---------------------------------------- -------- ,note3 ,bold surr\nd+ text4 ,italics surr\nd+ text4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,music ,,!ory ,,elem5t>y ,,by ,,c>l ,e4 ,,g>dn] ,,au?or ,,( ,,music ,,composition ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,c>l ,,fis*] #aiab ,,copyright1 #aiab1 ,,by ,,c>l ,,fis*] ,int]national ,copyright ,secur$ ,,preface4 ,! prim>y object 9 ! foll[+ pages is to supply ! tea*] & /ud5t ) a text book to accompany ! "w on in/rum5tal or vocal te*nic4 ,because ( ! great am\nt ( "t requir$ to obta9 pr(ici5t te*nic1 text books are (t5 neglect$1 &1 if exhau/ive1 are usually ignor$4 ,brevity & concis5ess *>act]ize ?is volume & x is plann$ to meet ! ne$s ( ! busy tea*] & /ud5t4 ,_m pupils may n see ! importance ( "s ( ! foll[+ text1 su* z ! rese>* = !oretical keys2 b ! results ?us obta9$ are no?+ m ?an ! natural outcome ( simple ma!matical reason+1 & are inevitable if ! -/ructure- ( ! scales is und]/ood4 ,pupils %\ld be impress$ ) ! /ructure ( scales r ?an be taught _! keys & signatures by rote4 ,rote me?ods h little to recomm5d !m 9 mod]n p$agogical ideals1 & are us$ pr9cipally 9 tea*+ ! "y4 ,! lack ( k ( ! -:ys- & -:]e=es- ( scales1 int]vals1 & *ords among in/rum5tali/s & s+]s is appall+1 & is due p>tly to ! neglect ( text books & p>tly to incompet5t tea*]s4 ,a fur!r object ( ! text is to (f] a c\rse ( prep>ation = ! /udy ( h>mony1 composition1 & appreciation4 ,music ,appreciation1 z a cultural c\rse ( /udy1 is gr[+ 9 popul>ity & l>ge en?usia/ic classes 9 ?is subject are to be f\nd 9 all our colleges4 ,^! /ud5ts are frequ5tly h&icapp$ by poor prep>ation 9 ! ess5tial rudim5ts ( music su* z are treat$ 9 ?is volume4 ,! au?or's gratitude = valuable aid1 criticisms1 & sugge/ions is due 8 wife1 ,m>ion ,dillon ,g>dn]1 & 8 si/]s1 ,mabel ,g>dn] ,bank>t & ,l5a ,g>dn] ,lewis4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,preface iii ,i4 ,,rhy?m3 ,,note ,,values3 ,,"t ,,signatures3 ,,tempo #c ,,ii4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,scales 7,major & ,m9or7 #aj ,! ,major ,scale #aa ,! ,m9or ,scale #ba ,,iii4 ,,int]vals ,,& ,,*ord ,,build+ #cb ,inv]sion ( ,int]vals #cf ,*ord ,con/ruction #ch ,inv]sion ( ,triads #dj ,! ,sev5? ,*ord #da ,inv]sion ( ,sev5? ,*ords #dc ,,iv4 ,,epitomiz$ ,,ac\/ics #dg ,v4 ,,e> ,,tra9+ #ea ,! ,normal ,int]vals ( ! ,major ,scale #eb ,! ,normal ,int]vals ( ! ,m9or ,scale #ee ,alt]$ ,int]vals #ef ,arpeggio ,*ords #fj ,two ,voic$ ,*ords #fa ,! ,f\r ,voic$ ,*ord #fc ,,ess5tials ,,( ,,music ,,!ory ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,rhy?m4 ,s\nd is ! effect produc$ by propagat$ atmosph]ic waves :i* affect ! s5se ( he>+4 ,irregul> impulses1 propagat$ ?r\gh ! air1 produce noise4 ,regul> impulses produce musical -tone-4 ,! duration ( tone is indicat$ by symbols call$ -notes-4 ,foll[+ is a li/ ( notes3-- ,d\ble :ole note or ,breve ,d\ble :ole note or -,breve-4 ,semibreve ,:ole note or -,semibreve-4 ,m9im ,half note or -,m9im-4 ,qu>t] ,qu>t] note or -,crot*et-4 ,eigh? ,eigh? note or -,quav]-4 ,semiquav] ,sixte5? note or -,semiquav]-4 ,demisemiquav] ,?irty-second note or -,demisemiquav]-4 ,occasionally ! sixty-f\r? note 7,sixty-f\r? note7 is us$4 ,foll[+ is a table ( ! relative value ( notes3-- ,illu/ration ,! -breve- or d\ble :ole note is n giv5 9 ?is table z x is b seldom us$4 ,! value ( x is twice ! :ole note1 f\r times ! half1 etc4 ,! :ole note is repres5t$ by an op5 oval2 ! half1 by an op5 oval & /em2 ! qu>t]1 by a clos$ head & /em2 ! eigh? note is ! same z ! qu>t] ) a flag2 ! sixte5?1 ! same ) two flags2 ! ?irty-second1 ! same ) ?ree flags4 ,z is se5 9 ! table1 ! eigh?1 sixte5? & ?irty-second notes are (t5 gr\p$ :5 m ?an "o occurs 9 succession4 ,susp5sion ( tone is indicat$ by symbols call$ -re/s-4 ,ea* note has its equival5t re/4 ,foll[+ is a li/ ( re/s3-- ,d\ble :ole re/ ,d\ble :ole re/4 ,:ole re/ ,:ole re/4 ,half re/ ,half re/4 ,qu>t] re/ ,qu>t] re/4 ,eigh? re/ ,eigh? re/4 ,sixte5? re/ ,sixte5? re/4 ,?irty-second re/ ,?irty-second re/4 ,! rate ( vibration is call$ -pit*-4 ,rapid vibrations produce high 7%rill7 tones4 ,sl[ vibrations produce l[ tones4 ,m complete in=mation on s\nd1 tone & pit* is giv5 lat] "u ! head+ ,ac\/ics4 ,! notes are writt5 on ! /aff :i* consi/s ( five horizontal l9es toge!r ) _! spaces4 ,! duration ( a tone is det]m9$ by ! note us$2 ! pit*1 by ! note's position on ! /aff4 ,a dot plac$ aft] a note or re/ adds "o half its value4 ,a tie is a curv$ l9e connect+ two notes ( ! same pit*4 ,examples ( dots & ties3-- ,semibreve ) ,augm5tation dot equals ,semibreve ti$ ) ,m9im or #a #a_/b4 dott$ half note equals half note ti$ to qu>t] note or #a_/b #a_/d4 dott$ qu>t] note equals qu>t] note ti$ to eight note or #a_/d #a_/h4 etc41 etc4 ,a d\ble dot adds "o half & "o f\r? its value1 ?us3-- d\ble dott$ :ole note equals ti$ notes2 ti$ :ole1 half & qu>t] note or #a #a_/b #a_/d4 d\ble dott$ half note equals ti$ notes2 ti$ half1 qu>t] & eigh? note or #a_/b #a_/d #a_/h4 d\ble dott$ qu>t] note equals music symbol2 ti$ qu>t]1 eigh? & sixte5? notes or #a_/d #a_/h #a_/af4 etc41 etc4 ,b>s are l9es drawn v]tically across ! /aff divid+ music into -measures-4 ,! cont5ts ( ! measure is det]m9$ by ! fraction at ! beg9n+4 ,! d5om9ator ( ! fraction %[s ! k9d ( notes1 & ! num]ator1 ! numb] ( t k9d conta9$ 9 a measure4 ,ea* measure mu/ conta9 ! numb] & k9d ( notes or re/s designat$ by ! fraction1 or _! equival5ts4 -,artificial gr\ps- are gr\ps ( notes play$ & summ$ 9 o!r ?an _! fractional value4 ,! mo/ common artificial gr\ps are ! -triplet- & -sextuplet-4 ,a triplet is a gr\p ( ?ree notes play$ 9 ! "t & summ$ 9 ! value ( two ( its own k9d4 ,a sextuplet is a gr\p ( six notes play$ 9 ! "t & summ$ 9 ! value ( f\r ( its own k9d4 ,a gr\p ( five notes is play$ 9 ! "t & summ$ 9 ! value ( f\r ( its own k9d4 ,a gr\p ( sev5 notes is play$ 9 ! "t & summ$ 9 ! value ( six ( its own k9d4 ,occasionally a gr\p ( two notes occurs4 ,?is gr\p diff]s f o!r artificial gr\ps inasmu* z x is play$ m sl[ly ?an ! tempo notes4 ,a gr\p ( two notes is play$ 9 ! "t & summ$ 9 ! value ( ?ree ( its own k9d4 ,artificial gr\ps are designat$ by a curv$ l9e ov] or "u ! notes ) a figure %[+ ! k9d ( gr\p1 ?us3-- triplet ,illu/ration3 triplet sextuplet ,illu/ration3 sextuplet gr\p ( two notes ,illu/ration3 #b-note gr\p ,9 c\nt+ music1 x is cu/om>y to give z _m c\nts to ea* measure z ! num]ator ( ! fraction indicates4 ,ea* ( ^! c\nts is call$ a -pulse-4 ,pulses %\ld occur regul>ly unless o!rwise m>k$4 ,irregul>ities 9 ! occurr5ce ( pulses are m>k$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! -rit>d&o-1 ! -hold- 7,f]mata71 & ! -accel]&o- are ! pr9cipal m>ks ( irregul>ities4 ,! -rit>d&o- 7abbreviat$ -rit>d4- or -rit4-7 means to less5 ! spe$1 ! -accel]&o- 7abbreviat$ -accel4-7 to quick5 ! spe$1 & ! -hold- 7,f]mata7 to hold ! note1 ov] or "u :i* x is plac$1 z long z musical ta/e dictates4 ,?is occurr5ce ( pulses is call$ -rhy?m-4 ,! mo/ common rhy?ms are #d_/d or common "t1 #c_/d1 #b_/d1 #f_/h1 #c_/h1 #d_/h1 #i_/h1 #ab_/h1 & #b_/b or #b_/b alla breve also call$ -alla breve-4 ,o!r rhy?ms n s common are #f_/d1 #h_/d1 #a_/d1 #b_/h1 #a_/b1 #f_/b1 #c_/b1 #d_/b1 #c_/af1 & less (t5 #a_/a1 #e_/d1 #e_/h & #e_/af1 etc4 ,on ! fir/ pulse ( all k9ds ( rhy?m is a prim>y acc5t call$ -!sis-4 ,second>y acc5ts1 call$ -arsis-1 occur 9 #d_/d on ! ?ird c\nt & 9 #f_/h on ! f\r? c\nt4 ,^! natural acc5ts give a sw+ to ! music4 ,!y c only be displac$ or ov]%ad[$ by artificial acc5ts :i* are designat$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! mo/ common artificial acc5ts are ! -=z&o- 7designat$ ?us3 ,s=zato1 ,m>cato1 or -fz-71 mean+ a sudd5 /rong acc5t to ! note or *ord ov] or "u :i* x is plac$2 ! -r9=z&o- 7:i* is n q s m>k$ z ! -=z&o-72 ! -/accato- 7designat$ by a dot plac$ ov] or "u ! note or *ord7 :i* makes ! note ?us indicat$ %ort & crisp1 & ! -syncopation-1 :i* is a =m ( rhy?m displac+ ! natural acc5t by ! note's entrance on an unacc5t$ "p ( ! measure & its su/5tation ?r\gh ! pulse4 ,! rapidity ( ! occurr5ce ( pulses is call$ -tempo-1 :i* is indicat$ at ! beg9n+ ( a movem5t by ,italian words usually1 ! mo/ common ( :i* are z foll[s3-- -,grave-1 sl[ & solemn 7! sl[e/ tempo74 -,l>go-1 sl[1 a trifle fa/] ?an ,grave4 -,l>ghetto-1 a trifle fa/] ?an ,l>go4 -,adagio-1 a trifle fa/] ?an ,l>ghetto4 -,l5to-1 sl[4 -,&ante-1 mod]ately sl[4 -,&ant9o-1 translat$ lit]ally means sl[] ?an ,&ante1 b x is m (t5 us$ incorrectly mean+ fa/] ?an ,&ante4 -,mod]ato-1 mod]ate2 ! m$iate betwe5 fa/ & sl[4 -,allegretto-1 *e]ful4 -,allegro-1 quick4 -,vivo-1 quick4 -,pre/o-1 v quick4 ,to _m ( ! above words is add$ ! end+ -issimo- :i* gives ! ^w to :i* x is add$ its sup]lative degree4 ,o!r t]ms are (t5times comb9$ ) ! above words to *>act]ize ! movem5t4 ,e pupil %\ld h a diction>y ( musical t]ms = con/ant ref]5ce4 ,! majority ( piano /ud5ts h an absolute disreg>d = note values & tempo m>ks :i* are s important t ! pupils fail to ga9 any good results f _! /udy unless !y und]/& & pay /rict att5tion to ^! m>ks4 ,! incompet5cy ( s _m tea*]s is some:at responsible = ?is /ate ( affairs1 b ! majority ( piano /udies & me?ods is m l>gely responsible4 ,9 second grade /udies1 !re are _m :i*1 if writt5 9 a judici\s mann]1 w\ld be excell5t second grade "w1 b :5 play$ z !y are writt5 & z _! tempo m>k dem&s require a virtuoso to execute !m correctly4 ,^! /udies h l$ pupils to play+ -allegro- movem5ts 9 -l>go- tempo4 ,at ! end ( a week's practice a -mod]ato tempo- may be ! result4 ,cont9u$ en=c$ disreg>d c produce no?+ b habitual disreg>d = tempo m>ks4 ,! tea*] %\ld con/antly rem9d ! /ud5t ( ^! facts &1 9 z f> z possible1 omit su* /udies z _c be play$ -a tempo-4 ,_m ex]cises may be rewritt5 9 a playable mann] by ! tea*]1 :o1 by s do+1 w\ld n only impress ! pupil ) ! importance ( tempo m>ks1 b w\ld develop 8 ability to read f manuscript1 an ability :i*1 un=tunately1 is almo/ univ]sally lack+ 9 pupils4 ,,ex]cises4 ,,oral ,,& ,,writt54 #a4 ,:at is s\nd8 #b4 ,tell ! diff]5ce betwe5 noise & musical tone4 #c4 ,:at is a note8 #d4 ,describe ! mo/ common notes4 #e4 ,write a table ( ! relative value ( notes comm5c+ ) ! :ole note4 #f4 ,write a table ( ! relative value ( notes comm5c+ ) ! dott$ half note4 #g4 ,describe ! re/s4 #h4 ,= ea* dott$ note1 %[ its equival5t by two ti$ notes4 #i4 ,= ea* d\ble dott$ note1 %[ its equival5t by ?ree ti$ notes4 #aj4 ,describe measure & b> & ^u :at ! measure's cont5ts dep5ds4 #aa4 ,describe ! mann] ( c\nt+ ! diff]5t rhy?ms4 #ab4 ,"n ! m>ks t designate irregul>ities 9 rhy?ms & describe ! "* ( ea* m>k4 #ac4 ,describe ! natural acc5t4 #ad4 ,"n ! mo/ common artificial acc5ts & describe ! "* ( ea*4 #ae4 ,:at is meant by tempo8 #af4 ,"n & def9e twelve diff]5t tempo m>ks4 #ag4 ,expla9 & notate artificial gr\ps4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,!ory ,,( ,,scales4 ,,major ,,& ,,m9or4 ,z /at$ be=e 7,*apt] ,i1 page #d71 ! rate ( vibration is call$ pit*4 ,tones vibrat+ an equal numb] ( times produce an -unison- :i* is a p]fect concordance & is pleasant to ! e>4 ,equally z pleasant to ! e> is ! ratio ( two vibrations aga9/ "o4 ,a tone vibrat+ twice z fa/ z a giv5 tone is call$ ! giv5 tone's -octave-4 ,betwe5 ^! two tones _m tones may be f\nd4 ,= example1 suppose a note vibrat+ two hundr$ times 9 a second1 its octave w\ld vibrate f\r hundr$ times 9 ! second4 ,betwe5 ^! two tones !re w\ld be 7avoid+ fractions :i* w\ld produce m diff]5t pit*es7 "o hundr$ & n9ety-n9e tones ( diff]5t pit*4 ,! e> is incapable ( locat+ all ^! tones & mod]n cu/om has divid$ all octaves into twelve p>ts1 ea* "p be+ call$ a half /ep or1 lit]ally incorrect1 a -semi-tone-4 ,^! semi-tones s\nd$ successively upw>ds or d[nw>ds f any tone to its octave produce ! -*romatic scale-4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,all ref]5ces to scales1 int]vals & enh>monic *anges treat ( ! temp]$ scale4 ,a -diatonic scale- is a progression f any tone to its octave 9 :i* c]ta9 *romatic /eps are omitt$4 ,9 mod]n music !re are ?ree =ms ( diatonic scales1 call$3-- #a4 ,major4 #b4 ,h>monic m9or4 #c4 ,melodic m9or4 ,all ?ree =ms h eight tones1 ! eigh? be+ ! octave ( ! fir/ & is giv5 ! same "n4 ,! tones ( ! diatonic scale are nam$ 9 f\r diff]5t ways3-- #a4 by num]als 7,arabic & ,roman71 #b4 by ! fir/ sev5 lett]s ( ! alphabet1 #c4 by ! ,italian syllables 7-d-1 -re-1 -mi-1 -fa-1 -sol-1 -la-1 -si-17 & #d4 by ! !ory names 7-tonic-1 -sup]tonic-1 -m$iant-1 -subdom9ant-1 -dom9ant-1 -subm$iant- & -subtonic-74 -,! key-tone is ! tone f :i* a diatonic scale is built4- ,! num]ical sy/em is a movable sy/em :i* means t #a is always ! key-tone4 ,! !ory "n sy/em is a movable sy/em1 ! tonic be+ always ! key-tone or #a4 ,! alphabet sy/em is a fix$ sy/em :i* means t a lett] is always ! same tone or its octave4 ,! ,italian sy/em is treat$ z bo? a fix$ sy/em & a movable sy/em4 ,?is book treats ( ! movable -d-1 -d- always be+ ! key-tone1 #a & tonic4 ,,! ,,major ,,scale4 ,a major scale is a progression f any tone to its octave 9 :i* *romatic /eps are omitt$ betwe5 #a & #b1--b & #c1--d & #e1--e & #f1--f & #g2 f #c to #d & f #g to #h half /eps are made4 ,foll[+ is a diagram ( a two octave keybo>d3-- ,illu/ration3 ,c ,d ,f ,g ,a ,c ,d ,f ,g ,a or or or or or or or or or or ,d ,e ,g ,a ,b ,d ,e ,g ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,a ,b ,c ,! keybo>d %[s :ite & black keys4 ,! black keys are 9 gr\ps ( two & ?ree4 ,z c be se5 9 ! diagram1 ! :ite key next to ! left ( ! gr\p ( two black keys is -c-4 ,! :ite keys 9 ord] to ! "r ( -c- are respectively -d-1 -e-1 -f-1 -g-1 -a- & -b-4 ,foll[+ -b- is a repetition ( -c- at ! di/ance ( an octave4 ,notice t betwe5 -e- & -f- !re is no black key z is also ! case betwe5 -b- & -c-4 ,9 ^! two cases1 :]e no black key sep>ates ! :ite keys1 ! :ite keys are "o semi-tone ap>t4 ,two :ite keys sep>at$ by a black key are "o :ole /ep ap>t4 ,a black key is at ! di/ance ( a semi-tone f an adjo9+ :ite key4 ,! black keys d]ive _! lett] names f ! :ite keys4 ,a black key is nam$ f ei!r ( ! :ite keys betwe5 :i* x is situat$4 ,! black key betwe5 -c- & -d- is nam$ -c %>p- 77 or -d flat- 774 ,/>t+ at -c- & s\nd+ ! :ite keys 9 ord] to ! "r z f> z ! octave produces ! asc5d+ major scale ( -,c-2 s\nd+ 9 ord] to ! left produces ! desc5d+ major scale ( -,c-4 ,notice t no black keys are necess>y 9 ! case ( ! -,c- major scale1 ! :ole & half /eps be+ 9 _! prop] places2 namely1 :ole /eps betwe5 #a & #b1 #b & #c1 #d & #e1 #e & #f1 #f & #g1 & half /eps betwe5 #c & #d & betwe5 #g & #h4 ,! /ud5t mu/ con/antly keep 9 m9d ! ord] ( :ole & half /eps 9 all scales expla9$4 ,9 ea* scale expla9$ ! lett]s w be numb]$ & a curv$ l9e w connect ^? figures repres5t+ tones "o half /ep ap>t4 ,all major keys except -,c- major require "o or m black keys4 ,! numb] ( %>ps or flats requir$ = a key is plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! /aff & ?is is call$ ! signature4 ,a %>p 77 plac$ be=e a note raises ! tone "o half /ep & a flat 77 l[]s a tone "o half /ep4 ,! %>p keys w be consid]$ fir/ & a %>p major scale w be built f ea* ( ! twelve tones4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rule #a4 ,! ,fif? ( a ,scale is ! ,tonic 7or #a7 ( ! ,scale hav+ ! next ,numb] ( ,%>ps4 -,c- has no %>ps1 ! fif? ( -,c- is -g- & !re=e by foll[+ ! rule1 we f9d t -,g- has "o %>p4 ,! scale ( -,g- is z foll[s3-- ,g a b c d e f ,g #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,notice t ! sev5? ( ! scale is a black key4 ,! fif? ( -,g- is -d- & has two %>ps3-- ,d e f g a b c ,d #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,notice t -f- rema9s %>p$ & ! add$ %>p is ! sev5? ( ! scale4 ,?is is always ! case1 ! add$ %>p is ! sev5? ( ! new scale4 ,! fif? ( -,d- is -a- & has ?ree %>ps3-- ,a b c d e f g ,a #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,! fif? ( -,a- is -e- & has f\r %>ps3-- ,e f g a b c d ,e #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,! fif? ( -,e- is -b- & has five %>ps3-- ,b c d e f g a ,b #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,! fif? ( -,b- is -f- & has six %>ps3-- ,f g a b c d e ,f #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,notice t -e- is n a black key b ! :ite key :i* has be5 previ\sly consid]$ z -f-4 ,x mu/ be call$ -e- to reta9 ! alphabetical ord]4 ,! fif? ( -,f- is -c- & has sev5 %>ps3-- ,c d e f g a b ,c #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,9 ?is scale all ! notes are %>p$4 ,! -b- z well z ! -e- is a :ite key4 ,! fif? ( -,c- is -g- & has eight %>ps4 ,?is key necessitates "o d\ble %>p & -f- is d\ble %>p$4 ,! d\ble %>ps are add$ 9 ! same ord] t ! s+le %>ps are4 ,! d\ble %>p 7designat$ ?us3 x7 raises a tone "o :ole /ep4 ,g a b c d e fx ,g #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,! fif? ( -,g- is -d- & has n9e %>ps 7two d\ble %>ps1 -f- & -c-73-- ,d e fx g a b cx ,d #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,! fif? ( -,d- is -a- & has t5 %>ps 7?ree d\ble %>ps1 -f-1 -c- & -g-73-- ,a b cx d e fx gx ,a #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,! fif? ( -,a- is -e- & has elev5 %>ps 7f\r d\ble %>ps1 -f-1 -c-1 -g- & -d-73-- ,e fx gx a b cx dx ,e #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,! fif? ( -,e- is -b- & has twelve %>ps 7five d\ble %>ps1 -f-1 -c-1 -g-1 -d- & -a-73-- ,b cx dx e fx gx ax ,b #a #b #cd #e #f #gh -,b- has tak5 u back to our />t+ key call$ by a diff]5t "n4 ,all twelve keys h n[ be5 nam$ ) _! %>p signatures4 ,to cont9ue c\nt+ five w\ld take u ov] ! same keys call$ by diff]5t names4 ,! /ud5t is advis$ to d a little ( ?is = m5tal discipl9e4 ,if ?is is done beyond f\rte5 %>ps1 x w be necess>y to add triple %>ps4 ,( c\rse1 triple %>ps are nev] us$ 9 musical notation & su* a rese>* w\ld be entirely ari?metical4 ,! ord] ( ! lett]s 9 ! %>p signature :i* foll[s %\ld be committ$ to memory3-- ,f ,c ,g ,d ,a ,e ,b4 ,all keys hav+ "o d\ble %>p or m w\ld be difficult to read1 & s in/ead ( us+ ! %>p signatures on su* keys1 ! flat signatures are us$4 ,all twelve keys ) _! flat signatures w n[ be giv54 99 99 99 99 99 ,rule #b4 ,! ,f\r? ( a ,scale is ! ,tonic ( ! ,scale hav+ ! ,next ,numb] ( ,flats4 -,c- has no flats2 ! f\r? ( -,c- is -f-2 !re=e1 by foll[+ ! rule1 we f9d t -,f- has "o flat3-- ,f g a b c d e ,f #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,notice ! f\r? ( ! scale is a black key4 ,! f\r? ( -,f- is -b- & has two flats3-- ,b c d e f g a ,b #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,notice t ! -b- rema9s flat & t ! add$ flat is ! f\r? ( ! scale4 ,?is is always ! case--! add$ flat is ! f\r? ( ! new scale4 ,! f\r? ( -,b- is -e- & has ?ree flats3-- ,e f g a b c d ,e #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,! f\r? ( -,e- is -a- & has f\r flats3-- ,a b c d e f g ,a #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,! f\r? ( -,a- is -d- & has five flats3-- ,d e f g a b c ,d #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,! f\r? ( -,d- is -g- & has six flats3-- ,g a b c d e f ,g #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,! f\r? ( ,g is -c- & has sev5 flats3-- ,c d e f g a b ,c #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,! f\r? ( -,c- is -f- & has eight flats4 ,?is key necessitates "o d\ble flat & -b- has ! d\ble flat4 ,! d\ble flats are add$ 9 ! same ord] t ! s+le flats are4 ,! d\ble flat 7designat$3 7 l[]s a tone "o :ole /ep4 ,f g a b c d e ,f #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,! f\r? ( -,f- is -b- & has n9e flats 7two d\ble flats1 -b-& -e-73-- ,b c d e f g a ,b #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,! f\r? ( -,b- is -e- & has t5 flats 7?ree d\ble flats1 -b-1 -e- & -a-73-- ,e f g a b c d ,e #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,! f\r? ( -,e- is -a- & has elev5 flats 7f\r d\ble flats1 -b-1 -e-1 -a- & -d-73-- ,a b c d e f g ,a #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,! f\r? ( -,a- is -d- & has twelve flats 7five d\ble flats1 -b-1 -e-1 -a-1 -d-1 & -g-73-- ,d e f g a b1 c ,d #a #b #cd #e #f #gh ,d has tak5 u back to our />t+ key call$ by a diff]5t "n z 0 ! case :5 we _h twelve %>ps4 ,to cont9ue c\nt+ f\r w\ld take u ov] ! same keys call$ by diff]5t names4 ,z 0 advis$ 9 ! %>p keys1 ?is rese>* %\ld be cont9u$ by ! /ud5t4 ,if m ?an f\rte5 flats are consid]$1 x w be necess>y to add triple flats4 ,! ord] ( ! lett]s 9 ! flat signature :i* foll[s %\ld be committ$ to memory3-- ,b ,e ,a ,d ,g ,c ,f4 ,by comp>+ ! ord] ( ! lett]s 9 ! flat signature ) t ( ! %>p signature1 x w be se5 t ! ord] ( ! lett]s 9 ! flat signature is t ( ! %>p signature rev]s$4 ,notice t ea* key has m ?an "o "n2 = example1 ! :ite key next to ! left ( ! gr\p ( two black keys has be5 call$ -,c-1 -,d- & -,b-4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rule #c4 ,an ,enh>monic ,*ange is ! ,*ange ( a ,"n ( a ,tone )\t ,alt]+ its ,pit*4 ,two or m scales play$ f ! same pit*$ tone b call$ by diff]5t names are call$ -enh>monic scales-4 ,9 practice1,b fifte5 major scales are us$1 ?ree ( :i* are enh>monic scales4 ,foll[+ is a li/ ( ! major scales us$ 9 practice toge!r ) _! signatures3-- ,c no %>ps or flats ,g #a %>p 7f7 ,d #b %>ps 7f & c7 ,a #c %>ps 7f1 c & g7 ,e #d %>ps 7f1 c1 g & d7 ,f #a flat 7b7 ,b #b flats 7b & e7 ,e #c flats 7b1 e & a7 ,a #d flats 7b1 e1 a & d7 ,d #e flats 7b1 e1 a1 d & g74 enh>monical to ,c4 ,g #f flats 7b1 e1 a1 d1 g & c7 enh>monical to ,f ,c #g flats 7b1 e1 a1 d1 g1 c & f7 enh>monical to ,b ,b #e %>ps 7f1 c1 g1 d & a7 ,f #f %>ps 7f1 c1 g1 d1 a & e7 ,c #g %>ps 7f1 c1 g1 d1 a1 e & b7 ,footnote ,b3 ,!oretical keys appe> 9 _m compositions dur+ transitions1 b !y are n obvi\s 7except by analysis7 because ( ! fact t _! signatures d n appe>4 ,! enh>monic keys us$ 9 practice are3-- ,b 7five %>ps7 enh>monical to ,c 7sev5 flats7 ,f 7six %>ps7 enh>monical to ,g 7six flats7 ,c 7sev5 %>ps7 enh>monical to ,d 7five flats7 99 99 99 99 99 ,rule #d4 ,! ,sum ( ! ,enh>monic ,flat & ,%>p ,signatures is ,twelve4 ,notice t ?is is true 9 ! above ?ree keys4 ,by ?is rule ! !oretical keys 7t is1 ^? hav+ m ?an sev5 %>ps or flats7 are easily f\nd4 ,= example3--to f9d ! key hav+ elev5 flats2 ! key hav+ elev5 flats is enh>monical to ! key hav+ "o %>p 7#aa #a #ab74 -,g- has "o %>p & *ang+ its "n to ! enh>monic flat key1 we obta9 -,a- :i*1 !re=e1 has elev5 flats4 ,?is process %\ld be appli$ to all keys hav+ eight to elev5 %>ps & eight to elev5 flats inclusive4 ,z /at$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 ! pit* ( a tone is det]m9$ by ! note's position on ! /aff4 ,! /aff ( five l9es ) its spaces all[s ( ! designation ( b "o octave & "o /ep1 :]eas1 9 mod]n music1 !re is ne$ ( ! notation ( at lea/ six octaves4 ,?is necessitates ! use ( symbols call$ -clefs-1 & l9es add$ to ! /aff call$ l$g] l9es4 ,l$g] l9es are %ort l9es p>allel to ! /aff l9es add$ above or bel[ ! /aff l9es4 ,!re are ?ree clefs3-- #a4 ! treble or ,g clef1 #b4 ! t5or1 movable or ,c clef1 #c4 ! bass or ,f clef4 ,middle -,c- is ! tone :i* all voices c s+4 ,x is 9 ! l[] regi/] ( ! high female voice & 9 ! upp] regi/] ( ! l[ male voice4 ,! -,g clef- 7treble clef7 is = high voices or in/rum5ts4 ,its symbol %[s ! position ( ! -,g- next above middle -,c- ?us3 ,illu/ration3 music4 ,middle -,c- is f\nd on ! fir/ l$g] l9e bel[ ! -,g clef-1 ?us3 ,illu/ration3 music4 ,! -t5or- or -,c clef- is = ! use ( m$ium voices or in/rum5ts4 ,its symbol %[s ! position ( middle -,c-4 ,?is clef is movable & may place middle -,c- on any l9e or space ( ! /aff4 ,its mo/ common position is on ! ?ird l9e ( ! /aff1 ?us3 ,illu/ration3 music4 ,x is n uncommon1 h[ev]1 to f9d x on ! second or f\r? l9e4 ,= vocal music x is (t5 writt5 9 ! ?ird space4 ,! -bass- or -,f clef- is = ! use ( l[ voices or in/rum5ts4 ,its symbol %[s ! position ( ! -,f- next bel[ middle -,c-1 ?us3 ,illu/ration3 music4 ,middle -,c- is f\nd on ! fir/ l$g] l9e above ! -,f clef-1 ?us3 ,illu/ration3 music4 ,! notation 9 ! treble clef ( all ! major scales us$ 9 practice foll[s3 ,scale ( ,c ,illu/ration3 ,music3 ,c d e f g a b ,c ,scale ( ,g ,illu/ration3 ,music3 ,g a b c d e f ,g ,scale ( ,d ,illu/ration3 ,music3 ,d e f g a b c ,d ,scale ( ,a ,illu/ration3 ,music3 ,a b c d e f g ,a ,scale ( ,e ,illu/ration3 ,music3 ,e f g a b c d ,e ,scale ( ,b ,illu/ration3 ,music3 ,b c d e f g a ,b ,scale ( ,f ,illu/ration3 ,music3 ,f g a b c d e ,f ,scale ( ,c ,illu/ration3 ,music3 ,c d e f g a b ,c ,scale ( ,f ,illu/ration3 ,music3 ,f g a b d e ,f ,scale ( ,b ,illu/ration3 ,music3 ,b c d e f g a ,b ,scale ( ,e ,illu/ration3 ,music3 ,e f g a b c d ,e ,scale ( ,a ,illu/ration3 ,music3 ,a b c d e f g ,a ,scale ( ,d ,illu/ration3 ,music3 ,d e f g a b c ,d ,scale ( ,g ,illu/ration3 ,music3 ,g a b c d e f ,g ,scale ( ,c ,illu/ration3 ,music3 ,c d e f g a b ,c ,,! ,,m9or ,,scale4 ,!re are two =ms ( m9or scales1 -h>monic- & -melodic-1 bo? diff]+ 9 con/ruction f ! major =m4 ,! m9or key hav+ no %>ps or flats 9 ! signature is -a-4 ,/>t+ at -a- & s\nd+ ! sev5 :ite keys 9 ord] to ! "r produces a =m ( scale ) :ole /eps betwe5 #a & #b1 #c & #d1 #d & #e1 #f & #g1 #g & #h1 & half /eps betwe5 #b & #c & betwe5 #e & #f4 ,?is scale is unsatisfactory to ! e> z its subtonic is n a -lead+ tone-4 ,! effect ( a lead+ tone %\ld be urg5t1 re/less1 & dem& its tonic 9 ord] to obta9 a re/ful effect4 ,?is urg5t effect c only be obta9$ by ! subtonic be+ "o half /ep bel[ ! tonic4 ,?is may be obta9$ by simply rais+ ! sev5? "o semi-tone 9 ! above scale =mation & ?us is produc$ ! s-call$ -h>monic m9or- scale4 ,! symbols = rais+ a note are ! -%>p- 771 ! -d\ble %>p- 7x71 & ! -cancel- 77 7also call$ -natural-7 :5 plac$ be=e a note t has be5 previ\sly affect$ by a flat4 ,! symbols = l[]+ a note are ! -flat- 771 ! -d\ble flat- 771 & ! -cancel- :5 plac$ be=e a note t has be5 previ\sly affect$ by a %>p4 ,by ^! /atem5ts x c be se5 t ! cancel 77 is bo? a l[]+ & a rais+ symbol4 ,! -cancel- l[]s a tone :5 x cancels a %>p & raises a tone :5 x cancels a flat4 -,! h>monic m9or scale- is =m$ by :ole /eps betwe5 #a & #b1--c & #d1--d & #e1--;half /eps betwe5 #b & #c1--e & #f1--g & #h1 & an int]val ( "o & "o-half /eps 7call$ an augm5t$ /ep7 betwe5 #f & #g4 ,9 demon/rat+ ! m9or keys1 a curv$ l9e w be us$ to connect ^? figures repres5t+ tones "o half /ep ap>t & a bracket to connect ^? figures repres5t+ tones an augm5t$ /ep ap>t4 ,! key ( -a m9or- 7h>monic =m7 is z foll[s3-- a b c d e f g a #a #b #cd #efgh ,! /ud5t w notice t ?is scale has "o %>p 7-g-74 ,nev]!less1 ! -a m9or- is ! m9or key :i* has nei!r %>ps nor flats 9 its signature4 ,! rais$ sev5? ( all m9or keys is -nev]- pres5t 9 ! signature1 b appe>s z -accid5tal-4 ,:5 a %>p1 d\ble %>p1 flat1 d\ble flat or cancel1 :i* is n pres5t 9 ! signature1 is plac$ be=e a note1 x is call$ an accid5tal4 ,if ! rais$ sev5? 7 pres5t 9 ! signature1 uni=m signatures 9 ! m9or w\ld be impossible4 ,x may also be rem>k$ "h t ! sev5? is n always rais$ dur+ ! c\rse ( a composition & is necess>ily rais$ only :5 ! compos] desires ! li/5]'s e> to come at re/ on ! tonic1 9 :i* case ! tonic mu/ be prec$$ by ! rais$ sev5?1 if ! subtonic prec$es ! tonic 9 ! melody or h>mony4 ,! same rules 7pages #ac & #ae7 us$ 9 ! major = f9d+ ! key hav+ ! next numb] ( %>ps & ! key hav+ ! next numb] ( flats are applicable 9 ! m9or4 ,! ord] ( ! lett]s 9 bo? ! %>p & flat signatures is ! same 9 ! m9or z 9 ! major4 -,a- m9or has no %>ps1 ! fif? ( -a- is -e- & has "o %>p 7-f-73-- e f g a b c d e #a #bc #d #efg #h ,! fif? ( -e- is -b- & has two %>ps 7-f- & -c-73-- b c d e f g a b #a #bc #d #ef #gh ,! fif? ( -b- is -f- & has ?ree %>ps 7-f-1 -c- & -g-73-- f g a b c d e f #a #b #c #d #ef #g #h ,! fif? ( -f- is -c- & has f\r %>ps 7-f-1 -c-1 -g- & -d-73-- c d e f g a b c #a #b #c #d #e #fg #h ,! fif? ( -c- is -g- & has five %>ps 7-f-1 -c-1 -g-1 -d- & -a-73-- g a b c d e fx g #a #b #c #d #ef #g #h ,! /ud5t w notice t 9 ?is key1 -f- is d\ble %>p$4 -,f- is %>p$ 9 ! signature1 b because ! subtonic requires rais+1 -f- dem&s a d\ble %>p4 ,! fif? ( -g- is -d- & has six %>ps 7-f-1 -c-1 -g-1 -d-1 -a- & -e-73-- d e f g a b cx d #a #b #c #d #e #fg #h ,! fif? ( -d- is -a- & has sev5 %>ps 7-f-1 -c-1 -g-1 -d-1 -a-1 -e- & -b-73-- a b c d e f gx a #a #b #c #d #e #f #gh ,! m9or keys hav+ m ?an sev5 %>ps %\ld be f\nd by ! /ud5t & submitt$ to ! tea*] = correction4 ,= ! sake ( brevity1 !y are n giv5 "h1 b ! /ud5t %\ld be ?or\ghly capable1 by ?is "t1 ( f9d+ !m all4 -,a- m9or has no flats1 ! f\r? ( -a- is -d- & has "o flat 7-b-73-- d e f g a b c d #a #bc #d #ef #gh ,! f\r? ( -d- is -g- & has two flats 7-b- & -e-73-- g a b c d e f g #a #b #c #d #ef #gh ,! f\r? ( -g- is -c- & has ?ree flats 7-b-1 -e- & -a-73-- c d e f g a b c #a #bc #d #ef #gh ,! /ud5t w notice a contradiction 9 ! above scale2 x is /at$ t -c- has ?ree flats & 9 ! example1 -b- is cancell$4 ,?is cancel1 h[ev]1 appe>s z -accid5tal- 7! rais$ sev5?7 & mu/ be a flat 9 ! signature4 ,! f\r? ( -c- is -f- & has f\r flats 7-b-1 -e-1 -a- & -d-73-- f g a b c d e f #a #bc #d #ef #g #h ,! f\r? ( -f- is -b- & has five flats 7-b-1 -e-1 -a-1 -d- & -g-73-- b c d e f g a b #a #b #c #d #ef #gh ,! f\r? ( -b- is -e- & has six flats 7-b-1 -e-1 -a-1 -d-1 -g- & -c-73-- e f g a b c d e #a #bc #d #e #f #g #h ,! f\r? ( -e- is -a- & has sev5 flats 7-b-1 -e-1 -a-1 -d-1 -g-1 -c- & -f-73-- a b c d e f g a #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h ,! /ud5t %\ld f9d ! m9or keys hav+ m ?an sev5 flats4 ,! h>monic m9or scale is awkw>d 9 =mation on acc\nt ( ! augm5t$ second /ep betwe5 /eps six & sev54 ,all augm5t$ int]vals s\nd h>% & are difficult to s+ tunefully4 ,= ?is reason1 ano!r =m ( m9or scale is sometimes us$ :i* elim9ates ! augm5t$ second /ep4 ,?is =m is call$ -melodic m9or- & is us$1 z its "n implies1 only = melodic purposes4 ,x defies h>monization = ! obvi\s reason t its asc5d+ =m diff]s f its desc5d+ =m4 -,! melodic m9or scale- has ! six? z well z ! sev5? rais$ by -accid5tal- 9 asc5d+1 b 9 desc5d+1 bo? ! six? & sev5? are re/or$4 ,! asc5d+ =m has :ole /eps betwe5 #a & #b1--c & #d1--d & #e1--e & #f1--f & #g1 & half /eps betwe5 #b & #c & betwe5 #g & #h4 ,! desc5d+ =m has its half /eps betwe5 #f & #e & betwe5 #c & #b4 ,notice t ! desc5d+ =m is z its signature dictates4 rais$ rais$ ,asc5d+3--#a #bc #d #e #f #gh ,desc5d+3--#h #g #fe #d #c #b #a ,! asc5d+ =m ( ! melodic m9or is ne>ly ! same z ! major scale1 & = ?is reason x is be/ n to reta9 ! rais$ six? & sev5? 9 desc5d+4 ,! subtonic 9 a desc5d+ scale does n lead 7progress7 to ! tonic & !re=e ne$ n necess>ily be situat$ "o half /ep bel[ ! tonic4 ,any m9or key is call$ ! relative ( ! major key hav+ ! same signature2 !re=e1 ! relative m9or ( -,c- major is -a-,c z !y bo? h nei!r %>ps nor flats4 ,footnote ,c3 ,capital lett]s are us$ to designate major keys & small lett]s to designate m9or keys4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rule #e4 ,! ,relative ,m9or is f\nd on ! ,six? ( ! ,major ,scale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rule #f4 ,! ,relative ,major is f\nd on ! ,?ird ( ! ,m9or ,scale4 ,"s writ]s h call$ ! -relative- m9or -p>allel- m9or1 us+ -relative- & -p>allel- synonym\sly4 ,?is is a usage to be regrett$ z x causes consid]able confusion4 ,by mo/ writ]s1 ! p>allel m9or is treat$ z ! scale comm5c+ on ! same key-note z ! major & w ?us be treat$ 9 ?is book1 !re=e3-- ! relative m9or ( ,c is -a-2 ! p>allel m9or ( ,c is -c-4 ,! p>allel m9or scale has ?ree m flats or ?ree less %>ps 9 its signature ?an ! major scale4 ,9 o!r words1 by l[]+ /eps #c1 #f & #g ( ! major scale "o semi-tone1 ! signature ( ! p>allel m9or is obta9$4 ,! notation 9 ! treble clef ( all ! m9or scales 7h>monic & melodic7 foll[s3-- ,scale ( a ,illu/ration3 music ,h>monic ,scale ( a ,illu/ration3 music ,melodic ,scale ( e ,illu/ration3 music ,h>monic ,scale ( e ,illu/ration3 music ,melodic ,scale ( b ,illu/ration3 music ,h>monic ,scale ( b ,illu/ration3 music ,melodic ,scale ( f ,illu/ration3 music ,h>monic ,scale ( f ,illu/ration3 music ,melodic ,scale ( c ,illu/ration3 music ,h>monic ,scale ( c ,illu/ration3 music ,melodic ,scale ( g ,illu/ration3 music ,h>monic ,scale ( g ,illu/ration3 music ,melodic ,scale ( d ,illu/ration3 music ,h>monic ,scale ( d ,illu/ration3 music ,melodic ,scale ( a ,illu/ration3 music ,h>monic ,scale ( a ,illu/ration3 music ,melodic ,scale ( d ,illu/ration3 music ,h>monic ,scale ( d ,illu/ration3 music ,melodic ,scale ( g ,illu/ration3 music ,h>monic ,scale ( g ,illu/ration3 music ,melodic ,scale ( c ,illu/ration3 music ,h>monic ,scale ( c ,illu/ration3 music ,melodic ,scale ( f ,illu/ration3 music ,h>monic ,scale ( f ,illu/ration3 music ,melodic ,scale ( b ,illu/ration3 music ,h>monic ,scale ( b ,illu/ration3 music ,melodic ,scale ( e ,illu/ration3 music ,h>monic ,scale ( e ,illu/ration3 music ,melodic ,scale ( a ,illu/ration3 music ,h>monic ,scale ( a ,illu/ration3 music ,melodic ,,ex]cises ,,oral ,,& ,,writt5 #a4 ,into h[ _m p>ts does mod]n cu/om divide an octave8 #b4 ,:at is ea* "p call$8 #c4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a *romatic scale & a diatonic scale8 #d4 ,h[ _m =ms ( diatonic scales are !re & :at are _! names8 #e4 ,"n & def9e ! f\r ways 9 :i* ! tones ( ! diatonic scales are nam$4 #f4 ,:at is ! key-tone8 #g4 ,describe ! movable & fix$ sy/ems4 #h4 ,describe ! major scale4 #i4 ,describe ! effect ( a %>p2 ( a d\ble %>p2 ( a flat2 ( a d\ble flat2 ( a cancel4 #aj4 ,/ate ! rule = f9d+ ! key hav+ ! next numb] ( %>ps & ! rule = f9d+ ! key hav+ ! next numb] ( flats4 #aa4 ,write on ! /aff1 us+ ! treble clef1 all ! major keys to elev5 %>ps & elev5 flats4 ,write sev]al scales 7! tea*] decid+ ! numb]7 us+ ! bass & t5or clefs4 7,%[ by curv$ l9e ^? notes situat$ "o semi-tone ap>t47 #ab4 ,:at is ! ord] ( ! lett]s 9 ! %>p signature8 ,9 ! flat signature8 #ac4 ,:at is meant by -enh>monic8- #ad4 ,:at are ! -enh>monic- scales us$ 9 practice8 #ae4 ,give -enh>monic- lett] names = ea* ( ! twelve keys4 #af4 ,:at is ! sum ( %>p & flat signatures ( enh>monic keys8 #ag4 ,by ! use ( ?is enh>monic sum1 f9d all ! !oretical keys4 #ah4 ,:at is ! con/ruction ( ! h>monic m9or scale8 ,( ! melodic m9or8 #ai4 ,write on ! /aff all ! m9or scales 7bo? h>monic & melodic7 to elev5 %>ps & elev5 flats1 lett+ ! tea*] det]m9e :i* clef or clefs to use4 #bj4 ,:at is ! reason = rais+ ! sev5? 9 h>monic m9or8 #ba4 ,:at is ! reason = rais+ ! six? 9 melodic m9or8 #bb4 ,:y does ! desc5d+ =m ( melodic m9or diff] f ! asc5d+ =m8 #bc4 ,:y does n ! rais$ six? or sev5? appe> 9 ! signature8 #bd4 ,:at is an accid5tal8 #be4 ,:at is ! -relative- m9or & h[ is x f\nd8 #bf4 ,:at is ! -p>allel- m9or & h[ does its signature diff] f its p>allel major8 ,n4 ,b4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! next *apt] all ^! ex]cises %\ld be prop]ly answ]$ & correct$ by ! tea*]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,int]vals ,,& ,,introduction ,,to ,,*ord ,,build+4 ,an int]val is ! di/ance betwe5 two tones2 int]vals are nam$ by ! ord9als4 ,! numb] ( lett]s compris$ 9 ! notation ( two tones det]m9es ! ord9al "n ( ! int]val4 ,example3 ,illu/ration3 music -c- to -d- is an int]val ( a second because two lett]s are compris$4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r or n ei!r or bo? ( ! above tones is affect$ by an accid5tal1 ! int]val /ill comprises two lett]s & is a second4 ,reckon+ f ! tonic ( ! major scale to ea* degree ( ! scale produces ! foll[+ int]vals3-- #h? or prime4 #bnd #crd #d? #e? #f? #g? octave #i? ,illu/ration3 music prime4 #bnd #crd #d? #e? #f? #g? #h? or #i? octave ,! int]val ( ! n9? is (t5 call$ a second1 ! octave n be+ consid]$4 ,^! int]vals are ! normal int]vals ( ! major scale4 ,^! normal int]vals are qualifi$ 9 two ways4 ,! prime1 f\r?1 fif? & octave are call$ p]fect4 ,! second1 ?ird1 six? & sev5? are call$ -major2- ?us3-- ,illu/ration3 music p]f4 maj4 maj4 p]f4 p]f4 maj4 maj4 p]f4 maj4 prime #bnd #crd #d? #e? #f? #g? octave #i? ,all int]vals %\ld be reckon$ f ! l[] note1 :i* is consid]$ a major key-note4 ,if ! upp] note is 9 ! major scale ( ! l[] note1 ! int]val is normal2 t is1 ei!r p]fect or major4 ,if ! upp] note is n 9 ! major scale ( ! l[] note1 ! int]val is a d]ivative int]val4 ,! d]ivative int]vals are call$ -m9or-1 -dim9i%$- & -augm5t$-4 ,a m9or int]val is d]iv$ f a major int]val & is "o semi-tone small]4 ,by l[]+ ! upp] tone ( any major int]val "o half /ep or by rais+ ! l[] tone ( any major int]val "o half /ep 7n alt]+ ! lett] "n 9 ei!r case7 a m9or int]val is =m$1 ?us3-- ,illu/ration3 m9or #bnd music ,illu/ration3 m9or #crd music ,illu/ration3 m9or #f? music ,illu/ration3 m9or #g? music etc4 ,a dim9i%$ int]val is "o half /ep small] ?an a m9or or a p]fect int]val4 ,by l[]+ ! upp] tone ( any m9or or any p]fect int]val "o half /ep1 or by rais+ ! l[] tone ( any m9or or any p]fect int]val "o half /ep 7n alt]+ ! lett] "n 9 ei!r case7 a dim9i%$ int]val is =m$1 ?us3-- ,illu/ration3 dim4 dim4 dim4 dim4 dim4 dim4 dim4 #bnd #crd #d? #e? #f? #g? #h? music etc4 ,! tones ( ! dim9i%$ second are ! same pit*1 b mu/ be call$ a second because two lett]s are compris$4 ,! dim9i%$ prime is possible melodically1 b h>monically1 only 9 !ory4 ,x is ,illu/ration3 music4 ,an augm5t$ int]val is "o half /ep l>g] ?an a major or a p]fect int]val4 ,by rais+ ! upp] tone ( any major or p]fect int]val "o half /ep1 or by l[]+ ! l[] tone ( any major or p]fect int]val "o half /ep 7n alt]+ ! lett] "n 9 ei!r case7 an augm5t$ int]val is =m$1 ?us3-- ,illu/ration3 aug4 aug4 aug4 aug4 aug4 aug4 aug4 aug4 prime #bnd #crd #d? #e? #f? #g? #h? music etc4 ,notice t ! tones ( ! augm5t$ sev5? are ! same pit*1 b mu/ be call$ a sev5? z sev5 lett]s are compris$4 ,! foll[+ int]vals are ! same 9 s\nd1 b n 9 "n3-- p]fect prime s\nds ! same z dim9i%$ #bnd augm5t$ prime m9or #bnd dim9i%$ prime m9or #bnd major #bnd dim9i%$ #crd m9or #crd augm5t$ #bnd major #crd dim9i%$ #d? p]fect #d? augm5t$ #crd augm5t$ #d? dim9i%$ #e? p]fect #e? dim9i%$ #f? m9or #f? augm5t$ #e? major #f? dim9i%$ #g? m9or #g? augm5t$ #f? major #g? dim9i%$ #h? p]fect octave augm5t$ #g? ,f ! prec$+ li/ ! foll[+ rule is app>5t3-- 99 99 99 99 99 ,rule #g4 ,by ,*ang+ ,enh>monically ,ei!r or ,bo? ( ! ,tones ( an ,int]val1 a ,diff]5t ,int]val is ,obta9$ ,:i* ,s\nds ! ,same z ! ,orig9al ,int]val4 ,! di/ance 9 semi-tones ( all ! int]vals to an octave is z foll[s3-- prime unison comprises #a lett] augm5t$ prime #a semi-tone #a dim9i%$ #bnd unison #b lett]s m9or #bnd #a semi-tone #b major #bnd #b semi-tones #b augm5t$ #bnd #c #b dim9i%$ #crd #b #c m9or #crd #c #c major #crd #d #c augm5t$ #crd #e #c dim9i%$ #d? #d #d p]fect #d? #e #d augm5t$ #d? #f #d dim9i%$ #e? #f #e p]fect #e? #g #e augm5t$ #e? #h #e dim9i%$ #f? #g #f m9or #f? #h #f major #f? #i #f augm5t$ #f? #aj #f dim9i%$ #g? #i #g m9or #g? #aj #g major #g? #aa #g augm5t$ #g? #ab #g dim9i%$ #h? #aa #h p]fect #h? #ab #h ,a quick] & bett] me?od ( det]m9+ an int]val ?an by committ+ to memory ! above table is to consid] ! l[] note ! tonic ( ! major scale4 ,if ! upp] note is 9 ! major scale ( ! l[] note1 ! int]val is normal 7major or p]fect74 ,aft] a little practice ! numb] ( lett]s 9 an int]val c be det]m9$ at a glance4 ,if ! upp] note is n 9 ! major scale ( ! l[] note ! int]val is d]ivative & is det]m9$ by ! in=mation h]et(ore giv54 ,,inv]sion ,,( ,,int]vals4 ,int]vals are said to be inv]t$ :5 ! l[] note ( ! orig9al int]val is plac$ an octave high]1 !reby becom+ ! upp] note ( ! int]val ?us =m$4 ,example3 ! inv]sion ( ,illu/ration3 music is ,illu/ration3 music4 ,! same lett]s are 9 bo? int]vals1 b ! fir/ int]val is a ?ird & ! inv]t$ int]val is a six?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rule #h4 ,! ,sum ( an ,int]val & ,its ,inv]sion is ,n9e4 ,! above rule1 !re=e1 gives ! foll[+ inv]sions3-- a prime inv]ts to an octave 7#a #h #i7 a second a sev5? 7#b #g #i7 a ?ird a six? 7#c #f #i7 a f\r? a fif? 7#d #e #i7 a fif? a f\r? 7#e #d #i7 a six? a ?ird 7#f #c #i7 a sev5? a second 7#g #b #i7 an octave a prime 7#h #a #i7 ,to f9d to :at int]vals n9?s1 t5?s1 elev5?s1 twelf?s1 etc41 inv]t1 consid] !m respectively z seconds1 ?irds1 f\r?s1 fif?s1 etc41 & consid] ! l[] note plac$ two octaves high] in/ead ( "o octave4 ,qualifications inv]t 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- -major- int]vals inv]t to -m9or- int]vals -m9or- -major- -p]fect- -p]fect- -dim9i%$- -augm5t$- -augm5t$- -dim9i%$- ,by ! use ( ! above table & rule #h1 all inv]sions may be det]m9$4 ,examples3-- major m9or #bnd #g? ,illu/ration3 music inv]ts to ,illu/ration3 music major m9or #f? #crd ,illu/ration3 music ,illu/ration3 music p]f4 p]f4 prime #h? ,illu/ration3 music ,illu/ration3 music p]f4 p]f4 #d? #e? ,illu/ration3 music ,illu/ration3 music aug4 dim4 #d? #e? ,illu/ration3 music ,illu/ration3 music dim4 aug4 #g? #bnd ,illu/ration3 music ,illu/ration3 music etc4 etc4 ,! -prime- is also call$ an -unison-1 b 9 speak+ ( int]vals1 x %\ld always be call$ a -prime-4 ,correctly speak+1 a -p]fect prime- is n an int]val1 b 9 ! !ory ( music x is s call$4 ,!re is good reason = mak+ ?is error1 b none = call+ a -dim9i%$ prime- a -dim9i%$ unison-4 ,notice t ! -dim9i%$ second- z well z ! -p]fect prime- is an -unison-4 ,int]vals are consid]$ bo? h>monically & melodically1 or 9 o!r words1 bo? :5 s\nd$ toge!r or sep>ately4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! l[] note is ! "o f :i* to det]m9e ! int]val4 ,,*ord ,,con/ruction4 ,a *ord is a comb9ation ( two or m tones s\nd$ simultane\sly4 ,all *ords are con/ruct$ 9 -?irds-4 ,! -fundam5tal tone- ( a *ord is ! tone on :i* ! *ord is con/ruct$4 ,a *ord ( ?ree tones is a -triad- :i* consi/s ( a -fundam5tal- toge!r ) its ?ird & its fif?4 ,triads are divid$ into two classes1 -indep5d5t- & -dep5d5t-4 ,! indep5d5t triads h no dissonant int]vals & may end a composition4 ,! dep5d5t *ords h "o or m dissonant int]vals & are re/less *ords & dem& ano!r *ord to foll[4 ,! progression ( a dep5d5t *ord to an indep5d5t *ord1 !reby obta9+ a re/ful effect1 is call$ -resolution-4 ,!re are two k9ds ( indep5d5t triads1 -major- & -m9or-4 -,a major triad- consi/s ( ! fundam5tal1 ! -major- ?ird1 & ! -p]fect- fif?4 ,example3-- ,illu/ration3 music4 -,a m9or triad- consi/s ( ! fundam5tal1 ! -m9or- ?ird1 & ! -p]fect- fif?4 ,example3-- ,illu/ration3 music4 ,if ! fif? ( a triad is augm5t$ or dim9i%$1 ! triad is a dep5d5t4 ,dep5d5t triads are f\nd con/ruct$ on ! subtonic ( major keys2 on ! subtonic1 sup]tonic1 & m$iant ( ! m9or keys4 ,! triad on ! m$iant ( ! m9or key is an augm5t$ triad & ! fir/ ?ree m5tion$ triads are dim9i%$4 ,music writt5 = f\r voices necessitates ! d\bl+ ( "o ( ! factors ( ! triad4 ,any factor ( ! triad may be d\bl$4 ,! factor mo/ frequ5tly d\bl$ is ! fundam5tal 9 ! octave1 d\ble octave1 or unison4 ,! f\r voices are -soprano- 7high female voice71 -alto- 7l[ female voice71 -t5or- 7high male voice71 & -bass- 7l[ male voice74 ,*ords are figur$ "u ! bass by ,roman num]als4 ,l>ge num]als designate -major- triads2 small num]als designate -m9or- triads2 l>ge num]als ) ! m>k 77 affix$ designate augm5t$ triads2 small num]als ) a ciph] affix$ designate dim9i%$ triads4 ,! notation ( ! triads on ea* degree ( ! major & m9or scales foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,major ,mode4 ,n4,b4 music ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,,vi ,,vii ,illu/ration3 ,m9or ,mode4 music ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,,vi ,,vii ,n4 ,b4 ,al?\gh d\bl$ 9 ! above examples1 ! fundam5tal ( ! subtonic triad is seldom d\bl$ 9 f\r voice writ+ & if d\bl$1 a bad progression results 9 _m cases4 ,! ?ree upp] voices 9 a fundam5tal *ord may be arrang$ 9 a diff]5t mann]3-- ,) ! fundam5tal 9 ! soprano3-- ,illu/ration3 music ,c ,i4 ,) ! ?ird 9 ! soprano3-- ,illu/ration3 music ,c ,i4 ,if ! ?ree upp] voices d n exce$ ! compass ( an octave1 ! *ord is said to be 9 close position4 ,if ! ?ree upp] voices exce$ ! compass ( an octave1 ! *ord is said to be 9 op5 position4 ,,inv]sion ,,( ,,triads4 ,a *ord is inv]t$ :5 a factor o!r ?an ! fundam5tal is 9 ! bass4 ,! fir/ inv]sion ( ! triad is :]e we h ! ?ird 9 ! bass4 ,x is call$ ! *ord ( ! six?1 because ! fundam5tal is ! six? ( ! bass4 ,?is *ord is figur$ by a small ,arabic figure 77 ov] ! bass note1 ! ,roman num]al "u ! bass %[+ ! fundam5tal4 ,examples3-- ,illu/ration3 d\bl$ fundam5tal music3 ,c ,i ,illu/ration3 d\bl$ ?ird music3 ,c ,i ,! second inv]sion ( ! triad has ! fif? 9 ! bass & is call$ ! *ord ( ! six? & f\r?1 or six-f\r *ord1 because ! fundam5tal is ! f\r? ( ! bass4 ,?is *ord is figur$ by ! small ,arabic figures 7#f_/d7 ov] ! bass1 ! ,roman num]al "u ! bass %[+ ! fundam5tal4 ,examples3-- ,illu/ration3 d\bl$ fif? music3 #f_/d1 ,c ,i ,illu/ration3 d\bl$ fundam5tal music3 #f_/d1 ,c ,i ,,! ,,sev5? ,,*ord4 ,! sev5? *ord is obta9$ by add+ ! sev5? ( ! fundam5tal to any triad4 ,a sev5? *ord may be =m$ on ea* degree ( ! major & m9or scales4 ,x is figur$ ) ! ,roman num]als bel[ ! bass & a small ,arabic 7#g7 ov] ! bass4 ,! notation ( ! sev5? *ords on ea* degree ( ! major & m9or scales foll[s3-- ,illu/ration3 ,c ,major4 music #g #g #g #g #g #g #g ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,,vi ,,vii ,illu/ration3 a ,m9or4 music #g #g #g #g #g #g #g ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,,vi ,,vii ,! tonic & subdom9ant ( ! major mode & ! subm$iant ( ! m9or mode are =m$ ) ! major triad & ! major sev5?4 ,! dom9ant sev5? 9 bo? modes is =m$ ) ! major triad & ! m9or sev5?4 ,! sev5? *ords on ,,ii1 ,,iii & ,,vi 9 ! major mode & on ,,iv ( ! m9or mode are =m$ ) ! m9or triad & ! m9or sev5?4 ,! sev5? *ords on ,,vii 9 ! major mode & on ,,ii 9 ! m9or mode are =m$ ) ! dim9i%$ triad & ! m9or sev5?4 ,! subtonic sev5? *ord 9 ! m9or mode is call$ ! -dim9i%$ sev5?- & is =m$ ) ! dim9i%$ triad & ! dim9i%$ sev5?4 ,! sev5? *ord on ! m$iant 9 ! m9or mode is =m$ ) ! augm5t$ triad & ! major sev5?4 ,! sev5? *ord on ! tonic ( ! m9or mode is =m$ ) ! m9or triad & ! major sev5?4 ,9 f\r voice writ+1 all ! sev5? *ords ) ! exception ( ^? on ! subtonic ( bo? modes are (t5 writt5 )\t ! fif? & ) ! d\bl$ fundam5tal4 ,all sev5? *ords are dep5d5t *ords & _! natural resolution is to ! *ord ! fundam5tal ( :i* is situat$ a f\r? above or a fif? bel[ ! fundam5tal ( ! sev5? *ord4 ,?is progression is call$ cad5c+ resolution4 ,! subtonic sev5? *ord ( bo? modes may also naturally resolve to ! tonic4 ,! mo/ important sev5? *ord is ! dom9ant1 :i* resolves to ! tonic4 ,?is progression is call$ ! -au!ntic close-4 ,ano!r me?od ( end+ a composition is by ! -plagal close- :i* is a progression f subdom9ant h>mony 7triad7 to tonic4 ,! plagal close is prec$$ by ! au!ntic close & is also call$ ! -aft] cad5ce- & ! -,am5 cad5ce-4 ,,inv]sion ,,( ,,sev5? ,,*ords4 ,! fir/ inv]sion ( ! sev5? *ord is call$ ! *ord ( ! fif? & six? 7six-five *ord74 ,! *ord is figur$ by ! ,roman num]al bel[ ! bass note & ! ,arabic figures 7#f_/e7 ov] ! bass4 ,example3-- ,illu/ration3 music #f_/e ,c ,v ,! second inv]sion is call$ ! *ord ( ! ?ird1 f\r? & six? 7f\r-?ree *ord74 ,x is figur$ by ! ,roman num]al bel[ ! bass & ! ,arabic figures 7#f_/d_/c7 or simply 7#d_/c7 ov] ! bass4 ,example3-- ,illu/ration3 ,music #d_/c ,c ,v ,! ?ird inv]sion is call$ ! *ord ( ! second & f\r?4 ,x is figur$ by ! ,roman num]al bel[ ! bass & ! ,arabic figures 7#f_/d_/b71 7#d_/b71 or simply 7#b7 ov] ! bass4 ,example3-- ,illu/ration3 ,music #b ,c ,v ,! /udy ( *ord progression1 alt]$ *ords1 melody writ+1 pass+ tones1 etc41 belongs prop]ly to ! /udy ( h>mony & c\nt]po9t :i* is n ! subject ( ?is volume4 ,,ex]cises4 ,,oral ,,& ,,writt54 #a4 ,:at is an int]val8 #b4 ,h[ are int]vals nam$8 #c4 ,:at are ! normal int]vals8 #d4 ,qualify ! d]iv$ int]vals2 f :at is ea* d]iv$8 #e4 ,notate all ! normal int]vals & all ! d]ivative int]vals4 #f4 ,"n all ! foll[+ int]vals3-- 7,accid5tals affect only ^? notes be=e :i* !y are plac$47 ,illu/ration3 music #g4 ,"n sev]al int]vals 7! tea*] to det]m9e ! numb]7 hav+ diff]5t names1 b s\nd+ ! same4 #h4 ,:at is ! sum ( inv]sions8 #i4 ,/ate ! mann] 9 :i* qualifications inv]t4 #aj4 ,inv]t all ! int]vals giv5 9 ex]cise #f4 #aa4 ,notate & figure all ! triads 9 sev]al diff]5t major & m9or keys4 ,:i* are dep5d5t & :i* are indep5d5t8 #ab4 ,describe a dep5d5t triad4 #ac4 ,describe op5 & close position4 #ad4 ,notate & figure sev]al six? *ords2 sev]al six-f\r *ords4 #ae4 ,notate & figure all ! sev5? *ords 9 sev]al diff]5t major & m9or keys4 #af4 ,:at is ! mo/ important sev5? *ord8 #ag4 ,:at is ! au!ntic close8 #ah4 ,:at is ! plagal close8 #ai4 ,notate & figure a six-five dom9ant *ord 9 sev]al major & m9or keys4 #bj4 ,notate & figure a f\r-?ree dom9ant *ord 9 sev]al major & m9or keys4 #ba4 ,notate & figure a f\r-two dom9ant *ord 9 sev]al major & m9or keys4 #bb4 ,*oose "s /&>d *orals 7,ba*'s are advis$7 & analyze ! *ords !re94 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,epitomiz$ ,,ac\/ics4 ,! sci5ce ( s\nd1 includ+ its cause & effect & ! mann]1 velocity1 & int5sity ( its conveyance ?r\gh diff]5t m$ia1 is call$ -ac\/ics-4 ,! m$ium ?r\gh :i* s\nd is mo/ commonly propagat$ is air4 ,?r\gh ?is m$ium1 at a temp]ature ( #cb ,fahr5heit1 s\nd travels at a rate ( #ajij feet p] second4 ,! quality & int5sity ( s\nd d n alt] ! rate ( spe$4 ,if ?is 7 n true1 ensemble music w\ld be impossible4 ,int5sity ( s\nd is great] 9 cond5s$ air2 velocity ( s\nd is great] 9 a w>m temp]ature4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 made to det]m9e ! velocity ( s\nd1 ! mo/ reliable ( :i* v>y n ov] sev5 feet p] second4 ,! av]age ( six ( ! be/ exp]im5ts1 made 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 is #ajhi4g feet p] second at #cb ,fahr5heit4 ,t5 hundr$ & n9ety feet p] second is ! rate n[ g5]ally adopt$4 ,w9d & temp]ature are ! only circum/ances affect+ ! velocity ( s\nd 9 ! air to any ext5t4 ,s\nd travels ab\t f\r times fa/] ?r\gh wat] ?an ?r\gh air1 & ab\t t5 times fa/] ?r\gh solids su* z metals & wood ?an ?r\gh air4 ,a sudd5 displacem5t ( ! molecules ( a m$ium produces s\nd :i* travels 9 waves at an equal velocity 9 all directions4 ,an idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* s\nd waves travel may be obta9$ by ?r[+ a /one 9 wat]2 small waves are propagat$ f ! po9t ( impact :i*1 if ! wat] be /ill1 spread equally 9 all directions1 b if x be runn+ wat]1 ! waves ext5d a great] di/ance d[n /ream ?an up /ream4 ,! effect ( w9d on s\nd waves may be comp>$ to ! effect ( runn+ wat] on ! waves propagat$ by ! impact ( ! /one4 ,musical tone is produc$ by regul> vibrations2 noise by irregul> vibrations4 ,! tones ( ! temp]$ *romatic scale h ! foll[+ numb] ( vibrations p] second3-- ,middle c #beh4f c or d #bgd4j d #bij4c d or e #cjg4f e #cbe4i f #cde4b f or g #cfe4h g #chg4e g or a #daj4e a #dce4j a or b #dfj4h b #dhh4b ,! prec$+ figures repres5t ! vibrations ( ! ,int]national ,pit* :i* 0 adopt$ by ! ,piano ,manufactur]s' meet+ 9 #ahia4 ,a is ! /&>d pit* hav+ #dce d\ble vibrations p] second at a temp]ature ( #fh ,fahr5heit4 ,_m pit*es h prevail$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries at diff]5t times4 ,at ! "t ( ,h&el & ,moz>t1 ! pit* 0 l[] 7#dbb4e & #dba4f74 ,engl& has _h ! pit* run z high #ded4g & ! ,unit$ ,/ates z high z #dfj4h4 ,s\nds vibrat+ bel[ a c]ta9 numb] lose ! "* ( musical tones z d ^? vibrat+ above a c]ta9 numb]4 ,great discrepancies ( op9ion exi/ among !ori/s on ?is subject4 ,sav>t claims ! l[e/ audible s\nd has eight vibrations p] second2 ,helmholtz claims t !re is no def9ite pit* ( s\nds hav+ less ?an =ty vibrations p] second2 ,h]r ,appum claims to he> fifte5 vibrations by ! use ( specially load$ tongues 9 re$ pipes4 ,he claims ! "* ( tone comm5ces at tw5ty vibrations1 b ! musical "* ( bass tones does n exi/ until frequ5cies exce$ tw5ty-f\r vibrations p] second4 ,on ! subject ( ! audibility ( acute s\nds1 op9ions are advanc$ rang+ f #f1djj to #cf1jjj vibrations p] second4 ,! limits ( ! human voices are tabulat$ bel[3-- ,bass ,e #ha4e ,d #bij4c ,b>itone ,f #hf4c ,f #cfe4h ,t5or ,a #ajh4g ,a #dce4j ,contralto ,e #afc4j ,f #fij4e ,mezzo ,soprano ,f #agb4f ,a #hgj4j ,soprano ,a #bag4e ,c #ajcd4f ,occasionally !re are exceptional voices hav+ a wid] range ?an ! above scale indicates4 ,ratio ( ,int]vals3-- ,octave #a-- #b ,p]fect fif? #b-- #c ,p]fect f\r? #c-- #d ,major ?ird #d-- #e ,m9or ?ird #e-- #f ,major six? #c-- #e ,m9or six? #e-- #h ,major second #h-- #i ,m9or second #ae--af ,major sev5? #h--ae ,m9or sev5? #i--af ,ea* tone g5]ates ov] tones call$ -h>monics-4 ,^! -h>monics- are ! octave1 ! twelf? 7p]fect fif?71 ! sev5te5? 7major ?ird71 ! tw5ty-fir/ 7m9or sev5?7 & ! tw5ty-?ird 7m9or n9?74 ,o!r -h>monics- ?an ! above exi/ b are n us$ at ! pres5t "t 9 *ord con/ruction4 ,! old !ori/s treat$ *ords ( ! elev5? & ?irte5?1 b mod]n !ori/s treat ^! int]vals z susp5sions1 anticipations1 etc4,d ,! orig9 ( *ord con/ruction may be se5 f ^! -h>monics-4 ,^! ov] tones1 g5]at$ f a fundam5tal1 are ! pure 7untemp]$7 int]vals4 ,! temp]$ int]vals1 ) ! exception ( ! octave1 are slightly out ( tune b n en\gh s to %ock ! e>4 ,footnote ,d3 ,compos]s ( ! pres5t day (t5 use ^! int]vals z *ord factors4 ,! pure 7untemp]$7 scale ( ,c has ! foll[+ numb] ( vibrations p] second3-- ,middle c #bfa4j d #bic4f e #cbf4b f #cdh4j g #cia4e a #dce4j b #dhi4c ,an entire volume w\ld be necess>y to expla9 completely ! sci5ce ( ac\/ics4 ,all ambiti\s /ud5ts %\ld consult books on ac\/ics4 ,! au?or recomm5ds ! books on s\nd by ! foll[+ writ]s3-- ,appum ,g4 ,b4 ,airy ,pietro ,blas]no ,helmholtz ,pole ,b5jam9 ,peirce ,rodolphe ,radau ,sav>t ,tyndall ,j4 ,augu/ ,zahn ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,e> ,,tra9+4 ,a p]son ) an untra9$ e> c appreciate music comp>atively little1 ev5 ?\gh he is well educat$ 9 ! !ory ( music4 ,absolute pit* is ! ability to recognize & intonate any tone indicat$4 ,v few p]sons possess naturally absolute pit*1 b x may be acquir$ by a sy/ematic /udy ( e> tra9+4 ,relative pit* is ! ability to recognize a tone by comp>ison ) a kn[n tone4 ,advancem5t 9 relative pit* ev5tually leads to ! atta9m5t ( absolute pit*4 ,9 practic+ e> tra9+1 only a few m9utes at a sitt+ are advis$4 ,too mu* "t at once devot$ to ?is practice tires ! e> & does m h>m ?an good4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! sitt+s %\ld be _m ea* day4 ,/ud5ts :o d n h a tea*] daily1 %\ld h a memb] ( ! h\sehold play ! ex]cises 9 e> tra9+ & correct ! mi/akes4 ,if no memb] ( ! h\sehold is musical1 ! /ud5t %\ld co-op]ate ) ano!r /ud5t4 ,ea* ex]cise %\ld be ?or\ghly le>n$ be=e proce$+ to ! foll[+ ex]cise4 ,x may be recognizable & prop]ly intonat$ at once or x may take sev]al sitt+s4 ,! pit* ,a at #dce is ! /&>d = or*e/ral tun+ & is recomm5d$ to ! /ud5t = a fundam5tal4 ,! /ud5t %\ld c>ry ^u 8 p]son a tun+ =k ( ?is pit* & s\nd x z (t5 z an opportunity p]mits1 & !reby fix ?is fundam5tal ?or\ghly 9 8 m9d4 ,ev5tually1 ! /ud5t w recognize ?is pit* :5ev] he he>s x4 ,o!r tones w be recognizable by comp>ison ) ?is fundam5tal4 ,any o!r pit* = a fundam5tal may be *os5 ) equally good results4 ,! argum5t is 9 favor ( ,a because ( its use 9 or*e/ral tun+4 ,_m sy/ems ( e> tra9+1 :i* produce ! desir$ results1 exi/4 ,! foll[+ sy/em has be5 f\nd ! mo/ satisfactory by ! au?or4,e ,deviations f & additions to ?is sy/em d no h>m & are advisable 9 c]ta9 individual cases4 ,footnote ,e3 ,_m "y *ildr5 f9d difficulty 9 intonat+ small int]vals & x is necess>y 9 su* cases to comm5ce ) l>ge int]vals & "w t[>d ! small] int]vals4 ,! ,italian syllables %\ld be us$ 9 s++ ! ex]cises4 ,movable -d- is advis$4 ,any in/rum5t may be us$ by ! tea*] or co-op]ator to play ! ex]cises4 ,= l[ voices1 ! ex]cises %\ld be play$ two octaves l[] ?an indicat$1 & = m$ium voices1 "o octave l[]4 ,! tea*]1 aft] hav+ play$ an ex]cise1 %\ld expla9 ! int]val or int]vals !re94 ,! /ud5t %\ld s+ ! ex]cise fir/ ) ! in/rum5t & !n )\t4 ,ea* ex]cise %\ld be faultlessly intonat$ be=e proce$+ to ! foll[+ ex]cise4 ,,gr\p ,i4 ,,! ,,normal ,,int]vals ,,( ,,! ,,major ,,scale4 #a4 ,major scale3-- ,illu/ration3 music #b4 ,all int]vals ( ! major scale3-- ,illu/ration3 music #c4 ,tonic triad3-- ,illu/ration3 music #d4 ,p]fect fif?3-- music ,! tea*] %\ld use v>i\s rhy?ms besides ^? giv54 #e4 ,p]fect f\r?3-- ,illu/ration3 a7 music ,illu/ration3 b7 music #f4 ,p]fect octave3-- ,illu/ration3 a7 music ,illu/ration3 b7 music #g4 ,p]fect int]vals comb9$3-- music ,! tea*] %\ld comb9e ^! int]vals 9 v>i\s ways & 9 sev]al diff]5t rhy?ms & ! /ud5t %\ld notate ! ex]cise4 ,! tea*] may also *oose "s melody free f accid5tals & play x sl[ly :ile ! /ud5t notates4 ,su* practice accompli%es a two-fold result1 ability to notate rhy?m z well z int]vals4 #h4 ,major ?ird3-- ,illu/ration3 music #i4 ,m9or six?3-- ,illu/ration3 music #aj4 ,major six?3-- ,illu/ration3 music #aa4 ,m9or ?ird3-- ,illu/ration3 music ,! fir/ measure ( ex]cise #b conta9s ! major second :i* is an easily recogniz$ int]val4 ,! la/ measure b two ( ex]cise #b conta9s ! major sev5?4 ,?is int]val is ord9>ily a difficult int]val to intonate b com+ z x does 9 ex]cise #b x is easy to intonate because ( ! asc5d+ scale on ! second half ( ! measures4 ,= ! pres5t1 x is n advisable to practice ! major sev5? except 9 "s su* sequ5ce z ex]cise #b4 ,all o!r normal int]vals may be practic$ sep>ately & 9 comb9ations4 ,aft] ! /ud5t has become ?or\ghly pr(ici5t 9 recogniz+ & prop]ly intonat+ all ! int]vals 9 gr\p ,i1 he may proce$ to ! int]vals ( ! m9or scale f\nd 9 gr\p ,,ii4 ,,gr\p ,,ii4 ,,! ,,normal ,,int]vals ,,( ,,! ,,m9or ,,scale4 #a4 ,melodic m9or scale3-- ,illu/ration3 music #b4 ,h>monic m9or scale3-- ,illu/ration3 music ,if ! /ud5t f9ds difficulty 9 s++ ! h>monic =m ) ! awkw>d augm5t$ /ep1 ! s++ ( ?is scale may be po/pon$4 #c4 ,play alt]natively ! major scale & bo? =ms ( m9or1 & require ! /ud5t to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,d n proce$ until ! /ud5t is capable ( recogniz+ & di/+ui%+ betwe5 all diatonic scales4 #d4 ,all int]vals ( ! h>monic m9or scale3-- ,illu/ration3 music #e4 ,all int]vals ( ! asc5d+ melodic m9or scale3-- ,illu/ration3 music #f4 ,! m9or triad3-- ,illu/ration3 music #g4 ,! m9or ?ird3-- ,illu/ration3 music #h4 ,! major six?3-- ,illu/ration3 music #i4 ,! m9or six?3-- ,illu/ration3 music #aj4 ,! major ?ird3-- ,illu/ration3 music #aa4 ,play sl[ly sev]al m9or melodies free f modulations & require ! /ud5t to notate4 ,! tea*] %\ld n[ play melodies 9 :i* are transitions f major to -p>allel- m9or & -vice v]sa-4 ,great famili>ity ) ! normal int]vals is necess>y be=e /udy+ alt]$ int]vals4 ,x is hop$ t ! major sev5? may n[ be prop]ly intonat$4 ,! /ud5t may exp]i5ce consid]able difficulty ) ! foll[+ gr\p1 9 :i* case x is advisable to po/pone ?is gr\p until ! e> is m ?or\ghly tra9$4 ,! object ( its foll[+ ! normal int]vals is to fix firmly ! fundam5tal & all int]vals by comp>ison ) ?is fundam5tal4 ,,gr\p ,,iii4 ,,alt]$ ,,int]vals4 #a4 ,! *romatic scale3-- ,illu/ration3 music ,9 syllabicat+ ! *romatic scale or any ( ! alt]$ int]vals1 ! syllable -ah- may be us$ on ea* tone4 ,to ^? wi%+ to adh]e to ! ,italian syllables1 ! tonic sol-fa syllables1 inv5t$ by ,miss ,s>ah ,ann ,glov]1 may be us$ :i* are z foll[s3 asc5d+ *romatic scale---doh-1 -de-1 -ray-1 -re-1 -me-1 -fah-1 -fe-1 -soh-1 -se-1 -lah-1 -le-1 -te-1 -doh2- desc5d+ *romatic scale---doh-1 -te-1 -ta-1 -lah-1 -la-1 -soh-1 -sa-1 -fah-1 -me-1 -ma-1 -ray-1 -ra-1 -doh-4 ,miss ,glov] *ang$ ! spell+ ( ! ,italian syllables to co9cide ) ! ,engli% pronunciation4 ,%e also *ang$ ! subtonic f -si- to -te-4 #b4 -,! augm5t$ f\r?- is f\nd z a scale int]val betwe5 ! f\r? & sev5? /eps ( ! major scale 7-fah- to -te-74 ,x is m difficult to conceive & intonate prop]ly ! augm5t$ f\r? :5 x is con/ruct$ ^u ! tonic4 ,9 ord] to make ?is int]val less difficult1 ! foll[+ ex]cise conta9s ! int]m$iate scale /eps previ\s to ! skip ( an augm5t$ f\r?3-- ,illu/ration3 music ,x may be necess>y ) "s /ud5ts to int]polate "s or all ! int]m$iate /eps previ\s to skips to all alt]$ int]vals4 ,x may n be amiss to /ate "h t 9 correct melody writ+ augm5t$ & dim9i%$ int]vals are usually avoid$4 ,s+]s almo/ inv>iably intonate !m out ( tune4 ,:5 ^! int]vals exi/ z con/itu5t p>ts ( an arpeggio *ord progression1 !y are comp>atively easy4 ,z alt]$ int]vals ^! skips are giv5 to in/rum5ts 7in/rum5ts be+ capable ( prop]ly intonat+ all skips7 :5 a dramatic effect is desir$4 #c4 -,! dim9i%$ fif?- is analog\s to ! augm5t$ f\r?4 ,be+ ! inv]sion ( ! augm5t$ f\r?1 x is f\nd z a scale int]val betwe5 ! sev5? & f\r? /eps 7-te- to -fah-74 ,! foll[+ ex]cise conta9s ! dim9i%$ fif? built ^u ! tonic3-- ,illu/ration3 music #d4 -,! augm5t$ fif?- is analog\s to ! m9or six?4 ,x is f\nd z a scale int]val betwe5 ! ?ird & sev5? /eps ( ! h>monic m9or scale & asc5d+ melodic m9or scale4 ,! foll[+ ex]cise conta9s ! augm5t$ fif? built ^u ! major tonic3-- ,illu/ration3 music #e4 -,! dim9i%$ f\r?- is ! inv]sion ( ! augm5t$ fif? & is analog\s to ! major ?ird3-- ,illu/ration3 music #f4 -,! augm5t$ second- is analog\s to ! m9or ?ird4 ,x is f\nd z a scale int]val betwe5 ! six? & sev5? /eps ( ! h>monic m9or4 ,! foll[+ ex]cise conta9s ! augm5t$ second built ^u ! major tonic3-- ,illu/ration3 music #g4 -,! dim9i%$ sev5?- is ! inv]sion ( ! augm5t$ second & is analog\s to ! major six?3-- ,illu/ration3 music #h4 -,! augm5t$ ?ird- is analog\s to ! p]fect f\r?4 ,?is int]val is f\nd 9 ! alt]$ m9or triad betwe5 ! ?ird & ! rais$ fif? ( ! triad4 ,d]ivation ( ! augm5t$ ?ird3-- ,illu/ration3 music ,e ,,ii ,ex]cise3-- ,illu/ration3 music #i4 -,! augm5t$ six?- is analog\s to ! m9or sev5?4 ,?is int]val is f\nd 9 ! augm5t$ six? *ord4 ,orig9 ( ! augm5t$ six? *ord3-- ,illu/ration3 music ,e ,,ii -,! dim9i%$ six?-1 :i* is ! inv]sion ( ! augm5t$ ?ird & analog\s to ! p]fect fif?1 is n us$ melodically4 -,! dim9i%$ ?ird-1 :i* is ! inv]sion ( ! augm5t$ six? & analog\s to ! major second1 is b seldom us$ melodically4 ,if ! s++ ( ! h>monic m9or scale has be5 po/pon$1 x %\ld n[ be practic$4 ,ex]cises conta9+ ! major sev5? may n[ be giv54 ,,gr\p ,,iv4 ,,arpeggio ,,*ords4 ,if ! fundam5tal is n yet fix$ 9 ! /ud5t's m9d ex]cises p]ta9+ to gr\ps ,i & ,,ii %\ld be giv5 be=e proce$+4 ,! int]vals already giv5 %\ld be exp&$1 ! major second to a major n9?1 ! major ?ird to a major t5?1 etc41 etc4 ,9 practic+ ! foll[+ ex]cises1 ! /ud5t %\ld "n ! int]vals betwe5 consecutive notes & betwe5 ea* note ( ! *ord & ! fundam5tal4 #a4 ,! major triad3-- ,illu/ration3 music #b4 ,! m9or triad3-- ,illu/ration3 music #c4 ,! dim9i%$ triad3-- ,illu/ration3 music #d4 ,! augm5t$ triad3-- ,illu/ration3 music ,a ,,iii' #e4 ,! dom9ant sev5? *ord3-- ,illu/ration3 music ,! tea*] %\ld expla9 ! dom9ant sev5? *ord & its resolution4 ,also give ex]cises on ! skip ( a m9or sev5?4 #f4 ,! sup]tonic sev5? *ord3-- ,illu/ration3 music #g4 ,! subtonic sev5? *ord3-- ,illu/ration3 music #h4 ,! dim9i%$ sev5? *ord3-- ,illu/ration3 music ,a great _m ex]cises on ^! *ords %\ld be giv5 toge!r ) ! natural resolution ( ! dep5d5t *ords4 ,ex]cises on ! inv]sions ( ^! *ords may be giv5 :5 ! /ud5t has obta9$ pr(ici5cy on ! fundam5tal position4 ,! inv]sions may be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,gr\p ,v4 ,,two ,,voic$ ,,*ords4 ,! /ud5t %\ld "n ! int]val t "o voice =ms ) ! o!r4 ,! upp] melody %\ld !n be sung z ! ex]cise is play$4 ,repeat ! ex]cise1 ! /ud5t s++ ! l[] melody ?is "t4 ,if ! /ud5t exp]i5ces difficulty 9 nam+ ! int]vals1 ! *ords %\ld be play$ 9 arpeggio /yle4 #a4 ,?irds3-- ,illu/ration3 music #b4 ,six?s3-- ,illu/ration3 music #c4 ,mix$ int]vals & rhy?m 7contrapuntal73-- ,illu/ration3 ,*]ub9i music ,,gr\p ,,vi4 ,,! ,,f\r ,,voic$ ,,*ord4 ,x becomes necess>y to use organ or piano = ?is gr\p4 ,! /ud5t %\ld "n ! k9d ( *ord & s+ ! upp] voice4 #a4 ,! prim>y triads3-- ,illu/ration3 music #b4 ,! prim>y & second>y triads3-- ,illu/ration3 music #c4 ,introduc+ ! dom9ant sev5? *ord3-- ,illu/ration3 7a7 music ,illu/ration3 7b7 music #d4 ,introduc+ ! dom9ant & second>y sev5? *ords3-- ,illu/ration3 7a7 music ,illu/ration3 7b7 music ,! *orals t 7 *os5 = analysis 9 ,*apt] ,,iii %\ld n[ be play$ = e> tra9+4 ,! tea*]'s judgm5t is v necess>y 9 decid+ ! limitations ( ea* individual /ud5t4 ,at ! prop] "t modulations may be made4 ,be=e ! /ud5t may be call$ pr(ici5t1 he mu/ be capable ( in/antly recogniz+ & prop]ly intonat+ any & all *ords s\nd$4 ,c ,y ,compose ,music8 ,9 ?is1 ! late/ ( me?ods = ! /udy ( ,h>mony1 ! au?or1 ,c>l ,e4 ,g>dn]1 pres5ts a sy/em ( tra9+ :i*1 bo? 9 purpose & plan1 provides1 :at up to ! pres5t has frequ5tly be5 h9t$ at1 b nev] practically accompli%$--a direct me?od = ! tea*+ ( music composition4 ,9 ! writ+ ( ! "w ! /ud5t's practical developm5t has be5 upp]mo/ 9 ! au?or's m9d & to ?is end he has provid$ n a m]e treatise on musical gramm>1 along conv5tional1 hackney$ l9es1 b a new me?od :i* w -all[ & enc\rage ! /ud5t to compose z he advances & develops-4 ,,music ,,composition ,a ,,new ,,me?od ,,( ,,h>mony ,,by ,,c>l ,e4 ,,g>dn] ,au?or ( ,ess5tials ( ,music ,!ory4 ,price1 #a4ej 99 99 99 99 99 ,,op9ion ,,( ,,! ,,press ,8 "w--numb]+ #afa small pages--is ( necessity simply an abbreviat$ affair4 ,x is s\ndly done1 ! "w ( a man :o kn[s 8 subject ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & x is capitally writt54 ,,musical ,,am]ica4 ,! au?or calls 8 me?od ! direct me?od1 9 t he makes ! pupil beg9 to compose f ! beg9n+ in/ead ( aft] a long & t$i\s c\rse ( te*nical rules4 ,"t w tell :e!r ?is new me?od w make bett] compos]s ?an ! old way or n1 b ! new me?od w c]ta9ly make ! way ( ! pupil less ?orny4 ,! av]age /ud5t w probably enjoy le>n+ composition accord+ to ! me?od by ,c>l ,e4 ,g>dn]4 ,!re is no reason :atev] :y ?is me?od %\ld n be z useful z ! long e/abli%$ me?ods ( ,jadassohn1 ,pr\t1 ,ri*t] & o!rs :o believe 9 keep+ ! pupil's nose to ! gr9d/one = sev]al ye>s be=e furni%+ him ) w+s4 ,,musical ,,c\ri]4 ',music ,composition1' a 'new me?od ( h>mony1' by ,c>l ,e4 ,g>dn]1 publi%$ by ,c>l ,fis*]1 ,new ,york1 is a m]itori\s text book :i* seeks to comb9e1 9 effici5t mann]1 ! tea*+ ( simple =ms ) ! cu/om>y guidance 9 *ord connection4 ,! ab&on+ ( ! isolat$ mann] 9 :i* h>mony is g5]ally taught & ! /imulus ( life x und\bt$ly receives by jo9+ to x symmetry1 rhy?m & melody1 is und5iably a progress4 ,,canadian ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,music4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,c>l ,,fis*] ,,bo/on ,,new ,,york ,,*icago