---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects4 ,italics are delimited with the #8' character as italic4 ,footnotes have been moved to follow the paragraphs in which they are referenced4 ,minor errors1 attributable to the printer1 have been corrected4 ,please see the transcriber's note at the end of this text for details regarding the handling of any textual issues encountered during its preparation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,goslings ,,books ,,by ,,upton ,,sinclair 7,now in ,print and ,obtainable7 ,,the ,,goslings3 #aibd ,,hell3 #aibc ,,the ,,goose-,,step3 #aibc ,,they ,,call ,,me ,,carpenter3 #aibb ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,life3 #aibb #ajj3 #aibj ,,the ,,brass ,,check3 #aibj ,,jimmie ,,higgins3 #aiai ,,the ,,profits ,,of ,,religion3 #aiai ,,king ,,coal3 #aiag ,,the ,,cry ,,for ,,justice3 #aiae ,,damaged ,,goods3 #aiac ,,sylvia',s ,,marriage3 #aiac ,,the ,,fasting ,,cure3 #aiaa ,,samuel ,,the ,,seeker3 #aiji ,,the ,,metropolis3 #aijg ,,the ,,jungle3 #aijf ,,manassas3 #aijd ,,the ,,journal ,,of ,,arthur ,,stirling3 #aijc ,,prince ,,hagen3 #aijb ,illustration ,the ,goslings ,a ,study of the ,american ,schools ,,by ,,upton ,,sinclair ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,goose-,,step10 8,,the ,,brass ,,check10 8,,the ,,profits ,,of ,,religion10 ,,etc4 ,illustration ,,upton ,,sinclair ,,pasadena1 ,,california ,,copyright1 #aibd ,,by ,,upton ,,sinclair --- ,all rights reserved4 --- ,first edition1 ,january1 #aibd1 #e1jjj copies1 clothbound1 #e1jjj copies1 paperbound4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,,introductory ix-x ,i4 ,land of ,orange-,groves and ,jails #a ,,ii4 ,the ,adventure of the ,university ,club #h ,,iii4 ,in ,which ,i ,get ,arrested #ac ,,iv4 ,the ,empire of the ,black ,hand #ai ,v4 ,the ,schools of the 8,times0 #bb ,,vi4 ,the ,teachers' ,soviets #bf ,,vii4 ,a ,prayer for ,freedom #cb ,,viii4 ,the ,price of ,independence #cf ,,ix4 ,the ,regime of ,reciprocity #dj ,x4 ,the ,spy ,system #dd ,,xi4 ,lies for ,children #ej ,,xii4 ,the ,schools of ,mammon #ed ,,xiii4 ,the ,tammany ,tiger #ei ,,xiv4 ,god and ,mammon #fb ,,xv4 ,honest ,graft #ff ,,xvi4 ,a ,letter to ,woodrow ,wilson #gb ,,xvii4 ,an ,arrangement of ,little ,bits #gg ,,xviii4 ,the ,luskers #ha ,,xix4 ,to ,henrietta ,rodman #hg ,,xx4 ,melodrama in ,chicago #id ,,xxi4 ,continuous ,performance #ih ,,xxii4 ,the ,incorporate ,tax-,dodging ,creatures #ajb ,,xxiii4 ,the ,superintendent of ,trombones #aji ,,xxiv4 ,the ,city of ,french ,restaurants #aac ,,xxv4 ,the ,university ,gang #aai ,,xxvi4 ,the ,ward ,leader #abe ,,xxvii4 ,the ,romeo and ,juliet ,stunt #acj ,,xxviii4 ,the ,inventor of ,five ,sciences #ace ,,xxix4 ,the ,land of ,lumber #adj ,,xxx4 ,the ,anaconda's ,lair #adf ,,xxxi4 ,the ,little ,anacondas #aea ,,xxxii4 ,colorado ,culture #aed ,,xxxiii4 ,the ,domain of ,king ,coal #aei ,,xxxiv4 ,the ,homestead of the ,free #afd ,,xxxv4 ,is a ,teacher a ,citizen8 #afg ,,xxxvi4 ,introducing ,comrade ,thompson #agc ,,xxxvii4 ,millers and ,militarism #agi ,,xxxviii4 ,newberry ,pie #ahd ,,xxxix4 ,beets and ,celery #ahf ,,xl4 ,boston in ,bondage #aia ,,xli4 ,the ,open ,shop for ,culture #aie ,,xlii4 ,corrupt and ,contented #bjc ,,xliii4 ,the ,scenes of ,my ,childhood #bji ,,xliv4 ,the ,brewer's ,daughter-in-,law #bab ,,xlv4 ,an ,autocracy of ,politicians #baf ,,xlvi4 ,the ,calibre of ,congressmen #bba ,,xlvii4 ,the ,local ,machines #bbd ,,xlviii4 ,the ,steam ,roller #bbh ,,xlix4 ,the ,dispensers of ,prominence #bcd ,l4 ,a ,plot ,against ,democracy #bdj ,,li4 ,the ,plot ,fails #bdd ,,lii4 ,mormon ,magic #bdi ,,liii4 ,the ,funeral of ,democracy #bec ,,liv4 ,the ,fruits of the ,sowing #beh ,,lv4 ,teachers to the ,rear #bfc ,,lvi4 ,bread and ,circuses #bfi ,,lvii4 ,schools for ,strike-,breakers #bge ,,lviii4 ,the ,national ,spies' ,association #bgi ,,lix4 ,babbitts and ,bolsheviks #bhd ,,lx4 ,the ,schools of ,socony #bij ,,lxi4 ,the ,riot ,department #bif ,,lxii4 ,the ,blindfold ,school of ,patriotism #cja ,,lxiii4 ,professor ,facing ,both-,ways #cjg ,,lxiv4 ,poison ,pictures #cab ,,lxv4 ,the ,book ,business #cae ,,lxvi4 ,ten ,per ,cent ,commissions #cbj ,,lxvii4 ,the ,superintendent-,makers #cbd ,,lxviii4 ,the ,church ,conspiracy #ccj ,,lxix4 ,catholicism and the ,schools #ccd ,,lxx4 ,the ,practical ,church ,administrator #cda ,,lxxi4 ,faith and ,modern ,thought #cdd ,,lxxii4 ,the ,schools of ,steel #cdi ,,lxxiii4 ,the ,schools of ,oil #cec ,,lxxiv4 ,the ,country ,geese #ceg ,,lxxv4 ,the ,schools of ,snobbery #cfb ,,lxxvi4 ,a ,school ,survey #cfi ,,lxxvii4 ,the ,educational ,mills #cgg ,,lxxviii4 ,descensus ,averno #cha ,,lxxix4 ,the ,teacher's ,job #che ,,lxxx4 ,teachers' ,terror #chi ,,lxxxi4 ,the ,school ,serfs #cie ,,lxxxii4 ,the ,teachers' ,union #djb ,,lxxxiii4 ,the ,teachers' ,magna ,charta #djf ,,lxxxiv4 ,workers' ,education #daj ,,lxxxv4 ,the ,goose-step ,march #dag ,,lxxxvi4 ,the ,goose-step ,advance #dbc ,,lxxxvii4 ,the ,goose-step ,double-quick #dbh ,,lxxxviii4 ,the ,goose-step ,review #dcb ,,lxxxix4 ,the ,call to ,action #ddj ,,introductory ,life has given you one of its precious treasures1 a child2 a body to nurture1 a character to train1 a mind with endless possibilities of growth1 a soul with hidden stores of tenderness and beauty--all these are ,nature's gifts4 ,modern science has shown that within the child's soul lies magically locked up all the past of our race2 also1 it is evident that within it lies all the future of our race4 ,what our children are now being made is what ,america will be4 ,you send these little ones to school4 ,twenty-three millions of them troop off every week-day morning1 with their shining faces newly washed1 their clothing cleaned and mended4 ,you bear them1 you rear them1 with infinite pains and devotion you prepare them1 and feed them into the gigantic educational machine4 ,you do not know much about this machine4 ,you have turned it over to others to run4 ,every year you pay to maintain it a billion dollars of wealth which you have produced by real and earnest toil4 ,you take it for granted that this billion dollars is competently used2 that those who run the machine are giving your twenty-three million children the best education that forty-three dollars and forty-seven cents per child will buy4 ,the purpose of this book is to show you how the 8invisible government0 of ,big ,business which controls the rest of ,america has taken over the charge of your children4 ,in the course of a public debate with the writer1 in the ,civic ,club in ,new ,york ,city1 ,may1 #aibb1 ,dr4 ,tildsley1 district superintendent of the public school system of that city1 made the statement3 8,i do not know any school system in the ,united ,states which is run for the benefit of the children4 ,they are all run for the benefit of the gang40 ,this statement1 made upon high authority1 is the thesis of 8,the ,goslings40 ,come with me and let me show you what is this 8gang0 which runs the school system of the ,united ,states2 how they got their power1 what use they make of it1 and what this means to the bodies and minds of your twenty-three million little ones4 ,to assist the reader in finding his way through a big book1 ,i give traveling directions3 ,pages #a to #bb take you behind the scenes of that 8invisible government0 which is now ruling ,america1 including its schools4 ,pages #bb to #ei show in detail what this 8invisible government0 is doing to the schools of one large ,american city--,los ,angeles4 ,pages #ei to #ic study the schools of ,new ,york1 and #id to #aji those of ,chicago4 ,pages #aji to #bbd deal with school conditions in a score of other large cities4 ,i realize that this is a large number2 but then1 many people are interested in these cities4 ,you will find both melodrama and humor in the stories2 and if there is too much1 you can skip6 ,beginning at page #bbd is a study of the state and national machines of the school world2 and whatever else you miss1 do not miss the ,national ,education ,association1 and how it was stolen from the teachers of ,america--there is no drama on ,broadway to equal that for thrills4 ,from #bge to #cbi you will find a score of powerful ,big ,business organizations which have assumed to take control of our schools4 ,from #ccj to #cdi comes the ,catholic ,church in relation to the schools--this in addition to details given in a number of cities4 ,from #cdi to #dag you will find a general survey of the school situation from the point of view of both pupils and teachers4 ,the concluding chapters discuss 8,the ,goose-step0 and its critics1 and developments in the college world since its publication4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,goslings ,a ,study of the ,american ,schools ------- ,,chapter ,i ,,land ,,of ,,orange-,,groves ,,and ,,jails ,i begin this study of the ,american school system with ,southern ,california1 because that is the part of the country in which ,i live1 and which therefore ,i know best4 ,it is a representative part1 being the newest and most recently mixed4 ,we have all the races1 white and black and yellow and red2 but the great bulk of the population is of native stock1 farmers from the ,middle ,west who have sold or rented their homesteads and moved to this 8roof-garden of the world40 ,it is our fashion to hold reunions and picnics for the old home folks1 and there are few states that cannot gather thousands of representatives4 ,we have the most wonderful climate in the world1 and soil which is fertile under irrigation4 ,our leading occupation is selling this soil and climate to new arrivals from the ,east4 ,we are eager traders1 and everything we have is for sale2 you can buy the average house in ,southern ,california for two hundred dollars more than the owner paid for it1 and ,i know people who have sold their homes and moved several times in one year4 ,also1 we have struck oil1 and this sudden wealth has fanned our collective greed4 ,we boast ourselves 8the white spot on the industrial map40 ,hard times do not touch us1 we build literally whole streets of new houses every week1 and labor agitators are banished from our midst4 ,the intellectual tone of the community is set by a great newspaper1 the ,los ,angeles 8,times10 created by an unscrupulous accumulator of money4 ,the 8,times0 has now grown enormously wealthy1 but it still carries on in its founder's spirit of hatred and calumny4 ,it boasts of being the largest newspaper in the world--meaning that it prints the most advertisements4 ,you pay ten cents for the ,sunday edition1 and have two or three pages of ,associated ,press dispatches with the life censored out of them2 after that1 you grope your way through a wilderness of commercialism4 ,i stop and wonder1 how can ,i give the reader an idea of the intellectual garbage upon which our ,southern ,california population is fed4 ,i pick up this morning's paper1 and find a cartoon on the front page1 our daily hymn of hate against ,soviet ,russia2 the cartoon is labeled in large letters3 8,out of the ,fryingpansky into the ,fireovitch40 ,as the naturalist ,agassiz could construct a whole animal from a piece of fossil bone1 so you may comprehend a culture from that piece of wit4 ,we have several hundred churches of all sects1 and our 8,times0 prints pages of church news and sermons1 and double-leaded two-column editorials invoking the aid of ,jehovah in all emergencies4 ,but the real spirit of the staff breaks out on the other pages2 when it is necessary to represent ,los ,angeles in a cartoon1 their symbol is a sly young prostitute with sparkling black eyes and naked limbs4 ,once upon a time such pictures were purchased surreptitiously and handed round by naughty little boys2 but now they are delivered every morning by carrier to everybody's home4 ,one of the features of our life is 8bathing beauties02 young ladies in thin tights parading the boardwalks of the beaches1 winning prizes from chambers of commerce and lending gayety to ,sunday supplements4 ,any new stunt is worth a fortune to one of these ladies2 one day a lady has gilded her legs1 and the next day a lady has butterflies painted on her back1 and next--most elegant of all--a lady appears with a bathing-suit and a monocle4 ,the men1 thus summoned1 come in droves4 ,competition is keen1 and the ladies are strenuous in defense of their meal-tickets1 and when one trespasses upon another's rights1 we have a thrilling murder story4 ,our lady murderesses are a leading feature of ,southern ,california life2 sometimes they shoot1 and sometimes they poison1 and sometimes they go to the nearest five- and ten-cent store and buy a hammer1 and beat out the other lady's brains4 ,then they are sent to jail1 which is a career of glory1 with photographs and interviews in every edition of the newspapers1 and a sensational trial with full details of their many lovers and their quarrels4 ,autobiographies written in prison are featured in ,sunday supplements and advertised on billboards2 and finally comes the climax--a magical jail delivery4 ,we know1 of course1 that nowhere in ,america can the jails hold the rich1 but out here in ,southern ,california the rich don't even wait to be pardoned by presidents and governors--they tip their jailers twenty-five hundred dollars and walk right out4 8,stone walls do not a prison make1 nor iron bars a cage60 ,fifteen years ago the writer had haunting his mind what he thought was to be a great blank verse tragedy4 ,the scene of one act was to be laid several hundred years in the future1 and the crowning achievement of that time was an invention whereby music could be made audible to people all over the world4 ,the scene was to show a great musician1 whose inspiration was being thus conveyed to humanity4 ,and now we have this invention--somewhat ahead of time6 ,our radio in ,southern ,california is presided over by the 8,times10 and the invisible government decides what is safe for our hungry masses to hear4 ,our plutocracy has just built for itself a new hotel1 a sultan's dream of luxury1 costing several million dollars4 ,the opening of this hotel became the great historical event of ,southern ,california2 there were several pages about it in the newspapers1 and it was announced that a certain prominent person1 would convey his inspiration to the multitude over the 8,times0 radio4 ,in a hundred thousand homes the hungry 8fans0 put on their ear-caps and awaited the sublime moment2 and meanwhile in the ,hotel ,biltmore a great part of the guests got royally drunk4 ,the orator had his share1 and his inspiration over the radio took the form of obscenities and cursing2 the horrified 8fans0 heard his friends trying to stop him1 begging him to come and have one more drink2 but he told them they were a set of blankety blank blank fools1 and that he knew what he was going to say1 and it was nobody's blankety blank blank business4 ,this continued until suddenly the radio was shut off1 and the fans were left to silence and speculation6 ,also1 we have ,hollywood2 ,hollywood1 the world's greatest honey-pot1 with its thousands of beautiful golden bees swarming noisily2 ,hollywood1 where youth and gayety grow rotten before they grow ripe4 ,if you say that ,hollywood is not ,america1 ,i answer that you have only to wait4 ,hollywood is young ,america4 ,of course our hundreds of churches are not entirely inactive4 ,we have revivalists1 who furiously denounce the sins of ,hollywood1 using the most up-to-date slang2 and groups of men and women1 instead of going to the movies1 gather in ,bible classes and learn the history of the ,hittites and the succession of the kings of the ,jebusites4 ,you can hear sermons over the radio--that is1 if you have a high-priced set1 and can tune out the jazz orchestras4 ,the cheaper sets hear everything at once1 and you can dance to the sermons or pray to the jazz1 as you prefer4 ,who runs this new empire of the ,southwest8 ,it is run by a secret society1 which ,i have named the ,black ,hand2 consisting of a dozen or so of big bankers and business men1 hard-fisted1 cunning and unscrupulous profiteers of the pioneer type1 a scant generation removed from the bad man with a gun on each hip4 ,they are the inner council and directing circle of the ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association2 with a propaganda department formerly known as the ,commercial ,federation of ,california1 and now camouflaged as the ,better ,america ,federation4 ,concerning this latter organization1 you will find much information in 8,the ,goose ,step10 pages #abi-acb4 ,it occupies the entire floor of a large building1 and has raised a fund of a hundred and sixty thousand dollars a year for five years for its campaign of terrorism4 ,like all criminals1 it operates under many aliases3 the ,american ,protective ,league1 the ,association for ,betterment of the ,public ,service1 the ,associated ,patriotic ,societies1 the ,taxpayers' ,association1 the ,people's ,economy ,league1 the ,tax ,investigating and ,economy ,league1 the ,americanization ,committee1 the ,committee of ,one ,thousand1 the ,committee of ,ten ,thousand1 the ,parent-,teachers' ,associations1 the ,board of ,education1 the ,district ,attorney's ,office1 and the ,police ,department of the ,city of ,los ,angeles4 ,ours is an 8open shop0 city2 that is1 the business men and merchants are forbidden to employ union workers1 and if they disregard this rule they are blacklisted1 their credit is cut off1 and they are driven into bankruptcy4 ,when a new man comes into town and sets up in business he is politely interviewed and invited to join the gang2 at the same time he is given his orders1 and if he disobeys1 he moves on to some other part of the world1 or down into the ranks of the wage-slaves4 ,so perfect is the system of the ,black ,hand1 so all-seeing is its spy service1 that the ,young ,women's ,christian ,association could not prepare and mail out a circular letter asking for funds without every merchant in the city having on his desk by the same mail a letter from the ,better ,america ,federation president1 warning him that the ,young ,women's ,christian ,association is supporting the eight-hour day for women1 the minimum wage law for women1 and other immoral propositions4 ,we have a 8criminal syndicalism law0 in ,california2 the public is told by the ,black ,hand and its newspapers that this law is to punish men who advocate the overthrow of government by force and violence4 ,under this law eighty men are now coughing out their lungs in the jute mill at ,san ,quentin prison1 under sentence of from two to twenty-eight years4 ,as ,i write1 one of these men collapses under the strain and refuses to work longer in the jute mill1 and seventy others are being tortured in 8solitary0 because they 8strike0 in sympathy with this comrade4 ,no one of these men has ever had proven against him1 or even charged against him1 any act of force or violence or any destruction of property4 ,they were convicted because the ,black ,hand of ,california pays three hundred and fifty dollars a month to several hired witnesses1 who travel about from place to place testifying before juries that ten years ago1 when they belonged to the ,i4 ,w4 ,w41 they1 the witnesses1 personally burned down barns4 ,because of this testimony men who have recently joined the organization1 and have never burned down barns nor advocated burning down barns1 are sentenced to the jute mill4 ,the public does not know1 and has no means of guessing that the law on the statute books against 8criminal syndicalism0 has been modified by the police who enforce it to read 8suspicion of criminal syndicalism40 ,that means that any man may be arrested at any time that any police official does not happen to like the way he has his hair cut1 or the red flower in his button-hole4 ,crime and suspicion of crime are the same thing in our legal procedure1 because men once thrown into jail are held there 8incommunicado0 without warrant or charge2 they are not permitted to see attorneys1 and their friends cannot find out what has become of them4 ,they are starved and beaten and tortured in jail2 so there is no longer any difference between innocence and guilt4 ,the eighty convicted in the state's prison suffer less than the many hundreds of unconvicted in jails and police stations all over the state4 ,what this means is that the ,black ,hand is trying to smash industrial unionism4 ,they have got the old-line unions cowed2 they have purchased or frightened most of the leaders1 and driven them out of politics1 and are no longer afraid of them4 ,but now comes the new movement1 the mass union1 the portent of the ,new ,day4 ,they are fighting this as furiously as the ,spanish ,inquisition ever fought against heresy2 but to their bewilderment and dismay they are repeating the age-old experience of the torturer and the despot--the blood of the martyrs is becoming the seed of the church6 ,there came a great strike at the harbor4 8,san ,pedro0 is a part of our city1 where the ships come in laden with lumber and pipe and cement for the endless new streets of homes4 ,our army of real estate speculators and contractors and bankers are reaping their golden harvest1 while several thousand longshoremen slave1 literally fourteen and sixteen hours a day of back-breaking toil1 handling these heavy materials4 ,they clamor at the docks1 bidding against one another1 fighting and trampling one another for a chance of life4 ,and here is a ring of grafting employment agencies1 secretly maintained by the ,shipyard ,owners' ,association1 draining the last drops of energy from these wretched wage-slaves4 ,the old-line respectable unions are out of business1 and everything is serene for the masters2 but suddenly comes a flare-up--three thousand men on strike1 and one or two hundred ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 organizers spreading the flames of revolt--and just when we thought we had sent the last of them to ,san ,quentin for twenty-eight years6 ,the strike tied up the harbor and tied it tight4 ,for more than two weeks not a ship was unloaded1 and all the building operations of all the speculators came to an end4 ,one day the 8,times0 would deny that there was any strike1 and next day it would declare that the strike had been broken the day before1 the next day it would declare that the strike would be broken the day after next4 ,and in the inner circle of the torturers and despots1 such confusion and such fury as you will hardly be able to imagine4 ,you have taken up this book1 expecting to read about the ,american school system2 and now you are being told about a strike6 ,it happened that this strike came just as ,i was settling down to write 8,the ,goslings40 ,i got arrested2 and this experience plows a furrow through one's mind4 ,now ,i sit at home and think about the schools1 and naturally1 ,i see them in relation to this series of events--they become one more device of the strikebreakers4 ,i ponder the problem1 how to start this book4 ,i want to show you the invisible government which runs your schools1 for its own profit1 and your loss4 ,this power is the same power which runs your politics and industry2 here in ,los ,angeles1 the very men who smashed the union of the shipyard workers also smashed the councils of the school teachers4 ,indeed1 as chance willed it1 the two jobs came together and became one job2 so that every lie told against the strikers was a lie against the teachers1 and every dollar wrested from the shipyard workers was balanced by a dollar stolen from the schools4 ,i ask myself1 therefore3 ,how can ,i do better1 at the beginning of this book1 than to tell you what ,i saw at the harbor8 ,this strike was a blazing searchlight1 thrown into the very vitals of our invisible government2 if you will follow it1 you will see the whole system1 and understand every detail of its mechanism4 ,so ,i ask you to set aside for the moment all questions of labor unions1 criminal syndicalism1 anything of that sort2 come with me as a plain ,american1 believing in the ,constitution1 believing in the people1 and their right to run their own affairs4 ,follow the story of this labor struggle--and before you get to the end of it you will magically find yourself reading about the schools1 and learning who has taken them away from you1 and why they have done it1 and what it means to you and your children4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,adventure ,,of ,,the ,,university ,,club ,the first step in this narrative is to explain how it happened that the writer of this book1 a muck-raker and enemy of society1 was in the office of ,mr4 ,irwin ,hays ,rice1 president of the ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association of ,los ,angeles1 and chief of the ,black ,hand1 at the very moment when ,mr4 ,rice was conspiring with his fellow chiefs for the smashing of the harbor strike4 ,this story is amusing in itself1 and not altogether alien to education4 ,in ,april1 #aibc1 ,i received a letter from the secretary of the ,university ,club of ,pasadena1 my home city1 asking if ,i would consent to lecture before the club on the subject of 8,the ,goose-step40 ,i replied that ,i was busy1 and made it a rule to decline invitations to lecture4 ,then came a telephone call from a member of the club1 begging me to reconsider my decision2 here were a group of men1 influential in the community1 some of whom had read 8,the ,goose-step0 and thought they could answer me1 and wanted a chance to try4 ,it would be an adventure for them1 and might teach me something4 ,to oblige a friend1 ,i accepted1 and the lecture was announced at a dinner of the club1 and the announcement was published in the local newspapers--upon the club's initiative1 please note4 ,at once the ,black ,hand got busy2 and a week or two later a gentleman called at my home1 obviously embarrassed and pink in the face1 explaining that he was the president of the ,university ,club of ,pasadena4 ,the executive committee had held a meeting the previous evening and decided that in view of certain objections1 ,i should be respectfully requested to consent to have the lecture called off4 ,knowing my community1 ,i was sympathetic towards the blushing respectable gentleman--an ex-naval officer who would have faced the guns of a foreign foe1 but dared not face a new idea4 ,i answered that ,i would be content to have the lecture forgotten4 ,but an hour or two later a newspaper reporter called me up1 asking if ,i had heard that the action of the ,university ,club had been taken at the instance of ,william ,j4 ,burns1 head of the ,burns ,detective ,agency and chief of the ,united ,states ,secret ,service4 ,naturally1 ,i was interested in that news2 as a matter of tactics1 when ,i find a man like ,burns after me1 ,i go to meet him head on4 ,i at once telegraphed1 asking ,mr4 ,burns if it was true that he had called me 8a dangerous enemy of the ,united ,states government40 ,the result was a tangle of falsehoods1 and if ,i proceed to untangle them1 do not think that ,i am rambling4 ,before we get through with this book we shall discover that the big private detective agencies are an important part of the educational system of the ,united ,states1 and so what we learn about ,mr4 ,burns and his methods will be to the point4 ,the great detective telegraphed me from ,san ,francisco that my name had not been the subject of discussion at any time during his visit to ,los ,angeles4 ,i was not satisfied with that1 and telegraphed again1 saying that ,i wanted to know if he had mentioned me at any time in ,southern ,california1 and if he had done so1 would he say openly and for publication what he had said against me4 ,in the meantime there had been published a ,united ,press dispatch from ,san ,francisco1 quoting ,mr4 ,burns as saying that if he had mentioned me1 it had been 8as a private individual and not as a government official40 ,therefore ,i pointed out to ,mr4 ,burns that he could not say anything about me as a private citizen2 whatever he said would be assumed by everyone to be based upon information he had got as head of the ,united ,states ,secret ,service4 ,this brought a second telegram from ,mr4 ,burns1 as follows3 ,replying to your second wire1 ,i made no statements concerning you as a private citizen or government official at ,pasadena or elsewhere1 nor have ,i ever undermined the character of you or any other person4 ,i want to also deny that ,i ever made any statement to the ,united ,press as stated in your telegram1 and for your further information let me assure you whenever ,i express myself concerning you or anyone else ,i will not hesitate to admit it4 ,that seemed explicit1 and ,i was prepared to accept it4 ,but you note that it left the ,united ,press in a bad light2 and representatives of the ,united ,press took the matter up1 and wired their head office in ,san ,francisco1 receiving the information that the interview with ,mr4 ,burns had been given to ,frank ,clarvoe1 one of their most trusted and experienced men4 ,mr4 ,clarvoe had been with ,mr4 ,burns in his hotel room when the telegram from me arrived1 and ,mr4 ,burns had allowed ,mr4 ,clarvoe to make a copy of this telegram1 and had dictated a reply1 slowly and distinctly1 so that ,mr4 ,clarvoe could write it down4 ,the manager of the ,united ,press added that this was evidently one of those frequent cases where parties talk and afterwards wish to deny it4 ,in the meantime ,i had been interviewing the executive committee of the ,university ,club of ,pasadena1 holding over the heads of these gentlemen the threat of a slander suit1 and thereby inducing each of them in turn to state upon exactly what basis he had repeated the statements about ,mr4 ,burns and myself4 ,so the report was definitely traced to ,mr4 ,irwin ,hays ,rice1 president of the ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association of ,los ,angeles1 and one of the chiefs of the ,black ,hand4 ,mr4 ,rice1 in a conversation over the telephone1 had stated to the secretary of the club that ,mr4 ,burns had described me as 8a parlor pink and a dangerous enemy of the ,united ,states government40 ,so now ,i had a clean-cut issue of veracity between ,mr4 ,rice and ,mr4 ,burns1 and it seemed worth a trip to ,los ,angeles to find out which was the liar4 ,i went in on a ,monday morning1 and fate was unkind to ,mr4 ,rice--he had been out of town over the week-end1 and had not read anything about the controversy1 nor had anyone in the ,university ,club taken the trouble to call him up and warn him4 ,i took the precaution to bring my brother-in-law1 ,hunter ,kimbrough1 as witness to the interview1 and ,mr4 ,rice received us in his private office4 ,i explained my point of view3 he and ,i were antagonists on opposite sides of the class struggle2 ,i had my opinion of him1 and freely granted him the right to have his opinion of me4 ,the only thing ,i took exception to was the fact that in discussing me he had made use of the name of ,mr4 ,burns4 ,mr4 ,rice is one of these two-fisted men of action1 quite different from the president of a ,university ,club4 ,his answer was prompt and explicit3 8,anything that ,i say once ,i'll say twice4 ,it is a fact that at a recent gathering1 in the presence of myself and several business men of this city1 ,mr4 ,william ,j4 ,burns stated that you were #8a parlor pink and a dangerous enemy of the ,united ,states government4'0 8,i thank you1 ,mr4 ,rice10 ,i replied4 8,now ,i am wondering what you will have to say to this telegram02 and ,i put into his hands the telegram from ,mr4 ,burns1 declaring3 8,i made no statements concerning you as a private citizen or government official at ,pasadena or elsewhere1 nor have ,i ever undermined the character of you or any other person40 8,what have you to say to that1 ,mr4 ,rice80 ,i asked1 and ,mr4 ,rice replied3 8,well1 ,i will say that ,i am surprised40 ,it was unnecessary for him to say that--his face showed it6 ,mr4 ,rice refused to name the other men who had been present at the interview1 but he remarked that the gathering was of such a nature that it was manifest to everyone that ,mr4 ,burns was there as a private citizen1 and not as chief of the ,united ,states ,secret ,service4 ,do you think ,i would be reckless if ,i should guess that it was a gathering of the chiefs of the ,black ,hand1 and that ,mr4 ,burns was there in his other capacity1 as head of the ,william ,j4 ,burns agency of espionage and strike-breaking8 ,that the ,william ,j4 ,burns agency is thus employed regularly by the ,black ,hand of ,southern ,california is something which ,i have known for several years4 ,turn to ,chapter ,,lxvi of 8,the ,brass ,check10 and you will find there the story of how ,sydney ,flowers1 returned soldier and editor of the 8,dugout10 was smashed by the ,black ,hand in ,los ,angeles1 because he refused to permit his paper to be used as a strike-breaking agency4 ,i did what ,i could to aid ,flowers and save him from the penitentiary1 and as a result the ,black ,hand attempted a 8frame-up0 against myself4 ,wishing to know just who was responsible for this1 ,i thought ,i would employ the most famous and most reputable detective agency in the ,united ,states4 ,with my attorney1 ,mr4 ,john ,beardsley1 ,i called at the office of this agency and interviewed the manager4 ,as chance willed it1 the district manager1 the high-up person who travels about the country overseeing the affairs of the agency for ,mr4 ,burns1 was also present at the interview4 ,i explained the case1 confidentially of course1 stating that ,i had suspicions that the trail might lead to the office of the ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association and its ,los ,angeles 8,times10 and that ,i wished the agency not to take the case unless they would be in position to follow a trail to such a quarter4 ,the two managers requested a little time to think the matter over1 and that afternoon they gave us their decision3 the ,william ,j4 ,burns ,detective ,agency1 because of the embarrassing possibility explained by me1 could not undertake to investigate this 8frame-up40 ,then ,i went to another detective agency in the city1 and when ,i told the manager about this incident he laughed heartily and told me that the ,burns ,agency did all the secret work for the 8,m4 and ,m40 ,incidentally1 this man told me that he himself could not take the case1 because his business would be ruined if he did2 nor would ,i find any other detective agency in the city which would take the case4 ,and in this he was correct4 ,to complete the story of the ,burns ,detective ,agency1 ,i will also mention that just prior to ,america's entry into the ,world ,war this agency was conducting a spy service in the ,united ,states for the ,german government4 ,shortly before the sinking of the ,lusitania1 the ,burns' agency had men stationed in ,american munition plants and was secretly selling information to ,german government agents1 who were gathering knowledge of munition shipments for the purpose of torpedoing munition-laden vessels4 ,the head of ,burns' ,new ,york office1 ,gaston ,b4 ,means1 admitted under oath that he delivered reports in a secret place to an unknown man to whom he was directed by the ,german government spy1 ,paul ,koenig4 ,the ,burns agency perpetrated against the ,united ,states government a gigantic frame-up designed to supply von ,bernstorff with perjured evidence for diplomatic use against the ,united ,states government4 ,tug boat captains were hired by a nest of ,german military spies under the direction of ,burns' ,new ,york agent1 ,gaston ,b4 ,means1 the captains being induced to swear to false affidavits to indicate that they were carrying supplies to ,british vessels outside ,new ,york harbor in violation of the laws of neutrality4 ,in this frame-up the ,burns agency was caught red-handed1 but was given immunity from prosecution because its clients could better be caught by holding this club over ,burns' head4 ,recently1 when the ,workers' ,party called a mass meeting in our national capital1 at which ,robert ,minor was announced to tell this story1 the use of the hall was mysteriously withdrawn1 and ,mr4 ,william ,j4 ,burns1 in his capacity as chief of the ,united ,states ,secret ,service1 raided the offices of the sponsors of the meeting and arrested a dozen men4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,in ,,which ,i ,,get ,,arrested ,the purpose of the previous chapter was to explain to you the series of events whereby it came about that ,upton ,sinclair1 muckraker and enemy of society1 was in the office of the president of the ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association of ,los ,angeles1 at ten o'clock on the morning of ,monday1 ,may #gth1 #aibc4 ,my brother-in-law1 ,hunter ,kimbrough1 and myself had come without appointment2 at the same time two gentlemen came in who had an appointment--so a polite clerk explained4 ,i had not presented my card1 and no one there knew either ,kimbrough or myself2 we were invited to sit down1 and did so1 while the other gentlemen were escorted into the inner office4 ,we made no effort to listen to what went on1 but we had to hear it1 because the door of the inner office was left ajar1 and the talk was carried on in tones which caused the clerks in the outer office to drop their work and look at one another and grin4 8,who is that80 asked the young lady stenographer4 8,that's ,mr4 ,hammond10 was the answer of the chief clerk4 8,he owns a couple of hundred thousand acres of timber land1 and he's got about twenty ships tied up at the harbor40 8,oh10 said the young lady stenographer1 8then he's got a right to pound on the table40 ,he exercised his right1 and pounded1 and cursed so freely that the young lady was moved to get up and close the office door2 but still we heard the uproar4 ,the substance of it was that the ,san ,pedro strike1 which had been on for about two weeks1 must be smashed without another day's delay4 ,mr4 ,rice argued and expostulated2 they were doing their best4 ,finally he promised there would be 8a meeting0 that afternoon1 and arrangements would be made4 ,that you may understand clearly1 ,i explain that ,mr4 ,andrew ,b4 ,hammond1 president of the ,hammond ,lumber ,company1 is one of the big 8open shop0 despots of ,san ,francisco1 a bigger man even than ,mr4 ,rice2 and he had come down on the night train to lay down the law to the timid crowd at ,los ,angeles and insist that his ships be moved4 ,wishing to make sure there was no mistake in identity1 ,i engaged the head clerk in conversation1 asking him how long he thought 8those irate ship-owners0 would stay in there4 ,he rose to the bait and discussed the 8irate ship-owners10 assuring me that they would not need to stay much longer2 the ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association was not going to have any trouble in opening up the harbor4 ,subsequently1 as part of the preparing of this manuscript1 ,i wrote to ,mr4 ,hammond1 asking if he cared to deny that he was in ,mr4 ,rice's office at the hour specified4 ,he did not reply4 ,come now to ,san ,pedro1 where three thousand men are fighting to get their babies a chance to grow up into full-sized human beings4 ,they have won their strike1 they have won it strictly under the law2 they have kept order rigidly--having even smashed the boot-leggers1 to the great dismay of the police6 ,here again ,i do not have to ask you to take my word for it3 ,police ,captain ,plummer1 in command at the harbor1 stated to my brother-in-law1 ,hunter ,kimbrough1 in the presence of several witnesses1 that he had no fault to find with the ,i4 ,w4 ,w41 they were fine fellows1 and had kept order through the strike4 ,also he stated in the presence of witnesses3 8,i smashed that strike40 ,before an investigating committee of the clergymen of ,los ,angeles he stated3 8,yes1 ,i said that1 and ,i'll say it again40 ,officer ,wyckoff--who arrested us--stated to ,hunter ,kimbrough1 in the presence of two ladies1 whose signed statements ,i have1 that 8,black ,jack0 ,jerome1 the strike-breaker1 had brought in hundreds of gunmen1 heavily armed2 ,captain ,plummer had disarmed them1 but someone saw to it that they received another supply of arms4 ,mr4 ,hammond and his ,shipyard ,owners' ,association and his horde of gunmen having failed to provoke violence1 or to move the ships1 ,mr4 ,rice must act2 and how is he to act8 ,for ten or twenty years he and his ,black ,hand have been preparing for precisely such an emergency2 they have been buying both political machines1 and controlling the nominations of all candidates1 so that now they have their own governor1 their own legislators1 their own mayor1 their own city council1 their own chief of police1 and their own judges4 ,they control the governmental machine from top to bottom2 and they give the orders1 let this strike be smashed4 ,the man who put through the job is ,asa ,keyes1 then deputy district attorney1 since promoted to be district attorney as reward for his efficiency4 8,the mayor is not handling this situation10 said ,chief of ,police ,oaks to me4 8,the man we're getting our orders from is ,asa ,keyes1 and if you want to speak at the harbor1 see him40 ,keyes is the man who has been enforcing the 8suspicion of criminal syndicalism0 law2 he pays an army of secret agents and provocateurs1 and a year or two ago he stated to two different informants of mine3 8,i have spent between four and five thousand dollars1 trying to #8get' ,kate ,crane ,gartz and ,upton ,sinclair4 ,if ever ,i become chief1 ,i will spend ten times that amount to #8get' them40 ,mr4 ,rice1 ,mr4 ,keyes1 ,chief ,oaks1 and ,captain ,plummer attended the 8meeting0 which ,mr4 ,rice promised to ,mr4 ,hammond4 8,i have attended several conferences of the ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association10 said the naive ,captain ,plummer to ,hunter ,kimbrough1 in the presence of witnesses4 8,mr4 ,rice was present and ,mr4 ,marco ,hellman1 and others40 ,marco ,hellman1 the biggest banker of ,los ,angeles1 we shall hear of again before long4 ,in the early days of the strike a ,presbyterian clergyman and ,harvard graduate was arrested while addressing the strikers1 the charge being 8blocking traffic40 ,police ,magistrate ,sheldon1 in sentencing him to jail1 said3 8,why don't you hire a hall1 or speak upon private property8 ,then you will not be molested40 ,the strikers thought this was good advice2 they found a piece of vacant land1 whose lessor was willing for it to be used for mass meetings1 and on this land1 known as 8,liberty ,hill10 the strikers held numerous meetings4 ,at one of these meetings a group of them raised the flags of fifteen nations1 with the ,american flag at the top1 and the flag of ,russia included4 ,there were ,russians among the strikers1 and presumably they thought their country had a right to be represented4 ,this incident took place five days after the meeting between ,messrs4 ,rice and ,hammond1 and it afforded the pretext for which the police were waiting4 8,you've lost your constitutional rights now60 shouted ,captain ,plummer1 and he arrested twenty-eight men for the crime of raising the red flag4 ,again and again1 in negotiations with the police officials1 and with ,mayor ,george ,e4 ,cryer1 we were told that this act of raising the red flag afforded complete justification for the abrogation of all civil liberties at the harbor4 ,it seems therefore worth noting what happened some three weeks later1 when these men were arraigned in court upon the charge4 ,police ,magistrate ,crawford declared that in his opinion everyone who displayed a red flag should be sent to prison1 but unfortunately the ,supreme ,court of ,california had declared the red flag ordinance of the city of ,los ,angeles unconstitutional6 ,in the three days that followed1 the police arrested a total of six hundred men2 they arrested hundreds for attempting to speak on ,liberty ,hill2 they arrested hundreds for singing and cheering on the street4 ,any slightest sign of sympathy with the strike or with other arrested men was enough to cause a man to be tapped on the shoulder by the police and told to report at the police station4 ,crowds of men were surrounded on the street1 loaded into trucks1 carted off to the police station1 and packed away in cells4 ,george ,chalmers ,richmond1 ,episcopal clergyman from ,philadelphia1 was arrested when walking along the street1 having in mind the criminal intention of addressing the strikers when he reached the place of meeting4 ,a restaurant proprietor was dragged out from behind his counter and thrown into jail1 upon the charge of helping to prolong the strike--that is1 he had fed the strikers and their children4 ,in describing these incidents1 the ,los ,angeles 8,times0 stated that the police announced their intention 8to arrest all idle men at the harbor40 ,the city of ,los ,angeles boasts of being the fastest growing city in the world1 but its jails have not grown at all in the last thirty years4 ,to describe them as death-traps would not be using reckless language1 but merely quoting from reports of one public body after another which has investigated and denounced them4 ,the jails were already crowded2 and here were six hundred more men suddenly thrust into them6 ,some of the 8tanks10 built to hold twenty or thirty men1 were required to hold a hundred1 and it was literally impossible for all the men to sit down at once4 ,all the jails were swarming with vermin1 there was no bedding obtainable1 and the food was atrocious4 ,these things not being enough1 wanton cruelty and torture was added4 ,in one of the 8tanks10 because the men persisted in singing1 the jailers sealed up all the ventilation and turned on the steam heat for two hours4 ,ninety-five men were in this hole1 and many of them swooned4 ,other men were chained up by the thighs1 so that they could not quite sit down4 ,we have the affidavits of several men to the fact that ,chief of ,police ,oaks personally reviled the prisoners1 calling them liars and degenerates2 and when one of the men spoke up and said this was not true1 ,oaks called him out from the 8tank10 and in the presence of many witnesses struck him in the face and knocked him down again and again1 pounding him until the chief was exhausted4 ,such was the situation on ,may #aeth4 ,the 8,times0 for that morning announced that the city council had appropriated money to build a stockade1 in which to hold the strike prisoners1 and all the remaining strikers at the harbor were to be thrown into this pen4 ,i was about to begin the writing of this book1 but ,i found it impossible to keep my peace of mind in a 8bull-pen0 civilization1 and decided to do what ,i could to remind the authorities of ,southern ,california that there is still supposed to be a ,constitution in this country4 ,with seven friends ,i went to interview the mayor that afternoon4 ,the interview lasted an hour1 and developed curious notions upon the part of the chief executive of a large city concerning the meaning of civil rights4 ,according to ,mayor ,cryer1 all the arrests which had been made night after night on ,liberty ,hill1 and the complete abrogation of the rights of freedom of speech and of assemblage1 were justified by the fact that somebody unknown had violated the unconstitutional ordinance of the city of ,los ,angeles against the displaying of a red flag4 ,the wholesale arrests of hundreds of men upon the street day after day were justified by the fact that on one occasion some rowdy unknown had shouted3 8,here comes ,captain ,plummer1 that fat prostitute40 ,i said3 8,mr4 ,mayor1 according to your way of reasoning1 if some one were to upset a peanut stand on ,broadway and steal the peanuts1 you would feel justified in arresting everybody in sight and closing the thoroughfare to traffic for a month40 ,our mayor is a politician1 and cautious4 ,he would not say that it was the duty of the police to smash the harbor strike1 neither would he say that a group of ,american citizens had the right to proceed to ,liberty ,hill and there read the ,constitution of their country and explain to all who might care to hear them the meaning of the ,bill of ,rights4 ,his proposition was that we should go to the harbor and ask permission of ,captain ,plummer1 and if ,plummer refused1 the mayor would 8review0 his decision4 ,to this we answered that the essence of the situation was time2 the strikers were being robbed of their rights every hour1 and civil liberties were not subject to review by either a police captain or a mayor4 ,the upshot of the hour's argument was that ,mayor ,cryer made the specific promise that he would telephone to ,captain ,plummer and instruct him that we were to be 8protected in our constitutional rights1 and not molested so long as we did not incite to violence40 ,let it be added that at his next interview the mayor denied that he had made this promise4 ,now1 ,i shall not take up space in detailing what happened to our little group4 ,suffice it to say1 we repaired to the harbor1 a dozen ladies and gentlemen1 with two lawyers2 and in an interview with ,chief of ,police ,oaks we were informed that if we attempted to read the ,constitution of the ,united ,states on ,liberty ,hill we would be arrested and jailed without bail4 ,four of us1 ,prince ,hopkins1 ,hugh ,hardyman1 ,hunter ,kimbrough1 and the writer1 did attempt to read the ,constitution4 ,i personally read ,article ,one of the first amendment1 and was then placed under arrest4 ,kimbrough started to read the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,hopkins remarked1 8,we have not come here to incite to violence40 ,hardyman remarked1 8,this is a most delightful climate40 ,for these words they were arrested--all four of us for 8suspicion of criminal syndicalism40,a ,we were held 8incommunicado0 for eighteen hours1 and an effort was then made to rush us into court a few minutes before closing time1 and have us committed and spirited away again1 so that we could be given the 8third degree02 but this plot was balked1 owing to the fact that a confidant of ,chief ,oaks betrayed it to my wife1 and our lawyers got to the court and demanded and obtained bail4 ,a week later we went again to the harbor and held our mass meeting1 and said to ten or fifteen thousand people everything that we had to say4 ,next day the police turned loose all but twenty-eight of the six hundred men they had arrested2 and some three weeks later a police judge threw out the case against us four4 ,so ended our little adventure in 8criminal syndicalism40 ----- ,footnote ,a3 ,extract from a letter written by a student of ,washington ,university1 ,st4 ,louis1 now visiting in ,santa ,monica1 ,california3 8,the ,st4 ,louis papers had only short accounts1 which said that ,upton ,sinclair and several other ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 had been arrested on a charge of ,syndicalism4 ,and my friends out here tell me that a raid was made when ,upton ,sinclair1 after having submitted a most innocuous abstract of his speech to the authorities1 exhorted a strikers' meeting to break loose1 smash all windows in sight1 and dump the street-cars off the tracks4 ,he also attacked the integrity and honor of the chief of police40 ----- ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,empire ,,of ,,the ,,black ,,hand ,let us now survey the situation in ,southern ,california as ,i settle down to the writing of this book4 ,the storm has blown over for the moment4 ,twenty-eight of the strikers--the best of their leaders--have been shipped off to the jute mill for from two to twenty-eight years4 ,the others are back in the slave-market1 bidding against one another for the lives of themselves and their families4 ,those who were active in the strike are black-listed2 even though they own homes at the harbor1 they cannot find employment1 but must sell out and move on4 ,and meantime1 the men who robbed them are enjoying the 8swag40 ,mr4 ,andrew ,b4 ,hammond has gone back to ,san ,francisco1 to the comforts of the ,bohemian ,club1 and the ,pacific ,union ,club1 and the ,commercial ,club1 and the ,san ,francisco ,golf ,club2 while ,mr4 ,i4 ,h4 ,rice continues to run the political and business affairs of ,los ,angeles4 ,some lovers of fair play have organized a branch of the ,american ,civil ,liberties ,union1 to teach the people of this community the elementary idea that the ,constitution applies to the poor as well as to the rich4 ,true to our program of the open forum1 we call upon ,mr4 ,rice and courteously invite him to set forth his ideas of constitutional rights to one of our audiences4 ,mr4 ,rice declines the invitation1 and so does ,mr4 ,harry ,haldeman1 president of the ,better ,america ,federation1 and so does ,mr4 ,marco ,hellman1 the banker1 and ,so does ,captain ,john ,d4 ,fredericks1 congressman-elect of the ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association and the ,chamber of ,commerce--it is reported that they put up twelve thousand dollars additional salary for him1 because so important a man could not afford to go to ,congress otherwise6 ,among the 8tips0 which came to me in the course of the struggle was one to the effect that ,captain ,plummer and ,chief ,oaks were each presented with a gold watch as a tribute of gratitude from the ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association4 ,at a hearing before the ,ministerial ,union ,i had opportunity to ask ,captain ,plummer about this matter2 he admitted with evident embarrassment that he had got a gold watch4 ,i asked him if it was engraved in acknowledgment of his services to the ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association2 his answer was that it was engraved 8,from the ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association for services to the community40 ,he added1 somewhat naively1 that he could not imagine how ,i had got that information4 8,no one but ,mr4 ,rice and the jeweler were supposed to know about that watch60 ,with six hundred men packed into the filthy jails of ,los ,angeles1 some of them with faces bloody from the fists of ,chief ,oaks1 the chief himself went off to the convention of chiefs of police at ,buffalo4 ,he went in glory1 taking the policemen's and firemen's band of sixty pieces2 the expenses of this tour being in part paid by the protected under-world1 and in part loaned by ,marco ,hellman1 banker and chief of the ,black ,hand4 ,mr4 ,hellman went to the station to see the party off1 and on their return he went again to welcome them4 ,day by day we followed in our newspapers the progress of this tour2 they had royal receptions in our biggest cities--and also in ,lebanon1 ,missouri1 the village which contributed our great chief of police to the world4 ,the local newspaper mentioned that ,mount ,vernon was the birthplace of ,george ,washington1 and ,springfield1 ,illinois1 was the birthplace of ,abraham ,lincoln6 ,in the meantime1 our ,civil ,liberties ,union was collecting affidavits of men who had been beaten and starved and tortured in jail4 ,we presented these affidavits to the mayor1 and the mayor referred us to the city council2 we presented them to the city council1 and the city council referred us to the police commission2 we presented them to the police commission1 and the police commission referred them to the committee of the whole4 ,as ,i said at one of our mass meetings3 8,it is called the committee of the hole because it hides and nobody can find it40 ,we were told that the charges would be considered when ,chief ,oaks came back2 the chief came back1 and went before the ,city ,club1 and in a burst of glory stated that if anyone had charges against any police official he would personally take them before the grand jury4 ,whereupon we made application to him to present to the grand jury the charge that ,chief ,oaks had beaten prisoners in jail--and he did not keep his promise4 ,we had brought the charges before the ,ministerial ,union of the city1 and the ministers appointed a committee to investigate2 this committee met1 and heard many witnesses1 but took no action1 and has never met again4,b ----- ,footnote ,b3 ,while the rest of this book is being written1 ,chief ,oaks becomes involved in a factional dispute in the ,police ,department1 and his enemies publish affidavits by the police officials of a neighboring town1 to the effect that ,oaks was arrested a few days ago1 while parked in a lonely road with a young woman and a half-gallon jug of whiskey4 ,so ,oaks is no longer chief1 but plain lieutenant of police1 and is telling his friends that he intends to have the inscription cut from his gold watch and to sell it4 ----- ,the ministers were prejudiced against us1 because of something they had read in the 8,times02 a statement that the ,united ,states ,department of ,justice had investigated the ,american ,civil ,liberties ,union and ascertained it to be 8the defense branch of the ,i4 ,w4 ,w403 this on the authority of 8,agent ,townsend of the ,department of ,justice40 ,we went to call on the head of the ,department of ,justice in ,los ,angeles1 and learned that there was no 8,agent ,townsend10 nor had the ,department obtained any such information concerning the ,american ,civil ,liberties ,union4 ,we then called upon the managing editor of the 8,times0 and presented this information4 ,he promised to look further into the matter2 and next morning he published another statement1 reiterating the charge1 this time giving a formal signed statement by 8,agent ,townsend of the ,department of ,justice40 ,the matter was put before the ,department of ,justice at ,washington1 which replied in writing that there was no such person as 8,agent ,townsend of the ,department of ,justice40 ,a copy of this was mailed to the 8,times10 with an offer to submit the original4 ,but the 8,times0 made no reply1 and published no retraction4 ,i go into these minute details1 because later on ,i shall assert that the 8,times0 deliberately lied about the school teachers of ,los ,angeles2 and ,i wish you to understand that ,i mean exactly what ,i say4 ,the theme of this book is the schools--public schools and private schools1 primary and grammar and high schools2 and now ,i have to carry out my promise1 to show you that this same ,black ,hand of ,southern ,california controls our board of education1 putting its own representatives thereon2 that it controls our school funds1 wasting them in graft2 that it controls our teachers1 browbeating them and underpaying them and denying them their rights as citizens2 that it controls our children1 drilling them1 suppressing them1 putting poison thoughts into their minds--so that they shall come out perfect little bigots1 prepared to hate and if necessary to tar and feather and lynch those people who try to apply real ,americanism to ,america1 and to protect the rights of the poor as well as of the rich4 ,in other words1 what the ,black ,hand wants1 and what it has made for itself1 is schools which will turn out a generation of children who will stand for all the infamies ,i have just narrated1 and will regard them as right and necessary and patriotic actions1 and the men who perpetrate them as courageous public officials and high-minded patriots4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,schools ,,of ,,the 8,,times0 ,naturally1 we have to begin with the 8,times02 and at the very outset1 to show you what the 8,times0 wants from our schools1 ,i narrate the experience of ,mr4 ,m4 ,c4 ,bettinger1 until recently a member of the board of education1 and for thirty-eight years connected with the educational system of ,los ,angeles4 ,in the year #aijf ,mr4 ,bettinger happened to be in the office of ,superintendent ,foshay1 when that gentleman was packing up his belongings and preparing to retire from his job4 ,he took out of his desk a bale of papers two inches thick1 fastened with a rubber-band4 8,thank ,god10 he said1 8at least ,i don't have to pay any more tribute to the #8,times4' ,these are receipts for money which ,i've had to pay to that paper upon one pretext or another for the past eleven years60 ,or consider the experience of ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,moore1 who succeeded ,mr4 ,foshay as superintendent4 ,in the year #aijg the ,national ,education ,association held its convention in ,los ,angeles1 and in the guide-book prepared for it was an article by ,general ,otis1 publisher of the 8,times10 denouncing union labor4 ,dr4 ,moore had the courage to cut out these passages1 and for this ,general ,otis set out to 8get0 him1 and in due course did so4 ,dr4 ,moore's blunder was that at ,christmas time he sent out an order to the principals of schools to be guarded in their proceedings so as not to give offense to any class of people4 ,this was a routine notice1 its significance being that ,jewish children should not be compelled to take part in religious ceremonials obnoxious to their faith4 ,but ,otis saw in it his opportunity2 ,superintendent ,moore was attacking the ,christian religion and undermining the basis of all morality6 ,should such a man remain superintendent of the educational system of a ,christian community8 ,the 8,times0 printed literally pages of attacks upon this basis1 interviews with clergymen and parents1 and reports of sermons denouncing ,dr4 ,moore1 who was thus forced to move on to ,yale ,university4 ,next came ,john ,h4 ,francis1 and he had a wonderful idea4 ,he was going to have junior high schools all over the city1 and the youngsters were to have stenography and typewriting and bookkeeping and manual training--perfect little clerks and shop foremen turned out in two or three years6 ,francis was a man with a passion for education1 a wonderful platform orator2 he got his junior high schools1 and the fame of them spread all over the ,united ,states4 ,but they cost a pile of money1 and they didn't perform the wonders which the business men had hoped for2 instead1 they got the youngsters interested in music and art and dramatics and debating--and got them organized1 so that you couldn't take these things away from them without a riot6 ,so the ,black ,hand lost all their enthusiasm for ,superintendent ,francis1 and they tried on him their favorite device of the detective agency and the woman scandal4 ,recall my statement that the big private detective agencies form an important part of the educational system of the ,united ,states6 ,the president of the board1 who was elected to oust ,superintendent ,francis1 was ,judge ,walter ,bordwell1 before whom ,clarence ,darrow was tried4 ,bordwell was a flabby and repulsive looking man1 with the manners of an ,irish section-boss2 he was a relative of ,chandler1 and a pet of the 8,times40 ,in #aiah1 shortly after ousting ,francis1 ,bordwell became the 8,times'0 candidate for governor2 and1 as part of his campaign1 an assistant superintendent of schools sent a letter to teachers asking them to vote for the ,judge4 ,the name of this assistant is ,mrs4 ,susan ,dorsey1 and ,i ask you to remember her1 because a little later we shall find her rewarded for her fidelity by being made superintendent of schools2 we shall find the teachers of ,los ,angeles presuming to go into politics in the interest of the schools--and ,mrs4 ,dorsey insisting that politics must be rigidly excluded from the system6 ,along with ,judge ,bordwell was elected ,mr4 ,washburn1 ex-banker1 whose one idea of school administration was to keep down the taxes2 ,mrs4 ,waters1 the widow of a bank president2 and ,colonel ,andrew ,copp1 an officer in the state militia4 ,mr4 ,bettinger1 at that time assistant superintendent1 tells me anecdotes which show the attitude of these people toward education4 8,we don't want you to come here with opinions10 said ,mrs4 ,waters2 8we want you to obey orders40 ,and in almost the same words ,colonel ,copp addressed a delegation of teachers who came to him to complain of inability to get supplies4 8,don't come here with your views of things10 stormed the ,colonel2 8what we want you to do is to do what you're told40 ,in the course of discussion before a board ,committee1 ,mr4 ,bettinger made so bold as to give his definition of education3 8to aid in the unfoldment of a human mind40 ,colonel ,copp was so furious that he was hardly able to keep still until ,mr4 ,bettinger finished4 8,education80 he cried4 8,i'll tell you what education is6 ,education is getting a lot of young people into a room1 teaching them a lesson out of a book1 hearing them recite it1 putting down a mark in figures1 and at the end of the year that's their record4 ,that's what education is1 and we are going to have that and nothing else in ,los ,angeles40 ,judge ,bordwell had gone to ,new ,york to put the problem of the ,los ,angeles schools before the great mogul of plutocratic education1 ,president ,nicholas ,murray ,butler of ,columbia4 ,he came back with ,albert ,shiels1 a product of ,butler's educational enameling machine1 who was to make a survey4 ,shiels was an accountant1 not an educator2 also1 under the charter of the city1 he was ineligible for superintendent1 not having lived a year in the state4 ,but a little thing like a charter provision would not be allowed to block the will of ,judge ,bordwell4 ,dr4 ,shiels was made superintendent and started publishing anti-,bolshevik propaganda in the teachers' paper1 and circularizing the teachers with such literature4 ,he published in ,president ,butler's 8,educational ,review0 an article assailing the ,soviet government1 which article contained no less than one hundred and twenty-four misstatements of fact4 ,challenged to debate this issue1 ,dr4 ,shiels wrote to me3 8,i believe it is contrary to good public policy to place ,bolshevism and its practices on a par with debatable questions40 ,but ,dr4 ,shiels soon became disgusted with the crudity of his political masters1 and went back to ,new ,york to take up a pleasanter job for ,nicholas ,miraculous4 ,the new president of the school board1 a banker and perfect plutocrat by the name of ,lynn ,helm1 selected an assistant superintendent1 formerly a teacher of ,latin and ,greek1 as the new boss of the schools4 ,he stated as his reason that he knew she was 8safe02 and time has proven that he was a good judge of employes4 ,mrs4 ,susan ,m4 ,dorsey rules the system as ,i write1 and you will have a chance to watch her in action4 ,for the moment it may suffice to record that for thirty years she has been a member of the ,baptist ,temple1 ,reverend ,j4 ,whitcomb ,brougher1 pastor4 ,when 8,billy0 ,sunday came to ,los ,angeles1 some people found fault with him1 and ,rev4 ,brougher rushed to his defense1 describing ,sunday's critics in the following highly educational language3 ,the dirty1 low-down1 contemptible1 weazen-brained1 impure-hearted1 shrivelled-souled1 gossiping devils do not deserve to be noticed4444 ,scandal-mongers1 gossip-lovers1 reputation-destroyers1 hypocritical1 black-hearted1 green-eyed slanderers4444 ,corrupt1 devil-possessed1 vile debauchs4444 ,immoral1 sin-loving1 vice-practicing1 underhanded sneaks4444 ,carrion-loving buzzards and foul-smelling skunks4 ,if anyone wishes to take charge of one hundred and seventy-six thousand school children under the ,black ,hand1 he may learn from this how to train himself2 for better remembering1 ,i have put the directions into a poem3 ,five days in the week ,teach ,latin and ,greek2 ,on ,sundays1 an hour1 ,go listen to ,brougher2 ,and seven days weekly ,obey ,mammon meekly4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,teachers' ,,soviets ,it is the thesis of the business men who run our educational system that the schools are factories1 and the children raw material1 to be turned out thoroughly standardized1 of the same size and shape1 like biscuits or sausages4 ,to these business men the teachers are servants1 or 8hands10 whose duty is the same as in any other factory--to obey orders1 and mind their own business1 and be respectful to their superiors4 ,whenever by any chance teachers dare to have ideas of their own1 or especially to ask for higher wages1 these teachers are treated precisely as we have seen labor unions treated by the ,black ,hand of ,southern ,california4 ,in #aiaf and #aiag1 something happened which shook the teachers of ,los ,angeles into action2 their wages were suddenly cut to about forty per cent of what they had been before4 ,or1 to put it in the more common formula1 the cost of everything the teachers had to buy with their money increased a hundred and thirty per cent2 and meantime their wages remained as in #aiad4 ,they were unable to live1 and fifty-six per cent of them were forced to do additional outside work4 ,so the teachers' associations began a salary campaign1 which for the first time brought them out of the classrooms and into contact with the real life of ,los ,angeles4 ,the campaign lasted intermittently for four or five years1 and the outcome of it was tragedy for the teachers and comedy for the reader4 ,one of the purposes for which ,mrs4 ,dorsey had been made superintendent was to hold the salaries down2 and in her effort to break the resistance of the teachers1 she served notice upon them that they must sign their contracts for the next year before the end of the old term--and this although legally they had until twenty days after the end of the term4 ,she would be very sorry not to see their faces next year1 she told them1 and smiled amiably4 ,when some said that they did not want to return1 her smile was still amiable4 8,you'll be back10 she said4 8,teachers have gone out before this and tried to do something else40 ,the president of the ,city ,teachers' ,club made herself obnoxious by calling a meeting of the teachers for four o'clock one afternoon--that is to say1 after the closing hour of the schools4 ,mrs4 ,dorsey1 desiring to forestall her1 closed the schools at half past one that afternoon4 ,hitherto ,mrs4 ,dorsey had maintained that the schools must never be closed for special occasions2 but now she closed them1 and called the teachers together at half past one to listen to an address of her own4 ,some teachers thought it was her idea that they should be tired out and go home before their own meeting at four o'clock6 ,but the dissatisfaction of the teachers did not abate4 ,a hundred of the best had left1 and three hundred more were refusing to renew their contracts for the coming year2 so the business men realized that some concession had to be made4 ,manifestly1 it would not do to let it come as a result of teacher agitation2 it must be due to the loving concern of business men4 ,mr4 ,sylvester ,weaver1 head of the 8education committee0 of the ,chamber of ,commerce1 was called in1 and he organized a committee of leading citizens1 including ,harry ,haldeman1 president of the ,better ,america ,federation4 ,somebody had 8put over0 on the teachers a publicity agent1 a gentleman with a big cigar in his mouth and a gold watch-chain across his waistcoat4 ,he now advised the teachers to drop their agitation and allow the business men to handle it2 let the grand committee retire and do some grand thinking4 ,so for five weeks the teachers preserved an awed silence4 ,they wanted a flat raise of a thousand dollars a year1 and they proved that this amount was not enough to raise the lowest salary to ante-war standards4 ,the committee1 when it finally emerged from its thinking-bee1 endorsed this demand2 but at once the business men set up a howl--and so ,mr4 ,weaver wrote to the board of education that he regarded the thousand dollars increase for teachers as a great and noble ideal to be worked for--in the course of time6 ,the committee went before the board of supervisors1 which said that it would be impossible for the teachers to have that much money2 the committee went before the board of education1 which said there was no use asking what the supervisors refused4 ,the discontent of the teachers burst into flame again2 the committee retired and did more thinking2 and finally it was announced that the taxpayers of ,los ,angeles intended to perform an act of unprecedented generosity toward the teachers--every single one was to have a raise of three hundred dollars a year6 ,this amount made the average salary just one-half what it was before the war2 and in a month or two rents went up and absorbed most of this4 ,one landlord said to a teacher friend of mine3 8,you've just got a raise1 and ,i'm going to have my share60 ,recently the ,chamber of ,commerce of ,hollywood invited the hungry teachers to a banquet1 and informed them that for the other three hundred and sixty-four days of the year they should learn to live on respect4 ,on the place-cards of the hungry teachers they printed 8,a ,tribute03 ,to the ,teachers of ,tomorrow's ,manhood and ,womanhood3 ,to you1 who bless mankind by the devotion of your lives to a noble vocation1 we declare our gratitude6 ,in your charge we have placed the responsibility of tomorrow1 and your performance of that sacred duty makes us all your debtors4 ,your calling is the highest in the social order2 your reward is the most valued of possessions--respect4 ,the advantage of this salary campaign to the teachers was not the money1 but the education they got4 ,for the first time a few of them began to think about their board of education1 and who was on it1 and why4 ,some even took up the suggestion that the teachers' organizations should affiliate with the ,american ,federation of ,labor4 ,what indignation this excited in our 8open-shop0 city should hardly need telling2 the ,better ,america ,federation set forth its ideas in a two-column advertisement in the newspapers of ,san ,jos3 ,teachers must keep aloof alike from politics and industrial discussions4 ,teachers are beginning to be regarded as wards of the ,state4 ,teachers1 like soldiers1 owe their first and only allegiance to the ,state4 ,the faculty at ,jefferson ,high ,school decided that they would like to hear both sides on this problem of affiliation with labor1 so they made up a questionnaire1 and sent it1 first1 to fifty teachers' organizations which were affiliated with the ,american ,federation of ,labor2 second1 to fifty which were not affiliated2 and third1 to all those which had been affiliated and had withdrawn4 ,this would seem calculated to bring out all sides in the discussion2 but the board of education issued a peremptory order that the procedure should cease4 ,i have a written report of this incident from the teacher who interviewed ,mr4 ,helm1 the banker president of the board4 ,here is one paragraph3 ,mr4 ,helm spoke very decidedly against the committee's right to continue its investigation1 stating that its plans were 8propaganda of the worst sort40 ,he said the board had told the teachers what they 7the teachers7 were to do1 and that was the end of it4 ,he declared there was but one side of the question of injecting anything to do with 8labor0 into any teachers' organization4 ,he said it was impertinence to ask the board what it thought about such a matter1 because it had put itself on record in no uncertain terms4 ,he said the board reflected the 8will of the people0 in this regard4 ,when questioned as to who 8the people0 are1 he replied1 such concerns as the ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association and the ,chamber of ,commerce1 8which are responsible for the upbuilding of the city40 ,he said when it was suggested to have 8that man ,stillman0 7president of the ,american ,federation of ,teachers7 to speak before the teachers at institute1 these representative business men of ,los ,angeles asked1 8,you're not going to permit that1 are you80 ,and he told them1 8,no1 indeed60 ,he remarked that the board expects the teachers to see to it that 8labor0 does not get any recognition in the teaching profession4 ,some of the teachers now decided there ought to be a different sort of people on the school board1 and they called in a group of liberal citizens to their help4 ,a committee met1 and a representative ticket was nominated1 and a house-to-house campaign was carried on4 ,the ,black ,hand opposed it1 but not very ardently--a circumstance which would have awakened the suspicion of the teachers1 if they had not been so new to public life4 ,the entire 8teachers' ticket10 as it was called1 was elected in the spring of #aiba2 and to the consternation of the poor teachers1 two of the members resigned1 and three others went over to the ,black ,hand1 and so the board was deadlocked three to three1 and nothing could be done4 ,the board spent the rest of its term arguing over the choosing of a seventh member4 ,the three liberal members had one candidate1 ,dr4 ,oxnam1 a public-minded clergyman2 while the three ,black ,hand members brought in a new candidate every week1 until they had suggested most of the ,tories in ,southern ,california4 ,their favorite candidate was a brother-in-law of ,harry ,chandler of the 8,times02 and after him they had three ex-presidents of the ,chamber of ,commerce6 ,one of the guiding thoughts of the liberal campaign had been that teachers know something about teaching4 ,they now prepared a timid proposal for a 8,teachers' ,advisory ,council10 to consult with the superintendent and the assistants as to the welfare of the children and the schools4 ,such councils exist in many cities in ,america1 and the teachers of ,los ,angeles thought their plan would be welcomed by their new 8liberal0 board of education4 ,so little did they understand the methods of the ,black ,hand6 ,one morning the 8,times0 came out with a frightful story1 all the way across several columns2 there was an underground conspiracy among the teachers of ,los ,angeles to establish a 8teachers' soviet06 ,a group of blood-thirsty 8,reds0 were scheming to take control of the schools from the duly elected board of education1 and have the taxpayers' money spent and administered by labor unions6 ,one of the teachers who was active in this movement1 and who in a long editorial was branded as a dangerous 8radical10 was ,miss ,wilhelmina ,van de ,goorberg4 ,this1 as you will note1 is a terrifying foreign-sounding name2 but it wasn't foreign enough for the 8,times10 which made it ,von instead of ,van4 ,this lady's parents came from ,holland when she was a child1 and the 8,times0 staff know her very well2 but they changed her from innocent ,dutch into devilish ,prussian6 ,the ,black ,hand was sending ,colonel ,andrew ,copp1 whose ideas on education we have learned1 to denounce the 8teachers' soviets0 before the ,city ,club and the ,woman's ,city ,club4 ,the ,chamber of ,commerce resolved to make an 8impartial investigation0 of the question1 and appointed a committee1 and a teacher was invited to appear before it to defend the new idea4 ,two teachers went1 and found ,colonel ,copp on hand4 ,the teachers were permitted to speak briefly1 and then they were questioned1 in tones that might have been used to naughty pupils4 8,suppose the board of education refuses to carry out the orders of your teachers' councils1 what are you going to do then80--and so on4 ,colonel ,copp spoke at length1 making a series of false statements2 after which he packed up his papers and marched out1 refusing to answer a single question4 ,the chairman declared the meeting adjourned1 without permitting the teachers even to deny the falsehoods6 ,this was a regular habit of ,colonel ,copp1 it appears2 a group of high school teachers interviewed him after one of his addresses1 and pointed out to him a number of flat misstatements he had made4 ,he said he would 8investigate02 but a day or two later he repeated the misstatements1 and refused to correct them4 ,when a teacher asked him how he could do such a thing1 he turned his back upon her4 ,for months the 8,times0 continued its denunciations of the 8teachers' soviets02 and1 of course1 they succeeded in crushing the hydra-headed monster4 ,there come a hundred thousand new people into this community every year1 and these people know nothing about local matters except what they read in the 8,times40 ,when the 8,times0 tells them day after day that there is a band of secret conspirators1 in sympathy with ,moscow1 trying to undermine the school system and destroy the morals of the children1 they really believe it1 and go to the polls and make their little 8x0 marks on the ballot1 according to the pattern set before them in the 8,times06 ,and so it is that four thousand highly trained experts are denied all opportunity to have effective say concerning the education of the children4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,a ,,prayer ,,for ,,freedom ,there is an election of the school board in ,los ,angeles every two years4 ,the ,black ,hand laid their plans to elect a complete board in the spring of #aibc2 they went at the job in grim earnest1 sparing neither trouble nor expense1 and the story of what they did reads like a chapter from a muckraking novel4 ,the ruling group held a series of meetings3 ,harry ,chandler of the 8,times02 8,eddie0 ,dickson of the 8,express10 evening newspaper of the ,black ,hand2 ,captain ,fredericks1 congressman-elect of the ,black ,hand2 ,harry ,haldeman1 president of the ,better ,america ,federation2 ,e4 ,p4 ,clark1 proprietor of one of our biggest hotels1 and principal financial backer of the ,better ,america ,federation--these and half a dozen others constituted themselves 8the ,committee of ,one ,thousand0 for the purpose of electing a 8citizens' ticket0 of seven members for the school board4 ,a little later they decided to expand into 8the ,committee of ,ten ,thousand0--this in spite of the fact that at no one of their meetings were they able to collect more than thirty-seven people6 ,their ticket comprised an assortment of hard-boiled reactionaries4 ,at the top of the list stood ,jerry ,muma1 their most active representative on the previous board4 ,mr4 ,muma runs a big insurance business2 and just as the campaign was getting under way there was made public the affidavit of a prominent architect in the city1 to the effect that ,mr4 ,f4 ,o4 ,bristol1 agent for ,muma and likewise a candidate for the school board1 had come to the architect soliciting insurance1 and pointing out that ,jerry ,muma1 as head of the building committee of the school board1 controlled much valuable business of an architectural nature4 8,mr4 ,muma believes in reciprocity10 said ,mr4 ,bristol1 significantly4 ,this affidavit caused the ,black ,hand to take ,jerry ,muma from the head of its ticket2 but they left ,mr4 ,bristol6 ,also they left on their ticket ,mr4 ,frederick ,feitshans1 president of the ,los ,angeles ,desk ,company1 in spite of the fact that this gentleman admitted to a committee of the teachers that he was at present selling many thousands of dollars' worth of furniture to the schools of ,los ,angeles1 and that while under the law he could not sell it to the schools after he became a member of the board1 there was nothing to prevent his selling it to an agent1 and this agent selling it to the schools4 ,as reward for ,mr4 ,feitshans' refinement of sensibility1 the gang members of the old board did their best to jam through a contract with the ,los ,angeles ,desk ,company for seventeen thousand dollars' worth of furniture before the new board came in6 ,also1 there was ,mrs4 ,lucia ,macbeth1 wife of the vice-president and general manager of our biggest cement company--and this with fourteen million dollars' worth of new buildings to be handled by the new board6 ,a terrible discovery concerning ,mrs4 ,macbeth came out during the campaign3 she smoked cigarettes6 ,she admitted this to a committee of clergymen who visited her1 but promised that if she were elected to the board she would give up smoking2 and naturally the church people of ,los ,angeles could not lose such an opportunity to bring a lost sheep into the fold4 ,also1 there was ,mr4 ,odell1 a lawyer1 one of the members of the old board1 who had voted 8right10 and who1 as a ,mason1 brought many votes2 a retired hay and grain merchant1 who stated naively to the committee of teachers that he was tired of playing golf and wanted something to do2 the wife of a real estate and insurance man2 and another lawyer1 who represented the bond house of ,mr4 ,babcock1 the gentleman who was selected by ,captain ,fredericks as campaign manager to put this reactionary school ticket into office4 ,mr4 ,babcock's firm got the handling of several millions of the school bonds2 and this firm sends out literature1 signed by ,mr4 ,babcock1 attacking government ownership1 and advising the public to put its money into private enterprises4 ,so you see how ,big ,business and the schools tie up6 ,on this board almost every kind of interest which preys on the school system was boldly represented2 and to elect it every power the ,black ,hand could wield1 both inside and outside the system1 was wielded1 and every slander that could be whispered concerning the opposition was spread upon the front page of the 8,times40 8,no politics in the schools60 runs the formula2 which means1 quite simply1 that no one must oppose the ,black ,hand4 ,the rumor was spread that the 8teachers' board0 was pledged to oust ,mrs4 ,dorsey2 and so for every teacher the issue was one of 8loyalty to the chief40 ,many were intimidated--,i know one teacher who was told by her principal that if she gave out literature for the 8teachers' ticket0 she would be summoned before the grand jury6 ,others were bought with promises of promotion--the system is honeycombed with intrigue of that sort4 ,the principals' clubs went boldly into politics1 cheered on by the 8,times0 and the 8,express40 ,one school director1 a pet of ,mrs4 ,dorsey1 used the school time and the school's long distance telephone for a whole day calling the ,masons in the school system to a meeting at which they were told how to vote4 ,i have before me a letter from a school principal telling me how a certain political woman came to him1 offering him1 in exchange for his support in the gang1 a written promise of a high school principalship4 ,this offer was turned down and the principal wrote his wife1 who owns a dairy3 8,keep the cows4 ,we may need them40 ,in apologizing for telling so much about the harbor strike1 ,i promised to prove that the same men who smashed this strike were running the school system of ,los ,angeles1 and smashing the teachers4 ,now comes the proof4 ,as it happened1 the campaign for the election of the school board was going on all through the harbor strike and the formation of our ,civil ,liberties ,union2 and among the few who came forward to stand for this union was the ,reverend ,g4 ,bromley ,oxnam1 pastor of the ,church of ,all ,nations1 and candidate for the school board on the 8teachers' ticket40 ,at our first mass meeting of protest1 held in ,los ,angeles three days after the release of ,hopkins1 ,hardyman1 ,kimbrough and myself1 ,mr4 ,oxnam was asked to lead the singing of 8,america0 and to open the proceedings with a prayer4 ,this he did2 and so all the fury of the enemy was turned upon him4 ,the kept preachers of the ,black ,hand denounced him from their pulpits1 and also before the ,ministerial ,union1 and before the ,city ,club4 ,nothing more was needed to defeat a candidate for the school board than to associate him with ,upton ,sinclair1 notorious ,socialist and muckraker4 ,day after day the 8,times0 pounded upon this theme1 both in editorials and in news4 ,the ,better ,america ,federation circulated alleged stenographic transcripts of speeches by ,mr4 ,oxnam1 which 8transcripts0 were made up in their own offices1 and were the opposite of ,mr4 ,oxnam's beliefs4 ,understand1 ,mr4 ,oxnam was not the head of this ticket2 he was only one of seven4 ,but from the day he stood upon the ,civil ,liberties platform1 the ticket became the 8,oxnam ticket10 and his candidacy was an effort of ,upton ,sinclair and the 8soviets0 to take possession of the schools4 ,all the minor organizations of the ,black ,hand1 the business clubs1 the women's organizations1 the little educational bosses--all these adopted resolutions denouncing the conspiracy to turn the schools of the city over to the 8,reds40 ,there is very good reason to believe that the praying of a prayer for the ,constitution of the ,united ,states not merely cost ,mr4 ,oxnam his election to the school board1 but cost his associates their election as well4 ,so1 at the risk of making my story too long1 ,i print the prayer that ,mr4 ,oxnam prayed1 and that a stenographer took down for his protection3 ,our ,father1 we lift our voices to ,thee in ,thanksgiving4 ,we are thankful that ,thou hast created us thinking beings4 ,we are thankful that we are not mere automatons1 but that ,thou hast given to us freedom of choice1 and that in large measure our own destiny and that of our brothers lies in our own hands4 ,we pray ,thee1 that just as ,thou hast granted to us the right to think and to speak1 so too we may grant to our citizens the right to think and to speak1 to the end that that glorious day may come at last when all men share the abundant life ,jesus of ,nazareth died to bring to men4 ,give to us1 we pray1 the spirit of tolerance4 ,may we be willing to listen to our brother with whom we disagree4 ,but ,o ,god1 as we pray for tolerance1 we pray too that we may be men of conviction4 ,give to us an open mind1 but give us also the strength to stand for our convictions even if it take a ,calvary ,cross to win them4 ,may we never bow the knee before insolent might4 ,help us to be tender and just1 loving and righteous1 never turning aside from the needy4 ,give to us that virtue that was ,christ's--forgiveness4 ,may we even love those who despitefully use us4 ,keep before us ever the example of the ,one who was despised and rejected of men1 yet who could pray forgiveness for those who crucified him4 ,we thank ,thee for ,america1 her traditions1 her history1 her place in the world4 ,we thank ,thee for our forefathers who won for us the liberties we so easily inherit4 ,give to us their spirit4 ,fire us with the desire to bring to men the ideals for which they died4 ,give us ,life1 give us ,liberty1 give us ,happiness4 ,give us the strength to stand for ,life1 and ,liberty1 and ,happiness4 ,we thank ,thee for the ,constitution of our ,republic4 ,we thank ,thee that the people united to establish justice1 to insure domestic tranquility1 and promote the general welfare4 ,may we stand worthy of them today4 ,give to us the courage today to stand as ,americans insisting upon the maintenance of those principles upon which our ,republic was founded4 ,in ,christ's name we ask it4 ,amen4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,price ,,of ,,independence ,there has existed for the past twenty years inside the school system a secret oath-bound society of the school men known as the 8,owls10 whose members pledged themselves to consider first the interests of this group4 ,they served the ,southern ,pacific ,railroad in the old days when this machine ran the state2 they now serve the ,santa ,f ,railroad and the ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association and the ,chamber of ,commerce and the ,better ,america ,federation1 and the other organizations of the ,black ,hand4 ,for twenty years the system had one man1 an assistant superintendent named ,lickley1 who declined to join this society4 ,he had also refused to make the various anti-social pledges which the ,better ,america ,federation has required of every candidate for the school board and of every school official4 ,in the #aiba election ,mrs4 ,dorsey pleaded with ,dr4 ,lickley1 advising him 8as a mother0 not to support the 8teachers' ticket40 ,he supported it2 and so in the interests of 8harmony0 it was necessary that he be driven out of the system4 ,the intrigue against him came to a head during the election campaign1 and became an issue in this campaign4 ,in telling the story1 ,i have to devote two paragraphs to some ,los ,angeles school principals4 ,i apologize for taking up your time with people you never heard of before1 and will never want to hear of again4 ,but you will find1 as we go on1 that the school system of ,america is one system2 when you read about school principals in ,los ,angeles1 you will be learning about school principals in every other big ,american city4 ,also1 ,i would suggest that if men are important enough to be put in charge of your children1 they ought to be important enough for you to know about4 ,in the course of ,dr4 ,lickley's duties it became necessary for him to consider charges against a principal by the name of ,doyle4 ,seven witnesses made affidavit that this principal had kept liquor in the school building1 contrary to law2 that he had offered them this liquor1 and that his habits were generally known to the students1 and were a cause of demoralization in the school4 ,it was testified that this liquor had been brought to ,doyle by ,italian boys1 whose parents were making it1 and that these boys had thus obtained immunity from school duties and from punishment4 ,it was also testified that he had knocked down ,david ,rutberg1 a fourteen-year-old ,jewish boy1 by striking him in the eye4 ,it was further charged that ,doyle1 while principal of an evening school1 took other teachers away from their classes and spent the time with them gambling in the basement4 ,for this and other reasons ,dr4 ,lickley recommended ,doyle for dismissal4 ,we may complete this part of the story by stating that ,mrs4 ,dorsey and her school board have blocked every effort for a hearing of these charges4 ,doyle is still in the system1 and the board has jumped him over two entire divisions1 and elected him principal of one of the biggest schools in the city4 ,when this caused a scandal1 the men who had made the charges against ,doyle were summoned to the superintendent's office1 and efforts were made to browbeat them into withdrawing their sworn statements4 ,immediately after ,dr4 ,lickley's action in the ,doyle case1 charges of insubordination and disloyalty to the system were preferred against ,dr4 ,lickley by ,doyle and others4 ,i will list these others3 first1 a man named ,lacy1 whom ,dr4 ,lickley had dropped from the principalship of a school upon the charge that he had come to school in a state of intoxication1 that he was unable to perform his duties1 and that he had misappropriated the funds of the ,schoolmasters' ,club4 ,next1 one ,cronkite1 who1 according to ,dr4 ,lickley1 was demoted from the position of supervisor1 because of 8incompetence1 laziness and objectionable conduct to other members of the department40 ,next1 a principal named ,mc,knight1 who1 according to ,dr4 ,lickley1 left the principalship of one school because of 8serious and reprehensible misconduct40 ,next1 one ,dunlap1 who was charged by ,dr4 ,lickley with having stolen public property2 also with having carried on a private business as insurance agent in school and in the board of education offices1 urging the employes under his supervision 8to buy insurance1 oil stocks1 automobiles1 real estate1 etc40 ,another man1 ,i am told1 had been disciplined by his ,masonic brothers for taking a woman upstate with him4 ,another was turned out of a night school because the young women teachers would not stand his conduct toward them2 he was put in charge of the jail night school--it being apparently assumed that such pupils would not be troubled by his morals4 ,during the campaign the men under charges were in conference with ,mrs4 ,dorsey1 enjoying her confidence and carrying out her plans4 ,i want to make clear my own position as regards the matter3 ,i do not say that these charges are true2 ,i say that they have been published by responsible persons1 and that neither ,mrs4 ,dorsey nor her school board have cared enough about the good name of the schools to answer the charges or bring the men to trial4 ,mr4 ,herbert ,clark1 recently promoted by ,mrs4 ,dorsey1 came to ,mr4 ,bettinger with a proposition3 they had 8got the goods0 on ,lickley2 they wanted to take him out and put in one of their own gang2 they would let him stay as an assistant1 but with minor duties2 and if ,mr4 ,bettinger would consent to this program1 they would make him the next superintendent of schools in ,los ,angeles4 ,mr4 ,bettinger refused1 and then the gang took the charges before the ,municipal ,league1 which asked to have them in writing1 and to have them sworn to2 but instead of doing this1 the gang induced a poor old lady to bring the charges before the county board of education1 asking that ,dr4 ,lickley's license as a teacher be revoked4 ,the old lady had understood that the charges would be secret--but whiff6 they were spread out in the 8,times06 ,this county board was a gang affair--two of them members of the 8,owls10 one of them the brother of an old ,southern ,pacific ,railroad henchman1 who ran the recent ,water ,power campaign for the ,black ,hand4 ,a third member was the father of ,lacy1 one of ,dr4 ,lickley's accusers6 ,in the course of the election campaign1 this accuser went to a meeting of the ,los ,angeles ,city ,teachers' ,club1 and started to speak4 ,his right to speak was challenged1 because he was not a member2 whereupon he paid his fee1 received his membership card1 and made his speech4 ,it proved to be a series of false statements concerning ,dr4 ,oxnam--that ,oxnam had been in jail recently1 and that he had been barred from speaking in the city of ,long ,beach4 ,some of the teachers objected1 and succeeded in silencing ,lacy1 until ,oxnam could appear to answer the charges4 ,oxnam wrote1 demanding that ,lacy produce his evidence1 and challenging ,lacy to appear at the next meeting of the teachers4 ,lacy declined to appear1 whereupon the ,teachers' ,club expelled him4 ,there were two sets of charges against ,dr4 ,lickley1 one set of which they published1 and the other of which they whispered4 ,they had been shadowing him with detectives for years2 they had followed him on train journeys and steamer trips1 and wherever he drove in his automobile4 ,sometimes there were as many as four people devoting their attention to him2 one of these men got drunk and admitted that he was shadowing ,dr4 ,lickley for the gang4 ,they were trying to get what they call a 8woman story0 on him2 as we go from city to city you will find this such a common device of the ,black ,hand that you will learn to take it for granted4 ,the ,lickley stories served their purpose--of helping to beat the 8teachers' ticket40 ,the candidates of the gang were elected without exception1 and ,dr4 ,oxnam came out next to the bottom of the poll4 ,the charges against ,dr4 ,lickley were dismissed1 on motion of the attorney for the opposition2 whereupon ,superintendent ,dorsey informed ,dr4 ,lickley that if he still stayed in the system she would put him in a solitary room in the ,grand ,avenue ,school1 with curtailed duties1 without a stenographer1 and without even a telephone4 ,it happens that ,dr4 ,lickley is a lawyer1 and can earn far more at his profession than he was getting in the school system4 ,he had before him a long and nasty fight1 with the cards stacked against him4 ,he tendered his resignation1 which the new board accepted4 ,some maintain that he should have stayed and fought it out4 ,suffice it to say that one of the factors upon which the ,black ,hand counts1 when it puts its scandal bureau to work1 is the probability that men of refinement will choose to go their own way as private citizens1 in preference to having slanders about them published in the newspapers4 ,if you take that to mean that ,dr4 ,lickley was guilty and ran away1 all ,i can answer is what ,mr4 ,bettinger tells me2 that he rented a room in the upper part of his home to a typist1 who1 hearing him speak of ,dr4 ,lickley1 remarked3 8,why1 ,i typed all the reports of the people who investigated his life2 he didn't do anything wrong40 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,regime ,,of ,,reciprocity ,we now have the ,black ,hand in undisputed control of the school system of ,los ,angeles2 their seven dyed-in-the-wool reactionaries meet1 frequently in secret session1 and carry out the will of their masters4 ,let us see what this means for the schools1 the teachers1 the children1 and the public4 ,first of all1 graft3 it means that the handling of twelve million dollars a year is in the hands of people who have no conception of any other ideal in life but that of money-making4 ,they would1 of course1 deny this indignantly2 while denying it1 they will be teaching the children in the economics classes that pecuniary self-seeking is the only principle upon which a civilization can be built4 ,they will be glorifying greed by high-sounding phrases1 such as 8individualism10 8laissez-faire10 8freedom of contract02 they will be ridiculing any other ideal as 8utopian10 the product of 8theorists0 and 8dreamers40 ,here are more than nine hundred school buildings1 and the system has never had a real building expert4 ,the best architects in the city do not trouble to bid upon school buildings2 they know that these contracts go to those who1 in the phrase of ,jerry ,muma1 8believe in reciprocity40 ,the whole business system of the schools is antiquated and tied up in red tape1 all of which is sacred because it represents somebody's privilege4 ,the #aiba board ordered a business survey of the schools1 employing the financial expert of the ,state ,board of ,control2 a minute and detailed report on the school system was made--and was turned down and suppressed by the gang4 ,quite recently ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,hansen1 purchasing agent for the schools1 resigned his position1 stating that the system was 8an institutional mad-house02 all his efforts to save money for the taxpayer had been thwarted by the business manager4 ,mr4 ,hansen had wished to go out and develop additional sources of supply1 as the purchasing agent of any commercial organization would do4 ,he went directly to the manufacturers of ink-wells and saved from thirty to forty per cent4 ,he cut the price of waste-baskets from #i4fj to #f4he a dozen2 and so on through a long list of savings4 ,but you see1 if you go directly to the manufacturers1 you cut off the profits of jobbers and wholesalers1 and these are prominent members of the ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association1 who 8believe in reciprocity0 and 8the encouragement of home industry40 ,when you buy from novelty houses for #ch4jj calendars which the local dealers are selling for #ajj1 you are causing unemployment for a bookkeeper in ,los ,angeles1 who keeps track of this transaction for the local business men4 ,still worse heresy1 when you go to ,san ,francisco and buy reed for #a4ej which costs #c4ec in ,los ,angeles1 you are boosting the most bitter rival of our ,city of the ,black ,angels4 ,when you buy lubricating oil for twenty-seven and a half cents a gallon1 which meets the test better than that which the city has been getting for fifty-four cents a gallon1 you have some oil men on your neck4 ,mr4 ,hansen had a long fight with his superiors before he was even permitted to sign his own letters asking for prices in transactions such as this4 ,mr4 ,hansen insisted upon getting competitive bids for the supplying of colored crayons4 ,the business manager told him to 8lay off this02 the city had been using ,prang's crayons1 and there was none so good4 ,the bid on ,prang's water colors had been forty dollars2 when the competition started it came down to twenty-five2 there were other brands offered for eighteen1 and the art supervisor of the schools made tests1 and could find no difference in quality between them4 ,the old board split on this issue--the members of the 8teachers' ticket0 stood out1 trying to save the taxpayers #a1bjd4jg on this single purchase4 ,the new board is now in1 the city is paying the higher prices1 and somebody is getting the 8rake-off40 ,and yet1 in spite of this orgy of spending1 the teachers cannot get supplies4 ,i have before me the ,los ,angeles 8,school ,journal0 for ,october #bd1 #aiba1 giving a report of a committee of teachers which had been appointed to investigate the question of school supplies4 ,here are six pages of closely printed details1 covering every sort of school material4 ,some forty or fifty teachers testify4 ,no one knows when supplies ordered will be received1 the time is usually from six months to a year4 ,tissue paper was 8called for repeatedly for two years4 ,first amount received one year ago40 ,desks ordered in the spring of #aiah had not been received two and a half years later4 ,half a class in agriculture was idle1 because garden tools were missing eleven months after ordering4 ,text-books in ,english for the teacher's desk received 8sometimes six months later1 sometimes a year40 ,again1 8,i have been asking for bookkeeping desks for five years40 ,i talked with the head of a department1 who had kept a careful record1 and had never got supplies in less than six months1 and sometimes had waited two years and a half4 ,there were some repairs to be done to laboratory tables1 and application for this work was made in the spring1 so that it could be done during the summer vacation4 ,in the fall1 after school had started1 along came the carpenters and the painters to do this work4 ,said this teacher3 8,the city was paying me fifteen dollars a day to teach two hundred pupils1 and then it paid another fifteen dollars a day to workmen to keep me from teaching the pupils40 ,all this is petty graft2 and the thing that really counts is ,big ,business1 which is not considered graft4 ,this board has the placing of magnificent new high schools which the city is building for the children of the rich1 and which determine the population and price of real estate for whole districts4 ,it goes without saying that these schools are put where the active speculators want them2 three such schools are now going up in districts where there is practically no population at present4 ,meanwhile the old1 unsanitary fire-traps in the slums are left overcrowded and without repairs4 ,they have passed a regulation districting the city1 and compelling the children to attend school in their own district4 ,the children of the poor may not travel and attend the schools of the rich6 ,this year there are no schools at all for many of the children of the poor1 and sixty thousand of them are on part time4 ,the reason for this is the ceaseless campaign of ,big ,business to starve the schools4 ,in the columns of the 8,times0 you will read that the 8,times0 is a friend of the schools2 but the teachers noted that this did not keep the 8,times0 from backing the treacherous program of the 8,taxpayers' ,protective ,association10 which lobbied through the state legislature the notorious ,bill #ajac1 which forbade any community to increase its tax rate more than five per cent over that of the year before4 ,the lobbyists of the association solemnly assured the teachers' representatives at the state capital that this bill would not in any way affect the schools1 and so they let it get by4 ,then1 to their consternation1 the teachers discovered that it would completely hamstring the schools6 ,the tax rate of the previous year had been unusually low1 because there had been a surplus2 now1 under this new law1 most of the schools would have to close down4 ,the teachers got busy and circulated petitions1 and defeated this law by referendum4 ,then the ,taxpayers' ,protective ,association tried to throw out the referendum1 and the teachers had to pay an attorney a thousand dollars of their own money to argue the case before the ,supreme ,court4 ,you will not be surprised to hear that the principal backer of this ,taxpayers' ,protective ,association is ,mr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,clark1 principal backer of the ,better ,america ,federation2 in other words1 the association is simply one of the aliases of the ,black ,hand6 ,and now this ,black ,hand has elected its own governor of the state1 on a program of 8economy10 which means the starving of every form of public welfare activity4 ,the school appropriations have been cut to such an extent that the teachers' colleges are crippled and the whole system is in despair4 ,you see1 what money ,california has to spare just now must go into a new state penitentiary here in the ,south2 the ,black ,hand is planning more campaigns against 8suspicion of criminal syndicalism40 ,a couple of months ago1 while ,i sat in my cell at the ,wilmington police-station1 my fellow prisoner1 ,hugh ,hardyman1 quoted a remark3 8,i would rather be in jail laying the foundations of liberty than at liberty laying the foundations of jails40 ,in ,california you take your choice between these two4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,spy ,,system ,it goes without saying that in such a school system promotion goes by favoritism4 ,the system of examining and grading teachers at the present time is a farce4 ,these examinations are partly written1 partly oral1 and partly references2 the references are submitted as confidential1 and one of the assistant superintendents marks them1 without any assistance4 ,so far as the oral examinations are concerned1 it is purely a question of getting before an examiner who is your friend4 ,mrs4 ,dorsey1 the superintendent1 will say3 8,send ,so-and-so to my committee02 and it will be done4 ,mr4 ,bettinger1 while assistant superintendent1 discovered that the deputy superintendent was giving the clerk a list of names of those who were to be passed as favored by people of influence4 ,he tells me how later on ,jerry ,muma1 at that time 8boss0 of the board1 came to him with a friend whose daughter desired to take the examination for high school teacher4 ,mr4 ,bettinger explained the routine2 the examination must be taken in such and such a way1 etc4 ,but ,mr4 ,muma was not satisfied4 ,he said that he had heard these matters could be arranged more expeditiously4 ,finding that ,mr4 ,bettinger did not take the hint1 he said3 8,wait a minute10 and went out4 ,he was gone five minutes1 and came back1 saying3 8,it will be all right2 ,mr4 ,shafer 7an assistant7 will have this young woman come before him40 ,mr4 ,muma1 you remember1 is the dealer in life insurance who 8believes in reciprocity40 ,mrs4 ,dorsey is a very devout church member1 and the churches are strong in her support2 so when a woman teacher came to her1 complaining of having been seduced by the principal of her school1 ,mrs4 ,dorsey was greatly incensed4 ,when the teacher's story was substantiated by the wife of the principal1 ,mrs4 ,dorsey--so ,i am informed by ,dr4 ,lickley--summoned the man to her office and demanded his resignation4 ,but she had been led in her excitement to overlook the realities of politics in her school system4 ,this principal had a powerful friend1 an ex-judge who was high in the councils of the ,black ,hand4 ,he called on ,mrs4 ,dorsey and presumably explained to her the concrete facts about the administration of schools4 ,anyhow1 the matter was suddenly dropped2 and ,mrs4 ,dorsey has just been presented with a reappointment for four years1 with a salary raise from eight thousand to ten thousand a year4 ,the thing for which ,i indict this elderly lady superintendent is her pitiable subservience to the power of wealth1 and the glorifying of commercialism in her school system4 ,she has made the schools a 8boosting0 agency for reaction2 it would be no exaggeration to say that she has handed them over to the bankers to be used as a collection agency to get the children's money4 ,one teacher tells me how her principal came back in great excitement from a meeting of principals summoned by ,mrs4 ,dorsey1 at which the details of a 8thrift campaign0 had been explained4 ,all the children must start savings banks at once2 the ,chamber of ,commerce was furnishing the banks1 also posters1 which must be put up in every schoolroom4 ,some time later the principal came into a room much disturbed2 there was no poster up in that room1 and what was the matter8 ,the teacher explained that the wind had blown it down2 it had been up for two months4 ,the principal fussed about1 and would not leave until it had been tacked up again4 ,the children were hounded to start their bank accounts2 some were taken out and paraded around the block1 with banners reporting the percentages of bank accounts in each class4 ,the teachers also were hounded2 you were a failure if your children did not reach a certain percentage4 ,a man from the bankers' association came around to make a speech3 8,the principal is going to give you a bank2 the superintendent expects that every one of you will have a dollar saved up40 ,and every month there was a bulletin from ,mrs4 ,dorsey4 ,meantime the bankers' association1 in the literature it sent out1 was explaining that it was spending more than one dollar per child upon this school campaign1 but it would pay well1 because the children would get the bank habit4 ,mrs4 ,dorsey has a formula of subservience which she is accustomed to repeat to her teachers and subordinates3 8,we must please the business men1 otherwise they will not vote the bonds to keep our schools going40 ,that she has grounds for her fears was shown by the statement of ,mr4 ,edwards1 self-appointed financial boss of the school board4 ,the teachers and the public were demanding a fifteen-million-dollar bond issue for new schools2 but when the proposition came before the board1 it had been changed to nine millions1 and ,mr4 ,edwards' explanation was simple3 the heads of the ,chamber of ,commerce had drawn a line through the fifteen and made it nine6 8,that's what we'll vote just now10 they said2 and as a result of those strokes of the pencil1 sixty thousand children are now condemned to part-time instruction6 ,if you think this a matter of small importance1 let me tell you of one teacher who had a class of incorrigible children4 ,out of nineteen boys1 seventeen confessed to her that they had burglarized houses or stores4 ,the ages of these boys were from thirteen to sixteen1 and in the majority of cases their mothers had been compelled by poverty to go to work outside the home4 ,the boys would take the money they stole and go to beach resorts1 and spend it all in one night4 ,these boys had had three years of half-day school sessions1 and told the teacher that they had started their careers of crime while turned out on the streets instead of being in school4 ,as ,i finish this book1 ,mrs4 ,dorsey issues a bulletin1 informing all teachers that the schools are to celebrate a 8,chamber of ,commerce ,week40 ,it is solemnly ordered that 8children of the first five grades write to their father or guardian a letter on some phase of the work of the local ,chamber of ,commerce1 or on the benefits to the city of the activities of that organization02 and teachers of all other grades shall 8use the functions1 activities1 or achievements of the local ,chamber of ,commerce as suggestions for themes and orations4 ,pamphlets dealing with the activities of the ,los ,angeles ,chamber of ,commerce will be placed in the mail-boxes4 ,the co-operation of principals and teachers is urged40 ,i have before me a copy of the pamphlet in question4 ,the ,chamber of ,commerce1 which cut the school appropriation from fifteen million to nine million dollars1 and put sixty thousand children on part time1 now has the effrontery to state to all school teachers and pupils3 8,the ,los ,angeles ,chamber of ,commerce has worked for every bond issue asked for by the ,board of ,education1 until now the city has more than #ijj public school buildings for its #agf1jjj children40 ,upon learning of this 8,chamber of ,commerce ,week10 the ,american ,civil ,liberties ,union hastened to apply to the board for a 8,civil ,liberties ,week10 and in a written statement afforded the board many reasons for making the children acquainted with the importance of protecting civil liberties4 ,it goes without saying that the ,board of ,education of the ,black ,hand made haste to vote down this riotous proposition2 and likewise another for a 8union labor week40 ,of course there has been1 and is1 a campaign of terrorism to drive out the few rebel teachers from the system4 ,one high school principal was told by ,judge ,bordwell that he would be promoted if he would remove several teachers accused of liberal ideas4 ,when the principal said they were good teachers1 the ,judge said3 8,can't you get something on their morals80 ,that the ,black ,hand directs spying by the school children on their teachers is something you do not have to take my word for2 you may take the word of ,mr4 ,harry ,haldeman1 president of the ,better ,america ,federation4 ,speaking at a banquet given by his supporters in the ,alexandria ,hotel in ,los ,angeles1 ,mr4 ,haldeman said in substance3 investigators have been placed in various schools and colleges in this state and throughout the ,united ,states1 whose business it is to take note of the utterances of teachers1 professors1 or students1 and report to the headquarters of the ,federation4 ,if any utterances are reported which are not to the liking of the ,federation1 means will be taken to have the teachers or professors discharged4 ,so far as the students are concerned1 they will be shown the error of their ways4 ,if they prove obstinate and fail to take heed1 steps are to be taken to prevent their getting employment4 ,and if you should find any of these statements incredible1 let me add that ,mr4 ,haldeman made the same speech in many other places2 he made it at the ,st4 ,francis ,hotel in ,san ,francisco1 and you will find in 8,the ,goose-,step0 what the ,san ,francisco 8,call0 published about it4 ,they control the board1 the superintendents1 the teachers1 and the pupils2 they even control the parents4 ,for twenty years ,los ,angeles has had an excellent group of organizations called ,parent-,teachers' ,associations2 the parents come to the school buildings for meetings with the teachers1 to discuss the welfare of the schools4 ,but this machinery has gone the way of everything else--it has been taken over by the ,black ,hand4 ,i talked with a lady who was president of one of these branches1 and saw the whole intrigue from the inside4 ,there are prominent women1 paid agents of the ,better ,america ,federation2 while others are paid by the 8,times0 in the coin of prominence and applause4 ,if you support the politics of the 8,times10 you become 8the distinguished ,mrs4 ,so-and-,so02 your picture is printed1 your speeches are quoted1 and your honors are recited at length4 ,these agents of the ,black ,hand have their plans always laid in advance2 they are aggressive1 they pretend to know the laws and by-laws1 and brush the ordinary parents out of the way4 ,at one of the general meetings of the association they rushed through an endorsement of military training in the schools4 ,there were only thirty or forty people present2 no one had any warning of the program1 nor any opportunity to discuss this important question2 yet next morning this action was announced in the 8,times0 as representing the sentiments of thirty-one thousand parents6 ,one lady1 objecting to this procedure1 brought up a discussion of the matter at her branch2 she proposed that they should have speakers to present both sides of the question4 ,her principal was 8furious0 that she should have brought such a proposition up in his school4 ,in order to prevent the parents from having an effective voice1 they have amended the constitution to read that there shall be 8no interference with the administrative functions of the board of education02 so now1 if there is anything they want to hush up1 they simply call it 8an administrative function of the board of education06 ,in order to keep the teachers from having any voice1 they frequently call the business meetings at hours when the teachers are busy in classroom4 ,one teacher who has spent something like thirty years in the system1 tells me that he has never yet been able to attend a business meeting of the association in his school4 ,the representatives of the school at these meetings are the principals and their office staff4 ,the teachers pay one-third of the dues1 they furnish the bulk of the program work--but they have nothing to say about policy4 8,politics0 is strictly barred2 but1 as everywhere else throughout the system1 this rule works only one way4 ,the associations are forbidden to endorse any candidates2 but during the recent election the 8,times0 announced that they had endorsed the candidates of the ,black ,hand--and when the 8,times0 says a thing1 that thing might as well be true1 because ninety-nine per cent of the public believes it4 ,on another occasion these political women rushed through an endorsement of some of their judges1 and ,mrs4 ,e4 ,j4 ,quale1 the press chairman1 handed in her resignation in protest4 ,the executive board accepted her resignation1 but kept the fact out of the records and out of the newspapers--thus concealing ,mrs4 ,quale's protest from the membership4 8,no politics in the ,p4 ,t4 ,a40 ,it was not 8politics0 when ,harry ,atwood1 author of 8,back to the ,republic10 came to talk about the ,constitution1 and devoted nine-tenths of his time to attacking the initiative and referendum4 ,the 8politics0 began when some one ventured to ask for a speaker who was known to favor the initiative4 ,there is an executive committee for the purpose of controlling speakers1 and no one could be permitted to speak unless his name had been approved by this committee4 ,the biggest issue in the state just now is that of public or private control of water power2 the whole future depends upon this1 and to keep the public in darkness concerning it is the one big purpose of the ,black ,hand1 to which all other purposes are subordinated4 ,so in this water power fight the control of the ,parent-,teachers' ,association has been most clearly revealed4 ,in the last election campaign the proposal to issue bonds for public development of water power was beaten by the corporations2 subsequent investigation by the state legislature revealed the fact that the ,southern ,california ,edison ,company1 a private water power corporation1 had contributed #ajg1fje to carry this campaign4 ,they had paid #bf1jjj salary to a campaign manager1 who had formed the 8,women's ,committee of the ,los ,angeles ,taxpayers ,association40 ,he had a professional publicity agent1 a woman1 and 8three or four other ladies who went around making speeches40 ,there was one item of #d1jai for 8special literature10 signed with the name of the 8,women's ,tax and ,bond ,study ,club0--and this1 according to the admission of the campaign manager1 was for circulation among the ,parent-,teachers' ,associations4 ,during the campaign1 the speakers for public ownership were barred2 but now1 by order of the superintendent1 the ,edison ,company is taking its propaganda directly into the schools6 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,lies ,,for ,,children ,needless to say1 those who run this school machine for the ,black ,hand are vigilant to keep modern ideas from the children4 ,they excluded the 8,nation0 and the 8,new ,republic0 from the high school libraries shortly after the war2 and they have recently refused to rescind this action4 ,there was a debate on the subject before the ,friday ,morning ,club1 a ladies' organization1 and ,mrs4 ,chester ,c4 ,ashley1 ex-member of the board of education1 waved before the eyes of the horrified ladies the current issue of the 8,nation10 ,june #f1 #aibc3 let them inspect the cover and see what poison was prepared for the minds of their children3 ,,upton ,,sinclair ,,defends ,,the ,,law ,,his ,,letter ,,to ,,the ,,law-,,breaking ,,chief ,,of ,,police ,,of ,,los ,,angeles ,the ,better ,america ,federation picked out as its text-book of patriotism for the schools a work called 8,vanishing ,landmarks0 by ,leslie ,shaw1 ex-secretary of the treasury1 a comical old ,tory who glorifies the ,constitution as a bulwark of special privilege4 8,only ,socialists1 near ,socialists1 and ,bolsheviki clamor for democracy10 declares ,mr4 ,shaw2 and he says it is wise for representatives of capital to be permitted to organize1 and the only danger begins when federations of unions are formed4 ,incidentally he denounces1 as part of the revolutionary program1 the woman's suffrage amendment6 ,the ,better ,america ,federation spent twenty thousand dollars to put a copy of this book into the hands of every school teacher2 they wanted it adopted as a text-book in all elementary schools--and this in a state where the women have had the ballot for twelve years6 ,as one teacher remarked to me1 the slogan1 8,votes for ,women10 is to be changed to 8,lies for ,children06 ,for the ,pilgrim ,tri-,centennial the ,better ,america ,federation prepared a beautiful text-book for the schools1 full of reactionary propaganda2 this they gave away1 and they had a list of eloquent orators1 also to be given away4 ,then they produced a text-book 8,back to the ,republic10 by ,harry ,atwood1 denouncing the initiative and referendum as treason to our forefathers4 ,the publishers announce this as 8,the ,outstanding ,book of the ,age10 and it was distributed to every teacher4 ,let me quote you a few of its theses3 8,promiscuity1 or free-love1 is to the domestic world what democracy is to government4444 ,what gluttony is to the individual1 democracy is to government4444 ,what drunkenness is to the individual1 democracy is to government4444 ,what discord is to music1 democracy is to government4444 ,what insanity is to thought1 democracy is to government10 etc41 etc4 ,and understand1 this in a text-book6 ,teachers were expected to compel little children to learn this by heart1 and to recite it6 ,next came 8,the ,citadel of ,freedom10 by ,randolph ,leigh1 a product of ,nicholas ,murray ,butler's educational machine4 ,it was written as a ,columbia doctor's thesis1 and is a panegyric of the ,constitution1 in which every reactionary influence in our history is glorified1 and every popular influence sneered at4 ,i have read the galley proofs of this book1 as submitted to the school board of ,los ,angeles1 and they bear at the top the tell-tale label1 8,,times40 ,mr4 ,leigh appeared personally before the board of education1 offering to put a copy of this book into the hands of every student orator4 ,he was backed by a committee1 including ,chandler of the 8,times0 and ,haldeman of the ,better ,america ,federation1 who offered a prize of fifteen hundred dollars1 or 8a de luxe summer tour of the ,mediterranean country10 for the best oration by any high school student using this book and its references as source material4 ,a liberal representative on the school board objected1 saying that the students should have an opportunity to hear both sides4 ,mr4 ,leigh said that he had done all the research work4 ,the board member answered3 8,our students are trained to do their own research work40 ,and ,mrs4 ,dorsey sat there and did not say one word in defense of her school system6 ,reactionary teachers are appointed for the express purpose of repressing originality and independence in the students4 ,what are their standards and ideals was charmingly revealed by one of them who was discussing a certain pupil with a friend of mine4 ,this pupil was a 8leader10 said the teacher2 8,i know she's a good leader--you give her something to do and she'll do it beautifully40 ,the consequences of such training are seen in the so-called 8,ephebian ,society10 an organization formed to interest the high school alumni in public service4 ,the choicest of the high school graduates are picked out each year1 and this is a great honor--while you are graduating4 ,after that you discover it to be a farce2 because the members of the society meet and the authorities in control forbid them to take up any vital subject whatever4 ,the ,ephebians meet in the rooms of the board of education1 and are permitted to spend their time raising money for the ,travelers' ,aid ,society1 or superintending the ,newsboys' ,christmas ,dinner6 ,i talked with this year's president of the society1 ,lee ,payne2 they will never get him again1 he said4 ,this same young man told me of his experiences when he was selected to deliver the valedictory of his class4 ,he asked to have a liberal teacher as his guide1 but was compelled to have a reactionary teacher4 ,she assigned to him a commonplace theme1 and he rejected it1 and wrote on the subject of 8,labor's ,right to a ,share in ,industry40 ,when he brought in his address1 the teacher refused to let him deliver it2 it was 8too ,bolsheviki10 she said1 and told him that when he went into a garden he must see the beautiful red roses1 and not the thorns4 ,she practically rewrote the address for the student1 and he took it off and wrote it again4 ,the controversy continued up to a day or two before commencement1 when the boy finally had to deliver an address which did not represent his own convictions4 ,i have mentioned favoritism among the principals and teachers2 needless to say1 also1 that children who come from poor homes1 and especially the children of foreigners1 are slighted4 ,a boy came to see me1 ,clarence ,alpert by name1 a sensitive lad1 conscientious and idealistic2 with tears in his eyes he told me how he had been turned out of ,lincoln ,high ,school by the principal1 ,miss ,andrus4 ,i was familiar with the name of this lady4 ,in an address to the school assembly she had referred to 8that notorious disloyalist and traitor1 ,upton ,sinclair40 ,i wrote a letter to the lady in which ,i mentioned my support of the war--you may find it in 8,the ,brass ,check10 pages #bje-g4 ,i served notice upon her that she would make a retraction of her statements or face a libel suit1 and she preferred the former alternative4 ,the boy whom she had now expelled had refused to salute the flag4 ,he was a ,socialist1 and believed that the flag stood for capitalism4 ,miss ,andrus sent for him1 and stormed at him2 he was a ,russian ,jew1 and she knew his kind from her experience at ,hull ,house4 ,they were dirty1 rotten scoundrels2 they were people with no ideals and no country2 they were cheap material1 who could not be made into good citizens and were not entitled to an education4 ,miss ,andrus tried her best to get young ,alpert to name some of the teachers who had encouraged him in his ideas2 the boy was threatened with immediate dismissal if he refused to name them1 but in spite of the fact that he had 8no ideals10 he stood firm6 ,finally he was given three days in which to make up his mind and salute the flag4 ,then--so the boy explained to me--one of his teachers labored with him1 explaining to him that he was under a misapprehension about the flag4 ,to be sure it was used by capitalism at the present time1 but that was only because it had been stolen2 in reality the flag stood for the highest ideals ever conceived by mankind1 and it was our business to preserve it for those ideals1 and to take it away from the exploiters and rascals4 ,alpert agreed to that1 and went back to ,miss ,andrus and told her that he had realized his mistake1 and that he was now ready to salute the flag as she required4 ,but she declared that he was a hypocrite and a coward1 and should not stay in the school4 ,i went to a friend of mine1 a wealthy man who happens to be a liberal4 ,he called up a member of the school board1 who went to see ,miss ,andrus2 so in two or three days the boy was restored to school1 from which he has since been graduated4 ,the schools are starting in this fall with what they call 8codified patriotism02 a whole outfit of flummery contrived by the ,american ,legion and the professional hundred percenters4 ,the flag must be exactly at the top of the staff1 and you must raise it briskly1 and lower it slowly and reverently2 you must raise your hat with your right hand1 and women must put their right hand over the heart4 ,the legislature has passed a bill1 requiring that ,american history shall be taught 8from the ,american viewpoint02 no longer is it to be taught from the viewpoint of truth6 ,the children are to learn that ,alexander ,hamilton was a good ,american1 but the soft pedal will be put on ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,they will not be taught that the ,mexican ,war was a disgraceful foray of greed1 and that ,abraham ,lincoln denounced it in ,congress4 ,instead1 they will be taught all about the 8,red0 menace--with the columns of the 8,times0 for source material4 ,at last commencement time at least six addresses by students1 dealing with this subject1 were featured by the 8,times0 in its radio service1 which is devoutly followed by hundreds of thousands of wage-slaves in our community4 ,all these addresses1 of course1 had been carefully censored2 one or two of them were 8repeated by request10 and the announcement was made that you could have a printed copy of them by application to the 8,times40 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,schools ,,of ,,mammon ,what becomes of the children under this regime of the ,black ,hand8 ,i have talked with scores of teachers1 and their testimony is unanimous1 that the children's minds are on anything in the world but study4 ,i choose the great 8,l4 ,a4 ,high10 because that is where the children of the rich attend4 ,one parent1 a woman of refinement and sense1 has tried to keep the tastes of her daughter simple and wholesome1 but she tells me it is impossible1 because home influence counts for nothing against the overwhelming collective power of the mass4 ,the child comes home thrilled with excitement1 telling of what the other girls have2 and she must have what they have1 or her happiness is ruined4 ,it is all money2 their ideal is the spending of money1 their standard is what things cost4 ,i know a lad1 who tells me gravely that a fellow can't have anything to do with girls these days2 they have no interest in you but for the money you spend on them1 and unless you are rich you cannot 8go the pace40 ,about this school you will see the automobiles parked for blocks2 and1 of course1 the youngsters who drive these cars are the social leaders1 they run the school affairs1 and they get the girls4 ,the schools are given up to athletic excitements and 8assemblies02 8,aud ,calls10 the students term them--that is1 calls to the auditorium4 ,they come to practice cheering2 they follow the cheer leader1 who tells them3 8,that wasn't loud enough4 ,now give one for the team40 ,the young people come out from these affairs trembling with excitement1 and they have no mind for their studies the rest of that day4 ,out in the halls are students waving balloons which they have bought in the bookstore2 on athletic occasions1 you see1 it looks so lovely if everybody in the bleachers is waving toy balloons with the school colors4 ,they will just get settled in class with their toy balloons1 when there comes a call for 8fire drill40 ,or if such diversions are lacking1 the pretty young things take out their vanity boxes and proceed to powder their noses and smear red paint on their lips1 while the poor unhappy teachers are trying to put something into their silly heads4 ,i have walked through the corridors of a high school and counted a dozen of the young things performing these toilet operations while chatting with their beaux4 ,how can the teachers combat such forces8 ,there is only one way1 and that is by making the studies interesting1 by taking up live topics1 which awaken the initiative of the students1 and reveal to them the delights of thinking4 ,several teachers have tried to do this1 and the stories of what happened to them are amusing2 but unfortunately ,i cannot tell the stories1 because each would identify a teacher1 and no teacher dares take that risk6 ,i can tell about a girl who wanted to write a thesis on 8,the ,social ,motive in ,american ,literature40 ,here was a real subject--but the principal of the school forbade it4 ,also ,i can tell how1 during the war1 seven high schools took part in a debate3 8,resolved1 that the nations of the world should adopt the program of the ,league to ,enforce ,peace40 ,you can look back now and see that it was our going into the war blindfolded1 our utter failure to know anything about the issues of the peace1 that made the great tragedy of ,europe4 ,do not get this ,league to ,enforce ,peace confused with pacifist organizations like the ,peoples' ,council2 this was a perfectly respectable organization1 with ex-,president ,taft as president6 ,but ,mr4 ,jack ,bean1 a member of the school board1 rushed to the 8,times0 with the charge that the high schools of ,los ,angeles were carrying on propaganda for immediate peace6 ,the 8,times0 took it up1 and for three days published scare articles accusing two students1 ,lee ,payne and ,mildred ,ogden1 of being pro-,german4 ,young ,payne assures me that their only mention of ,germany in the entire debate was to quote ,president ,taft's statement that if the program of the ,league to ,enforce ,peace had been in action in #aiad1 ,germany would not have dared to begin the war4 ,but the solemn asses on the board passed a resolution1 solemnly forbidding the debating of peace2 and the 8,times0 solemnly printed their resolution under the caption3 8,win the ,war60 ,how far the ,black ,hand is willing to go in this program of cutting out the brains of the school children you may judge by the fact that in #aiba ,assemblyman ,greene introduced1 and the ,better ,america ,federation tried to jam through the state legislature1 an act providing for the expulsion from the schools of 8any teacher who shall disparage to a pupil in the school where said teacher is employed1 any provision of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states of ,america1 or who shall orally make to such pupil any argument or give to such pupil any written or printed argument in favor of making any change in any provision of said ,constitution40 ,and this1 you understand1 in face of the fact that the ,constitution itself provides for its amendment1 and has been quite legally and constitutionally amended no less than nineteen times in our history6 ,think of a school teacher being forbidden by law to discuss with a pupil the desirability of an amendment prohibiting child labor6 ,a still more curious incident occurs while ,i am finishing this book4 ,there is in ,los ,angeles an organization called the ,young ,workers' ,league1 an educational society of the ,communists2 they held a debate on the subject of ,communism versus ,capitalism1 and not being able to get anybody to defend capitalism1 they appointed their own speakers1 who naturally didn't do it very ardently4 ,three lads1 one of them a high school student1 the other two just graduated1 attended the meeting and found themselves dissatisfied with this defense2 they rose up and said they could do better1 and the result was the planning of a debate4 ,the ,young ,workers' ,league hired a hall1 and the three students spent a good part of their summer vacation preparing for the contest4 ,two or three days before it came off1 the ,young ,workers' ,league distributed announcement cards in the high schools1 erroneously referring to the students as 8three representatives of a high school debating society40 ,immediately thereafter the one high school student was informed by ,principal ,dunn of the ,polytechnic ,high ,school that he must not take part in the affair4 ,mr4 ,dunn did not take this action on his own initiative1 he explained1 but under instructions from ,mrs4 ,dorsey1 who had investigated the matter4 ,on the afternoon of the day set for the debate1 the secretary of the ,young ,workers' ,league appealed to me4 ,being interested in the cause of free speech1 ,i went to see ,mr4 ,robert ,odell1 attorney and president of the school board4 ,after hearing my account of the matter1 ,mr4 ,odell said that the only objection he could think of was that the debate might not be fair1 the audience might be packed against the students4 ,my answer was that ,i would agree to act as chairman1 and see that there was no interruption of the speakers4 ,mr4 ,odell agreed to ask ,mrs4 ,dorsey to see me immediately4 ,it was then four o'clock in the afternoon1 and ,i called on the superintendent1 and listened while she explained to me at great length that the schools could not under any circumstances permit students to represent them in public debates unless the students had been selected by the schools4 ,in reply ,i assured ,mrs4 ,dorsey that ,i agreed with her absolutely2 but if that was all the school authorities wanted1 why not require the high school student to state to the audience that he spoke as an individual1 and without authorization from his school8 ,i offered as chairman of the debate to make this announcement with the utmost explicitness4 ,i pointed out to ,mrs4 ,dorsey the singular position in which her schools would be placed by the preventing of this discussion4 ,a large audience would be sent from the hall convinced that the authorities were afraid to let their students face the arguments of the ,communists4 ,the students would have to meet ,communists in political life1 so why not let them practice while in school8 ,mrs4 ,dorsey gave me her answer1 and ,i understood it to be that if ,i would make the announcement as promised1 the school authorities would not concern themselves with the debate in any way4 ,i then got the three students together and gave them this information4 ,they reported themselves as anxious to debate1 and greatly disappointed at the outcome2 but they were not willing even to come upon the platform without first having talked again with their school and college superiors4 ,they would not go into details2 but evidently something had been said to them which had taught them caution4 ,said one of them1 significantly3 8,you know1 ,mr4 ,sinclair1 the schools can get along without us very easily if they want to40 ,then ,i tried to arrange for the affair to come off two weeks later1 and wrote to the school authorities4 ,what happened between the authorities and the students ,i do not know2 one of the latter1 in a letter to me1 apologized because he could not 8go to the heart of it40 ,he added3 8,this much ,i can tell you--that the determining factor in this case is the ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association40 ,that the lads were wise in keeping out of the debate was shown by the fact that ,i received from ,mrs4 ,dorsey a special delivery letter1 repudiating the understanding of the matter which ,i had got from her4 ,said ,mrs4 ,dorsey3 8,you pressed for assurance that the boys would not be punished by school authorities if they took part in the debate4 ,this assurance ,i declined to give1 stating again that the schools were not a party to the debate and must not1 therefore1 be involved in any program of arrangements therewith40 ,so there you have the lady6 ,at the hour that ,i was chasing about ,los ,angeles1 interviewing school authorities and trying to save this debate1 two enormous bruisers were pummeling each other into insensibility at the ,polo ,grounds in ,new ,york ,city4 ,one was the champion bruiser of ,north ,america1 and the other was the champion bruiser of ,south ,america1 and the two ,americas held their breath1 awaiting the outcome4 ,that was entirely respectable2 that did not threaten the capitalist system1 so no one stopped the pummeling1 and no one stopped the school children of ,los ,angeles from reading the newspaper bulletins about the great event4 ,but here were three serious students who were not interested in bruisers2 three self-supporting boys had put in all their spare time during vacation1 preparing to defend the faith of the schools2 and the school superintendent of the ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association steps in and frightens these boys into silence1 and disappoints an audience of a thousand working people who have assembled for an intellectual treat4 ,such is 8culture0 under the ,black ,hand6 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,the ,,tammany ,,tiger ,you shake your head and say3 8,i had no idea of such things2 yes1 ,southern ,california must be very bad indeed60 ,but ,i beg you not to fool yourself in that way4 ,southern ,california is exactly the same as the rest of industrial ,america4 ,in the course of this book we shall visit the ,bay ,cities of ,california1 ,san ,francisco1 ,oakland and ,berkeley2 also ,portland1 ,oregon1 and ,seattle1 ,washington1 in the far ,northwest4 ,we shall visit a number of cities scattered across the continent--,spokane1 ,butte1 ,denver1 ,kansas ,city1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,chicago1 ,minneapolis1 ,detroit2 on the ,atlantic coast we shall visit ,new ,york1 ,boston1 ,worcester1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 ,washington4 ,we shall have glimpses of many towns1 and of the rural schools in many states2 also we shall not overlook the private schools and the big 8prep0 schools1 where our youthful aristocracy is made ready for the gladiatorial combats and the social intrigues of college4 ,in all these regions we shall find the plutocracy in control of business and politics2 and we shall find the very same interests1 and as a rule the very same individuals1 in control of the schools4 ,whether or not they use the methods of the ,black ,hand depends purely and simply upon one question--to what extent the subject classes are attempting to protest4 ,if the subject classes make no protest1 there is no violence by the master class4 ,if the subject classes attempt to protest1 then there is whatever amount of violence is necessary to hold them down4 ,i begin with ,new ,york ,city1 because that is the headquarters of our financial1 and therefore of our intellectual life4 ,it is from ,new ,york that we are controlled1 both in body and in mind1 whether we have any idea of it or not4 ,as it happens1 ,i know ,new ,york and its schools at first hand1 having spent my boyhood and youth in the city4 ,the ,black ,hand of the metropolis is known as ,tammany ,hall2 and under its shadow ,i went to school1 and also to college--a free1 public college1 full of ,tammany professors4 ,in my home the father of the family was drinking himself to death2 it was ,tammany saloon-keepers who sold him the liquor1 it was ,tammany politicians and a ,tammany police force which guarded these saloons while they defied a dozen different laws4 ,in that city hundreds of thousands of children were wondering1 just as ,i wondered1 why all powers of the state were used for their destruction1 instead of for their aid4 ,with the dope-rings and the bootleggers flourishing as they are today1 there must be ten times as many children asking this question2 and with exceptions so few as to be hardly worth mentioning1 all the power of the schools and the colleges1 as well as of the pulpit and the press1 is devoted to keeping these children from finding out4 ,they kept me from finding out until ,i had entirely come out from under both the physical and the intellectual control of the ,black ,hand of ,new ,york4 ,tammany ,hall is an old-style pirate crew1 wearing modern clothing and operating systematically at looting the richest of all modern cities4 ,its symbol is the ,tiger4 ,in the days of my boyhood people still remembered ,tammany as it was run by ,tweed1 who carried off a great part of its cash and sold a great part of its belongings4 ,in my day the chief was a grown-up gangster and bruiser by the name of ,richard ,croker1 who stated to a committee of the state legislature1 8,i am working for my pocket all the time40 ,his method was to make systematic collections from the brothels and gambling-dives and saloons2 also1 of course1 from the contractors who wanted to charge half a dozen prices for the paving of streets and the removing of the garbage1 and other jobs for which a city has to pay4 ,even in my day the ,tammany chieftains1 like other successful bandits1 were beginning to grope their way toward respectability4 ,every bandit in ,america wishes to become respectable--the test of respectability being that you get a hundred times as much loot4 ,the financiers of ,wall ,street--the banks and insurance companies and the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad1 which were organized as the ,republican party and controlled 8upstate0--used to fight the ,tammany machine year after year1 and be beaten1 for the simple reason that ,tammany controlled the polling places in the ,east ,side slums1 and distributed free coal to the poor in winter and free ice in summer1 and therefore could count upon loyal 8repeaters0 and ballot-box staffers at election time4 ,during my youth1 the financiers1 finding that they could not oust the ,tiger1 came to terms with it2 such men as ,whitney and ,ryan1 the backers of ,tammany1 were making so many tens of millions out of traction steals that they left the police graft as small change to their political subordinates4 ,i had an opportunity to observe this transformation at first-hand1 for the reason that part of the profits were at my disposal4 ,a friend of my boyhood was founder and president of a big financial concern1 which wanted to come into ,new ,york4 ,he went to the chiefs of ,tammany1 and took one of them for his ,new ,york manager1 and distributed generous blocks of stock to ,croker and his henchmen4 ,at once his concern became the official house for that class of business1 and the word went out that every politician and every city employe must patronize it4 ,i remember as a lad sitting at luncheon with this friend1 hearing him denounce the evil-minded men who criticized our business leaders1 the master minds of our country2 then presently the conversation changed1 and this friend told me how he had just obtained the nomination of one of his managers as state treasurer1 and how much he was paying to the campaign fund of the ,democratic party1 expecting to get it back many times over in the form of business with the state4 ,today the chiefs of ,tammany ,hall are great financiers1 and the efforts of the ,republican party to win elections in ,new ,york ,city are largely formal4 ,how completely the two parties are one1 you realize the instant there is prospect of a ,socialist candidate being elected4 ,immediately the leaders of the two old parties get together and agree upon a ticket1 and their watchers at the polls unite to slug the 8,reds0 and stuff the ballot boxes4 ,afterwards1 when the ,socialists collect evidence of these crimes1 the ,democratic officials of the city and the ,republican officials of the state unite in doing nothing about it4 ,and so the ,black ,hand rules ,new ,york4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,god ,,and ,,mammon ,the education of a million children1 and the control of twenty-five thousand teachers in the metropolis1 is entrusted to a school board of seven people4 ,the president of this board is a leading real estate operator2 the retired president1 still a member of the board1 is a manufacturer of chemicals1 who profiteered extensively during the ,world ,war2 the next member is a manufacturer of cigars2 the next is a leading real estate operator2 the next is the private physician to the mayor of the city2 the next is a woman of wealth and leisure1 who represents the ,tammany machine2 the last is a lawyer4 ,as always1 you will note that there is not one educator on the board4 ,there are few who know anything about education2 but all know about business--especially those kinds of business which are transacted with school boards4 ,what are those kinds of business8 ,to be able to pick the location of handsome new schools is worth a fortune to real estate interests2 and that this is regularly done in ,new ,york is not my charge1 but that of the comptroller of the city4 ,to be able to determine the placing of contracts for school buildings and supplies is worth a fortune to any member of a political machine2 and ,i talked with a former clerk of the school board1 who told me he had seen so much graft that he had run away from the sight4 ,i do not mean that this ,tammany school board personally carries off the money1 as it did in the days of ,tweed2 the method now is 8honest graft0--that is1 the placing of school contracts with companies in which your wife's relatives and the members of your gang are interested4 ,the amount to be expended in ,new ,york amounts to a hundred million dollars a year1 and ,tammany gets it all4 ,at least four of the members of the board are 8dummies10 having no function save to vote as the machine directs4 ,all of them are ,democrats1 and the majority are ,catholics2 that is to say1 the educating of a million ,american children is in the hands of people who teach that public education is a crime against ,god4 ,so it comes about that the principal indictment of this ,tammany regime is not the money it spends1 but the money it withholds4 ,new ,york is the wealthiest city in the world2 the masters of the city have money for palatial town houses1 for country estates many square miles in extent1 with homes as big as summer hotels2 they have money for private yachts as big as ocean liners1 and for luxurious motor cars by the tens of thousands2 but they have no money to provide a decent education for the children of the poor4 ,while their own children go to elegant private schools1 the children of the poor are herded into dark1 insanitary fire-traps1 some of them seventy-five years of age2 and even of these there is an insufficiency6 ,ever since my boyhood the refusal of ,new ,york ,city to accommodate the children who clamor for an education has been the blackest crime of the ,tammany ruffians4 ,at present one-third of the children are on 8part time02 that is1 they are turned out of school after two or three hours1 to make room for another relay4 ,the rest of the day they pick up the vices of the streets2 and if they are made into young criminals1 the city is ready and able to build whatever jails may be necessary4 ,two years ago a committee of women representing a score of civic organizations--the ,women's ,municipal ,league1 the ,women's ,department of the ,national ,civic ,federation1 the ,civitas ,club of ,brooklyn1 the ,women's ,city ,club1 the ,league of ,catholic ,women1 etc4--made a careful study of forty of the school buildings of ,new ,york ,city2 they reported that twenty out of these forty were fire-traps1 old wooden buildings with narrow stairways and no fire escapes4 ,sanitation was reported 8bad0 and 8wretched0 in twenty-one of these schools1 and 8fair0 in eleven more4 ,twenty-one out of thirty-six were in need of repairs1 twenty-seven had only dark basement playgrounds1 and so on4 ,i quote a few phrases1 just to give you the flavor of these reports3 ,boys' toilets terrible2 no basins and towels4444 ,toilets old and in bad condition2 foul air unavoidable4444 ,plumbing too old to operate1 inadequate and unsanitary2 few basins and no towels4444 ,garbage dump nearby1 inexcusable menace to health and comfort of the children4444 ,twelve toilets for twelve hundred boys1 old1 bad conditions1 bad odor4 ,no repairs in years1 furniture and woodwork almost falling to pieces4444 ,fearfully dilapidated2 paint and repairs needed on walls2 stairs worn down to danger point4444 ,buildings so old as to be beyond repair1 should be abandoned4444 ,insufficient lighting and ventilation2 two rooms with only one window1 eight rooms with only two windows4444 ,fire escapes incomplete and badly constructed4444 ,wooden buildings1 no fire escapes reported4 ,these reports were given wide publicity2 the ladies waited six months1 over the summer vacation1 and then came back to see what had been done4 ,out of twenty-three buildings reported dangerous as to fire conditions1 twenty remained unchanged4 ,only two out of twenty-two schools had made any improvement as to provisions for the comfort of the teachers4 ,as regards sanitation1 fourteen had been improved1 twenty-three had not been changed2 and so on4 ,how much the public authorities were concerned about such matters was shown by the experience of the ,teachers' ,union1 which prepared for an exhibit of the ,public ,health ,association a series of posters and charts showing the physical condition of the schools4 8,over nine hundred thousand children suffer from lack of a good ventilation system10 declared one of these posters4 8,no soap1 no water1 no towels10 declared another2 and so on4 ,privately the nurses of the ,health ,department at this show all admitted that the posters represented the truth2 but for three days the man who was then commissioner of health and the man who is now commissioner of health sought desperately to compel the ,teachers' ,union to remove these posters2 failing in this1 the publicity agencies of the show cut out all the press notices of the teachers' exhibits4 ,what this means to the teachers was set forth to me by the victims4 ,one was teaching a class of children on a dark stone staircase4 ,another was teaching in a room on a level with the elevated railroad1 with trains coming and going on four tracks2 she would have to stand in the middle of the room and shout in order to be heard by all the pupils2 and this in a new school1 just built6 ,an inspector of some sort came along and entered on his report1 8room noisy02 the teacher was denied promotion1 for some reason which could not be explained1 and it was over a year before she could get the matter straightened out--the words 8room noisy0 had been taken to mean that she did not maintain discipline6 ,another woman was teaching physical culture in a dark basement1 with water always on the floor4 ,she had seven classes every day1 with fifty children in each class2 and the gas lights were so feeble that she could not see the children she was supposed to be teaching4 ,she said to one boy3 8,stand with your feet together40 ,he answered3 8,there's a puddle of water under me40 ,and when the physical culture classes got through with this hole1 it became a play-ground for the other children6 ,i am reluctant to introduce into this book any statements which may add to the income of the ,grand ,imperial ,kleagles of the ,ku ,klux ,klan2 nevertheless1 it is impossible to discuss school conditions in such cities as ,new ,york1 ,boston1 ,st4 ,louis and ,san ,francisco without mentioning the fact that we have in our country some ten or fifteen million people1 held by fear of eternal torment in subjection to a priestly system1 which repudiates democracy1 repudiates freedom of opinion and of teaching1 repudiates everything we know as ,americanism4 ,the ,catholic church denies the power of the state over marriage and divorce1 and above all things else1 it denies the right of the state to educate the child4 ,i am going to prove that in detail before ,i finish2 for the present ,i merely point out that in city after city we shall encounter this influence4 ,the ,catholics1 you see1 have their system of parochial schools1 in which the children are taught the priestly view of life4 ,the church is enormously wealthy1 and some of these schools are1 as buildings1 very fine4 ,manifestly1 the priestly admonition to the faithful1 to send their children to church schools1 will be much more effective if the public schools are old and filthy and insanitary2 and more especially if they are fire-traps6 ,tammany ,hall is a semi-religious institution1 maintained by the votes of ,irish and ,italian and ,polish ,catholics4 ,practically the entire list of public officials are ,catholics--and this includes the majority of the public school board and of the superintending force4 ,so1 to the natural greed of the plutocracy is added the power of priestly intrigue4 ,mr4 ,stewart ,browne1 president of the ,real ,estate ,board of ,new ,york1 attends every hearing of the ,board of ,estimate1 and of other public bodies having anything to do with appropriations for the schools4 ,his one function is to prevent appropriations2 and with the secret help of the ,catholic prelates1 he succeeds4 ,thus we observe1 in full operation in our modern age1 the ancient alliance between the secular arm and the spiritual2 we see ,god and ,mammon united to rivet the chains of wage-slavery upon the poor4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,honest ,,graft ,on the top of my desk as ,i work is a five-foot shelf of big envelopes1 containing data on the school systems of various cities4 ,i take one envelope1 and sort out its contents1 marking the material with the letters1 ,g1 ,f1 ,p1 and ,r4 ,that is to say1 ,graft1 ,favoritism1 ,propaganda and ,repression--the four products of education by ,big ,business4 ,under the letter ,f in ,new ,york ,city ,i find the grievances of scores of teachers with whom ,i talked4 ,their story was all the same3 the system is brutal1 the system is rigid1 the system is honeycombed with politics and dishonesty4 ,it fell to my lot while in the city last year to take part in a public debate with some of the school officials at the ,civic ,club4 ,to my statement that ,tammany was running the schools1 ,examiner ,smith rejoined that all promotions in the system depended upon civil service examinations--he knew1 because he did the examining4 ,but when he was pinned down1 he admitted that the twenty-six district superintendents1 the eight associate superintendents1 and the thirty high school principals were all excluded from the civil service list2 and here1 of course1 are the prizes for which everyone is striving4 ,at that very moment the schools were in an uproar because of the appointment to a superintendent's position of ,mrs4 ,grace ,forsythe1 a ,catholic lady who had not even high school qualifications2 also of ,margaret ,mc,cooey1 sister of one of the ,tammany bosses4 ,milo ,mac,donald1 a ,catholic1 had been appointed principal of a high school from the rank of ordinary teacher2 ,henrietta ,rodman told me of another teacher1 a ,catholic1 who took the examination for elementary principalship and failed1 and was appointed to a high school principalship4 ,other cases have happened since4 ,these are a few out of scores of cases that were detailed to me4 ,i was told of a ,catholic who took an examination1 and then was permitted to withdraw his papers and write up a new set at home4 ,it is a matter of record that ,mr4 ,somers1 member of the board of education--a super-patriot1 who called the ,teachers' ,union treasonable--let off a clerk of the school board who had been proven guilty of misappropriating funds2 also another who was charged with letting people get copies of examination papers in advance1 and of selling information to candidates4 ,both these people1 ,catholics1 got off with a fine of a few days' pay1 and both are still in the system4 ,a form of 8honest graft0 which has been widely developed under this ,tammany regime is the writing of text-books by school officials4 ,many of the text-books in use in the public schools of ,new ,york bear the names of people in the system2 in many cases they were written by teachers1 but officials have put their names upon them1 and get the greater part of the profits4 ,the principals recommend these books for use1 and the board of superintendents adopts them4 ,former ,superintendent ,maxwell had a large income from books published by the ,american ,book ,company which he himself had not written2 and a number of the district superintendents get their share4 ,the ,new ,york 8,globe10 discussing the case of ,maxwell1 showed how in his position he had the power to increase the sales of his own books2 and this same power is possessed by all the gang4 ,i was told of one head of a department with a book to sell1 who got himself transferred three times to different parts of the city--starting in the ,high ,school of ,commerce in ,manhattan1 from there to the ,commercial ,high ,school of ,brooklyn1 and then to ,long ,island--and in each place he took with him his commercial arithmetic4 ,the teachers did not want it1 but in every school the other texts were thrown out and the new one introduced4 ,all over ,new ,york--and all over ,america1 as we shall find--there are school basements and cupboards filled with discarded text-books1 or new text-books which are so bad that the teachers will not use them4 ,needless to say1 many of the ,tammany superintendents and principals are ignorant men1 utterly unfitted for scholastic duties4 ,i look back on my own days in the ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york1 and recall the comical old boys whom the ,tammany machine appointed to teach me literature and philosophy and ,latin1 and other high-brow subjects4 ,therefore1 ,i was not surprised to be told of a superintendent who talks about 8algebray10 and who says3 8,as ,i was a-saying10 etc4 ,the ,french teachers find amusement in the efforts of superintendents to pretend that they know ,french4 ,i talked with a charming lady of ,spanish birth1 who attempted to get by one of these examiners1 but he reported her ,french as 8very bad02 she 8ran all her words together40 ,anyone who has listened to a ,frenchman talk will appreciate the humor of this comment2 one might say that the first qualification for speaking good ,french is to run your words together to the utmost possible extent4 ,this lady went to see ,professor ,cohn1 head of the department of ,french of ,columbia ,university1 and one of our leading ,french scholars4 ,he reported that she spoke ,french 8like a native10 and took occasion to add that he knew the examiner in question1 and knew him to be ignorant of ,french4 ,this lady got her appointment2 but presently she discovered that the head of her ,french department didn't know any ,french2 necessarily1 her pupils discovered it also2 and that made her unpopular with her superior4 ,she was refused promotion upon the ground that she was 8a non-conformist40 ,she told me of her adventures in trying to get something explicit from the examiners2 she called several times upon ,examiner ,smith1 the same gentleman who debated with me at the ,civic ,club4 ,mr4 ,smith was in a hurry to catch a train1 and asked the lady to tell him her story while he was washing his hands in a lavatory4 ,she was so fastidious as to think that was not quite a courteous examination6 ,i talked with a young man1 who had been for many years in the system1 and with whom they had not been able to find fault2 his ratings had been 8double ,a0 from the beginning of his career4 ,but what chance had the system to hold an energetic man1 who saw all promotion depending upon favoritism and graft1 and saw himself condemned to a subordinate position1 taking orders from pompous ignoramuses8 ,the desirable positions in the system are few--the ,board of ,estimate sees to that6--and the struggle for them is tense1 and the way of promotion is the way of intrigue4 ,here were people giving courses to teachers1 instructing them how to pass examinations for promotion--and then these same people conducting the examinations6 ,here were examiners with agents out touting for them6 7,you see1 they teach what is called 8salesmanship0 in the ,new ,york schools2 and evidently1 they practice what they teach67 ,my young friend went out into the business world1 and is making a good living4 ,he explained the difference this made in his life2 when he met business men1 he was an equal among equals1 but as a teacher he had had to tremble before a board of examiners who could not have passed one of their own examinations4 8,i do not know of a school system in the ,united ,states which is run for the benefit of the pupils2 they are all run for the benefit of the gang02 thus ,district ,superintendent ,tildsley1 debating with me before the ,civic ,club4 ,dr4 ,tildsley added that by 8the gang0 he meant the superintendents1 the principals and the teachers4 ,it was kind of him to add the teachers1 but some of them in the audience did not appreciate his compliment4 ,there is quite a group in the ,new ,york schools who are really concerned for the children1 and feel no sense of solidarity with the bigoted autocracy which at present holds the power4 8,it is the duty of a teacher who knows of anything wrong in the school system to complain to her superiors about it10 said the pious ,dr4 ,tildsley2 and there came a chorus from all over the room3 8,yes1 and lose her job60 ,dr4 ,tildsley was pained by the suggestion that a teacher might encounter trouble as result of just complaints1 made at the proper time and in the proper manner4 ,as it happened1 however1 ,i had spent that morning in the home of ,mr4 ,james ,f4 ,berry1 a teacher of mathematics at ,de,witt ,clinton ,high ,school1 who had been for twenty-three years in the system1 and took seriously the idea that a teacher has responsibility for teaching conditions4 ,mr4 ,berry made complaint against the grossest kind of evils in the school--cruelty to pupils1 dishonesty1 and acts of injustice by those in authority4 ,as a result1 his career in the system was one long misery4 ,he was denied promotion to which he was justly entitled2 and he put in my hands a little diary1 in which he had kept the record of two decades of struggle for his rights4 ,i glance through it and find entries such as this3 ,mr4 ,tildsley exemplified today his arbitrary and disagreeable way of dealing with those under him1 by making a perfectly groundless accusation against me4 ,it was easy to disprove1 and then he virtually apologized1 though with no sign of regretting his accusation4 ,i have observed this practice of sweeping statements by him1 and if they are not promptly disproved one feels that he takes them for granted as true and admitted1 and such an impression does not make for good-will4 ,i shall before long show you how at this same ,de,witt ,clinton ,high ,school there has been established with official sanction an elaborate system of espionage2 a teacher drawing full salary devotes the greater part of his time to training pupils to spy upon other teachers1 and when these pupils bring reports of unorthodox ideas and utterances1 the pupils are praised for a meritorious service4 ,but in the case of ,mr4 ,berry ,i find that the disposition to report genuine evils is described by ,dr4 ,tildsley as 8a tendency to tale-bearing which lessens efficiency60 ,why ,dr4 ,tildsley did not like the 8tale-bearing0 of ,mr4 ,berry is easy to understand4 ,in #aiad ,dr4 ,tildsley was principal of the ,de,witt ,clinton ,high ,school1 and when he was moved on to a higher position1 two of his favorite teachers in the school1 who were in line for principalships1 and who have since been made principals1 took five hundred and twenty-five dollars out of the 8general organization fund0 of the school--that is1 money contributed by the students for student activities--and used it to purchase a silver service which was presented to ,dr4 ,tildsley4 ,the source of this money was kept a secret1 but ,mr4 ,berry learned about it1 and wrote to the president of the board of education1 pointing out that this was a clear violation of the law1 as well as a great injustice to the pupils1 most of whom were poor and many self-supporting4 ,had not one teacher been turned out of the system for accepting a box of candy from her pupils8 ,a scandal was threatened1 but it was hushed up1 the newspapers co-operating by not publishing a line4 ,dr4 ,tildsley returned the silver service1 which was sold1 ,i am informed1 to ,george ,sylvester ,viereck4 ,for nine years ,mr4 ,berry has been persecuted because of this affair2 while ,dr4 ,tildsley was promoted to be deputy boss of the gang6 ,they have a method of punishing teachers which they learned from the police department in ,new ,york4 ,every now and then some policeman takes it upon himself to enforce a law which his superiors are using as a means of extortion2 they will shift this policeman to the ,bronx1 and a month later they will send him to ,brooklyn1 and a month later to ,staten ,island1 and so on--the poor wretch spends the greater part of his life on street cars1 getting to his job and back4 ,in the case of a teacher they wait just long enough for her to get settled in a new home1 and then they move her again4 ,it is something understood by all teachers that anyone who opposes the principal will find herself 8transferred10 or lowered in ratings1 or will have hard classes1 or longer hours with no more pay4 ,said one to me3 8,any teacher who brings charges against a principal is ruined4 ,it matters nothing what the charges are3 stealing school funds1 or beating the pupils1 or offensive advances of a sexual nature4 ,all that happens is the principal denies the charges1 and the matter is dropped2 a teacher's testimony counts for no more than the testimony of a ,negro in the ,south40 ,new ,york is not an 8open shop0 city1 and so the teachers have a union4 ,its leaders suffer discrimination when it comes to promotion1 but that does not break the union down4 ,as part of the campaign against it1 the authorities maintain a 8yellow0 union2 that is1 an organization which is supposed to represent the teachers1 but can be controlled by the gang4 ,the name of this is the 8,teachers' ,council40 ,it purports to be a representative body1 but the teachers do not vote directly1 they vote for delegates from all organizations recognized by the board of education2 and the insiders will belong to as many as ten or a dozen organizations1 and will have a vote in each4 ,the machine has its henchmen in all the key positions1 and the surest way to promotion in the system lies in the rendering of this kind of ,judas service4 ,this 8,teachers' ,council0 is accustomed to attack the reputations of union teachers1 and never give them opportunity to reply2 the slander1 whatever it is1 will be quoted in the 8,times0 as representing the opinion of 8twenty-five thousand organized teachers40 ,we are in ,new ,york now1 not in ,los ,angeles1 but you note that we still have our 8,times10 and it is exactly the same kind of 8,times0--it will publish any falsehood about an independent man or woman1 and will give the victim no chance to answer4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,a ,,letter ,,to ,,woodrow ,,wilson ,needless to say1 the first duty of this ,tammany school board is to enforce loyalty to the plutocracy2 and1 needless to say1 this constitutes 8patriotism0 and 8religion40 ,mr4 ,aaron ,dotey1 ,chief ,spy of the ,de,witt ,clinton ,high ,school1 brought in a report last year1 charging a school teacher with having said that 8patriotism is a murderer's occupation and a traitor's cloak40 ,it did not occur to ,mr4 ,dotey that this might not be the teacher's fault4 ,the ,chief ,spy should have mentioned that a hundred and fifty years or so ago a leading ,englishman of letters1 a prize old ,tory1 made the statement that 8patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel40 ,the hounding of the teachers by the scoundrels began at the very outbreak of the war4 ,first1 there was the 8mayor's pledge10 which they all were required to swear2 this not being enough1 there was another pledge contrived by the board of education4 ,all the teachers were loyal1 but not all of them were willing to swear away their right to think4 ,there were eighty-seven conscientious objectors to the 8loyalty pledges40 ,a number of these subsequently served in the army and made distinguished records2 but intention to enlist did not save them from persecution at the outbreak of the war1 nor did their war-records save them from persecution after they came back4 ,in the fall of #aiag there occurred an outbreak at the ,de,witt ,clinton ,high ,school4 ,dr4 ,tildsley arbitrarily lengthened the school day1 when already the teachers and pupils were overworked4 ,a deputation of pupils waited upon the board of education1 to protest against the proposed measure1 and were received by ,john ,whalen1 board member and prominent ,tammany chieftain1 who settled the matter as follows3 8,i want it clearly understood that neither the pupils nor the teachers will be allowed to run the schools4 ,and ,i want you to understand that if you pupils don't go back and behave yourselves ,i'll close down all the schools4 ,do you understand80 ,the pupils went back and reported1 and there was the beginning of a strike2 also there was a meeting of the teachers of ,de,witt ,clinton1 attended by more than a hundred1 who adopted the following so-called 8,whalen ,resolution03 ,first3--,that it is the sense of this meeting that ,john ,whalen's assertion is contrary to the modern spirit of true democracy4 ,second3--,that remarks of this type and threats to close the high schools are detrimental to good discipline and good teaching4 ,third3--,it is the sense of this meeting that the autocratic assertion of ,john ,whalen is subversive of the proper spirit underlying our educational institutions4 ,fourth3--,be it finally resolved3 ,that the best interests of school administration demand the cordial recognition of the classroom teacher as a most vital influence in the educational system4 ,this1 of course1 was a direct challenge to the power of the gang2 a revolt which must be put down at all hazards4 ,superintendent ,tildsley came up to ascertain the names of the ring-leaders1 and especially of the one who had drafted those incendiary words4 ,the spy department was ready with the information2 the criminal was ,samuel ,schmalhausen1 a ,jewish ,socialist1 twenty-nine years of age4 ,it was resolved to drive ,schmalhausen out of the system1 and with him two other ,socialist teachers1 ,mufson and ,schneer4 ,the spy department undertook to get something on these teachers without delay2 and we are now going to hear a little story1 which shows in detail exactly how a school spy department works4 ,in a day or two word was brought to ,dr4 ,paul1 principal of the school1 that ,mr4 ,schmalhausen had assigned to his pupils a theme for a composition1 as follows3 8,write an open letter to ,woodrow ,wilson1 commenting frankly1 within the limits of your knowledge1 upon his conduct of the war against the ,german government40 ,almost certainly some ,east ,side ,jewish boy would make that an occasion for disrespectful expressions2 so ,dr4 ,paul sent the head of his ,english department1 ,miss ,garrigues1 to ,mr4 ,schmalhausen's room4 ,this lady rushed up in breathless haste and caught the pupils in the act of turning in their themes2 she took possession of them1 without giving ,mr4 ,schmalhausen a chance to see them1 and delivered them to ,dr4 ,paul1 who went over them4 ,among seventy-six themes he discovered one that justified his hopes--a bitter1 sneering letter1 written by a seventeen-year-old ,jewish boy4 ,dr4 ,paul1 being skilled in intrigue1 saw how this thesis would 8go0 in the capitalist press2 his venom bubbled over and he exclaimed3 8,now ,i've got him60 ,at least1 ,miss ,garrigues on the witness stand testified that he said that4 ,dr4 ,paul denied it with asperity1 and when asked to explain how ,miss ,garrigues could have thought she heard it1 he described her as 8an emotionally energized lady on occasions40 ,poor ,miss ,garrigues--she was new to public life1 and did not realize that the first essential to success is to be a fluent and tactful liar4 ,dr4 ,tildsley came1 and he also recognized the opportunity4 ,he summoned ,schmalhausen1 and first pinned him down to the fact that he had written the 8,whalen resolution02 then he set for this sensitive minded and idealistic young teacher an extremely cunning trap4 ,you understand1 ,mr4 ,schmalhausen had not yet seen the criminal theme2 and ,dr4 ,tildsley did not let him see it now4 ,he read him the first page of it--the first page being mild1 and all the outrageous statements being found in the latter pages6 ,so ,dr4 ,tildsley trapped ,mr4 ,schmalhausen into saying that he would merely make some minor corrections of expression in the theme2 at least1 ,dr4 ,tildsley testified that that is what the young teacher said--,mr4 ,schmalhausen denied it4 ,later on ,dr4 ,tildsley1 consulting the rest of the gang1 realized that his case did not look quite right1 so he went back to the school1 and read the entire composition to ,mr4 ,schmalhausen1 asking what would have been his action as a teacher in such a situation4 ,mr4 ,schmalhausen undertook to mark the theme as he would have marked it in the due course of his class work4 ,his comments1 written along the margin of the theme1 were as follows3 ,exaggerated1 excessive emotionalism4444 ,is there any sanity in this assertion8444 ,do you take these remarks seriously8444 ,for a thoughtful student this statement sounds irrational4444 ,recall ,president ,wilson's differentiation between the ,german ,government and the ,german people4444 ,not accurately presented4444 ,foolish attitude historically4444 ,do you believe in its sincerity8 7peace offer made by ,germany74444 ,sorry to find this unintelligent comment in your work4444 ,why did you write this8 ,mr4 ,schmalhausen was suspended from his duties without pay1 and in due course was haled before a committee of the board of education4 ,it is interesting to note that the chairman of this committee was none other than ,john ,whalen1 ,tammany chieftain1 who had started all the trouble by threatening to close all the schools6 ,i have before me the testimony at the hearing1 as published in pamphlet form by the ,teachers' ,union4 ,john ,dewey describes it as the most comic document of the age1 so it will pay us to read a few passages3 first1 the testimony of ,miss ,garrigues1 as to why she considered ,mr4 ,schmalhausen's theme 8an unwise assignment40 ,do not fail to note from this passage the high standards of ,english expression which prevail in the ,english department of ,new ,york's biggest high school3 ,q4 ,may ,i ask why you considered it an unwise assignment8 ,a4 ,i think the reason was that it was a little bit1 in the nature of the wording1 inclined to lead boys who were either pacific1 ,i think is the real trouble1 or were unpatriotic--this boy unquestionably was unpatriotic1 ,i think--to express themselves very freely1 which ,i do not know whether it is very wise for boys of that age to do4 ,also you will wish to hear ,superintendent ,tildsley upon this same grave question4 ,dr4 ,tildsley was very sure that ,schmalhausen had made a mistake in assigning such a theme4 ,he explained in detail why the boys of the ,de,witt ,clinton ,high ,school were unfit persons to address imaginary letters to ,woodrow ,wilson4 ,he said3 ,they are very much interested in the social life and the political life of this city2 they are exceedingly fond of discussion and they have developed a rather high degree of critical ability and critical tendency1 and the only thing that they like more than anything else ,i should say1 is a discussion on social1 political and economical topics2 they are more interested in that than they are in being good or even than they are in athletics4 ,that students should be more interested in 8a discussion on social1 political and economical topics0 than they are in athletics1 would be recognized by any superintendent of schools in ,america as a state of affairs full of menace to our institutions1 and under no circumstances to be tolerated4 ,cross-questioned further1 ,dr4 ,tildsley stated that he would not think it right to let boys in the ,de,witt ,clinton ,high ,school write on the negative of this topic3 8,we seek no selfish ends in this world40 ,he would not consider it proper to let them write on the negative of the topic3 8,conscription is justifiable under a democracy40 ,he would not think it was proper to permit them to write an essay on the subject3 8,revenue by bond issue or taxation40 ,after ,dr4 ,tildsley had made these emphatic statements1 the cross-questioner sprang on him the painful tidings that all three of these themes had been in the examination papers of the ,de,witt ,clinton ,high ,school of the previous week--officially adopted with the approval of his friend and admirer1 the 8emotionally energized0 ,miss ,garrigues of the ,english department6 ,mr4 ,schmalhausen was on the stand for a couple of hours2 and as you read the testimony you recognize a man of culture and fine sensibility1 a teacher profoundly conscientious1 with deep respect for the personalities of his students4 ,he told how he would have dealt with that theme if it had come up in his class2 he would have questioned the pupil and showed him his ignorance1 and tried to make him realize that his ideas were wrong4 ,asked if he disagreed with the opinions expressed in the theme1 ,mr4 ,schmalhausen replied3 ,oh1 absolutely1 from head to foot4 ,the subject matter is offensive from every point of view4 ,part of it is irrational4 ,part of it is crude and violent1 the whole thing is a wrong frame of mind1 and in my discussion with ,dr4 ,tildsley1 with which ,i took up a lot of time1 ,i tried to explain clearly what influences in that boy's social and economical and home environment were responsible for some of his sentiments4 ,so far as ,i was concerned there was no implication at all at any time that ,i ever accepted the thought of that letter4 ,nevertheless1 ,mr4 ,schmalhausen was driven from the school system of ,new ,york1 and with him ,mr4 ,mufson and ,mr4 ,schneer4 ,the offense of ,mr4 ,schneer was that he had given to some of his pupils a list of books1 with comments on their contents in the somewhat flowery style of a young man who takes great literature with sudden and intense seriousness4 ,there were two hundred books listed1 and a committee of the ,schoolmasters' ,association undertook to mark ten of them which were especially offensive4 ,one was ,eltzbacher's 8,anarchism0--which turned out upon investigation to be a work opposing ,anarchism1 written by a non-,anarchist2 poor ,mr4 ,schneer had been trying to save his ,east ,side ,jewish boys from the snares of the extremists6 ,another was ,romain ,rolland's 8,jean ,christophe10 one of the greatest novels and noblest works of culture of our time4 ,a third was listed as 8,sinclair's #8,the ,divine ,fire4'0 ,no one could guess why the committee should have objected to this eminently respectable novel2 it occurs to me that ,mr4 ,schneer's failure to give the first names of his authors may have betrayed the schoolmasters into thinking that he had endorsed a book by my wicked self6 ,i occasionally get letters intended for ,may ,sinclair2 so let me state that the author of 8,the ,divine ,fire0 lives in ,england1 and is not related to me1 nor in any way to blame for my evil actions and writings--except that she occasionally writes me letters approving them6 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,an ,,arrangement ,,of ,,little ,,bits ,the expulsion of these three teachers was1 of course1 a personal triumph for ,mr4 ,aaron ,dotey1 ,chief ,spy of the ,de,witt ,clinton ,high ,school4 ,the activities of the 8,dotey ,squad10 as the spies and informers are termed1 were now extended to cover the entire system4 ,the ,chief ,spy compiled a card index1 with detailed information about suspected teachers4 ,i have talked with some who have been privileged to inspect this catalogue1 and have seen on ,mr4 ,dotey's desk a dossier of clippings and reports a foot high1 relating to one group of rebel teachers in the system6 ,mr4 ,dotey's training for this work had been thorough2 first1 he was a sheriff2 then1 becoming a teacher1 he was put in charge of the 8corridor squad10 which has to do with discipline4 ,he struck one pupil in the jaw and knocked him down for talking in line2 he was accustomed to summon unruly pupils to his room and administer the 8third degree10 calling them foul names1 shouting and storming at them in a voice which could be heard all over the building1 and which became a scandal throughout the system4 ,one of the crimes of ,mr4 ,schmalhausen was that he had proposed a program of student self-government1 thus eliminating ,mr4 ,dotey4 ,to complete the picture of this furious old bigot1 ,i mention that he was 8converted0 by his ,catholic wife1 which fact now puts him in line for a big promotion4 ,the next teacher to fall a victim was ,mr4 ,benjamin ,glassberg1 of the ,commercial ,high ,school of ,brooklyn1 who was notified that he was suspended without pay4 ,mr4 ,glassberg's hard luck was that a boy in his class had asked him 8whether or not ,lenin and ,trotsky were1 in his opinion1 ,german agents or ,german spies40 ,i quote the exact words of ,mr4 ,glassberg's answer1 as sworn to by thirty-five boys in the class2 eight of these boys testified1 and then the board got tired of hearing them1 and the testimony of the other twenty-seven was entered by stipulation--that is1 both sides agreed upon a statement of what the twenty-seven would testify in substance4 ,mr4 ,glassberg's reply was that3 8he did not think so1 as ,lenin and ,trotsky had been busy circulating propaganda literature against the war among the ,germans1 thereby undermining their morale1 and weakening their power in the war40 ,here was another ,socialist teacher whom it was desired to 8get10 and this was the chance to 8get0 him4 ,there were forty-three boys in the class1 and more than thirty were ,jewish4 ,the principal summoned before him1 one at a time1 two ,jewish boys and ten ,gentile boys1 and questioned them as to what had happened in the class1 trying to get them to say the worst possible things against ,mr4 ,glassberg4 ,a stenographer was present and took down what the boys said2 then1 according to the testimony of one of the boys1 a most eager opponent of ,mr4 ,glassberg1 the principal 8made an arrangement of little bits0 of what the boys had said1 and made it into a statement4 ,the boys were summoned several times--for a period of eight weeks this coaching and rehashing of the charges went on1 and meantime ,mr4 ,glassberg was suspended without pay1 and could not get the copy of the charges to which he was legally entitled6 ,it finally became necessary for his lawyers to apply to the ,supreme ,court for a writ of mandamus1 compelling the service of the charges upon ,mr4 ,glassberg6 ,the statement1 when finally prepared1 was an obvious perversion of everything which even the most hostile of the boys alleged4 ,this was1 let remind you1 a time when the principal news out of ,soviet ,russia was 8the nationalization of women02 and here was a teacher1 questioned by his students1 and telling them the plain and obvious truth4 ,let me quote a little more of the testimony--and please note that ,i am quoting from the stipulated testimony of thirty-five members of the class3 ,another boy in the class made a statement1 though apparently rising to ask a question1 to the effect that it must be that ,lenin and ,trotsky's government was stronger with the people than the ,kerensky government for the reason that it held on longer than the ,kerensky government1 and it could hardly be that the ,bolsheviki were such thieves and cut-throats as represented if their government lasted so long4 ,this boy's statement ,mr4 ,glassberg did not discuss at any length1 because it was made at the end of the period1 but did indicate in what he said that since the ,lenin-,trotsky government had lasted longer than the ,kerensky regime1 this indicated that it must have considerable strength with the people4 ,another boy asked if information about the ,bolsheviki was being withheld and ,mr4 ,glassberg said that he was inclined to think so1 and read certain questions which ,senator ,johnson had read in the ,senate some time previous asking information about ,russian conditions1 and also referred to the fact that ,colonel ,robins of the ,red ,cross had been requested upon his return to this country by the ,state department1 not to discuss the ,russian situation1 and also referred to a speech made by ,major ,thatcher of the ,red ,cross at a banquet in ,boston at which he had defended the ,bolsheviki from the attacks made upon them by some previous speakers4 ,colonel ,raymond ,robins took the witness stand1 and testified that upon his return from ,russia he had been requested by the ,state ,department not to discuss the ,russian situation4 ,major ,thatcher also took the stand1 and testified to the truth of what ,mr4 ,glassberg had said about him4 ,it is interesting to note that the principal of the school informed some of the boys who were to testify at the hearing that ,major ,thatcher1 an army officer of the highest standing1 was 8a criminal40 ,also1 a number of the boys told how the principal had attempted to intimidate them before they went upon the witness stand4 ,to quote one case3 8,do you know1 boys1 that ,mr4 ,glassberg was charged with conduct unbecoming a teacher2 therefore it means that you boys who are going to testify for ,mr4 ,glassberg are ,,un-,,american40 ,the boy's reply was3 8,mr4 ,raynor1 do you know that when we are going to testify for ,mr4 ,glassberg1 we are going to tell what we heard in our class1 and no more4 ,we are going to tell the truth40 ,mr4 ,glassberg's record as a teacher was produced before the board4 ,his ratings during his entire five years had been the highest possible1 this applying both to discipline and to teaching4 ,nevertheless1 he was driven from the schools2 and soon afterwards went ,benjamin ,harrow1 whose crime was that he advised his students to read a magazine article by ,thorstein ,veblen4 ,also1 according to the official statement of ,superintendent ,tildsley1 8his favorite reading is said to be the #8,nation1' the #8,new ,republic' and the #8,dial4' ,he occupied a front seat at each session of the ,glassberg trial1 and seemed to approve sentiments expressed in favor of the ,bolshevists40 ,in this same official document is given an idea of the cultural level of the district superintendent in charge of all the high schools of ,new ,york ,city2 says ,dr4 ,tildsley3 8,mr4 ,harrow recommended his pupils to read an article in the #8,dial' of ,february #bb1 #aiai1 by ,thornstein ,veller60 ,mr4 ,harrow did not wait to be tried before ,john ,whalen and the rest of the thugs4 ,he handed in his resignation1 with a blistering letter to ,dr4 ,tildsley1 asserting3 ,you are using the school as a medium for conducting a campaign of propaganda in favor of the most reactionary tendencies of our day4444 ,in short1 you have made the schools an unhappy place for any sensitive ,american who refuses to accept your own individual conception of what constitutes ,americanism1 who prefers rather to accept what the founders of this republic conceived to be the true ,american ideals4 ,also1 while dealing with teacher casualties1 ,i must pay honor to ,dr4 ,arthur ,m4 ,wolfson1 who was principal of the ,high ,school of ,commerce1 and resigned as protest against this ,white ,terror4 ,dr4 ,wolfson knew that he was dealing with boys who came from ,socialist homes1 and he had conceived it his duty as an educator to take a stand of neutrality in the issues of the class struggle4 ,he would teach his students the ideal of freedom of discussion1 and a hearing for both sides4 ,for many years he followed that program1 and as a result there was in his school an atmosphere of tolerance and fellowship unknown in other ,new ,york high schools4 ,but it had been the custom when election time came round for the history and civics department to take a straw ballot for the presidency2 and this time the dreadful discovery was made that three hundred and fifty-four out of the two thousand students had voted for ,debs6 ,it was proposed to tell this news in the school weekly1 but the superintendent in charge ordered this paper suppressed1 and rebuked ,dr4 ,wolfson for taking the straw vote4 ,dr4 ,wolfson pointed out that the 8,literary ,digest0 was doing the same thing4 ,also1 if the students were for ,debs1 would it do any good to suppress the fact8 ,would it not be best to face the fact and deal with it8 ,a little later ,dr4 ,wolfson got his orders about ,russia2 no longer was there to be free discussion2 he was to teach one view and only one view--that is1 the official propaganda of the young secretaries of our ,state ,department who1 with their aristocratic ,russian wives1 were conducting a private war against the ,russian people without authorization from ,congress4 ,later1 ,dr4 ,wolfson was ordered to enforce a rule forbidding the ,new ,york 8,call0 to be carried in class-rooms or study-halls4 ,so he wrote a dignified letter to the board of superintendents1 explaining3 8,frankly1 during the last two or three years ,i have not felt free to follow the intellectual habits of a lifetime40 ,superintendent ,ettinger came back with a letter to the ,new ,york 8,times10 declaring3 ,i am very frank to confess that ,i dissent most heartily from the basic thesis set up by ,principal ,wolfson that it is the function of our schools to allow students and teachers to express their belief freely1 to meet argument with argument1 and not either overtly or covertly to suppress opinions which are held in honesty and in good faith4 ,it is not often that the gang is so frank as that1 so we owe thanks to ,superintendent ,ettinger4 ,wishing to give him all the fame to which he is entitled1 ,i mention that to a reporter of the ,new ,york 8,call0 he declared that he would bar ,h4 ,g4 ,wells from the school forums of ,new ,york for having said that ,lenin was a great man6 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,the ,,luskers ,this campaign to make the schools safe for the plutocracy culminated in the passage of the so-called 8,lusk laws0 at ,albany4 ,senator ,lusk was a ,republican machine politician1 who accepted #acg pieces of silverware1 worth a couple of thousand dollars1 from ,new ,york police detectives1 for whom he had got a salary raise4 ,this did not put the ,senator out of business1 nor did it interfere with his laws1 which disgraced the statute books of the state for four years4 ,one of the laws was for the purpose of suppressing the ,rand ,school of ,social ,science4 ,they had already attempted this by a raid on the school and they now attempted it by a law requiring all schools to apply for a license4 ,the ,rand ,school refused to apply1 and a long-drawn-out and expensive legal conflict followed4,c ----- ,footnote ,c3 ,in 8,the ,goose-step0 it is stated that when the 8,luskers0 raided the ,rand ,school they 8threw the typewriters and the teachers down the stairs40 ,i am informed that this is an error2 the throwing in question occurred at the office of the ,new ,york 8,call10 the ,russian ,people's ,house1 and other places4 ,i talked the other day with a magazine writer who was present at the raid on the ,russian ,people's ,house1 when a ,new ,york police detective ordered an inoffensive elderly ,russian teacher to take off his eye-glasses1 and then hit the man in the forehead with the butt of his revolver and crushed his skull4 ,the offense of this elderly ,russian was teaching algebra to other ,russians4 ----- ,another of the ,lusk laws provided for the expulsion of any teacher who 8advocates a form of government other than the government of the ,united ,states or of this state40 ,please note that this law did not forbid merely the advocacy of violent change1 but also of peaceful change4 ,interesting light was thrown on this during the debate at the ,civic ,club1 previously referred to in these chapters4 ,mr4 ,harry ,weinberger asked of ,dr4 ,tildsley the question3 8,did you ever1 in your entire experience in the school system1 hear a teacher1 either in school or out of school1 advocate the overthrow of the government by violence80 ,dr4 ,tildsley answered1 8,no40 ,the next question was3 8,then what is the need of the law80 ,dr4 ,tildsley did not answer that2 he could not very well explain that the purpose of the law was to make it possible for inquisitors1 appointed by the state and by the school board1 to summon teachers without warning to a secret inquisition1 to browbeat them and try to trap them into dangerous admissions1 then to give secretly to the capitalist press false and garbled statements1 to be spread broadcast over the country1 and then to refuse to the teachers any record of the proceedings1 or any protection against such outrages4 ,the ,teachers' ,union issued resolutions denouncing this legislation1 and the bigotry and dishonesty displayed in its enforcement4 ,abraham ,lefkowitz1 an active member of the ,union1 was summoned before ,dr4 ,tildsley and ,superintendent ,ettinger1 to be questioned as to his authorship of these resolutions4 ,superintendent ,ettinger had issued an official syllabus on the war1 setting forth to all school teachers what they were to teach4 ,it was a compendium of what we now know to be the knaveries of ,allied propaganda1 and included endorsement of universal military training4 ,in the course of the questioning of ,lefkowitz1 ,dr4 ,tildsley and ,dr4 ,ettinger got into a wrangle as to whether universal military service and universal military training were the same thing4 ,all this was taken down by a stenographer1 and subsequently ,mr4 ,lefkowitz demanded a copy of the record2 when he got it1 he found that it had been doctored1 omitting a great number of the 8raw0 statements made by ,ettinger1 which the superintendent realized would not look well in print4 ,there was an open forum being conducted at the ,commercial ,high ,school1 under the direction of the ,rev4 ,john ,haynes ,holmes4 ,the authorities now required that this open forum should submit a week in advance the names of all proposed speakers4 ,they barred ,frank ,tannenbaum1 an ,east ,side boy who had gone to jail in #aiac as a result of a demonstration of the unemployed1 and who subsequently1 as a student at ,columbia ,university1 had made himself an authority on prison reform4 ,they barred ,lincoln ,steffens for the offense of having been ,president ,wilson's personal investigator in ,russia4 ,finally1 some one asked ,dr4 ,holmes a question about ,lenin1 and he replied that he regarded ,lenin as a great statesman4 ,for this they barred ,dr4 ,holmes4 ,then came the ,rev4 ,howard ,melish1 prominent clergyman of ,brooklyn1 who praised ,dr4 ,holmes and condemned the board of education4 ,after that the board issued a pledge1 which must be signed by all speakers4 ,among those who refused to sign it was ,rabbi ,stephen ,s4 ,wise2 and so the board closed the forum4 ,as one of the teachers said to me1 8,what they want people to lecture about is ,moonlight in ,venice40 ,this kind of thing had been going on in the ,new ,york school system for five years when ,i visited the city in the spring of #aibb4 ,at this time the state commissioner of education1 in pursuance of the ,lusk laws1 had appointed an 8advisory council0 to investigate suspected teachers and deny them licenses4 ,one of the members of this council was ,archibald ,stevenson1 fanatical attorney for the ,luskers4 ,another was ,conde ,b4 ,pallen1 editor of the ,catholic ,encyclopedia1 and snooper-in-chief for the ,national ,civic ,federation4 ,another was ,finley ,j4 ,shepard1 husband of ,helen ,gould2 you may read about this gentleman's activities on behalf of the plutocracy in two chapters of 8,the ,goose-step10 entitled 8,the ,helen ,ghouls0 and 8,the ,shepard's ,crook40 ,another member was ,hugh ,frayne1 ,catholic labor leader1 who has climbed to power upon the faces of the deluded wage-workers of ,new ,york4 ,the council was holding sessions at the ,bar ,association4 ,i went up there1 hoping to attend and to tell you about it2 but ,i could not even learn in what room the sessions were being held4 ,all ,i got to see was a row of suspected teachers1 humbly waiting their turn to be browbeaten4 ,and each morning ,i would read in the newspapers a relay of information1 supplied by the ,chief ,spy4 ,one teacher had said that he 8wouldn't believe atrocity stories unless they were given out by the government40 ,another teacher had said that 8the ,russians were happier now than they had been under the ,czar02 another that 8,colonel ,robins had not been given a hearing02 another that 8,new ,york couldn't be worse run if the ,germans were here02 another that 8,if we go to war ,i'll run away and spend a year in the ,north ,woods40 ,even school teachers sometimes joke1 you know1 and ,i have already mentioned the fact that these teachers did not run away4 ,mr4 ,garibaldi ,lapolla served as an artillery officer in ,france2 and now he was one of those sitting on the bench1 humbly waiting his turn to be browbeaten6 ,chief ,spy ,dotey admitted that he had given information against ,mr4 ,lapolla to the ,lusk committee6 ,also1 the ,chief ,spy issued a report full of charges against teachers4 ,the ,teachers' ,council1 the 8yellow union0 maintained by the gang1 enthusiastically adopted this report1 and called for the barring of various persons from the school forums--the black-list including the names of ,jane ,addams and ,lillian ,wald6 ,the ,state ,department of ,education addressed to principals of public schools a letter instructing them to prepare reports as to the loyalty of every teacher in the system4 ,the principals were to list the names of teachers1 and indicate those 8for whose morality and loyalty as a citizen0 they could vouch1 and those 8concerning whose morality or loyalty to the government of the ,united ,states or to the state of ,new ,york0 they had reason to doubt4 ,weirdly enough1 those about whom the principal knew nothing1 were lumped in with the latter group4 ,every teacher was guilty until he was proved innocent6 ,and with these things going on every day--with school principals carrying step-ladders and peering over transoms to discover what their teachers were doing--,superintendent ,tildsley had the nerve to stand up before an audience at the ,civic ,club and say in my hearing that there was no oppression of teachers for their opinions1 and that no teacher in the system had anything to lose by being a ,socialist6 ,as evidence of the fact1 he stated that he had a very good friend1 a teacher of ,english in one of the high schools1 who was a member of the ,socialist party1 and had even been a candidate for office on the ,socialist ticket4 ,this lady had never suffered any handicap from her political opinions and activities2 ,dr4 ,tildsley went on to say how he had been in her class not long ago1 and had heard her explain to her pupils the meaning of the ,french ,revolution1 and he would not want the ,french ,revolution explained to his own children any more fairly and intelligently than this teacher had done it4 ,when my turn came to answer1 ,i said3 8,dr4 ,tildsley does not name the teacher of ,english who has not suffered from being a ,socialist4 ,it happens that ,i know who she is1 because ,i had dinner at her home yesterday evening1 and she told me how ,dr4 ,tildsley had come into her room and had complimented her upon the way she had explained the ,french ,revolution to her students4 ,new ,york is not the only city in which a teacher is fortunate in belonging to one of the old families1 and being able to know the district superintendent as a social equal4 ,but ,jessie ,wallace ,hughan is the last woman in ,new ,york who would wish to take advantage of that social prestige4 ,she is a woman with real convictions1 and ,i am sure she will not mind my repeating what she said to me only yesterday evening--that since she has run for office on the ,socialist ticket some teacher friends have been in such a state of fear that they are hardly willing to be seen speaking with her in public4 ,and twelve years ago1 when ,miss ,hughan was a student at ,columbia1 she was told by ,professor ,seligman1 in charge of her work1 that she could never have a career as a teacher1 because she had joined the ,socialist party4 ,all the recommendations he gave her were for statistical and research work1 never for college work60,d ----- ,footnote ,d3 ,upon submitting proofs of the above to ,miss ,hughan1 ,i received from her a statement as to her present position4 ,because she modified the pledge which she signed for the 8,luskers10 reserving her rights to freedom of conscience and political action1 she was denied a certificate of loyalty by this committee1 and although the ,lusk laws are now repealed1 ,miss ,hughan has for six years been denied the rank and salary to which she is entitled under the school regulations4 ,she writes3 8,my present and past principals have urged my appointment4 ,i have letters from the officials responsible1 making it clear that my radical beliefs were the sole ground for my non-appointment during the six years4 ,they still refuse1 however1 to replace my name on the eligible lists2 and ,i am now fulfilling the duties of head of department in the ,textile ,high ,school1 without enjoying the rank and additional five hundred dollars salary that should belong to the position40 ----- ,i had something even more definite than that1 in answer to ,dr4 ,tildsley's statement that it does a teacher no harm to be known as a ,socialist4 ,it happened that ,i had been in the ,new ,york ,public ,library1 collecting evidence from the files of the 8,times10 and ,i had copied in my note-book an account from that newspaper 7,april #bg1 #aiai7 of a meeting of the ,public ,education ,association addressed by ,superintendent ,tildsley4 ,according to his friends of the 8,times10 this great authority was reported as saying 8that in his opinion there was no place for the ,marxian ,socialist in the ,new ,york school system1 that there were quite a number of such ,socialists in the system at present1 that they should be dismissed0--and so on1 a long summary of the speech1 the substance being that such teachers should be excluded from the system in future4 ,this citation made ,dr4 ,tildsley uncomfortable for a few minutes1 but it did not do him any serious harm1 for the simple reason that there were only a couple of hundred people present at this debate1 and the news of his humiliation went no further4 ,there were a number of reporters present1 and next day the 8,tribune0 quoted ,dr4 ,tildsley's remarks at length 7,may #bf1 #aibb71 but did not mention the name of ,upton ,sinclair4 ,several other newspapers reported the debate1 but only one of them1 the 8,herald10 mentioned my name4 ,the 8,herald0 did it in the following fashion3 8,among the other speakers were 444 ,upton ,sinclair40 ,a newspaper man who was present told me that ,i might take this as a compliment2 it meant that the reporters and editors having to do with the matter had read the 8,brass ,check06 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,to ,,henrietta ,,rodman ,in city after city ,i found school conditions like these1 and in every case ,i found a little group of men and women opposing them1 facing every handicap and humiliation4 ,in two cities the soul and inspiration of this protest was a woman3 ,margaret ,haley in ,chicago1 and ,henrietta ,rodman in ,new ,york4 ,henrietta took me in charge1 and like ,virgil with ,dante1 led me through the seven hells4 ,she would gather a flock of teachers1 and sit by while they told me their troubles in chorus4 ,i counted upon ,henrietta to read and revise this manuscript2 but last spring she died1 and all ,i can do is to tell about her1 and pass on her brave and loving spirit to the future4 ,henrietta ,rodman came of an old ,new ,york family1 dating back some two hundred years4 ,her great-grandfather1 ,colonel ,robert ,blackwood1 was a member of the ,first ,continental ,congress1 and would have signed the ,declaration of ,independence if his death had not intervened4 ,i think it would not be an exaggeration to say that this fighting ,colonial ancestor kept ,henrietta in the school system in ,new ,york4 ,many and many a time he put on his ruffles and his cocked hat1 and drew his rusty old sword and stormed into the presence of boards of education and superintendents1 or into the columns of capitalist newspapers--to prove that his great-grand-daughter was not a ,bolshevik nor an alien enemy6 ,under the shadow of his revolutionary banner ,henrietta fought for true ,americanism1 with the fangs of the ,tammany tiger in her flesh4 ,she was twenty-three years in the school system1 yet she never lost her courage1 her idealism1 or her sense of humor4 ,she was always full of energy1 always pleading for the schools2 to her pupils she was warm-hearted and loving1 interested in new ideas1 eager for new adventures4 ,her father had said to her3 8,find the fundamental issue of your day1 and concentrate on that40 ,the great-grandfather had chosen the issue of ,american independence2 the father had chosen the issue of chattel-slavery2 and ,henrietta chose the issue of wage-slavery4 ,she had been teaching ,latin at ,wadleigh ,high ,school1 and found that ninety-four per cent of the pupils were being forced out because they could not pass the examinations4 ,she proceeded to teach them so that they could pass2 but it was against the rule to teach that way1 and the principal sent for her and scolded her4 ,she persisted in passing her pupils1 and so the city superintendent sent for her2 a teacher had no right to criticize her superiors1 he declared1 and flew into a passion4 ,suddenly a light leaped into ,henrietta's eyes1 and the sword of the old revolutionary colonel swished over the superintendent's head4 8,if you storm at me like a primitive man ,i'll shriek like a primitive woman60 ,so at once the superintendent calmed down6 ,they wanted to give her some real trouble1 so they put her in charge of a hundred defective girls4 ,at that time no one knew anything about psychological tests1 or what to do with mentally defective children in the schools4 ,henrietta worked out a course of study by easily graded stages1 which the most feeble-minded of them could follow4 ,the principal of the school took this and published it as his own1 and so stated before the board of superintendents4 ,some of these pupils were homeless and sick1 and ,henrietta got the class to adopt them2 that was an unprecedented thing1 altogether against the rules1 and ,henrietta was stormed at some more4 ,they sent her to the ,julia ,richman ,high ,school1 one of those terrible old barns that was built apparently before the use of paint was discovered4 ,it was supposed to be one of the most democratic schools in ,new ,york ,city4 8,but10 said ,henrietta1 8we can't call the teachers together1 we can't pass a motion1 we can't send a statement to the press or make an application to the school board1 without first having the sanction of the school principal60 ,there came the ,george ,eliot incident1 whereby the spotlight of publicity was turned upon this liberal teacher4 ,she was teaching ,english1 and some girl asked if it was true that ,george ,eliot had lived with a man to whom she was not married4 ,what was ,henrietta to do8 ,should she tell the girl to hush1 that was a naughty question8 ,or should she lie8 ,she explained that ,george ,henry ,lewes had had an insane wife1 and under the ,english law could not get a divorce2 so he and ,george ,eliot had lived as husband and wife1 and had been so accepted by all their friends for the rest of their lifetime4 ,one of the children took this home to her father1 and the father took it to the priest1 and the priest took it to the pulpit1 and the ,new ,york 8,times0 took it to the whole city4 ,there was a terrible uproar--it is so that reputations are made in the radical movement4 ,we have to do something queer or unusual1 something supposed to be shocking2 and we must manage to be right while we are doing it6 ,next came the uproar over married teachers4 ,the board passed a rule that women teachers who got married should automatically lose their jobs2 so the women took to concealing their marriages4 ,but now and then one could no longer be concealed1 and there would be a case of what ,henrietta called 8mother-baiting40 ,the board of education caught one woman about to become a mother1 and ,henrietta wrote a satirical letter to the newspapers4 ,for this she was suspended for eight months without pay4 ,as she said3 8,they fined me eighteen hundred dollars1 and then they adopted my idea4 ,they have always adopted my ideas1 and have always fined me for making them adopt them40 ,henrietta1 like myself1 supported the war4 ,she was head of a 8team0 that sold fifteen thousand dollars worth of ,liberty bonds2 but that did not save her from being 8investigated0 by military intelligence agents4 ,they got hold of her pupils while she was away2 the agents were suspicious1 because she had been teaching from ,frederic ,c4 ,howe's book1 8,european ,cities at ,work40 ,they discovered that what she had been teaching from the book was city planning4 ,but it was an offense at that time to let children know that the ,germans planned their cities well6 ,henrietta was summoned by ,superintendent ,tildsley4 ,she had been making a disturbance because the spy department was having the pupils write essays on ,bolshevism as a means of finding out what the children were being taught at home4 ,henrietta brought along a stenographer to take down the interview--so little trust did she have in ,dr4 ,tildsley2 but they would not let the stenographer take notes4 ,they summoned her again before the board4 ,she had written a letter to the ,brooklyn 8,eagle10 and the 8,eagle0 had not published it1 but had turned it over to the board4 ,they had an assistant district attorney present to try to twist her statements2 they had no evidence1 but they tried to get some out of her1 luring her into testifying against herself4 ,they furnished a stenographer for this meeting1 and when she got the stenographer's transcript it had been 8doctored40 ,in ,american political life today you must realize that you are dealing1 quite literally1 with criminals in office1 and there is no limit to what they will do to you4 ,at this time ,henrietta was organizing the high school teachers1 and the principal forbade them to meet unless he was present2 so it was that the principals took to carrying step-ladders and peering over the transoms1 to see if the teachers were violating orders4 ,said ,henrietta3 8,one might think1 if we are fit to teach the children in the schools1 we are fit to meet and discuss our own problems and ideas4 ,but1 no6 ,here are a million children and twenty-five thousand teachers1 and all the thinking for the whole system is to be done by twenty-two men4 ,if anybody else presumes to think1 that is impertinence40 ,she explained the situation to me2 teachers as a rule are people of quiet tastes1 not good fighters1 and the community knows nothing about how they are treated4 ,for example1 during the war-time1 ,new ,york ,city agreed to cancel all its contracts for the purchase of school supplies1 because prices had gone up1 and it would not be fair to make the contractors fulfil the old contracts4 ,but no one thought about the contracts with the teachers1 and what was fair to them4 ,the teachers suffered in silence1 or retired to some other occupation1 giving place to less competent people4 ,and who gave a thought to the children1 who were now to be taught by the incompetent8 ,it happened once that ,henrietta met ,mrs4 ,tildsley at a reception1 and there was a discussion4 8,if you don't like the way the schools are run1 why do you stay80 asked the superintendent's wife2 to which ,henrietta answered3 8,i stay because ,i am not willing to leave the children to ,dr4 ,tildsley40 ,to me she said3 8,i have enlisted as if for a war4 ,i am furiously patriotic2 ,i believe in the future of ,america with all my heart and soul1 and ,i am going to make freedom a reality here4 ,i am going to stick to the death40 ,she did this4 ,we were sitting on the little roof-garden of the ,civic ,club one spring evening1 and there were six or eight teachers in the group4 ,i could not see their faces in the darkness1 but ,i could hear their eager voices1 their murmurs of assent to ,henrietta's statements4 ,with a pencil and pad ,i noted down in the dark one after another of her sentences3 8,tight mindedness and fear are the occupational diseases of teaching4444 ,in the business world there is no such thing as unquestioned obedience2 that belongs only in teaching4444 ,there is more kowtowing in our schools than anywhere else in the world40 ,she told me how she had been assigned to teach 8,americanization0 classes4 ,there was a class of union painters1 foreigners who had asked for help2 naturally1 they wanted a union teacher1 and they chose ,henrietta4 ,but the superintendent in charge said that she was a dangerous radical1 and they could not have her6 ,here was a school system with twenty-two per cent of its children1 more than two hundred thousand1 according to official statistics1 coming to school suffering from malnutrition4 ,according to the director of physical training1 more than half the children who come to the high schools have physical defects4 ,and if you try to do anything whatever about these conditions1 if you have any sense of public responsibility for the poverty1 the exploitation and neglect of children--why then1 you are a ,bolshevik and a social outcast6 ,a young teacher spoke up1 a girl who had just begun work4 ,the principal had given her mimeographed directions as to how to teach4 ,there was a book containing all the problems1 and day by day she read from these sheets2 she was merely a phonograph4 ,they would hold a stop-watch on her pupils to see the number of words per minute they could read1 and they would rate her according to that4 ,they figured what they called the 8pupil load0 of a teacher4 ,every teacher had to carry a 8pupil load0 of #gaj2 that was the minimum1 and they never let you get below it4 ,there was supposed also to be a maximum1 but they never minded driving you above it2 they would report the extra pupils as 8visitors40 ,another teacher spoke up2 she was teaching typewriting1 and they had gone through the books and cut out a sentence of ,emerson's attributing to society some responsibility for criminals4 ,that was radicalism6 ,henrietta is gone2 but her soul lives1 and likewise the teachers' union she helped to found4 ,this book goes out as a call to the teachers and friends of teachers1 not merely in ,new ,york1 but all over ,america1 to come to the aid of the children1 to save the young and groping minds of the new generation from the bigotry and squalid ignorance which afflicts our adults4 ,i quote you a letter written last year by a high school boy of ,brooklyn1 and sent to me by a teacher in that school4 ,the teacher does not say how he answered this letter2 read it and see if you would know how to answer1 if such a letter came to you3 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 ,aug4 #ca1 #aibb4 ,dear ,mr4 ----3 ,i have never had the pleasure of being in one of your classes1 but it will not deter me from writing to you4 ,somehow ,i believe that you are one who may be able to help us where ,i and my friend have pondered many1 many hours and still could not achieve solution4 ,we are young--youths just upon the threshold of learning the way of our feet in the world of men4 ,and when the week's work is done and we have a day or two or three all to ourselves1 what are we to do8 ,bear with me a moment4 ,all about us yawns the pit of mediocrity4 ,with few exceptions1 the men and women and the sweet boys and girls ,i meet jade on me4 ,it is appalling--their unlovely spirit--mediocrity4 ,they are without greatness1 without camaraderie1 never do much of anything that is virile and stinging and resentful1 nor ever feel the prod and urge of life to will over its boundaries and be devilish and daring4 ,i can see through them and beyond them1 and all there is to see is their frailty1 their meagerness1 their sordidness and pitifulness4 ,they are miserable little egotisms1 like all the other little humans1 fluttering their ,may-fly dance of an hour4 ,as far as we are concerned in the matter they can go hang4 ,we laugh at the ridiculous effrontery of their efforts to crystallize us in the particular mold of their two-by-two1 cut-and-dried1 conventional world4 ,don't you see8 ,beyond all of us and the spirit of us that is a-bubble whispers ,romance1 ,adventure4 ,we have read the books and are aflame with purple hints of a world beyond our world4 ,when the week-ends roll around1 we want to do novel and stirring things1 we want to realize ourselves1 to chance and boast and dare1 to put laughter in our throats1 and quicken the throb of our blood4 ,heavens6 ,we have considered and counseled a myriad times1 and the only conclusion we reached was that we were as abysmally ignorant of life as we were or thought we were profoundly wise4 ,we have no morality in the matter4 ,we will be grateful for anything1 providing it is provocative of the thrills and novelty we seek4 ,and please do not consider any such insipidity as taking a hike to the country or a trip to ,bear ,mt4 ,they are commonplaces1 don't you see8 ,for instance1 a sance with a medium would have been a glorious suggestion--or something more unusual4 ,but this is only a sample of the many possible things that would lend color and individuality to our days4 ,so we who are merely young1 appeal to you1 a little naively perhaps1 but with stern sincerity1 in the hope that you who have passed through our stage of evolution may sympathize with us and may be able to help us in the way that we wish to be helped4 ,to me this letter is like a flashlight thrown suddenly upon the minds of the young people4 ,our whole problem of education is summed up in it2 and ,i ask again3 ,would you know what to answer4 ,i1 for my part1 would tell these lads to find one of the big strikes which are always going on1 say in the clothing trades of ,new ,york1 and attempt to read the ,constitution and so come into contact with the realities of the class struggle4 ,but1 of course1 a teacher who gave that advice would cease to be a teacher4 ,those who hold their jobs and get their promotions in the system are those who follow the mimeographed formulas1 and see that the pupils read the required number of words per minute4 ,the result is a newspaper item from the ,new ,york 8,times0 of ,may #bf1 #aibb2 ,i quote the first paragraph3 ,two school girls were found yesterday afternoon1 clasped in each other's arms1 lying on the floor of a kitchen of an apartment in the tenement house at #ge ,van ,alst ,avenue1 ,long ,island ,city4 ,the room was filled with gas and the discovery was made just in time to save them from death by asphyxiation4 ,the girls were ,dora ,boylan1 #ae years old1 daughter of a widow who occupied the apartment1 and who at the time was at work in a factory near by1 and ,agnes ,dougherty1 also #ae1 of #bh ,hunterspoint ,avenue1 ,long ,island ,city4 ,they had made up their minds to die rather than go to school4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,melodrama ,,in ,,chicago ,let us take next the school system of ,chicago4 ,here is a city of three million people1 with representatives of most of the races and nations and tribes of the world2 a great port1 a great railroad center1 a meat packing and manufacturing and banking center4 ,the owners of these industries contribute the necessary cash1 and finance alternately two rival political machines2 candidates are chosen who are satisfactory to the 8invisible government10 and with the help of four or five great capitalist newspapers the candidates are elected4 ,the purpose for which they are elected is to protect ,big ,business while it plunders the city2 incidentally1 and on the side1 the political officials plunder all they can4 ,the city being a strong union center1 the school teachers are organized4 ,the grade teachers form the ,chicago ,teachers' ,federation1 and the business representative of this federation is ,margaret ,haley2 one of those terrible people known as a 8walking delegate0--that is1 she goes about among the masters of the city1 asserting rights for those who are not supposed to have rights4 ,she is hated and slandered1 but continues to clamor for the teachers4 ,for a generation the school board and politicians in chorus with the capitalist newspapers have insisted that the teachers could not be paid a living wage1 the city was too poor4 ,nearly twenty-five years ago ,margaret ,haley took up the question of tax-dodging by the great corporations1 and ,i shall tell later on how she made five of these corporations pay taxes on their franchise valuations4 ,the business representative of the ,chicago ,teachers' ,federation lives always in the midst of some tumultuous political issue4 ,she was in the midst of one when ,i arrived in ,chicago1 in ,may1 #aibb1 the city being in the throes of a school graft scandal4 ,the attorney for the school board had just been indicted by the grand jury1 and the president of the board and many other members were soon to be indicted4 ,millions had been wasted--nobody could guess how much4 ,at the same time the governor of the state was being tried for appropriating thirty thousand dollars of the state's money2 the jury acquitted him--and then some members of the jury got jobs from the governor1 and were tried in their turn4 ,the day of my arrival it was discovered that the chief clerk of the city jail had stolen thirty-six hundred dollars of the money taken from the prisoners4 ,the ,chicago 8,tribune0 published an editorial headed3 8,is #aj ,safe ,anywhere80 ,the answer to this question is ,no2 and if you ask the reason1 it is the ,chicago 8,tribune40 ,turn to page #bgj of 8,the ,brass ,check10 and read the story of how the 8,tribune0 robbed the school children of enormous sums4 ,this paper1 and also the 8,daily ,news10 have their buildings on school land2 and they got leases at absurdly low rentals1 the leases extending for ninety-nine years1 with no provision for revaluation during the entire period4 ,in order to put this job over1 the 8,tribune0 had got its own attorney appointed on the school board6 ,the affair created a tremendous scandal1 and during the administration of ,mayor ,dunne there were some school board members not under ,big ,business control1 and these attempted to have the leases declared invalid2 whereupon the 8,tribune0 and the 8,news0 started a crusade of slander against the school board and against ,mayor ,dunne1 who appointed the school board4 ,the 8,tribune0 calls itself 8,the ,world's ,greatest ,newspaper10 and is undoubtedly the most powerful newspaper in the ,middle ,west4 ,the 8,daily ,news0 is the most powerful evening paper2 and the two of them1 according to ,william ,marion ,reedy1 8rallied to their support all the corrupt and vicious element of the ,chicago slums1 likewise the forces that could be controlled by the street railways and other public service corporations40 ,they elected a mayor who was their tool1 and he1 in defiance of law1 turned some school board members out of office1 and the courts upheld the leases6 ,here1 you see1 are two bands of highwaymen1 operating under the cloak of 8patriotism0 and 8hundred per cent ,americanism10 and robbing the school children of ,chicago of sums beyond estimate4 ,every politician and office-holder in the city knows that1 and follows this high example2 and so it comes about that #aj is not safe anywhere in ,chicago4 ,the first place to which ,i went was ,margaret ,haley's office4 ,she gave me a chair1 and started to tell me the news1 but the telephone rang2 it rang every few minutes during our chat1 and ,i listened1 and little by little this scene became unreal--it wasn't a business woman's office in ,chicago1 it was an act from one of those old-fashioned 8muck-raking0 plays which used to be written by ,charles ,klein and ,george ,broadhurst and others1 twenty years or so ago4 ,you couldn't produce such plays in ,america today1 you would be sent to jail for 8suspicion of criminal syndicalism40 ,in these plays the hero1 an upright young politician1 or maybe a newspaper man1 would be hunting a band of grafters1 and tied up in a tangle of plots and counter-plots4 ,you would see him in his office1 with breathless messengers running in2 or at the telephone in swift conversations1 giving orders and thwarting the moves of his enemies4 ,i had my note-book and pencil ready1 and it occurred to me that you might be interested to hear two or three minutes of the conversation which goes on in the office of the business representative of the ,chicago ,teachers' ,federation1 in these days of 8normalcy0 and 8hundred per cent ,americanism0 triumphant4 ,so ,i wrote a little scene from a play1 a regular thrilling melodrama1 with plots and counterplots1 betrayals and raids and sudden surprises1 grafters getting away with their loot and grand juries' representatives bursting in upon them--all the stock stage material4 ,but alas1 when ,i brought it to ,margaret ,haley to read1 ,i discovered that she had no idea she was dramatic1 and didn't like it2 also1 the particular bit of melodrama to which ,i had been witness had never been brought home to her1 and her connection with it could not be revealed without pointing to certain very precious sources of information4 ,and so my stage scene had to be 8cut10 and you will have to learn about ,chicago school graft from plain narrative prose4 ,the public schools of ,chicago still have some land which the grafters have not stolen4 ,there is a tract of one square mile on the outskirts of the city1 and in #aiba a bill was introduced in the state legislature to authorize the school board to sell it to the grafters4 ,the ,teachers' ,federation protested1 and received in reply a letter from ,mr4 ,bither1 attorney for the school board1 saying that the expenses of holding this land for the schools were such that if the teachers insisted upon its being held they must be prepared to have their salaries cut five hundred thousand dollars6 ,the business representative of the teachers investigated and ascertained that the cost of holding this land was literally and absolutely nothing2 if any money had been paid it had been paid illegally4 ,so ,mr4 ,bither's proposition came to this3 the teachers must stand by and let the grafters rob the schools1 or else the teachers themselves would be robbed6 ,instead of bowing to this threat1 the teachers appealed to the public2 they demonstrated that the figures presented to the mayor by ,mr4 ,bither1 showing the money spent for running the schools and for teachers' salaries1 had been juggled4 ,mr4 ,bither had overstated the amount paid for teachers' salaries by #hfh1jjj and understated the amount paid for administrative salaries by #cad1jjj4 ,when he had wanted a big appropriation from the legislature1 he had presented to this legislature tables showing that the teachers' salaries were very low2 but when he had wanted to keep the teachers from getting this money1 he had presented to the mayor tables showing that their salaries were higher4 ,all this1 of course1 led the teachers to go thoroughly into the expenditure of school funds4 ,reports began to come to the federation from one source after another4 ,the legislature had appropriated thirteen million dollars1 for the schools1 and the school board was spending it in a hurry1 so that the business men would get it instead of the teachers4 ,school principals were called on the telephone and compelled to order quantities of stuff--office furniture1 chairs1 desks1 moving pictures1 telephones1 pianos1 rugs1 phonographs4 ,a pamphlet issued by the ,chicago ,teachers' ,federation showed that the rate of increase of appropriations for 8incidentals0 in #aiba was ten times the rate of increase of the total appropriations for teachers' salaries in #aiba4 ,then came the news of strange goings on among the 8engineers10 the school custodians4 ,it was charged that the vice-president of the school board had got increases in salaries for the engineers and they had generously paid to him the three months' back pay included in the measure4 ,the engineers came to the ,masonic ,temple to pay this money--between #ge1jjj and #abe1jjj4 ,every man presented the exact amount1 and they checked him up carefully4 ,and later on they had a banquet1 and presented with fulsome speeches a magnificent silver service4 ,an amusing feature of this story is that the chief of police of ,chicago furnished two 8front-office men0 to sit and guard the sums of money which the engineers brought in4 ,you have to take every precaution1 in a city where #aj is not safe anywhere6 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,continuous ,,performance ,i went away from ,chicago in ,may2 and coming back in ,june1 on my way home1 ,i discovered that this ,chicago melodrama is a continuous performance4 ,a new act was on1 and the business representative of the ,chicago ,teachers' ,federation ,was in the midst of another whirlwind4 ,the city was on the point of getting a new president of the school board1 and he was worse than the old one1 if such a thing were possible4 ,he was a physician1 ,dr4 ,john ,dill ,robertson1 formerly head of the ,bennett ,medical ,college1 which had been exposed in the 8,journal of the ,american ,medical ,association10 ,february #gth1 #aiad4 ,margaret ,haley had had the article reproduced photographically1 with its headlines3 8,high ,school ,credentials for ,sale4 ,illustration of ,irregular ,methods by which ,commercially ,conducted ,medical ,colleges ,admit ,students ,contrary to ,law40 ,the article told how a student had applied to ,dr4 ,robertson's college1 presenting credits for a year and a half of high school work1 and the registrar of the college got him a certificate supposed to represent a full four years' high-school course4 ,they got this signed by a county school superintendent in ,wisconsin1 after the applicant had passed an examination for which the registrar furnished him both the questions and the answers6 ,a copy of this article was mailed to every member of the city council of ,chicago--but ,dr4 ,robertson was confirmed by this body just the same6 ,meantime the graft revelations continued4 ,i have before me a pamphlet by ,judge ,mc,kinley1 chief justice of the criminal court of ,cook ,county1 detailing the devices by which the fake purchasing companies made their millions out of the schools4 ,there are pages of details about such concerns1 their imaginary offices1 their contracts for every kind of material which could be used in a big city school system4 ,there was a deal for a hundred thousand tons of coal1 without any competitive bidding2 another deal of #bdd1jjj for 8surplus ,shipping ,board boilers0--these being boilers offered for sale by the ,shipping ,board and purchased by a dummy concern1 whose head was a former school board member4 ,this man1 ,fitzgerald1 had 8never had a bank account until this sale took place02 and the boilers were bought on the recommendation of ,davis1 the president of the school board1 described as 8a nice little fellow who did what he was told40 ,says ,judge ,mc,kinley3 ,there was 8the phonograph deal0 of the ,hiawatha ,company1 headed by ,state ,commerce ,commissioner ,p4 ,h4 ,moynihan2 8the six skinny cows0 sent to the parental school1 as milk producers for the three hundred little truants confined there2 the stationery and school supply contracts between the board and ,davis' nephews2 the tearing out of expensive plumbing in school buildings to 8make work0 for ,metzger's 8steam heating and ventilating company02 the sale of coal in certain districts to the schools by certain firms who made contributions of #ej cents a ton to board officials2 the 8sale0 of buildings on school property by ,bither1 the attorney for that board1 and the 8splitting0 of the rents collected from tenants who continued to live in them for two years after they had sold them as additions to the ,forrestville and ,wendell ,phillips schools4 ,you will wish to know the outcome of this particular act of the continuous ,chicago melodrama4 ,william ,a4 ,bither1 attorney for the school board1 and ,edwin ,s4 ,davis1 president of the board1 were tried for conspiracy and acquitted1 together with thirteen others1 including the boss of the gang4 ,some witnesses had disappeared2 others had 8forgotten0 what they had sworn to before the grand jury2 but most significant of all1 this clever board had taken the precaution not to pass rules governing its own procedure--and the court instructed the jury that in the absence of rules1 the business manager's rules held good6 ,it was not a crime for board members to sell to their own friends and relatives1 nor to sell to companies in which they1 the board members1 owned stock6 ,it was not a crime to buy supplies without bids6 ,it was not a crime to make bad bargains in purchasing6 ,to have these things proven in court cost the people of ,chicago some two hundred thousand dollars--in addition to the millions already wasted4 ,chicago got a new mayor1 who1 by political subtlety too intricate to detail1 got rid of the old school board1 and of ,dr4 ,robertson as president4 ,the last word of the great medical educator was a letter to the new board1 explaining the wonderful legacy he was leaving them1 in the form of a commission to study the school housing question2 and so1 when ,i came back to ,chicago in ,december1 #aibc1 to read the proofs of this book1 ,i found yet another act of the melodrama on1 and the business representative of the ,chicago ,teachers' ,federation in the midst of another whirlwind6 ,this commission and its ,big ,business masters had set out to foist upon the people of ,chicago the wonderful new 8platoon system0 of schools1 as it is now working full blast in ,detroit1 the very latest wrinkle in ,ford factory standardization applied to the minds of children4 ,needless to say1 in a city where #aj is not safe anywhere1 the schools are hideously overcrowded4 ,there is a new building program1 amounting to thirty million dollars1 and this hurts the plutocracy even to think about4 ,so one day1 after a school board session1 the kept press of ,chicago exploded all over the front page with the news that the school board had discussed a wonderful plan to save all that money1 and put half a million children on half time1 and hire eleven thousand new teachers1 and get double service out of the schools by running them nine hours a day1 six days a week1 twelve months a year on the 8platoon system0 as it exists in ,detroit4 ,the first thing to be got clear about this newspaper story is that it was a simultaneous lie4 ,the school board had not considered any such plan1 either at its regular meeting or at any committee meeting4 ,the ,chicago ,teachers' ,federation keeps a court stenographer at every session and has a complete transcript of every word that is spoken--this just because of the newspapers' habit of shameless lying4 ,but for some reason not easy to guess1 the board members failed to make a formal repudiation of this published false news2 the papers went on day after day outlining what the board was about to do2 and so it was plain that some power behind the scenes was setting out to force the hand of a new and supposed-to-be-liberal school board4 ,the ,chicago teachers decided to find out for themselves about this new ,detroit system and how it is working4 ,they sent a committee of nine class-room teachers1 who did not wait the convenience of superintendents1 but went right into class-rooms at the opening hour1 and spent several days wandering about in the great assembling plants for goslings4 ,they found ,detroit teachers in secret revolt against the new system--and incidentally much puzzled to learn that it was being boosted in ,chicago as a saver of money and building space4 ,the members of the school board in ,detroit had been having rows1 and calling one another impolite names because of the costliness of the system2 and as for space1 one ,chicago teacher asked3 8,why aren't you using the platoon system in this school80 ,the answer was3 8,we haven't room enough60 ,if it is not money and not building space1 what is it8 ,to quote the report of the ,chicago teachers3 8,all special work is outlined1 standardized1 and supervised from some central authority1 so that children derive no benefit from the originality and experience of the individual teacher1 or from her knowledge of their particular needs4 ,the teachers know the names of but few children in each group1 because of the large numbers with which they deal40 ,again3 8,if fatigue and inability to give attention are features of modern life1 the children are certainly experiencing life40 ,so it appears that this ,detroit system is a contrivance to suppress every trace of individuality in school teachers1 and make every one of them a phonograph1 repeating formulas set before her in print2 to prescribe not merely her words but her states of mind1 and the 8attitudes to be acquired0 by her pupils4 ,one teacher read me the specifications1 and said3 8,it's enough to raise the hair on your head40 ,what is the 8central authority0 which now shapes the minds of all the children of all the wage-slaves of our great metropolis of automobiles8 ,we shall inquire before long1 and find that it is the same interlocking directorate we know so well4 ,and here is their master achievement2 how well they know it1 how proud they are of it1 you may learn from their official statement1 written by the man who has the job in charge--,mr4 ,charles ,l4 ,spain1 deputy superintendent of schools of ,detroit4 ,says this great educator3 8,during the war the public schools came to be recognized as a powerful agency through which to spread propaganda4 ,it is certain that society will expect more from the schools in this respect than in the past40 ,and he goes on to explain that the 8platoon system0 gets the children all ready1 and every child in the building can be reached every day6 ,when this new scheme has been set up in all our schools1 big and little--and it won't take them but a few years--it will be possible for ,judge ,gary or ,mr4 ,morgan to press a button at nine o'clock in the morning1 and by twelve o'clock noon every child of our twenty-three million will be ready to go out and kill the 8,reds40 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,the ,,incorporate ,,tax-,,dodging ,,creatures ,it is important to note that a great part of the opposition to graft and propaganda and repression in the ,chicago schools has come from classroom teachers4 ,that is the real significance of a struggle which has been going on for many years1 over the question of the teachers organizing and being affiliated with labor unions4 ,eight years ago ,big ,business put in as president of the school board a gentleman named ,jacob ,loeb1 who proceeded to enforce a resolution forbidding teachers to belong to unions4 ,sixty-eight teachers were dismissed1 of whom thirty-eight were officers or active members of the ,chicago ,teachers' ,federation4 ,so this federation was forced to withdraw from affiliation with labor1 and is still withdrawn4 ,mr4 ,loeb was so satisfactory to the plutocracy that first a ,democratic and then a ,republican administration appointed him4 ,a ,hebrew workers' union was induced to support ,mr4 ,loeb's candidacy by the statement that the ,catholic ,federation was opposed to it2 but at this time ,roger ,sullivan1 the ,democratic ,catholic boss1 was secretly supporting the reappointment of ,loeb by ,mayor ,thompson1 the ,republican boss6 ,mayor ,thompson afterwards stated that ,mr4 ,loeb cried in his office and begged for the reappointment4 ,anyhow1 the ,chicago teachers fought the 8,loeb rule10 as it was called1 and the unions backed them4 ,so the ,loeb rule has fallen into disuse1 and ,chicago is one city in which the teachers run their own affairs4 ,but1 of course1 the teachers are powerless to clean out the school system2 it would be ,bolshevism and ,sovietism if they were to try4 ,the teachers are mere employes1 and the principals and superintendents are their 8superiors0--this in spite of the fact that to be a grade teacher in ,chicago you have to have educational qualifications1 while the friends of politicians find it easy to pass the examinations for principalships4 ,in a city where #aj is not safe anywhere1 most of the attention of the teachers naturally has to be devoted to the getting of a living wage4 ,throughout this book you will find stories of teachers in revolt over this question1 so let me say once for all that the rise in prices which cut the salaries of teachers to less than half1 was not confined to ,los ,angeles and ,new ,york2 it was a universal condition4 ,the teachers in ,chicago showed that between #ahig and #aiai1 the increase in the cost of living had been #cdi per cent1 so1 in spite of the raises they had won1 their salaries had been cut squarely in half2 they had lost a dollar a day in buying power from their #ahig salaries6 ,yet the grafters were fertile in devices to keep the teachers from getting more money4 ,years ago1 under the regime of ,superintendent ,cooley1 they established a fake salary schedule2 that is1 they had one schedule on paper and another which they actually paid4 ,they would grant increases1 and then take them back2 they would adopt schedules1 and then suspend their operation2 they would require examinations for admission to the higher salaries1 and then pass but very few1 and burn the papers in a great hurry4 ,an investigation by the ,teachers' ,federation showed that only sixty-two out of a possible twenty-six hundred were getting the maximum salary6 ,they called this scheme the 8merit system10 and it is still in use in many of our schools--the ,department of ,superintendence of the ,national ,education ,association being a clearing-house for such bright ideas4 ,understand1 there was a thousand dollar maximum1 and the teachers had been trying for ten years to get it1 in vain4 ,and now somebody worked out a new arrangement2 they were to get a raise if they got five points of credit in five outside courses of study4 ,this was supposed to take three years--and keep them waiting meantime6 ,but ,margaret ,haley discovered a loop-hole1 an institute at which the teachers could take five courses in one year4 ,the board had intended to change that regulation1 but the teachers beat them to it2 they rushed to the institute and registered for five courses at once4 ,the teachers regarded this as a great lark2 they swarmed into the place1 and studied till late every night4 ,the authorities pretended to be out of application blanks2 but the ,teachers' ,federation had some printed in a hurry6 ,sixteen hundred teachers thus got in1 and this broke the back of ,superintendent ,cooley's scheme4 ,he had assured the big business men of the city that he could hold down the salaries1 but now he had a pain in the head and stayed in ,europe2 when he came back1 he was made president of ,d4 ,c4 ,heath ,co41 one of the big school-book publishers4 ,after that1 the ,commercial ,club of ,chicago made him its 8educational commissioner10 and for five years paid him a salary to study the training of wage-slaves in ,europe1 so that he might come back and take charge of the 8continuation schools0 of the city4 ,make note1 please that this gentleman was a past president of the ,national ,education ,association2 we shall meet these 8great educators0 one by one in their home districts1 and observe just what their greatness consists in4 ,i have mentioned how ,margaret ,haley made the corporations pay their school taxes4 ,this happened in #aijj--there was a shortage in the school funds1 and the board of education went so far as to take away from the teachers money which had already been paid to them4 ,the income of the schools was supposed to be derived from taxes2 and ,margaret ,haley discovered that there were no assessments on franchise valuations being levied against corporations in ,chicago4 ,they were not even filing schedules1 as under the law they were required to do4 ,so the ,chicago ,teachers' ,federation set to work to bring mandamus proceedings against five public service corporations1 and after three years of agitation and legal controversy1 these five corporations paid six hundred thousand dollars in one year--of which nearly half went to the schools4 ,somebody composed a poem on the subject3 _/99 ,mandamus proceedings were brought by the teachers ,against the incorporate1 tax-dodging creatures2 8,no1 no10 said the ladies1 8you cannot flim-flam us1 ,we'll keep up the fighting though every man damn us40 99_/ ,after that the big highwaymen resolved to put ,margaret ,haley out of business4 ,the ,chicago 8,tribune0 came out with a story that she had applied for a four thousand dollar pension1 and it was then discovered that she had for seven years been collecting two salaries1 one from the board of education and the other from the teachers4 ,the 8,tribune0 had told so many lies about the teachers that it thought nothing mattered4 ,but ,margaret ,haley brought a libel suit1 and proved that she had had no salary from the board of education and that her salary as business representative of the ,teachers' ,federation was precisely the same as she would have got as a school teacher4 ,the jury brought in a verdict in ,miss ,haley's favor1 and she collected five hundred dollars from the 8,tribune10 and presented it to the ,labor party6 ,by way of countering the ,teachers' ,federation1 the politicians of ,chicago have got up the usual fake organization4 ,it is called the 8,teachers' ,league10 and nobody can find out who belongs to it1 or who gives it the authority to speak for the teachers4 ,but it speaks2 and the 8,tribune0 and other kept newspapers take up its voice and broadcast it4 ,this fake 8,league0 is used for lobbying in the school board and the state legislature1 and more especially for the slandering of union teachers4 ,it appeals to every kind of ignorance and base prejudice2 charging that those who run the ,teachers' ,federation are 8,bolsheviks10 and more terrible yet1 that they are atheists6 ,when the 8,tribune0 calls you names like this you cannot punish it2 ,henry ,ford found that out when the 8,tribune0 called him an ,anarchist6 ,you know how much of an ,anarchist ,henry ,ford is1 and so you can judge how much of a ,bolshevik and atheist the leaders of the ,chicago ,teachers' ,federation are6 ,as ,i write this book1 a superintendent and two instructors at the ,chicago ,parental ,school are suspended1 as result of a coroner's probe into the suicide of a fifteen-year-old boy1 who hanged himself to escape torture4 ,and ,i wonder1 if ,i were to call the owners of the ,chicago 8,tribune0 the murderers of this boy1 would anybody sue me for libel8 ,it is time we gave some attention to the fate of the children1 in this city where #aj is not safe anywhere4 ,let me take you to one ,chicago high school as portrayed to me two years ago4 ,this school gets up entertainments1 which take the boys out of the class-rooms2 pupils often fail in their classes1 because they have been playing in an opera 8to make money for the school40 ,money is collected at such entertainments--and replaces scholarship as an aim4 ,the school takes part in industrial exhibits2 the boys work to prepare these exhibits1 and prizes are collected1 and the money goes into the general fund4 ,when the state stops giving cash prizes1 the school at once stops competing4 ,the school publishes a paper2 it is a wretched paper1 of poor literary quality2 the 8boosters0 have charge of it1 and it makes money 8for the fund40 ,a certain teacher in the school has become an artist1 and has painted a beautiful picture2 it is proposed to purchase this picture for the school1 and some of the school funds are to be used for the purpose4 ,the teachers and pupils have been working under heavy pressure to earn this money1 but they are not permitted to have anything to say concerning the purpose for which the money shall be expended4 ,the boys know of such conditions1 and so do the teachers2 the school is1 to use the phrase of one of them1 8a hell of hate40 ,poor and foreign-born parents1 coming to the school1 are insulted and abused4 ,teachers are scolded before their classes4 ,the teachers take the matter up in a faculty meeting1 and the principal is interviewed by a committee from the faculty1 and hears a strenuous and detailed discussion of his conduct4 ,the teachers object among other things to having their efficiency judged by their ability to sell tickets4 ,the principal promises to reform1 but does not1 and finally thirty teachers sign a petition to the superintendent4 ,before delivering it1 they have one more conference with the principal1 who admits his faults--and then sets out to avenge himself1 by demoting three of the teachers1 and marking down the rating of another from the highest to a very low grade4 ,a woman member of the committee is summoned to a 8grilling0--in the course of which she hears all the other members of the committee berated4 ,a day or two later there breaks out into all the newspapers of ,chicago a scandal story1 and the principal gives an interview hinting that 8there is one example of radical teaching in the school40 ,it appears that the ,association of ,commerce had asked that on ,armistice day all the pupils should face the ,east1 and silence should be maintained for one minute while everybody thought about the dead in ,france4 ,but two students refused to face the ,east1 and so the newspapers called them 8,bolsheviks40 ,it was intended to implicate this brave woman teacher--although the two boys were not her pupils1 nor even in her department4 ,the boys were hauled up before the authorities1 and questioned as to their 8,bolshevism40 ,they admitted that they did not believe in war4 ,as to facing the ,east1 that was a ,mohammedan custom1 and one of them was a ,jew1 and neither a ,mohammedan6 ,i could tell you of another school in which the lunchroom1 supposed to be operated at cost1 has been used for money-making4 ,i could tell you of cases of cruelty to pupils1 and the abuse of parents4 ,i could tell you of one of ,chicago's few real educators1 ,principal ,mc,andrew of the ,hyde ,park ,high ,school1 who was forced out because he refused to promote the incompetent son of a school board official4 ,i have in my possession a statement signed by two ,chicago high school boys1 reciting how1 at the instance of their principal1 ,mr4 ,lewis ,a4 ,bloch of the ,marshall ,high ,school1 they agreed to work for the board of education4 ,they went to the office of the board at #dfj ,south ,state ,street1 and ,mr4 ,bachrach1 in whose office they were put to work1 agreed to pay them three dollars a week to cover their car fare and lunch4 ,on the afternoon of the last day of the week ,mr4 ,bachrach informed them that 8suddenly and unexpectedly the ,chicago ,board of ,education's treasury had gone dry1 and that the three dollars compensation could not be given us40 ,these boys ask me to withhold their names4 ,another boy states3 8,i have since found that this has been done time and again1 and also with the same excuse at hand40 ,these ,chicago schools are strenuous for the 8,americanization0 of the foreigners--which means despising the foreign children and calling them names4 ,it meant in war-time the activities of spies--boys paid to report what this teacher has said1 and that4 ,also1 it means the repression of every kind of liberal activity4 ,during the recent slaughter of the ,jews by the ,poles1 the ,jewish people in ,chicago were stirred up1 and organized a protest parade4 ,some ,jewish children asked to be permitted to attend this parade2 they got up a petition1 and their request was denied4 ,they argued that they had been allowed to attend all kinds of bankers' parades and ,association of ,commerce parades2 why not an anti-pogrom parade4 ,the answer of their principal was that if they went to the parade they would all be 8fired40 ,nevertheless1 the ,jewish children went to the parade1 and there were so many of them that they were not 8fired40 ,the schools of ,chicago are a happy hunting ground for every form of reactionary propaganda4 ,the ,war ,department supplies 8dope0 for the high school papers1 and it is published4 ,the boys hate this military training1 but they take it2 as one boy explained to his teacher1 8,i've been bullied for two years2 now it's my turn to bully somebody else40 ,many years ago ,chicago had a great superintendent of schools1 ,mrs4 ,ella ,flagg ,young1 and she tried to keep this curse of militarism away from the children4 ,she introduced in courses for every grade a little time to be given to the teaching of peace2 but the president of the school board1 attorney for the packers who came to board meetings drunk1 cut it out4 ,the bankers come to set up their golden calf in the schools2 also the various commercial men who want to use the schools for advertising--putting their 8dope0 into the writing books4 ,for example1 the book-keeping classes copy pages of the transactions of ,marshall1 ,field ,co4 ,a recent investigation in the technical schools showed that employers were calling up for high school students1 and even specifying their church affiliations4 ,such employers use the public schools to train their apprentices1 and then violate the constitutional rights of citizens4 ,the ,yellow ,taxi-cab ,company sends to schools to ask if would-be drivers have union relatives6 ,the big ,babbitts of the ,association of ,commerce1 desiring flocks of little ,babbits1 arranged for organizing in the schools what they called 8,junior ,associations of ,commerce40 ,the boys must be called out of class to listen to lectures by ,mr4 ,sam ,insull1 monarch of all the gas tanks he surveyed1 who made a tour of the schools to tell how he succeeded by never looking at the clock4 ,another business man told the kids that labor 8slacked0 during the war2 and as many of these ,chicago kids came from union homes1 they resented it4 ,when the grown-up ,association of ,commerce failed to support appropriations for the schools1 the kids at one school got on their dignity and withdrew4 ,then the ,chicago ,federation of ,labor had a bright thought--why should there not be a ,junior ,federation of ,labor in the schools8 ,why should not labor leaders come to tell the kids how they succeeded by solidarity8 ,a movement for this program was started1 and the name ,junior ,associations of ,commerce was changed in a hurry to ,civic ,industrial ,clubs6 ,how badly some labor representation is needed in ,chicago schools you may judge from a story told me by a parent1 whose little boy asked his teacher1 8,what is the militia for80 ,the answer was1 8,to put down labor strikes40 ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,the ,,superintendent ,,of ,,trombones ,we have now examined the public schools of three of our largest cities4 ,we are going to visit a number of other cities1 and it will be convenient to begin with ,san ,francisco and cross the continent eastward4 ,san ,francisco has a long and picturesque history of graft4 ,its ,big ,business is in the hands of descendants of gamblers and hold-up men1 who have run its affairs in that spirit4 ,everything has been for sale1 including the leaders of the exploited working class4 ,the old line union leaders of ,san ,francisco were1 and to a great extent still are1 agents made use of by business men against their business rivals4 ,some twenty years ago ,eugene ,schmitz1 head of the musicians' union1 led the workers into politics1 and was triumphantly elected mayor of the city4 ,behind the scenes as boss sat ,abraham ,ruef1 a lawyer2 and these two became almost as important in the world of graft as the heads of traction1 water1 gas1 and electric light companies4 ,in #aijf came the earthquake and fire1 and in the resulting confusion fortunes were made4 ,everything had a tax on it--the privilege of building a street-car line or the privilege of building a chimney on your home4 ,every form of vice was included--you may judge the moral tone of this community by the fact that one of the most prominent men in ,san ,francisco 8society10 a regent of the ,university of ,california1 was shown to have invested trust funds in a 8,french restaurant0 building1 intended to be used for his own profit as a house of assignation2 and after this exposure the gentleman stayed on as regent of the university6 ,one courageous newspaper editor1 ,fremont ,older1 and one public-spirited rich man1 ,rudolph ,spreckels1 undertook the exposure and punishment of these grafters4 ,francis ,j4 ,heney was put to work1 and he made up his mind that for the first time in ,american history the big insiders1 and not the little agents1 were to pay the price4 ,he went after ,patrick ,calhoun1 president of the street railways2 and the result was the most terrific civic convulsion in ,american history4 ,of course1 all the interlocking directorate rallied to ,mr4 ,calhoun's rescue2 they were equally guilty1 and must stand or fall by their confederate4 ,while trying the case in court1 ,heney was shot in the head1 but he recovered1 and the prosecution was continued2 ,mr4 ,calhoun was saved from the penitentiary only by the purchase of the jury which was trying him4 ,in spite of all the efforts of ,older and ,heney1 the outcome was that to which we are accustomed2 the little fellows were punished4 ,abe ,ruef was sent to the penitentiary1 while ,schmitz was let off by the ,appelate ,court4 ,fremont ,older1 realizing that ,ruef was merely a tool of the real criminals1 became sorry for him and tried to obtain his pardon4 ,nothing was ever said about ,ruef's returning the plunder he had collected1 and he is now living in retirement upon this4 ,ex-,mayor ,schmitz has recently been re-elected one of the supervisors of the city4 ,but he has now learned his lesson1 and takes the orders of ,herbert ,fleishhacker1 the banker who now runs both the city and state administrations4 ,if you have read 8,the ,goose-step10 you have made the acquaintance of ,herbert ,fleishhacker's brother1 ,mortimer1 who is the grand duke of the board of regents of our state university1 and owns the 8hell fleet of the ,pacific10 the fishing vessels whose horrors are a legend of the ,san ,francisco waterfront4 ,it is interesting to note that ,mortimer ,fleishhacker has just appointed a new president of his university1 an astronomer named ,campbell1 whose son is in the bond department of ,herbert's bank2 and the new president has shown his loyalty to his masters by declaring in a public address that 8higher education is a privilege and not a right40 ,what has been the fate of the public schools of ,san ,francisco you may judge when ,i tell you that a trombone player in the ,schmitz orchestra was appointed superintendent of schools of the city1 and held that high position for eighteen years4 ,alfred ,roncovieri was a union man1 representing what was supposed to be a union labor ticket2 nevertheless1 the teachers of ,san ,francisco were persecuted for belonging to the ,american ,federation of ,teachers4 ,they were ordered to withdraw1 and some two hundred out of two hundred and fifty did so4 ,at the same time the schools were open for the propaganda of the bankers and the militarists1 and the usual spy system was installed by the business interests4 ,mr4 ,roncovieri was an ,italian ,catholic1 and the censorship of text-books was turned over to his ,church2 books on history1 economics1 biology and science had to be submitted to ,father ,wood of ,st4 ,ignatius ,college1 who1 with the help of a ,paulist priest1 decided whether they were suitable for the children of ,san ,francisco4 ,they rejected one book1 8,builders of ,democracy10 but through a mistake ninety copies of it got into the library of one of the high schools2 the city had paid for them1 but the ,catholic censors ordered them out1 and out they went4 ,mr4 ,roncovieri conducted very pleasant 8institutes0 for the teachers1 and was profuse in flowery compliments1 telling them that they were 8the finest teachers in the world40 7,they had been appointed by the grafters1 and had tenure for life1 and a majority of them were ,catholics47 ,he selected lists of speakers1 and the ,catholic brothers and fathers were prominent thereon4 ,he cultivated his reputation as 8the best hand-shaker in ,san ,francisco02 also he saw to it that the incidental music at the institutes was of the finest quality--as an expert trombone player1 that was in his line4 ,how good care he took of the schools you may judge from the fact that in one of the largest and most crowded high schools more than one hundred windows were found to be broken and not repaired6 ,san ,francisco kept on growing1 and the schools kept on falling to pieces1 and public agitation grew louder and louder4 ,various public bodies took the matter up1 and finally a survey was ordered1 and a committee was appointed by the ,united ,states ,commissioner of ,education4 ,this committee visited #ajf schools1 and made #ahah visits to classes4 ,they issued an exhaustive report of #fdi pages1 which you can get from the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,education4 ,they criticized the schools of ,san ,francisco very sternly1 and called for a complete reorganization1 amendments to the charter1 new departments1 and other radical changes4 ,superintendent ,roncovieri1 needless to say1 took offense at this report1 and before the ,teachers' ,institute he delivered a violent attack upon it4 ,the report was defended by ,mr4 ,addicott1 of the ,polytechnic ,high ,school1 and so resulted several years of controversy4 ,roncovieri's outpourings were featured in the ,san ,francisco 8,chronicle10 organ of ,mike de ,young1 whom ,ambrose ,bierce pictured hanging on all the gibbets of the world4 7,see 8,the ,brass ,check407 ,in the 8,chronicle0 of ,october #ai1 #aibj1 ,superintendent ,roncovieri described ,mr4 ,addicott as 8a clown10 8an idiot10 and 8a boob40 ,these highly educational statements were followed by charges on the part of ,mr4 ,gallagher1 ,catholic president of the board of education1 to the effect that there was gambling going on at ,polytechnic ,high ,school4 ,also it was charged that ,mr4 ,addicott had suspended some pupils--though nobody could explain how the principal of a school was to keep the pupils from gambling if he were not allowed to suspend any of them4 ,it must be especially hard for a principal to keep the pupils from gambling when the principal knows1 and all the pupils know1 that the big business men of the city are doing little else4 ,not long after that ,mr4 ,addicott committed two major offenses2 he gave to the grand jury information concerning the wasting of school funds by the grafters1 and he said something in public to the effect that the president of the school board had appeared at a school gathering under the influence of liquor4 ,so ,mr4 ,addicott1 after a farcical trial before the ,catholic board1 was turned out of the school system1 and the non-,catholic population of ,san ,francisco proceeded to organize the ,public ,schools ,defense ,association4 ,the students of the ,polytechnic ,high ,school declared a strike1 and there was a campaign carried on by means of mass meetings and leaflets1 which made the public acquainted with facts which the newspapers had for years refused to print4 ,what these facts were is the next subject for our attention4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,french ,,restaurants ,once more ,i am sorry to seem to play the game of the ,grand ,imperial ,kleagles2 nevertheless1 it must be stated that two forces have had control of the ,san ,francisco public schools for the past twenty years3 ,first1 the big and little business grafters1 and second1 ,archbishop ,hanna1 who is pledged ex-officio to the undermining of the public school system and the building up of the ,catholic parochial schools4 ,the ,catholic superintendent and the ,catholic board had deliberately held down the construction program of the public schools4 ,the money intended for these schools was stolen by the grafters1 while building materials were sold at bargain prices or stolen outright for the parochial schools4 ,the very furniture out of the public schools was taken--the ,catholic children were sitting on chairs taken from the public schools1 while the children in the public schools had to sit on soap-boxes4 ,you may find this incredible1 but it is a matter of public record2 it was proven before the grand jury1 and the documents are available for those who care to consult them4 ,needless to say1 not many take that trouble2 the newspapers of ,san ,francisco follow the rule of the capitalist press throughout the ,united ,states--attacks on ,catholic institutions are barred4 ,public speakers were forbidden to hold meetings and to lecture on this question1 by order of the chief of police4 ,colonel ,j4 ,arthur ,petersen asked in the office of the superintendent of schools for certain records concerning school affairs1 and ,mr4 ,roncovieri threatened to shoot him4 ,later on1 a mob set upon ,colonel ,petersen and tried to murder him in broad daylight on the streets of the city4 ,the most curious story is that of the sale of school desks4 ,by order of the school director1 ,miss ,jones1 a ,catholic1 there were sold to the parochial schools nearly three thousand school desks1 at from fifteen to fifty cents apiece4 ,they were delivered by the city's trucks to the various parochial schools1 and the ,catholic fathers and sisters signed receipts for them1 and the city's workmen1 paid out of the city's money1 installed the desks1 and cleaned and varnished them1 using the city's tools and materials4 ,and three thousand children of the city were told that there were no accommodations for them in the public schools1 but there was plenty of room in the church schools nearby6 ,i send the manuscript of this chapter to my friend1 ,fremont ,older1 editor of the ,san ,francisco 8,call10 and he writes me that he has never heard of these incidents4 ,i take this as a curious illustration of the power of the ,catholic church over public opinion4 ,the facts concerning the theft of school furniture1 books and building materials constituted the principal issue in the school election of #aiba4 ,i have before me seven pamphlets of the ,public ,schools ,defense ,association1 in which the facts are given in minute detail2 especially ,bulletin ,no4 #b1 dated ,october #aj1 #aiba1 and ,bulletin ,no4 #c1 dated ,october #bj1 #aiba4 ,the facts were also published and republished in a paper called the 8,crusader10 especially the issues of ,june1 ,september1 and ,october1 #aiba4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,somers was an active worker in the association1 and he has sent me transcripts of the sales of school desks1 which he personally rechecked from the records of the board of education4 ,the president of this board came to the defense of the gang declaring that the desks had been sold 8to anyone who might want them40 ,but practically nobody got them except the parochial schools1 and nobody knew anything about the sales but these same schools4 ,the city charter provides that all public property which is 8usable0 must be sold at public auction1 after being advertised for five days2 a law which was not once complied with over a period of five years4 ,the president of the board furthermore argued that the desks 8were sold in small lots40 ,concerning that you may judge for yourself2 ,i quote from the records3 ,father ,w4 ,h4 ,o',mahoney received two lots1 a total of #bce desks1 voucher #ifj1 dated ,may #h1 #aibj1 and voucher unnumbered1 dated ,september #bg1 #aiai4 ,father ,peter ,c4 ,yorke received two lots a total of #bjj desks1 vouchers #hab1 ,november #bf1 #aiag1 and #iab1 ,september #bb1 #aiai4 ,father ,sullivan received #bjj desks1 voucher #faj1 ,september #h1 #aiaf4 ,father ,doran received one lot of #cge desks1 voucher #haf1 ,december #b1 #aiah4 ,this makes a total of #iga desks delivered in six lots4 ,in addition to these1 more than #b1jjj desks went in lots of from #bj to #fj per delivery4 ,so great was the public excitement over these matters that on ,september #ae1 #aiba1 a crowd of five hundred women stormed the city hall4 ,a ,mrs4 ,mc,carthy declared that children at the ,portola and ,buena ,vista public schools1 from which desks had been sold1 were having to sit on soap-boxes2 another woman declared that her own child was sitting on a soap-box4 ,the newspapers reported the incident1 but briefly1 and without mentioning the dread word ,catholic4 ,the grand jury took up all the charges1 and conducted very thorough investigations4,e ----- ,footnote ,e3 ,so many people have expressed incredulity concerning these matters that at the risk of repetition ,i quote one paragraph from the report of the school committee of the grand jury1 the chairman of which was ,mrs4 ,samuel ,backus1 wife of ,general ,backus1 former postmaster of ,san ,francisco3 8,mr4 ,conkling1 store-keeper1 testified that ,school ,director ,miss ,sallie ,jones condemned the furniture and sold the same to private parties and schools1 and the same were at once put into service4 ,miss ,sallie ,jones testified that she had ordered the sale of old desks1 etc41 and that the same were sold at private sale1 and at the same time the ,department was buying new furniture for the schools1 as she would not put old desks or chairs in new schools built by bond money4 ,this is in strict contradiction of the ,charter4 ,first1 the furniture was not useless1 and second1 it was not sold at public auction4 ,most of the sales were made at #be and #ej cents per desk1 and replaced by new ones costing from six to ten dollars40 ----- ,nor was it desks alone4 ,thousands of sacks of cement1 intended for the public schools1 were stolen from the board of public works1 and other material1 wood1 steel1 etc41 was likewise delivered to the parochial schools4 ,because of the overcrowding in the public schools1 the city had built over five hundred temporary shacks1 costing one or two thousand dollars each2 and it was estimated that more than half this amount had gone into graft4 ,a school official in the course of his duties sent a cement man to estimate on cement repair work2 the price asked was two hundred dollars2 the official told him to add fifty dollars1 8,and you know what it is for40 ,on another job the man estimated two hundred and fifty dollars2 he was told to add fifty dollars for the official2 then he was told to add ninety dollars to this4 ,a former storekeeper of the schools received fifty reams of paper1 and was asked to sign for one hundred2 because he refused to do this he was discharged from his position4 ,it was shown that the city had furnished its ,catholic board president an automobile costing over five thousand dollars4 ,other members of the board had had homes built at the expense of the city2 the material was taken from the board of public works1 the employes of this board helped to construct the buildings1 and the time was charged to 8school repairs40 ,also this grand jury committee brought out the fact that the laws had been repeatedly broken in the purchase of text-books for the ,san ,francisco schools4 ,books had been bought in large quantities in defiance of state provisions1 and at prices higher than those permitted4 ,the committee listed a total of #aa1afa books which could not be used at all4 ,among those who appeared before the grand jury was a ,catholic member of the school board1 ,miss ,alice ,rose ,power1 who admitted that she had formerly owned five thousand shares of stock in a text-book company1 and had assigned half this stock to the head of the company and the other half to her nephew4 ,she still had a desk in the office of this company1 and at the same time1 as a member of the school board1 had authorized purchases of text-books from this company4 ,i was told by teachers in ,san ,francisco that there were store-rooms full of unused books1 which had been purchased at much higher than the authorized prices2 scarcely a teacher who did not report basements and cupboards in his or her school1 piled up with books which could not be used4 ,one teacher told me how1 when it was known that this book graft was being looked into1 great quantities of books were shipped to another school1 and others were given to the pupils to be carried home4 ,i recalled the stories ,i heard nearly twenty years ago1 when ,i was investigating the glass factories in ,south ,jersey2 the state child labor inspector would telephone to a certain factory that he was about to make an inspection1 and all the child workers would be gathered up and hidden away in the big passage through which the fresh air was driven to the blast furnaces6 ,under the law1 all these book companies could have been fined and made to take back the books2 also the bondsmen of the school board members were liable for the amount of the graft4 ,some citizens hoped that this money might be collected1 but their hope was vain4 ,the foreman of the grand jury requested that while the investigation was under way1 the ,public ,schools ,defense ,association would hold no more public meetings and give no more information to the press2 the grand jury likewise gave out nothing1 and so gradually the excitement died down4 ,then1 to the dismay of the association1 the grand jury adjourned without taking any action2 and the members of the association investigated1 and discovered that the foreman of the grand jury was a ,catholic6 ,the book graft is an ancient and honored one in ,san ,francisco history4 ,if you visit the ,university of ,california you will be shown with pride the magnificent ,bancroft library of old ,spanish manuscripts4 ,you are told that this is a memorial to ,h4 ,h4 ,bancroft1 the historian of ,california2 and you get the impression that ,mr4 ,bancroft donated it4 ,as a matter of fact1 he sold it to the state for a quarter of a million dollars2 also1 he sold his books to the schools--his great store-house of culture1 the 8,history of ,california0 by ,hubert ,henry ,bancroft1 three volumes at five dollars per volume4 ,it was published by the author1 and wide-awake young agents explained to school boards and superintendents that the great work was not yet complete2 there was a shrewdly worded clause in the contract1 whereby the purchaser agreed to take the succeeding volumes of the series4 ,the school authorities signed this contract by the thousands1 and then the ,bancroft mills began to grind6 8,the ,history of ,california0 extended to thirty-three volumes1 and then it was continued in the form of histories of ,utah1 ,arizona1 ,nevada1 ,new ,mexico1 ,central ,america1 ,alaska2 it was like the magic salt-mill which made the sea salty6 ,these volumes would appear every six months or so2 they would be delivered at the schools1 and the innocent teachers would take them in and put them on the shelves4 ,nothing was said about payment1 and so nobody worried about it2 until finally1 after the series was completed1 the bills were delivered--and there was weeping and gnashing of teeth among school boards of ,california4 ,many refused to pay1 but ,bancroft sued1 and got judgments amounting to over a million dollars4 ,i am told that there are schools way up in the hills which have a shelf of ,bancroft's history as their sole instrument of general culture4 ,after that the ,bancroft concern was a power in the school-book business of the state2 it got the agencies for many of the big book concerns1 and carried the school superintendents in its pocket4 ,some time ago the people of ,california got tired of being robbed by book companies1 and put through a provision for the manufacture of elementary school text-books by the state4 ,all over the ,united ,states ,i found the book men incensed concerning this ,california procedure4 ,they would present me with pocketfuls of literature1 expensive pamphlets demonstrating the futility and extravagance of the ,california text-book program4 ,i would listen politely1 and accept the literature and ship it home1 where it still forms a pile upon my shelves2 but ,i do not need to go into it1 because1 having investigated the ,california situation1 ,i know how the political machine is occupied to sabotage the public text-book scheme4 ,the former state printer1 ,richardson1 is now our governor1 put in office by the ,black ,hand to starve the schools and build up the jails4 ,to return to ,san ,francisco3 there was an election campaign over the issue of reorganizing the school system1 and this became of necessity an anti-,catholic campaign4 ,the ,catholics fought vigorously--some three hundred nuns were marched to the polls to cast their votes for the ,catholic program1 and the archbishop formally granted them absolution for the crime of taking part in politics6 ,nevertheless1 the awakened people of ,san ,francisco had their way4 ,mr4 ,addicott was reinstated1 and ,superintendent ,roncovieri and ,president ,gallagher of the school board retired4 ,san ,francisco now has a new board of education4 ,the president of this board is a department-store proprietor and strong ,chamber of ,commerce man1 who admitted that he had completed his scanty education in a parochial school4 ,the grand duchess of the board is the mother-in-law of ,congressman ,kahn1 one of our most ardent militarists1 and a close friend of the archbishop's4 ,the rest of the board consists of the sister-in-law of the mayor's secretary2 a prominent tobacco merchant2 a prominent lumber merchant2 a labor official who is employed in a bank at a salary of #aej a week1 and who sends his children to the parochial schools2 and finally1 ,miss ,alice ,rose ,power of the ,catholic church4 ,this board has imported a new superintendent from ,new ,orleans1 and ,i find a long article in the 8,sierra ,educational ,news10 state organ of the school machine1 telling what a great educator he is4 ,we shall see in due course how greatness is manufactured by these school machines1 and for what purpose it is used4 ,we shall see ,superintendent ,gwinn working with the gang when they stole the ,national ,education ,association away from the teachers2 also we shall see him drawing up the 8patriotism program0 under which the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 turned its conscience over to the keeping of the ,american ,legion4 ,it is worth noting that he retains from the days of the trombones his deputy superintendent1 who at the last election was caught taking eight hundred dollars from the ,power ,trust1 for propaganda among the teachers against the public ownership bill4 ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,the ,,university ,,gang ,we cross ,san ,francisco ,bay to ,berkeley1 and here is a city of sixty thousand people1 cut in half by a broad avenue2 on the one side live well-to-do commuters1 retired army and navy officers1 capitalists1 and university students and professors2 on the other side live shipyard and railroad workers1 and servants of the rich4 ,the city1 both the rich part and the poor1 is completely dominated by a medieval fortress on a hill1 which ,i have called the ,university of the ,black ,hand1 and which is officially known as the ,university of ,california4 ,it has eleven thousand students1 a completely intrenched bureaucracy1 and a board of regents made up of the worst plutocratic elements in the state4 ,desiring to show how much he cares for 8,the ,goose-step10 the newly elected governor of the ,black ,hand has just added to the board the greatest enemy of the public welfare in ,california1 ,harry ,chandler1 publisher and owner of the ,los ,angeles 8,times40 ,in #aiaa the workers of ,berkeley took thought of their own interests1 and elected a ,socialist clergyman as their mayor4 ,this1 of course1 was terrible to the plutocracy1 and they waged incessant war upon the ,socialists1 one of their principal agencies being the political science department of their university4 ,you understand that the purpose of 8political science0 is to maintain the capitalist state2 and what better practice for the students than to hold down the working class of their university town8 ,the head of this department was ,david ,p4 ,barrows1 whom ,i have called the ,dean of ,imperialism3 one of these military figures who make our cause easy by caricaturing his own4 ,i have told the story of his career in 8,the ,goose-step0--how he went to ,siberia and directed ,president ,wilson's private war on the ,russian people1 and then came home and clamored for the shooting of all the ,bolsheviks in ,america4 ,on the strength of this program the ,black ,hand made him president of the university2 a position he has just quit1 because the ,black ,hand discovered that it needs1 not merely a man who is 8strong10 but one who is not stupid4 ,what do you do when you are ,dean of ,imperialism of a state university1 and are set to hold down the local populace8 ,you build up a political machine1 precisely like ,tammany ,hall or any other machine4 ,you pick a university representative to become mayor of the town1 and you pick another university representative to run the school board4 ,you have your experts draw up the city charter and all the laws and ordinances1 so as to make it possible for you to have your way and for the people not to have their way4 ,you summon your fraternities and put them into politics on the side of their fathers4 ,you vote your students en masse in the city1 in spite of the fact that they are not legally entitled to vote there4 ,your fraternity political leader gets five thousand dollars from the ,key ,route 7street railways71 and when a student exposes this fact on a public platform1 you see this student mobbed and beaten4 ,you collect campaign funds from the public service corporations and big business grafters in the usual political fashion1 and pay them with the promise that when there are strikes you will use the students of the university to break the strikes2 and whenever the occasion arises you carry out this promise4 ,you drive from your university every professor who dares to lift his voice against the regime of the ,black ,hand4 ,you kick out unceremoniously a student who dares to publish a paper reciting the facts about your activities4 ,such is 8political science0 in an ,american state university2 such are the lessons which the students of the ,black ,hand learn in ,berkeley1 and go back to apply in their home cities and towns4 ,you might have the idea that at least a university administration would do something in the way of improving the schools of its city2 but if so1 you would be as naive as the people of ,berkeley have been4 ,the university-controlled system of ,berkeley turns out precisely the same products as the ,new ,york system dominated by 8,democratic0 ,tammany ,hall1 and the ,chicago system dominated by the ,thompson 8,republican0 machine1 and the ,san ,francisco system dominated by ,banker ,fleishhacker and ,archbishop ,hanna2 those products being ,g1 ,f1 ,p1 and ,r--,graft1 ,favoritism1 ,propaganda and ,repression4 ,in the year #aiac1 when the ,socialists carried their second election and got control of the schools1 the school buildings were run down and filthy1 with no paint and with vile1 unsanitary toilets4 ,large sums of money had been voted1 and nobody could find out where they went2 the accounts were purposely confused for the concealment of graft4 ,the school board was made up of political 8dead beats0 and grafters1 representing all the business interests1 including prostitution and booze4 ,the teachers were browbeaten1 the parents were insulted and driven from the schools when they tried to find out what was going on4 ,the pupils were 8fired0 because of their own political activities1 or the activities of their parents in opposition to the gang4 ,the ,socialists came into power1 and their first demand was for the building up of the school system4 ,they called a bond election1 and the interests defeated this2 subsequently the bond issue was carried1 and there was a possibility of several hundred thousand dollars being spent without consideration for the grafters4 ,this1 of course1 would never do2 so the political science department of the university was called on1 and it drew up a plan1 which the city council put through1 to appoint a special committee to handle this money2 a 8committee of citizens0--that is to say1 the business grafters of ,berkeley1 in sufficient number to outvote the ,socialists6 ,mrs4 ,elvina ,s4 ,beals was a ,socialist member of this school board1 and also of the next school board1 on which she constituted an unhappy minority4 ,she has told me the story of her experiences1 and put the documents into my hands4 ,to become a ,socialist school board member is like stepping into a lion's den2 save that there is no wall against which you can back up--the lions are on every side of you6 ,there is nothing you do or attempt to do for the schools in which you do not encounter some business interest trying to make profit out of them4 ,if you tried to obtain a fair price for a building site1 you made mortal enemies of some fellow board member1 whose relatives were expecting to retire with a life competence from this particular deal4 ,if you insisted upon enforcing the law requiring bids for school furnishings1 you made enemies of those board members who had 8friends0 among the wholesalers4 ,if you tried to have the board furnish stationery to the high school students at cost1 the merchants of your city came in a body to make a protest to the board--you were ruining their business4 ,the secretary of the ,chamber of ,commerce made an eloquent speech1 asking who it was that paid the taxes to support the schools1 if not the business men4 ,if you tried to establish school cafeterias1 so that poor children could get wholesome food at cost1 you were ruining the restaurant keepers and the bakers4 ,all these people would combine and form a little local ,black ,hand2 they would start a scandal bureau and fill the kept press with misrepresentations2 they would start a 8recall0 campaign against you1 and pour out floods of slander upon you1 and make you spend a small fortune to defend yourself4 ,and here is the most significant fact3 at the very front of this campaign of rascality and falsehood would be the university machine6 ,here was a school board giving away old houses to real estate men without bids2 here was a coal man on the board giving furniture contracts to a friend2 and in every such issue the university vote would be on the side of the grafters6 ,the ,socialists brought up the question of fire insurance graft4 ,it seemed that whenever the local insurance men got hard up and needed cash1 they went and insured a school2 they had even insured one building which didn't exist6 ,they had been charging as high as four dollars per hundred2 but now the ,socialists demanded bids1 and forced the local agents down to a dollar-sixty per hundred1 and in one case as low as sixty cents per hundred4 ,the representative of a ,pennsylvania company made this bid1 and the law required that the city should take the lowest bid4 ,mrs4 ,beals urged that the law be obeyed2 against her on the board was an official of the ,federal ,coal ,company1 whose president and secretary were at that time in ,san ,quentin penitentiary1 charged with defrauding the government by short-weight--and getting fifteen hundred dollars a month salary from the company while in jail6 ,also a prominent politician1 who frequently came to board meetings with so much liquor in him that you could smell it across the table4 ,also a local political woman and finally the university professor4 ,here was a plain issue of whether or not the school board should obey the law2 and the university professor of the ,black ,hand voted to disobey the law4 ,after a whole day's fight1 ,mrs4 ,beals forced a reconsideration on this matter2 the professor stuck by the gang1 but the woman and the coal dealer changed1 and so the city of ,berkeley was saved five thousand dollars4 ,then came an old settler trying to sell some property to the board for many times its value4 ,there was mysterious pulling of wires1 and it was evident that the board was again going to disobey the law4 ,so the ,socialists raked up a forgotten statute1 to the effect that the board could not buy land without the consent of the people4 ,under another forgotten statute they called a town meeting1 which was most embarrassing to the grafters4 ,the board dropped this proposition2 also they dropped ,mrs4 ,beals from the sites committee of the board1 and put her on the supplies committee instead4 ,thus she saw another side of the system2 one of the agents who sold school supplies told her he was glad there was now one school supplies committee in the state of ,california which did not have its hands held out6 ,the board1 following the lead of ,president ,barrows at the university1 had made a ruling that the superintendent might dismiss teachers on recommendation from the principal1 and without the right to see the board4 ,but ,mrs4 ,beals made it her business to see every teacher who was let out1 and also to see those who were newly engaged4 ,iron fire-escapes were desperately needed1 and with the help of the fire-chief ,mrs4 ,beals got them4 ,also she got kindergartens in every primary school4 ,giving her entire time for the munificent salary of fifteen dollars a month1 she had saved the city of ,berkeley a hundred thousand dollars4 ,but now came war and glory2 the board members were called upon to sign a resolution to the effect that they would perform any service that ,woodrow ,wilson might request2 and when ,mrs4 ,beals very wisely hesitated at this1 the ,associated ,press flashed her over the ,united ,states as disloyal4 ,so the gang came in waving the stars and stripes1 and everything is now back where it was4 ,you will find this happening in city after city--,america has been made safe for capitalism4 ,berkeley now has as superintendent an amiable but feeble lecturer-pedagogue1 who told the ,california ,teachers' ,association that 8the teachers and the public should get together in prayer-meeting02 he went on to explain what he meant by the public1 naming the ,chamber of ,commerce1 the ,rotarians1 the ,kiwanis--and not a single labor body6 ,the overhead expenses of the schools have increased five times--but they have put out all the ,montessori work1 because they cannot afford it6 ,in charge of the spending of the money is a board made up as follows3 a coal and wood dealer2 a dry goods merchant of the ,rotary ,club and ,chamber of ,commerce type2 the wife of an attorney2 a political woman affiliated with the oil interests and the ,barrows machine2 and a professor of the agricultural department of the university4 ,how aggressively the ,black ,hand is at work you may judge from the fact that the children of ,berkeley were required to answer a questionnaire1 disguised as a 8social survey40 ,among fifty questions were such as these3 8,how does your father spend his spare time8 ,what does he do ,sundays8 ,what books does your mother read80 ,the child was assured that all this would be 8confidential02 but he was not permitted to take the questions home to his parents6 ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,the ,,ward ,,leader ,the trolley cars take us a few miles south to the city of ,oakland1 where we find a still larger population of shipyard workers1 longshoremen and factory hands1 having ideas of their own1 and therefore having to be taken in charge by the ,black ,hand4 ,the situation in ,oakland is of especial importance1 for the reason that the school superintendent of the ,black ,hand in this city is one of the big chiefs of the ,national ,education ,association4 ,fred ,m4 ,hunter was the #aiba president of the ,association1 and at the convention where he was chosen the gang put through a 8reorganization10 whereby it was made forever certain that the class-room teachers of ,america shall remain impotent in their own organization1 while their opinions are voiced for them and their money is spent for them by the bosses of the educational ,tammany ,hall4 ,i wish you to understand that when ,i speak of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 as an educational ,tammany ,hall1 ,i am not slinging language1 but giving a precise description of a sociological phenomenon4 ,the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 is run by a political gang1 and the bosses in it are exactly the same kind of people1 functioning in exactly the same way as the ward leaders of ,tammany4 ,fred ,m4 ,hunter is one of these ward leaders1 and he uses the schools of ,oakland1 in no sense for the benefit of the city or its people1 but solely for the building up of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 machine1 and of his power in this machine4 ,as you read the story1 therefore1 bear this wider aspect of the matter in mind4 ,the city of ,oakland1 with its quarter of a million people1 mostly workers1 contributes the sum of eighteen thousand dollars a day for the education of its children1 and this sum is used by a school politician to reward his friends and punish his enemies4 ,incidentally1 of course1 this ward leader sees to it that our education1 both local and national1 remains plutocratic2 just as the ward leaders of ,tammany see to it that the 8traction crowd0 and the other big exploiters are protected4 ,the ,city of ,oakland voted five million dollars for new schools1 and ,mr4 ,hunter explained publicly his idea that the proper people to handle these bonds were the business men2 therefore he appointed a special committee known as the 8,bond ,expenditure ,committee40 ,this committee proceeded to appoint a prominent politician as 8land agent10 to handle the buying of sites1 at a salary of three hundred dollars a month4 ,the opposition members of the school board objected to this program1 and forced the resignation of the ,bond ,expenditure ,committee2 whereupon1 ,mr4 ,hunter caused to be printed in the ,oakland 8,tribune10 kept newspaper of the gang1 an interview proclaiming to the citizens that the school system was about to be disrupted4 ,you will appreciate the humor of this when you are told that during the previous year the schools had had to be closed for two weeks because of the wasting of school money2 but at the same time the board had increased ,mr4 ,hunter's salary to ten thousand dollars per year6 7,it has since been raised to eleven1 and is about to be raised again47 ,when the school board1 in the effort to keep the schools open1 tried to take control of the business department from ,mr4 ,hunter1 he caused the big business men of ,oakland to come before the board and protest2 and one of these men stated that he didn't think it was so bad for the city to lose two weeks of school--a small matter of a hundred and eighty thousand dollars--as it would be to 8injure the prestige of so big a man as ,mr4 ,hunter60 ,not merely must the money put up by the ,oakland taxpayers be sacrificed to ,mr4 ,hunter's 8prestige10 but also the teaching in the ,oakland schools must be sacrificed to the same end4 ,mr4 ,hunter promotes teachers who serve his political ambitions1 and this without relation to their ability4 ,the convention at which the ,national ,education ,association was 8reorganized0 was held in ,salt ,lake ,city in #aibj2 and ,mr4 ,hunter's right-hand man in putting this through was ,j4 ,fred ,anderson1 president of the ,utah ,educational ,association4 ,he delivered the votes of the ,utah teachers1 and immediately was made principal of one of ,oakland's large high schools1 with salary and allowances amounting to #d1cij per year4 ,also there is ,miss ,elizabeth ,arlett1 who1 while supposed to be teaching the school children of ,oakland1 was touring the ,united ,states1 shortly before the convention1 in the interest of ,mr4 ,hunter's candidacy for the presidency of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,miss ,arlett was promoted to be principal of a high school in ,oakland1 and ,i am told that many teachers in ,oakland have heard her boast that she can have anything she wants in the ,oakland school system4 ,on the other hand1 there have been some teachers who have failed to carry out ,mr4 ,hunter's will--just as there are some labor leaders who will not sell out their union1 but persist in representing the workers4 ,mr4 ,hunter wished to put his own henchman in the position of president of the ,oakland ,teachers' ,association4 ,here1 please understand1 were the teachers of the city1 supposed to be electing the head of their own professional organization2 but they were not permitted to cast their ballot secretly1 they had to vote in the presence of the principal1 and they got their orders for whom to vote4 ,one young woman teacher failed to vote according to orders1 and she was so persecuted in her school that she felt compelled to resign4 ,you might think that would have ended the matter1 but if so1 you don't know the methods of the gang4 ,this teacher applied for a position as secretary to a corporation1 and was promised the position1 but when she went to begin her work she was told by the manager that ,mr4 ,hunter had reported her as having been 8disloyal02 consequently this corporation could not employ her4 ,and if you think that an unusual kind of thing1 let me mention that only yesterday ,i was talking with a school teacher in ,los ,angeles1 who told me about a friend of hers who had fought the gang1 and then had left ,los ,angeles to seek a position elsewhere2 for years afterwards she lost every position she held1 because the gang ferreted her out and wrote letters about her to her new school employers4 ,there has just been a new school election in ,oakland4 ,in preparation for it1 ,mr4 ,hunter had got his henchmen in all the ,babbitt societies of the city--the ,rotarians1 the ,kiwanis1 the ,lions1 the ,ad ,clubs1 the 8,high ,twelve10 the 8,knights of the ,round ,table40 ,and a few days before the election he took eight boys out of high school1 without the permission or knowledge of their parents1 and set them to distributing election cards in boats and trains4 ,his ticket won2 and so he now has everything his own way4 ,the old board had persisted in keeping in office a 8chief of construction0 who was finishing the new school buildings4 ,this man had required the contractors to live up to the specifications1 and had thereby incurred the furious enmity of the grafters--and also1 of course1 of ,mr4 ,hunter4 ,the grafting contractors put up large sums of money to pay for the election of the new board1 and the first action of ,mr4 ,hunter when the new board came in was to recommend the discharge and force the resignation of the too honest chief of construction4 ,in resigning1 this official filed specific charges of fraud against the contractors1 and ,mr4 ,hunter's school board majority utterly ignored the communication4 ,it was left to the ,civic ,club1 an independent organization1 to force an investigation1 which has shown substitution of inferior materials1 meaning tens of thousands of dollars stolen from the people of the city4 ,some new buildings have been condemned as unsafe1 and the work ordered done over4 ,and note1 please1 that ,hunter is on the building committee1 and had full knowledge of what his gang was doing4 ,the presidents of the various women's clubs of ,oakland unite in a statement3 8,we are told of fire hazards1 faulty roof construction1 and other grave dangers menacing the lives of our children4 ,and yet we are told that no crime has been committed60 ,i entreat you to remember these things when1 later on in this book1 you are reading about ,hunter of ,oakland1 and his career of glory at the annual conventions of the ,national ,education ,association4 ,you will not need to be told that a ,black ,hand such as this rules firmly the thinking of the people of ,oakland4 ,how they do it was narrated at a meeting of the ,better ,america ,federation at the ,oakland ,hotel1 where ,mr4 ,levenson1 manager of the biggest department-store1 stated that the police under his direction had undertaken to crush street speaking1 and had crushed it4 ,also the school department under ,fred ,m4 ,hunter was put to work1 and the ,honorable ,leslie ,m4 ,shaw1 author of 8,vanishing ,landmarks10 was brought to ,oakland1 and all the teachers in the school system were compelled by official order to listen while he denounced the referendum and woman's suffrage4 ,then came ,woodworth ,clum1 of the ,better ,america ,federation1 to tell the high school children that a proposition to amend the ,constitution of the ,united ,states is 8akin to treason40 ,the ,black ,hand shipped up from ,los ,angeles eleven thousand copies of ,clum's pamphlet1 8,america ,is ,calling10 the substance being that ,america is calling her school children to mob their fellow students with whose opinions they do not agree4 ,the ,black ,hand gave them a practical demonstration of this program by mobbing the editor of the ,oakland 8,free ,press10 who was too freely exposing graft4 ,it was proposed to distribute ,mr4 ,clum's pamphlet to every pupil in the high schools1 but the ,central ,labor ,council made a protest to the state board of education1 and the state superintendent1 acting by vote of the board1 forbade the distribution4 ,here comes an interesting test of the ,black ,hand4 ,the thing they are in business to protect is 8law and order02 their one purpose in getting the school children into their military classes is that the children may learn discipline and subordination to authority4 ,now the state superintendent of education is the superior of the ,oakland superintendent1 and under the law it was his right and his duty to forbid the distribution of propaganda in the schools4 ,in issuing his order to ,hunter1 he was acting by vote of the state board2 and what did ,hunter do about it8 ,why1 he went ahead and distributed the pamphlets1 and the ,better ,america ,federation proclaimed him a hero throughout the state6 ,every once in a while a hero like this arises3 first ,ole ,hanson of ,seattle1 then ,cal ,coolidge of ,massachusetts1 then ,president ,atwood of ,clark ,university1 who leaped into the limelight upon the face of ,scott ,nearing4 ,i invite you once more not to forget ,fred ,m4 ,hunter1 ,oakland superintendent of schools4 ,there is a strong movement under way to establish a new cabinet position1 a secretary of education1 and ,hunter has his eye on this goal1 and is bending every effort toward it4 ,how beautifully he would fit in the cabinet of ,cal ,coolidge1 strike-breaking hero of ,massachusetts6 ,what a demonstration of national unity--from ,boston ,bay to ,san ,francisco ,bay1 one country1 one flag1 and one goose-step6 ,black ,hands across the continent6 ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,the ,,romeo ,,and ,,juliet ,,stunt ,we move north to ,portland1 which is the harbor of the lumber country1 a relatively old city with an aristocracy of merchant princes1 like ,baltimore or ,boston4 ,ten years ago ,oregon had a strong progressive movement1 it was the pioneer in direct legislation4 ,today the old guard rules1 and ,portland is in the grip of a ,black ,hand which imports its ideas direct from ,los ,angeles4 ,curiously enough1 they had a strike of the longshoremen and seamen1 at the same time as ,los ,angeles2 and here also the ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 attacked the very basis of ,american civic life by closing up the boot-legging dives and dumping the liquor into the gutters4 ,the insurrection was put down by the same methods as in ,los ,angeles--the throwing of hundreds of men into jail and holding them incommunicado without warrant or charge4 ,a number of ,portland's old and ineffably haughty families got their wealth by stealing the school lands which the government had given to the people of the state2 now other families are on the way to becoming haughty upon the basis of real estate manipulations of the school board1 and the sale of school supplies at double prices4 ,the boss of the ,oregon political machine is ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,mills1 president of the ,first ,national ,bank2 for the past ten years he has kept a political agent to run the state legislature4 ,the machine sent down to ,los ,angeles for copies of ,woodworth's ,clum's pamphlet1 8,america ,is ,calling10 for distribution in ,oregon2 and from these dragon's teeth resulted a whole crop of legislative vermin--a bill requiring every school teacher to take an oath of loyalty1 a bill forbidding aliens to teach in the schools2 a bill barring any teacher who 8either publicly or privately engages in destructive or undermining criticism of our government02 a bill requiring 8the teaching of the ,constitution in all public and private schools0--meaning1 of course1 the teaching of the ,constitution as a bulwark of special privilege4 ,as the directing staff of the public schools of ,portland1 ,mr4 ,mills has selected a group of educators about whom ,i have yet to hear anything good4 ,to call them uneducated educators would not tell you much2 so come with me and make the acquaintance of ,mr4 ,d4 ,a4 ,grout1 superintendent of schools for a quarter of a million people4 ,mr4 ,grout is clammy and cold in his personal dealings1 but in literary composition and oratory he expands and reveals himself4 ,he takes a parental attitude towards his teachers1 gathering them in large assemblies to instruct and inspire them4 ,he composes verses1 and has the teachers learn and recite these verses before him4 ,he tells them stories with moral lessons1 and then prints the stories in the official 8,school ,bulletin40 ,one of these stories had to do with the philosophy of an old ,negro1 who was accustomed to say on all occasions3 8,make the most of life today1 'caze you don't know what may come along tomorrow40 ,a group of teachers declared to me that in telling the story ,mr4 ,grout repeated this formula eight times2 but ,i suspect these teachers of inaccuracy--because1 as ,mr4 ,grout publishes the story in the 8,school ,bulletin10 ,september #f1 #aiai1 he repeats it only three times1 and then varies it for another three times as follows3 8,make the most of life today1 'caze we do know what may come along tomorrow40 ,two or three years ago ,mr4 ,grout went ,east to attend a convention of the ,national ,education ,association4 ,his expenses were paid by the city2 he has done considerable traveling at the city's expense--#d1iie4jh in the past three years4 ,superintendents do this traveling upon the theory that they will meet other great educators and bring home new ideas and inspirations4 8,we do get so tired10 said one of ,mr4 ,grout's flock1 in telling me about it4 8,we do so crave a little bit of enthusiasm1 something to make us think it's worth while to go on with the old1 dead routine60 ,portland's great educator comes home from his six thousand mile trip1 and the twelve hundred teachers of the city are summoned to a general assembly to receive the new ideas and inspiration4 ,the proceedings are opened with music2 there is a supervisor of singing1 who stands upon the platform1 with the bulk of the men teachers on the ground floor1 and the bulk of the women up in the gallery4 ,the men are directed to sing3 8,soft o'er the fountain1 ling'ring falls the ,southern moon40 ,they do not sing loud enough1 and the music supervisor jumps up and shouts3 8,sing until you break the chandeliers40 ,after which it is the women's turn2 they answer3 8,nita6 ,juanita6 ,ask thy soul if we should part40 ,the men sing another verse1 and the women answer--the sarcastic young lady teachers who told me about this performance described it as 8the ,romeo and ,juliet stunt40 ,next they sing1 8,in the gloaming1 oh1 my darling0--in the same 8,romeo and ,juliet0 fashion4 ,i have before me the 8,school ,bulletin0 for two successive years1 which provides the texts of these chandelier-breaking melodies2 also1 8,just a song at twilight1 ,when the lights are low10 and 8,maxwelton's braes are bonnie1 ,where early fa's the dew40 ,now ,mr4 ,grout rises1 and a hushed silence falls upon the twelve hundred men and women teachers4 ,the time for new ideas and inspirations has come4 ,mr4 ,grout has brought a really new idea3 poetry is to be taught to the children1 and he opens a normal school right there and then1 to teach the teachers how to teach it4 ,his method is to repeat one line of the poem1 and then have the twelve hundred teachers recite this after him2 then he repeats another line of the poem1 and the teachers recite that2 then he repeats the two lines together1 and the teachers recite the two2 then he goes on to the next two lines1 and so on1 until all the twelve hundred teachers are able to recite the entire poem correctly4 ,such is the newest pedagogic discovery1 for which the people of ,portland were paying a salary of six hundred and twenty-five dollars per month1 plus a car allowance of fifty dollars per month1 plus a traveling allowance of a hundred and thirty-eight dollars and sixty-one cents per month4 ,it depends upon the poem1 you may say4 ,so ,i give you the poem which ,mr4 ,grout thus taught to the twelve hundred assembled teachers of ,portland4 ,lest you find it incredible1 ,i specify that when the teachers recited it to me1 ,i also found it incredible2 ,i made two or three of them recite it in turn1 so as to make sure they really knew it4 ,later on1 ,i made them send me a copy of the 8,school ,bulletin10 in which the poem was printed for the benefit of any of the twelve hundred who might have forgotten it4 ,here it is1 word for word1 and punctuation mark for punctuation mark3 _/99 8,there was a crooked man ,who walked a crooked mile2 ,but ,i1 when ,i go walking1 ,don't walk in crooked style4 ,i keep my chin and stomach in ,and hold my chest up higher1 ,and step along so straight and strong1 ,and never1 never tire40 99_/ ,you can imagine the silence which prevailed in the auditorium after this course in poetry4 ,could it be that some faint uneasiness penetrated the mind of the ,portland superintendent of schools8 ,apparently it did1 for he now told the assembled twelve hundred teachers that he had a story to teach them4 ,there were some teachers who were dissatisfied with the school system1 and were accustomed more or less surreptitiously to criticize it2 for the benefit of such teachers ,mr4 ,grout mentioned that once upon a time he had owned a dog1 and this dog had acquired the habit of running out on the highway and barking at everybody and everything that went by4 ,once a big automobile had come along1 and the dog had rushed out at that1 and afterwards the dog had been buried at the foot of a big tree1 and had made excellent fertilizer for the tree4 ,the fate of this dog was one for all teachers to bear in mind and apply the moral in their lives4 ,after which the twelve hundred teachers joined in singing3 8,believe me1 if all those endearing young charms1 ,which ,i gaze on so fondly today02 and the assembly was adjourned4 ,i was solemnly assured by five teachers at once1 that at the assembly of the following year ,mr4 ,grout started out to ascertain if the teachers still remembered the poem which he had taught them2 but one of the board members seated on the platform burst out laughing1 and brought the poetical proceedings to an end4 ,the board member thought it was funny1 and maybe you think it is funny2 but ,i don't4 ,i think it one more proof of the deliberate conspiracy which the masters of our plutocratic empire have hatched1 to keep the ,american people at the mental age of eight4 ,the schools are now conducted upon the basis of keeping the pupils at that age2 and of course the safest way to do this is to keep the teachers at the same age1 and likewise the principals1 and the supervisors--and the superintendents4 ,but it may be that ,i do an injustice to the mentality of ,portland's high-priced educators2 it may be that they are not so naive as they appear1 and really know what they are doing to earn their keep4 ,the teachers have a pension fund1 to which all have to belong4 ,the amount of the fund is over three hundred and fifty thousand dollars1 and some school officials are ex officio members of the board of directors of this fund4 ,the board loaned the sum of sixty-five hundred dollars to a firm of lawyers1 and there was a rumor that one school official had got the use of this money4 ,one of the teachers came upon a newspaper clipping1 telling how an official in the ,philippines had been sent to jail for taking money from a fund of whose board he was a member4 ,this clipping was mailed anonymously to the school official2 and immediately afterwards the firm of lawyers began to pay up that sixty-five hundred dollars6 ,at one time it was reported that the fund was on the rocks1 and the teachers were going to lose all their money4 ,may be it really was in danger2 and again1 may be somebody wanted to throw it into the hands of a receiver1 so that the politicians could get it4 ,big ,business of course wants the teachers to take out insurance with private companies2 to this end the ,portland 8,oregonian10 organ of the ,black ,hand1 cited seventeen cases of the bankruptcy of teachers' pension funds6 ,one incident from the administration of the previous superintendent1 just to show you what happens to school teachers in the days of 8progressive0 politics4 ,the teachers' organizations worked out plans for certain changes in the school system1 which changes were calculated to cause inconvenience to the superintendent4 ,the teachers went out on the streets1 they went to the restaurants at night1 and to the market places1 and got the necessary thirty thousand signatures to petitions4 7,this is the thing called 8direct legislation10 you understand2 this is what the ,honorable ,leslie ,m4 ,shaw1 and the ,dishonorable ,harry ,atwood and ,woodworth ,clum describe as 8,treason to the ,republic407 ,the teachers gathered in the superintendent's office with their signatures2 they took them to the office of a lawyer who was a friend of the superintendent1 and locked them in his safe4 ,after supper they found that the door of the building had been unlocked1 the office door had been unlocked1 the safe had been unlocked1 and the petitions were gone6 ,the politicians had made off with the thirty thousand signatures1 and no more was heard of that treasonable referendum6 ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,,the ,,inventor ,,of ,,five ,,sciences ,the school situation in ,portland assumes to some extent the aspect of a sex-war2 the women teachers do the work and the men bosses get the salaries4 ,after a long campaign the taxpayers voted money to raise the teachers' salaries1 but some of the teachers got no increase1 and others got only fifty dollars a year1 and others a hundred dollars a year1 while the principals got four hundred dollars6 ,even when the teachers got the 8increase10 they didn't always get the money4 ,some of them told me their misadventures1 trying to get this money2 but when ,i wrote out the stories1 they got scared--somebody might recognize them6 ,so you don't get the stories1 any more than the teachers got the salaries6 ,i am free to mention1 however1 that teachers' salaries are delayed for one week1 and in the meantime the money lies in somebody's bank4 ,that may seem a small matter1 until you figure that the interest on two million dollars for one week amounts to three thousand dollars a year--a sum worth anybody's taking6 ,the women teachers complain also of male parasites1 who do little work1 but draw high salaries4 ,many of the supervisors draw an extra salary from the state university1 and seldom come to the schools2 the teachers until recently had to go to them and pay to be taught4 ,there is a drawing supervisor drawing pay in the state university2 there is another supervisor who is paid twenty-nine hundred dollars a year1 who also teaches in the state university1 and whom you may see smoking every afternoon in a hotel lobby4 ,teachers assure me that he has not visited some schools in three years4 ,there is the usual graft in the purchase of supplies1 and the usual inability of the teachers to get supplies4 ,when they make public complaint about this1 they read items in the 8,oregonian0 to the effect that the reason there is no money for school supplies is that it all goes for teachers' salaries4 ,hardly ever is the problem of school funds discussed1 that this little sneer does not emerge4 ,some teachers became indignant1 and started to investigate the expenditure of school money2 the principal of their school became interested1 and took the investigation off their hands1 and discovered so much that he was made an assistant superintendent to keep him quiet2 three other men were promoted to be principals1 as a result of this little affair6 ,they have taken out cooking1 sewing1 and manual training from the sixth grade in the elementary schools2 last year they threatened to take out more subjects--because they are so poor4 ,but they are not too poor to pay eight hundred and thirteen dollars and sixty-one cents per month for the teaching of poetry at the assemblies6 ,they have in ,portland a system whereby the teachers are supposed to have something to do with the selecting of text-books4 ,there was a sort of 8book-election10 at which the teachers were to indicate their choice4 ,swarms of book men descended upon the city1 and were charming to the teachers2 then the ballot boxes were taken secretly to the court house1 where they were kept all night--open4 ,ginn ,company got four of the principal books1 and the agent laughed and said he hadn't had to work very hard4 ,having heard about ,portland's banker-boss1 ,mr4 ,mills1 you will not be surprised to learn that the ,portland schools are active in the interest of commercialism4 ,in the last few weeks the bankers have been giving lectures every week2 the ,navy got its 8day10 and then the 8,oregonian0 with a spelling-bee6 ,as a means of teaching ,big ,business in the schools1 they introduced what they called the 8,business ,science ,normal02 there were two meetings a week for three weeks1 and each meeting was repeated twice1 so that all the teachers might attend4 ,at the suggestion of the superintendent1 invitation cards were sent in bulk to the principals1 and by them distributed to the teachers2 the schools were closed early1 so that every teacher might be on hand4 ,in addition to lectures1 there were fifty-two printed articles about business1 twelve issues of 8,business ,philosophy10 the official organ of the 8,business ,science ,society10 and 8a year's council privilege with the educational director of this society40 ,here was a wizard without peer in all the realms of ,mammon--as you learned from a circular got out by the ,portland ,chamber of ,commerce1 which described him as 8known wherever the ,english language is spoken as one of the world's greatest business scientists4 ,he is the author of five sciences dealing with human relationships40 ,did you ever hear anything so wonderful8 ,a man who created five new sciences1 all out of one head and in one lifetime6 ,i wonder how many ,newton created6 ,while ,i was in ,portland this wide-awake ,chamber of ,commerce had taken up propaganda for a 8world's fair0 to celebrate the discovery of the ,northwest4 ,of course they thought first of the school children3 ,let the children write compositions upon the desirability of this world's fair6 ,the ,chamber of ,commerce would supply the arguments1 and the children would copy out maxims1 and take them home to their parents1 and so the people would be induced to pay the cost of the fair out of public taxes6 ,also1 the city has a 8,rose ,festival0 every year1 the purpose being to exhibit advertising 8floats0 of the various stores4 ,the children are supposedly not required to appear in this parade1 but schools which neglect their duty are considered disloyal4 ,the children spend two or three weeks being drilled1 and of course lose that time from study4 ,they have to stand round in the streets all day2 there are no toilets available1 and some of the children became seriously ill4 ,i talked with a group of high school teachers4 ,at the ,washington ,high ,school they have a ,junior ,chamber of ,commerce2 one of the teachers asked me to imagine a ,junior ,central ,labor ,council1 but my imagination was not equal to this flight4 ,some of the teachers had wanted to discuss a teachers' union1 but the principal of the school forbade it4 ,finding it impossible to keep the high school students from sometimes hearing of modern ideas1 the business men abolished outright the departments of economics and sociology4 ,the students signed a petition for the restoration of these courses2 a group of thirty of them went to interview ,superintendent ,grout and take him this petition1 and he insulted them1 informing them that the ,portland schools were not being run on petitions of the pupils4 ,this school was forbidden to debate the ,plumb ,plan1 and also to debate ,socialism4 ,the teachers have been forbidden to allow any discussion of the creation1 of evolution1 of the ,hebrews in history1 and of the birth of ,christ4 ,the ,portland forbidders1 resolving to make a clean sweep1 also forbade the 8,new ,republic0 and the 8,survey40 ,a committee of teachers went to protest in the matter of 8,the ,survey10 and were told that this magazine was 8one-sided0 in its treatment of capital2 they were advised to content themselves with such publications as the 8,outlook10 the 8,independent10 and the 8,literary ,digest40 ,they pointed out that it might be possible to regard these magazines as 8one-sided0 in their treatment of labor1 but no answer to this argument was returned4 ,at the ,washington ,high ,school the students1 with the help of the history department1 gave an entertainment for the benefit of the school library4 ,they earned three hundred dollars1 but they were not permitted to select their own books--the list had to be passed by the superintendent's office4 ,also1 the pupils are forbidden to invite outside speakers4 ,i assume that this school is named after ,george ,washington1 so ,i recommend an inscription to be carved across the front of the building--some words taken from the letters of the ,father of his ,country1 as follows3 8,government is not reason1 it is not eloquence--it is force6 ,like fire it is a dangerous servant1 and a fearful master2 never for a moment should it be left to irresponsible action40 ,that government is a fearful master has been thoroughly proven to the teachers of ,portland2 the ,white ,terror has raged in the schools1 and has taken all the ugly forms of spying and treachery and brutality4 ,the first teacher ,i talked with told me how she had seen a shadow on a window curtain1 and had discovered the superintendent listening outside her class-room window4 ,the second teacher ,i talked with had discovered the second assistant superintendent hiding in a cloak-room watching the teachers4 ,of course1 all the agents of the ,black ,hand were training their children to bring tales home from the school-room4 ,the ,portland 8,oregonian0 exploded in a furious editorial1 revealing that a teacher had actually defended the 8,survey02 another teacher had maintained that the ,socialists who had been elected to the ,assembly in ,new ,york state had a right to demand their seats4 ,that ,charles ,e4 ,hughes agreed with this school teacher made no difference to the editor of the 8,oregonian40 ,during war-time1 when everybody was selling ,liberty bonds1 a rumor spread that the librarian of the public library refused to buy4 ,she was 8grilled0 by the city commission1 and said3 8,i have been doing my work as librarian and minding my own affairs4 ,but if you question me1 and insist upon a reply1 why then ,i inform you that ,i am a pacifist40 ,one commissioner's answer was3 8,would you want a ,german to ravish you80 ,you remember how they used to settle the anti-slavery question in the old days3 8,would you want a ,negro to marry your sister80 ,of course the librarian went out1 and her persecutor was elected to the school board4 ,this ultra-patriotic official was a wholesale druggist1 and ,i had a friend who1 in the early days of the war1 was talking with an employe in this establishment1 and was told that they had two clerks at work all day marking up prices4 ,the employe said this in all innocence2 he was proud of being part of such a busy and thriving institution6 ,the druggist-hero was a ,four-,minute ,man1 whose especial enemy was ,german literature and history2 he did not rest until he had routed ,goethe from the ,portland schools4 ,this reminds me of our adventure here in ,pasadena1 where our patriots discovered 8,the ,psychology of the ,unconscious10 by ,jung2 this great authority happens to be a ,swiss1 but he has a ,german name1 and moreover1 he was rumored 8obscene10 so out he went from our public library6 ,there are ,catholics in ,portland1 and they work for their faith2 they get on the school board1 and then there are anti-,catholic campaigns1 and they get off again4 ,but one member1 thus put off1 laughed to a friend of mine1 saying that he didn't mind1 he had accomplished his purpose--he had sold the ,archbishop's property to the city6 ,now ,oregon has passed a bill requiring all children to attend public schools2 the ,catholics are testing this in the courts--and meantime three public school buildings have been mysteriously burned down4 ,not long ago there was a ,catholic chairman of the school board1 a prominent judge and politician4 ,the alarming discovery was made that there was a teacher of manual training in one of the high schools who was a ,socialist and believer in evolution2 he was brought to trial1 and ,professor ,rebec of the state university took the stand1 and testified that it was quite the common custom among scientific men to believe in evolution4 ,the chairman of the school board interrupted in rage6 8,that's an exploded standpoint1 and we won't have it here60 ,the trial lasted for a week1 and was a grand farce comedy4 ,but1 of course like all these ,black ,hand trials1 its end was predetermined1 and the teacher was fired4 ,i asked a large group of teachers what had become of the youngsters1 under this regime of hundred per cent capitalism4 ,their testimony was unanimous upon the point that the schools are retrograding and that the children are not learning as they should4 ,home study has become a lost art4 ,in the first place1 the children have no room to study at home2 in the second place1 they go to the movies4 ,their parents permit them the freedom of the streets at night2 and what can a teacher do1 when she herself is condemned by official decree to be a mere phonograph8 8,it wouldn't be so bad10 said one teacher1 8if the phonograph had interesting records4 ,but you can imagine what kind of lessons ,he picks out60 ,she had used this word 8,he0 several times in our talk1 and finally ,i asked1 8,who is ,he80 ,there came a chorus from several at once3 8,when we say ,he1 we always mean ,mr4 ,grout60 ,since this was written1 8,he0 has been re-engaged for a term of three years4 ,,chapter ,,xxix ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,lumber ,we continue north to ,seattle1 another metropolis of fir and cedar4 ,here organized labor has been active2 the city came near having a ,socialist mayor1 and the struggle of ,big ,business to keep its grip on the schools has been intense4 ,the state university1 located in ,seattle1 is safe in the hands of the gang1 with a president by the name of ,suzzallo1 who acquired his finish at ,columbia ,university1 and has made himself a little miniature ,nicholas ,miraculous4 ,last spring he appeared before the legislature1 and explained why he was worth #ah1jjj a year to the state2 he had effected many economies--and when pressed to cite these1 he stated that he had kept the professors from getting salary increases1 and had reduced the standard salary for incoming instructors6 ,the poor college slaves are strictly forbidden to take part in politics--which means that they dare not resent such incidents4 ,for twenty-one years the public schools of ,seattle have been under the control of a feudal lord of finance1 by the melodramatic name of ,ebenezer ,shorrock4 ,he was born under the flag of ,queen ,victoria1 and acts as if he had been born under ,george ,,iii4 ,a teacher asked for an advance in salary1 and gave the excuse that he was paying for a piano4 8,a piano60 cried ,banker ,shorrock4 8,what business has a man in your position buying a piano80 ,to another teacher he made the statement that 8,no man who has any self-respect would work for the salary the teachers are paid40 ,yet1 in all his twenty-one years he has never voted for an increase to the teachers2 and in ,june1 #aibb1 he voted a decrease4 ,in the arguments over this action he used his inside knowledge as head of a bank to attack his teacher slaves2 he knew about their accounts1 and many of them had 8saved money60 ,we are told that these bankers are the proper persons to guard school finances2 so let it be noted that ,banker ,shorrock has so run the schools into debt to the banks that now they are paying more than half a million dollars every year in interest4 ,on his board this mighty plutocrat has a surgeon to the rich1 who was asked by a labor leader to permit the 8,nation10 the 8,new ,republic10 and the 8,freeman0 to be used in high school civics classes4 8,well10 said ,dr4 ,sharples1 8,i cannot answer this question1 as ,i am unacquainted with the journals you mention40 ,this from a professional man1 presuming to direct education for a third of a million of people4 ,but even that is not the limit in ,seattle2 another board member up to #aibc was a ,stone and ,webster engineer1 who murdered the ,english of ,banker ,shorrock's queen4 ,somebody said that a cut in wages would lower the morale of the teaching force4 8,that moral stuff don't go with me10 declared ,engineer ,santmyer4 8,i know lots of them girls1 and there ain't anything wrong with their morals40 ,it is interesting to note that this engineer was also connected with the ,pacific ,coast ,coal ,company1 from which the school board purchased most of its coal4 ,another board member who retired along with him was ,mr4 ,taylor1 ,northwestern representative of a big school-book publishing house4 ,he gave a written pledge that he would oppose any attempt to reduce the teachers' salaries2 he signed this pledge on ,april #ai1 #aibb1 and on ,june #aj1 #aibc1 he seconded ,banker ,shorrock's motion to make a heavy cut in the teachers' salaries4 ,mr4 ,santmyer also joined in this vote against the teachers1 and when his victims protested1 he got cross1 and addressing a meeting of the school engineers1 declared3 8,i just want one more crack at them damned teachers40 ,the friends of education in the state of ,washington brought before the voters in #aibb a 8tax equalization0 measure1 whose purpose was to compel the big corporations1 and especially the lumber interests1 to pay their proper share of school taxes4 ,against this measure all the organizations of the ,black ,hand lined up--the ,seattle ,chamber of ,commerce1 the ,central ,committee of the ,republican ,party1 the reactionary governor1 the ,seattle ,board of ,education1 the kept newspapers1 the state university1 the ,weyerhaeuser lumber interests1 the president of ,whitman ,college--to which the ,weyerhaeusers had just contributed seventy-five thousand dollars--and finally the state superintendent of education1 ,mrs4 ,josephine ,c4 ,preston4 ,remember this lady1 because when we come to study the ,national ,education ,association1 we shall find her as its president1 occupying the throne of power at the ,salt ,lake ,city convention of #aibj1 where the gang turned out the teachers from control4 ,i have shown in ,los ,angeles1 and will show in many other cities1 how the ,black ,hand bars 8politics0 from the schools4 ,here in ,seattle the board of education offered a classic demonstration of what this means4 ,some of the teachers in the high schools presumed to have class discussions in which both sides of the equalization amendment were heard4 ,at five o'clock on the afternoon of ,friday1 ,october #bg1 #aibb1 the school board of ,seattle passed a resolution absolutely forbidding teachers to engage in any kind of political propaganda in the schools1 or to post on the bulletin boards any notices except those pertaining strictly to school business4 ,eighteen hours later1 at eleven o'clock on ,saturday morning1 ,october #bh1 ,dr4 ,sharples of the board1 ,mr4 ,santmyer of the board1 and also the secretary of the board1 appeared before a meeting of school janitors1 engineers and custodians1 in a school building1 and there spoke in opposition to the equalization amendment4 ,the secretary of the board traveled to other parts of the state to oppose this amendment1 and he spoke at meetings during business hours--that is1 during the time he was being paid by the people of ,seattle to do his work as school board secretary4 ,another incident1 to give you an idea what it means to be a teacher in ,seattle4 ,early in #aibc eight or ten high school teachers received notice from the superintendent that their names were being withheld for reappointment1 until the board could complete an investigation concerning a teachers' meeting which had been held the previous summer1 at which a resolution had been adopted condemning the board for cutting the teachers' salaries4 ,the teachers who received this written notice tried to find out what it was all about1 and they learned that the board of education had in its possession an unsigned typewritten document1 purporting to be a resolution adopted by the teachers and transmitted to the ,central ,labor ,council4 ,but the teachers had held no such meeting and adopted no such resolution2 the secretary of the ,central ,labor ,council declared that no such communication had ever been received from the teachers2 and when the teachers tried to get a copy of the alleged resolution from the board1 they were told that all the copies had been 8lost06 ,under its own regulations1 the board was barred from considering documents with typewritten signatures2 nevertheless1 they took two weeks to consider this 8lost0 document1 and finally gave the teachers their jobs--but without apology for the false accusation6 ,we shall find it worthwhile to glance at school conditions throughout this state4 ,the ,washington farmers and fruit ranchers1 picked to the bone by the railroads and the banks1 have their ,nonpartisan ,league and their ,farmer-,labor party1 and are trying to get their schools4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,sullivan1 a teacher at ,klaber1 with a twelve-year record1 ventured to run for county superintendent on the ,farmer-,labor ticket4 ,reports were circulated that the platform of this party consisted of three planks--nationalization of all property1 compulsory free love1 and the destruction of all churches4 ,the county superintendent--that is1 ,mr4 ,sullivan's political opponent--declared that ,mr4 ,sullivan would either give up his political activities or have his teacher's license revoked2 and ,mrs4 ,josephine ,c4 ,preston1 the state superintendent1 refused him a license to teach in another county1 because he could not get the endorsement of this same county superintendent6 ,mr4 ,william ,bouck1 master of the ,washington ,progressive ,grange1 a rebel organization1 gave me the names of two young women teachers in ,lewis ,county1 who were asked if they were members of the ,nonpartisan ,league1 and when they answered yes1 they were told that they were 8fired40 ,mr4 ,bouck's own daughter applied for a position as teacher1 and her credentials were judged satisfactory1 but her name was suspicious2 she was asked if she was any relative of ,william ,bouck1 and when she answered that she was his daughter1 the director replied3 8,well1 you can go to hell60 ,mr4 ,bouck added that there were grave-yards of radical teachers all over his county2 and one of the other men in the party spoke up1 saying that he had six personal friends who had lost their teaching positions because of their political opinions4 ,everywhere throughout the state the book agents are in active control1 working hand in glove with the politicians4 ,i was shown one school primer1 for which the ,washington schools were paying sixty cents1 and the same book was sold by the same company in ,tennessee for twenty-two cents4 ,many school districts in the state were close to bankruptcy1 because of the theft of their school lands by the big lumber companies2 in all these lumber districts the companies put their own men on the school boards and run education4 ,in the town of ,centralia the boss of the schools1 as well as of the town1 is ,f4 ,b4 ,hubbard1 a mill-man1 former president of the ,employers' ,association1 who incited the ,legion men to raid an ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 hall and hang the inmates with ropes4 ,the ,legion men had the ropes in their hands1 and the door half battered down1 when the ,i4 ,w4 ,w4's opened fire1 and ,hubbard's own nephew was one of those killed4 ,the ,associated ,press sent out a dispatch stating that the ,i4 ,w4 ,w4's had opened fire in cold blood on the ,armistice day parade of the ,legion1 and it will take a generation to unteach this monstrous lie to the ,american people4 ,thus the ,great ,madame conducts for her ,big ,business masters the adult education classes of our schools6 ,beginning our journey ,east1 we find ourselves in ,spokane1 where we shall not mind stopping1 because the lumber barons and kings of silver and lead have built themselves a sumptuous hotel2 once within its portals1 we may think we are among the plutocracy of ,new ,york or ,paris or ,london4 ,the first thing we do is to buy a paper from the news-stand1 and learn that the lumber barons and kings of silver and lead have been equally lavish to their children1 providing them with high-power motor cars1 which they are driving recklessly about the city to the great distress of the police--who1 of course1 could not arrest the sons and daughters of royalty4 ,it appears that these youngsters1 instead of studying their high school lessons1 have been studying the 8movies02 they are going off on joy-rides1 spending the night at road-houses1 and the judge of the juvenile court has taken the matter up1 and charges that school probation officers1 seeking information about these youthful escapades1 have been unable to get it from high school teachers1 because the city superintendent of schools has intimidated the teachers4 ,so we are not surprised to learn that the invisible government of ,spokane is the ,employers' ,association1 backed by the ,washington ,water ,power ,corporation2 and that the head of the city school board is a grain speculator1 prominent in anti-labor campaigns2 also that they have their full quota of text-book scandals1 and a campaign to introduce the teaching of the ,bible in the schools--purely as literature1 of course2 also1 that they discovered a high school teacher to be a ,unitarian and believer in evolution1 and he was reported to the superintendent as an atheist2 also1 that the teachers at the high school do not dare attend a lecture course given by the local ,unitarian clergyman4 ,you might think you were in ,portland1 hearing a teacher remark3 8,whenever they want to reduce our salaries1 they cast slurs at us in the newspapers for weeks40 ,you might think you were in ,los ,angeles1 when you hear how the business organizers endeavored to set the school children to writing essays on reactionary themes1 and how a little group of 8kickers0 in the city offered a prize for the best essay on ,woodrow ,wilson's 8,the ,new ,freedom40 ,at this time ,woodrow ,wilson was robed in the majesty of office1 so the proposition put the school board in something of a quandary4 ,they turned the matter over to a committee1 which solemnly resolved3 8#8,the ,new ,freedom' is not a book by ,woodrow ,wilson1 but a series of extracts from campaign speeches1 highly partisan in character40 ,so the proposition was turned down6 ,,chapter ,,xxx ,,the ,,anaconda',s ,,lair ,we continue our journey1 and enter the domain of the copper kings4 ,in 8,the ,goose-step0 ,i have portrayed the state of ,montana as entirely swallowed by a monstrous reptile known as the ,anaconda1 and ,i have shown what this reptile has done to the universities of the state4 ,let us now have a glimpse of ,butte1 which is a mountain of copper with office buildings and miners' shacks on top4 ,we shall find here a situation resembling ,berkeley2 that is to say1 the workers have been making desperate efforts to control the education of their own children1 but without success4 ,the copper interests1 in their efforts to control ,montana1 have stopped at no atrocity and no crime4 ,they have broken strikes with the utmost brutality1 and when the people of ,butte succeeded in electing their own political administration1 the ,black ,hand used its control of the state machine to turn the city administration out4 ,in the same way1 they have been willing to wreck the schools by every device of slander and corruption4 ,it is hard indeed to find honest public officials in a community where the rewards of treason are so high1 and the penalties of public service so heavy4 ,the result has been that the schools of ,butte have served as a football of rowdy gangs4 ,the early stages of ,montana history consisted of civil and political war between the ,anaconda and its rival1 ,f4 ,augustus ,heinze4 ,in those days public officials and political parties commanded fancy prices2 but these good times came to an end in #aijf1 when the ,anaconda bought out its rival1 and took control of a state as big as ,germany--most of its minerals1 ninety per cent of its water power1 and a hundred per cent of its politics4 ,butte at that time had an honest school superintendent by the name of ,young2 and because the ,anaconda crowd could not use him1 they began war upon him2 three years later they kicked him out1 and he died of a broken heart4 ,they put in 8the crookedest school man in the ,northwest02 a gentleman who had two interests which absorbed his attention--breeding fancy dogs1 and training brutal football players4 ,montana football tactics became a scandal throughout the country2 and teaching standards fell so low that other cities refused to accept credits from ,butte4 ,in #aiaa came a radical wave1 and a ,socialist clergyman1 ,lewis ,j4 ,duncan1 was swept into office as mayor4 ,the first thing the ,socialist administration attempted was to clean up the redlight district1 and this brought them into conflict with two of the ,anaconda's political bullies on the city's detective force4 ,the pair were put on trial1 one for blackmailing a prostitute1 and the other for soliciting a bribe1 and were convicted4 ,they swore vengeance1 and immediately afterwards one of the most efficient teachers in the ,butte high school1 who had been active in war upon the grafters1 was summoned before the school superintendent and notified that she would not get her yearly reappointment4 7,they keep their teachers in ,butte upon a string1 having no tenure1 and never knowing if they are to be re-engaged47 ,this lady was told that her work was 8not satisfactory10 but the superintendent gave no specifications1 and refused to discuss the fact that the principal ,o4,k4'd the teacher's work4 ,as a result of this development1 a teachers' union was organized in ,butte1 and immediately the three officers of the union were let out without cause4 ,the fact that the superintendent had given one of these teachers a fulsome recommendation only one month previously did not count at all4 ,the president of this union1 a ,harvard post-graduate1 was blacklisted1 and kept from any teaching position in ,montana4 ,in the meantime1 ,mayor ,duncan1 who had been re-elected1 was kicked out of office by the ,black ,hand4 ,the ,socialists had never been able to elect more than three of the seven school board members4 ,in the #aiaf campaign the ,anaconda crowd made the open boast that they had controlled the schools for twenty-five years1 and would continue to control them4 ,they elected their ticket1 and proceeded upon a campaign to 8clean out the radicals10 dismissing without charges twenty-four of the most efficient and intelligent teachers4 ,there was a roar of protest from the city2 a prominent society woman1 friendly to the teachers1 made the statement at a mass meeting that it was the program to discharge every teacher who had attended the study classes conducted by the ,reverend ,lewis ,j4 ,duncan for nine years prior to his election as mayor4 ,this lady's husband happened to be cashier of the ,first ,national ,bank1 and at the next meeting of the directors of the bank this cashier lost his position4 ,the school board took to meeting in secret and refusing admission to the angry public4 ,nevertheless1 the people succeeded in having their way1 to the extent that the teachers were reinstated and the superintendent retired4 ,then came the world war1 and that made things easy for the grafters4 ,since then there has been in ,butte the same situation that we found in ,san ,francisco2 the ,catholic schools are flourishing1 while the public schools are deprived both of their money and their brains4 ,a couple of years ago1 through misuse of funds1 the school treasury was so low that the schools were about to be closed two weeks in advance of the regular time4 ,as a consequence of the ,anaconda's control of the state government1 the mining companies pay taxes only on their net profits1 and when they close down1 as they did for a whole year1 there are no net profits and no taxes4 ,at the last moment the banks agreed to lend the money to keep the schools going--,big ,business could not quite afford to have the news go out to the world that 8the richest hill in the world0 was unable to afford schools6 ,in connection with this problem of mining company taxation in ,montana1 you may read in 8,the ,goose-step0 how ,professor ,louis ,levine was kicked out of the state university for writing a treatise on this subject4 ,the working people of ,butte are still struggling to have something to say about their schools1 but their struggles are now blind and helpless1 because the war has put the ,socialist movement out of business1 and without the idealism and training of the ,socialists the labor movement falls prey to bribery and intrigue4 ,there are now several so-called 8labor0 representatives on the ,butte school board2 and having read the story of a 8labor0 administration in ,san ,francisco1 you will be prepared for what is happening here4 ,the ,anaconda has not the least objection to its henchmen calling themselves 8labor0 men--provided only they will vote for the ,anaconda4 ,big ,business today has its representatives in all labor unions2 and the ,black ,hand sees no harm in petty graft and a flourishing redlight district1 provided that taxes are kept down and dividends not interfered with4 ,on this 8labor0 board in ,butte are a couple of loud-mouthed demagogues1 whose main concern is to get patronage for relatives and friends4 ,one of them has had his brother made utility man for the board1 and his sister a teacher in the high school--somewhat to the concern of the city1 because this lady is decidedly unusual in her mind1 and two other members of the family are under restraint4 ,mr4 ,o4 ,g4 ,wood1 until recently clerk of this board1 writes me3 ,professional etiquette forbids doctors and lawyers from buying space in the newspapers for advertising purposes1 but they are not opposed to columns of fake write-up about the sacrifice they are making to serve the public while serving on the school board1 in which to my certain knowledge they take no interest whatever except to get some relative elected to the position of janitor or utility man4 ,the school board will wrangle for weeks over some janitor getting a job1 and never pay the slightest attention to the great question of educating the child4444 ,the ,anaconda ,copper ,mining ,company has been controlling the members of the school board for years1 so as to divert the purchasing of supplies into their particular stores4 ,this corporation has bribed members of the school board and has offered money to some of them to get them to resign1 in order to have their men appointed by the county superintendent1 who has the appointing of members to fill vacancies4 ,my experience as an instructor in the public schools1 and my two years in an executive position handling about a million a year1 have led me to the conclusion that there is no public institution in the ,united ,states run with more waste and with less regard for the ,,truth than the public school system of the ,united ,states4 ,the waste of money is appalling4 ,i close this story with an illustration of where the money goes4 ,one of the great mining kings of ,montana is ,w4 ,a4 ,clark1 who bought himself into the ,united ,states ,senate1 and was kicked out again because it was proven that his agents had dropped thousand dollar bills over the transoms of the hotel rooms of state legislators4 ,senator ,clark had to get this money back somehow1 so he sold the city of ,butte a site for the high school1 at a cost of seventy-five thousand dollars4 ,but there is no high school on this site1 for the reason that the children would have to go through the redlight district to reach the school1 and one mother publicly declared that she would burn this school down rather than have the children attend it4 ,after this you will be prepared to learn that ex-,senator ,clark's newspaper1 the ,butte 8,daily ,miner10 forever proclaims the sacredness of the schools4 ,one more illustration of the intense concern of the copper interests for education4 ,you will suspect me of making up this story1 because it sounds like a piece of symbolism--it might come straight from a play by ,ibsen or ,charles ,rann ,kennedy4 ,the ,anaconda discovered a vein of copper immediately underneath the ,jefferson ,school1 and has been occupied for several years in undermining the school4 ,now the walls of the building have begun to crack2 but needless to say1 the taxpayers are not getting compensation for the ruin of a school building4 ,nothing has been done about it1 because this is an 8,east ,side0 school1 where only the children of miners attend4 ,when the building collapses1 the ,anaconda will head the relief list by a subscription of a hundred dollars4 ,butte now has a new superintendent1 who comes from ,columbia ,university1 and writes me that he was appointed as an educator and not as a politician4 ,he tells me that neither he nor the school board would attempt to control outside activities of teachers1 and that they are perfectly free to join a union if they wish4 ,i trust they will not fail to act upon this information2 and ,i wish ,superintendent ,douglass good luck in keeping out of ,butte politics6 ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,,the ,,little ,,anacondas ,while we are in this mountain country1 let us see what is going on throughout the state4 ,the financial agents of the ,anaconda1 known as the ,montana ,bankers' ,association1 passed a resolution to take charge of the schools2 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,hannah1 who lives at ,big ,timber1 and is a member of the county high school board1 also for a dozen years chairman of a rural school board1 wrote to their educational committee to ask what they meant by this4 ,in reply they informed him that they intended to appoint teachers1 select text-books1 and deliver lectures1 and thereby inculcate respect for the money-changers of ,montana4 ,within two years after this action three presidents of banks in ,mr4 ,hannah's county were appointed as members of the high school board4 ,says ,mr4 ,hannah3 8,not a man among the three possesses any education whatever1 nor have they ever evinced any interest whatever in the work of the public schools0--except1 as he goes on to explain1 to carry on propaganda on behalf of bankers4 ,the high school library has been kept without any of the standard works on history1 economics1 sociology and ethics1 which have any tendency toward democracy in industry or even in politics4 ,none of these ignorant banker board members could possibly have found out for themselves what books to exclude from the library2 they must have got from some central organization suggestions causing them to keep from the shelves such historical writings as ,draper1 ,lecky1 ,buckle and ,white4 ,they crowd the pupils with manual training1 domestic science and commercial courses2 and discovering that basket-ball might be used to divert the minds of the whole community from interest in politics and social reform1 they become ardent friends of school athletics4 ,the ,nonpartisan ,league was trying to organize the farmers of ,montana1 and1 says ,mr4 ,hannah3 8,it is only a year since a mob of high school students1 with the full knowledge and tacit approval of this board of banker trustees1 broke into a peaceful assemblage of farmers which was being held in the county court house40 ,they tried to break up the meeting1 but did not succeed1 and subsequent efforts to have them disciplined were thwarted by these banker trustees4 ,mr4 ,hannah continues3 ,what the bankers are now doing to our own high school in a limited way1 they are also doing throughout the state in a much more general and effective way4 ,their educational program is in full operation4 ,for two or more years they have demanded and secured prominent speaking places at every meeting of school men that is held in the state4 ,their voice is now heard wherever the subject of education is publicly discussed4 ,moreover1 ,i read in the public press almost every day of addresses delivered by bankers to high school assemblies2 and it is plain to see that it is merely a campaign of propaganda designed for the one purpose of misleading the children concerning the real nature of our banking system4 ,i have had occasion to argue with big business men concerning this control of school funds by bankers2 they never can see anything wrong with it--who is there that should handle money1 if not bankers8 ,but ,i come upon a little item in the 8,inter-,mountain ,educator10 official organ of the ,montana ,state ,teachers' ,association1 ,march1 #aibc3 ,the ,hardin ,state ,bank at ,hardin1 ,mont41 has closed its doors4 ,eight school districts in the county have a total of #gd1chj4he in the bank4 ,the heaviest loser is ,hardin ,no4 #ag ,h1 which has #bc1bbb4fc in the closed bank1 and1 besides1 has been compelled to cut to the quick to operate this year4 ,there are now hard times in ,montana1 and in his #aibb report the superintendent of public instruction tells of the retrenchments and sacrifices which have been necessary to keep the schools going4 8,in hundreds of districts last year all expenses but teachers' salaries were eliminated1 the parents even donating the fuel and hauling4 ,the teachers caught the spirit of sacrifice1 and scores of them gave their services from one to several weeks in order that the children would not be deprived of any more school than necessary40 ,in this report appears a photograph of a mother who drove a team twenty-three miles a day in order to get her three children to school1 and brought with her two younger children whom she could not leave at home2 she came forty miles to a teachers' meeting1 so that she might get suggestions as to how to help these children at home4 ,the report tells also of an eighth grade boy walking sixteen miles1 and of five families who dug holes in a hill-side near ,broadus1 and lived there during the school season in order that their children might get instruction6 ,i am dealing in this book with ,big ,business2 but you will understand that in this lair of the gigantic ,anaconda1 there are many little snakes hoping some day to become ,anacondas1 and diligently swallowing all they can4 ,in the report of this state superintendent ,i find several pages of details about the plundering of the district schools by local business men3 every kind of graft you could imagine--sixty dollars a month for transportation to bring the child of one trustee a mile and a half to school2 a thirty-dollar pearl necklace for a teacher2 trustees and clerks paying themselves all kinds of money on school contracts in violation of law2 another trustee who hired his brother-in-law as principal for two hundred dollars a month1 his wife as teacher at a hundred dollars a month1 and his daughter at ninety-five--and the following year raised the principal's salary to three hundred dollars1 and the wife to a hundred and fifty6 ,under such economic conditions it is inevitable that teachers should be terrorized4 ,here1 as in ,washington1 there are grave-yards of radical teachers scattered everywhere4 ,certificates are continually refused to teachers who refuse to 8take policy10 and on the other hand the ,state ,normal ,college is freely distributing credits to teachers who carry on propaganda for the ,black ,hand4 ,the teachers have been completely deprived of control of their own organization4 ,at the ,montana ,state ,teachers' ,association convention of #aibb1 the gang put through strong resolutions against every kind of political liberalism1 and the superintendent of schools of ,lewistown1 who was chairman of the ,resolutions ,committee1 denounced the suggestion that there should be a referendum to give the rank and file of the teachers the right to vote on any question4 ,i have a letter from another ,montana school official1 who tells me of four different cases in which he heard prominent educators and lecturers admit the intolerable nature of present conditions in the state--but always ending with the anxious statement3 8,of course1 you understand that ,i am not a radical1 and have no sympathy with radicalism60 ,at the summer school of #aiba1 at ,lewistown1 ,montana1 a professor of economics1 being asked some questions about 8,the ,brass ,check10 took occasion to tell the students of the vast wealth which ,upton ,sinclair had accumulated out of his credulous followers6 ,just where this professor got his information ,i do not know1 but any time he wishes he can have the fifteen thousand dollars' worth of debts which ,i still have left from selling 8,the ,brass ,check0 below cost4 ,this same professor discussed a student at the ,fergus ,county ,high ,school at ,lewistown1 who had come with the financial help of the school1 but had proved himself unworthy and ungrateful--he had not changed any of the radical ideas which he had brought from his ,nonpartisan ,league home6 ,i cite these anecdotes just to show you the atmosphere which prevails in the class-rooms of the kept educators of the ,anaconda4 ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,,colorado ,,culture ,we move on to ,colorado1 where we have not only copper kings1 but coal and iron and oil and gold and silver kings--half a dozen dynasties dividing an empire4 ,it would take a large volume to tell the corruption of government in the state of ,colorado and the city of ,denver2 ,i have given a sketch of it in 8,the ,goose-step40 ,suffice it here to say1 there is no 8invisible government0 in this community1 the offices and privileges are sold on a curb market4 ,as for education1 only taxpayers have a right to vote for school bonds1 the banks control the handling of the money1 and their politicians spend it4 ,for a generation the active institution in control was the ,first ,national ,bank1 whose educational agent began his career in ,denver as 8,fudge0 ,sommers1 clerk of the police department4 ,he specialized in the stealing of school elections2 he would have a 8bunch of money0 at each election1 and workers awaiting him with their hands out4 ,as 8de gang0 would say1 8dere ain't no easier money02 the school elections were entirely unguarded--there was no registration1 and the ballot-boxes would be carried to the ,east ,denver ,high ,school1 and there fixed according to orders4 8,fudge0 was a ,democrat1 but at times when his party became progressive1 he took his influence and his talents to the ,republicans4 ,he grew respectable1 and is now the ,honorable ,elmer ,s4 ,sommers1 oil magnate1 good roads promoter1 prominent in the ,rotary ,club1 a society man rich enough to have his own 8hooch0 parties4 ,under such conditions the citizens are helpless4 ,for the most part they do not trouble to vote2 now and then they protest1 and are taught their place4 ,i talked with a member of a committee which entered objection to the waste of school funds1 and threatened to nominate a citizens' ticket4 ,the answer of the boss was3 8,you put up your board1 and ,i'll take my bag of money1 and we'll see how far you get60 ,next to ,mr4 ,first ,national ,bank ,keeley1 the most active agent of the plutocracy in controlling the ,denver schools was ,mr4 ,great ,western ,sugar ,company ,morey4 ,mr4 ,morey was the 8,sugar ,trust0 in our national capital1 one of the most notorious of the war profiteers4 ,he built himself a magnificent palace in ,denver1 facing the lofty ,mt4 ,evans1 and with the whole of ,cheesman ,park for a back-yard2 then he died1 and ,denver has the ,morey ,junior ,high ,school1 just as other cities have ,washington ,schools and ,lincoln ,schools and ,jefferson ,schools4 ,we may assume that ,mr4 ,morey dwells happily in a celestial palace1 because as a far-seeing business man he provided for his spiritual welfare1 being a pillar of the exclusive ,st4 ,john's ,episcopal ,cathedral4 ,once more the firm of ,god1 ,mammon and ,company2 and note how the schools are taken in as junior partners4 ,for twenty years ,denver had a most efficient school superintendent1 a former president of the ,national ,education ,association by the name of ,gove4 ,i call him efficient1 meaning that he served his masters1 by keeping out of the system all revolutionary and dangerous new ideas1 such as kindergartens1 manual training and directed play4 ,the progressive women's clubs waged war upon him1 and at the end of the twenty years succeeded in getting rid of him4 ,and where do you think he went8 ,why1 he became confidential lobbyist for the ,great ,western ,sugar ,company in our national capital6 ,a congressional investigating committee raided some offices and got hold of the letters of his employers1 and it was disclosed that ,gove had been 8interviewing0 congressmen in their home districts2 he had been instructed not to name his employers1 and not to itemize his expense accounts6 ,the president of the ,denver school board is a young aristocrat by the name of ,hallett1 whose qualification for spending the money of the schools was described to me by one of his friends3 8,he never earned a dollar in his life40 ,his father was a millionaire federal judge1 whose tyrannies and fearful temper made his name one of terror to labor unions and would-be reformers in ,colorado4 ,young ,mr4 ,hallett also is a socially prominent vestryman of the exclusive ,st4 ,john's ,cathedral1 and he helped to import the very expensive ,dean ,brown from the effete ,east4 ,mr4 ,hallett was in a delicate position--he was both vestryman of the cathedral and president of the school board1 and the cathedral owned twenty-six lots which it wanted to sell to the city as a school site4 ,it must have been hard for ,mr4 ,hallett to make up his mind where his duty lay1 but apparently he decided that all eternity meant more to him than his term as president of the school board2 his vestry sold the lots to his school board for a hundred thousand dollars1 which was two or three times what they were worth4 ,in ,may1 #aibc1 ,mr4 ,hallett came up for re-election1 together with ,mr4 ,taylor1 seventy-four-year-old vestryman of the cathedral1 who serves the mining kings as an engineer2 and ,mr4 ,schenck1 seventy-three years old1 a former store-keeper at coal-mines for ,mr4 ,rockefeller's ,colorado ,fuel and ,iron ,company4 7,the other board members are a lumber dealer1 sixty-seven years old1 a nice old lady of seventy1 and an able-bodied contractor1 active in politics47 ,there was an opposition ticket put up by the liberals1 and a second put up by labor1 and a third put up by the ,denver 8,post40 ,in order that you may appreciate this story1 ,i explain that the 8,post0 is a wealthy and powerful newspaper1 which began in the old 8shirt-sleeve0 days1 when newspapers in mining camps lived by blackmail4 ,the 8,post0 has seen no reason for mending either its morals or its manners2 its two proprietors1 ,tammen and ,bonfils1 are former gamblers and saloon keepers1 whom ,i have told about in 8,the ,brass ,check40 ,tammen1 a frank and delightful personality1 tells at ,chamber of ,commerce meetings how he would toss a dollar in the air1 and if it stuck to the ceiling it belonged to the boss1 and if it came down again it belonged to him4 ,the ,chamber of ,commerce whoops with delight at this anecdote4 ,the 8,post0 now broke loose against ,president ,lucius ,hallett and his board4 ,for a month or two the murders1 highway robberies and sexual scandals of ,colorado were shoved off the front page1 and the red head-lines of the paper were given up to the crimes of the school board4 ,the 8,post0 charged that the board members had permitted corrupt deals with members of the ,real ,estate ,exchange and the ,chamber of ,commerce1 and that the taxpayers had been robbed of great sums through shady land purchases4 ,it went into details concerning the 8favoritism0 of the school authorities for the ,american ,book ,company4 ,it showed also how the school board was favoring the children of the rich1 and published pictures of the luxurious high schools in the rich neighborhoods and the overcrowded old fire-traps in the slum districts4 ,it charged that the school board was maintaining the worst political machine in ,denver's history2 the teachers were in fear for their jobs1 the principals were political henchmen1 and propaganda literature for the school board was distributed among the children to be taken to their homes4 ,a ,denver edition of 8,the ,goslings0 in serial form6 ,why this sudden concern of the 8,post0 for the welfare of the schools8 ,i do not know that4 ,but ,i know that ,president ,hallett published the statement that the cause of the attack was the school board's refusal to make a contract with a coal company owned by the 8,post40 ,i know also that the 8,post0 did not deny this charge of ,mr4 ,hallett's1 or refer to it4 ,an intimate friend of ,mr4 ,tammen's has asked me to meet him when next ,i am in ,denver2 then ,i shall ask him about it1 and ,i have no doubt he will live up to his reputation as a 8good sport40 ,every now and then the 8,post0 has entered into campaigns against the stealing of city franchises1 and when ,tammen's friends have asked him why so much fuss1 he has answered with his cheerful laugh1 8,because we didn't get in on the graft40 ,election day came and passed1 and ,mr4 ,hallett and his friends were declared re-elected4 ,the grand jury took up the charges of the 8,post0 concerning real estate graft1 and it was shown that one prominent 8realtor10 or a dummy of his firm1 had bought a parcel of land for several thousand dollars1 and a few days later sold it to the school board for so many more thousands that it was considered dishonest even in ,denver4 ,another 8realtor10 recently a member of the city council1 had bought land and sold it to the board for twice the price--and had charged a commission at both ends besides4 ,he had used dummies--an office-boy1 also his own son--and on this technicality the courts let him off4 ,you will form an idea of the state of ,colorado culture when ,i tell you that ,i consulted the ,denver telephone directory1 and found listed therein approximately #dej of these 8realtors0--and to balance this1 book-stores to the number of sixteen6 ,in the face of such obstacles1 a few devoted souls labor to save the children of the city4 ,the schools have been shockingly overcrowded--with classes in cook-rooms1 in hallways1 in basements1 in rooms without light or air4 ,and1 of course1 the school board has made to the teachers the usual explanations why the city could not pay them a living wage4 ,the high school teachers called a mass meeting1 intending to affiliate with labor2 whereupon the school authorities rushed to head them off--by bringing in a famous orator of the ,national ,education ,association1 and then by granting the raise in wages6 ,when the president of the ,denver ,labor ,college asked for the right to use school rooms for classes1 the board with seven representatives of business and not one of labor turned him down in horror2 if they allowed a working-class school1 they would have to allow a capitalist school6 ,let the labor college allow the board to appoint the instructors1 and then they might consider the matter4 8,won't you walk into my parlor80 said the spider to the fly6 ,for ten years the progressives have pleaded with the school board to permit school buildings to be used by the citizens for public meetings--but in vain4 ,as ,i write1 they are winning a long struggle to have some attention paid to the health of the school children2 the 8interests0 denounce this as ,bolshevism--though just why it is ,bolshevism to take care of the children's bodies1 when it is not ,bolshevism to take care of their minds1 is not explained4 ,there is one devoted friend of the children in ,denver1 ,judge ,lindsey of the ,juvenile ,court2 all over the ,united ,states he has spoken to great gatherings in the schools--but not in ,denver6 ,he tells me that he hopes to get back this fall2 if so1 it will be the first time in ten years that he has spoken in a ,denver school6 ,the officials have told him quite frankly that 8business0 would not permit it4,f ----- ,footnote ,f3 ,in ,december1 as ,i am reading the proofs of this book1 ,mrs4 ,lindsey writes me that he has not yet spoken1 and she knows of no prospect4 ----- ,so we see the same thing that we saw in ,los ,angeles and ,spokane--the children1 being deprived of the joys and excitements of the intellectual life1 follow the example of their elders and go 8wild40 ,if ,i had the power to gather all the parents of ,america for one hour1 and make them listen to whatever ,i chose1 ,i think ,i should put them in the private chambers of ,judge ,lindsey4 ,i had the pleasure of spending several days with him4 ,i thought ,i knew something about what is going on among the school children1 but ,i was staggered when ,i heard ,lindsey's story4 ,i am going to tell it1 but later on--for the reason that these conditions are not peculiar to ,denver1 they are a problem of the entire country4 ,after we have satisfied ourselves what plutocratic education is1 we shall want to know what it has done to our children1 and how our grand-children are to be saved4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,,the ,,domain ,,of ,,king ,,coal ,back in the days of ,president ,buchanan the ,american ,congress set aside large tracts of federal land1 to be devoted forever after to the support of schools2 and these lands have ever since been the favorite pasturage of ,big ,business4 ,in state after state ,i found highly cultured members of old ruling families interested in education--and living upon fortunes made by the theft of school lands6 ,in ,maine and ,wisconsin and ,oregon these lands were stolen for the timber2 in ,minnesota for the iron ore2 in ,michigan for the copper2 in ,oklahoma and ,texas for the oil2 in ,indiana and ,illinois and ,colorado for the coal4 ,the story of the ,colorado school lands is told in a little pamphlet1 8,the ,looters10 by ,george ,a4 ,connell1 ,cedaredge1 ,colorado4 ,the sections set aside were ,numbers ,sixteen and ,thirty-six of all government townships2 and according to data available1 the schools of ,colorado own about six billion tons of coal4 ,instead of working these mines for the benefit of the schools1 the state of ,colorado turns the land over to the coal companies for a royalty of ten cents per ton of coal mined6 ,the schools have to have coal themselves1 and they purchase it from these same coal companies4 ,it costs the companies1 to mine this coal and deliver it to the schools1 #e4hj per ton1 while the price which the schools pay for it is #aj4ej per ton2 the coal companies therefore make #d4gj per ton1 and this after paying the ten cents royalty to the schools6 ,in the year #aibj there were mined almost a million tons of coal from the state school lands2 the schools got for this a net profit of a little over eighty-five thousand dollars1 while the coal gang made a net profit of nearly four and a half million dollars4 ,in other words1 the coal companies made in one year from the coal more than the schools will make in fifty years4 ,under the present method of doing business1 the schools and the people of ,colorado will surrender to the coal corporations for the coal taken from the school lands a total net profit of twenty-seven billion dollars4 ,let us follow this coal money4 ,under the law a part of it has been turned into a 8permanent school fund10 which now totals ten million dollars4 ,and where does this money go8 ,why1 to the banks1 of course2 and what do the banks pay for it8 ,they pay three per cent interest2 and at the same time the various school districts are borrowing money1 and have to pay five and a half per cent on their bonds6 ,the difference between these two items means a quarter of a million dollars1 which the schools of ,colorado are donating to the bankers every year6 ,that pleases the bankers1 and they use their control over the educators of ,colorado to keep the people from knowing about the graft4 ,in ,september1 #aibj1 there was a contest arranged between two district schools1 and an eighteen-dollar basketball was put up as a prize for the school which could give the best answers to twenty-four questions4 ,the principals of both schools accepted the terms of the contest1 and the county superintendent agreed to assist4 ,the questions were to be published in the local newspaper1 the ,surface ,creek 8,champion02 the editor said he would take them under advisement1 but he never published them4 ,the ,republican county committeeman was called in to the 8advisement02 the county superintendent1 who was up for re-election1 was also called in1 and this lady made a hurried trip to the two towns and called off the contest4 ,and would you like to know why8 ,well1 one of the twenty-four questions read this way3 8,how much of the permanent school fund is loaned to the banks1 and how much is on deposit80 ,the county superintendent had sent this question to the state superintendent1 and a letter came back1 signed by both the state superintendent and the deputy3 8,i cannot answer this question4 ,i could not get any information along this line40 ,the question was presented to various educators throughout the state1 and they admitted that they did not dare to touch it4 ,the question was presented to the editor of the 8,rocky ,mountain ,news10 the great organ of the plutocracy of ,denver1 and the editor not only refused to print anything about it1 but stated that 8any man that stirred up such things is a ,bolsheviki and an undesirable citizen40 ,in #aiad there was a great strike of the ,colorado coal miners1 which led to a civil war1 not merely at the mines1 but also in front of #bf ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 the offices of ,mr4 ,john ,d4 ,rockefeller1 ,jr41 and also at ,tarrytown1 where the ,rockefellers1 father and son1 have their palatial estates4 ,this civil war was of concern to the ,colorado schools1 because they paid all the cost of it2 the coal company gang in the state legislature put through a bill1 taking five hundred thousand dollars from the school funds of the state1 to pay the cost of breaking a strike for ,mr4 ,rockefeller4 ,the radicals carried on a campaign for a year or two over this issue1 and as a result of the publicity one-fifth of the amount was paid back to the schools4 ,in the ,east ,side ,high ,school of ,denver there were two teachers who made so bold as to talk about these matters1 and also to concern themselves with the civil rights of miners4 ,of the six demands of the strikers1 five were for the enforcement of the laws of the state2 and a pupil in one of the high school classes asked ,miss ,ellen ,a4 ,kennan whether this was true4 ,an embarrassing moment for a teacher--with sons and daughters of coal operators in the class6 ,miss ,kennan answered the question truthfully1 and forthwith the president of the ,colorado ,fuel and ,iron ,company1 ,mr4 ,rockefeller's concern which was breaking the strike1 came to the school to demand an explanation6 ,miss ,kennan was one of the prize teachers of the ,denver school system1 a ,greek and ,latin scholar and a prominent lecturer at women's clubs2 she had been in the system for seventeen years4 ,her friend1 ,gertrude ,nafe1 had been in for seven years1 and during the strike had the difficult experience of teaching the son of ,general ,chase1 the combination dentist and militia officer who was setting aside the ,constitution in the coal country and supervising the ,ludlow massacre4 ,miss ,nafe also answered her pupils' questions truthfully1 and so the general and his employers made up their minds to get these two ladies out of the schools4 ,it took them four years to do it1 and they had to increase the number of school board members1 packing it with their henchmen4 ,even so1 it was only the war that gave them their chance4 ,they drew up an oath for the teachers to take1 pledging loyalty to the ,constitution and the government1 and 8to promote by precept and example obedience to laws and constituted authorities40 ,miss ,kennan and ,miss ,nafe cheerfully signed the first part of this pledge1 but they found themselves in difficulties when it came to the second part4 ,how can one pledge obedience to laws and constituted authorities1 when constituted authorities are defying the laws8 ,consider the #aiad strike1 in which the miners had tried to compel the constituted authorities to enforce the laws--and had failed6 ,the teachers had explained this to their pupils1 and now could not stultify themselves4 ,their friends begged them to sign1 the pledge being 0nothing but a joke0--the teachers all so regarded it2 but these two ladies took the matter seriously1 and struck out the word 8obedience40 ,so they were slated to be driven from the system4 ,they demanded a hearing before the board1 and were permitted to make a brief statement explaining their reverence for their revolutionary ancestors1 who had defied the constituted authorities when these authorities defied human rights4 ,the principal of the school asked to be heard1 and said3 8,i have never wavered in my faith in their value to the schools1 in my faith in their services to the coming citizens of this republic40 ,but the board turned them out1 and for the past five years the children of ,denver have been taught by some teachers who take their oath to be a joke4 ,time passed1 and there came another strike of the ,colorado mine-slaves1 and another curious test of ,colorado education4 ,i have before me an issue of a weekly paper published by the striking miners1 the ,walsenburg 8,independent10 ,january #c1 #aibb4 ,it bears across the top in large letters the caption1 8,this paper was censored by the ,colorado ,rangers40 ,then follows a news item to the effect that ,professor ,s4 ,m4 ,andrews1 school superintendent of ,walsenburg1 and also of ,huerfano ,county1 had addressed a teachers' meeting in ,denver1 and praised the rangers and their martial law4 ,that much ,i learn from the paper2 then comes the statement3 8,censor cut out report of his speech as printed in the #8,rocky ,mountain ,news1' ,december #cjth40 ,of course ,i might hunt up this issue of the 8,rocky ,mountain ,news0 and tell you what ,professor ,andrews said1 but ,i don't think it worth the bother4 ,the point is clear3 a superintendent of schools1 supposedly a public official1 drawing two salaries from a coal mining community1 goes up to the state capital1 and before a convention of teachers defends the state police in their abrogation of state and federal constitutions during a strike2 and the commanding officer of these gunmen in uniform forbids the miners' newspaper to communicate to the miners what their own superintendent of schools has said about them in their own state capital6 ,,chapter ,,xxxiv ,,the ,,homestead ,,of ,,the ,,free ,we continue ,east and cross 8bleeding ,kansas10 where ,john ,brown fought1 and the old settlers came in their covered wagons1 singing3 _/99 ,we cross the prairie as of old ,the ,pilgrims crossed the sea1 ,to make the ,west1 as they the ,east1 ,the homestead of the free4 99_/ ,now in this homestead of the free the organizers of the ,nonpartisan ,league are beaten1 tarred and feathered1 jailed or deported1 for trying to address the farmers4 ,alexander ,howat is thrown into jail for six months for advising coal miners to strike1 and ,william ,allen ,white1 editor of the ,emporia 8,gazette10 is arrested for putting in his window a card stating that he sympathizes with the strikers4 ,the principal organ of culture in the state is the ,kansas ,city 8,star10 founded by a brave and sincere liberal1 and now turned into an organ of screaming bigotry and hate4 ,two years ago this paper flung wide the gates off the city to its darlings1 the ,american ,legion1 and the boys gathered by the tens of thousands1 and repaid their hosts by conducting a three days' drunken orgy1 in the course of which they wrecked the lobby of the city's palatial hotel4 ,kansas ,city is a packing-house and railroad center1 and the head of its ,black ,hand is ,w4 ,t4 ,kemper1 hard-fisted 8open-shop0 exponent and manipulator of high finance4 ,to run the board of education he has a prominent real estate operator1 ,nichols1 with four children1 none in the public schools2 a lawyer1 ,nugent1 a little brother to the rich2 and ,pinkerton1 president of the ,gate ,city ,bank4 ,all these gentlemen call themselves ,democrats1 ,i believe2 but this makes no difference1 because ,kansas ,city has what they call a bi-partisan school board--one-half its members to the ,democratic party1 one-half to the ,republicans1 and none to the people4 ,this school board is absolutely autocratic1 makes no reports to anyone1 and does not even have an auditor4 ,its function was described by one of the teachers--8to buy all the holes in the ground belonging to the bankers and put schools on them40 ,i regret that ,i cannot give the figures as to what the bankers got1 because the lady who knows1 and made the statement1 is not willing to take the risk of publicity4 ,as manager of their 8open-shop0 schools this board has engaged a superintendent by the name of ,cammack1 at a salary of eight thousand a year2 an aged despot with a second-grade teacher's certificate and a very bad temper4 ,when you hear the story of his handling of the teachers you find it so familiar1 that you wonder if you have not already read this part of the book4 ,i had the same sensation all the time ,i was traveling over ,america2 it was like those dreams you have1 in which you know you've dreamed all that before6 ,in ,kansas ,city1 as everywhere else1 the teachers were unable to live upon their wages2 and here1 as everywhere else1 the business men had to 8jolly them along10 and persuade them that a great rich city could not possibly afford to pay a living wage to the teachers of its children4 ,the women's clubs took up the problem1 and appointed a committee1 which voted that the question was 8an intricate1 vexatious and dangerous one0--but it would never do to raise the tax assessment6 ,fifty-two teachers had to go to work as telephone girls and in department stores during the summer1 to make up the deficit in their salaries2 others were working as waitresses in the railway hotels4 ,they had borrowed money to go to summer school1 hoping thus to get promotion2 now they were in debt and could not make it up4 ,so the teachers took up the idea of affiliation with the ,american ,federation of ,teachers2 there was a mass meeting1 and the president of a 8co-operative0 organization of the teachers1 supposed to be representing their interests1 got them started at singing1 and after they had sung for a while he let them hear some 8hand-picked0 speakers2 then1 just when everybody was expecting to hear a speech on the subject they were all interested in1 an increase in wages1 he had them sing one more song--and then declared the meeting adjourned6 ,for this service he was awarded with a five thousand dollar position in the school system of another city4 ,kansas ,city has a kind of ,margaret ,haley of its own2 she is ,mrs4 ,sarah ,green1 president of the ,woman's ,trade ,union ,league1 and her organization took up the fight for the teachers' salaries4 ,a mass-meeting was called1 and ,mrs4 ,green called up the president of the board of education1 and asked permission to distribute announcements of the meeting to the teachers in the schools2 this permission was refused4 ,then ,mrs4 ,green asked the superintendent of schools for permission to hold the meeting in a high school building2 this permission also was refused4 ,the meeting was held outside1 and a great many teachers got up the courage to attend1 and in the end they got about half the salary increase they should have had4 ,the cultured lady-teachers were shocked at the idea of joining a trade union and identifying themselves with common working girls4 8,but10 said ,mrs4 ,green to me1 8,i know of girls who work in factories in this city1 and don't even know how to read1 who have more courage than our teachers1 and would not submit to the humiliations which the teachers have to endure40 ,that is something for school-teachers1 and all other white-collared wage-slaves1 to think seriously about6 ,mrs4 ,green has also made herself a great nuisance to the school authorities by butting in on debates in the public schools4 ,you see1 they cannot keep the students from wanting to discuss that livest of all live issues in ,kansas ,city1 the open shop4 ,mr4 ,cammack and his supervisors and principals naturally plan to have the opponents of union labor win these debates2 but the students persist in coming to ,mrs4 ,green1 who takes them in off hours and provides them with the facts--with the result that out of ninety-seven she had trained1 only seven have lost the debates6 ,you can imagine what a terrible thing that is for the morale of an open-shop city6 ,in the summer of #aibb there was an epidemic of trachoma in the ,kansas ,city schools4 ,this is a dreadful eye-disease1 which in its later stages eats out the eye-balls4 ,it is one of the most contagious of known diseases1 and so is a serious matter in schools4 ,in one ,kansas ,city school a majority of the children were afflicted1 but the board didn't want anything done about it1 because it would interfere with the real estate business2 they would not let the doctors and nurses make the facts known1 so the parents had to take up the agitation4 ,they went before the school board and protested again and again1 but could get nothing done2 the board sent nurses--to forbid the parents of infected children to discuss the matter6 ,one courageous teacher1 ,miss ,letitia ,cotter1 took up the agitation1 at peril of her position1 and carried it to the labor unions and the parent-teacher associations4 ,the superintendent went off on his vacation1 and left the assistant superintendent1 who told ,miss ,cotter that no more public money would be spent on this matter--8the ,red ,cross already has spent six hundred dollars on those dirty rats and wops60 ,so you see how they love the people in these open-shop schools6 ,,chapter ,,xxxv ,,is ,a ,,teacher ,a ,,citizen8 ,we continue ,east to ,st4 ,louis1 another city where ,god and ,mammon have combined for the exploitation of the children4 ,there is no city in which the ,catholics are stronger1 nor any in which the two political parties are more completely in the hands of the open-shoppers and labor exploiters4 ,up to last year the two parties had a gentleman's agreement by which each party nominated for the school board only half as many candidates as there were places to be filled4 ,the result was no competition for school board memberships on election day4 ,the ,democrats inevitably elected their candidates and the ,republicans theirs2 and since the nominating conventions were under the complete domination of political bosses1 these bosses in effect named the school board members4 ,recently the people made an especial effort to eliminate one gang member1 by the name of ,murphy4 ,they kept him off the ,democratic ticket1 whereupon the ,republicans nominated him1 both the gangs voted for him1 and he went in for another six years4 ,these school board members are uneducated men of the ward-leader1 campaign-manager type2 at least three of them1 ,i am assured1 have never been through the grade schools4 ,a prominent citizen of ,st4 ,louis wrote me in #aibb3 8,we have men on our board of education who are ignorant and vicious and without character whatsoever40 ,another citizen of ,st4 ,louis writes in #aibc3 ,there is no such thing as an honest election in ,st4 ,louis4 ,the ballots are changed by the political gangsters1 who are the election officials at all the polls4 ,i visited a large number of the polls at the last school election1 and in some found only one individual sober2 some were lying with head on the table1 dead to the world1 others maudlin4 ,the large mass of the people are criminally negligent toward their civic duties--they do not vote1 and this makes it all the easier for the ward-heelers4 ,this is for your private information1 for it would work me much harm here in my position if anything of this appeared over my signature4 ,the ,catholics of ,st4 ,louis have a complete educational system of their own1 replacing the public school system4 ,the ,german ,catholics used to send their children to the public schools1 but now the archbishop says1 8,you will be damned if your children attend the godless schools02 and the ,irish and ,italians and ,poles1 who compose the new ,catholic population1 bow to this threat4 ,you might think the ,catholics would at least be willing to let the 8godless schools0 alone1 but they are not2 on the contrary1 seventy per cent of the teachers in the public school system are ,catholics1 and a good part of the board has been for a long time made up of ,catholics4 ,the purpose of this is the same as we have seen in ,new ,york and ,san ,francisco1 and shall see in ,boston and ,baltimore--to starve the public schools4 ,the extent to which this is done in ,st4 ,louis you will find difficult to believe4 ,the people want to have good schools1 and go to the polls and vote the money--and then the board of education refuses to spend the money6 ,recently the people passed a bond issue of three million dollars for new buildings2 while ,i was in the city the board decided to spend only one million and a half4 ,the people have voted an education tax of eight and one-half mills on the dollar1 but the board again and again has voted to spare the poor taxpayer and save his money4 ,there were six millions available for buildings1 and no move had been made to spend them4 ,ten grade schools and two senior high schools had been authorized by the board the previous year1 but they were not yet off the drawing-boards2 and meantime all the residence districts of ,st4 ,louis are dotted with ,catholic schools and high schools1 and a new half million dollar ,catholic high school is near completion4 ,i talked with ,dr4 ,henry ,l4 ,wolfner1 who is one of the best known oculists in the ,united ,states1 and was until recently a member of the school board4 ,dr4 ,wolfner told me that he did not know why the board was unwilling to spend this money2 he had tried his best to get it spent1 he said1 and the result was a long intrigue to force him off the board4 ,when finally he resigned1 the 8,globe-,democrat10 organ of the gang1 declared that in a letter to the board he had given ill health as his reason for resignation4 ,this1 ,dr4 ,wolfner assured me1 was an out and out lie4 ,he summed up the situation in the ,st4 ,louis schools in two contrasting incidents3 first1 the courts had removed a board member because it had been discovered that the board had purchased a building site through his real estate firm2 and second1 the ,catholic president of the school board had withdrawn from the college library a set of ,havelock ,ellis' great work1 8,the ,psychology of ,sex40 ,these books had been in the library for many years1 and were made use of by juvenile court workers1 and teachers of incorrigible boys and defectives4 ,dr4 ,wolfner told me of the efforts of the gang to get rid of one competent educator after another4 ,they had just forced out ,dr4 ,john ,w4 ,withers1 and also ,dr4 ,e4 ,george ,payne1 director of the ,teachers' ,college4 ,dr4 ,withers wrote a letter to the papers three or four years ago1 in which he showed how political graft and favoritism made impossible an honest administration of the schools4 ,the superintendent was continually besieged by demands from the gang for favors1 the appointment or promotion of this or that political favorite4 ,the ,catholics1 of course1 are tirelessly working for promotions for their crowd4 8,i wish ,i could bring myself to become a ,catholic10 said a teacher to a friend of mine2 8,i would get on three times as fast40 ,also1 there has been a long struggle over the question of whether graduates of the ,catholic high schools should have the right to enter ,teachers' ,college without passing an entrance examination4 ,since the ,catholic schools have very low standards1 the educators of ,st4 ,louis have fought this1 and it was on this issue that ,superintendent ,withers and ,principal ,payne of ,teachers' ,college were driven from ,st4 ,louis4 ,the ,catholics brought suit in the courts1 and won their case in ,st4 ,louis1 but lost it before the supreme court of the state4 ,now everybody in ,st4 ,louis rests easy1 in the assurance that standards are being maintained for the teachers4 ,but just recently the school board has thrown down the bars1 and parochial school graduates are accepted wholesale4 ,this news has been entirely suppressed by the ,st4 ,louis newspapers1 so the public of that city will get from this book their first information that their school board has set aside the decision of their supreme court6 ,also1 of course1 the book companies are on the job4 ,up to the year #aiba a member of the committee for the adoption of text-books was receiving a salary from the ,american ,book ,company1 for spending summers in ,california and doing some nominal editorial work4 ,naturally this board was friendly to ,american ,book ,company publications4 ,the board meets in secret1 what it calls 8executive meetings02 the members of the gang hold a caucus in advance1 and decide what they are going to do1 and make everything unanimous2 so the public never finds out what is going on4 ,this regime of graft and favoritism extends all the way down2 the principals are petty tyrants1 flattered and fawned upon2 those teachers who are weak and subservient1 and do clerical work for their principals1 are the ones who get the marks4 ,the ,st4 ,louis school system was worked out by a real ,prussian some thirty years ago2 it is a military affair1 routine and red tape and formulas4 ,every year the teachers are automatically dismissed1 and must be reappointed--the ideal of the 8open shop0 system4 ,here1 as usual1 the teachers had to take up the fight for a living wage4 ,no attention was paid to them1 so they proceeded to organize4 ,miss ,rosa ,hesse was elected president of the teachers' organization1 and the superintendent sent for her and demanded to know if they were going to join the ,american ,federation of ,teachers2 if so1 every one of them would be discharged4 ,the organizer of the teachers' federation was barred from speaking to them4 ,at the same time1 the official representative of the ,chamber of ,commerce was coming and soliciting them to join his organization4 ,it would be 8advantageous10 he assured the teachers significantly4 ,this ,chamber of ,commerce was deeply interested in the schools--it had been taking action to prevent the professors at the ,teachers' ,college using a series of text-books1 8,community and ,national ,life10 prepared by ,professor ,charles ,h4 ,judd1 and published by the ,united ,states government2 the ground of the objection being that these books intimated very mildly that labor unions had some advantage1 in that they developed a sense of self-respect among laborers6 ,if you have read 8,the ,goose-step0 you will recollect the question raised by ,professor ,h4 ,l4 ,bolley of ,north ,dakota3 8,is a college professor a citizen80 ,you will remember that we cited a number of cases proving that he is not a citizen4 ,we shall in this book consider the question3 8,is a school teacher a citizen80 ,in ,st4 ,louis she very certainly is not1 as the case of ,miss ,rosa ,hesse proves4 ,i had the pleasure of talking with this lady1 and if it would do her any good ,i would cheerfully bear testimony that she is an ,american gentlewoman of the old school1 absolutely uncontaminated by any touch of 8,red0--that is1 unless perchance the reading of 8,the ,goose-step0 has since affected her6 ,at the time ,i talked with her1 she had no idea whatever of the social significance of what had happened to her2 she was simply bewildered by her discovery that a school teacher is not permitted to demand a living wage and to exercise her rights as a voter4 ,to begin with1 ,miss ,hesse discovered that the meetings of the school board were supposed to be public2 so she got a group of teachers to agree to attend them and see what was going on4 ,but when it came to a showdown not one of the teachers dared2 ,miss ,hesse went in all by herself1 and gave me a comical account of the expression on the superintendent's face when he saw her in that holy of holies4 ,as a result of this presumption1 her name was left off the list for reappointment in the year #aiba4 ,the superintendent lied to her outright about it1 but one of the board members gave him away1 and the protests of the teachers forced a reconsideration at this time4 ,but shortly afterwards an election for the school board came up1 and ,miss ,hesse's organization1 the ,grade ,teachers' ,association1 ventured to approve certain candidates4 ,i am told by a gentleman of ,st4 ,louis who knows the situation intimately that in this political struggle the teachers' organization was being misled by the 8gang02 and this1 alas1 may be--,i have seen labor unions thus used on many occasions4 ,anyhow1 a lady by the name of ,mrs4 ,gellhorn1 president of the ,missouri ,league of ,women ,voters1 issued a call for a meeting of women4 ,at this meeting the choice of the ,grade ,teachers' ,association was condemned2 and among those endorsed was ,mr4 ,christopher ,w4 ,johnson1 millionaire basket manufacturer1 and a member of the board for twenty-four years4 ,mr4 ,johnson was running for re-election to a public office1 and ,miss ,hesse1 a citizen of ,st4 ,louis1 was being asked for her vote2 she thought she had a right to be informed about the matter1 and she said to ,mrs4 ,gellhorn1 privately and politely3 8,is it true1 as has just been stated at an open men's meeting1 that ,mr4 ,johnson is the head of a sweat-shop1 and is connected with a real estate company doing business with the board80 ,that was all of the conversation2 and for it ,miss ,hesse1 who was head assistant of the ,franz ,sigel ,school1 and had been a teacher in ,st4 ,louis for thirty-one years1 was driven from her position and from the school system4 ,mr4 ,johnson himself got hold of the story1 and the matter was brought up before the board4 ,a motion was made for the expulsion of ,miss ,hesse1 and when the motion was about to die1 ,mr4 ,johnson himself seconded it4 ,miss ,hesse managed to get a public trial1 and at this trial ,mr4 ,johnson served in the triple capacity of complainant1 prosecutor and judge4 ,three other members of the board gave testimony against the teacher1 and then voted as judges against her4 ,i am told by one who has investigated the matter that the charge concerning ,mr4 ,johnson's connection with a real estate company was false2 but the charge had been made in a public meeting1 and so ,miss ,hesse thought she had a right to inquire about it4 ,whether ,mr4 ,johnson's large box and basket factory is properly described as 8a sweat-shop0 ,i can not say2 if ,i should call it that1 ,mr4 ,johnson1 who is a contentious person1 might put me on trial also4 ,but ,i presume ,i may quote a physician in ,st4 ,louis1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,faber1 who writes me that he had to attend girls who worked in this basket factory1 and had worn down the skin of their fingers until the blood oozed out on the baskets4 ,i presume also it is permissible to say that one of the ladies who testified to having heard ,miss ,hesse's question about a 8sweat-shop10 belongs to a family which ran a sweat-shop in the ,missouri penitentiary6 ,miss ,hesse's expulsion made a great stir in the city2 a petition was circulated for her restoration1 and twenty-five thousand people signed it4 ,the ,central ,trades and ,labor ,union appointed a committee to take up the matter2 but the board declared that it had no power to advise the superintendent to reappoint a teacher4 ,we may venture to guess that if the board had made a polite recommendation1 the superintendent would not have ignored it4 ,but they preferred to leave matters as they stood2 and the rule for teachers in ,st4 ,louis was stated to the newspapers by a ,jewish rabbi3 8,do nothing1 say nothing1 be nothing60 ,,chapter ,,xxxvi ,,introducing ,,comrade ,,thompson ,we move north to ,minneapolis1 headquarters of the milling industry1 and financial center of a rich iron and lumber territory4 ,here we find the beginnings of hope for ,america2 organized labor has broken away from its old leadership and gone vigorously into politics1 while the farmers1 rejecting the propaganda of their exploiters1 have struck hands with the labor unions4 ,the result has been the ,farmer-,labor party1 which has elected both ,united ,states senators from ,minnesota1 and will probably take over the state administration at the next election4 ,it controls the city council of ,minneapolis1 and is fighting to get the schools away from the ,black ,hand4 ,the labor-smashing society of ,minneapolis for twenty years has been the ,citizens' ,alliance1 with a secret service department and a program of terror4 ,they have gone after the schools1 as everything else2 they have had their friends on the board--contractors' friends and real estate friends1 and open-shop friends4 ,during the war the contractors put forward their lawyer1 the product of a military school1 and the secretary of the ,citizens' ,alliance announced that this ,mr4 ,purdy was to run the school board4 ,they borrowed the automobiles of the rich1 and elected him by the votes of the cooks and chambermaids and chauffeurs of ,minneapolis4 ,as colleague on the board they gave him a ,mr4 ,jepson1 president of an artificial limb company1 who1 needless to say1 was getting rich out of the war4 ,while he was a member of the state senate1 he had written letters to his agents1 ordering that all packages should be shipped to him personally1 because the express companies were so kind as to handle his personal packages free4 ,i had an amusing experience in connection with this artificial limb gentleman4 ,i sent the manuscript to a certain high-up ,minneapolis educator1 who thinks ,i am too extreme in my distrust of the plutocracy4 ,he promised to correct my errors2 and concerning this ,jepson story he wrote3 ,this is a dim and mysterious tale4 ,what frank does a state legislator have8 ,a postage allowance perhaps1 that all the boys use up in some way1 whether for stamps or cigars4 ,or do you mean that the ,american ,express ,company carried his packages free because he was a legislator8 ,i have never before heard this story1 and ,i am not enough interested to look it up4 ,but you had better get a more accurate version before you publish it4 ,i know ,jepson1 and he does not strike me as just that kind of a scoundrel4 ,well1 ,i was more interested than my correspondent1 and ,i looked it up4 ,i have before me a poster1 measuring #be inches by #ci1 with letters at the top #a-e_/h inches in height3 _/99 ,,dishonest ,,in ,,business ,,is ,,this ,,the ,,kind ,,of ,,state ,,senator ,,we ,,want ,,to ,,represent ,,the #dd,,th ,,district8 99_/ ,the rest of the poster is occupied by six facsimile letters1 bearing the signature of ,lowell ,e4 ,jepson1 president of the ,winkley ,artificial ,limb ,company1 ,jepson ,bros41 ,sole ,owners4 ,one letter reads as follows3 ,now until you receive full instructions1 send everything by ,u4 ,s4 express to ,hon4 ,l4 ,e4 ,jepson1 #ajf ,washington ,ave4 ,s41 ,minneapolis1 ,minn41 but always in a box so that contents may not easily be seen1 but never use a leg box in so doing4 ,if you should have to send us a leg for changes you had better get a small soap or cracker box and bend it up and put it in that way4 ,another letter explains that inasmuch as ,mr4 ,jepson represents the city of ,minneapolis in the state senate1 the railways give him free transportation1 and he will be very glad to visit his correspondent to fit him with two artificial legs4 ,another letter laments the fact that 8,the ,u4 ,s4 express has gone back on me1 so ,i had to pay the #cj cents2 after this send by ,gt4 ,northern and it will come all right to me all right40 ,and still another letter is addressed to an agent who is trying to sell an artificial leg to an old soldier4 ,in order to get a cash payment at once1 the agent is instructed to make the old soldier think that if he does not pay cash there will be a long delay4 8,make them think that if something is not paid1 dozens will get ahead of them40 ,this poster was used by ,mr4 ,jepson's political opponents in the effort to keep him from being re-elected to the state senate4 ,it is interesting to hear that ,mr4 ,jepson applied for an injunction1 and the courts suppressed the whole edition of these posters4 ,such a comfortable thing it is to have your own courts6 ,against conditions such as this the ,socialists and labor men of ,minneapolis are carrying on a fight for the schools4 ,big ,business owns not merely the courts and the government1 it owns the university1 and almost all the churches and newspapers4 ,the labor people started a newspaper of their own1 but it seems to have gotten away from them1 and they have to go to the public with their bare voices4 ,a ,socialist school board member told me that in the campaign of #aiba1 he spoke at a noon meeting in front of some factory every day for two months1 then at a meeting in the afternoon1 and six times every evening4 ,he was a member of the board while ,i was in ,minneapolis1 and took me into office and showed me the insides4 ,permit me to introduce you to ,lynn ,thompson1 plain ,american carpenter1 organizer for the ,trades and ,labor ,assembly of ,minneapolis1 and for thirteen years an active ,socialist soap-boxer4 ,recently it became his duty to call a strike against the ,wonderland ,theatre2 some judge issued an injunction against the strike1 and ,comrade ,thompson gave me the text thereof1 containing many paragraphs1 and covering everything a human being could do in connection with a theater and its proprietor4 ,said ,comrade ,thompson3 8,i would violate that injunction if ,i were to wake up in the middle of the night and dislike him40 ,nevertheless1 he posted the theatre as unfair1 and he and four other men were sentenced to pay two hundred and fifty dollars each4 ,refusing to pay1 they were sent to jail on a six months' sentence1 and actually served sixtyfive days of it--a period of great relief for the representatives of ,big ,business on the school board6 ,we are told that we must elect business men to office1 because they alone know about business4 ,here in ,minneapolis was a school board composed of business men exclusively1 and the schools were reported to be three hundred and fifty thousand dollars in debt1 and there was no money for current expenses4 ,the newly elected carpenter asked these business men1 and they didn't know how matters stood2 neither did the board's employes know4 ,for years the board had been spending the money of the schools on guess-work4 ,they got their appropriations at one time of the year1 and figured their expenses at another time1 and never could tell how much they needed or how much they had4 ,professor ,swenson1 of the state university1 who happened to be on the school board1 had to go before the legislature and make a guess as to what amount of bond issue was necessary to cover the deficit2 he guessed half a million1 and came out pretty near right4 ,to make perfect the humor of this situation1 an association of business men had got the legislature to pass a strenuous law1 providing jail sentences for public officials who allowed overdrafts of public funds4 ,they knew at the time that the board of education was 8in the hole10 as were several other departments2 and they made no provision to cover the deficits4 ,they went ahead and passed a law1 which they knew must be broken every day1 if the government were to go on6 ,a carpenter is not supposed to know much about school-books1 but ,comrade ,thompson1 with his colleague ,mrs4 ,kinney1 wife of a railroad conductor1 did what he could to find out4 ,there had been no system in the book-rooms1 and it was often not possible for the principals to know what books were stored in the schools2 some of them followed the plan of ordering new books every term1 and burning the surplus stock of old books4 ,that was fine for the book companies1 which naturally resented ,comrade ,thompson's 8butting in40 ,the ,american ,book ,company had been represented for a couple of decades by a famous book man1 an old soldier by the name of ,major ,clancy4 ,i ask you to make particular note of this old gentleman2 we shall meet him in several places1 and in the end find him high up in the councils of the ,national ,education ,association4 ,major ,clancy has only one arm1 and this is a picturesque appurtenance of a military title--until you learn that the other arm was lost in a threshing machine6 ,citizens who were investigating school book graft in ,minneapolis noticed that when they brought an indictment against one of the board members1 the first thing he did was to make a beeline for ,major ,clancy1 who got him a lawyer and saw to the putting up of his bail bonds4 ,it was discovered that another member of the board1 also a member of the normal school board1 was attorney for the ,american ,book ,company4 ,text-books had been published in huge quantities1 and had stayed on the shelves untouched1 until the board had resolved that they were out of date1 whereupon the companies had taken them back for a few cents a copy4 ,naturally1 ,lynn ,thompson was interested in building4 ,the average cost of school buildings in the ,united ,states is #cg cents a cubic foot4 ,this labor agitator and walking delegate1 under bonds for violating a court injunction1 insisted upon the standardizing of all specifications1 and contracts were let in ,minneapolis at a cost of #ba4g cents4 ,nor were these cheap buildings--on the contrary1 they were using brick that had been adjudged too high in price for the schools in ,des ,moines4 ,on that same day the school board of ,boston let a contract for a big building at #dh4i cents4 ,it is worth noting that every step in this economy campaign was fought by a big contractor who was on the school board4 ,there was a question of building three high schools1 and three brick concerns bid #cc per thousand2 it was manifest that they were in collusion4 ,the price was eight dollars too high1 and ,thompson moved that they should buy in the open market for #bd4aj per thousand4 ,two weeks later they got an offer at this price from one of the concerns which had bid #cc--the same concern and the same bricks6 ,and then came the question of sites4 ,one man having a pull with the board asked #fj1jjj for a site2 ,thompson decided that it was worth #bh1jjj and the board offered him #dj1jjj4 ,he went to the courts1 and the jury said #bh1jjj1 and the ,supreme ,court sustained that valuation4 8,for these efforts10 said ,comrade ,thompson1 8,i got some abuse--and sixty-five days in jail40 ,it is interesting to note that this #bh1jjj site was a trackage site1 and the purchase was made necessary because a previous board had given away trackage to an automobile company4 ,as a ,socialist1 of course1 ,comrade ,thompson's hobby is to have the people do their own work1 omitting the grafters4 ,he would make a motion that school buildings should be put up by the city2 and he would get one vote beside his own--that of the railroad conductor's wife4 ,the school board had an electric repair shop1 and this persisted in making bids on repair jobs which beat all the contractors--to the contractors' great annoyance4 ,there was one job on which the city's men saved the city three thousand dollars1 or thirty-five per cent of the total cost4 ,the school board admitted that these workers were responsible and did first-class work2 nevertheless1 the board passed a motion that the repair shop should make no more bids4 ,on ,december #bj1 #aiba1 bids were opened for a large job1 and it was found that the ,sterling ,electrical ,company had bid #bb1fhh1 while the school shop bid #d1cjj less4 ,the board awarded the contract to the ,sterlings1 by a vote of five to two--the two1 needless to say1 being ,thompson and ,kinney4 ,thompson got a taxpayer to go before a court and ask an injunction1 and ,mr4 ,purdy1 representative of the ,black ,hand on the school board1 appeared for his colleagues1 and admitted that the shop had proved to be reliable and efficient1 but argued that the interest of the private contractors must be conserved6 ,the court sustained the majority of the board1 and the city of ,minneapolis lost #d1cjj to the grafters4,g ,it is interesting to note that the judge who rendered the decision is that same ,judge ,bardwell who kept ,comrade ,thompson and four other labor men in jail for sixty-five days for violating one of his injunctions6 ----- ,footnote ,g3 ,guy ,alexander vs4 ,a4 ,p4 ,ortquest1 ,nels ,juel1 ,lowell ,jepson1 et al42 injunction denied ,jan4 #be1 #aibc4 ----- ,,chapter ,,xxxvii ,,millers ,,and ,,militarism ,in order to make a consecutive story1 ,i have shown what ,big ,business has done in the way of ,graft in ,minneapolis4 ,let us now complete our view by taking up ,propaganda and ,repression4 ,during the war there was formed a 8,public ,safety ,committee10 a lynching society of the ,black ,hand4 ,one of the first objects of their attention was the school board--with ,lynn ,thompson daring to defend a teacher who belonged to the ,i4 ,w4 ,w46 ,he was a fine teacher1 and there was no other charge against him--but he had to go4 ,there was the usual fight over salary increase1 and the teachers were forming a union4 ,the president of the ,citizens' ,alliance1 a former head of a strike-breaking agency named ,briggs1 set out to 8smooth them down10 and gave a dinner to the teachers' officers and leaders1 about sixty of them1 at a 8swell0 club4 ,there was an association of the teachers1 controlling their pension fund1 and ,mr4 ,briggs attended a meeting of this1 and pleaded with them 8like a ,methodist revivalist1 with tears in his eyes10 not to be so wicked as to join a union4 ,he had several teacher-lobbyists to help him in this campaign--and one of them got a fine job in the state university as his reward4 ,another got up a 8,teachers' ,league10 one of those 8yellow0 unions which the gang controls4 ,the teachers were asking five hundred dollars raise1 and this representative went before the board and said they would take three hundred2 after which he was made1 an assistant principal1 with a three thousand dollar salary6 ,it is interesting to note that when the ,black ,hand was raising campaign funds to drive ,comrade ,thompson from the school board1 one of the charges named in their secret circulars was that he had opposed promotion for this man6 ,the militarists are making a desperate struggle to keep their hold on the schools in this city of the millers4 ,i thought ,i was back home in ,los ,angeles when ,i learned how at one of the general meetings of the ,parent-,teachers' ,association they sprang a proposition to endorse military training for the children4 ,there was no time for consideration or debate2 they shoved it through without most of the people realizing what was happening2 and next morning the kept newspapers triumphantly announced this result as representing some tens of thousands of parents and teachers6 ,next came a proposition before the board to cut out night schools and the ,americanization program1 on the ground that these cost too much money4 ,the ,socialist carpenter moved that instead they should cut out the military training2 and he demanded a public hearing on the proposition4 ,the board set a time for the hearing1 and then began it earlier1 hoping to rush it through before the opponents of militarism got in4 ,but that was easy for a soap-boxer who has learned to speak at eight meetings in one day2 he held all eight meetings right there before the board1 and kept things going until the regular time which had been set for the discussion6 ,it proved to be a lively session4 ,the ,reverend ,shutter1 pastor of the ,church of the ,redeemer--oh1 magnificent irony6--wrote a letter in defense of militarism1 and pointed out how the army was needed for the putting down of strikes4 ,the congressman for the ,black ,hand liked this so well that he put it into the ,congressional ,record1 and it was sent out under the frank of the government4 ,the editor of the ,minneapolis 8,labor ,review0 stated that he had heard the wife of a school board member1 taking part in a debate at a women's club1 state that 8we need soldiers to put the ,socialists down40 ,this was practically the same thing as the clergyman had said1 but for some reason the militarists took offense1 and the editor was challenged to name the woman--which he did4 ,the climax came when a ,congregational clergyman by the name of ,stafford spoke in opposition to military training4 ,he was lieutenant and chaplain in a medical regiment of the ,officers' ,reserve ,corps2 so here was a first-class scandal4 ,the members of this corps held a meeting and expelled him from their mess1 and demanded that he surrender his commission4 ,the commanding officer of his regiment demanded that he apologize and recant1 and when he refused1 preferred formal charges against him for 8conduct unbecoming an officer40 ,the army martinets set up the contention that members of the ,officers' ,reserve ,corps and of the ,reserve ,officers' ,training ,corps are part of the army1 and are under military discipline at all times1 and it is a breach of discipline for any member of any unit to oppose military training4 ,it is pleasant to be able to record that the ,war ,department refused to sustain this extreme doctrine4 ,i have told in 8,the ,goose-step0 of the elaborate system of spying which the ,black ,hand maintained at the ,university of ,minnesota1 located in ,minneapolis4 ,they did the very same in the schools2 they got out a questionnaire on militarism1 and when one teacher omitted to answer about ,socialism and labor unions1 the fact was broadcasted in the kept newspapers4 ,they sent a spy to inspect the text-books--including annotations written in the teachers' own copies4 ,one teacher told me of this1 and how her principal had refused explanation of the incident4 ,they tested students on ,socialism1 the ,i4 ,w4 ,w41 etc41 for the purpose of spying on the parents of these children4 ,one high school teacher thought it proper that her pupils should know the meaning of such words before they answered questions2 she advised them to go to a ,socialist meeting and hear the ,socialist arguments1 and she was summoned by the principal and told that she would be discharged if she repeated this offense4 ,another teacher was censured for advising a student to read 8,the ,jungle40 ,the spies were especially successful in the case of ,w4 ,r4 ,ball1 8director of citizenship0 in the ,minneapolis schools4 ,mr4 ,ball had the idea that democracy really means something1 and should be applied in every-day life2 still worse1 he belonged to the ,american ,federation of ,teachers4 ,the ,citizens' ,alliance had a so-called 8,american ,committee10 and this committee employed two spies1 bearing the hundred per cent names of ,olsen and ,kunze1 who collected a mass of gossip concerning ,mr4 ,ball's utterances to his pupils4 ,for example1 he had referred his advanced students to ,john ,fiske's 8,critical ,period of ,american ,history02 in this work a chapter dealing with the period prior to the adoption of the ,constitution is entitled 8,drifting ,toward ,anarchy40 ,so the spies reported that ,mr4 ,ball had advised his students to read a ,socialist book entitled 8,on the ,road to ,anarchy40 ,they also introduced a statement charging disloyal teaching1 signed by a well-known saloon keeper2 and on the witness stand before the board of education1 this gentleman was unable to remember anything in the statement1 and finally admitted that the paper had been handed to him to sign by ,spy ,olsen4 ,twenty-four principals and teachers1 co-workers with ,mr4 ,ball1 appeared to testify to the value of his work1 and a committee of professors of the state university1 including a dean of the ,graduate ,school and head of the history department1 certified to the value of the pamphlets ,mr4 ,ball had got out for his students4 ,but ,mr4 ,ball1 in his statement to the board of education1 confessed to holding such ideas as 8that a large number of workers under the present capitalistic system1 were getting wages too low to support their families with the necessities of life40 ,also3 8,we defined a radical as a man who went to the roots of things and traced cause to effect1 and was necessarily a deep thinker1 and a friend to justice and righteousness40 ,the ,minneapolis board of education considered that this was equivalent to a plea of guilty1 and so they drove ,mr4 ,ball from the ,minneapolis schools4 ,you will be amused also to hear the story of how the ,black ,hand of this city put a detective agency upon the trail of ,comrade ,thompson1 and what they found4 ,the report came in that he was a plumber1 ,french descent1 member ,holy ,rosary ,catholic ,church1 short1 thick-set1 dark complexion1 could neither read nor write the ,english language1 and expressed himself with great difficulty on the platform4 ,members of the ,citizens' ,alliance who had heard ,lynn ,thompson speaking at eight meetings per day1 told the detective agency that the details didn't fit2 they had been shadowing the wrong ,thompson6 ,it is sad to have to report that after six years of devoted service to the city1 ,lynn ,thompson and ,mrs4 ,t4 ,f4 ,kinney were defeated for re-election to the ,minneapolis school board in #aibc4 ,the teachers supported them solidly1 and they were able to show the voters how they had saved the city more than a million dollars4 ,but the ,black ,hand was out to put down ,socialism1 and they did it in the usual way--with their money4 ,the contractors raised a campaign fund2 ,mr4 ,purdy wrote to the vice-president of the ,first ,national ,bank1 pointing out the perils of radicalism and appealing for support4 ,the club women turned out with their automobiles--and the wives of workingmen did not turn out1 and that tells the story4 ,out of ninety thousand votes the ,big ,business ticket won by four thousand majority--and at the head of the board was the ,citizens' ,alliance candidate1 a man by the name of ,gould4 ,it has since been revealed by a senatorial investigation that this man was holding a clerical position in one of the departments at the state capital1 drawing a salary of four hundred dollars a month from the state1 while doing the work of the so-called 8,sound ,government ,league10 an organization of the ,black ,hand formed for the purpose of evading the corrupt practices law of the state4 ,this league had spent half a million dollars in order to re-elect the candidate of the ,black ,hand as governor of ,minnesota2 and now its secret agent1 ,gould1 is on the school board of the city1 doing everything in his power to overcome the accomplishments of ,lynn ,thompson and ,mrs4 ,kinney4 ,what does this mean for the teachers8 ,i have before me a letter from a ,minneapolis teacher1 who has ventured to speak out against school autocracy4 ,he explains that he has not been able to send me data1 because he has been loaded with a double amount of work1 as punishment for his opinions4 ,i dare not tell you what this work is1 because that might lead to the teacher's being recognized4 ,he tells me of the struggle of the teachers' organizations1 and the plan which they are now agitating--to be permitted to experiment with a school without a principal4 ,he tells me also how the high schools are on a 8six-hour day0 plan1 against which the teachers are in opposition4 ,says my friend3 ,one man1 an athlete and debater at college said to me3 8,i think the plan is a failure40 8,will you say so when you are asked80 ,i inquired4 8,i think the administration will not look kindly on anyone who does10 he replied4 8,but do you1 a man1 mean to tell me that you will not say what you think80 ,his rejoinder was that he did not want to be thought a 8knocker40 ,what can be expected when such things prevail8 ,before the war it was considered uneducation to make large classes3 the big men now demand 8economy10 and force election of administrators pledged to guarantee it4 ,these administrators1 instead of saying to the people3 8,we are doing a reactionary thing10 declare3 8,we are now1 by new schemes of efficiency1 getting one teacher to do the work of two2 and the teachers like it--as witness ,so-and-so60 ,,chapter ,,xxxviii ,,newberry ,,pie ,next we visit ,detroit1 headquarters of our automobile industry1 where we find the usual struggle to hold down union labor1 and the usual school board of business men and politicians1 engaged in protecting the interests of their crowd4 ,i sat chatting with a group of newspaper reporters1 one of whom has been specializing in school affairs for many years4 8,i suppose you have the regular school board graft10 ,i remarked2 and he hesitated3 8,no1 ,i wouldn't say there was much graft40 8,well10 said ,i1 8you have a committee which selects sites for the schools2 do you mean to say the members of this committee haven't relatives and friends among the big real estate speculators1 who want the schools in the neighborhood of their subdivisions80 ,the reporter looked at the rest of the company and grinned4 8,oh1 the dirty son-of-a-gun1 he's right on to the whole thing60 ,he went on to explain--of course they had that1 but nobody would call that graft in ,detroit4 ,it was in the power of the school board to make the city grow any way it desired2 there were thousands of people forced to live in the suburbs1 because rents everywhere else were too high1 and in making up their minds which district to go to1 the first thing they thought of was the nearness of a school4 ,then ,i went on to ask about text-books1 and the first detail to come out was that the principal of the ,northern ,high ,school of ,detroit had written a text-book on ,english literature1 and the superintendent had been unable to refuse it1 because the principal was so 8well connected40 8,is it a good book80 ,i asked1 and an educator replied3 8,it is one of the rottenest in the world60 ,another friend tells me about some school board meetings which he attended4 ,there was a long and intricate discussion of the kind of pipe which should be used for school buildings4 ,one board member was keen for iron pipe1 another board member was keen for steel pipe4 ,that bankers and lawyers and dentists and club ladies should know so much about the technicalities of building materials was puzzling to my friend4 ,some kind of conclusion was arrived at1 and then two weeks later he went back1 and attended another board meeting1 and lo and behold1 they were threshing out the question all over again6 ,said my friend to a reporter3 8,aren't there any other questions connected with ,detroit education but what kind of pipe they have in their buildings80 ,the answer was3 8,simpleton6 ,one of these board members has a friend who would like to sell iron pipe1 and another of the members has a friend who would like to sell steel pipe40 ,the connections of ,big ,business with the schools are so intimate in ,detroit that they are almost humorous4 ,we have seen the ,american ,book ,company operating in ,minneapolis1 and we now find that in ,detroit its president1 ,a4 ,v4 ,barnes1 is the brother-in-law of ,truman ,h4 ,newberry1 ex-secretary of the navy and ex-senator from ,michigan4,h ,we shall1 before we finish1 see the ,american ,book ,company engaged in corrupting school officials and making away with school money in every section of the ,united ,states4 ,now we discover that several hundred thousand dollars of the money thus made away with was used by ,newberry and his gang to buy a seat in the ,united ,state ,senate4 ----- ,footnote ,h3 ,in 8,the ,goose-step0 ,mr4 ,a4 ,v4 ,barnes was erroneously stated to be the father-in-law of ,truman ,h4 ,newberry2 and thereby hangs an amusing anecdote4 ,the ,detroit 8,times0 wished to reprint the chapter dealing with the ,university of ,michigan1 and in order to make sure of the facts they sent the book to ,judge ,murfin1 regent of the university1 and friend and attorney for the ,barnes-,newberry family4 ,judge ,murfin sent back his comments with the statement that 8,mr4 ,barnes is not the father-in-law of ,mr4 ,newberry40 ,just that and nothing more2 you see what a clever family lawyer the judge is6 ,but someone on the 8,times0 was suspicious1 and wrote again1 saying that in order to be perfectly fair it would be necessary for ,judge ,murfin to state if there was any relationship at all between ,barnes and ,newberry1 and if so1 what the relationship was4 ,by this means ,judge ,murfin was persuaded to admit that ,barnes is ,newberry's brother-in-law6 ----- ,as a rule1 when these high-up grafters purchase a political title they wear it with honor and glory the rest of their days2 but it happened in this case that ,newberry's opponent was ,henry ,ford1 who has money enough to have some rights1 even in ,america4 ,when ,mr4 ,ford visited my home two or three years ago1 he told me that he had some two hundred men at work investigating these election frauds1 and he did not mean to quit until he had got ,newberry out of the ,senate4 ,he kept his word2 but all through the struggle the defense of ,newberry was the first task of the gang in ,michigan--and this including the school machine4 ,mrs4 ,otto ,marckwardt1 an instructor of swimming in the ,detroit schools1 and wife of a professor at the ,university of ,michigan1 was so indiscreet as to answer the questions of a pupil about the ,newberry affair1 and for this she was turned out of her position4 ,how this could happen you will understand when ,i explain that ,mr4 ,frank ,cody1 superintendent of schools in ,detroit1 has a brother1 ,fred ,cody1 who was ,newberry's most active henchman1 and was convicted of election frauds along with ,newberry4 ,the cycle becomes comically complete when we learn that ,fred ,cody is agent for the ,american ,book ,company1 whose president is ,newberry's brother-in-law6 ,so here is the perfection of plutocratic education4 ,you may learn from it what ,big ,business is going to do to all our children2 in fact1 you have already learned it--turn back to ,chapter ,,xxi1 and read about ,margaret ,haley's deputation of nine school teachers who came to ,detroit to study the 8platoon system0 as there applied4 ,i am told by an educator whom ,i trust that this system is fundamentally good2 ,i am here discussing only what is found in the great metropolis of automobiles1 the headquarters of all standardization4 ,i remind you of its deputy superintendent1 in charge of this ,fordization of infancy1 who tells us how 8society0 is certain to require more and more propaganda from the schools1 and this is the system which makes it possible4 ,ask yourself1 before it is too late1 whether you are satisfied with your destiny1 to breed human units to be turned into factory operatives and cannon fodder for the masters of the new ,american ,empire4 ,,chapter ,,xxxix ,,beets ,,and ,,celery ,we go from city to city1 and ,i wonder1 will you grow tired of reading the same things over and over8 ,perhaps we shall be wise to agree on a few formulas1 so that you may get a situation in a phrase4 ,let us agree upon 8salary campaign10 to mean that the teachers took up the fight to get an increase in wages--and didn't get very much4 ,also the phrase 8union smashing10 to mean that the teachers formed an organization1 and were forced to quit it or to quit the schools4 ,also the phrase 8schools overcrowded0--meaning that the children of the poor are jammed into old1 unsanitary buildings1 while the city is erecting palatial high schools1 with all the luxuries for the children of the rich4 ,also let us recall the familiar 8,propaganda0 and 8,repression10 which tell us that business men come to the schools to sing the praises of business1 while teachers are reprimanded for the slightest hint of a liberal idea4 ,all these things are a part of the school system in the metropolis of automobiles4 ,as one teacher phrased it to me3 8,we know that the old watchful eye is on us60 ,i have before me a copy of a publication called the 8,industrial ,barometer10 ,detroit1 ,michigan1 ,september1 #aibc4 ,it is the organ of the ,employers' ,association1 and is full of bitter1 sneering arguments against labor unions and public ownership--proving that public ownership of railroads leads inevitably and 8by easy steps0 to public ownership of babies6 ,a copy of this publication is sent free of charge to every school teacher in ,detroit1 and when the teachers read it through they find the menace which is meant for them3 8,the spread of radical and iconoclastic theories in colleges calls for a closer inspection of persons and things herein than heretofore40 7,this of course is intended as a lesson in economics1 not in ,english67 ,i got an interesting light on ,detroit education from a group of ,socialist children4 ,needless to say1 these children were not having a happy time in the schools2 they were forced to listen all day long to attacks upon their faith--and this regardless of what might be the supposed subject of instruction4 ,one teacher discussed the wickedness of teachers forming unions1 and pictured their plight when ordered on strike3 8,and we'd be clubbed over the head if we refused60 ,a teacher of economics explained all poverty as due to the extravagance of the poor2 she talked for half an hour about a case she had known1 a poor woman who bought a mahogany furniture set costing six hundred dollars1 and including three plate glass mirrors6 ,you understand1 it is not permitted the children of ,detroit to argue with their educators2 as one child said to me3 8,we almost die with rage60 ,sometimes these children would be pained to note that teachers of a liberal bent of mind would make some statement1 and then be seized with fear1 and apologize and explain that they didn't really mean it4 ,one teacher explained that she was using a very reactionary text-book1 because she had to4 8,and10 added the child1 8that teacher is not teaching any more40 ,the child understood exactly why1 having often observed the principal standing behind a half-opened door1 listening to what was going on in the class6 ,the ,socialist children brought me their text-books1 to show what they had to endure4 ,for example1 that work on ,english literature written by the principal of the ,northern ,high ,school of ,detroit1 ,edwin ,l4 ,miller4 ,this local celebrity tells the children of his city that ,george ,bernard ,shaw 8persistently obtrudes upon the public the absurd proposition that all property should be held in common40 ,i hereby publicly offer to ,mr4 ,miller or his publishers1 the ,lippincotts1 the entire income which ,i may derive from this book if they will point out to me a single passage from the writings of ,george ,bernard ,shaw in which this proposition is advanced4 ,will ,mr4 ,miller or his publishers let me hear from them8 ,they will not6 ,also 8,the ,elements of ,political ,economy10 by ,professor ,j4 ,laurence ,laughlin1 prize reactionary of the ,university of ,standard ,oil4 ,this eminent economist tells the school children of ,detroit that 8,socialistic teaching strikes at the root of individuality and independent character40 ,i have known some thousands of ,socialists in my lifetime1 and ,i venture the estimate that nine out of ten of them possess more individuality and independent character than a kept college professor of the ,rockefellers4 ,this professor is so rabid in defense of his masters that he even finds it necessary to underscore the phrases in his text-books3 8,the great difficulty with these schemes10 etc4 ,he reveals himself so ignorant of ,socialism that he cannot even spell correctly the names of its leaders2 he gives three names1 ,proudhon1 ,karl ,marx1 and ,lassalle1 and misspells two of them6 ,or consider this sentence3 8,if men constantly hear it said that they are oppressed and down-trodden1 deprived of their own1 ground down by the rich1 and that the ,state will set all things right for them in due time1 what other effect can that teaching have on the character and energy of the ignorant than the complete destruction of all self-help80 ,i take the liberty of answering this rhetorical question3 such teaching can have the effect of making the ignorant realize that for the mass of the proletariat under the capitalist system individual effort is a pitiful delusion and snare1 and that the one hope for the workers lies in class-conscious collective action4 ,and when the ignorant have learned that lesson1 they will be wiser than a professor who teaches economics under a ,rockefeller subsidy1 and produces poison text-books to be published by ,mr4 ,barnes of the ,american ,book ,company1 and sold to the schools of ,detroit by the convicted henchman of ,mr4 ,barnes' brother-in-law1 and purchased for the city of ,detroit by the brother of this convicted henchman6 ,i got another interesting sidelight on the schools of this metropolis of automobiles by talking with a group of citizens interested in the prevention of child labor4 ,because the workers of ,detroit are taught by poison text-books to rely upon self-help instead of solidarity1 they are so poor that they are unable to keep their children in school4 ,the big business men of ,detroit are charmed with this condition1 not merely because it enables them to avoid paying taxes to build new schools in the slums1 but also because it provides them with an abundant supply of child labor for their industries4 ,in the effort to abolish such labor1 the reformers of ,michigan obtained passage of a law allowing poverty-stricken parents a sum equal to what the children might earn if they worked2 also1 they obtained a mother's pension law1 for the support of those children whose fathers are killed in the automobile factories4 ,but what is the use of such excellent laws when there is no budget provided to pay the money8 ,in the county in which the state capital is located some mothers are getting as little as fifty cents a week for the support of their children6 ,a group of church workers1 seeking to raise a fund to agitate against these conditions1 had the bright idea of getting 8society ladies0 to assist them4 ,the 8society ladies0 were to go about and collect subscriptions from the manufacturers2 but for the first time the ladies found their charms entirely futile--they could not raise a penny6 ,to enforce these child labor laws would destroy the prosperity of ,detroit1 said the great captains of industry4 ,so every week the truant officers and child labor officers bring children into the ,recorder's ,court1 and the recorder investigates and learns that the reason the children are out of school is because in school they would starve4 ,the recorder has to admit he does not know what to do with cases of this sort4 ,we shall in due course examine the enormous organization1 including all the big manufacturers of the country1 which for thirty years has carried on a nation-wide campaign to paralyze the schools in the interest of child labor4 ,while we are in ,michigan1 let us see what they have been doing here4 ,all over the state are vast fields of beets and celery1 and for the cultivation of these cheap labor is a necessity4 ,a man applies for a job1 and only one question is asked him3 8,what is your gang80--the meaning of the question being3 8,how many child slaves have you got80 ,children as young as five years of age stagger about the fields1 carrying in each hand a beet which weighs as much as six pounds1 and with the clay on it as much as ten pounds4 ,the ,national ,child ,labor ,committee1 covering one-seventh of the beet-territory1 counted sixty-nine children under six years of age1 working as high as fifteen hours a day6 ,of course1 such babies1 working such hours become ill1 and are malformed for life2 yet before committees of the legislatures of forty-eight states you will hear suave manufacturers explaining that child labor is good for children--all the great presidents of ,america were raised on farms6 ,these suave gentlemen got through a law exempting the canning industry from the child labor laws during the canning season2 and then the suave gentlemen devised a method1 by the use of vats1 to make the canning season last the year round6 ,this being a depressing subject1 you will be glad to end with a laugh2 so ,i mention that one of these big business gentlemen1 a bitter and persistent enemy of the child labor laws1 is an active officer in the national organization of the ,animal ,welfare ,league6 ,,chapter ,,xl ,,boston ,,in ,,bondage ,let us now move to the ,atlantic seaboard1 beginning with ,boston1 hub of the universe and fountain-head of our culture4 ,boston once prided itself upon the civic virtues and stern ,new ,england moralities2 today it is a graft-ridden city of slums1 the cultured population having withdrawn to the suburban towns1 and the plutocracy to haughty isolation in the ,back ,bay ,district1 where 8the ,lowells speak only to ,cabots and the ,cabots speak only to ,god40 ,the great bankers and corporation magnates employ the corrupt city government in their factional fights--,lee1 ,higginson ,company against ,kidder1 ,peabody ,company2 it is reported by those on the inside that one mayor of the city made more than a million dollars out of the 8tips0 he got from the latter firm4 ,for a decade or two the great part of ,boston's government has been for sale2 the district attorney was selling justice1 or injustice1 wholesale1 and recently an effort was made to convict him1 but the gang proved too strong4 ,all that these haughty magnates1 the ,lee-,higginsons and ,kidder-,peabodys and ,lowell-,cabot-,lodges ask of the schools is that taxes be kept down4 ,to this end they have entered into alliance with the ,catholic hierarchy--the old firm of ,god1 ,mammon ,company operating on the shores of ,boston ,bay1 as we have seen it on the shores of ,san ,francisco ,bay and the ,mississippi ,river4 ,for some time the arrangement was that the school board consisted of two ,catholics1 two ,protestants1 and a ,jew2 but when ,i was in ,boston last year the line-up was four ,catholics out of five members4 ,as usual1 the entire program of the ,catholic element can be summed up in one sentence1 to starve the public schools so that the parochial schools may thrive4 ,the hierarchy never ceases to denounce from its pulpits those ,catholics who fail to send their children to the church schools4 ,they have advised ,catholic women not to join the ,national ,education ,association1 because this organization has endorsed the ,shepard-,towner ,bill1 providing national subsidies for education4 ,it was offered to exclude the ,catholic schools from federal inspection1 but that made no difference--the ,catholic authorities do not want the public schools improved1 they do not want the competition of good schools4 ,they are tireless in their efforts to keep control4 ,they have blocked the movement for a 8,greater ,boston10 because this would bring in the suburbs1 which are ,protestant4 ,at a meeting at the ,notre ,dame ,cathedral one speaker after another stressed the importance of getting ,catholic teachers into the schools4 8,the ,irish are always for the ,irish10 testifies ex-,president ,eliot of ,harvard2 and there have been some funny illustrations in ,boston education4 ,two or three years ago there was an uproar in the city1 it having been discovered that the schools were using a work of anti-,irish propaganda1 the ,century ,dictionary6 ,someone had looked up the word 8brutal10 and discovered that in illustrating its use the dictionary employed a sentence from ,emerson's 8,english ,traits10 dealing with the great famine3 8,in ,irish districts1 men deteriorated in size and shape1 the nose sunk1 the gums were exposed1 with diminished brain and brutal form40 ,so the school board solemnly resolved as follows3 8,ordered3 ,that the use of the ,century ,dictionary in the ,boston ,public ,schools is hereby discontinued until such time as a discriminating1 unfair1 and untrue reference to the ,irish race is eliminated40 ,and the ,board of ,superintendents ordered the passage blacked out from all copies in the school libraries6 ,i suggest to the publishers of the ,century ,dictionary that when they are getting ready their next edition for ,boston1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,san ,francisco1 and other ,catholic cities1 they look a little farther in ,emerson's 8,english ,traits10 and quote the following3 8,the ,english uncultured are a brutal nation4444 ,the brutality of the manners in the lower class appears in the boxing1 bear-baiting1 cock-fighting1 love of executions1 and in the readiness for a set-to in the streets1 delightful to the ,english of all classes40 ,the ,catholic censorship of ,boston's intellectual life extends even to the public library1 which was at one time a famous institution1 but is now useless to students1 because it excludes whole groups of modern books4 ,there is a reading-room for children1 and on the prominent shelves of this room you find church propaganda for the young1 thrilling stories about popular and beautiful lady ,catholic wives1 and wicked ,protestant 8vamps0 who break up homes4 ,the ,italians cannot get the ,bible1 but have to write down their names and stand in line and wait--and even then they don't get it4 ,i was told by a teacher in the ,brookline schools that the public library there had refused to order ,chafee's 8,freedom of ,speech10 the standard work on the subject1 written by a professor of the ,harvard ,law ,school4 ,i was told by a teacher in a ,boston high school that she had been rebuked by her principal for using a text-book in which it was stated1 casually and without comment1 that the ,irish immigrants had come to ,america on account of the potato famine4 ,i was told also of a high school department head who was called up on the telephone by a ,jesuit priest of ,boston ,college1 and ordered to promote a certain ,catholic to a higher grade4 ,considering this ,catholic incompetent1 the department head declined1 and was given two hours in which to make her decision2 when she still refused1 scandals were spread concerning her and she was summoned before the board4 ,i cannot give the details of this case1 for the reason that the teacher who told me the story was afraid to put it into writing1 or even to revise my manuscript4 ,it is interesting to note that this priest is the person who has been selected by the ,catholic hierarchy to give the 8improvement lectures0 for the teachers of the ,boston schools2 these lectures being public school affairs1 originally given by professors of ,harvard4 ,one high school teacher told me that her pupils had been forbidden by the priest to read ,dumas6 ,boston is one city in which they have teachers' councils4 8,what freedom we have is due to these councils10 said a group of teachers to me2 and ,i asked just what kind of freedom that meant4 ,they might take up the question1 at what hour should the janitor clean a certain room4 ,they might take up the question1 what credits should be allowed for certain courses4 8,but you have nothing to do with hiring and firing80 ,i asked1 and there came a chorus3 8,oh1 no1 no1 no60 ,and1 of course1 they have nothing to do with salaries2 their salaries have been held down1 and when the women teachers agitated for increased pay1 they were 8put off40 ,they called a meeting in ,faneuil ,hall1 8the cradle of liberty10 to discuss their problem2 they invited the board members to attend1 but not a single one was interested enough to come4 ,some teachers belong to a union1 but they keep very quiet2 they saw what happened to the policemen's union in ,boston4 ,it is interesting to note that at the time of the ,boston police strike the teachers of ,english and history received instructions from the school board not to permit any mention of it in classes4,i ----- ,footnote ,i3 ,my account of the ,boston police strike in 8,the ,goose-step0 was ridiculed by the ,boston newspapers1 and a ,cambridge professor wrote me that he knew it was not true1 because he had been on the ground--meaning that he had read what the ,boston newspapers published concerning it1 and had talked with other people who had read the same4 ,i take this occasion to state that my account of what went on during this strike in the private offices of the ,black ,hand of ,boston was furnished by one of ,boston's leading bankers4 ,this old gentleman wrote it out for me with his own hand1 and sent it to me--under the pledge that when ,i had read it and made notes concerning it1 ,i would send it back4 ,i am not sure that ,i would have had the nerve to publish what ,i did about ,cal ,coolidge and his black eye1 if ,i had known that this strike-breaking hero was to become the next ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,but ,i have published it now1 and can't unpublish it6 ----- ,there was a ,boston tea-party once upon a time1 and the history books are proud of it2 but those old days are past1 and the ,white ,terror holds sway in ,boston and its suburbs4 ,a teacher in the ,cambridge public schools was driven from the system for telling her pupils that the ,soviets had a right to determine their own way4 ,at one of the ,boston high schools a child was writing on ,bolshevism1 and asked the teacher about it1 and the teacher gave her an article from the 8,review of ,reviews10 which presented some facts favorable to the ,russian government4 ,this teacher was called before the board and suspended1 with two weeks' loss of pay1 and was told never again 8to teach anything with two sides40 ,in ,boston they passed an ordinance forbidding the displaying of the red flag2 and only after they had passed it did somebody recollect that the red flag is the emblem of ,harvard4 ,i should like to tell you of a number of other funny things which have happened in the shadow of our 8cradle of liberty02 ,i spent several hours listening to stories of teachers--and after ,i got back home1 most of these teachers wrote1 forbidding me to repeat what they had told me6 ,,chapter ,,xli ,,the ,,open ,,shop ,,for ,,culture ,while we are in ,massachusetts1 let us have a look at its second city1 ,worcester1 the manufacturing center of the metal trades1 and 8open shop0 headquarters of ,new ,england4 ,we have studied this 8open shop0 system in ,southern ,california1 and it will be interesting to note some further evidence of the unity of the ,united ,states4 ,what does the term 8open shop0 mean8 ,it means that a place is 8open0 to unorganized wage-slaves1 and closed to union men2 as corollary to this1 it means a universal spy system1 with the beating1 jailing and deporting of union organizers4 ,that there are factories in which the employers maintain such conditions is bad enough2 but when you have1 as in ,worcester1 an open shop city1 the case is infinitely more serious4 ,an 8open shop city0 is a place where the organized employers apply to a whole community those tactics of terrorism which they have learned inside their factory gates2 so that the 8open shop0 becomes not merely the industrial policy1 but the philosophy and religion and morality of two hundred thousand human beings4 ,the ,black ,hand of ,worcester is known as the ,metal ,trades ,association4 ,it has a whole group of subsidiary propaganda organizations1 the ,chamber of ,commerce1 the ,rotary ,club1 the ,kiwanis ,club1 the ,economic ,club4 ,it has two kept newspapers1 the 8,telegram0 and the 8,gazette10 also a smaller paper1 the 8,post10 controlled by the ,catholics4 ,there is a large ,irish population1 also a ,french-,canadian population1 to which the open shop is handed down as the will of the ,pope4 ,the ,protestant ,god thunders actively through the mouths of fashionable clergymen1 who denounce labor unionism and ,socialism1 not merely in sermons1 but in illustrated lectures in colleges and schools1 their denunciations being reprinted in the next day's newspapers4 ,at the top of the educational system of this ,black ,hand is ,clark ,university1 once a center of ,america's feeble intellectual life4 ,i have told in two chapters of 8,the ,goose-step0 the story of this university's collapse4 ,i will restate briefly3 one of the trustees1 ,mr4 ,thurber1 general manager of ,ginn ,company1 school-book publishers1 discovered an opportunity to boost the sales of the ,frye-,atwood ,elementary ,geographies1 and selected as the new president of ,clark ,university and ,clark ,college the author of these masterpieces1 who proceeded to open in the institutions enormous geographical and geological and physiographical and anthropographical and anthropogeological and physicoanthropological and geophysicogeographical and anthropophysicogeological departments1 institutes1 summer schools1 chautauquas1 and correspondence schools1 at which teachers and superintendents of the ,united ,states are assembled1 winter and summer1 to meet the book writers and book agents of ,ginn ,company1 with ,mrs4 ,helen ,goss ,thomas1 head of the geographical division of ,ginn ,company1 graciously pouring the tea4 ,it happened that ,scott ,nearing was lecturing at ,clark ,university on the control of ,american colleges by the plutocracy1 and ,president ,atwood came in to hear him1 and being dissatisfied with the proofs he quoted1 and wishing to furnish more conclusive proofs1 got up in the middle of the lecture and ordered ,scott ,nearing off the platform and out of the hall4 ,this was the greatest triumph of plutocracy in ,american educational history1 and all ,worcester rose with a yell and hailed ,president ,atwood as the saviour of the learned world4 ,the ,rotary ,club gave him a banquet1 welcoming him with such uproar that the newspaper reporters had to admit their best eloquence inadequate4 ,the ,economic ,club elected him president for the new year1 the superintendent of schools sang his praises1 and the clergy ordered special anthems4 ,nor were more substantial rewards forgotten2 ,i inspect a list of the text-books used in the public schools of ,worcester for the year after the ,nearing incident1 and ,i discover that in the high schools there are forty-two text-books of ,ginn ,company1 in the elementary schools twenty1 in the supplementary reading list thirty-five1 a total of ninety-seven books--and1 needless to say1 under the heading of 8,geography0 we find 8,frye's ,new ,geography1 ,book ,i1 7,frye-,atwood ,series710 and also 8,new ,geography1 ,book ,,ii1 ,atwood1 7,frye-,atwood ,series740 ,while we are on the subject1 you will be interested to know of recent developments at ,clark ,university4 ,the chapters in 8,the ,goose-step0 evidently got under the skin of the alumni1 for they appointed a committee of three to investigate ,president ,atwood's administration4 ,the chairman of this committee was a young ,catholic physician of ,worcester1 having political ambitions4 ,he looked into the matter1 and assured a number of the faculty members that he was going to make a report condemning ,atwood's administration4 ,but then he was summoned before the ,clark trustees1 who are the big chiefs of ,worcester's ,black ,hand2 and his committee rendered a report which said that everything was just as it should be4 ,mr4 ,thurber came out with a statement that 8everything is lovely at ,clark02 and this at a time when the freshman class had been reduced one-half1 the graduate school had been reduced nearly two-thirds1 and the trustees were obliged to raise the tuition fifty per cent in order to offset the decrease in income6 ,they have now made plans to drum up students for the next year1 and have engaged one of the foremost chautauqua artists1 ventriloquists1 magicians1 and vocal acrobats in ,new ,england1 to lead the force of salesmen4 ,also you will be amused to know that at the close of the last academic year ,president ,atwood summoned all those members of the faculty who were his supporters1 and asked them if they could suggest anything wrong about his administration4 ,one of the academic rabbits summoned courage to make a squeak2 he said the exclusion of the 8,nation0 and the 8,new ,republic0 from the university library had done more than anything else to injure the reputation of ,clark4 ,whereupon the librarian flared up1 and declared that if either of these magazines were restored to the library1 he would resign4 ,they have not been restored4 ,instead of that1 ,clark ,university is sending out bulletins offering 8home study courses0 to people who want to learn to talk about the weather6 ,you may think that just one of my hideous jokes1 but here is the 8,supplement0 for ,april1 #aibc1 listing 8,courses ,now ,ready10 and the first course is entitled3 8,the ,passing ,weather40 ,says the description3 8,this course will prove of interest and value to all who wish to know the simple1 scientific facts which underlie that ever-present widely discussed subject1 the weather40 ,the advertisement goes on to explain that 8the person who finds pleasure in observing and anticipating the ever-changing face of the sky will find this study interesting and profitable40 ,there remains to be mentioned a tragic incident4 ,among the faculty of ,clark who were in rebellion against the ,atwood regime was ,arthur ,gordon ,webster1 an internationally known scientist and physicist4 ,professor ,webster had been on the faculty for thirty years4 ,i was advised to write and ask him1 in confidence1 his ideas and conclusions4 ,he wrote briefly1 but did not give me what ,i wanted1 and ,i was told afterwards by some of his colleagues that he was afraid to do so1 and that the shame of his position preyed upon his mind4 ,two months after 8,the ,goose-step0 appeared1 and while the faculty and student-body at ,clark were discussing the book1 ,professor ,webster said to his students3 8,this is the last time ,i shall address you from this platform--that is1 for a long time40 ,he wrote a note to his son1 saying that his life had been a failure2 then he retired to his laboratory and put two bullets into his head4 ,let us now take up the training of the goslings of this open shop city4 ,there is the ,worcester ,polytechnic ,institute1 with ,president ,hollis1 a former naval officer and martial soul1 who boasts that he is ready at any time to place the entire student body of the ,institute at the disposal of the police to break strikes4 7,last summer he loaned his own daughters to break the strike of the underpaid telephone operators67 ,a list of the trustees of this concern is a list of the ,black ,hand of ,massachusetts4 ,at the head stands ,george ,i4 ,alden1 president of the state board of education1 also president of the ,norton ,grinding ,company1 a thoroughly feudal concern1 which owns its workers' homes1 and ruthlessly ferrets out every independent thought in their heads4 ,just for fun1 ,i will list the rest of these trustees by occupation1 so that you may see what a really plutocratic board can be when it tries4 ,the manager of the ,american ,steel ,wire ,company1 another feudal concern1 whose special device is to avoid paying pensions by discharging its old employes a year or two before they become eligible2 a prominent banker and member of this same concern2 a prominent lumber dealer and manufacturer2 the head of the largest loom manufactory in the ,united ,states1 heavily interested in banks and in the two ,worcester newspapers2 the head of the ,united ,states ,envelope ,company2 a leading banker2 the president of a sprinkler company1 a notorious reactionary2 the treasurer of the ,norton ,company2 the vice-president and sales manager of a forge company2 the president of the ,white ,motor ,company2 the president and general manger of a pump machinery company2 the vice-president and superintendent of the shoe machinery trust2 the vice-president of the ,westinghouse ,electric ,company2 the manager of a tool manufacturing concern2 the vice-president of a scales company1 president of two other scales companies1 chairman of a typewriter company1 director of an asbestos corporation1 a cement company1 two banks1 a safety razor company1 an arms company1 a finance and trading corporation1 a guarantee company1 and a water power company2 the treasurer of a construction company2 another magnate of the ,norton ,company2 the vice-president of a national bank2 the president of a lumber company2 another manufacturer2 the treasurer of another manufacturing company2 and three representatives of the open shop of ,jesus ,christ4 ,let me give you also an illustration of what it means to run education for such a board of magnificoes4 ,the brother-in-law of one1 an interlocking director of manufacturing1 banking1 journalism and hospitals1 found himself with a son on his hands2 and in the effort to get this son through this institution he employed one of the institution's young instructors as a tutor4 ,the son being unwilling to take the trouble to visit the tutor1 it was arranged that an automobile should come each day to bring the tutor to the son4 ,on one occasion there turned up at the tutor's door a large industrial truck of unprepossessing appearance4 ,as the tutor knew the garage of the great magnate was stocked with motor cars of all kinds and sizes1 he felt himself injured in his dignity1 and declined to climb aboard the industrial truck4 ,when the magnate learned of this1 he was enraged1 and threatened the tutor--not merely with loss of the opportunity to tute1 but also with the loss of his position in the ,worcester ,polytechnic ,institute4 ,the tutor still remaining obstinate1 the issue was carried to ,president ,hollis1 who took the side of his instructor3 how could a retired naval officer preserve the proper strike-breaking spirit in his faculty1 if members of the faculty were required to ride alongside common workingmen in industrial trucks8 ,he refused to discharge the instructor--and this in spite of the fact that the magnate threatened the institution with loss of a big donation4 ,the tutor stopped tuting1 but went on instructing at ,worcester ,polytechnic2 and ,i take pleasure in recording this first feeble sprout of academic dignity in the ,open ,shop for ,culture4 ,next in turn comes ,worcester ,academy1 a preparatory school for young plutocrats1 correct1 spiritual1 and athletic2 the principal a ,rotary ,club educator1 an ardent open shopper1 who bars all liberal periodicals1 and rushed forward to denounce as 8dissolute0 those members of the ,clark faculty who opposed ,president ,atwood4 ,the grand duke of the board of trustees is the president of a great construction company1 and a leading member of ,worcester's ,black ,hand4 ,i might give you the complete list of these plutocrats1 but it would bore you1 because it is the same kind of thing as you have just read a minute ago4 ,next1 the ,worcester ,state ,normal ,school1 an entirely innocuous and thought-excluding institution1 in which the ,black ,hand trains its teachers4 ,one of the students reports everyone ardent in support of ,atwood1 everything correct and cautious--because the funds depend upon the open shop magnates4 ,next1 ,holy ,cross ,college1 a ,jesuit school1 where theology is queen of the sciences and logic her chief handmaiden4 ,the leading trustees are prosperous ,irish business men1 lawyers and politicians4 ,the institution is prosperous1 crowded with students1 and has famous athletic teams1 noted for their bruising tendencies4 ,holy ,cross graduates used to come to ,clark for graduate work1 and express astonishment upon discovering the existence of the sciences of economics and sociology4 ,whole new vistas of mental activity would be opened up to them--which vistas have now been closed by ,president ,atwood4 ,next1 ,assumption ,college1 founded by the monks of the ,augustinian order1 who were driven out of ,france some twenty years ago4 ,its trustees are the leading business men and lawyers among the ,french-,canadian population1 and the ideas taught are those which were considered a menace to the existence of the republic in ,france a generation ago1 but which are exactly appropriate to the medievalism of plutocratic ,new ,england4 ,finally the public schools4 ,these are conducted by a 8school committee10 made up of leading representatives of the firm of ,god1 ,mammon ,company4 ,there used to be one professor of ,clark ,university on this board1 ,frank ,h4 ,hankins1 an eminent sociologist1 and it was his liberal ideas which had a great deal to do with the decision of the ,worcester plutocracy to smash ,clark4 ,now ,professor ,hankins and a dozen of his liberal colleagues are gone1 and the 8school committee0 is filled with semi-illiterates1 most of whom could not qualify to teach an elementary class in the schools they control4 ,the ,metal ,trades ,association1 with the consent of this 8school committee10 sends circulars to the teachers1 warning them of the dangers of the closed shop1 and of all modern ideas in history1 civics and economics4 ,two or three years ago they encouraged a series of inter-high school debates on the open shop1 taking it for granted that their side would win4 ,of course it didn't win--it never can where both sides are heard4 ,the secretary of the ,black ,hand was infuriated1 and declared this one more evidence of the prevalence of ,bolshevism in the educational world4 ,nearing and ,watson's 8,economics0 was first mutilated1 and then ousted altogether2 the same fate befell the entirely conventional text-book of ,professor ,thomson1 because he stated that immigrants were frequently brought in to get cheaper labor1 and were frequently not well treated4 ,the superintendent of schools in ,worcester was1 until recently1 a gentleman by the name of ,gruver4 ,he was a good-natured person1 who tried to keep friends with everybody2 he made the mistake of recommending in a newspaper interview the reading of ,wells' 8,outline of ,history10 and from that time he was doomed4 ,he moved on1 and his assistant took his place1 a gentleman by the name of ,young1 a special darling of the ,worcester plutocracy1 and a special bete noire of the ,worcester teachers2 a meddlesome1 domineering pedagogue1 who delights in the exercise of authority1 and is never so happy as when he can order some passage blacked out of a text-book1 or can storm at some teacher for an unplutocratic utterance4 ,under the former superintendent a number of teachers studied diligently in summer schools1 acquiring special credits2 they were promised a hundred dollars increase in salary1 as reward for ten years of such labor4 ,superintendent ,young has abolished this reward--and so the teachers are 8out of luck40 ,he has substituted an arrangement whereby high school students are enabled to earn money1 to the vast satisfaction of the ,worcester plutocracy4 ,the boys and girls lose two weeks of their school work1 and in return have the educational experience of acting as clerks in the ,worcester department-stores during the holiday rush6 ,the ,catholics are so strong that the 8school committee0 has had a difficult time adjusting promotions to suit all parties4 ,it used to be arranged that executive positions were given alternately to the ,knights of ,columbus and the ,masons2 but there developed a deadlock at the secret sessions of the school committee--known to the populace as the 8gum-shoe meetings40 ,the ,knights of ,columbus were demanding a position out of turn1 and the ,masons wouldn't stand for it--so finally they compromised by giving the position to a ,jew6 ,the ,catholics had to be satisfied with getting an uneducated blacksmith made assistant principal of a high school2 first he had been taken on to teach forge work in the manual training department1 and then1 through his political pull1 he became a regular member of the faculty1 and now assistant principal1 on the way to the top6 ,equally powerful in ,worcester education are the ,rotarians and the ,kiwanis4 ,superintendent ,young was chosen by the ,rotarians to travel all the way to ,california as their representative in a national convention2 his predecessor1 ,gruver1 was president of the ,kiwanis4 ,this book will be translated into a number of ,european languages1 and my translators will write to ask me about these strange words1 which are not in any dictionary4 ,so pardon me while ,i explain that ,rotarians and ,kiwanis are business men who have made money rapidly1 and who meet together to express their satisfaction with the city and the civilization which have made possible their success4 ,being human1 these men would like to make the world better1 if it could be done without interfering with business2 since it cannot be done1 they proceed to make the world bigger1 and more like what it is4 ,how completely these men are divorced from the intellectual life1 it will be difficult for a ,european to imagine4 ,they are bursting with energy2 but lacking contact with ideas1 they are like engines whirling in a vacuum1 unconnected with driving shaft or gears4 ,they assemble and partake of luncheons and dinners in sumptuous hotels1 and summon to them preachers and teachers of all degrees1 to tell them that they are the ultimate product of evolution4 ,left to himself1 a ,rotarian or ,kiwani might now and then experience a gleam of humility2 but intellectual men accept their hospitality1 and for the sake of promotion and pelf flatter their mass-vanities and whip up their herd-emotions--and this surely is what is meant by the sin against the ,holy ,ghost4 ,,chapter ,,xlii ,,corrupt ,,and ,,contented ,we move south to ,philadelphia1 the third largest city of the country1 controlled by the ,pennsylvania ,railroad and its allied banks1 through an old-established and smoothly running political machine4 ,nearly twenty years ago ,lincoln ,steffens described it as 8,philadelphia corrupt and contented40 ,for a while after that it ceased to be contented2 there was a general strike1 which was smashed by the mounted police4 ,but then came the war1 and ,philadelphia is again at the apex of contented corruption and corrupt contentment4 ,so far as concerns the schools1 there has always been the usual hundred per cent plutocratic board1 distributing patronage and financial and real estate favors4 ,when ,i visited the city in #aibb the schools were under the care of what was called 8the octogenarian board02 at its head ,judge ,beeber1 president of the ,commonwealth ,title and ,trust ,company1 who sees that a good part of the school funds are deposited in his bank4 ,next to him was ,mr4 ,burt of the ,american ,bank1 and financial intimate of the ,vare brothers1 contractors and political bosses who had run the city for a generation4 ,next1 ,mr4 ,simon ,gratz1 the czar of the schools for a generation1 and president of a real estate organization--you remember in 8,the ,goose-step0 what ,i called the 8interlocking directorate02 next1 an aged war-horse of the ,republican machine1 who was open in saying that he represented the ,vare brothers on the board1 and whose name was frequently mentioned in connection with female teachers and pupils1 to whom he had displayed undue ardor in his private office4 ,several of these aged plutocrats have just been forced out by a popular upheaval1 and the board is now run by ,mr4 ,william ,rowan1 who has a bank in ,kensington1 and whose other qualification for the office of school board president of a great city is that he is an undertaker4 ,he presided at a banquet in honor of some distinguished ,frenchmen1 and one of these ,frenchmen1 a member of the ,academy1 made a speech in perfect ,english2 ,mr4 ,rowan in reply proposed that the assemblage should unite in singing the ,french national anthem1 the 8,marr-sales40 ,also there is ,mr4 ,boyle1 replacing ,mr4 ,burt as representative of the ,american ,bank4 ,also ,mr4 ,shallcross1 a suburban political boss1 whose son was recently president of the real estaters4 ,also ,mr4 ,mitten1 president of the ,rapid ,transit ,company1 and a nationally known union-smasher4 ,mr4 ,mitten has deluged the schools with his propaganda in favor of company unions2 he sent so much that one high school returned it1 marked 8,send no more40 ,this traction company has been so plundered by the financiers that seventy per cent of its gross revenue goes to the bond-holders of underlying companies1 which own no property and do no work4 ,in the girls' high schools some of the teachers of civics ventured to point out the significance of this1 and so ,mr4 ,mitten transferred this subject of civics to the grade schools1 where the children are too young to understand high finance4 ,philadelphia is an old and slow-moving city1 in which everything follows precedent1 and outward respectability is the whole of life4 ,it resembles ,london1 in that its leisure-class gentlemen have cricket-clubs2 also in that old families have vast holdings of real estate throughout the city1 which they hand down from generation to generation4 ,the rich as a matter of course send their children to private schools1 where they do not have to associate with the vulgar unwashed2 so the big business men do not care what becomes of the public schools1 and only want their tax assessments held down4 ,for many years the social service organizations agitated for a school survey by the city1 and finally matters got so bad that the survey was made by the state4 ,the four volumes of the report1 dated #aiba1 lie before me4 ,if you are suspicious of my opinions about schools1 you may prefer to hear from the state superintendent of public instruction4 ,dr4 ,thomas ,e4 ,finegan is not a muck-raker1 but a high-up educational politician1 with more letters after his name than he has in it--,a4,m41 ,pd4,d41 ,litt4,d41 ,l4,h4,d41 ,,ll4,d42 and he says3 ,it cannot be too emphatically stated that the general condition of ,philadelphia's school plant is deplorable4 ,nearly forty thousand elementary pupils are on part-time attendance because of lack of sufficient classrooms1 and the high school pupils are handicapped by the heavy overcrowding of their classes4 ,there is a real hazard to the children of ,philadelphia in the fact that seventy-four per cent of the school buildings are not fireproof1 and are not equipped with modern fire protection apparatus4 ,the system of fire drills and the devotion and competence of the teaching force afford the chief protection to most of the children in times of danger from fire4 ,the citizens of ,philadelphia would be shocked to learn of the unsanitary and unwholesome toilet facilities that are provided for the children in a majority of the public schoolhouses4 ,it is no exaggeration to say that many of the conditions not only threaten the health of the children1 but are a menace to their morals as well4 ,over eighty per cent of these buildings provide less than the standard play area now recognized as necessary to the healthy and happy school life of children4 ,moreover1 ,superintendent ,finegan goes on to say3 ,as matters now stand1 however1 there is no way in which the people of ,philadelphia can register their will concerning the work of the public schools4 ,this condition results from the fact that the members of the ,board of ,public ,education are appointed by the judiciary rather than elected by the people4 ,there is no escaping either the logic or the wisdom of maintaining that1 where the members of a board of education have the direct power to levy and collect taxes for the support of the public schools1 it follows as a necessary corollary that the members of such a board should be elected directly by the people taxed and so become directly responsible to them4 ,of course1 one can make out a case from any report by taking the worst items and quoting these alone4 ,so ,i hasten to state that the makers of the survey found some things in the ,philadelphia schools of which they could approve1 and they were profuse in pious hopes that other things would be made better4 ,but nothing can alter the significance of a statement such as the following3 ,sixty-four per cent of the children examined were found physically defective4 ,or of a statement such as this3 ,the most depressing condition observed was the indifference or passivity of a large proportion of the classes visited4 ,pupils asked very few questions1 and it is most exceptional to find a recitation in which thoughtful inquiry is usual and frequent4 ,real discussion is as rare as signs of eager interest4 ,and again3 ,there is no organized attempt at any high school in ,philadelphia1 as far as the administration is concerned1 to teach the pupils how to study4 ,philadelphia has a new superintendent1 by the name of ,broome1 and he was hailed as 8the ,broome that sweeps clean40 ,he had one new idea when he took charge of the schools2 he wanted a teachers' council1 and that sounded like a revolutionary idea1 and the teachers were interested4 ,this council was to deal with all matters connected with the interests of teachers1 and it would save the board of education the need of being troubled with teachers' complaints4 ,presently it developed that out of the thirty-one members1 considerably more than the majority were to be elected by small groups from the supervising force4 ,after much political manipulation the superintendent succeeded in putting this plan over on the teachers2 the council has now been in operation for a year1 and all teachers realize its purpose4 ,it has done nothing for teacher welfare--but it stands in the way1 so that no teacher can any longer get access to the board of education6 ,we shall see when we come to study our education from the national viewpoint1 that these superintendents meet together in county and state and national conferences1 to work out plans for the holding down of the teachers and the regimenting of the school system4 ,this clean-sweeping ,broome of ,philadelphia put into effect an ingenious method of enforcing conformity2 he has a group of what he calls 8superior teachers10 who are given extra pay and promises of advancement for exceptional scholarship1 writing of theses1 and other outside activity4 ,the result has been gross favoritism1 and the wrecking of the morale of many schools by the forming of cliques and political gangs4 ,teachers who fall out of favor are treated like the policemen in ,new ,york2 they are given jobs at the other end of the city from their homes--and ,philadelphia is geographically the largest city in the ,united ,states4 ,three teachers were driven to suicide by such methods1 and great numbers have left the service4 ,in certain schools the system has now reached the stage of development with which we are familiar in the moving picture world1 where promotion for women employes depends upon sexual favors extended to the men in power4 ,such is the reason which ,philadelphia teachers assign for the sudden rise of certain ladies in the teaching force2 and this condition is so common throughout the rural schools that the city teachers assign it as their main purpose in demanding tenure for all the teachers of the state4 ,a great many of the schools1 and especially the high schools1 are organized politically2 the alumni associations and parent-teachers' associations are used1 not merely to get favors for their schools1 but to serve the political bosses and their interests4 ,the principal of a ,south ,philadelphia school not long ago circulated among his staff a 8request0 that no teacher should 8flunk0 a certain notoriously poor scholar1 the reason being given that 8his father is the police lieutenant of our district1 and we cannot afford to antagonize him40 ,this boy passed triumphantly2 and of course the same favors are extended to prominent athletes1 who would otherwise be barred from the school contests4 ,you will be prepared to learn that in such a city the feeble effort of the teachers to start a union was crushed by the discharging of some and the intimidating of the rest4 7,there were about a hundred members1 and a prominent leader sold them out for a promotion47 ,you will be prepared to learn that the teachers get low salaries1 and work all their lives without promotion1 unless they belong to the 8gang40 ,you will be prepared to hear that the ,chamber of ,commerce is strong1 and has an 8educational bureau10 which formulates the policy for the schools1 especially as regards the training of ,chamber of ,commerce clerks and mechanics4 ,you will also be prepared to hear that civil rights are things forgotten in this corrupt and contented city4 ,there used to be a certain old-fashioned type of gentleman who had read the ,declaration of ,independence and the ,bill of ,rights of the ,constitution1 and believed in civil liberty as a thing to be trusted and fought for2 but that type is now out of date1 and the hustling young business man1 with his 8under cover0 agent and his 8strong arm0 detective1 runs both the city and the schools4 ,the spirit was shown by ,superintendent ,broome1 when he heard a rumor from the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution 7delicious irony of that name67 that there were supposed to be some revolutionists among school teachers4 ,the clean-sweeping ,broome set to work at once to sweep out 8un-,americanism40 8,there are too many insidious influences at work today10 he declared4 8,if there are any persons with such ideas in our schools here1 ,i wish they would resign before ,i am put to the embarrassing position of asking them to resign40 ,the same newspaper quoted 8other school officials0 as declaring that 8if any teacher was suspected to be a radical1 it was the duty of a citizen to inform the school authorities40 ,needless to say1 education in ,philadelphia is not inspiring to children2 and1 as we have seen in other cities1 under such conditions the children get drunk4 ,early in #aibc ,director ,davis of the ,prohibition ,enforcement ,bureau ordered his investigators to look into reports of drunkenness on the part of children in three public schools1 who were said to be coming to school in a half stupefied condition4 ,i asked a friend about this1 and he wrote me that they were the children of ,italian parents1 who make wine4 ,but then ,i inquired further1 and ,i learned that among the ,english speaking mill-workers in the ,kensington district the pastors of the churches found it necessary to band together to protect the children from the activities of boot-leggers4 ,the brother of one of the highest teachers in the city was arrested on this charge1 and there have frequently been charges of teachers imbibing during class sessions4 ,also1 the use of drugs by school children is prevalent1 as in our other great cities4 ,how can you expect either the children or the boot-leggers to obey the law1 when the public reads in its morning papers that1 nearly five years after the passage of the ,eighteenth ,amendment1 the police of ,philadelphia ,corrupt and ,contented are solemnly informing the keepers of thirteen hundred saloons that they must positively close next month6 ,and they don't6 ,,chapter ,,xliii ,,the ,,scenes ,,of ,,my ,,childhood ,let us move farther south to ,baltimore1 another old and slow-moving city1 with a dynasty of long-established merchant princes4 ,for forty years1 to my knowledge1 their political gang has run the city and pocketed the proceeds4 ,it is a community in which you can lose yourself in miles of brick houses1 all exactly alike--little two-story brick houses for the working class and larger three and four-story brick houses for their 8betters40 ,i was born in one of these larger brick houses1 and spent my childhood playing on the cobble-stoned streets of 8,ballamaw0--as we called it4 ,i never went to school there1 because in my childhood the family doctor thought ,i was learning too fast1 and did not realize that to send me to school might be the quickest way to stop me4 ,in ,baltimore1 as in ,philadelphia1 the children of the rich have beautiful private schools1 and leave the children of the poor to the politicians4 ,as one teacher said to me3 8,the people take it for granted that the school system is working1 like the water system under the pavement40 ,after ,i had looked a little farther into school matters1 ,i wanted to substitute for the 8water system0 the 8sewers40 ,it is the old story of the business partnership between ,god and ,mammon4 ,the ,catholics are strong in ,baltimore1 and are doing everything in their power to choke the public schools2 at the same time the merchant princes are holding down taxes1 and their politicians are leaving the old buildings out of repair1 without fire escapes1 without proper heat--in some cases even without books4 ,the salaries of the teachers are inadequate2 but if ever there were two of them who had the courage to start a union1 they kept it so quiet that ,i was unable to find them4 ,baltimore is an old-fashioned city1 and the middle-class respectabilities hold it immovable4 ,i was invited to the home of a lady and gentleman who were interested in education1 and there ,i found a large company assembled4 ,i asked them what was the economic control of their schools1 and found that in an audience of twenty-seven educators there was apparently only one who knew what ,i meant by the phrase4 ,they were not conscious of any such thing1 they said4 ,i wanted to point out to them that a horse never feels the rein until he starts to travel in an undesired direction2 but having been brought up in ,baltimore1 ,i knew what politeness required4 ,another of the unwritten laws of ,baltimore decrees that woman's place is the home4 ,woman is now permitted to leave the home to teach the children in classrooms1 but she is not permitted to come out of the classrooms to discuss the conduct of the schools4 ,in this company1 with which ,i spent a couple of hours1 ,i counted ten men and seventeen women1 and all of the men said their say about the ,baltimore schools and about education in general4 ,but only three out of the seventeen women had anything to say at all2 and one of these was the hostess1 while the other two were directly called upon by the hostess to answer a question4 ,such is the state of the feminist movement in ,baltimore6 ,i found upon inquiry that the same condition prevailed in the schools4 ,although the women teachers in the schools outnumbered the men seven to one1 they were practically unrepresented on the teachers' councils4 ,among nineteen representatives of the white teachers' training schools there was only one woman representative2 from the girls' high schools there was only one woman representative out of thirty4 ,from the colored schools there was no woman representative1 and many groups of the white teachers had no woman representative4 ,it was interesting to note that the twenty-one hundred elementary teachers were represented as follows3 four principals1 one kindergartner1 one teacher in a secondary high school1 and three members of the ,schoolmasters' ,club4 ,you can imagine how easy it is to handle the teachers in ,baltimore6 ,one of the things they need is a ,henrietta ,rodman in their city2 for they have the old ,tammany system of 8mother-baiting40 ,when the women teachers marry they automatically resign2 if they have a 8pull0 they may get themselves re-employed as substitutes1 at a lower salary--the advantage in handling substitutes being that they may be immediately dismissed without excuse4 ,the women teachers in ,baltimore have never dared to have anything to do with the move for equal pay2 this fight has been carried on by the woman's clubs4 ,the city council was induced to appropriate money to abolish discriminations between men and women teachers2 but the school board refused to spend the money1 and the issue has now been carried to the court of appeals4 ,when ,i asked my impolite question about 8economic control10 a former school board member who was in the company told me how he had taken up the fight for an increased tax to make possible better schools2 he had found one rich man to whom this increase would mean ten thousand dollars per year1 yet this man was willing to support the program4 ,surely that disproved my idea of economic control6 ,i answered patiently that ,i knew there were individual rich people capable of generosity2 but it was different with classes1 and especially when it came to anything which threatened class control4 ,would this rich man have been willing for the teachers of ,baltimore to form a union8 ,you may recollect that in ,los ,angeles ,i criticized the bankers for their 8thrift campaign0 in the schools2 and perhaps you wondered3 did ,i object to thrift in the schools8 ,and why could ,i not believe that the bankers might have a genuine interest in teaching thrift to the school children8 ,well1 you may learn about this from what happened in ,baltimore4 ,at the ,francis ,scott ,key ,school a beginning was made at a school bank1 and the bankers objected4 ,here1 as in ,los ,angeles1 the children were learning thrift2 but in ,los ,angeles the money was turned over to the bankers1 while in ,baltimore the money was kept for the school6 ,so here is a laboratory test1 proving that what the bankers want is not to teach the children thrift1 but to get the children's money4 ,the biggest banker in ,baltimore is ,mr4 ,robert ,garrett1 whose palace on what we used to call 8,charles ,street ,avenue0 was one of the scenes of my childhood4 ,mr4 ,garrett is director in half a dozen great financial institutions1 also of the ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad2 he is a graduate of ,princeton and of ,johns ,hopkins1 and was selected as the city's most eminent financier to act as chairman of the ,public ,improvement ,commission1 and spend twenty-two million dollars of the people's money for new school buildings4 ,the work goes forward1 under the very highest capitalistic auspices2 and one of the great new high schools is nearly completed1 when a group of independent citizens makes an investigation1 and discovers and proves that all through this building the contractors have been substituting inferior materials--terra cotta pipe instead of cast-iron pipe1 cement bricks instead of clay bricks1 inferior floor materials1 an inferior motor1 etc4 ,to cap the climax1 the 8panic bolts0 on the doors1 which were to have brass rods1 have steel rods substituted2 steel rusts1 you understand1 so when there is a fire1 and the children try to fling the doors open in a hurry1 they will find the bolts rusted fast1 and the doors immovable4 ,does that dispose you to trust your schools to the tender care of your bankers8 ,,chapter ,,xliv ,,the ,,brewer',s ,,daughter-,,in-,,law ,i have referred to the ,francis ,scott ,key ,school in ,baltimore1 and you will be interested to hear more about this rare phenomenon--a beautiful building1 animated by a beautiful spirit1 and located in a city slum4 8,locust ,point0 is out in the shipping district1 and the school overlooks the harbor and the old ,fort ,mc,henry2 it is named after the author of 8,the ,star-,spangled ,banner10 who composed the song close to this spot4 ,a few years ago the people of ,locust ,point had the usual old wooden fire-trap for their children2 it burned down1 and then came a struggle with the politicians for a better school4 ,the neighborhood is a ,catholic stronghold1 and the priests wanted the building in an inaccessible place2 it had a library1 and the priests do not wish ,catholic children to have too easy access to modern books4 ,they would have had their way1 if it had not been for one rich woman of ,baltimore1 who has made herself a kind of godmother to the schools4 ,meet ,mrs4 ,william ,bauernschmidt1 daughter-in-law of a well-known ,baltimore brewer lately deceased4 ,this lady got her education in ,baltimore politics in a somewhat amusing way4 ,a quiet1 mild-mannered young daughter-in-law1 she used to sit in a corner of the library of the old brewer's home and do her knitting1 while the men of the family talked business4 ,as the brewery business was all mixed up with politics1 the daughter-in-law came to know a great many secrets4 ,she explained3 8,the men paid no more attention to me than if ,i were a dormouse2 so now1 when ,i come to deal with ,baltimore politicians1 ,i tell them1 #8,i know every filling you've got in your teeth6'0 ,this1 you perceive1 is not refined language2 not the sort that was used by ladies during my boyhood in ,baltimore6 8,but10 said ,mrs4 ,bauernschmidt1 8there's no use talking #8up-town talk' to them4 ,i use their own language40 ,she told me about one of these potentates--,i forget his name1 but his nickname is 8,sunny0--and said ,mrs4 ,bauernschmidt3 8,i know whose man you are every day2 you belong on ,monday to the gas company1 and ,tuesday to the street railways1 and on ,wednesday you belong to the breweries4 ,i want you to know that ,i always know when our day comes round60 ,but also she cajoles these fellows1 and touches their hearts4 ,once upon a time they were children1 and some of them went to school2 now they have children of their own1 and these are going to school2 do they want to steal the children's money8 ,and then she goes after the big fellows1 and sometimes she finds that even they have hearts6 ,when she was fighting for this new school on ,locust ,point1 she tackled not merely the mayor and the school board and the ,catholic hierarchy1 she tackled the president of the ,baltimore ,dry ,dock and ,ship ,building ,company4 ,she wanted a park around the school1 so that it would have room to grow1 and she got this mighty magnate to the point of declaring that if the politicians wouldn't vote the forty-five thousand dollars1 he would put it up himself and he would spend another forty-five thousand to find out why he had had to do it6 ,so1 of course1 the politicians fell all over themselves1 and the school has its park4 ,here was a second case of plutocratic generosity in ,baltimore1 and ,i began to fear for the thesis of 8,the ,goslings06 ,i asked ,mrs4 ,bauernschmidt about it1 and she made a face4 ,they will never be able to fool her again1 said she4 ,four years ago the schools wanted six million dollars1 and all the civic agencies of ,baltimore were fighting for a bond issue2 they went to the business organizations1 which endorsed their program cordially1 and there was thanksgiving among the educators4 ,but then it was discovered that a group of politicians and land-speculators intended to tack on another bond issue of forty-two million dollars for a 8port loan06 ,the people of ,baltimore were invited to put up this enormous sum to provide harbor facilities for ,big ,business1 and the six million dollars for the schools was to provide the 8human appeal40 ,the combined propositions were carried in a whirlwind campaign1 and a 8,port ,commission0 was appointed1 which has been drawing fat salaries for four years--but not a single dock has been built to date6 ,no1 ,i do not expect to get very much for the people's schools from the plutocracy2 but you note that ,i am perfectly willing to take what ,i can get4 ,for example1 ,i take ,mrs4 ,bauernschmidt6 ,i don't think she knows much economics1 and ,i am sure she never met a ,socialist before2 but she has a robust mind1 and she faces facts1 whatever they may be4 ,when there was a strike of the ship-workers on ,locust ,point1 she faced the fact that the children were starving1 and she helped raise money to feed them4 ,that1 of course1 was a terrible thing2 everywhere throughout the ,united ,states it is one of the worst offenses you can commit against the plutocracy1 because they rely upon the cries of the starving children to break down the morale of strikers4 ,years passed1 and ,mrs4 ,bauernschmidt continued her wayward course4 ,she took up the fight for the new school at ,locust ,point1 and did not stop for the ,catholic priest1 nor yet for the political machine and its political superintendent of schools4 ,she went to speak before a ,parent-,teachers' ,association2 a teacher asked her1 and the superintendent rebuked this teacher1 saying that she had made a grievous mistake1 that ,mrs4 ,bauernschmidt must not speak in the schools of ,baltimore1 and a teacher ought not even be seen on the street with her4 ,he added words to this effect3 8,i know my business so well that ,i never give promotion to a teacher who doesn't stand in with the powers that be40 ,so ,mrs4 ,bauernschmidt went to war with this superintendent4 ,she put him on trial before the school board--when you have money you can do that kind of thing4 ,the gang was greatly exercised1 because a teacher and a principal who had been witnesses to the superintendent's statement1 told the truth before the board2 and that was a violation of the first principle of gang ethics1 it meant the end of discipline in the school machine4 ,the upshot of the controversy was that my native city got one or two new board members1 and the old superintendent was dismissed4 ,you see how it pays to keep track of the fillings in the teeth of your politicians6 ,there is the same story in ,baltimore that we saw in ,san ,francisco1 ,st4 ,louis and ,boston2 the people appropriate money for their schools1 and the representatives of ,god1 ,mammon and ,company refuse to spend it4 ,they even get the courts to forbid them to spend it6 ,the schools were discovered to be fire-traps--and what better way to make ,catholic parents send their children to the parochial schools1 than to have it generally rumored that there is danger of fire in the public schools8 ,so the money for fire-escapes was not spent2 and a delegation waited on the mayor1 one from each of the twenty-five schools which lacked fire-escapes4 ,mrs4 ,bauernschmidt went along1 and the ,baltimore newspapers reported the 8wallop0 which she delivered to the mayor3 8,history tells us about a ruler who fiddled while the town burned1 but ,i don't remember reading of his re-election1 and ,i'll bet you he couldn't be re-elected mayor of this city60 ,so the schools got some fire-escapes--but not all4 ,last year the politicians returned an 8unexpended balance0 of #ajd1jjj out of #fjj1jjj appropriated for school repairs2 and so ,mrs4 ,bauernschmidt's organization1 the ,public ,school ,association1 went after them once more4 ,now it is promised that all the schools will be safe2 and the ,catholic priests1 realizing that they have to come up to the new standards1 pay visits to the ,francis ,scott ,key school--a dozen of them in the course of a couple of months--to find out about modern education6 ,i make this ,baltimore chapter the basis of a special word to those people who read my books and write me that ,i am too bitter1 that ,i refuse to believe anything good about the rich4 ,the story of ,mrs4 ,bauernschmidt gives me the chance to show that ,i like rich people exactly as well as poor4 ,all ,i ask of the rich is that they turn traitor to their class and serve the general welfare4 ,not one in a hundred can conceive of doing this1 and not one in a thousand has the courage to act on the idea2 but at least ,i give them the chance4 ,in every city1 town and village of the ,united ,states there is room for a woman of wealth who will turn out and fight for the schools--not merely to get more money from the tax-payers1 and to keep the grafters from stealing it1 but to make the schools places of freedom1 with windows open to the new doctrines which are blowing over the world4 ,in free inquiry and free discussion lies the salvation of ,america2 and it may be my misfortune1 but nevertheless it is a fact1 that after having spent a year and a half making inquiries1 ,i am unable to name a single public school in the ,united ,states in which the policy of free inquiry and free discussion is consistently and boldly followed4 ,,chapter ,,xlv ,,an ,,autocracy ,,of ,,politicians ,next comes our national capital2 and here we have a unique situation1 owing to the fact that the people of the ,district of ,columbia have no votes1 but are governed by an autocracy of politicians4 ,the school board was formerly appointed by the ,district ,commission2 now it is appointed by the ,district ,supreme ,court4 ,the invisible government of the city is made up of the traction interests and the real estate speculators1 who work hand in glove with the political machine1 quite regardless of whether this machine happens to be ,democratic or ,republican4 ,there are innumerable ways in which the public may be plundered1 and innumerable forms of 8honest graft10 whereby it may be made worth while to congressmen and senators to stand in with the plunderers4 ,during the war the population of ,washington jumped from #cjj1jjj to #dej1jjj in three months2 real estate values leaped to the skies1 and rents beyond them1 so there was a harvest for every kind of speculator4 ,the business gang had run our national capital for so long that they had forgotten the possibility of anything else4 ,but ,president ,wilson appointed two or three men of liberal sympathies to the ,district ,commission1 and also to the ,district ,supreme ,court2 so for the first time some attention was paid to the public clamor concerning the run-down state of the schools4 ,probably seventy-five per cent of the buildings were old and unsanitary1 and the overcrowding was unendurable1 especially in the high schools and the schools for ,negroes2 many of the pupils had to do their work by artificial light4 ,the way toward school progress was blocked by entanglements of 8red tape02 there was1 and still is1 a triple control of school construction--recommendations for new building sites are made by the board of education to the ,district ,commission1 and from there go to the ,appropriation ,committee of the ,house of ,representatives4 ,the movement for a new deal in school affairs came to a head in #aiaf4 ,a ,universalist clergyman1 ,dr4 ,john ,van ,schaick1 ,jr41 was appointed to the school board1 and shortly afterwards became its president4 ,he secured an assistant for his church1 paying this assistant out of his church salary1 while ,dr4 ,van ,schaick gave most of his time1 without salary1 to the service of the ,washington schools4 ,he was a man of culture and broad vision1 a liberal of the finest type2 and what the gang thought of him was revealed three years later1 when he was nominated for the ,district ,commission1 and a congressional hearing was held4 ,the first witness to take the stand was a ,washington business man1 who set forth that ,dr4 ,van ,schaick was neither a ,democrat nor a ,republican1 but 8a man who has been handling a few dollars in a church10 whereas 8we want a man who has been in our city here1 who has made a success of life40 ,reading this1 ,i could not help thinking of a story ,i was told1 about a former president of this board of education who had made such a success4 ,he remarked to a friend that he had sold for a school site a lot so steep that it had to be measured perpendicularly6 ,the war came1 and ,dr4 ,van ,schaick obtained leave of absence from the school board and served as ,commissioner for ,belgium of the ,american ,red ,cross4 ,he has written a book about this1 8,the ,little ,corner ,never ,conquered40 ,returning1 he again became president of the school board1 and took up the fight for the public4 ,the district commissioners were fixing the value of the traction lines1 squeezing out a little of the 8water10 and ,dr4 ,van ,schaick supported them4 ,he opposed one of the traction mergers1 which would give value to millions of dollars worth of this 8water40 ,also1 there was a commission to reduce rents1 and ,dr4 ,van ,schaick committed the crime of supporting one of its members who was trying to expose the high rate of interest charged by the banks on second mortgages4 ,he had tried to get the new tuberculosis hospital located in a decent site1 whereas the real estate interests wanted it in a swamp4 ,as if that were not enough1 this clergyman-educator advocated prohibition enforcement--and anybody who knows ,washington life will understand how intolerable this would be to senators and congressmen4 ,also1 he supported the commissioner of police1 who was trying to clean up the 8red-light0 district2 and this also would cause much inconvenience to our leading statesmen4 ,there was a superintendent of schools who was incompetent1 but who stood in with the gang4 ,he had made political appointments1 he had fought the unions of the teachers and held down the teachers' salaries2 also1 he was a local favorite1 raised in our own schools1 and supported by the ,washington 8,star40 ,now ,dr4 ,van ,schaick and his board of education had the temerity to get rid of this superintendent by a vote of eight to one4 ,the gang took up the challenge1 and 8,pat0 ,harrison of ,mississippi introduced into the ,senate a resolution for an investigation of school affairs4 ,this investigation occupied a period of six weeks1 during which time the work of the schools came pretty much to a stand-still4 ,senator ,harrison was not the chairman of the committee1 but he took upon himself the rle of prosecutor1 and did ninety-five per cent of the questioning4 ,he is the fighting type of statesman1 who specializes in not very courteous wit4 ,i don't suppose that many of my readers will care to peruse the #acdi closely printed pages of this government document1 but my sense of duty has carried me through it1 and ,i report briefly thereon4 ,it was a trial of four or five leading citizens for the crime of being public-spirited4 ,dr4 ,van ,schaick was on the stand for two or three days1 and showed himself a man of social vision and of the finest courtesy4 ,the spirit in which he was questioned may be judged from one sentence of ,senator ,harrison's3 8,and you have a very great admiration for your ability in answering the questions that have been propounded to you1 have you not80 ,this caused the other members of the school board to submit a written request that they might be represented by counsel at the hearing2 but the request was denied4 ,the next victim was ,mrs4 ,margarita ,spalding ,gerry1 novelist1 widow of a former teacher in the ,washington schools4 ,mrs4 ,gerry1 a self-supporting woman1 had given herself without salary4 ,she was accused of the crime of owing ,dr4 ,van ,schaick a thousand dollar mortgage on her home1 which compelled her to vote as he directed4 ,she was able to prove1 first1 that ,dr4 ,van ,schaick did not own1 and never had owned1 any mortgage on her home2 and1 second1 that her vote had frequently been opposed to his4 ,there was a school teacher1 ,miss ,alice ,wood1 who was accused of having answered some questions of her pupils on the subject of ,bolshevism4 ,later on we shall hear her story2 suffice it for the moment to say that the school board had punished her1 but that ,mrs4 ,gerry1 coming to know her1 had realized that injustice had been done4 ,that constituted ,mrs4 ,gerry a ,bolshevik1 and made it necessary that both she and ,miss ,wood be questioned minutely as to their political views4 ,dr4 ,van ,schaick1 on returning from ,belgium1 had persuaded the board to reverse its action in ,miss ,wood's case2 and that constituted ,dr4 ,van ,schaick a ,bolshevik4 ,then came the turn of ,mrs4 ,coralie ,cook1 a colored citizen1 representing the large ,negro population of the city on the board of education4 ,in ,mississippi the ,negroes do not get much education1 and ,senator ,harrison felt it his duty to put this wife of a professor at ,howard ,university in her place4 ,he referred to her niece1 a teacher1 as 8this ,clifford woman10 and to a ,negro teacher in the ,washington schools as 8a fellow by the name of40 ,at the same time the ,senator was cordially cooperating with a ,negro board member who had turned traitor to the liberal board4 ,it had chanced that prior to the war the ,dutch consul had sent to ,dr4 ,van ,schaick a scientist from his country with a letter of introduction1 and ,dr4 ,van ,schaick1 as a matter of routine1 and in the midst of many pressing duties1 gave this gentleman a letter authorizing him to inspect the schools4 ,subsequently this man was accused of being a ,german spy1 and it was proved that1 as an anthropologist1 and being interested in racial types1 he had taken nude photographs of women4 ,whether these photographs were really obscene1 ,i cannot say2 but in any case1 ,dr4 ,van ,schaick had known nothing about the matter4 ,but there was that letter of introduction2 and you can imagine what use the kept press made of such a chance6 ,professor ,h4 ,b4 ,learned of ,yale ,university and ,stanford1 having been so unwise as to serve on this school board1 had to travel all the way from ,california to explain that the ,dutch anthropologist had visited his home one evening and played on the piano and sung6 ,the city of ,washington can claim the prize over all the capitals of the world for the degradation of its press4 ,the leader of this man-hunt was ,theodore ,noyes of the 8,star10 who has always run the school board2 he is the brother of ,frank ,noyes1 director of the ,associated ,press4 ,also ,edward ,b4 ,mc,lean1 owner of the ,washington 8,post10 heir of one vast fortune and husband of another2 ,mr4 ,mc,lean is notorious among ,washington newspaper men for his defiance of the prohibition laws1 and it takes some real defiance to achieve such prominence in ,washington4 ,these two newspapers made the claim that ,dr4 ,van ,schaick was not eligible for the office of district commissioner1 because he had not been a resident of ,washington for three years4 ,they published a photographic facsimile of a ballot alleged to have been cast by ,dr4 ,van ,schaick at his summer home in ,cobleskill1 ,new ,york4 ,it was subsequently proved that this ballot had been cast by ,dr4 ,van ,schaick's father1 at the time when ,dr4 ,van ,schaick was busy with ,red ,cross work in ,belgium4 ,you will not need to be told that the newspapers did not feature this correction6 ,at the close of the investigation ,senator ,harrison delivered three or four hours of eloquent denunciation in the ,senate4 ,but the school board persisted in asserting its right to appoint a competent man as superintendent4 ,then1 having made sure of this appointment1 ,dr4 ,van ,schaick resigned1 so that the new superintendent might not inherit all his enemies4 ,also1 ,mrs4 ,gerry resigned--saying to a friend of mine3 8,after all1 my life is worth something to myself1 and apparently it is worth nothing to the city40 ,you can understand that the effect of this uproar has been to make self-respecting citizens very reluctant to assume the unpaid and thankless task of being responsible for the ,washington schools4 ,,chapter ,,xlvi ,,the ,,calibre ,,of ,,congressmen ,dr4 ,van ,schaick's successor as president of the board of education was a ,catholic gentleman by the name of ,edwards1 prominent in the ,chamber of ,commerce1 and therefore an undoubted 8success40 ,his intellectual qualifications you may judge when ,i tell you that he was president of the ,columbia ,correspondence ,school1 and when ,i explain to you this amusing product of ,american public life4 ,great numbers of newly fledged statesmen come to ,washington1 where they have to compose political speeches and felicitous after-dinner addresses1 letters to the newspapers and to their constituents--all kinds of literary efforts for which they lack the necessary knowledge of grammar4 ,they cannot all have private secretaries to write their speeches for them1 as did the late ,president ,harding2 so comes the ,columbia ,correspondence ,school1 filling a long-felt want4 ,president ,edwards would write you an essay or a speech on any subject1 at prices ranging from fifty cents up4 ,if you used it only once1 he would charge you two dollars4 ,it was all strictly confidential--that is1 until ,president ,edwards was put upon the witness-stand at a congressional hearing4 ,then he was asked3 ,did they sell essays to school children8 ,he answered1 ,yes1 they would sell essays to people in any part of the country1 asking no questions4 ,he was asked3 8,what would you do if a teacher reprimanded a pupil for passing in one of your essays as his own80 ,he answered that he was not sure what he would do1 but he could see nothing wrong with that4 ,this disclosure raised such a row that the new president of the school board was forced to resign2 no one could ever find out which one of the judges of the ,district ,supreme ,court had recommended him1 but they all united in getting rid of him6 ,under this autocracy of politicians the fate of the ,washington school teachers has been the same as we have seen in other cities4 ,their wages in #aiag were on a starvation basis2 the minimum was five hundred dollars for assistant kindergartners1 and the next was six hundred4 ,both the high school teachers and the grade teachers formed unions1 and the politicians did not dare to stop them4 ,the unions carried the agitation to ,congress1 and got an increase of salary during the war4 ,the gang tried to corral them into the ,national ,education ,association4 ,they have a local 8institute0 and of course the teachers have little to do with selecting the speakers4 ,i have referred to the experience of ,miss ,alice ,wood1 and promised to tell her story1 which shows clearly what happens to teachers under an autocracy of politicians4 ,miss ,wood was a teacher of ,english at the ,western ,high ,school1 and in the course of study furnished to her by her superiors appeared such items as 8,current ,events10 8,war ,news10 8,study of ,democracy ,today10 and 8,spontaneous ,discussions and ,criticisms40 ,in the year #aiai it was naturally impossible for a teacher to conduct a class along the above lines without being asked something about 8,bolshevism40 ,miss ,wood was asked1 and she stated in reply that she had attended a meeting at ,poli's ,theater1 where several travelers from ,russia had spoken1 and their accounts of conditions were different from the published stories in the daily press4 7,never forget1 this was the year of the nationalization of women67 ,in answer to a direct question1 ,miss ,wood stated that she considered the ,soviet government 8an improvement over the former government of ,russia and a good government for ,russia40 ,she explained the word 8,bolshevik0 as meaning majority2 and finally1 she advised pupils who wanted to know more about the subject to read articles from the 8,dial10 the 8,new ,republic0 and 8,current ,opinion40 ,a few days later ,miss ,wood received a letter from her principal1 questioning her about these matters4 ,she answered1 stating the facts as above2 furthermore explaining that she was extremely patriotic1 that her forefathers had served in the ,american ,revolution1 and that she regarded ,woodrow ,wilson 8as the greatest statesman of all times40 ,the reactionary superintendent of schools then took up the matter with the board of education4 ,under the law1 ,miss ,wood had the right to a public trial1 and to be represented by counsel2 the board set this rule quietly to one side1 and invited ,miss ,wood to appear informally before a committee1 which questioned her1 but without giving her any idea that she was on trial4 ,she stated that she had received no instructions as to what kind of answers she was to return on the subject of ,bolshevism1 and that she was perfectly willing to follow the directions of her principal1 of the superintendent1 or of the board1 on this and on all other matters4 ,whereupon the board suspended her1 without pay1 for a period of one week6 ,this of course was small punishment in itself--we have seen what is the pay of a ,washington teacher for one week4 ,but what the board really sentenced her to was disgrace and outrageous publicity in the carrion-eating press4 ,therefore the teachers' union took up the matter1 and engaged an attorney1 and a long correspondence with the school authorities followed1 leading to no result4 ,the matter was carried to the ,district ,supreme ,court1 and it is pleasant to be able to state that this body reversed the action of the board1 and ,miss ,wood got her week's salary4 ,but in the meantime the ,black ,hand of our national capital had accomplished its principal purpose--all the other teachers of the city learned their lesson1 and the pupils in the schools continued to believe that all women in ,russia were 8nationalized06 ,also they continued to believe that ,washington is governed by great and patriotic statesmen4 ,some time previously1 a teacher had stated to her pupils that 8the calibre of congressmen of the present day is not as good it was in the time of ,clay and ,webster02 and this teacher was made the object of furious attack upon the floor of ,congress6 ,the congressional committee took it up1 and summoned the principal of the school before them1 and read the riot act to him2 and so all the teachers of ,washington learned that they are not citizens of a democracy1 but serfs of a plutocratic empire4 ,i am told now by a group of teachers that the new superintendent is doing well1 and that there is hope for a better deal in the schools2 new buildings are going up1 and everyone wants to forget the old unhappy past4 ,the teachers ask me to plead for the cause which lies nearest to their hearts1 that of teacher participation in school control2 and ,i answer that this is the thing for which my book is written--to urge that those who do the work of teaching1 and really know about teaching1 shall take the place of traction magnates and real estate speculators in charge of our children4 ,it is not only in ,washington that this is needed1 but everywhere1 as you have already had opportunity to see4 ,,chapter ,,xlvii ,,the ,,local ,,machines ,we have now examined school conditions in nineteen of the largest ,american cities2 the total population of these cities amounts to eighteen million1 which means four million children subject to the education here portrayed4 ,you have noticed how much alike these school machines are2 it has no doubt occurred to you that such resemblance cannot be a matter of accident1 there must be some centralized control1 some bureau of standardization in charge of school systems in the ,united ,states4 ,and this is true2 the local school machines1 in cities1 towns and villages1 are part of county machines1 and these county machines are part of state machines1 and these state machines are united and co-ordinated and standardized by the ,national ,education ,association1 with the help of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,education1 and the ,rockefeller ,general ,education ,board1 and the ,carnegie ,foundation for the ,advancement of ,teaching4 ,let us begin with the counties4 ,under the ,american system a county superintendent of schools invariably has to be a school politician1 and almost invariably has to be a political politician as well4 ,his school gang is made up of his assistants and clerks and principals and other numerous appointees1 all of whom depend upon his favor and are looking for promotion2 also those teachers who serve him as bell-wethers1 leading the flocks of teacher sheep4 ,in order to preserve the self-respect of teachers1 and make them think they have something to do with education1 they are organized into associations or clubs1 all of which are affiliated with the ,national ,education ,association1 and practically all of which are run by the local school machine4 ,these teachers' associations thus occupy in the school world the same position as the company or 8yellow0 unions1 in the labor world4 ,in the great percentage of cases the officers in these teachers' associations are the superintendents and principals and other members of the supervising force2 in the remaining cases they are teachers who take their orders from this force4 ,in the few cases where the teachers have dared to rebel and control their own organizations1 their leaders have been browbeaten and persecuted1 slandered and denied promotion4 ,the county superintendent works hand in glove with the local politicians and their local financial masters4 ,whether he is appointed1 or whether he is elected1 makes little difference1 because the election must be preceded by a nomination1 which depends upon the local political machine4 ,back of this nomination and the ensuing election are all the sinister forces of graft which expect to profit from the schools4 ,there are the land speculators1 who either have land to sell1 or want to buy school lands upon which wealth of some sort has been discovered4 ,there are contractors who want to put up school buildings for profit2 there are school book agents1 who are bosom friends of all superintendents1 and put up money to elect them1 and get it back ten-fold4 ,i shall show you in due course how these book agents serve also as teachers' agents1 controlling the appointment of teachers and handing out favors and promotions to those who support their 8line40 ,and of course there are the bankers1 who want the handling of school funds1 and also of the teachers' funds2 you shall see how the teachers put up money for their own pensions1 and the gang takes charge of it1 and turns it over to the bankers1 either for cash or for political support1 which comes to the same thing4 ,also there are business interests which want child labor1 and want the compulsory school attendance laws repealed or ignored4 ,there are the various organizations of ,big ,business propaganda--the ,national ,association of ,manufacturers1 which wants the children trained for servitude in mills and stores2 the ,american ,legion and the militarists1 who want them taught war and the patriotism of greed2 the newspapers1 which support all forms of reaction1 and hold over the head of every official the imminent threat of ruin as the penalty for insubordination4 ,such is the position of county superintendents of schools1 and of county boards of education everywhere throughout the ,united ,states--except in those few counties where the people1 through the ,farmer-,labor movement or something of the sort1 have been able to take over control of their own affairs4 ,next1 the state superintendents and the state boards1 which are the same thing upon a bigger scale4 ,the state machine has more money1 the state superintendent gets a higher salary1 and so he is a politician of more skill and subtlety4 ,he stands in with the state gang1 and his office is a 8hang-out0 for idle functionaries smoking numerous big cigars4 ,he works with the land grafters and the book companies1 the bankers and merchants and manufacturers2 he is their man1 and gives the people their kind of education4 ,as a rule1 the people are satisfied with that--there being no other kind of education in sight1 and no other kind conceivable4 ,the devout peasants of ,america have been taught to sing a hymn about 8the old-time religion10 which was good for their fathers and is good enough for them2 in exactly the same way their children get the old-time education from the old-time gang4 ,the average ,american has been taught to believe in the public schools as next to the church in sacredness1 and he takes it for granted that public educators must be noble-minded and disinterested men4 ,there are frequently disputes between the educational politicians and the political politicians2 but if you examine these1 you will generally find that they are disputes over the division of the public funds4 ,the educational politicians are naturally fighting for the educational machine2 they want it to grow big1 they want to be able to promote their subordinates1 and to carry on their propaganda1 and to build up their prestige4 ,here in my state of ,california1 as ,i write1 the state superintendent is in the midst of a dispute with the newly elected governor of the ,black ,hand4 ,the governor cut down appropriations for the state school machine to almost nothing--it was part of his program of 8economy10 and the state simply must have a new penitentiary if the 8criminal syndicalism0 law is to be saved4 ,the state superintendent of schools carried the issue to the legislature1 and the legislature voted him the money1 and the governor vetoed the bill4 ,so now in the ,los ,angeles 8,times0 you learn that the state superintendent is guilty of 8political activities02 he is using the power of his office to appeal to the people against the governor4 ,in such a dispute the sympathies of the local educational machines throughout the state will be with the superintendent2 they too want funds1 and they have to fight the forces which cut off their funds4 ,but they will all be careful not to overstep a certain limit in their activities2 the ultimate arbiter is ,big ,business1 and both parties appeal thereto4 ,i have emphasized the uniformity of school systems and of their political control4 ,this uniformity is attained by constant communication among the superintendents and the supervising force4 ,in ,california they make the state pay the expenses of this inter-communication2 twice every year there are conventions attended by all county and city superintendents2 once a year there is a convention for all principals of high schools2 and the traveling expenses of these functionaries are paid out of the school funds4 ,we shall find when we come to study the national body that it has a 8,department of ,superintendence10 and holds a convention in the course of each winter1 at which all the superintendents gather1 expenses paid4 ,here is the great clearing-house1 where the bosses exchange experiences and perfect the technique of holding down the salaries of the teachers1 breaking up their organizations1 eliminating the rebels from the system1 and making fast the hold of the gang4 ,we are going to attend several of these conventions of the ,national ,education ,association1 and meet some thirty thousand educators1 assembled from every corner of the country4 ,but first it is desirable that we should know more about the county and state organizations1 all of which send delegates to the national conventions4 ,let us take up the state machines--bearing in mind that they are all alike1 and that when you know one you know forty-eight4 ,,chapter ,,xlviii ,,the ,,steam ,,roller ,i again select ,california1 because it is the nearest1 and the easiest for me to study4 ,we can best know the ,california machine by following the adventures of a rebel teacher2 so permit me to introduce ,mr4 ,ray ,e4 ,chase1 until recently head of a department at the ,manual ,arts ,high ,school of ,los ,angeles4 ,mr4 ,chase was a man of brains1 who refused to take the orders of the gang2 and we shall see what the gang did to him4 ,in the year #aiag ,mr4 ,chase was chosen by the ,los ,angeles ,high ,school ,teachers' ,association as their legislative representative1 to proceed to the state capital and watch out for the interests of teachers4 ,he applied to the school board of ,los ,angeles for leave of absence without pay1 whereupon the board members called him before them1 and required him to submit a complete list of the measures proposed or endorsed by the ,teachers' ,association4 ,said ,mrs4 ,waters1 widow of a bank president and member of the board3 8,how could we know but that you meant to advocate something of which the board would not approve80 ,but having heard an outline of the projects1 she declared3 8,i think those are all harmless40 ,so they 8allowed0 ,mr4 ,chase to go--and incidentally invited him to work for some measures of theirs6 ,turn back to our ,los ,angeles story1 and refresh your mind concerning 8,bill #ajac0 whereby the ,better ,america ,federation and its political crooks tried to cripple the schools of the state4 ,when this bill came up before the legislature1 the teachers' agents were assured that it would not affect the schools1 so they let it go by2 afterwards1 the teachers had to initiate and put through a referendum to repeal this bill1 so as to keep the schools functioning4 ,mr4 ,chase was a leader in this procedure1 and earned thereby the deadly enmity of the ,black ,hand4 ,they did all they could to drive him out of the school2 his principal was offered promotion by ,judge ,bordwell1 president of the school board1 on condition that he would get rid of ,chase and two other 8radicals40 ,it was during this intrigue that ,bordwell asked the question3 8,can't you get something on their morals80 ,mr4 ,chase came back to ,los ,angeles and set to work on a plan to enable the teachers of the city to exercise control of their ,association4 ,at risk of repetition1 let me make it clear that these teachers' associations are purely voluntary affairs--the teachers' clubs1 or professional societies1 which they try to run in their own interest and according to their own ideas4 ,not merely does the gang take this control away from them2 the gang has made it a matter of professional life and death for a teacher to stand out for the independence of the federation4 ,when elections are held1 principals and superintendents are nominated1 and teachers who oppose their superior's ambitions are denied promotion1 and sometimes dismissed4 ,let me remind you of the teacher in ,oakland who refused to vote for ,superintendent ,hunter's candidate1 and was hounded1 not merely in the schools1 but in the business world outside4 ,it is no easy matter for a common teacher to travel to a convention2 only the high-salaried ones can afford such a luxury4 ,the rules of the teachers' associations permit members of one group to send members of another group as delegates2 so when the teachers cannot go1 it is tactfully suggested that a superintendent or a principal would like to go2 and how should a teacher be rude enough to deny credentials to such a personage8 ,so these personages go2 they go fully versed in the technique of controlling conventions1 and the first thing they do is to enter a caucus1 and come out of it with a program of proceedings and a 8slate10 all ready to be 8jammed through40 ,for three years the independent teachers of ,los ,angeles worked over a plan to reorganize the ,southern section of the association1 taking it out of the hands of the superintendents and putting it under the control of the class-room teachers4 ,the project came up in ,december1 #aibj1 at a convention whose chairman was ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,moore1 director of the ,southern branch of the ,university of ,california4 ,we met this gentleman as superintendent of schools in ,los ,angeles seventeen years ago1 getting himself into trouble by cutting out ,general ,otis's 8open shop0 propaganda from the program of the ,national ,education ,association4 ,since then ,dr4 ,moore has learned discretion1 and become a thoroughly tame servant of the ,black ,hand4 ,at this convention he ruled out the report of the reorganization committee1 on the technical ground that he had not had thirty days' notice of the matter4 ,mind you1 this committee was reporting according to orders given at the last year's convention1 where it had made a tentative report2 ,dr4 ,moore had known all about it at that time1 but he now shut the committee off1 and appointed a new committee to 8work over0 the constitution4 ,this took another year1 and resulted in a document under which the association is a closed corporation1 entirely controlled by the supervising element in the schools4 ,simultaneously with all this1 and practically duplicating it1 was ,mr4 ,chase's experience with the ,state ,council of ,education1 the executive body of all these ,california teachers' associations4 ,at its meeting in ,oakland1 ,april1 #aiah1 ,mr4 ,chase brought up a project to bring these associations under control of the classroom teachers4 ,he had a detailed and carefully worked out program to reorganize the associations1 and provide for their democratic control from the floor of the conventions4 ,mr4 ,chase swept the assemblage with this project1 and was made chairman of a committee to perfect it4 ,his ill health prevented his activity for two years2 but finally the project was got into shape1 and was brought before local bodies1 and approved by every one that voted on it4 ,in ,december1 #aibj1 ,mr4 ,chase took it to the state council2 but the gang leaders1 knowing what was coming1 deliberately kept the convention busy all day1 and called for 8new business0 late at night1 when everybody had gone home except the administrative crowd4 ,out of thirty present1 there was only one class-room teacher6 ,they meant of course1 to vote down the project1 and then have the kept press flash the news over the state4 ,so ,mr4 ,chase forbore to introduce it2 he never will introduce it now1 because his story came to a sudden end4 ,the ,black ,hand in ,los ,angeles succeeded in 8getting0 him1 according to the formula suggested by ,judge ,bordwell some years earlier4 ,the story is a complicated and rather ghastly one2 suffice it to say that they put him in a position where he could not defend himself without dragging in some other people4 ,as he was unwilling to do that1 he is out of the schools1 and the gang leaders are secure in their grip upon the teachers' associations of ,southern ,california4 ,but ,california is our most reactionary state1 you will say4 ,very well3 then let us skip to ,wisconsin1 which is our most progressive state4 ,let us see what has happened to the ,wisconsin ,teachers' ,association4 ,there is one significant detail for you to get clear at the outset3 ,in state after state we find the people taking over their political government1 but they cannot get hold of their schools4 ,the school machine is intrenched behind entanglements of 8red tape02 the supervising force has 8pull10 sometimes it is protected by civil service--anyhow1 the machine is tough1 and hangs on until the reactionaries come back4 ,we shall see that happening in ,north ,dakota1 in ,minnesota1 in ,wisconsin4 ,senator ,la,follette carried his state last time by the biggest plurality ever known in ,america2 but ,mrs4 ,la,follette was barred from speaking in country school-houses6 ,the state educational machine1 the county machines1 and most of the city machines in ,wisconsin are still in the hands of the gang4 ,the situation in ,milwaukee is especially interesting4 ,before the war ,milwaukee was under the eye of ,victor ,berger1 while the schools were under the eye of ,victor ,berger's wife2 so there was one ,american city with no graft in its school affairs4 ,but during the war the gang came back1 and they still have the schools--,mrs4 ,berger was for years the lone ,socialist member1 and the board is run by the so-called 8,voters' ,league10 which consists of exactly seven men1 the chiefs of the ,black ,hand of ,wisconsin4 ,these seven picked the candidates for the school board at every election1 and the newspapers printed the list conspicuously1 and told the people to 8cut this out and take it to the polls02 and1 like good1 patriotic ,americans1 they did so4 ,in the effort to bludgeon the ,teachers' ,federation1 this ,voters' ,league proposed a bill making it unlawful for public employes to organize4 ,but this bill failed1 and the teachers of ,milwaukee have stayed organized1 and what is more1 they have kept the control of their own organization4 ,they went over the heads of their reactionary school board1 and appealed to a progressive state legislature1 and got the school taxes in ,milwaukee conditioned upon the payment of a minimum salary of #a1ejj to grade teachers1 running up to #b1djj4 ,imagine a school board unable to terrify its teachers by threats of salary reduction1 and you will understand the fury with which the educational gang regards the ,milwaukee ,teachers' ,federation6 ,not content with getting their own salaries increased1 these ,milwaukee teachers contributed #b1djj to the publicity campaign of the state association1 to get salary increases for the other teachers4 ,they lobbied through the state legislature the best kindergarten law in the ,united ,states4 ,they proposed legislation for tenure1 and drafted the best law on this subject4 ,in short1 the ,milwaukee ,local of the ,wisconsin ,teachers' ,association is ,bolshevism1 raw1 red and bloody1 trampling the holy ground of ,american education4,j ----- ,footnote ,j3 ,from the 8,clarion10 ,milwaukee1 ,november #ah1 #aibb3 8,,educational ,,bolshivism 7sic7 8,milwaukee last week entertained the literati of ,wisconsin's leading educationalists4 ,the convention1 designed to be creative in works of harmony1 good will and a spirit of constructive development1 resulted in a wild and riotous effort to determine the status of the caste system with regard to our state educators4 ,topping it all1 the head of the ,milwaukee's ,teachers ,association emits a theory so rank in its bolshevistic nature as to rock the very foundation of learning and to place in extreme jeopardy the principles and ideals of our system of state education40 7,note3 ,this 8theory0 was that teachers are the equals of superintendents47 ----- ,in order to get clear what follows1 you must understand that outside ,milwaukee1 the gang still controls the teachers' organizations1 as it does in ,california and all the other states4 ,we are now going to watch the gang leaders of ,wisconsin at their job of holding down the ,milwaukee local4 ,the constitution of the ,wisconsin ,teachers' ,association provided that representation at conventions should be on the basis of one delegate for every fifty members or major fraction of fifty4 ,this provision was as explicit as the ,english language could make it1 and it had been thoroughly threshed out1 and understood by everyone4 ,the ,milwaukee local had #a1cdg paid members1 and on that basis their representation had been fixed at twenty-seven4 ,but now the gang set up the claim that small communities should have a chance to send representatives to the convention2 let it be provided that communities having less than fifty teachers might have one delegate for every twenty-six members4 ,to this the ,milwaukee teachers answered3 ,very well3 but if the basis of representation is to be one delegate for every twenty-six members1 then let the large cities also have one representative for every twenty-six members1 instead of one for every fifty4 ,but you see1 that did not fit the purpose of the gang1 which wanted to hold the ,milwaukee teachers down to one in fifty1 while giving double representation to the country districts1 which the gang had under its thumb4 ,in ,february of #aibb a meeting of the executive committee of the state association was held1 and it was resolved to permit the forming of locals of the association in small communities1 these locals to consist of twenty-six members or more1 the understanding being that the convention1 to be held in ,november1 would determine whether or not it approved this procedure4 ,all over the state delegates were chosen under this arrangement1 and forty-six of them came to the convention4 ,the scheme of the gang was to get these country delegates seated1 overwhelm the twenty-seven delegates from ,milwaukee1 and put through an arrangement to perpetuate that semi-disfranchisement of the 8,bolsheviks40 ,the 8floor leader0 who put through the job for the gang was ,mr4 ,carroll ,g4 ,pearse1 then president of the ,milwaukee ,state ,normal ,school1 and now a book agent4 ,i point out to you in passing that he is one of the big chiefs of the national school machine4 ,you remember1 ,i have referred to this as our educational ,tammany ,hall2 and if you thought ,i was just calling bad names1 read this account of the 8steam-roller0 at the #aibb convention of the ,wisconsin ,teachers' ,association1 and see if ,tammany could teach anything to the school-masters6 ,on the evening before the convention there was a meeting of the credentials committee1 which voted that the forty-six delegates1 representing locals having less than fifty members1 were to be admitted in violation of the constitution4 ,and next day the president of the convention placed his chair in such a way that he could not see the ,milwaukee representatives when they rose to demand recognition2 he called for a viva voce vote on the report of the credentials committee1 and declared that this report had carried4 ,the ,milwaukee teachers1 of course1 demanded a roll-call2 but the president refused to order it4 ,one after another he recognized the representatives of the supervising force1 who orated to the convention amid storms of protest4 ,here was a large gathering of people1 and no one had any means of knowing which were delegates and which were not2 yet the president refused to determine who was voting on this motion or on that4 ,he refused even to rule on the point of order1 that he should determine who had votes6 ,he drove his 8steam-roller0 ahead1 rushing through one motion after another4 ,the assembly adopted an amendment to the constitution1 admitting delegates from locals with twenty-six members or more4 ,the assembly elected a normal school president as president of the state association for the next year4 ,the assembly passed a resolution1 offered by ,mr4 ,pearse1 validating and legalizing all proceedings up to that time--and all this without a single roll-call1 without any record whatsoever as to what persons had voted for these various resolutions1 what mob had altered the state constitution and disfranchised the ,milwaukee teachers6 ,having a night to think it over1 the gang must have realized that this story would look just a little 8raw0 when told in 8,the ,goslings40 ,so ,floor-leader ,pearse appeared next morning with a resolution excluding those representatives whose rights to seats had been questioned on the day before4 ,but all the motions which had been passed by the shouts of these representatives were permitted to stand6 ,the disfranchised delegates were directed to leave the hall2 then they were reseated--the whole transaction occupying five minutes6 ,finally a superintendent of schools was elected secretary of the association1 at a salary of fifty-five hundred dollars1 and the public school system of the state of ,wisconsin was safe for another year6 ,take this to any ward-healer or henchman of your local political machine1 and see if he can 8beat it60 ,,chapter ,,xlix ,,the ,,dispensers ,,of ,,prominence ,we now ascend to the top of our great school pyramid1 the ,national ,education ,association4 ,this is the professional organization of the educators of the ,united ,states1 and as such it possesses tremendous prestige and power in the educational world4 ,you probably know very little about it1 and may think that it has nothing to do with your local schools2 but in this you will be deceiving yourself1 for its influence is none the less strong because indirect4 ,what the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 does is to set the standards of the school world2 in its councils1 open or secret1 the thing called educational greatness is determined4 ,who are the 8great0 educators of ,america8 ,who are the ones that really know how children should be taught1 and what they should be taught8 ,do you know who they are8 ,manifestly you do not2 you have to be told who they are1 and the function of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 is to tell you4 ,it is the dispenser of educational prominence and applause4 ,the final test of greatness in the school world is to be invited to deliver one of the addresses before its annual convention2 while to have your name added to the list of presidents of the organization is in the school world the same thing as it is in public life to have your name added to the list of presidents of the ,united ,states1 which every school child has to learn by heart4 ,you step out before this vast assemblage1 amid a flutter of applause1 and tens of thousands of teachers and sympathizers absorb your utterances1 and carry them away to the farthest hamlets--this is what is known in ,america as 8inspiration40 ,the local newspapers print your address in full1 and the ,associated ,press sends a summary of it to its thirteen hundred leading newspapers4 ,thus1 if you are a reactionary1 you help to set backward the clock of ,american history1 and to render the position of your capitalist employers secure4 ,if you are not a reactionary1 then you do not get within many feet of the platform at the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 convention4 ,there are at the present time a hundred and twenty-five thousand members of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 and they pay dues at the rate of two dollars per member4 ,more than eighty per cent of them are the plain1 ordinary1 humble1 rank and file classroom teachers1 whose function is that of the day laborer in the great corporation--to produce the wealth1 while their superiors spend it4 ,you will be told that the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 is a 8democratic0 organization1 and you will understand what this means when ,i tell you that ,tammany ,hall also is a 8democratic0 organization4 ,new members are welcome1 in fact1 they are eagerly sought-8drives0 are carried on1 and the prestige of schools is established by the fact that they have one hundred per cent membership in the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,some school systems are even going so far as to make membership in the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 compulsory to all applicants for teachers' positions4 ,the ,journal of the ,national ,education ,association for ,september1 #aibb1 triumphantly quotes the superintendent of schools at ,onaway1 ,michigan1 as stating that 8teachers' contracts in ,onaway1 ,michigan1 will in future require teachers to become members of state and national educational associations40 ,and in the case of ,st4 ,joseph1 ,missouri1 the blanks to be filled out by applicants for teaching positions contain the following two questions3 8,are you a member of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a48 ,if not1 will you be a member this year80 ,now the classroom teachers are the real educators in ,america4 ,they do the actual work of teaching your children2 they are the ones who know your children1 they spend some twenty-five hours with them every week1 and they are not seduced from the job of understanding children by prominence and applause1 nor by high salaries1 nor by any other lure4 ,the classroom teachers are the ones we must depend upon if education is to be improved4 ,the classroom teachers represent democracy in the school world1 and the test of democracy in the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 is what happens to this rank and file4 ,so ,i begin my study of this great organization with its ,department of ,classroom ,teachers4 ,until a year or two ago the ,department of ,classroom ,teachers of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 was nothing but a name4 ,the way it leaped into sudden life is an amusing story4 ,the school superintendents of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 decided that they would have an exclusive organization1 and hold meetings uncontaminated by the presence of the school proletariat4 ,at their mid-winter convention of #aibj they reorganized themselves into an autonomous body1 called the ,department of ,superintendence4 ,after they had done this1 the embarrassing discovery was made that they had violated the by-laws of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a42 but1 of course1 at the next convention of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 special amendments were passed1 so as to legalize what the superintendents had done4 ,being a superintendent in the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 is like being a millionaire in a police-court4 ,now to each of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 conventions come the 8,bolsheviks0 of the ,milwaukee ,teachers' ,association1 headed by their president1 ,ethel ,gardner2 also the 8,bolsheviks0 of the ,chicago ,teachers' ,federation1 headed by ,margaret ,haley4 ,these groups are fighting for the school proletariat1 and they watch with practiced eyes the tricks and contrivances of their superiors4 ,they pounced upon this brilliant scheme of the ,department of ,superintendence2 why not reorganize the ,classroom ,teachers' ,department of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 and have it autonomous1 like the ,department of ,superintendence8 ,a beautiful scheme1 you see6 ,the ,department of ,superintendence had excluded from its membership everyone who was not a superintendent2 now let the ,department of ,classroom ,teachers exclude everyone who was not a classroom teacher6 ,here was treason and rank rebellion2 and actually1 these teachers had the insolence to call a convention in ,chicago1 in ,february1 #aibb1 at the same time as the midwinter meeting of the ,department of ,superintendence4 ,the gang was so indignant that in ,milwaukee the board of education refused leave of absence to ,miss ,ethel ,gardner1 who was president of the ,department of ,classroom ,teachers1 so that she might attend the convention she had called4 ,the gang moved heaven and earth to oust her from her job as a teacher2 but it so happened that she had an honest principal1 and when they asked him to report her as incompetent he replied3 8,i will not tell a damned lie40 ,the convention was held without ,miss ,gardner1 and the teachers appointed a committee of ,milwaukee and ,chicago 8,bolsheviks10 which spent all the spring drawing up a constitution and having it made air-tight by a competent attorney4 ,at the #aibb convention of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 held in ,boston1 they appeared with a printed draft of their scheme4 ,they were going to re-elect ,miss ,ethel ,gardner1 the ,milwaukee 8,bolshevik10 as their president2 and it goes without saying that the gang did not intend to let that happen4 ,the gang picked out a 8tame0 teacher1 ,miss ,effie ,mac,gregor of ,minneapolis1 and decreed that she was to become president of the ,department of ,classroom ,teachers--in spite of the classroom teachers6 ,this chapter is called 8,dispensers of ,prominence10 and here you see what ,i mean4 ,the classroom teachers had never heard of ,miss ,effie ,mac,gregor2 she had never attended a meeting of the ,department of ,classroom ,teachers1 nor was she a member of a classroom teachers' association4 ,she had fought hard against the increase of their salaries2 but now she was to be their president1 and have the spending of their ten thousand dollars for a year6 ,president ,charl ,o4 ,williams of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 proceeded to place the lady on the main program of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 introducing her as 8the foremost classroom teacher in the ,united ,states40 ,president ,williams went on to explain the lady's credentials to that title--she had arranged a movie benefit at a theatre1 and raised funds to send eight delegates to the convention6 ,please understand1 that is not a joke2 that is the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 idea of 8greatness40 ,come back with me to ,oakland1 ,california1 and recall the picture of ,fred ,m4 ,hunter1 superintendent and educational ward leader1 with his school henchmen and his grafting contractors4 ,recall ,miss ,elizabeth ,arlett1 8who1 while supposed to be teaching the school children of ,oakland1 was touring the ,united ,states1 shortly before the #aibj convention1 in the interest of ,mr4 ,hunter's candidacy for president of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,for that service and her subsequent activities1 ,miss ,arlett was promoted to be principal of a high school in ,oakland10 etc4 ,you will expect to find ,miss ,arlett at this #aibb convention1 ready to carry out ,mr4 ,hunter's orders for the smashing of the classroom teachers4 ,you will be prepared to hear that the gang went into caucus in ,miss ,effie ,mac,gregor's room1 and that ,miss ,arlett took the initiative and made the principal speech1 endorsing her and outlining the program4 ,the gang had engaged ,symphony ,hall for the business meeting of the ,department of ,classroom ,teachers--an afternoon meeting1 and there was to be a concert in the hall in the evening4 ,the promise had been made that the hall would be vacated at five o'clock2 but not a word was said to the teachers about this1 and the gang proceeded to drag the meeting out with technical discussions over the details of the constitution4 ,at six o'clock a slip of paper was sent up to the presiding officer1 stating that the meeting had already kept the hall for an hour beyond the time agreed upon1 and must vacate immediately6 ,the teachers had just got down to the work of electing officers2 they wanted to finish this work in a hurry1 for they knew exactly whom they wanted1 and it wouldn't have taken five minutes4 ,but the gang would not let that happen2 a member of the board of trustees of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 began a violent and noisy filibuster1 and so prevented the election4 ,the assembly twice rejected a motion to hold an adjourned meeting2 they wanted to do their electing right there1 but the gang held on and delayed matters1 until finally the janitor threatened to turn out the lights1 and thus forced the teachers from the hall4 ,so here was the ,department of ,classroom ,teachers left without officers for a year6 ,they did not know what to do2 but the gang knew1 you may be sure4 ,they sprung the proposition at an assembly of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 convention1 at which very few of the classroom teachers were present1 but at which four out of five of those present were superintendents or members of the supervising force4 ,to this gathering the president of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 announced that she 8ordered0 a meeting of the ,classroom ,teachers' ,department1 to be held as soon as this ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 assembly had adjourned4 ,under the by-laws1 the president of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 was absolutely without authority to order any such meeting2 but she ordered it1 and the incoming president of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 took charge--,mr4 ,william ,b4 ,owen1 president of the ,chicago ,normal ,school1 8ward leader0 of the gang in that city4 ,the meeting was held2 that is to say1 a number of spectators stayed over1 and ,mr4 ,owen called them to order as classroom teachers1 but without making any effort to find out whether they really were classroom teachers or not4 ,the climax of absurdity was reached when this meeting--it was held in a theatre--was forced to vacate1 and adjourned to the ,boys' ,trade ,school4 ,fewer than two hundred people came to this place1 and no effort was made to ascertain who they were1 or what right they had to vote in the affairs of the classroom teachers4 ,by means of this assemblage1 the gang proceeded to elect ,miss ,effie ,mac,gregor to run the ,department of ,classroom ,teachers for a year6 ,and you may be sure that in the course of that year the gang got busy1 and pulled its wires1 and saw to it that at the next convention there was a good majority against ,miss ,ethel ,gardner1 the ,milwaukee 8,bolshevik60 ,the job was an easy one1 because the convention was in ,oakland1 and we have been there and seen how ,superintendent ,hunter keeps his teachers under his thumb4 ,i think that to make the above story complete and perfect you will need to know something about the lady-president of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 who put this job through for the gang4 ,you already have her name--,charl ,o4 ,williams2 she was school superintendent of ,shelby ,county1 ,tennessee1 and immediately after this convention she got her reward--a permanent ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 job1 carrying not merely a salary of #g1ejj a year1 but the privilege of uplifting the teachers with ,southern eloquence at one hundred dollars per lift4 ,this lady ex-superintendent ex-president field secretary also represents her ,state of ,tennessee on the national committee of the ,democratic party1 where she sits in conference with the chiefs of ,tammany ,hall2 so you see exactly where this rascality comes from4 ,keep the lady in mind1 because a year later we shall find her selected by the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 to uplift the world conference of educators--and to soothe their cravings for peace with weazel words of war4 ,,chapter ,l ,a ,,plot ,,against ,,democracy ,the ,national ,education ,association is a very old institution1 predating the ,civil ,war4 ,it has always been controlled entirely by the supervising force2 in other words1 it has been an employers' organization4 ,during several decades of its history no classroom teacher was ever elected to any office4 ,at the present time some well trained teacher is occasionally admitted to office for the sake of appearances4 ,it required many years of struggle to get the ,national ,education ,association to give any consideration whatever to the living and working conditions of the classroom teacher1 or to recognize salaries1 pensions and tenure as legitimate subjects for discussion4 ,it required a revolution in the organization to secure in the year #aijc the appointment of a committee on salaries1 tenure and pensions2 and this committee made a report which was full of misrepresentations4 ,not until #aiaa was action taken even to gather the real figures on these questions4 ,i will give you a glimpse of the organization in those early days1 just to let you see how these things remain the same4 ,at the #aija convention in ,detroit1 the ,united ,states ,commissioner of ,education gave a paper outlining the progress of the schools4 ,he was an aged dotard2 as an eye-witness said to me1 8,in the educational system we don't bury the dead4 ,we let them walk around to save funeral expenses40 ,this speaker congratulated the country upon the growing number of school pupils1 but said not a word about the need of more school money4 ,an orator who rose to applaud him declared that the educational sky was without a cloud1 and his only regret was that the ,american public schools had not been able to get a donation from ,rockefeller4 ,but suddenly a cloud rose upon the educational sky4 ,a thing happened which had never before happened in the history of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4--a classroom teacher rose up from the floor of the convention and asked to speak6 ,to make matters worse1 it was a woman teacher4 ,this female rebel declared that she for one was glad that the ,american public schools had not got any money from ,rockefeller1 and she hoped they would keep clear of all corporation influence4 ,if the rich wanted to help the schools1 let them pay their taxes2 let the railroads1 for example1 pay taxes on their franchise valuations1 which they were everywhere evading4 ,you may not need to be told that this was ,margaret ,haley1 making her debut to the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 twenty-three years ago4 ,the great assemblage was stunned2 to attack the railroads1 the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4's main source of revenue6 ,at that time1 you see1 when you bought your ticket to the convention1 the ticket included your dues1 and the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 got the rake-off6 ,the aged commissioner felt called upon to put down this insurrection4 ,he got up again and stated that all the wealth of the railroads had come from economy in administration--he knew1 because he was a personal friend of ,commodore ,vanderbilt4 ,as for the attitude of the lady teacher1 these meetings were held at the end of the school year1 when all the teachers were tired2 if there were any more such hysterical outbursts1 he would insist upon having the time of the convention changed4 ,he urged the delegates to pay no attention to this2 the teachers were worn out from the school routine1 and were not in condition to think soberly4 ,moreover1 the delegates must bear in mind that ,chicago was no criterion of the rest of the country2 ,chicago was 8morbid and cyclonic40 ,you can imagine how the ,chicago newspapers appreciated this compliment from ,detroit6 ,sixteen years passed1 and revolution came in ,russia1 and our school superintendents realized the danger of permitting the lower classes to get out of hand4 ,they resolved to put down the classroom teachers in the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 and to keep them down4 ,the procedure by which they did it constitutes one of the most amazing public crimes in the history of the ,united ,states4 ,bear in mind3 this ,national ,education ,association was a public institution1 with a charter from ,congress1 according to which it was controlled by its members4 ,any educator--including teachers--might pay four dollars and become an active member1 and these active members met in convention once a year1 and there voted and elected officers4 ,this was democracy1 as our ancestors understood it2 and this was the thing which was suddenly discovered by school superintendents and their capitalist masters to be a menace to the ,american schools4 ,at ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 conventions there would appear two kinds of active members4 ,there would be those who had come from all parts of the country1 and ninety per cent of these were from the employing class of the schools4 ,these had the money to come1 and made it their business to come2 most of them had their expenses paid1 either by the public1 or by the organization to which they belonged4 ,the other group was made up of members who lived in or near the city where the convention was held1 and these would be ninety per cent classroom teachers4 ,they were the only classroom teachers who could attend the convention without great expense1 and they represented1 and properly felt that they represented1 the great mass of the teachers who could not attend1 but who had a vital stake in education1 and had needs to be voiced4 ,so at ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 conventions there was beginning to be noticed that major phenomenon of our time--the class struggle4 ,here were the high-up and prosperous and powerful superintendents and 8great educators02 and here were the common riff-raff of the school proletariat4 ,in any big city it would happen1 inevitably1 that the proletariat would be in the majority4 ,they would have little idea what was going on1 or how they should vote2 but here would come a dozen or two of the ,new ,york and ,chicago and ,milwaukee 8,bolsheviks10 who would get up in meeting and ask questions and explain matters to the classroom teachers1 and induce them to vote for their own class--or shall we say for their own classes8 ,this was the thing which the educational employers decided to change4 ,they worked out the scheme at their midwinter convention of #aiah--the ,atlantic ,city meeting of the ,department of ,superintendence4 ,instead of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 being governed by the democratic vote of its active members at the annual convention1 the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 was to become a representative body1 like the ,united ,states of ,america2 the members in the various cities and towns and counties would elect delegates to the state bodies1 and both local and the state bodies would elect delegates to the national convention4 ,the gang1 of course1 would be on hand at every stage of these elections to pull wires and get its own politicians chosen4 ,so1 when the convention assembled in some big city1 the classroom teachers of that city would no longer have votes as active members of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a42 instead of that1 they would be represented by delegates on the floor1 one delegate for every hundred teachers1 and1 in case they had more than five hundred members1 one delegate for each five hundred members thereafter4 ,so the classroom teachers of the convention1 instead of having one vote per teacher1 would have one-hundredth of one vote per teacher1 or maybe one five-hundredths of one vote per teacher6 ,and so the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 would be made safe for the superintendents6 ,there was only one difficulty with that scheme1 and that was explained to you when you were a child and read ,aesop's 8,fables40 ,the mice wanted a bell put around the neck of the cat1 but how was it to be done8 ,at some one convention of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 the classroom teachers of an ,american city must be induced1 not merely to disfranchise themselves1 but to disfranchise the classroom teachers of the entire country forever and ever after6 ,such was the job2 and ,i repeat that the doing of it was one of the most amazing public crimes in the history of the ,united ,states4 ,we are now going to hear the story of it in detail4 ,,chapter ,,li ,,the ,,plot ,,fails ,first you will ask to know the people who did the job2 which means that you will be introduced to the bosses of our educational ,tammany ,hall4 ,some of them you know already2 but for convenience ,i will re-introduce them4 ,superintendent ,fred ,m4 ,hunter1 ward leader of ,oakland1 #aiba president of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 and life director of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,during his presidency1 ,mr4 ,hunter had a liberal teacher1 whom he recommended for discharge to his board of education4 ,the board thought the teacher ought to have a hearing1 to which he was legally entitled2 but ,hunter's proposition was that he would give the teacher a hearing if the teacher would first resign4 8,in other words10 said a board member1 8you want to hang him first and try him afterward40 ,with these words ringing in his ears1 ,hunter went to the convention of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 and presided over meetings at which eloquent orators set forth in glowing terms the rights of teachers under our great ,american democracy6 ,carroll ,g4 ,pearse1 formerly president of the ,milwaukee ,state ,normal ,school1 and now a book agent2 also a trustee and life director of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,we have seen ,mr4 ,pearse smashing the classroom teachers of his own city4 ,if we had time for a detailed study1 we should discover him running the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 machine for a decade1 from the time he was president in #aiab4 ,next1 ,president ,william ,b4 ,owen1 of the ,chicago ,normal ,school1 #aibc president of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,mr4 ,owen is the ward leader of ,chicago1 and we have just seen him in ,boston1 stealing from the classroom teachers their own national organization4 ,mr4 ,owen is vice-president and life director of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,next1 ,professor ,howard ,driggs1 of the ,english department of the ,university of ,utah1 author of 8,live ,language ,lessons10 president of the ,utah ,educational ,association1 a power in the ,mormon church1 and vice-president of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,next1 ,superintendent ,charl ,o4 ,williams1 of ,shelby ,county1 ,tennessee1 a lady of fine presence1 an 8inspirational0 orator of the old ,southern style1 an aggressive ,democratic politician1 #aibb president1 and now life director and field secretary of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,next1 ,mrs4 ,josephine ,c4 ,preston1 state superintendent of public instruction of ,washington1 #aibj president and life director of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,we have seen ,mrs4 ,preston browbeating the teachers and defending the incorporate tax-dodging creatures of the lumber country4 ,next1 ,principal ,olive ,jones of ,new ,york1 #aibd president of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 also trustee and director4 ,i asked two ,new ,york teachers to tell me about her1 and the answer came3 8,she is small-minded1 vindictive1 not over-scrupulous1 a self-advertiser and office seeker1 a good1 clever politician40 ,last but not least1 the representative of ,columbia ,university in our educational ,tammany ,hall4 ,before introducing him it is necessary to explain that for the first decade of this century our national school machine was run by ,nicholas ,murray ,butler1 who was president of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 in #ahie1 and then head of the ,department of ,education at ,columbia ,university4 ,becoming president of ,columbia1 ,butler dispensed the educational patronage of ,teachers' ,college for his gang4 ,how great this patronage is1 you will understand when ,i tell you that ,teachers' ,college has officially announced that it furnishes more teachers than all the other universities and colleges of the ,united ,states and ,canada combined4 ,you will find half a dozen chapters about the dispenser of this patronage in 8,the ,goose-step10 and ,i point out to you that the most bitter critics of the book did not find a single error in my statements concerning him2 nor did one educator in the ,united ,states come to his defense4 8,nicholas ,miraculous0 was preparing himself to take charge of the ,american government1 so he no longer had time to bother with the school world4 ,he turned this detail over to one of his subordinates1 ,george ,d4 ,strayer1 professor of educational administration in ,columbia ,university1 and #aiai president of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,it was during ,strayer's presidency that the great plot was hatched1 and he received a year's leave of absence from his university1 so that he might devote his entire time to putting it through4 ,he presided at the ,milwaukee convention of #aiai1 where he failed4 ,then he was elected first vice-president1 and sat at the right hand of the president at the ,salt ,lake ,city convention of #aibj1 and supervised her every move4 ,both ,strayer and ,butler are life directors of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a42 and so1 as you read this story1 you must understand it as one more of the ,nicholas ,murray ,butler chapters of 8,the ,goose-step0--it is the spectral hand of old ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan1 the elder1 reaching out and seizing the minds of your children1 and twisting them out of shape1 so that ,morgan's heirs shall be able to pick their pockets without inconvenience4 ,our story begins with the midwinter convention of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 in #aiah4 ,miss ,frances ,harden of ,chicago was the first classroom teacher who ever attended a midwinter convention--and she had to pay her own substitute in order to do it6 ,she saw the plot being hatched by the ,department of ,superintendence1 and brought back word to the ,chicago teachers1 who got out a circular describing it1 and pointing out what had happened in their own state of ,illinois1 which had just been 8reorganized0 and made a delegate body according to the new scheme4 ,the first ,illinois convention under this plan had been held in ,december1 #aiag2 #a1cfj teachers had attended1 and the effect of the scheme had been that #a1aic of these teachers were disfranchised6 ,there were only #afg delegates entitled to vote1 and the occupations of these delegates were listed as follows3 county superintendents1 #db2 city superintendents1 #ec2 presidents of colleges1 #d2 principals of high schools1 #ab2 principals of elementary schools1 #bd2 teachers in colleges1 #e2 teachers in high schools1 #ac2 teachers in elementary schools1 #ad4 ,in other words1 out of #afg delegates1 #ace represented the supervising departments1 and only #cb were teachers--only #ad of these being elementary classroom teachers6 ,this ,illinois reorganization was the work of ,owen of ,chicago2 it was his pet scheme4 ,at the ,pittsburgh convention notice was given of intention to apply it to the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 and the gang set to work to line up the school bosses4 ,then came the ,milwaukee convention of #aiai2 here ,strayer presided1 and the gang had a charming device to get rid of the teachers4 ,the by-laws provided for the business meeting at #aa a4 m4 of the #dth of ,july4 ,milwaukee had a 8sane ,fourth0 program for that day1 and the teachers were supposed to be occupied in the parks2 the gang1 thinking to catch them off guard1 called a 8snap0 meeting at nine in the morning4 ,but the ,milwaukee teachers have been trained in politics1 and know its devices4 ,they had arranged to have the 8sane ,fourth0 program taken care of by those teachers who were 8associate0 members of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 while the 8active0 members1 who had votes1 were to attend the business meeting4 ,some of them got wind of the #i a4 m4 trick1 and these went in and started singing 8,america40 ,they went right on singing 8,america0 until #aa a4 m4--they are so patriotic in ,milwaukee1 and that was their idea of a 8sane ,fourth60 ,to make sure of keeping it sane1 these ,milwaukee teachers omitted to eat any lunch1 and stayed by the convention until it came to an end at #e p4 m4 ,the gang brought up their reorganization scheme1 and ,margaret ,haley arose on the floor of the convention1 and told them that they were violating their federal charter4 ,the reply was that they would put the scheme through and get the charter changed afterwards4 ,but ,margaret ,haley1 who has a way of consulting lawyers1 pointed out to them that any teacher could get a court injunction1 and forbid them spending a penny of the association's money for a year4 ,so they dropped the proposal2 ,owen resigned from the committee and moved to discharge it2 the slate was wiped clean1 and the teachers thought the scheme was dead--except for a few who made note of a motion to appoint a committee to take up the question of amending the charter of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a6 ,the place selected for the next national convention was ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,the classroom teachers made no protest--how were they to know that the gang had been conducting an 8educational survey10 combing the ,united ,states with a fine comb1 to find one place where they might be sure of getting their way8 ,said one teacher1 when she got to ,salt ,lake and saw the frame-up3 8,we should have had notice of this40 ,said ,h4 ,s4 ,magill1 field secretary of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a43 8,you blocked us twice2 this year we've come where your cohorts couldn't follow us60 ,said ,strayer1 strutting like a little bantam3 8,we took it where we could put it over40 ,and if that is not enough for you1 a prominent official of the ,milwaukee convention told ,miss ,ethel ,gardner1 quite naively1 that ,professor ,strayer had a most wonderful plan1 by which he was going to get all the big business men of the ,united ,states back of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a6 7,he did47 ,when the minutes of the ,milwaukee business meeting were produced1 they included a notice of intention to amend the by-laws at the next convention1 by repealing the provision which requires a year's notice before a constitutional amendment can be adopted4 ,no one could recollect having heard such notice given1 but the minutes showed that it had been given by ,professor ,howard ,driggs1 the great ,mormon educator4 ,it was a peculiar kind of proposition for a great educator to make2 whenever you mention the subject of constitutions and by-laws to such an educator1 the first thing he praises is that system of 8checks and balances0 prevailing in the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 which imposes restrictions upon the hasty passions of the masses and compels us all to stop and think before we act4 ,such a provision had been put into the by-laws of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a42 and now it was proposed to abolish it1 and permit the hasty passions of the masses to prevail6 ,professor ,driggs apparently realized the strangeness of such a proposition1 coming from a great educator2 discussing the matter on the floor of the ,salt ,lake convention1 he said he had not known the contents of the notice when he gave it4 ,somebody had handed it to him--he thought perhaps it was ,mr4 ,magill1 the field secretary--and asked him to give the notice1 and he did so4 ,dear1 innocent1 trusting ,mormon educator--you could hardly believe that he was forty-seven years of age6 ,before you decide what to believe about him1 wait and see what use the gang made of that alleged notice4 ,they had a whole year to work in1 and they went at it systematically4 ,they drafted an amendment to the charter of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 known as ,section #ab1 providing that it might be organized as a delegate body and governed by a representative assembly4 ,the gang leaders spent much time in our national capital1 getting this charter amendment passed by ,congress and signed by the ,president4 ,when our leading plutocratic educators appear in ,washington1 asking to be permitted to govern their school proletariat in their own way1 how should a plutocratic ,congress refuse8 ,the amendment was being trumpeted over the country as a plan to make the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 8democratic40 ,the ,president of the ,united ,states had just made the whole world 8democratic10 so it was to be expected that he would approve the plan and sign the bill4 ,,chapter ,,lii ,,mormon ,,magic ,come now to ,salt ,lake ,city1 and see why the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 machine selected it for their next convention4 ,externally there are reasons1 in the form of beautiful temples and educational institutions1 erected by the devotees of a weird religious cult4 ,this cult is based upon 8certain tablets having the appearance of gold10 which were dug out of the ground by an ignorant ,new ,york farmer-youth named ,joseph ,smith1 and were found to be miraculously inscribed with fantastic chronicles in biblical language2 ,smith was able to interpret them by the aid of two magic stones1 and they are now the inspired word of ,god to half a million people4 ,one of the customs recommended in this 8word0 is the patriarchal ,old ,testament virtue of polygamy1 and the ,united ,states government fought a little war with the ,mormons over this issue1 and ,utah was not admitted as a state until the chiefs had agreed to follow the example of the rest of our plutocracy1 and keep their polygamy under cover4 ,this is not a work on religion1 but on economics1 and what here concerns us are the two great ,mormon virtues of industry and submissiveness4 ,seldom has a priestly caste evolved a more perfect system for separating its devotees from their cash4 ,the ,mormon hierarchy is a ,big ,business institution1 which works hand in glove with the great corporations of ,utah1 and their political representative1 the ,grand ,old ,party4 ,the ,mormon church is practically the same thing as the ,sugar ,trust in the state1 and also the ,smelter ,trust and the railroads2 their two representatives in the ,united ,states ,senate are equally active in the affairs of ,god and ,mammon4 ,the church machine has its own educational institutions1 and at the same time1 like the ,catholic church in other parts of the ,united ,states1 it controls the public schools4 ,i have portrayed in 8,the ,goose-step0 its domination of the ,university of ,utah1 and how sixteen professors resigned at once in protest against its policy4 ,so you begin to see why the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 machine picked out ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,utah is a long way off1 and few classroom teachers could afford the journey4 ,as for the teachers of ,utah1 the majority of them are ,mormons1 and the rest either take the orders of the church or move out4 ,it takes no stretch of the imagination to picture ,professor ,driggs1 the great ,mormon educator1 telling ,owen and ,strayer and ,hunter and ,pearse and the other great educators how we manage things in ,utah--so much better than in ,milwaukee6 ,and how beautifully the great ,mormon 8tabernacle0 would serve as a setting for this 8reorganization0 drama6 ,i remember in my childhood reading a fearsome story about an innocent ,american virgin lured into the clutches of a diabolical ,mormon patriarch2 and here is the story made real--the victim being the associated school-marms of ,america4 ,the delegates arrived1 and were welcomed by the entire hierarchy--the ,mormon governor1 the ,mormon mayor1 the ,mormon bishops1 the presidents and professors of the ,mormon colleges and universities1 and the two ,united ,states senators from the ,sugar ,trust4 ,you may imagine the effect upon the ,salt ,lake ,city school teachers of this array of religious and financial power2 but even so1 it was not enough6 ,church and ,state and ,big ,business combined could not prevail against a few simple facts put before the teachers of the city6 ,at the very outset of the convention there was a meeting of classroom teachers1 with ,margaret ,haley and ,ethel ,gardner and the rest on hand1 and ,mr4 ,magill1 field secretary of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 was so indiscreet as to come upon the platform and face the questions of these teachers4 ,at the end of the session the gang could not muster three votes among those present2 rebellion was spreading1 and the great educators were frantic4 ,that night hundreds of telegrams were sent out all over the state of ,utah4 ,superintendents and principals of schools summoned their teachers to ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,it was ,j4 ,fred ,anderson1 president of the ,utah ,educational ,association1 who knew these teachers2 and we have seen in our story of ,oakland how ,superintendent ,hunter presented to him a high salaried position in the ,oakland schools4 ,hunter was here1 hard at work1 and received his reward by being elected president at this convention4 ,the master of ceremonies of course was ,howard ,driggs1 who was on his home ground1 and had guaranteed to put the job through4 ,with the help of the ,mormon hierarchy1 both religious and educational1 he got the teachers of ,utah into a caucus on the night preceding the business meeting of the convention4 ,these teachers were told nothing whatever about the significance of the issue2 they were merely told how to vote4 ,the radicals1 of course1 got wind of this meeting1 and came to it1 but some of them were excluded1 and the stenographer they had brought was ordered to leave4 ,a motion was made that none should be granted the floor except ,utah state teachers1 or those who might be invited by them4 ,once during the proceedings a man ventured to ask if they might not hear the other side and know what were the objections to this plan4 ,chairman ,j4 ,fred ,anderson glowered at the assembly1 and roared3 8,if there is anyone from the state of ,utah who objects to this plan1 we'll listen to him60 ,an important part of the plot was a series of amendments to the by-laws1 providing for great numbers of 8ex officio delegates0 to ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 conventions4 ,all the officers and all past presidents were to be such delegates1 likewise all state superintendents1 and all ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 directors in each state--every such personage was to have a vote1 and every such vote was to be equivalent to the vote of from one hundred to five hundred classroom teachers6 ,naturally1 some one asked for an explanation1 and so was born the classic jest of the ,american school world4 ,you might be puzzled to understand why a superintendent of schools should be referred to as an 8oil-dome02 but ,professor ,howard ,driggs explained the symbolism to the ,utah teachers4 ,when you saw a train of oil-cars on the railroad track1 you noted that these cars had little domes on top4 ,the reason was that on curves the oil would acquire momentum which would throw the cars off the track1 but these domes served to change the direction of the momentum and so prevented an accident4 ,and the 8oil-domes0 of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 machine were the superintendents6 ,if ,i thought you could possibly do it1 ,i would ask you to imagine the mentality of a country school-marm from the far-off mountains and deserts of ,utah1 brought up to a devout belief in the golden tablets of ,joseph ,smith4 ,suffice it to say1 that at this group meeting the ,mormon ladies listened patiently1 and not a single classroom teacher opened her mouth4 ,mr4 ,magill gave them printed statements containing the arguments of the gang1 adding that of course they would vote as they saw fit4 ,but the ,mormon managers were not satisfied with such a careless formula1 and one of them got up and pointed out that it was sometimes a difficult matter to follow the technicalities of business meetings1 and the ,utah teachers ought to take precautions to keep from getting lost in the parliamentary labyrinths4 ,these managers knew they had to come out on the floor of the convention next day1 and face ,margaret ,haley and ,ethel ,gardner and the rest of the 8,bolsheviks02 so they had reason to be nervous6 ,it was arranged that the ,utah teachers should sit together in a group1 and in their voting they should follow the example of a leader1 saying 8aye0 when he said 8aye10 and 8nay0 when he said 8nay40 ,and who was that leader to be8 ,whom would you guess but ,howard ,driggs1 professor of ,english at the ,university of ,utah1 author of 8,live ,language ,lessons10 vice-president of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 and president of the ,utah ,educational ,association8 ,and lest perchance these teachers from the mountains and deserts of ,utah might never have seen the great ,mormon professor1 the professor was invited to stand up and display his impressive presence to the assemblage4 ,it was furthermore ordered that the ,utah teachers were to be on hand in their ,mormon ,tabernacle half an hour in advance of the opening of the business session4 ,immediately after this meeting there was a secret session in the room of ,president ,pearse of ,milwaukee1 at the ,utah ,hotel4 ,at this meeting the gang leaders staged a full-dress rehearsal of the proceedings4 ,they had someone to play the part of ,margaret ,haley1 and to make all the motions and objections which they expected her to make2 they worked out the method of foiling her1 with each one's duty assigned1 each part learned and recited4 ,this secret meeting lasted until one o'clock in the morning1 and goes down into educational history as 8the midnight rehearsal40 ,,chapter ,,liii ,,the ,,funeral ,,of ,,democracy ,the business meeting of the ,national ,education ,association was called for #h3cj on ,friday morning1 and the program stated that there would be a paper read and singing before the transaction of business2 but the moment the meeting opened1 they made a motion to dispense with the paper and the singing4 ,thus they rushed through a good part of their program with very little opposition4 ,when ,margaret ,haley and ,ethel ,gardner entered the hall the assemblage was voting on the by-laws1 article by article1 and adopting them with vigorous roars from the rehearsed ,utah teachers4 ,in the uproar it was impossible to tell just what was being voted on4 ,the presiding officer at this convention was ,superintendent ,josephine ,c4 ,preston1 whom we saw working hard for the ,black ,hand in ,seattle1 and whom we were asked particularly to remember4 ,the report of the ,executive ,committee was presented by ,professor ,strayer of ,columbia1 first vice-president1 who explained the act of ,congress permitting the reorganization4 ,this report having been adopted by a thunderous 8aye0 from the rehearsed ,utah teachers1 ,professor ,vice-president ,strayer seated himself at the right hand of ,superintendent ,president ,preston1 and was seen to whisper into her ear at every stage of the future proceedings4 ,no one can say what he whispered1 but there were some who suspected that he was telling her what to do next4 ,professor ,vice-president ,driggs now arose1 and had the good fortune to catch the eye of ,superintendent ,president ,preston--or possibly the eye of ,professor ,vice-president ,strayer4 ,he was recognized1 and proceeded to bring up the resolution of which he had so innocently given notice at ,milwaukee1 providing that it should not be necessary to give a year's consideration to a by-law amendment4 ,now the classroom teachers' delegates were certain that no notice had been given1 the assembly had had no warning of this revolutionary proposition4 ,they sought to explain matters1 but for some strange reason ,chairman ,preston1 or possibly ,professor ,strayer1 was unable to see any of them1 and they could not get the floor4 ,professor ,driggs insisted that the notice appeared in due form in the minutes of the ,milwaukee meeting1 therefore his motion was in order4 ,the motion was put1 and was carried by a thunderous 8aye0 from ,professor ,driggs and his rehearsed ,utah teachers4 ,then at once it appeared what was the purpose for which the innocent ,mormon professor had introduced this resolution without knowing what was in it4 ,the purpose was that the ,salt ,lake convention might adopt the new 8,section #ab0 of the charter1 without waiting a year to give the membership a chance to find out what it was all about6 ,immediately the motion to adopt this section was made by ,superintendent ,life-director ,hunter of ,oakland--,i hope ,i don't bore you with these 8titles10 for you ought to see just who these gang-leaders are1 and just how they put the job over4 ,ex-,superintendent ,field ,secretary ,magill explained the proposition to fill the representative assembly with supervising delegates--life directors1 state superintendents1 state directors1 and officers4 ,superintendent ,newton of ,denver strongly supported the proposition1 and a ,new ,york teacher opposed it4 ,a rehearsed ,utah teacher took the side of the gang1 as did also the president of a state normal school in ,michigan1 ,superintendent ,dorsey of ,los ,angeles1 and ,superintendent ,gwinn of ,san ,francisco4 ,the chairman ruled ,margaret ,haley out of order2 the chairman instantly ruled out of order everyone who tried to refer to the rehearsing of the ,utah teachers1 or to the packing of the convention4 ,there were shouts of 8,question6 ,question60--and the amendment was adopted by a thunderous 8aye0 from the rehearsed ,utah teachers4 ,the vote was declared unanimous--for the reason that the steam-roller was rolling so furiously that the opposition teachers could not find out what was being voted on6 ,an unforeseen emergency now arose--the tactics of the gang were so crude that an ex-superintendent of schools of ,salt ,lake ,city became troubled in his conscience1 and actually had the temerity to propose that this coup d'etat should be submitted to a referendum vote of the membership of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a46 ,ex-,superintendent ,field ,secretary ,magill hastened to explain that under the resolution just adopted this procedure would be utterly illegal4 ,in other words1 the charter obtained from ,congress had been 8loaded0 so as to make this very thing impossible2 and the gang was 8loaded0 with legal opinions to prove that it had so arranged matters6 ,mr4 ,magill's argument was supported by ,principal ,trustee ,president-to-be ,olive ,jones of ,new ,york1 ,state ,superintendent ,wood of ,california1 ,superintendent ,hunter's ,principal ,j4 ,fred ,anderson of ,utah1 and ,professor ,vice-president ,driggs of ,utah4 ,the published minutes of this business meeting condescend to tell us that ,margaret ,haley of ,illinois spoke--but they don't tell us on which side she spoke1 nor do they tell us how the chairman shut her off6 ,they merely record that 8the proposed amendment was laid on the table0--of course by the vote of the rehearsed ,utah teachers4 ,and note this curious detail3 among the new by-laws rolled through by this steam-roller was one providing for amendments to the by-laws by a two-thirds vote after a year's notice given in writing2 in other words1 the very same provision which had been done away with1 less than an hour ago1 by the motion of ,professor ,vice-president ,driggs6 ,the system of checks and balances1 which had just been destroyed1 was magically restored6 ,humpty-dumpty1 having been knocked off the wall1 was put together again6 ,to choose a more accurate simile--the farmer1 having let down the bars while he got his pig into the pen1 now put the bars up again1 to keep the pig inside forever after6 ,piled on top of that came an even wilder flight of humor6 ,margaret ,haley moved that ,congress be asked to amend the charter and abolish the life-directors2 whereupon ex-,superintendent ,field ,secretary ,magill explained that ,congress would never again pass another special charter--this trick was positively the last that could ever be played in ,america6 ,miss ,haley's motion was tabled by a shout of the rehearsed ,utah teachers2 and the convention proceeded to elect ,superintendent ,life-director ,hunter of ,oakland its new president1 and to hear his fervid speech in celebration of 8democracy06 ,it is interesting to note that the minutes of this meeting were withheld from the membership of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 for eleven months1 and were finally published in very inadequate and doctored form4 ,margaret ,haley had arranged with a stenographic agency to obtain a transcript of the proceedings1 but after the show was over she discovered that she had been cheated out of this transcript4 ,the agency would not be permitted to furnish a transcript until it had been 8edited40 ,you see1 the gang had also ordered a transcript from this same concern6 ,i obtained a copy of this 8edited0 transcript1 and have checked every statement in this chapter4 ,in case you find my account incredible1 ,i suggest that you consult in your public library the 8,journal of ,education10 ,boston1 ,august #ai1 #aibj1 in which an eye-witness tells the story with amiable mockery4 ,that ,american school teachers should have had their own organization stolen away from them seems to ,editor ,winship just the most delightful joke in the world4 ,such a comical spectacle--a great convention1 lasting for six days1 with several thousand people devoting all their labors to keeping one little woman from getting the floor6,k ----- ,footnote ,k3 ,just to make the thing real to you1 ,i give you one glimpse of the steam-roller1 taken from the transcript as furnished by the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 secretary4 ,the assembly is here voting on ,section #i1 which provides for the packing of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 with a hundred and fifty-one ex-officio delegates1 state superintendents1 state directors1 life directors1 and miscellaneous officers4 ,it has been moved to amend this section by striking out the ex-officio members2 but in the uproar it is impossible for the opposition to know what is being voted on4 ,the amendment is voted down1 ,section #i is jammed through1 and ,margaret ,haley is refused the right to ask a question4 ,field secretary ,magill starts to go on to ,section #aj2 but the protest against this becomes so vehement that the gang sees it has to give way1 and ,professor ,driggs blandly rises and pleads for fair play--delicious irony6 ,so ,margaret ,haley receives an opportunity to be informed by the chairman that the measure she has been trying to oppose has already been carried6 ,the text follows3 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,are you ready for the question8 7,cries of question1 question47 ,a ,,delegate3 ,i rise to a question of personal privilege4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,what is your question of personal privilege8 ,a ,,delegate3 ,there has been some imputation cast upon the teachers of ,salt ,lake and ,utah as to the packing of this convention4 7,cries of out of order1 out of order47 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,you are out of order4 7,cries of question1 question47 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,we will now vote on the amendment4 ,all of those in favor of the amendment say aye4 ,all those opposed say no4 ,the amendment is lost4 ,a ,,delegate3 ,question on the original motion4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,the question is now on the original motion4 ,are you ready8 7,cries of question1 question47 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,all those in favor signify by saying aye4 ,those opposed4 ,unanimously carried4 ,a ,,lady ,,delegate3 ,a question of information---- ,,the ,,chairman3 ,the motion is unanimously carried4 ,,miss ,,margaret ,,haley 7,chicago73 ,we couldn't hear what you were voting on4 ,a ,,delegate3 ,madam ,chairman1 ,i think at this point it would be well to listen to the lady's question4 ,she rose and asked for information before that vote was put4 ,because of the inability of the chairman to hear her it was passed4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,out of order4 ,a ,,delegate3 ,she just asked a question1 that is all4 ,a ,,delegate3 ,is it possible we cannot present a question in this assembly8 ,,mr4 ,,magill3 ,section #aj---- ,a ,,delegate3 ,madam ,chairman1 ,madam ,chairman1 ,i rise to a point of order4 ,is it possible we cannot hear a question in this assembly8 ,a ,,delegate3 ,no1 it is not possible4 ,a ,,delegate3 ,that lady wants to hear a question4 ,i would like to know what it is4 7,applause47 ,,mr4 ,,driggs 7,utah73 ,i appeal from the decision of the chair on a point of order4 ,salt ,lake is going to stand for a square deal4 ,we want the lady's question4 7,applause47 ,a ,,delegate3 ,come to the platform4 ,,miss ,,margaret ,,haley 7,chicago73 ,it is not necessary for me to go to the platform4 ,i wished to ask the question before the vote is taken4 ,it was impossible for us to hear what was being done and ,i didn't know the question that was being voted on4 ,i ask for information as to what the motion was4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,the amendment was voted down and the motion was carried1 ,miss ,haley4 ,we presented to everyone that came1 when the business opened1 a copy2 we want it in the hands of every active member and ,i so announced exactly what we were doing4 ,,miss ,,haley 7,chicago73 ,that is not the question ,i asked4 ,i asked what was the motion that we were voting on4 ,we didn't hear it when it was stated4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,we were voting on section #i then3 we were voting on the amendment to section #i4 ----- ,,chapter ,,liv ,,the ,,fruits ,,of ,,the ,,sowing ,so now our ,national ,education ,association is what the gang wants it to be4 ,let us see exactly what that is4 ,the next convention was held at ,des ,moines in #aiba1 and here were the first fruits of the sowing4 ,i have before me a tabulation of the delegates to the ,des ,moines convention1 classified according to their occupations4 ,statistics make tiresome reading1 but in this case the statistics are the heart of the argument1 so ,i beg you to consider these figures carefully4 ,there were present at this convention a total of #eec delegates having votes2 among them were3 state superintendents1 #cc2 county superintendents1 #ba2 city superintendents1 #ajd2 presidents of colleges and normal schools1 #bh2 principals of high schools1 #cd2 principals of elementary schools1 #ed2 supervisors1 #bc4 ,that makes a total of #big delegates belonging to the employing class--#big out of #eec1 a comfortable majority4 ,but note further3 the tabulation includes #ad miscellaneous1 #df not classified1 #f editors of educational journals1 and #b agents of book companies2 if we set these to one side1 we find that the #big members of the supervising force were figured upon a total of #dhe delegates4 ,and now1 to balance this1 consider the representation of the teachers3 special teachers1 #h2 teachers in colleges and normal schools1 #cd2 teachers in high schools1 #fe2 and teachers in elementary schools1 #ha4 ,that makes a total of #ahh teachers1 including college professors2 and this to be balanced against #big members of the supervising force6 ,in our schools the teachers outnumber the supervising force by ten or fifteen to one2 but in this national body1 as between the two groups1 they have thirty-nine per cent1 while the supervising force has sixty-one4 ,such is 8democracy0 in the great educational organization of the school world6 ,at the close of the #aibc convention1 held in ,oakland1 it happened that ,i was in the locality1 and said something to a newspaper reporter about our school ,tammany ,hall4 ,some of the gang leaders made indignant reply2 and ,i received a letter from ,mr4 ,joy ,e4 ,morgan1 editor of the official 8,journal of the ,national ,education ,association10 who said that ,i was misinformed concerning the organization1 and asked me to have lunch with him4 ,i am shy about breaking bread with the enemy1 but ,i am always glad to talk with him1 because he never fails to give me better ammunition than ,i could otherwise get4 ,so ,i went to call on ,mr4 ,morgan after lunch1 and we had a pleasant chat of an hour or so4 ,he is a young man1 and friends assure me that he is well meaning but uninformed4 ,i will pass no judgment1 but my story will make clear his amazing ignorance1 not merely concerning his own organization1 but even concerning his own paper4 ,mr4 ,morgan started off with the ancient formula that the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 is 8democratic02 all the teachers of the ,united ,states were welcome--in fact1 they were implored to join their professional organization4 ,i asked ,mr4 ,morgan about this matter of having honorary members who were ex-officio delegates and endowed with votes4 ,here was a representative body1 purporting to be democratic1 but which started out with #bc life directors and a long list of ex-officio delegates1 the president1 the treasurer1 the #ab vice-presidents1 the #e members of the executive committee1 #eb state directors1 #eb state superintendents of public instruction--and1 to cap the climax1 all the past presidents1 a new one added every year6 ,the total of these ex-officio delegates was #aea1 and out of this total just three were classroom teachers6 ,that constituted a handicap against the teachers of #ade votes2 and since it took #ajj classroom teachers to elect one delegate1 and in big cities five hundred teachers1 it took somewhere between #ad1ejj and #gb1ejj teachers to overcome the handicap against them in every ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 convention6 ,was that what ,mr4 ,morgan understood by 8democracy08 ,the young editor did not use the phrase1 8oil-domes10 but he did assure me that the interests of superintendents and teachers were not opposed1 and that the teachers of the country1 many of them1 elected their superintendents to represent them2 moreover1 there were great numbers of teachers who were delegates--probably a majority of the convention1 ,mr4 ,morgan actually said that2 and then ,i handed him the tabulation of the ,des ,moines convention1 which showed #ahh teachers1 as against #big members of the supervising force4 ,he studied it1 and was obviously embarrassed4 8,i don't know just what to say10 he replied4 8,i hardly think it can be accurate4 ,the tabulation must have been made by some interested party40 ,now the tabulation had been given to me by ,frances ,harden1 who is in ,margaret ,haley's office1 and ,i could not deny that ,miss ,harden was 8interested0 in the problems of ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 representation4 ,i said to ,mr4 ,morgan3 8,i will investigate and find out just how that tabulation was prepared40 8,it looks to me absurd on the face of it10 continued the young editor1 8because you see it gives two #8agents of book companies1' and that is preposterous4 ,no agent of a book company could be a delegate to the ,n4 ,e4 ,a40 8,i will look into that10 ,i promised2 and we chatted for a while about other aspects of the class struggle in education4 ,mr4 ,morgan gave me a file of his publication for the past year1 in order that ,i might see what excellent material they were using2 then ,i took my departure1 and sought out ,miss ,harden and her bunch of 8,bolsheviks10 who had come on to attend this ,oakland convention4 ,we had dinner in a little 8dago0 restaurant1 and ,i told them of ,mr4 ,morgan's objection1 and it would have done you good to hear ,miss ,harden laugh4 8,why10 she said1 8that tabulation was made from the official list in his own paper1 the ,journal of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a42 and ,mr4 ,morgan was managing editor at the time the list was published6 ,when ,i get back to ,chicago ,i'll send you a copy of that issue2 they listed all the delegates at the ,des ,moines convention1 giving the occupation of each1 and all ,i had to do was to go through the list and check the number of superintendents1 the number of principals1 and so on4 ,we made the tabulation and published it1 and it's interesting to notice that next year the list of delegates as published in the ,journal no longer states the occupations of the delegates1 but merely the organizations they represent4 ,you may take it from me1 it will be many a long year before the ,journal again makes the blunder of revealing the make-up of one of its annual conventions60 8,what about the matter of the book company agent80 ,i asked2 and ,miss ,harden and her 8,bolshevik0 friends laughed more merrily than ever4 8,why1 one of those two agents is ,major ,clancy1 and ,mr4 ,morgan knows him as well as he knows anybody at the convention4 ,he's here at ,oakland--one of the first sights that is pointed out to a new delegate4 ,he's a kind of unofficial host to all of us40 8,but is he here as a book company agent80 ,i asked1 in bewilderment4 8,why1 of course10 said the teachers2 and ,miss ,ethel ,gardner explained that he had got up some kind of club or association of the agents in his locality1 and got himself named as their representative4 ,in case you should find all this as incredible as ,i found it1 let me add that ,miss ,harden faithfully carried out her promise2 when she got back to ,chicago she sent me two issues of the 8,journal of the ,national ,education ,association40 ,the first is the issue for ,december1 #aiba1 and ,i note the name of ,joy ,elmer ,morgan1 managing editor4 ,beginning at page #aii1 and continuing to page #bje1 ,i find a list headed1 8,the ,first ,representative ,assembly2 delegates who attended the #eith annual meeting of the ,national ,educational ,association in ,des ,moines1 ,july #e-h1 #aiba40 ,there ,i find the delegates by state1 with the occupation of each one given2 on page #bjc ,i find 8,robertson1 ,w4 ,w41 agent for ,charles ,e4 ,merrill ,co41 #ai ,west ,main ,st41 ,oklahoma ,city40 ,and on page #bjb the name 8,clancy1 ,major ,a4 ,w41 #ejb ,globe ,building1 ,minneapolis40 ,the second issue of the ,journal is that for ,september1 #aibb1 and again ,i find ,joy ,elmer ,morgan1 managing editor4 ,from pages #bia to #bih ,i find the list of the second representative assembly1 with the occupations of the delegates not given4 ,on page #bie ,i find as follows3 8,clancy1 ,a4 ,w41 ,bookmen's ,department of ,minnesota1 #beaf ,humboldt ,avenue1 ,south1 ,minneapolis40 ,and then1 as ,i complete this manuscript1 the ,journal of ,october1 #aibc1 appears1 and gives the list for the third representative assembly1 at ,oakland1 ,california--and again the occupations are not given1 and again ,major ,clancy is given6 ,yes1 you may count upon ,major ,clancy to attend all ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 conventions6 ,turn back to our ,minneapolis chapters1 and read about this one-armed old veteran of the threshing machine4 ,and come to ,oakland1 and see him in the luxurious parlors of the ,oakland ,hotel2 come to ,san ,francisco and see him in the parlors of the ,fairmont4 ,he is the lord of motor cars and of boat-rides2 never does he sit down at table except it is crowded with guests4 ,the editor of the 8,journal of ,education0--not the official ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,journal1 but an independent weekly1 published in ,boston--portrays this aspect of the ,salt ,lake convention of #aibj in a playful paragraph4 ,says the witty editor ,winship3 8,no one in the association at summer and winter meetings1 has in fifty years had as many men and women to as many feasts as has ,major ,clancy40 ,perhaps all this hospitality is poured out from the ,major's own generous heart2 perhaps again1 it is his employers1 the book companies1 who fill the cornucopia4 ,however it may be1 the major is the idol of the schoolmarms2 he chats with them jovially in the lobbies1 and now and then you see him jump up and run across the floor--some superintendent has entered1 and he must shake the hand of all superintendents4 ,presently you see him button-holing one of the great leaders of the gang1 and there is a whispered conversation2 it is by these little chats in lobbies that we get our business done--the gentlemen's agreements whereby votes and influence are traded for contracts involving your money and mine4 ,a teacher friend of mine traveled all the way from the ,east to attend the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 convention of #aibc at ,oakland2 on the day before the opening of the convention she visited the ,fairmont ,hotel in ,san ,francisco1 where in the lobby she observed ,major ,clancy in conversation with ,principal ,olive ,jones of ,new ,york4 ,this conference lasted for a couple of hours1 and other members of the gang took part in it from time to time4 ,my friend wondered what it was about2 she never found out1 but she noted that before the convention came to a close1 ,principal ,olive ,jones of ,new ,york was chosen as the new president of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,the ,major had had advance information1 you may be sure2 and likewise the rest of the gang had had it4 ,in fact1 this #aibc convention had been held in ,oakland1 because it was the bailiwick of ,hunter1 and he and ,strayer had promised the honor to ,miss ,jones when they asked her influence at ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,this promise had been for #aiba1 but the gang had fallen to quarreling among themselves--,owen of ,chicago had broken with ,strayer1 and ,miss ,williams had got the prize in #aiba1 and ,owen had grabbed it for himself at ,boston in #aibb4 ,you see what the inside ring is giving its time to1 and why the great national organization of the school world is an object of contempt to every educator who has a truly professional ideal4 ,,chapter ,,lv ,,teachers ,,to ,,the ,,rear ,the ,national ,education ,association now stands complete1 according to the design of its architects4 ,it is a political machine1 maintained by ,big ,business to do a certain job in the interest of ,big ,business4 ,and just as in any other great factory1 the workers are deprived of all power1 but are cajoled into thinking themselves free citizens4 ,at the annual conventions you will hear floods of oratory in praise of democracy1 while every precaution is taken to keep the rank and file from having any say whatever about their own affairs4 ,all the power is in the hands of one little group2 they put themselves in the key positions--each one on six or eight committees4 ,they make the plans1 and when the time comes they jam them through4 ,the classroom teachers form a large group at each convention1 but they are helpless4 ,they are outside the circle1 a floating group1 untaught1 untrained1 without a background or policy4 ,at ,salt ,lake ,city ,miss ,harden attended a meeting of seventy-five of them1 and she asked how many of them had ever come to a previous ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 convention1 and found that only eight or ten had had this experience4 ,what do such delegates know about the machine and its tricks8 ,what chance do they stand against the gang8 ,miss ,flora ,menzel of ,milwaukee came in #aibc1 with instructions to recommend certain policies on behalf of her group4 ,she was put on the 8credentials committee10 and wandered about the corridors of the ,oakland ,hotel trying to find out where this committee met4 ,the meeting was set for a certain hour2 she succeeded in finding the place1 fifteen minutes late1 and there was no one in the room4 ,subsequently she ascertained that the 8credentials committee0 had already met1 named a sub-committee of the gang1 and adjourned in fifteen minutes6 ,and that is only one of many devices whereby classroom teachers known to be loyal to their own groups are shunted to one side4 ,in #aiba1 at ,des ,moines1 they appointed a committee on the revision of elementary education1 and they made it up of college presidents and professors1 state superintendents1 the ,united ,states ,commissioner of ,education--and one elementary teacher4 ,they were going to determine the policy of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 toward the most important of all subjects connected with the schools1 and they put on this committee just one person who was having actual experience with children6 ,for more than twenty years ,margaret ,haley has been fighting in the interest of the teachers for action on salaries1 tenure and pensions4 ,it took ten years to get them to adopt resolutions on the question1 and ten years more to get them to do anything4 ,i have told about the ,atlantic ,city mid-winter convention of #aiah1 at which the ,department of ,superintendence planned the ,salt ,lake ,city swindle1 and how ,miss ,frances ,harden was there1 having paid her own substitute4 ,she was representing ,margaret ,haley1 who had been put on the committee for salaries1 tenure and pensions4 ,the chairman of the committee was ,president ,joseph ,swain of ,swarthmore ,college1 past president of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,president ,swain got up and made a momentous announcement3 two young men from the ,carnegie ,foundation for the ,advancement of ,teaching had been giving him invaluable assistance on this pension question4 ,the two young men were present1 and thus introduced they practically ran the committee throughout the sessions4 ,they had a 8model teachers' pension bill10 and they asked the endorsement of the ,department of ,superintendence1 after which they proposed to take the bill to each of the states1 and get the endorsement of the state educational machines1 and then force it through the legislature4 ,perhaps you may wonder why the ,carnegie ,foundation should be proposing to take charge of teachers' pension money4 ,well1 if you will turn to 8,the ,goose-step10 pages #djh-i1 you will find how this institution1 with an endowment of some seventeen million dollars1 has taken the pension money of the college professors of the ,united ,states and made it into a club to be held over the heads of professors1 compelling them to obey the orders of presidents and trustees4 ,if you will read ,professor ,cattell's book1 8,carnegie ,pensions10 published in #aiai1 you will be informed about the wonderful insurance corporation1 devised by this ,carnegie crowd1 and run by ,elihu ,root and ,nicholas ,murray ,butler2 the scheme was submitted by 8,school and ,society0 for the consideration of a great number of college professors1 and was voted down by #fcf to #ac4 ,and now here are these ,carnegie specialists in autocracy1 setting the very same trap for the seven hundred thousand school teachers of the ,united ,states6 ,their device is known as the 8standard pension plan02 it provides a graded pension1 and needless to say the sums are very low1 while the age limit is very high1 from sixty to sixty-five years1 and the term of service required is long1 from thirty to forty years4 ,needless to say1 also1 the women are treated as inferior animals2 their heirs have no pensions1 while the heirs of men teachers do have pensions2 moreover1 the women contribute at a higher rate than the men4 ,get clear this essential point1 that all this pension money is teachers' money2 a certain amount is deducted each month from the salaries of every teacher1 and it is of this money that the pension is composed4 ,and1 of course1 the feature that really counts is the control of the money2 you may be sure that under the capitalist system no plan of any sort would be 8standard10 that did not provide for the control of the money by those whom ,god has created for the purpose of controlling money4 ,the essence of this 8standard pension plan0 is that the teachers have no control over their own pension funds2 in all cases this control is in the hands of politicians who serve on the pension board ex officio--the state superintendent1 the comptroller1 the attorney general1 and other leaders of the gang4 ,it was decided that this ,carnegie pension plan should be taken to the state of ,vermont and there tried out2 and at the summer convention at ,pittsburgh the new ,carnegie experts appeared again1 and their proposition was jammed through1 in spite of the protests of ,margaret ,haley4 ,you see1 ,margaret ,haley wanted the teachers to have the control of their own money1 so the gang evolved one of their clever schemes--they divided the 8committee on salaries1 tenure and pensions0 into three separate committees1 and they put ,margaret ,haley on the salary committee1 which had already acted6 ,also1 they put in a by-law1 providing that these three committees should serve for one year only1 and should then be reappointed4 ,this would give them the chance to drop any 8kickers02 and sure enough1 the next year they dropped ,margaret ,haley6 ,but they couldn't drop her from ,chicago4 ,the teachers there have power of their own1 and they have just got the legislature to adopt the 8,chicago teachers' pension plan40 ,under this plan the teacher gets a pension after having taught for twenty-five years in the ,united ,states1 fifteen years of which must be in ,chicago4 ,women are recognized as human beings1 getting equal treatment with men4 ,but the all-important point is this3 the pension funds are under the control of a committee of nine1 three of them being members of the board of education1 and the other six being teachers elected by teachers4 ,this is the only pension fund in the ,united ,states which is under the democratic control of those who put up the money2 and it is hereby suggested that every teacher in the ,united ,states should set to work to make that ,chicago law the 8standard0 pension law of the ,united ,states4 ,next1 let us consider the attitude of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 on the equally important question of teachers' tenure4 ,is a teacher a civil servant1 with some permanence and security2 or is a teacher a wage-slave1 who may be 8fired0 without notice and without excuse8 ,at ,salt ,lake ,city the committee on tenure handed in a report and a resolution4 ,all the resolutions appeared in printed form--but that on tenure was left out4 ,margaret ,haley fought for a whole day to get the floor1 and finally one superintendent who had a sense of decency insisted that she should be heard1 and she asked about this resolution4 ,the chairman asked the secretary what had become of it1 the secretary asked somebody else1 and so they 8passed the buck40 ,the resolution had been mysteriously 8lost10 and nobody knew what had become of it4 ,at ,boston1 in #aibb1 they passed a resolution to work for tenure in every state1 but they have not done it in a single state4 ,they don't want to be bothered with the teachers1 they want the teachers to obey orders and teach4 ,miss ,ethel ,gardner told me of her experience at ,salt ,lake ,city1 where she happened to be the only classroom teacher present at a conference of administrators4 ,they told how they had been trying to improve their teachers by holding meetings every ,saturday morning and talking to these teachers4 ,but the stubborn teachers persisted in not improving1 and even showed resentment at having their ,saturday mornings taken in that way4 ,the superintendents discussed the question whether the teachers might not become more docile if the school board would pay them for attending these ,saturday morning improvement meetings4 ,finally some one asked ,miss ,gardner what she thought about it1 and she asked if it had ever occurred to them to let the teachers talk at these teachers' meetings4 ,it was as if ,miss ,gardner had thrown a bomb into their midst4 ,not one of them had ever thought of such an idea6 ,she went on to tell what the ,milwaukee ,teachers' ,association was doing for the improvement of teaching1 and when she got through they thanked her quite earnestly for having made an entirely original contribution to their conference3 ,these were unusually polite superintendents4 ,as a rule1 they resent such interference1 and take any suggestion from a teacher as an affront to their dignity4 ,margaret ,haley is one of the most charming of women1 a delightful companion1 and on the floor of a convention the very soul of wit and good fellowship2 but to the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 bosses she is a fiend in petticoats4 ,they regularly ignore all her resolutions2 and when she gets the teachers stirred up1 and some action becomes necessary1 they take her resolutions and write them over and present them as a contribution of their own4 ,at the same time they diligently circulate slanders about her2 she has been paid ten thousand dollars to deliver the ,department of ,classroom ,teachers over to the ,american ,federation of ,labor2 she received a salary of ten thousand dollars a year from the ,chicago ,teachers' ,federation4 ,such falsehoods as this are circulated and believed by most of the delegates at the convention--the facts being that ,miss ,haley gets the salary of a teacher from her own organization1 and her organization is not affiliated with the ,american ,federation of ,labor4 ,at the same time the gang1 like all other political gangs1 is not too scrupulous about its own personnel4 ,it carried for years one life director while he was in ,joliet prison for appropriating public funds4 ,it did not hesitate to make use of a man who1 while secretary of a state teachers' association1 charged the association for plumbing work done on his home1 and then it was found that the plumber hadn't got the money--the secretary had kept it for himself6 ,and of course the gang leaders are all tied up with the book graft and with other ,big ,business in their own localities4 ,the book agents swarm to the conventions1 and they have their candidates1 and if these candidates do not win1 it is because some other book agent has been more active4 ,at the last mid-winter convention of the ,department of ,superintendence1 a prominent candidate for president was the school superintendent of ,milwaukee1 and ,major ,clancy boasted to a friend of mine that this great educator would surely win4 ,he was favored by the ,american ,book ,company4 ,major ,clancy is getting old1 and somebody fooled him2 the successful candidate came from the city where ,ginn ,company has its headquarters6 ,the first aim of the prudent school superintendent is to stand in with the 8bookmen10 as they call themselves4 ,for1 whenever there is a vacancy in a desirable place1 the book companies are the first to learn of it1 and they know their own4 ,so the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 is honeycombed with book intrigue and graft--especially the ,department of ,superintendence1 the part which really counts4 ,i shall tell you bye and bye of an especially crooked five year book 8adoption0 in the state of ,indiana4 ,immediately after that event1 it was noticed that a practically unknown superintendent from ,indianapolis became president of the ,department of ,superintendence4 ,that caused a scandal1 and efforts were made to break the book companies' hold2 it is like the efforts to drive the railroads out of state politics4 ,at the last meeting of the ,department of ,superintendence it was announced that no 8bookmen0 were to have rooms in the ,cleveland ,hotel1 where the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 had its headquarters2 but ,i am told by a gentleman who was present that the ,american ,book ,company had all the rooms it wanted4 ,this same gentleman tells me that he was present at a convention in ,milwaukee1 some years ago1 when it was discovered that the ,american ,book ,company had taken the entire second floor of the hotel in which the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 had settled2 ,cooley of ,chicago1 who happened to be president that year1 moved his headquarters to another hotel4 ,many of the big chiefs of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 draw royalties from text-books4 ,strayer of ,columbia edits a whole series of 8teachers' professional books0 for the ,american ,book ,company2 also1 it features one of his educational books4 ,then there are the elaborate systems of record cards which he edits2 these are advertised and exhibited at every meeting of the ,department of ,superintendence4 ,also there are fees for surveying city school systems1 and recommending buildings4 ,i am told by one who knows ,strayer that he is eager for money2 and this is a part of his ,columbia heritage--you may recall the three hundred thousand dollar residence1 built out of trust funds for 8,nicholas ,miraculous40 ,sometimes a great expert is summoned to survey a school system1 and he tells the city that it needs many new buildings4 ,also he names the architects who know how to put up just the sort of buildings which he recommends4 ,the architects get six per cent for their work1 and pay the expert one-twelfth of that4 ,a modern city thinks nothing of spending a million dollars for a new high school1 so the expert's rake-off will be five thousand dollars4 ,,chapter ,,lvi ,,bread ,,and ,,circuses ,we have followed closely the business and politics of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 conventions2 let us now consider them in their educational and social aspects4 ,they are imposing assemblages1 and of course loom colossal to the cities in which they occur4 ,to have thirty or forty thousand visitors spend a week in the city inspires the local merchants with a deep respect for culture1 and the local boosters get busy to show the school-marms a good time4 ,the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 politicians naturally make this a condition in the placing of the convention2 they want to have the delegates occupied with scenery and entertainments1 so as to distract their minds from political controversies4 ,this wisdom has come down to us from the ,roman ,empire2 then it was bread and circuses1 now it is boat-rides1 auto-rides1 luncheons1 and telephone calls4 ,i have before me a page from the 8,chicago ,schools ,journal0 for ,june1 #aibb1 giving the official announcement of the ,boston ,chamber of ,commerce regarding the convention of that year4 ,there are thirty-five affiliated societies to hold meetings1 and halls have been engaged for all4 ,the leading business men have organized a committee to prepare receptions1 the head of it being a former secretary of the ,chamber of ,commerce4 ,excursions have been planned upon a vast scale2 the railroads are co-operating1 likewise the hotels and tourist bureaus2 we note the interesting detail that 8,one of the book companies has compiled an exhaustive literary history of ,greater ,boston and will publish it in compliment to the convention4 ,a copy of this history will be given to every teacher who registers40 ,also we note that two hundred guests are coming from ,memphis1 ,tennessee1 in honor of ,president ,charl ,o4 ,williams1 who is on a year's leave of absence to enable her to uplift the educational associations of each of the states1 as well as sectional meetings--price one hundred dollars per lift4 ,other notables are coming1 ,general ,pershing1 ,vice-president ,coolidge1 ,secretary of ,state ,hughes2 ,president ,harding has promised to attend if possible4 ,most significant of all1 there will be 8a patriotic demonstration of mammoth proportions1 managed by the commander-in-chief of the ,american ,legion40 ,it was at the #aiba convention at ,des ,moines that our ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 turned its political conscience over to the keeping of our ,fascisti4 ,in the official 8,journal0 for ,november of that year ,i find a report of the special committee on this subject4 ,the chairman of it is ,superintendent ,gwinn--the gentleman we saw moving from ,new ,orleans to ,san ,francisco to take the place of the ,superintendent of ,trombones4 ,this program provides that all teachers must be ,american citizens2 it provides for flag worship1 and for the ,american ,legion to furnish speakers for patriotic exercises in the schools4 ,at the very time that this resolution was published in the official 8,journal10 the ,american ,legion was displaying its fitness to educate our children by conducting a three-days' drunken orgy in ,kansas ,city1 in the course of which they stripped young girls naked on the street and wrecked the lobby of the ,baltimore ,hotel4 ,as ,i write1 they are further displaying their passionate affection for democracy by inviting ,mussolini to come and address their ,san ,francisco convention6 ,such is the educational department of capitalist imperialism2 there is nothing too murderous and blood-thirsty for them1 and no degree of reaction from which they will shrink4 ,if ,premier ,mussolini should bring his castor-oil squad to the next ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 convention1 there would be only the change of language and the absence of black shirts to let him know that he had crossed the ocean4 ,our leading reactionaries would be there to greet him1 headed by ,united ,states ,commissioner of ,education ,john ,j4 ,tigert1 who before the ,des ,moines convention discussed the subject of ,socialism1 and pointed out the vote for ,debs as proving that #ijj1jjj ,americans were advocating the abolition of all law1 all constitutions1 and all forms of government6 ,addressing the school teachers of ,san ,diego1 he sounded a warning against the increasing tendency of the public schools to delve into sociology and economics1 which subjects were perilously close to 8radicalism40 ,said ,commissioner ,tigert3 ,there is altogether too much preaching of these damnable doctrines of ,bolshevism1 ,anarchy1 ,communism and ,socialism1 in this country today4 ,if ,i had it in my power ,i would not only imprison1 but would expatriate all advocates of these dangerous1 un-,american doctrines4 ,i would even execute every one of them--and do it joyfully4 ,mr4 ,tigert is a great favorite at conventions of all sorts2 he got his appointment at the hands of ,president ,harding because of his charm as a teller of humorous anecdotes4 ,he is able to keep sober enough to tell them--something which his predecessor in office was unable to do4 ,at the #aiai convention of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a41 held in ,milwaukee1 this gentleman was apparently lured into celebrating the last 8wet0 night in the history of the ,united ,states4 ,an eye-witness writes me3 ,he clung desperately to the desk in front of him1 and babbled incoherently for two hours and a half4 ,people clapped and clapped in the monotonous fashion they have when they want a speaker to quit1 but he still went on4 ,i don't know where the efficient ,president ,strayer was1 but nobody stopped him4 ,you ask if it is true that he was carried off the stage2 he may have been for ,i got tired and left4 ,i shall be called a vile gossip for publishing things like this4 ,all ,i can answer is that ,i think it is of the utmost importance for the ,american people to know what kind of men the ,black ,hand puts in charge of the vast and increasing educational work of our government4 ,at the present time the chiefs of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 are concentrating all their energies upon the so-called ,shepard-,towner bill1 providing for a ,federal department of education1 with a cabinet member at its head1 and an appropriation of a hundred million dollars4 ,when they get it1 there will be one more boot-legging politician in ,washington1 and one more source of reactionary propaganda for the kept press to broadcast4 ,at the same ,des ,moines convention at which ,commissioner ,tigert spread himself1 the chiefs of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 showed their intellectual caliber by putting through two resolutions1 the first urging disarmament1 and the second urging military training in the schools6 ,the business men got up a luncheon for the teachers and themselves1 and invited ,governor ,allen of ,kansas1 who at that time saw a glorious vision of himself becoming president of the ,united ,states on the platform of putting all strikers into jail4 ,under his supervision the big business vigilantes had been mobbing and tarring and feathering the organizers of the ,nonpartisan ,league throughout ,kansas4 ,governor ,allen delighted the lunchers by his wit1 of which ,i give a sample3 8,the ,i4 ,w4 ,w4--,i beg pardon1 the ,nonpartisan ,league--come in1 and we deal with them40 ,the lunchers laughed so merrily that the ,governor repeated this wit several times3 8,the ,i4 ,w4 ,w4--,i beg pardon1 the ,nonpartisan ,league60 ,at an evening meeting ,john ,gay1 representative of the miners1 showed again and again how ,governor ,allen had lied in his statements concerning the ,kansas miners' strike4 ,he was booed by the audience1 under the supervision of the chairman1 ,fred ,m4 ,hunter1 superintendent of schools of ,oakland and president of the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,more recently someone had the bright idea of gathering educators from all over the world and forming a world federation of educators1 to be run by the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 gang4 ,the call went out to all nations to send their school representatives to ,san ,francisco1 at the same time as the ,oakland convention of #aibc4 ,the delegates came99 99--nine-tenths of them 8,bolsheviks10 in the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 sense of that dreadful word2 that is1 people dissatisfied with narrow and futile nationalism1 and groping towards international solidarity4 ,they found themselves assembled in a hall decorated with enormous ,american flags1 and little dinky flags of all the other nations2 also they found themselves being ushered about by lads in uniform--members of our high school and college military organizations6 ,the address of welcome was delivered by our gracious lady-superintendent from ,shelby ,county1 ,tennessee1 field-secretary and past ,president ,charl ,o4 ,williams2 and these world-wise and war-weary educators1 who had traveled all the way from ,china and ,czecho-,slovakia to hear her golden words1 were told that we have wonderful scenery in the ,grand ,canyon and the ,yosemite2 also that3 ,whenever in the name of democracy the serpent of ,communism or ,bolshevism or ,anarchy1 feared alike in the countries from which you come1 shall rear its head to strike its poisoned fangs into the charter of our liberties1 it will be crushed under the heel of a true democracy1 just as we kill without fear or hesitation1 the common1 ordinary garden variety which plays at our feet and then go on about our business4 ,of course no public address is delivered nowadays without pious statements that we dearly love peace2 you remember how dearly the ,kaiser loved peace--but let his foes beware6 ,said past-,president ,charl ,o4 ,williams3 8,it has been thought by some that this meeting is wholly in the interest of peace4 ,it is not so40 ,and the eloquent lady from ,tennessee explained the other purpose--if another war for liberty should be called1 8please ,god1 we shall not send a soldier who cannot write his name60 ,as a piece of pacifist fervor1 that almost equals the utterance of ,cal ,coolidge1 as quoted on the front page of the ,los ,angeles 8,times0 feature section1 ,october #g1 #aibc3 8,the only hope for peace lies in the perfection of the arts of war60 ,at this same ,san ,francisco convention1 a young high school teacher from ,santa ,barbara brought in a proposition for the establishment of an international university1 to teach world problems from the international point of view4 ,they put a committee in charge of this fine project1 and ,i predict that when the university appears before the next convention1 it will be a university to teach capitalist nationalism4 ,at the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 gathering1 which was going on across the bay1 ,mrs4 ,fannie ,fern ,andrews of ,boston1 a social worker and tireless advocate of international understanding1 was chairman of a committee which brought in an excellent report1 recommending the teaching of history and civics from the international point of view4 ,the ,american ,legion agents were on hand to see that this report was postponed2 also the ,national ,security ,league1 whose representative was orating against 8,bolshevism40 ,the gang-leader selected to postpone ,mrs4 ,andrews was the president of the ,department of ,superintendence1 ,commissioner ,payson ,smith of ,massachusetts4 ,his motion was carried with a roar1 and a crowd of superintendents in the rear of the room yelled out3 8,hurrah for ,payson ,smith60 ,a study of this convention oratory reveals two prominent features3 first1 the fulsome flattery which these great educators pour out upon one another in public2 the devout school-marms and enthralled visitors are told that they are listening to the eloquence of the gods4 ,second1 the prominence given in all the discussions to the material side of education1 to administrative routine and 8red tape40 ,this1 of course1 comes from ,columbia ,university1 whose standard-bearers occupy the prominent places on the program1 put there by ,george ,d4 ,strayer1 professor of ,educational ,administration at ,columbia ,university4 ,get this title clear2 it means that he teaches1 not education1 but the business of conducting education factories4 ,in other words1 education has become a ,big ,business in itself--a chain system of mills for the grinding out of standardized minds4 ,that is the thing they deal with at these ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 conventions2 and if you could imagine the soul of a child being present1 you would picture it as a midge rolled over by a ten-ton truck4 ,the central bureau of the ,department of ,superintendence is trying out many great schemes4 ,for example1 no longer are janitors for schools to be employed individually1 there is now to be a contract janitor system1 and one great capitalist firm is to take care of all the schools in a city4 ,before long we shall find the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 recognizing a new section1 and its annual conventions will be listening to the specialists of the 8,department of ,janitorial ,contracting40 ,in other parts of the country the 8four-term year0 is being tried out2 the children of the poor are to be rushed through1 and delivered to their ,big ,business masters in six years instead of eight4 ,also1 an enterprising superintendent from ,oklahoma has taken up the problem of what to do with the teacher during the period that used to be the teacher's vacation--a dangerous interlude1 when she might read unauthorized books1 such as 8,the ,goslings40 ,the teacher is now to spend one summer term attending a university under proper supervision2 the next summer she is to be sent to acquire culture by travel under supervision2 the third summer she is to teach in the summer schools of the city2 and during the fourth she is to be permitted to have recreation--if she has succeeded in passing the requirements of the previous three summers4 ,,chapter ,,lvii ,,schools ,,for ,,strike-,,breakers ,we have seen the ,national ,education ,association assembling in ,boston1 and welcomed by the ,chamber of ,commerce4 ,we have seen them assembling in ,oakland1 and welcomed by the same organization4 ,wherever they go1 they are welcomed with open arms by ,big ,business1 and the school-marms hasten to this bear's embrace4 ,it is no exaggeration to say that from the earliest days of the public school system its worst enemy has been organized commercialism4 ,i understand that there are individual business men of vision1 who believe in and work for the schools2 but the organizations1 the class groups of the exploiters did all they could to block the establishment of public schools1 realizing that to educate the lower classes was to prepare the overthrow of wage-slavery4 ,what ,big ,business wants of children is their labor4 ,twenty years ago ,margaret ,haley was lobbying at the state capital of ,illinois for a bill to abolish child labor1 and she talked with the head of the ,levis family1 which owns enormous glass works at ,alton4 ,it was provided in the bill that children shouldn't work in these factories earlier than fourteen4 ,said ,mr4 ,levis3 8,if you keep the children in school till then1 they aren't of any use to us when they come40 ,this he said before the legislature2 and afterwards ,miss ,haley went up to him asking3 8,just what is it in the public schools which hurts the children80 ,the answer was3 8,all this literature stuff1 and history and music4 ,in the schools where they don't have such things the children are willing to go to work40 ,before the legislature ,mr4 ,levis threatened that if this bill were passed the glass works in ,alton would move to some other state4 ,the work of the children was carrying bottles a short distance1 and they couldn't get men to do it--not at their price4 ,the bill was passed--and immediately the manufacturers decided that the work could be done by machines4 ,having realized that the schools are here to stay1 ,big ,business now seeks to turn them to its own ends4 ,modern educators1 with their manual training want to use handwork to develop the brains of the child1 while the manufacturers want to develop the hands only4 ,the educators want to keep the unity of the system1 understanding that where hand and brain are separated both degenerate4 ,the business interests want schools in which their workers may be trained2 they are willing to pay generously1 in order to get cheap skilled labor which they may use in strike-breaking4 ,they want two separate school systems1 with separate boards1 buildings1 funds and corps of teachers4 ,they want no co-ordination between the two systems--the plan being that when they have got them separate1 they can feed the vocational schools and starve the cultural schools4 ,the organized teachers of ,chicago have understood this plan from the beginning1 and they have explained it to the organized workers1 who have beaten it4 ,move up to ,minnesota1 and you find the same fight1 financed by the same people4 ,the ,national ,association of ,manufacturers has had this definite policy for the schools for a generation1 and they have had highly paid lobbyists and organizers at work all over the country4 ,in ,minnesota these lobbyists came to the legislature with their bill for industrial training under the direction of employers4 ,the money was to be put up by the public1 but the school authorities were to have nothing to do with the spending4 ,there was to be a second school system1 run by the manufacturers1 and they were to have power to transfer students without the consent of their parents6 ,also1 the local school boards were to be permitted to accept petitions to provide industrial education in the public schools4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,miles1 agent of the ,national ,association of ,manufacturers1 came to ,wisconsin and denounced the schools there1 declaring that the vocational schools would never amount to anything until they were run by the manufacturers themselves4 ,once more1 ,big ,business was to train its wage-slaves1 and the state was to pay the bill4 ,mr4 ,miles made the beginning of what he wanted1 starting a trade school in a tannery in ,sheboygan4 ,mr4 ,schultz1 a member of the state board1 wanted one in his chair factory2 he objected to all scholastic subjects1 especially civics--he wanted only the trade taught4 ,many of these pupils were foreigners1 many were feeble-minded and could not get beyond the third grade4 ,mr4 ,charles ,p4 ,cary1 state superintendent of education1 insisted that these children should spend half their time in self-improvement2 but ,mr4 ,miles would take nothing less than their whole time4 ,he wanted them to learn but one thing--the exact thing they were going to do the rest of their lives2 anything else was 8overeducating0 them4 ,talking with ,mr4 ,cary in ,april1 #aiba1 ,mr4 ,miles admitted that what he wanted of the part-time schools was to train strike-breakers4 8,i was talking with one of our great manufacturers10 he said1 8and he told me that by putting in the plant system of training he had made twenty thousand dollars in one year4 ,now if that were paid for by the city and state0--and then suddenly ,mr4 ,miles realized that ,mr4 ,cary was not a man to appreciate this line of argument2 he said abruptly3 8,it's a remarkably fine day1 is it not80 ,we went to war with ,germany1 thinking to abolish the ,german system of autocracy4 ,but here was a high-salaried agent of our biggest business organization1 representing many billions of dollars of invested capital1 devoting his energies to establishing the complete ,prussian system in the ,american schools6 ,in ,germany of the old regime1 this system comprised two distinct types of schools2 first1 the people's schools1 and secondly1 the gymnasia for the privileged classes4 ,the children of the poor dropped out at the age of fourteen years2 ninety per cent of them took to part time study and part work1 fitting themselves to do what their fathers were doing4 ,those who were destined for the gymnasia pulled out at the third year1 and began on foreign languages4 ,a boy who finished the people's school had to go back and take up foreign languages in order to get into the gymnasia1 and very few ever achieved the feat4 ,this is class education1 and it is what the ,national ,association of ,manufacturers has been working for all over the ,united ,states4 ,margaret ,haley told me of a legislative hearing at ,springfield1 ,illinois1 at which they produced ,superintendent ,cooley of ,chicago1 who gave an elaborate lecture on the ,european system of vocational training1 which he pretended to know4 ,mr4 ,frederick ,roman had gone to ,germany1 with credentials from the governor of ,north ,carolina1 and had spent two years making an independent study4 ,superintendent ,cooley didn't know about this1 and was taken by surprise when ,mr4 ,roman walked in upon this legislative hearing1 and showed that ,cooley had misrepresented both the law and the facts of the ,european system4 ,the vocational training which the ,chicago superintendent of schools was recommending for the state of ,illinois was worse than anything in ,prussia6 ,superintendent ,cary of ,wisconsin told me the details of his long struggle with the manufacturers4 ,they informed him that if he did not obey orders1 they would put him out2 he must play the political game1 and name the county superintendents selected by them4 ,when he refused1 they put up a candidate against him--whose son was an agent for ,ginn ,company1 book publishers4 ,a little later on we shall deal with these book companies in detail2 suffice it here to say that one book agent offered to put up fifteen thousand dollars for ,mr4 ,cary's campaign fund1 and the offer was refused4 ,the manufacturers1 being unable to get the trade schools they wanted from ,mr4 ,cary1 went to the legislature and got provision for separate vocational schools1 and put their man in charge of these4 ,when the next election came round1 they put up a man for ,mr4 ,cary's place1 and set out to raise a campaign fund2 one contractor sent out a letter to the others1 the book companies rallied--and so ,mr4 ,cary no longer has anything to say about public education in ,wisconsin4 ,the ,national ,association of ,manufacturers1 together with the ,national ,chamber of ,commerce and the ,american ,bankers' ,association and the rest of them1 now have a comfortable working majority in the ,supreme ,court1 and they got a decision granting them the right to work our babies in their factories4 ,they have several million now at work2 and you recollect how in ,california the ,better ,america ,federation tried to force through the state legislature a bill providing for the dismissal of any teacher who should discuss with any pupil the desirability of any amendment to the ,constitution4 ,as an illustration of the conditions they want1 take the state of ,delaware1 which has no compulsory school attendance law1 and where children are bound out to employers on the old ,english apprentice system1 which is practically the same thing as selling them into slavery4 ,in ,delaware the powder interests1 owned by the ,dupont family1 have very kindly taken over the educational system of the state2 they have established a ,school ,association1 which under the law does all the buying of supplies and the putting up of school buildings4 ,,chapter ,,lviii ,,the ,,national ,,spies' ,,association ,next comes the question of the open shop1 the most important in the world to our ,national ,manufacturers1 who have been active in putting anti-union propaganda into the schools1 and in spying on those who deal with unions4 ,we have seen this going on in city after city--,los ,angeles1 ,oakland1 ,portland1 ,denver1 ,kansas ,city1 ,minneapolis1 ,detroit2 and now we discover the central source from which these impulses come4 ,the ,national ,association of ,manufacturers maintains an 8,open ,shop ,department10 with a huge campaign fund1 and ,mr4 ,noel ,sargent as manager4 ,mr4 ,sargent obtained the distribution of his anti-union literature to every school child of ,new ,york1 and when he was challenged about this he explained quite innocently that 8the association wished merely to see that students and teachers understood its view-point40 ,the ,american ,federation of ,labor made protest to the school authorities2 but it happened1 amusingly enough1 that at this very time the big labor chiefs of ,new ,york ,city were doing their best to elect the ,tammany ticket--the very gang under whose direction the distributing had been done6 ,cross the continent to ,stockton1 ,california1 and observe the local branch of the ,black ,hand1 known as the ,m4 ,m4 ,e4 7,merchants1 ,manufacturers and ,employers71 engaged in strangling the high school paper1 the 8,guard and ,tackle10 because the student publishers committed the crime of accepting the lowest bid for printing the paper--which bid happened to be made by a concern employing union printers6 ,the editor of the 8,forum10 an independent newspaper of ,stockton1 is greatly distressed by this action2 he thinks the ,m4 ,m4 ,e4 is drawing the class lines in an artificial and fantastic way4 ,secretary ,baker of the ,m4 ,m4 ,e4 admits that he has caused advertising to be withdrawn from the school paper1 and admits the reason1 but declines to put the statement into writing1 so that his organization would be legally responsible4 ,it appears that ,professor ,reed1 financial adviser of the school boys1 is a canny gentleman1 who advised the boys1 at the time they made their contract with the union concern1 to reserve the right to cancel the contract in case of interference by the business masters of ,stockton4 ,so the work was taken from the union printers2 but six months have passed1 and the school paper has not yet got back its lost advertising6 ,as a rule1 we put through these little jobs without disagreeable publicity2 but once in a while accidents happen4 ,we may take the best of care in selecting our educators1 but now and then a ,bolshevik will creep in4 ,take1 for example1 the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,education2 we have had some most eminent ,bolshevik-hunters in charge of that organization1 and had every right to feel safe about it4 ,who could have foreseen that when the ,united ,states ,commissioner of ,education selected a young lady by the name of ,alice ,barrows1 whose ancestors went back two hundred and eighty years in our history--a niece of ,thomas ,brackett ,reed1 ,republican party boss of the ,house of ,representatives for a generation--who could possibly have foreseen that this hundred per cent respectable young lady would turn out to have sympathy for a labor union8 ,thereby hangs a story1 full of tragedy for our merchants and manufacturers of woolen materials4 ,in the course of the war we discovered a great many foreigners who didn't speak ,english and didn't know how to read and write4 ,that seemed dangerous in war-time1 so we started campaigns of 8,americanization40 ,so after the war the ,bureau of ,education sent ,miss ,alice ,barrows to ,passaic1 ,new ,jersey1 to make a study of the problem of adult education among the foreigners who work in the woolen mills4 ,it so happened that only a few months ago there had been a big mass strike among these workers1 and they had formed a union4 ,we were quietly engaged in strangling this union1 when ,miss ,barrows1 entirely neglectful of her dignity as a government investigator1 had the bad taste to go and consult with the president of the union about teaching the union workers to speak and read and write ,english4 ,of course1 we merchants and manufacturers can't hold down this foreign riff-raff without a great many spies to keep track of them4 ,we have had to develop a whole industry of espionage1 almost as elaborate as our school machine4 ,we have scores of secret service agencies1 some of which spend hundreds of millions of dollars every year1 and have complete private armies of their own1 cavalry1 infantry and artillery4 ,naturally1 we had spies in the office of the ,amalgamated ,textile ,workers of ,passaic1 and one of these spies sent in a report concerning a 8,mrs4 ,alice ,borrows of the ,educational ,division of the ,united ,states ,department of ,labor40 ,there were a number of slips in that description1 but we haven't as yet been able to introduce courses on espionage in our schools1 so our spies are not as highly cultured as we should like4 ,the report referred to 8,mrs4 ,borrows0 as 8a misguided zealot10 and pictured her engaged in 8a long and earnest conversation with ,mathew ,pluhar1 the head of this so-called union40 ,the two of them were concocting a vile plot2 there were to be night schools for the workers1 and the workers were actually to be permitted to select their own teachers--who would1 of course1 teach them ,bolshevik doctrines disguised as ,english lessons6 8,this appears to be a very subtle scheme10 said our spy1 and he brought his report in haste to ,mr4 ,j4 ,frank ,andres1 secretary of the ,passaic ,council of the ,woolen ,manufacturers' ,association4 ,mr4 ,andres naturally hastened with it to the superintendent of schools1 so as to warn him against this subtle scheme and keep these night schools from getting started4 ,but here again an unforeseeable accident happened4 ,the superintendent of schools1 instead of regarding ,miss ,barrows as 8a misguided zealot10 regarded her as a fellow educator1 and sent for her and put the report into her hands6 ,miss ,barrows went to interview ,mr4 ,andres1 who consented not to punish her for what she had done1 but put it up to her fairly3 8,don't you think that a corporation worth twenty million dollars ought to have some control over the policy of the public schools80 ,there is a cheap newspaper in ,passaic1 catering to the lower classes1 and this published the story2 the yellow newspapers of ,new ,york took it up--they set out to find out about our spy system1 pretending never to have heard of such a thing6 ,our ,mr4 ,andres took a high moral position1 explaining that 8,it is of the highest importance for manufacturers to use agents among their workers for the dissemination of truth against the doctrines of hatred and antagonism which are being preached by such men as the leaders of the ,amalgamated40 ,but not all our members were as courageous as this4 ,miss ,barrows began calling upon the presidents of our great woolen corporations1 and one of them1 ,mr4 ,forstmann1 denied that he had ever heard of such a thing as industrial espionage1 and promised to have it abolished except inside the mills4 ,of course1 that made us laugh2 but it didn't help to stop the publicity4 ,in order to hold down the ,bolshevik agitators during the late strike1 our city authorities had required all speakers to get a permit2 and we didn't give permits to unionists4 ,but now came another kind of union1 a parlor ,bolshevik affair called the ,american ,civil ,liberties ,union1 demanding to hold meetings without permits4 ,they have a clever trick--they hire a hall1 and get up and start to read the ,constitution of the ,united ,states2 they don't really care anything about the ,constitution1 of course1 they just want to put us in a hole4 ,in this case they put up the ,polish president of the ,amalgamated1 to translate the ,constitution into ,polish1 something which ought to be a crime in itself4 ,they wanted to make us arrest him1 but we were too clever for that2 our chief of police just turned out the lights in the hall1 and then shoved all the foreigners and workingmen outside1 and left the newspaper reporters and parlor ,bolsheviks inside to listen to the ,constitution in ,polish6 ,of course1 the ,bolshevik newspapers made a great fuss over that2 there was a fellow by the name of ,william ,hard1 who made it into a farce comedy in four issues of the 8,new ,republic10 ,april #g to ,april #bh1 #aibj4 ,but1 as the saying is1 we showed them where to get off4 ,to make everything legal1 our city council passed an ordinance1 requiring that everyone who speaks at a public meeting in ,passaic shall first get a permit from the police2 and then1 to complete the matter1 our mayor put ,mr4 ,j4 ,frank ,andres on the school board4 ,now he is right there to see that foreigners who belong to labor unions don't get into the night schools to learn ,english or anything else6 ,also we sent a couple of our manufacturers down to ,washington to try to have that ,barrows woman turned out of her job2 but we couldn't manage that--the politicians were too much afraid of the publicity4 ,we tried to keep them from printing her report1 but they wouldn't even do that4 ,it was published as the ,bureau of ,education ,bulletin1 #aibj1 ,no4 #d1 and we hope you won't send for it4 ,it is unfit for any decent person to read1 as you can tell from one sentence on page #bc3 ,it should1 however1 be clearly understood by the people of ,passaic that1 so long as an espionage system so subversive of mutual trust and social confidence among the adult population of ,passaic continues1 the educational process is impossible4 ,,chapter ,,lix ,,babbitts ,,and ,,bolsheviks ,space is limited1 so let us drop the merchants and manufacturers1 and consider another great power1 the ,american ,bankers' ,association1 which has gone aggressively into education4 ,this power has formally declared its disapproval of the popular custom of using such words as 8,wall ,street0 and 8capitalistic0 in a disrespectful manner2 so1 in combination with the ,american ,institute of ,banking1 it takes steps to make the new generation more polite4 ,it has prepared a program of lectures1 beginning with the seventh grammar grade and continuing through the four years of high school4 ,its 8,committee on ,public ,education0 has prepared a series of ten lectures1 and arranged to distribute them in the schools through the eighty-three city chapters of the ,american ,institute of ,banking4 ,bankers from each chapter will give lectures in the public schools at the rate of one a month during the school year1 teaching the economic system upon which our banks are founded4 ,what this economic system is can be stated in one sentence3 our government has turned over the most important function of modern life1 the creation of credit1 to a group of selfish interests1 which are thereby enabled to confiscate the greater part of the product of the modern industrial machine4 ,naturally1 the bankers want the schools to teach that this is a divinely inspired arrangement4 ,we have seen their educators at work in city after city1 with lectures and 8thrift campaigns40 ,we have seen them in ,montana1 taking over the whole school curriculum1 and in ,colorado taking a good part of the school funds as well4 ,also the lawyers come forward to do their part4 ,at the annual meeting of the ,american ,bar ,association1 in ,minneapolis1 #aibc1 a 8,committee on ,american ,citizenship0 brought in an elaborate report1 full of words of terror3 8inroads10 8threatened changes10 8insidiousness10 8dangerous tendencies10 8dangerous elements10 8long established institutions10 etc41 etc4 ,there are four hundred 8,red0 newspapers1 with five million readers1 say the lawyers of the ,united ,states2 and these lawyers propose to protect the people by taking charge of the schools4 ,all local bar associations are to organize committees1 and there is to be 8unity of policy and action0 all over the country2 8direct contact will be made with all our schools and colleges40 ,and already1 it appears1 some of the local lawyers have got to work4 ,in the ,september1 #aibc1 issue of 8,school ,life10 published by the ,bureau of ,education1 ,i learn that the ,indiana ,state ,bar ,association is co-operating with the schools1 sending speakers on the ,constitution2 and of course this will be the same thing1 the lecturers will say nothing about the ,bill of ,rights of the ,constitution1 they will interpret it solely as an instrument for the perpetuation of privilege4 ,next1 the ,national ,chamber of ,commerce1 under the guidance of ,professor ,strayer of ,columbia ,university1 ,educator-in-,chief of ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan ,company4 ,this mighty school magnate has organized a committee for co-operation between chambers of commerce and city school departments4 ,we have seen this 8co-operation0 working in many cities1 resembling the alliance between the lady and tiger--8they came back from the ride with the lady inside60 ,the co-operating organization is known by the imposing title of 8,the ,american ,city ,bureau of the ,national ,committee for ,chambers of ,commerce ,co-operation with ,public ,schools02 think what a delicious mouthful for a functionary--executive secretary of the ,a4 ,c4 ,b4 ,n4 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 ,p4 ,s46 ,this mammoth institution issued a report based upon a survey of schools in nine hundred cities1 from which most optimistic conclusions were drawn by the 8,outlook10 house organ of the firm of ,god1 ,mammon and ,company4 ,miss ,josephine ,colby1 a 8kicked-out0 union teacher1 wrote to the 8,outlook10 pointing out how misleading this editorial was1 because it gave the impression that the ,chamber of ,commerce report represented the entire country1 whereas it covered the large city schools1 which are the best1 and left out the rural schools1 which are the worst4 ,needless to say1 the 8,outlook0 had no space for this letter2 and that is why boards of education all over the ,united ,states recommend the 8,outlook0 as proper reading for goose-herds and goslings4 ,next1 the ,national ,industrial ,conference ,board1 which is the research and propaganda bureau of a long list of ,big ,business associations--cotton manufacturers1 hardware1 paper and pulp1 electrical1 chemical1 wool1 automobiles1 boot and shoe1 metal trades1 erectors1 founders1 rubber1 silk1 railway cars1 etc4 ,here is one of the most powerful 8educational0 organizations of the country2 its active manager is a consulting engineer of the ,general ,electric ,company1 who got his education in ,austria and ,germany1 and is working to introduce the ,german system of slave training4 ,this great organization has been active all over the country in censoring text-books and supervising the contents of our children's minds4 ,at its instance the ,chamber of ,commerce in ,st4 ,louis caused ,washington ,university to cease using the book entitled 8,community and ,national ,life10 by ,professor ,charles ,h4 ,judd1 head of the department of education of the ,university of ,chicago4 ,also1 this ,national ,industrial ,conference ,board discovered that the ,bureau of ,education of the ,united ,states government was circulating a series of pamphlets by ,professor ,judd1 entitled 8,lessons in ,community and ,national ,life02 which pamphlets were discovered to be full of most terrible ,bolshevik material4 ,they quite definitely labored to prejudice the minds of little children against the leading doctrines of our organized ,american manufacturers4 ,consider1 for example1 a sentence such as the following3 ,those in favor of the minimum wage for men say that men should receive a wage sufficient to marry and rear a family without the dangers that come from insufficient employment and wages4 ,or consider a criminal ,bolshevik utterance like the following3 ,the prohibition of night work1 the eight-hour day1 and the minimum wage for women are necessary to protect the health of the mothers of the next generation4 ,or an incendiary statement such as this3 ,social insurance helps to maintain normal family standards4 ,again1 think of telling a tender young child about a workingman who contracted tuberculosis1 so that his oldest boy had to leave school1 and the mother had to go out to day sewing1 with the result that 8the young children ran wild40 ,then follows the subtle propaganda3 ,the misfortune of this family could have been prevented if a law providing for social insurance against sickness1 or health insurance1 had been in effect4 ,there was a whole list of ,bolshevik utterances such as this1 which you may find quoted and discussed in a pamphlet published by the ,national ,industrial ,conference at ,boston4 ,the title of the pamphlet is3 8,a ,case of ,federal ,propaganda in our ,public ,schools40 ,the pamphlet doesn't state what was done about this matter1 so ,i mention that the circulation of the wicked propaganda by the ,united ,states government was immediately stopped4 ,next1 the ,national ,association for ,constitutional ,government1 which is sending out lecturers to talk to school children on the ,constitution4 ,a teacher in ,st4 ,paul tells me about a woman from this organization1 who was allowed half an hour in a high school of ,st4 ,paul1 and devoted two minutes to the ,constitution1 and twenty-eight minutes to the ,bolsheviks--meaning1 of course1 everybody who believes in municipal milk inspection and government control of railroads4 ,this lady has just turned up in ,southern ,california1 having got herself transferred to the ,better ,america ,federation4 ,she lectures in the drawing-rooms of our rich ladies1 and feeds them all the old garbage--free love1 nationalization of women1 the communization of children1 the tearing down of churches4 ,she lends spice to her discourse by telling how she herself in her youth was seduced by these cults of ,satan4 ,it is noted that no one is ever given an opportunity to question her1 and she never appears before those organizations whose rules provide that both sides of every question shall be heard4 ,she has a new and curious formula for getting at the truth3 8,if you want to know about ,socialism1 don't go to the ,socialists60 ,to a friend of mine she said1 with lifted eyebrows3 8,do you really think ,upton ,sinclair is sincere80 ,next1 the ,national ,security ,league4 ,from a syndicated newspaper article1 occupying two columns1 ,i cut the following head-lines3 _/99 ,,lessons ,,in ,,patriotism ,,are ,,free ,,for ,,teachers ,,revision ,,in ,,study ,,of ,,civics ,,all ,,over ,,country ,,helped ,,by ,,noble ,,work ,,of ,,league ,,secretary 99_/ ,in the text which follows ,i learn about this wonderful secretary1 the daughter of a 8patriotic instructor0 of the ,g4 ,a4 ,r41 who now maintains an office in ,new ,york1 and is the 8personal friend0 of the seven hundred thousand school teachers of the ,united ,states4 ,many of these teachers do not know much about the ,constitution2 being afraid to reveal the fact to their supervisor1 they are glad to write for advice to a specialist in patriotism4 ,in the past five years a quarter of a million teachers have had either direct or indirect relationship with this system4 ,twenty-six states have passed laws requiring the teaching of the ,constitution in the schools1 and this secretary is right there with the dope1 especially prepared for children of every age4 ,for example3 8,the ,supreme ,court is the greatest contribution to free government ever made1 in that it exists to protect the people from the tyranny of the government they themselves set up40 ,in other words1 nine venerable gentlemen1 seven of them the lifelong hired men of great corporations1 have usurped to themselves the power of annuling laws of ,congress--including a law intended to save several million children from slavery in glass factories and cotton mills and enable them to go to school4 ,there are numerous other great organizations of ,bolshevik hunters supervising our schools--the ,american ,civic ,association1 the 8,america ,first0 ,publicity ,association1 the ,international ,association of ,rotary ,clubs1 the ,inter-,racial ,council1 the ,national ,american ,council1 the ,sentinels of the ,republic--a whole universe of ,babbitts6 ,the ,new ,york 8,commercial10 a daily newspaper of ,wall ,street1 makes a regular feature of ,bolshevik hunting4 ,it has an 8expert0 who publishes a daily department1 8,the ,searchlight10 all got up in official fashion1 with index numbers ready for filing in your spy cabinet3 8,file ,no4 #ba1 ,report ,no4 #g1 ,november #ba1 #aibc1 ,schools and ,colleges1 ,radicalism ,in0--this kind of thing gives delight to the ,babbitt soul1 like a stuffed cat to a baby4 ,this particular report deals with the ,national ,student ,forum and its branches in the colleges1 particularly the ,harvard ,liberal ,club4 ,it quotes me as approving these organizations4 ,the passage is taken from 8,the ,goose-step10 page #dff1 and appears in the ,new ,york 8,commercial0 as follows3 ,as an illustration of the activities of this group ,i mention that the ,harvard ,liberal ,club1 during the year #aibb1 had sixty luncheon speakers in five months1 including such radicals as ,clark ,getts1 ,lincoln ,steffens1 ,florence ,kelley1 ,raymond ,robins1 ,frank ,tannenbaum1 ,roger ,baldwin1 ,percy ,mackaye1 ,clare ,sheridan1 ,norman ,angell1 and ,w4 ,e4 ,b4 ,dubois4 ,the ,new ,york 8,commercial0 stopped there1 and stopped1 according to the rules of punctuation1 with a period4 ,but1 as it happens1 that period constitutes a lie2 for in 8,the ,goose-step0 the punctuation mark is not a period1 but a semi-colon1 followed by the words3 ,properly balanced by a group of respectable people1 including ,admiral ,sims1 ,hamilton ,holt1 ,president ,eliot1 and a nephew of ,lord ,bryce4 ,you see what a dirty piece of work6 ,the ,harvard ,liberal ,club is what its name implies1 an organization believing in free discussion and a hearing for both sides4 ,i gave an account of its activities which proved it to be that4 ,the ,new ,york 8,commercial10 desiring to prove the ,harvard ,liberal ,club a 8radical0 organization1 deliberately mutilates my sentence1 and represents the ,harvard ,liberal ,club as inviting only radicals1 and myself as endorsing such a procedure in colleges6 ,now skip one or two thousand miles1 to where the ,sioux ,indians once chased the buffalo1 and the capitalist ,indians now chase professors through college halls4 ,the legislature of ,iowa passed a law providing for a course in 8citizenship10 and the state superintendent appointed a committee to prepare a course1 the chairman being ,harry ,g4 ,plum1 professor of ,european ,history at the state university2 a ,columbia ,ph4,d41 author of several historical works1 and an entirely respectable person4 ,professor ,plum1 with the help of his graduate students1 prepared a syllabus1 in which he made so bold as to discuss ,american problems on the basis of facts4 ,so ,professor ,plum became a target for the arrows of the ,ottumwa 8,courier10 which insisted that high school students ought not hear about such a topic as 8the ,english ,industrial ,revolution40 ,said the editor of the 8,courier03 8,to the teacher of history industrial revolution may mean a change in mechanical methods1 but to the radical it means overthrow of government40 ,furthermore1 ,editor ,powell objected to the use of such words as 8problem0 and 8difficulty0 in connection with our civilization4 ,high school students ought not to know that there are any problems or difficulties--unless possibly it be the problem or difficulty of compelling college professors to obey their masters6 ,also ,editor ,powell would not permit ,professor ,plum to list the ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 among labor organizations2 he would not let the professor make frequent references to 8the capitalist group0 and to 8capital and labor02 he would not let the professor state that the farmers were responsible for the ,populist movement and the ,nonpartisan ,league2 nor would he permit the suggestion to be made that high school pupils should 8participate in the working out of problems40 ,editor ,powell was so determined about all this that he carried the matter to the state legislature and forced an investigation1 at which ,professor ,plum was grilled1 and the university faculty was made unhappy4 ,as ,editor ,powell put it in his paper3 8,iowa ,city does not want any question to arise as to the brand of teaching at the university1 while the big appropriations for the institution are pending before the legislature40 ,needless to say1 the wicked syllabus was thrown out of the schools of the state4 ,,chapter ,,lx ,,the ,,schools ,,of ,,socony ,among the great capitalists who have been making over our schools1 the most active has been ,mr4 ,john ,d4 ,rockefeller4 ,mr4 ,rockefeller established the ,general ,education ,board1 an institution with an endowment of a hundred and twenty-five million dollars1 for the purpose of exercising supervision over ,american education4 ,of course this is all supposed to be entirely altruistic2 its purpose is to improve our standards of education1 and has no relationship whatever to the fact that ,mr4 ,rockefeller is engaged in collecting tens of millions of dollars every year from a long list of our biggest industries4 ,i have discussed this matter in detail in 8,the ,goose-step02 but it is of such overwhelming importance to the schools1 that ,i must repeat the facts here4 ,the ,rockefeller ,general ,education ,board is without doubt the most powerful single agency now engaged in keeping our schools subservient to special privilege4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,spillman1 of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,agricultural ,economics1 tells of the efforts of the ,rockefeller board to control the agricultural colleges in the different states1 and of the activities of their agent1 ,david ,f4 ,houston1 ex-president of the ,university of ,texas1 and ,secretary of ,agriculture under ,woodrow ,wilson1 to keep the farmers of the ,united ,states from learning anything about how they were 8deflated0 by the ,federal ,reserve banks4 ,dr4 ,houston is a member of the ,southern ,education ,board1 one of the ,rockefeller organizations1 and later became chairman of the ,federal ,reserve and ,farm ,loan ,board4 ,dr4 ,spillman was on the inside all through the ,houston administration of the ,department of ,agriculture1 and portrays his chief as 8lying1 cheating and intriguing1 resorting to every device in order to keep the facts about farming costs from being collected40 ,you see1 the farmers were expected to raise food and sell it below the cost of production2 they are still being expected to do this1 and are doing it4 ,there was circulated through ,dr4 ,houston's department a typewritten sheet1 said to have come from ,mr4 ,rockefeller's ,general ,education ,board1 and concurred in by ,secretary ,houston1 forbidding the department to make any investigation which would determine the cost of producing farm products2 no one should ever hint at over-production in farm products1 and the sole business of the department was to persuade the farmers to produce more4 ,this ,general ,education ,board possesses unlimited funds1 pays no taxes1 and renders no accounting to anyone4 ,it employs a huge staff of experts in lobbying and wire-pulling4 ,these experts got control of the farm demonstration work in the ,south1 and because ,dr4 ,spillman fought them in the ,north and ,west1 they did everything in their power to handicap his work4 ,i refer you to 8,the ,goose-step0 for the story of ,professor ,t4 ,n4 ,carver of ,harvard ,university1 who became head of a government department for which the ,rockefeller board put up the funds4 ,professor ,carver was an honest man1 who really wanted to help the farmers1 and worked out an elaborate program4 ,it was turned down flat by the ,rockefeller board1 and ,professor ,carver told them in plain language what he thought of them1 and then quit4 ,in consequence of such intrigues on the part of the ,rockefeller experts1 the farmers of the ,northwest are now flat on their backs1 and ignorant of how it happened1 or what to do about it4 ,hundreds of expert super-educators1 with strings of college degrees1 are put upon the payrolls of the ,general ,education ,board1 and sent to every portion of the ,united ,states to run our schools free of charge2 and if you were to ask the ,general ,education ,board1 or the capitalist press of the ,united ,states1 you would be assured that never1 never could it happen that anyone of these educators would cease for one moment from his altruistic labors1 or think about anything so base as the interests of the ,rockefeller corporations4 ,but ,i invite you now to give attention to the story of ,mr4 ,granville ,cubage1 who in #aibb1 announced himself as candidate for superintendent of public instruction in ,union ,county1 ,arkansas4 ,mr4 ,cubage got out a pamphlet entitled 8,how ,arkansas ,schools ,lost a ,million ,dollars10 and here is the strange story he tells4 ,mr4 ,cubage's opponent in the race for state superintendent was ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,hill1 state high school inspector at a salary of thirty-five hundred dollars a year paid by the ,rockefeller ,general ,education ,board1 together with an expense allowance of twelve hundred dollars4 ,mr4 ,hill's second in rank got the same salary and allowance of ,rockefeller money1 his third in rank got the same1 and his fourth in rank1 the supervisor of ,negro schools1 got a little more--presumably to salve his feelings and preserve his prestige among the people of ,arkansas1 who do not like ,negro schools4 ,mr4 ,cubage1 who has been for the past fourteen years a teacher at the ,state ,normal ,school1 goes on to explain how these four great educators have spent most of their time playing politics1 and have secured one act after another from the state legislature1 building up the power of their machine4 ,mr4 ,hill obtained the power to grade the schools1 and to hire and fire teachers1 and to give orders to the county superintendents--so on through a long list of powers4 ,that may be all right1 of course--if the educators are really educators1 trying to serve the people4 ,also it may be proper that the state board of education should be filled up with ,rockefeller agents1 drawing ,rockefeller salaries2 but are they really serving the people8 ,read on a little further1 and you discover that ,mr4 ,cubage is advocating that the great oil and pipe line companies1 principally ,standard ,oil-,rockefeller concerns1 should pay a 8severance tax0 upon the natural wealth which they draw from the state of ,arkansas4 ,and what have the great ,rockefeller educators to say about that8 ,mr4 ,cubage1 in his campaign circular1 tells us about an amendment to the state constitution1 providing that the people shall pay more taxes to provide more money for the schools4 ,at the meeting of the ,state ,teachers' ,association1 ,november #aa1 #aibj1 such an amendment was approved--but also containing a provision for the severance tax4 ,immediately ,mr4 ,hill rose in the convention1 and proposed that a 8,committee on ,phraseology0 be appointed1 to put the finishing touches to this resolution4 ,mr4 ,hill himself was not named on this committee1 but his influence counted--for when the bill came out from the committee1 with the 8finishing touches0 complete1 it was discovered that the principal 8finishing touch0 had finished the severance tax provision6 ,this provision had entirely disappeared1 and ,amendment #ad1 as approved by the teachers of the state1 said nothing about such a tax4 ,in order to beat ,mr4 ,cubage1 who favored the tax1 and elect ,mr4 ,hill1 who opposed it1 the gang assessed all the ,arkansas school teachers three times1 and made all county and city superintendents contribute one hundred dollars each to the campaign fund6 ,later on1 when the legislature came to consider bills providing for a severance tax1 the great ,rockefeller educators were at the state capital1 advising the legislators that these bills were objectionable4 ,and so1 the next time you read about the abundant generosity of ,mr4 ,rockefeller1 the greatest educational philanthropist of all time1 don't forget this little story from ,union ,county1 ,arkansas4 ,by paying out a few thousand dollars for the improvement of ,arkansas education1 ,mr4 ,rockefeller's industries expected to save a million dollars a year in one single bill6 ,i am sorry ,i have not access to the complete files of the ,general ,education ,board and of the ,standard ,oil ,company1 so that ,i can tell you how many tens of millions a year have been added to ,mr4 ,rockefeller's income by this simple little scheme of paying the salaries of educational politicians6 ,when you question our great captains of industry about proceedings such as this1 they make one defense--they have to do it1 because the other fellow is doing it4 ,we must give ,mr4 ,rockefeller the benefit of this plea2 the rivals of the ,standard ,oil ,company have also been buying up educators and state governments4 ,especially they have done this in order to get school lands which have been discovered to contain oil4 ,i have before me a copy of the ,oklahoma 8,leader0 for ,july #a1 #aibb1 telling the story of ,robert ,h4 ,wilson1 then candidate of the ,black ,hand for governor of ,oklahoma4 ,it appears that ,wilson had been a member of the ,school ,land ,commission1 and he had awarded a lease for a hundred and eighteen thousand acres of school land to an oil operator by the name of ,marland1 who made sixty-seven million dollars out of this lease and others4 ,the scandal became so great that the legislature took up the matter and prescribed terms for releasing2 but the ,school ,land ,commission met and solemnly took the stand that the act of the legislature was unconstitutional1 and proceeded to continue ,marland's holdings on the old terms4 ,in the court battle which ensued1 the state of ,oklahoma obtained #a1djj1jjj from the ,marland interests--a sum which the ,school ,land ,commission had endeavored to throw away4 ,if the school commission had held on to the lands and leased them upon proper terms1 the schools of ,oklahoma would have had not less than thirty million dollars4 ,it is interesting to note the outcome of the gubernatorial election4 ,mr4 ,wilson1 the candidate of the ,black ,hand1 was beaten by 8,jack0 ,walton1 hero of the ,farmer-,labor party4 ,immediately afterwards it was discovered that all ,walton's campaign expenses had been met by the oil interests1 and he proceeded to kick over his party and run the state of ,oklahoma for these oil interests--among other things1 turning out of office a radical educator1 president of the ,agricultural ,college4 ,governor ,walton would still1 no doubt1 have been running the state for the oil men1 if he had not made the mistake of attacking the ,ku ,klux ,klan4 ,while we are in this ,southwestern country1 with its new rich and its new poor1 let us take time to consider the great ,invisible ,empire1 which is so rapidly taking over the control of our political life4 ,wherever you travel in the ,west nowadays1 people consider it necessary to ask whether you belong2 so ,i answer that ,i have been invited to join1 but have not availed myself of the opportunity4 ,many klansmen will read this book1 and discover that some of the things they want are the things ,i want2 but ,i venture to tell them that they will not get these things through the ,klan1 whose leaders got rich in a hurry1 and are now hand in glove with ,wall ,street4 ,a great many ,klan members are former ,socialists1 who have got tired of waiting for something to happen2 they will wait a while longer1 and then the class struggle will begin inside the ,klan1 and its membership will decide whether ,americanism means wage slavery and no more4 ,for the present ,i record that ,socialist school teachers are being hounded by the ,klan1 in places as far apart as ,oklahoma and ,indiana4 ,how intelligent the conduct of the organization is1 you may judge from the fact that the school board of the large city of ,dallas1 ,texas1 has been formally condemned by the ,klan1 and sentenced to extinction at the next election4 ,the local ,klan potentate wrote officially to the school board in substance as follows3 8,we have been informed that the wife of the manager of the lunch room at the ,forest ,avenue ,high ,school has told her husband that if he joins the ,ku ,klux ,klan1 she will leave him4 ,now we beg to inform you that the ,ku ,klux ,klan is a one hundred per cent ,christian and ,american organization1 and it resents such statements2 and we expect the school board to see that they are not repeated and that proper punishment is meted out to persons in the school that make such remarks40 ,the ,dallas school board committed the offense of filing this letter without action1 and so it is slated to go4 ,,chapter ,,lxi ,,the ,,riot ,,department ,next1 our military men present themselves as educators2 nothing would please them more than to take over our schools entirely1 and make a hundred thousand little ,west ,points4 ,they have made much progress1 and ,big ,business cheers them on1 and puts up the money for their propaganda4 ,we have seen the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 turning over its conscience to the ,american ,legion1 which may be described as the ,riot ,department of the plutocracy4 ,in city after city the chambers of commerce and merchants and manufacturers have built palatial club-houses for the ,legion2 they are subsidizing its worst activities1 and keeping its inciters of violence upon their secret payrolls4 ,they are working out a program to have a representative of the ,legion as one of the orators at every school commencement4 ,all reactionaries understand that to get the school children into uniform and drill them is the one sure way to save us from modern thought4 ,hear1 for example1 ,general ,pershing1 orating at a banquet tendered to him by the ,chamber of ,commerce and its ,riot ,department in ,san ,diego4 ,according to the ,los ,angeles 8,times03 ,more than #ejj persons whistled1 applauded and pounded the tables when the commander of the ,united ,states ,army in war and in peace paid his compliments to the ,reds4 8,military training with its teaching of submission to the will of authority is one of the best methods of teaching young and old the sacredness and the power of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states10 said ,gen4 ,pershing4 8,i firmly believe that a sane program of military training for every young man is a great immunity against the idle1 insidious and foolish propaganda of the ,i4 ,w4 ,w41 the parlor ,bolsheviks and all other shades of ,reds of which there are too many right now40 ,thus the 8,times02 and if you think the schools are not drinking in this poison1 ,i refer you to 8,school ,life10 the official publication of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,education1 ,december1 #aiba4 ,the front page of this magazine opens with an article by ,commissioner ,tigert1 self-appointed slaughterer of ,socialists4 ,the title is 8,educational ,aspects of the ,american ,legion's ,convention40 ,let me make clear to you before you go on that this is that same hideous orgy in ,kansas ,city1 to which ,i have previously referred4 ,you may find a sketch of it at the end of my novel1 8,they ,call ,me ,carpenter10 and a detailed account published in the 8,nation0 for ,november #bc1 #aiba4 ,after you have read these1 read how the convention is made to appear to the school children4 ,the headlines continue3 ,presence of ,international ,figures ,made ,occasion a ,memorable ,event4 ,school ,children ,impress ,general ,diaz4 ,program of ,americanization ,enthusiastically ,indorsed4 ,policies and ,principles of ,legion4 ,program for ,american ,education ,week4 ,then follows a list of the 8international figures0 who were present--,marshal ,foch1 ,admiral ,beatty1 ,general ,diaz1 ,general ,jacques1 ,general ,pershing1 ,vice-president ,coolidge1 etc4 8,gigantic parade of #dj1jjj heroes of the ,great ,war1 the banquet given in honor of the distinguished gentlemen10 etc4 8,thousands of school children lined along the boulevards to see ,foch40 ,and here is the message of the pious ,catholic general to ,america3 8,you boys1 when you grow up1 must work4 ,you little girls1 when you grow up1 must remember to pray40 ,they are getting the little children into the ,boy ,scout movement1 which is the first step4 ,they get them into uniforms and march them1 and teach them the military ideal of obedience4 ,the ,boy ,scouts become more and more warlike every hour2 and the men who run the movement become more warlike in their attitude toward the school authorities4 ,says ,mr4 ,o4 ,g4 ,wood1 quoted in our ,butte story3 ,one ,scout ,master in ,butte by the name of ,owen used to come before the school board and tell them what to do in regard to allowing the public schools for ,scout meetings4 ,he fixed the dates and no change was made4 ,he threatened to have any member of the board beaten at the next election if an objection was hinted at4 ,for the high school and college boys they have what they call the ,reserve ,officers' ,training ,corps2 wherever possible1 they compel them to serve and where the people have prevented this1 they lure the boys by uniforms and music and badges and banners and holidays in camp4 ,they teach them to plunge bayonets into human bodies1 and to snarl and howl like wild beasts while doing it4 ,says ,mr4 ,ray ,mc,kaig1 of ,boise1 ,idaho3 ,in #aibb one very prominent club woman came home to find a group of children watching her fourteen-year-old boy bayoneting a dummy and screaming while so doing4 ,to her horror she found that he was learning this at high school4 ,she learned that the commandant1 a ,west ,point officer1 was deliberately instilling arrogance into the boys4 ,oftentimes the boys1 in squads led by a corporal and fully armed1 would walk down the sidewalk brushing others in the gutter4 ,a large public funeral was held of one of the leading ,boise citizens1 and the high school boys were having a military drill4 ,with insolence characteristic of militarism 8made in ,germany0 these young future soldiers were ordered to break through the funeral procession1 instead of waiting quietly until it had passed by4 ,one of the lads who was being taught militarism in ,camp ,kearney1 ,california1 turned traitor and delivered to me the typewritten memorandum of a lecture on 8,military ,psychology10 delivered ,july #bf1 #aibj1 by ,robert ,j4 ,halpin1 ,lt4 ,colonel of ,infantry4 ,it consists of approximately fifteen hundred words of blood-thirsty raving2 ,i cannot spare space for it all1 but ,i quote one paragraph from the beginning and one from the end1 and assure you that the rest is all the same3 ,this is a period of a truce4 ,the ,great ,wars of the world have not been fought4 4 4 4 ,gentlemen3 ,there will be wars until the end of time4 ,everlasting peace is for the grave--not for life4 ,the wish for everlasting peace is born of fear and ignorance4 ,it is a sure sign of weakness and a declining civilization4 ,this is an old1 old story--the training of little children to the murdering of their fellowmen and calling it glory4 ,in the old days this was ,kultur1 and we went to war to put a stop to it1 but apparently have not done so4 ,the capitalists who now rule ,germany are being robbed by the capitalists of ,france2 and they are preparing the school children of ,germany for the next war1 in which they will gain a chance to rob the capitalists of ,france4 ,in a 8,german ,history for ,schools10 which is used in all the schools of present-day ,germany1 it is stated that ,french airplanes bombarded ,german railways before the declaration of war2 this in spite of the fact that the ,german ambassador at ,paris asserted the falsity of the charge4 ,this is wicked of the ,germans1 and ought to be stopped at once4 ,the ,french are getting ready to stop it2 the capitalists of ,france1 who are robbing the capitalists of ,germany1 are training the children of ,france for the next war1 by teaching them from text-books equally full of lies4 ,there is a history of the great war1 in use throughout the schools and written by a school director2 8,for ,our ,france0 is the title1 and in it the ,germans are described as 8a host of savages1 whose profession is war1 and who go about to despoil1 to devastate1 and to terrorize40 ,under the heading of 8,entertainment0 there is a series of questions adapted to children1 dealing with the savageness of the ,teutons4 ,there is also a reader for primary and secondary schools1 full of terrible stories of murder and rape2 also a volume entitled 8,les ,lectures des ,petits10 that is1 readings for young children1 full of such stories4 ,in ,belgium there is an 8,atlas ,manual of ,geography10 intended for use in high schools1 published four years after the end of the war1 describing the ,germans as 8brigands1 thieves and assassins02 they are not to be received into the ,league of ,nations1 but must be kept under surveillance1 like the ,negroes and the ,malay races--even these have hearts but the ,germans have none4 ,strange as it may seem to you1 they are teaching such stuff1 not merely to the children of ,belgium and ,france1 but to the children of ,america who study ,french6 ,for example1 a standard text-book1 ,chardenal's 8,complete ,french ,course10 ,new and ,revised ,edition1 #aibj1 is full of the basest ,french chauvinism3 ,germany was the sole author of the war2 the real hero of the world1 and of ,france1 is always the warrior2 the sacred places of ,france are the victorious battle-fields1 and the scenes of peace conferences such as ,versailles4 ,the date of the signing of this most infamous of all the world's peace treaties has a mystic significance1 because it was four hundred years previously1 on that same day1 ,june #bh1 #aeai1 that ,charles ,v was elected ,emperor6 ,there are some really sane men writing on the subject of war and peace in ,france at the present time2 but never would it do for ,american school children to read anything by ,anatole ,france or ,romain ,rolland6 ,any more than it would do for them to read the writings of ,american humanitarians1 such as ,jane ,addams or ,david ,starr ,jordan4 ,says ,dr4 ,jordan1 concerning our school text-books3 ,they have glorified deeds of blood and celebrated most persistently the heroes of the battle-field4 ,the heroes of peace barely appear on their pages1 and they fail to recognize that the actual heroisms which have brightened the records of war like flashes of lightning in a thunderstorm are not products of war4 ,they represent the divine in man revealed in desperate conditions1 in wallowing in physical and moral mud1 midst the barbaric loneliness of war4 ,and1 needless to say1 our chambers of commerce with their ,riot ,department are going to see that we continue to get text-books of this sort4 ,says ,colonel ,galbraith of this ,riot ,department1 at a ,may ,day meeting1 #aiba3 ,we will see what kind of courses these teachers are giving and what text-books they use4 ,if we find that they are disloyal we'll tell you1 and you can kick them out4 ,we don't care what you do with them4 ,and in another newspaper item ,i read3 ,captain ,walter ,i4 ,joyce1 chairman of a sub-committee of the ,americanization ,committee of the ,veterans of ,foreign ,wars1 is appointed to meet with the representatives of the ,american ,book ,company to scrutinize history text-books gotten out by that company in order to prevent the creeping in of un-,american propaganda4 ,the investigation of ,american histories has been going on for the past two years1 and as a result thereof1 two histories have been discarded by the ,board of ,education of ,new ,york and several are under consideration at the present time in ,boston4 ,this kind of thing has been the rule all over the country1 and the ,national ,council for the ,prevention of ,war has been making a study of standard text-books of history to determine the result4 ,here they are1 briefly stated3 ,fully #be of the space in each approved text-book on history is devoted to war4 8,the test of a state is its ability to wage war10 is a statement frequently found in text-books4 8,americans demonstrated their instinctive military talent40 8,fair field of battle10 8valor10 8bravery10 8audacious courage10 8brilliant10 8magnificent drive10 8our great adventure10 are terms frequently used to glorify war4 ,underlying conditions predisposing to international friction1 such as commercial rivalry1 territorial ambitions1 centralized autocratic government control and the maintenance of gigantic military and naval establishments1 are rarely1 and usually very inadequately1 analyzed4 ,in analyzing the results of war1 emphasis is always laid on the territorial gains acknowledged in the treaty of peace4 ,if reference is made at all to tremendous destruction and cost of war1 it is to point out that it was worth while4 ,no attempt is made in the text-books to understand developments in ,russia4 ,sweeping terms are used in characterizing the present regime there2 such phrases as 8two sinister figures1 ,lenin and ,trotzky10 8brazenly serving ,germany's ends10 8the anarchy known as ,bolshevism10 are frequent4 ,in treating of the world war1 all recent text-books perpetuate the hate and rancor engendered by the war4 ,the guiltlessness of the allies is always proclaimed4 ,,chapter ,,lxii ,,the ,,blindfold ,,school ,,of ,,patriotism ,needless to say1 it is not only the military men who are revising our school text-books2 all the business interests are wielding their blue pencils1 and likewise the religious groups1 and the racial and national groups4 ,in ,new ,york ,city1 ,commissioner of ,accounts ,david ,hirshfield is leading a crusade against those who want to bring up our school children without hatred for ,england4 ,the commissioner held a series of hearings1 and gave an opportunity for all patriots to vent their dissatisfaction with school text-books which failed to make proper capital out of ,betsy ,ross and ,john ,paul ,jones1 and which committed such offenses as mentioning that ,sam ,adams was a smuggler1 or that ,alexander ,hamilton had said3 8,your people1 ,sir1 is a great beast40 ,commissioner ,hirshfield published at the expense of the city of ,new ,york an elaborate pamphlet1 listing the offenses of such 8un-,american0 text-books--,david ,s4 ,muzzey's 8,american ,history10 ,willis ,m4 ,west's 8,history of the ,american ,people10 ,albert ,b4 ,hart's 8,school ,history10 and so on4 ,this crusade has spread widely1 directed by what might be called the blindfold school of patriotism4 ,according to this school1 all our ancestors are equally to be revered1 regardless of the fact that they called one another all the vile names in the dictionary2 they are equally to be followed1 although they lead in opposite directions4 ,the bewildered historian must manage to agree with both ,thomas ,jefferson and ,alexander ,hamilton1 with ,stephen ,douglas and ,abraham ,lincoln2 a generation from now he will learn to agree with ,calvin ,coolidge and ,eugene ,v4 ,debs6 ,it is easy to poke fun at ,chinese ancestor-worship transplanted to ,america2 but1 on the other hand1 one does not like to be in the same boat with those ,anglo-maniacs whose purpose in writing text-books is to line us up with the ,british ruling-classes in their future wars4 ,it is hard to take one's choice between ,commissioner ,hirshfield1 and1 for example1 ,professor ,greenlaw of the ,university of ,north ,carolina1 whose 8,builders of ,democracy0 is one of the most popular text-books in our schools4 ,here is a book of more than three hundred and fifty closely printed pages1 full of ,anglo-,american military glory4 ,the first part is 8,the ,call to the ,colors10 and that is all ,american flags and battles4 ,the second part is 8,the ,builders and ,their ,work10 and that is ,tennyson and ,elizabethan seamen and the mariners of ,england1 and 8,burke1 the ,friend of ,america40 ,part ,three1 8,soldiers of ,freedom10 is 8,the ,soul of ,jeanne d',arc10 and 8,vive la ,france60 and 8,a ,chant of ,love for ,england10 and all the battles and glories of the late war4 ,i search this book from cover to cover without finding one line about the builders of industrial democracy4 ,there is a short section entitled 8,the ,growth of ,sympathy for the ,poor ,man10 which gives us 8,a ,cotter's ,saturday ,night10 and oddly enough1 8,to a ,mouse06 ,but there isn't one word about labor1 there isn't one word about ,socialism1 there isn't one hint to any school child of the colossal struggle for economic self-government now going on all over the world1 with its roll of heroes and martyrs as magnificent as any ever sung in the days of political revolutions4 ,all over this country the hunt for the unorthodox text-book is going on1 and the principle upon which the revisers are working is set forth by ,edward ,mandel1 district superintendent of schools in ,new ,york1 who ordered every school principal in the city to direct his teachers of history to examine the history books and transmit reports4 ,said ,mr4 ,mandel3 8,the question to be considered is not one of whether statements made in the text-books are truthful and based on fact1 but whether propriety would be observed if they were included in them40 ,you will not be surprised to hear that this educational gang-leader went up to ,albany1 and was active in pushing through a series of bills known to the teachers as the 8spoils bills10 their purpose being to undermine the merit system and give the gang entire control over promotions2 and when he got through with this job1 he was promoted to be associate superintendent at a considerably higher salary4 ,the final goal of these patriots has been reached in ,arkansas1 where the state legislature has just passed a bill providing exactly how ,american history shall be taught2 the teachers are to avoid 8a mere recital of names and events10 and devote themselves to 8instilling an understanding and a love of country10 etc4 ,in other words1 there is to be no more history1 only propaganda2 and any teacher who slips up on it is to be fined from one hundred to five hundred dollars1 or to serve in jail from thirty days to six months1 or both4 ,as we used to say when we were youngsters1 and had got somebody down with our thumb in his eye3 8,now will you be good80 ,the leader in the crusade against what he calls 8treason texts0 is ,mr4 ,charles ,grant ,miller1 organizing director of the 8,patriot ,league40 ,mr4 ,miller tells me how 8for years in my newspaper work ,i have encountered evils arising from the rivalries of text-book publishers and their unscrupulous methods of manipulating school officials and intimidating teachers40 ,he then goes on to tell how the ,patriot ,league has set to work to give the text-book companies a dose of their own medicine4 ,the haughty ,american ,book ,company has been brought to its knees2 they submitted to ,mr4 ,miller the proofs of a new school history1 which had won the endorsement of the ,sons of the ,american ,revolution4 ,but it didn't suit ,mr4 ,miller2 he specified over three hundred unsatisfactory passages1 and the ,american ,book ,company agreed to accept ninety-five per cent of these corrections4 ,it has just sent ,mr4 ,miller proofs of another school history1 which he finds to be ninety-nine per cent all right from his viewpoint4 ,then they asked him to read in manuscript a new high school history2 says ,mr4 ,miller3 ,i have had a conference with the full editorial and business staffs of the ,american ,book ,company1 within the last few days1 and am satisfied that1 whether for business reasons or because of real conversion to our cause1 they will1 for the present at least1 issue no more texts that are not patriotic4 ,i have not undertaken a thorough study of school text-books2 most of my readers have them in their own homes1 and can investigate for themselves4 ,however1 ,i have on my desk a few samples1 which were thrown at my head by indignant teachers and pupils in the course of my travels4 ,for example1 here is 8,economics and the ,community10 published by the ,century ,company1 and written by ,professor ,j4 ,a4 ,lapp1 a prominent ,catholic propagandist4 ,i consult the index for the most important aspect of 8economics and the community0--that is1 ,socialism--and ,i find it is not mentioned6 ,and then ,i take up a book prepared for the education of immigrants1 ,howard and ,brown's 8,united ,states10 published by ,appleton4 ,i glance over it1 and in six different places ,i find enthusiastic praise of our great ,american newspapers4 ,also1 the unsuspecting immigrants are told that 8in our great country there is almost always work for everybody40 ,at the time this book was handed to me there were nearly five million unemployed in the ,united ,states6 ,later on the immigrants are told that 8in the ,south ,central and ,southern states there are millions and millions of acres of good land which cannot now be cultivated because there are not laborers enough40 ,nothing is said1 of course1 about the rents the poor immigrants will have to pay for this land1 or what the bankers will charge them for crop and chattel loans--see 8,the ,book of ,life10 a quotation from a report of the ,united ,states comptroller of the currency4 ,and while we are dealing with country problems1 let me quote from the letter of ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,hannah1 of ,big ,timber1 ,montana1 chairman of a rural school board3 ,as you know1 even the grade schools are now teaching 8scientific agriculture40 ,my boy of twelve has just placed in my hand ,stone-,mills 8,intermediate ,arithmetic40 ,it contains page after page of so-called 8,problems of the ,farm40 ,i cite you a composite of half a dozen--by actual count there are twenty-four like this in one small text3 8,farmer ,jones raised ten acres of wheat1 which yielded #ajj bushels and sold at #a per bushel4 ,what did he receive for his crop8 ,how much more would he have received if1 by better cultivation1 better seeding1 better seed and more careful harvesting1 he had raised #bjj bushels on the same field80 ,now1 the fact is that in this problem there has been inserted the most deliberate falsehood that was ever spoken in the name of economic science4 ,the implication is that in order to double his income all the farmer has to do is to double his output4 ,and that implication is a lie4 ,it is a known fact that with our present marketing system the farmers of the country receive even less for their bumper crops than they receive for their lean crops of the same products4 ,and why not8 ,if there is an iota of truth in the so-called law of demand and supply1 it follows that just as the farmer increases his output of crops1 there must follow a corresponding decrease in price or purchasing power4 ,hence an increased output cannot possibly benefit the farmer4 ,in the chapters dealing with ,detroit we made the acquaintance of ,professor ,edwin ,l4 ,miller1 principal of the ,northern ,high ,school4 ,an agonized pupil mails me another book by this professor1 entitled 8,practical ,english ,composition1 ,part ,,ii40 ,it deals with the subject of journalism1 and ,i find the margin dug into by an indignant pencil1 where ,professor ,miller tells his students what public-spirited and well-meaning men are the editorial writers of the ,american press4 ,the professor gives examples of editorials1 one of them an exposition of the follies of ,socialism1 taken from the ,philadelphia 8,record40 ,i quote one paragraph3 ,there is a common impression among ,socialistic workmen1 encouraged by some of the new-fangled college professors1 that the weaver produces all the cloth that comes off the loom he tends1 and he is robbed if his wages are only a part of the value of the cloth4 ,but he is only one of a long line of producers1 each of whom has to get some of the money for which that cloth is sold4 ,there follows a detailed argument to the effect that the farmers who raised the raw fibre and the railway men who transported it are entitled to their share of the product4 ,and after the pupils have read and assimilated this marvelous discovery1 they are asked the question3 8,what is proved by this editorial80 ,let me tell ,mr4 ,miller's future pupils what is proved--that the editorial-writer of the ,philadelphia 8,record0 is an ignoramus4 ,i challenge ,professor ,miller and the 8,record0 both1 to find anywhere in the world a ,socialist authority who does not plainly state that the ,socialist demand is for the collective workers to receive the full value of their collective product4 ,under ,socialism1 as a matter of course1 all workers of whatever sort1 whether of hand or brain1 who contribute to the making of finished products1 will receive their proportionate share of the value they have created4 ,the only people who will be left out are the owners of stocks and bonds and other pieces of paper1 who under the present system of wage-slavery draw off the surplus product of the collective labor1 and use this unearned wealth to hire educational experts to misrepresent the cause of social justice4 ,or take the volume entitled 8,representative ,modern ,constitutions10 extensively used in the colleges and high schools in ,southern ,california4 ,it is edited by two instructors at the ,southern ,branch of the ,university of ,california1 and published1 of course1 by the ,los ,angeles 8,times40 ,among the constitutions of a dozen different ,european countries is included that of ,russia2 but our 8,times0 is not content to print the constitution of ,russia and let it speak for itself1 it is necessary to provide an antidote in the form of a preface by ,w4 ,j4 ,ghent1 retired ,socialist who is introduced as 8a distinguished authority on ,russian affairs40 ,ex-,comrade ,ghent's preface elaborately explains to the student that the ,russian constitution doesn't really mean anything4 ,he talks about its 8safeguards against democracy10 as if such safeguards were obviously wicked2 overlooking that other text-book published by the 8,times10 8,back to the ,republic10 by ,harry ,atwood--which compares democracy with promiscuity1 free love1 gluttony1 drunkenness1 discord and insanity6 ,says ex-,comrade ,ghent3 8,never before has anything professing to be a constitution set up such elaborate safeguards against democracy40 ,the students will swallow that1 without bothering to look into the constitution and see2 but ,i did bother1 and ,i quote you a few of the things expressly provided for3 8,the land to those who work it 444 a general democratic peace 444 the free determination of the peoples 444 real freedom of conscience 444 freedom of expression of the toiling masses 444 free meetings 444 full and free education 444 equal rights to all citizens 444 recall of deputies40 ,do you think ,i would be exaggerating if ,i were to reverse ,ghent's statement and make it read3 8,never before has anything professing to be a constitution set up such elaborate protection of democracy80 ,,chapter ,,lxiii ,,professor ,,facing ,,both-,,ways ,the situation confronting a would-be writer of school text-books in the ,united ,states is as follows3 ,if he writes on astronomy1 engineering1 or ,spanish grammar1 he may write the truth2 but if he writes on history1 economics1 or literature1 he either writes dishonest books1 or he writes no books4 ,says ,professor ,james ,harvey ,robinson1 author of 8,the ,mind in the ,making03 8,no publisher of text-books for the schools would venture to permit a writer to give children the best and most authoritative knowledge that we have today40 ,says ,mr4 ,aaron ,sapiro1 attorney for the ,farmers' ,co-operative ,societies3 8,the text-books we now use are censored by political and social factions40 ,says ,mr4 ,william ,mc,andrew1 member of the board of education in ,new ,york3 8,the text-books which are supposed to discuss our civic problems do not know enough to keep a women's whist club from financial and moral bankruptcy40 ,i have a letter from ,mr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,dinkins1 principal of a private school at ,selma1 ,alabama1 who tells me about his experience with a text-book1 8,problems of ,american ,democracy10 by ,professor ,r4 ,o4 ,hughes4 ,mr4 ,dinkins found this book so unsatisfactory in its attitude toward modern questions that he wrote to the professor1 and received in reply the statement3 8,i know my publishers would be pleased to learn that my readers cannot tell from my book what my own opinions about many questions really are40 ,mr4 ,dinkins was so much troubled by this that he wrote to the publishers1 ,allyn and ,bacon of ,boston1 to ask them if that could possibly be true2 it took ,mr4 ,dinkins two months of continuous letter-writing before he finally got from the publishers a reply to the effect that school authorities would not adopt any other kind of book1 and publishers had to meet the demand2 they did not care to publish a book that would not sell4 ,that many college professors have taken up the role of 8,mr4 ,facing ,both-,ways10 adjusting their opinions to the demands of the school bosses and school-book publishers1 is amusingly shown in the pamphlet published by ,commissioner ,hirshfield4 ,he takes some ,american history text-books and gives us in parallel columns the statements which were made before and after the patriots got to work4 ,for example1 here is ,dr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,guitteau1 director of schools of ,toledo1 ,ohio1 who published a text-book in #aiai1 with a preface urging the international point of view3 ,throughout this book1 therefore1 special emphasis has been placed upon the relations of the ,united ,states to other countries1 in order that the young citizens who study it may realize more fully the importance of our world relations and our world responsibilities4 ,but then the hundred percenters got after ,dr4 ,guitteau1 and he brought out a new edition of his book in #aibc1 and started his preface with this statement3 ,recent events have demonstrated that our teaching of history should emphasize more than ever before the peculiar and characteristic genius of ,american institutions1 and the permanent and outstanding assets of ,american democracy4 ,or take ,professor ,everett ,barnes1 who published an ,american history book in #aibj1 in which he described the battle of ,bunker ,hill as follows3 ,the courage shown on both sides was wonderful4 ,to march1 as those ,british soldiers did up to the works1 so near that each one felt that the man who was aiming at him could not miss1 required a nerve as steady as was ever shown on battlefield since men began to kill each other4 ,but then the super-patriots landed on ,professor ,barnes1 and there was a new edition of his book in #aibb1 in which the incident is told as follows3 ,the courage shown on both sides was wonderful4 8,don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes10 said the ,american commander1 who knew that their supply of ammunition was small1 and that his men did not have enough bayonets to be used successfully in meeting the charge of the ,british4 ,i could take up a great deal more space with this kind of fun2 but instead ,i will go on to mention that there are in ,america a few educators who have not been willing to play the part of ,professor ,facing ,both-,ways4 ,one of these men is ,scott ,nearing4 ,he had three text-books on economics1 all written in collaboration with some other person4 ,these text-books enjoyed the greatest popularity2 for example1 the 8,elements of ,economics0 had seventy-five per cent of the field2 also 8,community ,civics0 had a big sale4 ,but after ,nearing was kicked out of the ,university of ,pennsylvania for his loyalty to the truth1 the sale on these text-books stopped4 ,when ,i talked with him in #aibb he told me that his publishers had not made a contract on them in two years1 and they were about to bring out new editions without ,scott ,nearing's name6 ,as it happens1 ,i am able to tell ,nearing exactly how he lost some of this business4 ,i have mentioned ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,powell1 editor of the 8,courier0 of ,ottumwa1 ,iowa1 who haled a college professor before the state legislature for the crime of referring to the 8,english ,industrial ,revolution10 and for listing the ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 as a labor organization4 ,mr4 ,powell is naively proud of his achievements1 and has written to a friend of mine1 telling about them4 ,so let us hear one of these ,bolshevik hunters speaking for himself3 ,i discovered1 along in #aiah--late in the year--that our high school was using and had been using for about eight years1 ,burch and ,nearing's 8,principles of ,economics40 ,nearing had made himself notorious during the war and ,i thought a book by him1 on whatever subject1 would not be a good thing to have in our schools4 ,i suggested that much through a reporter1 to the superintendent of schools1 but he replied that the board was under contract to use the book1 or had bought a certain number on a contract1 and it could not be eliminated4 ,i may say that we supply text-books here at public expense4 ,inquiry developed that there were only perhaps a hundred of these books in use and as each was worth less than one dollar1 the expense didn't seem to me to be prohibitive4 ,i got a copy of the book and found in it some matter decidedly socialistic and radical4 ,then ,i canvassed the school board members and found none of them had ever read the book4 ,the superintendent admitted he never had read it and the teacher who had charge of the class in which it was being studied told me he hadn't read the text ahead of the day to day lessons4 ,the principal of the high school hadn't read it1 either4 ,in fact1 ,i seemed to be about the only one in town who knew what was in the book4 ,but the members of the board backed the superintendent1 who didn't want to stir up a quarrel with book publishers4 ,finally1 however1 he changed front and our first mention of the affair1 publicly1 was an announcement in the news columns that he had ordered the book out of the course of study4 ,thus we gave him credit for the move4 ,in the meantime1 however1 ,i had discovered that two other objectionable texts were being used at the high school--,david ,saville ,muzzey's ,american ,history1 and 8,outlines of ,european ,history--,part ,,ii10 by ,robinson and ,beard4 ,muzzey's book is socialistic1 or pro-socialistic1 and it is rankly unfair in its treatment of several subjects1 in my opinion4 ,the ,robinson and ,beard book had been thrown out of the ,seattle schools in the summer of #aiah because of its pro-,german taint4 ,it was re-written twice during that summer by ,professor ,james ,harvey ,robinson1 according to the information given me by a representative of the publishers--,ginn and ,company4 ,robinson is a more or less radical professor and ,beard had been the subject of considerable adverse comment during the war4 ,we took the position that regardless of its text1 a book by those men was not a fit volume to have in the hands of boys and girls4 ,we held that ,muzzey's book condemned itself1 as did ,nearing's4 ,and then ,mr4 ,powell goes on to tell how the superintendent of schools sold these ,nearing books second-hand1 for use in schools in ,indiana1 price ten cents per copy4 ,mr4 ,powell was not complaining about this sacrifice price--quite the contrary1 he thought the books should have been burned1 and he says that 8this sale turned public sentiment against the superintendent40 ,he does not tell us1 but we are permitted to guess1 that the ,ottumwa 8,courier0 may have had something to do with the turning of public sentiment in the matter6 ,another educator who is entitled to honorable mention is ,professor ,willis ,n4 ,west1 historian4 ,i have told in 8,the ,goose-step0 how ,professor ,west was kicked out by the ,black ,hand of the ,university of ,minnesota4 ,his admirable text-book on ,american history has been kicked out of schools in various parts of the country1 because it tells the truth about the buying of state and national governments by the corporations4 ,mr4 ,ray ,mc,kaig tells me how the gang went after this history in ,boise1 ,idaho4 ,the ,nonpartisan ,league being so strong1 they did not dare attack the book on political grounds2 but they discovered that ,professor ,west described ,general ,grant as a simple-minded soldier1 and ,general ,lee as a noble figure4 ,they brought this to the attention of the ,g4 ,a4 ,r41 and the old veterans attended to the matter6 ,i have before me a letter from ,gilson ,gardner1 ,washington correspondent of the ,scripps newspapers1 and a well-known liberal4 ,mr4 ,gardner tells his own experience as a writer of text-books3 ,largely for my own amusement1 but with a view to making a little more pleasant the task of high school students in approaching political economy1 ,i wrote a little book called 8,the ,new ,robinson ,crusoe40 ,it was put out by that thoroughly staid and respectable firm1 ,harcourt ,brace4 ,the book did nothing but illustrate in a microcosm the commercial and economic system of our world as it is4 ,there was no attempt at suggesting a remedy such as ,socialism or ,communism1 nor any effort at propaganda4 ,so at least it seemed to my mind in writing it1 and so it seemed to the mind of ,mr4 ,harcourt4 ,he thought it would be an excellent book for side reading in high school economics courses1 and took it as a commercial prospect4 ,in addition to the regular edition1 he printed #bej copies in pamphlet form1 which were sent to high school teachers with letters asking them to look it over and give their opinion4 ,harcourt showed me letters received from teachers1 which run about as follows3 8,i am a teacher in such and such a high school and teach political economy4 ,i have read #8,the ,new ,robinson ,crusoe1' and find it very interesting4 ,i should like to recommend it to my pupils1 but you know as well as ,i do that the day ,i make such a recommendation ,i would lose my job4 ,our supervisors will not stand for that amount of truth in regard to our political and economic system4 ,how did you come to print the book80 ,i was told of many cases of text-book publishers who are literally facing both ways--running two editions of books1 adjusted to the prejudices of their customers4 ,the ,american ,book ,company has one version of ,civil ,war history for the ,north1 and another for the ,south4 ,in text-books on biology1 you may believe in evolution in your editions for ,new ,england2 but if you want to sell to the far ,south1 you must have an edition in which 8,darwinism0 is repudiated4 ,i have before me an editorial from the ,newton1 ,mississippi1 8,record10 a daily newspaper whose pious editor is not much shocked to learn that the book companies have been 8robbing the state and the poor students10 but is horrified by the news that they have been furnishing books 8contrary to the teaching of the ,bible40 ,we may assure this pious editor that the book companies will accept a compromise with him1 whereby they may continue to 8rob the state and the poor students10 in consideration of their leaving out the achievements of modern science6 ,,chapter ,,lxiv ,,poison ,,pictures ,there are other forms of propaganda now being turned out wholesale for our children4 ,there are various papers and magazines1 to which in many cases the pupils are required to subscribe4 ,for example1 a four-page weekly newspaper called 8,current ,events02 during the time of the ,white ,terror in this country this paper was full of the most atrocious slanders concerning the radicals4 ,as ,i am working on this book someone sends me a sample copy2 a new president of ,armour ,company has been appointed1 and the event is recorded to the school children under a headline1 8,reward for ,hard ,work40 ,such little touches1 you see6 ,nothing is said about 8,the ,jungle02 indeed1 ,i could tell you of teachers who have lost their jobs for advising their pupils to read 8,the ,jungle40 ,at the high school of ,claremont1 ,california1 some thirty miles from where ,i live1 the ,better ,america ,federation dragged a teacher into the newspapers because he ordered from the county library 8,the ,jungle ,book10 by ,rudyard ,kipling1 and the librarian sent him 8,the ,jungle0 by mistake6 ,also there are moving pictures4 ,quite recently one of the great statesmen of our plutocracy was appointed director of moving picture propaganda1 at a salary of a hundred and fifty thousand dollars a year2 our kept press celebrated this as one of the great events of our history4 ,speaking before the ,bond ,club in ,new ,york ,city1 ,mr4 ,will ,h4 ,hays unbosomed himself to his masters3 8,unless people are properly entertained1 this country may go ,red2 but shake a rattle at the baby and it calms down40 ,the rattle is now being diligently shaken from eleven o'clock in the morning until eleven o'clock at night1 in some twenty thousand moving picture houses throughout the ,united ,states2 and the censors keep careful watch over the infant's mental states4 ,some of the organized workers made an effort to start a moving picture business of their own1 the ,labor ,film ,service2 and among the films they tried to show was 8,the ,jungle40 ,they submitted it in due course to the ,national ,board of ,review1 and were ordered to remove a caption describing the ,united ,states of ,america as 8,not just the sweet land of liberty40 ,also they were ordered to remove a caption in a court house scene1 8,pleading for ,justice40 ,this seemed to convey the idea that workingmen sometimes did not get justice in the ,united ,states without pleading for it6 ,take the experience of ,d4 ,w4 ,griffith1 who produced a film called 8,the ,whistle10 dealing with the life of a factory worker4 ,the ,philadelphia ,chamber of ,commerce took offense at this picture1 and issued a bulletin warning the masters of industry throughout the ,united ,states of the perils contained in such films4 ,one caption ran3 8,since the days of ,plato and ,socrates there have been many men of wisdom1 but none sage enough to solve the eternal struggle between capital and labor40 ,mr4 ,griffith was forbidden to mention the struggle between capital and labor in ,pennsylvania1 and the caption had to read3 8,one of the eternal struggles of life40 ,another line read3 8,connors' widow came to you and you sent her away with a few filthy dollars when you killed her husband40 ,this had to be modified to read3 8,when ,connors' widow came to you1 why didn't you act like the decent bosses of today80 ,and again the lines3 8,you've had six years to make this place safe4 ,you've been thinking of dollars4 ,you haven't had time to think of lives40 ,the censor changed this to read3 8,you had no right to put off making this place safe40 ,also there are films prepared especially for schools2 8educational films10 they are called4 ,this industry is the growth of the past four years1 and already there are a hundred firms offering films1 and some thirty thousand schools using them4 ,will ,hays went before the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 convention of #aibb in ,boston1 and shook his rattle2 the moving picture manufacturers of the country yearned to co-operate with the educators1 to produce great pictures for the schools4 ,then he went back to his masters1 who turned him over their knee and spanked him2 the manufacturers had no remotest desire to co-operate with anyone--the movie houses would stand no competition from the schools1 and the schools could not have pictures except second hand4 ,so the poor educators have to make out with scenery pictures boosting the railroads1 and so-called 8industrial films10 boosting various makes of auto tires and shoes4 ,if you get tired of these1 there are propaganda pictures1 in support of every base prejudice4 ,needless to say1 the product is full of the trickery of ,big ,business4 ,a state inspector of 8visual instruction0 sends me some samples4 ,here is the ,national ,film ,company1 with its newest release1 8,wolves of the ,street1 an absorbing story showing machinations of the ,bolsheviki40 ,and here is the ,victor ,animatograph ,company1 with ,mr4 ,bryan's 8wonderful illustrated address4 ,back to the ,ape1 or ,back to ,god80 ,and here are the 8,better ,america ,lectures10 prepared by ,dr4 ,newell ,dwight ,hillis1 chaplain to the military department of ,god1 ,mammon and ,company4 ,for only #dbe you may purchase these ten complete 8lectures10 which have been supplied to the ,united ,states ,army and ,navy to the amount of #ee1jjj1 and which are full of every mental poison you can imagine4 ,this chaplain1 it appears1 is making up for the money he lost a few years ago1 when he got caught in some stock-gambling business1 and had to confess in tears before his congregation4 ,if you will consult 8,the ,brass ,check10 pages #ahf-g1 you will find him lying about the ,colorado miners1 and having his lies circulated in expensive form by parties whom he dares not name2 also you will find him1 pages #chi-ij1 hiring himself out to the anti-,bolshevik liars1 and perpetrating this culmination of all human infamy3 8,it is now conceded that the interior towns and cities of ,russia have gone over to this nationalization of women40 ,from the flamboyant circular of his lectures1 ,i learn that he has spoken before #b1fjj audiences1 and in every state of the union1 and that the subjects he offers to colleges and schools include3 8,how ,bolshevism ,ruined ,russia1 and how it works ,ruin where ,tried2 ,is ,socialism the ,perpetual ,motion ,machine ,delusion converted into ,economics2 ,false ,views of ,equality as ,incitements to ,social ,revolution0--etc41 etc4 ,and such a list of sponsors--the whole ,interlocking ,directorate1 and the ,chiefs of its ,riot ,department1 and of its ,grand ,old ,party1 and of its ,goose-herds and ,goose-step ,drill-masters4 ,there is a preface1 written by ,james ,roscoe ,day1 ex-,chancellor of the ,university of ,heaven1 and now ,chancellor of ,heaven4 ,being right up there1 and in position to know1 the chancellor tells us that these lectures are 8a providential instrument40 ,if you should be curious to know what ,providence wishes the soldiers and sailors of the ,united ,states to believe1 ,i mention1 for example1 that ,john ,ruskin and ,henry ,c4 ,frick and ,john ,d4 ,rockefeller are benefactors of equal rank and significance2 that human equality is disproven by the fact that the ostrich is a bigger bird than the lark2 that there is a radical agitator by the name of 8,hayward02 that the title 8,lazy ,socialists and their ,loot0 represents thinking on social problems2 and that ,new ,york city1 8,the ,flower of ,individual ,ownership10 has magnificent libraries and museums1 and no slums worth referring to6 ,,chapter ,,lxv ,,the ,,book ,,business ,in addition to the patriots1 who are interested in the contents of our school books1 there are large groups of business gentlemen interested in these books as merchandise4 ,every year our twenty-three million school children and seven hundred thousand college students require and consume millions of new books2 so here is a great industry1 like every other in ,america1 a battle-ground of graft and favoritism4 ,it is a main support of the political machine in our schools1 a reason why we cannot get honest and competent educators for our children4 ,for a long period the school-book industry was practically a monopoly4 ,the ,american ,book ,company controlled ninety per cent of the business1 and everywhere its name was synonymous with corruption4 ,now there are many competitors in the field1 and the business of the ,american ,book ,company represents only sixty or seventy per cent of the total4 ,but it remains an enormous corporation1 and its methods are the same as ever4 ,according to the law of business competition1 which is praised in all school and college text-books1 the competitors of the ,american ,book ,company are forced to meet its methods and to buy their share of success4 ,there are something like a hundred and fifty 8independent0 firms manufacturing and selling school-books2 some of them are very large firms4 ,i had the pleasure of talking with a number of these book gentlemen1 and ,i found them willing to go into detail about the doings of their rivals4 ,as to their own doings1 nothing is said2 but you can inquire next door4 ,two of these gentlemen assured me that direct corruption has gone out of fashion in the book game2 no longer do the agents pay spot cash to superintendents and state commissions for 8adoptions40 ,i asked one at what date this happy change had taken place1 and made note that the date was prior to some cases of cash payment of which ,i had positive information4 ,however1 ,i report the statements of these book gentlemen4 ,the graft is now of the 8honest0 variety2 there has been the same evolution that we have seen in the ,tammany machine1 from the days of ,tweed1 when the property of the city was stolen outright1 to the present time1 when the ,traction ,trust pays the campaign expenses of politicians1 and gives them legal retainers1 and contracts1 and other 8tips0 of a legitimate business nature4 ,what the agent of a book company now does is to contribute generously to the campaign funds of superintendents and school board members4 ,thus the various book companies have their 8own0 superintendents and their 8own0 school machines4 ,the superintendents not only select the books of these companies1 but they accept friendly recommendations as to teachers and promotions2 so book company agents also conduct informal teachers' agencies1 and have long lists of their 8own0 teachers4 ,and when promotions and favors in the system are desired1 the big1 powerful1 and always genial book company agent is a good man to see4 ,he is always present at conventions1 pulling wires for his crowd4 ,if legislation is wanted1 he knows the legislators1 and if investigation is threatened he knows the press correspondents and managing editors4 ,all these things will be told to you by any book man who is willing to talk4 ,their excuse is that they have to do it1 because the other fellow does it1 and there is no other way to get business4 ,they are in the same position as the railroads1 which have to control the political machines in order to keep the machines from 8holding them up40 ,in one of our ,eastern cities ,i had an amusing experience4 ,i happened to meet socially a certain large capitalist1 high up in the councils of the employers' association of his city4 ,he was a merry old gentleman1 and meeting a muckraker appealed to his humor2 he 8blew0 me to a fine lunch at what ,i guess is the most costly athletic club in the world4 ,he asked me what ,i was writing2 and when ,i told him1 he mentioned a friend of his1 a high-up official in a big text-book company1 who had told him a number of amusing anecdotes of the buying of state legislatures and city school boards and superintendents4 ,naturally1 ,i said ,i would like to meet that school book official2 so the old gentleman put me in his limousine and took me to his friend's office1 where ,i spent an hour or so1 listening to an inside account of conditions in many states4 ,the substance of what the man said was that it was impossible for book companies not to pay commissions2 the politicians would demand anywhere from a thousand to five thousand dollars for a state contract4 ,he described in detail the state of ,indiana1 where the text-books are adopted for periods of five-years1 and there is a political board of utterly incompetent men1 with no qualifications for judging text-books4 ,on the date of adoption there will be perhaps fifty agents swarming to the state capital2 you will find out what the price is1 and you either pay it1 or you go out of business so far as concerns the state of ,indiana4 ,i went off and made some notes of what this gentleman had told me2 but ,i wasn't sure of some details1 so ,i wrote him a seductive letter--all in the strictest confidence1 of course--asking him to verify certain statements4 ,in reply came a no less polite letter1 assuring me of his pleasure in the recollection of my visit1 but saying that my capitalist friend and myself had misunderstood the purport of his conversation4 ,he had entertained us 8with some of the legends of the business1 which had been handed down from one generation to another40 ,but these things weren't done any more1 and selling text-books is now 8an honorable business40 ,it happened through a coincidence that ,i had on my desk a letter from ,professor ,charles ,h4 ,judd of the ,university of ,chicago1 whose adventures with the ,national ,industrial ,conference ,board were told a few chapters back4 ,professor ,judd1 as head of a great department of education1 has had opportunity to watch the book company business from the inside4 ,he says1 among other things3 ,the situation in the state of ,indiana1 where there is a book adoption by the state board of education every five years1 is certainly worth your investigation4 ,the state board of ,indiana1 which is made up of a number of ex-officio members1 is asked every time there is a book adoption to canvass an impossible number of school books4 ,it would be worth while to find out exactly how many are submitted for judgment by the board4 ,none of these busy professional men can make the analysis of a book necessary to an intelligent choice1 and yet they have to make the choice4 ,i was told by one of the members of that board that at the time of the recent adoption an attorney1 living in the city of ,richmond1 ,indiana1 where one of the members of the state board lives1 was paid a fee of #aj1jjj for a month's work1 the character of which was not otherwise known4 ,let us consider the ,american ,book ,company1 because it is the biggest1 and has set the pace for the rest4 ,thirty years ago my friend ,george ,d4 ,herron1 then a ,congregational clergyman and college professor1 came upon the wholesale knaveries of this concern4 ,henry ,d4 ,lloyd and ,president ,gates of ,grinnell ,college took up the facts1 and published them in a little ,christian ,socialist paper in ,minneapolis1 the 8,kingdom40 ,the answer of the ,american ,book ,company was to file suit for a hundred thousand dollars damages4 ,dr4 ,herron writes me3 ,the suit has never been brought to trial to this day4 ,the ,book ,trust never had any intention of facing the trial or facing the facts in our possession at that time4 ,they merely meant to announce1 as they did through the ,associated ,press and with great acclaim1 that they had brought immediate suit for damages because of these infamous and false charges2 and that was all that was necessary4 ,they knew perfectly well what a short memory the public has1 and that they would gain all the benefits of a victory in the public mind without ever bringing the matter to trial4 ,and now1 a generation later1 we find the ,commissioner of ,accounts in ,new ,york ,city carrying on his investigation into text-books1 and there appears before him ,mr4 ,george ,e4 ,morrison1 editor of 8,the ,historic ,hudson10 and recently a reporter for the ,detroit 8,journal40 ,you will recall ,detroit as the home of ,mr4 ,a4 ,v4 ,barnes1 president of the ,american ,book ,company2 also of ex-,senator ,newberry1 his brother-in-law2 also of ,mr4 ,fred ,cody1 agent of the ,american ,book ,company1 convicted with ,newberry of election frauds2 also of ,mr4 ,frank ,cody1 brother of ,mr4 ,fred1 and superintendent of schools in ,detroit4 ,under these circumstances you will not be surprised to learn that ,michigan is a center of ,american ,book ,company activity4 ,mr4 ,morrison in his testimony stated that he had been given several weeks' leave of absence by the ,detroit 8,journal10 to collect evidence concerning this matter4 ,mr4 ,morrison interviewed a hundred and twenty-seven witnesses1 and turned over their evidence1 with the affidavits of eighteen out-of-town people1 to the prosecuting authorities4 ,the matter was presented to the grand jury1 which took minutes and returned a report in which ,mr4 ,morrison was abused by numerous public officials1 who stood in with the ,newberry-,cody gang4 ,the influence of this gang1 said ,mr4 ,morrison1 was sufficient to paralyze the arm of the public prosecutor1 and to cause a police justice to get busy and prevent indictments4 ,mr4 ,morrison went on to explain the methods of the ,american ,book ,company1 and just how the money of the school children of the ,united ,states was used to buy a seat in the ,senate for ,truman ,h4 ,newberry4 ,i quote from the stenographic record3 ,all his money practically has come from the ,american ,book ,company4 ,his brother-in-law1 ,mr4 ,barnes1 is head of the ,american ,book ,co41 and both he and his brother ,john have more money than they know what to do with4 ,in his campaigns ,mr4 ,truman ,h4 ,newberry transferred his funds from ,john's bank account to ,truman's1 and no question was ever asked4 ,the private agent of ,mr4 ,truman ,h4 ,newberry was ,mr4 ,frank ,cody1 who was by the way indicted with ,newberry and the others in the ,united ,states ,court at ,grand ,rapids4 ,he was involved in the scandal of the ,american ,book ,company in ,oklahoma at the time ,haskell was governor1 and has been a legislative representative of the ,american ,book ,company and a salesman on special occasions when special force was needed to put over contracts4 ,he always had declined to admit that he was a representative of the ,american ,book ,company4 ,during the time that ,i was more or less closely identified with trying to find out about the ,american ,book ,co41 ,i was never able to learn absolutely the identity of anyone that ever represented the ,american ,book ,co4 ,there was one man that came into the open when ,i worked at ,grand ,rapids1 ,michigan1 who supplied the members of the ,board of ,education with money4 ,the members said that the money represented campaign contributions4 ,the agent and the two members of the ,board of ,education were indicted1 and it seemed to be difficult to prove that the money was given to them as members1 and as ,i recall the case never came to trial4 ,this man named ,white1 as ,i recall1 subsequently declined to see me1 and as ,i say1 ,i have never known any representative of the ,american ,book ,company4 ,also ,i quote from another portion of this interesting testimony3 ,,the ,,commissioner3 ,do you think the ,american ,book ,company would be inclined to pay large premiums1 call it that way1 to anyone who has the power to introduce any set of books8 ,,mr4 ,,morrison3 ,i think there is no question about that at all4 ,,the ,,commissioner3 ,of course1 ,i have no reference to our schools4 ,i am talking about these schools in ,michigan4 ,,mr4 ,,morrison3 ,the ,american ,book ,company is always willing to give4 ,it is the financial angel of the candidates that would do its bidding4 ,,the ,,commissioner3 ,let me ask you1 are the members of the ,board of ,education in ,detroit elected8 ,,mr4 ,,morrison3 ,yes1 they are4 ,,the ,,commissioner3 ,and you say that the ,american ,book ,company is looked upon as the angel of these candidates for the position of members of the ,board of ,education8 ,,mr4 ,,morrison3 ,yes4 ,,the ,,commissioner3 ,and supplies every one of them8 ,,mr4 ,,morrison3 ,yes4 ,,chapter ,,lxvi ,,ten ,,per ,,cent ,,commissions ,the solution of the problem of our school-book supply waits upon our training a generation of social servants who believe in public welfare and in knowledge1 as our forefathers believed in their religions4 ,i should say that the first step toward this goal is to fill our hearts with disgust for the present situation1 in which private greed and self-seeking are provided with unlimited sums of money and turned loose to corrupt our schools1 making efficient and even honest education unattainable4 ,such is the situation1 alike in the crowded cities of the ,east and in the farming and ranching country of the far ,west and the ,south4 ,here and there you will find educators fighting loyally for the schools2 and at the head of the intrigue against them you will find the representatives of book and supply companies4 ,wherever you hear of a superintendent or board member who has gone down fighting in the people's cause1 you will find it was book and supply companies which beat him4 ,i have told the story of ,mr4 ,charles ,p4 ,cary1 state superintendent of education in ,wisconsin4 ,early in his teaching career1 ,mr4 ,cary tells me1 an agent for the ,american ,book ,company asked certain favors of him1 and offered in return to make him superintendent of schools in a big city2 the place depended entirely on this book agent4 ,all through ,mr4 ,cary's work as superintendent in ,wisconsin1 the book-agents would come to him1 demanding this and that4 ,when the question of his re-election came up1 one of the most prominent lawyers in ,milwaukee told him that he could get thirty-five hundred dollars toward his campaign fund by calling on a certain state official and agreeing to certain terms laid down4 ,mr4 ,cary was told that this was the money of a leading firm of book publishers4 ,when ,mr4 ,cary did not accept this proposition1 an agent of ,ginn and ,company put up his father to beat ,mr4 ,cary--and somebody put up the money to elect this father6 ,ginn and ,company has been for more than a generation the most active competitor of the ,american ,book ,company1 and it would not be surprising if they had learned something about its methods4 ,we have come upon the activities of ,ginn and ,company agents in the school politics of many cities2 as ,i revise this chapter1 there comes a letter from ,philadelphia1 telling me how its salesman there became principal of the girls' high school4 ,i remind you of the situation in ,worcester1 ,massachusetts1 where ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,thurber1 manager of ,ginn and ,company1 and trustee of ,clark ,college and ,clark ,university1 put into the presidency the author of the ,frye-,atwood geographies1 and started a whole series of new sciences1 with departments and summer schools and chautauquas based upon these popular school geographies4 ,the head-lady of ,ginn and ,company's geography department pours tea with the best social charm1 and there are ninety-seven ,ginn and ,company text-books used in the public schools of ,worcester4 ,also ,i should note that the senior partner of this firm1 ,mr4 ,george ,a4 ,plimpton1 is a trustee of ,amherst ,college1 which has just kicked out a liberal president2 and also a trustee of ,barnard ,college1 thus interlocking with ,nicholas ,miraculous1 and with ,professor ,george ,e4 ,strayer1 who runs the ,national ,education ,association4 ,let us move to ,north ,dakota1 where ,i listened to the story of a county superintendent of schools1 elected by the ,nonpartisan ,league4 ,the gang is on top once more in ,north ,dakota1 so this man is no longer an educator1 but is earning a living in the real estate business2 nevertheless1 he asks me to call him ,mr4 ,smith6 ,among the forces which were active in defeating the people in ,north ,dakota while they tried to control their own schools was a certain ,mr4 ,gleason1 agent of the ,american ,book ,company1 8whose boast it was that he had placed more school superintendents than any other man in the ,united ,states40 ,when a new superintendent was appointed1 ,mr4 ,gleason always called1 and the superintendent was always glad to see him--the reason being that it was the custom of the ,american ,book ,company to pay superintendents ten per cent commission on all books sold in the county4 ,they paid this quarterly1 as a matter of regular routine4 ,they kept track of the situation in every school district1 and if any book was not reordered1 they sent an agent to find out about it4 ,mr4 ,gleason's subordinate1 ,mr4 ,thorson1 came to see ,mr4 ,smith1 and was very genial4 ,he wanted him to sign up a new list of books for the county4 ,but ,mr4 ,smith explained that the request was a little premature1 as he had not yet taken the oath of office4 ,as soon as ,mr4 ,smith had assumed his duties1 ,mr4 ,thorson came again1 but ,mr4 ,smith wanted a little time to get acquainted with the situation4 ,then came ,mr4 ,gleason himself2 but ,mr4 ,smith insisted upon having his own ideas about text-books4 ,he made out a list1 which gave the ,american ,book ,company sixty per cent of the books1 forty per cent being divided among other companies4 ,mr4 ,gleason was dissatisfied with this1 because he had been getting ninety-seven per cent of the business4 ,when these agents could not persuade ,mr4 ,smith1 they tried to threaten him1 but this also did not avail4 ,in the following year ,mr4 ,thorson came again4 ,he wanted to see ,mr4 ,smith in private1 and asked ,mr4 ,smith to dismiss his stenographer1 which ,mr4 ,smith refused to do4 ,he then asked to see him after office hours1 and ,mr4 ,smith absented himself from the office so as to make this impossible4 ,the agent telephoned on ,sunday evening1 and came to ,mr4 ,smith's home for an interview2 but ,mr4 ,smith's wife was present1 and that also was not satisfactory4 ,he asked ,mr4 ,smith to come to meet him in his room in the hotel2 ,mr4 ,smith refused this4 ,he begged for an interview on ,monday morning1 and ,mr4 ,smith said that he would come to the hotel at six o'clock in the morning4 ,he went1 and took with him his 8,uncle ,charley10 who followed ,mr4 ,smith up to ,mr4 ,thorson's room4 ,when ,mr4 ,thorson saw this1 he asked that 8,uncle ,charley0 should wait in the lobby2 so 8,uncle ,charley10 by prearrangement with ,mr4 ,smith1 pretended to go down to the lobby1 but came back to the door of the room and listened through the open transom to what was going on4 ,mr4 ,thorson offered ,mr4 ,smith ten per cent commission on all books sold within the county1 and he had the cash with him4 ,mr4 ,smith threw the money on the floor1 and walked out of the room4 ,and so began a long campaign against him4 ,mr4 ,gleason1 ,mr4 ,thorson1 ,mr4 ,james1 and several other agents put in nine weeks in the county1 trying to get the school machine lined up against ,mr4 ,smith4 ,they approached a number of the teachers1 as well as school directors2 they gave ,mr4 ,smith 8a dirty fight40 ,but he won with a good majority1 and threw out all the ,american ,book ,company's books4 ,he ordered some of ,ginn and ,company's books for the consolidated school of one township1 and ,mr4 ,thorson and ,mr4 ,james went to this school with a supply of ,american ,book ,company books1 and traded book for book1 taking out the ,ginn and ,company books1 and putting in their own4 ,but ,mr4 ,smith took the trouble to interview school boards1 and in every case he succeeded in persuading them that the other books were better2 he completely drove the ,american ,book ,company out of the county--that is1 until they drove him out of the schools6 ,they have one system throughout all ,north ,dakota2 they get the superintendents to an 8educational meeting10 which is really a banquet paid for by book company agents4 ,when they are properly fed1 the list of books is flashed upon them1 all carefully prepared for the various grades of their schools4 ,many superintendents don't know anything about books1 and don't want to bother with them2 they know the subject is a dangerous one1 and the easiest way is to sign the list4 ,the book company then prints this list at its own expense1 and sends the copies to the superintendent for distribution to the school boards4 ,the boards1 receiving this list1 assume that it represents the superintendent's selection1 and they put the list through4 ,and apparently it is the same way in ,south ,dakota4 ,miss ,alice ,daly resigned in #aiba from the ,madison ,state ,normal ,school1 and in a public statement declared as follows3 ,the book trust operates in ,south ,dakota exactly the way that it has operated in other states1 against the interests of the great mass of working people1 against the freedom of the teacher1 against any efficient organization of teachers1 against the frank and honest discussion of vital questions of the day1 against labor2 in short1 against democracy4 ,the book trust operates for its own selfish interests1 for capitalism and for autocracy within and without the school4 ,the book trust whenever it has enjoyed control1 operates against education in any genuine sense of the word4 ,the manager of one concern which sells books all over the country1 and concerning which ,i have not learned of any graft1 assures me that throughout the middle ,west1 especially the states of ,missouri and ,iowa1 the county 8adoptions0 are almost uniformly a matter of purchase4 ,the petty politicians on the school committees see a chance to make a little money1 and they make it--that seems obvious enough4 ,the price is five or six hundred dollars2 and this manager found it so hopeless to try to do business without paying that he told his agents to quit the county field4 ,i have not heard of any ,american counties being without text-books1 so presumably there are other companies not so fastidious4 ,,chapter ,,lxvii ,,the ,,superintendent-,,makers ,wherever you travel in the school world of the ,united ,states1 you find these same activities4 ,you recall the almost universal graft in the school affairs of ,chicago2 it should hardly need saying that the book trust was 8up to the eyes0 in this graft4 ,you never know where you meet them2 they operate under the names of various companies4 ,a member of the school board made the statement that one of the book companies had 8a whole trainload of books on a siding10 which they were trying to unload in ,chicago2 all the newspapers knew about it1 but they would not publish the facts4 ,the beginning of the graft exposure was the determination of the agents to dump this supply of books onto the ,chicago board4 ,the same thing extends over the state of ,illinois4 ,an agent of one book company was chairman of the state committee of the ,republican party1 and a superintendent of ,peoria1 ,illinois1 was discovered to have grafted to the extent of more than a million dollars1 and was sent to jail for it4 ,they had the governor of the state1 and had got a five-year 8adoption40 ,they did the same thing in ,cincinnati1 where they ran the superintendent and school board for a decade4 ,again1 it was a leading book company agent who was mixed up in a scandal with the governor of ,oklahoma4 ,there was another exposure in ,kentucky--and ,i was told of other states where there might be an exposure1 if ,i would go there and make inquiries6 ,in ,texas also there was a scandal and a political upheaval4 ,the ,american ,book ,company was prosecuted as a trust1 and fined fifteen thousand dollars and ousted from the state4 ,it was at that time a ,new ,jersey corporation1 and the ,texas authorities allowed it to plead guilty1 whereupon it was reorganized as a ,new ,york corporation and readmitted to do business in the state4 ,such little jokes as this the big corporations and their attorneys take great pleasure in playing upon state prosecuting authorities and legislatures6 ,an attorney in ,dallas writes me3 ,the ,american ,book ,company got an outrageous contract from the state text-book board1 headed by the sanctimonious ,governor ,neff1 making a number of needless changes1 that would cost the public school fund many hundreds of thousands of dollars2 but this contract has been1 temporarily at least1 defeated4 ,it must be said1 however1 that the chief reason it has been defeated is not the action of public-spirited ,texas citizens1 but the activity of other publishers1 particularly ,ginn and ,company1 for whom ,i have the same sort of respect that ,i have for the ,american ,book ,company4 ,as it happens1 ,i learned of another case1 in which the ,american ,book ,company was pulling off some dirty work in ,michigan1 and in that case they were stopped by ,heath and ,company4 ,so let us be thankful that the school book business is still in the competitive stage6 ,kansas was one state in which the farmers went to war against the book trust4 ,you will be interested in the adventures of ,mrs4 ,ella ,s4 ,burton1 who took up the issue as lecturer for the ,state ,grange4 ,these granges are farmers' societies2 and like the teachers' associations1 they have been taken over by the gang4 ,mrs4 ,burton found herself fighting the school-book machine inside of her own organization4 ,the book trust controlled not merely the state school book commission2 it had its high-priced educators and corporation lawyers and politicians inside the grange4 ,charges were brought against ,mrs4 ,burton1 and a committee appointed to investigate these charges unanimously vindicated her2 but the master of the ,state ,grange would not give her the floor1 nor hear the committee report1 and adjourned the meeting in order to suppress her4 ,it was promised that the findings of the committee would be published in the annual report1 but not a word of it was published1 and ,mrs4 ,burton was finally expelled from the grange4 ,the right-hand man of the grange master throughout the proceedings was1 of course1 an ,american ,book ,company agent4 ,nevertheless1 the ,kansas legislature passed a bill providing for state manufacture of text-books2 and so ,kansas shares with ,california the distinction of being the object of many pamphlets published by school-book company representatives1 proving the evils of its school-book habits6 ,i am not going into the cost of text-book publication1 but ,i think it may be worth mentioning that while ,i was in the state of ,washington ,i found that the schools there were using in many cases the same text-books as in ,california1 and were paying for them from a hundred to a hundred and fifty per cent more than it was costing the people of ,california to manufacture them4 ,sometimes the law permits school teachers to have something to say about the adoption of text-books1 and then you have book company agents playing the generous host to teachers4 ,we have seen ,major ,clancy at ,oakland and ,boston and ,des ,moines4 ,in ,california1 ,i am told by a prominent educator that many teachers get their summer vacations at the expense of the book companies4 ,it is a favorite device to offer them a trip to the ,east to see where the school books are made2 that is not graft1 but education6 ,teachers learn to look to book company agents for promotion2 and almost invariably you notice that when any superintendent or board member is turned out of his job1 the book companies take care of him4 ,we saw a school superintendent of ,chicago becoming president of ,heath ,company2 we saw ,president ,pearse of the ,milwaukee ,state ,normal ,school becoming an agent for ,compton's ,pictured ,encyclopedia4 ,i am told by ,mr4 ,william ,bouck1 head of the ,washington ,progressive ,grange1 that the ,american ,book ,company has named more superintendents in the state of ,washington than all the big agencies put together2 also that the agents of this concern were put on the program of every school institute on the west coast of ,washington4 ,this point is also touched upon by ,professor ,charles ,h4 ,judd1 of the ,university of ,chicago4 ,he writes3 ,it is a matter of constant rumor that the selection of the superintendent in various cities is altogether in the hands of book companies4 ,the most impressive and detailed story of this sort that ,i ever heard relates to the superintendency of ,fort ,wayne1 ,indiana4 ,the man who told me the story is still in the educational profession and would hardly want to be implicated1 but he said that he was met at the station1 when he went to see the board of education at ,fort ,wayne1 not by any member of the board of education1 but by the local representative of one of the book companies4 ,his conversation about the position was altogether with this representative of the book company1 and he left town telling him that he did not want the place4 ,the representative of the book company told him that he was not going to ask him to keep the conference confidential1 because he knew that it was all the superintendent's professional career was worth to have a controversy with him1 and that if the superintendent ever reported any part of this discussion1 the representative of the book company would deny the whole affair4 ,this story was told to me by a man who is absolutely reliable and he would not1 ,i am sure1 in any wise distort the facts4 ,professor ,judd goes on to explain his belief that in many cases these things are done by book agents without the knowledge of the company1 and that the company would be 8greatly distressed to know that these things happen40 ,i have a great respect for ,professor ,judd1 one of the most liberal and courageous educators in this country2 also ,i have great respect for a college professor1 a very distinguished author of school text-books1 who writes me that the trouble is due to 8the less scrupulous agents in the heat of a campaign40 ,this gentleman's own publishers 8deprecate these methods1 but perhaps the heat of a campaign will now and then lead local agents astray4 ,i have plenty of reason to suspect that other publishers make it impossible to play the game very fairly40 ,in answer to this1 ,i can only state my own point of view--that ,i cannot take much stock in the idea that heads of large-scale modern industries do not know what their employes and agents are doing4 ,they make it their business to know1 and any lack of knowledge which they have is formal2 that is1 a business man smiles and says3 8,don't let me know about it60 ,but in reality he knows2 and the school officials who get the 8rake off0 also know4 ,says ,professor ,robert ,morse ,lovett1 also of the ,university of ,chicago3 8,there is scarcely a large city in the country in which the pupils and teachers alike are not shamefully and scandalously defrauded by action of school trustees1 which would be characterized in the mildest terms as wilful mismanagement conducing to private profit40 ,and ,professor ,guido ,marx of ,stanford ,university tells me how he referred to school book graft before the ,commonwealth ,club of ,san ,francisco1 and a representative of a book company said to him3 8,what's the matter8 ,have you got a book you can't get published80 ,it appears that ethical codes on book matters are in a somewhat unsettled state--out here in ,california at any rate4 ,i have on my desk a series of letters from a ,california school-book publisher1 personally a very likeable and genial fellow1 who assures me that he doesn't think there is any harm in the fact that a lady editor of his magazine1 formerly a stockholder in his business1 and still having a desk in his office1 is also a member of the local school board1 and in this capacity signed orders for the purchase of something less than a thousand dollars worth of books from this publisher4 ,i suppose that if ,i were to meet ,david ,p4 ,barrows1 ,dean of ,imperialism at our state university1 he would assure me there was nothing wrong in the fact that he1 while head of the department of political science at the university1 was invited by the ,mexican government to come down there and advise them on the subject of education2 and that he went1 and became vice-president of the ,vera ,cruz ,land ,cattle ,company1 and came back to recommend war on ,mexico1 so as to give value to his holdings in that concern6 ,all this time we have been thinking of text-books as a source of dividends4 ,it is necessary to remind ourselves that these sources of dividends are also sources of ideas to our children4 ,how do the ideas count1 in comparison with the dividends8 ,let me quote ,professor ,judd once more3 ,there is a more fundamental matter which is not scandalous but which is important4 ,book companies influence the schools to an enormous degree by furnishing the materials of instruction4 ,the ordinary teacher in the ,american school is so little prepared for his or her work that the material supplied in text-books is absolutely indispensable to the conduct of classes4 ,when a book company gets a successful text-book1 it is very loath to make any changes in the book for obvious reasons3 the cost of making new plates and the danger of losing the market prevent revision of text-books4 ,the result is that there are sets of text-books which exercise a thoroughly unwholesome influence on school practices1 just because the book companies are unwilling to make expensive revisions and are interested primarily in selling the books that they now have in stock4 ,when a good report is prepared by one of the technical societies1 and book companies are asked to conform to the progressive ideas which are expressed in such a report1 one finds these companies very reluctant to try any experiments4 ,when ,i was a lad1 ,i learned geometry and algebra as two entirely separate subjects1 and until today it never occurred to me that they were in any way related1 and might be taught as parts of one subject4 ,but now ,i learn from an educator that this is the case4 ,and why are they taught separately in all high schools of the ,united ,states8 ,well1 because geometry and algebra are the private preserves of ,ginn and ,company1 owners of the ,wentworth text-books1 which lead in this field4 ,any teacher or superintendent who should suggest that these profitable works be scrapped would not be regarded with favor by the hundred and twenty-five agents of this great book concern1 who have so much to say about high salaried school positions4 ,,chapter ,,lxviii ,,the ,,church ,,conspiracy ,we have seen the activities of the ,roman ,catholic hierarchy in many ,american cities2 but because this is a national system1 competing with the public schools in every part of the country1 it is necessary to consider the general aspects of the parochial school problem4 ,many ,catholics will read this book and write me letters2 therefore ,i will save both my time and their feelings if ,i explain at the outset that ,i know there are a great many decent1 hard-working ,catholics in the ,united ,states1 and also many earnest and devoted ,catholic teachers in the ,american public schools4 ,my quarrel here is with the ,roman hierarchy1 which holds the faith of millions of sincere people1 and sells it out to the exploiters of the world4 ,this is a book on economics1 and its plea is to ,catholic working people1 to open their eyes to the class struggle1 and see how they are being betrayed and plundered in modern capitalist society4 ,this class struggle is in the ,catholic ,church1 precisely as in other organizations4 ,there are ,catholic trust magnates and exploiters of labor1 and they give their money to ,catholic educational institutions1 and then control these institutions in the interest of the open shop and general reaction4 ,i was not well informed about the insides of ,catholic affairs1 and when ,i came to investigate ,i could not keep from laughing1 to discover how completely ,catholic education reproduces all the features of ,protestant education4 ,here1 for example1 is ,james ,a4 ,farrell1 president of the ,steel ,trust2 he got part of a common school education1 and then went to work in a steel mill2 in #aibb we find him getting an honorary degree from the ,catholic ,georgetown ,university6 ,here is ,francis ,p4 ,garvan1 wealthy corporation lawyer1 ,attorney-,general ,palmer's assistant in robbing helpless ,germans during the war4 ,he gives generously to ,catholic schools and colleges1 and gets an honorary degree from ,fordham ,university1 and is a trustee in the ,catholic ,university of ,america4 ,he vigorously carries on the open-shop propaganda in the ,catholic world1 and bitterly fights the influence of ,father ,ryan1 who sympathizes with labor4 ,here is ,cond ,b4 ,pallen1 graduate of ,georgetown ,university1 a wealthy ,catholic propagandist1 editor of the 8,catholic ,encyclopedia10 and head of the 8,committee for the ,study of ,revolutionary ,movements of the ,national ,civic ,federation40 ,mr4 ,pallen is one of the 8,helen ,ghouls02 and thereby we discover that in the world of ,big ,business the gulf between ,catholics and ,protestants has been bridged4 ,it is my hope that this gulf may be bridged in the world of labor1 and that ,protestant and ,catholic wage-slaves will no longer permit themselves to be divided and conquered by their masters4 ,six or seven hundred years ago the ,catholic ,church had its ,golden ,age1 and at that time it was to some extent a proletarian movement4 ,there are ,catholics today who dream of a return of that ,golden ,age1 and see in the modern labor unions something resembling the medieval guilds4 ,these men are fighting vigorously inside the church2 they got a group of bishops to support the ,national ,catholic ,welfare ,council1 and the ,catholic ,church issued an extremely progressive manifesto on social problems4 ,you remember during the war we had quite a wave of enthusiasm for the making over of the world2 and there were ,catholic idealists1 sharing that bright dream4 ,but now the war is over1 and we no longer need to make promises to labor1 and the 8hard guys0 are in the saddle4 ,the open-shop gang goes after the ,catholic radicals1 and you hear less about the reconstruction program4 ,john ,d4 ,ryan1 chairman of the ,anaconda ,copper ,company and leading ,catholic capitalist1 resigns from the board of the ,catholic ,university of ,america1 and ,nicholas ,f4 ,brady1 ,catholic traction magnate1 declares that this university will get no more funds while ,father ,john ,a4 ,ryan1 the radical1 is on its teaching staff4 ,father ,ryan's teachings are denounced by the ,lusk ,committee as 8subversive10 and the open-shop intriguers protest to the ,apostolic delegate in ,america4 ,the ,catholic bishops turn lukewarm to social reconstruction1 and the funds to be devoted to this work are suddenly discovered to be missing4 ,mr4 ,cond ,b4 ,pallen travels to ,rome1 and the next thing we hear is that the ,papal ,see has ordered the dissolution of the ,national ,catholic ,welfare ,council4 ,the ,catholic liberals1 of course1 do not give up without a struggle1 and they have powerful arguments on their side4 ,for a generation the ,church has seen with dismay the organized workers drifting away from its authority and taking up with ,socialism4 ,and what chance has the ,catholic machine to win unless it professes some interest in the cause of social justice8 ,what chance will the ,church have with the ,american ,federation of ,labor if it sells itself body and soul to the open shop8 ,in ,cincinnati a ,catholic priest1 ,father ,peter ,dietz1 started a liberal organization1 the ,american ,academy of ,christian ,democracy2 he opened the convention of the ,american ,federation of ,labor with a prayer1 and was then suspended by the archbishop of the diocese4 ,thereupon high officials of the ,federation addressed a protest to the archbishop2 if such protests are not heeded1 how can the ,church hope to hold the rank and file of organized labor8 ,the ,national ,catholic ,welfare ,council appealed to the ,pope to reconsider the order for its suspension4 ,it ought to be interesting to ,american ,catholics to know the names of the judges who heard and decided this grave question of ,american policy2 they were ,gasparri1 ,merry del ,val1 ,bisleti1 ,sbaretti1 ,van ,rossum1 and ,pompili3 four of them ,italians1 one a ,spaniard1 and one a ,hollander6 ,there are no ,americans in the ,roman ,curia1 and ,american ,catholics are excluded from any share in the control of their church4 ,this seems to me something which every ,american has a right to make note of1 and which ,american ,catholics must find embarrassing4 ,the most active of ,catholic propaganda agencies in this country is the ,knights of ,columbus1 and this order has recently resolved to assume its share of the labors of revising our schools and school text-books4 8,knight0 ,mc,sweeney has declared that 8half the history text-books should be destroyed40 ,it is interesting to note that the class struggle is going on inside this organization1 precisely as in the ,national ,education ,association4 ,there are some ,catholics who object to seeing their church used by the political henchmen of ,big ,business4 ,when ,district ,attorney ,pelletier of ,boston1 a high-up official of the ,knights1 was prosecuted for selling justice to rich criminals1 there were resolutions passed by several state branches to demand his resignation4 ,pelletier of course raised the cry that he was being persecuted because he was a ,catholic2 such is the device by which the grafters try to hold on4 ,but ,pelletier had to quit4 ,when ,i was a boy of sixteen1 earning my way through college by writing jokes and sketches1 ,i went to call upon ,street and ,smith1 publishers of the 8half-dime novels0 of my boyhood2 detective and ,wild ,west tales1 full of thrilling adventures1 and having illustrated covers in brilliant red and green and blue and yellow4 ,the editor in charge of these publications was a gentleman who called himself ,enrique ,h4 ,lewis2 he had lived in ,south ,america1 and enlisted in the navy4 ,i took him the manuscript of a long novel1 and presently began to write for him a series of stories about ,west ,point life4 ,someone asked him if ,i had been through ,west ,point1 and he answered that ,i had been through it in three days6 ,the ,spanish ,war came on1 and ,i took to slaughtering the enemy by land and sea--on the land ,i was ,lieutenant ,frederick ,garrison1 and on sea ,i was ,ensign ,clark ,fitch4 ,my editorial chief used to marvel at the speed with which these manuscripts appeared2 there was a year when ,i was turning out a total of fifty-six thousand words a week4 ,we used to have office consultations1 and he was worried about the state of my soul2 it didn't seem natural that a boy of my age should be holding such serious views about human problems4 ,his forebodings proved to be justified--,i spoiled myself as a writer of dime novels1 and lost my job with ,street and ,smith6 ,my former chief took better care of his career1 and is now ,henry ,harrison ,lewis1 editor of 8,industrial ,progress10 organ of the 8open shop40 ,i have before me one of his articles1 entitled3 8,the ,great ,open-,shop ,conspiracy40 ,you might guess this conspiracy to be the effort of the ,black ,hand to make the ,american people believe that 8open shop0 means freedom for labor2 but no--this conspiracy is the action of the ,national ,catholic ,welfare ,council1 together with the ,protestant churches1 in defending the right of workers to form unions if they want to4 ,this article is reprinted in pamphlet form1 and copies of it are sent to every ,catholic priest and every ,protestant clergyman in the ,united ,states4 ,mr4 ,lewis admits that the cost of this is defrayed 8by other persons and organizations02 but he refuses to tell us who these persons and organizations are6 ,,chapter ,,lxix ,,catholicism ,,and ,,the ,,schools ,just what is the attitude of the ,catholic ,church to the ,american public schools8 ,this is an important question1 because there are fourteen million ,catholics in our country1 and they control the education1 not merely of two million children in their own schools1 but of other millions in public schools where the ,catholic vote has elected ,catholic officials and school board members1 and obtained the appointment of ,catholic superintendents and teachers4 ,there has been so much controversy over this question1 so much has been affirmed by one side and denied by the other1 that ,i decided ,i would go into it thoroughly and settle it once for all4 ,i may as well state at the outset that ,i found ,i had been overambitious4 ,the question cannot be settled once for all2 for the reason that no two ,catholic authorities agree with each other1 and in controversy with ,catholic theologians the most explicit ,latin and ,english words are discovered to be capable of so many interpretations that all meaning goes out of them4 ,the most detailed statement of the official ,catholic attitude towards ,church and ,state1 and ,state activities such as public schools1 is found in the 8,syllabus of ,errors0 of ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 ,this is a list of eighty propositions of liberalism and democracy1 which are lumped together and condemned as 8the principal errors of our time40 ,i had often seen this ,syllabus summarized and discussed1 but ,i had never seen the complete text4 ,i consulted the public libraries in ,pasadena and ,los ,angeles1 but in vain4 ,i applied to ,catholic bookstores1 but likewise in vain4 ,i applied to ,loyola ,college and to the ,catholic bishop in ,los ,angeles1 but these had it only in ,latin4 ,i telegraphed to the largest wholesale book-seller in ,new ,york1 but was informed that an ,english text was not obtainable4 ,by that time ,i began to suspect that the church authorities were not anxious to have the ,american public read their fundamental law on the subjects of liberalism and democracy2 when ,i finally obtained the text1 ,i discovered why4 ,it was left to an enemy of the ,church to supply me with this most vital church document4 ,william ,ewart ,gladstone attacked the ,syllabus with righteous wrath1 and ,i found the text in his volume 8,rome and the ,newest ,fashions in ,religion40 ,this ,syllabus is extremely awkward to quote1 for the reason that the propositions are all negative--a list of statements which are condemned2 and some of the statements themselves are negative1 so that you find yourself with double negatives to disentangle4 ,a few of the most important of the propositions will have to suffice2 and let me say that ,i have brushed up my rusty ,latin for the occasion1 and made certain that the translations are literal and precise4 ,bear in mind that this is the ,supreme ,pontiff speaking ex cathedra1 which is the same as the voice of ,god2 so the following statements are not subject to question or revision1 so long as the ,holy ,catholic ,church endures4 ,thus1 formally and finally1 we are told that it is an error to teach that3 #ae4 ,every man is free to embrace and profess the religion he shall believe true1 guided by the light of reason4 ,this of course means that every man is not free to embrace and profess his own religion2 and carries the obvious corollary that every man must let the ,catholic ,church tell him what religion to embrace4 #ag4 ,we may entertain at least a well-founded hope for the eternal salvation of all those who are in no manner in the true ,church of ,christ4 ,this means1 in brief1 that all non-,catholics are damned eternally1 and it is false doctrine to teach otherwise4 #bj4 ,the ecclesiastical power must not exercise its authority without the permission and assent of the civil government4 ,this means that the ,church may exercise its authority without the consent of the ,state2 that1 for example1 the ,church may marry and annul marriage1 in defiance of the civil laws4 ,this must be taken in connection with #cj4 ,the immunity of the ,church and of ecclesiastical persons derives its origin from civil law4 ,this means that the ,church and its priests are immune to civil law1 and this immunity comes from ,god1 and cannot be taken away by the ,state4 ,if the ,church could maintain this proposition in ,america1 neither the ,church nor any ecclesiastic could be sued or tried by the regular courts1 but only by courts of their own4 #db4 ,in the case of conflicting laws between the two powers1 the civil law ought to prevail4 ,this means that civil law ought not to prevail over ,church law2 and since it is manifest that two laws cannot both prevail1 it follows that ,church law is proclaimed superior to civil law4 ,such is the ,church's own version of her attitude to the ,state2 and now1 let us see what is her attitude to the schools of the ,state8 ,the propositions dealing with this matter are longer1 and more involved with double negatives2 but we will take the time to disentangle them1 and the reader who is not interested in the problem may skip4 #de4 ,the entire direction of public schools1 in which the youth of ,christian states are educated1 except 7to a certain extent7 in the case of episcopal seminaries1 may and must appertain to the civil power1 and belong to it so far that no other authority whatsoever shall be recognized as having any right to interfere in the discipline of the schools1 the arrangement of the studies1 the taking of degrees1 or the choice and approval of the teachers4 ,the phrase 8episcopal seminaries0 means what we should call 8,catholic schools0 or 8parochial schools02 and this proposition states that the ,church is not satisfied with being permitted to teach what it pleases in these schools1 but denounces the claim of the ,state to exclusive control of teaching in the ,state schools4 ,the next proposition1 #df1 defends the right of the ,church to teach as it pleases in its own schools4 ,since that is not commonly disputed in ,america1 we pass on4 #dg4 ,the best theory of civil society requires that popular schools open to the children of all classes1 and1 generally1 all public institutes intended for instruction in letters and philosophy1 and for conducting the education of the young1 should be freed from all ecclesiastical authority1 government1 and interference1 and should be fully subject to the civil and political power1 in conformity with the will of rulers and the prevalent opinions of the age4 ,this is an exact statement of the theory upon which the ,american public school system is founded1 and this theory is declared to be an error4 #dh4 ,this system of instructing youth1 which consists in separating it from the ,catholic faith and from the power of the ,church1 and in teaching exclusively1 or at least primarily1 the knowledge of natural things and the earthly ends of social life alone1 may be approved by ,catholics4 ,this is practically a definition of what we call 8secular education02 it is what we give in our public schools1 and we are declared to be in error when we do so4 ,there are many other statements in this ,syllabus which are of importance4 ,thus in #gg we learn that the ,church refuses to give up its demand that the ,state shall maintain it as the only religion4 ,in #gh we are told that the ,state should not permit non-,catholics to worship publicly in ,catholic countries4 ,in #gi we are told that freedom of worship1 and freedom of manifesting opinions and ideas1 conduce to corrupt the minds of the people4 ,in #hj we are told that the ,roman ,pontiff cannot and ought not 8reconcile himself to1 and agree with1 progress1 liberalism1 and civilization as lately introduced40 ,i think that will suffice to make plain to the average ,american why the 8,syllabus of ,errors0 cannot be found in ,english translation in ,catholic volumes obtainable in libraries or book-stores6 ,while in the midst of these researches ,i came upon a little pamphlet entitled3 8,the ,catholic ,answer4 ,an ,honest1 ,dignified ,statement of ,facts for ,fair-,minded ,people10 published by 8,our ,sunday ,visitor10 of ,huntington1 ,indiana4 ,this pamphlet has the ,american flag on the cover1 and contains an entirely different statement of the ,catholic attitude2 also an offer of a thousand dollars to anyone who can disprove anything in the pamphlet4 ,so ,i wrote to the editor of this publication1 asking him for help in my researches4 ,at the time of writing ,i did not have the full text of the ,syllabus2 ,i had merely a summary of some of its propositions1 and ,i sent these to the editor1 asking him to explain the matter4 ,from the letter-head of his reply ,i gain the information that 8,our ,sunday ,visitor0 is 8the popular ,national ,catholic weekly with #b1jjj1jjj readers scattered over every country in the world4 ,thousands of priests order it for all of their people40 ,the editor is the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,msgr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,noll1 and he tells me3 ,we do not have the ,syllabus of ,pius ,,ix at hand1 and therefore are not able to determine the accuracy of the quotations which you submit for verification4 ,the last two quotations seem so utterly abhorrent even to the ,catholic1 that ,i am quite certain that they are not genuine4 ,you understand that this is the day of bogus documents1 concocted and circulated by enemies of the ,catholic ,church4 ,after that1 of course1 ,i was more than ever determined to get the full text of the ,syllabus4 ,when ,i got it1 ,i found that the passages to which ,monsignor ,noll takes exception are merely a brief practical summary of a few propositions1 turning their negatives into positive affirmations4 ,thus1 one of the passages which ,i sent to the ,monsignor and which he finds 8utterly abhorrent even to the ,catholic0 reads as follows3 ,the ,church has the right to avail itself of force1 and to use the temporal power for that purpose4 ,the ,church has the right to exercise her power without the permission or consent of the ,state4 ,and that is covered by ,proposition #bd of the ,syllabus1 which states that it is an error to teach that ,the ,church has not the power of availing herself of force1 or any direct or indirect temporal power4 and also ,proposition #bj1 which denounces the error that ,the ecclesiastical power must not exercise its authority without the permission and assent of the civil government4 ,you will note variations in the translation2 no two people1 rendering the same ,latin into ,english1 would use the same ,english words4 ,the ,latin 8potestas0 is called 8right0 in one version1 and 8power0 in the other2 but the meaning is the same1 for the power claimed by the ,church is moral power1 the power given by ,god1 which is what we call 8right40 ,so far as ,i can see1 the statement which ,monsignor ,noll finds 8utterly abhorrent even to the ,catholic0 is a perfectly fair summary of the practical effect of the ,syllabus4 ,and the same applies to the other quotation1 which1 as submitted to ,monsignor ,noll1 read3 ,the ,church and her priests have the right to immunity from all civil laws4 ,that is ,proposition #cj of the ,syllabus1 which denounces as an error the doctrine that ,the immunity of the ,church and of ecclesiastical persons derives its origin from civil law4 ,now there can be no dispute that this proposition asserts 8immunity0 for the ,church and for ecclesiastical persons2 and the word 8immunity0 is a technical church word1 meaning immunity from civil law--a prerogative which was maintained by the ,church until recent times4 ,the question considered in the ,syllabus is whether this 8immunity0 is derived from the ,state or from ,god4 ,if it is derived from the ,state1 it can be abolished by the ,state1 and this is the 8error0 which the ,pope is denouncing4 ,he affirms the contrary1 that the immunity is from ,god1 and therefore can never be taken away4 ,is not this the very proposition which ,monsignor ,noll finds 8utterly abhorrent even to the ,catholic08 ,the ,monsignor goes on to discuss the propositions referring to the schools1 and to say that they are applicable only where there is union of ,church and ,state1 and have nothing to do with the ,catholic ,church in its relation to our own public schools4 8,outside of countries where there is union of ,church and ,state1 the ,catholic ,church does not pretend to have any jurisdiction1 nor would she ever dream of interfering with the public schools4 ,the teaching of the ,church is that both the ,state and ,church are supreme1 each in its own domain40 ,and then1 after reading that1 ,i get the text of the ,encyclicals of ,pope ,leo ,,xiii1 which are part of the supreme law of the ,church1 and ,i read3 ,the ,church of ,rome is one monarchy over all the kingdoms of the earth1 and is1 among temporal kingdoms1 as the mind or soul to the body of a man1 or as ,god in the world4 ,therefore the ,church of ,rome must not only have the spiritual power1 but also the supreme temporal power4 ,and once more3 ,it is an impious deed to break the laws of ,jesus ,christ for the purpose of obeying the magistrates1 or to transgress the laws of the ,church under the pretext of obeying the civil law4 ,in the effort to clear up these mysteries1 ,i wrote to the fourteen catholic archbishops of the ,united ,states1 also to the papal delegate in ,washington1 and to the ,paulist ,fathers in ,new ,york4 ,the first reply came by telegraph from the archbishop of ,new ,orleans1 referring me to the ,catholic ,encyclopedia4 ,i consulted in that work the topics 8,pius ,,ix10 and the 8,syllabus of ,errors10 and the first thing ,i read was that the ,encyclical containing this 8,syllabus of ,errors0 8was solemnly received in national and provincial councils by the episcopate of the whole world40 ,i also learned that 8the #8,syllabus' is not only the defense of the inalienable rights of ,god1 of the ,church1 and of truth against the abuse of the words freedom and culture on the part of unbridled ,liberalism1 but it is also a protest1 earnest and energetic1 against the attempt to eliminate the influence of the ,catholic ,church on the life of nations and of individuals1 on the family and the school40 ,and again3 8,it has done an inestimable service to the ,church and to society at large by unmasking the false liberalism which had begun to insinuate its subtle poison into the very marrow of ,catholicism40 ,but ,i do not find one word in either of these articles to indicate that the propositions of the ,syllabus do not apply to ,america1 but only to countries which have separation of ,church and ,state4 ,i find sweeping endorsements of sweeping propositions2 and how can ,i bring myself to believe that ecclesiastical authorities1 solemnly laying down the law for all time1 would omit to state such vital qualifications1 if they wished such qualifications to be understood8 ,i have before me a stack of letters from ,catholic authorities1 also a stack of ,catholic pamphlets1 and references to a great number of books2 ,i realize now that if ,i were to make an authoritative pronouncement on the attitude of the ,catholic ,church toward the ,american public schools1 ,i should have to write a volume instead of a chapter4 ,how complicated the subject is you may judge from one sentence1 quoted to me by ,archbishop ,keane of ,dubuque4 ,this is a statement made by ,cardinal ,newman1 in the course of his controversy with ,gladstone over the meaning of the 8,syllabus of ,errors40 ,says the great master of ,catholic apologetics3 8,the #8,syllabus1' viewed in itself1 is nothing more than a digest of certain errors made by an anonymous writer40 ,i can only give my reaction to this sentence--it shows me that ,i should be wasting my time if ,i tried to understand ,catholic controversy4 ,the 8,syllabus0 is an explicit statement by the highest ,catholic authority1 that the propositions of the 8anonymous writer0 are errors2 from which it follows that the contrary of these propositions is upon the highest ,catholic authority affirmed4 ,if someone tells me that ,i am reported to have burglarized a bank1 that is an anonymous statement2 but if ,i answer1 8that is a lie10 then ,i am making the flat assertion that ,i did not burglarize a bank4 ,and if anyone denies that1 ,i say that he is not seeking truth1 but merely juggling words1 and ,i have no more time to waste on ,cardinal ,newman4 ,,chapter ,,lxx ,,the ,,practical ,,church ,,administrator ,let us now break through the tangle of ecclesiastical sophistry1 and try to get in a few paragraphs the common sense of the situation4 ,why are ,catholic authorities reduced to quibbling and evading1 and hiding their real dogmas from the world8 ,the answer is that ,catholic students throughout the world are inevitably influenced by their environment2 those who live in liberal countries take on a tinge of liberalism4 ,but meantime the dogmas of the church are laid down by a group of medieval-minded bigots in ,rome1 who set their faces against the whole of modern life1 and prescribe formulas which are excruciatingly embarrassing to ,american ,catholics with political and social ambitions4 ,hence it comes about that the 8,syllabus of ,errors0 of ,pius ,,ix is not obtainable in official ,catholic translations in ,american public libraries2 hence also it comes about that one ,catholic archbishop after another writes to assure me that the propositions of the 8,syllabus0 do not apply to public schools in ,america4 ,the frankest letter is from ,archbishop ,dowling of ,st4 ,paul1 who practically admits that ,i am right in my suspicion that ,american ,catholics are going as far as they dare to put the dogmas of the ,papal reactionaries upon the shelf4 ,he says3 ,the theologian still holds that in itself that ,state is most perfect where the rights of ,god are recognized as well as the rights of man4 ,he assumes all the implications of that position4 ,but his thesis receives the attention and the respect that are usually given to ,utopias4 ,the practical church administrator loyally accepts the fait accompli4 ,he adjusts his policies and his plans to things as he finds them4 ,and again3 ,so far as ,i know nobody with any influence in the ,catholic body of this country opposes the public school system4 ,i doubt if ,catholics ever give the subject of such a fatuous movement a single thought4 ,in fact1 ,catholics are not effectively organized in any but parish groups4 ,they have not an influential press4 ,there is not a ,catholic paper of any kind that circulates largely throughout the whole country4 ,they are divided into many racial groups with no point of contact save a common creed4 ,i should like to accept this very courteous statement2 but when ,i am dealing with men who admit that they are 8practical10 meaning that they profess creeds which they do not try to apply1 ,i am necessarily led to wonder whether such an attitude might not lead a man to feel justified in 8shading0 his views while writing to a non-,catholic correspondent4 ,also1 ,i am obliged to contrast the archbishop's statement with that on the letter-head of ,msgr4 ,noll3 8#8,our ,sunday ,visitor1' the popular ,national ,catholic weekly with #b1jjj1jjj readers scattered over every country in the world4 ,thousands of priests order it for all of their people40 ,how can this be fitted to the statement that 8there is not a ,catholic paper of any kind that circulates largely throughout the whole country80 ,for the rest of this chapter let us follow the program of the 8practical church administrator10 and adjust ourselves to things as we find them4 ,what one finds everywhere throughout ,america is as follows3 ,the ,catholics are maintaining a rival system to the public schools2 they are running an enormous business1 spending tens of millions of dollars1 and they take toward the public schools precisely the attitude which business rivalry engenders in every human group4 ,they say in their propaganda literature that they wish to be 8fair0 to the public schools4 ,but just what can be the meaning of this word1 to men who regard secular education as destructive to the souls of the children who receive it8 ,inevitably1 they wish to save as many souls as possible2 and the fact that they do it from the best of motives makes no difference to us4 ,the attitude of the ,catholic church is to get as much for the church schools as possible1 and to hold down the public schools as much as possible2 that is the fact1 and any denial of that fact is propaganda1 and a part of the game4 ,so when you travel from city to city1 and from state to state1 as ,i have done1 you find that the ,catholics are everywhere claiming what is 8right02 but that 8right0 is never the same in two places4 ,it varies according to one simple formula--it is always a little bit more than the ,catholics are getting in that place4 ,in ,italy1 ,catholic 8right0 demands that the ,pope shall be the civil ruler of the papal state1 including the city of ,rome1 and that there shall be no schools except church schools4 ,catholic 8right0 requires this latter in ,south ,american countries also4 ,in cities of the ,united ,states where the ,catholic vote is large1 ,catholic 8right0 demands that church schools be supported out of public taxes4 ,in ,california1 which is not ,catholic1 8right0 is somewhat less than this--merely that the state should furnish free text books for the ,catholic schools4 ,in order to get this concession1 the ,catholic lobbyists made a deal with the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 agreeing to help the 8,y10 which thought it had a 8right0 to be released from having to pay taxes on its property6,l ----- ,footnote ,l3 ,franklin ,hichborn3 8,legislative ,bulletin10 ,april #ba1 #aiag4 ----- ,archbishop ,dowling tells me that the ,catholic 8finds that the secular ,state which is founded on liberty is1 after all1 not such a bad sort40 ,but then ,i go to my ,catholic documents once more1 and ,i note that only a few years ago the most beloved of modern ,catholic popes1 ,leo ,,xiii1 sent an ,encyclical to the most beloved of ,american ,catholic prelates1 ,cardinal ,gibbons1 dealing with that dangerous and wicked thing known as 8,americanism10 and insisting that the growth of the church in ,america must not be attributed to the excellence of ,america and ,american institutions1 but solely to the peculiar divine excellence of the church4 ,what the beloved ,leo thought of our ,american scheme of separation of ,church and ,state1 with a fair field and no favor for all religions1 he set forth in his ,encyclical 8,immortale ,dei10 dated #ahhe2 denouncing as one of the products of 8unbridled license0 the theory that the ,state is 8not obliged to make public profession of any one religion1 but on the contrary is bound to grant equal rights to every creed40 ,and lest any 8practical0 ,american archbishop should try to do funny work with that sentence1 he went on to nail the doctrine down2 declaring 8that it is not lawful for the ,state1 any more than for the individual1 either to disregard all religious duties1 or to hold in equal favor different kinds of religion2 that the unrestrained freedom of thinking and of openly making known one's thoughts is not inherent in the rights of citizens1 and is by no means to be reckoned worthy of favor and support40 ,i could go on for chapters1 exposing such inconsistencies between the divinely revealed papal doctrines1 and the propaganda of the 8practical church administrator40 ,but the thing you are really interested in is what ,i have shown you in ,boston1 ,baltimore1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,san ,francisco--the ,catholic hierarchy building a whole school system to replace the public schools2 and at the same time electing to the public school boards of these cities ,catholic ladies and gentlemen who omit to develop the building programs of the public schools1 and when the people persist in voting the money1 refuse to spend the money and have the buildings constructed4 ,,chapter ,,lxxi ,,faith ,,and ,,modern ,,thought ,one more important question we have to consider3 ,what is ,catholic education8 ,here again we find two aspects of the problem--first1 the doctrines of the church1 and second1 their 8practical0 application to ,american life4 ,when ,catholic priests and ,catholic sisters teach the multiplication-table1 they teach the same multiplication-table as the public schools4 ,when they teach chemistry1 they teach the same formulas as the public schools4 ,when they teach astronomy1 they teach that the earth is positively known to move round the sun4 ,but when they teach the history of astronomy1 they have to call upon their subtle casuists1 and get round the fact that their infallible popes infallibly decreed that the sun moves round the earth1 and caused the imprisonment of ,galileo in a dungeon for having taught the devilish ,copernican heresy4 ,during my last year in the ,new ,york public schools ,i had an ,irish ,catholic gentleman for my teacher4 ,i never had a better teacher1 and wouldn't want one2 he was efficient1 and at the same time human and jolly4 ,he discovered that it was possible to let us talk to him and ask him questions without the formality of raising our hands4 ,he would let us argue and 8scrap0 with him1 and he evolved a most delightful method of discipline for boys who did not pay attention--he would let fly a piece of chalk at their heads4 ,i learned more from him in one year than ,i learned from some other teachers in two2 so ,i have a kindly spot in my heart for ,irish ,catholic teachers4 ,but then ,i went on to college1 and here it was quite different2 for ,i was not studying spelling and geography and arithmetic1 about which all the world agrees2 ,i was studying history and philosophy and literature1 about which ,catholics differ from everybody else4 ,i was studying at a public college1 run by ,tammany ,hall1 and many of the professors were ,catholics2 later on1 when the college moved up to its new buildings1 they took most of its staff from ,fordham ,college1 a ,catholic institution1 and without any examinations or preliminaries4 ,i had as my ,latin teacher ,professor ,charles ,g4 ,herberman1 editor of the 8,catholic ,encyclopedia10 and a captain of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,he was a great ,latin scholar1 but a despot as well as a bigot2 and when he wandered from the subject1 which he did frequently1 he supported every obscurantist idea in the world4 ,my philosophy teacher1 ,john ,j4 ,mc,nulty1 taught me the intellectual cob-web spinning of all the ages4 ,naturally1 he could not have taught me a philosophy of evolution1 or a philosophy of common-sense1 such as pragmatism4 ,i spent my entire time in his classes marveling that no one of the world's great philosophers had ever thought of relating metaphysical theories to the plain facts of life which everybody knows and lives by2 ,i would try to pin ,professor ,mc,nulty down on this point1 only to find that he couldn't understand what ,i meant4 ,and then ,professor ,george ,e4 ,hardy1 who taught us ,english1 according to the ,new ,york 8,sun0 and ,tammany ,hall4 ,i have told about him in 8,the ,goose-step0--how he made us learn and recite ,catholic poetry1 and taught us that ,milton was a narrow bigot and ,chaucer not a ,wyckliffite4 ,i didn't know what a ,wyckliffite was1 but ,i understand now that he was the ,bolshevik of the fourteenth century--a creature so wicked that it wasn't safe for you to know about him1 for fear you might come to agree with him6 ,now1 manifestly the education which these ,catholic gentlemen tried to give me was absurd2 and if they had tried to give me education in biology1 or in sociology1 or in history1 it would have been equally absurd4 ,to the ,catholic ,church the entire development of modern thought is a kind of malignant tumor upon the human race4 ,this again is something about which there can be no argument--there simply is not in the ,catholic system any place for the secular state1 or for rationalism1 or for evolution1 or for democracy2 ,i could give a long list of other impossibilities--but instead ,i invite you to study a book by the leading literary ,catholic of ,england1 ,hilaire ,belloc4 ,i don't think ,i exaggerate in saying that ,belloc is the one living ,catholic man of letters who has managed to achieve a first-rate position in ,english letters4 ,and here he writes a big book1 8,europe and the ,faith10 working out in detail the exact point of view which ,i have just set forth4 ,he begins by telling us that he is the only real historian1 he is the only one who can in the deep and mystic sense know his subject1 because he has the ,faith2 all those who have not the ,faith are outsiders and predestined to error4 ,according to this ,faith1 ,mr4 ,belloc knows that ,rome is the source of ,european civilization1 ,rome created the ,eternal ,empire--from ,scotland to the ,sahara1 and from ,syria to ,spain4 ,all was going well with this ,eternal ,empire until the lust and greed of ,king ,henry ,,viii of ,england led him upon a path of crime2 ,england turned traitor to the great ,european ,empire--and as a result of that came all the monstrosities and abnormalities of the last four hundred years1 ,protestantism1 ,capitalism1 ,industrialism1 ,atheism1 ,pessimism1 ,imperialism1 and the ,world ,war4 ,such is ,catholic history2 and ,catholic biology and ,catholic sociology and ,catholic philosophy and ,catholic literature will be things equally and inevitably as remote from reality4 ,when you go into ,catholic colleges you will find such fantasticalities being taught1 you will find all knowledge being distorted to fit the ,catholic theories and sustain the ,catholic ,faith4 ,one illustration--in ,milwaukee the ,catholic archbishop objected to a pageant of the ,pilgrims being given by the ,milwaukee school children1 because it was said that the ,pilgrim ,fathers came to this country in search of religious liberty2 the archbishop forced the change of the word 8religious0 to 8political06 ,you will find everything thus taught from the point of view of the ,faith--or else not taught at all4 ,for what does it really matter8 ,our stay on this earth is brief1 and so long as our souls are saved1 why care what becomes of our minds8 ,says the ,milwaukee 8,catholic ,citizen0 of ,july #ae1 #aibb3 8,one would imagine that devotional books are the chief output of our ,catholic publishing houses--ten new books of devotion to one of history or biography40 ,what are the standards of the ,catholic parochial schools8 ,this again is something which follows from the premises already stated4 ,mr4 ,franklin ,hichborn1 one of the most careful of social investigators1 tells me that he has been collecting data on the effect of the parochial schools upon the public school system1 in a town of six thousand inhabitants4 ,this material has not yet been published1 but ,mr4 ,hichborn gives me a summary3 ,i found that the dual school system is most demoralizing4 ,it increases the difficulties of the truant officer1 and is a drag upon progressive school policies4 ,furthermore1 ,i found that children who started in the parochial school were from two to five years behind when they entered the public schools4 ,or1 to put it another way1 children from the parochial school1 who left such school at the age of ten1 for example1 were qualified for public school grades where the ages of the children were eight or even seven years4 ,children leaving the parochial school at the age of sixteen entered public school grades where the age of the students was nine or ten4 ,i have this information with the names1 dates and grades1 and covering a number of years4 ,in ,america the ,catholic ,church has to build and run schools1 because they have the competition of the public schools to meet2 but there are other countries in which they do not have this competition1 and there we may see what the ,church would do with education if it had its own way4 ,i will give you a few of the statistics of illiteracy throughout the world1 and to make the contrast vivid ,i will give first a ,protestant country1 and then a ,catholic country--and see if you can tell which is which6 ,the percentages1 taken from the ,u4 ,s4 ,census of #aibj1 are as follows3 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 #f2 ,argentina1 #ed2 ,canada1 #aa2 ,brazil1 #he2 ,australia1 #a4h2 ,bolivia1 #hb2 ,holland1 4#jh2 ,chili1 #di2 ,england1 #a4h2 ,colombia1 #gc2 ,denmark1 4#b2 ,hungary1 #cc2 ,scotland1 #a4f2 ,mexico1 #gj2 ,sweden1 4#b2 ,portugal1 #fh2 ,germany1 4#je2 ,spain1 #eh2 ,switzerland1 4#c2 ,italy1 #cg4 ,it seems to me these figures cover the case4 ,the main basis of the ,catholic attack upon the ,american public schools is that they are 8godless02 the children come out without religion and without morality4 ,but then you go to the juvenile courts1 and what do you find8 ,judge ,collins of the ,juvenile ,court in ,new ,york ,city1 addressing a meeting of ,catholics at ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo ,church1 reports #ade1jjj cases brought up each year in the children's court1 #fj of them ,catholic1 #cj ,jewish1 and the remaining #aj of other faiths2 #fe of the boys in the reformatories are ,catholic--and this in a city whose population is #be ,catholic4 ,according to the ,department of ,correction of ,new ,york1 there were #bc1eci ,catholics in ,new ,york jails1 as against #i1bgh non-,catholics4 ,on the other side of the continent1 in ,san ,francisco1 ,i find a tabulation of the inmates of the state prison2 #gf of these are from ,catholic schools1 brought up in the ,catholic faith1 yet the ,catholics have less than #bj of the population of ,california4 ,i close this subject with one glimpse of what might be called ,catholic adult education4 ,in some parts of our country the church has become so powerful that the capitalist press has taken to publishing ,catholic propaganda2 ,i have before me a specimen of such propaganda1 cut from the ,boston 8,post0 of ,july #be1 #aiba3 ,,medal ,,given ,,to ,,autoists ,special ,blessing from ,patron ,saint of ,motorists ,some #bjjj autoists--chaffeurs and car owners--thronged ,st4 ,leonard of ,port ,maurice ,church1 ,prince ,street1 ,north ,end1 yesterday to receive special blessing and obtain a ,st4 ,christopher medal1 bearing the picture of the patron saint of automobilists--the charm against motor accidents and death4 ,the story spread over two columns1 describes the 8solemn high mass and adoration of the ,st4 ,christopher relic10 and the 8eloquent sermon0 preached by the ,reverend ,christopher ,burzi1 who told all the legends concerning the saint1 and how this particular feast had been ordered by ,pope ,pius ,x4 8,at the conclusion of the mass the relic of the saint encased in glass was brought to the altar rail1 where the congregation gathered to kiss the sacred relic40 ,here we have what we may describe as an adult vocational course of the parochial schools4 ,in the 8godless0 public schools1 you must realize1 there are night classes where men painfully acquire knowledge of the proper handling of automobiles2 but under this ,catholic system all these tiresome details become superfluous1 and men avoid automobile accidents by kissing the bones of a saint and purchasing magic medallions--8one a pocket charm1 and the other a sterling silver plate that can be attached to the car itself40 ,,chapter ,,lxxii ,,the ,,schools ,,of ,,steel ,we are now familiar with the principal agencies which have taken over our education upon a national scale4 ,in addition to these1 each community has its local interests1 which may be small from a national standpoint1 but are big enough to block the vision of a school board4 ,wherever capitalist industry exists in ,america1 in towns or villages or country districts1 that industry dominates the schools4 ,there are whole counties1 hundreds of them scattered over the ,united ,states1 which are feudal domains of great corporations4 ,in cases where these corporations own the land and the homes of the workers1 as in the coal towns of ,west ,virginia and ,colorado1 the corporations support the schools1 and the teachers are the least competent and poorest paid of their clerks4 ,in cases where other landlords have a chance to exploit the workers1 the burden of the schools falls upon the tax-payers--with the great corporations dodging their taxes4 ,i talked the other day with a teacher from ,benicia1 ,california1 a 8tannery town40 ,a school board member1 elected to serve the people1 got the idea that the tannery was not paying its proper share of taxes1 and he brought an expert from the city to get the facts4 ,the firm was assessed on a quarter of a million dollars1 and should have been assessed on two millions4 ,this same school board member belonged to the city council1 and brought the matter up before that body1 which decided to do nothing4 ,of course the schools were starved1 and sometimes the teachers did not get their salaries at all4 ,again1 ,i talked with a gentleman from ,wisconsin1 whose father was an engineer4 ,a lumber company wanted his services1 but could not afford to pay what he was worth1 so they decided to give him an extra salary1 and ordered the secretary of the school board to resign6 ,i talked with a teacher who had taught in several of the coal towns of ,southern ,illinois2 the invariable condition is wretched schools1 with the vast wealth of the corporations untaxed4 ,the miners who attempt to control their own schools are browbeaten or tricked4 ,the mines invariably work on school election days2 the club women turn out with their automobiles1 and bring the voters to the polls--those who will vote the business men's ticket4 ,by the time the miners get out of the pits the polls are closed1 so the miners' candidates are not elected4 ,at ,eldorado1 ,illinois1 the organized miners endeavored to put up a ticket1 and the clerk of the school board lied to them as to the date for the filing of petitions4 ,for a detailed study of what industrial feudalism does to education1 ,i propose that we investigate ,judge ,gary and his ,steel ,trust4 ,in ,pittsburgh1 ,i talked with a reporter on one of the newspapers1 who had been watching school conditions for twenty years4 ,here is a whole county entirely dominated by steel2 you cannot hold meetings without permission of the police1 which means that if you are a labor organizer you do not hold them at all4 ,the valley is a solid line of 8steel-towns10 and in one of them1 ,mc,keesport1 representatives of the ,american ,civil ,liberties ,union duplicated my experience at ,san ,pedro--they were arrested for reading the ,constitution of the ,united ,states on private property4 ,the ,pittsburgh schools of course are run by the steel interests2 the president of the board is ,david ,b4 ,oliver1 eighty-five year old steel magnate4 ,the people have nothing to do with the matter1 because the school board is named by the judges of the county1 and this board levies taxes as it sees fit1 and spends the money on its friends4 ,a ,pittsburgh physician writes me3 8,the offices of the board are palatial1 the staff of clerks legion1 the extra teachers unnumbered1 and the equipment of paper and materials would keep any supply-house wreathed in smiles40 ,he goes on to add that the present superintendent draws a salary of #ab1jjj a year1 with automobile1 chauffeur1 and upkeep of car2 8he is rumored to be on speaking terms1 at least1 with a book-publishing house40 ,but that is a lot better than what ,pittsburgh had ten years ago--a superintendent who represented a school-book house in ,st4 ,paul1 and spent the rest of his time seducing his girl pupils2 it was proved in court that he had had a criminal operation performed on one of them4 ,my reporter friend had dug up four cases of rape by this superintendent in his own office1 and the affidavits were presented to the grand jury4 ,the school children went on strike against their superintendent1 and finally he was tried1 and the jury disagreed4 ,juries in ,allegheny ,county agree only with steel officials4 ,in the slum neighborhoods of ,pittsburgh you find atrociously crowded schools1 in wretched buildings1 some of them made of corrugated iron2 in the rich districts you find palatial high schools4 ,the system is run on a basis of political pull2 good teachers are shifted1 so that the sisters of ward-heelers may get promotion4 ,when parents venture to complain they are insulted--especially if they are poor4 ,there is a political machine even of the doctors2 the favorites of the board of health get the jobs of vaccinating in the schools4 ,further down the valley is ,homestead1 from which the ,carnegie ,foundation for the ,advancement of ,teaching derives its millions4 ,you will appreciate the gay humor of this situation--in the schools of ,homestead the steel-slaves are drinking water from the ,monongahela ,river1 into which various industrial plants discharge their acids4 ,when complaint was made about this water in ,homestead1 the newspapers saw an opportunity to be witty1 and assured the public that the water needed no filtering--the acids would kill the bacteria6 ,i am assured that1 owing to the effect of these acids1 the plumbing in the homesteads of ,homestead wears out in one-third the normal time2 and this suggests the subject for an important scientific monograph--,i see it in my mind's eye1 catalogued in ,carnegie libraries throughout the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain3 8,the ,internal ,plumbing of ,pupils2 a ,study of the ,stimulation ,effects of ,sulphuric and ,nitric ,acids on the ,renal ,canals of ,one ,thousand ,school ,children at ,homestead1 ,pennsylvania4 ,by ,a4 ,learned ,phaque1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d41 ,t4,o4,a4,d4,y42 ,bulletin of the ,carnegie ,foundation for the ,advancement of ,teaching1 ,no4 #d-aa-dd40 ,come to ,northern ,minnesota1 and see what the ,steel ,trust does to the shipping port of its vast ore fields4 ,i have before me a copy of the ,duluth 8,rip-,saw10 containing a detailed account of the activities of school board members who have had charge of teachers' pension money1 and have been lending it out for their private graft4 ,one board member was an insurance agent1 and if he loaned you the teachers' money1 you had to place your insurance with him4 ,needless to say1 along with this go accounts of the humiliating of teachers1 the beating down of wages1 and the driving out of those with liberal sympathies4 ,judge ,gary1 of course1 would say that he has nothing to do with all this2 all that he does is to put up the campaign funds to keep such gangs in office4 ,again1 ,lorain1 ,ohio1 a port on ,lake ,erie1 headquarters of one of the ,steel ,trust subsidiaries1 the ,national ,tube ,company4 ,here are forty thousand people1 most of them wage-slaves1 and recently they elected a mayor who made an effort to serve them1 and was smashed by the ,black ,hand4 ,on the school system of ,lorain the people have been unable to make any impression whatever4 ,the house agent of the ,national ,tube ,company1 a sort of watch-dog against the radical element in the mills1 occupies the same post on the school board4 ,the president of the board is a dentist and bank director1 a high-up ,mason and pillar of the ,lutheran church2 he rolls down-town in his big limousine1 and lives 8on the ,avenue0 in a large residence1 which is taxed less than the small cottage of a machinist4 ,another member is a jeweler and bank director1 a pillar of the ,congregational church1 who sees to it that the works of ,scott ,nearing1 ,jack ,london1 ,bernard ,shaw and ,upton ,sinclair are kept out of the ,carnegie library4 ,the other members are a bank teller and a very intolerant ex-teacher1 both devout ,methodists4 ,as superintendent this board has had for ten years a perfect autocrat1 who finds opportunity for many financial activities on the side4 ,he is a typical small-town mind1 and excludes from the system all teachers whose minds are bigger4 ,the two most popular teachers in the system were driven out because their parents happened to be ,socialists4 ,a high school teacher1 who had been on the faculty for twelve years1 was charged with 8refusing to do team work0--the real reason being that he attended labor meetings and tried to help the workers4 ,when he was fired1 a petition was presented1 signed by every student in his class--except one1 whose father was manager of the ,chamber of ,commerce4 ,the fight was carried to the school board elections1 but to no purpose1 and this teacher left town4 ,there must be 8no politics0 in ,lorain school affairs1 the board solemnly ordains2 but four years ago1 when the ring was kicked out of the city hall1 the school board hastened to make a job for one ring member4 ,a working-boy was a minute or two late because a draw-bridge which he had to cross was swung open2 he was punished for this1 and on the second offense was threatened with loss of his grades4 ,the son of a big bank director and promoter was found smoking cigarettes in the high school building1 the punishment for which is expulsion1 but the young man graduated three months later4 ,these are petty details1 and ,i only cite them because they are typical of a thousand school systems in small towns4 ,lorain would tell you that its schools are 8progressive10 and would mention the beveled glass mirrors in the new high school1 costing ninety-five dollars a piece4 ,its educators stand high--the superintendent got his enamel finish under ,nicholas ,miraculous last summer1 and the high school principal did the same thing the year before1 and other members of the faculty have done it or intend to4 ,superintendent ,boone is a director of the ,chamber of ,commerce and of the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 a ,mason and a ,kiwani1 and when he came back from his course in 8school management0 at ,columbia1 he showed what he had learned by joining the ,elks6 ,,chapter ,,lxxiii ,,the ,,schools ,,of ,,oil ,so much for what steel does to schools2 let us now see what oil does4 ,our journey of inspection will be under the escort of a rare high school teacher--one who is willing to tell his experiences over his own signature4 ,mr4 ,david ,h4 ,pierce specializes in sociology1 and at present is teaching hygiene and ,spanish at a high school in ,ohio4 ,two or three years ago he accepted a position as principal of a high school in the oil country of ,west ,virginia4 ,the town of ,littleton1 containing about seven hundred inhabitants1 is spread along a valley1 sharing it with a creek1 a mud road1 and a railroad2 as far as the eye can see in every direction the hillsides have sprouted oil derricks4 ,mr4 ,pierce went there because he was tired of the 8rigid0 school system of ,new ,york state1 and was told that in ,west ,virginia things were more free4 ,he found a commodious brick high school1 and felt much encouraged--until the first faculty meeting1 when the district superintendent stated3 8,there are two boys in your senior class who must pass regardless of their work4 ,they have never been known to work in school and never will1 but they come from a good family and must graduate40 ,mr4 ,pierce was supposed to be the principal of the school1 but the superintendent hadn't much else to do1 and made his headquarters in the building4 ,mr4 ,pierce describes him as 8a kindly gentleman1 a good husband and father02 he let his teachers alone1 except when it became necessary to protect his own position1 by pleasing the aristocracy of ,littleton4 ,he would say to a student who was deficient in half a year of algebra3 8,work six cases of factoring1 and it will be satisfactory40 ,to a girl who had failed to take a year of high school mathematics he would suggest3 8,go down and observe the class in eighth grade arithmetic a few times40 ,the faculty spent several hours working out a schedule of classes1 and the school ran for three weeks1 when news came that a prominent athlete1 desired for the basket-ball team1 was to be admitted to school4 ,he was employed in the mornings at outside work1 so it was necessary to arrange three afternoon classes for this young athlete4 ,as this conflicted with the schedule of the school1 ,mr4 ,pierce suggested that the boy should spend his entire day in school1 in order to secure the fifteen hours per week of class work4 ,the superintendent's reply was that this could not be required1 because the lad's father was president of the school board2 the old schedule must be destroyed and a new one arranged4 ,immediately after this had been done1 the boy changed his mind and decided he would not come to school4 ,the athletic coach spent a month persuading him1 then he concluded to come to school for the entire day4 ,when ,mr4 ,pierce had occasion to admonish this young man for truancy1 he retorted3 8,ah1 what the hell difference does it make8 ,i've been guaranteed graduation a year from ,june40 ,says ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,in many cases the athlete runs the school4 ,i heard of one who told a school superintendent to 8go to hell0 and was given one day's suspension4 ,i have known of others to engage in physical combat with instructors1 with no ill results to their scholastic position4 ,they are privileged characters4 ,they obey only those rules which they desire4 ,being assured of a coterie of hero-worshipers in the community1 they live in no terror of penalties or punishments4 ,it would be as much as a principal's or teacher's place is worth if he or she dared to prevent a boy from taking part in an important game4 ,this is no exaggeration4 ,it is a fact4 ,to put it mildly1 a teacher in many a small ,west ,virginia high school who attempted honestly to enforce the rules laid down by the ,state ,high ,school ,athletic ,association would be blacklisted4 ,he would suffer indignities4 ,littleton ,high ,school was of this sort1 and the villagers of ,littleton wanted teams that could win4 ,i have shown in 8,the ,goose-step0 how the coaches and the athletic alumni run the colleges1 and here in this high school of the oil country we find the same phenomenon4 ,mr4 ,pierce's year in ,littleton was one long struggle1 because he would not permit mid-week basket-ball games1 which drew a large part of the students from their work4 ,the coach of the basket-ball team was a junior high school teacher1 and he advised ,mr4 ,pierce that 8,it ain't the way we do them things in this section40 ,he proceeded to give instructions to the girls' basket-ball team3 ,girls1 you'll be up against a stiff team tonight4 ,go in and foul for all you're worth4 ,remember if you are fouled by the referee1 and the opponents make a goal it counts one point4 ,if the opposing team is given room to shoot from the open floor1 every basket they make counts two4 ,the team proceeded to follow this advice4 ,the referee was one of their own students1 and because of foul play ,mr4 ,pierce went down on the floor and stopped the game and ordered the referee from the floor4 ,the crowd was raving1 and for several days the town debated whether or not the principal should be dismissed from the high school4 ,there was a meeting in honor of the coach1 and his admirers presented him with a fountain pen1 and he made them a speech3 ,fellows1 maybe it ain't right1 but ,i've got to tell you what was told me by a man that saw you play4 ,he said 8,christ1 but you've a hell of a good team10 and ,i agree with him4 ,you fellows have been there with the goods4 ,this oil town was extremely religious4 ,mr4 ,pierce provided some of his students with copies of the 8,survey10 but the paper was thrown out of the homes by two parents1 who were afraid it would interfere with the children's religion4 ,mr4 ,pierce taught at the ,methodist ,sunday school1 but at his boarding house he ventured to question the existence of a future life1 and so the word spread that he was an 8atheist10 and he found on his school blackboard the announcement3 8,reverend ,pierce will lecture on #8,no ,heaven1 ,no ,hell4'0 ,a gentleman was appointed to spy upon his ,sunday school class1 to discover what he was teaching4 ,a preacher devoted two-thirds of his sermon to the glories of basket-ball1 and closed with an earnest prayer for victory in the approaching game4 ,dancing and card playing were barred4 ,the town's idea of diversion was to tie one end of a rope to a switch engine and the other end to somebody's front porch4 ,a part of ,mr4 ,pierce's story was published in an article in the 8,survey10 entitled 8,a ,village ,school10 ,april #bc1 #aiba4 ,mr4 ,pierce was then teaching in ,clarksburg1 ,west ,virginia1 and the superintendent of ,littleton wrote to him1 threatening to 8beat him up40 ,the superintendent sent this threat through the mail1 and thereby laid himself liable to several years' imprisonment2 but ,mr4 ,pierce1 being1 like myself1 an amiable muckraker1 forebore to press the point4 ,besides1 he had new troubles in ,clarksburg2 the high school team won a debate favoring government control of railroads1 and this so frightened the principal that 8he spent ten minutes notifying the entire assembly that debates do not mean anything1 and the decision was not to be taken seriously40 ,mr4 ,pierce continues3 ,upon another occasion1 he advised me not to discuss the coal strike in my class1 or at least to show no sympathy for organized labor1 because he asserted that ninety per cent of my students were children of coal miners who belonged to unions1 and they would be inclined to be aroused too much4 ,upon another occasion1 he entered my class casually1 when ,i was discussing some of the advantages of government control of railroads1 and he told the class that the movement for government control was ,bolshevistic4 ,i was using1 at that time1 ,new ,york state as an example1 in trying to show what saving could be made1 if1 for example1 the ,erie ,railroad was used for passenger service and the ,lackawanna for freight4 ,of course1 ,i had to defend myself from the accusation of ,bolshevism1 but as we were personally friendly 7in fact1 ,i was a roomer at his house71 he did not carry the case up at all4 ,that indicates at least one way for a liberal to keep his job in a high school6 ,,chapter ,,lxxiv ,,the ,,country ,,geese ,we have had glimpses of rural school conditions in the far ,west4 ,let us glance at the wheat country4 ,from the point of view of politics and education the ,dakotas are a back-yard of ,minneapolis and ,st4 ,paul1 being governed by the railroads and banks and chambers of commerce of these cities4 ,the farmers made a desperate effort to free themselves by their ,nonpartisan ,league1 and the story of their ten years' struggle to control their schools is most illuminating4 ,the ,nonpartisan ,league was strong in the country districts1 while the gang still held the towns2 so their legislature put through a measure taking control of city schools away from the state2 after which the gang proceeded to dump overboard all city teachers who belonged to the ,league1 or who ventured to speak in its support4 8,the ,reds have taken the schools10 was the cry2 and in cases where the ,nonpartisan ,league appointed principals or heads of state institutions1 the students were incited to strike against these officers4 ,the ,teachers' ,union was forced to disband in ,fargo1 and in the ,state ,agricultural ,college a teacher who became secretary of the ,teachers' ,union was refused the increase of salary to which she was legally entitled4 ,by methods such as these the gang managed to hold on in ,north ,dakota2 they were sure the political tide would turn1 and it did4 ,the ,federal ,reserve ,board 8deflated0 the farmers1 and the price of wheat dropped to less than half the cost of producing it2 when ,i was in ,north ,dakota1 in #aibb1 there were counties of the state in which every farm was being sold for taxes4 ,in four months during #aibc over seventy small banks went to the wall1 and two hundred others were in trouble4 ,the ,nonpartisan ,league program included state-owned mills and elevators1 and these half-completed enterprises of course were useless4 ,the ,league was without funds--the bankers saw to that1 by calling the loans of farmers who paid their dues4 ,so the gang came back1 and they put out ,mac,donald1 the ,league superintendent of schools--not content with that1 they hounded him literally to his death4 ,a friend of his writes me3 ,wherever he secured a position1 he was followed by his ,north ,dakota enemies4 ,the new superintendent and the new director of vocational training prepared letters and bulletins denouncing him2 they sent these to his students and the officers under whom he worked1 and this would be continued until he was dismissed4 ,as soon as he would get a new job and they would get him located1 they would repeat4 ,the gang put in as its new superintendent a political woman1 ,miss ,neilson1 president of the ,federation of ,women's ,clubs1 an organization controlled by the ,black ,hand1 in ,north ,dakota as in ,los ,angeles4 ,miss ,neilson is not a graduate of any college1 normal school or high school2 under the law she was ineligible to the position1 but the courts very kindly held this law unconstitutional4 ,the uneducated lady now has absolute control of the teachers of ,north ,dakota1 and can and does withhold certificates from her political opponents4 ,they have set up a system of 8grading0 schools1 a purely political scheme to strengthen the control of the gang2 they have four politicians as 8school inspectors10 and the standards on which the grading is done are wholly artificial1 having no relationship to merit4 ,if the schools stand in with the gang1 the pupils from those schools do not have to pass examinations to enter the higher state institutions1 or to secure positions from the gang4 ,the text-book graft is back again2 and also the banker-graft4 ,there are quarter sections of land belonging to the bankers1 and these have been left out of the school districts1 so that they do not have to pay school taxes4 ,the law requires the banks to pay interest on school money1 but the bankers handle that matter by the simple device of naming the school treasurer and keeping the books for him--and incidentally keeping the interest6 ,in the county where my friend ,smith was superintendent1 the school treasurer was threatened that if he made trouble he would have to pay up his own note at the bank2 and when ,mr4 ,smith persisted in making trouble1 the banker came in a fury1 demanding3 8,what's this80 ,mr4 ,smith told me also about the graft in building jobs--the biggest of all4 ,mr4 ,smith had to see to putting up school buildings1 and was told to charge as much as the other counties were paying1 otherwise the money would not be allowed him4 ,when he refused to do this1 they passed a law compelling him to do it6 ,he put up a building #db by #ed1 with a full basement1 for #c1gjj2 while for the same building other counties were paying from nine to ten thousand dollars4 ,but in spite of such public services1 ,mr4 ,smith never had a safe majority in the county--he had against him the bankers' machine and the bankers' newspapers1 and the vote of the towns1 whose people depended for their jobs upon the bankers1 and for their ideas upon the bankers' newspapers4 ,imagine the political conditions in a community where a man1 hoping to get back into the educational field1 dares not permit me to relate these incidents in connection with his real name6 ,these conditions prevail wherever the farmer movement has been active4 ,in ,south ,dakota the ,nonpartisan ,league was never able to carry the state2 but it is growing1 and the gang has been frantic to stamp it out of the schools4 ,at the ,madison ,state ,normal ,school there were several teachers who made so bold as to declare their sympathy with the ,league4 ,in #aibj one of these teachers1 ,mrs4 ,anna ,mae ,brady1 was unceremoniously kicked out by the president1 and a prominent ,republican politician stated as the reason her sympathy with the ,league4 ,but realizing that this wouldn't look well as a campaign issue1 ,president ,higbie discovered that ,mrs4 ,brady had been giving lectures at teachers' institutes in other counties4 ,mrs4 ,brady had been doing this for eight years1 and it was a custom of teachers throughout the state4 ,but the president had nothing more to say1 and when ,mrs4 ,brady demanded a hearing before the board of regents1 they graciously permitted her to come and speak1 but professed to know nothing about the matter1 and refused to summon ,president ,higbie and permit ,mrs4 ,brady to question him4 ,another teacher1 ,miss ,alice ,l4 ,daly1 handed in her resignation in protest1 and stated that the political machine of the state1 and powerful financial interests outside the state1 were running ,south ,dakota education4 ,the answer of ,president ,higbie to this protest was to drop three more teachers who were sympathetic to the ,league4 ,also in ,idaho the farmer movement is becoming powerful1 and the interests have been hard put to it4 ,in ,boise they have a beautiful new high school1 with a big auditorium1 and the school board had made the rule that under no circumstances was it to be open for political gatherings4 ,but it happened that at the close of the #aibb campaign1 the radical candidate for governor secured the big opera house2 the gang wished to offer a counter attraction1 and there was no hall big enough for their purposes4 ,so the school board met and rescinded their resolution1 and the ,republican party held a meeting in the high school auditorium1 addressed by the ,republican governor4 ,next day the school board met again1 and restored the rule forbidding political gatherings in the public schools of ,boise6 ,laws made to order1 so to speak6 ,let us take the country districts of ,california1 from which you get most of your fruits1 canned and dried4 ,i have notes of the misadventures of many ,california teachers2 apparently the habit of breaking the law is universal among school boards and superintendents of this state4 ,in ,bishop the principal of the high school drops teachers contrary to law1 and when they resort to the courts he solves the problem by eliminating the courses of study taught by these teachers4 ,in ,calexico the courts refused to enforce the law regarding teachers' tenure4 ,in ,santa ,cruz the board of education has set aside the state law providing equal pay for equal work as between men and women4 ,they have a school principal who for a trivial offense whipped two little boys so severely that they had to have medical attention4 ,this also was against the law1 but the board paid no heed to the petitions of the parents4 ,mrs4 ,josephine ,tyler1 who writes about this matter1 states3 ,i secured one letter from a former resident of ,santa ,cruz1 who had taken her adopted daughter out of school because of insulting treatment from ,forsyth4 ,i gave this letter to the president of the board to read1 and1 after reading it1 he remarked1 8,i believe the man is crazy40 ,but he didn't advocate his removal4 ,he asked permission to show the letter to other members of the board1 and ,i granted his request1 after securing his promise to return the letter to me4 ,i afterwards learned that some members of the board were very loath to return the letter to me1 and ,i heard only recently that there is still some apprehension concerning that letter4444 ,forsyth holds his job because he stands in with and is a good propagandist tool of the lodges and the banking and business interests4 ,or take the strange experience of the teachers at ,fresno1 the place from which you get your raisins4 ,up to recently the schools in ,fresno had a superintendent by the name of ,cross2 he used to run the high school in ,pasadena1 and we played tennis together1 and took pleasure in licking the school champions4 ,i never observed in ,mr4 ,cross any failure of manners on the tennis court1 so ,i long for the day when we apply inside our schools the same standards as on the play-grounds outside4 ,when ,mr4 ,cross came to ,fresno the sanitary conditions in the schools were 8shocking10 and he so reported them2 but next year one of the teachers ventured to make a report1 showing that conditions in her school were still more 8shocking10 and ,mr4 ,cross resented the meddling of teachers in such affairs4 ,this teacher was persecuted until she resigned1 and the result was the forming of a teachers' union in ,fresno4 ,miss ,verna ,carson became the president of this union1 and one of the board members told her that 8the business men of this town are getting tired of having you going around through the state and organizing other locals40 ,in ,june of that year ,superintendent ,cross dropped ,miss ,carson1 and when the teachers made protest1 he declared his attitude to organized teachers3 there was no use trying to deal with them by conference--8a base-ball bat or a gatling-gun is needed40 ,that was the kind of talk the ,chamber of ,commerce wanted1 and they rallied to their superintendent's support1 and gave him a raise of a thousand dollars4 ,when pushed by friends of ,miss ,carson1 ,mr4 ,cross finally gave a reason for her dismissal1 8professional incapacity40 ,miss ,carson1 being unable to get a hearing1 proceeded to bring a libel suit1 and ,mr4 ,cross on the witness stand was invited to state what acts of 8professional incapacity0 she had committed4 ,he could not give any1 so he was adjudged guilty of libel1 and obliged to pay the costs of the suit1 and at the end of the year to resign from his position4 ,this is one of the pleasantest school stories ,i have to tell1 and ,i wish that teachers would make note of it and do likewise4 ,,chapter ,,lxxv ,,the ,,schools ,,of ,,snobbery ,so far our attention has been given to the public schools4 ,there is another large field of education1 at which we can only stop for a glance--the private schools4 ,there are over two thousand private high schools and academies in the ,united ,states1 with two or three hundred thousand students2 and apart from parochial and a few experimental schools1 these institutions are maintained by the rich for the purpose of giving their children a class education4 ,some of them are large and wealthy1 with endowments running into the millions2 when we glance at their boards of control we are reminded of the interlocking directorates of 8,the ,goose-step40 ,for example1 here is ,phillips ,exeter1 a hundred and forty-two years old2 in control we find ,mr4 ,thomas ,w4 ,lamont1 partner in the firm of ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan and ,company1 director of the ,guaranty ,trust ,company1 overseer of ,harvard ,university1 trustee of ,smith ,college1 and director of the ,crowell ,publishing ,company1 which gives us that lovely 8,american ,magazine0 about which you may read in 8,the ,brass ,check40 ,also ,colonel ,william ,boyce ,thompson1 mining magnate and ,republican party chief2 also ,mr4 ,george ,a4 ,plimpton1 trustee of ,amherst ,college1 who has just helped to kick out its liberal president1 and senior partner of ,ginn and ,company1 who run ,clark ,university and ,clark ,college for the benefit of the ,frye-,atwood geographies4 ,also there is ,phillips ,andover1 a hundred and forty-five years old1 having at the head of its board a ,boston bank president1 interlocked with ,yale ,university2 as board members a clergyman1 interlocked by marriage with the ,boston ,lowells1 who are even more exclusive than the ,boston banks2 also a ,new ,york corporation lawyer1 who ran our war department under ,taft4 ,at ,hotchkiss we find the president of a trust company and a dean of ,yale2 a partner in a stock exchange firm1 who is also treasurer of ,yale2 and a president of a bank1 vice-president of a trust company and of the ,american ,brass ,company1 director of a life insurance company and a trustee of ,trinity ,college4 ,at ,groton we find as secretary the chairman of the ,new ,york ,federal ,reserve ,bank1 interlocked with ,barnard ,college and ,nicholas ,miraculous2 also a member of the firm of ,lee1 ,higginson ,company1 the ,boston bankers1 interlocked with the ,university of ,lee-,higginson1 popularly known as ,harvard2 also two representatives of the ,episcopal department of ,god1 ,mammon ,company4 ,at ,st4 ,paul's we find the ,new ,hampshire bishop and two other members of this same aristocratic firm1 one of them interlocked with ,yale2 also a ,baltimore copper magnate1 interlocked with the ,baltimore ,ohio ,railroad and ,johns ,hopkins ,university2 also a carpet manufacturer2 a ,republican politician of ,boston2 a ,philadelphia lawyer1 who is president of a bank and two railroads1 director in four railroads1 a trust company1 an electrical company and an asphalt company2 and finally1 a real sure-enough1 honest-to-goodness1 cross-my-heart-and-swear-it ,english lord6 ,at ,st4 ,marks we have the same bishop as at ,groton1 and two other representatives of the firm2 also a cotton goods merchant interlocked with ,boston ,edison and ,massachusetts ,gas1 the invisible government of ,harvard2 also a president of several manufacturing companies1 who is vice-president of a railroad2 one of the ,choates1 who directs railroads1 banks and life insurance in ,new ,york2 and finally 8,jim0 ,wadsworth1 senator and ,republican boss of ,new ,york state1 whose father ,i had the pleasure of putting out of politics some eighteen years ago4 7,see 8,the ,brass ,check10 page #de47 ,the ,lawrenceville ,school1 a magnificent institution located five miles from ,princeton1 has on its board of trustees ,president ,john ,grier ,hibben of ,princeton1 one of our leading clerical militarists2 also a ,new ,york banker who directs much foreign exploitation2 also a bank president who directs insurance4 ,at ,lawrenceville they had a head master who was liberal1 or at least human2 he died recently1 and the plutocratic alumni came1 offering to raise a few millions1 on condition that they should name the head master4 ,they brought in the very successful coach of the ,yale rowing crew2 incidentally he was professor of ,latin1 but that is hardly worth mentioning in comparison4 ,because of his services in beating the ,harvard crew1 ,yale gave him the degree of ,m4,a41 honoris causa--the same as they had extended to ,jane ,addams6 ,this rowing gentleman proceeded to coach ,lawrenceville under the new ,prussian spy system1 with the result of a faculty explosion too unsavory to be detailed in this book4 ,these schools of snobbery are scattered all over ,new ,england and the eastern states4 ,they are training grounds for the athletic teams of the big universities1 also for the university fraternities1 so that social strivings and jealousies make up a good part of their student life4 ,admission to the more exclusive of them is an hereditary privilege2 if you belong to the right families1 your children and grandchildren are booked when they are born4 ,needless to say1 the plutocratic psychology of these schools is never offended by the least breath of liberalism4 ,in place of ideas1 the boys are furnished with golf courses1 motor cars1 saddle-horses1 boot-leggers1 and all other comforts of home4 ,you have heard of ,roger ,w4 ,babson1 who sends out bulletins to keep the rich informed as to the progress of social revolution4 ,mr4 ,babson deals also in plutocratic education2 conducting at ,wellesley ,hills1 ,massachusetts1 the ,babson ,institute1 where thirty sons of the plutocracy are trained to be magnates1 at two thousand dollars per magnate per year--room and meals not included6 ,the ,babson ,institute also undertakes to educate your employes1 furnishing you with magic circulars to be put in their pay envelopes4 ,i have seen some of this magic2 ,mr4 ,babson asks the wage-slaves3 8,what is the law of capitalism80 and answers1 in capital letters3 8,the law of capitalism is that wealth saved in production should be honored and respected40 ,i wonder what ,mr4 ,babson tells his thirty budding magnates to answer when their wage-slaves ask concerning wealth which has been stolen in corruption4 ,of course there are private schools which are less expensive1 and less plutocratically correct4 ,they descend in a sliding scale1 until you come to places which only a ,dickens could describe4 ,society ladies enjoying life in ,reno or ,paris1 captains of industry who are sent to ,congress or to jail1 want some place where they can stow their children out of the way4 ,professor ,william ,ellery ,leonard was once a master in one of these places1 up in ,new ,york state1 and told me vivid tales about the hordes of young savages1 and how1 for trying to enforce a little discipline1 he incurred such furious enmity that on his last night in the school he had to barricade himself in his room and defend his life with a baseball bat6 ,i know a lady who1 in order to get an education for her only son1 accepted a position as 8house-mother0 in another of these private hells1 and found herself housed in a room with fungus on the walls and on the floor the overflow from an adjoining urinal4 ,everywhere the toilets were overflowing and the floors covered with filth1 the cooking atrocious1 the boys ill with indigestion1 colds and sore throats1 no infirmary or provision for the sick1 and among the hundred and fifteen boys a general prevalence of smoking and wine-drinking1 and practice of self-abuse so general that many of the boys were mentally helpless--a lad would sit in class 8with dropped jaw and staring eyes1 or with nervous spasms which furnished entertainment for the other boys40 ,i talked with a group of young masters at one of the older and more reputable of these 8schools of snobbery40 ,to show how closely the boys were guarded from modern thought1 one of these masters said that he had passed through the school as a pupil1 and then gone out into the world and become a bit of a liberal2 returning to the school as a master1 he had met his former masters1 and discovered that they too were liberals4 ,but never a whisper of their ideas had got to him as a pupil1 nor are they getting to the pupils now4 ,all the boys' attention is on wealth1 all their standards are those of worldly possessions1 and this is what their parents desire and ordain4 ,i have referred to ,phillips ,andover2 this school is located five miles from ,lawrence1 ,massachusetts1 the headquarters of the ,woolen ,trust1 run by ,william ,m4 ,wood1 one of our most ruthless labor smashers1 who ten years ago was prosecuted for a dynamite frame-up against the strikers in his mills4 ,a group of conspirators1 headed by a prominent contractor1 placed dynamite in the home of a non-union worker1 the intention being that the explosion should be blamed upon the strikers4 ,the contractor who placed the dynamite blew out his brains rather than face an inquiry4 ,such is the atmosphere of ,lawrence4 ,in #aiai came another great strike1 and a group of young ,quaker clergymen took the part of the workers4 ,i have told about one of these1 ,a4 ,j4 ,muste1 in 8,the ,goose-step40 ,among others whose consciences were stirred was ,bernard ,m4 ,allen1 a teacher of ,latin in ,phillips ,andover2 he went with a party of twenty-five ladies and gentlemen to attend a meeting of the strikers in ,lawrence4 ,the police commissioner had announced that no more 8agitators0 would be allowed to enter the city1 and when these ladies and gentlemen left the railroad station and started to walk across the open square1 they were charged by mounted police1 and ,mr4 ,allen was severely clubbed over the head4 ,this was the first of a series of unprovoked assaults by the police1 in one of which young ,muste and another clergyman were driven into a side street and nearly clubbed to death4 ,as for ,mr4 ,allen1 it happened unfortunately that ,phillips ,andover was beginning a campaign for two million dollars' endowment4 7,it had just received half a million dollars from the late ,oliver ,payne1 who had purchased a ,united ,states senatorship for his father47 ,mr4 ,allen's resignation from ,phillips ,andover was requested and promptly accepted4 ,if ,i do not tell you many such incidents concerning our schools of snobbery1 you may believe that it is because young masters in these schools do not often get themselves clubbed over the head in sympathy for 8dagoes0 and 8wops0 on strike4 ,what these schools are really for was very interestingly shown by a study of class standing in ,harvard ,university1 published in the ,harvard 8,advocate0 at the end of the year #aibc4 ,here was a graduating class consisting of #cgi men from private schools and #heh from public schools4 ,the study showed that in the eight major athletic teams there were #dj men from these private schools1 and only #bb from public schools4 ,all the managers were private school men4 ,as regards class officers1 musical and glee clubs1 debating teams1 dramatic clubs1 class day officers1 etc41 there were #ahc private school men1 as against #bi from the public schools4 ,but after that came the record on scholarship1 and the contrast was amusing3 the scholarship honors had been won by #da from private schools1 and #hb from public schools6 ,it is interesting to note that this study was made by a son of ,thomas ,w4 ,lamont1 and ,i welcome him to the ranks of the 8,bolsheviks40 ,in ,new ,york ,city ,i met a well-known writer1 who had taught in a private school on ,staten ,island1 and had been summoned before the principal for the crime of putting on the blackboard a stanza by ,don ,marquis1 setting forth the idea that discontent is a good thing6 ,i met also a woman teacher from a private school in ,brooklyn2 this school is located in a ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 building and the ,y4 ,secretary used to come and pray with the students--he prayed that ,god might give them power to smash the ,huns1 and power to smash the ,bolsheviks1 and power to smash many other enemies4 ,these expensive young gentlemen drove to the school in costly motor cars1 to which ,god had given power to smash everything in their way4 ,in ,boston ,i talked with a teacher in one of the private schools for young ladies1 and she described to me the atmosphere in this place4 ,she had got into trouble1 by stating that the happiest people are those who earn their own way in life2 also for stating that labor should be respected because of its importance4 ,by remarks such as this the teacher occasioned so much resentment that she was never asked to lead in chapel4 ,these girls would not stand the simplest kind remark about working people--not even common humanitarianism4 ,i talked with another who taught in a girls' school1 where the pupils were advised to avoid hard thinking1 because it would spoil their complexions and bring wrinkles and other signs of care4 ,i could make a novel out of the story which this teacher told me about the treatment of a girl whose father had failed in business1 and who was trying to pay her way through the school by selling an encyclopedia4 ,the teachers at this place were underpaid and pitiful decayed gentlewomen1 who lived starved lives and read sentimental romances2 but they did not feel sentimental about a girl who was trying to redeem her family fortunes4 ,concerning a school of 8secretarial science0 in ,boston ,i was told a story which at least has the grace of being funny4 ,mr4 ,william ,lloyd ,garrison1 ,jr41 a ,boston banker1 was invited to address the young ladies of this school1 and the principal's speech of introduction ran as follows3 8,the gentleman whom we have the privilege of hearing is the grandson of ,william ,lloyd ,garrison0 7dead silence72 8he is the nephew of ,lucretia ,mott0 7dead silence72 8he is the lightest quarter-back that ever played on the ,harvard eleven0 7tumultuous applause74 ,i am especially informed concerning young ladies' finishing schools1 because of the fact that my wife was sent up from ,mississippi to attend one4 ,this school stood on the fashionable part of ,fifth ,avenue1 and in the catalogue you were informed that it adjoined the homes of the ,goulds and ,vanderbilts1 and the pupils had opportunities to meet the multi-millionaires of ,new ,york4 ,the pupils used to watch these multi-millionaires and their multi-wives from the windows--hiding behind the curtains1 of course1 so that they might not be seen4 ,one of these fortunate wives came frequently to call upon the young ladies1 bringing her multi-dogs4 ,helen ,gould came once1 and it was the same as a court ceremony1 the thrills of it lasted for weeks4 ,the husband of this establishment was an old gentleman with humiliating plebeian tastes2 he used to go out every afternoon and disappear around the corner1 and come back with a small paper bag1 which was a source of fascinated speculation to the young ladies--until finally one of them succeeded in brushing it out of his hand as she passed him on the stairs1 and it was discovered to contain a ten-cent apple pie purchased on ,third ,avenue6 ,my wife thinks ,i ought not to tell this story1 because it is unkind to the old gentleman1 who has since died4 ,i hasten to explain that ,i myself now and then bring home an apple-pie in a paper bag2 the point of the story is not that the old gentleman liked pie1 but that the young ladies considered his liking it a scandal of first-class proportions4 ,it was only permitted to like expensive things6 ,my wife came from the far ,south1 and had the prestige which attaches to that region in the world of elegance4 ,it has been written up in romances1 you understand2 so the mining princesses from ,idaho and the cattle kings' daughters from ,wyoming were eager to model themselves upon the gestures and mannerisms of a real daughter of the ,confederacy4 ,the teachers at this school were forbidden to correct her ,southern dialect2 therefore the standard of good ,english for the 8,four ,hundred0 was set by a ,negro field-hand1 black as a scuttle of coal1 who had been picked out as a house servant before the war1 and had become 8mammy0 to a dozen white babies4 ,when this aged negress was cross she would say3 8,i never said any such of a thing02 and when she was pleased she would say3 8,the prettiest thing ,i nearly ever saw40 ,when the ,goulds and ,vanderbilts heard that1 they called it 8charm06 ,what these young ladies were taught in their 8finishing school0 is 8accomplishments02 everything from the standpoint of the drawing-room1 and just enough to get by on4 ,when my wife was completely 8finished10 she could play three pieces on the piano1 and three on the violin2 she could sing three songs1 and recite three poems1 and dance three dances2 she had painted three pictures1 and modeled three busts1 and heard three operas1 and read three books4 ,what was more important1 she had had tea in all the luxurious palm-rooms and ,louis ,quinze rooms of the great ,new ,york hotels2 she had acquired connections with the most expensive fashion shops1 and had had obsequious foreign gentlemen study her colors1 and tell her what was her proper style2 she had seen the inside of a number of ,fifth ,avenue homes1 and learned the names of 8period0 furniture2 she had been to ,west ,point to attend the annual football match with ,annapolis1 and to ,new ,haven to attend the annual rowing match with ,harvard4 ,now she lets me poke fun at such culture1 but she still has affection for her old teachers1 and insists that ,i specify--they were giving the young ladies exactly what the parents of these young ladies demanded1 and the only thing they were willing to pay for4 ,,chapter ,,lxxvi ,a ,,school ,,survey ,to just what extent does the plutocracy control our schools8 ,in 8,the ,goose-step10 pages #bh-bi1 ,i quoted from a study by ,scott ,nearing1 reported in 8,school and ,society0 for ,september #h1 #aiag1 showing that in #adc of the leading colleges and universities of the ,united ,states there were a total of #b1dgj trustees1 of whom #a1ddd were of the commercial and financial class--that is1 a percentage of #eh4 ,in 8,school and ,society0 for ,january #bj1 #aiag1 ,scott ,nearing gave the results of a similar investigation with regard to school boards4 ,he wrote to the superintendents of schools in all ,american cities having a population of over forty thousand2 there were a total of #aca such cities1 and #ajd replies were received4 ,the total population of the cities was twenty-four million1 or one-fourth of the ,american people at that time4 ,the number of board members was #ifg4 ,the business class1 including merchants and manufacturers1 capitalists1 contractors1 real estate and insurance men1 and officials in railroads1 banks and corporations1 numbered #dcc1 the professional class #ccc1 and miscellaneous #bja--this last including #ah teachers1 mostly college professors1 #dh clerks and salesmen1 #ci mechanics and wage-earners1 and #be foremen4 ,nearing points out that in these cities the wage earners and clerks included five-sixths of the employed population1 but that they had only one-tenth of the school board representation2 nine-tenths of the members had been chosen from one-sixth of the population4 ,it is interesting to note that women compose #dh of the population1 but only #g on the boards of education in large cities1 and only #c on the boards of trustees of colleges and universities4 ,the commercial class1 with their lawyers1 compose #eh of college boards1 and #ei of city school boards4 ,so we see that the plutocracy really does hold the whip hand2 whatever this class has wanted to do with the schools1 it has done4 ,let us now see1 in the form of statistics1 just what it has wanted to do4 ,first3 ,it has been far more interested in killing the young than in educating them4 ,we are able to put this preference into figures--which is how the plutocracy likes a thing put4 ,its interest in war has been ninety-three times as great as its interest in education and science put together4 ,according to an analysis of federal appropriations by the chief of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,standards1 the appropriation of the government for the year #aibj1 which was a year of peace1 was as follows3 ,past wars1 #fh2 future wars1 #be2 civil departments1 #c2 public works1 #c2 education and science1 #a4 ,disregarding small fractions1 out of a total of #e1fhe1jjj1jjj appropriation1 the share of wars1 past or future1 was #e1bgi1jjj1jjj1 and education and science combined got only #eg1jjj1jjj4 ,that represents federal appropriations4 ,still more illuminating is a study of the total expenditure of the ,american people for education1 as contrasted with expenditure for other purposes4 ,the 8,survey0 for ,july #af1 #aiba1 presents a table3 8,the ,schools' ,share in the ,nation's ,wealth40 ,according to this1 it appears that the ,american people spent in #aibj1 upon joy-rides1 races and pleasure resorts1 #c1jjj1jjj1jjj and upon all departments of education in the entire country #a1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,the ,american people spent upon sundaes1 sodas and drinking fountain delights1 including ice cream1 a total of #fjj1jjj1jjj1 and upon higher education #acg1jjj1jjj4 ,the ,american people spent upon face lotions and cosmetics #gej1jjj1jjj1 and upon the public elementary schools #gfb1jjj1jjj4 ,they spent upon chewing gum #ej1jjj1jjj1 and upon schools to train their teachers #bj1jjj1jjj4 ,they spent upon candy alone as much as they spent upon all departments of education1 and upon cigars1 cigarettes1 and tobacco more than twice the amount4 ,we are a self-satisfied people1 and we propose to make our foreign population like ourselves2 but we really ought to hesitate1 because the #aibj census shows that in illiteracy we are behind nearly all the civilized nations--,australia1 ,england1 ,scotland1 ,wales1 ,new ,zealand1 the ,netherlands1 ,switzerland1 ,denmark1 ,sweden1 and ,germany4 ,we boast of six per cent illiteracy1 while ,denmark has only two-tenths of one per cent1 ,switzerland and ,new ,zealand three-tenths of one per cent1 ,england and ,wales one and eight-tenths per cent2 the ,german ,empire1 which we went to war to destroy1 had only three-hundredths of one per cent1 which is two hundred times better than the ,united ,states6 ,the war brought us some definite information about our education4 ,the ,army test of illiteracy was based on the ability to read as well as children in the second grade1 and #be of our would-be soldiers 8flunked0 this test4 ,we cannot get away by attributing our illiteracy to the ,negroes1 because ,camp ,devens in ,massachusetts showed #bb2 nor can we attribute it to the foreigners1 because there were seven hundred thousand native-born illiterates in the first draft4 ,the chief of the ,americanization ,bureau estimates that there are three and a half million native-born adults who cannot read any language4 ,also it is worth while to glance at the physical condition of our people4 ,more than one-third of the country's best manhood between the ages of twenty-one and thirty-one was disqualified because of physical defects2 and another large percentage was later rejected for the same reason4 ,one-fourth of all college boys were rejected--it would appear that shouting at football games does not constitute the whole of physical training4 ,a report of the committee on health problems of the ,national ,council of ,education estimates that three-fourths of our twenty-five million school children are suffering from physical defects2 the professor of physical education at ,columbia ,university tells us that #be of our school children are underfed1 while from #ej to #ge have defective teeth4 ,you would think that our plutocracy would be concerned about these matters1 even on purely business grounds4 ,taking the state of ,massachusetts1 one million workers lose an average of nine days a year from sickness1 which means in wage losses and medical bills #dj1jjj1jjj1 and #ce1jjj1jjj a year additional expenses to the state4 ,we spend on our school children less than fifty dollars per child per year1 which does not seem a munificent sum4 ,let us see what we spend per teacher4 ,the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,education has provided up-to-date figures1 in a study of rural school salaries for the year #aibc1 covering one-half the counties in the ,united ,states4 ,the number of 8one-teacher schools0 reported was #ig1geh1 and the average salary was #gbi4 ,sixty dollars and seventy-five cents per month will keep a teacher alive1 but it won't keep her a teacher4 ,according to a bulletin of the ,national ,education ,association1 there are approximately #fjj1jjj public school teachers1 and one-fourth of them serve in the schools two years or less1 and half of them serve less than five years2 in other words1 teaching is a temporary job1 by which the teacher earns pin money until she can get a husband or something better4 ,naturally these teachers do not trouble to acquire fitness for their work2 one-sixth of them are under twenty years of age1 and half of them have no professional preparation whatever4 ,ten per cent have no education beyond the eighth grade1 while half have no more than four years beyond the eighth grade2 in other words1 the teachers know as much as the pupils will know at the end of the school work--and no more6 ,these figures include the city schools1 whose teachers have considerably more training4 ,let us see what reward they get for this extra training4 ,the ,national ,chamber of ,commerce1 in its survey of school salaries covering #cei cities1 shows that in #aiai-'bj more than half the male elementary teachers were receiving less than #abfb a year2 their salaries had increased #cc in six years1 while the cost of living increased #ajd4 ,so naturally the men teachers are leaving the public schools2 from #ahhj to #aiae the percentage of men teachers fell from #db4h to #i4f2 and this was before the increase in the cost of living6 ,said the 8,bankers' ,magazine10 discussing this question 7,january1 #aiai2 the ,bankers' ,publishing ,co41 ,new ,york73 8,we pay the day laborer more than the teacher because he is worth more--because he produces a service of greater value to society--just as the corporation manager is paid more than the preacher40 ,who is to blame for illiteracy in ,america8 ,is it the fault of the children and of the parents1 or is it the fault of the propertied classes1 who will not furnish schools for the poor8 ,upon the opening of the public schools1 ,september1 #aibc1 it appears that in ,new ,york1 the richest city in the world1 #aej1jjj children can receive only part time instruction1 while #bjj1jjj will be taught in double sessions2 of the high school pupils more than two-thirds will have to be content with less than normal instruction4 ,los ,angeles is even worse1 with #af of its pupils unseated2 ,chicago follows with #ab4 ,in the year #aiba1 with one-sixth of its population in the public schools1 the propertied classes of the country saw fit to tax but one cent and a half in every hundred dollars of their income1 to provide housing for the school children4 ,the ,national ,chamber of ,commerce reports that #cg of city school buildings are fire-traps1 and only #e are considered fire-proof4 ,there is a strong movement under way for federal expenditures upon education4 ,educators recite that our government spent #fjj1jjj for a book about horses2 we spend #cj1jjj1jjj annually on the prevention of diseases in hogs and cattle1 and the destroying of insects which injure crops2 so surely we ought to spend something on the child6 ,but this money will have to be spent through our present political machines2 and consider the figures of ex-,congressman ,john ,baer1 who made a study of federal educational expenditures1 and showed that out of more than thirty million dollars appropriated for educational purposes1 our chief educational agency1 the ,bureau of ,education1 expended less than one per cent in actual administration of education4 8,federal educational activities are now directed through more than eighty different offices1 divisions1 bureaus1 commissions1 and other agencies of the government40 ,such is 8red tape0 in ,washington2 and if you follow the strands of this tape1 you find it extending to all the seven hundred thousand school rooms of the country4 ,we have seen our 8great educators0 keeping the teachers in submission by loading them with routine work1 reports1 questionnaires1 examinations and re-examinations4 ,the most universal complaint of the school teachers1 from ,los ,angeles to ,boston1 and from ,minnesota to ,mississippi1 has to do with this administrative and routine labor1 taking up their time and destroying their eyesight and their nerves4 ,this of course is the very essence of machine education1 the running of schools by business men on the quantity production basis4 ,it occurred to the ,national ,council of ,teachers of ,english to make a survey of conditions in their profession1 and they found that the average teacher had four hours of 8theme0 reading to do every day1 while the average high school teacher had five hours4 ,many reported that they skipped and skimmed through every paper1 others destroyed the great bulk of them unread and gave credit without reading4 ,in high schools the teachers of ,english were required to take care of #abe pupils per teacher6 ,needless to say1 the survey reports that teachers of ,english are overworked1 underpaid1 underequipped and underestimated4 ,a detailed picture of this routine in one school is given in a paper1 8,should ,english ,teachers ,teach80 by ,edwin ,m4 ,hopkins1 professor of ,english at the ,university of ,kansas1 and editor of the 8,english ,journal40 ,professor ,hopkins complains that ,english teachers do not have time to teach ,english1 because of the other kinds of work piled upon them by those who run the great educational factories4 ,many teachers1 it appears1 have to do janitor work1 because the schools have no janitor and divide such work among the teachers4 ,practically all teachers have to do 8school bookkeeping40 ,in one school the supervisor has provided printed forms with finely divided blanks1 in which the teachers have to fill in information concerning no fewer than sixty items4 ,these printed forms vary in size1 from ordinary cards to sheets fifteen by twenty inches2 there are 8quarantine cards1 record cards for office and superintendent1 record of transfer to other schools1 registration cards1 three forms of attendance reports1 inventories1 seating charts1 duplicate schedules02 records must be kept of 8absence excuses1 term record sheets1 duplicate attendance slips1 library cards and library service1 correspondence duty1 telephone duty1 patrol duty1 meeting parents1 care of lockers and keys1 returning lost books to pupils40 ,a single item1 the filling out of a library or text-book card for each pupil1 occupies seven full hours of the teacher's time for the pupils of a single section2 and this principal makes six sections1 of from fifty to sixty-five pupils each1 the regular assignment of his ,english teachers4 ,other details include the filling in of from forty to a hundred separate items on each of the room cards2 also the making of more than seventy entries of each pupil's full name and room number1 on the seat-charts of every recitation-room1 for each recitation-hour and subject--there being fifteen or twenty of these for each teacher4 ,then there are 8schedule cards10 handled by a special committee of three members assisted by ten or twelve volunteers4 ,this takes two or three weeks of each semester1 and the classes have to wait1 doing no work while this is going on4 ,then there is the 8checking of assembly-room slips10 an average of eight slips per pupil in a section of forty pupils4 ,each of these three hundred and twenty must be checked in its proper compartment on the individual pupil's room card1 which is ruled for fifty compartments4 8,for this item of duty no time allowance whatever is made40 ,and if you trace all this back to its source1 you will find it runs in a straight line1 through ,professor ,george ,d4 ,strayer and ,president ,nicholas ,murray ,butler1 to ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan1 the elder4 ,i have mentioned that ,strayer himself is the author of an elaborate series of card-systems1 which are sold in quantities to teachers2 and you will find that the young men and women who come out from ,strayer's mill are never happy till they get settled at some job of 8scoring40 ,thus one ,columbia man is marking a city map with a red dot for every high school student in each city block4 ,another writes to a book publisher1 asking for one hundred free copies of six different text-books--he is testing out text-books1 a thousand different volumes1 using one hundred copies of each4 ,two other ,columbia men1 with the highest degrees1 have been 8scoring0 history topics2 they have marked subjects mentioned in seventeen leading magazines for five years1 a total of #ib1jjj references1 showing how many times ,columbus is named1 and ,magellan1 and ,theodore ,roosevelt6 ,they publish this in the 8,journal of ,educational ,research10 of which ,strayer is co-editor4 ,and every teacher's college throughout the ,united ,states becomes a little ,columbia1 with some little 8,nicholas ,miraculous0 at its head4 ,i have a friend who was brought up within the shadow of such a place1 and writes me what is going on4 ,listen3 ,the education of the future high school teachers in ,nebraska is largely in control of the teachers' college of the state university4 ,and the teachers' college has a compact1 steam-roller organization run by a group from ,columbia ,university1 who are known to the irate professors in the other colleges of the university as 8the ,columbia ring40 ,they direct very nearly the whole course of the candidates for the teachers' certificates1 and you who know ,columbia can easily imagine how they direct it4 ,there is wild war between the 8,columbia ring0 and the more liberal professors in the arts and science college1 but the dear little teachers-to-be never hear anything about it4 ,they go out to their various schools with their life's ideas supplied to them ready made1 and with the fine 8morale0--in the building of which the teachers' college prides itself--to safeguard them against getting any new ideas4 ,this young lady goes on to explain that so far as she knows1 the ,columbia ring are 8perfectly sincere and earnest gentlemen10 and no one has ever heard of the financial powers taking a hand in the matter4 ,i am advising this correspondent to consult 8,the ,goose-step10 and see who it was that paid for the costly education of these ,nebraska educators4 ,all the contributors are ,wall ,street gentlemen who never contributed a dollar in their lives without being certain that they got two dollars' worth2 and if they can train great educators to serve their interests sincerely and earnestly--and without knowing it--is not that exactly the way the driver of a dray-horse likes the horse to be8 ,,chapter ,,lxxvii ,,the ,,educational ,,mills ,the 8little red school-house0 may of course be anything1 depending on the individual teacher4 ,in our two hundred thousand 8one-teacher0 schools1 there are many which are jolly and human1 and many which are efficient1 and many which are places of irritability and oppression4 ,but the characteristic product of our modern system is the big school1 the great educational mill1 run by efficiency experts on a quantity production basis4 ,these huge machines are but little influenced by individual personalities2 they acquire momentum of their own1 and grind up everything which gets in their way4 ,these are the institutions in which our modern 8great educators0 specialize2 the science of running them is what you get from experts such as ,professor ,strayer1 head of the ,department of ,educational ,administration of ,columbia ,university4 ,from the state of ,pennsylvania survey of the schools of ,philadelphia1 ,i take this picture of a well disciplined school3 ,the teachers in charge watched very carefully and jotted down notes of the slightest transgressions4 ,all pupils raising their eyes from their books were liable to punishment4 ,the principal believed that the amount of study done by pupils in the study hall depended upon the man in charge4 ,the strictest policing would produce the best results4 ,the practice was clearly one of coercion and pressure4 ,and now let us skip one-half the continent and visit the high school at ,superior1 ,nebraska1 where a young lady of my acquaintance was a teacher three or four years ago2 she writes3 ,the much-vaunted 8discipline0 of this school included an iron-clad military regime which forbade pupils ever to run up or down stairs or to cut corners in passing between classes4 ,when classes were dismissed1 two teachers were required to stand in the hall to see that nobody cut a corner or took two steps at a time4 ,during general assembly1 when the whole school was gathered together1 all the teachers were required to be in the auditorium and each was assigned two rows of students to watch during the program4 ,no teacher was allowed to sit down during assembly1 as she was expected to be watching her rows and seeing that no students exchanged a remark4 ,the students not unnaturally referred to the school as 8the penitentiary10 and while they were still as mice when the superintendent was looking1 the place seethed with suppressed revolt4 ,any sort of meanness that could be done on the sly was a short cut to glory1 and teachers were fair game for anybody who could torment them and get away with it4 ,and now skip the other half of the continent1 and read part of a letter from ,mrs4 ,edith ,summers ,kelley1 author of a splendid novel1 8,weeds40 ,mrs4 ,kelley describes what is happening to her two children in the schools of ,san ,diego1 ,california3 ,at the 8,junior ,high0 which my little girl1 aged eleven1 attends1 they are given no time to play at all4 ,the children race directly from one classroom to another and have only half an hour for lunch4 ,there is no chance whatever to form individual friendships1 for as the twelve hundred race from classroom to classroom they are continually changing roommates and instead of school friendships there is simply a confusion of half familiar faces soon forgotten4 ,my little girl still exchanges letters with the friends she made in school in ,imperial ,valley4 ,but since she came here she has not made one friend4 ,she could leave the school tomorrow without the slightest regret for it or any person1 teacher or pupils in it4 ,this seems to me a most damaging thing to say about a school4 ,at the 8,junior ,high0 they keep strict account of time4 ,if a child has to go to the toilet during a class he or she is given a 8detention slip0 and has to stay after school the length of time that he was out of the classroom4 ,this sounds like burlesque2 but the child tells me that it is the sober truth4 ,of course they stuff them at both schools with flag saluting and patriotic songs1 etc4 ,among other things they have taken the 8,anvil ,chorus0 from 8,il ,trovatore0 and set to it some didactic-patriotic words4 8,with peace and union throughout our happy land10 is all that the children remember2 but you will agree with me that it is enough4 ,there is a very strong tendency in both schools to subordinate individual consciousness to group consciousness4 ,both of my children are strongly individualistic1 though differently so1 and they resent this4 ,the children are taught they should be 8loyal0 to their country1 still more so to their state and city1 and quite belligerently so to their school4 ,they have cheer leaders1 school yells and songs1 and they hire men to coach the boys in their games so that they can beat the teams of other schools4 ,the aim seems to be not to encourage the individual characteristics of a child but to make them all as nearly as possible alike4 ,my little girl is possessed of insatiable mental curiosity1 and yet she hates the school4 ,this being the case1 it seems to me the fault must be with the school4 ,the point for you to get is that all this is training for 8democracy40 ,the teacher in ,nebraska just quoted confesses that she was a 8misfit10 and explains the reason3 ,it seemed so perfectly inane to me to try to bring up citizens for a democracy under a system which is an old-style bureaucracy4 ,the school board vents its lust for authority on the superintendent1 the superintendent takes it out on the principal1 the principal takes it out on the teachers1 and the teachers take it out on the classes4 ,the one unforgivable crime seems to be for student1 teacher1 principal or superintendent to be 8disloyal0 or 8insubordinate0 to the upper layers of the hierarchy4 ,with all the discipline and regimentation1 just how much do the pupils succeed in learning8 ,dean ,marshall of the ,university of ,chicago was chairman of the ,committee on ,correlation of ,secondary and ,collegiate ,education1 and he examined the first hundred and fifty freshmen who registered for the ,school of ,commerce and ,administration at his university4 ,he found that of these students1 #ei had had no modern history1 #bd no ,united ,states history1 #hf no ,english history1 #ib no industrial history1 #ci no civics1 #gb no economics1 #ih no sociology4 ,and in the courses which they do take1 how much do they learn8 ,i think ,i do not exaggerate in saying that there is general complaint throughout the country that they learn far less than they should4 ,two illustrations come to me while ,i am writing4 ,the first is from the ,san ,francisco 8,examiner10 ,november #aj1 #aibc1 and ,i quote it without change3 ,failure of students in the sophomore year at the ,sacramento high school to solve problems involving the subtraction of #b from #c was announced today in connection with arithmetic examinations recently given to #ejj pupils at the institution4 ,in multiplying #c by #b eleven students failed1 the test papers show1 while fifteen gave incorrect answers when asked to divide #f by #c4 ,though a check of the examination papers has not yet been completed1 early returns establish that #daf boys and girls could not multiply a mixed decimal by a plain decimal4 ,the second is from the ,new ,york 8,times10 ,july #bb1 #aibc1 and presents a column of data collected from examination papers on 8current events0 in the high schools of a ,tennessee city4 ,the 8,times0 mercifully withholds the name of this city--no doubt figuring that all are alike4 ,prizes were offered1 and #a1afj high school students entered a competition1 to answer a list of sixty questions2 the first discovery was that less than #bh knew the name of the governor of their own state6 ,michael ,collins1 ,irish ,free ,state leader1 was described as 8ex-,president of ,england10 8a noted boot-legger10 8real estate agent10 8head of labor union10 8manager ,boston ,red ,sox10 8,chicago ball player10 8manager of ,piggly-,wiggly store40 ,clara ,barton was classified as a 8movie actress10 8nurse whom the ,germans murdered10 8race horse10 8noted writer10 8woman who is to sing for ,kosmos ,club10 8candidate for ,mayor of a city10 8an unmarried woman who lives in exile40 ,it would appear that not many students in these ,tennessee high schools have read 8,the ,goose-step02 for when they were asked to identify ,dr4 ,nicholas ,murray ,butler1 they guessed3 8,president ,harding's private physician10 8a well-known ,bible teacher10 8newspaper editor10 8a leader in the medical convention10 8minister10 8writer and essayist40 ,needless to say1 they scored a hundred per cent of correctness on the identity of 8,babe0 ,ruth2 and they doubtless would have done the same for 8,fatty0 ,arbuckle2 and who won the last prizefight or the last world's baseball series1 and who are ,mutt and ,jeff1 and have we any bananas today4 ,on the other hand1 it would have been easy to frame questions dealing with the higher culture1 on which the high school students would have scored one hundred per cent of failure4 ,mr4 ,o4 ,g4 ,wood1 for four years a teacher and for two years clerk of the school board of ,butte1 ,montana1 writes3 ,the average ,american boy of today does not care a fig about the beautiful and art side of life4 ,he wants to see the wheels go round and run an automobile and fix a spark plug4 ,he is not studious4 ,the foreign-born boy or the boy born of foreign parentage is far more studious than the ,american boy1 and ,i have made an especial study of this subject right in the class room4 ,the ,american boy wants to 8get by40 ,he will shuffle in and out of every class he can4 ,he 8fakes0 from morning to night with all kinds of lies and excuses on his mind4 ,it is doubtful if a single parent will think their boy does this1 yet there are millions of them in the country4 ,in the course of our travels from city to city we have seen our miseducated school children indulging in rowdyism1 patronizing boot-leggers1 racing in high-powered automobiles1 and spending the night at road-houses4 ,someone with a sense of humor sends me a copy of a ,texas newspaper1 the ,dallas 8,morning ,news10 ,october #d1 #aibc1 in which there are three items on one page1 which seem to have been especially placed to vindicate my thesis concerning ,american education4 ,the first item tells that a committee of preachers are investigating the ,southern ,methodist ,university1 to make sure that no one is teaching modern science4 ,the second reports the director of physical training at this university1 speaking at a luncheon of the ,junior ,chamber of ,commerce1 telling the youngsters that 8foot-ball is character building and training for life40 ,the third item tells how nine boys and five girls have been arrested and thrashed1 either by their parents or their principals1 for raiding a ,jewish synagogue and doing more than a thousand dollars worth of damage4 ,the ,junior ,ku ,klux ,klan6 ,,chapter ,,lxxviii ,,descensus ,,averno ,the person who can tell us about the morals of our school children is ,ben ,b4 ,lindsey1 judge of the ,juvenile ,court of ,denver4 ,lindsey knows1 not merely because he has been on the job for twenty-five years1 but because he has evolved a technique for getting this particular information4 ,the children come to him literally by thousands--not merely to tell him their troubles1 but to ask his advice on every sort of question4 ,instead of sending delinquent children to jail1 ,lindsey has fought and exposed the gang politicians1 the saloon-keepers1 the proprietors of wine-rooms and dives who were preying on the young4 ,at every election he has been fought by these powers1 backed by the money of ,big ,business2 he has been supported and elected by the children and their friends4 8,our little ,ben10 they call him2 and 8court0 is more like a home--or like what a school ought to be4 ,the first principle upon which ,lindsey proceeds is that he never 8snitches40 ,several times the powers that rule ,denver have threatened to send him to jail1 and on one occasion they fined him five hundred dollars for contempt of court1 because he refused to betray a child's confidence4 ,as ,i write1 the grand jury is threatening him with imprisonment1 because he has made the statement that the abortion rate of ,denver is one thousand per year1 and he will not tell who the abortionists are1 because he has learned their names from women and school girls 8in trouble40 ,the ,denver board of education has adopted a righteous attitude upon this question2 any teacher or principal who learns of immorality on the part of any ,denver student is required to expel the student and notify the parents2 which is an excellent way for the school authorities to keep from knowing uncomfortable facts6 ,lindsey tells me of a school superintendent who made a statement to reassure the parents3 8,in more than twenty years' experience in the ,denver schools ,i have known of but three of our high school girls who were guilty of immorality40 ,it happened that on that very day four such girls had come to ,lindsey's court to seek his advice6 ,he tells me that he knew of more than three hundred sexual cases involving high school girls in a two-year period of investigation2 and two-thirds of these girls came to him of their own free will4 ,more than a thousand of high school age have confessed to him4 ,and1 mind you1 these are not servant girls and shop girls and waitresses1 the victims of poverty1 but the daughters of ,denver's leading families1 copper kings and coal kings and iron kings and gold kings and silver kings1 together with the lawyers who protect their property1 and the doctors who look after their bodies1 and the clergymen who save their souls4 ,a prominent ,denver churchman dramatically denounced ,lindsey before a public body because of his attitude on the question of censorship2 and this churchman's beloved daughter1 a high school student1 had confided her troubles to ,lindsey1 who helped her to be secretly treated for venereal infection6 ,another minister's daughter became involved with the son of a high-up school official2 both of them were recent high school students1 and the affair developed under the steps of a school building while the young couple were on their way from church6 ,you might hunt the moving pictures through and find no stranger incidents4 ,here comes a father1 one of the great public utility men1 who has been fighting ,lindsey tooth and nail in politics4 ,now the man is broken2 he has discovered that his beloved daughter is in trouble1 and he is going to shoot the youth who seduced her4 ,but ,lindsey persuades him to wait1 and the man promises to come back next day2 he comes1 and in ,lindsey's chambers1 by a coincidence not of ,lindsey's planning1 he meets his own son4 ,the son1 thinking the father has been brought there to confront him1 breaks down and tells how he1 the son1 is responsible for the pregnancy of a young girl6 ,at the railroad station1 as ,lindsey and ,i were parting1 a costly limousine came rolling up1 and three fashionable society beauties alighted1 together with an elderly gentleman4 ,they were the sort of people you see pictured in the fashion plates and advertisements of motor cars2 ,lindsey remarked to me3 8,one of those three girls came to my court4 ,she was too rich to attend high school1 she went to our fanciest and most expensive finishing school for young ladies2 and she got into trouble1 one night on the way home from the country club4 ,she went away for two months and had her baby1 and ,i saw to its adoption4 ,i wanted the mother to 8adopt0 it herself1 some day after marriage2 but her nerve failed her4 ,there are just five people who know--the girl and myself1 a doctor and a nurse1 and a prominent young business man1 who happened to have a wife already4 ,i suppose that if the girl's father knew1 he'd drop dead on the spot40 ,lindsey insists that these conditions are not peculiar to ,denver2 on the contrary1 matters are worse in other big cities4 ,he attributes the evil in part to the prudery of parents2 more girls are 8ruined0 by the attitude of their parents and teachers than by the girls' own acts4 ,the parents keep the girls ignorant1 and drive them to rebellion by their unwillingness to face the facts of life4 ,lindsey himself tries to tell the parents1 but they will not listen2 they prefer to 8spit on ,lindsey's shoes0--such was a resolution before the ,real ,estate ,exchange in #aiad1 when the miners' wives whose children had been burned in the ,ludlow massacre were taken by ,lindsey to interview ,president ,wilson in ,washington4 ,it happens many times that ,lindsey gets permission from some girl to tell the girl's parents2 he sends for the parents1 and starts to tell them1 and there come looks of incredulity and even of rage--he is accusing their precious children1 and the parents are up in arms to deny the charge and defend their offspring4 ,i told you how ,lindsey has been barred from speaking in the ,denver high schools4 ,all over the country he is invited to speak in other schools--on his last lecture trip he spoke to thirty-five thousand adolescent boys and girls4 ,he talked to them 8straight02 but now and then a principal would timidly ask him to avoid 8improper0 subjects4 ,in one city he was informed that it would be 8distasteful to the school board10 who expected to be present1 if he were to discuss 8love1 marriage1 or divorce40 ,he omitted these delicate matters2 but after the lecture fifty children1 mostly girls1 crowded about him1 begging him to answer questions4 ,and what were the questions8 ,what did he think about marriage1 divorce1 love and beauty6 ,here were these starved little souls pining for real knowledge about the vital things of their lives2 and it was 8distasteful to the school board0 to permit them to learn6 ,a still more powerful cause is the example which the parents of these children are setting4 ,many are brought up in luxurious homes1 with a multitude of servants2 they are used to every gratification1 automobiles and chauffeurs and extravagant clothes4 ,they hear the smart talk of the young matrons1 they read the literature of the new license1 they go to the movies and drink the poisons of ,hollywood4 ,recently ,lindsey visited one of the fashionable hotels at ,colorado ,springs1 and there he met a lovely girl from a ,denver high school4 ,she made no concealment of the fact that she was enjoying the gaieties of the season with a lover2 and when the judge remonstrated1 she laughed and pointed out 8,mrs4 ,so-and-,so10 one of ,denver's leading society matrons1 who was there with a prominent business man not her husband4 8,their rooms are on the same floor as ours10 said the girl4 8,society0 girls1 now-a-days1 know that their parents are breaking the laws1 not merely in business1 but in their private lives2 they take it for granted that there is wine on every table1 and booze in every hip-pocket and vanity bag4 ,their religion is a fairy tale1 and they have nothing with which to replace it4 ,they have learned about birth-control--but not quite thoroughly1 it would appear from ,lindsey's experiences6 ,so they have to ascertain the names and addresses of the fashionable abortionists4 ,the leading doctors possess the knowledge1 and will give you the 8tip02 the only people who do not know are the prosecuting authorities6 ,in the course of my trip ,i visited a certain wealthy relative4 ,according to the fashion of the time1 this old gentleman chatted about his bootleggers1 and told how the cellar of his country home had been broken into1 and some tens of thousands of dollars worth of precious old liquors had been stolen4 ,but there was more to replace it--my relative was making mint juleps for the rest of the company while he denounced the ,eighteenth ,amendment4 ,after he had said his say1 and his son had done likewise1 and ,h4 ,l4 ,mencken had agreed with them1 the old gentleman asked me3 8,upton1 what do you think about it80 ,my answer was3 8,i don't think it's a ,bolshevik plot1 but if it were1 it wouldn't be different60 ,the old gentleman sat up1 for he was keen on ,bolshevik plots4 ,i explained3 8,the poor cannot afford much liquor1 so they stay sober2 the rich can afford all they want1 and they get it4 ,if this continues for another ten years1 the rich will have got to a condition where they can no longer pull the trigger of a machine gun4 ,so the ,bolsheviks will have their way40 ,,chapter ,,lxxix ,,the ,,teacher',s ,,job ,we have seen what becomes of the child in the great educational mill4 ,let us now see what becomes of the teacher4 ,let us inquire1 to begin with1 how the teacher gets in2 put yourself in the position of the graduate of a high school or normal school who wishes to enter the cheap and easy profession4 ,i consult a book called 8,out of ,work10 by ,frances ,a4 ,kellor1 a detailed study of the problems of unemployment in ,america4 ,turning its pages1 ,i realize what a vast trap for the poor our country is--and how little the teachers count in the mass of misery6 ,the problem of jobs for teachers gets only eight or ten out of the five hundred and forty-nine pages of this book4 ,the placement of educators has fallen into the hands of great private agencies4 ,these 8teachers' bureaus0 have set up the claim that they are not common employment agencies1 and on this basis have generally escaped license fees and regulations4 ,they collect from the teachers a fee1 somewhere from two to five dollars1 usually called a 8consultation fee02 it gives you the high privilege of having your name enrolled for one year1 and of visiting the office and asking questions of a clerk4 ,a great many agencies live entirely upon such fees2 that is to say1 they list the teachers' names and do nothing else4 ,one agency charges three dollars in its main office1 and then advises you to register in ten branch offices at one dollar each4 ,one agency charged two dollars 8for advice only10 and when a teacher paid the money1 the advice she got was3 8,try some other line1 as the demand for women teachers is very small this year40 ,when you get a position1 the agency claims five per cent of your first year's salary1 and in some cases ten per cent4 ,you have to pay the entire sum within one or two months1 and even though you lose the position immediately afterwards1 you don't get the fee back4 ,if you get an increase of salary1 you pay a percentage on that4 ,if you get board as part of your salary1 you pay a percentage on that4 ,says ,miss ,kellor3 8,a contract seems to give an agency a lien on a teacher for at least one year1 and sometimes for longer4 ,it requires considerable skill to find any rights or protection for the teachers in these contracts40 ,many of the agencies require the teachers to give them information about vacancies1 thus turning the teachers into unpaid canvassers for them4 ,they freely use threats of removal to compel teachers to fulfil their unfair contracts4 8,a hint of #8later information' to a school board can cause all kinds of trouble40 ,some of the states now have bureaus for placing teachers2 some of the universities do it1 and at the big plutocratic institutions this placing bureau becomes a cog in the machine1 and is used for the browbeating of teachers4 ,several have told me of this kind of thing2 ,i am permitted to recite the peculiar experience of ,mr4 ,otto ,koeb at ,stanford4 ,inasmuch as ,mr4 ,koeb's name has a ,german sound1 ,i mention that he is the son of a ,swiss diplomat1 and the incident happened in #aiab1 when ,german names were entirely respectable4 ,mr4 ,koeb had been graduated from the ,colorado ,state ,teachers' ,college1 and then from the ,university of ,california1 and went to take a master's degree at ,stanford4 ,as a result of his declaring himself a ,socialist1 he was secretly blacklisted by the 8appointment office0 of the university4 ,for nine years he struggled to get a good teacher's position1 and his applications were always turned down--until finally a friend betrayed to him the reason2 in the 8recommendations0 which ,stanford was sending out concerning him there were statements about his political views1 deliberately designed to keep him from getting employment6 ,the agencies1 both private and public1 of course give close attention to the character of teachers and to their opinions4 ,i have referred to the fact that some city school superintendents require teachers to join the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,a high school instructor1 whose name ,i am not permitted to quote1 says3 8,i have known of many fellows who have been refused positions as teachers of printing in manual training shops because they were known to belong to labor unions4 ,i myself carry a card1 but ,i never tell my superiors about it40 ,at ,wheeling1 ,west ,virginia1 the official application blank asks you for 8references1 including your pastor40 ,when you furnish this information1 a blank is sent to each of the references1 asking among other things3 8,has applicant ever shown a tendency towards extreme radicalism80 and 8,does applicant take any part in church work80 ,hundreds of superintendents follow this practice of asking about the church affiliations of teachers2 in spite of the fact that to ask such a question of an applicant for a public position is to violate the constitutional rights of a citizen4 ,mr4 ,david ,h4 ,pierce declares3 ,for the sake of a job1 many ,catholics become ,episcopalians1 and ,jews turn into ,unitarians for the time being4 ,i know of one teacher in a small college1 a ,congregationalist1 who has successively been ,baptist and ,methodist1 and who has informed me confidentially that he is willing to become a member of any church under the sun1 just as long as he can keep on teaching music4 ,one of my personal friends1 in seeking a college position1 invariably discovers what denomination the school is1 then furnishes credentials to show that he is a devout member of that particular church4 ,i have a letter from a teacher in ,california1 who discusses the taming of her profession4 ,i know of no teacher who has put up a harder fight against the gang1 and it is significant that even this hard fighter asks me not to use her name2 she writes3 ,the average teacher is a cringing coward1 and boards of education play this as their trump card4 ,the only recommendation the teacher has is a clean bill from her last berth4 ,she is given no chance to make good in a new position4 8,where did you teach last year80 is the first question she is asked4 8,why did you leave80 the second one4 ,unless a teacher has 8pull0 and friends it is practically impossible for her to get a position1 if she has lost her previous one by the will of the board of trustees4 ,by this you can see it is the same with her as for a doctor to lose his certificate4 ,teachers know and fear this1 boards know it and work it to control teachers4 ,boards control their teachers usually through their major domo1 the city superintendent4 ,if he is fair1 and a man of convictions1 the board cannot do much2 but he is dependent upon the board for his position1 and unless he pleases them he may go the way of the teacher who dares think for herself4 ,mr4 ,david ,h4 ,pierce has been a high school teacher for five years1 and does not expect to remain one4 ,he explained the reason in a very illuminating article published in the 8,survey10 ,may #ae1 #aibc4 ,he says3 ,we graduated from college1 having specialized1 let us say1 in mathematics4 ,in the course of two years we have presided over classes in elocution1 biology1 economics1 vocational guidance1 sociology1 ,german and chemistry4 ,we get no intellectual stimulation from our neighbors in the school4 ,outside the school we are addressed as 8professor10 by elderly people who do not know us4 ,we become experts in sitting through lengthy prayer meetings and meaningless sermons4 ,we develop remarkable skill in dodging revivals4 ,our names are coupled1 in turn1 with every eligible girl between fourteen and forty in the community4 ,about once a month a preacher 8cheers0 us by saying3 8,next to the ministry1 brothers and sisters1 there is no greater calling than that of the teacher4 ,the opportunity to mold our youth into citizens is unlimited4 ,i sometimes believe that they are even on a level with those who follow in ,god's footsteps40 ,mr4 ,pierce pictures himself becoming dissatisfied with his position1 and applying to an agency1 and filling out a blank3 ,we underscore three times those subjects we prefer to teach1 draw two lines under those we have taught1 and add a single line for those branches we can teach4 ,having covered possibly twenty subjects1 we are ready to prove to any school board within five hundred miles that we are the most educated1 experienced and docile individual our alma mater has produced in a decade4 ,we prepare a barrage of testimonials from board members who never entered our classroom1 preachers with whom we have never had a frank discussion1 and college instructors who must rack their memories to recall us4 ,the fact that we may be specialists in one or two branches is immaterial4 ,the agency wants its five per cent and we want a job4 ,we never allow ourselves to be discountenanced by strange requests4 ,a colleague tells me that in applying for his first position he received a telegram from an agency1 asking 8,can you teach sociology80 ,he replied at once in the affirmative1 secured the position and was reasonably successful4 ,after he had assumed his duties he frankly said3 8,sociology was new to me4 ,i had to look in the dictionary to find what the word meant40 ,a teacher who had specialized in ,latin1 taught1 within a few years1 algebra1 ,english1 civics1 ,german and ,spanish as well as his preferred subject4 ,one woman1 trained as an instructor in the domestic arts1 was assigned a hash of household arithmetic1 calisthenics1 music and story telling4 ,this is the lot of the great majority of high school teachers4 ,we are doomed to be intellectually unskilled laborers1 masters of nothing4 ,,chapter ,,lxxx ,,teachers' ,,terror ,i have given in 8,the ,goose-step0 a list of some of the offenses for which college professors have lost their jobs4 ,i might do the same thing for school teachers1 and include everything1 from refusing to 8pass0 the son of a school board member to refusing to become the mistress of a superintendent4 ,the main trouble is that you would not believe the stories without the teachers' names1 and these can so seldom be given4 ,even when the teacher has quit the profession1 her terror still hangs on2 one writes me that her husband will not let her talk1 and others must protect their relatives who are teachers4 ,i have a letter from one young lady1 who tells me that she has quit teaching and is earning a good living as a newspaper writer2 but she adds3 8,on second thought1 ,i am afraid after all ,i shall have to ask you not to use my name4 ,i despise being a #8rabbit1' but my father is a professor in the state university4 ,it would be too bad if he should have to suffer for my opinions40 ,this young lady goes on to express her conclusion as to the teaching profession4 ,i quote one paragraph3 ,what drives the teachers in this state to marriage1 suicide1 or stenography is not the tyranny of wealth--of which they are so unconscious that even ,i am not sure whether it exists--but the petty tyranny of public opinion and of tin-horn superintendents who rejoice in showing off their power4 ,where a teacher knows that she cannot dance or bob her hair or walk about the town alone at night without getting a severe reprimand1 and where she knows that it is as much as her job is worth to receive a call from one of her boy students1 even although it be to hear him confess his personal problems1 she is not going to be much tempted to any wild flights of intellectual speculation4 ,being spied on by the thousand eyes of a village soon dries up the springs of adventure before they reach the surface4 ,mr4 ,david ,h4 ,pierce also has something to say on this subject4 ,he points out that in this respect teaching differs from all other professions2 neither lawyers nor doctors nor engineers permit their superiors to exercise control over their social life1 and forbid them to dance or play an occasional game of bridge2 neither are they kept in such subservience that they regard themselves as bold progressives when they utter harmless platitudes4 ,says ,mr4 ,pierce3 ,i have known teachers to be dismissed for combating shady athletics4 ,others have been forced out because they expected children of influential parents to do a little work for their credits4 ,in the course of five years1 ,i have been warned1 officially or otherwise1 to refrain from discussing organized labor1 the ,negro problem1 evolution1 the miners' strike1 dancing1 card-playing1 the controversy between the chiropractors and the allopaths1 and government control of railroads4 ,and ,mr4 ,burt ,adams ,tower1 who fled all the way to ,hawaii to escape from the school gang1 adds a new and unique one to this list3 8,a few months before leaving ,butte ,i was called on the carpet for receiving a letter on your stationery60 ,said a teacher at the #aibc convention of the ,northeastern ,ohio ,teachers' ,association3 8,the situation today is that if you don't accept and apologize for every institution1 good1 bad and indifferent1 you immediately become suspect40 ,there are two very funny stories which ,i got from friends of the teachers1 and which ,i am permitted to tell--provided ,i suppress1 not merely the names of the teachers and the school1 but of the city in which the incident took place6 ,these stories have to do with ,bolshevik hunts1 and the hero of the first is a high school boy4 ,he is the son of intellectual parents1 but is a mediocre pupil1 being obviously bored by school work4 ,he is required to write a theme1 and comes to his teacher and tells her that he cannot get warmed up to such subjects as 8,beowulf0 and 8,the ,rape of the ,lock10 and wonders if she won't let him write on something real4 ,she asks what he would choose2 and imagine her bewilderment--he would like to write on ,bolshevism6 ,the teacher probes the boy's mind1 and finds that he knows of ,bolshevism as something wicked2 he would like to expose those who are trying to spread such wickedness in ,america4 ,the teacher refuses consent1 but the boy comes back and begs again4 ,the teacher points out to him the seriousness of such a subject1 and the dangers of it2 he promises to be very serious and very careful1 and gets the consent of his parents2 so finally the teacher relents1 and the boy falls to work4 ,he is interested for the first time1 and brings in a theme which shows real study2 the teacher demands more1 so the boy scours the city for original data4 ,in the end1 he presents an excellent paper attacking ,bolshevism2 from a pupil with a low record on 8,beowulf0 and 8,the ,rape of the ,lock10 he suddenly shines as the 8,a0 pupil of his class4 ,but now comes a terrible rumor1 spreading like wildfire through the 8silk stocking0 district of this city4 ,some one in the high school has been teaching ,bolshevism6 ,a pupil who wrote against ,bolshevism had been 8failed0 because he differed with his teacher6 ,the local ,babbitts rise up and roar1 and the principal of the school comes to the teacher in terrible distress1 and scolds her severely4 ,the teacher demands the name of her accusers1 and finally is told that the complaint has come from the chief of police6 ,she threatens to go to the chief1 whereupon the principal writes a long letter of introduction1 explaining to the chief that the teacher has already been 8severely reprimanded40 ,the teacher protests against this letter1 and finally the principal consents to run his pencil through the word 8severely02 otherwise he is obdurate1 and at the next meeting of the faculty he issues the order that in future no reference to ,socialism or ,bolshevism is to be allowed in any classroom of this high school6 ,the teacher refuses to take the incriminating letter1 and seeks out the assistant superintendent1 who happens to know the boy personally1 and takes the teacher to the chief of police4 ,the chief explains that the boy came to him1 asking for data1 and received some pamphlets which had been taken in a 8,red0 raid4 ,soon afterwards the chief was talking before a ,sunday ,school class of parents on the subject3 8,what are your boys and girls doing80 ,he mentioned1 as an instance of creditable activity1 the fact that a boy in the high school was looking up ,bolshevism1 getting first-hand information so that he could refute the ,bolsheviks4 ,so the spectre was laid2 the teacher has gone back to 8,beowulf0 and 8,the ,rape of the ,lock10 and the high school principal has been promoted to be assistant superintendent6 ,the other incident happened in a city fifteen hundred miles away2 but the ,babbitts cover a continent--just like the ,bolsheviks6 ,we come to an old and cultured city1 with a high school of which the city is proud4 ,in this school a teacher of ,english suddenly decided that it was her duty to find out what her pupils thought about ,bolshevism2 she had them write a theme1 and discovered to her dismay that a number of them did not think altogether ill of the subject4 ,she hastened to her principal1 who was equally shocked2 he called a meeting of the teachers1 and instructed them that the two thousand pupils of this school were to be immediately educated as to the wickedness of ,bolshevism4 ,school assemblies would be held1 and the teachers would talk to the pupils about the aforesaid wickedness2 also they might get someone from the outside who knew more about this wickedness4 ,the young man who told me this story is a friend of the principal1 and saw the whole adventure from the inside4 ,one teacher1 when his turn came1 told the pupils that he thought we had plenty of things to concern ourselves about at home1 and that it was our duty to clean our own house2 the principal rebuked this teacher1 saying that his talk had been 8too tame40 8,you didn't say a word about the nationalization of women60 ,so the principal himself talked about the nationalization of women2 and in the fall1 when the campaign was taken up again1 a zealous teacher1 whom ,i will call ,mr4 ,jones1 went out and inquired at a church forum for the name of a competent speaker against ,bolshevism4 ,somebody with a sense of humor gave the name of ,moissaye ,j4 ,olgin1 well known as a supporter of the ,soviet government6 ,poor ,mr4 ,jones1 too trustful of his fellowmen1 invited ,comrade ,olgin1 who came and lectured4 ,i asked ,olgin about the incident1 and quote from his letter1 so that you may see for yourself4 ,he writes3 ,i explained in a more or less scientific way how it came that the ,bolsheviki obtained the upper hand4 ,i drew a picture of the forces that made for ,bolshevism1 among them the craving of the masses for peace1 the craving of the peasants for land1 and the explicit desire on the part of the workingmen to assume control over the factories4 ,i was simply a man who thinks he knows something about ,russia and explains the working of social forces4 ,the lecture created great consternation among the teaching staff1 but the pupils were most enthusiastic4 ,after the lecture was over1 the speaker was asked by ,mr4 ,jones what he thought of a man by the name of ,lee-,nyne2 to which he answered mildly that this was 8something for history to decide40 ,but1 as you know1 the ,babbitts are not willing to await the verdict of history2 a child took home this story to her parents1 and the local ,babbitts flew to arms4 ,a newspaper exploded with a scare story1 all the way across the front page3 _/99 ,,bolshevism ,,taught ,,at ,,high ,,school6 99_/ ,it happened to be just at the time that a high public official was about to be tried for malfeasance in office1 and he was glad of a 8,red0 herring to draw across the trail2 his office summoned poor ,mr4 ,jones and proceeded to put him through the third degree4 ,one of the inquisitors grabbed ,mr4 ,jones' fraternity pin3 8,what's that80 8,and what do you know about the ,american ,revolution80 ,for two days the grilling went on1 and each day the newspapers had more frightful stories4 ,mr4 ,jones came out mopping his brow1 and vowing3 8,well1 if anything could make me a ,bolshevik1 it would be such public officials60 ,you know how it is--these ,soviet propagandists are cunning rascals1 and hide under many disguises4 ,the local ,babbitts were sure they had an agent of ,lee-,nyne in this high school teacher1 so they called in the ,united ,states secret service1 which took the trail1 and followed ,mr4 ,jones day and night for two weeks--and reported that he did not go anywhere except to a ,methodist prayer meeting6 ,so finally the ,babbitts were convinced that their teacher might be given another chance2 but the principal received special orders--he was never to invite another speaker without first submitting the name to the superintendent6 ,another incident1 to show you what it means for teachers who deal with the finer things of life to work under the shadow of this ,black ,hand4 ,i happen to know a lady who is head of the department of ,english in a high school of a great city4 ,this lady is a lover of literature1 and a teacher of the highest gifts2 she knows how to inspire the young1 not merely to read and think about books1 but in all their school activities1 their magazines and debates and dramatic performances4 ,it happens that she is a ,socialist1 and makes no bones about teaching the children to think for themselves about our social system4 ,also it happens that she is a 8lady10 in the technical sense of that word2 she is good to look at1 she was brought up in the ,episcopal church1 she is received in the best society--and so it has been impossible for half a dozen successive school boards to get rid of her4 ,incessant intrigue has gone on against her1 but she has quietly ignored it1 and done her work4 ,this lady was invited to dine at the home of the school board president2 a prominent judge1 a wealthy ,republican politician--and incidentally a gross bar-room animal4 ,the primary purpose of the judge was to get the lady to appoint his daughter as a teacher in her department2 but before bringing up that subject1 he brought up another one4 8,i want you to know10 he said1 8that ,i realize you are a ,socialist1 and that you teach the girls free love40 ,the lady rose up1 and said3 8,i will not discuss that question with you1 ,judge ,smith40 8,all right10 said ,judge ,smith2 8you don't need to1 but ,i've got the goods on you just the same40 ,the lady's reply was3 8,i don't know what you've got1 and ,i decline to permit you to tell me40 ,but ,judge ,smith laughed1 and went on to tell4 8,you've given the girls a poem by ,walt ,whitman called #8,the ,mystic ,trumpeter1' and ,i took the trouble to read it1 and ,i know what's in it40 ,now1 ,i will not complete the story4 ,if ,i should quote you the lines to which the bar-room judge objected1 apart from their context1 you also might misunderstand4 ,get the poem1 which you will find in 8,leaves of ,grass10 the section called 8,from ,noon to ,starry ,night10 and read a piece of real eloquence4 ,meantime1 ,i conclude this chapter with letters from two teachers4 ,i have many to the same purport1 but the book is long1 and two will serve as types of all4 ,a man teacher in ,california writes3 ,i have a humiliating request to make of you1 ,mr4 ,sinclair4 ,not having made provision for going out of the teaching business1 ,i am afraid to have you mention the ---- matter4 ,the story will be unfailingly traced to me in what will probably be a brief time1 considering the interest commanded by your 8,goose-step10 and retribution will be sure to follow4 ,i have so many sins to answer for before such unpromising judges within the next year that ,i have not the courage to add this delightful one to the rest just now4 ,will you sacrifice those two paragraphs8 ,the other letter is from a man teacher in the far ,northwest3 ,you may think it strange that ,i am writing to you to repeat my request that you in no way use my name in connection with the data that ,i sent to you for 8,the ,goslings10 nor word any passage in such a way that my name could be associated with any of the facts that it contains4 ,i believe that ,i have sent newspaper clippings confirmatory of the various statements of fact2 in any case1 omit any seemingly significant item rather than connect my name with it4 ,as you well know1 if any person here should suspect me of having so much as passed on to you information of common knowledge which is contained in newspaper clippings1 in a very short time it will reach the ears of those who would unhesitatingly put an end to my professional career4 ,at my time of life1 with a family1 and a very meagre portion of this world's goods1 ,i cannot afford to allow my name to be associated with an enterprise of this kind1 however much ,i may be in sympathy with it4 ,with physical condition not at all vigorous and no trade or business experience1 you can readily understand what publication of my name1 or the faintest suspicion of me1 would lead to4 ,although my wife is the only person here whom ,i have told of my action1 she has become very apprehensive of late1 lest something creep into your book which would fasten suspicion upon me2 in fact1 she is verging into a highly nervous state1 unable to drive the thought out of her mind4 ,may ,i ask1 in order that her anxiety may be relieved1 that you send me a letter assuring me that my name1 or any words that may indicate me as a contributor of data1 be kept from the pages of 8,the ,goslings40 ,,chapter ,,lxxxi ,,the ,,school ,,serfs ,we have asked the question3 is a teacher a citizen8 ,i can name a few places in the ,united ,states in which a teacher may be a citizen1 provided he or she is willing to give up promotion and honors4 ,under those conditions a teacher may be a citizen in ,chicago1 ,milwaukee1,m and ,new ,york1 and ,i might think of a few other places if ,i searched my memory4 ,on the other hand1 if ,i wished to name places where a teacher is not a citizen1 ,i could cover every state in the ,union1 and districts large enough to include several states4 ----- ,footnote ,m3 ,it is amusing to note that after writing this sentence ,i learned from a ,milwaukee teacher that the ,teachers' ,association was at first denied admission to the 8,recreational ,council10 a league of civic organizations for school improvement1 upon the explicitly stated ground that teachers are not citizens6 ----- ,you have seen that a teacher is not a citizen in ,north ,dakota or in ,south ,dakota4 ,a teacher is not a citizen in ,pennsylvania1 where teachers' unions have been outlawed by decree of the state superintendent4 ,a teacher is not a citizen in ,terre ,haute1 ,indiana1 where the superintendent has declared that no one may teach history who believes in the recall4 ,a teacher is not a citizen in the state of ,washington1 where ,miss ,alfa ,ventzke was turned out for protesting against the mobbing of ,nonpartisan ,league members2 nor in ,texas1 where a gentleman whose name ,i withhold out of kindness to him1 writes me how he has wandered from place to place seeking a school where a teacher may be a ,socialist outside of school hours4 ,he started out over thirty years ago1 and in those days a teacher could be a ,populist2 but nowadays he has to hide--and even then they find him6 ,a teacher is not a citizen in ,oklahoma1 where ,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,bagwell1 who began life as a ,methodist minister1 and is now a ,christian ,socialist1 has been hounded from public school to public school all over the state for fifteen years4 ,mr4 ,bagwell's story is told in a series of nine two-column articles in the ,oklahoma 8,leader10 and it would take several pages even to sketch his adventures4 ,i glance over the articles and note the names of town and county schools where he got into trouble--never for any reason but his ,socialist opinions3 ,gotebo1 ,greer1 ,blue ,jacket1 ,weatherford1 ,ardmore1 ,springer4 ,the last place is ,gotebo1 where ,mr4 ,bagwell was county superintendent1 and the ,american ,legion held its state convention and complained that the 8firing squad0 was not being sufficiently used on teachers4 ,so this ,christian ,socialist was kicked out1 and although he presents affidavits from literally hundreds of people where he has taught--including the school boards--he travels from one to another of his superiors demanding a hearing on the charges against him1 and can get no hearing4 ,a teacher is not a citizen in ,leesville1 ,louisiana1 where ,mr4 ,otto ,koeb went to teach history in the high school4 ,a mile from this town lies the ,llano ,colony1 at which three or four hundred hard-working earnest men and women are making an effort to prove that human beings can labor from other motives than individual greed4 ,mr4 ,koeb thought this an interesting experiment1 and wanted to write about it2 he went to study it--and was informed by the superintendent that if he continued such visits he could not remain a teacher in the high school4 ,so he gave up his position1 and now has none4 ,nor is a teacher a citizen in ,dallas1 ,texas1 where many years ago ,mr4 ,george ,clifton ,edwards1 a teacher of ,latin and mathematics1 committed the crime of being a ,socialist4 ,the school board was 8a quiet1 vestry-like body10 and let him alone2 but a certain rich lumberman1 a combination of note-shaver and psalm-singer named ,owens1 served notice on them that if they did not fire the ,socialist1 he would elect a board that would4 ,they did not1 and so he did4 ,from that time on1 ,big ,business has run the schools1 and has fired three other teachers1 the best qualified in the city4 ,they have closed all the night schools save one1 which is practically an adjunct of the big department stores4 ,as ,dallas is a city of great distances1 this means that evening instruction is denied to the working class4 ,nor is a teacher a citizen in ,austin1 ,texas1 where sixty-three of them joined a union1 and all the officers were dismissed4 ,the president of the union1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,blackburn1 appeared before the superintendent and demanded the reasons in his own case4 ,mr4 ,blackburn was director of manual training1 and the superintendent told him he didn't administer his department well4 ,as the teacher had given the sixteen best years of his life to the work1 and loved it passionately1 this hurt his feelings1 and he asked for specifications4 ,the superintendent1 after some pondering1 cited the fact that ,mr4 ,blackburn hadn't a wood-block floor in his manual training shop4 ,the next question was1 what school did have such a floor2 and that was rather a poser1 but finally the answer was forthcoming--the ,manual ,training ,high ,school of ,chicago4 ,mr4 ,blackburn at once telegraphed to ,chicago1 and three hours later was informed by ,western ,union that there was no ,manual ,training ,high ,school in ,chicago6 ,continuing his researches by telegraph1 he learned that no manual training shop in ,chicago had a wood-block floor2 he laid these messages before the board--which was 8speechless10 but nevertheless voted to sustain the superintendent4 ,take ,elgin1 ,illinois1 a manufacturing city run by the open shoppers1 with the usual board of business men and retainers4 ,the condition of the schools was so bad that the teachers formed an organization--not a union1 as they explicitly repudiated union tactics2 they wanted merely a respectable teachers' association1 affiliated with the ,national ,education ,association4 ,but the ,black ,hand wouldn't stand even that1 and persecuted the teachers to such an extent that they went into politics and tried to educate the public1 and failed4 ,the ,black ,hand1 having been victorious at the polls1 reappointed its superintendent1 and he proceeded to get rid of six teachers and eight principals who had supported the teachers' ticket1 and to put seventeen other teachers on monthly contracts1 so that they would have to be good4 ,one of the principals who lost her place had been in the ,elgin school system for twenty-six years1 and expressed her feelings about the matter by taking poison and dying4 ,you have heard of the ,chinese custom of committing suicide upon the door-step of some tyrannical mandarin2 it would appear that this is the one form of protest left to ,american school teachers in open-shop cities4 ,in this case it was successful1 because public clamor1 accompanied by threats of lynching1 caused the open-shop superintendent to quit4 ,a teacher is not a citizen in ,atlanta1 ,georgia1 where the teachers organized to work for salary increases and for larger school appropriations1 and ,miss ,julia ,riordan1 a principal with a twenty years' record1 was so courageous as to help them4 ,three prominent business men called upon members of the board1 and instructed them to 8slap the teachers' association0 by discharging ,miss ,riordan4 ,they did so--in secret session1 and without giving their victim a chance to defend herself4 ,then they proceeded to fill the newspapers with mysterious hints as to this teacher's offenses2 one of the board members1 ,mr4 ,mc,calley1 a gay humorist who represented a ,new ,york bond house1 explained that he voted against granting ,miss ,riordan a hearing because of affidavits which he had received 8under seal0 concerning this teacher4 8,if those affidavits are true1 ,i cannot vote to give ,miss ,riordan a hearing2 if they are not true1 somebody could be prosecuted40 ,the humorous ,mr4 ,mc,calley failed to explain how anyone could know whether the affidavits were true1 unless the principal were given a chance to refute them4 ,he failed to explain how 8somebody could be prosecuted10 so long as nobody knew who 8somebody0 was1 or what 8somebody0 had charged6 ,a teacher may be a citizen in ,buffalo1 ,new ,york--provided that he or she is a very courageous and determined citizen6 ,there was formed in ,buffalo the 8,teachers' ,educational ,league10 to deal with the wretched condition of the schools4 ,in #aibj they published a pamphlet1 in which they discussed the school situation2 ,i quote four of the paragraphs to which the school board made objection3 ,we cherish the pious hope that in some not too distant day there may arrive in the positions of administration of the schools men and women of sufficient vision to realize the importance to education of the intelligent and free-minded co-operation of the teachers4 ,since #aiaj every increase in salary for the grade teachers has been secured by the sole efforts of the ,teachers' ,educational ,league1 and with the active opposition of the heads of the school department4 ,we advocate a sane and sound training for children and cannot fail to deplore the current makeshift in the form of drives and campaigns and petty pedagogical pastimes4 ,the schools are overrun with charlatanism and quackery of the very cheapest form4 ,the school board of ,buffalo had as its president the local head of the ,standard ,oil ,company1 and as its other members a lawyer to the rich1 a son of a banker1 a son of a great lumber merchant1 and a wife of a rich man4 ,the action of these five was to summon the teachers and question them as to their responsibility for the pamphlet--but refusing to let them produce any evidence of the truth of their statements4 ,after which the board met in secret session1 and dismissed the president and the recording secretary of the ,teachers' ,educational ,league4 ,also they found four other officers of the ,league guilty of 8disrespect1 defiance and insubordination10 and sentenced them to be removed1 but with the privilege of being restored to their positions if they would sign an apology and promise to be good in future4 ,three accepted these terms2 the other1 together with the two who were unconditionally dismissed1 appealed to the state commissioner of education1 and it is pleasant to be able to record that this official reversed the action of the school board4 ,so it appears that a teacher can be a citizen in ,buffalo--provided she is willing to face a scandal and an expensive law-suit4 ,all this is a part of the 8open-shop0 movement1 whose purpose is to keep the wage-slaves from organizing and acquiring power4 ,from coast to coast both school boards and superintendents are solid on this question4 ,in my home city of ,pasadena the board of education unanimously adopted a resolution condemning the affiliation of teachers with the ,american ,federation of ,labor4 ,at a convention of superintendents in ,riverside1 ,california1 ,superintendent ,wilson of ,berkeley declared that 8the ends for which teachers' unions strive are unsound40 ,in ,new ,york the state commissioner of education1 ,john ,h4 ,finley1 made the same statement1 his ground being that a teacher is in the same category as a soldier1 8an officer in the army of future defense40 ,commissioners and superintendents who want to know how to enforce military discipline among teachers may receive instruction from ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,crabtree1 secretary of the ,national ,education ,association1 and formerly president of a state normal school in ,wisconsin2 at an ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 convention he said to a friend of mine3 8,my teachers will never form a union--,i keep their noses to the grindstone60 ,consider the experience of ,miss ,leida ,h4 ,mills1 for twenty-nine years a teacher in the schools of ,wichita1 ,kansas4 ,the teachers there had no tenure1 and were getting the munificent salary of forty dollars per month2 they proceeded to organize1 and ,miss ,mills1 who was head of the ,latin department in a high school1 committed the crime of becoming president of their organization4 ,the president of the board of education was a bank cashier1 and he first fought her1 and then fired her4 ,she addressed a protest to the board1 which the board ignored4 ,she found a job on the ,pacific ,coast1 leaving her mother and father back in ,kansas2 she has returned twenty times to see them--quite an inconvenience for a poor teacher6 ,the ,wichita board had to invite eight other teachers before they found someone to take ,miss ,mills' place2 but of course they always find someone in the end4 ,in ,san ,antonio1 ,texas1 there were no funds to increase the teachers' salaries1 and it was proposed to raise the money by private subscription--a method of putting the teachers under bonds to the bankers4 ,that this was the plan became evident when the teachers began to form a union1 and one banker withdrew a contribution of fifty thousands dollars which he had promised6 ,the teachers went on with their union1 however1 and got some three hundred and fifty members2 also a separate union of colored teachers with a hundred members4 ,in the following spring the two active organizers of the union were 8let out0--one of them a school principal who had been teaching the ,mexicans for twelve years1 and had spent a good part of his own salary in providing equipment for them2 the other a high school teacher1 a university graduate with four years' excellent record4 ,both were well recommended by the superintendent1 but the board fired them1 and twelve more teachers resigned--with the result that both the white and colored teachers' unions have disappeared from ,san ,antonio4 ,in ,houston1 ,texas1 the teachers joined the ,american ,federation of ,labor1 and the unions threatened the mayor with a recall1 and the school board almost doubled the minimum teachers' salaries4 ,but then came ,mrs4 ,josephine ,c4 ,preston1 past president of the ,national ,education ,association--you remember the lady who presided at the ,salt ,lake convention1 with ,professor ,strayer of ,columbia seated at her right hand4 ,now we discover what the makers of educational 8greatness0 are up to2 the 8great0 ,superintendent ,preston told the teachers of ,houston that it would be far better for them to belong to her organization--it didn't cost so much1 and it was so much more genteel6 ,so the teachers deserted the labor unions en masse4 ,the president of the ,american ,federation of ,teachers remarked to me sorrowfully3 8,the price of a teacher in the ,united ,states is fifty dollars0--meaning that a teachers' union would agree to disband if the board of education would give them fifty dollars a year increase of wages as the price of their civil rights4 ,,chapter ,,lxxxii ,,the ,,teachers' ,,union ,the effect of official tyranny such as we have been observing is to reinforce and intensify the occupational diseases of the teaching profession1 which are timidity and aloofness from real life4 ,the teacher lives in a little world of her own2 she spends many hours every day with her children1 and other hours in reading their themes1 and marking their examination papers1 and making out complicated reports4 ,for the rest1 she knows only her colleagues1 whose life is as narrow as her own4 ,and this is the way her superiors want it4 ,said the superintendent in ,agra1 ,kansas1 to a young lady graduate of ,wellesley ,college3 8,you ought to have gone to a normal school instead of to college4 ,there they teach the teachers just what they ought to know1 and not anything else40 ,it hardly needs saying that a world which is five per cent male and ninety-five per cent female is an abnormal world1 with many jealousies and suppressions4 ,the teacher is1 as a rule1 either a very young woman1 looking forward to escape through matrimony1 or else a woman grown prematurely old1 and watching with suspicious eye the curvettings of youth4 ,the tendency of women thus placed to curry favor with their superiors1 and to be spiteful toward their rivals1 is very strong2 and the only way to keep the school-room from becoming a place of fussing and fretfulness is to open the windows to the airs which blow in the outside world4 ,the teacher must have a vital interest in the great causes which are stirring the minds of men2 she must have some hope outside her own very slender chances of personal success4 ,the teacher1 in other words1 must cease to be an individual1 she must become part of a group2 she must share the consciousness of an organized and disciplined body of workers1 with a duty towards the future1 and a means of carrying it out4 ,in their efforts to keep the teacher an individual1 the employing class has not relied upon terrorism alone2 they use all their propaganda resources to take possession of the teacher's psychology1 to shut up her mind in class greed and snobbery4 ,the teacher is a 8lady0 in ninety-five per cent of cases--and in the other five per cent the teacher is a 8gentleman40 ,the teacher belongs to the white-collared class1 and receives a monthly salary--never the degrading weekly stipend known as 8wages40 ,once or twice in a life-time1 the teacher is invited to a banquet1 and given an opportunity to listen to bankers and merchants and manufacturers grow eloquent upon the dignity and nobility of the pedagogical profession4 ,these same compliments the teacher finds in her capitalist newspaper1 and her capitalist 8,saturday ,evening ,post10 and 8,outlook10 and 8,independent10 and 8,literary ,digest02 the compliments cost less than nothing1 because the advertisements more than pay for the paper and printing4 ,having spent my childhood in one of the larger-sized brick houses in ,baltimore1 ,i understand thoroughly the psychology of 8ladies and gentlemen10 and the horror with which they contemplate common workingmen1 with grimy hands1 and overalls1 and no collars--or worse yet1 collars made of celluloid4 ,having left ,baltimore thirty-five years ago1 and spent the rest of my life studying modern economics1 ,i write this book to tell the seven hundred thousand school teachers of the ,united ,states that the path to independence and self-respect for them is the path of organization1 and of full and whole-hearted cooperation with organized labor4 ,we have heard from the hired educators of ,big ,business a chorus of denunciation of teachers' unions2 and their point of view is easy to understand4 ,what ,i find hard to understand is their serene confidence in the inability of their wage-slaves to put two and two together4 ,in the very same breath in which these ,big ,business educators denounce teachers' unions1 they praise the unions of bankers and merchants and manufacturers and lawyers1 and urge the teachers to intimacy with these4 ,says ,j4 ,w4 ,studebaker1 superintendent of schools of ,des ,moines1 in a circular for the ,national ,education ,association3 8,the schools are linked up with the business interests of the city40 ,says ,c4 ,l4 ,carlsen1 director of part-time education in the ,san ,francisco public schools3 8,the convenience of the employer must be the first consideration40 ,says ,dr4 ,frank ,m4 ,leavitt1 assistant superintendent of schools in ,pittsburgh3 8,of very great importance is the matter of establishing friendly and intelligent relations with the employers of the juvenile workers40 ,quotations such as this are scattered all through 8,the ,goslings10 and ,i could collect another chapter full if it would help4 ,why may teachers belong to employers' unions and not to unions of their own8 ,there are a few educators who have had the courage to put this question--one of them ,professor ,john ,m4 ,brewer1 of the ,graduate ,school of ,education of ,harvard ,university4 ,i owe an apology both to ,professor ,brewer and to ,harvard1 because in 8,the ,goose-step0 ,i forgot to mention him as one of our liberal educators4 ,he discussed the question of teachers' unions in an excellent article in 8,school and ,society10 ,january #ad1 #aibb1 and no doubt he will send you the leaflet if you ask for it4 ,he points out that the utmost the teachers have so far dared to ask in the way of tenure is the right to a hearing before their superiors4 ,but in ,filene's department store in ,boston1 no worker can be discharged without a hearing before his fellow workers4 ,when will the teachers of ,america have the courage to ask as much8 ,what could be more sensible1 what could be more essential1 if a teacher is really to be a free man or a free woman8 ,who is it that knows whether a teacher is competent and faithful1 if not her fellow teachers8 ,who can really judge and protect the needs of the child1 if not those persons whose business it is to be in daily and hourly contact with the child8 ,i have on my desk a letter from a lady who was formerly a teacher in ,terre ,haute1 ,indiana1 and who presumed to take an interest in an organization of the teachers1 and was threatened with loss of her position4 ,the superintendent told her it was because she was 8incompetent02 she took up the fight on this issue1 and wrote to the parents of every one of her children1 and an actual majority of these parents appeared before the school board to defend this teacher1 and not a single parent could be found to say that her work was not satisfactory1 or that she was not beloved by her pupils4 ,yet this teacher was forced to move on to another city4 ,that is just one more illustration2 ,i have given you a bookful of such stories1 and ,i could compile an encyclopedia on the subject if ,i had nothing else to do4 ,the point is clear3 ,the present status of the ,american school teacher is that of a wage-slave1 an employe of the school board and the superintendent2 it is not the status of a free citizen1 nor of a professional expert4 ,it can only be made that1 first1 by the education of the teachers themselves--a process of organization and self-discipline1 guided by the more active and intelligent and courageous of the profession4 ,in this process there will be many martyrs1 and each can take to himself such comfort as martyrs through all the ages have had--the knowledge that each one is adding to the sum total of human progress1 and that without this heroism and unselfish idealism1 there would have been no progress in the past1 and will be none in the future4 ,one of ,america's really great educators1 who supports the unionizing of teachers and has had the courage to join a teachers' union himself1 is ,john ,dewey4 ,just so that you may not think of the teachers' union as the notion of cracked-brained radicals like myself1 ,i quote three paragraphs from an address delivered by ,professor ,dewey at a mass meeting of teachers in ,new ,york1 and published as a leaflet by the ,american ,federation of ,teachers1 located in ,chicago3 ,we have not had sufficient intelligence to be courageous4 ,we have lacked a sense of loyalty to our calling and to one another1 and on that account have not accepted to the full our responsibility as citizens of the community4 ,to my mind1 that is the great reason for forming organizations which are affiliated with other working organizations that have power and that attempt to exercise the power like the ,federation of ,labor2 namely1 the reflex effect upon the body of the teachers themselves in strengthening their courage1 their faith in their calling1 their faith in one another1 and the recognition that they are servants of the community1 and not people hired by a certain transitory set of people to do a certain job at their beck and call4444 ,we should have an organization which shall not on the one hand merely discuss somewhat minute and remote subjects of pedagogy with no certainty as to how their conclusions are going to take effect in practice1 nor simply look after the personal and more or less selfish interests of teachers on the other hand4 ,but we should have a body of self-respecting teachers and educators who will see to it that their ideas and their experience in educational matters shall really count in the community2 and who1 in order that these may count1 will identify themselves with the interests of the community2 who will conceive of themselves as citizens and as servants of the public1 and not merely as hired employees of a certain body of men4 ,it is because ,i hope to see the teaching body occupy that position of social leadership which it ought to occupy1 and which to our shame it must be said we have not occupied in the past1 that ,i welcome every movement of this sort4 ,,chapter ,,lxxxiii ,,the ,,teachers' ,,magna ,,charta ,the first objection always brought against teachers' unions is that they might lead to strikes4 ,the ,american ,federation of ,teachers has met this proposition by expressly repudiating the policy of teacher strikes1 and the ,american ,federation of ,labor has endorsed this attitude4 ,well1 somebody has to make a start1 and if the labor movement will not1 ,i will4 ,i say squarely1 and without compromise or evasion1 that ,i know no reason in the world why teachers should not strike1 and ,i know hundreds of reasons why they should4 ,if you want to find these reasons1 all you have to do is to turn back and read this book once more4 ,i say that the teachers of ,st4 ,louis should have struck when ,miss ,rosa ,hesse was kicked out of the school board for opposing the candidacy of a school board member for re-election4 ,i say that the teachers of ,buffalo should have struck when five teachers were kicked out by the school board for publishing a pamphlet criticizing the schools of their city4 ,i say that the teachers of ,chicago should have struck when large numbers of their colleagues were kicked out of their positions for the crime of belonging to a union2 so should the teachers of ,butte1 ,montana1 and of ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri1 of ,fresno1 ,california1 of ,austin and ,san ,antonio1 ,texas1 of ,wichita1 ,kansas1 of ,olean1 ,new ,york1 of ,lorain1 ,ohio1 of ,atlanta1 ,georgia1 of ,peoria1 ,marion1 and ,elgin1 ,illinois1 of ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania1 of ,terre ,haute1 ,indiana4 ,these are only a few cases1 and ,i might cite many more4 ,in general1 what ,i say is that school teachers of the ,united ,states should have their professional organizations1 and should run these organizations2 they should establish professional standards1 setting down not merely their rights1 but also their duties2 they should hold their members to these duties1 and should maintain these rights against all comers1 including superintendents and school boards4 ,i say that teachers should do this1 not merely for their own welfare1 but for the welfare of the schools2 ,i say that it is necessary both for the schools and for the children1 that teachers should cease to be rabbits1 and should become self-respecting and alert citizens4 ,there has been a kind of strike going on in the ,american public schools for the past six or eight years2 it might be described as an 8individual strike40 ,it is made by teachers who find their positions intolerable1 and who simply go into some other occupation4 ,professor ,john ,m4 ,brewer estimates that there were forty thousand such 8individual strikes0 during the labor shortage just after the war4 ,these represent1 of course1 the cream of the profession--the people who were sure they could take care of themselves in the outside world1 and who went and did it4 ,and all these people have been lost to the schools and to the children1 while the feeble-minded and feeble-souled have remained4 ,so the profession of teacher sinks lower and lower1 until now it is agreed by educators that students at normal schools--that is1 those preparing to become teachers--represent the lowest grade of any to be found in training schools of the professions4 ,it seems to me that in the light of this fact1 anyone who really cares about the schools and the children would long for nothing so much as for a real1 vigorous1 large-scale strike of school teachers4 ,the school teachers of ,england and ,canada and ,australia belong to unions1 and do not repudiate the policy of the strike4 ,they have struck on many occasions1 and have been dignified and successful1 and highly educative to the community4 ,the ,national ,union of ,teachers of ,great ,britain sent over their president to represent them at ,boston1 the #aibb convention of the ,national ,education ,association4 ,this gentleman happens to be1 not a college president or a state superintendent of schools1 but a plain ordinary class-room teacher2 and what he said about the backwardness of ,american teachers1 their lack of independence and class-consciousness1 was quite paralyzing to the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 gang4 ,he told about the strike against a reduction of salary1 then being carried on by the teachers of ,southampton2 and the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ordered all reference to his speech stricken from the record of the ,department of ,classroom ,teachers6 ,professor ,brewer has discussed this question of the teachers' strike1 and has not shirked the issue2 he says1 very sensibly3 ,it is our business to help discover methods of abolishing the need for strikes1 but it is useless to talk against strikes when no better way to prevent injustices has yet been discovered4 ,employers almost always have the right to the lay-off and lockout4 ,we can aid in the discovery of better methods for all workers if we work with them and not against them4444 ,what have we ever done to educate boys and girls in preparation for better solutions for labor difficulties than strikes8 ,laborers do not enjoy striking2 they do it because they believe this to be their only weapon when circumstances which they consider intolerable arise4 ,in order to get the fundamentals on this matter1 we have to come back once more to the question1 several times discussed in this book3 ,is a teacher a citizen8 ,what ,i ask the teachers of the ,united ,states to do is to write for themselves a ,magna ,charta2 to adopt a collective program1 and put upon the statute books of every state the explicit provision that teachers are citizens1 and that wherever their rights as citizens come into conflict with the rights of school boards and superintendents as hirers and firers of labor1 the teachers' rights as citizens are superior4 ,teachers have1 and should maintain through their organizations1 every right which other citizens have4 ,what are these rights of citizens8 ,teachers have a right to employ their spare time as they see fit4 ,teachers have a right to belong to such organizations as they see fit4 ,teachers have a right to take part in politics alongside all other citizens--and this includes the election of superintendents and school boards4 ,teachers have a right to discuss school affairs1 and to say anything they please about the schools and those who conduct the schools4 ,if they say things which are not true1 they are liable1 like all other citizens who make false statements1 to due process of law2 but they are not liable to lose their positions for exercising any of the rights of ,american citizens4 ,they may belong to political parties1 and may hold and advocate such political opinions as they see fit4 ,if they advocate sabotage1 violence and crime1 they may be dealt with by the law1 but they may not be dealt with by school boards or superintendents for political ideas which they hold1 or for political activities outside the class-room4 ,these principles1 ,i take it1 are fundamental1 and no teacher is a citizen until they are rigidly upheld2 the first duty of every school teacher in the ,united ,states is to back every other school teacher in the assertion and protection of these rights1 and nothing that any teacher can do or fail to do to our children is so important as this assertion of teacher self-respect and teacher dignity4 ,am ,i too much of an optimist when ,i say1 that before ,i leave this earth ,i hope to see the teacher rabbits come out of their holes and band themselves together for mutual protection as citizens8 ,am ,i historically correct when ,i assert that this is the true one hundred per cent ,americanism1 which the author of the ,declaration of ,independence and the author of the ,emancipation ,proclamation would have endorsed8 ,or will the teachers of ,america forever let themselves be bamboozled by ,chamber of ,commerce lackeys into calling a man a 8radical0 and a 8,red0 because he stands for these fundamental liberties in a free republic8 ,those who affect such horror at the idea of a teachers' strike argue that the teachers are public servants1 dedicated to a sacred cause4 ,of course2 and all ,i want to do is to extend the boundaries of this service and this cause4 ,i contend that coal-miners are also public servants1 and likewise oil-workers and railway-workers1 and every man or woman who contributes the labor upon which civilization rests4 ,i assert that all these workers now occupy the status of industrial serfs1 and must raise themselves to the status of industrial citizens4 ,the way to do it is the way of organization1 education1 agitation2 and the strongest weapon is their power to give or to withhold their collective labor4 ,,chapter ,,lxxxiv ,,workers' ,,education ,some teacher who is not in touch with the labor world will read the story ,i have told about labor government in ,san ,francisco and in ,butte1 ,montana1 and will ask1 is that what ,i mean4 ,it isn't what ,i mean2 and for the benefit of newcomers1 ,i hasten to explain4 ,i wish that there existed in modern society a beautiful and altruistic labor movement1 instead of what does exist1 a part of the capitalist system1 partaking of the weaknesses and corruptions which are automatically produced in human societies by the continuous operation of mass rivalries and greeds4 ,the ,american ,federation of ,labor is a machine1 precisely like the ,republican party1 or the ,national ,education ,association2 it is a vested interest of high-salaried leaders1 whose function is to dicker with ,big ,business for the best terms obtainable in the labor market4 ,many of these leaders are sincere but ignorant men1 who have grown up in the present system and can imagine nothing else4 ,many others have accepted without realizing it what ,i call 8the dress-suit bribe40 ,still others are cynical corruptionists1 who sell out their deluded followers1 and permit labor unions to be used as weapons in the partisan wars of ,big ,business4 ,any teacher who goes to the labor movement without realizing these things1 will suffer bitter disillusionment4 ,underneath this machine is the great mass of the workers1 groping their way toward freedom and self-government2 betrayed a million times by leaders throughout the ages1 they continue to grope1 and to learn4 ,the modern machine process has brought them together by tens of thousands1 and the printing press and the soap-box have given them the means of spreading information4 ,many new organizations may have to be made and broken1 many new weapons constructed by the masses2 but they are on their way toward freedom and self-government1 with a movement like that of a glacier4 ,to understand the workers and their needs1 and to help them to find their path--that is the task to which the teacher may contribute4 ,let her go to the labor movement1 not expecting too much1 but ready to give the precious things which she has4 ,the teacher who goes in that spirit will not be disappointed4 ,she will find in the toiling masses a deep and touching reverence for her profession4 ,the teacher is well known to the masses1 she has messengers who carry good words about her to the homes of the people4 ,the great bulk of our wage-slaves have but little hope for themselves2 what ambitions they have are for their children4 ,they send these children to school1 and they think of the teacher as the children's friend1 the guardian of the children's future1 the keeper of a magic key4 ,to the very poor in the slums1 the teacher comes as a missionary2 she is the only representative of authority who assumes any aspect of kindness4 ,as one who has been in the labor movement most of his life1 ,i say that ,i have yet to hear a labor man speak of teachers without respect2 or to hear of an ,american city in which the teachers made an appeal to the working masses without getting a response4 ,that portion of the labor movement which has especial need of the teacher1 and which should command the teacher's especial regard1 is workers' education4 ,i have devoted a chapter to this subject in 8,the ,goose-step10 and do not want to repeat information which is given there4 ,suffice it to say1 that the organized workers have grown tired of seeing their best brains stolen from them1 they have set out to educate their own youth1 and train their own leaders4 ,there are now workers' colleges or schools in all the leading cities of ,america1 and to know them and to help them should be one of the joys of progressive teachers4 ,in places where there is not yet a labor school1 it only waits for some group of teachers who will go to the labor men1 and advise with them1 and help them to break into this new field4 ,there exists in ,new ,york a center of information1 the ,workers' ,education ,bureau1 #dfe ,west #bcrd ,street1 which works in harmony with the old-line labor unions and has received their endorsement4 ,this bureau has established fifty labor colleges in ,america in the six years of its existence4 ,it holds a convention every spring1 and if you will read its proceedings1 you will pity the ,n4 ,e4 ,a4 ,the more radical labor unions have their own educational centers1 concerning which you may have information for the asking4 ,the ,pennsylvania ,federation of ,labor1 under the presidency of ,james ,h4 ,maurer1 a clear-visioned ,socialist1 has established a department of education and labor research at ,harrisburg1 and has promoted labor classes in a dozen cities throughout the state4 ,it will send you much interesting literature on request4 ,the ,brookwood ,school at ,katonah1 ,new ,york1 has twice as many pupils as it had last year1 and you will wish to know about this charming place4 ,you will meet here several of the kicked out college professors whom you read about in 8,the ,goose-step02 one of them is ,professor ,a4 ,w4 ,calhoun1 who writes3 ,we are planning to give this summer a course of interest to teachers who may care to work into the labor education movement4 ,opportunity will be given to such teachers to get the labor point of view and to associate with labor people4 ,in addition there will be special attention to the fundamentals of economics1 and other matters that teachers ordinarily need to approach from the labor view point4 ,i mention also that the ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 have their ,work ,peoples' ,college at ,duluth1 ,minnesota 7,box #ci1 ,morgan ,park ,station74 ,mrs4 ,kate ,richards ,o',hare has moved to the ,llano ,colony at ,leesville1 ,louisiana1 and has started there ,commonwealth ,college1 under the direction of ,w4 ,e4 ,zeuch1 a college professor whose adventures you may read in 8,the ,goose-step40 ,the ,international ,ladies' ,garment ,workers and the ,amalgamated ,clothing ,workers are maintaining elaborate educational programs for their members in many cities4 ,i give you these various addresses in order that you may get the literature of the subject4 ,i will also say a friendly word for the 8,labor ,age10 an admirable magazine of information edited by ,prince ,hopkins1 and published at #da ,union ,square1 ,new ,york4 ,the issue of ,april1 #aibb1 was devoted to the subject of labor education1 and is full of information as to developments both in this country and ,great ,britain4 ,in the latter country the ,workers' ,education ,association has a total of #b1gfj branches1 to say nothing of the various independent and radical educational bodies4 ,also1 ,i ought to mention that outside the labor movement there are some independent experimental schools1 which are radical so far as concerns education1 and are clearing the way toward the future4 ,in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 in the ,progressive ,education ,association 7#agai #ceth ,st41 ,n4 ,w474 ,ask them for their pamphlet1 8,the ,spirit of ,adventure in ,education02 ask them for their lists of experimental schools1 and especially their account of what is going on at ,antioch ,college1 ,yellow ,springs1 ,ohio1 which is making an effort to combine real work and study--the basis of all truly democratic education4 ,write also to the ,organic ,school at ,fairhope1 ,alabama1 and inform yourself about the splendid work which ,mrs4 ,marietta ,johnson is doing1 to train young people in the realities of life1 and to make education a complete and living thing4 ,write to the ,bureau of ,educational ,experiments1 #gj ,fifth ,ave41 ,new ,york4 ,there are a number of new schools in or near ,new ,york2 ,i mention especially the ,walden ,school at #cb ,west #fhth ,st41 the ,teachers' ,college ,playground1 and the ,gregory ,school at ,west ,orange1 ,new ,jersey4 ,the ,new ,school for ,social ,research1 located in ,new ,york1 is doing excellent work4 ,the ,modern ,school1 at ,stelton1 ,n4 ,j41 is testing out the theories of 8libertarian0 education4 ,finally1 ,dean ,alva ,p4 ,taylor of the ,state ,college of ,new ,mexico has a very interesting plan for organizing a college to be managed by its faculty2 he wishes to hear from others who are interested4 ,also ,i must not fail to mention the ,pathfinders of ,america1 which is endeavoring to supplement our public school education by character training1 the lack of which is our greatest school defect4 ,the founder of this organization1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,wright1 is one of our pioneers1 and the work he is doing should be known to all educators4 ,he began with efforts to redeem convicts1 and he had sixty-five organizations when ,i met him a year and a half ago1 and was reaching five thousand men in prisons4 ,they have now started 8junior councils0 in the public schools--much better than the junior chambers of commerce1 ,i assure you6 ,they eliminate religion from their training1 but teach the children practical conduct in a practical way1 and the parents perceive the results--as do the juvenile delinquency officers in ,detroit4 ,also1 ,i should mention the work which is being done by ,mr4 ,vance ,monroe1 editor of the 8,colorado ,union ,farmer0 of ,denver4 ,here is a co-operative organization of farmers1 which has got up a series of juvenile clubs--again something better than junior chambers of commerce6 ,there are forty-eight such organizations in the state1 with youngsters up to the age of sixteen conducting their own courts1 forming their own 8co-operative credit associations0 for the handling of their savings1 working up their own debating teams1 and in general running their own affairs4 ,there is no control from the grown-ups except the written suggestions of ,mr4 ,monroe1 together with the advice of two adults whom the youngsters have themselves chosen to fill that rle when requested4 ,this is real training for democracy2 it is education in the strict sense of the word--drawing out the child's own impulses and abilities1 instead of repressing them and crushing them into a predetermined mould4 ,through such voluntary and self-governing associations our schools will be made over--and ,i fear it will have to be done from the outside1 not from the inside4,n ----- ,footnote ,n3 ,i yield to the temptation to quote a letter from ,mr4 ,monroe1 answering some questions as to his work3 8,i have made a study of true co-operation for twenty years and that is what ,i deal in4 ,first ,i tried to educate men4 ,it didn't work4 ,then ,i tried a combination--men and women4 ,that failed4 ,then ,i tried to educate the children4 ,it was a fruitless effort ,i discovered1 as no doubt you did long ago1 that the children couldn't be #8educated1' but that if any degree of success was obtained1 they must educate themselves4 8,the work is carried on through the medium of clubs which are co-related and interlocking4 ,each club has a code4 ,they are bound in honor to live up to its provisions4 ,they are doing it1 too4 ,this may sound like the #8boy scout plan' but it is altogether different4 ,boy scouts are disciplined1 army style1 by adults4 ,under our plan the boys and girls discipline themselves4 ,as a matter of fact they help to build their own program4 ,many noteworthy character building suggestions have come from the kids4 ,our plan helps to obviate the spirit of warfare without war being mentioned4 ,i feel that war is a dangerous word4 ,why use it8 ,our plan is built around harmony1 charity1 peace and good will4 ,there is no need to discuss war if peace can be thoroly understood4 8,the plan sounds complicated to a good many of the adults1 but the children understand it4 ,they have more faith1 more optimism1 more energy1 more loyalty1 more potentialities1 more wisdom4 ,parents tell me our members are better behaved at home4 ,they are more considerate and unselfish4 ,they think of others4 ,they are getting to the point in many cases where they are ready to make co-operation the very important essential in the texture of life4 8,i am working thru the ,farmers' ,union4 ,this because it is a vehicle at my hand4 ,i have undertaken thru the medium of the juvenile organization to develop a new rejuvenated spirit of co-operation in the home life1 the social life4 ,each child will thoroly understand the value of co-operation1 spiritual and material1 its necessity and importance in the scheme of life4 ,they1 in their own way and time1 come to understand the vitalness of co-operative principles1 and learn by experience that failure is ever the creature of competition4 8,by the excessive mental effort and physical energy it is sometimes possible to arouse the adults for the moment--but only for the moment4 ,they have been too long victims of a deadly environment4 ,our hope lies with the children4 ,strange as it may seem1 part of our plan gives the children opportunity to assist in education of their parents4 ,it is altogether surprising to me to see how well this works out in practice4 8,each club has an #8editor' who reads a paper at each meeting night4 ,this does not mean that the editor simply produces a #8literary paper4' ,as a matter of fact most of the editors take their work seriously4 ,they make a good job of it4 ,the papers in most instances are educational1 instructive as well as newsy4 ,practically all of the clubs take their #8paper' to the local newspaper and have it printed therein4 ,this makes for genuine propaganda4 ,besides this plan1 with proper tutelage1 helps to develop potential editors who may one day be recognized as factors in the newspaper field4 8,all my work is based on the honest conviction that we can expect no help from the public schools or colleges4 ,of course the forces of competition have them absolutely under control4 ,there can be no real help from the subsidized press of the present time4 ,even library lists are censored4 ,because of such conditions ,i believe that this is the way out4 ,the plan works4 ,that's something4 ,other states are taking it up4 ,kansas1 ,south ,dakota and ,georgia have already written for the plan with the intention of carrying it out40 ----- ,if this book were not already too long1 ,i should like to take space to tell you about this kind of work4 ,but all these schools and reform projects have their own literature1 which they will send you for the asking4 ,i want to add1 by way of comforting some anxious souls1 that ,i am not really a pessimistic and destructive person2 ,i understand that there are many earnest workers in the schools1 and that some of them manage by tact and force of personality to put liberal ideas into the heads of their students4 ,i know that plutocratic influences are not entirely unopposed in ,america2 ,i know that conditions portrayed in this book are less bad than they would be1 if conscientious men and women were not risking their jobs every hour4 ,my reason for writing this book is my belief that these people can do their work better1 if they know exactly what they are opposing4 ,i do not want liberal teachers to be in the position of ,mr4 ,m4 ,c4 ,bettinger1 who gave thirty-eight years of his life to the school system of ,los ,angeles1 as teacher1 assistant superintendent1 and school board member1 and then1 after he had been kicked out in his old age1 read 8,the ,goose-step0 and wrote me these pathetic words3 8,i may not be of much help to you1 but you certainly have helped me4 ,i know now what ,i have been trying to do1 and what has been done to me40 ,i close this chapter on workers' education with a message from an abler writer than myself4 ,in ,france the teachers are an organized and disciplined social force2 and to their trade union convention came the greatest of living ,french prose masters1 a sage and bel esprit whose high position in the world of letters has not held him from full sympathy with the revolutionary workers of the world4 ,i quote four paragraphs from the message of ,anatole ,france to the teachers of his country2 and ,i mention1 in case you want to read it all1 that you can find it in the 8,nation10 ,vol4 #aji1 or in the 8,living ,age10 ,vol4 #cjb4 ,pardon me for returning to this2 it is the great point upon which everything depends4 ,it is for you1 without hope of aid or support1 or even of consent1 to change primary education from the ground up1 in order to make workers4 ,there is place today in our society only for workers2 the rest will be swept away in the storm4 ,make intelligent workers1 instructed in the arts they practice1 knowing what they owe to the national and to the human community4 ,burn all the books which teach hatred4 ,exalt work and love4 ,let us develop reasonable men1 capable of trampling under foot the vain splendor of barbaric glories1 and of resisting the sanguinary ambitions of nationalisms and imperialisms which have crushed their fathers4 ,no more industrial rivalries1 no more wars3 work and peace4 ,whether we wish it or no1 the hour is come when we must be citizens of the world or see all civilization perish4 ,my friends1 permit me to utter a most ardent wish1 a wish which it is necessary for me to express too rapidly and incompletely1 but whose primary idea seems to me calculated to appeal to all generous natures4 ,i wish1 ,i wish with all my heart1 that a delegation of the teachers of all nations might soon join the ,workers' ,internationale in order to prepare in common a universal form of education1 and advise as to methods of sowing in young minds ideas from which would spring the peace of the world and the union of peoples4 ,reason1 wisdom1 intelligence1 forces of the mind and heart1 whom ,i have always devoutly invoked1 come to me1 aid me1 sustain my feeble voice2 carry it1 if that may be1 to all the peoples of the world1 and diffuse it everywhere where there are men of good will to hear the beneficent truth6 ,a new order of things is born4 ,the powers of evil die1 poisoned by their crime4 ,the greedy and the cruel1 the devourers of peoples1 are bursting with an indigestion of blood4 ,however sorely stricken by the sins of their blind or corrupt masters1 mutilated1 decimated1 the proletarians remain erect2 they will unite to form one universal proletariat1 and we shall see fulfilled the great socialist prophecy3 8,the union of the workers will be the peace of the world40 ,,chapter ,,lxxxv ,,the ,,goose-,,step ,,march ,as this manuscript goes to the printer1 8,the ,goose-step0 has been before the public nine months4 ,approximately twenty-two thousand copies have been sold1 and many of them have been going the rounds in colleges4 ,i have a letter from one school teacher1 who tells me that her copy has been read by forty others4 ,in the 8,bookman0 for ,december1 #aibc1 8,the ,goose-step0 is listed third among non-fiction books most in demand in public libraries4 ,i was told by an instructor at ,stanford that some students had torn out the ,stanford chapters from a dozen copies of the book1 and had pasted these pages1 elaborately marked in red ink1 upon bulletin boards and upon the doors of their dormitories4 ,a lecturer1 who visited many colleges in all parts of the country1 tells me that he found 8,the ,goose-step0 the principal topic of argument in faculty clubs2 as he phrased it1 the member would sit and debate3 8,are we like that80 ,a number of universities replied1 directly or indirectly1 to the book4 ,the most emphatic of all was ,harvard4 ,said ,president ,lowell and his deans and his corporation3 8,go to1 we will show this varlet how much we care about him6 ,let us tell the world how proud we are to be the ,university of ,lee-,higginson1 with ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan connections60 ,what happened then was reported in the ,boston 8,american03 ,harvard ,university today flung a defi in the face of ,upton ,sinclair4 ,today ,harvard1 at its commencement exercises1 presented an honorary ,doctor of ,laws degree to ,mr4 ,morgan4 ,in presenting the degree to ,mr4 ,morgan1 ,dr4 ,eliot said3 8,to ,john ,pierpont ,morgan1 a son of ,harvard1 heir to the power and responsibility of a great financial house4 ,he has used them with courage in a dark crisis of the ,world ,war and at all times with uprightness1 public spirit and generosity40 ,in effect1 ,mr4 ,morgan gets his honorary degree for multiplying dollars through his international banking house4 ,sinclair could not possibly have wished for a more definite1 clearer verification of the charges that he made4 ,another degree--this one a ,master of ,arts degree--was presented to ,eliot ,wadsworth1 assistant secretary of the treasury4 ,mr4 ,wadsworth is a member of the firm of ,stone and ,webster1 which is allied with the ,morgan firm4 ,in his book1 ,sinclair charges that ,state ,street1 a suburb of ,wall ,street1 absolutely owns and controls the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology4 ,the president of ,tech is ,samuel ,wesley ,stratton4 ,mr4 ,stratton today was presented with an honorary ,,ll4,b4 degree4 ,sinclair charged that ,morgan's control of ,american colleges extended not only to the college presidents1 but to the clergy which exercises much influence over these colleges4 ,charles ,l4 ,slattery1 ,episcopal ,bishop ,coadjutor of ,massachusetts1 referred to by ,sinclair as 8,mr4 ,morgan's ,bishop0--received the honorary degree of ,doctor of ,divinity4 ,also the ,university of ,california made answer to 8,the ,goose-step02 there was a vacancy on the board of regents1 and the governor appointed the chief of the ,black ,hand1 ,harry ,chandler of the ,los ,angeles 8,times40 ,the alumni of the university also took action2 they engaged as their secretary1 an agent of the ,power ,trust1 at a salary of ten thousand a year6 ,there are thirty-five thousand alumni1 you understand1 and to be able to control them means to control the state4 ,this new agent was formerly editor of the 8,electrical ,world10 and was on the list of the kept speakers of the ,power ,trust during the recent campaign against public ownership2 he was put in his new job by ,attorney ,earl1 who runs the board of regents for ,banker ,fleishhacker and ,publisher ,chandler4 ,i have pointed out in 8,the ,goose-step0 that an actual majority of the regents of this university are ,power ,trust officials or attorneys2 and the same is true of the council which controls the alumni4 ,i have nothing more important to tell you than this1 because hydro-electric power is the issue of our time2 the ,power ,trust is today what the railroads and ,standard ,oil were a generation ago1 the chief active corrupter of our public life4 ,at the last meeting of the ,national ,electric ,light ,association they brought up an elaborate program for 8getting the university professors1 holding 8institutes0 for them1 employing them to write literature1 and giving them jobs in local public utilities4 ,this report was not formally adopted--it was thought not to be 8tactful02 they would just put it through without saying anything6 ,professor ,vladimir ,karapetoff1 of the ,college of ,engineering at ,cornell1 sends to a friend of mine samples of the poison dope which is being fed to college professors4 ,this particular dose comes from ,philip ,torchio1 a high-salaried engineer for a number of electrical companies2 it is sent free1 and for no particular reason that the recipient knows4 ,the subject is 8depreciation10 the substance of the argument being that public utilities never depreciate1 and so dividends should be collected on the basis of the original cost6 ,this argument is signed by two supposed-to-be public officials1 both of whom turn out to be on the pay-roll of the ,consolidated ,gas ,company of ,new ,york1 a ,standard ,oil concern4 ,one of them began his life as an active 8reformer0 in ,new ,york1 then became counsel for the ,public ,service ,commission at fifteen thousand dollars a year1 and prepared a case for the people against the ,consolidated ,gas ,company4 ,on the very day that the case came to trial he went over to the gas company1 and became their chief counsel1 and carried over to their side every particle of the evidence which he had prepared for the benefit of the public6 ,that is just one incident1 to show you how the dice are loaded against you in the world of education4 ,in every great university throughout the ,united ,states today there are rascals of this sort1 posing as scientists1 and carrying on intrigues against the public welfare4 ,and every instructor in high school1 and every professor in colleges who touches on such subjects meets these intriguers with the dice loaded against him2 that is1 he knows that to oppose the rascals means to forfeit promotion1 and perhaps his job4 ,how beautifully the ,black ,hand has got the professors frightened in the universities of ,california was proven by ,george ,p4 ,west1 who formed an organization to work for the repeal of the criminal syndicalism law4 ,he got the backing of the ,episcopal bishop and the ,catholic archbishop of ,san ,francisco1 and it was proposed to have some university professor prepare an entirely disinterested study of the actual workings of this law4 ,mr4 ,west wrote to the professor of economics at ,stanford1 asking him to name a competent man2 he received in reply a cold letter1 declining his request4 ,he went to talk with the economics men at the ,university of ,california1 and not one of them was willing to meet him in the faculty room2 they asked him to take a walk6 ,not one of these young instructors or research men was willing to take the job1 even with a good salary attached1 and with the backing of two bishops6 ,another instance3 ,i don't want to indicate the identity of this informant1 so will call him professor of ,chinese metaphysics at a large ,california university4 ,he gave me some information for 8,the ,goose-step10 and because of the nature of this information he fell under suspicion1 and the ,black ,hand set out to punish him4 ,this eminent specialist has a standard text-book on ,chinese metaphysics1 in use everywhere in colleges and universities throughout the ,united ,states4 ,it is the most up-to-date book on the subject1 there is no other as good1 or anywhere near as good2 nevertheless1 this book has been thrown out of the three biggest institutions in the state of ,california6 ,the ,university of ,california has a large branch in ,los ,angeles1 and this also made reply to 8,the ,goose-step40 ,a young lady presented a copy of the book to the library1 and a few days later was requested to come and take the contaminating thing away4 7,but the demand grew so pressing1 they had to let it in67 ,then came their professor of education1 a gentleman by the name of ,woellner1 before the ,american ,civil ,liberties ,union1 stating that 8,the ,goose-step0 was 8full of vicious lies40 ,i wrote him a courteous note1 saying that ,i never wilfully made a false statement1 and would appreciate his pointing out the specific 8lies0 he had noted4 ,the professor in his reply gave no specifications1 but explained that ,i 8state but half the truth40 ,he went on to put me in my precise place3 ,your scholarship is atrocious1 your literary style is pitiful1 your social attitude unwholesome and your recommended cure1 ,socialism1 worse than any of the diseases you diagnose4 ,american political and social institutions are remarkably fine4 ,they can only be made better by those who love them and work for them from the inside4 ,bury the hammer1 pick up the flag and wave it over consecrated effort for the perpetuation of all its glories4 ,i will make you a bet--that this flag-waving professor becomes a dean inside two years6 ,also ,stanford makes answer2 just as the last of this manuscript is going to the printer1 a new regent is appointed1 ,mr4 ,paul ,shoup1 vice-president of the ,southern ,pacific ,railroad1 and perhaps the most active union smasher in the state4 ,ten or fifteen years ago we were told that ,hiram ,johnson had driven the ,southern ,pacific out of ,california politics4 ,today the ,better ,america ,federation openly controls the state legislature1 and everybody takes it for granted that ,mr4 ,shoup should dictate both nominations and legislation4 ,nicholas ,miraculous also made his answer to 8,the ,goose-step02 and this is one of the funniest stories ,i have to tell you4 ,you know that for six years our pious government has refused recognition to ,soviet ,russia1 because it isn't 8democratic40 ,we always did business with the czar--he was 8democratic10 but ,lenin isn't6 ,now1 to test our sincerity1 a ruffian rises in ,italy1 and his thugs beat and murder the ,socialists of that country1 and set up a castor-oil dictatorship4 ,does our pious government refuse to recognize him8 ,our pious government falls on his neck4 ,he sends us an ambassador1 and our great universities rush forward to do him honor1 and testify their devotion to the dictatorship of the capitalist class4 ,a string of ,american plutocrats1 headed by ,judge ,gary1 go over to ,italy and make obeisance before him1 and come back to tell us what a great man he is1 and what a fine example he has set us4 ,so the young snobs of ,columbia proceed to organize a castor-oil society for their own university1 and they make the assistant professor of ,latin the head of their organization4 ,arturo ,giovannitti writes to ,president ,butler in protest3 and what do you think ,butler answers8 ,he 8has no power to discipline a professor for his ideas10 and his university 8has through a long and honorable history lived up to the highest ideals of freedom to seek the truth and freedom to teach40 ,after that1 pick up 8,the ,goose-step0 and read the half dozen chapters which tell how ,nicholas ,murray ,butler kicked out professors for holding and teaching pacifist or radical ideas4 ,then you will understand what ,alexander ,harvey meant when he wrote in the 8,freeman03 ,i have rolled over and over on the floor in my struggles to keep from laughing at ,nicholas ,murray ,butler--the ,nicholas ,murray ,butler one encounters in the works of ,upton ,sinclair4 ,i wonder if there exists on the planet any such person as he who1 in the writings of ,upton ,sinclair1 is referred to by the name of ,nicholas ,murray ,butler4 ,whenever ,i am so melancholy as to think only of suicide ,i exhilarate myself with this reflection3 8,the ,nicholas ,murray ,butler of ,upton ,sinclair exists60 ,then my heart goes dancing with the daffodils4 ,to complete the story you must hear how ,president ,butler's students proceeded to apply his 8highest ideals of freedom to seek the truth and freedom to teach40 ,some members of the ,students' ,reserve ,corps were doing the goose-step on the campus1 and some other students jeered at them from the dormitory windows4 ,there was a fuss about it1 and the commandant of the ,reserve ,corps wrote a letter to the 8,spectator10 denouncing this disrespectful action4 ,a graduate student of the university1 by the name of ,william ,l4 ,werner1 a veteran of the ,argonne fighting1 wrote to the 8,spectator0 in reply1 stating that 8someone should inform the major that the war is over40 ,that was 8freedom to seek the truth and freedom to speak it10 according to ,president ,butler's formula2 and seven students of the university applied the formula by coming to ,werner's room at midnight1 blindfolding and binding him1 taking him out into the country1 beating him with sticks and barrel staves1 and putting him through a cross-examination on 8loyalty to the nation40 ,and while this was going on in ,new ,york1 the new ambassador from ,mussolini was being marched in the commencement procession at ,yale ,university1 alongside ,chief ,justice ,taft of our ,supreme ,court1 receiving the honorary degree of doctor of laws1 and proceeding to teach to the assembled college men a lesson in elementary ,fascism4 ,i have told how ,clark ,university made answer to 8,the ,goose-step10 by firing a dozen professors and getting an alumni whitewash4 ,also ,syracuse ,university made answer through its new chancellor1 whose baccalaureate sermon ,i find published in the 8,university ,bulletin0 for ,july1 #aibc4 ,talking confidentially with members of his faculty1 ,chancellor ,flint admitted that ,i had 8got ,syracuse just about right02 after which he proceeded to mount the rostrum before the assembled booboisie of the city1 and deliver a eulogy of ,chancellor ,day occupying twenty-four pages of the bulletin1 and starting with the sentence3 8,nor am ,i willing to allow ,upton ,sinclair's clownish caricature to stand as the last message10 etc4 ,one of the professors sends me this bulletin1 with the comment3 8,this shows what a ,methodist will do for a dollar60 ,also ,amherst came forward to make its answer4 ,i stated in 8,the ,goose-step0 that this college had a liberal president1 ,alexander ,meiklejohn1 who was making a brave fight against the interlocking directorate4 8,he is still in office1 for how long ,i do not know40 ,this was published in ,march1 and in ,june ,president ,meiklejohn was fired1 and a dozen of his graduating students had the courage to defend him by refusing their diplomas4 ,it is amusing to notice that the grand duke of this board is ,dwight ,l4 ,morrow of the firm of ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan ,company4 ,a friend of ,mr4 ,morrow's wrote to me1 assuring me that he was really a liberal1 working hard for academic freedom2 so ,i forebore to list him among my interlocking directorate4 ,now ,i learn that he was the prime mover in the ousting of ,meiklejohn6 ,it is worth noting that the president of these trustees is the head of ,ginn and ,company1 school-book publishers2 and among the other board members is ,cal ,coolidge1 our strike-breaking president1 and ,mr4 ,stearns1 his department-store millionaire 8angel02 also ,chief ,justice ,rugg of the ,massachusetts ,supreme ,court1 who is interlocked with ,clark ,university and ,ginn and ,company's ,mr4 ,thurber4 ,,chapter ,,lxxxvi ,,the ,,goose-,,step ,,advance ,there are some universities which were not satisfied with the amount of attention they received in 8,the ,goose-step10 and came forward to demand more4 ,most prominent among these is the ,university of ,tennessee4 ,i told how by devious intrigue its president got rid of a friend of mine1 an excellent professor1 on the ground that he was a ,unitarian4 ,two months after 8,the ,goose-step0 was out1 the president proceeded to fire ,professor ,sprowls1 for the crime of having ordered some copies of ,james ,harvey ,robinson's 8,the ,mind in the ,making40 ,that wasn't all there was to it1 of course2 it had been discovered that ,professor ,sprowls was a believer in evolution4 ,another member of the faculty1 ,mrs4 ,hamer of the history department1 was accused of having voted in the recent ,knoxville charter election6 8,women have no business to vote10 said ,president ,morgan2 and he told ,mrs4 ,hamer that she would be dismissed if she went to ,nashville to represent some women's clubs in the interest of equal rights for women4 ,because of these incidents the faculty of ,tennessee proceeded to organize2 they drew up a project for faculty representation in the government of the university1 and some of the students who were ardent in their support published a little paper called the 8,independent ,truth40 ,whereupon ,president ,morgan prepared a questionnaire1 and summoned the professors before him and grilled them in the presence of a stenographer4 ,had they had anything to do with the proposed constitution for the ,university of ,tennessee8 ,were they in sympathy with the administration and its way of doing things8 ,had they had anything to do1 directly or indirectly1 with the publication of the 8,independent ,truth80 ,had they attended any meetings dealing with the case of ,dr4 ,sprowls8 ,had they signed a petition asking the ,american ,association of ,university ,professors to investigate conditions at the ,university of ,tennessee8 ,all whose answers to this questionnaire were not satisfactory were summarily discharged4 ,one of them was ,judge ,neal1 for thirteen years a member of the ,law ,school faculty1 and the best professor at the university4 ,another was a dean1 whose crime had been an effort to reconcile the two factions4 ,the student publications were forbidden to discuss the issue in any way2 and in general the ,university of ,tennessee got a thorough drilling in the goose-step4 ,the ,fundamentalists are going right on kicking out teachers of evolution from colleges4 ,i note an amusing incident at ,kentucky ,wesleyan3 an instructor of physics and mathematics signed an apology for believing in evolution1 regretting the harm that he had done to the college1 and agreeing not to discuss the subject during the remainder of his stay4 ,he did this on ,april #ajth1 and his job was up on ,may #bith2 the poor fellow could not afford to pay forty-nine days' salary to keep his self-respect6 ,i am told of a less tragic incident at ,morningside ,college1 ,sioux ,city1 ,iowa1 where a professor with a twelve years' record was slated to be fired as a believer in evolution1 and hit upon a most ingenious way of saving himself4 ,there was an 8examining committee0 appointed--and the professor recommended the head of this committee to receive an honorary degree of doctor of divinity6 ,some of the professors and students of the ,university of ,missouri were distressed because their institution got left out of 8,the ,goose-step40 ,the president here was determined to get into this volume1 so he canceled a speaking date of ,kate ,richards ,o',hare before the ,liberal ,club of the university4 ,two days later the editor of the ,st4 ,louis 8,post-,dispatch0 addressed the students of the ,school of ,journalism1 declaring that 8the rising tide of intolerance is the greatest menace our country faces today4 ,the freedom of speaking outright guards our other privileges2 it must be unrestrained1 accountable only under the necessary laws of libel40 ,and at the end of this address the president of the university came up to the lecturer1 shook his hand and said3 8,sound doctrine2 ,i agree with you40 ,lest you be tempted to think that this university president is mentally irresponsible1 ,i mention that the board of curators of the university was at this time asking the state legislature for five million dollars4 ,also ,i mention that the students of this wonderful university took part a few days later in the lynching of a ,negro within sight of the ,west ,campus4 ,also you will wish to know what happened at the ,university of ,north ,dakota1 where a group of professors1 learning from a former colleague that ,i was to deal with their cases1 united in a written request that ,i should refrain from doing so4 ,the latest news from ,north ,dakota runs as follows3 ,i am sorry to say that ,professor ,ladd seems definitely out at ,north ,dakota4 ,the ,board exonerated him of charges1 but will not give him back his post or reply to his request for a personal hearing4 ,it is a sad commentary that the faculty up there seem so cowed that it was difficult to find a few men who would sign a request for the ,american ,association of ,university ,professors to come in and make an investigation4 ,the request1 of course1 has to be made by members of the local group at ,north ,dakota4 ,one of them recently wrote to me1 8,i suppose ,ladd feels pretty sore at us because we do not throw ourselves into it1 but some of us have families to consider and we may be too old to find other positions1 especially if we lose our present ones under these conditions40 ,the rumor reaches me that the slick ,tracy ,bangs is the man who is secretly responsible for the refusal to give ,ladd a square deal4 ,but ,libby hasn't much to brag of1 for he is merely restored1 as the letter to him says1 8during good behavior40 ,i have tried to do what ,i can for ,ladd at long range1 and have written over my signature to various prominent men in ,north ,dakota1 but the replies show me how reluctant these people are to contend against the forces at work4 ,when ,i visited ,pittsburgh ,i was told a good deal about the rule of the ,black ,hand in that community1 especially over the ,carnegie ,institute of ,technology4 ,i omitted these stories at the request of the victims4 ,but now comes a letter from a student1 telling me that some of these men are gone1 and there is to be 8another house-cleaning0 this year4 ,the student tells how the secretary of the ,pennsylvania ,state ,federation of ,labor spoke to a group of students1 and a few days later an instructor stated to a class that there had come to ,carnegie ,tech a notice from the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation1 reading in substance as follows3 ,last week1 on such and such a day1 at the bidding of your economic staff1 so-and-so spoke before a group of students at your school4 ,he spoke in such and such a room1 and said this and that4 ,if the person who is responsible for this meeting is kept on the faculty at ,carnegie ,tech1 do not expect any further aid from the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation4 ,so came the house-cleaning4 ,another institution which escaped my attention was the ,women's ,medical ,college of ,philadelphia4 ,immediately after 8,the ,goose-step0 appeared1 the board dismissed a professor of seventeen years' standing1 refusing any explanation or charges4 ,thirty of the faculty resigned in protest1 among them a number of leading physicians of ,philadelphia4 ,also you will be interested to learn that the ,university of ,minnesota has been saved from ,socialism by the intervention of the governor of the state1 who put his foot down on a co-operative book-store which the students were starting4 ,the governor did not think it proper to have 8a commercial enterprise0 on the campus--so the sons of ,minnesota farmers will step across the street and buy their books from a private dealer at thirty or forty per cent higher prices4 ,you will also wish to hear the latest news from the ,university of ,jabbergrab1 which has graduated a class of fifteen hundred students1 more than half of them receiving commercial degrees4 ,i have a clipping from the ,new ,york 8,world10 ,march #aa1 #aibc1 occupying the top of four columns3 ,,new ,,york ,,university ,,trains ,,competent ,,auto ,,drivers ,,teaching ,,institution ,,has ,,courses ,,to ,,meet ,,short-,,haul ,,problems ,also ,i quote a headline from my own ,pasadena newspaper3 ,,ku ,,klux ,,klan ,,now ,,has ,,own ,,college ,,valparaiso ,,university ,,is ,,taken ,,over ,,today ,,for #cej1jjj ,let no one say after this that there is no academic freedom in ,america6 ,also let no one say that colleges and universities are not really useful4 ,from 8,printer's ,ink10 ,january #ah1 #aibc1 ,i quote3 ,m4 ,f4 ,hilfinger1 vice-president of the ,a4 ,e4 ,nettleton ,shoe ,company1 ,syracuse1 speaking before the ,greater ,buffalo ,advertising ,club1 declared that the new ,university of ,buffalo will be the greatest advertising asset the city has4 ,he said that it is estimated that ,syracuse ,university brought at least #e1jjj1jjj worth of business to that city4 ,also ,secretary ,weeks of the ,war ,department has paid honor to higher education3 twenty-five of our principal colleges were designated for special honors as reward for their services in teaching young men to plunge bayonets into imitation human bodies4 ,at the same time the secretary of the navy went to ,princeton and made a patriotic speech1 while the new ,art and ,architecture ,building was dedicated to the honor of the harvester machinery king4 ,mr4 ,mellon1 secretary of the treasury1 and one of the three richest men in ,america1 received an honorary degree from the ,university of ,jabbergrab2 he marched through the ,hall of ,fame1 and listened to the ,reverend ,woelfkin1 ,mr4 ,rockefeller's pastor1 denounce the ,bolsheviks4 ,mr4 ,mellon also collected a degree from ,rutgers1 together with the 8wet0 ,governor ,silzer of ,new ,jersey1 and the dry ,mr4 ,edward ,bok1 and the magnetic president of the ,general ,electric ,company4 ,readers of 8,the ,goose-step0 have sent me quite a stack of newspaper clippings1 with the annual orations of the interlocking directorate at the commencements of their intellectual munition factories4 ,they range all the way down from the chairman of the ,standard ,oil ,company of ,indiana1 and include every reactionary idea that ever sprouted in the head of a prosperous but worried plutocrat4 ,,chapter ,,lxxxvii ,,the ,,goose-,,step ,,double-,,quick ,i have in my collection a number of clippings1 which demonstrate how fast the goose-steppers are stepping their short journey to hell4 ,at the extremely pious ,northwestern1 which ,i have called 8,the ,university of ,judge ,gary10 four men students1 together with four 8co-eds10 were arrested by police detectives in a night raid on a house of assignation4 ,at this same ,methodist institution a group of students were hazing a freshman1 who was so unsportsmanlike as to die during the procedure4 ,the hazers were annoyed1 but decided to bury the body and say nothing about it4 ,a year later the body was discovered1 and a prominent millionaire relative of ,president ,scott of the university said in a signed statement3 8,an investigation of conduct at ,northwestern ,university would rock the kings of ,evanston4 ,the hypocrisy of the whole regime galls me and disgusts me40 ,also ,i notice that at the ,university of ,south ,dakota a hundred and sixty men students staged a 8pajama party10 in the course of which they entered the women's dormitories after midnight1 and decked themselves in various garments of the women1 and so paraded through the streets4 ,also ,i note that members of a fraternity at ,columbia ,university have received letters from a sorority at the ,university of ,alabama1 saying that the sorority was collecting funds for a chapter house1 and its members offered to write love letters to ,northern college boys1 at the price of five dollars the series4 8,wouldn't they like to receive once a week1 from now until ,june #cjth1 a real1 honest-to-goodness love letter from a little ,southern girl80 ,but let no one be discouraged2 among my clippings ,i come upon the germ of a great hope for higher education4 ,a college out here in ,southern ,california has received a visit from the football team of ,notre ,dame ,university1 a ,catholic institution with seventeen hundred students1 located in ,indiana4 ,it appears that these mighty gladiators have a tendency to be nervous1 prior to the classic contests upon which their reputations depend1 and coaches and alumni have been consulting psychological experts to find out what to do about it4 ,the result was a remarkable discovery3 the way to keep football men in proper mental condition is to take their minds off their work and get them interested in study6 ,so the ,notre ,dame football team1 along with its trainers and coaches1 brought out here to ,southern ,california a squad of professors1 and recitations were conducted both on the train and in the hotel rooms4 ,you will realize the overwhelming importance of this psycho-gladiatorial experiment2 if once it should become the fashion for college athletes to study1 the fortune of ,american higher education would be made4 ,nor is this the only promising sign in college life4 ,at ,dartmouth the students got out an independent paper1 called 8,le ,critique02 ,i quote a few sentences1 and you will recognize at once that this is a new note in ,american under-graduate journalism3 ,dartmouth is graduating about three hundred ,babbitts a year to go forth to exploit others for the good of themselves alone1 to become loyal ,americans1 and never think4 ,fraternity life is a joke1 without true brotherhood4 ,the professors are intellectual wrecks1 and teach at ,dartmouth only because it would be impossible for them to succeed at any other trade40 ,a similar incident occurred at the ,university of ,wisconsin1 where a group of liberal students started an independent paper called the 8,scorpion40 ,in their first issue they made so bold as to print two chapters from 8,the ,goose-step10 dealing with their own university2 the editors1 one of whom was my son1 were summoned before the dean and ordered to submit to censorship4 ,there happen to be some twenty ,socialist legislators in the ,wisconsin assembly1 and these took up the matter1 and the promise was made that if the student editors were expelled1 there would be a legislative investigation1 and some university deans would be expelled2 whereupon it was suddenly discovered that the dignity of the university would be preserved if the editors of the 8,scorpion0 would consent to announce at the top of their paper that it was independent of university control6 ,also ,i ought to mention the interesting incident which happened at the ,university of ,illinois1 where ,miss ,allene ,gregory1 daughter of the first president of the institution1 was selected to write a biography of her father1 and to have it published under the auspices of the university4 ,miss ,gregory decided to have the volume published under other auspices1 and stated her reason3 ,i have had peculiar opportunities for an intimate knowledge of the administration of this university since its beginning4 ,i have watched it grow1 through many vicissitudes1 on the sound principles of its foundation1 until recent years4 ,but it is now my duty to declare that those principles are flagrantly and continually violated by administrative officers who have come into power since ,president ,james retired4 ,these officers have forfeited the respect of the faculty and of the student body1 and are already making our university a byword in the educational world4 ,no growth in size or in wealth can compensate for our loss in morale and in reputation4 ,nor can noisy self-congratulation and the suppression of criticism alter the facts4 ,those of us who know the situation1 and are unbiased1 and are free to speak1 should do so4 ,wholesale rebuke is now our best service4 ,the safe passage of the recent appropriation bill now removes the temporary expediency of refraining from criticism4 ,you may recall my story of how ,mr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,hedges was kicked out of ,beloit ,college for writing a novel about it4 ,mr4 ,hedges knows our higher education1 and in an article in the 8,nation0 he gives a description of the ,american college student4 ,i yield to the temptation to quote one paragraph3 ,the undergraduate of ,american colleges has been pictured as an enthusiast2 the fact is1 he's a stone4 ,an apostate to youth1 the psychology books and the general impression notwithstanding1 he is neither passionate1 nor impetuously loyal1 nor exuberant1 nor impatient of trammels1 nor idealistic4 ,on the other hand1 he is prim1 correct1 frigid in respect to things of the mind2 and furtive1 indiscreet1 bold in reference to his instincts2 and covetous and greedy in respect to grades1 credits1 managerships1 class distinctions1 and degrees--non-essentials4 ,his favorite word is 8pep10 and goaded by institutional convention he will stand for hours and shout himself hoarse for a team1 but he will callously overlook the birth of the ,russian republic1 or the pathetic degradation and suffering of the ,armenian people4 ,he is intolerant of personal difference and diversity of character and yet clandestinely he will disturb a college assembly with an inopportune alarm clock1 asserting a right to personal eccentricity4 ,he is everywhere surrounded by records of the past's greatness1 and blindly moves in a present not realized4 ,in the classroom he daily examines theories of government and constitutions1 while his own social life upon the campus is a specimen of primitive tribal life with taboos1 hecklings1 mob-contagions1 and naive sexual preferences4 ,the fraternity is his tribe2 the college his clan2 and in parties and 8functions10 he competes in amorous and pugnacious exploits4 ,also ,i find in the 8,new ,student0--a most useful little paper which you can order from #bibi ,broadway1 ,new ,york--an account of the activities of the ,national ,student ,forum1 which brought six students from ,europe to visit ,american universities1 with the idea of widening the cultural opportunities of the youth of both parts of the world4 ,the six students were divided into two groups1 and an ,american student tells how he took one group1 a ,german1 an ,englishman1 and a ,czecho-,slovak1 to visit ,american colleges4 ,the presidents of two large universities1 ,minnesota and ,purdue1 refused to allow their precious fledglings to be exposed to this foreign corruption at all4 ,at ,fiske they made a two-day visit1 and much to their surprise1 were met at the station by the president1 and taken in his car to a hotel4 ,after a supervised breakfast1 they were taken to the chapel1 and the leader and one of the ,european students gave brief talks before the assembly4 ,then the student body was marched out with extraordinary rapidity1 and the four visitors were kept in the president's office4 ,they were lunched by the president in the ,chamber of ,commerce rooms2 in the afternoon they were taken for an automobile ride to inspect historic landscapes--and when they came back the leader made his escape1 and was approached by one of the students1 and asked if the visitors could not find a little time for the students4 8,the president says you are all booked up60 ,in other words1 ,president ,mc,kenzie of ,fiske ,university was devoting his time to a conspiracy to keep his students from having private conversation with three young liberals from ,europe6 ,brought face to face with the issue1 the president declared angrily that the visitors had done the university 8a moral wrong0 by forcing this issue upon him4 ,but then1 when the party threatened to leave1 it appeared that the president could not afford to have it known that he had refused to permit the visitors to talk to his students6 ,after hours of 8begging1 threatening1 and accusing10 meetings with the students took place--and nothing happened6 ,the ,university of ,oklahoma received the visitors at the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 8,our reception was cold and clammy40 ,there was a 8get-together0 conference with the student leaders2 editors of student papers1 athletic champions1 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 secretary1 etc4 8,it took about two minutes to see that these fellows were quite convinced that we were ,bolsheviks1 and another two to realize that they had gathered together1 determined to heed and understand nothing1 but merely to be maliciously unintelligent and disagreeable40 ,that evening the three foreign students spoke in nearby churches2 while the head of the party was summoned into a session before the student leaders4 ,he tells the story3 ,for twenty minutes ,i sat and listened to the 8leaders of the campus0 tell me that although they had nothing against us personally1 in fact they rather liked us1 still on careful consideration of their responsibility for 8the good of the whole10 they thought the university1 and especially the freshmen and sophomores1 too underdeveloped1 and too susceptible to evil influences to hear what we had to say4 ,and further1 that they just wanted to mention that1 as the whole student body was getting angrier and angrier at our presence on the campus1 they thought it best that we leave as soon as possible1 for fear that some student group would suddenly attain the overwhelming climax of its wrath and throw us out4 ,could anyone help laughing at that8 ,i did laugh1 and they commended me on taking the 8disappointment0 so well4 ,,chapter ,,lxxxviii ,,the ,,goose-,,step ,,review 8,the ,goose-step0 would have been a failure if it had not excited bitter antagonism4 ,many collegians rushed to defend their alma mater2 and the purpose of this final chapter is to review their reviews4 ,there must be at least ten thousand statements of fact in 8,the ,goose-step02 which means ten thousand possible errors4 ,i wish ,i could announce that ,i scored a hundred per cent exactness4 ,i set out to do that in 8,the ,brass ,check10 but it couldn't be done4 ,i have to rely upon many other people for my information1 and it is inevitable that slips should be made by some of these2 also1 it is necessary to type each manuscript several times--and after that comes the printer and his 8devil10 and three sets of proofs to be read4 ,i am told that some pious society in ,england offered a reward of a thousand pounds for an edition of the ,bible without a typographical error2 but the reward has not yet been claimed4 ,i begin with my own blunders4 ,there exists in our national capital an institution called the ,catholic ,university of ,america2 also1 in the same place1 a ,methodist institution called ,american ,university4 ,it so happened that ,i did not know of the latter institution1 but assumed that 8,american ,university0 was an every-day name for the ,catholic ,university of ,america4 ,as soon as 8,the ,goose-step0 appeared1 ,father ,john ,a4 ,ryan wrote me a note1 calling attention to my error1 which was corrected in the second edition4 ,this was my most serious slip--and it is amusing to note that it was not caught in a single one of the several hundred reviews ,i have read6 ,the most important error which the critics did catch was that referring to ,harvard and the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology4 ,during a period of a few years there existed an alliance between these two institutions2 and in my manuscript ,i had referred to ,m4 ,i4 ,t4 as 8until recently a part of ,harvard40 ,my ,harvard chapters were revised by at least a score of ,harvard professors1 alumni and students1 but only at the last moment was this phrase questioned1 by an ,m4 ,i4 ,t4 student1 ,phillip ,herrick1 son of ,robert ,herrick1 who happened to call upon me4 ,i had him telegraph to the authorities at ,m4 ,i4 ,t41 and get me by telegraph a statement of the exact relationship4 ,upon that basis ,i put into the proofs of the book1 pages #hj-ha1 a footnote giving the facts4 ,but1 alas1 ,i overlooked the fact that the phrase1 8until recently a part of ,harvard10 occurred in two places in the manuscript2 there were about seven hundred pages of this manuscript1 and it was hard to remember every word4 ,i did not correct the other place--and so ,harvard and ,m4 ,i4 ,t4 had an error upon which to base a whole indictment of 8,the ,goose-step06 ,the 8,technology ,review10 organ of ,m4 ,i4 ,t41 even took up the fact that ,i put my corrected statement in a footnote2 8for a technical reason of ,sinclair's own0--which sounds very mysterious and wicked6 ,the fact was that ,i was making corrections in the proofs1 and it was cheaper to slip in a footnote than to have a paragraph reset4 ,mr4 ,john ,macy made strenuous use of this slip in his review of 8,the ,goose-step0 in the 8,nation40 ,mr4 ,macy dealt with the book 8as a friend10 and was pained to discover that it was 8cluttered with misstatements and sophomoric conceit40 ,and pray1 how many instances of misstatement would you think it takes to make a 8cluttering08 ,it took precisely one--this ,harvard-,m4 ,i4 ,t4 detail6 ,as to my 8sophomoric conceit0 ,mr4 ,macy quoted from 8,the ,goose-step0 7page #aa73 8,in the course of the next year ,i read all the standard ,french classics40 ,he pictured ,brander ,matthews answering1 with a superior smile3 8,my dear young man1 a born ,frenchman could not read all the standard ,french classics in ten years40 ,professor ,matthews would love to say something incisive like that2 but possibly he would be honest enough to mention1 what my context makes plain1 that ,i was referring to 8standard ,french classics0 as taught in undergraduate language courses at ,columbia1 and not to standard ,french classics as understood by 8a born ,frenchman40 ,mr4 ,macy was also troubled by the 8pathetically absurd egotism0 of my sentence on page #ag3 8,i was as much alone in the world as ,shelley a hundred years before me40 ,here is a case of suppression of the context1 so flagrant as to be beyond excuse4 ,in the passage in question ,i was criticizing the education ,i had received from my college and university1 on the ground that it had taught me nothing about the modern ,socialist movement1 to which the rest of my life was to be devoted4 ,i took two whole paragraphs to explain this in detail4 ,the first two sentences were as follows3 8,most significant of all to me personally1 ,i was unaware that the modern revolutionary movement existed4 ,i was all ready for it1 but ,i was as much alone in the world as ,shelley a hundred years before me40 ,is not the meaning of that statement plain--that 8,i felt myself as much alone in the world10 etc48 ,of course1 ,i wasn't really 8alone in the world10 for my millions of ,socialist comrades existed1 and in the rest of the two paragraphs ,i tell how ,i found them4 ,how came it that ,mr4 ,macy1 indicting 8,the ,goose-step0 for being 8cluttered with misstatements10 could bring himself to suppress one half a sentence1 and thus obscure its meaning8 ,fourth and last of this critic's specifications3 8,and even his unverifiable statistics3 #8,eighty-five per cent of college and university professors are dissatisfied with being managed by floorwalkers4' ,why not sixty-nine per cent or ninety-three per cent80 ,the answer to this is found on page #ee of 8,the ,goose-step10 referring to ,professor ,cattell at ,columbia ,university3 8,in #aiac he published a book on #8,university ,control1' in which he demonstrated that eighty-five per cent of the members of college and university faculties are dissatisfied with the present system of the management of scholars by business men40 ,the same matter is discussed more at length on page #dja3 8,three hundred leading men were consulted1 and out of these1 eighty-five per cent agreed that the present arrangements for the government of colleges are unsatisfactory40 ,now1 if ,professor ,cattell's questionnaire had revealed that sixty-nine per cent were dissatisfied1 or ninety-three per cent1 ,i should have given this figure4 ,as it was1 ,i gave eighty-five per cent1 as ,professor ,cattell records it in his book4 ,also1 my respects to ,mr4 ,charles ,merz1 who gave a page and three-quarters to kidding 8,the ,goose-step0 in the 8,new ,republic40 ,mr4 ,merz would be disappointed if ,i passed him over2 he says3 8,there is a tradition that whoever takes issue with ,mr4 ,sinclair about one of his own books is certain to be pounced upon1 in turn1 by an eagerly dissenting author40 ,mr4 ,merz has a lot of fun calling me ,captain ,parklebury ,todd3 _/99 ,he couldn't walk into a room ,without ejaculating 8,boom60 ,which startled ladies greatly4 99_/ ,this is good fun1 and the fact that in the course of it ,mr4 ,merz admits my entire contention makes it easy for me to share the laughter4 ,mr4 ,merz thinks it natural and inevitable 8that able and successful capitalists ordinarily control the universities produced by capitalism40 ,of course1 ,mr4 ,merz2 you know it1 and ,i know it--and a lot of other people know it1 since 8,the ,goose-step0 has been passed about in colleges4 ,mr4 ,merz had one serious objection--that in fifty-six cases ,i failed to name sources of information4 ,he doesn't tell you in how many cases ,i did name sources of information2 and it seems to me that in fairness the two figures should have been put side by side4 ,i can only say that ,i named my sources in every case where ,i was permitted to name them2 and ,i suppressed them in every case where ,i had pledged my word to do so4 ,mr4 ,merz complains that in some cases ,i do not even name my 8villains02 and again ,i think he ought to count up the 8villains0 ,i do name4 ,let me tell him1 in strict confidence3 ,i think ,i take more risks of libel suits than any other man in ,america2 but there is a limit to the risks ,i am willing to run4 ,i never make a statement unless ,i feel sure it is the truth1 but ,i frequently make statements which cause great distress to friends who happen to be lawyers4 ,as this book goes to press1 my wife sends me a special delivery letter from one of these gentlemen3 8,of course1 if ,upton wants to go to jail1 this is a good way to break in0--and so on4 ,in the case of 8,the ,brass ,check10 one of the most prominent corporation lawyers in the ,united ,states read the manuscript1 and told me there were fifty criminal libels in it1 and not less than a thousand civil suits--unless ,i could prove my charges4 ,right now ,i am on the point of going over 8,the ,goslings10 for the last time before the manuscript goes to the printer2 and in a hundred different places ,i shall stop with my pencil in the air1 and ponder the question3 shall ,i leave in this name1 or shall ,i cut it out8 ,and in each case there will be a series of guesses3 what will be in this 8villain's0 mind8 ,how much has he done1 and how much will he think ,i know8 ,and if it came to a show-down1 would this professor or that teacher stand by me8 ,and would ,i have to travel to ,minnesota1 or to ,massachusetts1 or to ,texas to defend a libel suit8 ,and where would ,i get the money8 ,and how would my poor wife stand the ordeal8 ,you see1 ,mr4 ,merz1 the rle of ,captain ,parklebury ,todd is a lot more complicated than you realize2 there is really more to it than just walking into a room and ejaculating 8,boom60 ,to come back to the confessions of myself1 my secretaries1 and my printer and his 8devil03 ,somebody--,i don't know who it was--played a trick on my ,vassar story1 taking one of the letters of the ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a4 and turning it upside down2 which brought a worried communication from the president of that institution1 asking if ,i could possibly be under the impression that it was co-educational4 7,i wasn't67 ,but ,i made several small slips4 ,i got one professor's initial wrong2 ,i made ,finley ,j4 ,shepard a lawyer as well as a railroad official2 ,i made ,frank ,b4 ,leland1 ,detroit banker1 a brother to the motor-magnate1 and confused ,ogden ,l4 ,mills with his grandfather1 ,d4 ,ogden ,mills4 ,i have a letter from ,judge ,lindsey1 telling me that some high-up educator in ,denver proved 8,the ,goose-step0 an unreliable book by the fact that ,i stated 8that ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan was buried from ,trinity ,church1 when as a matter of fact he was buried from ,st4 ,george's ,church60 ,in this case ,i seem to be1 but really am not1 guilty4 ,in 8,the ,goose-step10 page #ba1 ,i was drawing a humorous picture of the interlocking directorates1 and how they work4 ,i imagined ,justice ,brandeis1 in his account of these directorates1 going from railroads and steel and coal and telegraphs1 to such things as hospitals and churches and universities4 8,he ought to picture ,mr4 ,morgan dying1 and being buried from ,trinity ,church1 in which several of his partners are vestrymen40 ,elsewhere ,i have described ,trinity ,church as the 8,church of ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan ,company0--and this not merely because of its supply of ,morgan vestrymen1 but because of the whole spirit of the institution is ,morgan4 ,i was aware that ,mr4 ,morgan himself had his own church1 for many times in my boyhood ,i attended it1 and saw the old wild boar of ,wall ,street passing the collection plate4 ,also1 ,i made some statements concerning ,delaware1 and the benevolent feudalism which the du ,ponts have set up in the education of that state4 ,my statements were disputed by an elderly gentleman1 formerly connected with ,delaware ,college1 and having a reputation as a liberal4 ,on the other hand1 the statements were strenuously sustained by the two people who had given me the information1 and who have reputations as hard-fighting radicals4 ,not being able to visit ,delaware and make a thorough investigation1 ,i cut these paragraphs from the second edition of 8,the ,goose-step40 ,no book of mine can be published nowadays without a report upon the latest activities of ,professor ,james ,melvin ,lee1 director of the ,department of ,journalism at the ,university of ,jabbergrab4 ,i gave ,professor ,lee a whole chapter in 8,the ,goose-step10 explaining what a peculiar antagonist he is--you supply him with evidence1 and he pays no heed to it1 but goes right on clamoring for the same evidence4 ,among many cases1 ,i listed the following detail3 ,thus1 to a single anecdote of ,gaylord ,wilshire being misrepresented by the ,associated ,press1 ,professor ,lee devoted three paragraphs in the 8,globe10 demanding at great length the names of the newspapers and the dates2 ,i supplied him with the names and dates of two newspapers--but to no result that ,i could discover4 ,soon after 8,the ,goose-step0 came out ,i began receiving letters from college professors and others1 asking for the names and dates of these two newspapers4 ,so ,i knew that ,professor ,lee must be up to his old trick6 ,and sure enough1 there came a letter from ,john ,haynes ,holmes1 stating that ,professor ,lee persisted in arguing with him concerning my truthfulness1 and was now basing his case upon the fact that in 8,the ,goose-step0 ,i stated that ,i had furnished him with the names and dates of two newspapers dealing with the ,wilshire story--whereas ,i had done nothing of the sort4 ,dr4 ,holmes requested that ,i would be so good as to settle the matter by advising him when and how ,i had supplied these names and dates to ,professor ,lee4 ,this issue had come up during my controversy with ,professor ,lee in ,new ,york 8,evening ,globe10 mentioned in 8,the ,goose-step10 pages #cbd-f4 ,the conduct of this controversy was as follows3 ,professor ,lee submitted his first article to the 8,globe10 and either sent me a copy1 or the 8,globe0 sent me a copy4 ,i then wrote my reply1 and either sent a copy to ,professor ,lee1 or the 8,globe0 sent it4 ,each of us studied the other's arguments in detail1 trying to pick flaws therein4 ,i presume therefore ,i may fairly assume that ,professor ,lee read my three articles6 ,one of these three articles bears the date of ,thursday1 ,august #d1 #aiba1 and in it occurs the following3 ,,in ,,the ,,matter ,,of ,,wilshire ,professor ,lee asks about the dates of the story which the ,associated ,press sent out to the effect that ,gaylord ,wilshire had been prevented from speaking in ,york1 ,pa41 by a mob1 when1 as a matter of fact1 he was never in this city4 ,professor ,lee makes three paragraphs out of this one demand4 ,it happens that ,wilshire is away from home4 ,i have searched his house1 but cannot find the volume of 8,wilshire's ,magazine0 for #aija4 ,maybe this volume is in the ,new ,york ,public ,library or in the ,congressional ,library4 ,meantime ,i can furnish ,professor ,lee with two references--the ,philadelphia 8,north ,american0 for ,sept4 #i1 #aija1 and the ,los ,angeles 8,express0 for the same date4 ,if you will consult the second edition of 8,the ,goose-step10 you will find that on page #cji ,i have added in parentheses the words1 8,a joke40 ,this has to do with ,mr4 ,hendrik ,willem ,van ,loon's adventures at ,cornell3 8,when he asked to see the ,dante collection1 they took him to inspect an electric manure sprayer40 ,several reviewers of 8,the ,goose-step0 took occasion solemnly to suspect that in this anecdote ,van ,loon must have been 8spoofing0 me6 ,not being supposed to have a sense of humor myself1 ,i am resolved that in future1 whenever ,i do any 8spoofing10 or allow anybody else to do any 8spoofing10 ,i will follow the precedent of ,artemus ,ward1 and put in the explanation3 8,this is a goak40 ,another bit of comedy3 ,in my jesting at ,mr4 ,rockefeller's ,university of ,chicago1 ,i wrote3 8,they are sensitive on the subject of petroleum at the university2 they blush at the mention of the word1 and do not admit the conventional book-plates showing the lamp of knowledge40 ,this was a pure piece of phantasy on my part2 some more 8spoofing10 in short4 ,but1 lo and behold1 soon after 8,the ,goose-step0 was out1 came a letter from a former student1 as follows3 8,one fact you got1 ,lord knows how1 ,i got it straight from ,dean ,robertson 7in an address in chapel72 it is a matter of the rejection of the oil lamp as a symbol in the #8,coat of ,arms' of the ,university40 ,postscript3 ,as this book goes to press1 ,vassar ,college makes the answer to 8,the ,goose-step0 which really pleases me4 ,a formal 8statute of instruction0 is issued1 granting to all teachers 8complete freedom of research1 instruction and utterance upon matters of opinion40 ,,chapter ,,lxxxix ,,the ,,call ,,to ,,action ,i have now said my say1 concerning both colleges and schools4 ,i have given two years to the subject1 have written nearly four hundred thousand words on it--and these words are the truth to the best of my ability4 ,the problem is now up to the ,american people1 and especially to the rank and file of school teachers and college professors2 the tens of thousands of devoted men and women who are giving their undivided thought to a glorious ideal--the delivering of every child in a whole nation from the curse and enslavement of ignorance4 ,this great cause has many enemies--and some of these enemies will try to use my work to spread distrust of education1 and cut down the money supplies of both colleges and schools4 ,i wish to state explicitly that the purpose of my study is the very opposite of this2 ,i would have the ,american people devote to this cause ten times the money they now devote--,i would have them give all that is given1 so that education may be free from the charity of the rich4 ,but ,i want them1 while giving their money1 to give also their time2 to study the schools and school problems1 and see that their money is honestly spent for the children1 and that educational policies are in the hands of men and women who love the children1 and believe in freedom and enlightenment--not1 as so often at present1 in the hands of intriguing politicians1 and the sycophants and hirelings of vested greed4 ,the aim of my two books is to set our educators free from this control of selfish private interest2 to awaken them to their position in a society which is ruled by organized exploitation4 ,when you talk with school and college administrators1 you discover that the thing they crave above all other things is 8harmony40 ,everyone in the system must be loyal1 everyone must co-operate1 there must be an attitude of cheerfulness2 in short1 the school teacher and the college professor must comply with the formula which was frequent in the want advertisements of 8domestics0 in the days of my boyhood3 8willing and obliging40 ,manifestly1 the program ,i have laid out in this book does not make for harmony--at least1 not right away4 ,if it would not sound too much like a ,bolshevik utterance1 ,i would say to the educator3 8,think not that ,i am come to send peace on earth3 ,i came not to send peace1 but a sword4 ,for ,i am come to set the teacher at variance against the superintendent1 and the professor against the president1 and the educator against the board of education4 ,and a man's foes shall be they of his own school40 ,in a social system based upon justice and freedom we have a right to ask for harmony2 but where the system is based upon injustice and servitude1 to ask for harmony is merely to be a tool of intrenched wrong4 ,so my advice to teachers and professors is that they should stand up and assert themselves1 and let harmony come when educational institutions are controlled by educators1 and not by the owners of stocks and bonds and other symbols of parasitism4 ,to the educators of the ,united ,states--and also to the parents of the ,united ,states--,i say3 ,look about this country of ours4 ,look at it1 not through the rose-colored glasses of the capitalist press1 but look with your own eyes1 and ask if this is a civilization with which you are really satisfied4 ,a country in which five per cent of the population owns ninety-five per cent of the wealth1 and uses it to increase its share of income and control2 in which ten per cent of the population exists always below the line of bare subsistence1 unable to get food enough to maintain physical normality2 in whose richest city twenty-two per cent of the children come to school suffering from undernourishment2 whose city slums are growing like monstrous cancers1 while the farms are being deserted because it no longer pays to work them2 where tenantry and farm mortgages are increasing one or two per cent every year2 where crime and prisoners in jails are increasing even faster2 where between one million and five million men1 willing to work1 are kept unemployed all the time2 where half a million women have to sell their bodies to get bread to live2 where ninety-three per cent of the expenditures of government are devoted to the destroying of human lives2 where the surplus wealth needed at home is not permitted to be consumed at home1 but is sent abroad to seek opportunities of exploitation1 to make our flag a symbol of greed1 and turn our army and navy into debt-collecting agencies for ,wall ,street profiteers4 ,such is ,america as it really exists today2 such are the facts--and ten thousand fancy-salaried administrators of education are forbidden ever to mention them1 but required to tell their seven hundred thousand teacher-geese and their twenty-three million goslings that this is the greatest1 the grandest1 the most beautiful and most ,christian country that ,god ever created4 ,perhaps you are satisfied with this country1 and my proposals for changing it do not appeal to you2 but even so1 that does not alter the fact that the changes are under way4 ,our country is in the rapids1 along with all the rest of the world4 ,modern capitalist society is rushing to a swift and terrifying breakdown2 and this not because of crimes or evil designs of any man or class of men1 but because of economic forces inherent in it1 and beyond the power of our feeble social will to change4 ,under the scheme of modern industry enormous quantities of goods can be produced1 but they cannot be distributed1 because of what ,i call 8the iron ring0 which binds the profit system4 ,the great mass of the people1 being upon a competitive wage1 do not get money enough to purchase all that they produce2 hence comes over-production1 periodic crises1 8hard times0 and unemployment4 ,out of this is born the labor movement--and this again not due to wickedness of individual agitators1 but to irresistible economic force4 ,under the capitalist method of production the great mass of the workers are under a pressure which ,i call 8the economic screw40 ,their ultimate fate is extinction1 and they organize to save themselves2 the first to go down are the unorganized--including that white-collared proletariat to which the educators are so proud to belong4 ,because no capitalist country can consume its own wealth1 every capitalist country has to seek foreign markets1 and in that search it conflicts with the other capitalist countries4 ,out of that rivalry grows war3 incessant world-wide war is the abyss into which our present society is doomed to be hurled4 ,we have seen the collapse come to ,russia2 as ,i write this book it is coming to ,germany--and before ,i write many more books we shall see it come to the ,central ,european countries1 then to ,france and ,italy1 then to ,england and ,japan1 and--last of all1 perhaps1 but none the less inevitably--to ,america4 ,you will recall one of our famous school orators1 recently president of the ,national ,education ,association1 defining to the world-educators in ,san ,francisco the function of teachers--to see to it that to the next war 8we shall not send a soldier who cannot write his name40 ,such is the capitalist concept of education and the duty of the educator4 ,is it yours8 ,you may answer that it is not2 but take note of this fact--what you answer makes not the slightest difference4 ,that is what you are doing1 and it is what you will continue to do1 under the present class control of industry2 training boys to be loyal servants of the plutocracy1 to manufacture new and more terrifying engines of destruction1 and to go out and die horrible deaths whenever the plutocracy1 in its lust for foreign markets1 has brought about such a condition of jealousy and hate that the people can be stampeded into a war for the defense of liberty1 or democracy1 or whatever the rascal politicians and rascal kept editors choose to call it4 ,that is the future of our children1 and that is the rle which you1 the educators1 are commanded to play--which you do play hour by hour1 and with the perfectly explicit understanding that the penalty of refusal is to lose your status among the white-collared class1 the so-called 8ladies and gentlemen10 and to be beaten down to the status of grimy hands and overalls and celluloid collars4 ,what can you do about this8 ,the first thing you can do is to understand it2 to get those books and magazines and newspapers which your masters are moving heaven and earth to keep away from you1 and in which you may find explained the economics of the class struggle1 and the forces which are dragging mankind into the pit4 ,when you have acquired this knowledge1 you will realize once for all that you can place no hope in the exploiting class4 ,individual employers may be kindly and liberal2 but with very few exceptions they are bound in the psychology of their occupation1 and the great mass of them are like every other ruling class in history1 drunk with power1 and bent upon their own aggrandizement4 ,in this present world situation they find themselves confronted with two possible alternatives--world conquest and class rule for themselves1 or abdication and class suicide4 ,in no country are they going to choose the latter alternative2 so you1 the educators under the capitalist regime1 are going to fulfill your destiny as cultivators of cannon-fodder4 ,the middle class1 in which you aspire to remain1 is being ground between the upper and nether mill-stones4 ,you have seen the value of the rouble and the mark wiped out2 you see the franc started on the toboggan1 and some day you will watch the pound and the dollar travel the same road4 ,more and more the outlines of the world struggle become clear--on the one side the plutocracy1 and on the other the workers4 ,it is the workers1 and they alone1 who can deliver us from slaughter2 they alone have the numbers1 the potential power1 and they alone have the ethics--being producers1 not gamblers and speculators and wasters4 ,the future world of co-operation and brotherhood is theirs to make1 and all they lack is ripened understanding and vision of the better life4 ,twenty years ago1 when ,i first came into the ,socialist movement1 ,i had the beautiful fond idea that the intellectuals would furnish that new psychology4 ,twenty years of watching the brain-workers climb out upon the faces of the poor1 and take their comfortable stations as retainers of privilege1 have brought me to realize that the workers must save themselves2 they must supply not merely the numbers1 the industrial power1 but also the idealism1 the moral power4 ,when ,i appeal to educators1 ,i am not indulging in youthful utopianism2 the salary struggles of the past six or eight years have brought vividly home to the rank and file of teachers the fact that they too are workers1 and that1 far from being superior to the proletariat1 they are actually less paid and less respected than carpenters and masons and machinists1 who are organized and able to protect themselves in the wage market4 ,i am not for a moment overlooking the fact that educators are idealists and social ministrants2 but ,i assert that they are also members of the intellectual proletariat1 having nothing but their brain power to sell1 and ,i appeal to them to realize their status1 and to act upon the realities and not the fairy tales of the capitalist world4 ,the educator is a worker1 a useful worker1 and the educator's place is by the side of all his brothers of that class4 8,workers of the world1 unite4 ,you have nothing to lose but your chains2 you have a world to gain40 ,,index ,roman numerals refer to chapters1 ,arabic numerals to pages4 ,names of colleges and schools are in italics4 ,adams1 ,sam1 #cja ,addams1 #bii ,addicott1 #aab1 #aai ,harvard 8,advocate01 #cff ,agencies1 #chf ,agra1 #djb ,alabama1 #dbh ,alden1 #aih ,algebra1 #cbi ,alleghany1 #cea ,allen1 ,gov41 #bgb ,allen ,b4 ,m41 #cff ,alpert1 #eb ,am4 ,asso4 of ,university ,professors1 #dbe ,am4 ,bankers' ,asso41 #bhd ,am4 ,bar ,asso41 #bhd-e ,am4 ,book ,co41 ,,lxv1 #ajg1 #agj1 #agf1 #ahe-f1 #ahi1 #bfh1 #cjj1 #cjc1 #caa ,am4 ,civil ,liberties ,union1 ,,iv1 #dg1 #bhb1 #cej1 #dbj ,am4 ,federation of ,labor1 #bh1 #ccb1 #djj1 #djf1 #daj ,am4 ,fed4 of ,teachers1 #afe1 #agj1 #aha1 #dja1 #dje-f ,american ,legion1 ,,lxi1 #ed1 #bbf1 #bgj1 #cif 8,american ,magazine01 #cfb ,american1 #dcc 8,americanization01 #ia ,amherst1 #dbc ,anaconda1 ,,xxx-,i ,anderson1 ,j4 ,f41 #abf-g1 #bej-bea1 #bee ,andres1 #bhb ,andrews1 ,f4 ,f41 #bgd ,andrews1 ,s4 ,m41 #afc ,andrus1 #ec ,antioch1 #dac ,arbuckle1 #chj ,architects1 #bfi ,arkansas1 #bib-d1 #cjc ,arlett1 #abg1 #bch ,armour ,co41 #cab ,army1 #cga ,ashley1 #ej ,associated ,press1 #abd1 #ade1 #bce ,atlanta1 #cih ,atwood1 ,h41 #di1 #ea1 #cjf ,atwood1 ,w41 ,,xli1 #abi ,augustinian1 #bja ,austin1 #cig ,australia1 #djg ,babbitts1 #ajh1 #cib ,babcock1 #cc ,babson1 #cfd ,bachrach1 #ajg ,backus1 #aae ,baer1 #cgc ,bagwell1 #cif ,ball1 #aha ,baltimore1 ,,xliii-,,iv1 #djc ,bancroft1 #aag 8,bankers' ,magazine01 #cgc ,bardwell1 #agh ,barnes1 ,a4 ,v41 #ahe1 #ahi1 #cai-bj ,barnes1 ,e41 #cjh ,barrows1 ,,lviii1 #abj1 #abd1 #cbh ,barton1 #chj ,bauernschmidt1 ,,xliv ,beals1 ,,xxv ,bean1 #ef ,beard1 #caj ,beardsley1 #aa ,beeber1 #bjc ,belgium1 #bii ,belloc1 #cdf ,beloit1 #dcj ,benicia1 #cdi ,bennett ,medical1 #ih 8,beowulf01 #cij ,berger1 #bca ,berkeley1 ,,xxv ,berry1 #fi1 #gj ,better ,america ,federation1 ,i1 #cf1 #dg1 #bbh1 #dba ,bettinger1 #bb ,bible1 #ade ,bither1 #if-ii ,blackburn1 #cig ,blackwood1 #hg ,bloch1 #ajg ,boise1 #bih1 #cfj ,bok1 #dbh ,bolley1 #aga 8,bolsheviks01 #bcg1 #bdc1 #beb1 #bfj1 #bgc1 #bhf1 #cad1 #cfg1 #che1 #cib1 #dcb 8,bolshevism01 #ajg1 #bbb1 #cia-c ,bonfils1 #aef ,book ,business1 ,,lxv-,,vii 8,bookmen01 #bfh1 #dag ,boone1 #cec ,bordwell1 #bd1 #be1 #bbh1 #bcj ,boston1 ,,xl1 #agg1 #bff1 #bgj1 #cfg ,bouck1 #add1 #cbg ,boyle1 #bjd ,brady1 ,a4 ,m41 #cei ,brady1 ,n4 ,f41 #cca 8,brass ,check01 #dcc1 #dcg ,brewer1 #djd1 #djg-h ,briggs1 #agi ,bristol1 #cb ,broadhurst1 #if ,brookline1 #aic ,brookwood1 #dab ,broome1 #bjf ,brougher1 #bf ,brown1 ,dean1 #aef ,browne1 ,s41 #fe 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#df ,edwards1 ,g4 ,c41 #cig ,edwards1 ,president1 #bba ,eldorado1 #cej 8,electrical ,world01 #dah ,elgin1 #cih ,eliot1 ,george1 #hi ,ellis1 #afi ,eltzbacher1 #gf ,emerson1 #ib1 #aib ,england1 #djg ,english1 #cgd 8,ephebian ,society01 #eb ,ettinger1 #ha-c ,evanston1 #dbh 8,examiner10 ,s4 ,f41 #cgi 8,express10 ,l4 ,angeles1 #cd ,faber1 #agb ,fairhope1 #dac ,faneuil ,hall1 #aic ,fargo1 #ceg ,farmer-,labor ,party1 #agc ,farrell1 #ccj ,feitshans1 #cb-c ,fifth ,avenue1 #cfh ,filene's1 #djd ,finegan1 #bje ,finley1 #djj ,fiske1 ,j41 #aha ,fiske1 #dca-b ,fleishhacker1 #aaj-aa1 #dah ,flint1 #dbb ,foch1 #big ,ford1 ,h41 #ajj1 #ajf1 #ahe ,fordham1 #ccj ,fordization1 #ahf ,forsythe1 #ff ,foshay1 #bb 8,four-,term ,year01 #bge ,france1 #bih-i1 #daf ,france1 ,a41 #bii ,francis1 ,j4 ,h41 #bc ,frayne1 #hd ,fredericks1 #bj-cb1 #cc 8,freeman01 #ada 8,free ,press10 ,oakland1 #abg ,french ,classics1 #dcd ,fresno1 #cfa ,frick1 #cae ,frye-,atwood1 #aif ,fundamentalists1 #dbd ,galbraith1 #cjj ,gallagher1 #aab1 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,,liii1 #hg1 #ahf1 #bcg1 #bda1 #bdg1 #bej-b1 #bfd-f1 #bge-f ,hallett1 ,,xxxii ,halpin1 #bih ,hamer1 #dbd ,hamilton1 #ed1 #cja ,hammond1 ,a4 ,b41 #ac-d ,hankins1 #bja ,hanna1 #aac ,hannah1 #aea1 #cjd ,hansen1 #da ,hanson1 #abi ,harcourt1 #caa ,hard1 ,w41 #bhc ,harden1 #bfj-a1 #bfc1 #bdf ,hardin1 #aeb ,hardy1 #cde ,hardyman1 #ah1 #dc 8,harmony01 #ddj ,harrison1 ,p41 #bah-bj ,harrisburg1 #dab ,harrow1 #hj ,hart1 #cja ,harvard1 #aid1 #cff1 #djd1 #dag1 #dcc-d ,harvard ,liberal ,club1 #bhh-i ,harvey1 ,h41 #dbb ,hays1 ,w4 ,h41 #cab-c ,heath1 #ajd1 #cbe ,hedges1 #dcj ,heinze1 #adg ,hellman1 #ae1 #bj ,helm1 #bi ,heney1 #aaj 8,herald01 #hf ,herberman1 #cde ,herrick1 #dcc ,herron1 #cah ,hesse1 #agj-c1 #djf ,hibben1 #cfc ,hichborn1 #cdg ,higbie1 #cei ,hilfinger1 #dbg ,hill1 ,a4 ,b41 #bib-d ,hillis1 ,n4 ,d41 #cad-e ,hirshfield1 ,,lxii1 #cjh ,hollywood1 #c1 #bh1 #chd ,hollis1 #aih-bjj ,holmes1 ,j4 ,h41 #hc1 #dch ,homestead1 #cea ,hopkins1 ,e4 ,m41 #cgd ,hopkins1 ,p41 #ah1 #dab ,hotchkiss1 #cfb 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#dac ,teachers' ,associations1 #bbe 8,teachers' ,bureaus01 ,,lxxix ,teachers' ,union1 ,,lxxxii-,,iii 8,technology ,review01 #dcd 8,telegram10 ,worcester1 #aie ,tennessee1 #add1 #cgi ,tennessee1 #dbc ,terror1 ,teachers'1 ,,lxxx ,texas1 #cbe1 #cif1 #djd ,text-,books1 ,,lxi-,,lxviii1 #bih-cja ,thatcher1 #gi 8,they ,call ,me ,carpenter01 #big ,thomas1 ,mrs41 #aif ,thompson1 ,lynn1 ,,xxxvi-,,vii ,thompson1 ,mayor1 #ajb ,thompson1 ,w4 ,b41 #cfb ,thomson1 ,prof41 #bja ,thorson1 #cbb-c ,thurber1 #aie1 #aig1 #cba1 #dbc ,tigert1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bif ,tildsley1 ,,xvi1 #fi1 #gj1 #he-f1 #ij-a 8,times10 ,detroit1 #ahe 8,times10 ,los ,angeles1 ,i1 ,,iii1 ,v1 #cj1 #cd1 #bbg1 #bif1 #cjf 8,times10 ,n4 ,y41 #ga1 #ha1 #hf1 #hi1 #ic1 #cgi ,todd1 ,capt4 ,p41 #dcd ,torchio1 #dai ,tower1 #cij ,townsend1 #ba 8,tribune10 ,chicago1 ,,xx1 #aje-f 8,tribune10 ,n4 ,y41 #hf 8,tribune10 ,oakland1 #abf ,trotsky1 #gh-i ,trovatore1 #cgh ,tweed1 #fb ,tyler1 #cfj ,undergraduate1 #dcj ,unemployment1 #che ,unitarian1 #dbc ,united ,press1 #aj ,university ,club1 ,,ii ,utah1 ,,lii ,valparaiso1 #dbg ,van de ,goorberg1 #cj ,van ,loon1 #dci ,van ,schaick1 ,,xlv ,vanderbilt1 #bda1 #cfh-i ,vare1 #bjd ,vassar1 #dcg ,veblen1 #hj ,ventzke1 #cif ,vermont1 #bfe ,viereck1 #gj 8,villains01 #dcf ,visional ,instruction1 #cad ,wadsworth1 ,e41 #dah ,wadsworth1 ,j41 #cfc ,wald1 #hd ,walton1 ,j41 #bid-e ,ward1 ,a41 #dci ,washburn1 #bd ,washington ,state1 ,,xxix1 #cbf1 #cif ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,,xlv-,,xlvi ,water power1 #di ,waters1 #bd1 #bbh ,weaver1 #bg1 #bh ,webster1 #bbc ,webster1 ,a4 ,g41 #aih 8,weeds01 #cgh ,weeks1 #dbg ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 #ha1 #bja ,wentworth1 #cbi ,werner1 #dbb ,west1 ,g4 ,p41 #dai ,west1 ,w4 ,m41 #cja1 #caj ,west ,virginia1 ,,lxxiii1 #cdi ,whalen1 #gb1 #ge ,wheeling1 #chg ,white1 ,w4 ,a41 #afd ,whitman1 #adb ,whitman1 #cid ,whitney1 #fa ,wilshire1 #dch ,wilson1 ,w41 #gc1 #adf1 #bbc1 #bid ,wilson1 ,supt41 #djj ,williams1 ,c4 ,o41 #bch1 #bdj1 #bde1 #bgj1 #bgc ,winkley1 #agd ,winship1 #bef ,wisconsin1 #bca-d3,page#bca1 #cba1 #cdi ,wisconsin1 #dbi ,wise1 ,s4 ,s41 #hc ,withers1 #afi ,woelfkin1 #dbh ,wolfner1 #afi ,women's ,medical1 #dbf ,wood1 ,a41 #bai1 #bbb-c ,wood1 ,father1 #aaa ,wood1 ,o4 ,g41 #adi1 #big1 #chj ,wood1 ,w4 ,m41 #cfe ,worcester1 ,,xli ,workers' ,education1 ,,lxxxiv ,workers' ,educat4 ,bureau1 #daa ,workers' ,party1 #ab 8,world10 ,n4 ,y41 #dbg ,wright1 ,j4 ,f41 #dac ,wyckliffite1 #cde ,yale1 #cfc1 #dbb ,yorke1 #aae ,young1 #adg1 #bja ,young1 ,e4 ,f41 #ajh ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 #cdc1 #cfg1 #dcb ,young ,workers' ,league1 #ef ,zeuch1 #dab ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,who ,owns the ,press1 and ,why8 ,when you read your daily paper1 are you reading facts or propaganda8 ,and whose propaganda8 ,who furnishes the raw material for your thoughts about life8 ,is it honest material8 ,no man can ask more important questions than these2 and here for the first time the questions are answered in a book4 ,,the ,,brass ,,check ,a ,study of ,american ,journalism ,by ,,upton ,,sinclair ,read the record of this book to ,august1 #aibj3 ,published in ,february1 #aibj2 first edition1 #bc1jjj paper-bound copies1 sold in two weeks4 ,second edition1 #ba1jjj paper-bound1 sold before it could be put to press4 ,third edition1 #ae1jjj and fourth edition1 #ab1jjj1 sold4 ,fifth edition1 #ae1jjj1 in press4 ,paper for sixth edition1 #aaj1jjj1 just shipped from the mill4 ,the third and fourth editions are printed on 8number one news02 the sixth will be printed on a carload of lightweight brown wrapping paper--all we could get in a hurry4 ,the first cloth edition1 #af1ejj copies1 all sold2 a carload of paper for the second edition1 #dj1jjj copies1 has just reached our printer--and so we dare to advertise6 ,ninety thousand copies of a book sold in six months--and published by the author1 with no advertising1 and only a few scattered reviews6 ,what this means is that the ,american people want to know the truth about their newspapers4 ,they have found the truth in 8,the ,brass ,check0 and they are calling for it by telegraph4 ,put these books on your counter1 and you will see1 as one doctor wrote us--8they melt away like the snow40 ,from the pastor of the ,community ,church1 ,new ,york3 8,i am writing to thank you for sending me a copy of your new book1 #8,the ,brass ,check4' ,although it arrived only a few days ago1 ,i have already read it through1 every word1 and have loaned it to one of my colleagues for reading4 ,the book is tremendous4 ,i have never read a more strongly consistent argument or one so formidably buttressed by facts4 ,you have proved your case to the handle4 ,i again take satisfaction in saluting you not only as a great novelist1 but as the ablest pamphleteer in ,america today4 ,i am already passing around the word in my church and taking orders for the book40--,john ,haynes ,holmes4 #ddj pages4 ,single copy1 paper1 #fj;c postpaid2 three copies1 #a4ej2 ten copies1 #d4ej4 ,single copy1 cloth1 #a4bj postpaid2 three copies1 #c4jj2 ten copies1 #i4jj ,address3 ,,upton ,,sinclair1 ,pasadena1 ,cal4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,they ,call ,me ,carpenter ,by ,,upton ,,sinclair ,would you like to meet ,jesus8 ,would you care to walk down ,broadway with him in the year #aibb8 ,what would he order for dinner in a lobster palace8 ,what would he do in a beauty parlor8 ,what would he make of a permanent wave8 ,what would he say to ,mary ,magna1 million dollar queen of the movies8 ,and how would he greet the pillars of ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,church8 ,how would he behave at strike headquarters8 ,what would he say at a mass meeting of the 8reds08 ,and what would the ,american ,legion do to him8 ,from the 8,survey03 8,upton ,sinclair has a reputation for rushing in where angels fear to tread4 ,he has done it again and1 artist that he is1 has mastered the most difficult theme with ease and sureness4 ,that the figure of ,jesus is woven into a novel which is glorious fun1 in itself will shock many people4 ,but the graphic arts have long been given the liberty of treating ,his life in a contemporary setting--why not the novelist8 8,heywood ,broun and other critics notwithstanding1 it must be stated that ,sinclair has treated the figure of ,christ with a reverence far more sincere than that of writings in which ,his presence is shrouded in pseudo-mystic inanity4 ,by an artistry borrowed from the technique of modern expressionist fiction1 he has combined downright realism with an extravagant imaginativeness in which the appearance of ,christ is no more improper than it is in the actual dreams of hundreds of thousands of devout ,christians4 8,like all of ,sinclair's writings1 this book is1 of course1 a ,socialist tract2 but here--in a spirit which entirely destroys ,mr4 ,broun's charge that he has made ,christ the spokesman of one class--he is unmerciful in his exposure of the sins of the poor as well as of the rich1 and directs at the comrades in radical movements a sermon which every churchman will gladly endorse4 8,it is not necessary to recommend a book that will find its way into thousands of homes4 ,incidentally one wonders how a story so colloquially ,american--,mr4 ,broun considers this bad taste--can possibly be translated into the ,hungarian1 the ,chinese and the dozen or so other languages in which ,sinclair's books are devoured by the common people of the world40 ,price1 cloth #a4ej2 paper #ge;c2 postpaid4 ,order from ,,upton ,,sinclair1 ,pasadena1 ,california ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a book which has been absolutely boycotted by the literary reviews of ,america4 ,,the ,,profits ,,of ,,religion ,,by ,,upton ,,sinclair ,a study of ,supernaturalism as a ,source of ,income and a ,shield to ,privilege2 the first examination in any language of institutionalized religion from the economic point of view4 8,has the labour as well as the merit of breaking virgin soil10 writes ,joseph ,mc,cabe4 ,the book has had practically no advertising and only two or three reviews in radical publications2 yet forty thousand copies have been sold in the first year4 ,from the ,rev4 ,john ,haynes ,holmes3 8,i must confess that it has fairly made me writhe to read these pages1 not because they are untrue or unfair1 but on the contrary1 because ,i know them to be the real facts4 ,i love the church as ,i love my home1 and therefore it is no pleasant experience to be made to face such a story as this which you have told4 ,it had to be done1 however1 and ,i am glad you have done it1 for my interest in the church1 after all1 is more or less incidental1 whereas my interest in religion is a fundamental thing4444 ,let me repeat again that ,i feel that you have done us all a service in the writing of this book4 ,our churches today1 like those of ancient ,palestine1 are the abode of ,pharisees and scribes4 ,it is as spiritual and helpful a thing now as it was in ,jesus' day for that fact to be revealed40 ,from ,luther ,burbank3 8,no one has ever told #8the truth1 the whole truth1 and nothing but the truth' more faithfully than ,upton ,sinclair in #8,the ,profits of ,religion4'0 ,from ,louis ,untermeyer3 8,let me add my quavering alto to the chorus of applause of #8,the ,profits of ,religion4' ,it is something more than a book--it is a ,work60 #cae pages4 ,single copy1 #fj;c postpaid2 three copies1 #a4ej2 ten copies1 #d4ej2 ,by freight or express1 collect1 twenty-five copies at #dj;c per copy2 #ajj copies at #ch;c2 #ejj copies at #cf;c2 #a1jjj copies at #ce;c4 ,single copy1 cloth1 #a4bj postpaid2 three copies1 #c4jj2 ten copies1 #i4jj4 ,by freight or express1 collect1 twenty-five copies at #hj;c per copy2 #ajj copies at #gf;c2 #ejj copies at #gb;c2 #a1jjj copies at #gj;c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a ,new ,novel by ,upton ,sinclair #ajj ,,the ,,story ,,of ,a ,,patriot ,would you like to go behind the scenes and see the 8invisible government0 of your country saving you from the ,bolsheviks and the ,reds8 ,would you like to meet the secret agents and provocateurs of 8,big ,business10 to know what they look like1 how they talk and what they are doing to make the world safe for democracy8 ,several of these gentlemen have been haunting the home of ,upton ,sinclair during the past three years and he has had the idea of turning the tables and investigating the investigators4 ,he has put one of them1 ,peter ,gudge by name1 into a book1 together with ,peter's ladyloves1 and his wife1 and his boss and a whole group of his fellow-agents and their employers4 ,the hero of this book is a red-blooded1 #ajj ,american1 a 8he-man0 and no mollycoddle4 ,he begins with the ,mooney case1 and goes through half a dozen big cases of which you have heard4 ,his story is a fact-story of ,america from #aiaf to #aibj1 and will make a bigger sensation than 8,the ,jungle40 ,albert ,rhys ,williams1 author of 8,lenin0 and 8,in the ,claws of the ,german ,eagle10 read the ,,ms4 and wrote3 8,this is the first novel of yours that ,i have read through with real interest4 ,it is your most timely work1 and is bound to make a sensation4 ,i venture that you will have even more trouble than you had with #8,the ,brass ,check'--in getting the books printed fast enough40 ,single copy1 #fj;c postpaid2 three copies1 #a4ej2 ten copies1 #d4ej4 ,by freight or express1 collect1 twenty-five copies at #dj;c per copy2 #ajj copies at #ch;c2 #ejj copies at #cf;c2 #a1jjj copies at #ce;c4 ,single copy1 cloth1 #a4bj postpaid2 three copies1 #c4jj2 ten copies1 #i4jj4 ,by freight or express1 collect1 twenty-five copies at #hj;c per copy2 #ajj copies at #gf;c2 #ejj copies at #gb;c2 #a1jjj copies at #gj;c4 ,,upton ,,sinclair -- ,pasadena1 ,california ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,jimmie ,,higgins 8,jimmie ,higgins0 is the fellow who does the hard work in the job of waking up the workers4 ,jimmie hates war--all war--and fights against it with heart and soul4 ,but war comes1 and ,jimmie is drawn into it1 whether he will or no4 ,he has many adventures--strikes1 jails1 munitions explosions1 draft-boards1 army-camps1 submarines and battles4 8,jimmie ,higgins ,goes to ,war0 at last1 and when he does he holds back the ,german army and wins the battle of 8,chatty ,terry40 ,but then they send him into ,russia to fight the ,bolsheviki1 and there 8,jimmie ,higgins ,votes for ,democracy40 ,a picture of the ,american working-class movement during four years of world-war2 all wings of the movement1 all the various tendencies and clashing impulses are portrayed4 ,cloth1 #a4bj postpaid4 ,from 8,the ,candidate03 ,i have just finished reading the first installment of 8,jimmie ,higgins0 and ,i am delighted with it4 ,it is the beginning of a great story1 a story that will be translated into many languages and be read by eager and interested millions all over the world4 ,i feel that your art will lend itself readily to 8,jimmie ,higgins10 and that you will be at your best in placing this dear little comrade where he belongs in the ,socialist movement4 ,the opening story of your chapter proves that you know him intimately4 ,so do ,i and ,i love him with all my heart1 even as you do4 ,he has done more for me than ,i shall ever be able to do for him4 ,almost anyone can be 8,the ,candidate10 and almost anyone will do for a speaker1 but it takes the rarest of qualities to produce a 8,jimmie ,higgins40 ,you are painting a superb portrait of our 8,jimmie0 and ,i congratulate you4 ,,eugene ,v4 ,,debs4 ,from ,mrs4 ,jack ,london3 ,jimmie ,higgins is immense4 ,he is real1 and so are the other characters4 ,i'm sure you rather fancy ,comrade ,dr4 ,service6 ,the beginning of the narrative is delicious with an irresistible loving humor2 and as a change comes over it and the ,big ,medicine begins to work1 one realizes by the light of #aiah1 what you have undertaken to accomplish4 ,the sure touch of your genius is here1 ,upton ,sinclair1 and ,i wish ,jack ,london might read and enjoy4 ,,charmian ,,london4 ,from a ,socialist ,artist3 ,jimmie ,higgins' start is a master portrayal of that character4 ,i have been out so long on these lecture tours that ,i can appreciate the picture4 ,i am waiting to see how the story develops4 ,it starts better than 8,king ,coal40 ,,ryan ,,walker4 ,price1 cloth1 #a4bj postpaid4 ,,upton ,,sinclair1 ,pasadena1 ,california ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,concerning ,the ,jungle --- ,not since ,byron awoke one morning to find himself famous has there been such an example of world-wide celebrity won in a day by a book as has come to ,upton ,sinclair4--,new ,york ,evening ,world4 --- ,it is a book that does for modern industrial slavery what 8,uncle ,tom's ,cabin0 did for black slavery4 ,but the work is done far better and more accurately in 8,the ,jungle0 than in 8,uncle ,tom's ,cabin40--,arthur ,brisbane in the ,new ,york ,evening ,journal4 --- ,i never expected to read a serial4 ,i am reading 8,the ,jungle10 and ,i should be afraid to trust myself to tell how it affects me4 ,it is a great work4 ,i have a feeling that you yourself will be dazed some day by the excitement about it4 ,it is impossible that such a power should not be felt4 ,it is so simple1 so true1 so tragic and so human4 ,it is so eloquent1 and yet so exact4 ,i must restrain myself or you may misunderstand4--,david ,graham ,phillips4 --- ,in this fearful story the horrors of industrial slavery are as vividly drawn as if by lightning4 ,it marks an epoch in revolutionary literature4--,eugene ,v4 ,debs4 --- ,mr4 ,heinemann isn't a man to bungle2 ,he's published a book which is called 8,the ,jungle40 ,it's written by ,upton ,sinclair1 who ,appears to have heard a thing or two ,about ,chicago and what men do ,who live in that city--a loathsome crew4 ,it's there that the stockyards reek with blood1 ,and the poor man dies1 as he lives1 in mud2 ,the ,trusts are wealthy beyond compare1 ,and the bosses are all triumphant there1 ,and everything rushes without a skid ,to be plunged in a hell which has lost its lid4 ,for a country where things like that are done ,there's just one remedy1 only one1 ,a latter-day ,upton ,sinclairism ,which the rest of us know as ,socialism4 ,here's luck to the book6 ,it will make you cower1 ,for it's written with wonderful1 thrilling power4 ,it grips your throat with a grip ,titanic1 ,and scatters shams with a force volcanic4 ,go buy the book1 for ,i judge you need it1 ,and when you have bought it1 read it1 read it4 --,punch 7,london74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,books ,by ,,upton ,,sinclair ,,the ,,goose-,,step ,a ,study of ,american ,education4 ,price #b4jj cloth2 #a4jj paper4 ,,they ,,call ,,me ,,carpenter ,a ,tale of the ,second ,coming4 ,price #a4ej cloth2 #ge cents paper4 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,life ,a ,book of ,practical ,counsel3 ,mind1 ,body1 ,love and ,society4 ,published by ,e4 ,haldeman-,julius1 ,girard1 ,kansas2 for sale also by the author4 ,price #b4jj4 ,,the ,,cry ,,for ,,justice ,an ,anthology of the ,literature of ,social ,protest4 ,price #a4ej cloth2 #a4jj paper4 ,,hell ,a ,blank ,verse ,drama and ,photoplay4 ,price #be cents4 7,all the following books2 #fj cents paper1 #a4bj cloth1 postpaid4 ,any three copies2 paper1 #a4ej2 cloth1 #c4jj7 ,,the ,,brass ,,check ,a ,study of ,american ,journalism--,who ,owns the ,press and ,why8 ,,the ,,jungle ,a ,novel of the ,chicago ,stockyards4 8#ajj0 ,the ,story of a ,patriot4 ,,king ,,coal ,a ,novel of the ,colorado ,coal ,country4 ,,the ,,profits ,,of ,,religion ,a ,study of ,supernaturalism as a ,source of ,income and a ,shield to ,privilege4 ,,upton ,,sinclair ,pasadena - - - ,california ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcriber's ,note ,each page or chapter reference in the ,index is linked for navigation to the top of that page as it appeared in the original or to the beginning of that chapter4 ,since those page breaks are not preserved1 the topic referenced by page may appear on the next page as displayed here4 ,there is an error in the ,index for ,judge ,neal and the following item for ,scott ,nearing4 ,neal1 ,jud41 #cjh-i ,nearing1 #aif1 #cfi ,judge ,neal is mentioned only on p4 #dbd4 ,the reference to pp4 #cjh-i is obviously intended to be included in the ,nearing item4 ,errors deemed most likely to be the printer's have been corrected1 and are noted here4 ,the references are to the page and line in the original4 ,the following issues should be noted1 along with the resolutions4 #af4d worth nothing what happened ,removed4 #da4f develop additional sources of supply ,inserted4 #da4cj in transactions such as this4 ,added4 #gh4ab the twenty-seven would testify ,inserted4 #ach4aj 8,new ,republic0 and the 8,survey40 ,added4 #adb4bb wb_/hose purpose was ,replaced4 #bjg4cg who would otherwise h_/be barred ,replaced4 #bec4a one o'clock in the morning ,added4 #bei4ch a majority of of the convention ,removed4 #bfb4ah the gentlemen't_/s agreements ,replaced4 #big4ae ,vice-president ,coolidge10 ,removed4 #cbf4h they have been taken over ,inserted4 #cgc4cj housing for the school children4 ,added4 #cgd4cj teachers of ,english are overworker_/d1 ,replaced4 #cij4ac regard themselves as bold progressives ,inserted4 #cif4af the mobbing of ,nonpartisian ,league members ,removed4 #dad4ci if peace can be thoroly understood4 sic #dae4ah ,each child will thoroly understand sic #dbh4h of their im_/ntellectual munition factories ,replaced4 #dcg4cb 8,church of ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan ,company0 ,added4 #ddf4ea ,dorsey1 ,v1 ,,xi1 #cd-i1 #bed1 #ega ,invalid4 #ded4i 8,times10 ,n4 ,y41 #ga1 #ha1 #hf1 #hi1 #ic1 #cgi ,added4