,transcriber's ,notes3 ,underscores 80 before and after a word or phrase indicate italics in the original text4 ,small capitals have been converted to ,,solid capitals4 ,illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs4 ,typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected4 ,,practical ,,farm ,,buildings ,,plans ,,and ,,suggestions ,,by ,a4 ,f4 ,,hunter ,illustration ,,published ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,bird ,,son ,established #ahag ,mills and ,main ,office ,,east ,,walpole1 ,,mass41 ,u4,s4,a4 ,branch ,offices ,,new ,,york ,,chicago ,,washington ,,hamilton1 ,,ont4 ,canadian ,factory at ,,winnipeg1 ,,man4 ,,hamilton1 ,,ont4 ,,copyright1 #aije1 ,f4 ,w4 ,,bird ,,son1 ,,east ,,walpole1 ,,mass4 ,a ,,foreword ,the very cordial appreciation which has met the first edition of our book1 8,practical ,farm ,buildings10 makes it seem wise to prepare a larger and more complete book1 and we hope you will find some of these plans and suggestions adapted for your own particular requirements4 ,farm-building plans are as variable1 almost1 as is the individuality of those building and using them1 and in making this selection1 we have been guided by the practical merits of the designs1 including only such as have proved their value by constant use on the farm4 ,in poultry buildings it has been our special purpose to present plans which illustrate the marked tendency of recent years1 which has been to open up the houses to sunshine and fresh air2 a tendency which makes conditions more wholesome and promotes the good health and greater profitableness of the flocks4 ,our editor1 ,mr4 ,hunter1 wishes here to fully acknowledge his indebtedness to ,bulletin ,no4 #af of the ,cornell ,reading ,course for ,farmers1 entitled1 8,building ,poultry ,houses10 also ,farmers' ,bulletin ,no4 #ada of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 entitled1 8,poultry ,raising on the ,farm10 from which he borrows many of the hints and suggestions here given4 ,some of the poultry plans are taken1 or adapted1 from several poultry periodicals and ,experiment ,station ,bulletins1 and for their kind courtesy our thanks are tendered4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,bird ,,son4 ,,east ,,walpole1 ,,mass41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,practical ,,farm ,,buildings #a4 ,,poultry ,,houses ,farmers' ,bulletin1 ,no4 #ada1 says3 8,poultry houses need not be elaborate in their fittings or expensive in construction4 ,there are certain conditions1 however1 which should be insisted upon in all cases4 ,in the first place1 the house should be located upon soil which is well drained and dry4 ,a gravelly knoll is best1 but1 failing this1 the site should be raised by the use of the plow and scraper until there is a gentle slope in all directions sufficient to prevent any standing water even at the wettest times4 ,a few inches of sand or gravel on the surface will be very useful in preventing the formation of mud4 ,if the house is sheltered from the north and northwest winds by a group of evergreens1 this will be a decided advantage in the colder parts of the country40 ,in 8,building ,poultry ,houses10 ,professor ,rice says3 8,poultry keeping is an exacting business4 ,the four corner-stones upon which success rests are3 7#a7 ,suitable buildings1 properly located4 7#b7 ,the right foods1 skilfully fed4 7#c7 ,good fowls1 carefully bred4 7#d7 ,facility and ability to hatch and rear chickens40 ,here we find that 8suitable buildings1 properly located10 is the first1 hence most important1 of the four corner-stones upon which success with poultry rests1 and in giving the buildings this prominence we believe the professor is entirely right4 ,no one thing does more to promote1 or hinder1 success with poultry than the buildings1 hence the importance of a wise decision as to which of the many different patterns of houses is best adapted to your purpose4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a--;,a plan to secure dryness4 ,select a dry location2 if the ground is not naturally dry make it so by draining it4 ,the first illustration gives a plan for making the interior of a poultry house absolutely dry1 if the ground is fairly well drained4 ,the foundation walls are built up about eighteen inches above the ground level2 about twelve inches of this space is filled in with small stones or coarse gravel1 and the balance with fine sand or dry1 sandy loam2 on the outside the ground is sloped up to the level of the bottom of the sills1 and thus all surface water is effectually turned away4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b--,the shape of the roof influences the cost4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c--;,each of these houses require the same material4 ,in building a hen-house the working unit is the floor and air space required for each hen4 ,a safe working rule is about five to six square feet of floor space1 and about eight to ten cubic feet of air space for every fowl4 ,foundation walls should be built deep enough to prevent heaving by the frost and high enough to prevent surface water from entering4 ,where large stones are scarce sometimes grout walls may be made with gravel or small stones and cement2 or the building may be set upon posts set well into the ground1 in which case hemlock or hard wood boards should be securely nailed to bottom half of sills and extend down to natural ground level1 to exclude rats4 ,dampness is fatal to hens2 build or drain so as to secure dryness4 ,it is better by far to have a cold1 dry house than a warm1 damp house4 ,the warmer the air the more moisture it will hold2 when this moist air comes in contact with a cold surface condensation takes place1 which is often converted into hoar-frost4 ,the remedy is to remove the moisture as far as possible1 by first cutting off the water from below which comes up from the soil4 ,the water table is the same under a hen-house as it is outdoors2 dirt floors1 therefore1 are liable to be damp4 ,stone filling covered with soil is sometimes difficult to keep clean and may only partially keep out dampness4 ,board floors are short lived if the air is not allowed to circulate under them1 and in a cold climate a free circulation of air under the floors makes them very cold2 in either case they are likely to harbor rats4 ,a good cement floor is nearly as cheap as a good matched-board floor1 counting lumber1 sleepers1 nails1 time1 etc4 ,when once properly made it is good for all time4 ,it is practically rat-proof1 easily cleaned and perfectly dry1 cutting off absolutely all the water from below4 ,if covered with a little soil1 or straw1 or both1 as all floors should be1 it will be a warm floor4 ,a low house is easier warmed than a high one4 ,solid walls radiate heat rapidly4 ,the best way to make a poultry house warm is to build it as low as possible without danger of bumping heads4 ,there will then be ample air-space for as many fowls as the floor space will accommodate4 ,too much air-space makes a house cold2 it cannot be warmed by the heat given off by the fowls4 ,sunlight is a necessity to fowls2 it carries warmth and good cheer1 and tends to arrest or prevent disease4 ,too much glass makes a house too cold at night and too warm in the daytime1 because glass gives off heat at night as readily as it collects it in the daytime4 ,much glass makes construction expensive2 allow one square foot glass surface to about sixteen square feet floor space1 if the windows are properly placed4 ,the windows should be high1 and placed up and down1 not horizontally and low 7,fig4 #d74 ,in the former the sunlight passes over the entire floor during the day1 from west to east1 drying and purifying practically the whole interior4 ,the time sunshine is most needed is when the sun is lowest1 from ,september #ba to ,march #ba4 ,the lines in ,fig4 #d represent the extreme points which the sunshine reaches during this period1 with the top of a four-foot window placed four feet1 six feet1 and seven feet high1 respectively4 ,with the highest point of the window at four feet1 the direct sun's rays would never reach farther back than nine feet2 at six feet it would shine thirteen and one-half feet back1 and at seven feet it would strike the back side of the house one foot above the floor4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d--,showing extent of sun's rays4 ,make the yards long and narrow 7,fig4 #e74 ,double yards are desirable where space can be given for them2 they allow a rotation of green crops1 which cleanses and sweetens the ground1 and converts the excrement which would become a source of danger into a valuable food crop4 ,the shape of the fields1 the slope of the land1 and the location of other farm buildings will have much to do with the shape of the yards and mode of access to the poultry buildings4 ,generally the yards should be long and narrow1 so as to make cultivation easy4 ,two rods wide and eight rods long is a good size yard for forty or fifty hens1 although more room would be better4 ,this size permits a row of fruit trees in the center for shade1 which is a necessity4 ,much of the dampness in poultry houses in winter is due to the condensation of the breath of the fowls4 ,the warm air exhaled from the lungs is heavily charged with moisture1 and this1 coming in contact with the cold roof and walls1 is condensed into hoar-frost1 which melts and drops to the floor when the house is warmed up by the sun4 ,in recent years considerable success has attended efforts made to prevent this moisture by ventilating the pens through muslin curtains set into the tops of doors1 or forming a part of the front wall 7see plans of ,dr4 ,bricault's poultry house1 page #ab1 and of the ,maine ,experiment ,station ,house1 page #ah71 also by setting the curtains into part of the window spaces4 ,in ,fig4 #f is given an illustration of an experiment tried on the ,lone ,oak ,poultry ,farm1 ,reading1 ,mass41 in the winters of #aijd-f4 ,being much annoyed by the moisture which collected on the roof and walls in the night and1 melting1 dropped to the floor when the sun warmed the roof and walls during the day1 frames the size of one fourth of each window were made and common muslin tacked on4 ,to better ascertain the effect of the curtains the windows in house ,no4 #a were left closed1 as formerly2 in house ,no4 #b the top sash was dropped the length of one light and a curtain set into the space2 in house ,no4 #c the windows were dropped from the top and raised from the bottom1 curtains being set into both spaces4 ,in house ,no4 #a the dampness and 8chill0 remained as before2 in house ,no4 #b there was some improvement2 in house ,no4 #c there was a great improvement1 and the temperature1 in the coldest days of the winter1 was about six degrees warmer in house ,no4 #c than in house ,no4 #a where the windows were all kept closed tight4 ,the two curtains1 making half the space of each window1 were not quite sufficient to dry out the moisture1 which had already got well established1 but by installing the curtains both top and bottom as soon as the weather dropped below freezing the next fall1 they were found to be ample to keep the pens well ventilated and quite dry4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e--,make the yards long and narrow4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f--;,an experiment with curtains in the windows4 ,secure shelter and warmth by building in the lee of a windbreak or a hill1 or of other farm buildings4 ,buildings that face the south1 or about two points east of south1 will get the largest amount of exposure to the sun's rays and protection from the cold northwest and west winds of winter2 other things being equal they will be warmer1 dryer1 and more cheerful4 ,an eastern exposure is usually preferable to a western exposure1 barring prevailing winds being from the east2 because1 like flowers1 hens prefer morning to afternoon sun4 ,the shape of the roof of a poultry house greatly influences the cost1 and1 generally speaking1 the preference should be for houses with single-span 7or 8shed07 roofs4 ,see ,figs4 #b and #c4 ,these houses are the easiest and cheapest to build1 they give the much-desired vertical front1 with room for the windows to be placed high to distribute the winter sunshine 7,fig4 #d71 and with the drip of the roof all carried off to the north the ground in front of the house is dry4 ,it also is cooler in summer1 as it is not exposed to the direct rays of the sun1 and is warmer in winter because it gets the direct rays of the sun4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g--;,an implement house adapted for poultry4 ,not infrequently there are small buildings on the place which can be easily and economically adapted to poultry use2 as1 for example1 an old implement house1 or grain house1 or tool shed1 which can be altered into a one or two pen-house1 as desired1 by arranging windows and doors and adding one or two open-front scratching-sheds for exercise and fresh air 7,figs4 #g and #aj74 ,in case there is no building suitable for remodelling into a poultry house an inexpensive lean-to may be built onto the south end of the stable 7,fig4 #i74 ,a house of this kind can be simply1 economically1 and conveniently built1 and well supplies the conditions for successful poultry keeping2 we recently visited a dairy and poultry farm in ,connecticut where house room for one hundred and fifty head of laying-breeding stock had been built in the lee of and annexed to the dairy barns and sheds4 ,a good prepared roofing1 such as 8,paroid10 makes quite shallow and low lean-to roofs easy of construction1 both air and water-tight1 and very durable4 ,sometimes a dweller in the suburbs1 or one living on a small1 rented place1 wants to keep a flock of fifteen or twenty head of fowls1 to supply the family with fresh-laid eggs during the fall1 winter1 and spring1 and then fresh poultry meat for the table2 these are all disposed of before the family goes away to the country or seashore for the summer1 and another flock of well-matured pullets is bought in the fall4 ,for such purpose the small portable house shown in ,fig4 #ab1 or one of the several patterns of 8colony-houses0 given herein1 will serve excellently2 all of these colony-houses are portable4 ,a good size of house of this kind is ten feet long by seven feet wide1 six feet high in front and four feet six inches high at the back2 or for a flock of eight or ten fowls eight feet long by five or six feet wide will answer well4 ,houses of this type are built of a size to suit the builder1 and they can be easily moved to a new location at any time4 ,excellent patterns of small poultry houses1 well adapted to the suburban lot or for moving out into the orchard on a farm1 are shown on pages #h and #i2 these 8colony0 houses have proved their merits in many different localities4 ,they are especially valuable on a farm1 where it is desired to locate a flock of half-grown chicks out in the stubble of a newly-cut grain field1 or colonies of chicks along the border of a cornfield1 or on a poultry farm where extra room is needed for surplus stock and cockerels which are to be sold for breeding purposes4 ,a solid board floor enables shutting the birds in at night and keeping them in until the team has drawn them to the new location in the morning2 it also secures the birds against marauding animals at night1 if the slide door has been closed4 ,for convenience of drawing to a new location it is best to have them mounted on low runners4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h--;,ground ,plan4 ,an excellent plan of colony-house is given in ,figs4 #ad and #ae1 and comes from the ,connecticut ,experiment ,station2 this combines the advantages of the curtained-front scratching-shed with that of the small colony-house4 ,this house is sixteen feet long by six feet wide1 is six feet high in front and four feet high at the rear2 the roosting apartment being #g #f feet and the scratching-shed #i #f feet in size4 ,a muslin curtain #d #h feet1 tacked to a light frame which is hinged to the top of open space1 closes the front on cold nights and is kept closed in stormy weather4 ,on page #ag we show a type of colony-house which is well adapted for a portable brooder house1 an 8in-door0 brooder being placed in each end and fifty to seventy-five chicks being put in each brooder4 ,when the chicks are large enough to do without artificial warmth the brooders are removed1 the chicks being left till such time as it is well to separate the sexes1 when the cockerels can be removed and the pullets left to grow to laying maturity4 ,on page #db we show an illustration of thirty of this pattern of colony brooder house in use on the 8,gowell ,poultry ,farm10 ,orono1 ,maine2 a few over four thousand chickens were put into these thirty portable houses in the spring of #aije1 nineteen hundred and eighty-five cockerels were sold off as broilers1 some sixty more raised for breeding males1 and a few over two thousand mature pullets taken from them in ,october and moved into the #djj feet long poultry house which had been erected during the summer4 ,when the pullets were occupying them1 in midsummer1 they were turned about to face north and lifted up to about a foot and a half height above the ground by stones about a foot in height being put under the ends of the runners2 this gave the pullets the much-needed shade of both the inside and underneath the house1 a simple device1 but decidedly helpful4 ,in ,fig4 #aa we show a type of colony-house such as used on the large colony poultry farms about ,tiverton and ,little ,compton1 ,r4 ,i4 ,these are usually about ten by sixteen feet in size1 six feet high to the eaves when built with double-pitch roof1 seven feet high in front and five feet at back when shed roof4 ,these houses are very simple in plan and construction1 there being three roost-poles about three feet above the ground at the back1 five or six nest boxes1 food trough1 water dish and hopper for shells and grit4 ,the houses hold about forty fowls1 are placed about a hundred and fifty to two hundred feet apart in locations convenient to drive to with the feed and water-wagon1 and on some of the large farms as many as fifty to a hundred of these colony-houses may be seen4 ,the capital needed to equip a colony farm of this kind is very much less than where long houses and yards are erected2 the labor charge of caring for the flocks is very much greater1 however1 so that what is saved in capital is expended in labor4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i--;,a lean-to poultry house4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj--;,implement house with scratching-shed attached4 ,poultry farmers in ,america have generally preferred the continuous-house plan of keeping fowls1 and the resulting poisoned ground of the yards has no doubt been the cause of many a failure in the poultry business4 ,an eminent ,english lecturer is authority for the statement that the portable-house plan has been the saving of the poultry business in ,england1 and bringing the small 7portable7 houses together near the other small buildings in winter1 then moving them to convenient locations out in the fields in the spring1 has solved the difficulty of extensive poultry farming over there4 ,it would be well to carefully consider these points while taking up the continuous-house plans which we give in following pages4 ,an objection to the scattered 8colony-house0 plan1 as seen on the large poultry farms in ,tiverton and ,little ,compton1 ,r4 ,i41 has been the great labor of feeding two or three times a day--one of the feeds being a cooked mash4 ,by adopting the modern method of feeding the food dry and keeping a supply of food constantly before the fowls a considerable saving in labor is effected1 and it is practicable to successfully keep a large number with but one visit a day to the several flocks2 this would be an afternoon visit1 for rinsing and refilling the water fountains and collecting the eggs4 ,by having the food-hoppers sufficiently capacious to hold a supply of food for a week but one visit a week would be made for filling them4 ,this is the method adopted on the ,vernon ,fruit and ,poultry ,farm1 ,vernon1 ,conn41 where some three thousand head of layers are kept1 the food-hoppers being refilled once a week2 as there is a little brook and numerous springs convenient to the houses no watering whatever is done1 each flock of fowls having but fifty to two hundred feet to journey to find an abundant supply of running water4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa--,type of house on ,rhode ,island colony poultry farms4 ,on the ,gowell ,poultry ,farm1 ,orono1 ,maine1 there is an excellent example of the continuous-house1 and by the partial adoption of the dry-feeding method the labor is so far reduced that one man can do all the work of feeding and caring for two thousand head of layers1 kept in a house four hundred feet long by twenty feet wide1 which is divided into pens twenty feet square and one hundred birds kept in each4 ,the double-yard system is in use here1 there being one tier of yards one hundred feet long by twenty feet wide extending south from the house1 and another tier of yards the same size north of the house2 when the south-yards have been denuded of green food the birds are turned into those north of the house1 and the south-yards are plowed and sown 7or planted7 to a quick-maturing crop4 ,by this method poisoned ground is avoided and the conveniences of the continuous-house retained2 the safety of such a plant would lie1 of course1 in the intelligent handling of the work4 ,it is worthy of note that on the ,gowell ,farm the portable colony-house method is in use in growing the young stock 7see page #db71 while the continuous-house method is used with the laying-breeding stock4 ,this is true of practically all of the large poultry farms1 it being conceded that free range over farm-fields1 or through orchard and woodland1 promotes good growth in the young stock4 ,when1 however1 it is desired to develop the physical energies towards egg-production the semi-confinement of houses and yards is brought into play2 in this manner the greatest egg-yield1 and consequent profit is obtained4 ,here are three different methods of avoiding the evil of ground-poisoning3 ,first1 the continuous-house with double-yard system1 one set of yards being used while the other is being sweetened by a growing crop2 second1 the colony-house plan with houses located a hundred and fifty to two hundred feet apart and convenient to drive to for feeding and watering2 third1 the 8portable-house0 plan1 which is the colony method with the houses changed from one location to another1 and brought together near the group of farm buildings for the winter months4 ,convenience1 amount of capital available1 and other considerations1 will influence the choice of a method4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab--;,a small 8portable0 poultry house4 ,in ,fig4 #ad we give an illustration of an elevated poultry house used in ,florida1 which was published in the 8,poultry ,standard10 of ,stamford1 ,conn41 and described as made of ,neponset ,red ,rope ,roofing1 both top and sides2 a better construction would be ,paroid ,roofing for roof and sides1 or ,paroid for roof and ,neponset ,red ,rope ,roofing for the ends and sides4 ,this house is built upon posts set in the ground at the back and six feet high in front2 the six posts1 three front and three back1 are all the frame required4 ,the light furring to sustain the roof and sides is nailed to the posts1 and the roofing securely nailed to the strips of furring4 ,the open space below the house is enclosed by one-inch mesh wire netting2 there is no floor1 and a narrow platform along the rear1 inside1 gives the hens access to the nest boxes1 which are hinged at one end1 and swing out as shown in the drawing4 ,the roost-poles should be a foot above the open bottom1 to be quite sheltered from winds4 ,of similar pattern is the 8,mushroom ,poultry ,house10 from ,southern ,california4 ,these houses may be built any size1 but are usually made four or five feet square4 ,they set up from the ground about eighteen inches1 and the closed sides are three feet1 the posts being four and one half above the ground4 ,there is no floor used1 the air circulating freely beneath4 ,when built of boards no frame is needed1 the boarding being nailed to the posts4 ,the roof goes up from all four sides1 in pyramid form1 and is made water-tight4 ,the roosts are placed about fifteen or eighteen inches above the bottom1 as shown by the dotted lines1 and a walk or ladder is provided which leads from the ground to the rear roost4 ,this is made movable1 so that it can be taken down at night1 thus protecting the fowls from marauding animals4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac--;,a ,california 8,mushroom0 poultry house4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad--;,a ,florida poultry house4 ,some of the houses are built of iron advertising signs1 and have the common double-pitch roof2 in some cases the sides are made of burlap tacked on to furring1 which is nailed to the posts4 ,this burlap is then painted with crude oil1 distillate1 and ,venetian red1 to make it wind-proof4 ,lumber is very expensive in that section1 and the burlap1 when water-proofed1 makes a cheap and quite desirable house4 ,a much better wind and water-tight construction would be ,paroid for the roof1 and ,paroid or ,neponset ,red ,rope ,roofing for the sides4 ,,the ,,advantage ,,of ,,double ,,yards ,when fowls are kept in the confinement of houses and yards an important question is how to keep the yards sweet4 ,the ground becomes tainted in a couple of years or so1 and then is a fruitful source of disease4 ,unless grass can be kept growing so as to keep the ground free from the poison of the droppings there is no alternative but to change the ground4 ,it is well to have two runs1 using each alternately1 and by planting the one vacated with some quick-growing crop it can be made ready for occupancy again in a few weeks4 ,an excellent crop for this purpose is ,dwarf ,essex ,rape1 which makes one of the best summer-green foods for fowls confined to houses and yards2 or such garden crops as squashes1 melons1 etc41 can be grown4 ,after these rye or oats can be sown1 to furnish green food in the fall4 ,it is a comparatively simple proposition to have the yards divided into two sections1 by setting the house in the middle1 having half 7or two-fifths or three-fifths7 of the length of yards north of the house2 these north yards being used three or four months in summer1 a crop of some suitable kind being grown in the vacant yards south of the house in the meantime4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae--;,illustrates double yards for a continuous poultry house4 ,in ,fig4 #ag we give a plan for such house and yards4 ,in this plan we suppose the yards to be one hundred and twenty-five feet long by eighteen wide1 and have placed fifty feet of length of yards north of the house and seventy-five feet of length south of it4 ,there are lift-off gates next to the house in the fence south of the house1 the second gate in illustration being shown as lifted off and leaning against the next panel of fence4 ,these gates give access to all the yards1 for plowing1 harrowing1 and cultivating a crop2 also for driving up to the front of the pen with a cart to haul away the fouled earth of the floor of the house4 ,the usual access to these yards is through the house itself and a gate opening out of the scratching-shed2 for ordinary visits to the north yards there are small1 swinging gates next to the house1 and then lift-gates which will admit a team for plowing1 etc4 ,there should be a row of fruit trees set in each yard1 to give the needed shade1 and the trees give the owner a second source of profit4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af--;,dr4 ,bricault's 8,new ,idea0 poultry house4 ,desiring a poultry house which would give closed pens or could be opened up to admit the air and sunshine at will1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,bricault1 ,andover1 ,mass41 adapted the well-known 8,dutch ,door0 to his purpose1 putting the door in the middle of the front of each pen1 and so arranging it that the whole door could be open day and night1 in warm weather1 or the lower half of the door shut and the top half open1 or the top half could be closed by a curtain in quite cold weather1 and in severe storms the whole door closed4 ,the size of the pens are ten by twelve feet1 the frame and building plan being substantially the same as in the preceding house-plan1 the doors in the front of each partition giving a passage through the entire length of the house4 ,there are two windows in the front of each pen2 the roosts are set up against the partitions between the pens1 and the trap-nests are set on a platform against the north wall4 ,the building is covered with a cheap sheathing paper1 then with sheathing quilt1 then ,neponset ,red ,rope ,roofing2 a better construction would be ,paroid ,roofing on the roof and ,neponset on the sides4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag--;,interior of pen4 ,fig4 #ag gives an interior view of one of the pens showing roosts and trap-nests4 ,a ,,poultry ,,house #bdj ,,feet ,,long ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah--;,a long poultry house on the ,white ,leghorn ,poultry ,yards1 ,waterville1 ,n4,y4 ,in ,new ,york ,state it has been thought desirable to have warm houses for the ,single ,comb ,white ,leghorns so largely kept there1 and we give illustrations of one of the long poultry houses of the ,white ,leghorn ,poultry ,yards1 ,waterville1 ,n4,y4 ,this house is two hundred and forty feet long by sixteen feet wide1 divided into pens twelve feet square and a walk three and a half feet wide along the north side4 ,it has a floor of seven-eighths inch matched boards throughout4 ,the outside walls are first boarded1 then covered with sheathing and clapboarded4 ,the inside of the building is boarded up with matched boards on the inside of the studs1 making a four-inch dead air space between the walls4 ,the ceilings are made of matched boards laid at the level of the plates4 ,in this ceiling1 over the centre of each pen1 is a small trap door1 two feet square1 opening up into the attic space above1 which is designed to give diffusive ventilation4 ,three ventilating cupolas cap the roof1 and there are full-sized windows in each gable end4 ,this attic space is storage room for straw1 which is drawn upon from time to time1 to furnish scratching material for the pen floors and opening the trap-door into the ceiling1 it gives excellent ventilation without drafts4 ,a door opens from the alleyway into each pen1 and doors in the partition between the pens permit passing through from pen to pen4 ,the roost platforms with nest boxes beneath are against the partition between the walk and pens and the plan of partitions between pens as shown in ,fig4 #ai4 ,the roof is covered with ,paroid ,roofing4 ,a fault here is the wire netting in these partitions2 a better plan would be matched-board partitions throughout4 ,the twelve feet square pens have one hundred and forty-four square feet of floor space each1 giving ample room for twenty-five head of layers1 and while a long house of this description is somewhat expensive to build1 it has many advantages1 which1 on a large and permanent poultry plant1 will more than make up for the first cost in the ease and economy of feeding1 etc41 and the warmth of the house and the simplicity of the ventilation4 ,this style of poultry house has been in use on the ,white ,leghorn farm for several years1 and it has been found to be both practical and economical2 it combines very completely the laying and the breeding house4 ,on this plant they practise the alternate system of males in the pens1 a small coop for the extra male being set against the partition in one corner of the pen1 four feet up from the floor4 ,one male bird is cooped up while the other runs with the hens and they are exchanged every two or three days1 the change being effected at night1 on occasion of the shutting-up visit4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai--;,interior1 showing partitions between pens4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj--;,interior of pens1 showing roosts4 ,,mr4 ,,duston',s ,,poultry ,,houses ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba--,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,duston's five-pen breeding house4 ,one of ,america's most successful poultrymen is ,mr4 ,arthur ,g4 ,duston1 ,south ,framingham1 ,mass41 and as he has recently established himself on a new farm1 to secure necessary room1 the type of poultry houses he decides are the best for him is of interest4 ,he is building seventeen houses of five pens each1 and uses some thirty odd of his well-known colony-houses 7,fig4 #bc74 ,the five-pen houses are raised from the ground from two to three feet1 the space beneath being utilized as scratching room4 ,each house is fifty by twelve feet1 the pens being ten by twelve feet each1 and there is a window and door in the front of each pen2 doors in the front of partitions allow passing through from pen to pen4 ,the roosts are at the back1 with nest boxes beneath the roost platforms4 ,this house has a short hip-roof sloping south1 which is open to the objection of carrying part of the roof-drip to the front of the house1--a fault which can be mitigated by a gutter along the front1 but that increases the cost without always giving complete relief from the drip2 we decidedly prefer the single-slope roof4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb--;,ground plan and cross-section4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc--,mr4 ,duston's 8colony0 house4 ,mr4 ,duston's 8colony10 or portable1 houses are justly favorites1 the distinctive feature of them being the double door1 or wire netting door covered with a second door4 ,these 8colony0 houses are ten by five feet on the ground1 five feet high in front1 and four feet high at the back1 and have board floors4 ,,the ,,straw-,,loft ,,poultry ,,house ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd--,the straw-loft poultry house4 ,in ,new ,york state1 especially1 the ,single ,combed ,white ,leghorns have long been the preferred variety1 and1 as they have rather thin single combs1 which are considered to be susceptible to frost in cold weather1 it has been a problem to house them so that they shall be protected from freezing4 ,many different types of houses have been tried1 some of them with a stove in one end and a long pipe running through to the chimney at the other1 thirty or forty feet away2 a decided disadvantage with this was the having to keep the house shut quite tight to conserve the heat1 and the consequent dampness from the moisture of the breath of the birds4 ,to get over this difficulty diffused ventilation was devised by ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,blanchard1 of ,fairview ,farm1 ,groton1 ,n4 ,y42 this ventilation was obtained by stowing straw 7or swale hay7 in the loft in the gable1 and this permits a slow diffusion of air upward through the cracks of the floor and out of the small doors in each end of gable4 ,this straw-loft poultry house has been widely adopted all over the ,united ,states2 a good example of a long house of this type is shown in the illustration on page #ab4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be--;,ground plan4 ,mr4 ,blanchard's houses are forty feet long by sixteen feet wide1 and divided into two pens twenty by sixteen feet each2 about fifty birds are wintered in each pen4 ,the walls of the house are made double1 boarded on both sides of the studs with a dead air space between2 in some cases the walls are packed with saw dust or planer shavings1 at the well-known ,van ,dresser farm1 in ,cobleskill1 ,n4,y41 they are packed with straw4 ,the floor is double boarded1 with a good sheathing paper between4 ,overhead1 on the plates1 two by six inch stringers are laid1 and a loose floor of rough boards1 with inch to inch and a half cracks between1 is laid4 ,a one-third pitch roof is laid on shingle laths nailed to the rafters six inches apart1 and on this a good sheathing paper covered with two-ply ,paroid4 ,in each gable a door is cut1 as large as will swing under the roof4 ,on the attic floor is put some twelve to fifteen inches of loose straw4 ,in very cold weather1 when the house is tightly closed save for a muslin curtain in one or two windows of each pen1 the vapor thrown off in the breath of the fowls will pass up through the cracks in the loft-floor and be absorbed in the straw above1 instead of being condensed on the walls and roof in the form of frost4 ,on mild days in winter the doors in the gable may be opened wide1 or if it is very windy the door in the leeward end may be opened1 which permits the air to draw through over the straw1 drying it thoroughly1 without any draughts upon the birds on the floor below4 ,in warm weather the gable doors may be left open night and day1 and the draught through the loft1 together with the ventilation through open doors and windows in the house below1 keeps the birds cool and comfortable4 ,these houses are thoroughly practical in every way and will be found very desirable for use on any large farm4 ,a few such scattered in convenient localities will give good opportunity to rotate crops and poultry1 and so gain a two-fold profit from the land and at the same time avoid all danger of the soil becoming poisoned by accumulation of the droppings4 ,at ,fairview ,farm ,mr4 ,blanchard combines fruit growing with poultry keeping1 a combination which it would be difficult to better for double profits1 and a combination which should be better understood by poultry growers4 ,the advantages of combining fruit and poultry growing are many1 not the least of the advantages being furnishing the shade which ,prof4 ,rice tells us is so essential in summer4 ,for the permanent yards there is nothing to equal apple trees1 but as they are of somewhat slow growth and need large space when full grown1 it is well to set apple trees about forty feet apart and set plums or peaches 7or both7 in the spaces between2 the plum and peach trees will mature1 produce a few crops of fruit and break down1 before the apple trees will have grown to a stature to require all the room4 ,a few years ago plum trees were strongly recommended for poultry yards1 but experience has demonstrated that they cannot be depended upon for but a half dozen years or so1 hence the wisdom of setting apple trees for permanent shade4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf--,west ,virginia ,experiment ,station ,colony-house4 ,plantations of small fruits1 such as grapes1 blackberries1 and raspberries1 serve admirably for range and semi-shade for growing chicks1 and it is a mistake to imagine that the chicks damage the crops of fruit2 if they touch any it will only be the lower 7and always inferior7 stems that they reach4 ,there are such substantial benefits accruing from the presence of little chicks about the small fruit plantations1 or the mature birds about the apple1 plum1 and peach trees--such as the destruction of hosts of worms and insects and keeping the surface of the ground stirred1 that every consideration urges the combination of fruit and poultry growing4 ,at the ,vernon ,fruit and ,poultry ,farm1 ,vernon1 ,conn41 we saw last summer ,baldwin apple trees that were six inches through at the butt1 yielded an average of a barrel of choice apples each in the fall1 and had been set only six years4 ,they began bearing the second year after setting1 had borne increasing crops every year1 last season averaged to be about six inches through and gave their owner a barrel of apples each4 ,these apple trees were part of an orchard which was occupied by colony poultry houses having fifty layers each1 and set sufficient distance apart so that there were about two hundred birds to the acre2 the owner told us he had never seen a borer or any evidence of borers about those trees4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg--;,colony poultry house at ,connecticut ,experiment ,station4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh--;,ground plan4 ,,the ,,curtain-,,front1 ,,curtained-,,roosting-,,closet1 ,,poultry ,,house ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi--,the curtain-front1 curtained roosting-closet1 poultry house4 ,maine ,experiment ,station4 ,as stated elsewhere1 the tendency in poultry house construction today is to more and more open up the houses to fresh air and sunshine1 and the most advanced type of the fresh air poultry house has been developed at the ,maine ,experiment ,station1 ,orono1 ,maine4 ,this consists of a house-front about half open1 a little more than a fourth of each pen-front being closed by a cloth curtain only1 two windows and a door making with the curtain about half of the whole front of each pen4 ,at the rear of each pen1 and elevated three feet above the pen-floor1 is a curtained-front 8roosting closet10 as it is called2 this roosting closet is the 8bed-room0 and the whole pen the 8living-room10 in this type of house4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj--;,cross-section4 ,it seems almost like cruelty to animals to put hens in such houses1 where they have but the two cloth curtains between them and all outdoors in the very cold winters they have up in central ,maine2 the ,maine ,station is very nearly up to forty-five north latitude1 about the same as ,ottawa1 ,ontario1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn41 and ,portland1 ,oregon4 ,one of the ,station bulletins1 however1 says3 8,these curtain-front houses have all proved eminently satisfactory4 ,not a case of cold or snuffles has developed from sleeping in the warm elevated closets with the cloth fronts1 and then going down into the cold room1 onto the dry straw1 and spending the day in the open air4 ,the egg-yield per bird has been as good in these houses as in the warmed one40 ,in a letter written by ,prof4 ,gowell1 just after an extremely cold period1 he says3 8,this is the ninth day of weather all the way from zero to twenty-five degrees below1 still the fifty pullets in the ten by twenty-five feet curtained front house with its curtained-front roosting-room have fallen off but little in their egg-yield1 and both the house and scratching material on the floor are perfectly dry4 ,there is no white frost on the walls and there will be no dampness when the weather moderates and a thaw comes40 ,there could hardly be a stronger indorsement of fresh1 pure air in a poultry house and good ventilation without draughts4 ,if such good results can be attained in cold ,maine they can be attained anywhere in the ,united ,states and southern ,canada4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca--,maine ,station ,colony ,brooder ,house4 ,the ,maine ,experiment ,station has now three of these curtain-front houses1 of which one is one hundred and forty feet long by twelve feet wide1 divided into pens twenty by twelve feet in size1 in each pen being housed fifty birds2 the other is one hundred and twenty by sixteen feet1 divided into pens thirty by sixteen feet1 and one hundred hens are kept in each4 ,on ,prof4 ,gowell's farm1 two miles distant from the ,station1 he erected last year a house of this type four hundred feet long by twenty feet wide1 divided into pens twenty by twenty feet each1 and a hundred birds are kept in each pen2 in the thirty by sixteen feet pens there is a floor space of four and eight-tenths feet per bird2 in the twenty by twenty feet pens the floor space is four feet per bird4 ,it is of interest to note that the one hundred birds1 ,barred ,plymouth ,rocks1 penned on this four hundred square feet of floor space1 do not go outdoors from the time they are put in the house in ,october till the ground of the yards is well dried off in spring1 say about ,may first2 this suggests the practicability of housing laying-stock in suitable convenient buildings in winter1 pains being taken that ample sunshine and fresh air 7through curtains7 be supplied1 and in the spring the birds be moved out to portable colony houses scattered about the orchard1 or a wood-lot1 or other convenient place1 where they would be pushed for a liberal egg-yield through the summer and sold off to market before molting time in the fall4 ,this plan supposes the rearing of another generation of pullets for layers during the summer1 and these pullets go into the winter-laying-pens in ,october1 to be removed to the colony-houses in ,may1 to be in turn1 sold off to market in ,september4 ,this plan of an annual rotation of laying-stock will undoubtedly give the best financial returns from egg-farming1 and as by the adoption of the dry-feeding method of handling the fowls the labor is reduced to the minimum1 the results1 with intelligent management of the business should be quite satisfactory2 the profits will be liberal for amount of capital invested and labor engaged4 ,in ,fig4 #bi we give a single pen of the one hundred and twenty feet long house1 with a door opening into each pen from the board-walk along the front4 ,each pen has two windows1 which light the interior when the weather is stormy and it is necessary to keep the curtain closed2 the curtain is open every day when the weather is fair4 ,there are banks of nest boxes at each end of pens1 and coops for breaking up broody birds above the nest boxes4 ,the twelve by four feet curtain in the pen-front is hinged at top so it may be swung up against the roof and hooked up there2 the roosting closet is up three feet from the floor1 the platform is three feet wide1 and the curtain which closes the front is the whole length of the pen1 and also swings up against the roof1 where hooks secure it up out of the way4 ,the whole floor of the pen is open for exercise1 and is an enclosed out-of-doors pen all the time4 ,,the ,,continuous ,,curtained-,,front ,,scratching-,,shed ,,poultry ,,house ,the tendency in poultry house construction in recent years has been to more and more open up the house to fresh air and sunshine1 and this opening up of the houses1 and getting more and more fresh air and sunshine into them1 has been a decided step in advance in poultry work4 ,there are many modifications and adaptations of the scratching-shed plan of house1 perhaps the best known of them being the 8scratching-pen0 plan1 and the enclosed-roosting-closet plan1 the latter being the one evolved at the ,maine ,experiment ,station and illustrated on page #af4 ,in this enclosed-roosting-closet house we see the entire floor of the pen a curtained-front scratching pen and the roosting apartment lifted up and enclosed by another curtain-front2 in the one we have the shed one department and the roosting-laying department another 7one a 8living-room0 and the other the 8bed-room071 with wide range of adaptability in the way of opening up the roosting-laying room2 in the other the enclosed roosting-closet1 or 8bed-room10 and scratching-shed1 or 8living-room10 are in the one apartment4 ,certain it is the curtained-front scratching-shed type of house that has been growing very rapidly in favor with practical poultrymen1 and probably combines more advantages with fewer disadvantages than any other one style of poultry house4 ,each combined pen and shed covers eighteen by ten feet1 the curtained-front shed being ten by ten feet1 and the roosting-room adjoining being eight by ten feet1 room sufficient for twenty-five to thirty fowls of the ,american or thirty-five to forty of the ,mediterranean varieties4 ,no 8walk0 is required because the walk is through gates and doors1 from shed to pen and pen to shed1 and so on to the end of the house and out the other end4 ,the much-desired ventilation of the poultry house is very varied in this plan1 at the discretion and according to the judgment of the operator1 and can be adapted to the different seasons in half a dozen different ways4 ,in summer the doors and windows are all wide open and the curtains are hooked up against the roof out of the way4 7,it is to be remembered that the doors between two pens are never to be left open when there are birds in the pens1 they are always kept closed except when opened for the attendant to pass through from one pen to another74 ,when the nights begin to be decidedly frosty in the fall close the windows in the fronts of the roosting pens1 but leave shed-curtains hooked up and doors between pens and sheds open4 ,when it begins to freeze nights close the curtains 7at night7 in fronts of sheds1 but still leave doors between pens and sheds open4 ,these doors 7including the slide door7 are never closed excepting on nights of solid cold1 say when the thermometer runs five to twenty degrees below zero2 and for real zero weather1 from five above to away below zero1 close the curtains in front of roosts and all doors and windows are closed4 ,an additional protection against cold in extremely cold latitudes would be to double-wall the back of the roost-pen1 from the sill up to plate and then up the roof-rafters four feet1 packing the spaces between the studs and rafters with planer shavings1 straw1 swale hay1 or seaweed 7the latter is vermin-proof71 then have a hinged curtain to drop down to within about six inches of front of roost platform1 and extending a foot below it2 this curtain we would close only on the very coldest nights4 ,we would build this house seven feet high in front and five feet high at the back4 ,sills and plates are all of two by four scantling1 halved and nailed together at joints4 ,the rafters1 corner studs1 and studs in centers of fronts of sheds are all two by four2 the intermediate studs are two by three4 ,set the sills on stone foundation a foot and a half above the ground level1 or on posts set into the ground below the usual frost line1 the posts being set five feet apart excepting in front of roosting pens 7where they come four feet apart7--there being a post at corner of each pen and shed1 with one between4 ,the rafters should be two feet between centers2 as lumber comes twelve1 fourteen1 or sixteen feet in length1 and two-feet-apart rafters allow the lumber to be used with almost no waste4 ,the sills we would set a foot and a half above average ground level4 ,when set on posts put hemlock 7or some hard wood7 boards from bottom half of sill down to ground1 nailing them firmly to sill and foundation posts2 then fill up inside to bottom of sills and slope the ground outside to same height1 as illustrated in ,fig4 #a4 ,toe-nail studs to sills firmly1 plates to studs ditto1 and rafters to plates4 ,set the studs in front of roosting pens to take the window frames 7or the window sash1 if no frames are used71 and in partitions a stud should be set to take the two and one half feet wide doors and gates4 ,all of the framing is simple and easy1 and any man who can saw off a board or joist reasonably square and drive nails straight can build this house2 the slight bevel at each end of rafters being perfectly simple4 ,all boarding is lengthwise1 the boards firmly nailed and good joints made all over4 ,cover the roof and sides with ,paroid1 and the house will be wind and waterproof4 ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb--,the ,continuous1 ,curtained-,front ,scratching-shed ,poultry4 ,,the ,,all-,,open-,,front ,,poultry ,,house ,this 8,fresh ,air ,poultry ,house0 has been evolved by ,mr4 ,joseph ,tolman1 a practical poultryman of eastern ,massachusetts1 some twenty-five miles south of ,boston1 and differs from most other plans in that the front is wide open night and day all the year around2 the south front is always open1 being closed by one-inch mesh wire netting only4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc--,the ,all-,open-,front ,poultry ,house4 ,the roof and sides are one inch boards nailed to two by four inch rafters and studs1 and covered with sheathing paper and two-ply ,paroid2 this makes a tight roof1 and east1 west1 and north walls1 excepting that there is a window in the center of the west side and a door opposite it1 in center of east side4 ,in operating this house in summer both the door and window are removed and wire netting tacked to a light frame set in the places2 for convenience we recommend that the door-screen be hinged to outside of door frame1 and when not in use hooked back against the wall4 ,there are many nights in spring and fall when it is desirable to leave the door open excepting that the opening is closed by the wire screen1 and possibly the very next night it is better that the door be closed2 having the door-screen hung to the wall enables adapting to weather changes at will4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd--;,ground plan4 ,the house here shown is made eight by fourteen feet in size1 four feet to eaves and seven feet to apex of roof1 and makes a fine home for twenty-five fowls2 a larger size of this house is recommended to be made twenty-one by fourteen feet on the ground1 with five feet posts in north and south ends and eight feet to apex of roof2 this would comfortably house fifty head of layers4 #b4 ,,barns1 ,,stables1 ,,etc4 ,there is a very great diversity in plans of barns and stables1 the taste of individual owners seeming to favor this or that plan1 which they think is best adapted to their needs4 ,observation of various types of farm buildings1 however1 will convince the thoughtful man that too often a single point of convenience is magnified till other points are wholly obscured1 and to secure the one advantage several decided conveniences are sacrificed2 in a study of conveniences all possible points should be considered and a decision arrived at which will give the greatest and sacrifice the least number4 ,talking with a dairy farmer living in central ,new ,york1 who had just completed a dairy barn which cost him about three thousand dollars1 he told that he had waited a dozen years to build that barn1 and had studied and figured to get the two most important conveniences of a cement floor to preserve the liquid manure and a drive-way onto the main floor2 to get those he had let go one or two others which he considered of far less importance1 and had at last got a barn exactly to his liking4 ,one of the conveniences which he had let go was a covered-way to the barn1 and this one point is considered of so great importance by many that almost everything else is sacrificed to gain it4 ,we were discussing this point with a farmer whose barn was about a hundred and fifty feet away from his house1 and he was positive that the advantage of having the barn near to and connected with the dwelling house was over-estimated2 that there were but a very few days in a year when the covered-way was of so great advantage1 and there were decided advantages in having the barn a little distance from the house1--among them absence of barn-odors1 flies1 and noises4 ,with the barn off a little distance he avoids those1 and gains the 7to him7 great advantage of a drive-way onto the main floor1 a fine basement for composting the manure and housing the farm carts1 etc41 and a drive-way out of the basement with only an insignificant rise to the level of the fields4 ,this same farm-barn had one defect1 to remedy which we offered the suggested shed shown in ,fig4 #ce4 ,the barn extended very nearly east and west1 consequently the linter door was exposed to the cold west and northwest winds of winter1 and during the winter the farmer wanted his cows to have the exercise-room of the barn yard on the south side of the barn4 ,to overcome the difficulty we suggested an open-front shed along the west side of the barn yard1 and a covered-in walk down from the linter door to the shed2 as subsequently built the shed was extended five feet beyond the corner of the barn1 so as to cover the linter door1 and a broad door in the shed-end gave out to the lane leading to the pasture4 ,by closing that broad door in the end of the shed and opening a gate to the barn yard a covered-way was made for the cows to pass from the linter to the barn yard1 without being exposed to the cold winds of winter1 and gaining the complete shelter of the shed on the west2 a simple expedient1 and yet a very decided convenience4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce--;,a convenient shed-shelter for west end of barn yards4 ,driveways onto two or more different floors of a barn or stable are most substantial aids to the economical doing of the farm work4 ,on a large ,essex county 7,mass47 farm which we recently visited a new hay-barn was being erected1 the site for it being especially selected so that an easy grade could be built to the top floor1 permitting the hay wagons being driven into the top of the barn1 under the high roof1 and all the hay was pitched off and down into the twenty-feet deep mows4 ,a recent letter says3 8,the new barn is practically done1 and already some twenty loads of hay are in one corner of it4 ,we find it a great saving of labor2 four men in the barn will take better care of the hay and keep ahead of the gang in the field easier than seven men and a horse could put it into the top of the barn with a fork40 ,a second drive-way leads out of the ground floor of this barn to the high road1 practically on a level1 and a third out of the west end of the basement1 whence an easy grade rises to the farm roads4 ,by these convenient driveways much hard work is eliminated--a most important point in these days of growing scarcity of farm help4 ,because of this great scarcity of help1 especially of dependable help1 it is a necessity that the farmer take advantage of every convenience1 or labor-saving device1 which will aid him in his work2 it is both good economy and good business policy for him to do so4 ,we have thought it wise to give here a few simple1 practical plans1 which have approved themselves in everyday use4 ,barns and stables need not be expensive in construction nor elaborate in fittings2 the important considerations are the comfort of the animals1 the convenience of the owner and the adaptability of the building to its purpose4 ,in ,figs4 #cf1 #cg1 and #ch we give a plan for a village stable1 for the man who keeps a horse and one or two cows1 and the ground floor also provides room for the work-bench 7which is most desirable where there are boys in the family71 besides standing room for the carriage1 wagon and sleigh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf--;,a village stable for a horse and cow4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg--;,cross-section4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch--;,ground plan4 ,this stable is planned to be twenty-six feet long by eighteen feet wide1 is ten feet from floor level to eaves1 and fourteen feet from floor to ridge of roof4 ,more pitch can be given to roof if desired1 but with a good roofing like ,paroid the roof slope may be slight4 ,it would be better to make the walls two feet higher if more storage space is desired above the scaffold floor4 ,the doorway is eight by eight feet1 and stall space eight by eight feet is made in each front corner2 a box stall is provided for the horse and two cow stalls in the left-hand corner1 with a small door opening into the cow linter4 ,hay scaffolds seven feet above the floor extend across each end and may be joined at the rear if desired2 a scaffold floor above the large doors extends from front to rear1 or to the drop-scaffold walk connecting the two side scaffolds at the rear4 ,a basement six or seven feet deep under the whole is a valuable addition to such a stable1 making room for storing and rotting the manure1 and a storage room for roots1 etc41 in one corner4 ,six-inch-square sills1 posts1 and floor stringers are amply strong for the strain usually put upon a small stable1 and the center posts1 set at corners of box stall and cow stalls1 help carry the main floor and the storage floor above4 ,if preferred1 the intermediate posts may be set in the center and the stall-spaces extended a foot1 making them eight by nine feet4 ,with the roof covered with ,paroid ,roofing1 and the sides with ,neponset ,red ,rope ,roofing battened on laps and halfway between laps1 a very neat and economically constructed stable is made4 ,if desired a richer appearance may be given to the roof by adding the ornamental battens shown on page #bh and painting the whole a dark red4 ,the farm-barn is a most important aid to economy of labor1 if rightly planned1 and we give on this page the plans of a small barn1 for a farm where eight or ten cows are kept1 such as is quite common in ,new ,england and the ,middle ,states1 and which gives excellent satisfaction everywhere4 ,on the farm where this plan was studied the pair of horses were housed in a small horse barn nearer the dwelling house1 the ,democrat wagon1 canopy top carriage and sleigh1 etc41 being under the same roof4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci--;,a barn for a small dairy farm4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj--;,ground plan4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da--;,cross-section4 ,this barn is forty-four feet long by thirty-four feet wide1 and is built in four 8bays0 of eleven feet in length each4 ,the main floor is twelve feet wide1 and hay wagons drive in at either end and out at the other4 ,the cow stalls occupy all of the linter on the south side1 a door at the end opening into the lane to the pasture4 ,the first bay on the north side is ceiled up with tongued and grooved boards1 has a tight floor overhead1 and is used as a grain storeroom2 the other three bays on that side are hay mows from floor to roof4 ,over the main floor and fifteen feet above it is a floor for hay1 or corn1 or used for general storage at different seasons4 ,there was no floor on the collar-beams when the present owner bought the farm4 ,strong poles had been laid across the space and surplus hay thrown on them2 since being floored over the owner says it is the best part of the barn1 and invaluable for drying out crops not fully cured4 ,a basement about six feet in depth receives the manure from the cows1 and three or four logs have the run of the cellar and manure heaps1 thoroughly rotting and 8fining0 the manure for the next season's crops4 ,the frame of this barn is of eight-inch square hemlock timber1 the braces three by four inch hemlock mortised into posts and stringers1 the floor stringers three by nine inches1 two feet apart and well cross-bridged1 the floor of three-inch plank4 ,the scaffold floor is of inch boards laid on two by six inch stringers three feet apart1 and is amply strong for any load put upon it4 ,grain bins along two sides of the grain room may be four feet wide1 and1 fitted with drop fronts may be five feet high and divided into two or more compartments4 ,two small bins may be fitted in each side of the window2 the window may be in the end if preferred4 ,a ,,complete ,,dairy ,,barn ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db--;,a complete dairy barn1 with silo4 ,modern dairy farming means an up-to-date dairy barn1 and we give herewith the plans of one which is warmly endorsed by the owner and carries fifty cows in perfect comfort4 ,this is a truss-frame barn1 ninety-three feet long by forty feet wide1 the basement 7or ground7 floor being wholly occupied by cow stalls and calving pens1 the main floor being a hay-storage room4 ,two bays on one side are used for grain storage1 all the remainder of the bays on both sides being for hay2 a drive-way fifteen feet wide extends through this floor1 and inclined driveways at each end give access from the fields in either direction4 ,the ground floor is concrete throughout4 ,a walk five feet wide extends along each side and cross walks three feet wide are between each row of stalls at both front and rear1 one for breeding and the other for the cows and the milkers4 ,a shallow gutter1 eighteen inches wide by six inches deep1 extends along the rear of the stalls to receive the droppings and urine1 which is removed twice a day and drawn at once to the fields or heaped for tramping over and rotting under wide-roofed sheds4 ,the calving stalls1 four at each end of this floor1 are eight by seven and three quarters feet in size1 and one or two of them can be occupied by bulls1 if desired4 ,the watering system may be either a wooden gutter extending along the front of each row of stalls or a cast-iron semicircular pan set between each pair of stalls so as to supply a cow on either side4 ,whether troughs or pans are used there should be an automatic cock and tank1 which keeps the water always at the desired level1 and check valves which prevent the water once in the trough or basin returning to the pipe and contaminating others4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc--;,cross-section showing truss-frame plan4 ,all the food is stored on the main floor1 whence convenient chutes convey it to feeding troughs or push-carts on the walks below4 ,the ensilage from the silo is loaded directly into the push-carts just outside the door1 or could be chuted to the walk inside4 ,the soiling crops fed in summer are cut up on the main floor and sent down to the waiting push-carts in the walks below4 ,the roof and sides of this barn are covered with ,paroid roofing4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd--;,ground floor plan of basement story4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de--;,floor plan of main floor4 ,the tying arrangement may be either chains1 straps1 or swing stanchions as desired1 and all three methods are in use on up-to-date dairy barns4 ,the stock kept may have an influence upon the length of the stalls2 those given are seven and one half feet long by three feet three inches wide4 ,a ,,stable ,,for ,a ,,suburban ,,place ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df--;,a stable for a suburban place4 ,a convenient and well-arranged stable is greatly appreciated1 and we present plans for a stable for four horses1 with carriage room1 harness room1 man's room1 etc41 hay-loft1 platform for drying the bedding1 and other accessories of a modern stable for a suburban home4 ,it is built without cupola or other ornamental features1 is just a plain1 simple stable4 ,this building is forty-four by twenty-four feet in size1 the sides and roof rough boards covered with ,paroid ,roofing4 ,there is a basement under the whole4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg--,second story plan4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh--;,floor plan4 ,the walls and ceiling of the entire lower floor are sheathed with hard pine1 a wooden partition separating the stalls from the carriages1 and abundant windows give light and air to all parts4 ,the ventilation of the horse room is such that no gases reach the carriages1 and 8,hydrex0 waterproofing felt between the floorings of the carriage room cuts of the steam and gases from the manure pit4 ,the iron gutter along the rear of the stalls is covered with maple or birch plank1 and the stall floors are either maple or birch4 ,running water is piped to the water basin in the horse room1 and a hose cock on the other side of the partition receives the hose for washing carriages1 or a revolving1 overhead hose-fixture can be installed1 just above the washing floor1 if desired4 ,a hot-water heater may be installed on the main floor1 but better be in the basement1 where the coal bin would be2 radiators may be set as desired1 with one at least in rear of the box stall and one on the carriage floor1 and a small one in the man's room on second floor4 ,the roof is drained by galvanized iron pipes emptying into blind wells4 ,the carriage room floor is concreted1 and a drain pipe leads from the depression where carriages are washed to a blind well4 ,at one end is a platform for drying the bedding1 and ventilation is so well provided for there are almost no odors4 ,as it is planned this is a practical1 convenient1 well-arranged stable1 adapted to the needs of a family of moderate means on a suburban place4 ,a ,,combined ,,horse ,,and ,,cow ,,stable ,,as ,,designed ,,for ,c4 ,h4 ,,linville1 ,,esq41 ,,baltimore1 ,,md4 ,desiring a stable which would give him room for four cows1 three horses and carriage room under one roof1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,linville1 of ,baltimore1 ,md41 wrote and asked about enlarging the plan of a stable for a suburban place1 and wished to place the carriage room at the other end of the stable1 because the slope of the ground was such as to favor getting the basement under that end in the location on which he desired to build2 the result was a re-drawing of that plan and presenting it as given herewith4 ,a comparison of these two plans will aid any intending builder to change and adapt to his especial purpose such plan as he prefers1 but which may not be1 as here presented1 the best for him4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di--;,a combined horse and cow stable4 ,this stable is planned to be forty-eight feet long by twenty-five feet wide1 outside measure1 and the space is so divided there is a good seven by ten feet box stall and a good harness room in the horse apartment2 in the west end a grain room ten by twelve feet gives space for four grain bins and the stairway up to loft opens out of this room4 ,the carriage room is sixteen by twenty-five feet1 and the manure pit is in the basement beneath this room2 to prevent the escape of ammonia from the manure pit into the carriage room a good cement floor should be laid down4 ,this building is planned to be fourteen feet high to the plates and twenty feet to the ridge1 which gives liberal hay-lofts2 should more hay space be thought desirable we would carry side walls to sixteen or eighteen feet height1 six feet1 or even five feet of height from plates to ridge gives ample slope to roof where ,paroid is the roof covering4 ,an ornamental cupola could easily be placed at the junction of the roof of the gable with the main roof1 and would aid in the ventilation of the hay-loft4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ej--;,floor plan4 ,the partitions between the different divisions and about the stalls give ample opportunity for studs to be set to support the hay-loft floor excepting in the clear span over the carriage room1 and the floor stringers there should be doubly heavy to support the weight over so large a space4 ,another way to gain the desired strength here would be to tie the roof-rafters securely and carry the strain on hangers dropped from the ridge2 the three or four hangers necessary would interfere but slightly with the hay storage space4 ,,an ,,attractive ,,dairy ,,barn ,illustration3 ,,front ,,elevation ,,fig4 #ea--;,an attractive dairy barn4 ,sometimes it is desired to have more attractive looking buildings than the severely plain ones seen on many farms1 and to illustrate the decidedly attractive appearance which can be given to buildings which are covered with ,paroid roofing1 we have had prepared plans of a dairy barn and a village stable1 with the roofs treated with ornamental battens and the whole roof painted with a dark green or red paint1 which gives the rich effect of copper sheathing and is most pleasing to the artistic eye4 ,a cross-section of the battens we recommend are given here4 ,paroid can be laid more rapidly when battens are used1 and enough labor is saved to pay for the slight extra cost of the battens4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,side ,,elevation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec--,ornamental battens4 ,the same idea may be carried out on the sides of all kinds of buildings1 and especially farm and poultry buildings1 at a less expense than clapboards and shingles4 ,parine ,paint1 which is made especially for ,paroid ,roofing1 is a dark brown and produces very neat results4 ,paroid one-ply is the best weight for the sides and we would recommend two-ply for the roof4 ,this dairy barn is spread out extensively1 instead of being built up into the air1 the front being eighty feet long by twenty-six feet wide1 and there being two wings twenty feet wide extending forward thirty-two feet1 enclosing three sides of a quadrangle4 ,a dairy room is set out in rear of the end containing the pens and yards for the bulls1 and is connected with the cow stable by a covered walk2 this semi-detached dairy room avoids having the stable odors contaminating the milk1 and aids to cleanliness of dairy utensils by ample equipment for washing and refrigerating4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,first ,,floor ,,plan4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,second ,,floor ,,plan4 ,the second floor of the main building is utilized for hay and grain storage1 and in one end are rooms for the stablemen1 including a bath-room2 this latter is a most important adjunct of a good dairy stable1 it having been demonstrated that facilities for cleanness promotes cleanness1 and absolute cleanness of men1 animals1 and all utensils is demanded in the up-to-date dairy4 ,a ,,suburban ,,stable ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef--;,a suburban stable4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eg--;,ground plan4 ,the smaller stable1 designed for a modest suburban residence1 or country summer home1 gives space for a pair of horses and three or four cows4 ,it is planned to be built fifty-three feet long by thirty-three feet wide1 the end being planned to be the front1 with a drive-way onto the main floor in the front4 ,the hay is pitched into the storage loft through a trap-door in the ceiling1 or1 as some might prefer1 a hay-door could be set in place of the window over the drive-way doors4 ,the dormer windows and ornamental cupola combine with the copper sheathing effect of the ,paroid-covered roof to make a most attractive stable building and at comparatively moderate cost4 ,if it was desired this plan could be altered to give a more roomy hay-loft by adding either two or three feet to the length of the posts1 and correspondingly flattening the roof1 carrying the dormers very nearly out to the eaves4 ,the added height of the posts could be added to the height of the stable1 keeping the roofs as steep as at present1 if preferred1 but it is one of the many advantages of ,paroid covering for a roof that the roof need have but slight pitch1 when a shallow pitch is desired4 ,the ground plan can be arranged differently2 an improvement might be to place the harness room where a calf-pen is indicated1 making the space gained into a clothes and wash-room for the stableman4 ,a ,,plank-,,frame ,,barn ,the plank-frame barn has been very popular in several sections of the country2 the considerable saving in lumber and ease of building recommending it to practical men4 ,less men and time are required to build one of these barns2 they are stronger1 the excellent 8bracing0 of the frame making them effective to stand the pressure of hay and grain within or strong winds without4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eh--;,a plank-frame barn4 ,in some sections a solid frame foundation is used1 in ,maine the entire structure is of plank2 the barns are built either with or without basement1 according to the taste of the owner4 ,a good1 firmly built stone and cement foundation is advisable2 with this foundation to rest the plank upon the frame is raised4 ,do not be sparing of spikes1 they are an essential feature4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ei--;,cross-section4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fj--;,ground plan4 ,no sills are used1 and the upright studs take the place of posts4 ,two for each post are set on the foundation on each side1 between these is placed and spiked the cross-plank1 which extends the width of the barn and ties the two sides together4 ,the scantlings on each side of barn floor1 forming center posts1 are then raised and spiked in place4 ,upon outside of each upright is spiked a plank of same size as1 and parallel with1 the first cross-plank2 this gives three #b #h's for cross sills through center of barn1 each joint or band being fixed in this way4 ,end joints1 using boards instead of plank on outside1 give the bedwork of the barn4 ,at the sides1 between uprights in place of sill1 a plank is firmly spiked2 this holds the uprights firmly in place and prevents working sideways1 while the thoroughly spiked cross planks prevent all movement in other directions4 ,some barns are boarded diagonally1 some horizontally2 both methods give excellent satisfaction4 ,many of these barns are built with a hip-roof1 as in the illustration given1 and these give a great amount of storage room in the loft4 ,the steeper single-slope roof gives equally good results1 looks well1 and is a little more economical to build4 ,paroid on roof and sides make it wind and waterproof4 ,a ,,practical ,,sheep ,,shed 7,,from ,a ,,wisconsin ,,farm-,,institute ,,bulletin7 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fa--,perspective of sheds4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fb--;,frame plan4 ,it is in the nature of sheep to dislike dampness4 ,in the pasture they will fold at night always on the high and dry elevations4 ,in selecting the site of a sheep shed these facts should determine the choice of a site that is drained and dry throughout the year4 ,dryness is one of the essentials of a good foundation for a healthy shed2 second only to this in importance is the ventilation4 ,warm1 close sheds mean the downfall of the sheep that are folded in them4 ,a sheep is warm in body1 as its blood temperature is high1 and then the nature of the fleece is such as to be very retentive of the body's heat4 ,the cause of most failures to keep sheep profitably has been from housing them in warm1 close buildings4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fc--;,ground plan4 ,closely connected with the question of ventilation is the size of the shed4 ,the amount of room required by a sheep will vary considerably1 ranging from ten square feet for the ,merino and ,southdown to fifteen square feet for the larger breeds1 including the ,cotswolds and larger ,downs4 ,it is not advisable to crowd breeding ewes into a small area4 ,the crowding is most injurious when it results from restricted room at the feeding rack and when it occurs through narrow doors4 ,a breeding ewe weighing one hundred and fifty pounds will require fully one and one-quarter feet of space at the fodder rack4 ,a desirable attribute of a shed is the entrance of sunlight2 this particularly encourages the growth of the lambs1 and it is to them that the shed will do the most good4 ,to further the entrance of sunlight the windows should be higher than they are wide1 which will materially assist in diffusing the rays over the greatest amount of inside space4 ,in addition to these a shed should be large enough to supply storage space for sufficient fodder to feed the sheep while they must be sheltered4 ,estimating that a ton of hay requires five hundred cubic feet1 and that a sheep will not eat over three pounds of hay per day1 it would require about one hundred and twenty-five cubic feet of space to contain the hay needed to maintain a sheep during six months4 ,there should also be room available for a root cellar and for the storage of straw4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,rack for inside feeding4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,rack for outside feeding4 ,the plan here given is of a building forty feet wide and sixty feet long4 ,it has two stories1 the first being nine feet high and the second six feet from the floor to the eaves4 ,it is advisable to make the height of the lower story nine feet to secure the best results in ventilation4 ,the sills are six by eight inches1 resting preferably on stone foundation1 and if set on posts they should be heavier4 ,the ground both on the inside and outside should come close to the sills1 so that no obstruction is offered by the sills to the free passage of the sheep through the doors4 ,the doors are all four feet wide1 and those that are used by the sheep should be sliding2 the windows are three feet wide and four and one-half feet high4 ,in the center of the sheep apartment there are double doors ten feet wide4 ,when both are opened and the center post removed a wagon can be driven through to remove the manure from the pens4 ,the arrangement of the lower floor has been adjusted so as to give the sheep the smallest amount of space and yet have easily accessible feed racks that would give sufficient room to the sheep for feeding4 ,the feed racks are all permanent1 as there is no necessity for their removal1 and they form a wall for the passage way which runs through the center4 ,in this way it is easy to put hay in them1 and it is very easy to put grain into the troughs in front of them4 ,as will be seen in the ground plan there are two chutes at each end1 down which the hay is thrown from the loft4 ,from where it falls it is easily distributed into all the racks4 ,,hog ,,houses 7,,adapted ,,from ,,bulletin ,,no4 #aji4 ,,illinois ,,experiment ,,station47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fh--;,individual hog house4 ,individual ,houses4--,individual hog houses1 or 8cots10 as they are sometimes called1 are built in many different ways4 ,some are built with four upright walls and a shed roof1 each of which 7the walls and roof7 being a separate piece can easily be taken down and replaced1 making the moving of these small houses to another location an easy matter4 ,others are built with two sides sloping in towards the top so as to form the roof1 as shown in ,fig4 #fh4 ,these are built on skids and when necessary can be moved as a whole by being drawn by a horse4 ,they are built in several different styles3 some have a window in the front end above the door1 while all may have a small door in the rear end1 near the apex1 for ventilating purposes4 ,these houses are built in different sizes2 indeed1 there are about as many different forms of cots as there are individuals using them4 ,the arguments in favor of this type of house for swine are that each sow at farrowing time may be kept alone and away from all disturbance2 that each litter of pigs may be kept and fed by itself1 consequently there will not be too large a number of pigs in a common lot2 that these houses may be placed at the farther end of the feed lot1 thus compelling the sow and pigs to take exercise1 especially in winter1 when they come to the feed trough at the front end of the lot2 that the danger of spreading disease among a herd is at a minimum2 and in case the place occupied by the cot becomes unsanitary it may be removed to a clean location4 ,large ,houses4--,individual hog houses have certain advantages in their favor1 and large houses1 if properly planned and built1 have many points of advantage2 among them being good sanitation1 serviceability1 safety in farrowing1 ease in handling hogs1 and large pastures involving little expense for fences4 ,in order to be sanitary a hog house should admit the direct rays of the sun to the floor of all the pens and exclude cold drafts in winter1 be dry1 free from dust1 well ventilated1 and exclude the hot sun during the summer4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fi--,large hog house4 ,the illustrations show a hog house built with this purpose in view4 ,the building is one hundred and twenty feet long by thirty feet wide1 and has an eight-foot alley running lengthwise through the middle1 between the two rows of pens4 ,it stands lengthwise east and west with the windows on the south side1 the windows being so placed that at noon of the shortest day of the year1 the rays of sunlight passing through the upper part will fall upon the floor of the south side pen on the opposite side from the window4 ,this allows the total amount of light coming through the window at this season of the year and at this time of the day to fall upon the floor within the pen2 consequently1 during the latter winter months1 there will be a maximum amount of sunlight on the floor of the pen2 the window in the upper part of the building performs the same function for the pen on the north side of the alley4 ,by this arrangement of windows there is possible a maximum amount of sunlight on the floor of the pens in winter1 which will serve to warm the interior of the house1 and especially the beds1 during the latter months of winter1 thus making it possible to have pigs farrowed very early in the season4 ,sunlight not only warms and dries the building1 but destroys disease germs1 thus making the building both warm and sanitary4 ,the upper window1 which throws light into the pen on the north side is long1 and this necessitates a flat roof for the part of the building south of the alley1 which must necessarily be covered with some material1 such as ,paroid ,roofing1 that will shed water at a slight pitch4 ,dryness should be secured by thorough drainage1 freedom from dust by sprinkling with water1 and the direct sunlight should be prevented from entering the pens during the hot part of the summer days2 this is done by the manner of constructing the building--the lower window is shaded by the eaves and the rays passing through the upper windows fall upon the floor of the alley4 ,in order to be most serviceable a hog house should be constructed so that it can be used every day in the year4 ,in order to be an economizer of labor the house should be planned so that the largest amount of work may be performed with the smallest amount of labor1 which1 with the present scarcity of labor1 is a very important factor4 ,farrowing pens should be supplied with fenders1 which prevent the sows crushing the pigs1 and should be built so the attendant may lend assistance1 if necessary1 with both convenience and safety4 ,by having all the hogs under one roof handling becomes simpler1 and in case of bad weather much more convenient4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gj--;,ground plan4 ,the alley through the middle of the building is eight feet wide2 this permits driving through the building with a wagon1 which allows the bedding to be hauled directly to the pens1 and the manure to be loaded on the wagon directly from the pens and hauled to the fields4 ,the pens are ten feet wide and eleven feet deep4 ,each pen has a slide door opening to the outside1 and a door opening to the alley2 the latter is hung so that when it is opened it will turn the pigs towards the front end of the house1 for weighing1 etc4 ,it also permits changing pigs from one pen to another1 and gives easy access to the attendant4 ,the trough is placed on the side of the pen next the alley1 and a swinging panel above the trough1 shown in the illustration of the interior1 makes feeding a very easy and convenient operation4 ,the 8fender0 is shown in the ground plan1 and consists of a two-inch iron pipe placed on posts of the same set in concrete in the floor4 ,this fender should be placed eight or nine inches above the floor and about six inches from the wall1 it is to prevent the sows crushing the pigs at farrowing time2 the sow will necessarily make her bed in this corner as the other three corners are occupied1 two of them by doors and the other the feed trough4 ,there is a four-inch drain tile laid from each pen to the main lines on either side1 which are placed on the outside of the pens1 leading off down the ravine4 ,the tile opens up through the floor of the pens by means of a perforated iron disk1 which is laid in the bell-end of a length of sewer pipe4 ,the floor is made to slope toward the drain so that it can be flushed with water4 ,all the gates and partitions of the interior are made of wire netting panels4 ,wire is better than lumber for this purpose1 for several reasons4 ,they are no obstruction to light1 the rays of light coming through the windows are not cut off from reaching the floor1 where they are most needed2 they keep the floor and bedding warm and disinfected4 ,in case the hog house should become infected with disease germs it can be flushed out and disinfected much more easily and thoroughly4 ,wire partitions allow the hogs always to be in sight of each other and of the attendant4 ,by this means the sows1 when they are shut up to farrow1 will not become estranged from one another1 and will not be so likely to fight after returning to a common pasture4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ga--,large hog house--interior4 ,a hog house built and operated according to the above outlined plan makes it possible to perform a maximum amount of work with a minimum amount of labor1 and to put the pigs on the market at seasons of the year that are out of the ordinary2 it can be expected that pigs thus marketed will sell for higher prices than those that are marketed along with the general supply4 ,the ,question of ,space4--,a question which most frequently comes to the front is3 8,how much room is required for a horse1 cow1 hen1 etc480 and there is no one question about which there is greater difference of opinion4 ,a good size of horse stall is four feet wide by nine feet long1 and a good size of cow stall is three feet wide by five feet long2 of course these dimensions taking no account of gutter-space at rear of stalls for catching the manure4 ,another good dairyman will tell us that he wants his cow stalls four feet wide1 and will present strong arguments in favor of the greater amount of room2 it is obvious that twenty-five per cent4 increase of width of stalls decidedly increases the space-cost per cow4 ,the best testimony1 however1 is in favor of being liberal in space1 as1 for example1 is said about the sheep sheds3 8,crowding is most injurious when it results from restricted room at the feeding rack and when it occurs through narrow doors4 ,a breeding ewe weighing one hundred and fifty pounds will require fully one and one-quarter feet of space at the fodder rack40 ,the same suggestion applies to floor space per hen4 ,it has been demonstrated that it is unprofitable to crowd fowls too much1 and well known writers have urged that ten square feet of floor space be given to each bird2 in practice1 however1 very much less space per bird gives good results in health of flocks and average egg-product4 ,in the scratching-shed plan of house1 on pages #ah and #ai1 the floor space is recommended as seven and one-fifth square feet per bird with twenty-five fowls of the ,american varieties per pen1 and six square feet each with thirty birds of one of the ,mediterranean varieties per pen4 ,in the ,gowell ,poultry ,farm house1 on pages #af and #ag1 four square feet of floor space is allotted to each bird1 and it is the plan there to keep the birds wholly confined to the pens for the five cold months4 ,these illustrations show that there is wide range in actual practice1 but we believe it is wise to allow at least five to six square feet of floor space to each fowl4 ,,paroid ,,roofing ,illustration3 ,partial ,view of ,our ,mills on the ,neponset ,river at ,east ,walpole1 ,mass4 ,paroid is ,made from ,start to ,finish ,right in ,our ,own ,mills4 ,our products are for the man who is planning new buildings1 or about to make repairs to old ones2 and we have tried to tell in the following paragraphs how each one of our materials is particularly adapted to the different kinds of work for which it is made4 ,our claims are based on actual experiences and if you are in the market for roofing or sheathing papers1 you will find that our materials will save you money4 ,first of all1 we are going to tell you about our ,paroid ,roofing1 because the roof is one of the most important parts of every building4 ,if it is not right1 there is no end of trouble4 ,,the ,,difficulties ,,of ,,choosing ,a ,,good ,,roof4 ,there are about thirty different brands of ready roofing1 and for most of them the same claims are made4 ,under those conditions1 how are you going to choose the one that will prove most economical for you8 ,there is only one test that will tell1 and that is the test of time4 ,of course you can't make that test yourself1 but it is for your interests to find out if others have made it and for how long4 ,the most economical roofing is not the one that costs you the least per roll when you buy it1 but the roofing that costs you least per year of service4 ,we are going to tell you here the most important facts about ,paroid2 how it compares with shingles1 metal and other kinds of ready roofing1 and then you can be your own judge4 ,,paroid vs4 ,,tin ,,and ,,iron ,,roofs4 ,the best quality of tin1 iron and steel roofings cost much more than ,paroid at the start1 and then there is always the additional cost of painting each year4 ,in spite of all you can do1 a metal roof will rust out and spring leaks which cannot be permanently repaired4 ,paroid cannot rust2 it costs less than metal roofs when you buy it1 and less to apply4 ,anyone can lay ,paroid4 ,one example that proves the superiority of ,paroid over metal roofs was shown when the ,chicago ,northwestern ,railroad1 who had tried different kinds of roofing on their ,chicago train sheds1 including a good tin roof1 used ,paroid when the tin roof failed4 ,the ,paroid ,roofing is still in good condition4 ,,paroid vs4 ,,shingles4 ,if you have recently asked your lumber dealer for a price on shingles1 you are probably looking for a substitute because of the exorbitant price asked for them4 ,lumber is scarce everywhere1 and shingles are growing poorer in quality and higher in price every day4 ,the test of time has proved that ,paroid is the real substitute for shingles1 and it has many advantages which shingles do not have4 ,figure this out for yourself4 ,the first cost of ,paroid is less than that of a medium grade of shingles4 ,you can lay ,paroid yourself and it requires an experienced man to lay shingles4 ,shingles catch fire easily1 while ,paroid is practically fireproof against sparks1 cinders and embers4 ,read what a large lumber dealer in ,maine says about the comparative cost of shingles and ,paroid ,roofing4 ,he is right in the heart of the shingle belt1 and naturally the difference is not so great as in other sections of the country where shingles are not so plentiful4 ,illustration3 ,colony chicken houses on farm of ,g4 ,m4 ,gowell1 of the ,maine ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,orono1 ,maine4 ,the roofs are covered with ,,paroid1 sides with ,,neponset4 ,see plans and description on page #ag4 ,one-ply ,paroid1 which is usually heavy enough for the roof and sides of most farm and poultry buildings1 will save you at least #ce over the cost of shingles4 ,here are the figures showing the comparative cost of one-ply ,paroid and ,b4 ,c4 ,cedar ,shingles4 ,clear cedar shingles per square #c4aj #d lbs4 nails at #c per lb4 4#ab ,average cost of carpenter labor #a4be #d4dg ------ ,cost per square foot #de #a-ply ,paroid per square #b4ej ,laying 4#ce #b4he ------ ,cost per square foot #bh ,lumber dealers all over the ,united ,states and ,canada who previously sold shingles exclusively1 now sell large quantities of ,paroid ,roofing4 ,that tells the whole story4 ,in the core of each roll of ,paroid sufficient nails1 rust-proof caps1 cement1 and complete directions for applying are packed4 ,you can lay it yourself with a hammer and knife4 ,one-ply ,paroid1 costing about one half as much as shingles1 is heavy enough for most farm and poultry buildings4 ,for barns1 stables1 and other large buildings we recommend two-ply1 which is heavier and thicker4 ,,paroid vs4 ,,other ,,ready ,,roofings ,there are certain qualities that all ready roofings must have1 but the important question is1 ,how long do they keep these qualities8 ,we have made our story short1 but at the same time complete enough1 so that you can be your own judge when you compare our claims for ,paroid with the claims of other manufacturers4 ,illustration3 ,a hog house on a ,vermont farm1 covered with ,,paroid4 ,,ready ,,roofing ,,experience4 ,you have probably read the advertisements of some manufacturers who claim that because they have had fifty to one hundred years' experience 7in some business or other71 that they make the best ready roofing4 ,we have been making felt1 paper and roofing materials here in our own mills for nearly one hundred years 7established in #ahag7 but ,,we ,,refuse ,,to ,,claim that the length of time we have been established has anything to do with the real merit of ,paroid ,roofing4 ,it shows only that we have had the right kind of experience4 ,we maintain that the test of time is the only real test of a roofing4 ,paroid has stood this test4 ,illustration3 ,paroid covers the ,plant ,industry ,buildings1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,the ,,old ,,cry ,,of ,,the ,,imitators4 ,most manufacturers warn you against 8imitations0 of their 8genuine0 ready roofing4 ,investigate1 and you'll find that the imitators themselves are the first to talk about imitations4 ,the question of imitations has nothing to do with the merits of a particular roofing4 ,some imitations are often better than the originals2 but there is only one way to prove it--the test of time is the test that tells4 ,paroid has stood this test4 ,,paroid ,,is ,,made ,,better ,,than ,,other ,,ready ,,roofings4 ,there are three important things that enter into the manufacture of ready roofing2 namely1 the felt1 saturation and the coating4 ,we make the felt for ,paroid ,roofing in our own mills because we could not entrust to others the making of the most important part of ,paroid4 ,if the felt is not right the roofing will not be4 ,do not run risks4 ,buy your roofing from manufacturers who make their own felt4 ,,saturation ,,and ,,coating4 ,the strong1 well-made ,paroid ,roofing felt is soaked1 not merely dipped1 in a compound of our own1 rendering every fibre of it absolutely proof against water1 cold and heat4 ,the felt is then given a thicker1 smoother and more pliable coating than that on any other ready roofing4 ,compare samples and you will see and feel the difference4 ,it is more flexible in cold1 and it will not melt or run in the heat4 ,it is more sightly1 and lays easier and smoother than any other ready roofing4 ,illustration3 ,roof of ,brooder house1 covered with ,,paroid1 ,white ,leghorn ,poultry ,yards1 ,waterville1 ,n4 ,y4 ,see plan and description on page #ab4 ,,we ,,were ,,the ,,originators ,,of ,,the ,,complete ,,roofing ,,kit ,inside of each roll of ,paroid is packed cement1 nails1 rust-proof caps1 and complete directions for applying4 ,anyone can lay ,paroid and get good results if the directions are carefully followed4 ,,our ,,patented ,,rust ,,retarding ,,caps ,paroid is the only ready roofing supplied with rust retarding caps for applying the roofing to a building4 ,they are square1 and therefore1 have more binding surface than the ordinary round caps4 ,the nails are also coated with a rust retarding preparation4 ,illustration3 ,largest stock barn on the largest stock farm in ,minnesota4 ,eight hundred squares of ,,paroid put on roof of this barn by the farm hands themselves4 ,,paroid ,,for ,,farm ,,and ,,poultry ,,buildings ,paroid is adapted to all kinds of buildings and especially farm and poultry buildings4 ,it makes a building warmer in winter and cooler in summer than other kinds of roofing4 ,it will not taint rain water and is not affected by gases and fumes4 ,,paroid ,,for ,,siding ,the next time you put up a poultry house1 shed1 or other farm building1 lay ,paroid on the roof yourself1 and then apply it to the sides with battens4 ,you will be surprised at the neat effect it gives1 and it is more economical than clapboards and shingles4 ,,our ,,guarantee ,you run no risks when you buy ,paroid4 ,every roll is sold on this guarantee4 ,buy a roll of ,paroid2 open it2 examine it2 apply it to your roof2 and then1 if you are not satisfied that you have the best ready roofing on the market1 send us your name and address and we will send you a check for the full amount you have paid for the roofing1 including the cost of applying it4 ,illustration3 ,d4 ,j4 ,lambert says1 8,,paroid is all right20 and he knows4 ,our dealers all over the country who handle ,paroid will also make you this offer4 ,if your dealer does not carry ,paroid in stock1 send us your order and check or money order direct4 ,we will pay the freight4 ,illustration3 ,bird's-eye ,view of ,egg ,plant4 ,w4 ,harry ,owen's ,farm1 ,vineyard ,haven1 ,mass4 ,all buildings are covered with ,,paroid4 ,,prices ,you can pay most any price for a ready roofing1 and1 like everything else1 you get as much quality as you pay for4 ,paroid may cost more than other ready roofings the day you buy it1 but it is less expensive after it is applied to your roof1 because it will last longer4 ,we maintain that the test of time is the test that tells1 and ,paroid has stood that test4 ,don't make a mistake and buy a roofing that will go to pieces in a short time4 ,if you would save money1 choose the roofing that lasts the longest4 ,,price ,,list ,paroid ,roofing1 #a-ply1 #b4ej per square 7#ajj sq4 ft474 ,paroid ,roofing1 #b-ply1 #c4ej per square 7#ajj sq4 ft474 ,these prices include extra roofing for laps and nails1 rust-proof caps1 cement1 and directions for applying4 ,illustration3 ,meadow ,brook ,farm poultry plant1 ,dallas1 ,pa4 ,roofs are covered with ,,paroid4 ,illustration3 ,monmouth ,poultry ,farm1 ,freneau1 ,n4 ,j4 ,roof covered with ,,paroid4 ,,amboy1 ,,ill41 ,dec4 #bi1 #aije4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,bird ,,son1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,please send me your up-to-date poultry and farm building plans4 ,i use ,paroid1 and can find no equal4 ,i am going to build a hog house1 and will cover it with ,paroid4 ,yours respectfully1 ,f4 ,m4 ,,blowers4 ,aug4 #ae1 #aije4 ,,messrs4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,bird ,,son1 ,east ,walpole1 ,mass4 ,gentlemen3 ,of three kinds of paper used this season on my bee hive covers1 your ,paroid has given such satisfaction that ,i would use nothing else in future4 ,yours respectfully1 ,e4 ,h4 ,,dewey4 ,great ,barrington1 ,mass4 ,,akron1 ,,ohio1 ,june #aa1 #aijf4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,bird ,,son1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,gentlemen3 ,enclosed you will find the slip that ,i received from you filled out with my address and a two-cent stamp1 for which please send me the book 8,practical ,farm ,buildings10 and oblige4 ,in regard to your ,paroid ,roofing will say that it is the best that ,i have seen to date1 for durability1 easiness to lay1 and its wearing qualities4 ,i have used it on my poultry buildings for the last ten years1 and if occasion demands that ,i shall need any more roofing for any additional poultry buildings ,,paroid it shall be4 ,so hoping to receive the book as soon as convenient for you to send it1 ,i remain1 ,yours respectfully1 ,,paul ,c4 ,,bork4 #cdc ,hickory ,st4 ,illustration3 ,,paroid covers a ,vermont barn and silo4 ,illustration3 ,the ,largest ,duck ,farm in the ,world4 ,duck breeding house1 roof and sides covered with ,,paroid1 ,weber ,bros41 ,pondville1 ,mass4 ,illustration3 ,willow ,brook ,farm1 ,berlin1 ,conn4 ,all poultry buildings are covered with ,,paroid4 ,see testimonial below4 ,,berlin1 ,,conn41 ,jan4 #bd1 #aijf4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,bird ,,son1 ,east ,walpole1 ,mass4 ,dear ,sirs3 ,we find your ,paroid roofing paper the very best we have ever used4 ,we have thousands of visitors who are looking for information in regard to roofing paper each year1 and in each and every instance we recommend your roofing paper4 ,we have done this because we think it is the best out1 and will take pleasure in recommending it in the future4 ,very truly yours1 ,,willow ,,brook ,,farm4 ,illustration3 ,pigeonry on ,jordan's ,hackney ,stud ,farm1 ,plymouth1 ,mass4 ,covered with ,,paroid4 ,illustration3 ,round ,house of the ,new ,york ,central ,hudson ,river ,railroad1 near ,high ,bridge1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,city ,,of ,,detroit1 ,,mich41 ,,department ,,of ,,public ,,works1 ,march #bh1 #aijf4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,bird ,,son1 ,east ,walpole1 ,mass4 ,gentlemen3 ,please send me a copy of your book of farm and poultry building plans1 and oblige4 ,i have one building covered with your ,paroid1 and like it very much4 ,it wears well and gives no trouble4 ,yours truly1 7,signed7 ,,porter ,,murphy4 #hb ,perry ,st41 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,illustration3 ,tongue ,point ,lumber ,co41 ,astoria1 ,oregon4 ,covered with ,,paroid4 ,illustration3 ,woodbury ,walker ,block1 ,burlington1 ,vermont4 ,roofed with ,,paroid4 ,,neponset ,,red ,,rope ,,roofing ,illustration ,illustration ,for over twenty-five years ,neponset has been the standard low cost roofing and siding4 ,it must not be compared with tarred felts just because it costs about the same4 ,neponset will usually outlast them three to one4 ,neponset won't run and dry out like tarred felts4 ,it is easier to apply and cleaner to handle4 ,figure it out for yourself4 ,a tarred felt costing the same as ,neponset lasts only a few seasons4 ,neponset lasts at least from five to seven years and in most cases longer4 ,if you are going to use a low cost roofing1 ,neponset will save you money4 ,neponset makes a practically permanent siding1 and if ,paroid is too expensive for both roof and sides1 we recommend ,paroid for the roof and ,neponset for the sides4 ,neponset is put up in rolls #cf inches wide1 containing1 #ajj1 #bej and #ejj square feet4 ,fixtures and directions for applying ,neponset are packed inside of each roll4 ,,neponset ,,black ,,waterproof ,,paper is made especially for sheathing purposes1 but it will last a year or two on the roof or sides of buildings4 ,it costs less and is cleaner to handle than tarred felts4 ,neponset ,black is put up in rolls #cf inches wide containing #bej and #ejj square feet4 ,,neponset ,,waterproof ,,sheathing ,,paper ,one of the most important items that every house builder ought to consider is that of sheathing papers4 ,this important question1 unless decided right1 means an additional expense of many dollars in fuel each year4 ,sheathing papers are used to keep out cold and dampness1 but only a few fulfill their purpose4 ,cold draughts penetrate cheap papers1 and in a very short time these cheap papers disintegrate and become mere dust4 ,a good waterproof paper repels dampness1 keeps out the cold and lasts the life of a building4 ,for over twenty-five years ,neponset ,papers have been the standard4 ,actual experiences have proved that ,neponset saves one-third of the fuel required to heat a house1 therefore1 a big saving each year4 ,neponset acts as a blanket on a house it keeps out the cold and keeps in the heat4 ,don't lay the foundations for an annual loss1 save one-third of the money you would spend on fuel4 ,that's what ,neponset has done for others1 it will do it for you4 ,illustration3 ,bird's-eye ,view of ,chas4 ,f4 ,thompson ,co4's ,poultry ,plant1 ,lynnfield ,centre1 ,mass4 ,see testimonial4 ,,lynnfield ,,centre1 ,,mass41 ,april #c1 #aijf4 ,,messrs4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,bird ,,son1 ,east ,walpole1 ,mass4 ,gentlemen3 ,replying to yours of the #bnd1 there is no photographer here that can take views4 ,i am sending you a catalogue showing views we have half-tone plates for4 ,if they will do ,i can loan them to you4 ,the original photographs are lost4 ,the long buildings shown1 bird's-eye view are covered with ,neponset1 put on nearly ten years ago2 one coat of paint put on at the time1 nothing done since and not a leak2 appear in good condition now4 ,anything we can do for you let us know4 ,,chas4 ,f4 ,,thompson ,,co4 ,,newburgh1 ,n4 ,y41 ,april #acth1 #aijf4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,bird ,,son1 ,east ,walpole1 ,mass4 ,gentlemen3 ,your favor at hand4 ,samples of leaflets only had ,neponset on4 ,hope that you will also send some with ,paroid as we find1 in many cases1 customers prefer to pay the difference4 ,one of our roofs1 about twelve hundred square feet1 was covered with ,red ,rope some ten years ago4 ,it had no care1 but kept ,,ok4 until this season4 ,pretty good record for a cheap roof4 ,yours very truly1 ,,the ,,newburgh ,,lumber ,,co4 ,illustration3 ,a ,pennsylvania ,duck ,farm4 ,,neponset is especially adapted for poultry houses4 ,,kansas ,,city1 ,nov4 #bd1 #aije4 ,,the ,,kansas ,,city ,,roofing ,,corrugating ,,co41 ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,gentlemen3 ,replying to yours of the #bbnd inst41 we covered our large lumber shed and barn with ,neponset ,red ,rope ,roofing two years ago this fall1 and painted same at once1 and to this day is in good condition and has given us entire satisfaction4 ,other kinds of roofing which we paid more money for do not seem to have given us the service that this has4 ,we ask you to kindly advise us what is the best paint to repaint this with1 and which is the best season of the year to use same4 ,yours very truly1 ,,badger ,,lumber ,,co41 7,signed7 ,l4 ,j4 ,,gilles1 ,agent4 ,,wayland1 ,n4 ,y41 ,oct4 #bj1 #aijf4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,bird ,,son1 ,east ,walpole1 ,mass4 ,gentlemen3 ,will you please send me sample of sidings and roofings1 and also prices8 ,i want to get ,neponset unless you have got something better4 ,neponset beats anything of the kind ,i ever used4 ,yours truly1 ,w4 ,e4 ,,moulton4 ,illustration3 ,dancing ,pavilion1 ,easton1 ,pa4 ,roof is covered with ,,neponset4 ,,proslate ,,roofing ,,and ,,siding ,,patented ,,may #ac1 #aijf ,,designed ,,especially ,,for ,,pitch ,,roof ,,houses ,,and ,,for ,a ,,permanent ,,siding ,illustration ,,special ,,features ,,description4 ,proslate is our regular ,paroid roofing material with an additional wearing surface 7not a colored coating7 of a mixture of paint and sand1 making a slate-like surface1 slate in color and effect4 ,proslate is an entirely new material--patented4 ,,for ,,pitch ,,roofs4 ,proslate is especially designed to take the place of shingles and clapboards for residences4 ,attractiveness and economy are both secured by using ,proslate for pitch roofs4 ,it is finished in #ah-;inch rolls1 ready to lay1 with ornamented edge4 ,proslate is applied in the usual way--lapped1 cemented and nailed--no waste by excessive overlapping--cement and fixtures of same slate color with complete directions for laying are packed in each roll4 ,any good carpenter can apply it4 ,proslate is finished in rolls containing #abb square feet1 sufficient to cover #ajj square feet of surface and is sold on a basis of material enough to cover #ajj square feet4 ,,for ,,flat ,,roofs ,,and ,,siding4 ,for flat roofs and as a siding1 we furnish ,proslate in rolls #cf inches wide1 plain straight edges4 ,by the use of broad cleats1 a very neat effect can be made on the sides of houses4 ,proslate for a siding is warmer than clapboards or shingles4 ,it acts as a blanket4 ,,general ,,use4 ,as a permanent all round roof1 we believe that ,proslate represents the best material for the money yet made4 ,it is good enough for residences1 factories and railroad buildings4 ,shingles are unsatisfactory and cannot be used on flat roofs1 porches1 etc41 and slate is too expensive4 ,proslate fills every requirement of a good roofing1 well made with an extra weather surface1 economical--permanent4 ,,florian ,,sound-,,deadening ,,felt ,this material is used between floors as an insulator against sound4 ,it is1 without any exception1 the cleanest and most effective sound-deadening felt made4 ,the corrugations make small dead air cells when the felt is placed in position and this is considered to be the most effective method of deadening sound4 ,tests have proved that one sheet of ,florian is equal to six sheets of ordinary deadening felt4 ,florian is also a good non-conductor of fire1 heat and cold4 ,it should be used between floors in every house to insure a well insulated building4 ,,other ,,things ,,we ,,make ,we make ,neponset and ,kosat ,insulating ,papers for cold storage work2 ,parine ,paint1 especially for our own roofings1 and all kinds of outside work2 ,tack1 ,screw1 and ,shoe boxes1 all kinds of special papers and paper boxes4 ,we have had a large experience with all kinds of building and roofing construction1 and if we can help you on any of your problems please be sure to write us4 ,illustration ,f4 ,w4 ,,bird ,,son1 ,,makers ,,established #ahag ,,east ,,walpole1 ,,mass4 ,,new ,,york ,,washington ,,chicago ,,canadian ,,factory ,,and ,,office1 ,,hamilton1 ,,ont4 ,,western ,,canadian ,,office1 ,,winnipeg1 ,,man4