inde$1 b n beyond _! p[]s2 & ev5 if bo? ,lat9 & ,greek are begun late1 !y ne$ n ev5 !n despair4 ,i h kn[n sev]al1 bo? m5 & wom51 :o h begun late & end$ ) success1 ev5 ) di/9ction2 al?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ^! 7 p]sons ( exceptional p[]s4 ,b x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! mo/ capable tea*]s %\ld h *>ge ( ! late-le>n]s4 ,! great] ! difficulty1 ! great] ne$ = a tea*] :o has 8 subjects at ! ends ( 8 f+]s1 :o c see a %ort-cut1 & is able to judge h[ mu* ( ! prelim9>y "w c safely be %ort5$1 or ev5 omitt$ = ! "t4 ,:5 skill 9 ! tea*] meets ) w 9 ! taught1 betwe5 !m !y may remove m\nta9s4 ,,sugge/$ ,,s*eme ,,( ,,"w ,,9 ,,six ,,p>ts4 ,,lat94 ,gramm>4 ,composition4 #a4 ,p>ts ( spee* & elem5ts3 #a4 ,simple/ s5t5ces3 /atem5t1 regul> n\ns & adjectives3 "q & answ]4 e/1 sunt1 & h[ to =m #crd s+4 & pl4 pres4 indic4 fir/ conjugation1 giv5 ! inf9itive pres5t4 #b4 ,commone/ pron\ns3 pres5t #b4 ,cases ( ag5t & in/rum5t1 indic4 ( sum1 & h[ to =m "t & place3 quam ) nom4 #crd s+4 & pl4 ( all f\r & acc41 abl4 ( comp>ison3 a conjugations1 giv5 ! inf9itive few common prolate v]bs3 simple/ pres5t4 relative s5t5ces & cum temporal4 #c4 ,pron\ns & c>d9al num]als3 #c4 ,ablative absolute1 & a few active ( ! f\r conjugations3 m case usages3 accusative ) sum3 mean+s & case ( a few inf9itive3 use ( se1 suus1 common prepositions4 ipse3 d\ble que/ions3 factitives 9 active1 prolate v]bs3 relative s5t5ces1 ) a h9t ( f9als3 comm&s & prohibitions3 causal1 concessive & temporal s5t5ces4 #d4 ,ord9al num]als3 passive ( #d4 ,quisquam1 quisque1 ! f\r conjugations3 a few quivis1 etc4 7mean+73 *ief common irregul> v]bs4 case usages3 factitives3 common v]bs ) dative3 dep5d5t que/ions3 accusative ) inf9itive1 t5ses di/+ui%$3 simple f9als1 pos4 & negative3 simple consecutives3 v]bs ( h9d]+ & fe>+4 #e & #f4 ,depon5ts1 imp]sonals1 #e4 ,utor & o!r v]bs ) irregul> v]bs3 fill up gaps 7add v>i\s cases3 all case usages3 e4g41 ! re/ ( ! num]als74 g]und & g]undive3 "s imp]sonal v]bs3 f9al & consecutive s5t5ces3 conditions begun4 #f4 ,quisquam1 etc41 use & idioms3 p>ticiples3 nunquam1 etc41 causal1 concessive1 temporal & o!r conjunctions3 conditions3 obliqua4 ,,greek4 ,gramm>4 ,composition4 #a4 ,regul> n\ns & adjectives3 #a4 ,concords 7includ+ t ( article3 & 3 h[ to neut] plural73 article 9 direct =m #crd s+4 & pl4 pres4 pr$ication3 simple/ s5t5ces1 indic4 ( v]bs 9 - giv5 ! /atem5t1 "q & answ]3 inf9itive pres5t4 simple/ mean+s ( cases3 mean+s ( 1 1 1 1 7g5471 4 #b4 ,"s irregul> n\ns3 c>d9al #b4 ,article ) demon/rative & num]als3 comp>ison ( ) adjectives ( position3 adjectives3 common] pron\ns3 3 simple/ mean+ ( ! 1 ) active ( 4 ,g5]al t5ses3 accusative ) rules = acc5t 9 its dep5d5ce inf9itive3 "s fur!r p>ticles on quantity4 ( "q & emphasis4 #c4 ,num]als3 1 3 a few #c4 ,g5itive absolute3 ag5t & irregul> n\ns4 ,acc5t ( n\ns in/rum5t & o!r case usage3 & v]bs 7g5]al rules74 inf9itive ) v]bs ( comm& or reque/3 comm&s1 prohibitions1 wi%es 7opt473 & its sequ5ce3 d\ble que/ions & fur!r =mul4 #d4 ,contract$ v]bs3 p>ts ( a #d4 ) fut4 indic4 3 all few irregul> v]bs3 acc5t ( f9al con/ructions3 v]bs ( n\ns & v]bs 7special rules7 fe>+3 1 1 1 1 & contract$ syllables4 1 4 #e4 ,v]bs 9 -3 3 p>ts #e4 ,accusative & nom9ative ) ( common] irregul> v]bs4 inf9itives3 use ( p>ticiples ) c]ta9 v]bs3 consecutive & temporal con/ructions3 simple indirect /atem5t & "q3 ! conditions begun4 #f4 ,irregul> n\ns & v]bs3 fill #f4 ,! cases1 t5ses1 p>ticiples gaps4 ,revise ) ,goodw9's & prepositions3 idioms1 su* z ,gramm>4 3 conditions3 all rules ( obliqua4 ,,books4#ae #ae ,v is add$ to ^? :i* h vocabul>ies2 ,k means key4 ,! writ] wi%es x to be und]/ood t ?is is n an exhau/ive li/4 ,^! books he has ei!r te/$ by use1 or has good gr\nds 9 ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs = ! judgm5t giv5 ( !m2 b !re are _m o!rs ( ! same k9d1 & !re is (t5 little to *oose betwe5 !m4 ,! publi%]s ^: books are giv5 bel[ are3 ,camb4 ,univ4 ,press1 ,cl>5don ,press1 ,blackie1 ,d5t1 ,grevel1 ,isbi/]1 ,longmans1 ,macmillan1 ,murray1 ,riv+tons1 ,seeley1 ,trbn]4 ,,lat93 ,,gramm> ,,& ,,composition4 ,public ,s*ool ,lat4 ,prim] 7or ,po/gate's ,new ,lat4 ,prim]1 9 "s respects a m useful book7 %\ld be kept at h&1 if only = ref]5ce & revision4 ,abbott1 ,via ,lat9a 7v71 #c_/f2 excell5t4 ,morris1 ,elem5ta ,lat9a1 ) ,trip]tita z an ex]cise book1 foll[$ by ,mansfield's ,lat4 ,ex]cise ,book2 a good s]ies = v beg9n]s1 b ! ex]cises ne$ supplem5t+4 ,all51 ,rudim5ta ,lat9a 7v7 #b_/f2 belongs to a complete s]ies1 ! o!r books be+ an ,elem5t>y ,lat9 ,gramm>1 #b_/f1 a ,fir/ 7v71 #b_/f1 & a ,second ,lat9 ,ex]cise ,book 7v71 #c_/f4 ,! la/ nam$ is an excell5t book = tea*]s1 :o may le>n mu* f x1 b ,i h f\nd x dull & difficult = ! le>n]4 ,rit*ie1 ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,lat4 7v71 #a_/f2 also "o ( a s]ies1 ) ,ex4 9 ,lat4 ,prose ,comp4 7v71 #b_/f1 & ,easy ,cont9u\s ,lat4 ,prose1 #b_/f1af ,lat9 ,clause ,con/ruction1 #a_/f1 a ,fir/ ,lat4 ,v]se ,book 7v71 #b_/-1 & a ,read] ,fabul ,faciles 7v71 #b_/f1 ) ,imitative ,lat4 ,ex4 7v71 #a_/f1 bas$ ^u x4 ,^! are good books1 & ,i pref] !m to ,all5's aft] us+ bo? s]ies3 ! explanations are cle>]1 & !re are m s5t5ces4 ,macmillan's ,lat9 ,c\rse 7v71 two p>ts1 #c_/f & #d_/f2 good4 ,x has an advantage 9 ! l>ge numb] ( ex]cises4 ,engl&1 ,exx4 9 ,lat91 ,syntax & ,idiom 7v k71 #b_/f2 a companion to ,roby's ,s*ool ,lat9 ,gramm>4 ,roop] & ,h]r+1 ,prim>y ,lat4 ,exx4 7v71 #c_/f2 specially adapt$ to ! ,revis$ ,lat4 ,prim]4 ,nor? & ,hill>d1 ,lat4 ,prose ,comp4 7v71 = ! middle =ms1 #c_/f2 c>efully arrang$ & progressive f phrases & s5t5ces to cont9u\s prose4 ,*ampneys & ,r&all1 ,easy ,engli% ,pieces = ,translation into ,lat9 ,prose1 #a/ & #bnd s]ies1 ea* #a_/f2 excell5t1 & c be us$ ) a s5t5ce book z soon z ! elem5ts are ma/]$4 ,m advanc$ ,gramm>s3 ,w4 ,m4 ,l9dsay1 ,%ort ,hi/orical ,lat4 ,gr41 #d_/f2 excell5t4 ,?is is ma9ly philological4 ,h4 ,j4 ,roby1 ,s*ool ,lat4 ,gr41 #e_/-2 good4 ,n philological4 #af ,see bel[1 ,*ampneys4 ,= ,idiom & ,con/ruction 9 ! high] /ages3-- ,bradley1 ,arnold's ,lat4 ,prose ,comp4 7v71 #e_/-1 & ,aids to ,writ+ ,lat9 ,prose1 #e_/-1 ) full explanations2 ! =m] has s5t5ces1 ! latt] cont9u\s prose4 ,abbott1 ,lat4 ,prose ?r\gh ,eng4 ,idiom1 #b_/f2 is a mo/ useful little book = committ+ to memory4 ,?is %\ld be us$ ) "o or two =ms or sets 9 addition to ! /ock books4 ,j]ram1 ,lat9e ,r$d5da1 #a_/f2 useful collection ( miscellane\s s5t5ces4 ,books ( *os5 ,engli%3 ,hold51 ,foliorum ,c5turi1 #h_/-1 = ,gr4 & ,lat4 prose2 ! /&>d collection4 ,wilk9s' ,manual ( ,lat4 ,prose ,comp41 #d_/f4 ,s>g5t & ,dall91 ,mat]ials & ,models = ,lat4 ,pr4 ,comp4 7k71 #f_/f2 ) ref]5ces = ea* piece to portions ( ,lat9 au?ors on simil> subjects2 a useful book4 ,potts1 ,passages = ,transl4 into ,lat4 ,prose 7k71 #b_/f4 ,nettle%ip1 ,passages = ,transl4 into ,lat4 ,prose1 ) a valuable introduction4 ,po/gate3 see bel[4 ,mo/ useful = tea*]s1 advanc$ /ud5ts1 or private /ud5ts3-- ,j4 ,y4 ,s>g5t1 ,lat4 ,prose ,prim] 7v71 #b_/f2 mo/ ( ! pieces are c>efully analys$1 & ! /eps by :i* ! s5se is ma/]$ & !n translat$ are %[n 9 detail4 ,x is a companion to ,s>g5t's ,easy ,passages = ,transl4 into ,lat4 7k71 #b_/f4 ,potts1 ,h9ts t[>ds ,lat4 ,pr41 #c_/-2 p]haps ! mo/ useful ( all manuals on ,lat9 prose /yle4 ,po/gate1 ,s]mo ,lat9us 7k71 #b_/f2 int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,ramsay1 ,lat4 ,pr4 ,v]sions1 ) ! ,engli%1 #e_/-2 excell5t models4 ,meissn]'s ,lat4 ,phrase ,book1 #c_/f2 phrases & quotations classifi$ & index$2 a mo/ useful book4 ,roby's ,lat4 ,gr41 two vols41 #i_/- & #aj_/f2 indisp5sable4 ,w4 ,m4 ,l9dsay1 ,lat4 ,language1 #ba_/-2 indisp5sable to ^? :o /udy ,lat9 f ! comp>ative /&po9t4 ,8 ,%ort ,hi/orical ,lat4 ,gr4 w1 h[ev]1 be suffici5t = less advanc$ /ud5ts4 ,,v]se4 ,manuals by ,p5rose 7elegiacs72 ,morice 7same1 m advanc$71 & ,lupton 7lyrics73 ,hold51 ,foliorum ,silvula 7! be/ an?ology74 ,,read]s4 ,!re are numb]s ( elem5t>y read]s1 & !re is really little to *oose betwe5 !m4 ,! mo/ useful set seems to ! writ] to be ,riv+ton's ,s+le ,t]m ,lat9 ,read]s1 #h;d4 to #a_/d ea*4 ,) notes1 ex]cises & vocabul>ies4 ,^! are sets ( ?ree books = ea* ( six t]ms1 ea* book conta9+ en\gh = a t]m's "w1 & ea* set hav+ ! same /&>d4 ,o!rs 9 common use are3 ,morice1 ,loculi1 #b_/-2 ,abbott1 ,dux ,lat9us1 #b_/-1 adapt$ to ,via ,lat9a2 ,rit*ie1 ,fabul ,faciles2 ,b5nett's ,easy ,lat4 ,/ories1 ,h>dy's ,lat4 ,read]1 etc4 ,tea*]s & private /ud5ts may le>n mu* f ,abbott's ,lat9 ,gate4 ,,greek3 ,,gramm> ,,& ,,composition4 ,abbott & ,mansfield1 ,prim] ( ,gr4 ,gr41 #b_/f1 or ) ,syntax1 #c_/f2 is p]haps ! mo/ conv5i5t z a collection ( facts4 ,a ,prim] ( ,gr4 ,ex41 #c_/f1 has be5 compil$ to g ) x4 ,rit*ie's elem5t>y ex]cise books c be recomm5d$4 ,rit*ie & ,moore1 ,practical ,gr4 ,me?od = ,beg9n]s 7v k71 #c_/f4 ,rit*ie1 ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,gr4 7v71 #b_/-2 ex]cises ne$ to be supplem5t$4 ,jackson1 ,fir/ ,/eps to ,greek ,prose ,comp4 7v k71 & ,second ,/eps 7v k71 #a_/f & #c_/f2 are useful ex]cise books4 ,macmillan's ,greek c\rse3 ,easy ,ex4 9 ,gr4 ,accid5ce 7v71 #b_/-2 ,easy ,ex4 9 ,gr4 ,syntax 7v71 #b_/f2 ,second ,gr4 ,ex]cise ,book 7v71 #b_/f2 companions to ,ru!r=d's ,greek ,gramm>4 ,!y are almo/ exclusively ex]cises1 & v full4 ,j]ram1 ,graece ,r$d5da 7v71 #b_/f2 a collection ( miscellane\s s5t5ces4 ,sidgwick's ,fir/ ,gr4 ,writ] 7v k71 #c_/f2 easy cont9u\s prose1 may be us$ along ) any book ( s5t5ces4 ,foll[+ ?is comes 8 excell5t ,gr4 ,prose ,comp4 7v k71 #e_/-1 & !n ! pupil w be able to disp5se ) crut*es4 ,bo? h cle> & useful introductions4 ,arnold's ,gr4 ,pr4 ,comp4 7v k71 #c_/f1 ed4 by ,abbott1 has useful ex]cises 9 idiom4 ,m advanc$1 & to be us$ z soon z ! accid5ce is ma/]$1 is ,goodw9's ,gr4 ,gr41 #f_/-1 new ed41 excell5t2 or 8 ,s*ool ,gr4 ,gr41 #c_/f4 ,to ! advanc$ /ud5t ,goodw9's ,gr4 ,moods & ,t5ses1 second ed41 #ad_/-1 is indisp5sable4 ,mu* may be le>nt f ! ,gr4 ,gram4 ( ,goodw91 #f_/-2 ,ru!r=d1 #c_/f2 & ,sonn5s*e94 ,collections ( *os5 ,engli%3 ,hold51 ,foliorum ,c5turi2 ,wilk9s1 ,manual ( ,gr4 ,prose ,comp41 #e_/-2 ,s>g5t & ,dall91 ,mat]ials & ,models = ,gr4 ,prose ,comp4 ,h[ to tackle a piece ( ,engli%1 see ,sidgwick's ,lectures on ,gr4 ,prose ,comp41 & ,lectures on ! ,tea*+ ( ,composition1 #d_/f4 ,s>g5t's ,gr4 ,prose ,prim] 7v k71 #c_/f1 is /imulat+4 ,,v]se4 ,damon3 ,a ,manual ( ,gr4 ,iambic ,v]se 7v k71 by ,williams & ,r\se1 #b_/f4 ,hold5's ,foliorum ,silvula 7! be/ an?ology74 ,help may be obta9$ f ! ,greek v]se books ( ,sidgwick & ,morice 7v k71 7v71 ,s>g5t 7v71 & ,kyna/on 7v71 #d_/f4 ,,read]s4 ,riv+ton's ,s+le ,t]m ,read]s 7v71 l 8 ,lat9 read]s1 #i;d4 ea*2 recomm5d$4 ,heatley1 ,grcula 7v k71 #a_/f1 = beg9n]s4 ,sidgwick1 ,fir/ ,gr4 ,read+ ,book 7v71 #b_/f3 #ajj easy /ories1 ) "s gramm>4 ,ru%brooke1 ,fir/ ,gr4 ,read] 7v71 #b_/f2 ,bell's ,second ,gr4 ,read]1 #c_/-2 ,murray's ,f\r? 7specim5s ( dialects71 #d_/f1 & ,abbott's ,fif? 7,hom] & ! dramati/s71 #d_/f4 ,macmillan's ,gr4 ,read]1 /ories & leg5ds1 #c_/-4 ,mayor1 ,fir/ ,gr4 ,read]1 #d_/f4 ,! /ud5t _h bett] pass on z soon z possible to "s su* book z ! foll[+3 ,x5ophon1 ,easy ,selections1 ,philpotts & ,j]ram4 ,h]odotus1 ,battle ( ,m>a?on 9 ,attic ,prose4 ,h]odotus1 ,tales f1 ,atticis$1 ,f>nell1 #a_/f4 ,arrian3 ,selections1 ,walpole1 #a_/f4 ,lucian3 ,extracts1 ,bond & ,walpole1 #a_/f4 ,! next /ep w be to selections f ! ,attic ,orators3 ,riv+ton's ,middle ,=m ,greek ,read]s1 #a_/f ea*2 ,plato's ,crito or ,apology2 ,sidgwick's ,sc5es f ,greek ,plays4 ,,greek ,,& ,,lat93 ,,unse5 ,,translation4 ,j]ram1 ,anglice ,r$d5da1 ?ree s]ies1 #b_/f1 #c_/-1 #c_/-4 ,reid1 ,transl4 at ,sight1 #b_/f ea* "p4 ,spratt & ,pretor1 ,transl4 at ,sight 7k72 an extremely good selection ( difficult passages4 ,models3 ,jebb1 ,jackson & ,currie's ,translations1 & ,fox & ,bromley1 ,models & ,exx4 9 ,unse5 ,translation4 ,,antiquities4 ,g[1 ,companion to ,s*ool ,classics2 indisp5sable4 ,s*reib]1 ,atlas ( ,class4 ,antiq41 #ba_/-4 ,&]son1 ,atlas to ,hom]1 #ba_/-4 ,r\se1 ,atlas ( ,gr4 & ,rom4 ,portraits1 #a_/f ea* "p4 ,macmillan's ,manuals ( ,antiq41 #e_/- ea*4 ,murray1 ,h&b4 ( ,gr4 ,ar*ology1 #ah_/-4 ,j4 ,h>rison1 ,my?ol4 & ,monum5ts ( ,e>ly ,a!ns4 ,middleton1 ,rema9s ( ,anci5t ,rome4 ,lanciani1 ,ru9s ( ,anci5t ,rome & o!r works4 ,s*neid]1 ,das ,alte ,rom4 7,pictorial atlas ) maps2 excell5t47 ,,comp>ative ,,philology ,,& ,,textual ,,criticism4 ,p4 ,giles1 ,manual ( ,phil42 ! be/ h&y manual4 ,h5ry1 ,comp4 ,gram4 ( ,gr4 & ,lat4 ,k+ & ,cookson1 ,introd4 to ! ,comp4 ,gram4 ( ,gr4 & ,lat41 #e_/f4 ,l9dsay1 ,%ort ,hi/4 ,lat4 ,gram41 #e_/f4 ,m advanc$3 ,brugmann1 ,comp>4 ,gram4 ( ! ,indo-,g]m4 ,languages 7translat$74 ,! /&>d "w4 ,k+ & ,cookson1 ,pr9ciples ( ,s\nd & ,inflexion1 #ah_/-4 ,l9dsay1 ,lat4 ,language1 #ba_/-4 ,prellwitz1 ,etymolog4 ,wrt]b4 d] grie*4 ,spra*e2 good4 ,:>ton1 ,etyma ,grca & ,etyma ,lat9a4 ,?ompson1 ,gr4 & ,lat4 ,palography1 #c_/f4 ,,illu/rative ,,pictures ,,& ,,models4 ,cybulski1 ,tabul quibus antiquitates ,grc et ,lat9 illu/rantur 7,khl]1 ,leipzig74 ,wall pictures1 col\r$1 #d_/- or #e_/- ea*4 ,an excell5t s]ies4 ,launitz1 ,w&tafeln zur ,v]ans*auli*ung antik] ,leb5s und antik] ,kun/4 ,?r\gh ,deighton ,bell1 ,cambridge4 ,ca/s3 ,brucciani1 ,cov5t ,g>d5 7catalogue74 ,models3 ,inquire at ,museum ( ,tea*]s' ,guild1 ,g[] ,/41 ,london4 ,slides3 ! same4 ,field1 ,cat4 ( ,lant]n ,slides = ,fyffe's ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 #f;d4 ,roman catalogue prep>+4 ,catalogue ( ! slides 9 ! ,loan ,collection ( ! ,hell5ic ,society4 ,photographs1 etc43 ,catalogue ( ,engli% ,photographic ,company1 ,s4 ,c4 ,at*ley1 ,place de la ,con/itution1 ,a!ns4 ,a v full & *eap collection4 ,mr4 ,at*ley is well kn[n to ! writ]1 & /rang]s ne$ h no hesitation 9 writ+ & s5d+ money direct4 ,photographs are sold by ,g]man ,s*ool at ,a!ns4 ,! foll[+ ,greek photograph]s h good collections3 ,rhomades ,frres1 ,rue de ,nik1 #bd2 ,con/ant9 ,a?anasi\1 ,rue d',h]ms1 #f4 ,catalogues4 ,! ,levant3 ,bonfils ,co41 ,beyr\t1 ,syria2 & local photograph]s at ,con/ant9ople1 ,smyrna1 ,j]usalem & ,cairo4 ,pur*ases %\ld be made ?r\gh "s "o on ! spot4 ,italy3 ,somm] e ,figlio1 ,l>go ,vittoria1 ,napoli3 photographs & models4 ,collezione ,brogi1 & ! ,/abilim5to ,fotografico ,moscioni h l>ge *oice4 ,museums4 ,london3 ,/]eoscopic ,company1 ,cl>ke ,sons1 ,mansell ,co4 ,b]l93 ! ,museum publi%es a few 7catalogue74 ,p>is3 ,gir>don1 #ae ,rue ,bonap>te4 ,muni*3 ,bruckmann1 ,v]lagsan/alt fr ,kun/ 7see bel[74 ,publications4 ,d5kml] d] ,grie*4 und ,rm4 ,skulptur3 ,brunn ,bruckmann1 ,muni*4 ,magnific5t plates4 ,grie*is*e und ,rmis*e ,portrts3 ,arndt ,bruckmann1 ,muni*4 ,e9zelv]kauf3 photographs ( sculpture 7,bruckmann71 sep>ately ab\t #f;d4 ea*4 ,classical ,sculpture ,gall]y3 ,grevel ,co4 #ab_/- a ye>4 ,*eap reproductions ( all ! *ief works ( sculpture1 anci5t & mod]n4 ,bild] zur ,my?ologie und ,ges*i*te d] ,grie*5 und ,rm]n4 ,hoppe-,graes]1 ,vi5na4 ,,mod]n ,,languages4 ,by ,,doro!a ,,beale4 ,fir/ a few words on ! ord] 9 :i* languages %\ld be taught4 ,i d n ?9k t we %\ld make a *ange = ! bett] z reg>ds girls' education1 7 we to sub/itute ,lat9 = ,fr5*1 plac+ t subject fir/ 9 ord] ( "t4 ,x seems to me be/ to beg9 ) ,fr5*1 a language etymologically relat$ to our own1 & hav+ a simple grammatical /ructure4 ,ord] ( language tea*+4 ,secondly ,i pref] to take ,g]man1 ! gramm> ( :i* approa*es m ne>ly to ! classical models1 :il/ ! inflections are easi] to le>n ?an ! ,fr5*2 its etymology too n only ?r[s mu* light on our own1 b is m transp>5t1 :i* makes x a m$ium1 p]haps z valuable z ,greek1 f> m valuable ?an ,lat91 = %[+ ! ref9em5ts ( language1 ! poetry & philosophy fossilis$ 9 spee*4 ,?us ^? only take up ! classical languages :o h "s l+ui/ic p[]4 ,girls :o are unable to ma/] ! difficulties ( ! gramm> w nev] enc\nt] !m1 & z ! languages gradually increase 9 difficulty1 we c bett] fit ! means ( education to ! p[] ( ! pupil4 ,! classics =m1 x is true1 a key to mod]n tongues1 b on ! o!r h& mod]n tongues lead up to ,lat9 & ,greek1 & ,i believe ?is ord] is equally logical & answ]s bett] ) girls2 x is some?+ to op5 to !m ! lit]ature ( ,france & ,g]many1 some?+ to tea* !m languages1 s t !y %all f9d ! /udy 7z !y g5]ally d7 "o ( int]e/4 ,at any rate !re are f\r /ages at :i* we c leave beh9d ^? unable to cont9ue _! m>*1 & :o1 if we tri$ to br+ !m fur!r1 w\ld =m only a cr[d ( /raggl]s4 ,^? :o h a good k ( "o or two mod]n languages w h no great difficulty 9 tak+ up ,lat9 or ,greek say at f\rte5 or fifte54 ,!y w h a l>ge etymological /ore1 :i* w make x easy to acquire ! vocabul>y1 & !y w h to /udy only ! diff]5tia ( ! gramm>s ( ! diff]5t languages--may we n r say dialects8--( ! ,indo-,european /ock4 ,ne>ly all syntax rules w be already kn[n1 & a ,lat9 ,gramm> 9 :i* ! pr9ciples are br\ght out1 may take ! place ( "o writt5 = "y boys 9 :om ! grammatical faculty is rudim5t>y--9 :i* dogmatic rules only ab\nd2 dogma %\ld z f> z possible yield to pr9ciples1 :i* are intelligible & int]e/+ to eld] girls1 & ?is w help !m ov] ! necess>ily consid]able lab\r ( le>n+ ! inflections4 ,p]haps few w atta9 ! m9ute exhau/ive s*ol>%ip ( :i* "s m9ds are capable1 b _m w read ) ke5 enjoym5t2 "s girls :o h begun late h tak5 high places 9 univ]sity exam9ations4 ,mu* has be5 rec5tly writt5 on ! subject ( mod]n languages2 9 ! books edit$ by ,mr4 ,b>nett & ,dr4 ,sp5s]1 j publi%$1 to :i* ,i h frequ5tly ref]r$1 are excell5t pap]s4 ,i %all !re=e make my rem>ks on ! subject v brief4 ,9 ! fir/ is an excell5t pap] by ,mr4 ,/orr1 & ,dr4 ,sp5s] has writt5 a pap] ( ab\t fifty pages1 giv+ a full acc\nt ( ! mod]n sy/em ( tea*+4 ,x is "t t "s re=m took place4 ,! ,ox=d ,local ,exam9]s ( #ahif report$ ! ,fr5* z ph5om5ally bad4 ,9 #ahig ne>ly half ! s5iors fail$4 ,i h tabulat$ ! answ]s to ! few que/ions set by me to pupils ent]+ ov] twelve1 & ,i f9d1 tak+ "s two hundr$1 t n "o 9 t5 kn[s ! regul> v]bs1 & sc>cely any write v simple s5t5ces )\t egregi\s faults4 ,only oral tea*+ at fir/4 ,! fir/ tea*+ 9 mod]n languages %\ld c]ta9ly be oral4 ,9 ! k9d]g>t51 ,fr5* & ,g]man songs & simple s5t5ces may be taught 9 ! l[e/ =ms4 ,suppos+ t *ildr5 beg9 ab\t sev5 or eight1 x seems bett] !y %\ld n see writt5 ,fr5* at fir/4 ,if !y h le>n$ ! alphabet1 z ,i h sugge/$ 9 a =m] pap]1 !y w take "s int]e/ 9 ! new s\nds ( ,fr5* & might read f a phonetic transcription4 ,phonetic alphabet4 ,!re are good pap]s 9 ! 7,augu/ & ,septemb]1 #ahig7 ,j\rnal ( ,education on ?is subject by ,mr4 ,w>e1 ,mr4 ,kirkman & ,mons4 ,passy1 :i* ,i comm5d to my read]s4 ,i give a few extracts4 ,mr4 ,w>e writes3 8,9 ,g]many1 e tea*] has to r5d] himself capable ( tea*+ pronunciation1 & results prove t he succe$s4 ,9 v>i\s ,g]man tra9+ colleges1 !re are c\rses ( lectures on phonetics appli$ to ! /udy ( =eign languages4 ,x 0 ow+ to ! success att5d+ ! introduction ( phonetics 9 ! ,fr5* tea*+ 9 c]ta9 ,g]man s*ools t ,i 0 f9ally induc$ to try !m 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( ,fr5* tea*+ at ,brad=d4 ,! results h exce$$ my expectations40 ,?is is confirm$ by ,mr4 ,be>d] ( ,nott+ham4 ,he writes3 8,?\gh ,i h n us$ ! me?od 9 su* a ?or\gh & sy/ematic mann] z he has done at ,brad=d1 /ill ! results are su* z to conv9ce me t ,i am entitl$ to support ,mr4 ,w>e 9 8 refutation ( "o argum5t1 lett+ alone o!rs1 :i* ! oppon5ts ( phonetic tea*+ cont9ually br+ =w>d1 t "t is wa/$ 9 le>n+ ! two modes ( spell+04 ,common errors4 ,if x is n possible to get ! read+ taught phonetically1 us+ ! int]national alphabet1 ! use ( ! tables ( ,l>\sse w be a great help4 ,9 any case pieces :i* are le>n$ by he>t1 dialogues1 etc41 %\ld be repeat$ 9 ! class aft] ! ,fr5* tea*]1 be=e ! *ildr5 see ! book4 ,few ,engli% p h ev] le>n$ to di/+ui% ! s\nds ( ! f9al syllable 9 ! imp]fect & pass df9i or ! future & ! conditional or ! gradual op5+ ( ! s\nds z we pass ?r\gh e1 1 1 4 ,v few pron\nce u prop]ly :5 x prec$es ano!r v[el--lui is pron\nc$ looee4 ,v few obs]ve t a labial nasal be=e ano!r labial is *ang$ into a d5tal nasal1 ?us n impossible b inpossible1 & ne>ly all say le] = lee r4 ,*ildr5 are taught to read s unsy/ematically1 t if !y are told ^! ?+s !y =get !m1 & wa/e "t 9 repeat+ easy s\nds1 in/ead ( work+ at ! h>d ones4 ,*ildr5 %\ld n be set to le>n v]bs1 etc41 )\t hav+ fir/ repeat$ !m & practis$ ! s\nds ) _! tea*]s4 ,:5 !y d beg9 to read1 ! s\nd-table %\ld be hang+ up1 & %\ld be ref]r$ to1 t !y may correct _! errors !mselves4 ,^! pron\nc+ lessons %\ld g on 9 a room alone1 s t *ildr5 may speak toge!r 9 imitat+ ! tea*]2 !n %e %\ld s+le out individuals = diff]5t s\nds2 b ! :ole class %\ld nev] sit r\nd1 z is ! cu/om 9 "s s*ools1 & he> ea* ( _! companions read 9 succession a piece ( ,fr5* ) true ,briti% acc5t4 ,if !y li/51 _! "t is worse ?an wa/$2 if !y d n1 !y get habits ( inatt5tion4 ,! att5tion mu/ n be we>i$1 & if two or ?ree s\nds are acquir$ ea* week1 ! :ole w v soon be ma/]$1 & "t sav$ = ! repetition ( poetry1 = viva voce composition1 etc4 ,translation4 ,:5 *ildr5 beg9 to read1 we %\ld sp>e !m z mu* /upefy+ diction>y "w z possible1 b x is n well to let !m le>n ! vocabul>ies ( ! book )\t comm5t1 & !y %\ld be l$ f _! pa/ k to discov] ! mean+1 & z f> z may be1 get at ! root mean+ ( unkn[n words1 & see ! und]ly+ figure4 ,?or\gh "w is mu* quick] 9 ! end4 ,pascal's fa!r left 8 son ) a ,lat9 book1 & no diction>y1 to f9d out ! translation4 ,?is may be a c\nsel ( p]fection suit$ only to a ,pascal1 b !re are n _m words ( :i* *ildr5 c\ld n discov] ! mean+4 ,mu* m translation f ,fr5* into ,engli% %\ld be got ?r\gh ?an is usual2 *ildr5 ought soon to be able to read at sight4 ,"t ne$ n be wa/$ by he>+ all t has be5 prep>$1 b ea* c\ld be call$ on to translate "o s5t5ce1 & !n translation g on at sight4 ,vocabul>y4 ,! pupil %\ld h a small note-book 9 :i* ea* new ^w is ent]$4 ,?is book %\ld be divid$ into ?ree columns3 ! fir/ w conta9 ! ^w 9 its g5]al =m2 ! second ! root ( ! ^w ) its etymological mean+1 if kn[n1 or any cognate by :i* x may be rememb]$2 ! ?ird column1 ! prim>y & pr9cipal second>y mean+s4 ,e n\n %\ld h ! article be=e x2 ^! %\ld be le>n$ & repeat$ be=e ! next translation lesson4 ,! tea*] may also give gr\ps ( words1 d]ivatives ( ! root1 & by ?is means a copi\s vocabul>y w be 9 a %ort "t acquir$--! words once grasp$ w n be =gott54 ,! en?usia/ic tea*] w probably h to put a *eck on 8 zeal1 = if he is l$ (f too f> into etymologies1 he w get ?r\gh no translation4 ,aft] a little ! pupil %\ld beg9 to prep>e alone1 & to make 8 own ^w-book2 e translation %\ld beg9 ) ! inspection ( ?is book by ! tea*] & by ! he>+ ( ! words4 ,ex]cises4 ,s9ce ! acquisition ( correct habits is ! ma9 ?+ 9 le>n+ languages1 we %\ld be=e all ?+s prev5t ! acquisition ( wrong ones1 by lett+ pupils speak1 & write ex]cises be=e _! e> & eye h be5 tra9$4 ,!y %\ld n be all[$ to speak a language c>elessly1 to 8pick x up10 z ! phrase is1 incorrectly4 ,a mo/ p]nici\s practice is x to set girls to speak a =eign tongue toge!r4 ,! evil habits acquir$ _c possibly be undone 9 subsequ5t /udy4 ,i knew a ma/] ( languages :o refus$ to give lessons to ^? oblig$ to speak ?us4 ,he c\ld n1 he said1 9 a few h\rs a week1 correct ! bad ,fr5* le>n$ dur+ ! rema9d]4 ,le>n+ bad ,fr5*1 h[ev]1 is "o ( ! lea/ evils connect$ ) ?is practice4 ,any?+ des]v+ ! "n ( conv]sation is bani%$ :]e x is /rictly en=c$1 & s ! m9d is dw>f$ & /unt$1 & :5 girls leave s*ool1 !y are (t5 f\nd unable to talk except ^u trivial subjects1 & unable to express !mselves l rational be+s 9 any language4 ,i quote f ! rules ( ! matre phontique3-- ,re-translation4 8,le matre f]a tudi] les phrases les plus uselles1 des textes suivis1 dialogues1 descriptions et rcits1 aussi faciles1 aussi naturels et aussi intressants que possible4 ,il enseign]a d'abord la grammaire inductivem5t1 comme gnralisation des faits obs]vs3 une tude plus sy/matique s]a rs]ve p\r la f940 ,! translation book mu/ be made ! basis ( tea*+1 & ! e> famili>is$ ) ! correct =m by ! le>n+ ( good ,fr5*1 ! rules z f> z possible be+ f\nd inductively4 ,?us ! *ildr5 w obs]ve ! *anges 9 mon frre1 ma mre1 mes frres et mes surs1 & be able to make a table4 ,life is too %ort to f9d out all gramm>1 & s we %all ev5tually h rec\rse to collections ( grammatical =ms1 b ?is ne$ n be done until a good deal has be5 discov]$ by means ( s5t5ces =m$ = ! purpose4 ,easy passages %\ld be translat$ into ,engli% & back into ,fr5* accord+ to ,as*am's me?od4 ,?is %\ld prec$e ! writ+ ( ex]cises1 :i* may1 h[ev]1 be read at sight 9 class4 ,*ildr5 %\ld repeat v]bs int]rogatively & negatively ) pron\ns 9 _! places1 s t ! e> may be tra9$ be=e ! rule is discov]$4 ,fassna*t's books are good4 ,mrs4 ,bell's books too are useful = *ildr5 to le>n in/ead ( ord9>y dialogues4 ,x is impossible = !m to speak 9 a natural way1 :5 !y are m]ely giv+ ab/ract s5t5ces1 b !y c hold %ort conv]sations ) "o ano!r 9 an animat$ way1 & ^! c be taught viva voce 9 daily lessons4 ,composition4 ,monotony %\ld be avoid$1 & occasionally in/ead ( sett+ an ex]cise1 x is well = ! tea*] to relate a %ort /ory1 & let ! *ildr5 repeat :at !y c1 or write :at !y c rememb]2 b 9 all ^! ?+s we mu/ avoid z mu* z possible wa/+ _! "t by mak+ !m li/5 to "o ano!r's mi/akes4 ,ex]cises may be writt5 & a gramm> us$ lat]1 b if ! tea*] economises "t1 !re w rema9 en\gh 9 ea* lesson to prep>e pupils = ! writ+ ( ! next ex]cise & to w>n !m ( mi/akes !y w\ld o!rwise be likely to make4 ,i ne$ n repeat "h :at ,i h said "u ! head ( corrections & "t sav+ 7see p4 #bh1 introduction74 ,philology4 ,f9ally z reg>ds grammatical rules4 ,!re are d\btless _m =ms :i* mu/ be le>n$1 & rules :i* we mu/ treat z arbitr>y1 because we c see no reason = !m1 b ! m reasons we c %[1 ! m int]e/+ w language become1 & ! easi] to le>n4 ,?us *ildr5 are glad to discov] t ! t]m9ations are n my/]i\s lett]s = :i* !re is no reason1 b ! remnants ( pron\ns put on at ! end--t 9 ! ,fr5* future we get ! same z ! ,engli%1 8,i h to write10 only 8h0 comes aft]1 & 9 ! conditional1 8,i _h04 ,!y ne$ n !n le>n ^! t5ses1 only notice ! abbreviations4 ,! survival ( ! t 9 a-t-il & _m o!r ?+s w enliv5 ! gramm> lesson4 ,peile's delightful ,manual ( ,philology & ,d',arcy ,?omson's ,day-dreams ( a ,s*oolma/] are sugge/ive1 b ( c\rse ! m a tea*] kn[s ( philology1 ! m int]e/+ %e c make h] lessons1 & "o v]s$ 9 ! subject %\ld be f\nd 9 e s*ool4 ,rationale ( rules4 ,! nev]-end+ rules = ! pa/ p>ticiple may be at once dispos$ ( by j %[+ *ildr5 t ! p>ticiple be+ an adjective mu/ agree ) ! ^w x belongs to4 ,if ,i say1 8,i h writt5 a lett]10 ( c\rse 8writt50 belongs to lett] & !re=e x mu/ agree4 ,we ne$ n make !m ?9k ab\t :e!r x is subject or complem5t4 ,! only curi\s ?+ !y h to notice1 is t x does n agree :5 ! ^w x belongs to comes aft] 8h04 ,is x because ! ?\ght ( ! act ( writ+ is m pres5t to ! m9d :5 we say1 8,i h writt5 a lett]10 & we d n ?9k ( ! lett] z writt51 :]eas :5 ! lett] is objectifi$ to our gaze1 be+ repres5t$ by a pron\n1 we ?9k ( x r z a lett] writt58 ,! le>n+ ( a ?ird language w pres5t less difficulties4 ,if ! language is ,g]man we c1 by a few simple etymological laws1 get comm& ( a copi\s vocabul>y 9 a %ort "t4 ,! decl5sions (f] "s difficulty at ! outset1 *iefly on acc\nt ( ! adjectives4 ,b ! phonetic *ange is made 9 ord] to avoid ! repetition ( ! h>% s\nd s1 m1 r1 & !re=e :5 ?is occurs 9 a prec$+ pronom9al adjective1 x is dropp$ or s(t5$ 9 ! second adjective2 ?us ! e> guides1 & we h n to ?9k ab\t ! =ms2 "o has only to notice t 9 ! oblique cases x is weak5$ to n1 & 9 ! plural x is always n4 ,! ord] ( words (f]s difficulties too1 & we h a complicat$ con/ruction4 ,we h to fix our att5tion on ! functions ( words1 z we did n 9 a simpl] language1 = a :ole r[ ( words goes to make up an adjective1 & dep5d5t s5t5ces are con/antly tak+ ! place ( simple words4 ,insight !re mu/ be to see :at are dep5d5t s5t5ces1 & !n ! :ole p>aph]nalia ( rules ab\t c]ta9 conjunctions :i* require ! v]b to be s5t to ! end vani% too & we move freely4 ,ano!r difficulty is ! diff]5t uses ( prepositions4 ,9 ,engli% we g 8?r\gh0 ! /reet1 9 ,g]man 8on04 ,we g 8?r\gh0 a t[n1 ! ,g]mans 8ov]04 ,let ! diff]5ce ( ! conception be realis$1 & ! prepositions w come "r4 ,lit]ature4 ,x is a great pleasure to ^? approa*+ maturity to /udy a language made = metaphysics4 ,we _c read ,g]man )\t f9d+ ev]y:]e fossil poetry & philosophy1 & ! roll+ p]iods & ! gr& v]se /ir our s\l l a trumpet1 & we "k t we he> ! voice ( an h]oic p1 :o speak a language & ?9k ?\ghts ak9 to our own4 ,lat9 does n attract p]haps 9 ! same way2 ! milit>y precision ( ! ,lat9 classics has its *>m4 ,i feel /rongly t ,lat9 %\ld1 h[ev]1 prop]ly come aft] ,g]man1 specially = girls4 ,!re is a pe/il5tial atmosph]e 9 ! ,campania1 & "o ne$s to h "o's moral fibre brac$ by ! poetry ( ! ,hebrews & ( ,engl& & ,g]many1 if "o w\ld rema9 unaffect$ by writ+s saturat$ ) hea!n ?\ght4 ,^? :o are able to sp>e "t & /r5g? = ,greek1 & love poetry 9 all its =ms1 w delight inde$ 9 ! 8,w9e ( ,hellas10 & ) ! en?usiasm :i* !y w br+ to a new /udy !y w surm\nt 9 a %ort "t ob/acles :i* w\ld h delay$ !m = mon?s1 :5 !y _h less k ( co-ord9ate =ms1 less ta/e1 less insight1 less joy 9 wre/l+ ) problems & se>*+ into my/]ies4 ,if !re is n "t nor tal5t nor incl9ation = all1 !n ,i w\ld say pref] ,greek to ,lat94 ,! *ief ?+ = ! tea*] to d is s to tea* t ! pupil %all enjoy ! "w4 ,i d n mean t ! pupil %\ld be sp>$ h>d "w & drudg]y1 or be always expect+ to f9d honey on ,hymettus2 b d we n all "k t ! lab\r ( mak+ our way ov] rott5 glaci]s & up /ony mora9es is =gott5 :5 we /& on ! cre/1 & t all ! way we g1 we ?9k ( ! joy set be=e u1 :5 we %all atta9 to "s l(ty peak1 :5ce we c see ! out/ret*$ heav5s & ! sunlit e>?8 ,= ?is we mu/ ?r[ ourselves 9 ea* language ^u lit]ature--! =ms ( gramm> w be ! ladd] :]eby we m\nt4 ,& !n we %all return to our own native poets & ?9k]s1 ) m9ds enri*$ by =eign travel1 & ,milton w be ! int]pret] ( ! poetry ( ! _w--( anci5t & mod]n times1 ,sp5s] ( ! m$ival romances1 ,*auc] ( ! _w ( nature1 ,wordswor? & ,col]idge ( spiritual philosophy1 & we %all feel t we mu/ be wor?y ( s great an inh]itance1 & n trample "u our feet ! pe>ls1 ! preci\s jewels ( spee*4 ,d ,i seem unpractical8 ,x is j ^! ideas t are practical1 :i* we mu/ get our *ildr5 to see & to feel1 & !n ! burd5 ( e>ne/1 ?\ghtful lab\r w seem light1 & our ,engli% tongue w n be degrad$ by slov5ly pronunciation or ! use ( vulg> & inappropriate words4 ,,spell+ ,,re=m4 ,by ,,doro!a ,,beale4 ,let me e>ne/ly beg ( tea*]s n to put aside ! "q ( spell+ re=m z ( little mom5t1 b to d _! utmo/ to br+ x ab\t4 ,c x be to educators ( little mom5t t le>n+ to read1 in/ead ( introduc+ *ildr5 to an ord]ly sy/em1 reveals *aos1 & int]f]es ) ! t5d5cy ^u :i* all sci5ce is f\nd$ to expect law & ord]4 ,z ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] writes ,e ?+ t *ildr5 h to le>n 9 read+ & spell+ is irrational2 "o rule contradicts ! o!r1 & ea* /atem5t has to be accept$ simply on au?ority1 & ) a complete disreg>d ( ^? rational in/9cts1 :i* lie dormant 9 ! *ild1 & ought to be awak5$ by e k9d ( heal?y ex]cise4 ,i f9d x difficult to express my /rong s5se ( ! imm5se importance ( ?is re=m on gr\nds educational1 economic1 patriotic4 ,n only does our cacography oppose an enorm\s ob/acle to intellectual progress dur+ ! mo/ important ye>s ( m5tal developm5t1 & ?us squ&] bra9 p[] on useless "w1 x is also a wa/e ( money :i* is exp5d$ by ! upp] classes 9 =c+ on ! *ildr5 ( ! poor] a wa/e ( "t &--a sort ( useless prison-lab\r4 ,dr ,glad/one calculates t ! av]age bo>d-s*ool *ild sp5ds m ?an #bjjj h\rs 9 acquir+ ! arts ( read+ & spell+1 & t ! wa/e ( money is ov] #ajjjjjj4 ,?is 0 #bj ye>s ago2 ) increas$ grants1 ! loss ( money mu/ be f> m n[4 ,he also calculates ! wa/e ( capital 9 pr9t+ unnecess>y lett]s at ne>ly #bj p] c5t4 ,?is is only "o ( ! _m argum5ts = re=m1 :i* he puts mo/ cle>ly & =cibly4 ,mo/ ( ! ri*] *ildr5 h an indef9ite am\nt ( leisure 9 *ildhood1 & !y =get h[ long x took to le>n to read1 b *ildr5 9 elem5t>y s*ools groan "u a p$antic tyranny1 :i* imposes we>isome & useless lab\rs ^u ^? :o might o!rwise 9 _! %ort s*ool "t ga9 su* facility 9 read+1 t x w\ld be a pleasure ev] aft]1 & ! "t :i* is n[ wa/$ on spell+1 w\ld be available = mu* beside3 ,g]mans h "t to acquire =eign tongues1 b ,engli%m5 & ,fr5*m5 h n "t to acquire !m 9 addition to _! own spell+2 ei!r language f its simple /ructure might become a _w-wide tongue1 & !re w\ld be no ne$ ( ,volapuk4 ,i quote f ,pr(essor ,max ,mll]'s article4 ,accord+ to a ,liv]pool ,s*oolma/] ( great exp]i5ce x takes f #f to #g ye>s to le>n ! arts ( read+ & spell+ ) a fair am\nt ( intellig5ce4 ,i4 e4 ab\t #b4jjj h\rs4 ,a ,glasg[ s*oolma/] writes1 ,i h taught poor *ildr5 to read ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt aft] a c\rse ( ex]cises ext5d+ ov] no m ?an #f h\rs1 & a fa!r writes1 ,my boy :o is a few mon?s m ?an #d w read any phonetic book 444 & h[ long d y ?9k x took me to imp>t to him ?is p[]8 ,:y some?+ less ?an #h h\rs1 & t 0 9 snat*es ( five m9utes at a "t2 8 next bro!r a boy ( #f has _h a phonetic education1 :at is ! consequ5ce8 ,read+ 9 ! fir/ /age 0 s delightful t he taught himself to read4 ,my elde/ boy #aa ye>s old1 at a fir/-rate s*ool has c>ri$ (f ! prize = or?ography4 ,mr4 ,ellis1 :o did s mu* = education writes1 ,) ! phonetic sy/em ! ,prim] is ma/]$ )9 #c mon?s at mo/2 c>eful exp]im5ts h e/abli%$ #a7 t pupils may be taught to read books 9 phonetic pr9t 9 f #aj to #dj h\rs1 & t :5 !y h atta9$ flu5cy 9 read+ ord9>y pr9t1 ! pronunciation is mu* improv$1 ! int]e/ 9 /udy kept alive1 & a logical tra9+ ( endur+ value giv5 444 & !y acquire ! art ( ord9>y spell+ m readily ?an ^? in/ruct$ on ! old me?od4 ,let ^? :o ?9k ,i exagg]ate1 look into ,miss ,soames's introduction to ,phonetics1 & !y w m>vel h[ a =eign] c ev] le>n to read & write ,engli%--%e gives ! #cd ways 9 :i* we write ! indef9ite #8a' s\nd 9 al\d--! #bf = repres5t+ #8or'2 ! #ah = giv+ #8%' ! #bj repres5t+ #8n'1 #ah = #8k'1 & s on--,pagli>d9i enum]ates ! #dd ways 9 :i* #8oo' is writt5 & #cf = ! s\nd #8ee'2 ^? :o h tri$ to tea* =eign]s "k h[ hopeless x all seems4 ,pagli>d9i tells ( a "w publi%$ #ahfa on ,fr5* spell+1 :i* gives #afc +5i\s rules & occupies #bhe pages4 ,x is ass]t$ t #b lessons a week = #c ye>s w suffice4 ,h[ mu* bett] writes ,pagli>d9i w\ld ^! preci\s h\rs be sp5t 9 /udy+ noble ?\ghts 9 books1 ! hi/ory ( nations1 ! ma!matical sci5ces1 or ! laws by :i* ,god gov]ns ! univ]se1 or if conf9$ to words1 !n h[ mu* m int]e/+ & intellectual w\ld be _! decomposition into _! elem5ts1 %[+ _! aff9ity ) words 9 o!r languages4 ,:at a fund ( poetry might be f\nd 9 ! metaphors ( :i* words are ! abbreviat$ =ms4 ,all ?is1 n[ unop5$ to 8 view = lack ( "t1 w\ld be reveal$4 ,?is may be p>allel$ by ! spell+ book ( ! ,meiklejohn s]ies4 #8,spell+ ) sidelights f hi/ory4' ,x conta9s #aej pages1 gives _m rules1 & concludes ) "o ?\s& ( ! mo/ difficult words select$ f exam9ation pap]s4 ,m4 ,pitman has done good s]vice 9 pr9t+ & circulat+ = a v small sum v>i\s tracts1 & ,i hope my read]s w get "s1 specially ! pap] by ,pr(4 ,max ,mll]4 ,alas1 re=ms are sl[ :5 ! op9ion ( _m un?9k+ p]sons has to be =m$1 be=e !y c be c>ri$4 ,x ne$$ a pope to re=m ! cal5d>4 ,! ,we/m9/] ,review = ,sept4 #ahig has an article on spell+ re=m1 urg+ its great importance1 if ,engli% is to be a _w-wide language4 ,! impossibility ( gett+ a new alphabet adopt$ at lea/ = a long "t is urg$ z a reason = press+ m9or re=ms1 ! *ief be+ ! omission ( all useless lett]s4 ,?us we %\ld leve out awl ?os p]plex+ v[els 9 lev recev decev belev2 & !s *anges mit posibly be c>id ) sum slit e=t at wuns1 if sum popul> or?or wood requir 8 book too be pr9t$ foneticaly4 ,"s def5d our spell+ = philological reasons1 b x is unanim\sly condemn$ by philologi/s2 ,i "n ^? be/ kn[n 9 ,engl&--,pr(essor ,max ,mll] pron\nces x a national mis=tune1 & has writt5 an article aga9/ x--,pr(essor ,sayce & ,skeat1 ,ellis & ,sweet1 ,dr ,murray1 editor ( ! ,etymological ,diction>y1 condemn x1 & among/ l+ui/s1 ,pagli>d9i1 & sci5ti/s1 ,dr ,glad/one4 ,b ! *ief reason1 t we %\ld press =w>d ?is movem5t is1 t only ?us does x seem possible to av]t ! cata/rophe =e%ad[$ 9 an article on ! ,que5's ,engli% 9 ! ,review ( ,reviews = ,june #ahig4 ,dialectic v>ieties are aris+ 9 ! ,engli%-speak+ ,colonies1 :i*1 if un*eck$ by phonetic symbols correspond+ ) spee*1 w develop into diff]5t languages4 ,! long] we delay1 ! great] w be ! difficulty ( agree+ on a common notation--at pres5t ! diff]5ces ( op9ion betwe5 u & our colonies1 & ev5 betwe5 u & our ,am]ican c\s9s are slight1 b ^? :o h he>d ! ,engli% ( ! ,/ates spok5 by ! *ildr5 ( ,g]man immigrants1 w recognise ! dang]4 ,miss ,soames be=e h] dea? publi%$ read+ books 9 phonetic type1 & sp5t mu* "t & money 9 promot+ ! tea*+ ( ,engli% read+ on ?is sy/em1 & 9 introduc+ to ! notice ( ,engli% p ! alphabet ( ! ,association ,phontique ,int]nationale1 #aa1 ,rue de ,font5ay1 ,b\rg la ,re9e 7,se9e74 ,su* an alphabet w\ld be bett] ?an "o suitable = ,engli% only1 b if ,pitman's is ! only "o g5]ally available1 x is bett] to use t = elem5t>y s*ools1 & rememb] ! maxim #8le mieux e/ l'ennemi du bi5'--,= tea*+ ! "r pronunciation ( =eign languages1 le ,matre ,phontique is v valuable4 ,melville ,bell's ,visible ,spee* is a physiological alphabet ( m>vell\s +5uity--b p]haps too elaborate = g5]al use1 & ! conclusions at :i* he arrives are n always endors$ by ! *ief au?orities4 ,all /ud5ts ( phonetics w le>n mu* f read+ x4--,engli% visible spee*1 9 #ab lessons #ej c5ts1 ,volta bureau ,wa%+ton1 gives ! ess5tials ( ! sy/em--! l>ge "w co/s #d doll>s4 ,great ef=ts are be+ made 9 ,france to introduce an int]national phonetic alphabet4 ,if all c\ld agree on "o alphabet1 x w\ld be possible = a =eign] to read at sight any =eign language4 ,x is true !re w\ld be c]ta9 niceties ( pronunciation to be taught ,viva ,voce1 b ! pronunciation w\ld be v ne>ly correct at once4 ,i subjo9 a few specim5s ( writ+ & ! alphabet f #8l mtr fnetik' 7,le ,matre ,phontique74 ,! ,fr5* alphabet is v simple4 ,! consonants are z 9 ,engli% except = ! palatal n z 9 signe4 = * z 9 *amp--,ex4 %ut4 = z 9 je--,ex4 pleasure4 ,! v[els are pte tte i ni o cte u t\t a patte e d j yeux tort y tu seul w oui nasalises peu huile l5g!ns de ,! complete int]national alphabet :i* is subjo9$ requires m signs b ?is suffices 9 ,fr5*4 ,fr5*4-- kt yn fwa li kuram qu& une fois on lit c\ramm5t l ekrityr fnetik i syfi d klkz r l'criture phontique il suffit de quelques heures pur aprdr a lir l ekrityr rd9r4 p\r appr5dre lire l'criture ord9aire4 ,9 ,engli% we want = ? 9 ?ick !n1 = * 9 hue1 = ! guttural nasal1 = b1 a v[el n q ! same z seul1 = at-- ,engli%4--nau pint ai wnt tu get t iz hwe e sem deskripn kn bi givn4 7n[ ! po9t ,i want to get at is :e!r ! same description c be giv547 ,g]man4--vn vir uns 9 uns]m lnd rif dfyr hltn di lgm9 hr bildu ulisli auf di mdrn kultur tsu gryndn4 7,w5n wir uns 9 uns]m ,l&e reif dafr halt5 die algeme9e h"h ,bildung aus*liessli* auf die mod]ne ,cultur zu grnd547 ,,complete ,,alphabet ---------------------------------------- --------- ,la- ,gut- ,v- ,palatales,palatales ryn- tu- lairesd'arrire d'avant galesrales ---------------------------------------- --------- ,plosives q ,g k g c ,c ---------------------------------- ,o ,nasales ,n ---------------------------------- ,s ,latrales ,o ---------------------------------- ,n ,r\les ,q ,q ,r ,r ,n ---------------------------------- ,e ,s ,fricatives h ,h h 7 w7 x g 7 7 j ---------------------------------------- --------- ,v ,f]mes u y i ,o ---------------- ,y ,mi-f]mes o v e ,e ---------------- ,l ,mi-ouv]tes ,l ---------------- ,e ,ouv]tes a ,s ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------- - ,l+uales ,labiales ---------------------------------------- - ,plosives t d p b ,c -------------------------- ,o ,nasales n n m m ,n -------------------------- ,s ,latrales ,o -------------------------- ,n ,r\les r r ,n -------------------------- ,e f v ,f ,s ,fricatives 1 1 1 s z w ---------------------------------------- - ,v ,f]mes 7u y7 ,o ,y ,mi-f]mes 7o 7 ,e ,l ,mi-ouv]tes 7 7 ,l ,e ,ouv]tes ,s ---------------------------------------- - ,,hi/ory ,,z ,,an ,,educational ,,subject4 ,by ,,doro!a ,,beale4 ,def9ition4 ,! second subdivision ( ,"p ,i4 is ( great educational value4 8,hi/ory10 writes ,dr4 ,h>ris1 8reveals ! high] self ( man z organis$ 9 in/itutions4 ,= ! fir/ "t man comes to "k 8 sub/antial self1 :5 he comes to /udy hi/ory4 ,8 little self beholds 8 colossal self40 ,! ,man 8writ l>ge0 ( ,plato4 ,enl>ges sympa?ies4 8,hi/ory10 writes ,dr4 ,m>t9eau1 8enl>ges ! sympa?ies1 op5+ fre% cont95ts ( "* to m5tal survey1 ?r[+ human tones ^u ! e> 9 language unhe>d be=e2 x acts ^u ! judgm5ts ( consci5ce l =eign travel ^u ^? ( p]ception2 x imp>ts a bread? ( view unatta9able )9 a n>r[ circle4 ,! small] ! scale ( ! p]sonal lot1 ! m preci\s & ne$ful are ! fri5d%ips ( hi/ory4 8,! gr\nd plot ( a man's own de/9y may be closely %ut 91 b if he c f9d 8 way ?r\gh vani%$ cities1 he> ! plead+ ( ju/ice1 visit ! battlefields :]e ! infant life ( nations has be5 baptis$ 9 blood2 if he c /eal into ! prisons1 :]e lonely m>tyrs h wait$ _! dea?s2 if he c walk 9 ! g>d5 or ! por*1 :]e ! lov]s ( wisdom disc\rse2 if ! exp]i5ces ( 8 own c\ntry consecrate ! v soil--he consci\sly belongs to a gr&] life4 ,h5ce ! advantage :i* human /udies possess ov] e =m ( sci5ce1 ! sympa?y ) man ov] ! k ( nature4 ,!y are an enl>gem5t ( moral exp]i5ce1 & call into cont9ual ex]cise ! s5se ( "r & wrong4 8,9 wat*+ ! drama ( hi/ory1 ! s\l may be purifi$ by #8pity & fe>'4 #8,"h we f9d examples = judgm5t1 examples ( pati5t suff]+1 t t\* ! spr+s ( pity2 ( selfi%ness & cruelty t gnaw ! he>t ) hone/ indignation1 ( h]oic fai?fulness t fl+s across ! s\l a breeze ( resolution1 ( sa9tly love t diffuses ! v atmosph]e ( heav54'0#ag #ag ,h\rs ( ,?\ght4 ,m>t9eau4 ,supplem5ts ! tea*+s ( sci5ce4 ,9 hi/ory z 9 sci5ce we le>n facts t we may trace laws1 & hi/ory corrects by a l>g] outlook ! errone\s judgm5ts d$uc$ f a limit$ exp]i5ce4 ,hi/ory too seems specially useful z a complem5t to ! tea*+ ( sci5ce4 ,9 physics we f9d inexorable law4 ,admiration & fe> may be excit$1 b we look on ! inevitable2 we pass no moral judgm5t4 ,hi/ory & biography %[ u ! ,div9e gov]nm5t adapt+ itself1 s to speak1 to ! necessities ( man1 an education ( m5 & ( man1 we /udy a my/]y :i* attracts & baffles u2 we are able to pr$ict our _w's pa? 9 space & "t1 unable 9 ref]5ce to ^? l>g] regions beyond our 8little sy/ems0--regions1 h[ev]1 9 :i* we mu/ believe ! same laws1 physical & moral1 to be work+4 ,gives an outlook beyond "t4 ,hi/ory corrects ! judgm5t ( ! _w2 9 its pages we look only at dead m51 & we call him happy1 n :o has be5 successful1 b him :o has left ! _w bett] because he has liv$1 & s hi/ory rev]ses ! p]nici\s tea*+ :i* puts be=e ! "y success z ! ma9 object ( life1 & %[s u ! diff]5ce betwe5 noble & pitiful ambitions4 ,! h]oes ( hi/ory are ^? :o endur$ h>dness & liv$ & di$ = o!rs1 a ,h]acles1 a ,!seus1 a ,/4 ,l\is1 a ,gu/avus1 a ,wa%+ton4 ,! villa9s are ^? :o liv$ = self1 9 ease & spl5d\r1 & self-indulg5ce4 ,we f9d 9 ^!1 & /ill m 9 ^? 9 :om ! lights & %ades are less /rongly m>k$1 enc\ragem5ts & w>n+s = our own life1 & help 9 int]pret+ ! lives ( ^? ar\nd u4 ,h[ tawdry looks ! field ( ! clo? ( gold 9 ! light ( a lat] c5tury6 ,h[ silly seem ^? c\rti]s :o c>ri$ _! 8manors on _! backs06 8,he is wor? s mu*0 has a diff]5t mean+ = ! dead & = ! liv+2 ! dead h n1 !y are4 ,ea* noble life has left ! _w ri*] 9 spiritual en]gy1 9 ! p[] ( self-sacrifice1 9 great ideals1 9 true ri*es2 !re is a treasury ( sa9ts1 n ( a transf]able righte\sness1 b ( a trans=m+1 a transfigur+4 ,we c see t no noble life has be5 liv$ 9 va94 8,9 ! sight ( ! unwise !y seem to p]i%1 yet is _! hope full ( immortality20 ! corn :i* falls into ! gr\nd & dies be>s mu* fruit4 ,reveals progress ?r\gh ! ages4 ,la/ly if we include 9 ?is /udy n only ! hi/ory ( m5 & ( societies1 b ( ! intellectual & moral life ( man z a :ole1 n 8 desc5t b 8 asc5t1 hi/ory =ms a subject ( surpass+ int]e/ & en]gis+ hope4 ,we f9d !re enact$ ^u ! l>ge/ !atre ! daily recurr+ drama ( ! conte/ ( light ) d>kness4 ,we le>n h[ man's eyes h be5 gradually op5$ to ! wond]s ( ! visible univ]se1 & 8 s\l lift$ into ! regions ( ! invisible1 8 intellectual conceptions enl>g$1 8 high] be+ develop$1 & 8 desires purifi$2 hi/ory :i* disc\rages1 z we look at a n>r[ tract1 /r5g!ns our fai? 9 a ,div9e ord] ( progress1 z we take 9 ! l>g] regions ( "t2 ! waves seem (t5 to rec$e1 :ile ! tide advances1 ! />s seem to retrograde1 b x is because our little _w oscillates 9 space2 & s our fai? is /r5g!n$1 & our hope increas$1 & we le>n n patriotism m]ely1 b we cat* some?+ ( t en?usiasm ( humanity1 :i* %one ) uncl\d$ brightness 9 ! ,son ( ,man4 ,cultivates ! judgm5t4 ,ano!r use ( hi/ory1 rightly taught1 is to tra9 9 habits ( ju/ice & tru?fulness1 ?\gh x is too (t5 writt5 to s]ve p>ty ends4 ,x is n easy to be j4 ,! he>ts ( ! "y are naturally drawn out to ^? :o suff]4 ,if ! ,eikon ,basilike 0 n true1 we are incl9$ to say x mu/ h be5 true1 z we look ^u ,v&yke's picture1 see ! calm face ( ! m>tyr1 or read ! v]ses3-- ,he no?+ common did nor mean ,^u t memorable sc5e1 ,b b[$ 8 k+ly head ,d[n z ^u a b$4 ,/irs "r en?usiasm = h]oic m54 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 n let our sympa?y ) suff]+ bl9d u to ! fact t ,*>les fail$ 9 8 duty z a k+--t _h he be5 successful 9 :at he attempt$1 ,engl& mu/ h suff]$ f ! evils "u :i* ,france subsequ5tly groan$4 ,we mu/ po9t out t x 0 8 incurable deceit :i* br\ght him at la/ to ! scaffold4 ,b nei!r1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ we ignore ! fact t ,cromwell trampl$ on ! rights ( m51 t 8 0 a lawless ,gov]nm5t too4 ,we w\ld n1 h[ev]1 h t %am imp>tiality :i* pa9ts all m5 ( "o col\r & height1 :i* is incapable ( conceiv+ a h]o1 & contemplates crime ) calmness1 rem>k+ !re are always two sides to a qu>rel4 ,ne$ ,i say t ?r\gh\t1 ! tea*] mu/ /ir noble en?usiasms1 a wor?y emulation1 admiration = true manl9ess1 = virtue1 r\se sympa?y = ! oppress$1 zeal = "r--%[ t ! hi/ory ( ea* nation is t nation's ,bible--! ,book :i* tells ( ! ,heav5ly ,fa!r's c>e = x1 z manife/$ 9 ! incid5ts ( its life8 ,if address+ high] classes1 ! tea*] w po9t out1 z opportunity (f]s1 t ea* _h a "w to d 9 ! _w1 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 ,roman1 z ,miss ,w$gwood has %[n s well 9 ! ,moral ,ideal4#ah #ah ,moral ,ideal1 by ,julia ,w$gwood4 ,trbn]4 ,%[s ! dis9tegrat+ p[] ( unrighte\sness4 ,! "y mu/ le>n1 too1 t ! great pr9ciple is f\nd ev]y:]e1 t :at we s[ we mu/ reap 9 ! moral z well z ! physical _w--t ! selfi% neglect ( ! poor br\ght ab\t ! ,black ,dea? & gaol fev]s1 t ! selfi%ness1 rapacity & immoral gre$ fo/]$ by ,engl&'s unju/ claims on ,france1 br\ght its own puni%m5t2 ?is 0 se5 :5 ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w> end$ 9 ! int]nec9e /rife ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & l$ to ! ext]m9ation ( a selfi% ari/ocracy4 ,s too ! degradation ( ! high] classes1 say 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,france1 :i* l$ !m to reg>d ! l[] classes z sc>cely human1 br\ght ab\t ! fe>ful retaliation ( ! ,revolution4 ,or aga9 ! weal? ( ,spa91 fill+ ! nation ) pride & haught9ess1 0 actually h] ru92 by p]si/5tly de/roy+ or expell+1 by w> or p]secution1 all ! nobl] spirits1 ! nation 0 degrad$ 9 a few c5turies4 ,( c\rse ^! latt] lessons w be m suit$ to a high] class1 b some?+ ( x may be taught e>ly4 ,que/ions ( "r & wrong w ev] be aris+4 ,:at ought to h be5 done "u su* circum/ances8 ,is rebellion ev] ju/ifiable8 & :58 ,:at =ms ( gov]nm5t are be/8 is !re an absolute be/8 ,we %all see h[ %ort-sight$ is crime :5 we come to ! murd] ( ,cs>1 ( ,h5ry ,,iii41 ,h5ry ,,iv41 ,william ! ,sil5t4 ,! tea*] w n omit to look at ! hi/orical clock1 :5 ask+ :e!r acts 7 "r or wrong4 ,we mu/ d ju/ice to devotion1 :ile po9t+ out errors & crimes2 we mu/ be w>n$ by see+ t wrong de$s are (t5 done by ^? :o mean well2 we mu/ le>n t ?\gh error & ignorance is evil1 & we mu/ fight aga9/ bo?1 yet t good (t5 comes ( ! hone/ work+ out ev5 ( mi/ak5 op9ions2 t ?r\gh illusions we ga9 ! vision ( tru?4 ,tea*es by exp]i5ce4 ,! _m exp]im5ts ( ! pa/ %[ u too t evils :i* exi/ 9 a community _c be cur$ by m]ely *ang+ a =m ( gov]nm5t1 or gett+ rid ( ?is man or t man by viol5ce2 to d ?is is only to s[ dragon's tee?4 ,a nation is made up ( individuals1 & only by individual virtue c salvation come2 s p n[ seek to br+ ab\t ! well-be+ ( nations by education r ?an by revolution1 because fre$om )\t s5se to use x is an evil1 & a nation t is truly free w des]ve & obta9 free in/itutions4 ,z ,mazz9i says3-- ,tea*es ! solid>ity ( man 8,we mu/ conv9ce m5 t !y are all sons ( "o sole ,god1 & b\nd to fulfil & execute "o sole law "h on e>?2 t ea* ( !m is b\nd to live n = himself1 b = o!rs2 rights c only exi/ z a consequ5ce ( duties fulfill$1 & we mu/ beg9 ) fulfill+ duties 9 ord] to a*ieve rights4 ,we c obta9 our rights only by des]v+ !m ?r\gh our own _s ( love & sacrifice4 ,if we seek our rights 9 ! "n ( duties1 we %all obta9 !m4 ,if we seek !m 9 ! "n ( egotism1 or any !ory ( happ9ess & well-be+ prop\nd$ by ! tea*]s ( mat]ialism1 we %all nev] a*ieve o!r ?an a mom5t>y triumph1 to be foll[$ by utt] confusion40 ,"o may po9t out ! gradual progress :i*1 ) occasional recessions1 has1 we tru/1 be5 made4 ,"o may /ir 9 ! "y patriotism1 & an en?usiasm ( humanity1 & make !m feel a desire to d :at !y c to am5d ! evils ( _! own "t4 & ! duty ( ea* to ! community4 ,lessons ( political economy seem to me m important = girls ?an ! legislative conte/s ( con/itutional hi/ory4 ,!y _c ent] into ^! ) ! ke5 int]e/ ( boys1 :o may !mselves "o day be lawgiv]s4 ,all %\ld be taught t a selfi%1 wa/eful citiz5 is a disgrace1 a sort ( moral cat]pill>--le>n t selfi%ness1 s5suality1 falsehood1 "u :atev] disguises1 are dete/able1 :il/ a self-devot$ life is a h]itage = ev]4 ,we %\ld especially recognise ! faults ( our own nation 9 pa/ times1 & 9 ! pres5t too2 we %\ld desire ! elevation ( ! degrad$ classes1 & ea* %\ld feel t 8 life & example has at lea/ "s p[]1 t ea* ( u is responsible to m5 z well z to ,god1 t x is by noble en?usiasms1 by self-devotion1 by giv+ up "o to ano!r t human society is possible4 ,hi/ory1 l geography1 c be approa*$ two ways3-- ,me?ods ( approa*+ ! subject4 #a4 ,we may take ! map ( ! _w1 indicate its lead+ features & its political divisions4 #b4 ,we may take a small tract1 realise by description ! =m & beauty1 ! flora & fauna1 ! temp]ature1 ! sn[y peaks1 ! ru%+ riv]s1 ! sil5t />s1 ?9k x all out1 until we feel at home 9 ! l&1 "w up ?r\gh details ( topography to cle> conceptions4 ,9 tea*+ hi/ory1 ,i ?9k we ought to take "s k9d ( "t-map1 m>k out 9 x a few ( ! mo/ prom95t record$ facts1 tell some?+ ( ! h]oes1 aft] ^: names tracts ( "t h be5 call$1 trace out a few ( ! lead+ empires1 give l&m>ks4 ,) juniors4 ,!n we may1 aft] %[+ ! position ( a c]ta9 p]iod 9 ! _w-*>t1 "w x up 9 detail4 ,! way 9 :i* ea* p]iod %\ld be treat$ w dep5d mu* on ! age ( ! class4 ,) "y ones1 ! tea*+ w be m n>rative & biography2 ! memory & imag9ation w be *iefly call$ into play4 ,"s outl9e or %ort hi/ory %\ld be read by ! *ild1 ! mo/ prom95t ev5ts1 etc41 %\ld be ent]$ 9 a special hi/orical map4 ,! *ronological1 z well z ! geographical atlas1 %\ld always be at h&4 ,! tea*] %\ld g quickly r\nd ! class1 ask+ ea* *ild a few que/ions1 j to asc]ta9 :e!r ! "w has be5 prop]ly prep>$1 !n %e %\ld fill up h]self su* p>ts z w come home to ! class4 ,= "y classes1 ?\gh "s passages f good hi/ories may be read1 ! tea*] mu/ be prep>$ to give a great deal viva voce4 ,little *ildr5 d n take 9 s well :at is writt5 = old] p1 ! words are n adapt$ to !m1 nor ! mode ( expression4 ,besides1 ! tea*]'s eye is occupi$1 %e does n see :e!r %e is hold+ ! att5tion ( h] class4 ,true1 h] words may n be q well *os51 b %e w be able to make ! n>rative m life-l to ^? ^: m9ds %e kn[s4 ,b %e mu/ on no acc\nt try to le>n x up4 ,if %e w\ld relate well1 %e mu/ conjure up ! sc5e be=e h] own m9d1 c>efully pa9t 9 ! details1 & !n describe h] own vision1 wat*+ ! *ildr5 to see if !y1 too1 take x 94 ,b all mu/ n be told2 z f> z may be1 *ildr5 %\ld be l$ to anticipate4 ,?us 9 a n>rative ( a campaign1 g5]ally s dry & unpr(itable1 ! *ildr5 %\ld be l$ to consid] :at 7 ! aims1 :at w\ld be ! be/ way ( c>ry+ out op]ations1 :at po/s w\ld be occupi$1 :i* lead] *os51 h[ ! money w\ld be rais$1 etc4 ,!y w take great delight 9 f9d+ out ^! ?+s1 & n easily =get :at !y h discov]$2 x w accu/om !m to read 9 an intellig5t way1 s !y w be able to pr$ict to "s ext5t :at p are likely to d4 ,) s5ior classes4 ,! eld] classes %\ld read "s l>ge hi/ory1 if possible "s orig9al au?ority1 & ?us le>n to read = !mselves1 to exam9e ! /atem5ts set be=e !m1 & to sift evid5ce4 ,! *>act]s ( ,ri*>d ,,ii4 & ,ri*>d ,,iii41 ( ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots & ,elizabe?1 ( ! ,/u>ts & ,cromwell1 ( ,laud & ,bacon1 w =m good ex]cises 9 ! discussion ( probabilities1 & tea* caution & mod]ation 9 ! judgm5ts ( daily life4 ,= eld] classes1 too1 we may make great use1 n only ( ,%aksp]e1 b ( ! be/ hi/orical novels4 ,= ! tea*+ ( high] classes ,i may po9t to ! foll[+ pap]s & add also a *apt] on "t-maps4 ,,tea*+ ,,mod]n ,,hi/ory ,,to ,,s5ior ,,classes4 ,by ,,alice ,,&rews4 ,girls1 ,k is n[ no m a f\nta9 seal'd2 ,dr9k deep1 until ! habits ( ! slave1 ,! s9s ( empt9ess1 gossip & spite ,& sl&]1 die4 ,! ,pr9cess4 ,introductory4 ,9 tea*+ hi/ory our aim %\ld be n to miss ! 8_s0 ( ! p]iod we are tak+4 ,we h to inquire :at =ces are at "w m\ld+ ! "* ( ! nation1 & to e/imate ! results !y produce4 ,we h to f9d ! place our p]iod holds 9 build+ up ! national hi/ory4 ,ea* p]iod has a h]itage f ! pa/1 ea* h&s on its legacy = ! future--( w>n+ f failure or f a success :i* is m disa/r\s ?an failure--( enc\ragem5t f victories1 n necess>ily ( ! battlefield1 & :i* p]haps 7 won at ! co/ ( noble lives will+ly1 ev5 joyfully1 (f]$4 ,!re h be5 p]iods ( ignoble w>s1 su* z ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w>1 :5 ,engli%m5 7 brutalis$ by murd] & rap9e1 ru9+ a p too deeply sunk 9 mis]y to def5d !mselves4 ,& retribution ov]took ! nation z x ov]takes ! individual4 ,our own ,w>s ( ! ,roses 7 ! fruit ( ! unju/ w>s 9 ,france4 ,!re h be5 p]iods ( ignoble peace1 :5 8peace ) di%on\r0 might h be5 ,engl&'s motto1 :5 =eign troops 7 subsidis$ to protect ! %ores t ,engli%m5 7 too crav5-he>t$ to def5d !mselves1 :5 en?usiasm 0 ridicul$ z 8mock patriotism10 & political re=m]s 7 nicknam$ 8boy patriots04 ,corruption 0 r$uc$ to a sy/em1 & ,walpole believ$ t e man _h 8 price4 ,! ,*ur* 0 p>alys$ by spiritual deadness4 ,individual m5 /& out z w>n+s or examples4 ,ri*>d ,,ii4 appe>s fir/ z full ( noble impulses1 a born lead] ( m51 b 8 crime det]m9es 8 life4 ,to rid himself ( ! man :o kn[s 8 crime1 he bani%es ,norfolk = life2 ! o!r1 :o suspects x1 he bani%es = a t]m ( ye>s1 & ?is is r$uc$ at ! int]cession ( old ,gaunt4 ,ei!r ! puni%m5t 01 or 0 n1 j4 ,if j1 x ought n to h be5 r$uc$ on petition2 if unju/1 x ought nev] to h be5 inflict$4 ,h5ce=w>d ,ri*>d rapidly det]iorates3 he seizes ,gaunt's l&s 9 spite ( 8 promise to ! abs5t ,bol+broke1 9 spite ( ! w>n+ ( 8 uncle ,york3-- ,take ,h]e=d's rights away & take f ,"t ,8 *>t]s & 8 cu/om>y rights444 ,y pluck a ?\s& dang]s on y\r head1 ,y lose a ?\s& well-dispos$ he>ts1 ,& prick my t5d] consci5ce to ^? ?\ghts ,:i* hon\r & allegiance _c ?9k4 ,ri*>d has himself set ! example ( disreg>d ( o!rs' rights1 & makes x possible = ,bol+broke to return 9 ! "n ( ju/ice & raise ! c\ntry aga9/ ! k+4 ,previ\s k4 ,! tea*] ( hi/ory 9 ! old] classes ought to be able to assume a correct k ( ! mo/ important facts & dates at lea/ 9 ,engli% hi/ory4 ,^! are v easily le>nt 9 *ildhood & mo/ difficult to acquire by old] girls4 ,^? :o h be5 tra9$ on ! hi/orical *>t are acqua9t$ ) ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ea* c5tury1 & ! pr9cipal ev5ts 9 x1 & h no difficulty 9 gr\p+ fre% k r\nd c5tral well-kn[n facts1 j z ! geographical /ud5t c fill 9 ) increas+ complet5ess a map f memory4 ,comp>atively few are tra9$ 9 any k ( =eign hi/ory1 & ,i h kn[n n a few gr[n-up girls f9d ! greate/ difficulty 9 ma/]+ ! lead+ names & ev5ts 9 ,fr5* & o!r ,european hi/ory4 ,9 ?is respect o!r nations are beyond u4 ,=eign girls1 bo? ,fr5* & ,g]man1 are tra9$ to connect ! hi/ory ( _! own c\ntry ) ! g5]al c\rse ( ev5ts1 & "k ! facts ( ,european hi/ory z a :ole4 ,! abs5ce ( ?is k 9 ,engli% girls makes ! /udy ( =eign policy unnecess>ily difficult to !m4 ,cont9uity ( hi/ory4 ,9 outl9e hi/ory1 pa9t ) a ?ick bru%4 8,"o c't see ! wood = ! trees 9 x0 might too (t5 be ! criticism ( ! pupil on a lesson4 ,! consci5ti\s tea*] tries to omit no?+1 ! consequ5ce 9 ! pupil's m9d is bl9d confusion4 ,! pr9ciple ( selection rules "h if any:]e4 ,we mu/ aim at avoid+ ! defect :i* ,"l ,acton d5\nces z 8! want ( an en]getic und]/&+ ( ! sequ5ce & real significance ( ev5ts1 :i* 444 is ru9 to a /ud5t ( hi/ory4 ,x is play+ at /udy 7he cont9ues7 to see no?+ b ! unmean+ & unsugge/ive surface z we g5]ally d40 ,we want in/ead to trace 9 broad outl9e ! cont9uity ( hi/ory--= in/ance1 look at ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses 9 ?is light4 ,h[ d !y /& 9 relation to con/itutional developm5t8 ,:ile ! nobles 7 at w>1 ! commons 7 ga9+ victories1 bloodless x is true1 b m la/+ ?an any ga9$ on battlefields4 ,x 0 a "t ( imm5se con/itutional developm5t4 ,& yet ^! victories 7 practically wor?less = ! mom5t4 ,:at advantage 0 x to ! victim ( ! 8ov]mighty subject0 t ! ,/atute ,book provid$ = 8 rights & lib]ties8 ,! 8,pa/on ,lett]s0 give a vivid picture ( ! impot5ce ( ! ord9>y subject to get ! law en=c$4 ,:at ! c\ntry ne$$ 0 /rong gov]nm5t1 n political privileges4 8,con/itutional developm5t _h outrun adm9i/rative ord]10 _h outrun1 t is to say1 ! g5]al po9t ( developm5t rea*$ by ! nation at l>ge1 & ! ,tudors came 91 s to speak1 on ! programme ( /rong gov]nm5t4 ,! ,tudor rule repres5t$ ! two great pr9ciples ( ord]ly adm9i/ration & ev5-h&$ gov]nm5t4 ,x ne$$ a dictator%ip to accompli% ! task4 ,! task 0 complet$ at ! ,armada1 & ! c\ntry took back ! tru/ at ! accession ( ! ,/u>ts4 ,t ! ,/u>ts fail$ to recognise ?is1 0 ! cause ( ! long con/itutional /ruggle t culm9at$ 9 ! ,civil ,w>4 ,once m con/itutional developm5t proce$s1 b n[ ! nation is keep+ pace ) x4 ,topical or sectional arrangem5t4 ,! subject ( sectional z oppos$ to *ronological tea*+ seems to belong "h1 = ^u x dep5ds ! v ess5ce ( cle>ness 9 tea*+4 ,if pupils h be=e !m ! "t-map1 or *ronological *>t1 already ref]r$ to1 ! tea*] c ) great] fre$om treat ! subjects sectionally1 = be=e ! eye ( ! pupil are gr\p$ all ! p>allel ev5ts 9 ea* squ>e repres5t+ "s def9ite space ( "t4 ,to tea* *ronologically may seem m accurate p]haps1 b really too (t5 produces hopeless confusion 9 ! m9d ( ! pupil--! ?read is lo/ 9 tak+ up _m diff]5t subjects1 e4g41 9 ,elizabe?'s reign1 ,i w\ld take z sep>ate sections h] relations ) ,scotl&1 necessitat+ a review ( ,scot* affairs g5]ally1 & ! s]ies ( plots = releas+ ,que5 ,m>y2 ,elizabe?'s policy ) reg>d to 7a7 ! ,anglican ,*ur*2 7b7 ,roman ,ca?olics2 7c7 ,prote/ant ,noncon=mi/s2 h] ,iri% policy2 h] =eign policy illu/rat$ by h] 8c\rt%ips02 ! dome/ic hi/ory ( ! reign & s on4 ,! diff]5t sections t\* sometimes1 b x only adds to ! int]e/ to illu/rate ! new section f "o already kn[n4 ,s 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 ,i w\ld n foll[ ! c\rse ( ev5ts = ea* sep>ate ye> on ! ,cont95t & 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,india1 b ,i w\ld take ! :ole c\rse ( ! w> 9 ,europe1 expla9+ :y x 0 n only ju/ifiable b a /roke ( g5ius 9 ,pitt1 to d :at he _h himself d5\nc$ 9 ! 8,hanov]-troop m9i/]10 & by utilis+ =eign troops = ,engl&'s w> on ! ,cont95t1 set h] free to foll[ h] true int]e/s 9 ! colonies1 & ,i w\ld trace z sep>ate sections ! lay+ ( ! f\ndations ( h] _w-empire 9 ,india & 9 ,canada4 ,syllabus ( lessons4 ,?is me?od ( tea*+ presupposes t a s*eme has be5 drawn out = ! c\rse4 ,if possible ! s*eme %\ld be giv5 to ! class 9 ! =m ( a syllabus ( ! lessons4 ,if pr9t+ is too exp5sive1 x is wor? :ile to cyclo/yle copies oneself4 ,! value ! class atta*es to !m is suffici5t rew>d = ! tr\ble1 & !y become a model to ! girls on :i* to arrange _! own /udy ( hi/ory 9 po/-s*ool days4 ,examples ( su* a syllabus = ,engli% hi/ory & ,fr5* hi/ory lessons w be f\nd at ! end ( ! pap]4 ,illu/rations3 7a7 ,hi/orical atlas4 ,! hi/orical map ought to be ! insep>able accompanim5t ( ! hi/ory lesson1 & 9 ?is respect !re is ne>ly ev]y?+ to be wi%$ =4 ,good wall maps ) bold col\r+ 9 :i* ! outl9es ( diff]5t t]ritories c be se5 f a di/ance1 & 9 :i* ! names are cle>ly pr9t$ 9 ,engli%1 h yet to be f\nd4 ,to use a mod]n map 9 do+ ,fr5* outl9es or o!r cont95tal hi/ory is mo/ mislead+1 & yet too (t5 ?is is all ! tea*] has at h&4 ,!re is ,sprn] ( c\rse1 b ev5 if ! s*ool c af=d ^! exp5sive maps1 !y are n v satisfactory = ! ord9>y class2 ! col\r+ is n di/9ct1 & ! map is s ov]cr[d$ ) names t x is difficult to f9d at a glance ! places "o wants4 ,!y are r = private & m9ute /udy ?an = class "w4 ,! publi%]'s explanation is t !re is n a suffici5t dem& to make x wor? :ile to br+ out hi/orical maps1 an incid5tal illu/ration ( h[ little att5tion is giv5 9 ,engli% s*ools to cont95tal hi/ory1 :ile a class map ( ! ,roman ,empire c be f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,at pres5t ! tea*] is =c$ to make h] own maps4 ,if %e is happy en\gh to h old pupils ) a tal5t = map-draw+1 %e c gradually make a collection ( maps enl>g$ f ^? 9 good hi/ories2 ! maps 9 ,kit*9's ,hi/ory ( ,france are invaluable = ?is purpose1 b ,kit*9 provides no?+ = ! p]iods ( ! ,italian exp$itions1 & ^! h to be adapt$ f ,sprn]4 ,g>d9]'s ,/ud5t's ,atlas provides :at is necess>y = ! pupil 9 ! ,engli% hi/ory class2 !re is a small *eap ,g]man atlas = g5]al hi/ory 7,putzg]1 #b m>ks71 b x is n v satisfactory = ! ord9>y ,engli% s*oolgirl1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! names is puzzl+4 ,:at is want$ is a /ud5t's atlas = cont95tal1 especially ,fr5* hi/ory1 at a reasonable price4 ,b ev5 giv5 ! atlas1 x rema9s = ! tea*] to f9d an unfail+ receipt by :i* to ensure its use4 7b7 ,blackbo>d ,n ! lea/ "p ( ! value ( a syllabus 9 ! h&s ( a pupil1 is ! sav+ ( "t x makes 9 ! lesson1 o!rwise ! blackbo>d mu/ be us$ = unfamili> names & words4 ,! m]e/ glance ?r\gh a pupil's r\gh notes ( ,fr5* hi/ory w be a suffici5t pro( ( ?is4 7c7 ,fir/-h& acqua9tance ) au?orities4 ,besides ! text-book1 :i* e pupil %\ld possess1 no tea*] ( old] girls w be satisfi$ unless !y read at lea/ passages f ! au?orities on ! p]iod4 ,! difficulty is to provide a suffici5t numb] ( copies = a l>ge class1 or any copies at all1 beyond ^? possess$ by ! tea*] or ! s*ool3 ?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 may be met4 ,!re are always girls :o are glad to h good books sugge/$ = ,*ri/mas or bir?day pres5ts1 & :o beg9 a really nice libr>y ( _! own 9 ?is way4 ,b a class-libr>y c be =m$ )\t mu* tr\ble4 ,! nucleus ( a class-libr>y be+ made by ! necess>y books = "o ye>'s "w1 ! girls c be ask$ to leave a simil> legacy = _! successors4 ,a li/ ( books want$1 ) _! prices1 c be prep>$1 & x w be f\nd t sev]al w comb9e to give really exp5sive books1 & 9 ?is way ! class c comm& ! use ( sets ( ,/ubbs1 ,fr\de1 ,g>d9]1 ,ranke1 ,lecky1 etc41 besides small] books l ! ,great ,/atesm5 ,s]ies4 ,s9ce x is impossible = girls ) _! limit$ "t to read ! :ole ( ! big hi/ories1 ! tea*] w f9d x a valuable practice to dictate ! numb]s ( ! pages 79 "o or m volumes7 be>+ ^u h] lesson1 :i* ! girls %\ld read4 ,!y are ?us tra9$ to use au?orities1 & ?is is be+ recognis$ m & m z ( ! fir/ importance4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 girls dep5d$ entirely ^u _! notes1 & ! misspell+ ( names ( hi/orians %[$ t _! k ( great writ]s 0 second-h&4 ,b :5 !y get a fir/-h& acqua9tance ) hi/orians l ,fr\de1 ,g>d9]1 ,seeley1 ,ranke1 ,lecky1 !y are ins5sibly be+ tra9$ to be satisfi$ ) no?+ b ! be/4 7d7 ,contempor>y writ+s3 *ronicles4 ,! p]iod %\ld be /udi$ by ! tea*]1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! pupil1 9 contempor>y writ]s4 ,*ronicles are delightful read+4 ,:o t has once le>nt to "k ,sa9t ,l\is ( ,france 9 ! pages ( 8 fai?ful s5es*al1 c fail to brea! ! v atmosph]e ( ! "t8 ,de ,jo9ville %[s him :at a lat] prea*] call$ him1 8! mo/ loyal _s ( 8 age04 ,aga9 no weighty diss]tations on ! small acc\nt 9 :i* human life 0 held 9 ! ,middle ,ages w\ld be s conv9c+ z ! incid5tal contemptu\s rem>ks ( ! c\rti]-*ronicl] ,froiss>t4 ,! exquisite c\rtesy to a ,de ,ribeaumont 0 q compatible ) ! halt]s = ! six citiz5s ( ,calais4 ,& to take "o m illu/ration q late on 9 ! c5turies--:at a gulf sep>ates ante-,re=m times f our own6 ,h[ expressive ( ! haughty l&$ ari/ocrat are ^! words ( ! ,du*ess ( ,buck+ham aft] condesc5d+ to li/5 to ! ,wesleyan prea*+3 8,i ?ank y\r lady%ip = ! in=mation conc]n+ ! ,me?odi/ prea*]s4 ,_! doctr9es are mo/ repulsive & /rongly t9ctur$ ) imp]t95ce & disrespect t[>ds _! sup]iors1 9 p]petually endeav\r+ to level all ranks & to d away ) all di/9ctions4 ,x is mon/r\s to be told t y h a he>t z s9ful z ! common wret*es t crawl ! e>?4 ,?is is highly (f5sive1 & ,i _c b wond] t y\r lady%ip %\ld reli% any s5tim5ts s mu* at v>iance ) high bir? & good bre$+40 ,full li/s ( contempor>y writ]s w be f\nd 9 ,traill's volumes on ,social ,engl&1 :i* z 8a record ( ! progress ( ! p 9 ,religion1 ,laws1 ,le>n+1 ,arts1 ,indu/ry1 ,comm]ce1 ,sci5ce1 ,lit]ature & ,mann]s1 f ! e>lie/ times to ! pres5t day10 meets p]haps ! greate/ want ( ! ord9>y tea*]1 to :om no "o g5]al hi/ory ( social progress 0 be=e accessible4 7e7 ,hi/orical pictures4 ,z illu/rations !re are also hi/orical portraits1 contempor>y pictures ( hi/oric sc5es1 & pictures ( co/umes4 ,mo/ s*ools n[ subscribe to ! 8,art = ,s*ools ,association10 & c make a v good portrait gall]y ( _! own4 ,! spl5did collection ( hi/orical co/umes design$ by ,mr4 ,lewis ,w+field = ! ,heal!ries c /ill be se51 ,i believe1 & a few ( !m h be5 reproduc$ by him 9 a book ) descriptive lett]press4 ,exhibitions1 l ! ,tudor & ,/u>t1 are mo/ valuable to ! realisation ( hi/ory1 & visits to hi/orical build+s are )9 ! possibilities ( mo/1 & add great ze/ to _m a holiday bo? = tea*]s & girls4 ,x is impossible to =get ! circum/ances ( ! ,dauph9's coronation at ,rheims1 aft] /ay+ :]e ,joan ( ,arc /ay$ & /&+ 9 ! ca!dral1 :]e %e witness$ ! fulfilm5t ( h] mission4 7f7 ,hi/orical poems1 ,%aksp]e's plays1 hi/orical novels4 ,passages f hi/orical poems or f a ,%aksp]e play (t5 add to ! int]e/ ( a lesson2 z ! *all5ge-sc5e f ,ri*>d ,,ii41 ! trial-sc5e f ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,milton's sonnet on ! massacre 9 ,pi$mont1 ,sp5s]'s ,gloriana & ! false ,duessa = ,elizabe? & ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots4 ,& 9 q mod]n hi/ory ,mrs4 ,hamilton ,k+'s ,disciples1 ,sw9burne's ,songs be=e ,sunrise1 ,mrs4 ,br[n+'s ,peace ( ,villafranca1 all give expression to ! passionate long+ = fre$om ( ,italy4 ,p]haps no?+ makes hi/ory m real ?an a good hi/orical novel4 ,bulw]-,lytton's ,la/ ( ! ,b>ons makes ! figure ( ,w>wick z lifelike z t ( any m9i/] ( our own day4 ,edw>d ,,iv41 ,cl>5ce1 ,ri*>d ,,iii4 h ea* _! individuality1 & s has t %ad[y pr9ce :o 0 kill$ at ,tewkesbury1 :ile ,isabella ,neville /&s out = ev] di/9ct f h] g5tle1 timid si/] ,anne4 ,john ,+lesant gives ! v _s ( ! ,*>les ,i4 p]iod--cavali]s & ladies coquett+ ) ! classics 9 ! le>n$ ,ox=d halls1 ! devotion1 ev5 to ! dea?1 ( ! ,jesuit-tra9$ ,john ,+lesant1 & ! midnight app>ition ( ! murd]$ ,/raf=d to ! k+1 = :om he _h laid d[n 8 life4 ,x is q wor? :ile to put up a li/ ( hi/orical novels be>+ on _! p]iod1 = old] z well z = y\ng] classes4 ,home-"w3 7a7 ,viva-voces4 ,h[ are we to te/ ! "w done by ! pupils8 ,"l ,acton quotes f ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton3 8,i mu/ reg>d ! ma9 duty ( a pr(essor to consi/1 n simply 9 communicat+ in=mation1 b 9 do+ ?is 9 su* a mann] & ) su* an accompanim5t ( subsidi>y means1 t ! in=mation he conveys may be ! occasion ( awak5+ 8 pupils to a vigor\s & v>i$ ex]tion ( _! faculties04 ,by means ( viva-voce que/ions & pap] "w1 ! class %\ld be te/$ betwe5 ea* lecture4 ,! object ( ! tea*] is to f9d out ) z little exp5diture ( "t z possible1 t ! "w set has be5 ?or\ghly done4 ,i "k no bett] means ( do+ ?is ?an by :at are call$ writt5 viva-voces4 ,! tea*] prep>es two sets ( que/ions call$ respectively ,a & ,b4 ,! alt]nate girls write ! answ]s to ! ,a & ,b que/ions 9 small ex]cise books :i* !y keep = ! purpose4 ,!y rule two m>g9s1 ! left-h& = ! numb] ( ! "q1 ! "r-h& m>g9 is us$ by ! corrector4 ,t5 m9utes c te/ an h\r's lesson4 ,! books are *ang$ s t ! ,bs correct ! "w ( ! ,z1 & h to att5d to ! answ]s ( ! que/ions !y did n d4 ,! tea*] repeats al\d ! answ] to ea* "q4 ,ea* corrector signs h] "n & puts ! m>k obta9$4 ,! tea*]1 :5 %e looks ?r\gh ! books aft]w>ds1 c ?us br+ home any c>eless correction to ! "r p]son1 & any?+ l fav\ritism 9 correct+ is prev5t$4 ,?is viva-voce "w ensures accurate k ( facts1 & ,i h kn[n girls f9d x suffici5tly useful1 to cont9ue ! same sy/em among !mselves aft] !y h gone up to ! univ]sity4 7b7 ,essay-writ+4 ,! mo/ valuable ex]cise = ! pupil is ! writ+ ( essays4 ,^! may beg9 on a subject already dealt ) 9 class 7c>e be+ tak5 t ! essay is n a reproduction ( notes ( ! lesson71 b ! pupil w soon be tra9$ to read & ?9k out = h]self subjects :i* %e has n previ\sly he>d discuss$4 ,%e w le>n exp]im5tally :at ,"l ,acton calls1 8^? %9+ precepts :i* are ! regi/]$ prop]ty ( e s*ool1 t is to say1 le>n z mu* by writ+ z by read+2 be n cont5t ) ! be/ books1 seek sidelights f ! o!rs2 h no fav\rites2 keep m5 & ?+s ap>t2 gu>d aga9/ ! pre/ige ( great names2 see t y\r judgm5ts are y\r own & d n %r9k f disagreem5t2 no tru/+ )\t te/+2 be m sev]e to ideas ?an to actions2 d n ov]look ! /r5g? ( ! bad cause or ! weakness ( ! good04 ,! giv+ back ( ! essays ought to be a v valuable lesson4 ,happy passages %\ld be read al\d1 weak passages criticis$1 ea* pap] e/imat$ z a :ole1 & ! pupil ought to leave ! class1 feel+ t if ! "w 7 to be done aga91 %e at lea/ und]/&s ! g5]al drift ( ! subject & c\ld treat x m adequately ?an be=e4 ,i v5ture to illu/rate my mean+1 ! subject set be+ a discussion ( ! policy ( ,francis ,i4 9 8 relations ) ,*>les ,v4 ,! essay %\ld %[ t ,francis ,i41 l 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! ,italian exp$itions1 ,*>les ,,viii4 & ,l\is ,,xii41 fail$ to realise 9 :at direction lay ! true int]e/s ( ,france1 ) reg>d to ! new problem ( balance ( p[]4 ,by ent]+ into p]sonal rivalry ) ,*>les & /riv+ = t]ritorial conque/ 9 ,italy1 ,francis lo/ ! opportunity :i* %\ld h belong$ to ,france1 ( controll+ ! ,european situation4 ,if he _h only be5 cont5t ) secur+ gateways into ,italy & mak+ alliances ) ! nor!rn ,italians & ,g]man ,prote/ant pr9ces aga9/ ,imp]ial encroa*m5ts1 he w\ld h ga9$ ! ca/+ vote 9 ,european affairs & h held ! key to ! problem1 :i* x 0 n p]mitt$ to ,france1 till ! "t ( ,ri*elieu1 to solve4 ,po/-s*ool "w4 ,a ^w or two z to ! way 9 :i* ! tea*] c help h] old pupils to read hi/ory4 ,!re are a =tunate few :o pass on to ! univ]sities4 ,an increas+ numb] c att5d ,univ]sity ,ext5sion lectures & become memb]s ( a local ,/ud5ts' ,association4 ,b x is ^? :o are n )9 rea* ( any local organisation1 :o are glad ( a little help4 ,to ^!1 :5 !y fir/ leave s*ool1 an old girls' ,read+ ,society is g5]ally welcome4 ,! regul> read+ x requires is a tra9+ 9 me?odical arrangem5t ( "t1 & s*emes ( read+1 ) pl5ty ( *oice1 are a help to ^? :o h hi!rto _h all _! intellectual "w arrang$ = !m4 ,tea*]s h sometimes f\nd x possible to take up p>ties to ! ,summ] ,ext5sion meet+s4 ,p>5ts are will+ to let _! daught]s g ) responsible gu>dians1 & ! prep>atory read+ is a great int]e/1 besides ! /imulus t ! lectures !mselves give to subsequ5t "w at home4 ,conclusion4 ,! educational value ( hi/orical /udy does n belong to ?is pap]1 b ,i end by quot+ ?ree passages1 :i* are full ( enc\ragem5t to ! tea*] ( hi/ory4 ,!y are ref]r$ to by ,"l ,acton 9 8 fam\s lecture at ,cambridge4 8,! /udy ( mod]n hi/ory is1 next to !ology itself & only next 9 s f> z !ology re/s on a div9e revelation1 ! mo/ ?or\ghly religi\s tra9+ t ! m9d c receive40 7,bi%op ,/ubbs47 8,hi/ory is full ( indirect b v effective moral tea*+4 ,x is n only1 z ,bol+broke call$ x1 philosophy tea*+ by examples1 b x is morality tea*+ by examples4 ,x is ess5tially ! /udy :i* be/ helps ! /ud5t to conceive l>ge ?\ghts4 ,x is impossible to ov]value ! moral tea*+ ( hi/ory40 7,sir ,j4 ,fit*47 8,! object 79 hi/ory tea*+7 is to lead ! /ud5t to 444 take int]e/ 9 hi/ory n z a m]e n>rative1 b z a *a9 ( causes & effects1 /ill unw9d+ itself be=e our eyes & full ( mom5t\s consequ5ces to himself & 8 desc5dants1 an unremitt+ conflict betwe5 good & evil p[]s1 ( :i* e act done by any "o ( u1 insignificant z we are1 =ms "o ( ! incid5ts1 a conflict 9 :i* ev5 ! smalle/ ( u _c escape f tak+ "p1 9 :i* :oev] does n help ! "r side is help+ ! wrong40 7,mill4 ,inaugural ,address47 ,,specim5 ,,syllabus ,,( ,,engli% ,,hi/ory4 ,=eign ,policy ( ,elizabe?4 ,introductory4--,keynote ( ! p]iod2 dyna/ic alliances4 ,p[] ( ,h\se ( ,hapsburg built up on political m>riages1 ev5 ,engl& ?reat5$ ) absorption by ! ,hapsburgs1 z a consequ5ce ( ,m>y ,tudor's m>riage to ,philip1 & ?\gh ,m>y's dea? made 8a great r5t 9 ! ,hapsburg net1 9 :i* ,engl& 0 enme%$0 7,seeley71 yet ,philip long /ruggl$ to re-e/abli% ! ,hapsburg dom9ion 9 ,engl&1 & ?is1 accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ! "t1 by m>riage4 8,c\rt%ips ( ,que5 ,elizabe?0 beg9 ,janu>y1 #aeei2 ,philip (f]s 8 h& to ,elizabe?3 8,! m ,i reflect on ?is bus9ess1 ! m cle>ly ,i see t all w turn on ! husb& :i* ?is woman w *oose0 7,de ,f]ia74 ,o!r suitors 9 ,hapsburg int]e/1 ,philib]t ( ,savoy1 ,ar*dukes ,f]d9& & ,*>les--,elizabe? enc\rages ,hapsburg suitors--c\ld ?us keep ,engli% ,ca?olics 9 h& 9 spite ( innovations1 & get bett] t]ms f ,france 9 ,treaty ( ,cateau ,cambrsis1 ,april1 #aeei1 ,france believ+ h] support$ by ,spa94 ,b ,engl&'s safety f ,hapsburgs l>gely due to h] dang] f ,valois4 ,! ,valois _h secur$ ,scotl&1 & claim$ ,engl& ?r\gh m>riage ( ,m>y & ,francis4 ,= ,philip to ov]?r[ ,elizabe? w\ld mean to cle> ! way = ,m>y ( ,scots3 x 0 n till he c\ld come z ,m>y's heir1 t he op5ly made w> on ,engl&4 ,p]iod ,i4 ,! ,scot* ,p]iod1 #aeeh-aefg4 7i47 #aeeh-aefd1 ,,9 ,,:i* ,a ,,basis ,,is ,,laid ,,= ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,engl& ,,& ,,scotl&4 ,engl& & ,scotl& bo? "u que5s2 bo? _h to *oose betwe5 a p[] bas$ ^u ! wi%es ( ! nation1 & a p[] support$ by =eign help4 ,elizabe? *ose a national position3 8took a c\rse visibly full ( dang]1 a c\rse 9 :i* success 0 only possible by c\rage & h]oic endurance1 b 9 :i* success1 if x came1 might be spl5did1 & might raise ! nation itself to greatness04 ,m>y1 on ! contr>y1 br\ght h] subjects "u a =eign yoke4 ,s9ce ,m>y ( ,guise's reg5cy 0 a ,high ,ca?olic rule1 ! ,re=mation 9 ,scotl& took ! =m ( a national movem5t1 & ! national p>ty turn$ t[>ds ,engl& = help4 8,! fir/ a*ievem5t ( ,elizabe?an policy lay 9 ?is1 t %e call$ out a great ,re=mation p>ty 9 ,engl& & ,scotl& at once1 & ?us laid ! f\ndation ( ! union ( ,engl& & ,scotl&40 ,elizabe?'s self-ju/ification 9 help+ subjects aga9/ _! sov]eign3 t %e 0 ma9ta9+ national indep5d5ce aga9/ a =eign p[]4 ,arran becomes ,elizabe?'s suitor 9 ,prote/ant int]e/4 ,janu>y1 #aefj--,treaty ( ,b]wick--importance4 ,elizabe? 8put h]self at ! head ( ! national religi\s movem5t 9 ,scotl&02 89 consid]ation ( ! attempt to annex ,scotl& to ! ,fr5* cr[n1 %e promis$ to aid ! ,scot* to drive out ! =eign invad]s04 ,success ( ,elizabe?'s policy2 ,fr5* troops recall$4 ,july--,treaty ( ,ed9burgh ends ! gov]nm5t ( ,scotl& by ! ,fr5*2 ,decemb]--dea? ( ,francis ,,ii4 sev]s ! union ( ,fr5* & ,scot* cr[ns4 #aefa--,return ( ,m>y to ,scotl&2 %e refuses to ratify ! ,treaty ( ,ed9burgh1 & sets to "w to build up an ,anglo-,scot* p>ty 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation4 7ii47 #aefe-aefg1 ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,dang] ,,is ,,( ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,engl& ,,& ,,scotl& ,,"u ,,m>y ,,aga9/ ,,elizabe?4 #aefe--,m>riage ( ,m>y & ,d>nley--importance3 ,m>y puts h]self def9itely at ! head ( ! ,ca?olic p>ty 9 ,engl&4 #aefg--,murd] ( ,d>nley2 m>riage ) ,bo?well2 ,lo*lev52 battle ( ,langside2 collapse ( ,c\nt]-,re=mation 9 ,great ,brita92 prospect 9 ,james ( a solution = ,engl& ( bo? problems ( succession & religion4 ,p]iod ,,ii4 ,! ,fr5* ,p]iod1 #aefg-aehe4 ,dang] le/ ,france or ,spa91 or bo?1 make w> on ,engl& to release ,m>y & secure ! ,ca?olic succession1 b h&s ( bo? ti$ at home1 & ,elizabe?'s ef=ts direct$ to keep+ !m s4 ,to t end1 s5ds help to ,hugu5ots 9 ,w>s ( ,religion1 & to ! revolt$ ,ne!rl&s4 ,france al>m$ by victory ( ,lepanto 7#aega71 makes advances to ,engl&4 ,c\rt%ip ( ,anj\1 #aegj-gb1 & ( ,al5on1 #aegb-hd4 8,matt]s 7 inde$ 9 a critical position = ,engl&2 ! ,ridolfi plot 0 brew+1 ! ,engli% ,ca?olic nobles 9 a f]m5t1 & ! ,pope1 ,philip1 ! ,league & ! ,guises ready to turn _! :ole p[] to ! de/ruction ( ,elizabe?40 #aegb--,treaty ( ,blois1 pl$g+ ,*>les ,,ix4 & ,elizabe? to give in=mal aid to ! revolt$ ,ne!rl&s4 ,! ,/4 ,b>?olomew2 m>riage negotiations int]rupt$4 #aegd--;,don ,john1 ,gov]nor ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 grasps ! necessity ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,elizabe? z a prelim9>y to r$uc+ ! ,ne!rl&s1 & aims at himself m>ry+ ! ,que5 ( ,scots & secur+ ,engl&4 8,! true rem$y = ! evil condition ( ! ,ne!rl&s 444 is t ,engl& %\ld be 9 ! p[] ( a p]son devot$ & well affection$ to y\r ,maje/y's s]vice40 #aege--,! ,ne!rl&s (f] sov]eignty ( ,holl& & ,zeal& to ,elizabe?2 %e decl9es4 #aegh--;,flemi% appeal to ,al5on to lead !m2 he accepts 9 reliance on ,engl&2 ,elizabe?'s policy is t ,al5on %all be "u ,engli%1 n ,fr5*1 patronage1 & %e poses be=e ,europe z 8 affianc$ bride4 #aegi & #aeha--;,he visits ,engl& = supplies4 #aehb--;,al5on inve/$ ) sov]eignty ( ! ,ne!rl&s2 ,elizabe?'s connection emphasis$ by pres5ce ( ,leice/] & ,sir ,p4 ,sidney4 #aehd--;,al5on expell$ f ,ne!rl&s2 8 dea?4 8,elizabe? _h begun h] long m>riage juggle 9 #aeei 9 h\rly dang] ( be+ ov]:elm$ & cru%$ by h] own ,ca?olic subjects 9 union ) "o or o!r ( h] great cont95tal neighb\rs4 ,%e end$ x 9 #aehc1 triumphant all along ! l9e1 ) bo? h] rivals crippl$ & di/ract$1 :il/ %e really held ! balance ( peace & w> ( ,europe 9 h] h&s40 ,p]iod ,,iii4 ,! ,spani% ,p]iod1 #aehe-afjc4 7i47 ,,to #aeif1 ,,:5 ,,engl&1 ,,france ,,& ,,! ,,ne!rl&s ,,fight ,,spa9 ,,ei!r ,,sep>ately ,,or ,,9 ,a ,,conc]t ,,:i* ,,is ,,secret4 ,c\nt]-,re=mation 9 ,france repres5t$ by ! ,league1 ! anti-dyna/ic p>ty2 ,pact de ,jo9ville betwe5 ,philip & ! ,league1 aft] murd] ( ,william ( ,orange1 = extirpation ( h]esy 9 ,france & ! ,ne!rl&s2 importance ( #aehe 9 ,engli% policy2 ,al5on gone1 ,elizabe? mu/ act op5ly if ,ne!rl&s are to be sav$4 ,only milit>y movem5t z yet help+ ,scot* 9 #aefa4 ,) #aehe beg9s :at is meant by ! 8,elizabe?an ,age04 ,pause to e/imate ,elizabe?'s policy4 ,fr\de f9ds no clue b inconsi/5cy--really a consi/5t inconsi/5cy4 ,seeley's e/imate3 8,!re are em]g5cies 9 :i* a p]si/5t ab/95ce f action1 a k9d ( resolute irresolution1 is ! only s\nd policy4444 ,ev]y?+ at h] accession 0 9 a sort ( susp5se4 ,:e!r ! nation 0 ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant1 by :at title %e h]self reign$1 :o w\ld be h] own successor1 & :om %e %\ld m>ry--all 0 undef9$40 ,elizabe? really und]/ood popul> gov]nm5t2 %e gave h] p tw5ty-six ye>s ( peace1 9 :i* !y le>nt to "k !mselves & :at !y want$4 #aehe--,siege ( ,antw]p2 ,ne!rl&s 9 extremity2 (f] sov]eignty to ,elizabe?2 %e refuses2 ,philip tries intimidation by :olesale arre/ ( ,briti% sailors2 w> inevitable4 ,leice/]'s exp$ition2 8 blund]s2 fall ( ,antw]p2 ,zutph52 ,elizabe? also lets loose h] 8,knight ( ! ,ocean02 ,drake's exp$itions1 #aegg1 #aehe1 #aehg2 execution ( ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots4 8,! execution ( ,m>y ,/u>t 9 ! greate/ degree1 & ! campaign ( ,leice/] 9 a second>y degree1 toge!r ) ! adv5tur\s voyages ( ,drake1 br\ght on ! op5 w> betwe5 ,elizabe? & ,philip40 #aehh--;,armada2 causes ( failure3 7a7 sup]iority ( ,engli% %ips & ,engli% sailors2 7b7 ,engli% guns heavi] & bett] s]v$2 7c7 unfav\rable w9ds caus+ delay & !n de/ruction2 7d7 unfitness ( ,p>ma = comm&4 8,b all said & done1 ! victory 0 "o ( m5 & tactics m ?an mat]ials40 8,! ,armada 0 n defeat$ by a /orm1 b at ,gravel9es1 on ,monday1 #bi? ,july2 & ! ent]prise 0 defeat$ :5 ,p>ma fail$ to br+ up 8 flotilla40 ,results ( ,armada3 7a7 gave ,engl& a new position 9 ,europe2 7b7 secur$ h] f dang] ( future invasion1 & consequ5tly 7c7 enabl$ ,elizabe? to turn h] att5tion to ! divisions t weak5$ ! ,engli% ,*ur*2 7d7 gave ! nation leisure = ! /ruggle betwe5 ,cr[n & ,p>liam5t1 :i* only end$ ) ,william ,,iii4 #aehi--;,elizabe?'s ,c\nt]-,armada2 ,drake's advice1 8bett] *eap0 ?an await+ r5ew$ attack4 ,spa9's p[] brok51 ! religi\s "q is f\ght out on a new battle-gr\nd2 succession /ruggle 9 ,france2 ,league help$ by ,spa9 aga9/ ,h5ry ( ,nav>re2 ,arques2 ,ivry4 #aeia--;,engli% =ces "u ,essex to help ,h5ry ( ,nav>re4 #aeie--;,h5ry publi%es decl>ation ( w> aga9/ ,spa94 7ii47 #aeif-aeih4 ,,france1 ,,engl& ,,& ,,ne!rl&s ,,unit$ ,,9 ,a ,,=mal ,,coalition ,,( ,,"o ,,ca?olic ,,& ,,two ,,prote/ant ,,p[]s ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,c\nt]-,,re=mation4 #aeif--;,elizabe? makes a =mal alliance (f5sive & def5sive ) ,h5ry ,,iv4 & ! ,/ates aga9/ ,spa91 & s5ds exp$ition "u ,h[>d & ,essex aga9/ ,cadiz2 ! 8,trafalg> ( ! ,elizabe?an ,w>0 7,laughton74 #aeig--;,essex & ,raleigh make ! 8,isl& voyage0 aga9/ ,spa94 7iii47 #aeih-afjc4 ,,coalition ,,dissolv$4 ,,philip ,,iii4 ,,aga9/ ,,elizabe? ,,& ,,ne!rl&s4 #aeih--;,h5ry ,,iv4 des]ts 8 allies & makes peace ) ,spa9 9 ,treaty ( ,v]v9s4 ,philip ,,iii4 cont9ues w> aga9/ ,elizabe? 9 ord] to use ,irel&--9 revolt--z basis ( op]ations = ! ,c\nt]-,re=mation aga9/ ,engl&4 ,dang] f ,irel& increas$ by treason ( ,essex4 #afjb--,spani% exp$ition l&s 9 ,irel&2 jo9s ,tyrone aga9/ ,k9sale2 defeat$ by ,m\ntjoy4 #afjc--;,elizabe? increas+ly ho/ile t[>ds ,spa9 till h] dea?4 ,results ( ,elizabe?'s ,policy4 #a4 ,%e gave ,engl& tw5ty-six ye>s ( peace1 9 spite ( ! di/ract$ /ate ( ?+s abroad1 & by ?is means 7a7 ! religi\s "q1 7b7 ! succession "q1 7 settl$ )\t civil w>4 #b4 ,by creat+ a new m5tal atmosph]e1 %e gave ,engl& a new national temp]1 :i* f\nd expression 9 a national poetry4 ,%aksp]e's 8jubilant patriotism03-- 8,?is ,engl& nev] did1 nor nev] %all ,lie at ! pr\d foot ( a conqu]or4444 ,come ! ?ree corn]s ( ! _w 9 arms1 ,& we %all %ock !m2 n\ght %all make u rue1 ,if ,engl& to h]self d re/ b true40 --,k4 ,john4 8,?is royal ?rone ( k+s1 ?is sceptr$ isle 444 ,?is preci\s /one set 9 ! silv] sea 444 ,?is l& ( su* de> s\ls1 ?is de>1 de> l&40 --,k4 ,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,& ! passionate devotion to ,elizabe? z ! embodim5t ( ! national greatness3-- 8,%e %all be lov$ & fe>$2 h] own %all bless h]3 ,9 h] days e man %all eat 9 safety ,"u 8 own v9e1 :at he plants1 & s+ ,! m]ry songs ( peace to all 8 neighb\rs40 --,k4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,elizabe? ! ,gloriana ( ,sp5s]4 #c4 ,%e sav$ ,engl& f absorption by ,spa9 or ,france1 & f fe> ( future invasion4 #d4 ,%e creat$ ! mon>*y ( ,great ,brita9 by lay+ ! basis ( union betwe5 ,engl& & ,scotl&4 #e4 ,%e made ,engl& insul>1 b c\nt]balanc$ ! disadvantages ( insul>ity by enc\rag+ m>itime expansion4 ,,syllabus ,,( ,,lesson ,,on ,,ri*elieu4 #afaj4 ,l\is ,,xiii4,difficulties ( ,reg5t ,m>y de ,m$ici4 8,! day ( ,k+s is pa/1 t ( ,gr&ees & ,pr9ces has arriv$40 ,h] ,spani% policy4 ,conc9i4 #afad4,/ates-,g5]al1 la/ ( old ,rgime4 ,l\is assumes gov]nm5t4 ,fall ( ,conc9i4 ,rise ( ,de ,luynes4 ,que5 ,"m becomes c5tre ( disaffection4 ,guise4 ,b\illon4 ,may5ne4 ,ep]non4 ,hugu5ots4 #afbb4,peace ( ,montpelli]4 ,hugu5ots h only ,ro*elle & ,montauban4 #afbd4;,entrance into p[] ( ,ri*elieu4 ,,ri*elieu4,born a lead] ( m54 ,g5ius ( conception1 =ce ( w4 ,ideal1 absolutism4 ,ob/acle1 feudal nobility2 de/roys _! political vitality by increas+ p[] ( mon>*y4 #a4 ,sub/itutes ,int5dants = great ,gov]nors ( ,prov9ces4 #b4 ,de/roys feudal /rongholds4 #c4 ,br+s nobles "u ! law2 duell+1 ,montmor5cy2 peculation1 ,m>%al de ,m>illac2 conspiracy1 ,c9q ,m>s4 #d4 ,/ates-,g5]al nev] meet4 #e4 ,p>lem5ts re/rict$ to judicial duties4 #f4 ,heavy taxation4 ,cultivates ?ree p[]ful alliances3 #a4 ,m5 ( lett]s2 #b4 ,fav\r ( commons2 #c4 ,love ( national glory4 ,=eign ,policy4 ,to sub/itute influ5ce ( ,france 9 ,europe = ,au/ro-,spani% p[]4 ,f\nd] ( an 8occid5tal0 policy4 ,two ?+s necess>y3 #a4 ,balance ( p[]2 #b4 ,mutual religi\s tol]ation4 ,difficulties at home3 #a4 ,spani% sympa?ies ( ,anne ( ,au/ria2 #b4 ,hugu5ot /ruggles = indep5d5ce4 ,p]iods ( ,ri*elieu's ,rule4 ,i4,! ,valtell9e ,p]iod1 #afbd-bf4 ,ri*elieu ent]s ,european politics4 ,importance ( ,valtell9e z connect+ l9k betwe5 ,au/ro- ,spani% dom9ions4 ,seiz$ 9 defiance ( ,treaty4 ,int]f]5ce ( ,ri*elieu4 ,hugu5ot revolt4 ,t4 ,montpelli] pacify+ !m :ile he concludes ,valtell9e "q 9 ,t4 ,monzon4 ,,ii4,p]iod ( ,la ,ro*elle1 #afbf-bh4 ,ri*elieu cru%es all opposition at home to cle> 8 way = decisive int]f]5ce abroad4 8,la conspiration des ,dames40 ,v5dome 9 ,brittany4 #afbg4 ,buck+ham's exp$ition to ,rh4 #afbi4 ,fall ( ,la ,ro*elle & ,montauban4 ,,iii4,p]iod ( absolute supremacy at home1 #afbi-ce4 ,re-ent]s ,european politics1 b only z a second>y p[]1 9 ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,france acts aga9 9 ,italy4 ,succession 9 ,mantua & ,montf]rat4 ,valtell9e "q reop5$1 & aga9 settl$ 9 fav\r ( ,france4 ,day ( ,dupes1 #aa? ,nov41 #afcj4 ,t4 ( ,*]asco1 #afca4 ,intrigues ( ,ga/on ( ,orleans ) enemy4 ,ri*elieu acts ) ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 ! 8,prote/ant ,crusad]04 ,int]e/s ( ,france move to ,lorra9e bord]4 ,dea? ( ,gu/avus indirect advantage to ,france4 ,ri*elieu's t]ms ) ,b]n>d ( ,weim>4 #afce4 ,france decl>es w> aga9/ ,spa94 ,,iv4,p]iod ( ,france's supremacy 9 ,europe1 #afce-dc4 #afcf4 ,recov]y ( ,corbie f ,spani%4 #afch4 ,b4 ,rhe9feld4 ,fall ( ,brisa*4 #afci4 ,dea? ( ,b]n>d ( ,weim>4 8,turn+ po9t ( ! conte/10 f a useful ally 0 becom+ a dang]\s rival4 ,ri*elieu secures ,alsace4 ,conspiracy ( ,c9q ,m>s4 #afdb4;,dea? ( ,ri*elieu4 ,rise ( ,maz>94 ,,li/ ,,( ,,books4 ,! foll[+ li/s h be5 drawn up ) ! help ( sev]al tea*]s ( hi/ory1 & are int5d$ = ! practical "w ( ! s*ool4 ,!y aim at giv+ ! *ief au?orities = ea* p]iod1 besides o!r books deal+ ) special subjects4 ,:]e possible1 ! publi%] & price h be5 giv54 ,^? :o want m exhau/ive li/s & desire orig9al au?orities c f9d !m 9 ! syllabuses ( ! ,univ]sity ,ext5sion ,lectures4 ,! hi/orical /ories h be5 *os5 f li/s furni%$ by pupils4 ,,text-,,books4 ,g>d9]4 ,/ud5t's ,hi/ory4 ,longmans4 #d_/- a volume4 ,vol4 i41 to #aeji2 vol4 ii41 #aeji-afhi2 vol4 iii41 #afhi-ahhe4 ,j4 ,f4 ,bright4 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,longmans4 ,vol4 i41 8,m$ival ,mon>*y10 #ddi-adhe 7#d_/f72 vol4 ii41 8,p]sonal ,mon>*y10 #adhe-afhh 7#e_/-72 vol4 iii41 8,con/itutional ,mon>*y10 #afhi-ahcg 7#g_/f74 ,ransome4 ,an ,advanc$ ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,riv+tons4 #g_/f4 ,acl& & ,ransome4 ,analysis ( ,engli% ,hi/ory4 ,longmans4 #f_/-4 ,d4 ,beale4 ,text-book ( ,engli% & ,g5]al ,hi/ory4 ,bell ,daldy4 #b_/f4 ,taswell-,langmead4 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory4 ,/ev5s ,hayes4 #ae_/-4 ,d4 ,beale4 ,/ud5t's ,*ronological ,maps 7,*>ts74 ,bell ,daldy4 #c_/f4 ,g>d9]4 ,/ud5t's ,hi/orical ,atlas4 ,longmans4 #e_/-4 ,f4 ,w4 ,putzg]4 ,hi/oris*] ,s*ul-,atlas4 ,bielefeld & ,leipzig4 ,v]lag von ,velhag5 und ,klas+4 #b m>ks4 ,p]iod #ajff-abgb-- ,/ubbs4 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory4 ,fr[de4 ,cl>5don ,press4 #ab_/- ea* volume4 ,vol4 i41 to #abae2 vol4 ii41 #abae-acii4 ,j4 ,r4 ,gre54 ,hi/ory ( ! 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,c5tury4 ,longmans4 #g vols4 #f_/- ea*4 ,gre54 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p1 vols4 iii4 & iv4 ,macmillan4 #af_/- a vol4 ,traill4 ,william ,,iii4 7,twelve ,engli% ,/atesm574 ,macmillan4 #b_/f4 ,/anhope4 ,reign ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,murray4 #af_/-4 ,wyon4 ,hi/ory ( ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! ,reign ( ,que5 ,anne4 ,*apman ,hall 7out ( pr9t74 #b vols4 #a #ab_/-4 ,leslie ,/eph54 ,swift 7,m5 ( ,lett]s ,s]ies74 ,macmillan4 #a_/-4 ,swift4 ,conduct ( ! ,allies4 ,v>i\s4 ,hassall4 ,bol+broke 7,/atesm5 ,s]ies74 ,w4 ,h4 ,all54 #b_/f4 ,macaulay4 ,essays 7,temple74 ,longmans4 #b_/f4 ,evelyn4 ,di>y 7,*&os ,classics74 ,w>ne4 #a_/f4 ,traill4 ,social ,engl&1 vol4 iv4 ,cassell4 #ag_/-4 ,burnet4 ,hi/ory ( ,8 ,own ,times4 ,cl>5don ,press4 #i_/f4 ,anson4 ,law & ,cu/om ( ! ,con/itution4 ,cl>5don ,press4 ,vol4 i41 #ab_/f2 vol4 ii41 #ad_/-4 ,hodd]4 ,%aftesbury4 ,cassell4 #c_/f4 ,hanov]ian ,p]iod1 #agad-ahae-- ,skott[e4 ,our ,hanov]ian ,k+s4 ,sampson ,l[4 #c_/f4 ,lecky4 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 9 ! #ah? ,c5tury4 ,longmans4 #g vols4 #f_/- ea*4 ,/anhope4 ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 7to #aghc74 ,murray4 #i vols4 #e_/- ea*4 ,gre54 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,p1 vol4 iv4 ,macmillan4 #af_/-4 ,ersk9e ,may4 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory 7f ,george ,,iii474 ,longmans4 #c vols4 #ah_/-4 ,hallam4 ,con/itutional ,hi/ory4 ,murray4 #g_/f4 ,ranke4 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 vol4 v4 ,cl>5don ,press4 #c #c_/-4 ,seeley4 ,expansion ( ,engl&4 ,macmillan4 #d_/f4 ,traill4 ,social ,engl&1 vol4 v4 ,cassell4 #ag_/-4 ,morley4 ,walpole 7,twelve ,engli% ,/atesm574 ,macmillan4 #b_/f4 ,macaulay4 ,essays 7,clive1 ,ha/+s74 ,longmans4 #b_/f4 ,morley4 ,*a?am 7,twelve ,engli% ,/atesm574 ,macmillan4 #b_/f4 ,n yet publi%$4 ,roseb]y4 ,pitt 7,twelve ,engli% ,/atesm574 ,macmillan4 #b_/f4 ,montagu ,burr[s4 ,briti% ,=eign ,policy4 ,blackwood4 #f_/-4 ,mahan4 ,influ5ce ( ,sea ,p[] on ,hi/ory4 ,sampson ,l[4 #ae_/-4 ,burke4 ,?\ghts on ! ,pres5t ,discont5ts4 ,cl>5don ,press4 #d_/f4 -- ,reflections on ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,cl>5don ,press4 #e_/-4 ,also *eap] editions4 ,c>lyle4 ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,*apman ,hall4 #b vols4 #b_/f a vol4 ,also *eap] issues4 ,?os4 ,wright4 ,c>icature ,hi/ory ( ! ,georges4 ,hott54 #f_/f4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,hi/orical ,,novels ,,& ,,tales ,,& ,,poems ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,p]iod #ajff to #ahae4 ,p]iod #ajff-abgb-- ,k+sley4 ,h]ew>d ! ,wake 7,la/ ,/ruggle ( ! ,engli%74 ,macmillan4 #c_/f4 ,lytton4 ,h>old4 ,r\tl$ge4 #b_/-4 ,m4 ,m4 ,blake4 ,siege ( ,norwi* ,ca/le 7,/ruggle ( ! ,engli%74 ,seeley4 #e_/-4 ,h5ty4 ,wulff ! ,saxon 7writt5 = boys74 ,blackie4 #f_/-4 -- ,w9n+ 8 ,spurs 7writt5 = boys7 7,crusades74 ,s4 ,l[4 #b_/f4 ,macf>lane4 ,camp ( ,refuge 7,h]ew>d74 ,con/able4 #c_/f4 ,sir ,w4 ,scott4 ,c\nt ,rob]t ( ,p>is 7,fir/ ,crusade74 ,black4 #a_/f4 -- ,! ,betro!d 7,h5ry ,,ii474 ,black4 #a_/f4 -- ,! ,talisman 7,ri*>d & ,salad974 ,black4 #a_/f4 -- ,ivanhoe 7,ri*>d ,cur de ,lion74 ,black4 #a_/f4 ,c4 ,m4 ,yonge4 ,! ,con/able's ,t[] 7,k+ ,john74 ,national ,society4 #c_/-4 -- ,! ,pr9ce & ! ,page 7,edw>d ,i474 ,macmillan4 #c_/f4 -- ,! ,little ,duke 7,ri*>d ! ,fe>less ( ,norm&y74 ,macmillan4 #b_/f4 ,^! are *ildr5's books4 ,g4 ,p4 ,r4 ,james4 ,philip ,augu/us 7,/ruggle ) ,k+ ,john74 ,w>ne4 -_/#f4 ,t5nyson4 ,h>old3 a drama4 -- ,becket3 a drama4 ,p]iod #abgb-acii-- ,jane ,port]4 ,! ,scotti% ,*iefs 7#abif-acad74 ,r\tl$ge4 #b_/-4 ,grace ,aguil>4 ,! ,days ( ,bruce4 ,nisbet4 #b_/-4 ,m>y ,pe>d4 ,pr5tice ,hugh 7,edw>d ,i474 ,national ,society4 #c_/f4 ,m4 ,ev]ett ,gre54 ,! ,"l ( ,dynevor 7,edw>d ,i4 ,wales74 ,nelson4 #b_/f4 ,sir ,w4 ,scott4 ,ca/le ,dang]\s 7#acjf74 ,black4 #a_/f4 ,h5ty4 ,9 ,fre$om's ,cause 7,william ,wallace74 ,blackie4 #f_/-4 ,c4 ,m4 ,yonge4 ,! ,lances ( ,lynwood 7,black ,pr9ce 9 ,spa974 ,macmillan4 #b_/f4 ,h5ty4 ,/4 ,george = ,engl& 7,crecy1 ,poiti]s74 ,blackie4 #e_/-4 ,conan ,doyle4 ,! ,:ite ,company 7,black ,pr9ce 9 ,france74 ,smi? ,eld]4 #f_/-4 ,e4 ,mit*ell4 ,! ,gold5 ,horse%oes 7,*ivalry4 ,edw>d ,,iii474 ,ma/]s4 #e_/-4 ,ev]ett ,gre54 ,9 ! ,days ( ,*ivalry 7,black ,pr9ce74 ,nelson ,sons4 #e_/-4 ,h5ty4 ,a ,m>* on ,london 7,wat ,tyl]74 ,blackie4 #e_/-4 -- ,! ,lion ( ,/4 ,m>k 7,v5ice74 ,blackie4 #f_/-4 ,lytton4 ,ri5zi 7,la/ ,tribune1 #aced74 ,r\tl$ge4 #c_/f4 ,sir ,w4 ,scott4 ,"l ( ! ,isles 7,bruce74 ,p]iod #acii-adhe-- ,james4 ,ag9c\rt 7#adae74 ,w>ne4 -_/#f4 ,h5ty4 ,at ,ag9c\rt4 ,blackie4 #f_/-4 ,m>k ,twa94 ,joan ( ,arc 7s]i\s74 ,*atto ,w9dus4 #f_/-4 ,au?or ( 8,s*nb]g ,cotta ,family04 ,joan ! ,maid4 ,nelson4 #d_/-4 ,&rew ,lang4 ,! ,monk ( ,fife 7,joan ( ,arc74 ,longmans4 #c_/f4 ,mrs4 ,oliphant4 ,joan ( ,arc4 ,putnam4 #e_/-4 ,sir ,w4 ,scott4 ,! ,fair ,maid ( ,p]? 7,murd] ( ,ro?say74 ,black4 #a_/f4 ,c4 ,m4 ,yonge4 ,! ,cag$ ,lion 7,james ,i4 ( ,scotl&74 ,macmillan4 #c_/f4 ,miss ,wilbraham4 ,= & ,aga9/ 7,w>s ( ! ,roses7 7out ( pr9t74 ,c4 ,m4 ,yonge4 ,grisly ,grisell 7,w>s ( ! ,roses74 ,macmillan4 #c_/f4 ,lady ,g4 ,full]ton4 ,a ,/ormy ,life 7,m>g>et ( ,anj\74 ,burns ,oates4 #f_/-4 ,c4 ,m4 ,yonge4 ,two ,p5niless ,pr9cesses4 ,macmillan4 #c_/f4 ,sir ,w4 ,scott4 ,anne ( ,gei]/e9 7,m>g>et ( ,anj\74 ,black4 #a_/f4 ,lytton4 ,la/ ( ! ,b>ons 7,w>wick ! ,k+ ,mak]74 ,r\tl$ge4 #c_/f4 ,h4 ,a9swor?4 ,! ,/> ,*amb] 7,h5ry ,,vii474 ,v>i\s4 ,au?or ( 8,! ,spani% ,bro!rs04 ,cru%$ yet ,conqu]+ 7,john ,huss74 ,religi\s ,tract ,society4 #f_/-4 ,sir ,w4 ,scott4 ,qu5t9 ,durw>d 7,l\is ,,xi4 & ! ,scotti% ,gu>d74 ,black4 #a_/f4 ,g4 ,p4 ,r4 ,james4 ,m>y ( ,burgundy 7#adgg74 ,w>ne4 -_/#f4 ,p]iod #adhe-afjc-- ,h>rison ,a9swor?4 ,! ,/> ,*amb]4 ,r\tl$ge4 #b_/-4 ,ev]ett ,gre54 ,evil ,may ,day 7#aeag74 ,nelson4 #b_/f4 -- ,! ,*ur* & ! ,k+ 7,dissolution ( ! ,mona/]ies74 ,nelson4 #e_/-4 ,a4 ,mann+4 ,! ,h\sehold ( ,sir ,?omas ,m 7,di>y ( ,m>g>et ,rop]74 ,hall4 #b_/f4 ,h>rison ,a9swor?4 ,w9dsor ,ca/le 7,h5ry ,,viii474 ,r\tl$ge4 #b_/-4 ,c4 ,m4 ,yonge4 ,! ,arm\r]'s ,pr5tices 7,divorce74 ,macmillan4 #c_/f4 ,m>k ,twa94 ,! ,pr9ce & ! ,paup] 7,edw>d ,,vi474 ,*atto4 #c_/f4 ,/anley ,weyman4 ,francis ,cludde 7,m>y ,tudor74 ,cassell4 #f_/-4 ,h>rison ,a9swor?4 ,t[] ( ,london 7,lady ,j4 ,grey74 ,r\tl$ge4 #b_/-4 ,k+sley4 ,we/w>d ,ho6 7,elizabe?'s ,seadogs74 ,macmillan4 #b_/f4 ,sir ,w4 ,scott4 ,! ,mona/]y 7,murray's ,reg5cy74 ,black4 #a_/f4 -- ,! ,abbot 7,lo* ,lev574 ,black4 #a_/f4 -- ,k5ilwor? 7,amy ,robs>t74 ,black4 #a_/f4 ,:yte ,melville4 ,! ,que5's ,m>ies 7,m>y ( ,scots74 ,longmans4 #a_/f4 ,eliza ,poll>d4 ,a ,g5tleman ( ,engl& 7,sir ,p4 ,sidney74 ,addison4 #e_/-4 ,c4 ,m4 ,yonge4 ,unkn[n to ,hi/ory 7,m>y ( ,scots 9 ,captivity74 ,macmillan4 #c_/f4 ,ev]ett ,gre54 ,loyal ,he>ts & ,true 7,que5 ,elizabe?74 ,nelson4 #e_/-4 ,h5ty4 ,"u ,drake's ,flag4 ,blackie4 #f_/-4 -- ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,eve4 ,blackie4 #f_/-4 ,rob]t ,leighton4 ,"u ! ,foeman's ,flag 7,armada74 ,melrose4 #c_/f4 ,mrs4 ,m>%all4 ,p5%ur/ ,ca/le 7,sir ,p4 ,sidney74 ,seeley4 #e_/-4 ,hon4 ,e4 ,lawless4 ,) ,essex 9 ,irel&4 ,smi?1 ,eld]4 #f_/-4 -- ,mael*o 7,iri% ,ris+ ( #aegi74 ,smi?1 ,eld]4 #f_/-4 ,k+sley4 ,plays & ,puritans 7,essays74 ,macmillan4 #c_/f4 ,re$4 ,sir ,lud> 7,irel&4 ,que5 ,elizabe?74 ,sampson ,l[4 #b_/f4 ,*>les ,reade4 ,! ,cloi/] & ! ,he>? 7= ,picture ( ,middle ,ages4 ,erasmus74 ,*atto4 #c_/f4 ,mrs4 ,*>les4 ,! ,s*nb]g ,cotta ,family 7,lu!r74 ,nelson4 #c_/f4 ,au?or ( 8,mdlle4 ,mori04 ,9 ! ,old5 ,"t 7,peasant ,w> 9 ,g]many1 #aebe74 ,longmans4 #b_/f4 ,c4 ,m4 ,yonge4 ,! ,dove 9 ! ,eagle's ,ne/ 7,maximilian74 ,macmillan4 #c_/f4 ,g4 ,eliot4 ,romola 7,savon>ola74 ,blackwood4 #c_/f4 ,yeats4 ,! ,hon\r ( ,savelli 7,cs> ,borgia74 ,sampson ,l[4 #b_/f4 ,grace ,aguil>4 ,vale ( ,c$>s 7,f]d9& & ,isabella74 ,groombridge4 #e_/-4 ,gordon ,/ables4 ,we/w>d ) ,columbus4 ,blackie4 #e_/-4 ,au?or ( 8,d>k ,ye> ( ,dundee04 ,! ,spani% ,bro!rs 7,p]secutions74 ,nelson4 #d_/-4 ,h5ty4 ,by ,pike & ,dyke 7,ne!rl&s74 ,blackie4 #f_/-4 -- ,by ,engl&'s ,aid 7,ne!rl&s74 ,blackie4 #f_/-4 ,liefde4 ,! ,begg>s 7,ne!rl&s74 ,hodd]4 #c_/f4 ,ev]ett ,gre54 ,%ut ,9 7,siege ( ,antw]p1 #aehe74 ,nelson4 #e_/-4 ,/anley ,weyman4 ,! ,h\se ( ! ,wolf 7,/4 ,b>?olomew74 ,longmans4 #c_/f4 ,c4 ,m4 ,yonge4 ,! ,*aplet ( ,pe>ls 7,/4 ,b>?olomew74 ,macmillan4 #c_/f4 ,/anley ,weyman4 ,a ,g5tleman ( ,france 7,h5ry ,,iii4 & ! ,league74 ,longmans4 #f_/-4 ,james4 ,h5ry ( ,guise 7! ,/ates ( ,blois4 ,league ,times74 ,r\tl$ge4 #b_/-4 ,sir ,w4 ,scott4 ,m>mion 7a tale ( ,flodd5 ,field74 -- ,! ,lady ( ! ,lake 7,james ,v4 & ,d\glas74 -- ,! ,lay ( ! ,la/ ,m9/rel 7#aeeg74 ,t5nyson4 ,columbus3 a poem4 -- ,que5 ,m>y3 a drama4 -- ,! ,rev5ge3 a ,ballad ( ! ,fleet4 ,p]iod #afjc-affj-- ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,! ,=tunes ( ,nigel 7,c\rt ( ,james ,i474 ,black4 #a_/f4 -- ,a ,leg5d ( ,montrose 7,montrose & ,argyle1 #afde74 ,black4 #a_/f4 -- ,wood/ock 7,cavali]s & ,r\ndheads74 ,black4 #a_/f4 ,h>rison ,a9swor?4 ,guy ,fawkes4 ,r\tl$ge4 #b_/-4 ,%or?\se4 ,john ,+lesant 7p]fect ,picture ( ,c\rt ( ,*>les ,i474 ,macmillan4 #c_/f4 ,:yte ,melville4 ,holmby ,h\se 7,cavali]s & ,r\ndheads74 ,longmans4 #a_/f4 ,edna ,lyall4 ,to ,"r ! ,wrong 7,cavali]s & ,r\ndheads74 ,hur/ ,blackett4 #f_/-4 ,a4 ,j4 ,*ur*4 ,) ! ,k+ at ,ox=d 7,*>les ,i474 ,seeley4 #e_/-4 ,j4 ,s4 ,flet*]4 ,:5 ,*>les ! ,fir/ 0 ,k+4 ,b5tley4 #c vols4 #ca_/f4 ,au?or ( 8,! ,s*nb]g ,cotta ,family04 ,! ,draytons & ! ,dav5ants 7,civil ,w>s74 ,nelson ,sons4 #c_/f4 ,wilkie ,coll9s4 ,hide & ,seek 7,civil ,w>s74 ,*atto4 #c_/f4 ,george ,macdonald4 ,/4 ,george & ,/4 ,mi*ael 7,civil ,w>s4 ,siege ( ,raglan ,ca/le74 ,kegan ,paul4 #c_/f4 ,rev4 ,a4 ,d4 ,crake4 ,fairleigh ,hall 7,civil ,w>s74 ,m[bray4 #b_/f4 ,m4 & ,e4 ,lee4 ,rosamond ,fane 7,escape ( ,duke ( ,york74 ,griffi? ,f>ran4 #c_/f4 ,anna ,glyn4 ,a ,pe>l ( ! ,realm 7,civil ,w>s4 ,nonsu* ,palace74 ,hut*9son4 #f_/-4 ,emma ,m>%all4 ,a ,haunt ( ,anci5t ,peace 7,little ,gidd+74 ,seeley4 #e_/-4 ,edit$ by ,canon ,c>t]4 ,ni*olas ,f]r> 7n a /ory2 acc\nt ( ,little ,gidd+74 ,longmans4 #f_/-4 -- ,brave ,dame ,m>y 7,siege ( ,corfe ,ca/le74 ,s4,p4,c4,k4 #b_/-4 ,c4 ,m4 ,yonge4 ,"u ! ,/orm 7,cavali]s & ,r\ndheads74 ,national ,society4 #c_/f4 ,miss ,holt4 ,a%cliffe ,hall 7,cavali]s & ,r\ndheads74 ,silv] ,co4 #c_/f4 ,h>rison ,a9swor?4 ,boscobel4 ,r\tl$ge4 #b_/-4 ,emma ,m>%all4 ,! ,:ite ,k+'s ,daught] 7,*>les ,i474 ,seeley4 #c_/f4 ,emma ,m>%all4 ,"u ,salisbury's ,spire 7,george ,h]b]t74 ,seeley4 #e_/-4 ,m>ryat4 ,! ,*ildr5 ( ! ,new ,=e/ 7,cavali] /ory = *ildr574 ,r\tl$ge4 #b_/-4 ,au?or ( 8,! ,s*nb]g ,cotta ,family04 ,on ,bo? ,sides ( ! ,sea 7,commonweal? & ,re/oration74 ,nelson4 #e_/-4 ,d4 ,g4 ,mc,chesney4 ,miriam ,cromwell's ,royali/4 ,blackwood ,son4 #f_/-4 ,miss ,mann+4 ,m>y ,p[ell 7,di>y ( ,milton's ,wife74 ,hall4 #b_/f4 ,field4 ,e?ne 7,cromwell 9 ,irel&74 ,wells1 ,g>dn]4 #f_/-4 ,alfr$ de ,vigny4 ,c9q ,m>s 79 ,fr5*4 ,ri*elieu74 ,calmann ,levy4 #b vols4 #h francs4 ,g4 ,p4 ,r4 ,james4 ,ri*elieu4 ,w>ne4 -_/#f4 ,/anley ,weyman4 ,"u ! ,r$ ,robe 7,ri*elieu74 ,me?u54 #f_/-4 -- ,my ,lady ,ro?a 7,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>74 ,innes4 #f_/-4 ,h5ty4 ,! ,lion ( ! ,nor? 7,gu/avus ,adolphus74 ,blackie4 #f_/-4 ,sir ,w4 ,scott4 ,rokeby 7,m>/on ,moor74 ,br[n+4 ,/raf=d4 ,p]iod #affj-agad-- ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,old ,mortality 7,laud]dale & ,clav]h\se74 ,black4 #a_/f4 -- ,pev]il ( ! ,peak 7,popi% ,plot74 ,black4 #a_/f4 -- ,! ,bride ( ,lamm]moor 7#agjj74 ,black4 #a_/f4 -- ,! ,black ,dw>f 7,jacobites74 ,black4 #a_/f4 ,au/9 ,cl>e4 ,! ,c>v$ ,c>toon 7,plague & ,great ,fire74 ,s4,p4,c4,k4 #c_/-4 ,h5ty4 ,:5 ,london ,burn$4 7,plague & ,great ,fire74 ,blackie4 #e_/-4 ,h>rison ,a9swor?4 ,old ,/4 ,paul's4 7,plague & ,great ,fire74 ,r\tl$ge4 #b_/-4 ,miss ,mann+4 ,*]ry & ,violet 7,plague & ,great ,fire74 ,nimmo4 #f_/-4 ,an?ony ,hope4 ,simon ,dale 7,treaties ( ,dov]74 ,me?u5 ,co4 #f_/-4 ,edna ,lyall4 ,9 ! ,gold5 ,days 7,alg]non ,sidney74 ,hur/ ,blackett4 #f_/-4 ,emma ,m>%all4 ,w9*e/] ,meads 7,bi%op ,k574 ,seeley4 #e_/-4 ,conan ,doyle4 ,micah ,cl>ke 7,monm\?'s ,rebellion74 ,longmans4 #c_/f4 ,m4 & ,c4 ,lee4 ,! ,oak ,/aircase 7,monm\?'s ,rebellion74 ,griffi? ,f>ran4 #c_/f4 ,blackmore4 ,lorna ,doone 7,monm\?'s ,rebellion74 ,s4 ,l[4 #b_/f4 ,walt] ,besant4 ,= ,fai? & ,fre$om 7,monm\?'s ,rebellion74 ,*atto4 #c_/f4 ,ev]ett ,gre54 ,9 ,taunton ,t[n 7,monm\?'s ,rebellion74 ,nelson4 #e_/-4 ,a4 ,e4 ,mason4 ,! ,c\rt%ip ( ,maurice ,buckl] 7#afhe74 ,macmillan4 #f_/-4 ,m>y ,pe>d4 ,to ,horse & ,away 7,*>les ,,ii474 ,national ,society4 #c_/f4 ,m>y ,r[sell4 ,traitor or ,patriot 7,rye ,h\se ,plot74 ,blackie4 #c_/f4 ,/anley ,weyman4 ,%rewsbury 7a ,romance ( ! ,reign ( ,william ,,iii474 ,longmans4 #f_/-4 ,h5ty4 ,orange & ,gre5 7,b4 ,boyne74 ,blackie4 #e_/-4 ,emma ,m>%all4 ,k5s+ton ,palace4 ,seeley4 #e_/-4 ,anon4 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,cavali]s 7#afhh74 ,b5tley4 #f_/-4 ,h5ty4 ,! ,brave/ ( ! ,brave 7,pet]bro 9 ,spa974 ,blackie4 #e_/-4 ,m4 ,r[sell4 ,?orndyke ,manor 7,jacobite74 ,blackie4 #c_/f4 ,conan ,doyle4 ,! ,refugees 7,revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes74 ,longmans4 #c_/f4 ,?ack]ay4 ,esmond 7,jacobites4 ,anne's ,reign74 ,smi?1 ,eld]4 #a_/f4 ,p]iod #agad-ahae-- ,sir ,w4 ,scott4 ,rob ,roy 7,ris+ ( #agae74 ,black4 #a_/f4 -- ,! ,he>t ( ,midlo?ian 7,porte\s ,riots74 ,black4 #a_/f4 -- ,wav]ley 7,ris+ ( #agde74 ,black4 #a_/f4 -- ,guy ,mann]+ 7#agej74 ,black4 #a_/f4 -- ,r$ ,gauntlet 7,jacobites1 #aggj74 ,black4 #a_/f4 -- ,! ,antiqu>y 7#agih74 ,black4 #a_/f4 ,h5ty4 ,bonny ,pr9ce ,*>lie4 ,blackie4 #f_/-4 -- ,a ,jacobite ,exile 79 s]vice ( ,*>les ,,xii4 ( ,sw$574 ,blackie4 #e_/-4 -- ,) ,fr$]ick ! ,great 7,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>74 ,blackie4 #f_/-4 -- ,hold ,fa/ = ,engl& 7,siege ( ,gibralt>74 ,blackie4 #e_/-4 -- ,) ,clive 9 ,india4 ,blackie4 #f_/-4 -- ,) ,wolfe 9 ,canada4 ,blackie4 #f_/-4 -- ,9 ! ,reign ( ,t]ror4 ,blackie4 #e_/-4 -- ,true to ! ,old ,flag 7,w> ( ,am]ican ,indep5d5ce74 ,blackie4 #f_/-4 -- ,"o ( ! ,tw5ty-eigh? 7,wat]loo74 ,blackie4 #e_/-4 -- ,) ,moore at ,corunna4 ,blackie4 #f_/-4 -- ,?r\gh ,russian ,sn[s4 ,blackie4 #e_/-4 ,walt] ,besant4 ,doro?y ,=/] 7,ris+ ( #agae74 ,*atto4 #c_/f4 ,?ack]ay4 ,! ,f\r ,georges4 ,smi?1 ,eld]4 #a_/f4 ,&rew ,lang4 ,pickle ! ,spy 7,"y ,gl5g>ry4 ,ellibank ,plot74 ,longmans4 #ah_/-4 ,au?or ( 8,ateli] du ,lys04 ,mi/ress ,beatrice ,cope 7,ris+1 #agde74 ,hur/ ,blackett4 #c_/f4 ,h>rison ,a9swor?4 ,pre/on ,fight4 ,r\tl$ge4 #b_/-4 ,?ack]ay4 ,! ,virg9ians4 ,smi?1 ,eld]4 #e_/-4 ,au?or ( 8,! ,s*nb]g ,cotta ,family04 ,di>y ( ,mrs4 ,kitty ,trevylyan 7,wesley74 ,nelson ,sons4 #c_/f4 -- ,aga9/ ! ,/ream 7,end ( #ah? ,c5tury74 ,s4,p4,c4,k4 #d_/-4 ,dick5s4 ,b>naby ,rudge 7,gordon ,riots74 ,*apman ,hall4 #b_/f4 ,walt] ,besant4 ,! ,*apla9 ( ! ,fleet 7,fleet ,m>riages74 ,*atto4 #c_/f4 ,s>ah ,tytl]4 ,! ,hugu5ot ,family 7,refugees 9 ,engl&74 ,*atto4 #b_/-4 ,f5imore ,coop]4 ,! ,la/ ( ! ,mohicans 7,engli% & ,am]icans74 ,r\tl$ge4 #b_/-4 ,g4 ,p>k]4 ,! ,trail ( ! ,sword 7,fr5* 9 ,am]ica74 ,me?u54 #f_/-4 ,emma ,m>%all4 ,! ,f\r ,reigns 7,george ,,iii4 to ,victoria74 ,seeley4 #e_/-4 -- ,9 ,col/on's ,days 7,old ,bri/ol74 ,seeley4 #e_/-4 -- ,"u ! ,m5dips 7,hannah ,m74 ,seeley4 #e_/-4 ,dick5s4 ,a ,tale ( ,two ,cities 7,fr5* ,revolution74 ,*apman ,hall4 #b_/f4 ,/anley ,weyman4 ,! ,r$ ,cockade 7,fr5* ,revolution74 ,longmans4 #f_/-4 ,au?or ( 8,mdlle4 ,mori04 ,! ,ateli] du ,lys 7,fr5* ,revolution74 ,longmans4 #b_/f4 ,h>riet ,m>t9eau4 ,! ,peasant & ! ,pr9ce 7,fr5* ,revolution74 ,r\tl$ge4 #a_/f4 ,m4 ,e4 ,col]idge4 ,! ,k+ ) ,two ,faces 7,gu/avus ,,iii4 ( ,sw$54 ,fr5* ,revolution74 ,edw>d ,arnold4 #f_/-4 ,au?or ( 8,mdlle4 ,mori04 ,on ! ,edge ( ! ,/orm 7,fr5* ,revolution74 ,w>ne4 #c_/f4 ,felix ,gras4 ,! ,r$s ( ! ,midi 7,fr5* ,revolution74 ,he9emann4 #c_/f4 ,s>ah ,tytl]4 ,citoy5ne ,jacquel9e 7,fr5* ,revolution74 ,*atto4 #b_/-4 ,:yte ,melville4 ,si/] ,l\ise 7,fr5* ,revolution74 ,w>d1 ,lock4 #b_/-4 ,c4 ,j4 ,a41 au?or ( 8,good ,fight ( ,fai?04 ,9 ,palace & ,faub\rg 7,fr5* ,revolution74 ,nelson4 #e_/-4 ,au?or ( 8,ateli] du ,lys04 ,a ,*ild ( ! ,revolution4 ,longmans4 #b_/f4 ,f4 ,m4 ,pe>d4 ,"m ,molly 7,?reat5$ ,invasion ( ,napoleon74 ,bell4 #e_/-4 ,conan ,doyle4 ,uncle ,b]nac 7,napoleon74 ,smi?1 ,eld]4 #f_/-4 -- ,brigadi] ,g]>d 7,napoleon74 ,newnes4 #f_/-4 ,tol/oi4 ,w> & ,peace 7,napoleon's ,russian ,campaign1 = tea*]s74 ,w4 ,scott4 #d vols4 #b_/f a vol4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,anci5t ,,hi/ory4 ,by ,,m>y ,,hanbidge1 ,m4,a4 7,lond474 ,g5]al scope4 ,! importance ( hi/ory z a s*ool subject has be5 fully discuss$ 9 an e>li] section4 ,b 8hi/ory10 z taught 9 s*ools1 too (t5 connotes m]ely ,engli%1 or1 at be/1 mod]n hi/ory4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( ass]t+ sep>ately ! claim ( anci5t hi/ory1 ?\gh 9 ! v fact t x is n a sep>ate subject1 lies its importance4 ,! progressive developm5t ( ! human race is a sci5tific axiom4 ,if we ignore ! cont9uity ( hi/ory1 we t5d to base our tea*+ only on facts1 r ?an on ! laws :i* =m ! bond ( sequ5ce betwe5 !m4 ,?us ! s5se ( hi/orical proportion is nev] awak5$2 & ! girl s tra9$ may "k 9 detail ! hi/ory ( ,engl&1 & ! hi/ory ( ! ,israelites1 b has little idea ( _! relation to ! re/ ( ! mod]n or anci5t _w4 ,! *ild ( to-day _c atta9 to a true und]/&+ ( ! hi/ory & culture ( h] own nation unless %e has "s ideas ( ! civilisation we inh]it4 ,! ,r5aissance is a fact :i* e text-book emphasises1 & e s*oolgirl kn[s2 b :at does %e "k ( its _s8 ,h[ little c %e realise ! en?usiasm t /irr$ ^? 8spaci\s times0 if %e is an utt] /rang] to ! 8glory t 0 ,greece1 & ! greatness t 0 ,rome06 ,aga91 9 neglect+ anci5t hi/ory1 we lose sight ( ! homog5eity ( ! human race1 t on5ess :i* ,?ucydides felt w\ld make 8 hi/ory n m]ely a pass+ record1 b a prophecy 4 ,& 9 tru? ! anci5t city /ates grappl$ ) _m ( ! social & political problems ( to-day4 ,!y are set be=e u 9 m9iature1 we see !m 9 _! entirety1 & _! solution guides or w>ns u4 ,! influ5ce ( capital 9 politics1 ! depopulation ( c\ntry di/ricts1 ! dang]s ( a =eign corn supply1 ! drift+ ( democracy to socialism1 & ! treatm5t ( subject races1 7 que/ions ( z vital importance = ,greece & ,rome z !y are to-day4 ,s true is ,dr4 ,arnold's p>adox t ! anci5t _w is ! mo/ mod]n ( all4 ,?us reg>d$1 anci5t hi/ory =ms a valuable m5tal tra9+ = upp] =ms1 a tra9+ :i*1 9 ! case ( girls1 is especially useful1 s9ce wom5 too (t5 d n realise ! mod]n problems 9 :i* !y are unconsci\s factors4 ,a fur!r advantage is ! accessibility ( ! orig9al au?orities1 ev5 to a s*ool class4 ,"h at lea/ !y are n dep5d5t on retrospective !ories1 b c see h[ ! hi/ory ( ! day impress$ ! m5 :o made x--a result n s easily obta9able 9 o!r bran*es ( hi/ory4 ,g5]al sugge/ions4 ,to turn to ! practical tea*+ ( ! subject4 ,f ! beg9n+1 ! *ild mu/ be tra9$ to realise t ! hi/ory ( ! _w is a :ole4 ,?r\gh\t ! s*ool1 anci5t & m$ival hi/ory %\ld be taught side by side ) t ( ,engl& & ,pale/9e4 ,engli% hi/ory may ) advantage be taught 9 less detail1 & "t ?us secur$ = ! si/] subject4 ,9 ,fr5* & ,g]man s*ools ?is sy/em is def9itely adopt$2 we app5d a ,g]man s*eme4 ,if possible1 ! subject %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( ! same tea*]1 t ! correlation ( int]e/ may be duly emphasis$4 ,9 classes :]e read+ lessons are giv51 poems1 plays1 etc41 :i* be> ^u ! hi/ory1 %\ld be *os51 & may sugge/ subjects = composition4 ,a geography lesson %\ld prec$e ! hi/ory c\rse1 & ! importance ( geography ?r\gh\t _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,graduat$ s*eme4 ,c\rse ,a4 ,ages #i-aj4 ,) "y *ildr5 hi/ory prop] is an impossibility1 b an int]e/ 9 ! life ( ! pa/ may be awak5$ v e>ly4 ,! m5tal developm5t ( ! *ild epitomises t ( ! race1 & 9 ! record ( a nation my?ology prec$es hi/ory4 ,9 ! l[e/ classes ( ! ,*elt5ham ,ladies' ,college a c\rse ( /ories f ,greek my?ology has met ) m>k$ success4 ,q little *ildr5 "k ,jason1 ) 8 "o s&al1 z well z !y d ,c9d]ella1 & ,a!ne is a famili> fri5d1 ^: picture !y recognise4 ,cavill]s may say t we are only tea*+ fairy tales1 b ! same *ildr5 gr[n a little old] see _! ,a!ne ! c5tral po9t ( all ! glories ( ,p]iclean ,a!ns1 & f9d !mselves 9 a _w !y "k4 ,su* a c\rse w beg9 ) a talk ab\t ! ,greeks & _! ,gods1 pass on to ! h]oes1 & end ) ! 8,tale ( ,troy ,div9e10 ! w&]+s ( ,odysseus1 & ! /ory ( ,!bes2 ( c\rse ^! w be /ories pure & simple1 n vehicles = any tiological !ory1 & ! success w dep5d entirely on ! descriptive p[] ( ! tea*]4 ,c\rse ,b4 ,ages #aj-ab4 ,we are n[ on ! ?re%old ( hi/ory1 & s9ce a *ild is naturally an?ropomorphic1 ! p]sonal elem5t mu/ be made ! mo/ prom95t4 ,?is c\rse w !re=e consi/ ( a s]ies ( biographies1 b biographies introductory to hi/ory4 ,! m5 !re=e :om we *oose mu/ be m5 :o make or m>k a p]iod1 & _! lives mu/ be closely connect$4 ,= ?is ,greek hi/ory (f]s great] facilities ?an ,roman1 :]e ! p]sonal elem5t is weak]4 ,! foll[+ s]ies is sugge/$3-- #a4 ,lycurgus 7! dawn ( hi/ory72 revive k ( ,atrid2 new ,peloponnesus1 cf4 ,hept>*y2 ,lycurgus & 8 laws2 rise ( ,sp>ta4 #b4 ,solon1 lawgiv] ( ,a!ns4 #c4 ,pisi/ratus1 ! tyranny2 rise ( free ,a!ns4 #d4 ,crsus1 ,cyrus1 ,cambyses2 ,asiatic ,greece1 connection ) ,bible hi/ory4 #e4 ,d>ius & 8 wra? aga9/ ,a!ns4 #f4 ,miltiades & ,m>a?on4 #g4 ,!mi/ocles & ,salamis4 #h4 ,pausanias1 victor ( ,plata2 8 insol5ce & fall4 #i4 ,cimon1 expulsion ( ,p]sians f gean4 #aj4 ,p]icles & 8 ,a!ns2 ,sp>ta's jeal\sy2 ! w>4 #aa4 ,brasidas & ,demo/h5es4 #ab4 ,nicias & ! ,sicilian exp$ition4 #ac4 ,lys&] & fall ( ,a!ns4 #ad4 ,socrates & degradation ( ,a!ns4 #ae4 ,agesilaus & ! fall ( ,sp>ta4 #af4 ,conon & ! rebuild+ ( ! walls4 #ag4 ,epam9ondas1 ! humbl+ ( ,sp>ta4 #ah4 ,philip ( ,mac$on & 8 plans4 #ai4 ,demo/h5es & h[ he fail$ to /op !m4 #bj4 ,alex&]4 ,9 ^! two c\rses no text-books ne$ be us$ or notes tak51 b ! *ildr5 %\ld be requir$ to tell ! tale ( ! la/ lesson1 ei!r viva voce or 9 writ+4 ,! app5d$ *>t %\ld be us$ ?r\gh\t ?is c\rse1 & w %[ ! connection ) ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,c\rse ,c4 ,hi/ory ( ,rome to ,b4,c4 #ca4 ,we n[ come to hi/ory prop]1 necess>ily 9 outl9e4 ,?is mu/ n be m]e *ronology1 b a s]ies ( connect$ pictures ( ev5ts4 ,su* dates z are giv5 mu/ be ! dates ( a c5tury4 ,we sugge/ t ,rome %\ld =m ! subject ( ?is c\rse1 s9ce 9 ! /ory ( ! nations ,rome foll[s ,greece4 ,rome t\*es ! _w ! *ildr5 already "k1 z mi/ress ( ,brita91 & heir ( ,alex&]1 :ile ,pyrrhus & ,philip ,v4 ( ,mac$on are connect+ l9ks ) ! ,hell5i/ic age1 z a rule a t]ra incognita4 ,antio*us & ! ,maccabees w connect x ) ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,= *>t ( connection ) ,c\rse ,a see end4 ,c\rse ,d4 ,ages #ac-ad4 ,augu/us to ,*>lemagne4 ,! ,g]mans recognise ! importance ( ?is p]iod4 ,9 ,engl&1 =m+ z x does ! l9k betwe5 anci5t & mod]n hi/ory1 x is taught ) nei!r1 & yet x is ! key to ! race "q ( mod]n ,europe4 ,we sugge/ a s*eme ^: two connect+ l9ks are3 ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity & ! b>b>ian migrations4 #a4 ,augu/us2 ,tib]ius2 ,claudius4 #b4 ,n]o2 ! ,*ri/ians4 #c4 ,vespasian2 ,titus2 fall ( ,j]usalem4 #d4 ,roman life2 ,pompeii4 #e4 ,brita9 & ! expansion ( ! empire "u ,trajan4 #f4 ,m>cus ,aurelius2 ,*ri/ianity & ,paganism2 dea? ( ,oracles4 #g4 ,diocletian2 la/ p]secutions ( ,*ri/ians2 b>b>ians2 inroads4 #h4 ,con/ant9e1 fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]or2 ,con/ant9ople4 #i4 ,julian2 reaction aga9/ ,*ri/ianity2 ,franks2 ,/rasburg 7#ceg74 #aj4 ,al>ic & ,visigo?s 7#daj74 #aa4 ,attila & ,huns 7#dej74 #ab4 ,fall ( empire4 #ac4 ,alex&ria4 #ad4 ,!odoric & ,o/rogo?ic k+doms4 #ae4 ,clovis & ,franki% k+doms4 #af4 ,desc5dants ( ,clovis2 ,brunhilda & ,fr$egond2 ext5sion ( ,franki% k+dom4 #ag4 ,mona/ic age1 ,celtic & ,roman2 ,gregory ! ,great2 rise ( ,papacy2 ,gregory & ,brunhilda2 ,augu/9e4 #ah4 ,mahomet4 #ai4 ,caliphs2 spread ( ,mahometanism 9 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,spa94 #bj4 ,s>ac5s repuls$ 7#gcb72 ,*>les ,m>tel4 #ba4 ,fa9ant k+s2 mayors ( palace4 #bb4 ,*>lemagne4 #bc4 ,holy ,roman empire4 ,hi/ory = high] classes4 ,9 ! high] classes ( a s*ool we may assume a fair k ( outl9e hi/ory4 ,p]iods be>+ on ! classical read+ %\ld be select$ & read 9 detail4 ,typical p]iods z 8,! ,empire ( ,a!ns & ! ,age ( ,p]icles10 & 8,! ,age ( ,augu/us04 ,a /&>d hi/ory %\ld be work$ ?r\gh1 & o!r books1 notably ! orig9al hi/orians1 w be sugge/$4 ,a l5d+ libr>y is !re=e ess5tial4 ,an essay subject w be set 9 connection ) ea* lecture to =m a c5tre = read+4 ,illu/rations4 ,?r\gh\t1 ! importance ( concrete illu/rations _c be too /rongly insi/$ ^u4 ,9 _m places ! lectures c be supplem5t$ by visits to local museums1 ,roman relics1 etc4 7e4g41 ,*$wor? ,villa ne> ,*elt5ham1 ,gl\ce/] ,museum1 ,ba?74 ,= eld] classes a visit to ! ,briti% ,museum w\ld obvi\sly be helpful1 b x is wond]fully easy to int]e/ ev5 q "y *ildr54 ,a bo>d s*oolboy ( elev51 :o 0 w&]+ aimlessly ab\t ! ,elg9 room1 0 delight$ :5 ,i %[$ him ! ,nemesis head & told him ! /ory ( ! ,p]sian ,inv9cible ,armada1 :i* nev] set up its trophy4 ,invaluable help c also be obta9$ f ! ,educational ,museum ( ! ,tea*]s' ,guild4 ,a full catalogue is publi%$1 9 :i* we specially notice 7#a7 illu/rations ( ,greek dress1 :i* might be copi$ by ! my?ology class 7,c\rse ,a72 7#b7 maps & plans1 especially ( ,a!ns & ,rome 7,holzel72 7#c7 co9s1 museum reproductions2 7#d7 portraits2 7#e7 lant]n slides4 ,m5tion may also be made ( views ( ! ,engli% ,photographic ,co41 ,con/itution ,squ>e1 ,a!ns1 :o s5d a pric$ catalogue2 ! s]ies ( c>d reliefs1 #f;d4 ea*1 by ,le*]*i]1 ,b>be et ,cie41 to be obta9$ f ! ,art ,s*ools ,association1 #ba ,que5's ,squ>e1 ,bayswat]2 c>d illu/rations f ,m5ge's ,antike ,kun/4 ,^! illu/rations w\ld be ( d\ble value 7 !y ! p]man5t possession ( ! class-room2 ! class c\ld !n become really famili> ) ea* "o4 ,x w\ld be a great boon if a c5tral loan collection c\ld be =m$ by "s su* body z ! ,tea*]s' ,guild1 f :i* illu/rations ( special p]iods c\ld be borr[$ t]m by t]m1 a plan :i* at pres5t is only adopt$ = lant]n slides4 ,?is w\ld give access to a great] selection ( pictures & models ?an a s+le s*ool c provide1 & might lead to ! developm5t ( ! hi/orical side ( ! s*ool museum1 & ! consequ5t =mation ( a s*ool ar*ological society4 ,maps4 ,kiep]t's wall-maps may be tak5 = grant$4 ,! li/ 9 ! ,tea*]s' ,guild catalogue is helpful1 b a tea*] mu/ make h] own p]iod maps4 7,:ite bl9d holl& is an excell5t mat]ial47 ,books4 #a4 ,text-books4 7a7 ,roman4 ,creighton's ,prim]2 ,e4 ,s4 ,%uckburgh's ,hi/ory ( ,rome = ,beg9n]s & ,hi/ory ( ,rome2 ,well's ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,rome to ! dea? ( ,augu/us2 ,h[ & ,leigh's ,hi/ory ( ,rome2 ,momms5's ,hi/ory ( ,rome 7abridg$ = s*ools72 ,pelham's ,outl9es ( ,roman ,hi/ory 7,epo* ,s]ies72 ,bury's ,/ud5t's ,roman ,empire4 7b7 ,greek4 ,fyffe's ,prim]2 ,oman's ,hi/ory ( ,greece2 ,cox's ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,greece 7,epo* ,s]ies72 ,but*]'s ,demo/h5es4 7c7 ,transition4 ,freeman's ,europe 7,prim]72 ,freeman's ,g5]al ,sket* ( ,european ,hi/ory4 #b4 ,hi/orical atlases4 ,/ud5t's ,kiep]t4 #c4 ,sugge/ions = s*ool libr>y 9 connection ) junior c\rses4 ,miss ,g>dn]'s ,fri5ds ( ! ,old5 ,"t & ,rome ! ,c5tre ( ! ,_w2 ,*ur*'s ,/ories2 ,cox's ,tales ( ,anci5t ,greece2 ,k+sley's ,h]oes & ,poems2 ,macaulay's ,lays2 ,haw?orne's ,tanglewood ,tales2 ,epics & ,romances ( ! ,middle ,ages 7,wagn] & ,anson72 ,lang1 ,leaf & ,my]s' ,iliad2 ,but*] & ,lang's ,odyssey2 ,worsley's ,odyssey2 ,morris' ,e>?ly ,p>adise & ,life & ,dea? ( ,jason2 ,br[n+'s ,balau/ion & ,ari/ophanes' ,apology2 ,miss ,a4 ,swanwick's s*ylus2 ,t5nyson's none1 etc42 ,milton2 ,atlas ( ,classical ,portraits--7a7 ,roman2 7b7 ,greek 7publi%$ by ,d5t72 ,baumei/]'s ,bild] aus dem ,alt]?um4 ,g]man ,s*eme = ,hi/ory ,tea*+3-- #a/ ye>4 ,greek leg5ds & ,g]man sagas4 #bnd ye>4 ,pictures ( anci5t ,g]man & ,prussian hi/ory1 ,cyrus to ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick4 #crd ye>4 ,g]man & ,prussian hi/ory1 f invasion ( b>b>ians to ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick4 #d? ye>4 ,anci5t hi/ory to invasions ( b>b>ians 7e =tnight1 "o h\r's repetition ( ,g]man & ,prussian hi/ory74 #e? ye>4 ,g]man hi/ory1 f invasion ( b>b>ians to #afdh4 #f? ye>4 ,f #afdh to ! pres5t day1 ) special /ress on g5]al hi/ory ( civilisation4 ,,p>allel ,,*>t ,,= ,,! ,,y\ng] ,,classes4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,ye>4 ,biblical ,hi/ory4 ,greece4 ,rome4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #adjj #acjj ,exodus4 ,troy8 #abjj ,samson4 #aajj #ajjj ,david4 #ijj ,hom]8 #hjj ,lycurgus8 #gjj ,rome4 #fjj ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,solon4 ,bel%azz>4 ,cyru4 ,pisi/ratus4 #ejj ,temple rebuilt4 ,d>ius4 ,expulsion ( ,k+s4 ,e/h]4 ,x]xes4 ,miltiades4 ,!mi/ocles4 ,p]icles4 #djj ,socrates4 ,! ,gauls4 ,epam9ondas4 #cjj ,alex&]4 7,ptolemies47 7,pyrrhus47 #a/ ,punic ,w>4 #bjj 7,antio*us47 7,philip ( ,mac$on4 ,hannibal47 7,maccabees47 ,polybius4 #ajj ,cor9?4 ,c>?age4 7,cleopatra47 ,cic]o4 ,pompey4 ,julius ,cs>4 ,a4,d4 ,h]od ! ,great4 ,bir? ( ,*ri/ ,augu/us4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,c\rse ,b1 ,column ,i4 7except ! names 9 brackets7 w be m>k$ on ! *>t4 ,column ,,ii4 z f> z ,alex&] to be fill$ 9 dur+ ,c\rse ,b4 ,column ,,iii4 & ! brackets ( ,columns ,i4 & ,,ii4 to be fill$ 9 dur+ ,c\rse ,c4 ,,"t-,,maps4 ,by ,,doro!a ,,beale4 ,! practice ( repres5t+ to ! eye by means ( diagrams ! facts ( sci5ce1 physical & social1 is becom+ m common3 we h jagg$ l9es indicat+ fluctuations 9 ! w9ds or 9 ! /ocks4 ,9 an ,am]ican record :i* has be5 s5t to me1 !re are col\r$ squ>es repres5t+ ! ?\s&s ( *ildr5 :o are regul> 9 _! att5dance at s*ool1 black squ>es /&+ = ! default+ ?\s&s4 ,by su* means we c see at a glance :at ! m9d f9ds x difficult o!rwise to realise2 x furni%es a framework into :i* we c fit any?+ we wi% to locate4 ,hi/orical ,*>ts4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t = any ord]ly /udy ( hi/ory x is necess>y to h "s s*eme into :i* we may fit ! subjects ( /udy4 ,z well might we expect by le>n+ latitude & longitude to und]/& ! position ( places on ! e>?'s surface1 z by le>n+ dates to get a cle> idea ( ! relative position ( ev5ts 9 "t4 ,we want "s =m ( map :i* w repres5t ! ev5ts to ! eye4 ,_m excell5t *>ts h be5 drawn up giv+ u p>allel hi/ories1 b ! great difficulty is _! prodigi\s size4 ,"t is "o-dim5sional1 & if we give a small l9e> space to a c5tury1 & try to repres5t a few ?\s& ye>s1 ! m9d fails to grasp ! picture2 if ! scale ( ! diff]5t p]iods v>ies1 ! proportion is wrong4 ,= ?is reason riv]s & trees ( "t1 etc41 h be5 m or less failures2 !y are useful & int]e/+1 b ! objection is1 t !y are ei!r too l>ge & detail$ to be c>ri$ 9 ! memory1 or t ! l&m>ks are too slight4 ,! ,m?ode ,mnmonique ,polonaise1 :i* is mu* us$ 9 ,france1 0 introduc$ to my notice1 & fir/ us$ by me at ,que5's ,college3 x has ! great advantage ( compactness--x is 9 =m l a geographical map4 ,x c be adapt$ to v>i\s purposes1 b ,i %all dwell n[ on its applications z a record ( "t1 & %[ ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* x c be us$ by little *ildr51 ?\gh x is equally well adapt$ = ,tom ,br[n at ,ox=d 7:o seems to h us$ x7 & = ! mature /ud5t ( hi/ory4 ,x may be made = little ones into a sy/em ( object-lessons1 or hi]oglyphics1 if y w1 :i* appeal to ! *ild's imag9ation & help him to realise some?+ ( ! proportion ( ?+s1 & :il/ look+ at ! _w1 z ea* ( u mu/1 f our own 8p9-po9t10 yet see life 9 relation to ! lives ( o!rs4 ,x is compact2 x %[s at a glance ! relations ( ev5ts4 ,we c h a _w-map & give only ! great l&m>ks1 or we may by a map ( l>ge proportions "w out to any degree ( detail a %ort p]iod4 ,! plan is to make a squ>e ( t5 repres5t a c5tury1 & ea* horizontal l9e a decade4 ,?us3-- ---------------------------------------- #j #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i ---------------------------------------- #aj #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #ag #ah #ai ---------------------------------------- #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bi ---------------------------------------- #cj #ca #cb #cc #cd #ce #cf #cg #ch #ci ---------------------------------------- #dj #da #db #dc #dd #de #df #dg #dh #di #ej #ea #eb #ec #ed #ee #ef #eg #eh #ei ---------------------------------------- #fj #fa #fb #fc #fd #fe #ff #fg #fh #fi ---------------------------------------- #gj #ga #gb #gc #gd #ge #gf #gg #gh #gi ---------------------------------------- #hj #ha #hb #hc #hd #he #hf #hg #hh #hi ---------------------------------------- #ij #ia #ib #ic #id #ie #if #ig #ih #ii ---------------------------------------- ,x w at once be se5 t all ! numb]s 9 ! fir/ l9e ( a c5tury are units1 9 ! second t5s1 9 ! ?ird tw5ties1 & s on2 :il/1 if we look d[n ! v]tical l9e1 all ! numb]s 9 ! fir/ r[ end ) n\ght1 9 ! second ) "o1 & s on4 ,! ?ick l9e is int5d$ to help ! eye2 we h =ty & fifty on ea* side ( ! horizontal ?ick l9e1 f\r & five on ea* side ( ! v]tical4 ,a few m9utes' practice w g5]ally enable ! pupil to read (f numb]s rapidly f a blank squ>e4 ,he w !n h to le>n ! position ( ! m>ks 9 any c5tury1 z he w\ld le>n ! geography ( a c\ntry1 or ! %ape ( a con/ellation4 ,take1 = example1 ! ,engli% hi/ory ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,we m>k ,edw>d ,,ii41 9 #acjg2 ,edw>d ,,iii41 9 #acbg2 ,ri*>d ,,ii41 #acgg2 ,h5ry ,,iv41 #acii4 ,! dates ne$ n be le>n$2 we h ! picture ( ! c5tury 9 our m9d & c read (f ! squ>e4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,"s *ildr5 take mu* pleasure 9 mak+ & pa9t+ illu/rat$ *>ts4 ,i h "o on a l>ge scale ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 giv+ ! accession ( ,que5 ,m>y--#aeec1 & a picture ( ! ,t[]1 to :i* ,nor?umb]l& & o!rs 7 s5t4 ,a block 9 #aeed tells ( ! executions consequ5t on ,wyatt's rebellion1 & a dove ) an olive bran* ( ,philip's int]cession = ,elizabe?--#aeee2 !re is a picture ( a m>tyr at ! /ake1 & a h& 9 ! flames = ,cranm]--#aeeg2 a scroll /&s = ! fir/ ,cov5ant 9 ,scotl&1 & a sword = ! w> ) ,france--#aeeh2 !re is a he>t ) ,calais writt5 on x4 ,"h is a specim5 ( a *>t ) a key ( ! sixte5? c5tury4#ai ,x w be se5 f ?is h[ ev5ts 9 contempor>y hi/ory c be introduc$4 ,?us ! fir/ ye>1 #aejj1 rem9ds u ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & ( ! great jubilee1 ! precursor ( ! ,papal d[nfall2 ! fleur de lys /&+ = ! ,fr5* k+s & ! cross = ! ,g]man ,emp]ors1 tell ( ! accession ( ,francis ,i4 & ,*>les ,v4 ,portraits are giv5 ( ,engli% sov]eigns4 ,we h lat] ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew ) dagg]s1 a %ip = ! ,armada1 etc41 etc4 #ai ,x may be well to add t ,i am n ignorant ( ! discussions respect+ ! prop] beg9n+ ( a c5tury4 ,is ! ye> #ahjj ! la/ ye> ( ! eighte5? or ! fir/ ye> ( ! n9ete5? c5tury8 ,our dates h be5 translat$ f ! ,lat9 ord9als1 & we ought to say ! eighte5-hundr$? ye>1 in/ead ( ! ye> eighte5-hundr$4 ,i h delib]ately pref]r$ to con=m ! *>t to ! vulg> tongue4 ,if ,i did n1 ! numb]s 9 ! fir/ l9e w\ld conta9 n9e units & "o t51 in/ead ( all units2 ! second l9e ( t5s w\ld conta9 "o tw5ty1 & s on4 ,if we are cont5t to use ! inaccurate language ( daily life1 be>+ 9 m9d t x requires correction1 & mak+ su* corrections :5 we are engag$ 9 important hi/orical or a/ronomical calculations1 we may well be cont5t to d ! same ) ! *>t4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 consid] ! life ( a c5tury z t ( a c5t5>ian4 ,we say ( a *ild t he is 9 8 #a/1 #bnd1 #crd1 etc41 ye>1 :5 he is #j1 #a1 #b1 etc41 ye>s old2 s1 also1 a p]son is 9 8 #ajj? ye> :5 he is #ii ye>s old2 & he has liv$ a c5tury at ! close ( ?is ye>1 = ! c>d9al m>ks ! numb] ( complet$ ye>s1 ! ord9al ! numb] ( ! ye> 9 progress4 ,s #agii is reg>d$ z ! clos+ ye> ( ! la/ c5tury1 #ahjj1 #ahja1 z ! fir/ & second ( ?is4 ,= a le>n$ & elaborate discussion on ! subject1 & a li/ ( au?orities = ! view adopt$1 see ,an ,exam9ation ( ! ,c5tury ,"q1 ,george ,bell1 ,fleet ,/reet1 #ahej4 ,illu/ration ,,key ,,to ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,*>t4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aejj4 #aeja4 #aejb4 #aejc4 #aejd4 ,columbus ,julius ,,ii4 prison]4 ,jubilee4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aeaj4 #aeaa4 #aeab4 #aeac4 #aead4 ,flodd54 ,leo ,x4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aebj4 #aeba4 #aebb4 #aebc4 #aebd4 ,soleyman4 ,diet ( ,worms4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aecj4 #aeca4 #aecb4 #aecc4 #aecd4 ,dea? ( ,anne ,wolsey4 ,boleyn4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #aedj4 #aeda4 #aedb4 #aedc4 #aedd4 ,jesuits4 ,ca?4 ,h[>d ,ca?>9e4 ,anne behead$4 ,p>r4 ( ,cleves4 ,ca?4 ,h[>d4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aeje4 #aejf4 #aejg4 #aejh4 #aeji4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aeae4 #aeaf4 #aeag4 #aeah4 #aeai4 ,francis ,i4 ,*>les ,v4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aebe4 #aebf4 #aebg4 #aebh4 #aebi ,prussia4 ,bab]4 ,teutonic ,ord] secul>is$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aece4 #aecf4 #aecg4 #aech4 #aeci4 ,fi%] & ,anne ,boleyn ,m behead$4 execut$4 ,jane ,seym\r4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aede4 #aedf4 #aedg4 #aedh4 #aedi4 ,c\ncil ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 ,tr5t4 ,h5ry ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,illu/ration ,,key ,,to ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,*>t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aeej4 #aeea4 #aeeb4 #aeec4 #aeed4 ,m>y ,sp5s] born4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aefj4 #aefa4 #aefb4 #aefc4 #aefd4 ,*>les ,,ix4 ,guise ,max4 ,,ii4 assass4 ,%aksp]e born4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aegj4 #aega4 #aegb4 #aegc4 #aegd4 ,massacre ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,/4 ,b>- ?olomew4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aehj4 #aeha4 #aehb4 #aehc4 #aehd4 ,orange assass4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aeij4 #aeia4 #aeib4 #aeic4 #aeid4 ,fa]ie ,%aksp]e's ,hook]'s ,que5e1 ,poems4 ,eccles4 #c books4 ,polity4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aeee4 #aeef4 #aeeg4 #aeeh4 #aeei4 ,p]secu- ,cranm]4 ,elizabe?4 ,francis ,,ii4 tions4 ,f]d9& ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aefe4 #aeff4 #aefg4 #aefh4 #aefi4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aege4 #aegf4 #aegg4 #aegh4 #aegi4 ,rudolph ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aehe4 #aehf4 #aehg4 #aehh4 #aehi4 ,m>y ,armada4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,que5 ( ,scots behead$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aeie4 #aeif4 #aeig4 #aeih4 #aeii4 ,bacon's ,edict ( ,essays4 ,nantes4 ,%aksp]e's fir/ ,play4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,9 ! *>ts ,i h publi%$1#bj ,i h giv5 only ,engli% k+s2 :5 ^! are fix$ 9 ! memory1 ev5ts ( g5]al hi/ory c be gradually introduc$1 & pap] rul$ on any scale requir$4 #bj ,/ud5ts' ,*ronological ,maps 7,bell ,sons1 #cs4 #f;d474 ,if ! *>t is /udi$ z a :ole1 ei!r 9 ref]5ce to ,engli% or mod]n hi/ory1 x is conv5i5t to divide x into f\r p]iods1 ( five hundr$ ye>s ea*1 correspond+ to f\r l9es 9 ! *>t1 & to *>act]ise ea* c5tury4 ,!n on a l>g] scale1 = :i* we h %eets ( pap] rul$1 we put 9 gradually c]ta9 l&m>ks1 :il/ giv+ lessons on mod]n hi/ory1 su* matt]s be+ writt5 9 z ! tea*] directs4 ,! writ]'s text-book ( ,engli% & g5]al hi/ory1 9 :i* are giv5 ! sov]eigns ( ! pr9cipal ,european c\ntries1 notable p]sons & ev5ts1 etc41 c be us$ = lessons 9 connection ) ! *>t4#ba #ba ,= m complete li/s ( sov]eigns & a selection ( ! m important dates1 ,beale's ,/ud5t ,text-book ( ,engli% & ,mod]n ,hi/ory may be ref]r$ to1 & ,/ud5ts' ,*ronological ,maps 7,bell ,sons74 ,i subjo9 a syllabus ( a c\rse ( lessons on mod]n hi/ory3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a/ #bnd #crd #d? #e? ,*ri/ianity ,good ,milit>y ,con/ant9e ,fall ( ,rome ,emp]ors ,despotism ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #f? #g? #h? #i? #aj? ,b>b>ic ,mahomet ,*>lemagne ,alfr$ ,feudalism ,w>s ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #aa? #ab? #ac? #ad? #ae? ,hildebr& ,crusades ,s*oolm5 ,rise ( ,r5aissance ,middle-class ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #af? #ag? #ah? #ai? #bj? ,re=mation ,religi\s ,political ,revolution ,w>s ,w>s ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,i4--,9 ! fir/ c5tury we see ,rome at ! height ( prosp]ity1 victori\s on all sides4 ,dur+ ! second1 %e ma9ta9s h] position fairly "u ! good emp]ors4 ,! ?ird is a p]iod ( tr\ble & confusion1 ! empire is /ruggl+ = exi/5ce4 ,9 ! f\r?1 ! firm gov]nm5t ( ,con/ant9e ma9ta9$1 = a %ort "t aft] 8 accession1 comp>ative peace2 b ! removal ( ! seat ( gov]nm5t1 & ! subsequ5t division ( ! empire1 facilitat$ ! b>b>ic triumphs ( ,radagaisus1 ,al>ic1 ,attila & ,g5s]ic 9 ! fif?2 & be=e its close1 ! ,we/]n empire _h fall51 & ,!odoric ! ,o/rogo? 0 k+ ( ,italy4 ,?is l9e embraces 9 ,brita9 ! #djj ye>s ( ! ,roman occupation1 & a small portion ( ! ,anglo-,saxon p]iod4 ,,ii4--,9 ! second l9e we h ! p]iod ( b>b>ian settlem5ts--tribes are *ang+ into nations4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon invasions1 ! unceas+ conte/s among/ ! num]\s petty k+s1 h t]m9at$1 by ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury1 9 ! union ( ! c\ntry "u ,a!l/ane1 ! fir/ :o c prop]ly be call$ ,k+ ( all ,engl&4 ,9 ,france we h ! union ( ! ,franks "u ,clovis1 ! con/ant civil w>s1 int]m9able divisions1 & fa9ant k+s ( ! ,m]ov+ian p]iod1 ! union ( ! c\ntry "u ,*>lemagne1 ! r5ew$ civil /rife1 subdivisions1 & fa9ant k+s ( ! ,c>lov+ian l9e1 & ! accession ( ! ?ird1 or ,capetian ,dyna/y4 ,9 ,g]many1 too1 ord] is be+ develop$ out ( confusion1 &1 9 ! t5? c5tury1 ! diff]5t nations h agre$ to *oose "o k+2 b>ri]s are oppos$ to fur!r invasion f )\t1 free cities are ris+1 feudalism is be+ rapidly develop$1 ! _s ( *ivalry is felt1 & ! idea ( a unit$ ,*ri/5dom1 subject to ! emp]or z temporal1 to ! pope z spiritual head1 may be trac$ mo/ di/9ctly 9 ! s*emes ( ! ,o?os1 & ! attempt ( ,sylve/] ,,ii4 to r\se ! ,european nations = a crusade4 ,9 ,italy1 s long a battlefield1 ! great republics are ris+1 & ! pope f "t to "t ass]t+ 8 indep5d5ce4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 9 ,africa1 9 ,spa91 ! ,mahometan k+doms h be5 e/abli%$4 ,dur+ s turbul5t a p]iod1 we mu/ expect to f9d _m h]oes1 & f ^! we may select ,mahomet1 ,*>lemagne & ,alfr$1 z ! c5tral figures ( ! sev5?1 eigh? & n9? c5turies4 ,,iii4---,9 ! ?ird l9e we h ! =mation ( ! /ates ( mod]n ,europe4 ,! great nations ( ! ,we/ are no long] isolat$ units1 = !y h jo9$ toge!r 9 crusades aga9/ ! ,ea/1 !y ackn[l$ge "o head 9 ! popes4 ,! popes1 mighty 9 ! p]son ( ,gregory ,,vii4 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 9 ,innoc5t ,,iii4 9 ! ?irte5?1 h sunk to ! l[e/ dep?s ( ignom9y 9 ! p]son ( ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,! ,albig5ses are almo/ ext]m9at$ 9 ! ?irte5?1 b ,wickliffe has prea*$ 9 ! f\rte5?4 ,huss & ,j]ome ( ,prague h be5 m>tyr$ at ,con/ance e>ly 9 ! fifte5?1 b ,lu!r has begun to /udy ! ,scriptures4 ,! middle classes1 too1 h be5 gr[+ 9 importance1 citiz5s h triumph$ ov] w>riors4 ,! p[] ( a turbul5t *ivalry has be5 de/roy$ by civil w>s1 ! p h ris5 to p[]4 ,! inv5tion ( gunp[d] has *ang$ ! aspect ( w>1 & ! introduction ( pr9t+ br\ght ab\t a va/ *ange 9 education2 great writ]s1 z ,*auc] & ,dante1 are beg9n+ to produce _! works 9 ! vulg> tongue4 ,am]ica has1 at ! close ( ! p]iod1 be5 j discov]$4 ,,iv4--,9 ! la/ l9e we h a p]iod m>k$ fir/ by /ruggles = religi\s1 aft]w>ds = political lib]ty1 ! long religi\s w>s ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,! oppression ( ! ari/ocratic & papal p[]s dur+ ! prec$+ p]iod l$1 9 "s in/ances1 to ! exagg]ation ( ! mon>*ical au?ority1 & to ?is are oppos$ ! revolutions ( ! sev5te5?1 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 :i* h 9 "s in/ances produc$ a reaction 9 fav\r ( despotism4 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica has giv5 an extraord9>y impulse to naval ent]prise1 to colonisation & comm]ce2 ?is1 toge!r ) ! diffusion ( k by pr9t+1 has greatly /imulat$ intellectual activity1 & ! ma!matical & philosophical /udies ( ! sixte5? c5tury h prep>$ ! way = ! practical triumphs ( our own day4 ,only a few lead+ dates h be5 m>k$ 9 ! publi%$ *>ts1 :i* are col\r$ = diff]5t p]iods1 b ^! may be add$ to indef9itely--sometimes by writ+ 9 additional signs or words to m>k contempor>y sov]eigns1 etc41 b x is bett] n to multiply ^! too mu*2 = _m ?+s no signs ne$ be us$1 z p]sons & ?+s ( m9or importance w become associat$ 9 ! memory ) ! m important4 ,or aga91 suppose a special subject is tak5 up1 z ,engli% lit]ature or ! hi/ory ( pa9t+1 ! "n ( a lead+ au?or or pa9t] c be writt5 across t portion ( ! c5tury 9 :i* 8 *ief works appe>$1 & all :o belong to 8 s*ool ( ?\ght w be easily rememb]$ 9 connection ) him4 ,a *>t ( ,engli% lit]ature has be5 publi%$ on ?is plan by ,bak]1 ,clifton4 ,9 ! ,*>t ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 ! numb]s are read upw>ds & backw>ds4 ,?us3-- ---------------------------------------- #ii #ih #ig #if #ie #id #ic #ib #ia #ij ---------------------------------------- #hi #hh #hg #hf #he #hd #hc #hb #ha #hj ---------------------------------------- #gi #gh #gg #gf #ge #gd #gc #gb #ga #gj ---------------------------------------- #fi #fh #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #fa #fj ---------------------------------------- #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #df #de #dd #dc #db #da #dj ---------------------------------------- #ci #ch #cg #cf #ce #cd #cc #cb #ca #cj ---------------------------------------- #bi #bh #bg #bf #be #bd #bc #bb #ba #bj ---------------------------------------- #ai #ah #ag #af #ae #ad #ac #ab #aa #aj ---------------------------------------- #i #h #g #f #e #d #c #b #a #j ---------------------------------------- ,we give1 9 conclusion1 photographs ( two *>ts prep>$ = ! ,victorian ,exhibition 7#ahig7 ) a key4 ,! fir/ gives ! *ief ev5ts ( ! ,que5's reign1 ! second ! *ief sci5tific discov]ies4 ,illu/ration ,,key ,,to ,,*>t ,no4 ,i4 ,,*>t ,,( ,,! ,,que5',s ,,reign4 #ahcg4 ,! ,que5's ,accession4 #ahch4 ,fir/ ,electric ,telegraph4 #ahdj4 ,que5's ,m>riage--,p5ny ,po/age4 #ahda4 ,bir? ( ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 #ahdb4 ,capture ( ,%anghai4 #ahdf4 ,repeal ( ! ,corn ,laws4 #ahdh4 ,dea? ( ,"l ,melb\rne--,*>ti/ ,revolt4 #ahej4 ,dea? ( ,wordswor? & ,sir ,rob]t ,peel4 #ahea4 ,fir/ ,great ,exhibition4 #aheb4 ,dea? ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton4 #ahed4 ,crimean ,w>4 #aheg4 ,indian ,mut9y4 #ahfj4 ,dea? ( ,"l ,ab]de54 #ahfa4 ,dea? ( ! ,pr9ce ,consort4 #ahfc4 ,pr9ce ( ,wales' ,m>riage4 #ahfd4 ,bir? ( ! ,duke ( ,cl>5ce4 #ahfe4 ,bir? ( ! ,duke ( ,york--,dea? ( ,"l ,palm]/on4 #ahfi4 ,dea? ( ,"l ,d]by4 #ahga4 ,dise/abli%m5t ( ! ,iri% ,*ur*4 #ahgf4 ,que5 ,proclaim$ ,empress ( ,india4 #ahgh4 ,dea? ( ,"l ,john ,russell4 #ahgi4 ,zulu ,w>4 #ahhj4 ,"l ,rob]ts' ,relief ( ,c&ah>4 #ahha4 ,dea? ( ,"l ,beaconsfield4 #ahhd4 ,s\dan ,w>4 #ahhe4 ,dea? ( ,gordon--,bible ,revis$4 #ahhg4 ,que5's ,jubilee4 #ahhi4 ,dea? ( ,br[n+4 #ahib4 ,dea? ( ,duke ( ,cl>5ce4 #ahic4 ,m>riage ( ,duke ( ,york--,dea? ( ,t5nyson--,home ,rule ,bill ,reject$4 #ahid4 ,bir? ( ,pr9ce ,edw>d4 #ahif4 ,jameson's ,raid4 #ahig4 ,que5's ,diamond ,jubilee4 ,illu/ration ,,key ,,to ,,*>t ,no4 ,,ii4 ,,%[+ ,,progress ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,,dur+ ,,! ,,que5',s ,,reign4 #ahcg4 ,fir/ ,telegraph4 #ahci4 ,photography--,dagu]re4 #ahda4 ,sew+ ,ma*9e4 #ahdb4 ,nasmy?'s ,/eam ,hamm]4 #ahdc4 ,ross' ,telescope4 #ahdh4 ,planet ,neptune ,discov]$4 #ahdi4 ,j\le's ,me*anical ,equival5t ( ,heat--,an/hetics4 #ahea4 ,! ,great ,exhibition4 #aheb4 ,oph?almoscope4 #ahed4 ,arm/rong ,gun4 #ahef4 ,tyndall's ,inve/igation ( ,glaci]s4 #aheg4 ,atlantic ,cable f ,val5tia to ,newf\ndl&4 #aheh4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n4 #ahei4 ,d>w91 ,orig9 ( ,species--,brunel's ,dea?4 #ahfj4 ,/ell> ,spectroscopy--,hugg9s4 #ahfa4 ,a]onautic ,exp]im5ts4 #ahfd4 ,clifton ,susp5sion ,bridge4 #ahfe4 ,li/]1 ,antiseptic ,treatm5t4 #ahfg4 ,dea? ( ,f>aday4 #ahfh4 ,suez ,canal4 #ahgj4 ,torp$o4 #ahga4 ,huxley1 ,anatomy ( ,v]tebrates4 #ahgb4 ,daily ,wea!r ,*>t fir/ begun4 #ahgf4 ,*all5g] at ,portsm\?--,bell's ,telephone4 #ahgh4 ,electric ,light on ! ,embankm5t4 #ahgi4 ,phonograph4 #ahhj4 ,pa/eur's ,cure ( ,hydrophobia4 #ahhb4 ,sir ,w4 ,siem5's ,/eel ,process4 #ahhe4 ,maxim ,gun4 #ahhh4 ,/ell> ,photography--,sir ,isaac ,rob]ts4 #ahhi4 ,bicycles1 ,! ,pneumatic ,tyre4 #ahij4 ,=? ,bridge4 #ahib4 ,t[] ,bridge4 #ahid4 ,argon1 by ,"l ,rayleigh & ,pr(essor ,ramsay4 #ahie4 ,rntg5 ,rays4 #ahif4 ,"l ,kelv9's ,jubilee4 ,,economics ,,= ,,girls4 ,by ,,m>g>et ,,bridges4 ,*ang$ attitude ( public t[>ds economics4 ,no?+ /rikes a /ud5t ( economics m =cibly ?an ! *ange :i* has come ov] public op9ion ) reg>d to ?is subject dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,until q lately1 x has be5 reg>d$1 except by s*ol>s1 ) suspicion & dislike1 accus$ ( sett+ =? mat]ial weal? z ! supreme object ( human desire1 & ( ignor+ all t is g5]\s & dis9t]e/$ 9 human nature4 ,to-day ?+s are v diff]5t3 inde$ x might be said we are all economi/s n[4 ,"s ve/ige1 h[ev]1 ( ! old prejudice /ill l+]s 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o ask3 8,:at is ! good ( tea*+ economics to ,girls80 ,tra9+ giv5 9 accuracy4 7#a7 ,! /ud5t ( economics is tra9$ to ?9k exactly1 to reason closely1 & to express h]self cle>ly4 ,no "o surely w\ld ma9ta9 t su* tra9+ is less ne$$ by girls ?an by boys4 ,on ! contr>y1 we are (t5 assur$ t wom5 are less accurate ?an m51 & are con/itutionally illogical4 ,9 any sci5ce1 vagu5ess ( ?\ght & loos5ess ( expression are fatal to success1 b ! /ud5t ( economics has a peculi> difficulty to ov]come1 = he f9ds no special vocabul>y ready = 8 use4 ,! t]ms us$ are = ! mo/ "p ^? famili> 9 ev]yday language1 employ$ h[ev] 9 a v def9ite & sometimes peculi> s5se4 ,great c>e is ne$$ 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! ord9>y & ! economic mean+ ( su* t]ms z utility1 weal?1 capital1 value1 & _m o!rs4 ,& ! tra9+ 9 sci5tific precision ( language ?us giv5 is no small ga9 9 ^! days ( slip-%od ,engli%4 ,reason+ p[]s develop$4 7#b7 ,! /udy ( economics t5ds to /imulate indep5d5t ?\ght1 & to develop 8m5tal muscle04 ,we take x = grant$ t ! que/ions set = home "w require an application ( ! pr9ciples giv51 & n a m]e reproduction ( notes4 ,! girls mu/ ?9k out ! problems = !mselves1 =1 z !y truly rem>k sometimes3 8,we c't f9d ! answ]s 9 our books04 ,political economy c]ta9ly does n l5d itself to cribb+ or cramm+--& we are ?ankful t our text-books supply no ready-made solutions ( problems4 ,hi/ory r5d]$ m int]e/+4 7#c7 ,we f9d t ! /udy ( ! indu/rial conditions ( our c\ntry gives an additional int]e/ to hi/ory4 ,to read x ) economic eyes is to read x afre%1 :il/ to /udy x )\t !m is to leave out a v important factor4 ,int]e/ %[n by pupils 9 subject4 ,diagrams suppli$ by pupils4 ,illu/rations drawn f daily life4 7#d7 ,i w\ld urge ! great importance ( giv+ our girls1 especially ^? engag$ 9 philan?ropic "w1 "s k ( ^? economic pr9ciples ^u :i* su* "w mu/ be bas$ to d real good4 ,we h le>nt t ?is is n easy1 & t incalculable mis*ief may be done by ?\ghtless b5evol5ce1 :i* is too (t5 cruelty 9 disguise4 ,mr4 ,lo*1 9 speak+ ( *>ity organisation1 has said3 8,x is likely t we %all 9 ! future draw our wom5 secret>ies f ! ranks ( ^? :o h tak5 ! tr\ble to /udy political economy04 ,( c\rse1 !re mu/ be ! tra9+ ( ! he>t z well z ! head4 ,our !ories1 h[ev] p]fect1 w avail u little )\t ! sympa!tic insight t love alone c give1 b p]haps wom5 specially ne$ to rememb] t sympa?y itself mu/ be guid$ by reason4 ,/ill x may be ask$3 8,c political economy1 deal+ z x does1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) dry ab/ractions1 be made int]e/+ to girls80 ,my exp]i5ce is1 t 9 no bran* ( _! /udies are ! pupils m responsive or m ready to d _! "p ( ! "w1 & inde$ to give (t5 m ?an is actually dem&$4 ,!y p>ticul>ly enjoy ! mak+ ( orig9al diagrams 7v orig9al sometimes671 & occasionally s elaborate z to co/ ! tea*] "s anxi\s /udy4 ,mu* amusem5t may be got out ( su* seem+ly unpromis+ mat]ial z ev5 ! ,law ( ,dim9i%+ ,returns or ,ric>do's ,!ory ( ,r5t1 :5 !y are t\*$ ^u by an imag9ative or arti/ic girl4 ,to pa/ g5]ations ( pupils ,i owe _m apt illu/rations & +5i\s diagrams1 :i* h be5 /or$ up = future use1 because !y 7 mu* bett] ?an any ,i _h ?\ght ( myself4 ,i ?9k our lessons fail sometimes1 because we "w s h>d ourselves1 t we leave our pupils no?+ to d6 ,n[ 9 economics we are deal+ to a great ext5t ) facts t are already famili> to !m1 s t we c con/antly appeal to _! own exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 & ! tea*] w f9d t 8int]rogative lessons on ! ,socratic model0 are p>ticul>ly suit$ to ?is subject4 ,! daily newspap]s w furni% h] ) pl5ty ( illu/rations1 & economic laws c be %[n to be work+ !mselves out be=e our eyes4 ,:at bett] comm5t on ! ,laws ( ,dem& & ,supply c\ld we wi% = ?an t suppli$ by ! rec5t 8boom0 & subsequ5t 8slump0 9 ! bicycle trade1 or ! speculation 9 seats dur+ ! late ,jubilee6 ,! illu/rations furni%$ by ! girls !mselves1 f _! own exp]i5ce1 are specially valuable4 ,! daught]s ( ,indian (fic]s c te/ify to ! dim9i%$ pur*as+ p[] ( ! 8vani%+ rupee10 :il/ ,iri% girls are eloqu5t on ! sy/em ( ,l& ,t5ure 9 _! own c\ntry2 a bank]'s daught] w supply u ) skilfully =g$ bank notes & bills ( ex*ange1 & on "o occasion an ,au/rian pupil gave u "s int]e/+ in=mation on ! work+ ( ! ,metay] sy/em abroad4 ,judici\s use ( text-books4 ,economics z an exam9ation subject4 ,9 tea*+ y\ng] girls--say f fifte5 to sev5te5--a sp>+ use %\ld be made ( text-books = home read+3 p>agraphs1 exemplify+ or enl>g+ on ! lesson giv51 may be select$1 b indiscrim9ate read+1 = ! av]age girl1 at t age1 is pretty sure to result--z %e w c&idly tell y--9 h] gett+ 8hopelessly muddl$04 ,jevons' ,prim] ( ,political ,economy is an admirable introduction to ! subject1 b av[$ly does n cov] ! :ole gr\nd1 & ,i regret to say t ,pr(essor ,gonn]'s v helpful text-book is n[ out ( pr9t4 ,to a great ext5t inde$ ! tea*] w f9d x necess>y to =m h] own text-book1 t is1 to collect h] mat]ials f _m s\rces1 & adapt !m to ! use ( h] pupils4 ,"o feels 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r subjects1 t "o _c hope to d mu* m1 9 ! limit$ "t at our disposal1 ?an awak5 int]e/1 & %[ :at a wide field !re is to be explor$4 ,we are glad to "k t ! subject is (t5 cont9u$ aft] s*ool days are ov]4 ,_m ( our pupils are prep>+ = ! ,s5ior ,ox=d ,exam9ation1 b economic lessons are giv5 9 non-exam9ation classes z well4 ,"s take up ! subject aga9 lat] = ! ,cambridge ,high] ,local1 & h to make !mselves acqua9t$ ) ,adam ,smi?1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 & a ho/ ( m mod]n writ]s1 h>dly any ( :om c\ld h be5 plac$ 9 _! h&s ) advantage at an e>li] age1 al?\gh !y w unconsci\sly h imbib$ mu* ( _! tea*+ & w f9d t _! ye>'s tra9+ 9 elem5t>y economics w h help$ !m a long way on _! road4 ,e?ical consid]ations4 ,enl>g$ sympa?ies4 ,9 conclusion1 we w\ld advocate ! /udy ( economics = girls1 because we believe t x helps !m to live 9 a l>g] _w1 & to take a m intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! lives ( ^? ar\nd !m4 ,weal? an elem5t 9 well-be+4 ,! 8sordid sci5ce0 is lift$ into a high] plane :5 we reg>d x z 8a "p ( ! /udy ( man0--& look on weal? z a means to an end1 n an end 9 itself--valuable only s f> z x facilitates a 8gr[? t[>ds t high] & pur] condition ( society1 = :i* alone we c>e to /rive04 ,,app5dix4 ,i give a few extracts f pap]s receiv$ f old pupils1 9 answ] to ! reque/ t !y w\ld say1 q simply & un(ficially1 :at b5efits !y _h d]iv$ f a c\rse ( economic /udy4 8,i ?9k t le>n+ economics has help$ me to take a m intellig5t int]e/ 9 ev]yday matt]s40 8,i consid] ,i h b5efit$ m by t subject ?an by any o!r4 ,!re are s _m subjects y c take an int]e/ 9 if y und]/& economics1 t if y d n1 w\ld appeal to y 9 no way :atev]40 8,x helps u to und]/& "s ( ! mo/ important subjects ( ! day1 & gives u a cle>] idea ( ! difficulties ( ! poor--& %[s u ! be/ way ( help+ !m40 8,! human sympa?ies _c fail to be awak5$1 & n>r[-m9d$ & selfi% views _c long be ent]ta9$4 ,economics (t5 %[s ! be/ me?ods 9 ! relief ( our less =tunate bro!rs & si/]s40 8,liv+ z ,i d1 9 ,irel&1 ! /udy ( ?is subject has wid5$ my int]e/s greatly4 ,n[ ,i c m fully und]/& ! problem ( l&lord & t5ant40 8,besides economics be+ useful1 x is also v int]e/+40 8,x t5ds to make "o speak m exactly & to keep to ! po9t40 ,_m m answ]s to ! same effect might be giv51 b ^! are p]haps en\gh to %[ t ! /udy ( economics is nei!r un9t]e/+ nor unpractical4 ,,engli% ,,lit]ature4 ,by ,,amy ,,lumby4 ,! g5]al aim & me?od ( ! tea*]4 8,all spirits ^u :i* poetry falls10 says ,%elley1 8op5 !mselves to receive ! wisdom :i* is m+l$ ) its delight40 ,to rememb] ^! words w help ! tea*] ( lit]ature to be> 9 m9d h] d\ble aim--to inspire delight & at ! same "t to imp>t wisdom4 ,x is impossible to lay d[n rules = accompli%+ ?is aim1 b we may trace out a few pr9ciples by :i* to guide our c\rse4 ,lit]ature appeals to ! imag9ation1 ! faculty ( ! m9d 9 :i* emotion & intellect jo91 & a lit]ature lesson %\ld comb9e ! two elem5ts ( feel+ & ?\ght4 ,poetry ne$s to be enjoy$ if x is to be und]/ood1 = x is ! expression1 n ( facts :i* c be demon/rat$1 b ( tru? :i* c only be recognis$ by ^? :o c>e = x4 ,s ! fir/ aim ( ! tea*] mu/ be to make h] class enjoy :at !y read4 ,dulness is a bad fault 9 any tea*]2 9 ! tea*] ( lit]ature x is high treason4 ,no "o ought to tea* ! subject unless %e ?or\ghly enjoys x h]self & c communicate h] enjoym5t4 ,b 9 try+ to inspire delight 9 h] pupils1 %e mu/ be on h] gu>d aga9/ ! m5tal indol5ce ( *ildr5 :o ask only to be amus$4 ,9 ?is age ( trivial lit]ature & comic pap]s "y p are apt to be impati5t ( s]i\s read+1 to f9d ! ,fa]ie ,que5e dull & ! ,pilgrim's ,progress sl[1 b ! tea*] mu/ p]sev]e 9 pres5t+ to !m z attractively z may be ! v be/ !y are capable ( reli%+ at all1 & aft] a :ile a bett] ta/e w de/roy all desire = ! wor?less rubbi% !y once f\nd pleasure 94 ,:5 once ! tea*] has r\s$ real enjoym5t 9 h] class1 h] "p becomes m]ely t ( ! int]pret]4 ,%e mu/ see to x t h] pupils und]/& ! words !y read1 realise ! images t are call$ up be=e !m1 & foll[ z closely z !y c ! ?\ghts t are pres5t$ to !m4 ,! subject does ! re/4 ,= ! p[] ( int]c\rse ) great & good ?\ghts is su* t x enl>ges & lifts ! m9d ins5sibly to bett] ?+s4 ,if ! _s is b r5d]$ s5sitive to poetry1 wisdom ent]s h& 9 h& ) delight4 ,we c give no rules = produc+ ?is effect4 ,! p[] to d x is ! special gift requir$ 9 ! tea*] ( lit]ature4 ,%e mu/ possess ! faculty ( k9dl+ & /irr+ ?\ght & feel+ to respond to ! ?\ght & feel+ pres5t$ to !m4 ,)\t ?is %e w nev] make h] pupils feel any?+ ( :at poetry c tea*4 ,9 no subject does ! m5tal attitude & ! m5tal furniture ( ! tea*] matt] s mu*4 ,! e>lie/ /age--! read+ lesson4 ,assum+ !n a ?or\gh enjoym5t & appreciation ( ! subject1 we w consid] a little m 9 detail ! me?od 9 :i* x may be treat$ 9 "o or two typical cases4 ,to beg9 ) ! simple/ =m ( lit]ature--! read+ lesson--we w suppose t we h to read a poem1 say 8,! ,wreck ( ! ,hesp]us10 ) a class ( "y *ildr54 ,we %all h 9 our own m9ds a cle> conception ( ! qualities :i* make ?is "o ( ! f9e/ ( mod]n ballads--! extreme simplicity ( ! !me1 ! vig\r & bread? ( ! treatm5t1 ! pa?os ( ! little human trag$y set aga9/ ! great backgr\nd ( ,nature 9 /orm & tumult4 ,b we %all n burd5 ! *ildr5's m9ds ) ?is in=mation2 ) a v few words ( preface to prep>e !m = :at !y are to expect1 we %all fir/ read ! :ole poem ?r\gh to !m4 ,! read+ is a v important po9t1 = on ?is dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t ! enjoym5t !y w h 9 ! poem4 ,a h>% voice or a dull deliv]y is fatal to pleasure2 & monoton\s read+ fails to convey ! po9t ( ! /ory1 & to sugge/ ! atmosph]e ( ! poem4 ,e tea*] ( lit]ature %\ld be a tra9$ read]4 ,! poem mu/ next be tak5 v]se by v]se2 ! mean+ ( difficult or unusual expressions1 su* z 8ve]+ flaw10 8la%$ to ! helm10 8%e /ove & sank10 %\ld be expla9$1 :ile ^? t are peculi>ly apt %\ld be not$ ) appreciation2 = in/ance1 8fairy flax10 8a :oop+ bill[10 ! vessel 8swept0 t[>ds ! reef1 & _m o!rs4 ,at ! same "t ! class mu/ be made to see ! pictures sugge/$1 z !y rise3 ! w9try sea1 ! skipp] beside ! helm1 ! *ild la%$ to ! ma/1 ! froz5 %ip ru%+ headlong to h] doom4 ,& la/ly1 ! :ole drift & significance ( ! poem mu/ be kept be=e _! m9ds by mak+ !m realise ! situation2 ! happy *ild s sudd5ly ov]:elm$1 helpless & at fir/ bewild]$1 !n z calamities ?ick51 turn+ = help to pray]2 hurri$ on ) ! doom$ vessel ?r\gh night & /orm1 & %>+ its fate among ! exultant break]s4 ,& !y %\ld feel ! calm ( ! close & ! survival ( ! human int]e/ beyond ! %ort-liv$ triumph ( ! sea4 ,( c\rse x w n be possible at fir/ to make "y *ildr5 feel all ! =ce ( a poem l ?is1 b our aim mu/ be to r\se _! imag9ations by br++ ! picture x pres5ts vividly be=e !m1 s t !y gradually become m & m s5sitive to ! /imulus ( poetry4 ,! second /age--! detail$ /udy ( "o ( ,%aksp]e's plays1 or "s o!r "w 9 detail4 ,a c\rse ( read+ lessons1 graduat$ 9 difficulty f ! simple ballad to su* poems z 8,! ,=sak5 ,m]man10 8,ti?onus10 & ! 8,ode to ,duty10 w lead up to ! next /age1 ! read+ ( a play ( ,%aksp]e4 ,"h we mu/ cl+ v closely to our pr9ciple ( ! importance ( enjoym5t4 ,v few p :o h read _! fir/ play at s*ool are happy en\gh to h enjoy$ x4 ,& :y is ?is8 ,because a mi/ak5 ideal has be5 be=e ! tea*]'s m9d1 & a mi/ak5 me?od has be5 us$ to atta9 x4 ,c>eful /udy & exact und]/&+ ( ! language ( ,%aksp]e is almo/ a lib]al education 9 itself2 b x is n always borne 9 m9d t ! und]/&+ ( ! language is b a means to an end1 & t notes1 :e!r philological or hi/orical1 are ( value only :5 !y really ?r[ light on ! mean+ ( ! text4 ,x is worse ?an useless to burd5 ! memories ( *ildr5 ) d]ivations ( words f languages ) :i* !y are absolutely unacqua9t$4 ,:5 ! orig9al or root-mean+ ( a ^w is really wor? kn[+1 & a k ( x t5ds to a m accurate use ( ! ^w1 !n x %\ld be le>nt1 b to make *ildr5 le>n ,saxon or ,wel% or ,sanskrit words simply because an ,engli% ^w is ak9 to !m is a wa/e ( "t & p[]1 & ?is expla9+ ( ! vaguely und]/ood by ! totally unkn[n is a subv]sion ( all educational me?ods4 ,! tea*] %\ld ex]cise a wise discretion 9 ! use ( notes1 & n disgu/ h] class ) ,%aksp]e altoge!r1 z is too (t5 done1 by =c+ ^u ! *ildr5 a mass ( dry in=mation :i* ov]loads _! memories )\t br++ a ray ( illum9ation ) x4 ,"s c>e w be ne$$ ) "y *ildr5 read+ _! fir/ play to see t !y c really foll[ ! /ory ( x4 ,! dramatic =m is puzzl+ to !m2 ! abs5ce ( descriptive matt]1 toge!r ) ! con/ant *ange ( sc5e1 is apt to bewild] !m1 & x may be necess>y to read ! /ory to !m 9 ,lamb's ,tales f ,%aksp]e1 or "s su* =m1 be=e we laun* into ! play itself4 ,) old] pupils ?is w n be requir$4 ,) !m ! k9d ( prep>ation we %\ld give w\ld be r a v simple talk ab\t ^? moral laws ( :i* ,%aksp]e is ! inspir$ tea*]4 ,*ildr5 ( sixte5 ye>s ( age1 or !reab\ts1 are easily int]e/$ 9 problems ( "*1 & x is well to expla9 to !m some?+ ( :at we und]/& by "* & h[ x may be built up or und]m9$1 r\s+ _! consci\sness to realise :at _! own moral exp]i5ce has be51 s t !y look into !mselves = confirmation ( ! facts ) :i* ! plays deal4 ,hav+ done ?is1 h[ev]1 we mu/ avoid tack+ any specific 8moral0 to a play4 ,%aksp]e tea*es1 l life1 by indirection1 & we h to consid] 8 plays z pictures ( life1 n z tracts aga9/ p>ticul> vices4 ,9 br++ be=e a class ! *>act]s ( a play1 we %\ld fir/ =m a cle> conception ( !m ourselves4 ,%aksp]e's p are s complex t _m diff]5t views c be tak5 ( !m1 & no ?\ghtful e/imate is )\t its value4 ,b x is mo/ important t no /atem5t ab\t a "* %\ld be unsupport$ by evid5ce f ! text4 ,adh]5ce to ?is rule w save ! tea*] f mak+ fancy sket*es ( h] own1 & w also make h] %un ^? little text-books :i* give catalogues ( qualities atta*$ to ea* "n1 br++ no image :atev] be=e ! m9d1 & de/roy+ all true realisation ( ! "*4 ,we %\ld n be satisfi$ until we h made ! *ief *>act]s 9 ! play we are read+ s real to our *ildr5 t !y w\ld recognise !m if !y met !m 9 ! /reet4 ,:5 we h cle>ly realis$ ! *>act]s we %all be able to see ! drift & ! =ce ( ! play1 & to %[ our *ildr5 h[ ! p]sons develop & *ange "u ! /ress ( circum/ances & accord+ to ! absolute decrees ( ! moral law4 ,to convey ?is tea*+1 all /eep$ 9 poetry ( ! ri*e/ k9d1 %\ld be ! purpose ( a ,%aksp]e lesson2 & ! notes t are le>nt %\ld be subord9ate to t end4 ,our "w mu/ n be less ?or\gh ?an x usually is at pres5t1 b x may well be less p$antic4 ,! read+ ( a play usually takes up a c\rse ( lessons1 s t x is impossible 9 ?is space to give notes on any p>ticul> "o1 b ! same pr9ciples :i* guid$ u 9 our treatm5t ( a simple ballad w hold good "h1 & 9 ! /udy ( su* long] poems z may be *os5 = ! read+ ( our class4 ,"h z !re we mu/ fir/ secure cle> und]/&+ ( ! language1 !n we mu/ realise ! images call$ up by x1 & la/ly yield ourselves 9 intellig5t self-surr5d] to ! poet's ?\ght1 n obtrud+ our own p]sonality b lett+ him lead u :]e he w1 feel+ ourselves1 & tea*+ our class to feel1 a deep rev]5ce = :at he has to say to u4 ,! read+ ( prose may be treat$ 9 mu* ! same way1 be>+ 9 m9d ! fact t ! emotional elem5t is less m>k$ 9 prose1 ! appeal be+ r to reason ?an to feel+4 ,su* prose z has become a "p ( lit]ature is1 h[ev]1 l>gely imag9ative1 & we h to tea* ! *ildr5 n only to foll[ closely a tra9 ( reason+ & to criticise x1 if ne$ be1 b also to appreciate ! means by :i* ! writ] makes 8 ?\ght vivid to u1 :at figures he uses1 :at light he fla%es ^u 8 subject4 ,"s ( ,macaulay's ,essays1 ,addison's ,essays1 ,rasselas1 & simil> works may well be read at ?is /age = ! sake ( ! tra9+ !y give 9 ! "r use ( language1 ! fir/ elem5t ( lit]>y cultivation4 ,! mo/ advanc$ /age--! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( lit]ature4 ,! tea*+ ( a p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( lit]ature is a matt] on :i* only broad g5]al pr9ciples c be laid d[n4 ,*ildr5 ( f\rte5 to sixte5 c h>dly be expect$ to realise cle>ly diff]5ces 9 /yle or treatm5t1 or to be able to write criticisms on ! poets ( ! p]iod4 ,) !m1 x w be be/ to make !m acqua9t$ ) ! lives ( ! *ief writ]s1 z f> z may be necess>y1 & !n to let !m read z mu* z !y c ( _! works4 ,we c tea* !m to love *oice expressions1 to recognise beauty ( ?\ght1 to appreciate true imag9ation4 ,!y may n be able to say :y !y l ^! ?+s1 b !y ne$ n l !m ! less = t4 ,) old] pupils1 capable ( tak+ 9 g5]al ideas z to ! drift ( ?\ght 9 any p>ticul> age1 ! p]iod to be /udi$ %\ld be set aga9/ its hi/oric backgr\nd1 ! fir/ lessons be+ devot$ to discussion ( ! /age ( cultivation rea*$ at ! "t1 & ! influ5ces :i* _h t5d$ to produce x4 ,= in/ance1 a c\rse on ! ,elizabe?an p]iod w\ld require introductory lessons on ! ,r5aissance z x affect$ ,engl&1 on ! ,re=mation 9 its be>+ on education & fre$om ( ?\ght1 on ! discov]y ( ,am]ica & ! _s ( adv5ture connect$ ) x1 & on ! social & political conditions ( ! times4 ,) cle> conceptions on ^! po9ts to />t f1 x w be easy to foll[ ! art movem5t 9 poetry dur+ ! p]iod1 ! gr[? ( ! drama1 ! developm5t ( prose writ+ 9 its v>i\s bran*es1 & ! /ud5ts w be 9 possession ( in=mation :i* w help !m to und]/& :y ,sp5s]1 ,%aksp]e1 ,bacon & our ,au?oris$ ,v]sion belong to t age & to no o!r4 ,!n ! *ief au?ors %\ld be read z f> z possible at fir/ h&1 & ! v *eap editions :i* are publi%$ ( all our classics make x easy = ! class to come provid$ ) _! own books4 ,x w n be possible to read _m ( ! long] works ?r\gh ) ! class1 b selection c be made ( ! *oice/ passages1 & ^! c be l9k$ toge!r by a %ort analysis ( ! re/4 ,dur+ ?is /age ! s5se ( /yle %\ld be c>efully cultivat$4 ,diff]5ces 9 /yle may be %[n by comp>+ examples ( ! treatm5t ( simil> !mes by diff]5t writ]s2 = in/ance1 9 poetry1 8,lycidas10 ,gray's 8,elegy10 ,adonas1 & ,?yrsis1 might be /udi$ ) ?is aim1 :ile 9 prose1 select$ essays ( ,bacon1 ,c[ley1 ,addison & ,lamb might be us$ 9 ! same way4 ,ta/e mu/ also be tra9$1 & x %\ld be made z ca?olic z possible2 ea* au?or %\ld be enjoy$ = 8 own special excell5ce1 ,dryd5 = 8 vig\r & common-s5se1 no less ?an ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne = 8 8mo?-l flitt+0 9 intellectual twilight4 ,a sugge/ion = read+-c\rses adapt$ = girls ( diff]5t ages is subjo9$4 ,x is n1 & c\ld n be1 9 any s5se complete1 b x may s]ve to help ^? :o h n yet _h mu* exp]i5ce to e/imate ! "* & scope ( ! read+ t may be expect$ f *ildr5 ( v>i\s ages4 ,except 9 ! case ( ! y\nge/ *ildr51 ! *oice ( books has be5 made s z to include prose & poetry ( diff]5t epo*s1 & ?us make ! intellectual outlook wid] ?an x c\ld be if ! read+ 7 re/rict$ to ! works ( "o p>ticul> age4 ,a girl :o _h read ?r\gh ! books m5tion$ 9 ?is c\rse1 or any drawn up on simil> l9es1 w\ld h a fair all-r\nd acqua9tance ) ! be/ k9d ( lit]ature by ! "t %e 0 eighte54 ,age4 #aj-ab4 #a/ ye>4 ,macaulay's 8,lays02 8,m>mion02 ,k+sley's 8,h]oes02 ,ke>y's 8,h]oes ( ,asg>d04 #bnd ye>4 8,evangel9e0 & 8,hiawa?a02 8,eno* ,ard502 8,anci5t ,m>9]02 ,lamb's 8,tales f ,%aksp]e02 8,ivanhoe04 #ab-ad4 #a/ ye>4 8,midsumm] ,night's ,dream02 8,lady ( ! ,lake02 8,des]t$ ,village02 8,gulliv]'s ,travels02 8,k5ilwor?04 #bnd ye>4 8,m]*ant ( ,v5ice02 8,*ilde ,h>old02 8,morte d',ar?ur02 8,vic> ( ,wakefield02 ,essays f ! 8,spectator04 #ad-af4 #a/ ye>4 8,z ,y ,l ,x02 8,h5ry ,v402 ,gray's 8,elegy02 8,! ,pr9cess02 8,esmond02 "s ( ! 8,essays ( ,elia04 #bnd ye>4 8,fa]ie ,que5e10 book i42 8,julius ,cs>02 ,milton's 8,m9or ,poems02 ,macaulay's ,essays on 8,clive0 & on 8,mme4 d',arblay02 ,rusk9's 8,sesame & ,lilies04 #af-ah4 #a/ ye>4 8,macbe?02 8,p>adise ,lo/10 books i4 & ii42 8,! ,holy ,grail02 8,areopagitica02 ,burke's 8,spee*es on ,am]ica04 #bnd ye>4 8,hamlet02 8,essay on ,man02 8,selections f ,wordswor?02 ,bacon's 8,essays02 8,rasselas02 ,c>lyle1 8,! ,h]o z ,poet & ! ,h]o z ,man ( ,lett]s04 ,,philosophy ,,& ,,religion4 ,by ,,doro!a ,,beale4 ,! ?ird division ( ,"p ,i4 has to d ) man z subject1 a p]son1 self-consci\s1 relat$ to o!r p]sons & to ,"o ,all-embrac+ ,p]sonality 9 :om all live & move & h _! be+4 ,i am to treat ! subject f an intellectual po9t ( view--religion1 e?ics1 philosophy4 ,sph]e ( s*ool in/ruction4 ,no s*ool1 & especially no day-s*ool = girls1 is responsible = ! :ole ( ! religi\s education4 ,! s*ool is ! l9k betwe5 infancy & mature life1 betwe5 ! home & ! _w1 ! secul> & ! spiritual4 ,! s*ool has to sy/ematise in/ruction1 & br+ x to be> on ! daily tasks1 on ! social life1 on ! develop+ "*2 to make ! secul> & religi\s life "o organic :ole4 ,we h to tea* our pupils1 s t !y may "k ! tru?1 feel nobly1 & h5ce act rightly4 ,we h to cultivate ! p[] ( ?\ght by in/ruction1 to purify ! emotions by ! tea*+s ( hi/ory & poetry includ+ ! ,bible & ! utt]ances ( h]oic & sa9tly lives1 to /r5g!n ! "* by ! discipl9e ( ! m9d1 he>t1 w4 ,relation ( dogmatics to e?ics4 ,emotion & action mu/ be ! expression ( an intellig5t belief4 8,he t come? to ,god mu/ believe t ,he is1 & t ,he is a rew>d] ( !m t seek ,him40 ,we ought to (f] ! noble/ gifts we c--a 8reasonable s]vice10 a devotion ( he>t1 :i* re/s ^u ! true/ conception we c =m2 9 ! highe/ ( all subjects !re %\ld be t cle>ness ( appreh5sion1 t /rong conviction1 :i* is necess>y1 if any tru? is to become a practical p[]4 ,we are s made t we mu/1 if we ?9k at all1 !orise1 & our acts w dep5d on our !ories2 no /ud5t ( hi/ory c d\bt ?is4 ,our sanit>ians h f\nd t we may tea* ! poor ab\t ! value ( cleanl9ess & fre% air1 b n until !y und]/& ! brea?+ functions d !y act ^u x4 ,s 9 deep] ?+s1 x is ideas t gov]n ! _w4 ,:5 ! ,apo/le w\ld tea* ! mo/ practical tru?s ( family life & social virtue1 he began ) ! great doctr9es ( ! indwell+ ,div9e life1 ( our bro!rhood 9 ,*ri/1 ( our citiz5%ip 9 a spiritual ,k+dom1 ext5d+ f> beyond ! regions ( s5se4 ,we mu/ f\nd ,*ri/ian tea*+ ^u def9ite beliefs accept$ & felt to be true by ! highe/ reason4 ,we mu/ n be satisfi$ ) cultivat+ ! affections only4 ,!re mu/ be some?+ m ?an an 8en?usiasm ( humanity10 some?+ :i* c embrace & fulfil x1 else x w blaze up l a bonfire1 b soon die d[n1 smo!r$ "u ! a%es ( pessimism4 ,none ( our faculties c be isolat$ f ! o!rs2 ea* acts & reacts on ea*1 ! ?\ght /imulat+ emotion1 emotions quick5+ ?\ght1 & ! life act+ & react+ ^u bo?4 ,e?ics spr+s f dogmatics4 ,:at d we mean by religion8 ,our age has be5 f]tile 9 def9itions4 ,may we n say x is ! p[] by :i* we ent] into consci\s p]sonal relation ) ! ,"o1 ! ,et]nal1 ! ,fa!r ( all8 ,religion z relat$ to sci5ce & philosophy4 ,?\gh x may be truly said t all k ( ,nature is k ( ,god1 we feel t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! tea*+ ( sci5ce & ! tea*+ ( religion--a di/9ction betwe5 ! k ( a ?+1 or an act1 :i* we may "k objectively1 & ! k ( a p]son :om we "k subjectively4 ,we might "k all ! movem5ts ( a ma*9e1 b we nev] speak ( kn[+ a ma*9e4 ,x is possible to "k ! works ( ,god1 & n "k ,him4 ,x is p]sonal sympa!tic k :i* is ! *ief factor 9 ! education ( "*--! humanities are educative 9 a diff]5t s5se f ma!matics & natural sci5ce4 ,x is ?is p]sonal relation to ,god ) :i* religi\s tea*+ has to d2 its true end is to draw u into sympa?y ) ! ,all-,good4 ,two ?+s ,i w\ld "h insi/ on :i* are sometimes ov]look$4 #a/4 ,! *ild kn[s p]sons be=e ?+s1 & 9 ! e>lie/ ex]cises ( w-p[]1 x is ! w ( ano!r t rules 8 w4 #bnd4 ,?r\gh ob$i5ce to ! high] intellig5ce1 & tru/ 9 ! love ( ano!r1 ! *ild is enabl$ to acquire "r habits4 ,frbel's religi\s tea*+ is v beautiful1 b he br+s out less cle>ly ?an ,rosm9i ! priority ( ! p]sonal2 if ,nature speaks to a *ild ( ! ,all-,fa!r1 x is because he kn[s t all has to come to him ?r\gh p]sons1 x is only mu* lat] t =ces c be hypo/atis$1 & p[]1 ju/ice1 spok5 ( ap>t f a p]son2 ?\gh ?is is1 z ,lotze has specially insi/$1 z inconceivable z is quality )\t sub/ance--attribute )\t subject4 ,piety 9 its d\ble s5se4 ,fir/ 9 ! old s5se ( ! ^w ! *ild 8wor%ips0 8 p>5ts & ^? to :om he looks up1 he is mis]able :5 he feels ! displeasure ( ^? ) :om he is 9 sympa?y1 & _! approbation is ! sun%9e ( 8 s\l2 ?us is he e>ly l$ to ?9k ( ! ,fa!r1 to :om he & 8 p>5ts owe all ?+s1 to :om !y speak 9 pray] & ^: unse5 pres5ce !y feel4 ,hymns !n & pray]s1 :i* express ! feel+s ( a *ild to a fa!r1 or ! love to ,jesus1 & ! desire to be l ,him1 are suitable2 su* z give r ! consci\sness ( a p5it5t reprobate1 are sometimes he>d at *ildr5's missions1 to ! great sorr[ ( ^? :o "k h[ dang]\s x is to play ) ! emotions & to excite t]rors4 ,consci\sness & self-consci\sness4 ,we mu/ consid] fir/ t ! consci\s life is only gradually develop$2 p]ceptions mu/ become app]ceptions by ! controll+ p[] ( att5tion2 v gradual is ! dawn ( consci\sness1 m>k$ z ,rosm9i ?9ks by ! fir/ smile4 ,s too !re is an epo* at :i* self-consci\sness seems to awak54 ,maurice & o!r philosoph]s h m>k$ ! dawn ( x by ! use ( ! p]sonal pron\n4 ,! baby new to e>? & sky1 ,:at "t 8 t5d] palm is pre/ ,aga9/ ! circle ( ! brea/1 ,has nev] ?\ght t 8?is is ,i03 ,b z he gr[s he ga!rs mu*1 ,& le>ns ! use ( 8,i0 & 8me10 ,& f9ds 8,i am n :at ,i see1 ,& o!r ?an ! ?+s ,i t\*04 ,s r\nds he to a sep>ate m9d ,f :5ce cle> memory may beg91 ,z ?ro' ! frame t b9ds him 9 ,8 isolation gr[s def9$4 ,!n1 z 9 tea*+ sci5ce or language we fir/ awak5 ! p[]s ( obs]vation1 & lead ! *ild to reflect1 s "h1 9 ! case ( ! self-consci\s subject1 we help ! *ild to int]pret ! facts ( ! inn] life z well z ! out]4 ,:il/ recognis+ ! dang] ( =c+ ! subjective 9 *ildr51 we ought 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 to foll[ ! guidance ( nature1 & surely our own exp]i5ce1 & t ( mo/ *ildr51 w %[ h[ mu* !y are occupi$ ) _! own feel+s1 ) ! /ruggles ( ! high] to subdue ! animal nature1 & h[ ?r\gh conte/ !y are develop+ ! w-p[]1 :i* is ! only safegu>d ( lat] life4 ,x is especially important e>ly to correlate ! subjective ) ! objective 9 e>ly tea*+4 ,surely mu* irreligion results 9 lat] life f ! divorce ( ! two4 ,z we guide ! obs]v+ p[]s 9 ! outw>d life1 s z ! p[] ( reflection develops we %\ld d ) ! inw>d life3 ! *ild is consci\s ( ! pang :i* comes to all ( u1 :5 we act aga9/ consci5ce3 t pang :i* makes our blood run cold1 z we feel we h done wrong1 is z mu* a fact ( exp]i5ce1 z real1 z ! s5sation ( heat1 :5 we t\* hot iron4 ,w\ld p gr[ up to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! spiritual consci\sness1 if !y _h be5 l$ to "q _! own exp]i5ce8 ,a beautiful /ory is told by ,p>k] & quot$ by ,arm/rong4#bb #bb ,man's ,k ( ,god4 ,swift4 ,consci5ce4 8,:5 a little boy 9 my f\r? ye>1 my fa!r took me to ! f>m & s5t me home alone4 ,i _h to pass a pond4 ,a rhodora attract$ my att5tion4 ,i saw a spott$ tortoise sunn+ himself 9 ! %all[ wat] at ! root ( ! flam+ %rub4 ,i lift$ ! /ick ,i _h1 to /rike2 ?\gh ,i _h nev] kill$ any creature1 ,i _h se5 boys de/roy birds1 squirrels & ! l1 & felt a disposition to foll[ _! wick$ example4 ,all at once some?+ *eck$ my little arm1 & a voice )9 said cle> & l\d1 #8,x is wrong'4 ,i held my uplift$ /ick 9 wond] at ! new emotion1 ! consci\sness ( an involunt>y b inw>d *eck ^u my action1 till ! tortoise & rhodora bo? vani%$ f my sight4 ,i ha/5$ home to "m & ask$ :at x 0 t told me x 0 wrong4 ,tak+ me 9 h] arms1 %e said3 #8,"s m5 call x consci5ce1 b ,i pref] to call x ! voice ( ,god4 ,if y li/5 & obey x1 x w speak cle>] & cle>]1 b if y turn a deaf e>1 x w at la/ leave y 9 ! d>k )\t a guide3 y\r life dep5ds on y\r ob$i5ce to its voice4' ,no ev5t 9 my life has made s deep & la/+ an impression40 ,a witness = ! spiritual1 ! univ]sal4 ,! fact t we _c get rid ( ! consci\sness ( wrong1 %[s t !re is a high] ,self condemn+ ! self1 "o o!r ?an ourselves2 we mu/ n =ce answ]s on ! *ild1 b we c br+ into 8 consci\sness ! pres5ce ( ! holy & righte\s ,god4 ,we may help to make cle> & p]man5t 9 8 consci\sness ! facts1 :i* he w only lat] int]pret--! conflict ( ! m]ely individual1 ! selfi% life1 ) ! l>g]1 ! all-embrac+ life ( unselfi% love4 ,we may appeal too to ! exp]i5ce ( ea* *ild1 :o suff]s puni%m5t r ?an disobey consci5ce4 ,su* victories e/abli% fai?1 conv9ce u t we are m ?an creatures ( "t1 t we are sons ( ,god4 ,e true & self-d5y+ act t a *ild is able to d is a gr\nd ( confid5ce2 8,i write unto y1 "y m51 because ye h ov]come ! wick$ "o04 ,ea* "t t ! m]e animal desires are subdu$ by ! love ( tru? & righte\sness1 we prove t we transc5d ! ?+s ( "t & space4 ,^! are ! et]nal ?+s1 :i* eye sees n & ?\ght _c conceive1 & yet = ! sake ( ^! unse5 & et]nal ?+s m5 live & die1 & c\nt all e>?ly ?+s z n\ght4 ,d n ! he>ts ( all *ildr5 8burn )9 !m0 z we exp\nd to !m ! ,scriptures :i* tell ( h]oes :o h done battle1 :o laid d[n _! lives = righte\sness' sake1 ( ,him :o triumph$ f ! ,cross8 ,we c appeal too to ! inw>d exp]i5ce ( ^? :o are naughty2 !y d n 9 _! inmo/ he>t wi% to be s1 b !y try & fail2 no?+ is m t\*+ ?an ! p5it5ce ( *ildr51 :5 !y f9d t we h se5 ! good :i* is hidd51 & n only ! evil t comes =?--t we "k1 n only :at is done1 b :at is resi/$4 ,we c1 z 9 ! old my?s1 %[ t _! delib]ate *oice is n = selfi% pleasure2 !y w\ld if (f]$ ! ?+s mo/ delightful to ! m]e animal1 refuse all1 if !y c\ld h x only on condition ( becom+ wick$ & cruel & deceitful4 ,hauff's ,cold ,he>t is a beautiful /ory on ! subject4 ,?us %\ld we base heal?y religi\s exp]i5ces ^u facts1 & fo/] habits ( att5tion & ob$i5ce to ! inw>d voice4 ,"r ambitions too %\ld be fo/]$1 ! desire to ent] into ! ,div9e purposes 9 ?\ght & ^w & de$1 to be a fell[-work] ) ,god4 ,?is w take m def9ite =m 9 ! lat] idealis+ p]iod ( life2 /ill !re w be develop$ sometimes at an e>ly age e>ne/ desires to become wise & good & to d "s special "w4 ,ord] ( tea*+4 ,= objective =mal tea*+ ! little ones w\ld beg9 ) ! /ories ( ! _w's *ildhood4 ,! lessons fir/ giv5 9 a simple =m w be exp&$ 9 ! high] classes4 ,! *ild :o has le>n$ to tru/ 8 fa!r1 w le>n f ,abraham's sacrifice t we c tru/ ,god2 ! high] classes w see h[ by ! fru/ration ( 8 purpose ,abraham le>n$ ! true mean+ ( sacrifice2 ! ,psalms & ,prophets w c>ry on ! subjective tea*+1 & ! words ( ! old prophets w become a fact ( exp]i5ce2 8! ^w ( ! ,"l came unto me04 ,! inn] mean+ ( ! sacr$ my?s :i* _h once be5 told z a m]e /ory w n[ be felt2 ! /ory ( ! flood z int]pret$ by ,/4 ,pet]1 & quot$ 9 our baptismal s]vice1 ! deliv]ance f ! bondage 9 ,egypt1 typify+ r$emption f ! slav]y ( s91 ! ,new ,te/am5t tea*+ ( ! synoptical gospels1 especially ! p>ables1 w h supreme educative p[]4 ,writt5 "w4 ,x is ess5tial t 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r subjects1 writt5 ex]cises :i* require ?\ght be set1 & correct$ & criticis$--?is is (t5 ! only subject 9 :i* pupils are n requir$ to =mulate _! ?\ghts--h5ce !re exi/s a va/ am\nt ( curr5t religi\s phraseology to :i* no def9ite mean+ is assign$2 ! words may be true 9 !mselves1 b n true = ! p]son us+ !m4 ,an ,am]ican writ] tells ( "o :o = ye>s 0 a regul> att5dant at *ur*1 & (t5 enc\rag$ him by h] att5tive & responsive expression2 :5 he came to "k h] lat]1 he f\nd to 8 surprise t %e 0 z ignorant ( ! fundam5tal tru?s z if %e _h be5 br\ght up 9 a hea!n l&4 ,sceptical phases4 ,! lat] p]iod1 t ( rip5+ exp]i5ce1 ( adolesc5ce1 w give ! maximum ( reflective1 z ! e>lie/ *ildhood1 ! maximum ( ! s5sitive p[]4 ,z ! my/]ies ( _! own be+ are m & m unfold$1 ! problems ( philosophy & metaphysics h an attraction :i* %\ld n be disreg>d$3 !re is a desire to be alone2 ! "y feel t !y mu/ "w out ! problems = !mselves1 & !y res5t ! attempt to =ce on !m o!r p's solutions4 ,!y mu/ "q ere !y c fully believe2 we mu/ nev] give utt]ance to ! pr(ane idea1 t ,god is angry ) ^? :o make mi/akes 9 seek+ tru?1 only %[ t tru? l light is a good1 t we may n re/ 9 an indol5t agno/icism1 = we _c gr[ vigor\s & /rong out ( ! sunlight2 we mu/ enc\rage !m1 9 ?is z 9 all /udies1 to be ev] seek+ a full] k ( tru?1 to live by ! tru? !y h atta9$1 & !n !y w ga9 m & m1 ev5 ?r\gh ! mi/akes4 ,! function ( ! tea*] n[ is z ,socrates describ$ x1 to be ready to give help1 :5 ne$$1 to br+ to ! bir? ! great ?\ghts :i* oppress ! s\l4 ,ne$ ( leisure4 ,lat] ! deep spiritual exp]i5ces ( ,/4 ,john & ! argum5ts :]e) ,/4 ,paul conv9c$ himself1 w come home to ! religi\s exp]i5ce at lea/ 9 "s degree1 & ! words 9 :i* he describes ! vision ( ,god z se5 f ! spiritual heights1 :i* he _h rea*$ 9 8 lat] epi/les4 ,b !re mu/ be = ! rip5+ ( ! "* "t = quiet1 & ! incessant activities ( to-day1 ! fill+ up ( e h\r1 ! deprivation ( quiet ev5 on ,sunday1 are mu* to be regrett$1 & all educators %\ld see t ^? :o ne$ "t = spiritual ?\ght1 = work+ out ! great que/ions :i* come to e ?\ghtful p]son1 %\ld n be depriv$ ( x1 because "s w\ld misuse x4 ,!re are two excell5t articles 9 ! ,p$agogical ,review = ,july1 #ahia1 on ! 8,psy*ology & ,p$agogy ( ,adolesc5ce10 by ,e4 ,lanca/]1 & ano!r1 a /udy 9 8,moral ,education10 by ,j4 ,/reet1 bo? ,fell[s ( ,cl>k ,univ]sity2 ! second article is especially emphatic on ?is subject4 ,sy/ematic read+4 ,9 ! highe/ classes1 "s sy/ematic read+ reg>d+ ! hi/ory & f\ndations ( philosophy 9 g5]al & ,*ri/ian philosophy 9 p>ticul> %\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 be omitt$3 "o _c d bett] ?an beg9 ) ,plato2 tak+ ! ,apology1 ! ,crito & p>ts ( ! ,phd1 or ! two volumes ( selections by ,pr(essor ,j[ett1 or "s less exp5sive edition4 ,! ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon is obta9able = #c;d4 ,selections might be made f ,ari/otle's ,e?ics1 & "s good hi/ory ( philosophy be made accessible1 e4g41 ,s*wegl]'s1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,hut*9son ,/irl+1 :i* is n too long2 & "s su* inspir+ book z ,fi*te's ,vocation ( ! ,s*ol> may be recomm5d$2 o!r books ,i might m5tion1 e4g41 ,h5ry ,jones on ,br[n+2 ,pr(essor ,fraz]'s selection f ,b]keley2 ,mack5zie's ,social ,philosophy & ! s]ies ( small h&-books edit$ by ,pr(essor ,knight4 ,!re might be meet+s = discussion & read+ "u ! presid5cy ( "o v]s$ 9 su* matt]s2 ?is w\ld give def9it5ess to ?\ght1 & w\ld at lea/ lead to ! k9d ( wisdom :i* made ! oracle pron\nce ,socrates ! wise/ ( m52 su* meet+s w\ld be specially useful = ! /aff4 ,"s ef=t %\ld be made to e/abli% ! prim>y convictions :i* alone make life wor? liv+1 enable "o to possess "o's s\l 9 pati5ce1 live 9 ! fai? t ea* is work+ out ! w ( ! ,all-,wise & ,all-,good--if will+ly1 !n ) ! fulle/ joy & rew>d4 ,high] tea*+4 ,! subject is n ignor$ at ! ,univ]sity ,colleges ( ! ,/ates1 & !re is mu* ( deep int]e/ 9 ! article to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 viz41 8,psy*ology ( ,adolesc5ce04 ,9 an article by ,caswell ,ellis1 ! special tra9+ ( tea*]s ( religion is insi/$ on1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( pr(essor%ips4 8,a dep>tm5t ( p$agogy _c be call$ complete t does n deal ) ?is important "p ( its field4 ,religi\s tra9+ is z mu* a problem = ! p$agogue1 z is physical or m5tal tra9+4 ,surely we _c entirely sep>ate !m4 ,we h already at our comm& 9 ! ,univ]sities1 _m helps 9 ! /udy ( ! ,bible1 ( !ology1 ( philosophy1 ( psy*ology1 etc42 :y _c !re be f\nd "s man ( broad culture1 wide sympa?ies1 rev]5t _s1 to focalise ^! 9 a *air ( religi\s p$agogy1 or :atev] x may be call$8 x w\ld give ! opportunity :ile 9 college to look at ! l>g] phases ( ! problem ( religi\s tra9+4 ,no subject is m vital1 & our be/ m5 ne$ n leave college ignorant ( ! problem or ! possibility ( its solution--& f9d 9 ! decl9e ( life t 7z editors1 prea*]s1 etc47 !y h be5 sp5d+ _! en]gies on re=mation1 :ile ! great "w ( =mation 0 nev] consid]$40 ,f\ndations ( fai?4 ,! means ( giv+ a ?or\gh & sy/ematic tea*+ reg>d+ ! /rong f\ndations ( fai?1 is "o t %\ld be consid]$ by all educators4 ,x is true t ! emotions & affections are1 z 9 ! case ( all p]sonal relations1 ! appropriate means ( int]communion2 b ! religi\s life1 if x is n to become weak & s5tim5tal1 ne$s ! brac+ p[] ( intellectual /udy1 & ! ,scriptures1 especially ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,john & ,/4 ,paul1 af=d su* ex]cise4 ,i may p]haps summ>ise ! l9es on :i* ! gr\nds ( a rational fai? seem to be e/abli%$1 & :i* %\ld surely be =mulat$1 z we =mulate ! pr9ciples on :i* we base our fai? 9 matt]s ( sci5ce4 ,!y may be arrang$ "u two heads--objective & subjective3-- #a4 ,s5se compels u to recognise ! exi/5ce ( a univ]se1 to :i* we c set no b\nds ( space or "t4 ,we f9d ev]y:]e at "w =ces adapt$ to produce results immeasurably great]1 yet simil> 9 "*1 to ^? produc$ by our own ex]cise ( ?\ght & w2 we are unable to conceive ( ei!r except z ultimately proce$+ f a p]sonal m9d & w4 ,s9ce our m9d int]prets ! ph5om5a ( s5se1 :i* is ! language ( ,nature2 s9ce ! intellig5t m9d is relat$ to an intelligible univ]se1 ! f9ite m9d mu/ be relat$ to ! inf9ite1 man mu/ be ! *ild ( ,god4 ,! facts ( hi/ory %[ u man 9 all ages r5\nc+ all t ! animal craves =1 = ! sake ( ! ideal1 ! transc5d5t4 #b4 ,man is self-consci\s1 he c become an object to himself2 t he c d ?is proves him to h a dual nature4 ,! high] sits 9 judgm5t on ! l[]1 or animal nature 7id5tifi$ ) ! individual71 seeks to br+ x into ob$i5ce to ! univ]sal4 ,s9ce we c id5tify consci5ce ) ! univ]sal m9d & w1 we inf] t we are on ! "o side 9 communion ) ,god1 z on ! o!r ) ! univ]se4 ,man has ! p[] ( sympa?y4 ,z we _c conceive ( light )\t po/ulat+ an all-compreh5d+ !r1 ?r\gh :i* all ?+s are relat$1 s ! fact t we are affect$1 actually feel physically & m5tally ) o!rs1 is inconceivable )\t po/ulat+ "o all-embrac+ ,p]sonality4 ,! fai? t good mu/ ultimately triumph is an axiom ( ! moral life2 we f9d x impossible to believe ! rev]se4 ,^! are "s ( ! broad bases on :i* re/ ! ,*ri/ian dogmas ( ! relation ( man to ,god ! ,all-,fa!r1 :i* tell ( a p]fect ,son1 & ( ! p[] giv5 to all to rise ?r\gh grace into ! spiritual life4 ,i h dwelt on ! subject at "s l5g?1 because x seems to me t ! intellectual relation to ,god has be5 too mu* ignor$2 we %\ld love ) ! m9d z well z ) ! he>t2 ) ! develop+ ( ! physical & psy*ical life1 ! s\l craves to root itself m firmly on ! consci\sness ( ! univ]sal1 x desires to be at "o ) ! ,all-,wise & ! ,all-,good ,fa!r ( spirits to "w out ! purpose ( its own exi/5ce4 ,x seeks to be 9 h>mony ) all :o are liv+ by ! highe/ ideal2 h5ce ! impulse to "w 9 associations1 specially 9 ! spiritual life1 = life mu/ ov]fl[ into action6 ,x seeks ev]more to be at "o 9 its be+1 & to br+ ! individual self into h>mony ) ! all-embrac+ ,_s 9 :om we are "o4 ,i may recomm5d to tea*]s ! rec5tly publi%$ volume on ,religi\s ,tea*+ 9 ,s*ools1 by ,dr4 ,bell ( ,m>lbor\gh4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,ma!matics4 ,,ari?metic4 ,by ,,doro!a ,,beale4 ,multiplication is vexation1 ,division is z bad1 ,! ,rule ( ,?ree do? puzzle me1 ,& ,practice drives me mad4 ,nev] w su* l9es express ! feel+s ( prop]ly taught *ildr54 ,x may be conv5i5t to "w out ! process ( tea*+ ari?metic on /rictly psy*ological pr9ciples4 ,concrete tea*+ fir/4 7#a7 ,f ! concrete to ! ab/ract4 ,let ! *ildr5 le>n to c\nt ) ! actual ?+s4 ,once ! tea*] w\ld h set ! *ild d[n to a slate1 taught x to c\nt1 & write d[n ! figures1 & "w sums 9 addition & subtraction1 & !n to le>n ! multiplication table4 ,n[ ! *ild has actual ?+s--/ones1 col\r$ beads1 /icks1 bricks--any?+ b m>bles 7:i* "o ( ,h4,m4 ,inspectors recomm5ds7 or ?+s :i* run ab\t freely4 ,a box ( *9a buttons1 :i* co/ only a few p5ce ! gross1 is p]haps be/4 7#b7 ,associate do+ & kn[+4 ,let ! *ild add actual ?+s3 ,m>y has #c buttons1 ,anna gives h] #b1 %e n[ has #e4 7#c7 ,put ?\ghts into words4 ,get ! *ild to say exactly :at addition is--8giv+ to0--& let h] f9d out f words %e already kn[s or may "k1 z donation1 donor1 etc41 ! mean+4 ,! sign = addition may also be giv54 ,simil>ly1 subtraction ought to be actually p]=m$ by draw+ away1 & ! ^w expla9$--its connection ) drag1 traction1 tray1 dray1 etc4 ,?us ! common fault ( writ+ 8sub/raction0 may be avoid$4 ,x %\ld be ?\ght ( z undo+ addition4 ,! signs - & may n[ be giv54 ,analysis ( numb]s4 7#d7 ,we le>n by analysis & syn!sis1 i4e41 to see ! p>ts 9 ! :ole1 & ! :ole z made up ( p>ts4 ,x is v useful at ?is /age to get *ildr5 to gr\p numb]s1 to ?9k ( #b1 e4g41 z #a #a1 ( #c z #a #a #a & #a #b1 ( #h z #a #g1 #b #f1 #c #e1 #d #d1 #b #b #b #b4 ,?is is mu* insi/$ on 9 ,g]many & ,am]ica4 ,9 k9d]g>t5s !re are _m pictures :i* are us$ = gr\p+ numb]s1 ?us1 e4g41 a sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick4 ,illu/ration ,we may give #g1 z #c #a #c1 z #a #b #b #b1 z #a #f4 ,?is makes numb]s1 s to speak1 easily fall into _! con/itu5ts1 :i* w be %[n to be ( use lat]4 ,i knew a *ild :o habitually ?\ght ( ! writt5 figures z pictur+ ! numb]4 ,*ildr5 might arrange ! #i digits 9 v>i\s ways1 ?us1 giv+ also ! writt5 figures3-- #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #aa #ab #ac #ad #ae #af #bb #bc #bd #be etc4 ,at ?is /age ! "q w\ld naturally arise :y !re are only #i figures1 & an hi/orical digression c\ld be conv5i5tly made4 ,i give a sket* ( su* a lesson be=e com+ to m difficult & ab/ract ?+s4 ,hi/orical me?ods4 ,dogs are v clev]4 ,a collie w g ) ! %eph]d & take c>e t none /ray4 ,suppose "o has disappe>$ ov] a cliff :5 he 0 n look+1 w\ld he "k "o 0 gone1 w\ld he c\nt l ! %eph]d8 ,no1 he w track out a lo/ %eep1 by sc5t1 z we _c1 b ,i nev] he>d ( a %eph]d sett+ ! dog to c\nt4 ,if puss has #c kitt5s & y take #a1 %e seems n to "k4 ,"s savage races c c\nt only a few numb]s1 b man c>ries a ready-reckon] 9 8 f+]s1 & mo/ c easily c\nt up to #e or #aj1 or1 if tak+ 9 ! toes1 up to #bj2 all ! high] races are m>k$ out by _! great] p[] ( do+ long & difficult sums4 ,n[1 suppose "s great own] ( %eep1 z ,abraham or ,jesse1 s5t out a %eph]d ) _m %eep1 h[ w\ld he "k ea* day :e!r !y 7 all "r8 ,well1 ! simple/ way w\ld be to h two /ones = ea*--! ma/] c\ld h "o bag & ! man ano!r1 & !n !y c\ld calculate ea* night2 calculus is ! ,lat9 = a /one4 ,! %eph]d w\ld ne$ a long bag = 8 /ones4 ,0 t h[ ,david happ5$ to h ! "o :i* he us$ z a sl+ to kill ,golia?8 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 ! flock 0 v l>ge1 a bag ( /ones w\ld be heavy4 ,has a %eph]d some?+ else1 :i*1 in/ead ( 8 exactly c>ry+1 seems to help to c>ry him8 ,! %eph]d's /aff4 ,c\ld he n put not*es on ?is = 8 %eep8 ,x w\ld hold a good _m2 b 9 days :5 p _h to use /ones = knives1 x 0 n s easy to cut a great _m not*es1 & besides x w\ld get us$ up ) a l>ge flock4 ,c\ld he n make a sign l a h&1 ,v1 = e #e %eep8 ,t 0 :at ! ,romans did1 & next !y said1 :y n h a sign = two h&s1 ,x1 & let t /& = #aj8 ,s1 if !y want$ to write sixte5 %eep1 !y w\ld put ,,xvi in/ead ( sixte5 /rokes4 ,y see 9 ! ,bible ! ,roman numb]s4 ,! ,greeks us$ lett]s1 too1 z ! ,romans did1 = numb]s4 ,money4 ,:5 p began to trade !y want$ some?+ m ?an tally /icks & /ones--some?+ ! value ( :i* all knew4 ,among/ pa/oral p ! mo/ ready ?+s to calculate by 7 %eep or cattle4 ,a piece ( l& w\ld be sold = s _m %eep1 b x w\ld be v inconv5i5t to h to drive y\r money ab\t1 & s p seem v e>ly to h _h pieces ( metal :i* 7 reckon$ to be equal 9 value to %eep or cattle1 & to save weigh+1 ea* piece _h1 p]haps1 a %eep scrat*$ on x2 & ?is 0 call$ 9 ,lat9 7f pecus1 cattle7 pecunia1 i4e41 ! piece ( metal repres5t+ ! value ( cattle4 ,?is w\ld be c>ri$ ab\t & ex*ang$4 ,lawy]s n[ put 9 our wills 8goods & *attels02 by ! fir/ !y mean h\ses & l&s1 :i* _c be mov$2 by ! latt]1 ?+s :i*1 l cattle1 c be mov$4 ,!n p c\ld h l>g] & small] pieces ( money1 repres5t+ half or a qu>t] ( a %eep1 or _m %eep4 ,acc\nt-keep+4 ,y wond]1 p]haps1 t p did n h books to keep _! acc\nts 91 z we d2 b 9 e>ly days p's books 7 made ( clay1 & 7 m l our slates1 & !y scrat*$ on !m ) a %>p in/rum5t call$ a /ylus1 :i* looks some?+ l our /ylograph1 b _h no ink inside1 & !y c\ld n put ^! 9 _! pockets4 ,mod]n ari?metic4 ,x 0 n till ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 t ! ,greek ,ar*im$es propos$ a plan n altoge!r unlike ours1 because he 0 a v clev] sci5tific man1 & he want$ to d difficult sums1 :i* he c\ld n ) ! old ,greek sy/em4 ,& some?+ ( ! k9d 0 us$ 9 ,india4 ,b x 0 n introduc$ into ,europe until ab\t #ajjj ye>s aft] ,*ri/ by ! ,arabs1 :o _h made _m conque/s4 ,! fir/ ,engli% book ab\t x seems to h be5 writt5 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,*auc]1 :o di$ 9 #adjj1 talks ( ! 8figures newe10 i4e41 ! figures we use n[1 in/ead ( ^? difficult ,roman *>act]s :i* we f9d 9 ! ,bible4 ,b ,i ?9k t be=e t1 p _h begun to use "s su* plan z ours4 ,h y ev] he>d ( public-h\ses be+ call$ 8,! ,*equ]s10 & se5 a pa9t$ bo>d hung up cov]$ ) squ>es ( diff]5t col\rs8 ,?is 0 once a sign = a h\se ( public ent]ta9m5t1 :]e p c\ld make reckon+s1 & ! place :]e !y reckon$ ! money !y paid 0 call$ a 8c\nt]10 & ! c\rt belong+ to ! k+ :]e ! p paid _! taxes 0 call$ ! ,c\rt ( ,ex*equ]4 ,suppose a man came into an inn1 he w\ld f9d ! c\nt] m>k$ ) l9es ?us3-- ,score4 ,doz54 ,"o4 ------------------------------ ------------------------------ & he c\ld h say #c glasses ( be]2 ! l&lord w\ld put a *alk m>k = ea*1 b :5 he _h _h #ab1 "o m>k w\ld be put in/ead 9 ! next r[1 or 9 ! ?ird r[ if he _h _h a score1 i4e41 #bj1 & ^! m>ks w\ld correspond ) pieces ( money4 ,?us we h p5ce & %ill+s & p\nds1 & we put dots betwe5 in/ead ( l9es to m>k !m (f4 ,"h we w take real pieces ( money4 ,suppose #a #ad #f has to be add$ to ,s4 ,d4 #g #i4 ,i say #i & #f make #ae p5ce4 ,i *ange ! #ab p5ce into "o silv] %ill+1 add t to ! #ad %ill+s & ! #g1 & ,i get #bb %ill+s4 #bj %ill+s is "o p\nd1 s ,i *ange t & leave ! #b %ill+s4 ,?us ,i get altoge!r #b #b #c4 ,we c n[ write t 9 figures & add1 z be=e4 ,suppose ,i _h to pay to ,a #a #ag #i1 & ,i _h #b #ad #f4 ,we c fir/ d ! sum ) real money4 ,i f9d ,i h n en\gh p5ce to give #i1 s ,i h to *ange "o ( ! %ill+s1 !n ,i %all h #ah p5ce1 out ( :i* ,i give #i1 & write d[n #i left4 ,n[1 ,i h only #ac %ill+s1 & ,i want to pay #ag1 s ,i *ange "o p\nd1 !n ,i h #cc %ill+s1 out ( :i* ,i take #ag & h #af left4 ,:5 ,i h giv5 ! p\nd1 ,i h none left1 & !re rema9s 9 my purse ,s4 ,d4 #af #i4 ,we c !n also write x d[n ?us--putt+ ! money we h to take away bel[1 p\nds "u ! p\nds1 %ill+s "u %ill+s1 etc4 ,s4 ,d4 #b #ad #f #a #ag #i ----------- #af #i ,decimals4 ,aft] a :ile p all agre$ to h = g5]al ari?metic :at we call ! decimal notation1 or reckon+ by t5s1 & s l9es 7 drawn1 & figures 9 ! fir/ r[ 7 wor? "o1 9 ! second t51 9 ! ?ird t5 t5s1 i4e41 #ajj2 aft] t w\ld come figures repres5t+ t5 hundr$s or a ?\s&1 & !n t5 ?\s&s1 & !n a hundr$ ?\s&s2 & s we c\ld g on to any l5g?4 ,t5 seem$ su* a natural numb] to use1 because we all h our ready-reckon] 9 our t5 f+]s4 hundr$s t5s units ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ,addition4 ?4 hun4 t5s units ----------------------- #e #i #c #b #i #i ----------------------- #h #b ----------------------- ,we c h bags conta9+ #aj buttons1 #ajj buttons1 & !n we c get *ange4 ,sonn5s*e9's box makes c>ry+ v cle>4 ,suppose ,i want to put d[n #e ?\s&s1 #i t5s & #c units or ones4 ,i %\ld write x ?us1 & if ,i want$ to add to ?is #b ?\s&s1 #i hundr$s & #i1 ,i %\ld write t bel[4 ,!n ,i %\ld say #i units & #c units make #ab units4 ,b ?is is equal to #a t5 & #b units1 s ,i %\ld c>ry on #aj to ! second r[1 & write d[n #b 9 ! unit r[4 ,!n ,i add ! #a to ! #i1 t makes #aj1 b #aj 9 ! second r[ is ! same z #a 9 ! ?ird1 s ,i c>ry t on2 #i & #a make #aj1 b #aj 9 ! ?ird r[ makes #a 9 ! f\r?1 s ,i c>ry aga91 & get #e #b #a #h ?\s&s1 & we %\ld read x #h ?\s&s & #b4 ,subtraction4 ,!n aft] a :ile p said1 8,:y ne$ we h all ! *equ]s8 suppose we put a n\ght :5 !re is no numb]1 j to m>k t !re is a r[1 & all w come "r20 s !y wrote ?us3-- ?4 h4 t4 u4 #e #j #i #c #b #i #j #i ------------ #b #a #h #d ,& a little lat] !y left (f writ+ any?+ at ! top ( ! l9e1 because e "o knew4 ,"h is a subtraction sum4 ,we _c take #i units f #c units1 s we get *ange f ! next r[1 t gives #ac units1 f :i* we take #i1 & h #d left4 ,we h no?+ to take f our #h rema9+ t5s1 s we write #h4 ,we h no hundr$s1 s we _c take away #i1 b we *ange "o ( our ?\s&s into #aj hundr$s1 & take away #i1 leav+ #a2 la/ly we take away #b f our #d ?\s&s1 & get #b--;altoge!r #bahd4 ,decimal fractions4 ,n[ w\ld come 9 naturally ! ext5sion ( ?is sy/em ( notation to decimal fractions1 m>k+ ! unit by a full /op4 ,if numb]s decrease z we g f left to "r1 !y might get small] ?an "o2 ! next r[ to ! "r w\ld be "o-t5? ( a p5ny or ( an in*1 & ! next "o-hundr$?1 & s on4 ,sums 9 addition & subtraction might be work$ at ?is /age ) decimal fractions4 ,!n x %\ld be po9t$ out t to pu% ! numb] a r[ f>!r f ! po9t :i* m>ks ! unit r[ increases x t5fold1 & pu%+ to ! "r dim9i%es t5fold4 hun4 t5s units t5?s hund?4 ?\s&?s #a #c #b 4 #g #i #b #e 4 #h #i #g ---------------------------------------- ---- ,x is good practice & int]e/s "y *ildr5 to "w 9 diff]5t scales ( notation--"o may sugge/ t ,golia? w\ld pref] ! #f or #ab scale4 ,x w\ld be well n[ to give *ildr5 "s practice 9 c\nt+ backw>ds1 & 9 rapid viva voce addition1 :i* ! ex]cises 9 analysis ( numb]s w h made easy4 ,e4g41 #ae #g1 ! numb] naturally falls ap>t into #e #b1 & we get #bb2 #bi #g1 x falls into #f #a1 at ! next /ep into #c #d4 ,multiplication4 ,we %\ld next proce$ to cont9u$ addition or multiplication4 ,_m *ildr5 come to s*ool n kn[+ t multiplication is cont9u$ addition1 & /ill few] h any idea t division is cont9u$ subtraction4 ,9 entrance pap]s ,i h _h %eets cov]$ 9 reply to su* que/ions z 8,h[ (t5 c #ai be subtract$ f #ehd80 #hia #hia #hia #hia ---- #cefd ,a few multiplications %\ld be work$ ) real ?+s4 ,?us1 we h to give to #e p #c buttons ea*4 ,we arrange !m 9 p>cels ( #c & add #c to our pile five times4 ,n[1 if we h #ae & want to "k h[ _m times we c take away ?rees1 we f9d we c d x five times ov]2 ?is is subtraction or undo+ ! addition4 ,x is ! same z mak+ little p>cels ( #c ea*1 & s cont9u$ subtraction is call$ division4 ,"s cont9u$ addition sums %\ld be giv51 ?us3 ,f9d #d times #hia4 ,x w be easily se5 t su* sums are done mu* m quickly if we "k by he>t h[ mu* #d n9es come to1 & h[ mu* #d eights2 & s p le>n _! addition tables by he>t1 & *ildr5 make !m out = !mselves ?us1 g5]ally up to #ab times1 "s le>n up to #bj times4 ,"h is "p ( #g times work$ out3-- ------------------------------------- #g times #a #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #b #ad #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #c #ba #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #d #bh #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #e #ce #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #f #db #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #g #di #g #g #g #g #g #g #h #ef #g #g #g #g #g #i #fc #g #g #g #g #aj #gj #g #g #g #aa #gg #g #g #ab #hd ------------------------------------- ,! signs & may n[ be giv54 ,all tables %\ld be writt5 out & le>n$1 & x is well to say bo? ways1 #f #g #db1 & #g #f #db4 ,!re are c]ta9 numb]s t are easily rememb]$1 o!rs 9 :i* *ildr5 habitually make mi/akes3 x is a wa/e ( "t to he> ! tables !re=e all ?r\gh aft] a "t1 b ^! difficult ones1 #g #h1 #f #i1 #aa #aa1 etc41 %\ld be insi/$ on2 !n1 f9ally1 ! :ole he>d ?r\gh1 & any ab\t :i* !re is ! slighte/ hesitation ask$ = daily4 ,if *ildr5 c le>n up to #bj times )\t mu* tr\ble1 x is an advantage4 ,we c\ld next po9t out t ?is cont9u$ addition is call$ multiplication1 & all ! numb]s made up by cont9ually add+ ?rees w\ld be call$ multiples ( #c1 i4e41 _m times #c4 ,s #ab w\ld be a multiple ( #b or #c or #d4 ,!n examples %\ld be work$1 b "h let me say t at ! e>ly /ages concrete examples %\ld ab\nd4 ,_m good books !re are conta9+ miscellane\s examples ( concrete quantities1 su* z1 ,!re are #cai fruit trees plant$ 9 ea* field = mak+ jam1 & !re are #ab fields2 h[ _m fruit trees8 ,or1 #g lab\r]s h to be paid on ,saturday #ag ea*2 h[ mu* w !y get 9 #ab weeks8 ,:5 *ildr5 "k ! effect ( pu%+ numb]s to ! left1 multiplication by two figures w be easy1 b ! *ild %\ld be accu/om$ to write at ! end ( ea* r[ ! real sum1 ?us3 #gc #be3-- #gc #be ---- #adfj #bj times4 #cfe #e ---- #ahbe #be & to "w ! same sum 9 a v>iety ( ways1 e4g41 multiply by #e #e2 by #ajj1 & divide by #d2 by #cj1 & take (f #e2 by #aj1 halve & by #aj aga9 & halve3-- #gc #e #cfe #e times4 #e ---- #ahbe #e #e times4 #d #gcjj #ajj times4 ----- #ahbe ( #ajj1 or #be times4 #gc #cj ---- #baij #cj times4 #cfe #e ---- #ahbe #be #b #gcj #aj times4 ---- #cfe #e #cfej #ej ---- #ahbe #ej #be times4 ,x is well to accu/om *ildr5 to beg9 to multiply ) ! left-h& figure1 z we %all see lat]4 ,?us we get ! mo/ important "p fir/4 #hgd ---- #d #cdif ---- ,division4 ,x %\ld be insi/$ on t division is undo+ multiplication--t if we divide #fc by #i1 we are f9d+ a numb] #g :i* :5 multipli$ by #i gives #fc4 ,9 work+ division sums x is bett] to put ! quoti5t ov] ! divid5d1 & ! *ildr5 %\ld be ready to expla9 ea* /ep ?us3 ,divide #cdif nuts among/ f\r s*ools equally4 ,none w get z _m z #a ?\s&4 ,!y w get1 out ( #cd hundr$s1 #h hundr$s ea*2 ( #bi t5s1 #g t5s ea*2 ( #af units1 #d ea*4 ,long division %\ld be fully expla9$ ?us3 ,divide #dciba among/ #bc p4 ,we see t no "o w h z mu* z #a t5-?\s&4 ,out ( #dc ?\s&s1 ea* c h #a ?\s&1 & !re w be #bj ?\s&s left1 t is1 #bjj hundr$s2 add+ #i we get #bji hundr$s4 ,we give #i to ea* & #b hundr$s or #bj t5s are left4 #bb t5s d n give "o ea*2 !y equal #bbj units4 ,( ! #bba units we give #i to ea*4 ,"s disp5se ) ! writt5 multiplication4 ,?is seems to me to /ra9 too mu* "y *ildr5's att5tion1 & to lead to loss ( "t4 #aiji ------ #bc 7 #dciba #bc ----- #bji #bjg ----- #bba #bjg ----- #ad ,factors1 measures1 multiples4 ,"h1 :ile cont9u+ to "w _m miscellane\s examples1 x may be well to int]pose "s useful ex]cises on matt]s int]e/+ & yet puzzl+ to *ildr51 on factors & measures ( numb]s1 & primes & squ>es4 ,if !y get q famili> ) factors1 !y w n h su* difficulty z !y d :5 !y come ^u ! :ole set at once3 factors1 common factors1 measure1 common measure1 ,g4,c4,m41 multiple1 common multiple1 ,l4,c4,m4 ,let u br+ out ! box ( buttons once m & arrange ! numb]s1 f9d+ ! factors4 #a1 #b1 #c h only ! numb] itself1 & s ^! are call$ primes1 because !y h no o!r factor ?an #a1 ! fir/ numb]4 4 44 444 4444 44444 444444 44 444 44 444 44 44 44 ,b #d is n only #d #a1 x is #b #b1 & we may notice t ! dots =m a squ>e--x is a comp\nd numb]4 #e is aga9 a prime2 #f c be arrang$ 9 ?ree ways--9 a r[ ( ones1 9 ?ree r[s ( #b or two r[s ( #c1 b ^! are ! same if we look at !m a diff]5t way r\nd1 i4e41 #b #c is #c #b4 #g is a prime1 b = #h we c h #b #d & #d #b1 :i* are ! same4 #i is aga9 a squ>e numb]2 x has no factors except #c4 ,"h we might give ! expressions #b = #b #b1 #c = #c #c & #c = #c #c #c4 4444444 44444444 44 4444 44 4444 44 44 444444444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,we might g on to pick out all ! primes by :at is call$ ! sieve ( ,erato/h5es1 & to give all squ>es & cubes1 say up to #ajj4 ,sometimes we speak ( measure ( numb]s2 #d c be measur$ into r[s ( twos1 #f into r[s ( twos or ?rees1 s #b is said to be a common measure ( #d & #f4 ,aft] work+ "s examples 9 factors & measures1 x w be well to leave ! matt]1 return+ to ! subject lat]4 ,i %\ld pass ov] = girls ! we>isome ex]cises 9 weights & measures1 bills ( p>cels1 etc41 v slightly4 ,^! ?+s belong to ! %op r ?an ! s*ool1 & wa/e ! "t t %\ld be giv5 to le>n+ pr9ciples4 ,vulg> fractions4 ,we may proce$ at once to fractions4 ,9 no?+ is ! advice ,fe/9a l5te m valuable ?an n[4 ,once give ! *ildr5 a cle> idea ( :at a fraction is1 h[ ! two numb]s repres5t respectively ! size ( ! pieces & ! numb] tak51 & all w be easy4 ,!y are already famili> ) d4 & d41 s we c get f !m t ! l[] figure /&s = ! numb] ( pieces into :i* ! p5ny is divid$1 & t ! figure above %[s ! numb] ( pieces tak54 ,_m fractions %\ld be drawn by ! *ildr5-- ( a l9e1 a circle1 a squ>e1 etc4 ,! fraction may be #e numb]] writt5 ?us3 - --------1 #f nam] #e gives ! numb] ( pieces tak52 is numb]] or num]ator2 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #f gives ! numb] ( pieces into :i* ! :ole is cut1 ! size1 ! "n1 ! d5om9ator4 ,let !re be pl5ty ( su* que/ions z ^!3 ,:at is ! effect ( increas+ ! num]ator or ! d5om9ator8 ,( d\bl+ ea*8 ,( halv+ ea*8 ,notice t mo/ ?+s gr[ l>g] ! l>g] ! numb]1 b ) a fraction ! l>g] ! d5om9ator ! small] ! pieces4 ,*ildr5 %\ld n h books giv+ explanations4 ,!y mu/ discov] ^! by ! dialectic process1 & !n 9 _! own words answ] que/ions1 & sometimes expla9 e /ep 9 ! sum !y are work+4 ,all we require 9 books are well-*os5 examples4 ,^? :o h n taught1 h no idea h[ h>d *ildr5 f9d x to get really hold ( ! nature ( a fraction4 ,homely illu/rations %\ld n be sp>$4 ,= in/ance1 !re are two ways ( gett+ mu* cake4 ,to take _m pieces1 t is h a l>ge num]ator1--or to look out ! bigge/ piece1 t is h a small d5om9ator4 ,multiplication & division by integ]s4 ,we are n[ ready = multiplication & division by integ]s4 ,take 4 ,!re are two ways ( mak+ ! fraction twice z l>ge1 t is by tak+ twice z _m pieces1 t is 1 or twice z l>ge pieces1 4 ,! %orte/ way mu/ always be insi/$ on4 ,simil>ly1 may be divid$ by #b 9 two ways4 ,_m examples %\ld be work$ out 9 detail ?us3-- #g #c #d #e #h4 #g 2 #c 2 #d 2 #e 2 #h 4 ,ne>ly all *ildr5 w write ?us3 #g #c1 etc41 & leave ! :ole unreadable4 ,next %\ld come ! proposition #g is #h times z l>ge z 4 7,"s pupils might be ready to use lett]s by ?is "t1 a is b times z l>ge z ab4 ,! tea*] mu/ be on ! wat* = su*47 ,x is v difficult = "y *ildr5 to see ?is1 & also t is ! same z #g #h4 ,?is %\ld be illu/rat$ by draw+s 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,by fractions4 ,on t w\ld foll[ multiplication ( fractions by fractions1 :i* is expla9$ z mak+ a mi/ake & correct+4 ,?us if we h to multiply 1 we "k h[ to multiply by #b1 s we d t fir/3 #b 4 ,b we h multipli$ by a numb] ?ree times too l>ge2 to correct ! mi/ake1 we mu/ divide by #c2 #c 4 ,simil>ly1 we expla9 division4 ,n until "s sums h be5 work$ 9 detail %\ld pupils be all[$ to get hold ( ! rules4 ,!y %\ld "w ) factors only1 :5ev] possible4 ,r$uction4 ,n[ we might return to ! subject ( multiples & measures4 ,we h 4 ,we want to h x 9 its simple/ =m4 ,we divide x into factors3 #af #b #h -- ------2 #bd #b #ab #b is a common measure ( bo?2 ! #b above makes ! fraction twice z l>ge1 ! #b bel[ twice z small1 s bo? may be tak5 out4 ,b we might h said #af #h #b -- -----2 #bd #h #c #h is ! l>ge/ numb] t w measure bo?1 s x is call$ ! greate/ common measure4 ,i ?9k x bett] n to give ! ord9>y rule = f9d+ ,g4,c4,m4 until its pro( c be giv5 algebraically4 ,x is v seldom t *ildr5 w fail 9 ! attempt to analyse numb]s1 & s f9d out all _! common measures4 ,g4,c4,m4 & ,l4,c4,m4 ,! common rules %\ld n[ be giv5 = f9d+ at sight :5 a numb] is comm5surable by ea* digit1 ?\gh ! reason ( ^! rules w n p]haps appe> yet4 ,^! *ildr5 "k at a glance :e!r a numb] c be measur$ by #b1 #d1 #h1 #c or #i1 & remove ! common factor4 ,suppose we h 1 we _c see a common factor1 b we c proce$ to break x up1 "o be+ comm5surable by #h & ! o!r by #i4 ,!n we get #h #ajja --------1 #i #ajja & ! greate/ common measure comes to light4 ,we see t ! num]ator ( #aagf ---- #bbje is comm5surable by #d & #c1 i4e41 by #ab1 ! d5om9ator by #i3-- #aagf #c #d #ih #c #d #b #di ---- ----------- ---------------2 #bbje #c #c #gce #c #c #e #adg s ! ,g4,c4,m4 is #di #c1 or #adg4 ,i may "h notice !re is an +5i\s table by ,mr4 ,ellis1 publi%$ by ,philip at #f;d41 %[+ graphically ! common measures & multiples ( numb]s up to #cf1 :i* makes ?is matt] cle>4 ,i give a section ( x3-- #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #ab ,ones ,twos ,?rees ,f\rs ,fives ,sixes ,sev5s ,eights ,n9es ,t5s ,elev5s ,twelves ,we f9d at a glance ! primes4 ,look+ d[n ! l9e we see ! multiples ?us1 #ab is a multiple ( #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #f4 ,look+ horizontally & mov+ d[n1 we come to all ! measures ( ea* numb]4 ,x is also useful = tea*+ fractions4 ,common d5om9ators4 ,we %\ld next proce$ to br+ fractions to a common d5om9ator prep>atory to addition & subtraction4 ,x is n always easy to f9d a numb] t w d = all ! d5om9ators4 ,we want a common multiple1 & ( c\rse ! smalle/ we c h is ! be/4 ,= ?is we h only to break up ! d5om9ators into factors & make up a numb] :i* %all conta9 all ^!4 ,i w\ld n let ! pupils "w at fir/ by ! me*anical me?ods sometimes giv53 #g #c #aa --- -- ---4 #bcj #df #fba #bcj #b #e #bc ,we want !re=e ,"h #df #bc #b z ! common #efa #c #c #c #bc d5om9ator #b #e #bc #c #c #c1 :i* is #fbaj4 ,addition ( fractions4 ,suppose we want to add - 4 ,i %\ld write :at we may call skeleton fractions bel[2 ,i mean simply ! l9e2 next ent] ! d5om9ator #bd4 ,?is is #h times z l>ge z #c1 i4e41 we h made ! pieces 9 ! fir/ #h times z small1 s we take #h times z _m4 ,only aft] work+ a fair numb] ( sums %\ld *ildr5 write all 9 a s+le fraction ?us3-- #af #ah - #ba #bb -----------------4 #bd ,if we h l>g] numb]s1 ! pupils mu/ nev] be all[$ to make a numb] ( long-division sums1 b "w ?us3 #g #c #aa --- -- ---4 #bcj #df #fba ,!y w\ld factorise & put d[n #g #c #aa ---------- ------ --------------4 #b #e #bc #b #bc #c #c #c #bc ,to get ! common d5om9ator we see we mu/ multiply ! fir/ by #c #c #c2 ! second d5om9ator by #e #c #c #c1 ! ?ird by #e #b3-- #g #c #c #c #c #e #i #aa #e ----------------------------------4 #b #e #bc #c #c #c ,i h n giv5 a complete exposition1 b t\*$ on :at seems ess5tial z reg>ds ! me?od & ! ord] ( tea*+1 d]iv$ f my exp]i5ce ( *ildr5's difficulties1 "s w ?9k1 ,i fe>1 at unnecess>y l5g?4 ,9 reg>d to ! lat] rules = decimals1 ,i ne$ only make two rem>ks3 t ! po9ts %\ld be always remov$ f ! divisor1 e4g43-- #ce #jjjjce #eifbc -----4 #eifbc & ! po9t put 9 z soon z we rea* ! decimal fraction4 ,9 work+ circulators x is well = a "t to express ! equations ?us3 #cbid ,no4 #aj1jjj ,no #cbidbid1 etc4 #aj ,no #cbid1 etc4 -------------------------- #iiij ,no #cbia #cbia ,no ---- #iiij ,proportion4 ,z reg>ds proportion1 ,i ne$ add little4 ,b !re is "o vex$ "q3 ,%all we let *ildr5 "w by ! unit>y me?od8 ,i ?9k n1 at lea/ n ^? :o are likely to g on to ma!matics4 ,we _c get ! ?\ght ( proportion too +ra9$1 & ! unit>y me?od evades x4 ,9 comp\nd proportion ,i w\ld make pupils "w out ! d\ble process 9 detail1 & !n ) factors only1 e4g43-- ,if #e m5 dig a tr5* #ad ft4 long 9 #c days1 h[ long ought #ab m5 to take to dig "o #bh ft4 long8 ,put 9 tabul> =m ?us3-- ,m54 ,long4 ,days4 #e #ad #c #ab #bh 8 ,fir/ conf9e att5tion to ! l5g? ( tr5*4 ,ft4 ,ft4 ,days4 ,days4 #ad 3 #bh #c 3 #f ,n[ we h to consid] ! consequ5ces ( alt]+ ! m53-- ,m54 ,days4 #e #f #ab 8 ,m54 ,m54 ,days4 ,days4 #ab 3 #e #f 3 #b4 ,b we c\ld h arrang$ x ?us & work$ x out fractionally at once3-- #ad #bh -- 3 -- #c 3 x #ab #e #c x #bh x #e #c #b #ad #e #e ---------- -------------- - #b4 #ad x #ab #ad #c #d #b #b ,if practice sums are done1 ! mean+ ( ea* l9e %\ld be m>k$ at ! end ?us3-- #ihd price at #a4 ----- ,price ( #ihd yds4 at #b #ae #f4 #aifh #b4 #dib #ajs4 #bdf #es4 #bd #ab #f;d4 ---------- #bgcj #ab at #b #ae #f ,approximations4 ,approximate me?ods %\ld be practis$1 & = ?is reason x is well to get ! habit ( multiply+ by ! l>g] numb] fir/4 ,suppose we want a sum accurate1 say to #c decimal places4 ,we remove ! po9t f "o ( ! factors1 pu%+ x1 ( c\rse1 an equal di/ance 9 ! o!r4 ,we make ! :ole numb] rev]s$ ! multipli]1 & beg9 ) ! f\r? decimal figure 7"o beyond ! "o we ne$74 ,?is w give ! f\r? place z ! fir/ numb]1 s9ce we are multiply+ by units4 ,9 ! next r[ we mu/ take 9 ! fif? decimal1 s9ce we are multiply+ by #aj1 & s on4 ,"h is a sum work$ out at l5g? & an abbreviat$ "o3-- ,f9d correct to #c places ( decimals #cde #jjjeifib3 #cde #jjjeifib #cde #jeifib ------------------------------------ #jeifib #jeifib #cde #edc -------- ------- #agijgfjj #bihd #bchgfhj #bchgf #bihdfj #agijgf -------- ------- #bjeicgdj #bjeicf ,9 division we approximate by cutt+ (f a figure ea* "t f ! divisor z soon z we h come to ! numb] :i* is "o less ?an ! numb] ( digits /ill to be f\nd4 ,get correct to five places4 #dedebc 7 #adecfgi 7 #caihb #acfcefi ------- #ijaajj #dedebc ------ #ddfegg #djijfh ------ #cgeji #cfcfj ----- #aadi #ijh ----- #bda ,summ>y4 ,i might summ>ise ! ord] ( tea*+ fractions ?us3-- ,:at a fraction is--mix$ numb]s1 improp] fractions4 ,effect ( increas+ or dim9i%+ num]ator or d5om9ator4 ,multiplication & division by integ]s4 ,proposition a is b times z l>ge z a_/b4 ,multiplication & division by fractions4 ,mean+ ( ( 4 ,measures1 common measures1 factors1 common factors4 ,r$uction by inspection4 ,mean+ ( common multiple1 common measure1 ,l4,c4,m4 & ,g4,c4,m4 ,br++ to common d5om9ator4 ,addition & subtraction4 ,exclusion ( "s subjects4 ,!re are int]e/+ pap]s by ,potts ( ,cambridge1 #b;d41 publi%$ by ! ,national ,society1 giv+ ! hi/ory ( ari?metic4 ,i h f\nd x ?r[s mu* int]e/ into ! subject to tea* x hi/orically4 ,x seems to me t v>i\s ?+s at pres5t includ$ 9 ari?metic books %\ld be def]r$2 e4g41 pres5t values1 annuities1 etc41 :i* no "o w\ld be likely to attempt :o is unacqua9t$ ) algebra4 ,! ,ma!matical ,conf]5ce call$ by ! ,committee ( ,t51 ,u4,s4,a41 writes z foll[s1 & ,i q agree ) its view3 8,! conf]5ce recomm5ds t ! c\rses 9 ari?metic be abridg$ & enri*$--abridg$ by omitt+ entirely ^? subjects :i* p]plex & exhau/ )\t af=d+ any really valuable m5tal discipl9e1 & enri*$ by a great] numb] ( ex]cises 9 simple calculation & 9 ! solution ( concrete problems4 ,among ! subjects :i* %\ld be curtail$ or omitt$ are comp\nd proportion1 cube root1 ab/ract m5suration & ! great] "p ( comm]cial ari?metic4 ,p]c5tage %\ld be r$uc$1 & ! ne$s ( practical life--pr(it & loss1 bank disc\nt1 comp\nd int]e/1 ) su* complications z result f fractional p]iods ( "t--are useless & undesirable4 ,! metric sy/em %\ld be taught 9 application to actual measurem5ts1 & ! weights & measures h&l$4 8,among ! bran*es ( ?is subject :i* x is propos$ to omit are "s :i* h surviv$ f an epo* :5 m advanc$ ma!matics 0 sc>cely kn[n 9 our s*ools1 e4g41 cube root1 duodecimals2 s f> z any useful pr9ciples are embodi$ 9 !m1 !y belong to algebra1 & c be taught by algebraic me?ods ) su* facility1 t !re is no long] any s\nd reason = reta9+ !m 9 ! ari?metical c\rse40 ,i d n insi/ on algebra = all2 x gives ! same sort ( m5tal discipl9e t ari?metic does1 & s1 educationally1 is n ( special value4 ,geometry1 on ! o!r h&1 gives a diff]5t k9d ( tra9+--op5s a diff]5t set ( ideas4 ,_m girls1 !re=e1 d n le>n algebra1 especially ^? :o come late ) no cle> ideas ab\t ari?metic4 ,^? :o h be5 taught ari?metic well f ! beg9n+ c be l$ on to use algebraic symbols & lett]s v e>ly4 ,z soon z a pupil has gone ?r\gh ! c\rse ,i h recomm5d$1 %e is ready to take up algebra 9 a sy/ematic way--,i %all suppose %e has already be5 famili>is$ ) ! use ( lett]s z g5]al symbols4 ,,ma!matics4 ,by ,,doro!a ,,beale4 ,h[ & :5 c we be/ introduce ma!matical tea*+8 ,we h to d at pres5t 9 girls' s*ools ) _m :o h come to ! age1 say ( fifte5 or sixte51 ) no ma!matical tea*+ except a v slight k ( ari?metical processes4 ,= ^! x seems to me m important to give ! m5tal tra9+ af=d$ by "s initiation into geometrical ideas & me?ods1 ?an to tea* algebra4 ,beg9n+s 9 ! k9d]g>t54 ,= ! *ildr5 7& !y are happily a rapidly increas+ numb]7 :o h _h good tea*+ 9 ! k9d]g>t51 "o may frame a c\rse m approa*+ ! ideal4 ,*ildr5 c be q e>ly famili>is$ ) geometrical =ms & figures1 & le>n "s ( _! simpl] prop]ties 9 connection ) ! draw+ & modell+ lessons4 ,practical geometry4 ,! ,conf]5ce on ,ma!matics1 call$ by ! ,committee ( ,t51 ,u4,s4,a41 recomm5ds t *ildr5 f ! age ( t5 %\ld h "s sy/ematic in/ruction 9 concrete or exp]im5tal geometry4 8,! m]e facts ( plane & solid geometry %\ld be taught1 n z an ex]cise 9 logical d$uction & exact demon/ration1 b 9 z concrete & objective a =m z possible2 ! simple prop]ties ( simil> plane figures & solids %\ld n be prov$1 b illu/rat$ & confirm$ by cutt+ up & re>rang+ draw+s & models4 ,! c\rse %\ld include ! c>eful con/ruction ( plane figures by ! eye & by ! help ( in/rum5ts1 ! indirect measurem5ts ( heights & di/ances by ! aid ( figures drawn to scale1 & elem5t>y m5suration plane & solid40 ,a small book by ,paul ,b]t1 ,fir/ ,elem5ts ( ,exp]im5tal ,geometry 7,cassell71 is v sugge/ive1 & w\ld ?r[ mu* int]e/ into ! subject4 ,sp5c]'s ,con/ructive ,geometry may be ref]r$ to1 b x is n altoge!r satisfactory4 ,a useful & practical book is ,geometry = ,k9d]g>t5 ,/ud5ts1 by ,pull> 7,sonn5s*e974 ,geometry be=e algebra4 ,i consid] t geometry %\ld be pref]r$ to algebra 9 ord] ( "t1 because1 z ,i h said1 ari?metic gives ! same k9d ( m5tal tra9+ z algebra1 :]eas f geometry ! le>n] ga9s a unique m5tal discipl9e4 ,its educational value4 ,?us ! le>n] is taught to frame a def9ition2 he has to put be=e ! imag9ation ! ab/ract g5]alis$ idea1 & !n describe1 9 words cle> & precise1 :at is 9 ! m9d4 ,ea* proposition beg9s ) a g5]al /atem5t reg>d+ :at is to be prov$1 or to be done1 & compels u to h a cle> idea ( :at we are go+ to talk ab\t be=e we beg94 ,! sub-enunciation makes u br+ ! g5]al into ! region ( ! p>ticul>1 & inf] ! g5]al f x4 ,we mu/ = ! demon/ration select c]ta9 relations relevant to ! subject & omit all o!rs1 & we mu/ be ready to give a reason = e ass]tion4 ,?us geometrical tea*+ tra9s ! judgm5t & =ms a mo/ useful & logical habit ( m9d4 ,"o f9ds ! t5d5cy is greatly *eck$ to use words )\t any cle> idea ( _! mean+1 to plunge into a subject )\t hav+ set 9 ord] 9 ! m9d1 :at is ! matt] to be discuss$1 or ! problem to be solv$1 & ord] is introduc$ into ! g5]al "w 9 all o!r subjects ( /udy4 ,leads up to ! region ( ideas4 ,b geometry has /ill high] uses 9 ! process ( m5tal developm5t4 ,x is1 s to speak1 ! l9k betwe5 ! real & ! ideal2 z ,pr(essor ,cayley has said1 8imag9>y objects are ! only realities1 ! 1 9 reg>d to :i* ! correspond+ physical objects are z ! %ad[s 9 ! cave02#bc if1 on ! "o h&1 x op5s ! gates ( sci5ce1 on ! o!r x leads u to philosophy1 & s ,plato is said to h plac$ ov] ! door ( ! ,academy1 8,let none ent] "h ignorant ( geometry04 #bc ,presid5tial ,address1 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,to /udy geometry is to ent] a new pa?1 & we d n see at fir/ to :at heights x leads1 upw>ds to ! univ]se ( ideas2 ideas are no?+ = s5se1 & yet !y are ! mo/ necess>y ?+s = ! ev]yday life we lead4 ,?us1 a po9t1 ?\gh x exi/s n1 yet z a ?\ght-dynamic is--x moves & traces out l9es :i* d n exi/1 & yet give u direction1 & are ( mo/ practical use2 by !m we calculate ! height ( real ?+s1 we guide our %ips1 we f9d pa?s 9 ! heav5s4 ,aga91 mov+ l9es give u planes1 & ^!1 :i* exi/ only 9 ?\ght1 z !y move1 =m :at we call solid figures1 i4e41 some?+ :i* occupies space4 ,=m+ def9itions4 ,( c\rse1 no "o :o is gr\nd$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( real education1 w\ld ?9k ( lett+ *ildr5 beg9 by le>n+ def9itions2 !y mu/ be made to put _! vague notions into words2 & x w be well = !m to see h[ difficult ?is is1 e4g41 9 ! case ( a /raight l9e1 an angle1 ?\gh ! notion is q cle> to ! m9d's eye4 ,x is surpris+ to ^? :o h n taught ! subject h[ long x takes girls1 :o h n be5 tra9$ to exactness1 to br+ out1 e4g41 ! def9ition ( a circle4 ,!y w say1 all l9es drawn f ! c5tre are equal2 or all l9es drawn f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce are equal4 ,no *ild %\ld be all[$ = a long "t to see a ,euclid4 ,ea* proposition mu/ be treat$ z a rid]1 & a copi\s supply ( rid]s provid$ 9 addition2 ! *ild help$ to discov] ! solution or ! pro(1 !n set to write x2 if wrong x mu/ be gone ov] aga9 & aga92 x w take a long "t to get ?r\gh a v few propositions ?us1 b lat] all is easy4 ,me?ods ( tea*+4 ,x appe>s f ! report ( ! ,ox=d ,local ,exam9ations1 ,augu/1 #ahig1 t ! me?ods ( ! d>k ages /ill prevail 9 too _m s*ools2 we read3 8,9 _m cases c&idates :o wrote out correctly all propositions = ! fir/ six books s5t up attempts at problems t c only be describ$ z grotesque1 & %[$ _! complete failure to und]/& ! subject1 giv+ ! unpleas+ impression t all !y knew 0 le>n$ by he>t04 ,euclid4 ,z a =mal introduction to ,euclid = "y pupils1 ,i "k no?+ bett] = ! tea*] to /udy & use ?an ,brad%aw's ,fir/ ,/ep4 ,_m o!rs might be nam$4 ,! ,h>pur ,euclid is good 7,longmans71 & ,books ,i4 & ,,ii41 by ,smi? & ,bryant1 may be specially recomm5d$4 ,/ill ,i regret t ! text-book 9 ,engl& is ,euclid2 its inconsi/5cies are manife/2 we /& alone 9 keep+ x4 ,yet a good workman w make ! be/ ( 8 tools1 & !re are editions :i* rem$y _m ( ! defects4 ,"o w\ld1 h[ev]1 hope t "s day ,societies = ! ,improvem5t ( ,geometrical ,tea*+ & ,re=m$ ,spell+ w rejoice toge!r4 ,x does seem an ana*ronism n to h an angle z l>ge z #ahj2 to use ! circle1 & ?9k ( a circumf]5ce1 yet ref] to no o!r loci1 & "w out 9 a cumbr\s mann] ! propositions ( ,books ,,iii4 & ,,iv4--to talk ( l9es t\*+ & n make use ( limits4 ,! m a tea*] kn[s ( ! high] ma!matics1 & looks =w>d = ! pupil1 ! bett] w he tea* ! rudim5ts4 ,! treatm5t ( ! subject by ,pr(essor ,h5rici 7,london ,sci5ce ,class-books1 ,longmans7 seems excell5t1 b ,i d n "k h[ f> x w\ld answ] = "y beg9n]s4 ,i %\ld be glad to h ! exp]i5ce ( "s :o h tri$ x4 ,! pr(essor d]ives ! notion ( a po9t f a solid1 p>ticul> figures f inf9ite planes1 & proce$s g5]ally 9 an inv]se direction f t ( ,euclid2 ! nom5clature is admirably compact1 & mu/ result 9 a l>ge economy ( ?9k+ p[]--! notion ( a locus is introduc$ e>ly1 & ! me?ods employ$ lead up to ! mod]n or projective geometry4 ,i once sp5t "s "t at ,zuri*1 a t[n especially rem>kable = its intellectual activity1 & *iefly = its ma!matical s*ool4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,pr(essor ,k9kel & o!r fri5ds1 ,i easily obta9$ p]mission to be pres5t at v>i\s lessons 9 ! ,polyte*nic & ,canton ,s*ool4 ,i f\nd ! me?od !re simil> to t :i* we foll[4 ,! pupils us$ z a text-book ,wolff's ,tas*5-bu*1 a duodecimo ( less ?an #cjj pages1 :i* conta9s ! pr9cipal results 9 pure ma!matics & ! appli$ sci5ces1 b no demon/rations4 ,i he>d a lesson giv5 9 ! ,canton ,s*ool4 ,pr(essor ,weileman fir/ read ! proposition2 x 0 ! same z ,euclid1 ,,xi4 #b3 to draw a p]p5dicul> to a plane f a giv5 po9t )\t x4 ,ab\t a doz5 held out _! h&s to %[ !y 7 ready to demon/rate4 ,! pr(essor select$ "o1 :o took 8 place at ! bo>d1 &1 subject to correction1 work$ ! problem4 ,! pr(essor gave z little direct in/ruction z possible1 appeal+ r to ! class4 ,i 0 mu* /ruck ) ! eag] int]e/ t ! class 7,i ?9k x 0 ,class ,,ii4 ,b7 took 9 ! "w4 ,! next proposition 79 ,wolff7 af=d$ mu* amusem5t4 ,! demon/rator jump$ to ! conclusion t ! l9es requir$ to complete ! con/ruction w\ld meet1 & c\ld n be made to see he _h assum$ :at requir$ pro(4 ,o!r memb]s ( ! class (f]$ to take ! matt] up2 he 0 accord+ly sup]s$$ by ,no4 #b1 :o hav+ surm\nt$ ?is difficulty1 also broke d[n be=e he rea*$ ! end4 ,no4 #c !re=e took 8 place at ! bo>d4 ,?us 7 ! reason+ & inv5tive p[]s ( ! boys develop$1 & a ke5 int]e/ awak5$2 !re 0 no we>9ess1 no apa?y4 ,i make a few rem>ks on :at may seem to "s trivial matt]s1 yet :i* are ( importance to beg9n]s4 ,9 giv+ ! pro( at ! bo>d1 !re is no ne$ to use ?ree lett]s1 & drag *ildr5 by _! help r\nd e angle2 we c write a ,greek lett] or a numb]1 z we con/antly d 9 trigonometry1 or we c\ld col\r ! angles2 say ! r$ is equal to ! blue1 & let ! *ildr5 write out ! propositions 9 an abbreviat$ =m fir/2 or we might adopt ! conv5i5t & concise plan ( ,pr(essor ,h5rici3 let capitals /& = po9ts1 small lett]s = l9es1 & let angles be repres5t$ by ! small lett]s ) prefix$4 ,?us we h l9e ,,pq or a2 ,,pr or b2 & ,,qpr or ab2 any?+ to avoid t$i\sness is good2 *ildr5 are s bor$ by v]bosity4 ,illu/ration ,rid]s ne$ n be always m]e l9es )\t any human or sci5tific int]e/4 ,suppose in/ead ( say+--,f two po9ts to draw l9es to a giv5 l9e1 :i* %all make equal angles ) ! giv5 l9e1 we say--,let ,,cd be a mirror or a wall1 a ray or a ball /rikes x at ,p1 draw ! direction x w take aft]--or1 ,!re is a big h\se ,a1 & a little h\se ,b1 ne> a riv]--! man 9 ,b has to fet* wat] = ,a daily1 :]e %\ld he draw ! wat] s z to g ! %orte/ possible di/ance8 ,illu/ration ,! me?od ( det]m9+ ! di/ance ( ! moon c be made cle> long be=e a *ild is able to conceive ! trigonometrical ratios1 & if we are able to ar\se an int]e/ 9 a/ronomy1 we may excite ard\r 9 "s :i* w make h>d ?\ght & "w delightful4 ,! di/ant prospect ( ! m\nta9 top has a wond]ful p[] ( lead+ u on4 ,! writ] c nev] =get ! joyful en?usiasm ) :i* %e ?rew h]self into ! /udy ( ma!matics 9 consequ5ce ( he>+ c\rses ( lectures on a/ronomy f ,mr4 ,pull5 ( ,cambridge1 ,gre%am ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy1 & ! late ,vice-,*ancellor ( ,cambridge has describ$ to h] ! p[] :i* ! fir/ realisation ( ! wond]s ( ! b\ndless univ]se _h ov] him :5 a boy ( f\rte54 ,mr4 ,glazebrook has sugge/$ t "s insight may be giv5 to ^? :o h no high ma!matical ability into :at seems s m>vell\s to ! un9itiat$1 ! developm5t ( curves f equations4 ,algebra4 ,! close relation betwe5 algebra & geometry becomes app>5t 9 ,euclid1 ,book ,,ii41 b ?is might be %[n some:at e>li] by me?ods su* z ^? recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,wormell 9 ! fir/ pages ( ,plott+ or ,graphic ,ma!matics4 ,we c see by a figure t #a #b #c #b #a #c1 & lead ! pupil on to ! g5]al proposition :i* is 9 con/ant use1 :5 treat+ ( fall+ bodies4 --------- 99 --------- 99 99 --------- 99 99 99 --------- ,or we c %[ simil>ly t ! sum ( an ari?metical s]ies equals a l ---------4 #b ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ad 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 #b ---------------------------------------- ------------ #aa 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 #e ---------------------------------------- ------------ #h 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 #h ---------------------------------------- ------------ #e 99 99 99 99 99 #aa ---------------------------------------- ------------ #b 99 99 #ad ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,z reg>ds ! =mal introduction ( g5]alis$ ari?metic or algebra1 "o _c lay d[n any limit ( age1 ow+ to ! v untra9$ /ate 9 :i* girls come to second>y s*ools1 b ) *ildr5 :o h be5 taught ?or\ghly ! pr9ciples ( ari?metic up to fractions1 x is easy to introduce lit]al symbols & s prep>e ! way3 ?is %\ld be done mu* e>li] ?an is usual4 ,*ildr5 well taught 9 ari?metic might p]haps beg9 ! subject =mally ab\t ?irte51 & ,i ?9k x well = ! fir/ t]m to drop ari?metic altoge!r1 s z to get z mu* "t z possible = ov]com+ ! initial difficulties1 & mak+ use ( ! zeal :i* a new /udy gives2 b ( c\rse e good tea*] ( ari?metic w tra9 8 pupils to use lett]s = numb]s v mu* e>li]4 ,!re is a good deal put into ari?metic books1 :i* w\ld be mu* bett] dealt ) by algebraical me?ods1 & %\ld be po/pon$1 e4g41 involution & evolution1 & mu* "t %\ld be sav$ by omitt+ long sets ( examples on weights & measures1 etc41 & giv+ sums to be work$ out me*anically ) l>ge numb]s4 ,z 9 ari?metic1 x is extremely important to give an insight into ! composition ( quantities1 s t de-composition may be easy1 subsequ5t me*anical "w 9 multiplication1 division1 involution1 etc41 m9imis$1 & ! pupil rea* soon] ! m attractive bran*es ( ! subject1 & feel ! p[] x gives4 ,mix$ ma!matics4 ,if *ildr5 h acquir$ e>ly a fair k ( geometry & algebra1 !y may1 say at sixte51 be ready to pass on to ^? bran*es 9 :i* ! alliance ( ! two is mo/ intimate1 & :i* are s closely correlat$ ) all ! tea*+ 9 me*anics & physics4 ,x takes mo/ girls "s "t to assimilate ! ideas ( ! trigonometrical ratios1 & x is fatal to hurry !m4#bd ,^? :o are able to proce$ fur!r1 & ent] ^u ! /udy ( co-ord9ate geometry1 usually take great delight 9 x2 & x is well1 too1 to lead !m gradually on by "s su* books z ,proctor's ,easy ,lessons 9 ! ,diff]5tial ,calculus1 to =m "s idea ( :at a p[]ful in/rum5t ! ,calculus is1 be=e !y actually make use ( x or =mally /udy x2 x takes "t = a new me?od to infiltrate ! m9d ( an ord9>y /ud5t4 #bd ,i may add t !re is an int]e/+ *apt] 9 ,h]b>t's ,a ,b ,c ( ,s5se-,p]ception1 9 :i* he works out trigonometrical ratios on ! basis ( 8 philosophical sy/em3 ?is *apt] w\ld int]e/ ^? tea*+ ma!matics4 ,hi/orical me?od4 ,f9ally1 ,i w\ld once m recomm5d t1 :5ev] x is possible1 pupils %\ld be l$ along ! pa? ( discov]y pursu$ by orig9al inve/igators1 bo? 9 physics & appli$ ma!matics2 ,i h f\nd ! int]e/ ( log>i?ms greatly increas$ by ?is me?od4#be #be ,pr(essor ,sal=d 7,monographs on ,education & ,heal?7 insi/s on ! importance ( tea*+ log>i?ms z a "p ( sci5tific ari?metic4 8,(t5 log>i?ms are fir/ taught 9 connection ) trigonometry1 & ! av]age pupil does n le>n ! diff]5ce betwe5 a log>i?mic & a natural s9e2 !re is no cure = ?is confusion b to tea* log>i?ms :]e !y belong & to apply !m to purely ari?metical problems40 ,he advises ! introduction ( log>i?ms 8z soon z ! pupil has rea*$ 9 algebra ! proposition am an am n1 & he %\ld be %[n t ! practical me?od ( deal+ ) p[]s & roots is ! log>i?mic4 ,tea*]s w !n ab/a9 f annoy+ "y pupils ) difficult & ne$less problems solv$ 9 ! antiquat$ mann]2 !y w le>n h[ to calculate a comp\nd int]e/ table1 an excell5t ex]cise 9 itself1 z well z a lab\r-sav+ contrivance 9 ari?metic4 ,! reason :y log>i?ms are s little appreciat$1 is t tea*]s ( ari?metic h n z a rule really le>n$ _! use2 !y g on wa/+ "t 9 arbitr>y ex]cises 9 evolution1 int]e/1 etc41 done by t$i\s me?ods1 & d n appreciate h[ in/9ctively ! be/ calculators employ log>i?ms40 ,pr(essor ,lodge's popul> book1 ,pione]s ( ,sci5ce1 is v mu* appreciat$ by ! "y1 & ,i may quote propos evid5ce giv5 by ,dr4 ,bryce ( ,glasg[ be=e ! ,royal ,commission ( #ahfd3-- 8,pure ma!matics cultivates ! p[] ( d$uctive reason+1 & z soon z boys are capable ( =m+ ab/ract ideas1 & grasp+ g5]al pr9ciples1 z soon z !y h got correct notions ( numb]s1 & an accurate k ( ! ess5tial p>ts ( ari?metic1 & h made "s progress 9 geometry1 !n natural philosophy may be advantage\sly taught4 ,i speak on ?is matt] f exp]i5ce4 ,my relative & colleague1 :o _h *>ge ( ! ma!matical dep>tm5t 9 ! ,belfa/ ,academy1 introduc$ natural philosophy z "p ( ! "w ( all ! ma!matical classes4 ,aft] ^! classes _h gone a c]ta9 l5g? 9 geography & algebra1 he took up ! elem5ts ( natural philosophy two days 9 ! week1 z "p ( ! "w ( e ma!matical class4 ,he began ) simple exp]im5ts1 & accord+ z ! progress ( ! boys 9 ,euclid & algebra admitt$ ( x1 m ma!matical views ( natural philosophy 7 introduc$4 ,! great advantage ( ! /udy ( physical sci5ce is t1 :5 prop]ly taught1 x int]e/s boys 9 intellectual pursuits g5]ally4 ,= in/ance1 ,newton's great discov]y1 ! id5tity ( ! p[] :i* reta9s ! moon 9 h] orbit ) t]re/rial gravity1 0 be+ expla9$ to a class ( f twelve to eighte5 boys4 ,! tea*] did n tell !m ! result2 he enum]at$ ! ph5om5a by :i* ,newton arriv$ at x1 tak+ c>e to pres5t !m 9 ! ord] mo/ likely to sugge/ x4 ,z fact aft] fact 0 m>%all$ be=e !m1 !y became eag] & excit$ m & m1 = !y saw t some?+ new & great 0 com+2 & :5 at la/ ! array ( ph5om5a 0 complete1 & ! magnific5t conclusion bur/ ^u _! sight1 ! :ole class />t$ f _! seats ) a scream ( delight4 ,!y 7 consci\s t !y _h gone ?r\gh ! v same m5tal op]ation1 z t great man _h gone ?r\gh4 ,! consci\sness ( fell[%ip ) s great a m9d 0 an elevat+ ?+1 & gave !m a delight 9 intellectual pursuits4 ,an unusual proportion ( ^? boys :o pass$ ?r\gh ! ,belfa/ ,academy dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s t ,i 0 able to h natural & physical sci5ce taught on ^? pr9ciples1 h1 z m51 be5 di/+ui%$ & successful2 & !y owe x1 ,i am conv9c$1 9 a l>ge degree to ! ta/e = intellectual pursuits ?us =m$40 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,sci5ce4 ,,psy*ological ,,ord] ,,( ,,/udy ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,sci5tific ,,tea*+4 ,by ,,doro!a ,,beale4 ,z ,ros5cranz expresses x1 !re may be di/+ui%$ ?ree epo*s3-- ,i4 ,! intuitive--,i use ! ^w ) ! ,g]man mean+ ( s5se-p]ception4 ,,ii4 ,! imag9ative1 dur+ :i* ! develop+ m9d is m accu/om$ to dwell on m5tal images1 is less passive to impressions1 m active 9 call+ !m up1 9 fa%ion+ !m anew4 ,,iii4 ,! logical1 dur+ :i* ! impulse is to h>monise ! _w )\t & ! _w )91 to fit all ?+s into a s*eme ( space & "t1 ( ord] & law4 ,reg>d+ ^!1 we may ask :at is ! ?\ght-mat]ial 9 :i* ! develop+ m9d may be/ "w successively--or if we take ! same mat]ial1 9 :at v>y+ way %all we deal ) x8 ,! ne> objects :i* ! *ildr5 c t\* & ta/e & see objectively1 ^! are ! fir/ ?+s :i* call =? ! att5tion1 t self-activity by :i* ! m9d fa/5s on its prey1 & conv]ts p]cepts into concepts2 z ! jelly fi% cat*es ! float+ prey 9 its t5tacles1 & absorbs x into its sub/ance1 s ! *ild /ores up exp]i5ces & memories :i* enri* all future p]cepts4 ,botany4 ,:at subject ( sy/ematic /udy c be bett] suit$ to ! *ild !n1 ?an t :i* calls out its s5se ( wond] & beauty1 & :i* 9 h>mony ) its own re/less nature is ev] *ang+2 9 :i* is f\nd endless v>iety ) und]ly+ ord]8 ,surely ! _w ( fl[]s is specially suit$ = tea*+ ! little ones4 ,h[ ! col\rs & =ms delight !m--has n ! fir/ sight ( a fl[] rema9$ ) _m ( u ?r\gh life1 8a joy = ev]08 ,x is = u to tea* h[ to obs]ve1 s t ! memories %all be n m]e vague impressions1 b cle>-cut1 accurate1 la/+3 all ! s5ses mu/ comb9e to give unity & complet5ess to ! s5se-concept1 s t ! *ild may feel ! beauty1 ent] into lov+ sympa?y ) ,nature1 & p]fect t 8inw>d eye1 :i* is ! bliss ( solitude04 ,*ildr5 %\ld be l$ to =m collections1 by :i* ! fir/ obs]vations may be repeat$ & fulfill$2 !y %\ld also le>n to draw1 s t n m]ely ! individual1 b ! ess5tial1 ! typical may be br\ght into cle>ness2 we %\ld1 too1 enc\rage 9 !m ! desire to co-op]ate ) ,nature 9 mak+ ! e>? beautiful1 & call out ! affections t[>ds ! ,unse5 ,giv] ( all good ?+s4 ,^! are a few ( ! reasons :y botany 9 its simple/ =ms is fit n\ri%m5t = ! *ild4 ,! h>d names1 ! intricate divisions into classes & ord]s1 ! physiology ( gr[+ plants c be t\*$ on only lightly2 b ! p[] ( obs]vation c be greatly develop$1 & ! ma9 facts ( classificatory botany c be taught1 & tea*+ full ( int]e/ giv5 z reg>ds /ructure1 gr[?1 se$ di/ribution & relations to ! insect _w4 ,mrs4 ,bell's ,sci5ce ,ladd]s =m a good introduction4 ,:5 we h exhau/$ our mat]ial1 s f> z ! little *ild is capable ( und]/&+1 x is bett] to turn to "s fre% subject2 we may lat]1 :5 ! m9d is ripe = ^! ?+s1 take ! subject up aga94 ,*ildr5 ^: eyes h be5 op5$1 w be able to g into ! c\ntry1 & note d[n ! ?+s !y h se54 ,di>ies ,i h se5 q beautifully kept by poor *ildr5 taught at ! ,h\se ( ,education at ,ambleside4 ,! *ildr5 knew ! diff]5t buds z !y came out on ! trees1 & wat*$ ! delicate & deep5+ t9ts1 saw ! leaf-buds develop into leaves1 & ! op5+ ( ! fl[]s4 ,zoology4 ,elem5t>y botany %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be foll[$ by a ye> ( zoology 7say at t5 ye>s old71 treat$ 9 a simple way2 ! tea*] %\ld dwell n ^u ! int]nal /ructure1 b on :at pres5ts itself to ! eye1 beg9n+ ) liv+ creatures t ! *ildr5 are famili> )1 or c get to "k--dome/ic animals1 8bea/ies0 f g>d5 & pond1 cat]pill>s & birds1 tadpoles & dragon-flies--!y %\ld h _! m5ag]ies1 & wat* ! creatures' habits4 ,especially suit$ to wom5 is ! "w ( obs]v+ insect life1 & !re are worlds = u to discov]1 if we1 z we walk r\nd our g>d51 h eyes to see4 ,! animal _w too is specially calculat$ to develop ! affections rightly4 ,! "* ( ! human be+ is too complex1 too f> above ! und]/&+ ( ! *ild1 & z long z he is dep5d5t1 he %\ld n be ex]cis$ 9 obs]v+ & *ronicl+ ! do+s ( ^? :om he _c yet und]/&4 ,x is some?+ to give him objects1 on :i* he c ex]cise 8 p[]s ( criticism & obs]vation4 ,s too ! s5se ( responsibility may be fo/]$ t[>ds ^? :o dep5d ^u him1 & are 9 8 p[]4 ,a/ronomy4 ,^! two sci5ces br+ ! *ild into contact ) ?+s on ! e>?2 he might next lift up 8 eyes to ! heav5s4 ,x delights ! *ild to le>n ! names ( ! con/ellations1 & trace _! =ms1 to notice ! movem5ts ( ! planets1 ! *ang+ aspect ( ! sky z ! ye>s g r\nd4 ,! s5se ( ! greatness ( ! univ]se gradually dawns on him1 & ! awe & rev]5ce = t p[] & wisdom :i* is reveal$ 9 ! heav5s1 prep>es ! way = ^? deep] tea*+s :i* belong to religion4 ,especially /imulat+ is a/ronomy to ! develop+ reflective p[]s1 f ! numb] & v>iety ( problems x sugge/s2 & yet x is n altoge!r baffl+1 = ! *ild c be l$ on to draw conclusions respect+ ! movem5ts & di/ances ( ! heav5ly bodies2 v e>ly he c be %[n h[ to solve su* que/ions by simple processes1 & ?us ! ma!matical passion awak5$2 surely mo/ ( u c rememb] ! fir/ "t t our s\l really asc5d$ into ! sev5? heav54 ,i h he>d a ma!matician describe :at x 0 to him--h[ at f\rte5 he fl$ f ! s*ool into ! fields to be alone4 ,physical geography4 ,& :at next8 ,!re is some?+ ne> to ! *ild1 :i* he c t\*1 :i* lies at 8 feet1 a magic book ) my/]i\s *>act]s1 9 :i* he reads ( inf9ite "t2 let him op5 ! pages ( ! great rock-book1 & ga!r ! relics ( ! pa/4 ,geology w help him to obs]ve 9 a new way2 a/ronomy & geology 7,i use x 9 ! s5se ( e>?-hi/ory7 are m suit$ ?an ! two fir/ to ! beg9n+ ( ! reflective p]iod1 because !re is no?+ to be done to alt] ! objects ( ! two la/ sci5ces--:]eas we c d mu*1 & obs]ve ! effect ( our do+s on plants & animals4 ,physiography1 includ+ geology & all t has to d ) ! ph5om5a ( ,nature includ$ "u ! head ( physical geography1 w\ld claim a two ye>s' c\rse & unify ! subjects already t\*$ on3 ! pupil w le>n _m facts on physical sci5ce4 ,& n[ ! girl1 say ab\t fifte51 ) an increas+ p[] ( ab/raction & reflection1 & a great] k ( ma!matics1 w be ready to receive m =mal & def9ite in/ruction reg>d+ :at we call matt] & =ce--elem5t>y physics2 ! subjects ( light & heat1 electricity or *emi/ry might be select$2 ! girl is becom+ ! woman--! reflective p[]s are ga9+ ! asc5dant--%e is long+ to int]pret m ?an to ga9 ev] m k1 %e und]/&s some?+ ( physics & *emi/ry2 let h] return n[ to h] fir/ /udy & c>ry x /ill fur!r1 see ! my/]ies ( life reveal$ 9 ! fl[]1 take physiological botany1 ! *emical *anges produc$ by ! physical processes1 wat* ! plants z !y gr[1 & trace ! relation ( fl[] & insect1 plant & animal--recognise t all-embrac+ intellig5ce work+ 9 all1 :i* has h>monis$ n only ! outw>d ?+s1 b ! intellig5ce ( e liv+ creature1 & made ea* able m or less to "k ! laws ( _! life & to obey !m4 ,! develop+ & deep5+ religi\s in/9ct w f9d utt]ances f heav5 9 ^! e>?ly ?+s1 he> ! voice ( ,god among ! trees ( ! g>d54 ,lat] /ill we c pass into ! inn] temple1 treat ( physiology1 %[ h[ m>vell\s is ! liv+ tab]nacle ( ! s\l1 h[ fitt$ = our tempor>y abode4 ,x is object$ by "s t physiology %\ld n be /udi$ because x involves ! :ole circle ( sci5ces1 :il/ o!rs reg>d x z ! mo/ necess>y & fundam5tal bran* ( in/ruction4 ,exp]i5c$ tea*]s "k t mu* ( great educative & practical value c be giv5 on ! l9es ( ,mrs4 ,bell's ,laws ( ,heal?1 & br\ght home to comp>atively un$ucat$ p by ! tracts ( ! ,ladies' ,heal? ,society1 & we all "k h[ important x is = ^? :o are gr[+ into womanhood1 t ! subject %\ld be treat$ ) ! wisdom & judgm5t & rev]5ce :i* x dem&s4 ,on ! lat] /ages ( ! tea*+ ( natural sci5ce ,i d n propose to dwell4 ,^? :o take up sci5ce z a speciality w h to limit ! field1 & o!rs w be guid$ by circum/ances1 b :atev] special l9e !y may foll[ lat]1 su* a c\rse ( /udy mu/ surely h n\ri%$ ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 develop$ ! sympa?ies1 discipl9$ ! "*1 enl>g$ ! horizon beyond ! petty conc]ns :i* occupy ! :ole att5tion ( ! un$ucat$ ( all sorts & conditions4 ,! woman :o has really ?\ght ab\t ^! ?+s1 :5 %e travels w see ?+s ) diff]5t eyes1 %e w und]/& en\gh to pr(it by ! companion%ip ( able & ?\ghtful m51 & lat] p]haps to %>e x may be a man's "w z ,miss ,h]s*el1 & ,mrs4 ,hugg9s1 & ,mrs4 ,proctor1 & ,mrs4 ,m>%all1 & ,mrs4 ,sidgwick & _m m--to be ! fri5d ( h] bro!rs & ! fir/ tea*] ( h] sons--& %e w surely h le>n$ ! fir/ lesson ( wisdom1 ! humility :i* kn[s t all we "k is to "k t our k is z no?+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,inf9ite1 t if any man ?9k t he kn[s1 he kn[s no?+ z he ought to "k x4 ,i h work$ out ! ord] 9 detail 9 respect to sci5ce2 x w be en\gh to t\* v briefly on ! p>allel tea*+s 9 o!r subjects1 :i* mu/ also be taught sci5tifically4 ,take1 e4g41 language4 ,! *ild is ev] obs]v+ & imitat+2 re/less activity *>act]ises ! *ild4 ,! tea*] has to p]fect ! obs]v+ p[]s by insi/+ on "r pronunciation1 z ,i h %[n 9 ano!r *apt]1 fir/ 9 ,engli%1 !n 9 ano!r language2 k is fir/ empirical4 ,next w foll[1 n grammatical def9itions & rules to be le>n$1 b ! discov]y ( classification1 j z 9 ! case ( botany1 ?r\gh obs]vation--! discov]y ( rules inductively2 !n1 :5 ! ne$ is felt = a %ort5+ ( ! process1 ! collections made by gramm>ians may be produc$1 z ! book ( dri$ specim5s1 say ( f]ns1 :i* ! *ild _h n "t & opportunity to collect = h]self4 ,aft]w>ds w come read+ & reflection ^u ! relation%ip ( words1 l ! sy/ems ( sci5tific classification ( fl[]s1 & lat] ! age ( poetry & philosophy4 ,x is ! giv+ ! grammatical ab/ractions to *ildr5 :o are at ! /age ( obs]vation m]ely1 :i* creates ! di/a/e = s*ool le>n+2 x is ! giv+ dead languages at a "t :5 *ildr5 are at ! active1 intuitive age1 & h n ! p[]s ( ?\ght necess>y to dis5tangle ! classical au?ors1 t makes s mu* ( our tea*+ a failure4 ,s ) hi/ory4 ,fir/ ! simple tales1 e4g41 ,jack & ! ,giant--no complications ( "* !re--good & bad1 black & :ite--/ories ( fairies & hobgobl9s1 be+s s unlike ourselves1 t we are n tr\bl$ too mu* ) moral scruples2 !y are l dream p4 ,!n old-_w h]oes1 9 :om ! moral em]ges--n ! priggi% boys & girls1 to cramp ! "*1 b boys & girls1 writ l>ge4 ,!n pass+ f ! individual to ! g5]al1 ! specim5 to ! species1 we h family life enl>g$ to ! /ate "u a k+ly con/itution1 z 9 anci5t patri>*al times1 ! fir/ tea*+s ( :i* are be/ ga!r$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,z 9 ! nature tea*+s we %all lead *ildr5 to feel und]ly+ all1 ! s5se z ( an unse5 pres5ce1 a ,k+ ( ,k+s rul+ ! c\rse ( ?is _w1 lead+ & guid+ ! m9d ( man to "w ) ,him z 9 ! nature realm4 ,& la/ly 9 ! highe/ tea*+s1 :i* h to d1 n ) ! objective surr\nd+s1 b ) ! man himself1 ) 8 ?\ghts & aspirations1 ) ! expression ( ^! 9 lit]ature1 9 art1 9 e?ics1 & politics1 & philosophy1 ! /ud5t w f9d en\gh to develop ! highe/ p[]s ( ?\ght1 z he wre/les ) ! problems ( life1 :5 he has rea*$ ! lat] p]iod ( /udy4 ,& ! same ord] is obs]v$ 9 religion4 ,! objective fir/--! ,div9e acts se5 9 nature1 9 ! acts ( ! good1 9 ! puni%m5t ( evil2 at fir/ ! ?\ght ( ,god is m objective1 s9ce x mu/ be s 9 ! e>ly life ( ! *ild "u p>5tal gov]nm5t4 ,lat] m subjective1 ?r\gh consci5ce4 ,s9 is at fir/ reg>d$ *iefly z an act aga9/ a lov+ p]son1 lat] x is felt to be ! degradation ( our nature1 or t ( o!rs1 by tak+ 9 a poison z x 72 or z 1 ! fru/ration ( ! true ends ( our be+1 ! exclusion f ! light & life & joy ( ! ,div9e pres5ce1 :i* is ! s\l's sunlight1 into out] d>kness--! conceptions =m$ w be diff]5t1 ! und]ly+ tru?s "o1 ! ?\ghts w pass f ! physical to ! panpsy*ical1 & lat] to ! highe/ conceivable by u--! an?ropomorphic1 /ripp$ ( ! transitory & ! f9ite1 b embrac+ all ^? et]nal ?+s by :i* we "k t we are m ?an creatures ( "t1 s9ce we gladly ?r[ f u all t w\ld !n be our highe/ good1 = ! ?+s :i* eye sees n & e> he>s n1 b :i* c come to u by revelation only ( ! spiritual2 ?+s :i* all m51 9 all ages1 h felt to be ! be/1 :atev] _! actions may h be51 tru?1 love1 righte\sness1 ju/ice1 ! et]nal ?+s4 ,! wor/ man kn[s 9 8 consci5ce m ,?an ! be/ man does1 :om we b[ be=e4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,biological ,,sci5ces4 ,by ,,*>lotte ,l4 ,,laurie4 ,introduction4 ,! biological sci5ces deal ) ! manife/ations ( life4 ,?is di/+ui%es !m at once f ! physical & *emical sci5ces2 n1 inde$1 t x is possible to und]/& ! life ( any organism )\t "s k ( physics & *emi/ry2 ?us to expla9 intelligibly ! circulation ( ! blood "s acqua9tance ) me*anics is necess>y1 b organisms h c]ta9 prop]ties :i* belong to !m f ! v fact ( _! be+ end[$ ) life2 ! inh]5t prop]ties ( protoplasm1 its contractility1 irritability1 etc41 are all vital prop]ties due to ! pres5ce ( life4 ,! fir/ po9t !n t a tea*] ( biology has to decide 9 ord] to tea* ?is subject rightly is3 ,:at is x possible to tea* ab\t life8 ,is ?is n9ete5? c5tury ) its m>vell\s electrical discov]ies any ne>] ! secret ( life8 ,al?\gh x may fairly be claim$ t ! manife/ations ( life are bett] und]/ood1 yet sci5ti/s w be ! fir/ to confess t :at life itself is /ill rema9s a my/]y2 !re=e ! tea*] ( biology mu/ nev] be satisfi$ )\t ar\s+ 9 ! m9ds ( 8 pupils a gr[+ consci\sness ( ! limitations ( k1 ! basis ( true rev]5ce4 ,any tea*+ ( sci5ce1 n only ( biology1 :i* fails to d ?is is defective4 ,developm5t ( obs]vation 7a7 9 class & home "w4 ,! tea*] ( biology !n w desire fir/ ( all to develop a rev]5t attitude ( m9d1 s t ! facts ( life may be und]/ood aright4 ,obs]vation ( vital ph5om5a is by no means an easy ?+2 x ne$s mu* accuracy1 con/ant pati5ce & m9ute att5tion to detail4 ,9 s*ool tea*+ ! f\ndations ( accurate obs]vation ought to be laid4 ,botany af=ds mu* scope = ?is4 ,9 plann+ lessons1 9 *oos+ specim5s = home "w1 ! tea*] %\ld aim at develop+ ?is faculty4 ,a lesson on a butt]cup may v well be foll[$ by home "w on a m>% m>igold4 ,! two plants belong to ! same ord] & h great simil>ity 9 /ructure1 b c]ta9 important diff]5ces2 ! t5d5cy ( unobs]vant pupils w be to conclude t ! same description w apply to bo?1 & possibly nect>ies w be describ$ z pres5t on ! sepals ( ! m>% m>igold in/ead ( on ! c>pels1 etc4 ,z a rule1 home "w %\ld dem& orig9al obs]vation on ! "p ( ! pupils2 x %\ld n be a m]e repetition ( :at has be5 done 9 class2 ?us1 suppos+ ! sweet-pea has be5 work$ ?r\gh 9 class1 clov] may be set = home "w1 provid$ ( c\rse t ! class is suffici5tly advanc$4 ,!n1 z reg>ds ! obs]vation ( vital ph5om5a1 x is possible to %[ t plants1 l animals1 take 9 oxyg54 ,! details ( 8,g>reau's exp]im5t0 c be contriv$ ev5 9 s*ools :]e !re is no physiological laboratory2 ) a wat] plant su* z ,ana*>is1 ! evolution ( oxyg5 9 ! mak+ ( />* c be demon/rat$2 & ) su* a simple ?+ z yea/ gr[+ 9 sug> & wat]1 x is easy to %[ t c>bonic acid gas is giv5 (f by fungi2 m elaborate exp]im5ts are necess>y to demon/rate ! evolution ( ?is gas by gre5 plants4 ,! tea*] %\ld always po9t out any simil>ity ( process 9 plants & animals2 transpiration ( plants %\ld be comp>$ ) ! p]spiration ( animals1 s t aft] a few lessons on ! physiology ( plants1 x is possible to indicate ! ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 plants & animals z f> z !y are kn[n4 ,9 zoology1 z 9 botany1 ! tea*] %\ld aim at develop+ ! p[] ( obs]vation1 b zoology is a mu* m difficult subject to tea* well2 = x is n always possible to get animals = obs]vation1 consequ5tly lessons 9 zoology are (t5 dry2 !y are want+ 9 t liv+ int]e/ :i* comes n f book /udy1 b f wat*+ ! animal itself4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 ?is has be5 done1 ke5 int]e/ is ar\s$4 ,a tea*] :o has sp5t h\rs (f ! coa/s ( ,devon%ire1 pull+ sea-anemones out ( ! crevices ( ! rocks1 or wat*+ !m exp& _! t5tacles & draw !m 91 w give a v diff]5t lesson f "o :o has m]ely read ab\t a sea-anemone4 ,a class1 hav+ lessons 9 zoology1 %\ld h access to an aqu>ium1 :i* c be kept 9 ! class-room1 & 9 plann+ a c\rse on ?is subject1 especially = "y *ildr51 x is mo/ important to *oose ^? types :i* c be obs]v$4 ,9 a fir/ ye>'s c\rse = *ildr5 ( t5 or elev51 pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to ! habits ( ! animals1 & /ructure introduc$ only s f> z is necess>y to expla9 habit4 ,liv+ specim5s = lessons may be obta9$ f aqu>ia 9 ,j]sey1 ,birm+ham & else:]e4 7b7 ,by means ( field "w4 ,x is n possible1 h[ev]1 to d all t ought to be done 9 develop+ obs]vation )9 ! limits ( an h\r a week 9 a s*oolroom4 ,! tea*] ( botany or zoology %\ld be will+ to organise exp$itions into ! c\ntry = botanis+ or pond grubb+4 ,"h we h a ,field ,club1 consi/+ ( ?ree or f\r sections3 botanical1 geological1 zoological1 ar*ological4 ,! tea*] ( ea* subject is naturally ! lead] ( ! section1 & is ?us able to ar\se a ke5] int]e/ ?an is possible 9 ! class-room alone4 ,a ye>ly conv]sazione1 :5 collections are exhibit$1 gives ze/ to ! work+ ( ! sections1 br+s all ! memb]s ( ! club toge!r1 & af=ds an opportunity = obta9+ a lecture f "s orig9al work]4 ,x is f\nd t if #bjj belong to a s*ool society ( ?is k9d1 ea* memb] subscrib+ "o %ill+ a ye>1 a conv]sazione c be held1 & prizes = collections giv5 out ( ! funds ( ! society2 ea* memb] be>s 9 addition h] %>e ( ! exp5se ( an exp$ition2 b ! less exp5sive & ! ne>] home ^! are1 ! bett]4 7c7 ,?r\gh a museum4 ,an excell5t means ( ar\s+ a real int]e/ 9 sci5ce lessons1 & ( develop+ ! obs]vation1 is to h a s*ool museum4 ,t "p ( ! museum devot$ to natural hi/ory %\ld comb9e two functions2 x %\ld h p]fect specim5s ( ! *ief types ( animal life arrang$ morphologically2 = in/ance1 ! cov]+ organs1 su* z scales ( fi%es1 fea!rs ( birds1 hair ( animals1 %\ld be gr\p$ toge!r1 s t ! homology ( ^! organs c be se5 at a glance2 secondly1 ! museum %\ld h surplus specim5s specially int5d$ = tea*+ purposes4 ,"o specim5 w n s]ve ^! two purposes2 = ! only way ( pres]v+ any specim5 9 its p]fection is to keep x "u lock & key 9 a glass case1 :i* mu/ be air- & du/-tight4 ,z soon z a specim5 is tak5 out & pass$ ab\t f tea*] to tea*] & f class to class1 x w inevitably get damag$1 z ! curator ( _m a s*ool museum c te/ify4 ,:at %>e c ! pupils take 9 ! museum "w8 ,!y may furni% specim5s1 b "h ! difficulty is to get !m p]fect en\gh2 *ildr5 require to be tra9$ to aim at a /&>d ( p]fection1 & 9 ?is p>ticul> ! s*ool museum may d valuable "w2 at ! same "t if ! curator dem&s too mu*1 ! ard\r ( ! *ildr5 becomes damp$2 s x is sometimes well to accept an imp]fect specim51 & put x 9 ! museum until a m p]fect "o is =?com+4 ,pupils c also d mu* useful "w 9 mak+ diagrams & draw+s2 e specim5 9 ! sci5ce portion ( ! museum %\ld be drawn1 & p>ts expla9$ by means ( an accompany+ diagram4 ,ref]5ce may "h be made to ! s*eme at ! end ( ?is pap] = a specim5 museum case1 illu/rat+ ! fl[]+ plant4 ,x has be5 drawn up on ! l9es ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 :]e1 z is well kn[n1 great att5tion is paid by ,sir ,william ,fl[] to ! homology ( organs4 ,?is s*eme has be5 c>ri$ out 9 our museum2 almo/ e specim5 has be5 illu/rat$ ) a draw+ done by pupils1 ! sci5tific explanation be+ writt5 by ! tea*]4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 z ! case 0 be+ arrang$1 specim5s & diagrams 7 m]ely p9n$1 n gumm$1 s t z ! "w progress$ x 0 possible to alt] & improve ^u ! fir/ arrangem5t4 7d7 ,use ( microscopes4 ,9 connection ) ! developm5t ( obs]vation1 a ^w may be said ab\t ! use ( ! microscope 9 s*ools4 ,e s*ool %\ld h at lea/ "o microscope1 if ev5 x has only "o or two p[]s2 a great deal c be done ) a #a-;in* & #b-;in* objectives4 ,at pres5t _m girls take ! c\rse requir$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d = ! ,s5ior ,local )\t hav+ se5 a s+le /ructure "u ! microscope4 ,?is ought n to be1 especially n[ t microscopes are s inexp5sive 7a microscope ) #a-;in* & -in* objectives c be obta9$ = #c #fs474 ,!re is consid]able difficulty 9 manag+ microscope "w ) l>ge classes2 n m ?an two pupils1 or at ! mo/ ?ree1 c "w at a microscope at ! same "t1 & :]e !re are only "o or two microscopes 9 a s*ool1 ! simple/ plan is = ! tea*] ( botany to h pupils out s+ly1 :il/ ! re/ ( ! class are do+ pap] "w at _! desks4 ,lant]n slides are an imm5se help 9 class "w1 b !y _c altoge!r take ! place ( ! microscope1 & x is v important t eld] pupils likely to d any?+ at sci5ce %\ld le>n to manipulate ! microscope4 ,ord] ( lessons4 ,9 no subject is x m necess>y to plan lessons c>efully ?an 9 sci5ce1 = n only does ! developm5t ( ! obs]v+ faculty dep5d on a "r sequ5ce1 b ! scope ( sci5ce is ev] wid5+4 ,biology alone includes at ! pres5t "t subdivisions :i* h>dly exi/$ ?irty ye>s ago4 ,tea*]s ( botany n[ h to f9d "t = vegetable morphology1 hi/ology & physiology1 = ! life-hi/ories ( plants z well z = ! descriptions necess>y to classification4 ,at ! same "t !re are o!r consid]ations1 besides a "r sequ5ce1 :i* mu/ be borne 9 m9d 9 plann+ a c\rse4 ,!oretically1 x w\ld be be/ 9 botany to beg9 ) a description ( ! plant z a :ole2 root1 /em1 leaf1 fl[]1 bran*1 & ! relation ( ^! p>ts to ea* o!r1 %\ld be ! subject ( ! fir/ lessons4 ,b *ildr5 ( t5 or elev5 c\ld h>dly be expect$ to be int]e/$ 9 le>n+ t a leaf is a lat]al app5dage ( a /em1 & a bran* an axill>y outgr[?1 :]eas !y are fasc9at$ by fl[]s1 & enjoy lessons ab\t ! visits ( insects to fl[]s1 etc4 ,und\bt$ly ) "y *ildr5 x w\ld be wis] to beg9 ) ! fl[] & gradually lead up to ! plant z a :ole4 ,! tea*]1 too1 mu/ be guid$ to "s ext5t at any rate by 8 own individuality4 ,9 a subject z wide z botany "s m9ds are attract$ by "o "p1 "s by ano!r2 "o tea*] c be s lum9\s 9 8 acc\nt ( /ructure & its adaptation to function t ! *ildr5 are 9 _! turn int]e/$1 especially if m9ute /ructure is se5 ?r\gh ! microscope1 & ! delight ( draw+ =ms "p ( ! lesson4 ,ano!r tea*] revels 9 classification1 & loves to po9t out ! resemblances betwe5 plants ( "o ord] & ^? ( ano!r4 ,!re mu/ be1 & x is almo/ impossible to ov]-emphasise ?is1 a c]ta9 sequ5ce1 a c]ta9 gradation1 a def9ite plan1 on :i* ! lessons are arrang$2 b ?is plan1 ?is sequ5ce %\ld be ! tea*]'s own1 x %\ld be ! outcome ( 8 own individuality2 he w be/ tea* :at mo/ int]e/s him1 h5ce he _h bett] foll[ 8 own ord] ?an t ( any text-book1 h[ev] excell5t4 ,9 high] classes1 :]e ! "w is arrang$ on exam9ation l9es1 ! tea*] has a def9ite syllabus = 8 guidance2 b ev5 9 ?is case !re is play = 8 individuality1 & no?+ c disp5se ) ?is4 ,he mu/ be always read+ ! new books on 8 subject2 he mu/ keep himself 9 t\* ) ! new "w t is be+ done ?r\gh visit+ museums1 botanical g>d5s1 work+ 9 laboratories1 etc41 s z to be ke5 ab\t 8 subject1 o!rwise 8 lessons w be dull & lifeless1 & ! un=givable s9 9 a tea*] is dulness4 ,sci5ce cultivates ! faculties ( imag9ation & reason+4 ,al?\gh tea*]s ( biology w naturally atta* mu* importance to ! developm5t ( obs]vation1 x is v necess>y to rememb] t obs]vation is only a means to an end1 n an end 9 itself4 ,if tea*]s aim only at cultivat+ ! faculty ( obs]vation1 !y are likely to produce pupils :o w make good collectors 7a "w n to be despis$71 b no?+ m4 ,! accurate obs]vation ( facts is absolutely necess>y1 b x is by no means ! only ?+ to be done 9 sci5ce tea*+4 ,! p[] ( g5]alisation1 f ! facts collect$1 %\ld foll[ if sci5ce is to advance at all4 ,x may be ?\ght t ?is _c be done 9 s*ool "w1 b surely "s attempt %\ld be made 9 ?is direction1 = x is mo/ necess>y t pupils %\ld be taught to und]/&1 to "s ext5t at any rate1 :5 a g5]alisation is s\nd & :5 uns\nd4 ,?is is specially ! case 9 tea*+ physiology2 = in/ance1 pupils are mo/ int]e/$ 9 he>+ some?+ ( ! cell !ory ( ! body1 & c q appreciate ! be>+ ( ! discov]y1 t ! walls ( ! capill>y blood-vessels are compos$ ( cells1 on ?is !ory4 ,sci5ce is n a matt] m]ely ( memory & accurate obs]vation1 x ne$s consid]able reason+ p[] & mu* imag9ation1 = )\t ! p[] ( see+ resemblances 9 facts1 i4e41 true induction1 progress is impossible4 ,! !ory ( evolution1 :i* has revolutionis$ n only sci5ce1 b ! :ole ?\ght ( ! pres5t day1 c\ld nev] h be5 =mulat$ _h ,d>w9 & ,wallace be5 m]e obs]v]s1 h[ev] accurate1 & 9 ?is connection a sci5ce tea*] may be all[$ to be> witness to ! importance ( ! ,humanities 9 ! tra9+ ( ! m9d4 ,z a s*ol> ( ,%rewsbury ,gramm> ,s*ool1 ,d>w9 _h little tra9+ 9 sci5ce1 b possibly )\t ! m5tal discipl9e ( ! classics1 he w\ld h be5 unable to accompli% :at he did = sci5ce 9 lat] life2 = ! high] walks ( sci5ce require mu* imag9ation4 ,9 sci5ce lessons pupils may be call$ on to devise exp]im5ts = !mselves1 to inv5t diagrams1 to f9d out resemblances1 to note dissimil>ities1 9 ord] to develop ! faculty ( imag9ation4 ,speak+ v g5]ally1 9 y\ng] classes ! aim ( ! tea*] w be to cultivate ! faculty ( obs]vation1 9 ! upp] to develop n only obs]vation1 b ! imag9ation & p[] ( reason+4 ,,notes ,,( ,a ,,specim5 ,,lesson ,,on ,,gr[? ,,( ,,se$l+s ,,= ,,s5ior ,,ox=d ,,class4 ,"t--"o h\r4 ,9 a previ\s lesson ! /ructure ( ! se$ ( bean1 maize & sunfl[] has be5 giv54 ,mat]ial requir$3-- ,a4 ,se$l+s ( bean1 maize & sunfl[]1 t5 days old2 "o ( ea* k9d = ea* pupil4 ,b4 ,se$l+s ( ! above1 ?ree weeks old4 ,c4 ,se$l+s gr[n 9 diff]5t m$ia2 wat]1 sawdu/1 soil4 #a4 ,! ,se$l+s ( ! ,broad ,bean %\ld fir/ be exam9$4 7a7 ,! radicle1 obs]v$ 9 ! se$1 has giv5 rise to ! prim>y root1 on :i* possibly lat]al roots h begun to develop4 ,?is is an in/ance ( a true tap root4 7b7 ,! plumule is beg9n+ to =m ! /em4 7c7 ,! cotyl$ons are gradually gett+ small]1 = ! se$l+ is fe$+ on !m4 ,^! po9ts %\ld be emphasis$ by means ( ! blackbo>d1 ! pupils !mselves draw+ ! se$l+s z exactly z possible1 always nam+ ea* "p4 #b4 ,se$l+s ( ,sunfl[]4--,^! ! pupils %\ld describe z f> z possible by !mselves4 ,!y %\ld notice f ! gre5 col\r & abs5ce ( soil on ! cotyl$ons t !y are above gr\nd1 & t !re is a portion ( ! se$l+ betwe5 ! cotyl$ons & ! beg9n+ ( ! root2 ?is ! tea*] tells !m is call$ ! hypocotyl$on>y portion ( ! /em1 & ! pupils ought to be able f previ\s lessons to expla9 ! ^w1 or ev5 to make x up = !mselves4 #c4 ,se$l+s ( ,maize4--,"h ! pupils w be able to describe by !mselves ! endosp]m & ! prim>y root1 provid$ t only "o root has %[n itself4 ,if ! lat]al roots h begun to develop1 ! tea*] mu/ expla9 :i* are lat]al & :i* prim>y1 & po9t out ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! prim>y root ( ?is se$l+ & t ( ! bean & sunfl[]4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t !re is only "o cotyl$on1 & "h ! po9t to emphasise is1 t ! bean & sunfl[] live on ! food conta9$ 91 or made by1 ! cotyl$ons2 ! maize on ! food pres5t 9 ! endosp]m4 ,! se$l+s ?ree weeks old %\ld !n be comp>$ ) ^? already obs]v$1 ! diff]5ces 9 l5g? ( radicle & plumule be+ not$4 ,! obs]vation ( ^! se$l+s w naturally sugge/ ! subject ( gr[?4 ,:at is gr[?8 ,by judici\s que/ion+ ! tea*] w %[ t x is impossible to def9e x1 except by its manife/ations 9 plants & animals2 x is associat$ ) ! tak+ 9 ( food2 !n by comp>+ ! gr[? ( a build+ or rock ) t ( a plant & animal1 x w be possible to give "s idea ( gr[? by accretion z di/9ct f gr[? by assimilation2 ?us ! my/]y ( gr[? w be gradually approa*$1 ! tea*] po9t+ out t gr[? is only possible :]e !re is life4 ,?is %\ld be illu/rat$ 9 e possible way1 e4g41 gr[? ( ! body1 ( ! m9d1 ( a s*ool1 a nation1 etc4 ,la/ly1 ! effect ( environm5t on gr[? w be illu/rat$ by ! se$l+s gr[n 9 diff]5t m$ia4 ,! home "w 9 connection ) ?is lesson %\ld consi/ (3 7#a7 ,descriptions ( se$l+s2 in/ead ( maize1 :eat may be giv52 na/urtium in/ead ( bean2 ^! ! tea*] mu/ h ready = di/ribution2 a draw+ ( ea* %\ld be insi/$ on1 ) p>ts nam$2 7#b7 ,%ort notes on ! conditions ( gr[? & its ess5tial nature4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld also be invit$ to gr[ se$l+s = !mselves2 ^! %\ld be exhibit$ 9 subsequ5t lessons4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,books ,,on ,,botany4 7,a7 ,,text-,,books ,,= ,,class ,,use4 ,elem5t>y ,botany4 ,by ,joseph ,oliv]4 #b_/-4 ,blackie4 ,useful = ,s4 ,k5s+ton & ,london ,matriculation4 ,elem5t>y ,text-book ( ,botany4 ,by ,edi? ,aitk94 #d_/f4 ,longmans4 ,?is is specially suitable = ,s5ior ,ox=d ,c\rse4 ,/ud5t's ,introductory ,h&book ( ,sy/ematic ,botany 7,blackie's ,sci5ce ,text-books74 ,by ,joseph ,oliv]4 #d_/f4 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ text-books = ,gr\p ,e ( ,cambridge ,wom5's ,exam9ation4 ,practical ,elem5t>y ,biology4 ,by ,bidgood4 #d_/f4 ,longmans4 ,?is gives mo/ ( ! types1 animal z well z vegetable1 requir$ = ! ,biology ( ,gr\p ,e ( ,cambridge ,wom5's ,exam9ation4 7,b7 ,,= ,,tea*]s4 ,nak$-eye ,botany4 ,) ,illu/rations & ,floral ,problems4 ,by ,f4 ,e4 ,kit*5]4 #b_/f4 ,p]cival ,co4 ,v useful = tea*]s ( y\ng] classes2 x is mo/ sugge/ive4 ,a ,manual ( ,botany4 ,by ,reynolds ,gre54 ,*ur*ill4 ,vol4 i4 ,morphology & ,anatomy4 #g_/f4 ,vol4 ii4 ,classification & ,physiology4 #aj_/-4 ,v helpful = ,london ,exam9ation "w4 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,plants4 ,f ! ,g]man ( ,k]n] von ,m>ilaun4 ,translat$ by ,f4 ,w4 ,oliv]4 #d vols4 #ab_/f ea*4 ,blackie4 ,?is is a v readable book1 full ( sugge/ion & beautiful draw+s1 & n too te*nical4 ,h&book ( ! ,briti% ,flora4 ,by ,b5?am4 ,vol4 i41 #aj_/f4 ,illu/rations ( ! ,briti% ,flora1 vol4 ii41 #aj_/f4 ,reeve ,co4 ,?is is indisp5sable = ! id5tification ( species4 ,a ,/ud5t's ,text-book ( ,botany4 ,by ,v9es4 #ba_/-4 ,sonn5s*e94 ,practical ,botany4 ,by ,b[] & ,v9es4 #aj_/f4 ,macmillan4 ,bo? ( ^! are v te*nical1 suitable only = advanc$ "w4 ,,museum ,,specim5 ,,case4 ,,botany4 ,,angiosp]ms ,,or ,,fl[]+ ,,plants4 ,,root4 ,tap ,root4--,se$l+ ( ,sunfl[]4 ,prim>y ,root4--,se$l+ ( ,maize 7n a tap root74 ,hi/ology ( root4 ,draw+ ( transv]se section ( a dicotyl$on\s root1 %[+ axial arrangem5t ( bundles4 ,developm5t ( bundles4 ,illu/rat$ by draw+s ( transv]se sections ( "y & old roots4 ,orig9 ( lat]al roots4 ,draw+ ?r\gh long section ( root1 %[+ lat]al roots aris+ f p]icycle4 ,=ms ( roots4 ,draw+s ( c>rot1 turnip1 or*id1 etc4 ,,/em4 7a7 ,und]gr\nd /ems4 ,rhizome--,solomon's ,seal4 ,bulb--,long3 ,section ( ,ranunculus bulbosus4 ,corm--,long3 ,section ( crocus4 ,tub]s--,draw+ ( potato 9 diff]5t /ages ( gr[?4 ,runn]--,draw+ ( /rawb]ry4 7b7 ,hi/ology ( /em4 ,draw+s ( transv]se & longitud9al sections ( monocotyl$on\s & dicotyl$on\s /ems4 ,specim5s ( ba/ fibres ( hemp1 ,mexican aloe1 lace tree4 7c7 ,axill>y outgr[?s ( /em or modifi$ bran*es4 ,t5drils--,sweet bryony4 ,?orns--,black ?orn & gorse4 ,,leaves4 #a4 ,draw+ ( poppy plant 9 five diff]5t /ages1 %[+ cotyl$ons1 foliage & floral leaves1 9 illu/ration ( ,goe!'s g5]alisation1 8all lat]al app5dages ( ! /em are leaves04 #b4 ,cotyl$ons4 ,se$l+s ( mu/>d1 cress1 na/urtium1 etc4 ,draw+s ( bean to %[ fle%y cotyl$ons4 ,se$l+ ( maize4 #c4 ,cov]+ leaves4 7a7 ,bud scales f horse *e/nut4 7b7 ,bracts =m+ an involucre z 9 ! wild c>rot1 black knapwe$1 acorn4 #d4 ,foliage leaves4 ,a typical leaf ) p>ts nam$4 ,draw+ ( transv]se section4 ,arrangem5t ( foliage leaves1 alt]nate & :orl$ 7includ+ opposite74 ,! *ief types ( 8simple divid$0 & 8comp\nd0 leaves %\ld be m\nt$4 ,*ief modifications ( foliage leaves3-- 7a7 ,t5drils = climb+--,vet*4 ,petiole develop$ into t5dril--,la?yrus aphaca 7r>e74 7b7 ,sp9es--,b>b]ry4 7c7 ,= food1 e4g41 c>nivor\s plants1 sundew1 pit*] plant1 bladd]-wort4 7d7 ,modifications due to ! m$ium 9 :i* ! plant lives--,wat] cr[foot4 ,,! ,,fl[]4 ,i4 ,infloresc5ces4--,a specim5 & diagram ( ea*4 ,racemose4 7#a7 ,capitulum1 e4g41 daisy2 7#b7 raceme1 e4g41 lily ( ! valley2 7#c7 spike1 e4g41 :eat4 ,cymose4 #a4 ,di*otom\s1 e4g41 mo/ ( ! ,c>yophyllace4 #b4 ,helicoid cyme4 ,=get-me-n4 #c4 ,scorpioid cyme4 ,rock-rose4 #d4 ,v]ticilla/]4 ,dead nettle4 ,,ii4 ,fl[]4--,draw+s 7col\r$ alike ?r\gh\t7 to %[ hypogyn\s1 p]igyn\s & epigyn\s fl[]4 ,calyx--,spurr$1 l>kspur2 galeate1 monk%ood4 ,corolla--,papilionace\s1 sweet-pea2 bilabiate1 dead nettle2 rotate1 convolvulus2 cruci=m1 wall-fl[]4 ,&rcium--,diadelph\s1 sweet-pea2 monadelph\s1 mall[2 didynam\s1 dead nettle2 tetradynam\s1 wall-fl[]4 ,atta*m5t ( an!rs--draw+s4 ,ov>ies--,diagram ( monoc>pell>y & unilocul>1 tric>pell>y & unilocul>1 polyc>pell>y & unilocul>1 polyc>pell>y & multilocul>2 free c5tral4 ,ovules--,draw+ ( or?otrop\s1 anatrop\s & campylotrop\s--ea* "p ( ! ovule col\r$ ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,,f]tilisation4 ,! two =ms ( primrose to %[ het]o/ylism4 ,draw+ ( figwort to %[ protogyny4 ,draw+ ( epilobium angu/ifolium to %[ prot&ry4 ,nect>ies--,draw+s ( petal ( butt]cup1 /am5s ( wall-fl[]1 /am5s ( violet1 c>pel ( m>% m>igold1 /yle ( coltsfoot2 nect>ies col\r$ blue ?r\gh\t4 ,,fruits4 ,a specim5 & explanatory diagram ( ea*4 ,dry ,indehisc5t4 ,dry ,dehisc5t4 ,succul5t4 ,nut-- ,follicle-- ,b]ry-- ,hazel4 ,m>% m>igold4 ,draw+ ( ,acorn4 gooseb]ry4 ,a*5e-- ,legume-- ,corn butt]cup4 ,sweet-pea4 ,yell[ goat's be>d4 ,capsule-- ,drupe-- ,clematis4 ,?laspi arv5se4 ,draw+ ( pea*4 ,s*izoc>ps-- ,%eph]d's purse4 ,g]anium & ,violet4 umbellif]4 ,por\s ,capsule-- ,poppy4 ,,spuri\s ,,fruits4 ,pome--,apple2 ,hip--,rose2 ,haw--,haw?orn1 etc41 etc4 ,modes ( ,dehisc5ce ( ,fruits4 ,diagram ( ,septicidal--specim5 ( datura4 ,loculicidal-- horse *e/nut4 ,septifragal-- crucif]4 ,,se$4 ,bean 7a7 ) te/a2 7b7 )\t te/a4 ,maize 7a7 ) p]ic>p2 7b7 )\t p]ic>p4 ,date cut ?r\gh to %[ position ( embryo4 ,c(fee ,walnut to %[ cotyl$ons4 ,,disp]sion ,,( ,,se$s4 #a4 ,w+s4-- ,scale atta*$ to se$ ( p9us4 ,w+ atta*$ to fruit ( sycamore & a%4 ,se$ ( ,bignonia alba4 #b4 ,hairs4--,e4g41 silky hairs ( se$ ( cotton & epilobium4 ,pappus ( composit 7fruit74 ,awns ( clematis 7fruit74 #c4 ,hooks4-- ,bri/les ( geum4 ,,geography4 ,by ,,m>g]y ,,reid1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond474 ,aim 9 tea*+4 ,x is a vex$ "q h[ f> ! /udy ( geography %\ld be look$ ^u z a tra9+ = ! m9d1 or :e!r its prim>y function be n to supply mat]ial on :i* ! tra9$ m9d may "w4 ,?is difficulty may be to "s ext5t solv$ by divid+ ! geography tea*+ into two di/9ct bran*es--physical & g5]al geography4 ,if ?is be n done x w be f\nd t ! g5]al geography lesson is ov]load$ ) a mass ( explanations ( physical ph5om5a4 ,?us1 9 a g5]al lesson on ! climate ( ,india1 x detracts f ! unity ( ! subject if ! tea*] is oblig$ to make a digression to expla9 ! !ory ( b>ometric pressures1 b1 presuppos+ ?is sci5tific k1 ref]5ces to ! special application ( x are )9 ! b\nds ( ! lesson4 ,physical geography4 ,! fir/ c\rse 9 physical geography %\ld consi/ ( lessons requir+ only obs]vation ( ph5om5a ) :i* ! *ildr5 are well acqua9t$4 ,obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,9 a t[n l ,*elt5ham1 situat$ )9 walk+ di/ance ( ! s\rce ( ! ,?ames1 ! subject ( ! wat]%$ divid+ ! small /reams fl[+ into ! ,sev]n f ^? fl[+ into ! ,?ames1 =ms a mu* bett] subject = obs]vation & reason+ ?an ! =m & movem5ts ( ! e>?4 ,simple exp]im5ts also may be p]=m$1 b artificial conditions %\ld z f> z possible be avoid$4 ,?us 9 a lesson on ! pr9ciples ( evaporation1 ! *ildr5 may be made to obs]ve ! gradual dry+ ( a clo?1 b if heat artificially obta9$ be us$ to ha/5 ! op]ation1 ! object-lesson loses ! great] "p ( its value4 ,/yle ( writt5 "w4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c\rse ! "w %\ld be almo/ entirely t ( obs]vation & simple reason+1 b x is well to insi/ f ! v fir/ t ex]cises ei!r spok5 or writt5 %\ld be good 9 =m z well z 9 matt]4 ,! composition %\ld be z t]se z is compatible ) cle>ness1 ?\gh ?is applies r to ! description ( exp]im5ts ?an obs]vations1 = 9 ! case ( an obs]vation1 if we are to m9imise ! dang] ( ov]look+ ! true cause1 all accid5tal circum/ances mu/ be c>efully not$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 an obs]vation & exp]im5t %\ld be c>efully expla9$1 & ! *ildr5 %\ld be %[n t :]eas 9 an obs]vation we h to li/5 to :atev] ,nature says1 an exp]im5t is a "q s fram$ t ,nature w answ] 8,yes0 or 8,no10 & t we mu/ only ask "o "q at a "t4 ,?us we may ask ! "q3 8,is wat]-vap\r light] ?an air80 ,we boil wat] 9 a kettle & ! visible cl\d appe>s above ! sp\t %[+ t ! invisible vap\r mu/ h ris5 z x left ! kettle4 ,! "q ask$ 0 8,does wat]-vap\r rise ?r\gh ! air80 & ! answ] is 8,yes04 ,! *ildr5 %\ld !n write a description ( ! exp]im5t ) z close att5tion to =m z ?\gh x 7 a proposition ( ,euclid4 ,exp]im5t4 ,to prove t wat]-vap\r is light] ?an air4 ,app>atus4 ,a kettle conta9+ wat] & a _s lamp4 ,me?od4 ,place kettle on _s lamp1 light lamp & boil ! wat]4 ,result4 ,wat]-vap\r issues f ! sp\t 9 an invisible =m & becomes visible z a cl\d "s little di/ance above ! level ( ! sp\t4 ,d$uction4 ,t wat]-vap\r is light] ?an air4 ,subject-matt] ( ! e>lie/ c\rse 9 ,physical ,geography4 ,?is c\rse %\ld include lessons on ! foll[+ subjects3-- ,subject-matt] ( e>ly c\rse 9 physical geography4 #a4 ,cl\ds3 introduc+ ! =ego+ exp]im5t to %[ :y !y occur high up 9 ! atmosph]e & h[ !y are produc$4 #b4 ,ra91 sn[1 hail1 etc43 ! diff]5t conditions "u :i* cl\ds dis*>ge _! moi/ure4 #c4 ,w9ds1 ) only su* simple facts ab\t _! causes z c be %[n by ! movem5ts ( air or draughts 9 a room4 ,if tissue pap] be cut into f9e /rips1 & held at diff]5t po9ts 9 a room 9 :i* is a fire1 ! draught t[>ds ! fire may be simply demon/rat$ & also ! draught up ! *imney4 #d4 ,! sea3 its saltness1 ! ris+ & ! fall+ ( ! tide & ! fact t high tide is lat] by ne>ly an h\r e day1 also t "s tides rise high] & retire l[] ?an o!rs4 7,causes ( tides %\ld n be t\*$ ^u till lat]47 ,waves & _! causes4 ,def9itions4 ,z ?is c\rse proce$s ! *ildr5 %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ! mak+ ( good def9itions4 ,x is a mi/ake to ?9k t def9itions mu/ be giv5 by ! tea*]4 ,x is well to ask "o *ild :at %e means by ! ^w to be def9$4 ,write ! def9ition on ! bo>d1 & !n1 by means ( a s]ies ( que/ions to ! *ildr51 criticise all ^? po9ts :i* are sup]flu\s 9 ! def9ition giv54 ,hav+ elim9at$ all ^!1 let ! tea*] take ! def9ition z x n[ /&s1 & by giv+ examples ( all ! facts :i* come "u x1 %[ t x is probably a great deal too wide1 & draw f ! *ildr5 gradually all ! necess>y limitations4 ,a def9ition s obta9$ w be easily rememb]$1 &1 z ! *ildr5 get practice 9 fram+ !m1 !y w appreciate ! mean+ & neatness ( a cle> def9ition4 ,9 ! lat] "p ( ?is c\rse ! physical features ( c\ntries may be introduc$1 & ! *ildr5 %\ld get cle> conceptions & accurate def9itions ( t]ms commonly us$ 9 geography1 su* z m\nta9s1 valleys1 pla9s1 isl&s1 capes1 etc41 & !y %\ld bo? be %[n models & all[$ !mselves to make !m4 ,! simpl] facts conc]n+ ! "w ( riv]s & o!r =ces modify+ ! surface ( ! l& w also f9d a place among ^! lessons4 ,! physical geography :i* %\ld foll[ ?is prelim9>y "w mu/ ( c\rse be modifi$ to suit ! age & intellig5ce ( ! pupils4 ,lat] c\rse 9 physical geography4 ,physical & *emical exp]im5ts may n[ be introduc$1 & ! ma!matical side ( ! subject w be m insi/$ ^u z ! *ildr5 beg9 to le>n algebra & geometry4 ,! illu/rations also ne$ no long] be drawn f ! *ild's imm$iate surr\nd+s1 b may be ! result ( read+1 or ( description on ! "p ( ! tea*]1 & :]eas 9 ! lesson g5]al laws are arriv$ at f special cases1 9 ! home "w ! class %\ld be enc\rag$ to se>* = new cases illu/rat+ ! laws4 ,^! lat] c\rses %\ld be prec$$ by simple "w on ! physical & *emical prop]ties ( air & wat]4 ,! =m & movem5ts ( ! e>? %\ld be treat$ (1 & ) ! help ( a tellurium mo/ ( ! simple facts may be made cle>1 & ! ph5om5a ( ! seasons & ! v>y+ l5g? ( day & night may be demon/rat$4 ,! nature ( ! pro( ( ! e>?'s movem5t r\nd ! sun is appreciat$ by few1 & ! *ildr5 %\ld be enc\rag$ to make = !mselves "s ( ! obs]vations on :i* x is bas$4 ,?us !y might be expect$ to keep an acc\nt ( ! gr\ps ( />s se5 due s\? e ev5+ at a giv5 h\r4 ,! *ange ( con/ellations w /imulate _! curiosity1 & x w n be necess>y to wait = ! :ole ye> be=e giv+ !m "s explanation4 ,or !y might be ask$ to keep a regi/] ( ! v>y+ l5g? ( ! %ad[ ( a /ick at noon = ?ree mon?s4 ,! fact c\ld !n easily be drawn f ! *ildr5 t ! sun is at "s times high] 9 ! heav5s ?an at o!rs1 b !y w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h to be help$ to f9d out ! reason4 ,! mean+ & use ( ! v>i\s l9es ord9>ily drawn on a globe may n[ be giv54 ,! atmosph]e3 pressure & temp]ature4 ,aft] ?is "w on ! e>? z a planet1 its gase\s envelope %\ld next be /udi$1 i4e41 ! atmosph]e1 its composition1 pressure & temp]ature1 & ! in/rum5ts us$ = measur+ !m4 ,9 an e>li] c\rse ! in/rum5t & its use w be en\gh to deal )2 9 a c\rse to old] pupils ! con/ruction & correction ( ! in/rum5ts may be consid]$4 ,! *ildr5 might keep a *>t ( bo? temp]ature & pressure = a mon?1 & at ! end ( t "t be taught to f9d ! av]age temp]ature = ! mon?1 & to und]/& ! me?ods = %[+ v>iations ( ! b>omet] us$ 9 ! lead+ daily pap]s4 ,! nature ( isob>s & iso!rms %\ld also be expla9$1 & ! isob>s = ,july & ,janu>y %\ld be fill$ into two maps & kept = use lat]4 ,a map ) iso!rms fill$ 9 %\ld also be giv51 & ! *ildr5 enc\rag$ to f9d reasons = ! curves 9 any giv5 l9e4 ,w9ds4 ,!y w n[ be prep>$ to und]/& ! laws treat+ ( movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e4 ,) y\ng] classes only ! m important w9ds %\ld be tak51 su* z cyclones & anti-cyclones1 l& & sea breezes1 trade & anti-trade w9ds & monsoons1 :il/ ! old] classes %\ld be l$ to obs]ve ! local v>iations aris+ f peculi> circum/ances4 ,:5 ! pr9ciples are grasp$1 an ex]cise might be giv5 to indicate ) arr[s ! direction ( ! w9d on ! maps on :i* !y h already m>k$ ! isob>s4 ,ocean dep?s4 ,! wat] envelope ( ! _w w next dem& att5tion1 i4e41 ! dep? ( ! ocean & its deposits4 ,?is at fir/ sight w appe> to ! *ildr5 to be a subject ab\t :i* !y _c possibly be expect$ to h any k1 b by a %ort recapitulation ( ! "w ( riv]s treat$ 9 ! prelim9>y c\rse1 ! fact ( ! necess>y exi/5ce ( a cont95tal %elf may be drawn f !m1 z also ! fact t ! bread? ( ?is %elf w dep5d on ! slope ( ! cont95t 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! coa/1 & on ! am\nt ( deposit made by riv]s4 ,a wall map cont\r$ to %[ dep?s 9 ! ,atlantic %\ld be %[n to ! class1 & ! in/rum5ts %\ld be describ$ us$ 9 inve/igat+ dep? & nature ( ! deposits on ! ocean floor4 ,) an old] class ! nature ( ! evid5ce ) reg>d to ! belief 9 ! p]man5ce ( ocean bas9s may be t\*$ ^u4 ,saltness ( sea & causes regulat+ x4 ,v>i\s seas %\ld be comp>$ ) reg>d to _! sal9ity4 ,tides4 ,! tides4 ,_! causes2 spr+ & neap tides2 reason = high tide be+ fifty-f\r m9utes lat] ea* day4 ,! subject ( ! tidal wave z exp]i5c$ 9 ,engl& requires c>eful treatm5t1 z _m text-books leave ! impression on ! m9ds ( *ildr5 t ! tidal wave 9 ! ,nor? ,sea travels f ea/ to we/1 & t ! %ores ( ! ,baltic are exp]i5c+ l[ tide :5 ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,engl& is hav+ a high tide4 ,curr5ts4 ,curr5ts4 ,causes ( curr5ts %\ld be s\ght 9 ! movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! class %\ld be ask$ to indicate on ! map %[+ w9ds1 :i* !y drew to illu/rate a previ\s lesson1 ! effects ( ! trade & anti-trade w9ds 9 ! production ( curr5ts4 ,att5tion mu/ !n be drawn to ! way 9 :i* ! position ( ! l& modifies ! curr5ts s produc$1 & ?us ! class may gradually evolve a *>t ( ! curr5ts ( ! ,atlantic4 ,= an ex]cise !y may be giv5 a *>t ( ! curr5ts ( ! ,pacific & ask$ = ! causes ( ! direction ( ! curr5ts4 ,l&4 ,! tea*] mu/ !n proce$ to ! m complex subject ( ! physical features ( ! l&4 ,m\nta9s produc$ by fold+2 _! position ) reg>d to ! ocean4 ,volcanoes & _! di/ribution4 ,hills produc$ by d5udation4 ,pla9s & valleys4 ,riv]s2 _! "w & ! v>i\s causes det]m9+ _! volume1 velocity & c\rse4 ,spr+s4 ,isl&s4 ,climate4 ,temp]ature & ra9fall4 ,di/ribution ( plants & animals4 99 99 99 99 99 ,g5]al geography4 ,! ord] ( treatm5t ( ! g5]al geography ( v>i\s c\ntries does n v>y1 & consequ5tly1 notes ( a fir/ t]m's c\rse w suffici5tly indicate ! l9es ( lat] "w4 ,op9ions diff] z to :e!r x is bett] to beg9 ) ! /udy ( a cont95t or a small] division ( l&4 ,lesson ,i4 ,be=e ! actual c\rse beg9s1 ! *ildr5 %\ld h a prelim9>y lesson on ! mak+ ( plans & ! use ( scales4 ,a plan ( ! s*oolroom & ( ! imm$iate surr\nd+s has n[-a-days g5]ally be5 made by *ildr5 :il/ /ill 9 ! ,k9d]g>t51 b if s1 a little recapitulation w d no h>m be=e a fir/ lesson on ! nature & mean+ ( a map4 ,! tea*]'s prep>ation %\ld be done sev]al weeks 9 advance1 s t no po9t ess5tial to a lat] lesson may be omitt$ 9 its prop] place4 ,position ( places on e>?'s surface4 ,lesson ,,ii4 ,= ! second lesson an outl9e map ( ! cont95t or c\ntry to be /udi$ is giv5 to ! *ildr5 ) ! l9es ( latitude & longitude4 ,if ! "w has n already be5 done 9 a physical c\rse1 ! mean+ ( latitude & longitude %\ld be cle>ly expla9$4 ,aft] hav+ %[n t ! di/ance betwe5 ! equator & ei!r ( ! poles is divid$ into #ij degrees1 a sph]e may n[ be tak51 & by r\gh measurem5t ! two p>allels correspond+ to ^? ?r\gh ! top & bottom ( ! giv5 map may be drawn ^u x4 ,aft] a %ort description ( :at we mean by longitude1 ! longitude ( ! giv5 c\ntry is !n indicat$ on ! sph]e1 & ! use ( ! two sets ( l9es to %[ exact position on ! e>? w be appreciat$4 ,if x be n a fir/ c\rse1 ! position ( ! giv5 c\ntry may be comp>$ ) o!rs equidi/ant f ! equator1 or on ! same m]idian4 ,9 ?is lesson may also be introduc$ a few words ab\t ! temp]ature ( ! giv5 c\ntry s f> z x is dep5d5t on latitude4 ,lesson ,,iii4 ,height above sea level4 ,cont\r+4 ,= ?is lesson ! tea*] %\ld h drawn & pa9t$ = ! class a map ( ! cont95t be+ /udi$1 ) cont\r l9es m>k$ 9 two diff]5t col\rs or ) two diff]5t k9ds ( l9es4 7,too great detail only t5ds to confuse ! *ildr547 ,! fir/ cont\r l9e %\ld be drawn jo9+ all places #ejj feet above ! sea level1 & ! second jo9+ all ^? places #aejj feet above sea level4 ,ea* *ild %\ld !n be provid$ ) "o ( ^! maps1 & a wall map simil>ly cont\r$ & also col\r$ %\ld be hung on ! wall4 ,! tea*] !n expla9s ! nature ( cont\r l9es1 & %[s t if t "p ( ! map betwe5 ! #ejj cont\r l9e & ! sea be col\r$ gre51 ! col\r$ "p w repres5t all t "p ( ! l& :i* is less ?an #ejj feet high1 t is1 g5]ally speak+1 ! pla9s4 ,t "p betwe5 ! #ejj & #aejj cont\r l9es is !n col\r$ light br[n1 & all ^? areas enclos$ )9 ! #aejj cont\r l9e a d>k] br[n4 ,:5 ! maps are col\r$1 & ea* *ild has h] own1 !y may !n be taught h[ to read a map s col\r$4 ,! tea*] w draw f ! class t if ! cont\r l9es come close toge!r ! gr\nd slopes v rapidly1 b t ! slope is m gradual :5 ! cont\r l9es are m widely sep>at$--t ! greate/ height ( ! l& lies ne> ! great] ocean1 & t ! m gradual slope is t[>ds ! small] ocean1 & t ?is all[s ( ! developm5t ( l>g] b sl[] riv]s ?an ^? fl[+ d[n ! /eep] slope4 ,a rais$ model may !n be %[n to ! class1 & ?is may be col\r$ 9 ! same way z ! maps1 b ! *ildr5 mu/ cle>ly und]/& ! disadvantages ( a model1 & be %[n t ! v]tical heights are always enorm\sly exagg]at$ 9 proportion to ! horizontal di/ances4 ,9 recapitulat+1 ! *ildr5 might be ask$ :at !y consid] a common slope = ! sides ( m\nta9s4 ,_! notions w always be f\nd to be extravagant1 _m ( !m ?9k+ !y h se5 & ev5 climb$ slopes ( #fj degrees & upw>ds4 ,by plac+ a piece ( india-rubb] on ! cov] ( a book1 & gradually op5+ ! book & slop+ ! cov] till ! india-rubb] rolls (f1 ! *ildr5 may be %[n h[ v small is ! angle at :i* x is p]fectly impossible = any?+ to re/ on a slope1 & t !re=e if we f9d /ones on ! side ( a hill1 we "k t ! slope _c be great] ?an #cj degrees4 ,examples may be drawn f any hill 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! s*ool4 ,lesson ,,iv4 ,a second lesson w be necess>y on ! cont\r ( ! giv5 cont95t1 :5 ! names ( ! m\nta9 ranges & ( ! pla9s may be giv51 %ort descriptions ( !m read1 & ex]cise giv5 9 fill+ !m into a blank map f memory4 ,position ( riv]s4 ,lesson ,v4 ,! tea*] fills into a wall map1 blank & uncont\r$1 ! pr9cipal riv]s1 & asks ! class to put !m 9 _! cont\r$ maps4 ,_m ( ! *ildr5 w be f\nd n to h appreciat$ ! mean+ ( cont\r l9es1 b w h drawn a riv] fl[+ f ! "p col\r$ gre5 to t "p col\r$ br[n4 ,"o su* map w =m a good object-lesson1 & ! *ildr5 c be br\ght to see ! absurdity ( :at !y h done 9 repres5t+ a riv] z fl[+ up a hill4 ,! prop]ly cont\r$ wall map may !n be hung up1 & ! actual position ( ! riv]s foll[$4 ,! mean+ ( wat]%$ w n[ be app>5t1 & ! fact %\ld be not$ t x does n necess>ily or ev5 g5]ally correspond ) ! highe/ l&4 ,! v>y+ velocity ( ! riv] %\ld be drawn f ! *ildr5 f ! nature & position ( ! cont\r l9es1 & f t1 :i* p>ts ( its c\rse are be+ sculptur$ & 9 :i* p>ts deposition is tak+ place4 ,lesson ,,vi4 ,if a physical c\rse is giv51 ! "w ( riv]s w already h be5 treat$1 b c]ta9 riv]s 9 ! cont95t %\ld be *os5 = special description4 ,f ! cont\r l9e ! *ildr5 w be able to say = h[ great a di/ance ! riv]s are probably navigable1 & ! uses ( ! giv5 riv]s z a means ( communication & ! position ( t[ns on _! banks may be discuss$4 ,coa/ l9e4 ,lesson ,,vii4 ,coa/ l9e4 ,suffici5t k w n[ h be5 ga9$ to r5d] possible ! appreciation ( "s ( ! causes affect+ coa/ l9e4 ,:5 rocks are h>d & fold$1 produc+ m\nta9s1 !n !y w also give rise to rocky promontories4 ,clays & s&s1 :i* inl& all[ !mselves to be worn into pla9s & valleys1 w "h produce bays4 ,riv]s1 if /ill capable ( erosion1 w produce valleys1 :i* a slight subsid5ce w conv]t into n>r[ gulfs4 ,f9ally ! accessibility ( v>i\s po9ts on ! coa/ may be consid]$1 & ! position ( ! *ief h>b\rs & ports4 ,climate4 ,lesson ,,viii4 ,climate4 ,?is lesson may be treat$ d$uctively1 z ! class is already famili> ) ^? ph5om5a ^u :i* bo? temp]ature & ra9fall are ma9ly dep5d5t4 ,! ra9fall might be giv5 z an ex]cise1 all[+ ! use ( cont\r$ maps1 & ! *>t ( ! prevail+ w9ds4 ,lesson ,,ix4 ,di/ribution ( vegetation1 pa/oral & agricultural di/ricts4 ,lesson ,x4 ,di/ribution ( m9]als1 c5tres ( population4 ,at ! end ( ?is c\rse a physical map ( "s c\ntry n already /udi$ by ! *ildr5 %\ld be hung be=e !m1 & !y %\ld all be ask$ to write an essay ab\t ! c\ntry f ! facts t !y f9d 9 ! map4 ,if !y c d ?is1 !y w h le>nt to read a map intellig5tly1 & "o ( ! great ends ( a c\rse 9 geography w h be5 atta9$1 s9ce !y w n only h acquir$ _m new facts1 b h also ga9$ ! p[] ( se>*+ = & assimilat+ facts = !mselves4 ,:5 ,engl& is ! c\ntry be+ /udi$1 ?is c\rse mu/ be supplem5t$ by m detail$ "w on ! causes t h det]m9$ ! positions ( cities & t[ns1 & h[ ^! causes h op]at$ dur+ ! la/ #bjjj ye>s4 ,! *ildr5 %\ld be %[n t ,briti% camps 7 g5]ally on esc>pm5ts ov]look+ ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! di/rict r\nd 0 cultivat$1 & ! inhabitants s\ght safety 9 ! camp 9 "t ( dang]4 ,aft] hav+ be5 told t ! position ( "s ( ^! 8duns0 or hill =ts is /ill indicat$ by su* place-names z ,london1 ,dun/able & ,dundee1 ! *ildr5 might be enc\rag$ to sugge/ o!r places !mselves4 ,! numb] ( camps 0 greatly increas$ by ! ,romans1 _m ( ! sites be+ m>k$ by corruptions ( ! ,lat9 ^w ca/ra1 z ,*e/]1 ,col*e/] & ,w9*e/]1 & ^! camps 7 jo9$ by well-made roads4 ,lat] immigrants =m$ _! c5tres ei!r 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ^! roads1 z ! ,saxons1 :o (t5 =m$ villages at a po9t :]e ! road cross$ a /ream1 z ,h]t=d & ,/am=d on ! ,erm9e ,/reet1 or on %elt]$ bays & navigable /reams1 l ! ,norse & ,danes1 ^: t[ns & villages1 end+ 9 8ley10 8?orpe10 8wic10 are nev] f\nd except :]e !re is a spr+ or o!r natural wat] supply4 ,z ! v>i\s races inhabit+ ,engl& became amalgamat$1 & ! l& 0 cle>$1 !re 0 a t5d5cy = t[ns & villages to spr+ up ov] su* di/ricts z ! ,weald1 ! ea/]n c\nties1 ! c5tral pla9 & broad riv] valleys4 ,b !re 0 no great conc5tration ( population save 9 ! s\?-ea/1 :]e ! neighb\rhood ( ! cont95t call$ into exi/5ce ! ,c9que ,ports1 & :]e iron smelt+ 0 c>ri$ on by us+ ! wood ( ! ,weald5 =e/s4 ,z ! ,c9que ,ports decl9$1 ! gr[? ( ! navy & ! increase ( fi%]ies & trade ) ! cont95t increas$ ! size ( o!r ports1 & ! gr[+ importance ( ! wooll5 trade call$ into exi/5ce ! l>ge ,norfolk t[ns1 :i* fl\ri%$ until vexati\s guild regulations induc$ _m work]s to leave ! t[ns1 & =m indu/rial villages z ,man*e/]1 ,birm+ham & ,%effield4 ,settlem5ts ( =eign]s1 z ! ,fr5* silk weav]s at ,spitalfields1 also =m$ a nucleus = o!r indu/ries4 ,at ?is po9t ! *ildr5 might be %[n a geological map ( ,engl&1 & also a map 9 :i* all ^? di/ricts ) a population ( m ?an #ejj to ! squ>e mile are col\r$ r$2 !y w\ld notice t almo/ all ^! r$ pat*es correspond ) coal fields1 & be told t ! p]iod ( beg9n+ to "w _m ( ^! coal fields1 correspond$ ) t at :i* ,am]ica 0 be+ op5$ up2 t consequ5tly su* ports z ,liv]pool & ,bri/ol on ! we/ coa/ became id5tifi$ ) ! import+ ( cotton & sug>1 & t t[ns engag$ 9 ^! indu/ries sprang up 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ^! ports4 ,! use ( /eam p[] 9 v>i\s manufactures /ill fur!r attract$ ! cotton & wooll5 indu/ries to ! t[ns ( ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire1 & ! work+ ( iron1 f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( coal1 acc\nts = _m o!r c5tres ( population4 ,ano!r map may n[ be %[n ) ! v>i\s manufactur+ t[ns m>k$1 & att5tion call$ to ! physical features :i* h caus$ ! location ( ! indu/ry at t spot1 z ! pres5ce ( wat] p[]1 ! possibility ( wat] c>riage1 ! neighb\rhood ( a port1 ! pres5ce ( h>d wat] us$ 9 be]-mak+1 z at ,burton4 ,:5 ! int]nal gr[? ( ,engl& has be5 consid]$1 a lesson %\ld be giv5 on h] comm]cial supremacy1 & ! factors :i* h det]m9$ x4 ,engl&'s position 9 ! c5tre ( ! great l& hemisph]e1 ! climate1 ! ind5t$ "* ( ! coa/1 & ! m9]al weal?1 %\ld all be t\*$ ^u2 nor 9 do+ ?is %\ld po9ts n geographical be omitt$1 z ! ne$s ( a cont9ually increas+ population1 ! f\nd+ ( colonies by a "p ( ?is surplus population1 &1 above all1 ! "* ( ! p1 ^u :i* alone ! greatness ( an empire c re/4 ,,physics4 ,by ,,aga?a ,,leon>d1 ,b4,sc4 7,lond474 ,position ( 8physics0 9 s*eme ( sci5ce tea*+4 ,z a prelim9>y to any rem>ks on ! tea*+ ( physics1 x w be well to consid] ! place :i* ! subject %\ld hold 9 a g5]al s*eme ( sci5ce tea*+4 ,x is n ! mo/ suitable subject = junior classes2 = "y *ildr5 ! sci5ces ( botany & zoology :i* cultivate ! obs]v+ faculty1 :ile mak+ less dem& ^u ! reason+ p[]s1 are pref]able1 b = *ildr5 ( ?irte5 or f\rte5 a c\rse ( elem5t>y physics af=ds valuable tra9+ & ar\ses great int]e/4 ,! subject mu/1 ( c\rse1 be treat$ on purely exp]im5tal & non-ma!matical l9es1 inde$ ! *ief value ( physics at ?is /age is to tea* ! *ildr5 ! true use & nature ( exp]im5t4 ,!y w probably beg9 ) ! idea t ! use ( exp]im5ts 9 a lecture is some:at ! same z t ( illu/rations 9 a /ory-book1 to r5d] x m ent]ta9+1 ?\gh !y might be disp5s$ )1 & x takes "t to make cle> to !m t exp]im5t is ! v gr\ndwork ( all sci5ce1 ! c>eful 8que/ion+ ( nature0 z to :at effects foll[ ^u c]ta9 causes4 ,^! lessons on physics w lay an excell5t f\ndation = a c\rse on physical geography1 :i* may be tak5 = ! next ye>'s "w4 ,) girls ( fifte5 or sixte5 ei!r a second c\rse ( physics1 involv+ a k ( elem5t>y ma!matics1 may be tak51 or *emi/ry may be begun2 :ile ) old] classes ! *oice ( a subject w greatly dep5d on ! nature ( _! previ\s "w1 & on ! facilities = laboratory "w 9 *emi/ry or physics4 ,physiology %\ld n be tak5 ) girls bel[ sixte52 x is ( less educational value ?an ei!r ( ! subjects above-m5tion$1 ! possibility ( p]sonal obs]vation be+ less1 & ! :ole z taught 9 s*ools too (t5 a matt] ( memory r ?an ( obs]vation or reason+2 if taught to eld] girls x is r = ! practical advantage ( ! in=mation imp>t$ ?an = sci5tific tra9+4 ,"s su* s*eme ( sci5ce tea*+ ?r\gh\t a s*ool z ! foll[+ might !re=e be sugge/$3-- ,classes ( av]age age #aj to #ab ,botany or ,zoology4 #ac #ad ,elem5t>y ,physics4 #ad #ae ,physical ,geography4 #ae #af ,*emi/ry or ,physics 7,magnetism & ,electricity or ,heat & ,light74 ,*emi/ry or ,physics or ,botany2 ,s5ior ,classes ,physiology & ,hygi5e 79 addition to "o ( ! above74 ,! fir/ c\rse ( physics 7see end ( *apt]7 may deal ) "s ( ! *ief =ces ( nature 7gravity1 cohesion1 friction72 ! ?ree /ates ( matt] & _! prop]ties1 "u :i* head w\ld come lessons on atmosph]ic pressure2 elem5t>y ideas ( "w & en]gy2 & ! simple ph5om5a ( s\nd & heat4 ,! subject ( light is bett] omitt$ until suffici5t k ( geometry has be5 acquir$ to all[ ( ! laws ( reflection & refraction1 & ! effect ( prisms & l5ses be+ r m adequately dealt ) ?an is possible at ?is /age4 ,magnetism & electricity also are bett] po/pon$ until a lat] c\rse4 ,home-"w4 ,no text-book %\ld be giv5 to ! *ildr51 z _! home-"w 9 sci5ce %\ld nev] take ! =m ( le>n+ f a book4 ,"s tea*]s1 to avoid ?is1 let ! *ildr5 take notes1 & attempt to reproduce ! lesson1 o!rs give1 ei!r on ! blackbo>d or by dictation1 a cle> summ>y :i* ! pupils take d[n v]batim1 b nei!r plan is satisfactory2 ! fir/ leads to confusion & inaccuracy1 z ! *ildr5 are n old en\gh to take good notes1 :ile "u ! second all ! "w is done by ! tea*]4 ,i h f\nd x be/ to end ea* lesson by sett+ "s que/ions1 fram$ s z to br+ out ! *ief po9ts ( ! lesson1 to be answ]$ by ! *ildr5 9 _! own words4 ,! answ]s mu/ be c>efully look$ ov] & criticis$ at ! next lesson1 & a me?odical acc\nt ( exp]im5ts insi/$ on1 specify+ 9 ord] ! object ( ! exp]im5t1 ! app>atus employ$1 ! me?od adopt$1 & ! results obta9$ & conclusion drawn4 ,specially good passages may be read to ! class1 bo? z an enc\ragem5t to ! writ]1 & z an example to ! re/ ( :at c be done by "o ( !mselves2 & special c5sure %\ld be giv5 to c>eless "w1 b great c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid confus+ m]e mi/akes ) 8bad "w02 ! *ildr5 %\ld be made to feel t m value is atta*$ to ev5 faulty explanations or descriptions1 :i* %[ t _! m9ds h work$ on ! subject1 ?an to ! mo/ p]fect reproduction ( ! tea*]'s exact words4 ,besides ! advantage ( secur+ t ! pupils & n ! tea*] %all d ! ma9 "p ( ! home-"w1 ! tea*] may ga9 mo/ valuable h9ts f ! errors ( ! *ildr52 !y w be f\nd (t5 to arise f "s misconception1 ! removal ( :i* w sugge/ a q fre% me?od ( explanation2 inde$ a tea*] w be unlikely to succe$ 9 imp>t+ cle> sci5tific ideas to h] pupils :o is n on ! wat* = any indications ( :at ideas1 "r or wrong1 !y really h =m$1 & able !re=e to see _! difficulties f _! po9t ( view4 ,def9itions4 ,! only case 9 :i* k may p]haps ) advantage be ca/ into words n by ! pupil alone b by ! tea*]1 is t ( a def9ition1 ! con/ruction ( a concise & accurate def9ition be+ 9 mo/ cases beyond ! *ild's unaid$ p[]s4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 ! *ild %\ld d z mu* z possible ( ! "w h]self1 only x %\ld be done 9 class ) ! tea*]'s help in/ead ( at home alone4 ,?us1 suppose ! lesson to be on ! ?ree /ates ( matt]1 x is bett] n to give a def9ition ( ea* z ! />t+-po9t1 & !n g on to illu/rate & expla9 ! same1 b to />t f ! undef9$ idea :i* e *ild possesses ( a solid1 a liquid1 & a gas1 & develop f x by degrees ! precise def9ition4 ,suppose ! class to sugge/ z def9itions t sub/ances 9 ! solid /ate are 8h>d10 9 ! liquid /ate 8wet10 & 9 ! gase\s /ate 8invisible10 !y w be mu* int]e/$ 9 hav+ ! imp]fection ( ^! def9itions br\ght home to !m by ! help ( ! liquid metal m]cury1 :i* does n 8wet0 glass or porcela91 & ( ! visible gas *lor9e1 & 9 be+ l$ to f9d out ! true di/9ctions by obs]v+ ! diff]5t behavi\r ( solids1 liquids1 & gases respectively :5 plac$ 9 vessels ( diff]+ %apes & sizes4 ,sci5ce tea*+ n 8au?oritative04 ,x mu/ inde$ be a fundam5tal pr9ciple ?r\gh\t ^! lessons to tell z little z possible2 n only %\ld ! *ildr5 produce unaid$ reports ( _! "w1 b ! reports %\ld be ( :at !y h !mselves obs]v$1 n ( :at !y h receiv$ on au?ority4 ,! wor?lessness ( au?oritative sci5ce tea*+ is v g5]ally felt 9 ^! days1 & "s mod]n tea*]s are dispos$ to d5y any value at all to sci5ce lectures = "y *ildr51 ass]t+ t only by exp]im5tal "w c>ri$ out by !mselves1 ) z little int]f]5ce f ! tea*] z possible1 c any really sci5tific ideas be communicat$ to !m4 ,! value ( p]sonal practical "w ,i1 ( c\rse1 fully admit1 b ,i am sure t really 8sci5tific0 tra9+ may also be giv5 9 a 8lecture0 lesson1 by a tea*] :o kn[s h] subject1 & is skilful 9 ! art ( que/ion+1 & 9 mak+ h] *ildr5 tell h] :at !y really d see 9 an exp]im5t1 in/ead ( tell+ !m :at !y ought to be see+4 ,t obs]vation may ?us be tra9$1 x is ( importance to secure t all exp]im5ts %[n to "y classes %\ld 8g04 ,) old] classes ! occasional failure ( an exp]im5t may be no great matt]1 !y are capable ( und]/&+ t ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t 7 n fulfill$ & h5ce ! failure1 b ) beg9n]s 9 sci5ce x is v undesirable to produce ! impression t :5 ,nature is 8que/ion$0 %e sometimes gives "o answ] & sometimes ano!r4 ,exp]im5ts t _c be %[n to ! *ildr5 %\ld z a g5]al rule n be describ$1 ?\gh :5 any pr9ciple is ?or\ghly grasp$ & driv5 home by exp]im5ts p]=m$ be=e ! class1 !re is no h>m 9 m5tion+ z additional illu/rations su* ph5om5a z ! fall+ ( ! m]cury 9 a b>omet] tube on be+ c>ri$ up a m\nta91 or ! impossibility ( mak+ good tea at high altitudes ow+ to ! l[]+ ( ! boil+-po9t ( wat]2 b %\ld ! want ( app>atus prev5t an exp]im5t o!rwise suitable = a lecture f be+ p]=m$ x is g5]ally bett] ) beg9n]s to omit all m5tion ( x4 ,app>atus = elem5t>y c\rse4 ,= c>ry+ out su* a c\rse z t n[ be+ consid]$ v simple & inexp5sive app>atus is = ! mo/ "p ne$$4 ,! only exp5sive piece really necess>y is an air-pump2 = ! re/1 an ord9>y pair ( scales1 a few glass beak]s1 flasks & funnels1 "s glass tub+ & rods1 a little m]cury1 "s wire gauze1 "s %eet india-rubb]1 !rmomet]s1 a ,buns5 burn]1 & a retort /& or two1 are all t is ne$$1 ?\gh ! addition ( su* pieces ( app>atus z ! ,magdeburg hemisph]es w enable int]e/+ exp]im5ts to be %[n4 ,practical "w4 ,z reg>ds ! *ildr5's own practical "w x is n always possible to arrange 9 s*ools = laboratory "w = beg9n]s2 ! "t at disposal is (t5 insuffici5t1 & ! class too l>ge = a s+le tea*] to give ! sup]vision ne$$ by *ildr5 s "y2 b :]e ! class c be tak5 9 sections ( n m ?an t5 or twelve pupils = an extra lesson1 no?+ s greatly r\ses ! *ildr5's int]e/ & gives s real a grasp ( pr9ciples z a c\rse ( simple exp]im5tal "w c>ri$ out by !mselves4 ,accuracy mu/ be insi/$ ^u f ! v beg9n+2 ea* exp]im5t mu/ h a def9ite object1 & a description ( ! exp]im5t ) ! results obta9$ mu/ always be writt5 out by ! *ild4 ,x is a good plan to give z _m exp]im5ts z possible 9 :i* ! result aim$ at is quantitative1 x is a great satisfaction to a *ild to obta9 a result ^: correctness c be gaug$1 b x is n necess>y t ! "w %\ld be exclusively ( ?is type4 ,! c\rse may beg9 ) ! c>eful measurem5t ( l5g?s1 employ+ diff]5t me?ods1 su* z ! direct application ( ! rule to ! object1 ! transf]5ce ( di/ances by means ( compasses1 & obta9+ ! l5g?s ( curves by means ( a /r+ laid along !m & aft]w>ds measur$2 & ! *ildr5 %\ld be taught to make measurem5ts on ! metrical sy/em z well z 9 feet & in*es1 especially if !y already possess any k ( decimals4 ,:5 !y c measure z accurately z _! scales w all[1 ! v]ni] may be introduc$1 its pr9ciple expla9$ by ! aid ( a l>ge-siz$ model1 & practice giv5 9 read+ ! v]ni]s on b>omet] scales1 etc4 ,!n may foll[ measurem5t ( ! area ( rectangles1 &1 if ! *ildr5's ma!matical k all[ ( x1 ( triangles & o!r rectil9eal figures1 !n ! det]m9ation ( ! volume ( rectangul> solids f _! l9e> dim5sions4 ,! det]m9ation ( mass may next be tak5 up1 & ! pupils taught h[ to use a balance prop]ly1 ! ,c4,g4,s4 unit be+ aga9 employ$ z well z ! p\nd2 !n !y may le>n h[ to weigh 9 wat]1 & h[ to prove exp]im5tally t ! loss ( weight ( a body weigh$ 9 wat] is equal to ! weight ( ! displac$ wat]2 !n ! volume ( a body may be det]m9$ by f9d+ ! mass & h5ce ! volume ( ! wat] x displaces2 f ?is !y pass readily to ! det]m9ation ( specific gravities4 ,exp]im5ts on air pressure may foll[2 ! *ildr5 may le>n to read ! height ( ! b>omet]1 & to make = !mselves b>ometric *>ts %[+ ! v>iation ( ! height f day to day2 ?is af=ds a good opportunity ( tea*+ !m to use squ>$ pap]4 ,!re are also _m simple exp]im5ts 9 me*anics1 su* z ! exp]im5tal det]m9ation ( ! pr9ciple ( ! lev]1 ! f9d+ ( ! position ( ! c5tre ( gravity ( a lam9a1 ! f9d+ ( ! resultant ( two p>allel =ces1 etc41 v suitable = su* a class4 ,!n may come easy exp]im5ts & measurem5ts 9 heat1 ! read+ ( v>i\s !rmomet] scales1 ! fill+ ( a !rmomet] & its r\gh graduation1 & exp]im5ts prov+ ! fact ( expansion & ( ! =ce ex]t$ by exp&+ or contract+ bodies2 measurem5ts ( ! am\nt ( expansion are too difficult = ?is /age4 ,mu* sup]vision is requir$2 special c>e %\ld be tak5 t *ildr5 are n left ) unoccupi$ int]vals dur+ :i* !y get li/less & bor$2 ?is requires c>eful previ\s plann+ out ( suffici5t exp]im5ts = ! :ole class4 ,x w /imulate int]e/ if sev]al *ildr5 9 succession are all[$ to make ! same measurem5t1 & !n to comp>e _! results4 ,ev5 :]e no laboratory class is tak51 ! tea*] c /ill take opportunities ( conv9c+ ! *ildr5 t exp]im5ts c be p]=m$ by !mselves z well z by _! class-tea*]2 !y enjoy be+ call$ up to p]=m an exp]im5t 9 class1 & w1 if !y h any ta/e = ! subject1 take an int]e/ 9 repeat+ any possible ones at home2 !y c conv9ce !mselves ( air-pressure by private exp]im5t ) syr+es1 siphons1 & inv]t$ tumbl]s1 or c f9d c5tres ( gravity1 or exp]im5t ) s\nd+ /r+s ( v>i\s l5g?s1 b ( c\rse su* desultory exp]im5ts1 foll[$ by no c>eful writ+ out ( results1 d n give v valuable tra9+ 9 sci5tific accuracy4 ,diagrams4 ,i w\ld insi/ also on ! importance ( requir+ *ildr5 f ! fir/ to illu/rate _! "w by diagrams2 a little "t is well sp5t 9 criticis+ ^!1 & 9 %[+ h[ !y might be improv$4 ,v neat & s]viceable diagrams may be produc$ ev5 by *ildr5 ) no natural ta/e = draw+1 b !y ne$ to be %[n h[ to "w1 & p]haps to h ! l9es ( a diagram sugge/$ to !m at fir/ by a r\gh blackbo>d sket*1 or x may n occur to !m t a few simple l9es w %[ all t is necess>y bett] ?an a w\ld-be reali/ic sket* ( app>atus1 ) impossible p]spective & smudgy %ad+4 ,c\rse ( electricity & magnetism4 ,i pass on n[ to some:at high] classes4 ,) pupils ^: av]age age is ab\t fifte51 "s "o or two ( ! bran*es ( physics may be tak5 m 9 detail4 ,suppose electricity & magnetism to be *os51 ! aim ?r\gh\t ! c\rse %\ld be s to imp>t elem5t>y ideas t !y may be a real help & n a h9drance to any future ef=t to take 9 mod]n views ( electricity4 ,to ?is end att5tion %\ld f ! v fir/ be direct$ to ! electric or magnetic 8field0 ab\t any *>g$ or magnetis$ body & n exclusively conc5trat$ ^u t body itself1 & ! pupils %\ld be accu/om$ to attribute ! motions 9 su* fields n to ! 8action at a di/ance0 ( a *>ge1 a pole1 or a wire c>ry+ a curr5t1 b to ! special condition ( ! m$ium imm$iately ar\nd ! mov+ body4 ,! idea ( a magnetic field is m readily grasp$ by beg9n]s ?an ! correspond+ idea 9 electro/atics1 ow+ to ! ease ) :i* ! field may be mapp$ to ! eye by means ( iron fil+s1 or by m>k+ d[n successive positions ( a t9y magnetic ne$le2 x seems to me1 !re=e1 well to beg9 ) ! /udy ( magnetism1 r ?an1 z is common 9 text-books1 ) t ( /atical electricity4 ,f magnetism ! m natural transition is to curr5t electricity1 & x w be f\nd a good plan to take ! subjects 9 ?is ord]1 pass+ f ! magnetic fields :i* surr\nd p]man5t /eel magnets to ^? :i* are f\nd to exi/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a wire ^: ends h be5 jo9$ to plates ( z9c & copp] imm]s$ 9 a vessel ( dilute acid4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* fields w be prov$ by ! magnetisation ( iron r\nd :i* ! wire is coil$1 & by ! motion ( p]man5t magnets ne> :i* x is held1 & ! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce w be inf]r$ f ! direction ( su* motion4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! magnetic field e/abli%$1 ! t]m 8curr5t ( electricity0 may be introduc$2 ! *ildr5 w readily und]/& t x arose f ! idea t x 0 some?+ fl[+ ?r\gh ! wire :i* gave x su* /range prop]ties1 & t :e!r ?is is ! case or n1 !re is a practical conv5i5ce 9 reta9+ ! old t]ms4 ,"s ( ! practical applications ( ! magnetic effects ( curr5ts may n[ be expla9$1 e4g41 ! electric telegraph & electric bells1 & ! use ( a galvanomet] z a curr5t indicator4 ,simple exp]im5ts on ! induction ( curr5ts by motion ( magnets1 or />t+ & /opp+ ( curr5ts may foll[1 x be+ c>efully po9t$ out t ! "o ess5tial = su* induction 9 a coil is "s *ange 9 ! magnetic field 9 :i* x lies4 ,! pr9ciple ( dynamos readily foll[s4 ,! heat+ & decompos+ effects ( electric curr5ts may next be consid]$ ) _! practical applications to electric light+1 & electro-plat+ respectively1 & ! att5tion ( ! *ildr5 %\ld be direct$ to ! en]gy appe>+ z heat or z *emical sep>ation 9 ! two cases4 ,if !y h gone ?r\gh ! prelim9>y c\rse !y w "k en\gh ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy to look = ! disappe>ance ( en]gy 9 "s o!r =m1 & ! *emical action 9 ! batt]y may n[ be po9t$ out4 ,"s explanation ( 8pol>isation0 & ( ! ne$ = m complicat$ =ms ( batt]y ?an ! simple voltaic cell may be giv54 ,lessons on /atical electricity w end ! c\rse2 !y may be connect$ ) ! prec$+ lessons by fir/ speak+ ( ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j>1 & t betwe5 ! knobs ( an induction ma*9e z in/antane\s 8curr5ts10 & go+ on to ! /ate ( affairs 9 ! m$ium betwe5 ! knobs or coat+s :5 !y are n suffici5tly ne> = ! dis*>ge to take place2 ?is w be made cle> by go+ back to e>lie/ facts kn[n ab\t electricity & foll[+ ! ord9>y c\rse ( electro/atic exp]im5ts4 ,heat & light4 ,%\ld 8heat & light0 be *os5 in/ead ( electricity = ?is ye>'s c\rse1 ! mode ( treat+ ! subject mu/ dep5d v mu* on ! ma!matical advancem5t ( ! pupils4 ,x is probable t _! k w n exce$ ! fir/ two books ( ,euclid1 & algebra to simple equations1 & x w !re=e n c>ry !m v f> 9 ! treatm5t ( geometrical optics2 x w enable ! laws ( reflection to be intelligibly expla9$1 & ! position ( ! image 9 a plane mirror to be det]m9$ 7! law ( refraction may also be made cle>1 z ! *ildr5 c easily be made to und]/& ! mean+ ( ! t]m 8s9e071 b =mul connect$ ) mirrors & l5ses %\ld be left to a lat] /age1 ! *anges 9 size & position ( ! image =m$ by a curv$ mirror or a l5s be+ det]m9$ exp]im5tally & n by calculation4 ,a g5]al explanation ( ! action ( optical in/rum5ts1 telescope1 microscope1 spectacles1 etc41 c be giv51 )\t exact calculations1 & illu/rat$ ei!r by c>efully drawn diagrams1 or by models ) l5ses ( c>dbo>d & rays repres5t$ by /r+s4 ,! int]e/ ( lectures on disp]sion & ! spectrum is greatly increas$ if !y c be illu/rat$ by lant]n exp]im5ts4 ,! subject ( heat l5ds itself bett] to non-ma!matical treatm5t1 & is specially good = practical "w by ! pupils !mselves4 ,"w ( s5ior classes4 ,indep5d5t read+4 ,! "w ( s5ior classes1 i4e41 girls ( sev5te5 or ov]1 dep5ds s mu* ^u circum/ances1 su* z _! previ\s tra9+1 _! ma!matical k1 etc41 t x is difficult to say mu* to ! po9t ab\t x1 b a ^w may be add$ on a v common fault ( su* classes1 a t5d5cy to rely too mu* on _! tea*] & _! notes ( lectures1 & to read & ?9k too little = !mselves4 ,! practical "w1 :i* is an ess5tial = su* classes1 does mu* to enc\rage self-reliance1 b besides ?is !y %\ld f "t to "t be giv5 "s read+ to d on po9ts :i* h n be5 previ\sly made cle> 9 lectures2 difficulties met ) 9 ! read+ %\ld be br\ght up at ! next lesson1 :5 ! tea*] w ei!r solve !m or put ! pupil 9 ! way ( do+ s = h]self4 ,?is k9d ( "w takes "t1 & is !re=e apt to be cr[d$ out f a full "t-table1 b x is wor? an ef=t to f9d a place = x4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,"s ,,books ,,useful ,,= ,,tea*]s4 ,i4 ,,practical ,,physics4 ,= ,beg9n]s-- ,inductive ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,f4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,hea? ,co41 ,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,practical ,lessons 9 ,physical ,measurem5t4 ,a4 ,e>l4 ,macmillan4 #e_/-4 ,ex]cise ,book ( ,elem5t>y ,practical ,physics4 ,arrang$ accord+ to ,head ,ma/]s' ,association ,syllabus4 ,r4 ,a4 ,gregory4 ,macmillan4 ,= r old] ,classes-- ,elem5t>y ,physics4 ,h5d]son4 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 ,elem5t>y ,practical ,physics4 ,w4 ,watson4 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 ,int]m$iate ,c\rse ( ,practical ,physics4 ,s*u/] ,lees4 ,macmillan4 ,= ,s5ior ,classes-- ,practical ,physics4 ,/ew>t ,gee4 ,macmillan4 ,practical ,physics4 ,glazebrook ,%aw4 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 #g_/f4 ,,ii4 ,,!oretical ,,physics4 ,prim] ( ,physics4 ,balf\r ,/ew>t4 ,macmillan4 #a_/-4 7,may sugge/ a c\rse = beg9n]s47 ,heat4 ,h4 ,g4 ,madan4 ,longmans4 #i_/-4 7,a good c\rse = junior classes47 ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ,heat4 ,g>nett4 ,deighton1 ,bell ,co4 #d_/f4 7,a good c\rse = r m advanc$ /ud5ts47 ,light4 ,a c\rse on ,exp]im5tal ,optics4 ,lewis ,wright4 ,macmillan4 7,sugge/s good exp]im5ts1 especially ) lant]n47 ,elem5t>y ,lessons 9 ,electricity & ,magnetism4 ,s4 ,p4 ,?ompson4 ,macmillan4 ,= ,s5ior ,classes-- ,!ory ( ,light4 ,pre/on4 ,macmillan4 #ae_/-4 ,!ory ( ,heat4 ,pre/on4 ,macmillan4 #ag_/-4 ,electricity & ,magnetism4 ,fo/] ,atk9son4 7,bas$ on ,j\b]t47 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 #g_/f4 ,!ory ( ,heat4 ,cl]k ,maxwell4 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co4 #d_/f4 ,,c\rse ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,physics4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,physics4 ,di/9ction betwe5 physical & *emical ph5om5a4--,iron heat$1 ,iron ru/$4 ,c&le melt$1 ,c&le burnt1 etc41 etc4 ,motion4 ,=ce4 ,illu/rations ( famili> =ces4--,muscul> =ce4 ,=ce ( /ret*$ spr+1 etc41 etc4 ,consid]ation ( "s p>ticul> =ces4--,gravity4 ,friction4 ,cohesion4 ,gravity4--,di/9ction betwe5 body's weight & mass4 ,weight is ! e>?'s pull ^u x4 ,might be diff]5t :ile body unalt]$4 ,c5tre ( gravity4 ,exp]im5tal det]m9ation = lam9 ( v>i\s %apes4 ,/able1 un/able & neutral equilibrium dep5d5t on position ( c5tre ( gravity4 ,ev]yday illu/rations4 ,/ick balanc$ on f+]1 etc4 ,friction4--,ev]yday in/ances4 ,effect if x 7 remov$4 ,cohesion4--,?ree /ates ( matt]4 ,solids4 ,liquids4 ,gases4 ,ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,exp]im5ts %[+ ret5tion ( size & %ape by solids1 ( size by liquids1 ( nei!r by gases4 ,pressure ( ,liquids-- ,transmitt$ 9 all directions4 ,effect ( bor+ hole 9 side ( vessel conta9+ a liquid4 ,pressure increases ) dep?4--,exp]im5t4 ,l[] into j> ( wat] cyl9d] clos$ at bottom by glass disc1 ! pressure ( ! wat] supports ! disc4 ,p\r wat] into cyl9d] till bottom falls1 ! l[] ! cyl9d] is sunk1 ! m wat] is requir$ = ?is4 ,liquids f9d _! level4--,exp]im5t ) communicat+ vessels ( diff]5t sizes4 ,wat] level1 _s level4 ,wat] f res]voirs ris+ to tops ( h\ses4 ,exception 9 case ( v n>r[ tubes4 ,capill>ity4 ,float+ p[]1 or buoyancy ( liquids4--,exp]im5ts on weight ( wat] displac$ by bodies imm]s$ & by float+ bodies4 ,pr9ciple ( ,ar*im$es4 ,specific gravity4--,def9ition4 ,exp]im5tal det]m9ation 7#a7 by cat*+ & weigh+ displac$ wat]2 7#b7 by loss ( weight 9 wat]4 ,pressure ( ,air-- ,exp]im5ts %[+ exi/5ce ( atmosph]ic pressure e4g41 inv]t$ j> ( wat]1 exp]im5ts ) air-pump1 suck]s4 ,b>omet]4--,con/ruct by fill+ long tube ) m]cury4 ,%[ by pass+ b>omet] tube ?r\gh cork ( receiv] t m]cury falls :5 air )drawn f above m]cury 9 ci/]n1 rises if air is let 94 ,action ( syr+es4 ,pumps4 ,con/ruction & work+ ( air-pump4 ,heat-- ,temp]ature or hotness4--,s5sation n reliable guide4 ,expansion4--,exp]im5ts to %[ 9 solids1 liquids1 gases4 ,a few exceptions to law ( expansion1 e4g41 wat] ne> freez+-po9t1 ice =ms on top ( wat]4 ,=ce ( expansion4 ,!rmomet]s4--,con/ruction & graduation4 ,fusion4--,temp]ature rema9s con/ant dur+ fusion4 ,lat5t heat4 ,evaporation & boil+4--,lat5t heat ( vaporisation4 ,boil+ po9t dep5ds on pressure4--,exp]im5t ( boil+ wat] "u air-pump4 ,conduction4 ,convection4--,heat+ ( wat] 9 kettle2 heat+ ( h\ses by hot wat]4 ,s\nd-- ,s\nd+ bodies always 9 vibration4--,bells1 tun+-=ks1 metal plates 7vibrations %[n by means ( s&71 /r+s1 etc4 ,mode ( propagation4 ,illu/rations4 ,air or o!r m$ium necess>y = transmission2 no s\nd ?r\gh vacuum4 ,s\nds diff] 9 l\dness1 pit*1 quality4 ,physical cause ( l\dness4--,viol5ce ( vibration4 ,physical cause ( pit*4--,rapidity ( vibration4 ,sir51 or p]=at$ disc4 ,/r+s4--,note giv5 dep5ds on l5g?1 ?ickness1 t5sion & mat]ial4 ,exp]im5ts ) mono*ord4 ,illu/rate by viol9 /r+s4 ,h>monics4--,subdivision ( /r+s4 ,exp]im5t ) rid]s on /r+4 ,physical cause ( 8quality04--,int]mixture ( o!r notes ) fundam5tal4 ,resonance4--,exp]im5ts ) tubes ( air & tun+-=ks4 ,organ pipes4 ,velocity ( s\nd4--,h[ fir/ det]m9$4 ,calculate di/ance ( ?und]/orm4 ,reflection4--,e*oes4 ,"w & ,en]gy-- ,"w done :5 =ce ov]come or yield$ to ?r\gh any di/ance4 ,gravity does "w :5 body falls4--,"w done aga9/ gravity 9 lift+ a body4 ,foot-p\nd1 unit ( "w4 ,a body :i* has p[] to d "w has 8en]gy04--,may h 9 consequ5ce ( motion1 or ( position1 or ( be+ heat$1 etc41 etc4 ,cons]vation ( en]gy4--,trans=mation ( en]gy4 ,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,,cl>e ,,de ,,br]eton ,,evans1 ,d4,sc4 7,lond474 ,! committee appo9t$ by ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahhi to inquire into ! 8,pres5t ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ ,*emi/ry10 gave x z _! op9ion t 8! high educational value ( in/ruction 9 physical sci5ce has nev] be5 exhibit$ to its full advantage 9 mo/ ( our educational in/itutions10 & x w be admitt$ by ! majority ( ^? :o int]e/ !mselves 9 ! tea*+ ( *emi/ry 9 girls' s*ools t 9 spite ( ! gr[+ t5d5cy t[>ds m rational me?ods ( imp>t+ ! subject1 ! progress made 9 ?is direction dur+ ! la/ eight ye>s has n be5 great en\gh to w>rant any *ange 9 ! above dictum4 ,aft] all t has be5 said & writt5 ab\t ! diff]5ce betwe5 in/ruction & education1 x %\ld be unnecess>y to reit]ate t ! object ( our s*ools is n s mu* to develop ! memories ( ! *ildr5 z _! capabilities1 _! p[]s ( reason+ & do+1 & al?\gh ! atta9m5t ( ?is object is br\ght ab\t *iefly no d\bt by ! me?od ( tea*+1 x is also dep5d5t ^u ! subject taught4 ,elem5t>y physical sci5ce z a basis = *emi/ry tea*+4 ,natural sci5ce is specially valuable 9 call+ into action at once ! logical & practical faculties1 tra9+ simultane\sly ! m9d1 ! eye & ! h&2 b x is necess>y 9 ord] to avoid tea*+ ! subject dogmatically to make ! c\rse progressive--to preface lessons 9 *emi/ry1 = example1 by a prelim9>y gr\nd-"w ( physics suffici5t to r5d] ! *emi/ry intelligible4 ,elem5t>y physics is ! logical sequ5ce ( ari?metic1 & may be tak5 up ) ! greate/ advantage z soon z ! f\r simple rules ( ari?metic h be5 ma/]$2 moreov] ! practical application ( ^! rules af=d$ by simple measurem5ts ( l5g?1 area & volume is ( imm5se use1 n only because ea* pupil v]ifies = h]self 9 ?is way ! rules %e has le>nt to apply on pap]1 b also because ari?metic is ?us %[n to be ( practical & n m]ely !oretical value4 ,if *ildr5 7 taught f ! beg9n+ to make practical use ( _! ari?metic "o ( ! greate/ difficulties ) :i* ! sci5ce tea*] has to cont5d lat] on w\ld be obviat$1 t namely ( expla9+ ! application ( ma!matics to ! solution ( simple *emical & physical problems4 ,educational advantages ( a progressive *emi/ry c\rse4 ,*emi/ry aga9 is ! logical outcome ( physics1 & %\ld n be attempt$1 because x _c possibly be und]/ood1 until ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( physics h be5 ma/]$4 ,x _c be too /rongly insi/$ ^u t *emi/ry %\ld be prec$$ by elem5t>y physics2 ! sequ5ce1 practical ari?metic1 elem5t>y physics1 *emi/ry1 be+ ! only "o :i* af=ds a satisfactory progressive sci5tific c\rse suitable = be+ c>ri$ on ?r\gh\t a s*ool />t+ :]e ! object-lessons ( ! k9d]g>t5 end2 !n by ! "t exam9ation classes are rea*$ !re ne$ be left none ( ^? gaps 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! pupils1 gaps ) reg>d to elem5t>y pr9ciples1 :i* are s usual z to be look$ = z a matt] ( c\rse by ! *emi/ry tea*]1 & :i* %e is oblig$ to span "h & !re by dogmatic ass]tions on :i* re/s z a rule all ! physico-*emical k requir$ ( ! exam9ation /ud5t4 ,a well-arrang$ c\rse ( ?is k9d1 moreov]1 possesses ! great advantage ov] o!rs1 botany or geology = example1 t x may be made free f te*nical language1 a po9t ( consid]able importance1 n only because ! tax ^u ! memories ( ! *ildr5 is ?us light5$1 b because !y are at lib]ty to express _! obs]vations 9 _! own words4 ,x has be5 truly said t 8/range words are non-conductors10 & x is unreasonable to suppose t cle> ideas on any subject may be imp>t$ 9 a language :i* is only p>tially intelligible4 ,ne$ = e>ly tra9+ 9 sci5ce4 ,x is necess>y ( c\rse to beg9 e>ly if a s\nd basis ( physics is to be laid = ! tea*+ ( *emi/ry2 ! elem5t>y physics lessons %\ld 9 fact be made to cont9ue ! "w ( ! k9d]g>t5 )\t any break1 ?us c>ry+ out ! aim ( natural sci5ce tea*+1 :i* %\ld be to fo/] ! p[]s ( obs]vation & rese>* :i* almo/ all "y *ildr5 possess to a v high degree2 nor are ^! ! only faculties :i* b5efit1 s9ce physical sci5ce is specially fitt$ also to develop indep5d5ce ( ?\ght1 agility ( m9d & h& & s\ndness ( judgm5t2 ! simple/ exp]im5t may be v>i$ 9 a hundr$ ways to produce ! same result1 & x is ?is possibility ( v>iation :i* gives ! individual pupil s mu* opportunity = ! ex]cise ( orig9ality1 :i* cultivates quickness ( obs]vation & enc\rages s l>gely ! valuable quality ( self-reliance4 8,practical0 tea*+4 ,x is evid5t t a c\rse ( lectures unaccompani$ by laboratory "w gives no scope = ! educational possibilities ( te*nical subjects su* z ^? ) :i* we are deal+2 ! tea*+ mu/ be made 8practical04 ,x is n suffici5t t ! tea*] %\ld p]=m a numb] ( illu/rative exp]im5ts at h] lectures1 = x is r>e to f9d a *ild capable ( grasp+ ! mean+ ( su* illu/rations2 x is n ev5 suffici5t t ! exp]im5ts %[n by ! lectur] %\ld be repeat$ subsequ5tly by ! pupils !mselves2 ?is is no d\bt good z f> z x goes1 = x bre$s famili>ity ) app>atus & gives practice 9 manipulation1 b t is all2 z to educat+ ! p>ticul> faculties :i* sci5ce is specially adapt$ to educate x is useless1 = ! results ( ! exp]im5ts be+ already kn[n ! reason+ p[]s are n requir$2 on ! contr>y ! p]=mance ( ! exp]im5t on ! lecture-table has l$ to ! belief t !re is "o /]eotyp$ me?od ( do+ x1 & consequ5tly ! *ild's memory alone is ex]cis$ 9 try+ to rememb] e detail ( ! app>atus us$ & ! me?od ( c>ry+ x out4 ,= success 9 exam9ations x is n[ necess>y to h a c]ta9 am\nt ( practical k ( *emi/ry1 & exam9ation classes are !re=e giv5 "s practical tra9+1 b ?is re=m /ill rema9s to be ext5d$ univ]sally to ! junior classes1 :i* ne$ ev5 m ?an ! s5ior ones t ! tea*+ %\ld be objective3 a *ild may le>n & repeat correctly a doz5 times t wat] is compos$ ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 & ! ?irte5? "t %e w assure y t its con/itu5ts are oxyg5 & nitrog52 b let h] make ! gases = h]self1 te/ !m & get to "k !m z individuals1 & mi/akes ( ?is k9d w become impossible4 ,a fur!r reason = giv+ practical in/ruction to juniors is t exam9ation /ud5ts are g5]ally press$ = "t1 be+ on ?is acc\nt (t5 oblig$ to d ! necess>y laboratory "w out ( s*ool h\rs2 moreov] !y f9d x difficult z x is ( a k9d to :i* !y are unaccu/om$4 ,x w\ld obvi\sly be a great advantage to tra9 ! *ildr5 f ! beg9n+ 9 ! use ( app>atus dur+ ! ye>s :5 su* "w is a recreation & a real delight to !m4 ,a c5tral idea 9 sci5ce tea*+4 ,!re is "o o!r po9t to be notic$4 ,! sci5ce c\rse may be begun e>ly & cont9u$ )\t int]mission ?r\gh\t ! s*ool c>e]1 ! tea*+ be+ ( a suffici5tly 8practical0 "*1 b ! result w n be a success unless !re is a c5tral idea runn+ ?r\gh x4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ! exp]im5ts mu/ be *os5 9 illu/ration & explanation ( ! fundam5tal physical laws :i* may ?us be made p]fectly famili> to ! pupils4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 t ^! exp]im5ts %\ld be ( ! simple/ "*2 to quote ! words ( ! ,briti% ,association report above ref]r$ to1 8! lessons ought to h ref]5ce to subjects :i* c be readily und]/ood by *ildr51 & illu/rations %\ld be select$ f objects & op]ations t are famili> to !m 9 ev]yday life04 ,broad pr9ciples recomm5d$4 ,briefly !n1 ,i w\ld recomm5d t ! foll[+ broad pr9ciples %\ld be adopt$ ) pre-exam9ation classes3-- 7#a7 ,elem5t>y physical tra9+ to be made cont9u\s ) k9d]g>t5 tea*+4 7#a7 ,! c\rse ( elem5t>y physical sci5ce :i* is !n necess>y f\ndation = a s\nd k ( *emi/ry %\ld be made cont9u\s ) ! object-lessons ( ! k9d]g>t51 & %\ld =m a progressive c\rse ext5d+ ov] ?ree or f\r ye>s1 pass+ imp]ceptibly into elem5t>y *emi/ry4 7#b7 ,! elem5t>y c\rse to be entirely 8practical04 7#b7 ,?is c\rse %\ld be ( an entirely practical "* & %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 a room v simply equipp$ = ! purpose4 ,no text-books %\ld be all[$ & no notes dictat$ by ! tea*]1 b ea* pupil %\ld subsequ5tly to ! lesson write out 9 h] own words an acc\nt ( h] own exp]im5ts1 ( :i* %e is enc\rag$ to take notes at ! "t ( do+ !m4 ,advantage ( occasional lectures4 ,al?\gh all =mal lessons on ! simple subjects ( inve/igation s]ve only to prejudice ! m9ds ( ! *ildr51 lectures giv5 at r>e int]vals on k9dr$ subjects & pr(usely illu/rat$ s]ve z a heal?y /imulus to ! y\?ful appetite = exp]im5t & rese>*4 7#c7 ,*oice ( exp]im5ts4 7#c7 ,! practical c\rse %\ld be s *os5 t ea* exp]im5t illu/rates 9 ! simple/ possible mann] "s fundam5tal pr9ciple or 8law0 ( nature4 ,x is precisely "h t a tea*] has ! opportunity ( educat+ ! logical faculties ( ! pupils1 ea* ( :om is requir$ to solve indep5d5tly ! simple problem set be=e h] at ! lesson & is ?us plac$ 9 a position to d$uce = h]self f h] own exp]im5t ! pr9ciple involv$4 ,! *ildr5 are 9 fact plac$1 z ,dr4 ,arm/rong recomm5ds1 89 ! attitude ( discov]]s10 & x is a/oni%+ h[ soon !y le>n to become indep5d5t 9 _! me?ods ( attack+ new problems if _! m9ds are n prejudic$ by preconceiv$ ideas ( ! results to be expect$4 7#d7 ,size ( classes4 7#d7 ,z reg>ds ! size ( ! classes & ! "t to be all[$ = ea*1 ! ,committee ( ! ,briti% ,association recomm5ds t 8a tea*] %\ld n be requir$ to give practical in/ruction to m ?an f fifte5 to tw5ty pupils at "o "t1 al?\gh ! classes at lectures & demon/rations might be some:at l>g]04 ,= ! c\rse indicat$ bel[ "o h\r a week may be made suffici5t at fir/1 b lat] on an h\r & a half %\ld be all[$ = ea* practical class4 7#e7 ,accommodation4 7#e7 ,z to accommodation1 x is q possible1 at any rate at fir/1 to use an ord9>y class-room1 b z environm5t no d\bt does ex]cise a c]ta9 influ5ce ! use ( a special room v simply equipp$ ) long tables suppli$ ) wat] & gas is /rongly advis$4#bf #bf ,full details ( fitt+s & ( ! v simple & inexp5sive app>atus requir$ are giv5 9 ! syllabus issu$ by ! ,incorporat$ ,association ( ,head ,ma/]s1 :i* c be obta9$ at ! 8,educational ,supply ,association10 #db ,holborn ,viaduct4 ,! above recomm5dations are meant to apply to all classes up to ! "t :5 ! ne$s ( public exam9ations dem& a special c\rse2 ?is mu/ necess>ily be giv5 by means ( set lectures1 z x c\ld n o!rwise be cov]$ 9 ! limit$ "t :i* is g5]ally allott$ to ! subject2 !y are m or less 9 accordance ) ^? drawn up by ,dr4 ,arm/rong = ! ,committee ( ! ,briti% ,association ( :i* m5tion has be5 made1 & :i* 7 embodi$ 9 ! ,syllabus ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry issu$ by ! ,incorporat$ ,association ( ,head ,ma/]s 9 #ahie2 s9ce ?is date !y h be5 successfully c>ri$ out 9 v>i\s boys' s*ools4 ,ow+ to ! ent]prise ( ,miss ,l4 ,e4 ,walt] a simil> c\rse 0 introduc$ at an ev5 e>li] date into ! ,c5tral ,f\ndation ,s*ool = ,girls1 :]e x is n[ 9 op]ation4 ,app5d$ is a v brief outl9e ( ! c\rse !re pursu$1 toge!r ) a typical set ( lessons 9 *emi/ry4 ,outl9e ( a sci5ce c\rse n[ 9 op]ation4 ,on leav+ ! k9d]g>t5 ! sci5ce tea*+ is conf9$ to :at is really practical ari?metic & geometry1 elem5t>y measurem5ts be+ p]=m$ by ! mo/ ord9>y me?ods4 ,! *ildr5 are ?us accu/om$ to ! use ( simple app>atus su* z pipettes1 burettes1 etc41 also to ! use ( ! balance1 ! simple num]ical calculations involv$ 9 weigh+ & measur+ be+ p]=m$ 9 bo? ! ,engli% & decimal sy/ems1 :i* are ?us made q famili>4 ,! foll[+ example1 quot$ f ,miss ,walt]'s pap]1#bg gives a cle> idea ( ! sort ( introductory tea*+ ne$$4 ,?is lesson1 al?\gh ( ! simple/ "*1 _h = its object to %[ ! necessity =1 & to *oose a unit ( l5g?4 ,?is is h[ x 0 done3 8,i gave ea* girl b "o a piece ( /r+1 all ! pieces be+ ! same l5g?2 ! "o odd girl ,i kept by me1 & we _h a ball ( /r+4 ,i ask$ ! *ildr5 to tell me h[ long _! pieces 7 s t ,i c\ld cut a simil> piece4 ,naturally !y began by guess+--a y>d1 half a y>d2 b z ,i _h no y>d/ick1 ,i feign$ ignorance ( :at a y>d 04 ,soon "o put ! /r+ along h] slate & express$ ! l5g? z a slate & ?ree-qu>t]s4 ,e "o else foll[$ suit4444 ,aft] ea* ( ! s5sible measurem5ts :i* !y made 444 ,i did ! same to my small comrade z !y _h done to !mselves & cut (f a piece ( /r+4 ,!n !y all wat*$ ) great int]e/ to see if my piece really did come l !irs4444 ,?is lesson may n s\nd v excit+1 b dur+ ! :ole "t ea* ( ^? *ildr5 0 alive1 ea* 0 ?or\ghly int]e/$ 9 :at %e 0 do+40 #bg 8,! ,tea*+ ( ,sci5ce 9 ,girls' ,s*ools10 by ,l4 ,edna ,walt]1 ,b4,sc41 repr9t$ f ,education1 ,second>y & ,te*nical4 ,! prelim9>y c\rse consi/s 9 its e>li] /ages ( ex]cises 9 ! measurem5t ( l5g?1 area & volume ) ! use ( ! balance2 ?is is foll[$ by exp]im5ts on d5sity1 & subsequ5tly "s "w on heat is done1 a simple !rmomet] & b>omet] be+ made & graduat$ by ea* girl1 :o is enc\rag$ to use !m to record ! wea!r by means ( curves %[+ v>iations ( temp]ature & pressure4 ,x may h be5 complet$ by girls ( ab\t f\rte51 :o w !n be q prep>$ to beg9 *emi/ry1 hav+ by t "t ga9$ a v good idea ( h[ to apply _! ari?metic z well z _! k ( ! fundam5tal physical pr9ciples to ! solution ( practical problems4 ,x is important to po9t out t ! sy/em "h advocat$ inv]ts ! usual ord] ( tea*+ *emi/ry4 ,?is subject is divid$ into 8pure0 & 8physical10 & x is usual at ! pres5t "t to beg9 by tea*+ 8pure0 *emi/ry1 t is to say1 ! prep>ations & prop]ties ( a numb] ( ! common] elem5ts & comp\nds1 ?is "p be+ consid]$ easi] ?an 8physical0 *emi/ry1 :i* h[ev] ought logically to prec$e x1 s9ce x treats ( ! fundam5tal laws ^u :i* 8pure0 *emi/ry dep5ds4 ,a k ( simple physical *emi/ry is n[ requir$ = all *emi/ry exam9ations1 c&idates = :i* are expect$ to h a work+ acqua9tance ) simple physical app>atus1 to be famili> ) ! b>omet] & !rmomet]1 ! effects ( heat on solids1 liquids & gases1 d5sity & specific heat1 etc41 etc42 !y are liable moreov] to be ask$ to solve any simple problems on measurem5t4 ,n[ by giv+ prec$5ce to 8physical0 *emi/ry1 all ?is is done & done ?or\ghly be=e exam9ations are ?\ght (1 s t :at is g5]ally reg>d$ by pupils at ! pres5t "t z ! mo/ difficult portion ( _! subject is made by ?is means its ,a ,b ,c1 & ! "t sp5t ^u actual exam9ation "w c be consid]ably curtail$4 8,pure0 *emi/ry is introduc$ by ! /udy ( ! me?ods ( te/+ all k9ds ( sub/ances s z to be able to classify !m r\ghly z m9]al or vegetable1 organic or inorganic1 etc4 ,! *emi/ry c\rse sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,arm/rong & adopt$ by ! ,incorporat$ ,association ( ,head ,ma/]s is /rongly to be recomm5d$1 z x is drawn up p>ticul>ly ) a view to imp>t+ 8n only in=mation b *iefly a k ( me?od04 ,x op5s ) 8/udies ( ! effect ( heat on ?+s 9 g5]al2 ( _! behavi\r :5 burnt10 & goes on to ! inve/igation ( su* famili> ?+s z air & nitrog51 combu/ion & oxyg51 hydrog5 & wat]4 ,=mul & equations are rigidly exclud$1 ! aim be+ to give a broad introduction to ! subject2 on ! o!r h& quantitative exp]im5ts =m a mu* l>g] "p ( ! curriculum ?an is usually ! case1 ! previ\s tra9+ 9 physical me?ods hav+ prep>$ ! way = tea*+ *emi/ry 9 a m exact mann] ?an is g5]ally possible ) beg9n]s4 ,a girl :o has gone ?r\gh ! sci5tific tra9+ outl9$ 9 ! prec$+ pages w possess an elem5t>y k ( _m subjects2 %e w f9d little difficulty 9 ma/]+ ! in=mation requir$ = ! ,london ,matriculation or any o!r prelim9>y exam9ation 9 physical sci5ce1 ! great] portion ( ! gr\nd bo? 9 physics & *emi/ry hav+ already be5 cov]$ dur+ ! prelim9>y c\rse indicat$4 ,x is c]ta9 t /ud5ts :o h und]gone su* a sy/ematic education )\t hurry & )\t pressure1 & ) opportunities = reason+ out ea* /ep = !mselves1 w be 9 a condition to d]ive ! maximum ( b5efit f subsequ5t in/ruction n only 9 *emi/ry b 9 all o!r bran*es ( k4 ,typical ,lessons 9 ,*emi/ry4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! lesson ! problem to be solv$ is ann\nc$ by ! tea*]1 :o invites sugge/ions z to h[ x %\ld be attack$4 ,a s*eme ( "w is ?us prep>$ :i* is c>ri$ into practice by ! pupils2 e detail ( manipulation is p]=m$ by ! girls !mselves1 :o select _! own app>atus1 b5d _! own tub+1 etc41 ref]r+ only occasionally to ! tea*] = help4 ,! s*eme is elaborat$ z ! inve/igation proce$s s z to =m a piece ( consecutive reason+ :i* may ext5d ov] a s]ies ( lessons4 ,problem4 ,to discov] ! con/itution ( *alk4 ,typical lesson4 ,be+ famili> ) simple me?ods ( te/+ unkn[n sub/ances1 heat & ! action ( acid are at once sugge/$ by ! pupils z a means ( inve/igation1 & a prelim9>y exam9ation is made %[+ t heat does alt] *alk 9 "s way1 :]eas ! addition ( acid causes ! lib]ation ( a gas4 ,! next /ep is to f9d out :e!r ! *alk loses or ga9s any?+ by be+ heat$2 also to det]m9e ! nature ( ! gas giv5 (f "u ! influ5ce ( acid4 ,sugge/ions are aga9 receiv$ f ! girls1 :o are l$ to decide t ! fir/ "p ( ! "q may be answ]$ by submitt+ a weigh$ quantity ( *alk to a mod]ately high temp]ature1 weigh+ at int]vals until ! weight1 if x *anges at all1 aga9 becomes con/ant4 ,!y proce$ !re=e to weigh _! empty crucibles ) ! usual precautions & !n to reweigh !m aft] hav+ put 9 "s dry *alk4 ,! numb]s obta9$ are c>efully ent]$ 9 ! laboratory note-book ) :i* ea* girl is provid$4 ,! crucibles are !n plac$ 9 a 8muffle0 furnace1 :i* ! pupils are taught to manage = !mselves1 & are only )drawn at ! end ( ! lesson & plac$ 9 desiccators to be reweigh$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! next lesson1 :5 !y w be aga9 submitt$ to ! same treatm5t until ! weight is con/ant4 ,:ile ! crucibles are be+ heat$ prep>ations are made = f9d+ out ! action ( acid on *alk2 ! pupils are l$ to sugge/ a simple =m ( app>atus = measur+ ! volume & weight ( ! gas giv5 (f1 & h5ce = det]m9+ its d5sity4 ,by ! "t ?is is done ! h\r & a half all[$ = ! lesson w probably h expir$4 ,at ! next lesson1 aft] a prelim9>y que/ion+ z to :at ea* pupil has done & is go+ to d1 ! app>atus decid$ ^u at ! previ\s lesson is c>efully prep>$2 subsequ5tly ! actual exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! quantity ( gas giv5 (f are p]=m$ & its d5sity det]m9$1 & f9ally x is %[n t ! gas giv5 (f f *alk "u ! action ( heat is id5tical ) t releas$ by acid1 *alk be+ compos$ ( ?is gas & ! residue left aft] heat+ x 9 a muffle furnace until ! weight is con/ant4 ,x w be se5 t ?is "w involves a consid]able am\nt ( weigh+ & calculation1 b ?is is r5d]$ easy by ! previ\s gr\nd+ 9 elem5t>y physics1 & a s]ies ( exp]im5ts su* z t describ$ may be c>ri$ out intellig5tly by any prop]ly tra9$ class ( girls4 ,,"p ,,iv4 ,,/hetics4 ,,art4 ,by ,,doro!a ,,beale4 ,?is "p is "o ( great & p]haps increas+ importance ow+ to ! developm5t ( musical education & ( art & te*nical s*ools4 ,music4 ,! p[] ( music ov] ! emotional life has ev] be5 felt2 9 _m ways x is oppos$ to ?\ght1 if we reg>d x f ! /&po9t ( ! li/5]1 :o yields himself up to its influ5ce2 on ! o!r h&1 ! p]=m]1 & /ill m ! compos]1 c br+ to be> on ! subject high intellectual gifts1 & x may h a great educational value4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance1 t 9 ?is z 9 all /hetics1 a ta/e be cultivat$ = all t is true & pure & lovely2 n = l[ & false & s5su\s music su* z ,br[n+ has describ$ 9 ! 8,toccata ( ,galuppi10 b = ! ?\ghtful1 ! devotional1 z giv5 9 ! two companion poems1 8,hughes ( ,saxe ,go?a0 & 8,abt ,vogl]02 & ! le>n] %\ld feel t %e is /udy+ to express "r feel+s1 z ,mme4 ,s*umann & ,j5ny ,l9d insi/$1 n to %[ (f h] execution & make a display4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t ! g5]al education is (t5 /opp$ 9 ord] to specialise 9 music & art1 be=e ! m5tal equilibrium is fully e/abli%$2 if1 besides ?is1 !re is an uproot+ f "o's home & c\ntry1 at ! mo/ impressionable & excitable p]iod ( life1 mu* dang] is incurr$4 ,music is n only a p[]ful means ( expression & ( promot+ sympa?y1 x also draws p toge!r = heal?y recreation2 especially valuable = ?is purpose are or*e/ral & *oral classes4 ,! p[] ( ! arti/ 9 music is f> bett] und]/ood ?an x 0 fifty ye>s ago4 ,i rememb] ,dr4 ,k9kel1 ! ,g]man poet1 say+ to me ab\t ! ye> #ahfj1 8! ,engli% w become a musical p1 !y are le>n+04 ,we owe mu* to ,mr4 ,hullah = ?is1 & to ! ,tonic-,sol-fa sy/em4 ,i subjo9 a pap] by a mo/ able tea*] ( ! piano1 "o on ! viol91 two pap]s on s++ & "o on voice production & elocution4 ,art hi/orical4 ,we are beg9n+ n[ to /udy art 9 connection ) ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( diff]5t p]iods & c\ntries4 ,9 ano!r section ,i h t\*$ on art 9 connection ) hi/ory4 ,we all "k h[ great has be5 9 all ages ! p[] ( art 9 express+ & =m+ religi\s ideas2 we _c b see t ,fra ,angelico & ,dante int]pret "o ano!r4 ,!re is n space "h to dwell on ! subject2 ! writ+s ( ,rusk9 & ,br[n+ & ! works ( ! ,pre-,raphaelite bro!rhood h help$ ?is g5]ation to feel all t art may be 9 our life4 ,! educative p[] ( great pa9t+s has be5 practically recognis$ by ^? :o h ga!r$ toge!r great pictures 9 ,ea/ ,london--! ,art = ,s*ools ,association recognises its importance2 by visits to gall]ies1 by good reproductions1 & occasional lectures1 *ildr5 %\ld if possible h _! eyes op5$ to see :at are ! high] tea*+s :i* pa9t]s & sculptors & ar*itects h express$ 9 _! works2 ^? :o h he>d ,miss ,h>rison's lectures "k h[ ! /atues1 vases1 friezes1 etc41 ( old times help u to make ^! live aga9 = u2 especially valuable is :at ^? ( our own "t h giv5 u1 = ^! utt] :at is mo/ intr9sic 9 our life4 ,engl& is ri*] = su* pictures z 8,! ,light ( ! ,_w04 ,mr4 ,?r+ us$ to insi/ mu* on s*ools be+ z beautiful z possible1 & t pa9t$ w9d[s & all ! surr\nd+s %\ld help 9 ! great "w ( education1 ! fulfill+ ( ! human nature ) ! s5se ( ! spiritual und]ly+ realities2 x %\ld be ! e>ne/ endeav\r ( all educators to make1 z ,h]b>t has done1 /hetics 9 its wide/ s5se1 a help 9 e?ics1 & to consecrate & enri* ! exp]i5ces & ! tea*+s :i* come to u ?r\gh s5se4 ,draw+4 ,draw+ z a mode ( expression is a really necess>y subject2 x is a =m ( writ+2 & modell+ is ano!r =m ( effective expression4 ,9 _! high] aspects ^! arts are ennobl+1 cultivat+ ! ta/e & lead+ up to ! ideal4 8,once10 writes ,dr4 ,h>ris1 8tra9$ to recognise ! beautiful & graceful1 ! pupil has acquir$ a quality ( m9d useful 9 e occupation & e /ation40 ,pa9t+4 ,!re is an admirable pap] by ,mr4 ,cooke1 8,! ,a ,b ,c ( ,draw+10 9 ! volume ( ,reports j issu$ f ! ,education ,(fice4 ,all :o h he>d ,mr4 ,cooke lecture1 mu/ recognise t he has a real g5ius = tea*+4 ,9 s*ools we h to d *iefly ) cultivat+ ! p[] ( see+ ?+s z !y are1 & express+ :at we see4 ,! copy+ ) ! p5cil ( ! ,greek sculptures has be5 ( mu* educational value1 b en\gh importance has n be5 atta*$ to modell+4 ,i add an excell5t pap] on ! subject4 ,o!r te*nical arts4 ,te*nical s*ools are s mu* ! fa%ion ( ! day1 t ,i may p]haps add some?+ m on ! subject ( manual tra9+4 ,all /ud5ts ( ,pe/alozzi & ,frbel knew ! great educational value ( manual "w1 b ! g5]al public1 ?\gh !y knew t m9d act$ on muscle1 did n realise ! fact t muscle react$ on m9d2 :5 ?is 0 recognis$1 _m educational ?9k]s saw ! importance ( giv+ to h& arts a m prom95t place 9 s*ool "w4 ,a great reaction set 9 aga9/ m]e book le>n+1 & z ,i v5ture to ?9k an exagg]at$ & indiscrim9at+ value 0 by "s atta*$ to manual "w4 ,! en?usiasm ( ,h]r ,salomon br\ght to ! front ! use ( ,sloyd4 ,political circum/ances & ! ne$ ( compet+ ) =eign c\ntries h contribut$ to give a great impulse to education 9 art1 & to develop & improve ! tra9+ :i* _h nev] be5 altoge!r neglect$ 9 girls' s*ools4 ,i subjo9 pap]s on v>i\s h& arts1 includ+ "o on ,sloyd4 ,at a meet+ held at ,wa%+ton 9 #ahhi1 ! matt] 0 br\ght be=e ! dep>tm5t ( ,sup]9t5d5ce1 & a volume 0 issu$ f ! ,bureau ( ,education :i* conta9s a v full acc\nt ( ! proce$+s2 x includes an admirable pap] ( ab\t tw5ty pages by ,dr4 ,h>ris1 ,*ief ,commission] ( ,education1 f :i* ,i make "s extracts4 ,! matt] is consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to 8,educational ,value04 ,he beg9s by def9+ :at is ! ma9 purpose ( s*ool tea*+1 criticis+ ! def9itions :i* po9t to false or ill-compreh5d$ or crude ideals1 :i* turn our ?\ghts to ! means r ?an ! ends ( education1 & :i* lead ! educator away f ! ess5tial idea ( education by fix+ att5tion on ! 8puny individual0 r ?an on ! 8high] self0 embodi$ 9 in/itutions2 ! ideal man1 :om we c see only z a memb] ( ! great human family4 ,education he def9es z 8! great prep>ation ( ! individual to help 8 fell[-m51 & to receive 9 turn & appropriate _! help04 ,:il/ conc$+ t manual tra9+ is educative1 he %[s :y x is mu* inf]ior to ! usual subjects ( s*ool in/ruction4 8,man elevates himself above ! brute creation by 8 ability to )draw 8 att5tion f ! ext]nal _w ( ! s5ses & give att5tion to en]gies1 =ces1 produc+ causes1 pr9ciples4 ,he c look f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al2 )\t los+ ! p>ticul> he grasps toge!r ! :ole realm ( ! p>ticul> 9 ! g5]al--9 ma/]+ ! cause ( any?+ he grasps toge!r & compreh5ds an indef9ite s]ies ( effects4 8,a false psy*ology tells u t we d]ive all our k f s5se-p]ception1 b we d n by ! s5ses le>n ! idea ( causal process4 ,by ?is idea all ! data ( s5se are trans=m$ radically4 ,!y are giv5 u 9 s5se-p]ception z indep5d5t realities4 ,9 ?9k+ !m by ! aid ( causality1 we make all ^! matt]s ( s5se-p]ception into ph5om5a--or effects & manife/ations ( und]ly+ causes :i* are n visible or tangible40 ,dr4 ,h>ris %[s h[ s*ool /udies are calculat$ to give g5]al pr9ciples1 "r ideals1 & to ex]cise ! p[]s 9 elaborat+ ! data ( s5se4 8,t ! ord9>y bran*es ( in/ruction 9 s*ool relate to ?is function ( elaboration ( data into plans ( action f> m ?an !y relate to ! m]e reception ( s5se-impressions or to ! ex]cise ( ! motor n]ves1 is obvi\s4 ,x is n desirable t *ildr5 %all be taught t r\gh h& lab\r is 9 itself z hon\rable z ! elaborative toil ( ?\ght1 :i* gives rational direction to ! h&4 ,! g5]al :o plans ! battle1 & directs ! movem5t ( 8 troops s t !y secure victory1 is ( c\rse ! executive man 9 a f> high] s5se ?an ! private soldi] :o me*anically obeys :at he is ord]$ to d4 ,! g5]al may use 8 motor n]ves only 9 issu+ ! words ( comm&1 :ile ! private soldi] may ex]t to ! utmo/ e muscle 9 8 body--yet ! real executive is ! g5]al40 ,& he concludes t only 9 s f> z manual tra9+ is calculat$ to develop ! high] faculties1 ought x to be reg>d$ z a valuable bran* ( s*ool education4 ,! pupils' m9ds mu/ n h[ev] be fix$ on ! acquisition ( manual dext]ity1 s t !y ?9k m ( ! 8execution0 ?an ! musical ?\ght--m ( m]e copy+ ?an ( int]pret+ nature or ! arti/'s ideal4 ,,pian(orte ,,tea*+4 ,by ,,dom5ico ,,b>nett1 ( ! ,leipzig ,cons]vatorium4 ,l e bran* ( s*ool education1 ! tea*+ ( ! pian(orte requires consid]ation f two simultane\s po9ts ( view4 ,two all-important que/ions h to be answ]$ ) cle>ness & decision4 ,:at is1 or :at ought to be1 ! def9ite aim ( ! tea*]8 ,& :at is ! mo/ efficaci\s process = a*iev+ ?is aim8 ,z to ! aim & purpose1 we may happily dismiss1 once & = all1 ! old & imbecile notion ( ! piano z a conv5tional 8accompli%m5t02 9 m accurate language an in/rum5t ( un9tellig5t & repulsive me*anical drudg]y1 calculat$ to eradicate f ! pupil :atev] modicum ( music ,nature might h be/[$ on h]4 ,! cultivation ( ! piano = ! sake ( va9 display is n yet obsolete4 ,b ?\gh ?is unackn[l$g$ object mu/ inevitably cont9ue to actuate _m pupils & _m p>5ts1 ! tea*]1 s f> f indulg+ x1 %\ld set 8 face /]nly aga9/ x4 ,x is true t x is 8 bus9ess to develop 8 pupils' p]=m+ p[]s to ! utmo/ ( _! v>y+ capacities4 ,b ?is practical & visible result is b subord9ate & auxili>y to "o :i* is inf9itely high]4 ,n e pupil1 h[ev] musically gift$1 has x 9 h] to become a f9e executant1 any m ?an f9e execution implies1 ( itself1 mu* beyond m]e manual dext]ity4 ,b :at ! prop]ly qualifi$ tea*] c d = all is to educate--t is to say to draw out--all t ,nature has put into !m3 to %[ !m :at music means3 to quick5 & develop _! musical feel+1 be x mu* or little1 by r5d]+ x intellig5t3 to give _! ta/e a f\ndation ( "r pr9ciple3 to cultivate ! e> & ! bra9 z well z ! h&3 to put !m 9 ! "r road = pursu+ & p]haps specialis+ _! /udies aft] _! s*ool c\rse is ov]3 9 %ort1 to make !m musicians1 s f> z musicians c be made4 ,! /udy ( ! pian(orte1 !n1 is an indisp5sable means to a v l>ge & s]i\s end4 ,!re is no occasion to dwell ^u ! peculi> suitability ( ! piano z ! basis ( musical /udy4 ,z to t1 !re are n1 & _c be1 two op9ions1 ev5 if univ]sal exp]i5ce _h n settl$ ! matt]4 ,nor is x ne$ful to dwell ^u ! qualifications to be requir$ 9 a tea*]4 ,e "o kn[s ! requisite qualifications ( all tea*]s ( all subjects4 ,b x s happ5s t ! tea*] ( ! pian(orte1 9 any s*ool :]e mu* is--z x ought to be--expect$1 has to cont5d ) a peculi>ly =midable li/ ( prelim9>y difficulties1 & to dispose ( ^! be=e he c proce$ to build ^u a prop]ly prep>$ gr\nd4 ,) ^! two topics1 ! prep>atory & con/ructive portions ( 8 duty to 8 pupils1 to himself1 & to 8 art1 ,i w proce$ to deal 9 z few words z ! nature ( s l>ge a subject all[s4 ,& fir/1 z to ! commone/ ( all 8 ob/acles1 :i* is-- ,previ\s ,home ,tea*+ 7s-call$74--,music1 ev5 m ?an ) mo/ o!r bran*es ( education1 %\ld beg9 ) c>eful1 intellig5t & sy/ematic in/ruction at home4 ,yet h[ seldom does ! tea*] f9d ?is to be ! case6 ,a truly appall+ ignorance ( ! m]e/ rudim5ts is con/antly f\nd 9 girls ( all ages on fir/ com+ to s*ool1 aft] six or sev5 ye>s ( 8lessons f a ma/]0 or 8f a lady04 ,9 exce$+ly few in/ances has any attempt be5 made to awak5 a love ( music1 mu* less to lay a f\ndation = its s]i\s /udy4 ,p>5ts1 "o mu/ presume1 h n yet outgr[n ! delusion t anybody is good en\gh to />t a *ild's musical education2 :]eas x is precisely dur+ ! p]iod prec$+ s*ool life t in/ruction g5]ally produces ! mo/ la/+ results = good or = evil2 & x is usually = evil4 ,x may be t a c]ta9--or unc]ta9--am\nt ( me*anical flu5cy has be5 acquir$1 b to ! total exclusion ( all else2 & ?is leads to a fur!r grave difficulty = bo? tea*] & pupil-- ,insuffici5t ,"t4--,!re w\ld be amply adequate "t = musical progress at s*ool if ! ord9>y pupil _h n s mu* to unle>n4 ,z ?+s are1 ! inevitable /ra9 ^u a girl impos$ by o!r /udies r5d]s ! comp>atively %ort "t allott$ to music a p]iod ( we>9ess ( m9d4 ,! pupil1 naturally en\gh1 rebels aga9/ ! sev]ity ( a prop] c\rse ( /udy2 & x is long be=e ! mo/ pati5t tea*] c get 8 impati5t pupil well 9 h&4 ,he is ?us sorely tempt$ to make a-- ,compromise ) ,consci5ce4--,?is is n /at+ ! matt] a :it too /rongly4 ,h&icapp$ by wrong prelim9>y tra9+ & its consequ5ces1 ! tea*]1 9 ord] to r5d] "s result visible to p>5ts & s*ool au?orities1 (t5 sacrifices sub/antial education to sup]ficial display4 ,h[ absolutely wrong ?is is1 requires--x is to be hop$--no argum5t4 ,b1 inexcusable z x is on e pr9ciple ( educational e?ics1 x is b\nd to be ( con/ant occurr5ce :]ev] ! s*ool au?orities fail to und]/& a music ma/]'s duty1 & to support him 9 do+ x fe>lessly & hone/ly1 )\t respect to ! ignorant impati5ce ( p>5ts or pupils :o h n laid to he>t ! maxim ( sat cito si sat b5e4 ,9 proce$+ to ! positive "w ( tea*+1 z di/+ui%$ f ! prelim9>y task ( un-tea*+1 x w be ! simple/ c\rse to dismiss ^! only too =midable ob/acles z non-exi/5t or ov]come1 & to consid] at :at a tea*] %\ld aim :o enjoys all ! advantages t he c reasonably expect4 ,"u ! mo/ disadvantage\s conditions he c at any rate aim z high z circum/ances all[4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 t he has ! ine/imable advantage ( a pupil :o is a complete beg9n]1 ) ev]y?+ to le>n & no?+ to unle>n4 ,at ! v outset-- ,a ,feel+ = ,well-m>k$ ,rhy?m %\ld receive cultivation4 ,?is is p]haps mo/ easily acquir$ :]e a k9d]g>t5 has be5 available1 by m>*+ r\nd to /rongly-m>k$ tunes or ev5 to ! beat ( a drum4 ,?is feel+--m or less in/9ctive ) mo/1 & seldom beyond acquisition by any--%\ld1 z soon z possible1 be r$uc$ to =m & ord] by-- ,a ,k ( ,"t ,sy/em & ! ,key-bo>d3 t is to say1 a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! notes on ! key-bo>d1 s t !y may be readily recognis$ by _! %ape1 toge!r ) _! equival5t re/s & o!r signs belong+ to ! "t sy/em4 ,all ?is %\ld become in/9ctively famili>2 & is foll[$ 9 natural sequ5ce by-- ,a ,k ( ! ,scale ,sy/em4--,! beg9n] %\ld be able to locate ! sev]al scales on ! in/rum5t & to und]/& _! =mation4 ,b "t ought n to be wa/$ by insi/+ too mu* ^u scale practice1 until ! pupil's h&s are suffici5tly /rong4 ,x w be q suffici5t1 at ?is p]iod ( a c\rse1 to ga9 a ?or\gh k ( ! notes & f+]+ ( ! v>i\s scales & *ords1 great c>e be+ tak5 at ! same "t to cultivate a good position ( h& & a prop] use ( ! f+]s !mselves1 by way ( f\ndation = a good & s\nd te*nique4 ,9 ! case ( old] & m advanc$ pupils :o h be5 neglect$ 9 ?is direction1 x %\ld be con/antly impress$ ^u _! m9ds t ?is process is b a means to an end2 t adequate int]pretation ( music is impossible )\t ?is me*anical ex]cise ( ! f+]s1 :i* mu/ be tra9$ to foll[ & express ! mo/ delicate nuance ( _! own]'s int5tion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 su* pupils--especially ^? gift$ ) a natural dext]ity--%\ld be w>n$ t manual skill has no?+1 z su*1 to d ) music3 t brilliant execution & ! triumph ov] difficulties are nei!r m useful nor m admirable ?an danc+ among eggs unless !y are subord9ate to ! real s5se & mean+ ( a composition4 ,hav+ fairly ma/]$ ! notes1 "t & scale sy/ems1 ! pupil is n[ 9 a position to be introduc$ to-- ,a ,me?odical ,selection ( ,ex]cises & ,pieces ,pres5t+ ,v>i$ ,rhy?mical ,difficulty1 beg9n+ ) ! simple/1 & gradually advanc+ to ^? ( increas$ complexity4 ,z ! pupil advances1 easy duets1 dances1 m>*es1 etc41 sometimes if possible accompani$ by ano!r in/rum5t1 may be giv5 ) advantage1 insi/5ce be+ laid ^u a prop] habit ( c\nt+ "t4 ,?is %\ld n be done 9 a drawl+1 undecid$ mann]1 b ) a cle>1 %>p & decid$ utt]ance4 ,x ought n to be--b is--necess>y to add t ! production ( a f9e broad tone & prop] t\* %\ld receive att5tion f ! outset2 & mean:ile1 ev5 f ! e>lie/ mom5t ( h] /udies-- ,no ,bad ,music %\ld be giv5 to a ,pupil = any ,purpose1 or "u any ,circum/ances4--,no d\bt :]e a v bad /ate ( ta/e exi/s1 x is a matt] ( necessity to />t f a comp>atively l[ level ( m]it2 because 9 respect ( music1 at any rate1 a pupil %\ld nev] be giv5 :at %e _c possibly und]/&4 ,dr4 ,arnold1 x is true1 us$ to say t if y only taught a boy :at he c\ld und]/&1 y w\ld tea* him v little4 ,b l>ge m>g9s mu/ be all[$ to l>ge maxims1 & _h ,dr4 ,arnold taught music1 :]e ! fir/ & =emo/ ?+ is ta/e1 in/ead ( language1 :]e ! fir/ & =emo/ ?+ is memory1 he w\ld h modifi$ if n rev]s$ 8 dictum4 ,yet ?\gh ! pupil's ta/e & intellig5ce may be at a l[ po9t1 & require v simple f>e1 !re is happily no lack ( good music adapt$ to e degree ( intellig5ce1 & ev5 ( appetite2 & "u its influ5ce x is surpris+ h[ soon any ta/e = ! positively bad w imp]ceptibly pass away4 ,( c\rse1 ! tea*] w h to obs]ve mu* ?\ghtful c>e 9 8 selection ( music 9 ea* individual case ( ?is k9d1 always rememb]+ two ?+s--to give 8 pupil ! be/ t %e c compreh5d1 b nev] to surpass h] compreh5sion4 ,to read ,%aksp]e 9 a k9d]g>t5 w\ld n be worse wa/e ( poetry & bra9s4 ,b x is n en\gh m]ely to avoid bad music--t c always be done4 ,!re is good music :i* may be z unsuitable to c]ta9 temp]am5ts z x is suitable to o!rs3 & ! tea*] %\ld be some?+ ( a psy*ologi/ 9 ord] to ex]cise 8 judgm5t prud5tly4 ,*op9's w\ld be bad music if giv5 9 l>ge doses to a girl ( s5tim5tal & romantic temp]am5t1 ?\gh %e w\ld probably excel 9 x4 ,%e ne$s some?+ ( a m robu/ & less emotional "*4 ,ba*'s music1 on ! o!r h&1 is always "r = all & _c be too mu* employ$4 ,= /udies1 ,mr4 ,frankl9 ,taylor's judici\sly select$ ,progressive ,ex]cises may be safely & /rongly recomm5d$1 z enabl+ ! tea*] to f9d1 )\t tr\ble1 in/ances1 f ! be/ compos]s1 ( e k9d ( difficulty4 ,! ,musical ,e> simultane\sly dem&s att5tion4 ,"s pupils h a natural gift = disc]n+1 )\t ref]5ce to ! in/rum5t1 ! exact pit* ( a musical s\nd4 ,?is is by no means a necess>y indication ( great musical ability2 b x is unque/ionably a v great advantage4 ,=tunately1 x c to a consid]able ext5t be cultivat$ 9 _m cases :]e x does n exi/ naturally3 & = ?is purpose !re is no?+ s efficaci\s z-- ,! ,elem5t>y ,s++ ,class1 :i* %\ld be a portion ( ! curriculum ( e s*ool1 & %\ld be compulsory = e /ud5t ( music4 ,prop]ly conduct$1 ?is class _c be valu$ too highly4 ,9 x1 rudim5t>y !ory is taught 9 a sy/ematic & practical mann]4 ,v few girls are able to ?9k musically4 ,to ! be/ in=m$ among !m a major ?ird consi/s ( s _m semitones1 & c be f\nd 9 s _m scales2 b :5 se5 ^u pap]1 ! notes convey no idea ( _! prop] s\nd4 ,"h !n1 ! pupil w be taught to recognise & s+ all int]vals & *ords1 & ev5 to write !m d[n f dictation4 ,z practical in/ruction 9 "t & rhy?m =ms an important portion ( ! lesson1 ! evil effects ( ! defective su/a9+ p[] ( ! pian(orte c be 9 a measure rem$i$4 ,franz ,wlln]'s sy/em is excell5t4 ,?us ! me*anical portion ( ! pian(orte tea*]'s "w may be v b5eficially supplem5t$ & ext5d$1 by be+ plac$ 9 fre% lights "u diff]5t conditions4 ,! use & mean+ ( any /udy are nev] s manife/ z :5 x is se5 to be applicable 9 sev]al directions4 ,"h concludes :at may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ p]iod ( in/ruction4 ,giv5 suffici5t "t = practice1 fair av]age ability & no physical defects to cont5d aga9/1 good results may reasonably be look$ =4 ,z ! pieces select$ = /udy assume a m important "*1 ! pupil %\ld be made to p]ceive h[ !y are con/ruct$2 h[ "o portion gr[s out ( ano!r2 & by :at arti/ic process a composition has obta9$ its symmetry & balance4 ,! ,/udy ( ,h>mony %\ld n[ be begun4 ,9 addition to ! /udy ( "p-writ+ & p]haps c\nt]po9t1 /&>d compositions %\ld be c>efully analys$4 ,?is gives a p[] ( compreh5sion & appreciation q ap>t f any capacity = int]pretation1 & probably bett] wor? acquir+4 ,_m p]sons comb9e consid]able musical tal5t ) a physical inability to a*ieve excell5ce z p]=m]s4 ,su* ( ^! :o h p]sev]$ to ?is po9t w h le>n$ to f9d an intellectual & sympa!tic delight 9 ! works ( ! great ma/]s1 & an arti/ic pleasure 9 ! p]=mance ( _! m gift$ int]pret]s4 ,m successful executants may n[ proce$ 7:5 x is consid]$ desirable7 to ! m s]i\s /udy ( scales & f+] ex]cises1 ! tea*] wat*+ c>efully = any signs ( physical weakness4 ,will+ b weak h&s are too (t5 injur$ by ov]work1 & ! adoption ( "s means = /r5g!n+ !m1 suitable to ea* individual case1 %\ld be made an ess5tial "p ( _! tra9+4 ,inde$ ! tea*] w\ld d well to make a c>eful /udy ( ! peculi>ities ( h&s1 v great diff]5ce ( treatm5t be+ requir$ 9 diff]5t cases4 ,"s h&s are s unfit = pian(orte play+ z to make x a "q :e!r x is wor? :ile1 = any reason1 to cont9ue ! attempt4 ,to return to scales & f+] ex]cises--x w n be go+ too f> to say t !y _c be practis$ too assidu\sly at ?is po9t4 ,z a /imulus x may be f\nd advisable to all[ ! pupil to avail h]self ( ! num]\s musical exam9ations s mu* 9 vogue at ! pres5t "t4 ,! plan adopt$ by ,mr4 ,osc> ,b]+] 9 8 ,te*nical ,/udies is admirable1 & /rongly recomm5d$4 ,musical memory %\ld be assidu\sly cultivat$4 ,no piece ( music c be said to be le>n$ until x has be5 committ$ to memory4 ,any t5d5cy ( ! process to impov]i% ! p[] ( sight-read+ c be adequately gu>d$ aga9/ by ! daily read+ ( new music4 ,a ,regul>ly ,organis$ ,sy/em ( ,sight-read+ ,classes4--,no s*ool %\ld be )\t su* classes1 & !y %\ld be = t matt] supplem5t$ by a few m9utes ea* day to be occupi$ 9 play+ ?r\gh a new piece f beg9n+ to end1 )\t /op or int]ruption1 h[ev] wild ! blund]s may be4 ,^! w soon become few] & few]4 ,dur+ ! h\rs ( solid practice1 h[ev]1 blund]s are q ano!r matt]1 & ^? unable to help !mselves 9 ?is respect require-- ,! ,att5tive ,sup]9t5d5ce ( ,practice4--,! "t all[$ = practice %\ld be arrang$ to suit ! requirem5ts ( ! pupil1 & ne$ nev] be excessive or int]f]e ) ! g5]al c\rse ( /udy4 ,) c>e & ?\ght1 mu* good "w may be done 9 a %ort "t4 ,a l>ge proportion ( pupils ( all ages are unable to p]ceive _! own faults1 & ! "t = practice may ?us become a means ( =m+ & confirm+ fre% bad habits z fa/ z ! old ones h be5 eradicat$4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! "t allott$ 9 s*ools to practice mu/ ne$s be %ort1 e mom5t ( x %\ld be utilis$2 & v cle> explanations %\ld !re=e be giv5 to ^? :o sup]9t5d x ( :at is requir$ z well z to ! pupils !mselves--explanations :i* %\ld be punctili\sly foll[$4 ,!re are also _m cases 9 :i* ! in/ruction ( ! promis+ or fairly well-tra9$ "y pupil may be almo/ entirely und]tak5 by a compet5t assi/ant tea*]1 b subject to ! c>eful sup]vision ( ! ma/]1 :o %\ld be responsible = h] prop] progress4 ,be=e clos+ ^! rem>ks1 :i* h n be5 easy to r5d] sy/ematic or consecutive1 x w\ld be inexcusable 9 ^! days to omit all m5tion (-- ,exam9ations4--,?is is too l>ge a subject to be dwelt ^u 9 relation to music alone4 ,b x mu/ ne$s be said t "h aga9 ! temp]am5t ( pupils mu/ be consid]$4 ,9 "s cases good "w is help$ by exam9ations ( "o k9d or ano!r2 9 o!rs x is h9d]$4 ,on ?is subject we all h our own views4 ,h[ev]1 if !y c be met easily & 9 ! regul> c\rse ( /udy1 )\t =c+ or cramm+1 or int]rupt+ solid "w1 let !m be und]gone by all means4 ,o!rwise _! use becomes abuse1 & frequ5tly t5ds to entirely false ideas ( ! pr(ici5cy ( ^? :o pass !m4 ,an app>5tly l[ po9t may be sub/antially pref]able to an app>5tly high "o4 ,b no matt] :at po9t is rea*$1 let x be ?or\ghly rea*$1 ev5 ?\gh ! "t occupi$ 9 atta9+ ?or\ghness be app>5tly d$uct$ f :at is requir$ = fur!r progress4 ,! d$uction is b seem+--n 9 reality4 ,s*ool "w is nei!r ! end1 nor ! :ole1 nor ! l>ge/1 nor ! mo/ important portion ( education4 ,f> bett] = a girl is x to leave s*ool able to play fairly well at sight1 & to execute a mod]ately difficult or ev5 easy piece faultlessly1 ?an ) ! pre/ige ( a brilliant p]=m] :i* w crumble to pieces = want ( a f\ndation z soon z %e is left to h] own res\rces4 ,ano!r gr& mi/ake1 9 ! same connection1 is made by p>5ts :o s5d *ildr5 abroad = ! cont9uation or completion ( _! musical education be=e1 by hav+ be5 prop]ly & sy/ematically gr\nd$1 !y are able to reap ! slighte/ b5efit f =eign tra9+4 ,b1 almo/ be=e all ?+s1 ,i w\ld insi/ ^u a good g5]al education = all :o %[ m>k$ musical ability1 & are ?us ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ music _! special & p>am\nt subject ( /udy4 ,music is s absorb+ a pursuit t x t5ds to n>r[ness by its own nature2 & all t incl9es to ext5d ! outlook & enl>ge ! m9d dur+ ! impressionable p]iod ( life1 is ev5 m important to ! musician ?an to ^? :o are engag$ 9 pursuits ( a less exclusive ord]4 ,! really cultivat$ musician is a prize product ( education2 b ! m]e musician1 :o may be ! m]e executant1 & no?+ else1 is ! la/ sort ( be+ t "o w\ld wi% any s*ool to evolve4 ,to conclude1 !re is p]haps no royal road to ! successful /udy ( any?+2 !re is c]ta9ly none to ! pian(orte4 ,i h n attempt$ s va9 a task z to try to make "o4 ,:at ,i h und]tak5 is to po9t out ! crags t mu/ be fac$ ) a /\t he>t1 & ! be/ & safe/ pa?--:i* is n necess>ily ! %orte/--to ! va/ /ores ( intellectual pleasure & pr(it await+ ! aspirant long be=e ! :ole j\rney's end4 ,,! ,,viol94 ,by ,,lewis ,,hann4 ,! tea*+ ( ! viol9 9 our s*ools has ( late ye>s atta9$ a high grade ( effici5cy4 ,! progress ( musical education g5]ally has be5 rem>kable1 b mo/ especially s 9 ! /udy ( ! viol91 & p]haps no bran* ( ! art dem&s s mu* ( ! tea*]4 ,x is n en\gh = him to be a good & brilliant p]=m]2 ! real gifts :i* con/itute ! successful tea*] are great pati5ce1 self-control1 tact1 discretion & a good k ( "*4 ,x is n judici\s to lay d[n h>d & fa/ laws1 & pursue a c]ta9 beat5 track 9 tea*+1 = no two pupils are con/itut$ alike1 & x is (t5 desirable1 accord+ to ! disposition ( ! pupil1 to take a some:at circuit\s r\te to atta9 ! desir$ goal4 ,) really tal5t$ pupils1 ( c\rse1 no tr\ble :atev] is exp]i5c$--x is ! br++ into life hidd5 or dormant abilities 9 ! less gift$ :i* proves ! art1 sci5ce & exp]i5ce ( ! tea*]4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a /r+ or*e/ral or an ensemble class1 ev5 9 a humble way1 is ( great advantage to viol9 /ud5ts4 ,n only are ! practices a s\rce ( pleasure & delight to ! pupils1 b !y help greatly to improve !m 9 ! practice ( sight-read+2 & 9 ! /udy ( ensemble music !y le>n to give m s]i\s att5tion to ! m>ks ( expression & to obs]ve ! nuances4 ,also by tak+ "p !mselves 9 ! p]=mance ( important compositions !y le>n to appreciate ^! prop]ly :5 !y he> !m r5d]$ by great p]=m]s4 ,x is well = ! pupils to att5d high-class conc]ts z frequ5tly z possible2 ! e>ne/1 obs]vant /ud5t w d]ive great b5efit & le>n mu* t is invaluable f he>+ good works p]=m$ by s\nd arti/s4 ,,class-,,s++4 ,by ,,flor5ce ,,mosley1 ,pupil ( ,%akespe>e4 ,class-s++4 ,class-s++ is good = all2 x educates n ! voice only1 b e>1 eye & memory4 ,classes ( "y *ildr5 %\ld n be compos$ ( less ?an fifte5 or tw5ty2 if ! voice ( a pupil is too audible to h]self & h] neighb\r1 %e becomes self-consci\s & %y2 9 a fairly l>ge class ! pupil m]ely swells a g5]al body ( s\nd4 ,9 a class ( ?irty ! tea*] %\ld be able easily to detect a default]2 %e %\ld n h[ev] correct by "n1 z ?is t5ds to produce n]v\sness2 %e %\ld indicate ! direction f :i* ! faulty s\nd proce$s4 ,a few voices %\ld n be all[$ to pr$om9ate ov] ! o!rs1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t any ov]-ex]tion ( voice4 ,position is v important2 ! pupils %\ld /& upright1 ) heels toge!r & h&s loosely clasp$ 9 front4 ,good ord] mu/ be ma9ta9$1 & ?or\gh att5tion exact$4 ,! classes = "y *ildr5 %\ld n exce$ half an h\r 9 l5g?1 b = eld] pupils =ty-five m9utes to an h\r is desirable4 ,notation4 ,9 ea* lesson a few te/ que/ions on notation %\ld be giv51 & 9 ord] to avoid ! answ]s proce$+ only f a few ( ! m musical or quick] pupils1 all answ]s %\ld be writt54 ,e> te/s4 ,e> te/s are be/ taught by tak+ ! middle ,c z a />t+-po9t1 ! pupils be+ requir$ to give ! "n ( e note /ruck )9 ! octave1 & also ( ! int]val s =m$2 :5 !y are ?or\ghly famili> ) all ! s\nds conta9$ 9 t octave1 ! process %\ld be repeat$ ) ano!r note z ! tonic4 ,hav+ writt5 ! e> te/s1 !y %\ld proce$ to s+ !m1 ! conductor /rik+ a note ^u ! piano & requir+ ! class to pit* any int]val he m5tions ei!r above or bel[ t note1 )\t assi/ance f ! in/rum5t4 ,by ?is means ! pupils become famili> ) ! relation ( "o note to ano!r1 & s f9d no difficulty 9 read+4 ,dictation4 ,musical dictation is ano!r important means ( tra9+ ! e>2 ! melody ( a simple well-kn[n tune--if possible )9 ! compass ( an octave--%\ld be play$ ov]2 ! key & />t+-note be+ giv5 to ! class1 !y %\ld be requir$ to write d[n ! notes ( ! melody f memory4 ,at fir/ x w be f\nd necess>y to play ! tune ov] sev]al times1 until ! class becomes us$ to ! ex]cise4 ,to m advanc$ classes m elaborate melodies c be giv51 & ! h>monies fill$ 94 ,rhy?m4 ,?is is be/ taught by mak+ ea* memb] ( ! class beat "t1 :ile ! conductor plays tunes ( v>i\s measures on ! in/rum5t us$ = accompany+ ! class4 ,?is enables ! pupils to realise ! /rong & weak beats4 ,ano!r way is to dictate ! notes ( a melody to ! class1 mak+ ! pupils fill 9 ! b> l9es & "t signature4 ,read+ at sight4 ,! pupils %\ld fir/ read unaccompani$ s+le notes f ! blackbo>d1 foll[$ by easy ex]cises 9 unison1 & !n ex]cises 9 two or ?ree p>ts2 ! m advanc$ classes %\ld read "s oratorio music & /&>d works4 ,voice production4 ,purity r ?an volume ( s\nd %\ld be insi/$ ^u2 ! =m] c be satisfactorily obta9$ only by a s]ies ( diaphragm brea?+ ex]cises1 :i* w result 9 ! ?roat be+ left free & op54 ,! fir/ vocal ex]cises %\ld consi/ ( simple v[el s\nds1 sung on e note f ! middle ,c to ! f\r? space 9 ! treble clef4 ,^! %\ld be foll[$ by tun$ consonants1 8koo0 be+ mo/ useful = br++ ! tone =w>d4 ,su/a9$ notes %\ld !n be practis$1 also major1 m9or & *romatic scales4 ,s++ 9 p>ts4 ,on receiv+ ! "p-song ! pupils %\ld be call$ ^u to give ! key1 "t & =m ( ! composition4 ,! simple/ me?od ( tea*+ "y *ildr5 to hold _! sev]al p>ts is to give !m simple canons & r\nds4 ,9 a two-"p song ! :ole class %\ld fir/ le>n ! seconds & !n ! fir/s2 :5 ?or\ghly conv]sant ) bo? p>ts1 ! class %\ld be divid$1 ! pupils be+ call$ ^u to s+ ei!r fir/s or seconds at any "t4 ,:5 ! notes h be5 le>nt ! words %\ld be committ$ to memory & ! "p-song sung )\t copies ( ! music2 we ?us tra9 ! memory1 enable ! pupils to /& 9 good position & to give full att5tion to ! conductor's beat4 ,eld] classes may be taught to s+ 9 ?ree or f\r p>ts1 b mu* c>e is ne$$ 9 ! selection ( "p-songs1 z x is difficult to get compositions ) a small en\gh compass to avoid /ra9+ ei!r 9 ! upp] or l[] regi/]s ( "y & untra9$ voices4 ,i ne$ h>dly add h[ mu* *oral s++ helps to promote a feel+ ( sympa?y1 a "r k9d ( emulation1 & a full] appreciation ( beautiful compositions ?an c be ga9$ by solo s++ or passive li/5+4 ,,s++4 ,,tonic ,,sol-,,fa4 ,by ,,rhoda ,,rooney1 ,c]tif4 ,frbel ,society1 ,cl4 #a4 ,! ,tonic ,sol-fa sy/em is "o :i* gives e advantage = produc+ good & accurate sight-s++1 & ?is )\t ! aid ( a piano or any o!r in/rum5t4 ,! pupils c te/ ! notes z !y proce$ by ref]r+ to ! ,doh f :i* !y />t1 & :i* is reg>d$ z ! gov]n+ note ( ! scale or piece4 ,! ,doh is n necess>ily middle ,c on ! piano1 b is ! tonic ( any major scale1 all ! notes ( :i* h a c]ta9 association ) ea* o!r & ) ! gov]n+ ,doh4 ,?is relation%ip ( s\nds c be felt by ! pupils z !y li/5 att5tively to ! fir/ easy patt]ns sung by ! tea*] = _! imitation1 !reby discov]+ :at is und]/ood by ! 8m5tal effect ( s\nd04 ,suffici5t practice ( s\nds ) 8! modulator0 gives famili>ity ) ! notes ( ! scale1 *ange ( key1 or pit* 9 any relation1 & x w be f\nd t x becomes almo/ impossible = ! class to s+ out ( tune4 ,! ,tonic ,sol-fa h&-signs practis$ ) ! modulator are a v consid]able help1 :e!r ! class is compos$ ( little *ildr5 or adults4 ,"t is indicat$ by l9es & dots4 ,a p]p5dicul> l9e is plac$ be=e a /rong beat or pulse1 & a colon be=e a weak pulse4 ,a s+le dot divides ! beat 9 half1 & a comma is us$ to %[ ! division ( a qu>t] beat4 ,a horizontal l9e %[s a ti$ note1 or its equival5t1 & a re/ is repres5t$ by a blank4 ,?ree-pulse measure--,doh is ,e4 ,music ,! great advantage ( ! ,tonic ,sol-fa sy/em ov] any o!r is ! def9ite & graduat$ e>-tra9+ :i* ! pupils mu/ d]ive f x1 r5d]+ ! s++ true & accurate1 h[ev] poor ! voices may be4 ,x is also ( great use 9 develop+ ! voice & tra9+ ! e> ( ^? :o are old]1 & h = "s reason neglect$ all musical & vocal culture4 ,books recomm5d$--,curw5's ,tonic ,sol-fa ,c\rses & ,! ,s*ool ,music ,tea*]1 by ,evans & ,mc,naught4 ,publi%]s1 ,curw5 ,sons4 ,,elocution4 ,by ,,rose ,,seaton4 ,! speak+ voice is (t5 left to :at we are pleas$ to call 8,nature02 b a natural voice & a f9e speak] are l ! language ( ! race1 ! product ( cultivation4 ,weak & toneless voices are frequ5tly ! result ( faulty production4 ,we may divide ! vocal app>atus into ?ree p>ts3 7#a7 ,lungs2 7#b7 ,l>ynx2 7#c7 ,m\?4 ,consid] ! functions ( ea* sep>ately1 & aft]w>ds _! relations to "o ano!r4 ,great c>e is ne$$ to develop ! lungs1 t !y may /ore ! requisite quantity ( air & supply ! wa/e ( x con/antly & sil5tly2 brea? control is ( prim>y importance4 ,9 read+ al\d1 tea*+1 lectur+1 ! air 9 ! lungs %\ld be felt z an active =ce4 ,all spee* is utt]$ on ! outgo+ curr5t ( brea?4 ,! vocal *ords 9 ! 8voice box0 or l>ynx close :5 s\nd is made1 & toneless or woolly voices %[ t ! *ords are slack & ! brea? is pass+ ?r\gh )\t be+ us$ = s\nd1 z :5 ! b[ ( a viol9 passes ov] loos5$ /r+s4 ,note t ! l>ynx %\ld nev] be tight5$ by ! b& or coll> ( ! dress4 ,! ?ree pr9cipal resonators = s\nd are3 ! bones ( ! *e/1 ! head bones1 & ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,"r position is v important4 ,bo? 9 /&+ & sitt+ ! muscles %\ld support ! body s t ! lungs may exp& easily4 ,to inhale & hold a deep brea? is a sil5t & useful practice4 ,x /r5g!ns ! walls ( ! ?orax1 develops ! lungs1 /eadies ! action ( ! he>t1 & consequ5tly ! voice4 ,! habit ( b5d+ ! body ov] a desk or book1 ( sitt+ ) ! sp9e curv$ outw>d & ! *e/ collaps$1 ( /&+ ) ! weight ^u "o foot1 especially ^u ! heel1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,x is n en\gh to speak1 b to speak well4 ,all articulations are made 9 ! m\?1 & ! s\nd mu/ rea* ! po9t :]e ! lett] is =m$2 ! place ( ! lett] 9 ! m\? mu/ be und]/ood1 & ! quality ( x4 ,! alphabet is be/ divid$ into f\r gr\ps3 7#a7 ,v[els2 7#b7 ,explosive consonants2 7#c7 ,vibrative consonants2 7#d7 ,toneless lett]s4 ,e ^w 9 ,engli% is complete 9 itself1 & no lett] mu/ be omitt$ or jo9$ to ano!r4 ,! omission or slurr+ ( ! small words con/antly m>s ! s5se2 /ress is n requir$1 b di/9ct utt]ance4 ,a small voice1 if ! articulation is di/9ct1 w travel f>1 :ile a l\d1 ungov]n$ organ creates confusion ( s\nd & _c be und]/ood2 nor %\ld ! speak] ma9ta9 a fix$ pit*1 b all[ ! voice to pass ?r\gh _m gradations ( s\nd1 & endeav\r to express ! language naturally & musically4 ,,draw+1 ,,pa9t+1 ,,etc4 ,by ,,paul9e ,m4 ,,r&]son1 ,national ,silv] & ,bronze ,m$alli/ 7,pa9t+72 ,art ,ma/]'s ,c]tificates1 ,i41 ,,ii4 & ,,iii41 ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t2 ,tea*]-,arti/'s ,c]tificate1 ,royal ,draw+ ,society2 ,draw+ ,tea*] to ! ,pr9cesses ,m>ie & ,victoria ( ,ed9burgh1 #ahhd2 ,art ,mi/ress1 ,*elt5ham ,ladies' ,college4 ,natural draw+ ( *ildr54 ,bru%work4 ,simple designs4 ,l9e draw+4 ,mr4 ,rusk9 says1 8,accuracy & rapidity ( p]ception 444 are especially :at ma/]s & s*ools c tea*04 ,also1 t 8,all qualities ( execution are influ5c$ by1 & 9 a great degree dep5d5t on1 a f> high] p[] ?an m]e execution--k ( ! tru?04 ,) ,frbel's tea*+1 & ^! ?\ghts 9 m9d1 we obs]ve ! fir/ attempts ( *ildr5 at draw+4 ,!y draw f memory1 & _! draw+s exhibit _! k ( ! ?+s drawn4 ,9 ! fir/ lessons we d n int]f]e ) _! own natural me?od1 b we help !m to fur!r inve/igation by enc\rag+ !m to look aga9 at ! object1 ask+ !m que/ions ab\t x1 & draw+ ) !m4 ,we give ex]cises = ! h&1 wri/ & arm1 by runn+ ! p5cil r\nd c>dbo>d %apes ( simple geometric or ornam5tal =ms2 also by repeat+ /raight & curv$ l9es on squ>$ pap]4 ,we fo/] _! love ( col\r & tra9 _! inv5tive p[]s1 by us+ ! bru%4 ,if we take a bru% & fill x ) col\r1 we c 7)\t any ef=t ( draw+7 produce two simple units or elem5ts4 ,if ! po9t only t\*es ! pap]1 we h a dot2 if ! side1 we h a =m det]m9$ by ! size & %ape ( ! bru%4 ,we use ^! elem5ts on a network ( squ>es 7( suffici5t size71 & f9d !m capable ( produc+ ! simple/ possible designs4 ,by add+ %ort l9es1 bo? /raight & curv$1 drawn ) ! po9t ( ! bru%1 we increase our p[] & v>iety4 ,) ! same elem5ts we c approximately imitate "s v easy natural =ms1 b z 8x does n tra9 ! *ild to great accuracy10 we are v c>eful to *oose su* fl[]s1 leaves1 insects1 etc41 z ^! simple means c mo/ ne>ly repres5t4 ,we cont9ue our practice 9 draw+ l9es on squ>es = two reasons1 viz41 x is an easy me?od 7greatly us$ by design]s7 ( draw+ patt]ns1 9 :i* e v>iety ( /raight & curv$ l9es may be us$ & plac$ 9 all conceivable positions1 h5ce great facility ( l9e draw+ may be acquir$1 ! influ5ce ( :i* w be felt 9 ! writ+ ex]cises1 & new comb9ations may be made by ! *ildr5 !mselves2 also1 _m simple draw+s ( objects may be done1 ) ! advantage ( be+ true 9 _! proportions1 be=e any actual tra9+ has be5 giv5 9 t p>ticul>4 ,we d n all[ ! use ( india-rubb] 9 ?is practice4 ,bru%work prop]4 ,our next use ( ! bru% is = real draw+2 ! matt] = our designs be+ no long] m]e accid5tal =ms1 b su* z require actual draw+ l ^? on ,greek vases4 ,! flexibility ( ! bru%1 & natural movem5t ( ! wri/1 r5d] x easy to produce ^! =ms :i* are v>i$ 9 %ape & ?ickness by pressure4 ,! network ( squ>es may be ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( fill+ spaces 7su* z ! c>dbo>d %apes previ\sly m5tion$7 ) ornam5tal arrangem5ts4 ,proportions obta9$ ) ! rul]4 ,we come at l5g? to /udy proportions by ! aid ( ! rul]4 ,/raight l9es ( v>i\s l5g?s are rul$2 ^! are divid$ into simple proportions4 ,ex]cises are giv5 9 judg+ ! relative l5g?s ( l9es drawn on ! blackbo>d1 etc4 ,squ>es & oblongs are con/ruct$4 ,simple flat objects ) /raight edges are us$ z models2 !y are measur$ & drawn ) ! aid ( ! rul]4 ,! draw+s are always ( correct proportions ?\gh ! size may be v>i$1 ! measurem5ts be+ r$uc$ to 1 1 1 etc4 ,! relation ( ?is "w to ari?metic is app>5t4 ,proportional measurem5ts ) ! p5cil4 ,we give mu* "t to tea*+ ! use ( ! p5cil = measur+ proportions ?us3 "o eye is clos$1 ! p5cil is held up betwe5 ! eye & ! object1 at arm's l5g? away2 ! ?umb indicates on ! p5cil ! app>5t l5g? ( ! "p to be measur$1 :i* 7by mov+ ! h& /ill kept at ! same di/ance7 c be comp>$ ) ! :ole until its true relation%ip is asc]ta9$4 ,memory draw+4 ,object draw+4 ,con/ruction4 ,we give ex]cises 9 draw+ f memory all along ! c\rse1 ! subjects be+ *iefly animal =ms s int]e/+ to *ildr54 ,we n[ pass on to draw+ f flat objects hav+ "s curv$ z well z /raight edges4 ,let u suppose we h *os5 a ,japanese h&-scre51 :i* we hang on ! blackbo>d p>allel to ! class4 ,! size ( ! draw+s is fir/ det]m9$4 ,! proportions are ?\ght out & indicat$4 ,! model is h&$ r\nd ! class1 att5tion be+ call$ to its con/ruction4 ,:5 replac$ 9 its orig9al position1 ! curv$ edges are comp>$ ) /raight l9es to asc]ta9 _! true nature4 ,a draw+ is !n made on ! blackbo>d1 ! class foll[+ /ep by /ep4 ,:5 complete ! draw+s may be t9t$ ) flat wa%es ( col\r4 ,! patt]n may be drawn ) ! bru% or a new "o inv5t$4 ,=e%ort5+4 ,appe>ances4 ,mr4 ,taylor rem9ds u t 8x requir$ all ! ages to ! fifte5? c5tury ( our era to ma/] ! laws ( =e%ort5+04 ,to introduce ^! 8laws0 we use /raight-edg$ flat objects1 su* z a map or picture on ! wall4 ,we sit1 n n[ fac+ ! model z be=e1 b s t "o edge may be describ$ z be+ ne>] to u1 ano!r f>!r f u1 & two rec$+4 ,we h to deal ) appe>ances r ?an realities4 ,! edges we "k to be horizontal1 no long] appe> s2 we comp>e !m ) ! p5cil held horizontally until we realise ! angle !y make ) x4 ,! wid? has app>5tly gr[n mu* less & mu/ be comp>$ ) ! front edge4 ,! f>!r edge1 :i* we "k to be ! same l5g? z ! ne>] "o1 n[ looks %ort]4 ,?us we ?9k out ! app>5t *anges & make our draw+ accord+ly4 ,9 ! same way we draw ! top ( a table1 & :5 able to d s correctly we place flat objects ) curv$ edges on ! wall or table1 or diagrams ) curv$ l9es on !m1 & by comp>+ ! curves ) /raight l9es we realise _! app>5t =ms4 ,class & individual tea*+4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! *ildr5 hav+ ea* a diff]5t view ( ! model1 x is m satisfactory to take a v small class1 giv+ ea* "o z mu* p]sonal att5tion z possible until !y get accu/om$ to ! "w4 ,x is well to h "s "w ( a m popul> nature to alt]nate ) ^! lessons 9 =e%ort5+4 ,= in/ance1 ! bru% may be us$ = pa9t+ easy leaves1 fl[]s1 etc41 direct f nature1 or = flat t9t+ ( ornam5tal =ms drawn f copies or ! ca/4 ,plane geometry4 ,ex]cises 9 draw+ f writt5 descriptions1 involv+ k ( simple geometric t]ms & figures1 %\ld also be giv54 ,model draw+4 ,p]spective4 ,individual ta/es4 ,we proce$ to model draw+ prop]1 work+ 9 ! same way z 9 ! lessons on =e%ort5$ planes2 obta9+ z accurately z possible ! angles at :i* l9es appe> to rec$e2 measur+ ! wid?s ( rec$+ planes & comp>+ di/ant l9es ) ne> ones4 ,we h to deal ) p]spective1 8! sci5ce ( appe>ances10 & we d ?is 9 ! mo/ practical way4 ,we realise t x is only too possible to tea* ?is subject 9 a wrong mann]1 by putt+ rules 9 ! place ( accurate obs]vation4 ,we !re=e evolve our p]spective sket* f ! model & f9d x a great help to intellig5t draw+4 ,we frequ5tly draw our models f memory4 ,alt]nat+ ) ^! lessons we frequ5tly take a c\rse ( elem5t>y %ad+4 ,we enc\rage ! *ild 9 its own natural pref]5ces & mode ( expression1 hav+ an excell5t opportunity = do+ s 9 ! "w done at home dur+ ! week1 & especially dur+ ! vacation4 ,sugge/ive draw+4 ,gr[?4 ,we seek to modify ! r /iff & rigid k9d ( draw+ hi!rto necess>ily done1 kn[+ t high] art dem&s a sugge/ive treatm5t4 ,we use su* natural =ms z fruit1 fl[]s1 foliage1 ( :i* we draw su* l9es z seem be/ to int]pret !m4 ,we /udy v c>efully _! gr[? or developm5t4 ,we use also ca/s ( animals1 human features1 etc4 ,%ad+4 ,we endeav\r to make our %ad+ c\rse a good f\ndation = pa9t+4 ,we give ex]cises 9 flat t9t+ & graduat+ to obta9 p[] ov] ! mat]ial 7*alk1 *>coal1 p5cil or o!rwise7 & to asc]ta9 its possibilities4 ,we draw f objects hav+ flat planes su* z a cube1 plac$ s z to receive a /rong contra/ ( light & %ade2 f cyl9drical or o!r r\nd$ objects1 9 :i* we /udy specially ! %ad$ side ) its reflect$ light1 & ! position ( ! high light4 ,we "w f gr\ps ( objects ( v>i\s col\rs1 try+ to obta9 _! relative tones1 textures1 etc4 ,sacrifice4 ,my/]y4 ,we try to ar\se int]e/ 9 ! light itself1 %[+ 7by work+ ) ! class7 h[ we mu/ sacrifice m9or details to emphasise its play on ! gr\p2 also 9 ! my/]y ( %ade1 :]e9 reflect$ lights mu/ (t5 be subdu$ & details lo/4 ,pupils h to draw also f memory4 ,! figure or pa9t+ may foll[4 ,no orig9ality is claim$ = ! me?ods & c\rse advocat$4 ,!y are f\nd$ on ! desire to be educationally useful1 int]e/+ to ! pupil1 & a good gr\nd on :i* to build arti/ic "w 9 pa9t+ & design+ = wood c>v+1 *9a pa9t+1 ne$lework1 etc4 ,,bru% ,,draw+4 ,by ,,m>y ,,f>bro!r1 ,c]t4 ,frbel ,society4 ,all *ildr5 take pleasure 9 draw+4 ,:o has n se5 a baby make un9telligible /rokes on a piece ( pap]1 at ! same "t exclaim+1 8,see1 a *ick560 8a tra960 8a gee-gee60 ,b ! pleasure caus$ by su* productions is n to be comp>$ ) ! delight ) :i* a *ild ( ?ree or f\r ye>s old w h&le a bru%1 dip x 9 ! pa9t1 & !n produce a col\r$ impression on ! pap]4 ,! happy laught] ( ! baby z he sees 8 fl[] or leaf appe> w n soon be =gott5 by ^? :o h put ?is magic w& into t9y h&s4 ,& ! int]e/ d]iv$ f bru% draw+ does n pass away4 ,ea* ye> ! *ild w be able to obta9 tru] repres5tations ( ! objects he attempts to reproduce1 & e fre% ef=t w give pleasure anew to ! *ild & ! tea*]4 ,bru% draw+ may be reg>d$ f an educational /&po9t4 ,_m useful pap]s h be5 pr9t$ %[+ its educational value1 & ! help x gives 9 develop+ ! arti/ic s5se1 p[]s ( obs]vation1 etc4 ,) v little *ildr5 x seems be/ to keep to ! simple/ ex]cise = "s "t1 & to let !m repres5t any leaves1 fl[]s or insects1 :i* c be made ) ! flat impression ( ! bru%2 !y w soon le>n to hold ! bru% p]p5dicul>ly1 & ?us obta9 ?9 l9es = /ems & bran*es1 & ! f9] p>ts ( o!r objects4 ,lat] on !y w be able to repres5t ! =ms ( v>i\s animals1 z well z an inf9ite v>iety ( fl[]s & leaves4 ,x is mo/ ess5tial t ! class %\ld h ! real object to obs]ve & copy1 & :5ev] possible a specim5 %\ld be giv5 to ea* *ild1 =1 z ,rusk9 says1 8,! sight is m important ?an ! draw+02 & an e>ne/ seek+ aft] tru? & accuracy mu/ leave its impression on ! "*4 ,,pa9t+4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,ri*>dson1 ,pupil ( ,b\g]eau1 ,p>is4 ,let beg9n]s h real objects to draw f1 or any pla/] ca/s ( ornam5ts :i* c be made suffici5tly int]e/+4 ,an ,h4,b4 p5cil is ! be/ to use at fir/1 :i* may be *ang$ = a ,b4 or ,b4,b4 z m %ad+ is requir$1 until ! pupil is ready = ! m vigor\s qualities ( *>coal4 ,use ! *>coal 9 /ick on a r r\gh pap]1 ) bread = correction & pick+ out lights2 9 fact1 use ! bread z if x 7 a :ite pa9t4 ,x is bett] to sub/itute *>coal = *alk & /ump z x is quick] 9 execution4 ,= complete repres5tation1 oil col\r gives ! fulle/ range ( light & %ade possible4 ,pupils %\ld n sp5d "t 9 elaborat+ & f9i%+1 f :i* little k is ga9$2 x is bett] sp5t 9 ma/]+ new difficulties ?an 9 mak+ tidy an old draw+4 ,let x be cle>ly grasp$ be=e beg9n+ :at sort ( a draw+ is go+ to be made1 & h[ ! result is to be rea*$4 ,"o c g5]ally expla9 bett] by work+ on ! pupil's own draw+1 b "o mu/ enc\rage unaid$ ef=t4 ,ea* new /udy %\ld pres5t fre% difficulties3 "o mu/ insi/ on precision1 especially 9 ! draw+ & plac+ ( %ad[s & bright lights4 ,le>n]s %\ld try to get e t\* "r at fir/1 & nev] kn[+ly pa9t or %ade an incorrect tone4 ,p]spective %\ld be taught f real objects2 a few simple rules are suffici5t3 rules mu/ be us$ to assi/ ! eye 9 gett+ directions "r1 n to take ! place ( look+ to see h[ l9es actually d g4 ,?\gh geometric models give all necess>y problems 9 draw+ 7till we come to /udy f ! human figure71 yet !y are less int]e/+ ?an o!r ?+s4 ,let ! fir/ /udy = complete %ad+ or pa9t+ be some?+ t has an evid5t brighte/ light & a fairly d>k bit ( %ad[4 ,a big jug p>tly glaz$ is a capital subject4 ,if ! d>ke/ & lighte/ spots are got "r fir/1 ! int]m$iate tones w come easily4 ,s long z col\r is made h>moni\s1 treat x z ( second>y importance to correct tone4 ,*oose col\rs p>tly = tonic possibilities1 say r$1 blue & yell[1 two ( ea*1 "o d>k & "o light1 r bright ?an o!rwise4 ,gr\ps ( objects1 or /ill life1 are p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ subjects till ! pupil is ready to draw f life4 ,drap]y1 a curta9 or long cloak1 ?r[n ov] ! back ( a *air makes a good /udy4 ,a k ( ! proportions ( ! skeleton is mo/ useful :5 draw+ f life2 m especially if only a drap$ model c be giv54 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( draw+ f ! antique is necess>y be=e beg9n+ f ! human figure1 :i* is ! be/ & highe/ /udy bo? = draw+1 tone & col\r4 ,,fresco4 ,by ,,eadie ,,reid1 ,pupil ( ,sir ,w4 ,b4 ,ri*mond1 ,r4,a41 ,k4,c4,b4 ,! value ( draw+ = decorative purposes has be5 neglect$ 9 ! pa/4 ,an ef=t is be+ made to rem$y ?is by ! tea*+ ( ! pr9ciples ( ornam5t & ! laws ( decorative art-=m4 ,! /udy ( ,greek ,c]amic art %[s ! important "p t ! bru% plays 9 ! =mation ( conv5tional =m4 ,x is !re=e ess5tial be=e deal+ ) ! !ories ( design or composition t a ?or\gh ma/]y ov] ! bru% be acquir$4 ,! %apes :i* ! pressure ( ! bru% gives u1 w enable u ) ease to trace ! evolution ( patt]n f ! primitive zig-zag or dot & l9e to ! subtly graceful scrolls & me&]s ( lat] times4 ,be=e proce$+ to m advanc$ problems 9 design we mu/ conf9e our att5tion to ! fill+ ( spaces1 su* z squ>es1 oblongs & circles1 ) ^! simple bru% m>ks sugge/+ buds1 leaves1 fl[]s1 etc4 ,= ?is purpose we c f9d no bett] models ?an ! ,greek vase & ! skilful bru% r5d]+s ( ,japanese art4 ,:5 ! /ud5t has succe$$ 9 arriv+ at some?+ l an orig9al composition1 we mu/ be c>eful to insi/ ^u ! value ( s\nd1 well und]/ood gr[? runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole s*eme1 :ile simplicity ( l9e & orig9ality ( ?\ght %\ld be enc\rag$4 ,! application ( ! pr9ciples ( design ought to be demon/rat$ by c>toons %[+ ! ornam5t designs ( diff]5t races & ages4 ,x w\ld be advisable to "w ^! be=e ! /ud5t1 %[+ e l9e ( _! con/ruction1 /age by /age1 until we h a cle> workmanlike draw+ ^u a fairly l>ge scale4 ,:5 ! pupils c express !mselves ) fre$om1 an actual piece ( "w %\ld be tak5 9 h&1 su* z panels = a cab9et or piano1 ! design+ ( surface decoration1 wall-pap]s1 hang+s2 ! use ( ! /5cil & frieze pa9t+4 ,ladies c v well produce su* friezes on ! walls ( _! h\ses2 "s 9 ,*elt5ham h be5 mo/ satisfactorily conceiv$ & execut$ 9 temp]a1 :ile o!rs are design+ panels & frieze decorations ) a view to _! execution 9 situ4 ,,*9a ,,pa9t+4 ,by ,,m9na ,,crawley1 ,silv] ,m$alli/4 ,any "o possess+ "s k ( draw+ or pa9t+ may acquire ! te*nique ( *9a pa9t+ )\t ei!r mu* difficulty or exp5diture ( "t4 ,*9a pa9t+ possesses _m features ( int]e/ :i* make x bo? a useful & attractive /udy = "y p4 ,x is "o ( ! v olde/ =ms ( art--a fact int]e/+ ( itself4 ,! revivals 9 majolica1 fai5ce1 & _m o!r k9ds ( w>e ( late ye>s1 %[ h[ widespread ! appreciation ( ! factile art has become2 & ) ! desire = good =m & sub/ance has come t ( ! mo/ suitable decoration ( x4 ,mu* may be ga9$ 9 ! k ( design by ! adaptation ( decoration to diff]5t /yles1 s z to suit ! =m to be ornam5t$4 ,?is develops also orig9ality & manual dext]ity1 & te/s pati5ce2 no "w 9 ?is bran* c be complet$ )\t ! process ( 8fir+10 :i* assur$ly 8tries e man's "w02 = :ile x br+s to p]fection ! col\rs1 & gives ! necess>y /r5g? & gloss1 x also fixes & br+s into /rong relief e error--& w>ns aga9/ future mi/akes4 ,vases1 fl[]-pots1 tiles = fire-places1 dess]t s]vices1 tea-sets & _m useful h\sehold articles c be ornam5t$2 & ?us ta/e cultivat$ & ! home beautifi$4 ,,art ,,ne$lework4 ,by ,,m9na ,,crawley4 ,! arti/ic faculty lat5t 9 s _m wom5 :o p]haps h nev] /udi$ draw+ or pa9t+1 has 9 ?is accompli%m5t be5 develop$ quickly & m easily ?an 9 ! high] class ( art4 ,art ne$lework cultivates ! ta/e = design1 col\r+ & g5]al effect2 & is also int]e/+ z an anci5t revival4 ,! old hi/orical tape/ries1 bo? ,engli% & =eign1 h be5 fre%ly /udi$ ( late1 z well z ! ecclesia/ical "w ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies2 "s ( ?is beautiful "w has be5 equall$ if n excell$ 9 "s ( our mod]n s*ools ( ne$lework4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ne$lework1 f 8high art0 embroid]y d[n to ! pla9 sew+ & mak+ ( g>m5ts1 is excell5t = girls1 & x is to be hop$ t ! use ( ! ne$le w nev] be giv5 up 9 our s*ools or homes4 ,bo? art & pla9 ne$lework are n[ be+ successfully c>ri$ on1 ev5 ) ! v limit$ "t t c be devot$ to !m1 by ! pupils ( ! ,*elt5ham ,ladies' ,college4 ,,wood-,,c>v+1 ,,etc4 ,by ,m4 ,s4 ,,lyndon ,,smi?1 ,hon\rs ,c]tificate1 ,class ,i41 ,s*ool ( ,wood-c>v+1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,wood-c>v+ & k9dr$ h&icrafts1 :i* c be us$ = =m+ & beautify+ ! common objects 9 daily use1 h mu* educational value2 !y help to develop ! /hetic faculties1 & give habits ( neatness & accuracy & dext]ity1 & al?\gh *ildr5 at s*ool _c be turn$ into f9i%$ arti/s1 an inc5tive may be giv5 at s*ool2 & we may discov] 9 seem+ly dull *ildr5 faculties :i*1 )\t manual in/ruction1 w\ld rema9 dormant4 ,incid5tal tea*+ may be giv5 to eld] *ildr5 9 ! hi/ory ( ornam5tal design1 its uses1 purposes & mean+2 also its insep>able connection ) ar*itecture expla9$1 s t !y may be ! bett] able to und]/& ! beauties ( our own ca!drals1 & comp>e ^! intellig5tly ) ! "w ( o!r c\ntries & times4 ,= ^? :o c nev] atta9 to great pr(ici5cy1 an intellig5t int]e/ may be awak5$ 9 ! "w ( ^? to :om we owe ! r5aissance ( h&icraft1 :i* is s *>act]i/ic a factor ( our own c5tury4 ,,modell+4 ,by ,,evangel9e ,,/irl+1 ,national ,gold ,m$alli/ = ,modell+1 ,ns ,c]tificate = ,sloyd4 ,no bett] def9ition ( modell+ c be giv5 ?an ?is3 8,z c>v+ is ! art ( cutt+ d[n1 s modell+ is ! art ( build+ up04 ,modell+ develops ! p[] ( obs]vation1 = to imitate we mu/ obs]ve closely1 & only by close obs]vation c we le>n to appreciate ! beautiful :i* is en%r9$ 9 ^? gr& specim5s ( anci5t ,greek sculpture :i* h come d[n to u1 & to :i* ! untra9$ eye is bl9d4 ,! s5se ( t\* is quick5$ to a rem>kable degree1 = ! subtle modell+ ( a surface necessitates n only its close obs]vation by ! eye1 b its p]ception by ! h&4 ,also ! h& becomes cunn+ 9 deal+ ) ! mat]ial1 & ! p[] ( con/ruction is br\ght out4 ,x is a sure f\ndation = draw+ & te*nical education1 & in/ances are n want+ ( its utility 9 ! high] bran*es ( le>n+4 ,any pla/ic mat]ial may be ! m$ium1 b clay is mo/ly us$4 ,tools4 ,! fir/ & *ief tools are ! h&s & f+]s1 b "o or two o!rs1 ! %apes ( :i* w be sugge/$ by ! necessities ( ! "w1 may be add$ lat] on4 ,a modell+ bo>d or slate1 a /raight-edg$ piece ( wood & a sponge are requir$4 ,tea*+ 7class & individual74 ,beg9n+ 9 ! k9d]g>t51 modell+ %\ld cont9ue )\t a break ?r\gh ! ord9>y t]m ( s*ool life4 ,9 ! elem5t>y /age class tea*+ is ( ! greate/ value1 b no su* class %\ld conta9 m ?an eighte5 pupils4 ,! advanc$ /age w require mo/ individual tea*+4 ,elem5t>y4 ,/udies %\ld be *os5 f a c>efully graduat$ c\rse1 ! elem5t>y /age beg9n+ 7aft] ! k9d]g>t57 ) natural objects su* z simple fruits1 "s ( :i* ! pupils may h already made1 b :i* mu/ n[ be modell$ on a l>g] scale & ) m intellig5ce & accuracy4 ,!y %\ld !n pass on to m difficult fruits1 vegetables1 leaves 7tak5 s+ly & !n on ! bran*71 !n objects su* z a worn slipp]1 etc41 etc4 ,lesson to class4 ,ea* *ild %\ld be provid$ ) a duplicate ( ! object1 suffici5t pla/ic mat]ial1 a suitably %ap$ bo>d & a sponge4 ,equipp$ 9 l mann] let ! tea*] build up a model 9 view ( ! class1 giv+ ! reason = ea* /ep z %e proce$s4 ,! fir/ t5 or fifte5 m9utes ( a lesson foll[+ ! completion ( a "w1 %\ld be devot$ to ! modell+ ( a small memory sket* ( ! la/ object execut$4 ,advanc$ /age4 ,9 ! advanc$ /age ! objects ( /udy %\ld be *iefly ca/s & natural foliage1 fl[]s1 simple drap]y1 ca/s ( simple ornam5t ( bold design1 b n too geometric3 animals' heads1 or ! enl>g$ human features z ,mi*ael ,angelo's 8,david10 masks ( antique heads1 h&s1 feet & :ole heads4 ,note4 ,ca/s mu/ always be ( ! be/ & ^? mo/ approv$ = art tra9+4 ,natural objects mu/ be su* z l5d !mselves to arti/ic repres5tation4 ,z a rule1 ! models %\ld be execut$ 9 ! r\nd1 & only at ! end ( ! c\rse %\ld bas-relief modell+ 7:]e =e%ort5+ mu/ be resort$ to7 be all[$1 = ?is is ! mo/ difficult ( all pla/ic "w4 ,%\ld !re be any m>k$ arti/ic tal5t x w h %[n itself be=e ! end ( ! c\rse1 :5 ! pupil may be all[$ to specialise4 ,,sloyd4 ,by ,,evangel9e ,,/irl+4 ,sloyd1 z taught at ,ns 9 ,sw$51 its headqu>t]s1 is ! mo/ p]fect educational sy/em ( h&work 9 wood :i* has yet be5 produc$4 ,x is suitable = girls z well z boys ( ! ages ( t5 & elev5 & upw>ds4 ,ea* *ild is requir$ to make a s]ies ( useful articles call$ models1 9 :i* r\nd "w & ! squ>e "w ( ! c>p5t] are duly alt]nat$2 & ea* model introduces1 ) ! nice/ reg>d to ! graduation ( difficulties1 "s new tool or fre% ex]cise ) a tool4 ,x is us$ z a means ( develop+ physical p[] & ( =m+ "* & habit1 r ?an ( atta9+ utilit>ian ends4 ,! tools are mo/ly ^? ord9>ily us$ by a c>p5t]1 ) ?ree or f\r extra ones1 viz41 ! knife1 ! axe1 ! draw-knife & ! spoon-iron4 ,specially %ap$ c>p5t]s' b5*es1 adapt$ to ! size ( "w done1 are also us$4 ,,conclusion4 ,,relation ,,( ,,s*ool ,,to ,,home4 ,by ,,doro!a ,,beale4 ,s f> we h spok5 ( ! life ( ! *ild 9 ! s*ool4 ,i n[ ent] on ano!r bran* ( ! subject no less important1 :i* 9 a book int5d$ = tea*]s ,i %all treat f a tea*]'s po9t ( view4 ,i h spok5 ( ! great *ange :i* has tak5 place dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,9 ! days ( ,locke1 ( ,r\sseau1 ( ,s&=d & ,m]ton1 & ( ! ,edgewor?s1 x 0 only possible to educate a boy by a private tutor at home4 ,n[ ! sons ( ! nobility are no long] educat$ 9 _! own homes1 nor s5t1 z 9 e>li] days1 to o!r families4 ,a simil> *ange has tak5 place 9 ! education ( girls2 e ye> m ( ^? :o w\ld =m]ly h receiv$ _! education entirely f gov]nesses & ma/]s at home1 or at mo/ gone to a v small bo>d+ s*ool1 are /udy+ z day-pupils at l>ge s*ools & colleges1 or liv+ 9 bo>d+-h\ses4 ,! "q arises !n1 s9ce ! "t is 9 ! case ( day-girls divid$ betwe5 ! s*ool & ! home1 h[ %all ! relations betwe5 ! two be adju/$8 ,9 ! case ( ! day-girl1 ab\t elev5-twelf?s ( h] "t are sp5t at home2 9 ! case ( ! bo>d]1 ne>ly a ?ird ( ! ye>4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ dep5d ^u ! h>moni\s work+ ( ! home & ! s*ool1 if ! education is to be pr(itable1 & ! problem requires ! mo/ c>eful att5tion4 ,tea*]s full ( zeal & devotion are eag]ly seek+ to deep5 _! k1 to wid5 _! exp]i5ce1 & :5 !y h come to ! conclusion t a well-proportion$ curriculum is necess>y = m5tal developm5t1 t e>ly specialisation is h>mful1 t daily di/ractions are wa/+ ! n]v\s en]gy ( ! gr[+ girl1 !y are aggravat$ by he>+1 8,"m ?9ks geometry is no good = a girl02 8,please1 ,i am to drop my ,engli% lessons1 & give ne>ly all my "t to music02 or1 8,i c\ld n d my lessons because ,i 0 at a baza>02 or1 8,fri5ds invit$ me02 or1 8,"m does n approve ( my work+ 9 ! holidays04 ,& !n !y are tempt$ to d :at speciali/s 9 all ages h tri$ to d--to set up a b5efic5t despotism1 to say1 8,i am ,sir ,oracle1 & :5 ,i ope my lips1 let no dog b>k60 ,i once he>d ! ,head ( a ,college address a body ( tea*]s1 advis+ !m :at to say to an oppos+ "m3 8,my de> madam1 ,i "k :at is be/ = y\r *ild04 ,!re are doctors :o assume a dictatorial attitude1 b :at %\ld we say1 if a "m let ! *ild g on tak+ 8 m$ic9e )\t expo/ulation1 :5 x seem$ to be injur+ ! *ild2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 refus$ to give ! *ild m$ic9e :i* 0 b5eficial1 because ! *ild did n l x8 ,z ! doctor ne$s to li/5 to ! exp]i5ce ( ! "m1 & ! "m to c>ry out ! advice ( ! doctor1 s d p>5ts ne$ to tru/ ! *ildr5's tea*] 9 matt]s ( :i* an educational exp]t c =m ! be/ judgm5t1 & tea*]s1 l doctors1 ne$ to pr(it by ! exp]i5ce ( ! p>5t1 & %\ld be will+ to give reasons = _! advice1 kn[+ t ! m _! pati5t und]/&s1 ! m intellig5tly w he c>ry out ! directions giv54 ,b h[ %all ?is be8 ,well1 z a quick5$ s5se ( ! supreme importance ( education has be5 awak5$ 9 tea*]s1 s has x 9 p>5ts4 ,b mo!rs _c 9 ^! days lead quiet lives1 & devote !mselves to ! home z !y once c\ld4 ,! multi=m ext]nal activity1 :i* we h notic$ among wom5 work]s1 has its good side ev5 z reg>ds family life1 = ! family t lives = itself alone c no m lead a heal?y life ?an ! individual1 b x has its dang]s too4 ,we all "k h[ great are ! claims ( society1 ( culture1 ( philan?ropy1 "r 9 !mselves1 yet sometimes displac+ a high] claim4 ,all ( u1 specially mo!rs & tea*]s1 want to "k h[ to conciliate ! rival duties1 le/ ! words %\ld be said to u1 8,?9e own v9ey>d ha/ ?\ n kept04 ,x is ( ! v greate/ importance = ! *ild's "*1 t !re %\ld be complete co-op]ation betwe5 home & s*ool4 ,consid] ! diff]5ce betwe5 home & s*ool discipl9e2 ,i may say t ! home gov]nm5t is p]sonal--!re is n /rict sy/em & unv>y+ law4 ,a girl comes d[n late to breakfa/2 or %e is 9 ! draw+-room :5 %e %\ld be 9 ! /udy4 ,%e *ooses fri5ds & books t ! "m disapproves1 & !re is irritation3 ! "m expo/ulates1 ! *ild is provok$4 ,9 ! s*ool on ! o!r h& !re is inexorable law1 ! consequ5ce ( neglect mu/ be borne1 !re is no scold+1 no entreaty4 ,x w be an advantage to ! home to h a little m rule1 & to ! s*ool to h *ildr5 br\ght up ) "s ( ! fre$om :i* mu/ be !irs "o day4 ,! *ild :o sees ! "m yield up h] own p[] to law1 be>+ inconv5i5ce1 d5y+ h]self pleasure1 & :at is h>d] /ill1 d5y+ x to h] *ild1 w le>n to respect duty1 & impose laws on h]self4 ,besides ?is1 !re are ways by :i* full] co-op]ation may be br\ght ab\t4 ,all pr(essions f9d ! advantage ( meet+ toge!r to discuss _! special problems4 ,!re is ! ,tea*]s' ,guild on ! "o h&1 & a ,p>5ts' ,educational ,union on ! o!r4 ,i h tri$ 9 va9 to br+ ^! toge!r "h4 ,! guild is too pr(essional = ! p>5t2 x does seem1 h[ev]1 z if ! newly-e/abli%$ ,*ild ,/udy ,society might unite bo?4 ,a fair numb] h jo9$ ! *ild /udy ev5+s & giv5 valuable help4 ,9 ! ,p$agogical ,sem9>y = ,july1 #ahig1 :i* is a m9e ( valuable sugge/ions = p>5ts & tea*]s1 !re is an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* ! s*ool & ! home h work$ toge!r 9 solv+ educational problems4 ,! movem5t initiat$ by ! able presid5t ( ,cl>ke ,univ]sity1 ,u4,s4,a41 = f\nd+ a sci5ce ( education ^u sy/ematis$ obs]vation is a mo/ important "o2 x w help to build up a true philosophy ^u facts1 & s save u f ! aimless talk ( m]e !oris]s :o want to squ>e circles1 or to discov] ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,a good libr>y1 accessible to p>5ts & tea*]s1 :i* %\ld conta9 books & p]iodicals n writt5 exclusively = ! pr(ession1 w\ld be a great help4 ,a ni*e 9 ! g5]al s*ool libr>y might p]haps be res]v$ = p>5ts4 ,i h f\nd mu* advantage f ?r[+ op5 su* lectures z ,i give 9 our l>ge hall to p>5ts & ,heads ( ,h\ses4 ,_m come to a scripture lesson giv5 to ,division ,i4 collectively1 & to lit]ature lessons2 "s h jo9$ our ,plato or ,br[n+ read+s1 & occasionally h be5 pres5t at lectures giv5 9 ! tra9+ dep>tm5t4 ,x is q usual = mo!rs to accompany _! daught]s to ! 8,c\rs0 9 ,p>is4 ,( c\rse p>5ts c\ld n att5d s*ools ad libitum1 b x ne$ n be q a t]ra incognita4 ,! head mi/ress 9 _m s*ools sets ap>t c]ta9 h\rs = see+ p>5ts2 c\ld x n be arrang$ t ea* class tea*] %\ld h "s free "t = see+ p>5ts ( h] pupils1 especially at ! beg9n+ ( a new ye>8 ,!re is mu* to be said aga9/ ev5+ visit+1 & ord9>y social meet+s w\ld be useless = ! purpose ( discuss+ difficulties4 ,x is a great matt] to sub/itute c&id discussion = fault-f9d+ to ?ird p>ties2 we %all n always agree1 b we %all le>n to respect "o ano!r's op9ions1 to und]/& "o ano!r's difficulties1 & to "w m effectually ) "o ano!r 9 ! difficult1 sacr$ task committ$ to u4 ,s f> f f9d+ p>5ts g5]ally anxi\s to int]f]e1 ,i h difficulty 9 p]suad+ !m t ,i e>ne/ly desire !y %\ld tell me ( any?+ t ne$s att5tion4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is t !re %\ld be co-op]ation & a sort ( concordat betwe5 ! s*ool & ! home4 ,c]ta9 rules agre$ on3-- #a4 ,!re mu/ be a room = /udy & c]ta9 h\rs fix$ = home "w1 :i* mu/ n be alt]$ )\t grave reason4 #b4 ,late p>ties1 baza>s1 !atricals1 etc41 etc41 mu/ g5]ally be all[$ only 9 ! vacation4 #c4 ,no abs5ce f s*ool1 no com+ back late1 no excuses = unprep>$ lessons %\ld ev] be p]mitt$1 except = "s v suffici5t reason--nev] because pleasure 0 pref]r$ to duty4 #d4 ,if p>5ts & tea*]s diff]1 t diff]5ce %\ld be discuss$ by nei!r 9 ! pres5ce ( ! *ild4 #e4 ,p>5ts %\ld take int]e/ 9 ! s*ool "w2 ask to see ! writt5 "w2 get to "k ! tea*]s & fri5ds ( _! *ildr52 att5d lectures1 if possible1 & supplem5t s*ool lessons by home read+2 p]haps jo9 "s common society1 e4g41 ,tea*]s' ,guild1 ,p>5ts' ,educational ,union1 or ,*ild ,/udy ,society4 #f4 ,tea*]s %\ld invite & welcome any communications f p>5ts1 %\ld try to "k some?+ ( ! home life4 #g4 ,submission %\ld be requir$ 9 ?+s lawful f ! beg9n+1 & ! re9s loos5$ z *ildr5 gr[ up3 ! rev]se me?od is fatal4 #h4 ,p>5ts %\ld n all[ ! *ildr5 to read indiscrim9ately4 ,di/a/e = intellectual "w is creat$ by excit+ novels2 irrep>able injury is done to ! moral nature by lett+ *ildr5 ent] into sympa?y 9 imag9ation ) ! base & impure4 #i4 ,! only safegu>d is to provide 9 ! home good lit]ature1 & to read ) ! *ildr54 ,especially %\ld holidays be utilis$ z a means ( le>n+ h[ to sp5d "t rightly 9 aft]-life1 & "s regul> & indep5d5t /udy und]tak5 dur+ long holidays4 #aj4 ,heal? %\ld nev] be sacrific$ to fa%ion4 ,high heels1 tight-lac+1 etc41 etc41 %\ld be absolutely impossible4 ,wooll5 clo?+1 a c>efully /udi$ diet>y1 regul> h\rs1 suffici5t sleep1 well-v5tilat$ b$rooms1 daily ba?s1 prop] artificial light1 suitable seats & tables1 all ^! ?+s :i* are /udi$ 9 bo>d+-s*ools %\ld be consid]$ also 9 ! home4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 avoid+ infection4 #aa4 ,9 plann+ ! /udies & life-"w ( *ildr51 p>5ts & tea*]s %\ld be guid$1 n by ! consid]ation ( :at !y want ! *ildr5 to be1 b ( :at !y are2 ! special gifts ( ,god are to be specially cultivat$1 & bo? %\ld ask1 8,"l1 :at w\ld/ ,?\ h me to d80 ,pascal's fa!r =bade ma!matics4 ,"s p>5ts insi/ on music unwisely4 #ab4 ,especially %\ld p>5ts use ,sunday rightly2 ! religi\s in/ruction ( _! *ildr5 maybe giv5 at s*ool1 b ! home read+ has mu* to d ) ?is1 & ! example4 #ac4 ,*ildr5 %\ld h a regul> all[ance ( money f q e>ly ye>s1 & be tra9$ to sp5d x rightly1 & to keep acc\nts4 #ad4 ,%\ld x be impossible = ! home sup]vision & tra9+ to be c>ri$ out 9 h>mony ) ! day s*ool1 ei!r a private gov]ness %\ld be engag$1 or ! *ildr5 s5t f home z bo>d]s4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,side ,,( ,,education4 ,by ,,lucy ,h4 ,m4 ,,s\lsby1 ( ! ,manor ,h\se ,s*ool1 ,brondesbury ,p>k4 ,n4,w41 late ,head ,mi/ress ( ,ox=d ,high ,s*ool4 ,"l1 ) :at c>e ha/ ?\ begirt u r\nd6 ,p>5ts fir/ season u3 !n s*oolma/]s ,deliv] u to laws2 !y s5d u b\nd ,to rules ( reason4 ,george ,h]b]t4 ,_m girls leave college ) a vague idea t !y _h bett] take up tea*+1 because x is ! only way ( e>n+ a livelihood = :i* !y are 9 ! lea/ prep>$4 ,un=tunately _! prep>ation1 too (t51 consi/s m]ely 9 hav+ be5 taught !mselves4 ,hav+ eat5 d9n]s is "s prep>ation = ! c>e] ( a cook1 b n mu*2 & ^! "y tea*]s may p]haps f9d an educational cook]y-book useful6 ,! comp>ison does n hold good altoge!r1 = almo/ e woman has ! in/9ct ( mo!rhood 9 h]1 :i* makes h] m or less a born tea*]1 :ile x is only a few :o are born cooks4 ,/ill1 e "y woman f9ds help 9 talk+ to an old] "o1 :o has _h ! same "w1 made probably ! same mi/akes1 & has f\nd a practical way out ( !m4 ,we all value practical exp]i5ce2 :at else is tra9+ b practical exp]i5ce sy/ematis$8 ,b x is n e "y tea*] :o has an exp]i5c$ fri5d at h&1 or :o c af=d to be regul>ly tra9$4 ,x is hop$ t ?is book may be1 9 pr9t$ =m1 su* talk z %e w\ld welcome _h %e an exp]i5c$ fri5d at h&4 ,! self-education ( ! tea*] %\ld include 7a7 ,m5tal leisure4 ,! high pressure at :i* mo/ p live is n fav\rable to mu* individual ?\ght4 ,a girl at college may well feel t h] ?ree ye>s !re are ! great opportunity ( h] life = tak+ 9 ! ideas ( liv+ lead]s ( ?\ght1 & = mak+ fri5ds ) h] equals4 ,%e is h>dly to be blam$ if e mom5t ( h] day is occupi$ ) h>d "w1 anxiety ab\t h] s*ools1 & ) ! social amusem5ts :i* are "p ( ! education ( college life4 ,/ill1 ?is full & happy life involves a dang] t %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/1 a dang] le/ ! girl %\ld be s mu* occupi$ 9 liv+ h] own life1 t %e has no leisure to /op & ?9k out :at %\ld be ! pr9ciples & ! aim to guide h] 9 m\ld+--z e tea*] does--! lives ( o!rs4 7b7 ,k ( ! _w4 ,! moral ?\ghtfulness1 :i* ,dr4 ,arnold dem&$ ( 8 ,,vi4 ,=m1 is ! ma9 requisite = a true tea*]3 no dext]ity 9 imp>t+ k w make h] an educator if ?is is lack+4 ,! /udy ( "* & practical casui/ry1 ?\gh n on ! li/ ( 8f9al s*ools0 at any univ]sity1 is yet ! mo/ indisp5sable ( all 8s*ools0 = a tea*]4 ,x may well be t h] opportunities ( ga9+ k ( ! _w are re/rict$ by h] circum/ances4 ,college is h] fur!/ flight1 & ?is is a _w ( its own ) ! disadvantage ( be+ disproportionately peopl$ by too _m ( "o g5]ation4 ,"u ord9>y conditions ( family life1 ! ris+ g5]ation is kept 9 t\* ) matur] ideas by a fair proportion ( uncles & aunts1 z well z by fa!rs & mo!rs2 b1 at college1 ! niece's _w is n>r[$ 7?\gh ?is is n usually ! light 9 :i* x /rikes !m7 by ! exclusion ( aunts6 ,college und\bt$ly gives mu* k ( "* to a ?\ghtful /ud5t1 b its exp]i5ces ne$ to be br\ght into true proportion by comp>ison ) ! l>g] _w beyond4 ,!re are _m novels1 essays & biographies :i* af=d a good sub/itute = k ( ! _w to ! girl :o has a quiet home1 besides ! _m books be>+ directly on ! /udy & =mation ( "*1 :i* e tea*] & "m & eld] si/] %\ld read4 ,su* are3 ,sir ,h5ry ,taylor's autobiography & lett]s1 ,! ,memorials ( ,miss ,*>lotte ,williams ,wynne2 all ,sir ,ar?ur ,helps' works & ,mr4 ,hutton's essays4 ,miss ,mozley has writt5 two volumes ( essays :i* are full ( delicate insight into "*3 "o1 ,social ,essays1 repr9t$ f ,! ,saturday ,review1 c only be obta9$ second-h&1 b h] ,essays f ,blackwood are /ill 9 pr9t4 ,sir ,h5ry ,taylor's ,notes on ,life1 & ,"l ,*e/]field's ,lett]s 7selections7 w also be f\nd v useful4 ,among ! m directly educational books1 att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ,l',education ,progressive1 by ,madame ,neck> de ,saussure2 ,la ,famille1 by ! ,comte de ,gasp>92 ,l',education des ,filles1 by ,fnlon2 ,l',education des ,mres de ,familles1 by ,aime ,m>t92 ,pr9ciples ( ,education1 ,notebook ( an ,eld]ly ,lady1 ,y\? & ,age 7all ?ree by ,miss ,elizabe? ,sewell72 ,miss ,yonge's ,womank9d1 ,miss ,mason's ,home ,education1 ,miss ,%irreff's ,intellectual ,education1 ,mrs4 ,william ,grey's ,?\ghts = ,girls on ,leav+ ,s*ool1 & ,mr4 ,sidgwick's ,=m ,discipl9e4 ,no?+ c replace 9 a tea*] ! /udy ( individual peculi>ities ( "*3 ! motives1 ! special h9drances1 ! gr[? ( ea* *ild 9 h] class mu/ be /udi$ & individually met1 if %e is to rise to ! true level ( h] "w4 7c7 ,insight into "*4 ,?is is assum+ t ! tea*] feels ! full responsibility ( be+ put 9 a position :]e1 by ! way 9 :i* %e tea*es ,fr5*1 or ma!matics1 %e c help or h9d] ! spiritual gr[? ( ea* ( h] pupils4 ,b ev5 suppos+ t ?is ov]rul+ und]ly+ motive ( e true educator be put aside = ! mom5t1 & we consid] only ! small] "q ( m or less success 9 imp>t+ k--/ill1 ?is v success 7o!r ?+s be+ equal7 w lie ) t tea*] :o has ! insight into ! peculi> disposition ( ea* *ild1 :o c br+ to be> on ea* nature ! motives :i* appeal to x & :o c =esee & obviate ! difficulties1 :i* v>y 9 ea* *ild1 accord+ to its m5tal1 moral & physical equipm5t4 ,9 all ways s*ola/ic success is fur!r$ by seek+ fir/ some?+ high] /ill4 ,a great educator us$ to say3 8,if y tea* "o boy ari?metic only & ano!r boy ari?metic & religion1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! second boy w beat ! fir/ 9 ari?metic1 because 8 nature is m widely develop$04 ,moral responsibility ( ! tea*]4 ,b x may be ?\ght t ?is is ask+ m ( tea*]s ?an c be fairly expect$4 ,a girl :o has tak5 life f ! outside1 ) a com=table1 "o might almo/ say1 8:olesome0 disreg>d ( motives & su*-l complications1 :o looks =w>d to giv+ h] lesson 9 a special subject1 & to !n be+ free to be z unt\*$ by ! 8malady ( ?\ght10 z absorb$ 9 games & ! amusem5ts ( life1 z 0 rightfully h] /ate at fifte51 may well feel t %e is n prep>$ to ent] on tea*+ z a c>e] comb9+ ! responsibility ( doctor & cl]gyman4 ,if s1 let h] consid] c>efully be=e %e adopts ! tea*+ pr(ession4 ,a tea*] is z mu* morally b\nd z any "m to consid] ! pr9ciples ( ! inn] life1 to ?9k out a cle> conception ( h] moral & intellectual aims = h] *ildr51 & z su* b\nd to feel con/ant moral responsibility = :at %e does1 & is1 & = h[ %e improves h]self4 ,x is true we see bo? mo!rs & tea*]s take up _! responsible positions 9 life )\t ?is moral ?\ghtfulness1 & we sometimes see ! *ildr5 turn+ out well 9 spite ( x4 ,b ! fact t ,nature has wond]ful curative & educative p[]s1 does n less5 ! p]sonal responsibility ( ^? :o %\ld h us$ art to improve nature4 ,*ildr5 h be5 kn[n to recov] f illness 9 spite ( a doctor's mi/akes or neglect1 b we d n !re=e condone ! doctor's c>elessness4 ,if a girl is n prep>$ to take up ! tea*+ pr(ession f its deepe/1 i4e41 its only true side2 if %e wi%es to rema9 ?\ghtless1 !n let h] *oose "s o!r =m ( livelihood--mill9]y1 cl]k%ip1 g>d5+--:]e outw>d dilig5ce w fairly meet all dem&s1 s f> z m]e hone/y to h] employ] is conc]n$4 ,b let ! tea*] :o %r9ks f moral responsibility rememb] t1 9 ?is side ( h] "w alone1 is to be f\nd p]man5t int]e/4 ,all me*anical "w mu/ pall soon] or lat]1 & tea*+ is little bett] ?an me*anical1 if x is ( ! ext]nal k9d4 ,elem5t>y tea*+ is (t5 call$ me*anical1 because its subjects & _! ext5t are v limit$1 b ,lat9 gramm> 9 ! high s*ool is1 aft] a "t1 capable ( becom+ q z dull z ,engli% ,gramm> 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,or1 r1 bo? are equally capable ( be+ int]e/+ if1 & only if1 ! tea*] c>es supremely = :at is m important ?an any gramm>1 ! developm5t ( ea* *ild :o le>ns f h]4 ,! tea*] ne$s 7a7 ,k ( ! circum/ances & "* ( ea* pupil4 ,=1 no matt] h[ l>ge ! class1 ! true tea*] mu/ /udy & respect ! individuality ( ea* memb] ( x4 ,?\gh h] class may pass a mo/ successful exam9ation1 yet1 9 exam9+ h]self1 %e mu/ m>k d[n 7aga9/ h]self71 z a failure1 ! "n ( ea* *ild :o has rema9$ to h] m]ely "o ( ! cr[d4 ,! eyesight1 ! he>+1 ! sp9e1 ! heada*es1 ! home surr\nd+ ( ea* *ild1 %\ld be kn[n to its tea*]1 & %\ld modify ! dem&s made ^u t *ild4 ,curvature ( ! m9d is f> m common ?an curvature ( ! sp9e1 & ! tea*] mu/ h ke5 intellectual sympa?y ) ea* *ild's individual m5tal tangles4 ,%e mu/ cle> ! gr\nd ( h>mful /umbl+-blocks1 & yet leave en\gh to ex]cise ! m5tal muscles4 ,surely if ! difficulty ( a task c fire en?usiasm1 ! tea*] %\ld burn ) zeal4 7b7 ,a "r judgm5t & pres5ce ( m9d4 ,! moral temp]am5t ( ea* *ild is an ev5 m complex /udy ?an ! m5tal peculi>ities2 praise1 = in/ance1 is a tonic = "o & poison = ano!r4 ,! tea*] mu/ h pres5ce ( m9d to criticise on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 ) due reg>d to ! *ild's moral dige/ion1 to ! ab/ract "q ( ju/ice 9 ! class z a :ole1 & to ma9ta9+ a high1 & yet n depress+1 /&>d ( "w4 ,"o *ild requires to be repress$ & "o to be enc\rag$ to d itself ju/ice4 ,"o *ild has ?\ghtful difficulties :i* ne$ sympa!tic unravell+2 ano!r suff]s f m]e inatt5tion1 & requires decisive pull+ toge!r4 ,x /&s to reason t1 to appreciate all ^! %ades ( "* & to satisfy ! ne$s ( ea*1 9 su* a mann] z n to wa/e ! "t ( ! class 7& n to s9 aga9/ ! code ( r\gh & ready ju/ice1 to :i* ! *ildi% m9d1 q rightly1 owns allegiance71 is a v delicate task1 & involves mu* ( t moral ?\ghtfulness :i* is ! f\ndation ( a good tea*]4 7c7 ,self-ma/]y4 ,"o reason = ! supreme importance ( ?is quality is t x n only means insight into o!rs1 b also involves self-ma/]y )\t :i* no educative control ( o!rs is possible4 ,=cible control is q possible to a sev]e or hot-temp]$ nature3 *ildr5 are easily c[$1 b !y d n le>n to control !mselves if !y are subject to ?is m>tial law4 ,if a mi/ress f9ds t h] *ildr5 are good ) h] & tiresome ) o!r p1 %e may rely on x t h] own discipl9e is defective4 ,probably %e has all[$ p]sonal affection = h]self to be an admissible motive = good conduct1 :]eas insubord9ation w\ld be almo/ bett] = ! *ild6 ,?is la/ w\ld be rep5t$ (1 9 "t1 z a fault1 :]eas _m a girl goes ?r\gh life mi/ak+ impulse = pr9ciple1 because at s*ool1 ob$i5ce 8to please ,miss ,s-&-s0 0 accept$1 z equival5t to ob$i5ce to duty4 ,x may be t ! tea*] has ma/]$ ! *ildr5's temp]s by d9t ( hav+ a worse "o h]self2 if s1 ! *ildr5 w rec\p !mselves1 = ! en=c$ re/ra9t ( h] pres5ce1 by lic5ce 9 h] abs5ce2 :]eas ! control ex]cis$ by a s]5e1 equable nature develops ! elem5t ( self-control 9 ! *ild1 & also a s5se ( self-respect :i* t5ds t[>ds good behavi\r :5 ) o!r tea*]s4 ,! tea*] mu/ avoid 7a7 ,ov]/ra94 ,?is is "o great reason :y tea*]s %\ld make x a matt] ( pr9ciple1 z well z ( worldly prud5ce1 to avoid ov]/ra94 ,y sometimes he> a "y tea*] boa/+ ( ! tax :i* %e lays on h] con/itution2 %e tells x1 half z a grievance t %e %\ld h s mu* to d1 half 9 triumph t %e is s peculi>ly con/itut$--j z poor p exult 9 ailm5ts t m>k !m out f ! common h]d6 ,b ^! excesses ( "w 7:e!r caus$ by bravado1 or by bad managem5t1 or by an ill-in=m$ consci5ce7 are n a luxury ( :i* %e h]self c defray ! exp5se2 ! co/ is really borne by h] home p1 by h] fell[-tea*]s1 &1 wor/ ( all1 by h] class1 :o all suff] f h] ov]wr\ght n]ves--9 pla9 ,engli%1 f h] temp]4 ,i say1 wor/ ( all h] class1 because %e may be a means ( :olesome discipl9e to ! o!r suff]]s1 b %e does di/9ct moral h>m to ! *ildr54 ,& d n let h] imag9e t h]oic ef=ts to control outw>d signs ( temp] w qualify h] to be a tea*]3 *ildr5 are acutely s5sitive to atmosph]e1 & suff] ev5 m "u "o :o is elaborately controll+ h] temp]1 ?an "u "o :o frankly loses x & !n is s]5e aga94 ,if a tea*] is to be wor? h] salt1 %e mu/ h no temp]6 ,%e mu/ be ( a s]5e1 sunny temp]am5t :i* enjoys ! *ildr5's pres5ce1 & h] ang]1 :5 ne$$1 mu/ be ( ! imp]sonal k9d :i* ,full] describes z "o ( 8! s9ews ( ! s\l04 7b7 ,injudici\s repro(s4 ,( c\rse scold+ has to be done1 b !re %\ld be no connection ( ideas 9 ! *ild's m9d betwe5 a m]it$ scold+ & ! tea*]'s temp]4 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,sidgwick's essay on ,=m ,discipl9e gives ! :ole pr9ciple ( ! matt]1 b !re are ?ree sugge/ions ,i w\ld l to add = ! use ( wom5 tea*]s4 ,"o ,i take f ,mrs4 ,bee*] ,/[e's book on ,little ,foxes4 ,%e !re describes two h\seholds 9 ea* ( :i* a "y s]vant is be+ tra9$4 ,9 "o1 ! mi/ress looks at ! d9n] table & rem>ks t ! salt is n :at x %\ld be3 9 ! o!r1 ! mi/ress1 on com+ to inspect ! table1 exclaims1 8,:y1 ,sally1 h[ bright y\r silv] is1 & y h rememb]$ ev]y?+ to-day2 ! only ?+ t is n p]fect is ! salt1 & ,i am sure y w always look specially at t 9 future04 ,!re 0 no comp>ison betwe5 ^? mi/resses z to success 9 s]vant-tra9+1 & probably ! tea*] :o bl5ds praise & blame w cultivate a hopeful en]gy ( self-improvem5t 9 h] *ildr51 unkn[n 9 ! class taught by "o :o coldly po9ts out faults & passes ov] m]its4 ,my second sugge/ion is1 z ! ,spani% prov]b says to au?ors3 8,leave some?+ 9 y\r ink/&02 und]scold r ?an ov]scold4 ,a woman usually has a p[] ( /atem5t t makes h] take an arti/ic pleasure 9 putt+ h] case completely & conv9c+ly4 ,b *ildr5 h a f9e s5se ( ju/ice 7until x is blunt$ by contact ) ! _w71 & ! culprit :o und]goes "o ( ^! compreh5sive scold+s is apt to feel t full measure = ! crime has be5 met$ out & s %e ?9ks no m ( x4 ,und]/ate y\r case & t same s5se ( ju/ice w make h] say to h]self all t y leave unsaid1 & ?is self-condemnation w probably be ! mo/ effectual "p ( ! scold+4 ,at all ev5ts1 v little h>m comes f scold+ too little1 & irrep>able h>m (t5 comes f scold+ too mu*4 ,:5 ! nail ( repro( is once 91 e additional bl[ ( ! hamm] t5ds to loos5 x4 ,my ?ird sugge/ion is1 avoid scold+ z mu* z possible :5 y h reasonable cause = suppos+ y\r own n]ves likely to be on edge4 ,!re are times1 e4g41 ! end ( ! summ] t]m1 :5 y are n likely to see ?+s 9 true proportion3 at su* seasons di/ru/ y\r own p[] ( judg+1 & look ! o!r way z (t5 z possible1 = blund]s are liable to be m sev]ely dealt ) 9 ,july1 ?an crimes 9 ! fre%] air ( ,septemb]6 ,let u n[ pass on f ! "q ( ! /ate ( m9d desirable 9 a tea*]1 to consid] ! aim & possibilities ( h] "w ) ! *ild4 ,! tea*]'s aim %\ld be heal?--physical1 m5tal & moral4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( s*ool life1 a girl's physical frame is s entirely 9 ! mak+ t consid]ations ( heal? %\ld outweigh ev]y?+ else4 ,%e is build+ ! h\se 9 :i* %e is to live all ! re/ ( h] life1 & x is f> m important :at sort ( h\se %e builds ?an h[ mu* %e employs h]self ) ! v>i\s occupations t %e c pursue at leisure1 ?r\gh\t h] t5ure ( ?is 8h\se04 ,any /udy c be foll[$ up 9 lat] life1 if heal? dem& its cessation dur+ ^! gr[+ ye>s1 b no aft]-/udy c repair e>ly impov]i%m5t or damage ( ! physical frame4 ,( c\rse x /&s to reason t ! object ( ?is h\se-build+ is t ! h\sehold] may be unhamp]$ 9 aft] ye>s & able to lead a l>ge & noble life4 ,we %\ld h small value = ! physical frame if x 7 t5ant$ by an imbecile m9d1 or a nature )\t moral s5se4 ,!re=e1 :5 we say t ! body is ! ma9 consid]ation 9 y\?1 we d s because s\ndness ( body is ! sure/ means ( secur+ moral & m5tal s\ndness4 ,=tunately1 body1 m9d & _s are s int]tw9$ t :at is good = "o is usually good = all4 ,we c hygi5ically insi/ on good h>d m5tal "w1 because x is ess5tial to bodily heal? t !re %\ld be r\t9e & ef=t & conc5tration ( m9d4 ,we c insi/ on self-d5ial & self-control1 = ^! are z ess5tial to bodily heal? z to spiritual4 ,! tea*] :o believes h]self to be an educator1 n m]ely an in/ructor1 f9ds all ! app>5tly conflict+ elem5ts ( a peculi> case1 wond]fully h>monis$ by giv+ pr$om9ance to ! moral aim4 ,if y\r fir/ object 9 life is to increase a *ild's *ance ( becom+ an ev5-temp]$ ,*ri/ian woman1 y w n let consid]ations ( exam9ation successes tempt y to all[ ov]/ra92 :ile1 at ! same "t1 y w be inexorable 9 dem&+1 z moral tra9+1 ! /eady ef=t & ! will+ "w1 :i* w probably br+ ! successes4 ,! p[] ( ! tea*] 9 m\ld+ "*4 ,d n let ! day s*ool tea*] feel z if undue burd5 7 be+ laid on h]1 :5 we speak ( ! :ole future ( ! *ild z ?us dep5d+ on ! tea*]'s bread? ( aim4 ,x is difficult to place any limit to ! possibilities ( ! tea*]'s influ5ce1 ev5 at a day s*ool1 :]e %e only has ! *ild = f\r h\rs out ( ! tw5ty-f\r4 ,x is true t ! "m & ! home1 dur+ ! fir/ six or sev5 ye>s ( ! *ild's life1 h det]m9$ ! ma9 elem5ts ( its nature2 b 9 deal+ ) ^! elem5ts1 at a lat] /age1 !re are endless possibilities ( comb9ation1 ( enc\rag+ "s & repress+ o!rs4 ,?\gh we tea*]s d n1 z a rule1 get *ildr5 at ! e>ly /age :5 mo/ c be done ) !m1 yet 9 s*oolroom days we f9d _! bra9s /ill pla/ic en\gh = u to "w *e]fully & hopefully1 9 ! tee? ( ! _m h]$it>y evils :i* w\ld cru% our ef=ts1 7 x n t we believe education to be able to cope on fairly equal t]ms ) h]$ity4 ,e "t we induce *ildr5 to make an ef=t = ! "r1 or to ?9k accurately1 we make a groove 9 _! bra9 :i* s]ves z a railway l9e along :i* ?\ghts ( ! same k9d w pass m easily next "t4 ,e "t we excite a wrong feel+--irritation1 ob/9acy1 irrev]5ce1 or all[ a deviation f "s ackn[l$g$ /&>d ( duty--we lay cross l9es ( rail 9 ! wrong direction1 :i* w h9d] _! progress 9 ! "r pa?1 n[ & 9 ! future4#bh #bh ,see ,miss ,mason's ,home ,education4 ,brac+ influ5ce ( s*ool 7a7 result+ f uni=mity ( treatm5t4 ,! art ( conceal+ art is n[h]e m necess>y ?an 9 ?is incessant wat*fulness requir$ ( ! tea*]1 z x is v bad = ! *ild to feel t its little _w turns on its own moral & physical well-be+4 ,! *ief good ( s*ool lies 9 ! uni=mity ( ! r\t9e1 9 ! abs5ce ( special exemptions2 x re/s & braces ! *ild to feel "u inexorable ,laws ( ,nature :i* "k no fav\rites4 ,at ! same "t1 :ile we 9 our l>g] _w feel "u fix$ laws1 we yet believe 9 a special provid5ce :i* arranges = our welf>e1 ev5 ?\gh we are unconsci\s ( its action2 ! tea*] %\ld play ! "p ( unse5 provid5ce to ! *ild4 ,x is p]fectly possible 9 a high s*ool to consid] ea* individual girl1 & to arrange matt]s m or less = h] int]e/s1 ?\gh ?is possibility re/s on ! fact t exceptional cases are n prop] subjects = high s*ool education4 ,ev5 an ord9>y *ild has h] peculi>ities1 :i* %\ld be all[$ =1 b1 9 ! ma91 x is ! regul>ity & uni=mity ( ! s*ool r\t9e :i* make ! mo/ valuable "p ( h] education4 7b7 ,:olesome competition4 7c7 ,conc5tration ( faculties4 ,! *ild le>ns at s*ool to be unself consci\s1 to appreciate o!rs2 to be> be+ surpass$ )\t depression1 & to /& success )\t undue exultation2 & %e le>ns ^! valuable lessons ma9ly ?r\gh /&+ on ! same plat=m ) h] companions1 & hav+ to fight on equal t]ms4 ,:5 p>5ts beg t "s ( ! subjects tak5 by ! re/ ( ! class may be excus$ to _! *ild1 !y d n realise t1 by int]f]+ ) ! equal t]ms ( conte/1 !y de/roy half ! value ( s*ool life4 ,! value ( a high s*ool lies n m]ely 9 its in/ruction 7?\gh ?is is probably giv5 by a tra9$ speciali/ 9 ea* subject71 b ev5 m1 9 8! give & take0 on equal t]ms :i* tea*es a *ild to "k h] own p[]s & h] own weaknesses4 ,a *ild subject to undue self-appreciation1 or self-depreciation1 w\ld probably ga9 mu* f go+ into ! m9iature _w ( a high s*ool1 z w\ld also ! dreamy *ild2 9 ! latt] case p>ticul>ly ! value ( ! s*ool lessons lies 9 _! difficulty1 & *ildr5 suff] if !y are excus$ or help$ ) a lesson because !y h fail$ to und]/& ! tea*+ 9 class4 ,in/ant conc5tration ( ! faculties on ! matt] 9 h& is "o ( ! mo/ valuable lessons le>nt 9 s*ool1 & to repeat in=mation1 or explanations1 to ! abs5t-m9d$ *ild1 is to enc\rage a fatal weakness4 ,( c\rse ! blank 9 ! *ild's m9d 7:i* makes a pity+ "m beg t ! lesson may be excus$7 may be caus$ by irrelevancy or indi/9ctness ( voice1 or ( m9d1 on ! tea*]'s "p4 ,b if ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! class h foll[$ ! lesson1 x may be safely tak5 = grant$ t ef=t & practice w br+ success to ! rema9+ qu>t]2 a success :i* w mean n m]ely ! k ( ! ,euclid or geography 9 "q1 b victory ov] a habit ( m9d t1 if un*eck$1 w neutralise any tal5t ! *ild may possess4 ,dang]s ( s*ool worldl9ess4 ,m>ks d n necessitate rivalry4 ,! *ild's ef=ts aft] conc5tration ( m9d ne$ c>eful co-op]ation on ! "p ( ! tea*] 7:o1 f h] own c>elessness1 is apt to indulge ! *ild's c>elessness71 :]eas ! equally valuable qualities ( dilig5ce & p]sev]ance are almo/ evolv$ ( !mselves by ! competition ( any s*ool :i* has a good work+ _s4 ,! tea*] ne$s to be ev5 m al]t 9 c\nt]act+ ! mi/ak5 =ms :i* s*ool dilig5ce is apt to take1 ?an 9 r\s+ ! _s itself4 ,emulation1 eag]ness = m>ks1 putt+ s*ool op9ion be=e ^? ( home--all ^! are v real dang]s4 ,! bett] ! s*ool1 ! m acute ! dang]1 & ! m ne$ is !re t ! au?orities %\ld act z a drag on ! coa*4 ,emulation is a natural quality 9 ! *ild & a v useful "o to ! tea*]2 b !re is great dang] 9 its deg5]at+ into p]sonal rivalry4 ,some?+ may be done to s(t5 ?is _s ( competition by sett+ be=e ! *ildr5 a f5ce :i* all may leap1 n a ?rone :i* only "o c occupy4 ,! f5ce c be z high z y w1 b if ! opportunity ( cle>+ x be op5 to all1 ! class w exult 9 ! numb] ( successes1 )\t any feel+ 9 ! _m ( p]sonal loss involv$ 9 ! ga9 ( ! few4 8,m>ks0 c be s arrang$ z to obviate ! temptation to p]sonal rivalry :i* is (t5 suppos$ to be insep>able f !m4 ,:5 ! weekly m>ks are add$ up1 lett]s are 9 "s s*ools assign$1 accord+ to ! p]c5tage ( m>ks ga9$1 arrang$ 9 decades4 ,! exact numb] ( m>ks is n br\ght be=e ! *ild1 b only ! "q to :i* decade %e belongs4 ,a r$ ,a d5otes #ij p] c5t41 a black ,a #hj p] c5t42 ,b means #gj p] c5t41 & s on ?r\gh ! alphabet4 ,e memb] ( ! class :o des]ves x c atta9 ! 8r$ ,a04 ,! same sy/em c be pursu$ 9 prizes2 all :o rea* a c]ta9 /&>d ( m>ks 9 t]m "w or 9 exam9ations1 or 9 bo? comb9$1 c ga9 "o4 ,?us esprit de corps to "s ext5t takes ! place ( p]sonal triumph--! :ole class is pr\d ( its numb] ( 8r$ ,a0 memb]s & prize-w9n]s1 in/ead ( suff]+ f ! temptation to feel a little bitt]1 :i* mu/ exi/ :5 !re is only "o place ( hon\r to be _h4 ,advantages ( religi\s lessons 9 s*ool4 ,! value ( moral & religi\s lessons 9 s*ool is especially great because ( ! almo/ univ]sal disposition on ! "p ( girls to consid] home exhortation z nagg+4 ,:at is said 9 a s*ool lesson goes home to ! consci5ce ) no friction1 because ! tea*] _c h kn[n ( t la/ peccadillo at home1 & ! "m is n at h& to look ! fatal phrase1 8,i told y s60 7a7 ,!y re-en=ce home tea*+4 ,mo!rs ne$ n feel t ! s*ool lesson displaces !irs--r x en=ces :at !y say1 s9ce ! *ild probably li/5s ) increas$ int]e/ to :at !y say :5 x is unconsci\sly e*o$ by an outside au?ority4 7b7 ,avoid ! dang] ( p]sonalities4 ,x is v difficult at home n to omit c]ta9 sore po9ts 9 ^! moral lessons1 = fe> ( seem+ to aim at special *ildr54 ,9 a s]ies ( lessons at s*ool1 ?is difficulty is obviat$ & ! victim c feel t ! arr[ has hit home1 )\t ! indignity ( be+ wat*$ by home eyes to see if x has tak5 effect4 7c7 ,give l>ge views ( duty4 ,x is easi]1 also1 9 speak+ to a numb] to take l>g] views ( life & its duties1 ?an might seem suitable 9 any individual family4 ,social duties1 good citiz5%ip1 high ideals ( future usefulness c be held up to eld] girls at s*ool z a "p ( religion2 :ile su* faults z p>tisan%ip1 political or o!rwise1 n>r[-m9d$ness1 family selfi%ness c be disc\rag$ )\t any dang] ( p]sonality4 ,^! moral lessons %\ld s]ve a di/9ct purpose 9 ! s*ool by imbu+ ! girls ) high ideals2 ! fact ( belong+ to a l>ge public body su* z a high s*ool %\ld assi/ !m 9 assimilat+ wid] ideas ( life4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t moral lessons 9 no way sup]s$e ! necessity = def9ite religi\s in/ruction2 ab/ract ideals w h little p[] aga9/ future temptations unless !y are support$ by s\nd ,biblical k & religi\s belief4 7d7 ,put s*ool discipl9e on ! true basis4 ,f "o po9t ( view1 x may be said t p>5ts %\ld feel responsible = ?is in/ruction1 b surely ! tea*] w\ld n be cont5t to give up su* a hold on ! *ild z is furni%$ by ! religi\s lessons4 ,x mu/ be almo/ impossible to ma9ta9 real control ov] ! tone ( ! s*ool1 if ! deepe/ "p ( ! *ild's nature is left outside ! s*ool's jurisdiction4 7e7 ,give religion its "r position 9 ! curriculum4 ,besides1 ?\gh ! responsibility & ! pleasure ( ?is bran* ( education d belong prim>ily to ! p>5t1 yet1 :5 ! claims ( s*ool eat up s mu* ( ! day1 x is v h>d = ! "m to get en\gh "t to deal fully ) ! subject4 ,also1 ! bett] ! s*ool & ! m fully x employs ! m5tal faculties ( ! *ild1 & w9s its allegiance1 ! m important x is t su* a great au?ority 9 ! *ild's _w %\ld proclaim itself supremely int]e/$ 9 ?is bran* ( le>n+4 ,*ildr5 (t5 h to le>n music at s*ool1 m]ely because !y only att5d to _! practis+ :5 x is done = a s*ool au?ority4 ,mu* z we may wi% home to be supreme 9 all cases1 we mu/ recognise t *ildr5 (t5 g ?r\gh a phase 9 :i* !y yield m unque/ion+ submission to s*ool rules ?an to home wi%es1 & give ke5] en]gy to s*ool lessons ?an to ! extra ones devis$ by ! "m1 & secretly res5t$ by ! *ild z an unju/ addition to its burd54 ,besides1 x is possible !re may be homes1 we w hope !y are r>e1 :]e religi\s tea*+ is n suffici5tly att5d$ to2 c]ta9ly our bett]-class *ildr5 are (t5 m ignorant ( _! ,bibles ?an ^? :o h be5 to a good ,sunday s*ool4 ,let u assume1 !re=e1 t ! s*ool mu/ h a def9ite & fairly complete c\rse ( religi\s in/ruction1 includ+ ,biblical & moral lessons2 *ur* s*ools w\ld ( c\rse add doctr9al & pray]-book lessons4 7f7 ,leav5 ! s*ool life4 ,b ! ,bible lesson is n only a subject 9 ! curriculum1 x %\ld be a leav5 9 ! s*ool4 ,?is c only be ! case if ! *ildr5 feel t1 9 spite ( all imp]fections & %ortcom+s1 ! ,bible lesson really is ! true/ outcome ( ! tea*]'s own nature1 t x is to h] ! mo/ int]e/+ lesson ( ! week1 be>+ on ! :ole ( life1 in/ead ( be+ an isolat$ subject 9 "o pigeon-hole ( h] m9d4 ,let u take x z a pr9ciple t ^! lessons %\ld h ! fir/ & fre%e/ h\r ( ! morn+ giv5 to !m1 t !y may be felt z a cont9uation ( s*ool pray]s1 z a fur!r consecration ( ! day1 n z a m]e lesson to be s&wi*$ 9 ) ,fr5* & algebra1 z if all 7 ( equal importance4#bi ,let ! *ildr5 realise t religion comes fir/ 9 arrang+ a "t-table1 & t no pressure ( exam9ation "w c be tak5 z a valid excuse = curtail+ ^! lessons4 ,*ildr5 sometimes ?9k t because no m>ks are giv5 = div9ity x w pay to get an excuse = ?is1 & to devote ! "t to lessons :i* tell 9 _! weekly class-li/4 ,?is is only a crude =ce ( a temptation common to e /age ( life1 & x w\ld be "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( all s*ool lessons c\ld su* a *ild be taught t religion1 if real1 mu/ come fir/ 9 ,monday's lessons z well z 9 ,sunday's s]vices4 #bi ,if ! exig5cies ( ! "t-table =bid ! fir/ h\r1 !n let x be ! la/4 ,subjects = ,bible lessons4 ,x is easy en\gh to f9d matt] = ! ,bible lessons2#cj ! life ( our ,"l1 a ?ree ye>s' c\rse ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory1 z arrang$ 9 ,mr4 ,glazebrook's ?ree volumes2 ! life ( ,/4 ,paul1 consid]$ z ! sett+ ( 8 ,epi/les1 & includ+ a g5]al survey ( ea* ( ^? ,epi/les2 a special /udy ( any "o ( ! ,prophets1 giv+ ! gi/ ( 8 message1 view$ fir/ 9 ! light ( 8 own times & local surr\nd+s1 & !n consid]$ 9 its relation to our own times2 ! wom5 ( ! ,bible2 ! ,jewi% fea/s & ritual2 any "o ( ^! c\rses w provide int]e/+ matt] = a ye>'s lessons4 #cj ,full & detail$ sugge/ions on ?is subject w be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,bell's invaluable little book on ,religi\s ,education 9 ,second>y ,s*ools4 ,a v useful book has rec5tly be5 writt5 call$ ,ad ,lucem1#ca :i* gives ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory1 ! ,gospels1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & ,*ur* hi/ory up to ! pres5t day4 ,its object is to %[ ! hi/ory ( ! _w z be>+ on ! ,inc>nation1 & x is enabl$ to cov] s mu* gr\nd by select+ & emphasis+ su* facts z br+ out ?is po9t ( view4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to *ildr5 ( ab\t fifte51 & useful to any tea*]1 by help+ h] to focus h] own tea*+4 #ca ,by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,b4 ,simeon2 publi%$ by ,wells ,g>dn]4 ,requisites ( a ,bible lesson4 ,probably all tea*]s w say ! difficulty lies r 9 h[ to treat ?is va/ /ock ( mat]ial4 ,!re %\ld be no difficulty 9 mak+ ! *ildr5 feel t ! ,bible is ! mo/ int]e/+ book 9 ! _w1 q ap>t f its religi\s importance4 ,s _m books on ,ea/]n mann]s & places are )9 ! rea* ( tea*]s t !y %\ld n be cont5t till _! own conceptions ( ! ,bible sc5es & *>act]s are z vivid z ,t9wor?'s t]ra cottas4 7a7 ,vividness4 ,*ildr5 h mu* 9 common ) ! old ,scot* woman :o 0 s %ock$ at :at seem$ to h] irrev]5ce 9 ,dean ,/anley :5 he tri$ to p]suade h] t ,j]usalem 0 a real place :i* he _h visit$2 x is a new light to !m to be made to realise t ,bible h]oes & places are z real z ^? 9 ,engli% hi/ory4 ,do+ ?is arre/s _! att5tion1 & !y g on to p]ceive t ! temptations & virtues ( ^? days 7 also l our own1 t ev5 ! m9or ,prophets1 :om !y h avoid$ z utt]ly ali5 to _! _w1 speak /raight to ourselves 9 _! w>n+s ab\t weal? & lab\r & luxury4 7b7 ,practicality4 7c7 ,dev\tness4 ,until we make ,bible lessons practical = ourselves & = our *ildr51 we mu/ n be cont5t3 9 old days ! ,bible 0 us$ only z a /oreh\se ( isolat$ texts = p]sonal application2 we realise n[ t due rev]5ce = ! ,^w ( ,god requires t we %\ld /udy x1 & tea* x1 z exactly & reasonably & vividly z we d any o!r hi/ory & lit]ature1 b we mu/ n =get t if we /op "h1 ! old-fa%ion$ un9tellectual me?od ( /udy inf9itely surpass$ 9 wisdom our mod]n clev]ness4 ,unless our lessons make ! ,bible m pr(itable = doctr9e & repro(1 = am5dm5t ( life & in/ruction ( mann]s1 !y are failures1 no matt] h[ mu* critical & geographical le>n+ has be5 br\ght to be> on !m4 ,p]haps ea* lesson ne$ n h a special e?ical or spiritual be>+ 7?\gh x is a pity if x has n71 & we %\ld bew>e aga9/ ov]do+ our moral in/ruction4 ,a *ild's m9d is l a n>r[-neck$ bottle1 & we (t5 p\r 9 too mu* at once4 7d7 ,simplicity4 ,especially is ?is ! case ) illu/rations2 ! tea*] has _h _! use s inculcat$ t a ,bible lesson is too (t5 a /r+ ( anecdotes & pictures 9 :i* ! c5tral idea is hopelessly lo/2 "o tru?1 "o picture1 & "o illu/ration are z mu* z any "y *ild c grasp 9 "o lesson1 & *ildr5 ( a l>g] gr[? w\ld (t5 ga9 m if tea*]s 7 m economical 9 _! explanations4 7e7 ,c>eful treatm5t ( difficulties4 ,keep+ ! spiritual aim 9 view w\ld assi/ 9 deal+ ) "s ( ! critical difficulties :i* beset a ?\ghtful tea*]4 ,x is mo/ important n to give mature food to an immature m9d1 or to br+ be=e ! *ild1 :o has n realis$ any difficulties1 ! critic's susp5sion ( judgm5t1 :i* is su* a com=t to ! tea*]4 ,b ?\gh we %\ld avoid giv+ an impression t facts & au?or%ip are moot po9ts1 /ill we c avoid putt+ up /ones ( /umbl+ :i* w aft]w>ds h to be cle>$ away4 ,*ildr5 ne$ ! old /ories told 9 all simplicity1 ! /ories ( ! *ildhood ( ! race1 b if we keep be=e !m 8! "o f>-(f ,div9e ev5t10 t[>ds :i* all ^? /ories po9t$1 if we tea* !m ,jewi% hi/ory 9 ! light ( ! ,div9e education ( ! human race1 in/ead ( treat+ ! ,flood & ,jael & ,jo%ua's w>s1 etc41 z f9i%$ episodes :i* /& on _! own m]its1 s to speak1 surely !n !re w be little or no?+ 9 ! be/ mod]n l9es ( ?\ght to upset _! fai?1 & mu* to enri* x4 ,summ>y4 ,to sum up %ortly1 ! foll[+ are ! ma9 po9ts ,i w\ld seek to impress on a "y tea*]1 9 consid]+ ! moral side ( education4 ,fir/ & =emo/ ! heavy responsibility atta*$ to ! tea*]'s (fice--an (fice :i* comb9es ! functions ( cl]gyman1 doctor & in/ructor4 ,next1 ! p]sonal qualifications requir$ ( ! tea*]1 hol9ess1 s]5ity1 insight into "*1 k ( ! _w2 !n ! aims ( ! tea*]'s "w1 ! build+ up a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body1 by ! help ( ! good habits aris+ f "r conditions ( s*ool life1 mo/ ( all by ! help ( ! ,bible lesson1 :i* mu/ be ! inspiration ( ! :ole s*ool c\rse4 ,i %\ld l to end by quot+ "s words ( ,william ,law1 ! great my/ic ( ! la/ c5tury1 :i* put be=e u ! true ends ( education4 ,9 8 ,treatise on ,*ri/ian ,p]fection he says3 8,%[ me a le>n+ t makes man truly s5sible ( 8 duty3 t fills ! m9d ) true light3 t makes u m reasonable 9 all our actions3 t inspires u ) =titude1 humility & devotion04 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,cultivation ,,( ,,! ,,body4 ,by ,,jane ,,frances ,,dove1 ,c]tificat$ ,/ud5t ( ,girton ,college1 ,cambridge1 #ahgd2 ,head ,mi/ress ( ,wycombe ,abbey ,s*ool1 ,bucks2 previ\sly ,head ,mi/ress ( ,/4 ,leon>d's ,s*ool1 ,/4 ,&rews1 ,n4,b4 ,s e _s1 z x is mo/ pure1 ,& ha? 9 x ! m ( heav5ly light1 ,s x ! fair] bodie do? procure ,to habit 91 & x m fairely dight ,) *e>efull grace & amiable sight2 ,= ( ! s\le ! bodie =me do? take2 ,= s\le is =me1 & do? ! bodie make4 ,sp5s]4 ,! mi/ress z educator4 ,z ! object ( s*ool life1 or r ( life at s*ool1 is n m]ely tea*+ b education1 & z education1 :atev] ! true d]ivation ( ! ^w may be1 means ! gradual draw+ out & developm5t ( all ! faculties ( :i* ! human be+ is capable1 we %all speak 9 ?is *apt] n ( ! 8tea*]10 b ( ! 8mi/ress0 z ! p]son :o 9 s*ool life takes ! place ( au?ority analog\s to t ( ! p>5t 9 ! home1 & ^u :om falls ! responsibility = ! "t be+ ( see+ t a due balance is be+ ma9ta9$ 9 ! developm5t ( e faculty4 ,! importance ( ?is h>moni\s developm5t ( ! p[]s is manife/4 ,we d n desire girls to be bra9less a?letes any m ?an we wi% t !y %\ld be delicate or /unt$ blue-/ock+s1 & ei!r ( ^! exagg]at$ types is made d\bly deplorable if1 z sometimes happ5s1 !re is a defici5cy ( moral p[]4 ,heal? conditions4 ,! mo/ important conditions = heal? are fir/ ( all a :olesome environm5t2 secondly1 :olesome occupation = ! m9d2 & ?irdly1 prop] ex]cise = ! body4 ,! environm5t w be discuss$ lat]4 ,mean+ ( recreation4 ,"s =ms ( recreation m valuable ?an o!rs4 ,games ess5tial to a heal?y s*ool life4 ,! occupation ( ! m9d w also come *iefly "u ! head ( m5tal tra9+1 b "h x may be desirable to notice t ! m9d mu/ receive mu* ( its tra9+ ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( faculties o!r ?an ! intellectual4 ,?is tru? is ( c\rse ! f\ndation ( ! :ole idea ( recreation1 recreation consi/+ mu* m 9 *ange ( ?\ght & a diff]5ce 9 ! objects on :i* ! att5tion is fix$1 ?an 9 ! p>ticul> =m ( ex]cise ?r\gh :i* ?is object is atta9$4 ,x is = ?is reason t games ( all k9ds are s mu* m valuable ?an m]e walk+ "u ord9>y circum/ances1 because walk+ is s purely me*anical1 especially :5 ex]cis$ = limit$ p]iods among well-kn[n surr\nd+s1 t ! m9d cont9ues to occupy itself ) ! ?\ghts1 & possibly ) ! intellectual problems1 ^u :i* x 0 be=e fix$4 ,bett] ?an walk+1 z bo? an ex]cise & a recreation1 ,i %\ld c\nt rid+1 r[+ or bicycl+4 ,9 rid+ & bicycl+ !re is ! great int]e/ ( manag+ ! horse & propell+ ! bicycle1 ! exhil>ation & quick5$ circulation produc$ by pass+ rapidly ?r\gh ! air1 toge!r ) ! refre%m5t ga9$ ?r\gh ! eye by ! contemplation ( new & v>i$ sc5es1 especially if !y be beautiful4 ,e =m ( occupation or ex]cise t w keep girls 9 ! op5 air is = t reason alone valuable1 because !re is no bodily want s imp]i\s z ! necessity ( brea?+ fre%1 unvitiat$ air2 b z a true recreation ! fir/ position mu/ und\bt$ly be giv5 to games1 because 9 !m !re is always a special int]e/ ^u :i* ! m9d mu/ be conc5trat$1 & :i* !re=e entirely prev5ts ! possibility ( ! ?\ghts dwell+ ^u ! subject ( ! la/ lesson1 & s5ds ! girl back brac$ & invigorat$ to ov]come ! intellectual difficulties t may be requir$ ( h]4 ,i ?9k ,i d n speak too /rongly :5 ,i say t games1 i4e41 active games 9 ! op5 air1 are ess5tial to a heal?y exi/5ce1 & t mo/ ( ! qualities1 if n all1 t conduce to ! supremacy ( our c\ntry 9 s _m qu>t]s ( ! globe1 are fo/]$1 if n solely develop$1 by means ( games4 ,games give ex]cise4 ,games wa/e ! m9imum am\nt ( mat]ial & c be play$ on limit$ areas4 ,i h said t games are ess5tial to a heal?y exi/5ce2 ( c\rse ,i mean t !y are s "u ! circum/ances ( s*ool life4 ,)\t ?is proviso ! ass]tion w\ld be an exagg]at$ "o4 ,= ,i ?9k if x 7 possible1 ) a due reg>d = ! necessities ( _! tra9+1 to make girls cultivate a f>m1 or ev5 d all ! "w ( a l>ge g>d51 or build a h\se1 or make a road1 ! int]e/ ( p]=m+ a real "w ( utility1 toge!r ) ! ex]cise ( ! muscles & o!r faculties1 w\ld give ! necess>y recreation & muscul> ex]cise2 b ! initial difficulty c h>dly be ov]come1 viz41 t 9 build+ a h\se1 or cultivat+ a f>m1 ! exig5cies ( ! "w mu/ be consid]$ r ?an ! tra9+ ( ! work]s4 ,h5ce x is t games h be5 inv5t$ z a means ( ex]cise 9 ! op5 air1 :i* w occupy v>y+ numb]s ( play]s1 :i* c be dropp$ & resum$ accord+ to ! exig5cies ( ! wea!r1 v>i$ accord+ to ! capacities ( ! play]s1 :i* possess endless int]e/s1 develop numb]less faculties1 & yet :i* c be pursu$ ^u limit$ spaces ( gr\nd1 ! possibilities ( :i* = ! purpose are nev] exhau/$1 & )\t ! us+ up ( valuable mat]ial4 ,9 fact = p :o are to be intellectual work]s1 games are ! mod]n adaptation ( ! old comm& 8to till ! gr\nd10 :i*1 l o!r laws ( a fundam5tal nature1 _c at any "t ( ! _w's hi/ory be neglect$4 ,ef=ts h f "t to "t be5 made to c>ry out ! injunction lit]ally1 z 9 ! attempts ( ,mr4 ,rusk9 to inspire ,ox=d und]graduates to try ! exp]im5t ( road-mak+1 or 9 ! f\ndation ( s*ools1 :i* are meet+ ) a consid]able measure ( success1 9 :i* ! boys p]=m1 besides a c]ta9 proportion ( indoor "w1 a good deal ( agricultural1 includ+ woodm5's1 lab\r4 ,b = mo/ s*ools1 ) _! limit$ possibilities z reg>ds acres ( l&1 trees & mat]ials1 games are ! only possible means ( satisfy+ ! ne$4 ,^! ought to be z joy\s & spontane\s z possible1 & !re=e %\ld be ( e possible k9d to suit diff]5t ta/es4 ,! joy\sness & spontaneity are s especially necess>y = girls on acc\nt ( _! extreme consci5ti\sness & devotion to duty4 ,boys1 = all ,i "k to ! contr>y1 may p]=m _! duties equally well1 b !y are r>ely incl9$ to worry ov] !m z girls d1 & !y h su* ov]fl[+ animal spirits t !y always contrive to f9d relaxation1 by means ( fun & activity ( all k9ds at odd times1 :i* ei!r does n come naturally to girls1 or :i*1 if indulg$ 9 by !m z well z by boys1 w\ld make life an unbe>able p&emonium = _! eld]s4 ,games = small numb]s4 ,let u !n h games ( all k9ds2 e game1 )1 ,i %\ld say1 ! s+le exception ( football1 is suitable4 ,let u h lawn t5nis1 fives1 b[ls1 croquet1 quoits1 golf1 swimm+1 skat+1 ar*]y1 toboggan+1 basket-ball1 r\nd]s & hailes1 z _m ( ^! z c be provid$ =1 & "s at "o season ( ! ye>1 o!rs at ano!r4 ,all ^! are useful1 because only a small numb] ( individuals1 "o or two1 or at ! mo/ f\r1 is necess>y to make mo/ ( !m enjoyable1 & !re=e !y c fill up gaps ( "t :5 l>ge numb]s are n available = organis$ games4 ,let ^! games also be enc\rag$ by means ( t\rnam5ts & competitions held occasionally1 & let prizes or *all5ge cups be (f]$ = success 9 ^! competitions1 & :]e !re is a golf c\rse arrang$1 let !re be an autumn & a spr+ m$al4 ,_! high] functions4 ,games1 h[ev]1 h a mu* high] function to p]=m 9 s*ool life ?an any ,i h yet m5tion$4 ,"h is a spl5did field = ! developm5t ( p[]s ( organisation1 ( good temp] "u try+ circum/ances1 c\rage & det]m9ation to play up & d y\r be/ ev5 9 a los+ game1 rapidity ( ?\ght & action1 judgm5t & self-reliance1 &1 above all ?+s1 unselfi%ness1 & a k ( corporate action1 le>n+ to s9k individual pref]5ces 9 ! ef=t ( loyally work+ ) o!rs = ! common good4 ,necessity = ! cultivation ( corporate virtues4 ,9 ! life g5]ally4 ,by means ( organis$ games4 ,wom5 h pl5ty ( devotion & unselfi%ness ( an individual k9d--t is to say1 !y c lose !mselves entirely 9 ! int]e/s ( _! p>ticul> fri5ds or ( _! husb&s & *ildr51 b ?is p]sonal devotion is q compatible ) :at ,i may call family selfi%ness1 & !y may be1 & (t5 are1 q incapable ( realis+ any int]e/ :atev] t is n b\nd$ by ! f\r walls ( _! home4 ,! effect ( ?is n>r[ness is to make _! lives extremely mean & petty1 & !y h 9 consequ5ce a det]iorat+ effect ^u e memb] ( _! families & ^u all society 9 :i* !y m+le4 ,x is true t ! family is ! unit :i* lies at ! base ( all national exi/5ce1 & :i* =ms ! f\ndation /one = all tea*+1 moral & spiritual1 b x is ess5tial to rememb] t x is only a unit1 & t an aggregation ( su* families or units =ms a community1 a nation1 & t ! memb]s ( a family are likewise citiz5s ( k+doms1 political & spiritual4 ,! woman :o indulges 9 family selfi%ness is a bad citiz54 ,to be a good citiz51 x is ess5tial t %e %\ld h wide int]e/s1 a s5se ( discipl9e & organisation1 esprit de corps1 a p[] ( corporate action4 ,n[ ! s*oolmi/ress is ! p]son :o has ! be/ opportunity ( tea*+ ^! pr9ciples to wom51 & ,i w\ld h h] fully recognise h] privilege & h] responsibility4 ,m5 acquire corporate virtues1 n only at s*ool & at college1 b almo/ 9 e walk ( life2 :]eas comp>atively few wom5 ev] f9d !mselves memb]s ( an organis$ pr(ession1 & ! proportion1 ev5 ( ^? :o h ! advantage ( college life1 is /ill exce$+ly small4 ,x rema9s !re=e = ! s*ool to tea* !m almo/ all t !y w ev] h ! opportunity ( acquir+ ( ! p[] ( work+ ) o!rs1 & s9k+ _! own individuality = ! common good4 ,! opportunity mu/ be made ! mo/ (4 ,n[ girls are q z susceptible z boys to ! influ5ces ( s*ool life4 ,!re=e let u see t ! influ5ces are su* z develop ! be/ *>act]i/ics4 ,make !m tru/wor?y by tru/+ !m1 op5 & /raight=w>d by tak+ x = grant$ t !y h no?+ to hide4 ,give !m beautiful surr\nd+s2 let ! h\se be well manag$ & com=table b n luxuri\s2 satisfy e reasonable want lib]ally2 d n keep _! m9ds conc5trat$ ^u !mselves by hav+ a multiplicity ( m9ute & irritat+ rules1 b expla9 to !m broad pr9ciples ( conduct1 & expect !m to apply ^! !mselves to ! m9uti ( _! own lives1 po9t+ out pati5tly aga9 & aga9 :]e ! girls' application ( pr9ciples cla%es ) ! int]e/s ( ! majority4 ,?us ! pr9ciples ( corporate life are be+ imbib$ e h\r & m9ute ( ! day1 ?\gh n[h]e m completely ?an 9 ! playgr\nd1 & 9 ! playgr\nd ! l>ge organis$ games1 su* z cricket1 hockey & lacrosse1 are ! mo/ useful = ?is purpose4 ,area ( playgr\nd4 ,( c\rse x is exce$+ly difficult to obta9 space en\gh ^u :i* to play ^! games1 b if a s*ool is to be a resid5ti>y s*ool at all 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 x mu/ h sev]al acres ( gr\nd imm$iately surr\nd+ x4 ,i =be> to specify ! m9imum numb] ( acres1 because ?\gh x may be desirable = ! :ole s*ool to be able to play at "o "t e day1 x is n ess5tial1 z x is possible by an exp5diture ( tr\ble on ! "p ( ! headmi/ress to economise bo? playgr\nd & s*oolroom accommodation by arrang+ = ea* to be available 9 succession = ! use ( diff]5t portions ( ! s*ool4 ,a v useful guide1 h[ev]1 is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t1 tak+ twelve well-kn[n boys' s*ools1 ! av]age area ( ! sites is twelve acres = e hundr$ boys4 ,organisation ( playgr\nd4 ,!re ought to be "o gr\nd levell$ & turf$1 ab\t a hundr$ y>ds by fifty1 = e ?irty or =ty girls4 ,x is r>ely t m ?an two & tw5ty1 z 9 cricket1 or tw5ty-f\r1 z 9 lacrosse1 are requir$ = a game2 b out ( ! :ole numb] !re w always be a few :o are 8n play+ games to-day10 & ! balance occupy !mselves usefully ) "s ( ! o!r small] games previ\sly enum]at$4 ,! capta9 ( ! h\se or =m1 or :atev] ! subdivision may be t has ! use ( ! 8gr\nd10 mu/ arrange t e individual ( ! =ty is put d[n to play 9 ! organis$ game ?ree or f\r1 or z _m times z is possible1 9 ! week4 ,! half-holiday w naturally be ! day ^u :i* =eign mat*es are play$1 or home mat*es ) o!r divisions1 or scrat* mat*es arrang$ by ! capta9 ( ! games4 ,! capta9 ( games & ! capta9s ( divisions are ( c\rse girls1 select$ 9 ! "o case by ! :ole s*ool1 & 9 ! o!rs by ! girls ( ! division ov] :i* %e presides4 ,( c\rse if ! numb] ( gr\nds available is n z great z ! numb] ( suitable divisions1 divisions mu/ h gr\nds allott$ to !m 9 turn1 & ?is r$uces s]i\sly ! opportunities = practice4 ,a good deal1 h[ev]1 may (t5 be done ) great advantage on a small] piece ( gr\nd 9 practis+ = ! game at ! "t 9 vogue1 especially 9 cricket1 :]e v useful coa*+ is giv5 at ! nets4 ,(t5 special v>ieties ( a game are develop$ by ! local peculi>ities ( ! only available spot = play+ x4 ,e ,etonian kn[s ! correct %ape = a fives-c\rt1 & h[ ! peculi>ity has be5 p]petuat$ f ! balu/rade ( ! /one /air 9 ! quadrangle :i* leads to ! *apel4 ,! old ,scotti% game ( hailes has likewise localis$ itself 9 ! playgr\nd ( ! ,academy1 ,ed9burgh4 ,x is desirable t !re %\ld be a mi/ress1 ^: special int]e/ may be claim$ by ! girls 9 any p>ticul> game1 & ^: advice may be s\ght by ! capta9 ( games 9 ! matt] ( answ]+ *all5ges & provid+ ! necess>y app>atus4 ,! capta9 %\ld also be support$ by ano!r girl z secret>y & treasur]1 to collect subscriptions & keep ! books4 ,cycle ( games4 ,! exp]i5ce ( _m ye>s has evolv$ ! plan ( *oos+ regul>ly "o game = ea* t]m1 & always keep+ to x4 ,?us lacrosse might be tak5 9 ! ,septemb] t]m1 hockey 9 ,janu>y1 & cricket 9 ,may1 & if all s*ools adopt ! same plan1 outside mat*es are !n possible1 & !re are few ?+s :i* t5d s /rongly to keep up ! esprit de corps ( a s*ool z meet+ o!r s*ools on ! play+-field4 ,lacrosse4 ,!re w be no diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! suitability ( cricket = ! summ] t]m1 b _m s*ools play hockey 9 ,septemb]1 & c>ry x on = two t]ms4 ,we h f\nd1 h[ev]1 t !re is n really en\gh int]e/ 9 ! game itself to keep up en?usiasm = su* a long p]iod1 b inasmu* z x keeps ne>ly all ! play]s 9 con/ant movem5t & requires ! m9imum am\nt ( arrangem5t be=eh&1 & c !re=e be begun at once on a cold day )\t loss ( "t1 x is ! be/ game = ! ,janu>y t]m1 dur+ :i* ! mo/ inclem5t wea!r ( ! ye> is usually exp]i5c$4 ,football be+ q out ( ! "q1 on acc\nt ( its r\ghness1 we h fall5 back ^u lacrosse1 a game :i* requires ! same qualities ( comb9ation1 ob$i5ce1 c\rage1 individual unselfi%ness = ! sake ( a side--a play] :o attempts to keep ! ball in/ead ( pass+ x be+ absolutely useless--& is full ( int]e/ on acc\nt ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( skill requir$1 fleetness ( foot1 quickness ( eye1 /r5g? ( wri/1 & a great deal ( judgm5t & knack4 ,! game ( lacrosse well play$ is a beautiful sight1 ! actions ( ! play]s be+ s full ( grace & agility4 ,! skill requir$1 moreov]1 is s great t ! attempt to acquire x is a spl5did tra9+ 9 c\rage & p]sev]ance4 ,hockey4 ,hockey is s well kn[n t x is h>dly necess>y to say mu* ab\t x1 except+ t x is a v great mi/ake to reg>d x z ess5tially a r\gh game4 ,all t is necess>y to prev5t r\ghness is to h a /rict rule aga9/ rais+ ! /ick above ! wai/1 an (f5ce ( ?is k9d giv+ a free hit to ! opposite side4 ,( c\rse1 h>d knocks are sometimes receiv$1 b is !re no value 9 ! lesson ( *e]ful endurance t may ?us be le>n$1 & is x possible to enjoy any?+ good 9 life or ev5 to live at all1 )\t runn+ "s risk ( bodily h>m8 ,hockey has besides its special advantages :i* ,i h already m5tion$4 ,cricket4 ,z reg>ds cricket1 ,i am well aw>e t mo/ real cricket]s w\ld laugh at ! idea ( girls attempt+ ! game4 ,i %all always rememb] ! rem>k made by ! head ma/] ( a public s*ool1 aft] wat*+ ! girls at play = "s "t ) ! ke5e/ int]e/3 8,yes1 !y w nev] make cricket]s1 b !y are hav+ spl5did ex]cise 9 ! op5 air04 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 "s ye>s ago1 & ! girls h work$ h>d & improv$ s9ce !n1 & ,i v5ture to ?9k t if ! same k9dly critic c\ld aga9 see _! play he w\ld ?9k some:at bett] ( x4 ,inde$1 ,i am (t5 surpris$ at ! real pleasure & approbation express$ at :at ev5 to me seems our feeble attempts4 ,grant$1 h[ev]1 t ! game 9 ! h&s ( girls c nev] be q ! same game t x is = boys1 x is /ill a p]fectly safe game :5 play$ betwe5 elev5s ( tol]ably equal /r5g?4 ,x is1 9 my op9ion1 q unsafe :5 play$ by m5 aga9/ wom51 or ev5 by big boys aga9/ little ones1 b admirable f e po9t ( view s long z boys play boys & girls play girls ( correspond+ size & /r5g?4 ,! am\nt ( int]e/ & v>iety 9 ! game is unsurpass$ by any o!r1 & x is s well kn[n t an intellig5t int]e/ 9 its details c be tak5 by almo/ any "o4 ,no r\ghness is produc$2 all is g5tl5ess & c\rtesy1 comb9$ ) /r5g? & det]m9ation4 ,! traditions ( ! game are su* t girls attempt+ to play x mu/ ?r[ !mselves completely into x1 & _c all[ !mselves to give way to idl5ess & ineffectiv5ess4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ by ! rem>k ( ! capta9 ( a team ( ladies :o rec5tly play$ an elev5 f a well-kn[n s*ool1 & 7 beat5 by !m4 ,%e congratulat$ ! head mi/ress1 & said3 8,y\r girls play l g5tlem51 & behave l ladies04 ,defici5cy ( e>ly muscul> tra9+4 ,x is un=tunate t1 broadly speak+1 girls _c ?r[ & t ! b[l+ 9 a girls' elev5 is apt to be lam5tably weak4 ,i h n be5 able to decide 9 my own m9d :e!r ?is weakness is due to physiological disabilities or to ! want ( e>ly tra9+1 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ! latt]4 ,x seems to be g5]ally ackn[l$g$ 9 ! nurs]y t x is ( no use to attempt to keep ! boys 9 /rict control1 t !y mu/ be all[$ to h _! fl+1 & create an upro>1 & climb1 & ?r[ /ones1 b ! :ole =ce ( ! nurse's au?ority is usually ex]t$ to prev5t ! girls "u h] *>ge f fall+ "u ! opprobrium1 9 nurs]y etiquette1 ( be+ 8unladylike04 ,i am ! m incl9$ to ?is op9ion1 z ,i obs]ve t :]e p>5ts h ! good s5se to all[ _! girls ! same facilities = activity1 natural & necess>y = ! "y animal1 z _! boys1 ! girls d le>n to ?r[ equally well1 & atta9 ! same easy gracefulness ( movem5t :i* is natural to ! untrammell$ boy4 ,su* p>5ts1 ,i grieve to say1 are /ill v r>e1 ) ! result t n m ?an ?ree or f\r p] c5t4 ( girls ( f\rte5 h any idea ( ?r[+ a ball1 & mu* less ( b[l+4 ,?is c sc>cely be wond]$ at1 see+ t 8,sir ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson lately /at$ t 9 8 /ud5t days x 0 taught 9 all sobriety by anatomical au?orities t ! jo9t ( a woman's %\ld] 0 m %all[ ?an a man's1 s t %e 0 almo/ sure to dislocate x if %e ?rew a ball ) =ce6 ,?us1 comically1 does preconceiv$ !ory upset ! sci5tific vision40 ,h[ev]1 great /rides h already be5 made by girls 9 acquir+ skill 9 games1 & mu* great] /rides w be made 9 ! future1 to ! enorm\s ga91 n only physically b m5tally & morally1 bo? ( wom5 9 p>ticul> & ( ! nation z a :ole4 ,great value ( ,sw$i% gymna/ics4 ,sev]e games n safe )\t gymna/ic tra9+4 ,dang]s ( ov]-ex]tion4 ,we n[ come to ! consid]ation ( ex]cises1 :i* ?\gh really recreative 9 _! t5d5cies1 are mu* less s ?an games1 & fir/ among ^! come gymna/ics4 ,n[ no nation has m c>efully ?\ght out ! subject ( physical education ?an ! ,sw$es1 & at ! ,c5tral ,in/itute 9 ,/ockholm1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,pr(essor ,trngr51 pr(essors ( gymna/ics1 bo? prev5tive & curative1 are tra9$1 :o h a ?or\gh sci5tific k ( _! "w1 & c produce results 9 ! way ( physical tra9+ second to no o!rs 9 exi/5ce4 ,x has be5 my happ9ess = _m ye>s to wat* ! results ( ! "w produc$ by "o ( ! pr(essor's pupils1 & ,i _c speak too highly ( ! "w %e has accompli%$4 ,! ess5ce ( h] me?od is a sy/ematic tra9+ ( all ! muscles4 ,%e possesses a ?or\gh k ( ! /ructure ( ! human frame1 bo? muscul> & n]v\s4 ,by a c>efully ?\ght out s]ies ( free ex]cises1 supplem5t$ by "w ^u ! admirably devis$ ,sw$i% app>atus1 ! muscul> sy/em ( h] pupils is ?or\ghly & h>moni\sly develop$2 & "h let me say t1 /rongly z ,i believe 9 out-door games1 ,i d n consid] x safe to all[ girls to indulge 9 !m absolutely )\t re/riction1 nor at all1 at lea/ 9 ! sev]] games1 unless !y are receiv+ sy/ematic muscul> tra9+ 9 ! gymnasium & make a practice ( *ang+ all _! g>m5ts z soon z play is ov]4 ,= ?is reason1 ! "t dur+ :i* x is possible = girls to play h>d is c>efully cut d[n to a maximum ( an h\r & a half4 ,also1 no exemptions :atev] are giv5 f gymna/ic lessons4 ,by ?is means h>d games are made safe1 :]eas o!rwise !re w\ld be con/ant dang] ( ov]/ra91 & mis*ief might ensue :i* w\ld p]haps n be app>5t at ! "t1 b might s]i\sly endang] a girl's heal? 9 aft] ye>s4 ,!re is no?+ 9 my op9ion m dang]\s = "y p ?an physical & n]v\s exhau/ion4 ,! h>m is done 9 a gay1 ?\ghtless mom5t1 :i* may n be ov]come = ye>s4 ,?is c>e is especially necess>y 9 ! case ( girls1 bo? on acc\nt ( physical organisation & because _! muscul> sy/em has1 z a rule1 be5 s imp]fectly develop$ 9 *ildhood4 ,!re is /ill ano!r & v important reason4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t girls are s v good & consci5ti\s4 ,"o =m :i* ?is *>act]i/ic takes is t !y w quietly attempt1 & by pure n]ve-=ce w p]=m1 if ! occasion seems to require x ( !m1 feats = :i* _! muscul> developm5t is entirely unfitt$4 ,?is br+s me to ! reason :y ,sw$i% gymna/ics are s greatly sup]ior to ! ord9>y =m ( gymna/ics1 :i* us$ to be preval5t 9 boys' public s*ools & army gymnasiums4 ,9 ?is k9d ( gymna/ics1 ! att5tion ( ! in/ructor is f> too mu* occupi$ 9 mak+ 8 pupils p]=m feats1 _m ( :i* are ( an acrobatic nature1 r ?an direct$ to ! h>moni\s developm5t ( ! :ole body2 h5ce1 9 "s cases1 ! %\ld]s become abnormally broad & squ>e1 & o!r unsymmetrical effects are caus$4 ,9 fact1 ! amusem5t ( ! pupils is consid]$ r m ?an _! physical welf>e4 ,physical defects discov]$ at gymna/ics4 ,curative gymna/ics4 ,defects (t5 ! result ( ignorance1 fa%ion or ov]work4 ,!n1 s9ce e girl mu/ appe> twice a week 9 ! gymnasium z long z %e rema9s 9 ! s*ool1 dress$ 9 an easy-fitt+ co/ume1 consi/+ ( knick]bock]s & tunic1 ! gymna/ic mi/ress has e opportunity ( notic+ ! physical developm5t1 & ,i h f\nd t %e v quickly detects ev5 ! slighte/ curvatures or o!r physical defects1 &1 ) ! p>5ts' cons5t1 c give curative treatm5t1 :i* is v spe$ily efficaci\s 9 cur+ weak or crook$ backs1 /oops1 displac$ %\ld] blades1 spra9s & o!r ailm5ts4 ,! mi/ress also gives ! girls a good deal ( useful advice1 accord+ to _! sev]al ne$s4 ,%e notices h[ !y sit or :at po/ures !y take = diff]5t avocations1 & tells !m if !y are wrong1 & :y !y are wrong4 ,%e does n und]take any m$ical responsibility1 b hav+ _h1 s f> z ! bodily frame goes1 a ?or\gh m$ical tra9+1 h] "w among a numb] ( girls is simply invaluable1 & no physical features t ought to be notic$ escape h] practis$ eye4 ,x is well kn[n to s*oolmi/resses1 if n to p>5ts1 :at a s]i\s difficulty ^! physical defects cause 9 a girl's moral tra9+4 ,no?+ is worse = a girl ?an to be =c$ by circum/ances to ?9k mu* ab\t h] own heal?4 ,!re=e1 x is our "p to save !m z mu* z we c f hav+ to direct _! ?\ghts ^u !mselves m ?an is requir$ by ord9>y common-s5se4 ,?9k h[ h>d x is = a girl :o has a weak back1 & is ord]$ to lie d[n = c]ta9 h\rs 9 ! day4 ,%e _c lie & d no?+1 & !re=e attempts read+ z be+ app>5tly ! only possible occupation4 ,! difficulty ( fix+ ! book 9 ! "r position & gett+ a prop] light ^u x is su* t v frequ5tly ! eyes are ov]/ra9$ & a new difficulty is produc$4 ,n[ mo/ weak backs c be /r5g!n$ by /r5g!n+ ! prop] muscles4 ,muscle is /r5g!n$ by use1 & ! ,sw$i% gymna/ kn[s :at ex]cises1 or :at rubb+s1 w produce ! desir$ results1 & proce$s to /r5g!n sl[ly & judici\sly4 ,! girl at ! same "t is all[$ pl5ty ( fre% air & suitable games1 & soon recov]s h] normal condition1 all ! :ile pursu+ ! same k9d ( life z ! o!rs1 ?\gh probably ) "s relaxation 9 ! way ( lessons4 ,su* weak backs ought n to occur z (t5 z !y d1 if prop] att5tion 7 paid f ! fir/ to ! physical conditions ( life4 ,i d n mean any?+ ab/ruse or difficult1 b j ! ord9>y commonplaces2 t high-heel$ %oes ?r[ ! body out ( its natural balance & ov]/ra9 "s muscles2 t h>d1 /iff clo?+ press+ ^u muscles weak5s !m by caus+ atrophy1 a frequ5t cause ( weak backs2 t a gr[+ *ild mu/ h abundance ( sleep1 food1 fre% air & ex]cise1 & :ile liv+ 9 cultivat$ surr\nd+s & be+ enc\rag$ 9 intellectual pursuits1 %\ld n be expect$ to sp5d m ?an ?ree or f\r h\rs ea* day accord+ to age1 9 do+ def9ite bra9 "w4 ,at ! age ( f\rte5 a heal?y girl may be expect$ to beg9 to "w z mu* z five h\rs a day4 ,s mu* = gymna/ics1 ! necessity = :i* x is to be hop$ has be5 suffici5tly demon/rat$4 ,danc+4 ,danc+ is also a capital =m ( ex]cise1 provid$ x is n pursu$1 z is sometimes ! case1 to ! po9t ( physical exhau/ion4 ,! art ( f5c+ is also well wor? acquir+4 ,also bicycle evolutions to music1 & ev5 roll] skat+4 ,h\rs t may reasonably be sp5t 9 intellectual "w4 ,hav+ /at$ t ?ree h\rs is en\gh = intellectual "w = mo/ girls up to ! age ( elev5 or twelve1 f\r h\rs up to f\rte51 five up to sixte51 & t six is ! utmo/ a girl ( any age ought to attempt2 hav+ also said t an h\r & a half 9 ! day is en\gh = ! organis$ games1 x rema9s to fill up ! re/ ( ! day1 :i*1 exclud+ sleep & meals1 & ! necess>y "t sp5t 9 dress+1 usually am\nts to f two to ?ree h\rs4 ,! "t-table ( e girl 9 ! s*ool may be diff]5t2 ,i app5d1 z examples1 ! actual "t-tables ( tw5ty girls = a week1 ! total ( =ty-f\r h\rs be+ made up ( five days ( eight h\rs & "o day ( f\r h\rs4 ,,sample ,,"t-,,tables4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,=m4,"n4 ,age4 ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,vi4 a #afe ,anomal\s2 z n m ?an two languages %\ld b #ahdaf;be /udi$ at "o "t4 ,h n be5 long c #agjhc;en\gh 9 ! s*ool to "w into ! sy/em4 d #agehc e #ahccc;,does -hr4 curative gymna/ics p] day4 ,l4 ,v4 f #agaff g #afe ,too _m languages4 h #afge ,v4 i #agjhc j #adbe k #ade ,h m extra subjects ?an is wise4 l #aege ,l4 ,v4 m #af n #acehc;,has no engagem5t aft] #g 9 ! ev5+ & goes e>ly to b$4 o #ae p #afaff ,,iv4 q #adiaf r #adge s #ad t #achcc;,goes e>ly to b$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,h\rs p] week1 includ+ prep>ation4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,t r ,a i ,l r g i i ,g o t ,e t e ,a n ,s ,h e n ,g ,f h o l o c a r g ,g ,l e r m m g m i r a l r a r e e e e e e m t i e t m n t t b t n o u s e i a c i r r r c n r h k n n h c y a y e y e ,"n4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- a 444#gi #c #c #ac #c 444 444 444 444 b 444#gi 444#c #ac #c 444 444 444#c c 444#gi 444#f #ac #c 444 444 444 444 d 444#gi #gc 444 444 444 444 444#c 444 e 444#g 444 444#f #ac #c #c 444 444#c f 444 444 444#gf #ac #c 444 444#c #c g 444#gi 444#f #ac #c 444 444 444 444 h 444 444#i #gf #ac #c 444 444 444 444 i 444 444 444#f #f #c #c #c 444#c 444#a j 444 444#f 444#f #c #c #c 444 444 444#a k 444 444#f 444#f #c #c #c 444#c 444#a l 444 444 444#f #f #c #c #c 444 444 444#a m 444 444#e 444#ebbb 444#b 444#a n 444 444#e 444#ebbb 444#b 444#a o 444 444#e 444#ebbb 444#b 444#a p 444 444 444#e #ebbb 444 444#ba q #a 444#e 444#ecb 444 444#b 444#b r #a 444#e 444#ecb 444 444#b 444#b s #a 444#e 444#ecb 444 444#b 444#b t #a 444#e 444#ecb 444 444#b 444#b ---------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------- -------- ,t o t a l 1 ,s c h r ,h e i i a p s d t t w u o o r r r e y k ,"n4 4 4 4 --------------- a #c 444#cc b #c 444#cc c #c 444#cc d #c 444#cc e #c 444#cj f #c 444#cj g #c 444#cc h #c 444#cc i #c #dcc j #c #dcj k #c #dcc l #c #dcj m #bcbh n #bcbh o #bcbh p #bcbh q #bbbh r #bbbh s #bbbh t #bbbh --------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,extra ,subjects4 -------------------- ,t o t ,g a e l n 1 ,p e a r o ,g ,g r a ,n c r y t l e ,g c a m e ,w a u n ,s ,d ,d n ,s ,r d o r p d ,v i r a a i e l r d a ,p i n a n s n a e k e t ,t i o g w c t g d w s n i o a l i i i i i i o h i o t n i n n n c n n r o n n a o n g g g s g g k p g s l ,"n4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- a 444 444 444 444 444#a #c #acaaadd b #e 444 444 444 444#a 444#a #b #a #aadd c #e 444 444#b 444#a 444 444#a 444#aadd d 444#e 444 444 444#a 444#b 444#b #aadd e #ec 444 444 444#c444 444 444#addd f #e 444#c 444 444#a 444#a #b 444#addd g 444 444 444 444 444#a #c #bbaaadd h #e 444 444 444#aa 444#a 444#a #aadd i #e 444 444 444 444#b 444 444 444#c #aadd j 444#e 444#b 444#b 444 444 #c #addd k #e 444 444#baa 444 444 444 444#aadd l #ec 444#baa 444444 444 444 444#addd m #e 444 444 444 444#b 444#ad #bafdd n 444 444 444#b 444#b 444#abcacda o #e 444 444#bab 444#ab 444#afdd p #ec 444 444#ab 444#aa 444#afdd q #e 444 444#bab 444#aaa #afdd r 444 444 444#bab 444#cd #b #afdd s #e 444 444#b 444#b 444#c #aa #afdd t #e 444 444 444#ab 444#a 444#b #acda ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,! true end ( s*ool life4 ,occupations n purely intellectual4 ,h&icrafts4 ,& "h x is important to note t a great deal ( ! tra9+ requisite to make a girl really useful1 i4e41 to make h] indu/ri\s1 prompt1 intellig5t1 ?\ghtful1 ?or\gh & accurate1 c q z easily be giv5 by means ( "w :i* is n intellectual1 !reby sav+ ! poor bra91 :i* we h (t5 /ra9$ to ! utt]mo/ 9 ! pa/1 f ! we>9ess & fatigue consequ5t ^u ov]work1 & girls may be s5t out f s*ool n anmic & weak-back$1 hat+ ! sight ( a book1 b heal?y & vigor\s1 ke5ly alive to e opportunity t (f]s = self-improvem5t1 e>ne/ & self-re/ra9$1 ) tra9$ p[]s ready to devote !mselves to ! duties :i* (f]4 ,= ! purposes ( tra9+ !n1 ,i w\ld sugge/ a v>iety ( h&icrafts1#cb su* z bookb9d+1 ne$lework1 ! practis+ ( v>i\s musical in/rum5ts1 "p s++1 draw+ & g>d5+4 ,9 "s cases "t also is giv5 = g5]al read+ 9 ! libr>y--?is may include ,engli% & o!r mod]n languages--& is (t5 valuable 9 keep+ up a mod]n language t has be5 acquir$ e>ly1 besides cultivat+ bread? ( view & lit]>y ta/e4 ,! :ole s*ool ought also to be organis$ z a ,fire ,brigade & regul>ly drill$4 ,x w be notic$ at once t cook+1 dressmak+1 dome/ic economy1 sick nurs+1 physiology & hygi5e are omitt$4 ,^! subjects are admirable at s*ool age = girls :o int5d to make !m _! "w 9 life1 b = our own girls1 ?\gh "s ( !m sugge/ suitable holiday recreations1 ,i believe t !y are be/ acquir$ by devot+ six mon?s or a ye> specially to ! purpose :5 s*ool life is ov]4 ,!y d n seem to me to admit ( a suffici5t am\nt ( tra9+1 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( "t !y consume4 ,! k1 s ess5tial = ! welf>e ( ! individual1 ( ph5om5a1 su* z ! prop]ties ( air & wat] & ! laws ( heat1 is acquir$ & ! practical applications are po9t$ out by e intellig5t tea*] dur+ ! /udy ( physics & *emi/ry2 & c>e ( ! heal? receives con/ant practical att5tion1 s t x is unnecess>y to emphasise x dur+ s*ool life by special lessons4 ,ne$lework is ess5tial = e woman1 & facility ) ! ne$le is m easily acquir$ e>ly1 say f t5 to f\rte51 :5 ! f+]s are really l>ge en\gh to use su* a delicate in/rum5t z a ne$le2 b1 z ) ev]y?+ else1 hav+ acquir$ ! elem5ts ?or\ghly1 x mu/ be a matt] ( individual ta/e :e!r ! work] proce$s to acquire ! high] bran*es ( ! art4 ,! same may be said ( piano1 viol9 & draw+4 ,bookb9d+1 woodc>v+ & jo9]y give great scope = ! developm5t ( neatness1 accuracy & arti/ic tal5t4 ,an imm5se deal ( int]e/ may also be excit$ by g>d5+1 & mu* in=mation ( a practical & botanical k9d1 likely to be useful 9 lat] life1 may be obta9$4 ,e girl :o wi%es x1 %\ld h a small plot ( g>d5 to cultivate = h]self4 #cb ,x is to ! admirable curriculum arrang$ by ,miss ,gray1 ! headmi/ress ( ,/4 ,ka?>9e's ,s*ool1 ,/4 ,&rews1 t ,i am indebt$ = my views on ! subject ( h&icrafts & %ort h\rs = intellectual "w4 ,swimm+4 ,"h x may be z well to m5tion t :]e facilities = ba?+ exi/1 provid$ great c>e is ex]cis$ 9 only all[+ girls 9 p]fect heal? to indulge 9 x1 & !n = n too long at a "t1 no f9] ex]cise exi/s ?an swimm+4 ,! necess>y position ( ! swimm]1 ) arms ext5d$ & head well ?r[n back1 is an admirable corrective to any t5d5cy to /oop t may be acquir$ by bookwork4 ,importance ( not+ ! weight & rate ( gr[?4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt] on ! cultivation ( ! body1 x may be useful to app5d tables ( ! heights & weights ( girls at diff]5t ages4 ,^! are compil$ f c>eful measurem5ts tak5 regul>ly ?ree times e ye> at ,/4 ,leon>d's ,s*ool1 ,/4 ,&rews1 dur+ a p]iod ( ne>ly six ye>s1 an ,av]y's weigh+ & measur+ app>atus be+ us$4 ,! girls 7 always weigh$ 9 _! gymna/ic co/ume ( ! ?ickness worn 9 w9t]1 & measur$ 9 _! %oes4 ,a c]ta9 small p]c5tage 7 usually f\nd to h lo/ weight1 ! proportion be+ l>g] 9 ! summ] "t4 ,we f\nd1 h[ev]1 t su* losses 7 unimportant1 unless p]si/$ 94 ,if1 = example1 a gr[+ girl did n increase 9 weight dur+ a ye>1 & 0 light] ?an ! av]age = h] age & height1 !n x w\ld be high "t to s5d = ! doctor & h h] ?or\ghly ov]haul$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a girl 0 f\nd to be p]si/5tly idle & inatt5tive1 ?\gh app>5tly 9 good heal?1 on consult+ ! weight book x w\ld usually be f\nd t %e 0 und]weight = h] age1 & a cure 0 easily effect$ by cutt+ (f "s ( h] "w1 giv+ h] extra n\ri%m5t & m "t = ex]cise 9 ! op5 air4 ,x is inde$ truly awful to reflect on ! numb] ( bad habits1 t is1 moral faults1 t may be induc$ & fo/]$ 9 ^? "u our *>ge by neglect ( suitable heal? conditions4 ,! tables are s\nd1 s f> z !y g1 b !y d n g ne>ly f> en\gh1 ! basis ^u :i* !y are f\nd$ be+ too n>r[1 & x is mu* to be wi%$ t ! ,an?ropometric ,society c\ld see its way to organis+ a s]ies ( obs]vations ov] a mu* wid] area4 ,i4--,table %[+ ! av]age height & weight ( ,briti% girls f ! ages ( n9e to tw5ty1 /at+ 9 ea* case ! numb] ( obs]vations made4 ,also %[+ ! av]age increase p] annum d$uc$ f ! same obs]vations tak5 ?ree times 9 ea* ye>4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,numb] ( ,ages4 ,height4 ,weight4 obs]vations ,increase4 made4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,9 ,height4,9 ,weight4 ,f ft4 94 /4 lb4 oz4 94 lb4 oz4 #i to #aj #d #cch #d #d #aj #bb #aj #aa #d #egfc #d #ab #ad #cf #bchc #h #d #aa #ab #d #hdjc #e #f #f #di #bfd #g #h #ab #ac #d #aaeji #f #e #a #ha #cajf #ab #aa #ac #ad #e #afci #g #b #b #bah #bac #aa #a #ad #ae #e #cabh #g #ab #c #dij #adhi #aj #a #ae #af #e #cigb #h #f #j #gcg #hdd #g #ac #af #ag #e #ddea #h #aa #f #hgj #dgi #e #f #ag #ah #e #dfff #i #a #g #fbg #bae #d #a #ah #ai #e #dhjd #i #d #aj #bdb #ach #c #c #ai #bj #e #ebfg #i #e #f #ea #dfc #ab ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,ii4--,table %[+ av]age ,,iii4--,table %[+ av]age height = age1 disreg>d+ weight = height1 disreg>d+ weight4 age4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,age ,numb] ( ,numb] ( 9 ,height4 obs]vations,height4 ,weight4 obs]vations ye>s4 made4 made4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ft4 94 ft4 94/4 lb4 oz4 #i #d #ace #e #c #aj #c #c #h #a #i #d #cgci #ab #c #aa #c #e #j #c #aj #d #dche #ab #d #j #c #aj #d #a #aj #d #eefe #ba #d #a #d #b #aj #c #aa #d #fdha #bj #d #b #d #c #d #aa #aa #d #hcbb #bf #d #c #d #d #e #aj #ab #d #ajehb #ce #d #d #d #e #ab #ab #ab #d #aafif #dd #d #e #d #h #ad #ab #ac #e #adeh #fi #d #f #e #a #ab #ae #ac #e #agbh #abb #d #g #e #e #c #bg #ad #e #bgjh #aib #d #h #e #i #ab #bh #ad #e #cbcb #bef #d #i #f #j #h #db #ae #e #cgb #cdi #d #aj #f #h #a #ef #ae #e #djdh #chi #d #aa #g #c #ae #aah #af #e #dbfc #dcd #e #j #g #e #ac #bba #af #e #ddhh #dde #e #a #g #aj #j #bfc #ag #e #dfjf #cgf #e #b #h #a #j #cji #ag #e #dfdd #bif #e #c #h #e #ad #efd #ah #e #dfga #ahb #e #d #h #aj #aa #fbe #ah #e #dgig #ig #e #e #h #ac #d #dff #ai #e #dhca #dj #e #f #i #d #ab #bgd #ai #e #dhed #ab #e #g #i #g #i #bag #bj #e #dhi #h #e #h #i #aa #aj #abe #e #i #aj #b #e #ed #e #aj #aj #aj #h #ab ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,environm5t4 ,we n[ pass to ! inanimate surr\nd+s4 ,! fir/ ess5tial is t ! soil ^u :i* ! s*ool is built %\ld be a dry & :olesome "o4 ,gravel ( c\rse is ! be/1 b !re are _m o!r v>ieties ( soil & subsoil :i* admit ( p]fect dra9age4 ,heal?y situation4 ,*e]ful surr\nd+s4 ,! altitude is also a "q to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! greate/ altitude compatible ) accessibility is z a rule ! be/1 because !n ! air w be fre% & abundant1 & probably brac+4 ,! aspect is also ( importance4 ,?is %\ld be z sunny z possible1 & ! girls' sleep+ & liv+ rooms %\ld be flood$ ) sun%9e = great portions ( ! day1 :atev] happ5s to ! re/ ( ! e/abli%m5t2 z comp>atively %ort h\rs are sp5t 9 s*oolrooms1 ! importance ( sun%9e 9 !m is less great1 ?\gh !y mu/ be bright & attractive1 = *e]ful surr\nd+s & associations help to produce ! *e]ful m9ds :i* mo/ easily conqu] intellectual difficulties4 ,!re mu/ be no gloom9ess1 ) its depress+ effects ^u y\?ful spirits1 any:]e4 ,! nature ( ! surr\nd+s has mu* to d 9 fact ) ! ideas1 pleasurable or o!rwise1 :i* w be associat$ ) ! recurr5ce ( any giv5 lesson1 & w (t5 col\r our recollections ?r\gh life4 ,climate4 ,x is desirable also to asc]ta9 ! ra9fall4 ,!re are c]ta9 portions ( our isl& :]e ! ra9fall is v mu* heavi] ?an 9 o!rs1 & (t5 places only a few miles ap>t may diff] by be+ ei!r inside or outside a ra9y b&4 ,:]e outdoor ex]cise is z important z x always mu/ be = "y p1 x is absurd to />t a new s*ool 9 a place :]e ! games w be con/antly int]rupt$ by ra91 or :]e1 :5 x has ra9$1 ! gr\nd is ( a nature :i* does n quickly dry up4 ,( c\rse :at "o really wants to "k is ! av]age numb] ( ra9y days & ! seasons ( ! ye> :5 !y *iefly occur1 r ?an ! numb] ( in*es p] annum ( ! ra9fall1 b ^! are details :i* are n g5]ally easy to asc]ta94 ,v5tilation & w>m+4 ,hav+ secur$ a suitable spot1 ) abundant space1 a l>ge portion ( x level = ! purpose ( play1 see t ! build+ is commodi\s1 well-built1 well-light$1 & ?or\ghly dry1 & h all ! w9d[s hung top & bottom s t !re may be pl5ty ( fre% air1 & h good fireplaces4 ,fireplaces are decid$ly ! mo/ heal?y me?od ( w>m+ = all liv+ rooms1 b hot-wat] pipes are unobjectionable1 & f> m conv5i5t & economical = s*oolrooms4 ,arrangem5t ( build+s & light+4 ,e s*ool ( c\rse has its own me?od ( arrangem5t1 b x is pref]able :]e possible to h a c5tral build+ = tea*+ purposes1 conta9+ s*oolrooms1 art-room1 laboratory1 work%ops & gymnasium1 surr\nd$ by h\ses ( resid5ce1 ea* hold+ ab\t tw5ty-five girls4 ,! h\ses %\ld be w>m$ ) fireplaces1 ! s*ool by means ( any w>m+ app>atus at ! "t 9 vogue4 ,9 bo? s*ool & h\ses x is mo/ desirable to h electric light because x does n vitiate ! air4 ,! accommodation 9 ! build+ w naturally be arrang$ 9 accordance ) ! ideas ( s*ool organisation :i* x is int5d$ to c>ry out1 diff]5t plans be+ suitable = diff]5t k9ds ( s*ools4 ,wat] supply & dra9age4 ,an abundant & ?or\ghly :olesome wat] supply is absolutely ess5tial1 & ! dra9age mu/ be well plann$ & p]fectly laid1 s z to /& ! v>i\s cu/om>y te/s1 & mu/ be prop]ly trapp$ & v5tilat$4 ,air & space4 ,z reg>ds area & cubic space & o!r m9ute details ( a hygi5ic k9d1 ,i _c d bett] ?an ref] mi/resses to ,dr4 ,clem5t ,dukes' admirable ,heal? at ,s*ool1 publi%$ by ,cassell ,co41 :i* is a complete comp5dium ( ! subject1 m]ely premis+ t = a book publi%$ 9 #ahhf & republi%$ 9 #ahie1 a less sweep+ condemnation ( all girls' s*ools might h be5 made4 ,i d n myself feel t !re is dang] ( un:olesome cr[d+ 9 second>y resid5ti>y s*ools1 provid$ t !re are sep>ate liv+ & s*ool accommodation1 su* z ,i h already indicat$1 & also provid$ t e girl has h] own cubicle fully furni%$4 ,! smalle/ area ^u :i* x is possible to arrange ! usual cubicle furniture ) any degree ( com=t1 is suffici5t to provide en\gh cubic space ( air 9 a room twelve feet high4 ,food mu/ be abundant4 ,!re mu/ be v>iety4 ,sug> & fruit necess>y4 ,disa/r\s effects ( insuffici5t or un:olesome food4 ,a *apt] on ! ,cultivation ( ! ,body seems h>dly complete )\t "s m5tion ( t )\t :i* ! body _c gr[ or ev5 cont9ue to exi/1 namely1 food4 ,z w h be5 se5 f ! tables giv5 above1 gr[? dur+ ! e>ly ye>s sp5t at a second>y resid5ti>y s*ool is exce$+ly rapid1 & food is necess>y to support x2 also e =m ( activity ( any ( ! faculties ( ! be+ causes wa/e ( sub/ance & necessitates recup]ation1 :i* w be obta9$ *iefly by means ( food & sleep4 ,food1 !re=e1 mu/ be abundant2 x mu/ be ( good quality1 well cook$1 attractively s]v$1 & help$ 9 a tempt+ mann]4 ,pl5ty ( "t %\ld be giv5 = p>tak+ ( ! meal1 b ! girls %\ld n be kept sitt+ s long z to be bor$1 & conv]sation %\ld be freely indulg$ 94 ,i d n myself ?9k t solid meat %\ld be giv5 except at ! midday meal1 b bo? at breakfa/ & at supp] !re %\ld always be a sav\ry di%1 consi/+ ( fi%1 eggs1 mac>oni1 rice or vegetables1 ) occasional admixtures ( meat1 ham1 tongue1 etc41 to ensure v>iety2 porridge %\ld also be provid$ = breakfa/4 ,! great ess5tial is v>iety4 ,besides ^! ?ree meals !re %\ld be a light lun*eon consi/+ ( hot s\p & bread1 or cocoa1 or milk1 accord+ to ta/e2 & 9 ! aft]noon1 aft] games & *ang+1 ! refre%m5t ( tea & bread & butt]1 n[ & aga9 v>i$ ) cake or a bun1 be=e go+ into aft]noon s*ool4 ,sug> 9 abundance & milk %\ld always be ^u ! d9n] table1 to be p>tak5 ( accord+ to ta/e ) ! pudd+1 & jam or m>malade & gold5 syrup %\ld be provid$ = breakfa/ & supp]4 ,9 ?is way ! quantity ( sac*>9e matt]1 s ess5tial = a gr[+ *ild1 is suppli$4 ,gre$9ess is n induc$ because ! natural appetites are freely & :olesomely suppli$1 & ! habit ( self-indulg5ce is kept 9 abeyance = ! same reason1 because ! ord9>y diet is s satisfy+ t !re is no crav+ = sweets & o!r tuck-%op delicacies4 ,b ev5 s1 x is desirable to give sweetmeats occasionally aft] meals1 r ?an all[ girls ev5 to fancy t !y want to g & buy !m = !mselves4 ,fre% fruit also is v good & :olesome & %\ld be available :5 requir$ = heal?2 x w (t5 be ne$$ if ! wat] is at all h>d1 & %\ld occasionally be giv5 9 lib]al quantities1 say in/ead ( pudd+4 ,vegetables too mu/ nev] be =gott54 ,"s p w be incl9$ to say t girls are n f$ z well z ?is 9 _! homes6 ,t may sometimes be possible1 & inde$ ,i h kn[n ( cases :]e1 f a t]ribly mi/ak5 view ( economy1 or f a desire to tea* self-re/ra9t1 gr[+ girls h be5 /9t$ 9 food1 ) mo/ lam5table results 9 aft] life4 ,i am n1 h[ev]1 afraid t s*ool w ev] ent] into competition ) ! home1 no matt] h[ good ! pudd+s are2 & x is natural t su* ?+s %\ld be m consid]$ at s*ool :]e x is realis$ t ev5 su* m9or matt]s z ! bread & butt] ent] into ! g5]al s*eme ( education1 & may influ5ce = good or evil ! future lives ( ! pupils4 ,9 "s homes1 on ! o!r h&1 girls receive food mu* too ri* or too /imulat+1 made di%es & late d9n]s n be+ conducive to heal?y dige/ion4 ,dang] ( ov]-/imulat+ ! emotions4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt] a ^w mu/ be said ab\t ! emotions2 heal?y bodily developm5t is h9d]$ or prev5t$ if !y are too e>ly enc\rag$1 z x is also by want ( food1 re/1 fre% air1 ex]cise & int]e/1 or by ! excess ( ei!r physical or intellectual activity4 ,! emotional nature is ov]-/imulat$ by excessive "t sp5t ^u music1 especially if ! music is ( a c]ta9 k9d4 ,mu* c>e is ne$$1 m p>ticul>ly if !re is decid$ musical ta/e1 to beg9 ) compos]s :o appeal lea/ to ! emotional nature1 & n to specialise 9 music at all until a ?or\gh intellectual gr\ndwork has be5 laid 9 ! g5]al education4 ,lat91 ma!matics & vigor\s games hold a f> m important "p 9 ! g5]al s*eme ( a compreh5sive education ?an is always app>5t4 ,,index4 ,abs5ces f s*ool1 effect on class tea*+1 #cd4 ,acton1 ,"l1 on /udy ( hi/ory1 #abf4 ,aim ( education1 #b1 #fg4 ,aim ( s*ool life1 #dad4 ,air & space 9 s*ools1 #dba4 ,algebra-- ,age = beg9n+1 #bdg4 ,educational value1 #bcg4 ,geometry & algebra1 relation betwe51 #bdf4 ,alphabet1 #df4 ,books = tea*]s1 #eb4 ,alphabets1 phonetic1 #aaa4 ,ambition1 intellectual1 fo/]+1 #dj4 ,analysis ( s5t5ces1 #fj4 ,anci5t hi/ory1 #afj4 ,books recomm5d$1 #aff4 ,educational value1 #aei4 ,high] classes1 hi/ory =1 #afd4 ,illu/rations1 models1 etc41 sugge/ions1 #afd4 ,junior classes1 s*eme ( "w1 #afa4 ,p>allel *>t1 #afg4 ,app>atus ne$$ 9 tea*+1 #bi4 ,ari?metic-- ,addition1 #bbb4 ,approximations1 #bce4 ,decimal notation1 #bbb4 ,division1 #bbg4 ,exclusion ( v>i\s bran*es1 sugge/$1 #bcg1 #bdg4 ,factors1 measures1 multiples1 #bbg4 ,fir/ tea*+1 #baf4 ,fractions1 #bbi1 #bcb1 #bcf4 ,decimals1 #bbc1 #bcc4 ,g4,c4,m4 & ,l4,c4,m41 #bca4 ,hi/orical me?od ( tea*+1 #bcg4 ,sket* ( lesson1 #bah4 ,log>i?ms z "p ( sci5tific ari?metic1 #bdh note4 ,money1 addition & subtraction (1 #bba4 ,multiplication1 #bbd4 ,practice1 #bce4 ,proportion1 #bcd4 ,subtraction1 #bbc4 ,art 9 education-- ,beautiful surr\nd+s 9 s*ool1 etc41 #cbb4 ,draw+ & pa9t+ see t title4 ,hi/orical art1 #cba4 ,see also v>i\s titles1 ,music1 ,draw+ & pa9t+1 etc4 ,art ne$lework1 #cfa4 ,articulation1 #cdg4 ,a/ronomy-- ,ma!matics z /epp+-/one to1 #bde4 ,psy*ological ord] ( /udy1 #bed4 ,att5dance at s*ool1 regul>1 necessity =1 #cd4 ,bacon on k1 #b4 ,be>d]1 ,mr41 on phonetic alphabet1 #ig4 ,beautify+ s*ools1 importance (1 #cbb4 ,b$=d college1 op5+1 #d4 ,bible lessons see ,religion & philosophy4 ,biological sci5ces1 #bfj4 ,field "w1 #bfc4 ,microscopes1 us+1 #bfe4 ,museum1 s*ool1 arrangem5t (1 #bfc1 #bgb4 ,notes ( lesson on se$l+s1 #bfi4 ,obs]vation1 develop+1 #bfa4 ,psy*ological ord] ( /udy1 #beb1 #bee4 ,sequ5ce ( lessons %\ld be outcome ( tea*]'s own individuality1 #bff4 ,text-books recomm5d$ = botany1 #bec1 #bga4 ,botany see ,biological sci5ces4 ,bru% draw+1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #ced4 ,bryce1 ,dr41 on sci5ce tea*+1 #bdi4 ,buss1 ,miss1 fir/ high s*ool e/abli%$ by1 #d4 ,c5tury "q1 #agf note4 ,"*-- ,=mation (1 books on1 #cgf4 ,insight into1 ess5tial = tea*]s1 #cgf4 ,m\ld+1 p[] ( tea*] 91 #che4 ,*>ts1 illu/rat$ see ,"t maps4 ,*elt5ham ,ladies' ,college1 op5+1 #d4 ,*emi/ry-- ,me?od ( tea*+1 ne$ = improvem5t 91 #cjg4 ,position 9 s*eme ( sci5ce tea*+1 #cjh4 8,practical0 tra9+1 importance (1 #caj4 ,pre-exam9ation classes--broad pr9ciples recomm5d$1 #cab4 ,prelim9>y c\rse ( elem5t>y physics1 #cjh1 #cab4 8,pure0 & 8physical0 *emi/ry1 ord] ( tea*+1 #cae1 #caf4 ,te*nical language n requir$1 #cji4 ,typical lessons1 #cag4 ,*ild /udy society1 #cgj4 ,*9a pa9t+1 #cfj4 ,civilis$ nations1 en]gy devot$ to education by1 #c4 ,class-s++-- ,dictation1 #cda4 ,e> te/s1 #cda4 ,educational value1 #cdj1 #cdc4 ,l5g? ( lesson1 #cdj4 ,notation1 que/ions on1 #cdj4 ,"p-s++1 #cdb4 ,rhy?m1 #cda4 ,sight-read+1 #cdb4 ,size ( class1 etc41 #cdj4 ,tonic sol-fa sy/em1 #cdd4 ,value (1 z supplem5t to pian(orte tea*+1 #ccb4 ,voice production1 #cdb4 ,class tea*]s & speciali/s1 comp>ison betwe51 #ba4 ,classical /udies see ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,classification 9 any subject1 me?od1 #ch4 ,committee ( ,t51 report-- ,ari?metic1 exclusion ( c]ta9 bran*es sugge/$1 #bcg4 ,engli%1 tea*+1 #fb4 ,geometry1 in/ruction 91 #bci4 ,compayr on education1 #ag note4 ,competition-- ,brac+ influ5ce (1 #chf4 ,p]sonal rivalry1 avoid+1 #chh4 ,composition-- ,committee ( ,t51 report1 #fc4 ,dale1 ,mr41 on1 #ee4 ,conduct prizes1 objections to1 #cc4 ,consonants1 classification (1 #dg1 #dh4 ,corporate virtues1 cultivat+1 #dja4 ,corrections1 giv+ 9 ex]cise books1 etc41 #bg4 ,cricket1 #djd1 #djf4 ,curriculum = pupils ( diff]5t ages1 #aj1 #ab1 #bj4 ,dale1 ,mr41 on oral composition1 #ee4 ,danc+1 #dab4 ,davies1 ,miss1 ,univ]sity privileges won = wom5 by1 #d4 ,dialects 9 ,engli% colonies1 dang] ( develop+ into diff]5t languages1 #aaj4 ,difficulties ( tea*]s1 rem$y1 #bc4 ,diph?ong table1 #ea4 ,discipl9e ( home & s*ool1 #cfi4 ,di/ractions1 avoid+1 9 tea*+1 #cg4 ,dra9age ( s*ool build+s1 #dbj4 ,draw+ & pa9t+-- ,bru% "w1 #cdh1 #cdi1 #ced4 ,educational value1 #cbb4 ,=e%ort5+1 #cea4 ,individual tea*+1 advantage (1 #cea4 ,individuality1 enc\rag+1 #ceb4 ,l9e draw+ on squ>es1 #cdi4 ,memory draw+1 #cej4 ,model draw+1 #ceb4 ,mural decoration1 #ceh4 ,natural draw+ ( *ildr51 #cdh4 ,object draw+1 #cej4 ,pa9t+1 #cef4 ,*9a pa9t+1 #cfj4 ,p]spective1 #ceb1 #ceg4 ,plane geometry1 #ceb4 ,proportional measurem5ts1 #cej4 ,rusk91 quotation f1 #cdh4 ,%ad+1 #cec4 ,sugge/ive draw+1 #ceb4 ,dress1 mann]1 etc41 ( tea*]s1 effect (1 #ce4 ,duration ( s*ool-life1 #ae4 ,economics-- ,educational value1 #ahf1 #aij1 #aia4 ,int]e/ ( pupils 91 #ahh4 ,me?od ( tea*+1 #ahh4 ,text-books1 use (1 #ahi4 ,education-- ,aim (1 #b1 #fg4 ,books on1 #ch1 #dc1 #cgf4 ,def9ition1 #g1 #cbd4 ,mi/akes to be avoid$1 #ag4 ,moral1 aspect see ,moral side ( education4 ,re=m 9 wom5's education s9ce #ahdh1 #c4 ,electricity & magnetism1 #bii4 ,elocution1 #cdf4 ,emotions1 dang] ( ov]-/imulat+1 #dbc4 ,engli% language1 tra9+ 91 #ed4 ,books recomm5d$1 #ff4 ,committee ( ,t51 report1 #fb4 ,see also ,gramm>4 ,engli% lit]ature-- ,aim & me?od ( tea*+1 #aib4 ,p]iods ( lit]ature1 /udy+1 #aih4 ,poetry1 read+1 #aid4 ,prose1 read+1 #aih4 ,read+ c\rses1 sugge/$1 #bjj4 ,%aksp]e1 /udy (1 #aie4 ,/yle1 s5se (1 cultivat+1 #aii4 ,environm5t ( a s*ool1 #dah4 ,euclid see ,geometry4 ,exam9ations-- ,int]nal & local1 comp>ison betwe51 #cd4 ,value (1 #cc4 ,exam9]s1 #cd4 ,ex]cise-- ,danc+1 f5c+1 etc41 #dab4 ,games see t title4 ,gymna/ics see t title4 ,"s =ms m valuable ?an o!rs1 #cig4 ,swimm+1 #dae4 ,ex]cise books1 corrections1 giv+ 9 books1 etc41 #bg4 ,faculty1 def9ition (1 #bj4 ,family selfi%ness1 wom5 prone to1 #dja4 ,fe>on1 ,mr41 on analysis ( s5t5ces1 #fj4 ,f9es1 objections to1 #cc4 ,fire brigade1 s*ool %\ld be organis$ z1 #dad4 ,fit*1 ,sir ,j41 on /udy ( hi/ory1 #acg4 ,food1 suitable1 = gr[+ girls1 #dba4 ,=eign languages-- ,lat9 & ,greek see t title4 ,mod]n languages see t title4 ,pronunciation1 tea*+1 value ( 8,le ,matre ,phontique10 #aaa4 ,fr5*-- ,books recomm5d$1 #aja4 ,pronunciation1 #di1 #ig4 ,rules1 #ajb4 ,translation1 #ih1 #ajj4 ,see also ,mod]n languages4 ,games-- ,corporate virtues develop$ by organis$ games1 #djb4 ,cricket1 #djd1 #djf4 ,cycle ( games1 #djd4 ,high] functions (1 #djj4 ,hockey1 #dje4 ,lacrosse1 #dje4 ,ov]-ex]tion1 dang]s (1 #dji4 ,playgr\nd1 #djc4 ,sev]e games n safe )\t gymna/ic tra9+1 #dji4 ,small numb]s1 games =1 #djj4 ,value (1 z means ( ex]cise1 #cih4 ,g>d5+1 educational value1 #dae4 ,geography-- ,aim 9 tea*+1 #bge4 ,c\rse ( lessons1 notes1 #bhb4 ,engl&1 supplem5t>y "w ) ref]5ce to1 #bhg4 ,physical geography see t title4 ,geology1 psy*ological position 9 sci5ce tea*+1 #bee4 ,geometry-- ,algebra & geometry1 relation betwe51 #bdf4 ,def9itions1 =m+1 #bdb4 ,educational value1 #bdj4 ,euclid1 objections to1 #bdc4 ,k9d]g>t51 beg9n+ 91 #bci4 ,me?ods ( tea*+1 #bdb1 #bdd1 #bdh4 ,practical geometry = "y *ildr51 #bci4 ,text-books recomm5d$1 #bdj1 #bdb4 ,g]man-- ,difficulties ( ! language1 remov+1 #ajb4 ,lit]ature1 attractiv5ess (1 #ajc4 ,see also ,mod]n languages4 8,girls' ,public ,day ,s*ools' ,company10 f\nd+1 #d4 ,glad/one1 ,dr41 spell+ re=m1 /ati/ics1 #ajg4 ,gramm>1 ,engli%1 #ei4 ,books recomm5d$1 #ei1 #ff4 ,committee ( ,t51 report1 #fd4 ,see also ,engli% language4 ,greek & ,lat9 see ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,gymna/ics1 ,sw$i%-- ,physical defects1 correct+1 #daj4 ,sup]iority (1 to ord9>y gymna/ics1 #daj4 ,value (1 #djh4 ,habits1 "r1 =m+1 #ci4 ,hamilton1 ,sir ,w41 on tea*+1 #acd4 ,h& arts see ,manual tra9+4 ,h>ris1 ,dr4-- ,art 9 education1 #cbb4 ,hi/ory1 def9ition (1 #aad4 ,manual "w1 views on educational value (1 #cbc4 ,mi/akes to be avoid$ 9 education1 #ag4 ,head mi/resses & head ma/]s1 control ex]cis$ by1 #bb4 ,heal?-- ,book recomm5d$1 #dba4 ,c>e (1 dur+ s*ool ye>s1 #chc4 ,necess>y conditions1 #cig4 ,heat & light1 #cjb4 ,height & weight ( girls at diff]5t ages1 #daf1 #dah4 ,hi]oglyphics1 int]e/+ *ildr5 91 #de4 ,high s*ools1 fir/ s*ool e/abli%$ by ,miss ,buss1 etc41 #d4 ,high] education ( wom51 re=ms s9ce #ahdh1 #c4 ,hi/ory-- ,anci5t hi/ory see t title4 ,approa*+ subject1 me?ods1 #aba4 ,def9ition1 #aad4 ,educational value1 #aad1 #acg4 ,g]man s*eme ( tea*+1 #aff4 ,junior class1 hi/ory =1 #aba4 ,moral lessons f1 #aae4 ,political economy m important = girls ?an con/itutional hi/ory1 #abj4 ,psy*ological ord] ( /udy1 #beh4 ,s5ior classes1 hi/ory =1 #abb1 #abd4 ,class libr>y1 =m+1 #acj4 ,contempor>y writ+s1 /udy+1 #aca4 ,cont9uity ( hi/ory1 trac+1 #abf4 ,essay-writ+1 value (1 #ace4 ,fir/-h& acqua9tance ) au?orities desirable1 #acj1 #aca4 ,hi/orical novels1 etc41 recomm5d$1 #acc1 #aej4 ,maps1 lack (1 sugge/ions1 #abi4 ,pictures1 etc41 educative p[] (1 #acb1 #cba4 ,po/-s*ool "w1 #acf4 ,previ\s k to be assum$1 #abf4 ,sectional tea*+1 advantages1 #abg4 ,selection1 pr9ciple (1 #abf4 8,_s0 ( ! p]iod1 cat*+1 #abd4 ,syllabus ( lessons1 #abh1 #acj1 #ach4 ,te/+ "w1 #acd4 ,text-books recomm5d$1 #acb1 #ade4 ,"t maps see t title4 ,hi/orical novels1 value = eld] classes1 #abb1 #acc4 ,hockey1 #dje4 ,home & s*ool1 relation betwe51 #cfg4 ,rules = home gov]nm5t 9 connection ) s*ool "w1 #cga4 ,humanities-- ,inclusion 9 c\rse ( /udy1 importance (1 #bj4 ,tea*]s' /udy+1 necessity =1 #i4 ,hygi5e1 s*ool1 book recomm5d$1 #dba4 ,ideal1 ultimate1 or p]fect developm5t ( individual1 keep+ 9 view1 #da4 ,ideals1 highe/1 enc\rag+1 #da4 ,individual life1 develop+1 #da4 ,inquiry1 _s (1 awak5+ & su/a9+1 #dj4 ,intellectual ambition1 fo/]+1 #dj4 ,intellectual sympa?y ) pupil1 necessity =1 #ch4 ,intellectual "w1 numb] ( h\rs to be devot$ to1 #dab4 ,int]e/1 awak5+1 9 pupils1 #cg4 ,judgm5t cultivat$ by /udy ( hi/ory1 #aag4 ,k ( ! _w ess5tial = tea*]s1 #cge4 ,kn[n to ! unkn[n1 proce$+ f1 9 tea*+1 #ch4 ,lacrosse1 #dje4 ,la+1 ,mr41 e/abli%m5t ( fir/ high s*ool1 #d4 ,languages-- ,enjoym5t ( "w ess5tial = pupil1 #ajd4 ,lat9 & ,greek see t title4 ,me?ods ( tea*+ comp>$1 #fi4 ,mod]n languages see t title4 ,ord] ( tea*+1 #id1 #beg4 ,lat9 & ,greek-- ,advanc$ "w1 me?ods1 #gg4 ,books recomm5d$1 #ga1 #ge1 #gg1 #gh1 #ha1 #hb1 #hi4 ,composition1 h9ts on tea*+1 #ge1 #hj4 ,con/ru+1 lessons 91 #gb4 ,conv]sation1 #gb4 ,educational value ( ,lat91 #fh4 ,examples prefix$ to ex]cises to be le>nt by he>t1 #gf4 ,greek acc5tuation1 #hc4 ,greek pref]r$ to ,lat91 #ajd4 ,late le>n]s1 *ance ( success1 #hf4 ,me?ods ( tea*+ comp>$1 #fi4 ,models & illu/rations ( classical life & hi/ory1 sugge/ions1 #he4 ,position 9 girls' education1 #fg1 #id1 #ajc4 ,pronunciation1 #hb4 ,read+ to be begun z soon z possible1 #ga4 ,illu/rative works to accompany read+1 #gi4 ,repetition1 #gg4 ,s*eme ( "w1 #hg4 ,/yle1 att5tion to1 #hj4 ,translations-- ,old ,engli% v]sions1 value (1 #hd4 ,unse5 translation1 beg9n+1 #gf4 ,us+1 #gi4 ,v]se writ+1 #ha4 ,weak po9ts 9 girls' "w1 #hf4 ,law1 ,william1 on true le>n+1 #cie4 8,le ,matre ,phontique10 alphabet & specim5s ( writ+ f1 #aaa4 ,le>n+ by he>t1 value (1 #ed4 ,lectures1 s*ool1 p>5ts att5d+1 #cga4 ,leisure-- ,m5tal leisure requir$ by tea*]s1 #cge4 ,rip5+ ( "*1 ne$ ( leisure =1 #baj4 ,"t table arrang$ by ,miss ,beale1 #ac4 ,l5g? ( lessons1 #af4 ,lett]s1 classify+1 importance (1 #ej4 ,light & heat1 #cjb4 ,light+ 9 s*ools1 #dbj4 ,lit]ature-- ,engli% lit]ature see t title4 ,g]man lit]ature1 attractiv5ess (1 #ajc4 ,log>i?ms z "p ( sci5tific ari?metic1 #bdh note4 ,magnetism & electricity1 #bii4 ,manual tra9+-- ,educational value1 #cbc1 #dad4 ,h&icrafts1 sugge/$1 #dad1 #dae4 ,modell+1 #cfc4 ,ne$lework1 #cfa1 #dae4 ,sloyd1 #cff4 ,wood-c>v+1 etc41 #cfb4 ,maps-- ,con/ant use ( maps1 importance (1 #cj4 ,hi/orical maps1 lack (1 #abi4 ,m>ks-- ,*>t %[+ fluctuation 91 #cb4 ,inspection by head mi/ress1 advantage (1 #ca4 ,p]sonal rivalry1 me?od avoid+1 #chh4 ,m>t9eau1 ,dr41 on hi/ory1 #aad4 ,ma!matics-- ,algebra see t title4 ,books recomm5d$1 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,geometry see t title4 ,hi/orical me?od ( tea*+1 advantage (1 #bdh4 ,mix$ ma!matics1 #bdh4 ,mazz9i on 8,solid>ity ( ,man10 #abj4 ,meiklejohn1 spell+ book1 exhau/ive nature (1 #aji4 ,m5tal /ate ( pupil1 tea*+ mu/ be adapt$ to1 #ci4 ,me?od ( tea*+ subject %\ld be adapt$ to age ( pupil1 #ai4 8,m?ode mnmonique polonaise0 appli$ z a record ( "t1 #afi4 ,miall1 ,pr(essor1 on difficulties 9 education1 #bc4 ,microscopes1 use (1 9 s*ools1 #bfe4 ,mill1 ,mr41 on /udy ( hi/ory1 #acg4 ,milton1 quotations f1 on-- ,div9e philosophy1 #da4 ,education1 #b note4 ,mi/akes 9 education1 #ag4 ,modell+-- ,educational value1 #cfc4 ,individual & class tea*+1 #cfd4 ,/udies1 #cfd4 ,tools requir$1 #cfc4 ,mod]n languages-- ,books recomm5d$1 #aaa4 ,composition1 #aja4 ,enjoym5t ( "w ess5tial = pupil1 #ajd4 ,ex]cises1 #ii4 ,fir/ lessons %\ld be oral1 #if4 ,ord] ( /udy+1 #id1 #beg4 ,philology1 value 9 tea*+ languages1 #aja4 ,phonetic sy/em1 success (1 #if4 ,re=m 9 me?od ( tea*+1 necessity =1 #if4 ,translation1 #ih4 ,vocabul>y1 =m+1 #ii4 ,see also titles ,fr5* & ,g]man4 ,money1 orig9 (1 #bai4 ,moral side ( s*ool education-- ,competition1 :olesome1 b5efit (1 #chf4 ,conc5tration ( faculties1 practice 91 #chg4 ,moral lessons 9 s*ool1 value (1 #chi4 ,religion & philosophy see t title4 ,responsibilities & qualifications ( tea*]s see ,tea*]s4 ,s*ool worldl9ess1 dang] (1 #chg4 ,uni=mity ( treatm5t1 value (1 #chf4 ,mll]1 ,pr(essor ,max1 on ,engli% spell+1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,mural decoration1 #ceh4 ,museum1 s*ool1 arrangem5t (1 #bfc1 #bgb4 ,music-- ,class-s++ see t title4 ,g5]al education1 necessity =1 #ccg4 ,pian(orte see t title4 ,s5d+ *ildr5 abroad = musical education1 #cbj1 #ccf4 ,ta/e1 cultivat+1 #cbj4 ,viol91 #cch4 ,ne$lework1 tra9+ 91 #dae4 ,art ne$lework1 #cfa4 ,newton on discov]+ tru?1 #dj4 ,n9ete5? c5tury1 illu/rat$ *>ts1 #ahb1 #ahd4 ,obs]vation1 developm5t (1 value ( biological sci5ces1 #bfa4 ,occupations = tra9+ purposes :i* are n purely intellectual1 #dad4 ,oral composition-- ,committee ( ,t51 report1 #fc4 ,dale1 ,mr41 on1 #ee4 ,ord] ( /udy-- ,importance (1 #ag4 ,psy*ological ord]1 #ai1 #bea4 ,organisation1 p[] (1 games develop+1 #djj4 ,ov]-ex]tion 9 games1 dang]s (1 #dji4 ,ov]/ra91 tea*]s avoid+1 #cha4 ,pagli>d9i1 spell+ difficulties1 #aji4 ,pa9t+ & draw+ see ,draw+ & pa9t+4 ,p>5ts & tea*]s-- ,co-op]ation1 means = secur+1 #cgj4 ,relations betwe51 #cfh4 ,p>k]1 anecdote on 8consci5ce10 #bjf4 ,p>s+ ex]cises1 usefulness que/ion$1 #ei4 ,p$agogical ,sem9>y1 extract f1 on tea*]s1 #ce4 ,philology-- ,books recomm5d$1 #eb1 #ff1 #ajb4 ,k (1 value 9 tea*+ languages1 #aja4 ,philosophy & religion see ,religion & philosophy4 ,phonetic sy/em see ,spell+ re=m4 ,physical defects 9 girls-- ,correct+1 by ,sw$i% gymna/ics1 #daj4 ,frequ5t causes (1 #daa4 ,physical geography-- ,c\rses ( lessons1 subject-matt]1 #bge1 #bgg1 #bgi4 ,def9itions1 =m+1 #bgh4 ,obs]vation & exp]im5t1 #bge1 #bgf4 ,psy*ological position 9 sci5ce tea*+1 #bed4 ,writt5 "w1 /yle (1 #bgf1 #bgg4 ,physics-- ,books recomm5d$1 #cjc4 ,def9itions1 =m+1 #bid4 ,diagrams1 value (1 #bii4 ,electricity & magnetism1 #bii4 ,elem5t>y c\rse ( lessons1 #bib4 ,app>atus1 #bif4 ,practical "w1 #bif4 ,elem5t>y physics z a basis = *emi/ry1 #cjh1 #cab1 #cae4 ,heat & light1 #cjb4 ,position 9 sci5ce tea*+1 #bee1 #bia4 ,s5ior classes1 #cjb4 ,syllabus ( lessons1 #cjd4 ,physiology-- ,books recomm5d$1 #bef4 ,psy*ological position 9 sci5ce tea*+1 #bef1 #bib4 ,pian(orte-- ,aim 9 tea*+1 #cbf4 ,difficulties ( tea*]s1 #cbg4 ,e>1 cultivat+1 #ccb4 ,exam9ations1 #ccd1 #ccf4 ,gradation ( /udy1 #cbi1 #ccc4 ,h&s1 treatm5t (1 #ccd4 ,h>mony1 #ccc4 ,memory1 cultivat+1 #ccd4 ,practice1 sup]9t5d+1 #cce4 ,selection ( music1 #cca4 ,sight-read+1 #cce4 ,s++ class1 value (1 #ccb4 ,/udies recomm5d$1 #ccb1 #ccd4 ,?or\ghness1 importance (1 #ccf4 ,see also ,music4 ,pitman1 ,mr4-- ,pitman alphabet1 sugge/ion1 #aaa4 ,spell+ re=m1 #aji4 ,place-tak+ 9 classes1 disappe>ance (1 #ca4 ,playgr\nd1 #djc4 ,pleasant1 lessons1 mak+1 #ch1 #ajd4 ,poetry1 le>n+1 #ec1 #ed4 ,political economy1 educational value1 #abj4 ,practical precepts = tea*]s1 #cg4 ,prizes1 objections to1 #cb4 ,progress1 promot+1 #ci4 ,psy*ological ord] ( /udy1 #ai1 #bea4 ,puni%m5ts1 nature ( (f5ce & suitable puni%m5ts1 #cc4 ,que5's ,college1 f\nd+1 #d4 ,que/ion+ ( pupils1 judici\s1 #dj4 ,rapport betwe5 tea*] & class1 importance (1 #cd4 ,read+1 #dd1 #ea4 ,books recomm5d$1 #dg1 #ed1 #ff4 ,see also ,alphabet4 ,recitation1 value z moral tra9+1 #ed4 ,recreation-- ,c]ta9 =ms m valuable ?an o!rs1 #cig4 ,games see t title4 ,mean+ (1 #cig4 ,re=m 9 wom5's education s9ce #ahdh1 #c4 ,religion & philosophy-- ,bible lessons1 #cia4 ,books recomm5d$1 #baa1 #bae4 ,consci5ce1 #bjf4 ,consci\sness & self-consci\sness1 #bje4 ,def9ition ( religion1 #bjc4 ,dogmatics & e?ics1 relation betwe51 #bjb4 ,f\ndations ( fai?1 classification1 #bac4 ,hi/orical art1 educative p[] (1 #cba4 ,leisure = ?\ght1 #baj4 ,p]sonal elem5t 9 *ild's religion1 #bjd4 ,position 9 "t-table1 #cia4 ,psy*ological ord] ( tea*+1 #bjf1 #bji1 #beh4 ,read+ & discussion1 #baa4 ,religion 9 relation to sci5ce & philosophy1 #bjd4 ,sceptical phases1 deal+ )1 #baj4 ,s*ool lessons-- ,advantages1 #chi1 #cij4 ,scope (1 #bjb4 ,special tra9+1 = tea*]s1 #bab4 ,writt5 "w1 importance (1 #bji4 ,reports1 advantages (1 #cc4 ,repro(s1 injudici\s1 avoid+1 #chb4 ,"r habits1 =m+1 #ci4 ,rusk91 quotations f1 #b1 #cdh4 ,sal=d1 ,pr(essor1 on log>i?ms1 #bdh note4 ,s*ool & home1 relation betwe51 #cfg4 ,rules = home gov]nm5t 9 connection ) s*ool "w1 #cga4 ,s*ool build+s-- ,beautify+1 importance (1 #cbb4 ,situation1 #dah4 ,v5tilation1 light+1 etc41 #dbj4 ,s*ool life-- ,aim (1 #dad4 ,duration1 #ae4 ,sci5ce-- ,biological sci5ces see t title4 ,c5tral idea 9 tea*+1 necessity =1 #caa4 ,*>t %[+ progress dur+ ! ,que5's reign1 #ahd4 ,e>ly tra9+ ess5tial1 #cji4 ,exp]im5ts1 success )1 importance (1 #bie4 ,hi/orical me?od ( tea*+1 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,hi/ory1 supplem5t+1 #aae4 ,imag9ation & reason+ p[]1 cultivat+1 #bfg4 ,introductory tea*+1 #cad4 8,lecture0 lessons & 8practical0 "w1 #bie1 #cab4 ,psy*ological ord] ( /udy1 #bea1 #cjh4 ,s*eme1 sugge/$1 #bib4 ,sequ5ce ( lessons1 c>e 9 plann+1 #bfe1 #bff4 ,size ( classes = 8practical0 in/ruction1 #cac4 ,%aksp]e-- ,illu/rations f1 9 tea*+ hi/ory1 #abc1 #acc4 ,/udy (1 #aie4 ,%irreff1 ,miss1 on education1 #c4 ,sil5ce rules1 value (1 #ad4 ,s++-- ,class-s++ see t title4 ,tonic sol-fa sy/em1 #cdd4 ,situation ( s*ool build+1 soil1 ra9fall1 etc41 #dah4 ,sixte5? c5tury--*>t ( hi/orical ev5ts1 #aga1 #agd4 ,sloyd1 #cff4 ,soames1 ,miss1 promot+ phonetic sy/em1 #ajh1 #aaj4 ,solitude1 value (1 = "y p1 #ac4 ,s\nds1 classification (1 #df4 ,space & air 9 s*ools1 #dba4 ,specialis+ 9 y\?1 results1 #bj4 ,speciali/s & class tea*]s1 comp>ison betwe51 #ba4 ,spell+ re=m-- ,books recomm5d$1 #ff4 ,=eign languages1 acquir+--success ( phonetic sy/em1 #if4 ,necessity =1 #ec1 #ajf4 ,phonetic alphabets1 #aaa4 ,pres5t spell+ condemn$ by philologi/s1 #aaj4 ,soames1 ,miss1 promot+1 #ajh1 #aaj4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 on education1 #ag note4 ,sp5s]1 quotation f1 #cif4 ,/ubbs1 ,bi%op1 on /udy ( hi/ory1 #acg4 ,/udy-- ,c\rses arrang$ = pupils ( diff]5t ages1 #aj1 #ab1 #af1 #bj4 ,h\rs to be sp5t 91 #dab4 ,subjects1 classification (1 #i4 ,sunday quiet = "y p1 necessity =1 #ad1 #baa4 ,sw$i% gymna/ics see ,gymna/ics4 ,swimm+1 #dae4 ,sympa?ies enl>g$ by /udy ( hi/ory1 #aad4 ,sympa?y1 intellectual1 ) pupils1 ne$ =1 #ch4 ,tea*]s-- ,aim1 #chc4 ,circum/ances & "* ( ea* pupil1 kn[+1 #cgi4 ,class tea*]s & speciali/s1 #ba4 ,corrections1 giv+ 9 ex]cise books1 etc41 #bg4 ,difficulties (1 rem$y1 #bc4 ,ext]nals1 importance (1 #ce4 ,high] atta9m5t1 seek+1 #f4 ,hold+ att5tion ( class1 #cd4 ,humanities1 /udy (1 #i4 ,k ( ! _w ess5tial1 #cge4 ,m5tal leisure1 necessity =1 #cge4 ,moral responsibility (1 #cgg4 ,ov]/ra91 avoid+1 #cha4 ,practical precepts =1 #cg4 ,repro(s1 injudici\s1 avoid+1 #chb4 ,"r judgm5t & pres5ce ( m9d1 #cgi4 ,self-ma/]y1 #chj4 ,"t-sav+ me?ods1 #bd4 ,tea*]s & p>5ts-- ,co-op]ation1 means = secur+1 #cgj4 ,relation betwe51 #cfh4 ,tea*]s' ,guild1 #cgj4 ,educational museum1 #he1 #afe4 ,t5ses1 discrim9at+1 #fa4 ,"t available = s*ool tea*+1 #ae4 ,"t-maps1 #afh4 ,anci5t hi/ory1 #aha4 ,illu/rat$ *>ts1 #aga4 ,syllabus ( lessons on mod]n hi/ory1 #agg4 ,"t-sav+ me?ods = tea*]s1 #bd4 ,"t-tables-- ,c\rses ( /udy = pupils ( diff]5t ages1 #aj1 #ab1 #af1 #bj4 ,h\rs to be sp5t 9 intellectual "w1 #dab4 ,tonic sol-fa sy/em1 #cdd4 ,univ]sity education won = wom51 #d4 ,v5tilation 9 s*ools1 #dbj4 ,victorian era1 illu/rat$ *>ts1 #ahb1 #ahd4 ,viol91 #cch4 ,voice production1 #ec4 ,class-s++1 #cdb4 ,elocution1 #cdf4 ,v[els-- ,diph?ong table1 #ea4 ,s\nds1 discrim9at+1 #di1 #ig4 ,walt]1 ,miss ,l4 ,e41 on prelim9>y sci5ce tea*+1 #cad4 ,w>e1 ,mr41 on phonetic alphabet1 #if4 ,w>m+ s*ool build+s1 #dbj4 ,wat] supply 9 s*ools1 #dbj4 ,weight & height ( girls at diff]5t ages1 #daf1 #dah4 ,wood-c>v+1 etc41 #dae4 ,educational value1 #cfb4 ,woodw>d1 ,pr(essor1 on analysis ( s5t5ces1 #fj4 ,writ+1 prelim9>y tea*+1 #de4 ,zoology see ,biological sci5ces4 ,illu/ration ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ to read ?is text & _! sett+s1 n all elem5ts may display z int5d$4 ,! sections on phonetics & ma!matics 9 p>ticul> conta9 *>act]s t may n display prop]ly4 ,"s wide tables h be5 split2 blank l9es result+ f ?is split h n be5 delet$1 s t ! p>ts may be re-comb9$ m easily4 ,:]e feasible1 a graphic repres5tation ( illu/rations has be5 provid$2 ^! are int5d$ to give an impression only4 ,inconsi/5t & unusual spell+1 hyph5ation1 capitalisation1 etc4 7includ+ ^? 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