---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects4 ,italics are delimited with the #8' character as italic4 ,footnotes have been moved to follow the paragraphs in which they are referenced4 ,minor errors1 attributable to the printer1 have been corrected4 ,please see the transcriber's note at the end of this text for details regarding the handling of any textual issues encountered during its preparation4 ,,the ,,goose-,,step ,,the ,,goose-,,step ,a ,study of ,american ,education ,,by ,,upton ,,sinclair ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,brass ,,check10 8,,the ,,profits ,,of ,,religion10 8,,the ,,jungle10 ,,etc4 ,illustration ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,pasadena1 ,,california ,,wholesale ,,distributors ,,the ,,economy ,,book ,,shop #cc ,,south ,,clark ,,st41 ,,chicago1 ,,ill4 ,,copyright1 #aibb4 #aibc ,,by ,,upton ,,sinclair --- ,all rights reserved4 --- ,first edition1 ,february1 #aibc1 #aj1jjj copies1 clothbound4 ,second edition1 ,february1 #aibc1 #h1jjj copies1 paperbound4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,,introductory ix-x ,i4 ,the ,little ,gosling #a ,,ii4 ,the ,college ,goose #d ,,iii4 ,the ,university ,goose #i ,,iv4 ,the ,goose-steppers #ae ,v4 ,interlocking ,directorates #ah ,,vi4 ,the ,university of the ,house of ,morgan #bc ,,vii4 ,the ,interlocking ,president #bi ,,viii4 ,the ,scholar in ,politics #cd ,,ix4 ,nicholas ,miraculous #dj ,x4 ,the ,lightning-change ,artist #dd ,,xi4 ,the ,twilight ,zone #di ,,xii4 ,the ,academic ,department ,store #ed ,,xiii4 ,the ,empire of ,dullness #eh ,,xiv4 ,the ,university of ,lee-,higginson #fb ,,xv4 ,the ,harvard ,tradition #fg ,,xvi4 ,free ,speech ,but-- #gb ,,xvii4 ,interference #gg ,,xviii4 ,the ,laski ,lampoon #hb ,,xix4 ,raking the ,dust-heaps #hh ,,xx4 ,the ,university of ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 #ia ,,xxi4 ,stealing a ,trust ,fund #ig ,,xxii4 ,professor ,billy ,sunday #ajb ,,xxiii4 ,the ,triumph of ,death #ajg ,,xxiv4 ,the ,tiger's ,lair #aaa ,,xxv4 ,peacocks and ,slums #aae ,,xxvi4 ,the ,bull-dog's ,den #aba ,,xxvii4 ,the ,university of the ,black ,hand #abf ,,xxviii4 ,the ,fortress of ,medievalism #acb ,,xxix4 ,the ,dean of ,imperialism #acg ,,xxx4 ,the ,mob of ,little ,haters #ada ,,xxxi4 ,the ,drill ,sergeant on the ,campus #ade ,,xxxii4 ,the ,story of ,stanford #aeb ,,xxxiii4 ,the ,wind of ,freedom #aeg ,,xxxiv4 ,the ,stanford ,skeleton #afb ,,xxxv4 ,the ,university of the ,lumber ,trust #afh ,,xxxvi4 ,the ,university of the ,chimes #agd ,,xxxvii4 ,the ,universities of the ,anaconda #agi ,,xxxviii4 ,the ,university of the ,latter-,day ,saints #ahd ,,xxxix4 ,the ,mining ,camp ,university #ahh ,,xl4 ,the ,colleges of the ,smelter ,trust #aib ,,xli4 ,a ,land ,grant ,college #aig ,,xlii4 ,an ,agricultural ,melodrama #bjc ,,xliii4 ,the ,university of ,wheat #bjf ,,xliv4 ,the ,university of the ,ore ,trust #bji ,,xlv4 ,the ,academic ,wink #baf ,,xlvi4 ,introducing a ,university ,president #bbb ,,xlvii4 ,introducing a ,board of ,regents #bbg ,,xlviii4 ,the ,price of ,liberty #bcj ,,xlix4 ,the ,people and ,their ,university #bce ,l4 ,education ,f4 ,o4 ,b4 ,chicago #bdj ,,li4 ,the ,university of ,standard ,oil #bdc ,,lii4 ,little ,halls for ,radicals #bdi ,,liii4 ,the ,university of ,judge ,gary #bed ,,liv4 ,the ,university of the ,grand ,duchess #beh ,,lv4 ,the ,university of ,automobiles #bfc ,,lvi4 ,the ,university of the ,steel ,trust #bga ,,lvii4 ,the ,university of ,heaven #bgg ,,lviii4 ,the ,harpooner of ,whales #bhb ,,lix4 ,an ,academic ,tragedy #bhg ,,lx4 ,the ,geography ,line #bia ,,lxi4 ,a ,leap into the ,limelight #bie ,,lxii4 ,the ,process of ,fordization #cjb ,,lxiii4 ,intellectual ,dry-rot #cjf ,,lxiv4 ,the ,university of ,jabbergrab #cac ,,lxv4 ,the ,growth of ,jabbergrab #cai ,,lxvi4 ,jabbergrab in ,journalism #cbc ,,lxvii4 ,the ,city ,colleges #cbi ,,lxviii4 ,the ,large ,mushrooms #ccd ,,lxix4 ,the ,little ,toadstools #cci ,,lxx4 ,god and ,mammon #cde ,,lxxi4 ,the ,orange-outang ,hunters #cea ,,lxxii4 ,the ,academic ,pogrom #cef ,,lxxiii4 ,the ,semi-,simian ,mob #cfc ,,lxxiv4 ,the ,rah-rah ,boys #cgj ,,lxxv4 ,the ,social ,traitors #cgg ,,lxxvi4 ,prexy #chb ,,lxxvii4 ,damn the ,faculty #cij ,,lxxviii4 ,small ,souls #cie ,,lxxix4 ,the ,world of 8,hush0 #cii ,,lxxx4 ,the ,foundations of ,fraud #djg ,,lxxxi4 ,the ,bolshevik ,hunters #dab ,,lxxxii4 ,the ,helen ,ghouls #dah ,,lxxxiii4 ,the ,shepard's ,crook #dbd ,,lxxxiv4 ,cities of ,refuge #dbh ,,lxxxv4 ,the ,academic ,rabbits #dcf ,,lxxxvi4 ,workers' ,education #ddj ,,lxxxvii4 ,the ,spider and the ,fly #dde ,,lxxxviii4 ,the ,workers' ,colleges #dej ,,lxxxix4 ,the ,professors' ,union #ded ,,xc4 ,the ,professors' ,strike #dei ,,xci4 ,educating the ,educators #dfd ,,xcii4 ,the ,league of ,youth #dgj ,,xciii4 ,the ,open ,forum #dgc ,,introductory ,six hundred thousand young people are attending colleges and universities in ,america4 ,they are the pick of our coming generation2 they are the future of our country4 ,if they are wisely and soundly taught1 ,america will be great and happy2 if they are misguided and mistaught1 no power can save us4 ,what is the so-called 8higher education0 of these ,united ,states8 ,you have taken it1 for the most part1 on faith4 ,it is something which has come to be2 it is big and impressive1 and you are impressed4 ,every year you pay a hundred million dollars of public funds to help maintain it1 and half that amount in tuition fees for your sons and daughters4 ,you take it for granted that this money is honestly and wisely used2 that the students are getting the best1 the 8highest0 education the money can buy4 ,suppose ,i were to tell you that this educational machine has been stolen8 ,that a bandit crew have got hold of it and have set it to work1 not for your benefit1 nor the benefit of your sons and daughters1 but for ends very far from these8 ,that our six hundred thousand young people are being taught1 deliberately and of set purpose1 not wisdom but folly1 not justice but greed1 not freedom but slavery1 not love but hate8 ,for the past year ,i have been studying ,american ,education4 ,i have read on the subject--books1 pamphlets1 reports1 speeches1 letters1 newspaper and magazine articles--not less than five or six million words4 ,i have traveled over ,america from coast to coast and back again1 for the sole purpose of talking with educators and those interested in education4 ,i have stopped in twenty-five ,american cities1 and have questioned not less than a thousand people--school teachers and principals1 superintendents and board members1 pupils and parents1 college professors and students and alumni1 presidents and chancellors and deans and regents and trustees and governors and curators and fellows and overseers and founders and donors and whatever else they call themselves4 ,this mass of information ,i have turned over and over in my mind1 sorting it1 organizing it--until now1 ,i really know something about ,american ,education4 ,i do not intend in this book to expound my ideas on the subject2 to argue with you as to what education might be1 or ought to be2 to persuade you to any dogma or point of view4 ,i intend merely to put before you the facts2 to say1 this is what ,american ,education now is4 ,this is what is going on in the college and university world4 ,this is what is being done to your sons and daughters2 and what the sons and daughters think about it2 and what the instructors think about it4 ,here is the situation3 make up your own mind1 whether it suits you1 or whether you want it changed4 ,,the ,,goose-,,step ,a ,study of ,american ,education ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,little ,,gosling ,once upon a time there was a little boy2 a little boy unusually eager1 and curious about the world he lived in4 ,he was a nuisance to old gentlemen who wanted to read their newspaper2 but young men liked to carry him on their shoulders and maul him about in romps1 old ladies liked to make ginger cakes for him1 and other boys liked to play 8shinny0 with him1 and race on roller skates1 and 8hook0 potatoes from the corner grocery and roast them in forbidden fires on vacant lots4 ,the little boy lived in a crowded part of the city of ,new ,york1 in what is called a 8flat02 that is1 a group of little boxes1 enclosed in a large box called a 8flat-house40 ,every morning this little boy's mother saw to his scrubbing1 with special attention to his ears1 both inside and back1 and put a clean white collar on him1 and packed his lunch-box with two sandwiches and a piece of cake and an apple1 and started him off to school4 ,the school was a vast building--or so it seemed to the little boy4 ,it had stone staircases with iron railings1 and big rooms with rows of little desks1 blackboards1 maps of strange countries1 and pictures of ,george ,washington and ,abraham ,lincoln and ,aurora driving her chariot4 ,everywhere you went in this school you formed in line and marched2 you talked in chorus1 everybody saying the same thing as nearly at the same instant as could be contrived4 ,the little boy found that a delightful arrangement1 for he liked other boys1 and the more of them there were1 the better4 ,he kept step happily1 and sat with glee in the assembly room1 and clapped when the others clapped1 and laughed when they laughed1 and joined with them in shouting3 ,oh1 ,columbia1 the ,gem of the ,ocean1 ,the--ee home of the ,bra--ave and the ,free--ee6 ,the rest of the day the little boy sat in a crowded classroom1 learning things4 ,the first thing he learned was that you must be quiet--otherwise the teacher1 passing down the aisle1 would crack your knuckles with a ruler4 ,another thing was that you must raise your hand if you wanted to speak4 ,maybe these things were necessary1 but the little boy did not learn why they were necessary2 in school all you learned was that things were so4 ,for example1 if you wanted to divide one fraction by another1 you turned the second fraction upside down2 it seemed an odd procedure1 but if you asked the reason for it1 the teacher would be apt to answer in a way that caused the other little boys to laugh at you--something which is very painful4 ,the teacher would give out a series of problems in 8mental arithmetic0--tricks which you had been taught1 and you wrote the answers on your slate1 and then marched in line past the teacher's desk1 and if you had done it according to rule1 you got a check on your slate4 ,you learned the great purpose of life was these 8marks40 ,if you got good ones1 your teacher smiled at you1 your parents praised you at home1 you had a sense of triumph over other little boys who were stupid4 ,you enjoyed this triumph1 because no one ever suggested to you that it was cruel to laugh at your weaker fellows4 ,in fact1 the system appeared to be designed to bring out your superiority1 and to increase the humiliation of the others4 ,in this school everything in the world had been conveniently arranged in packages1 which could be stowed away in your mind and made the subject of a 8mark40 ,columbus discovered ,america in #adib2 the ,declaration of ,independence was signed on ,july #d1 #aggf2 ,switzerland was bounded on the north by ,germany4 ,this business of 8boundings0 appeared in little diagrams2 ,switzerland was yellow and ,germany pink1 and no one burdened your mind with the idea that these spots of color represented places where human beings lived4 ,at this same time the little boy was going to ,sunday school1 where he learned something called 8the creed10 with a sentence declaring that 8from ,thency shall come to judge the quick and the dead40 ,the little boy pondered hard1 but never made sure whether 8,thency0 was the name of a person or a place4 ,some thirty-five years have passed1 but the little boy still remembers the personalities of these teachers4 ,there was a middle-aged lady1 stout and amiable1 and always dressed in black2 then one who was angular and irritable2 then one who had pretty brown eyes and hair1 but to the puzzlement of the little boy had also the beginnings of a mustache4 ,next came a young man with a real mustache1 and pale1 washed-out eyes and complexion2 but he was dreadfully dull4 ,the novelty had worn off the school by this time1 and the boy had got tired of stowing away packages of facts in his mind4 ,he had become so expert that he was able to do two years' work in one1 and at the age of twelve was ready for what was called the ,city ,college4 ,but he was judged too young1 and had to take one year in the grammar school all over4 ,the fates took pity on him1 and gave him as teacher for that year a jolly ,irish gentleman1 so full of interest in his boys that he did not keep the rules4 ,if you wanted to ask him questions you asked1 and without first raising your hand2 you might even get into an argument with him1 as with any boy1 and if he caught you whispering to your neighbor1 his method of correcting you was novel1 but highly effective--he would let fly a piece of chalk at your head1 and you would grin1 and the class would howl with delight4 ,in this strange1 happy group the little boy went by the nick-name of 8,chappie02 for the school was located on the ,east side of ,new ,york1 and most of the boys were 8tough10 and had never before heard the ,english language correctly spoken by a boy4 8,chappie0 owned a collection of one or two hundred story-books which had been given him by aunts and uncles and cousins at a succession of ,christmases and birthdays4 ,the priceless treasure1 when he left the school1 became the foundation of a class library1 to the vast delight of the other boys and of the ,irish teacher4 ,so the boy ended his grammar-school life in a blaze of glory1 and went away thinking the public school system a most admirable affair4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,college ,,goose ,the ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york at that time occupied an old brick building on ,twenty-third ,street and ,lexington ,avenue4 ,it gave a five years' course1 leading up to a college degree2 but the first two or three years were the same as high school years at present4 ,the boy went there1 not because he knew anything about it1 nor because he knew what he wanted1 but because that was the way the machinery was built2 he was turned out of the grammar school hopper1 and into the city college hopper4 ,in his earliest days it had been his intention to become the driver of a hook-and-ladder truck2 later on he had decided to follow his ancestors to ,annapolis2 now he had in mind to be a lawyer2 but first of all he wanted to be 8educated40 ,most of the students in this college were ,jews4 ,i didn't know why this was2 in fact1 ,i hardly knew that it was1 because ,i didn't know the difference between ,jews and ,gentiles4 ,they came from poor families1 and most of them worked hard2 they lived at home1 so there was little of what is called 8college life0 about our education4 ,there were feeble attempts made to get up 8college spirit02 now and then a group of lads would run about the streets emitting yells1 but their efforts were feeble1 and struck me as silly4 ,in the course of time one of the better dressed members of my class came to me with mysterious hints about a 8fraternity40 ,i didn't know what a 8fraternity0 was1 and anyhow1 ,i had no money to spare2 ,i was living on four dollars and a half a week1 and earning it by writing jokes and sketches for the newspapers4 ,i took six or eight courses each half year at the college1 and as ,i recall them1 my principal impression is of their incredible dullness4 ,for example1 the tired little gentleman who taught me what was called 8,english02 ,i remember a book of lessons1 each lesson consisting of thirty or forty sentences containing grammatical errors4 ,i would open the book and run down the list2 ,i would see all the grammatical errors in the first three minutes1 and for the remaining fifty-seven minutes was required to sit and listen while one member of the class after another was called on to explain and correct one of the errors4 ,the cruelty of this procedure lay in the fact that you never knew at what moment your name would be called1 and you would have to know what was the next sentence4 ,if you didn't know1 you were not 8paying attention10 and you got a zero4 ,i tried all kinds of psychological tricks to compel myself to follow that dreary routine1 but was powerless to chain my mind to it4 ,then there was 8history02 first the history of the world1 ancient and modern1 and then the history of ,england4 ,i remember the tall1 stringy old gentleman who taught us lists of names and dates1 which we recited one hour and forgot the next4 ,here1 if you were caught not paying attention1 it was possible to use your wits and 8get by40 ,i remember one bright moment when we were discussing the birth of the first prince of ,wales4 ,said the professor3 8,how did it happen that an ,english prince1 the son of an ,english king1 was born on ,welsh soil80 ,the student1 caught unawares by this singular question1 stammered1 8,why--er--why--his mother was there60 ,also there were the physics classes2 rather less dull1 because they included 8experiments10 which exhibited the peculiarities of natural forces--sparks and smoke1 and noises of explosions major or minor4 ,but why these things happened1 or what they meant1 was never understood by anyone1 and whether an explosion was major or minor was entirely a matter of luck4 ,i remember composing a poem for the college paper1 dealing with the effect of physics upon a poet's mind3 ,he learned that the painted rainbow1 ,god's promise1 as poets feign1 ,was transverse oscillations ,turning somersaults in rain4 ,and then there was drawing4 ,we sat in a big studio1 in front of plaster casts of historic faces1 and we made smudges supposed to resemble them4 ,on this subject1 also1 ,i wrote some verses1 portraying the plight of a student who forgot which cast he was copying1 and paced up and down before them1 exclaiming3 8,good gracious1 is it ,juno or ,king ,henry of ,navarre80 ,i studied a number of complicated technical subjects--perspective and mechanical drawing and surveying--though now1 thirty years later1 ,i could not survey my front porch4 ,i studied mathematics1 from simple addition to differential calculus4 ,the addition ,i still remember2 but if ,i were asked to do the simplest problem in algebra ,i should not have an idea how to set about it4 ,i remember with vividness the men who put me through these various torments2 young men1 some feeble1 some impatient1 but always uninterested in what they were doing2 old men1 kind and lovable1 or irritable and angry1 but all of them hopeless so far as concerned the task of teaching anybody anything of any use4 ,every morning we spent half an hour in what was called 8chapel10 and the old men1 the members of the faculty1 were lined up on the platform1 and remain to this hour the most vivid line of human faces stored in my memory4 ,it was their duty to listen to student oratory2 and so perfect had been the discipline of their lives that they were able to sit without moving a muscle1 or giving the least sign of what they must have felt4 ,sooner or later we came into the class-rooms of these old men1 and each in turn did what he could for us4 ,i remember the professor of ,german1 lovable1 genial1 highly cultured4 ,during the two years that ,i studied with him1 ,i learned perhaps two hundred words--certainly no more than ,i could have learned in two days of active study under an intelligent system4 ,little things he taught me that were not in the course1 for example by a slight frown when he saw me trimming my finger-nails in class4 ,and then the professor of ,greek1 a white-whiskered old terror4 ,for three years he had me five hours per week1 and today ,i could not read a sentence from a child's primer in ,greek1 though ,i still know the letters and the sounds4 ,i suppose there are ,greek words which ,i have looked up in the dictionary a thousand times1 yet it never occurred to any human being to point out to me that ,i might save time and trouble by learning the meaning of the words once for all4 ,i marvel when ,i realize that it was possible for me to read 8,the ,acharnians0 of ,aristophanes1 line by line1 and hardly once get a smile out of it1 nor have it occur to me that there was any resemblance between what happened in that play1 and the fight against ,tammany ,hall and the ,hearst newspapers which was going on in the world about me4 ,and then the professor of ,latin2 he also was a terror1 though his whiskers were brown4 ,he was a prominent ,catholic propagandist1 editor of 8,the ,catholic ,encyclopedia10 and conceived a dislike for me because ,i refused to believe things just because they were told me4 ,i can see this old gentleman's knitted brows and hear his angry tones as he exclaims3 8,mr4 ,sinclair1 it is so because ,i say it is so60 ,five hours a week for five years ,i studied with that old gentleman1 or his subordinates1 and ,i read a great deal of ,latin literature1 but ,i never got so that ,i could read a paragraph of the simplest ,latin prose without a dictionary4 ,i look at a page of the language1 and the words are as familiar to me as my own ,english1 but ,i don't know what they mean1 unless they happen to be the same as the ,english4 ,and then the professor of chemistry2 an extremely irascible old gentleman with only one arm4 ,there was a rumor to the effect that he had lost the other through the misbehavior of chemicals1 but ,i never investigated the matter4 ,i learned that chemistry consists of mixing liquids in test-tubes1 and seeing that various colored 8precipitates0 result4 ,after you do this you write down formulas1 showing that a part of one chemical has got switched over to the other chemical2 but why these things happen1 or how anybody knows that they happen1 was something entirely beyond my comprehension1 and which neither the professor of chemistry nor his three assistants ever explained to any member of my class4 ,my most vivid recollection of this class has to do with the close of the hour1 when a group of us would gather with our various test-tubes1 and each put up a nickel1 and guess a color2 then we would mix the contents of the tubes in one big tube1 and shake them up1 and the fellow who guessed the right color won the 8pot40 ,and then the professor of literature4 ,perhaps you think ,i should have had some success in classes of literature2 but that only shows how little you know about college4 ,a new professor came in just as ,i reached this class1 and ,i learned in after years that he had got his appointment through the ,tammany machine4 ,a bouncing and somewhat vulgar little man1 he was an ardent and argumentative ,catholic1 and his idea of conducting a class of literature was to find out if there was anything in the subject which could in any way be connected with ,catholic doctrine and history1 and if so1 to bring out that aspect of the subject4 ,thus ,i learned that ,milton1 though undoubtedly a great poet1 had cruelly lied about the popes2 also ,i learned that ,chaucer was positively not a ,wyckliffite4 ,i had not the remotest idea what a ,wyckliffite was1 but got the general impression that it was something terrible1 and ,i was quite willing to believe the best of ,chaucer1 in spite of his perverse way of spelling ,english words4 ,as part of the process of disciplining our taste in literature1 we were required to learn poems by heart1 and this professor selected poems which had something to do with ,catholicism4 ,seeing that most of us were ,jews1 this was irritating1 but we got what fun we could out of our predicament4 ,at that time there was a popular music-hall song1 with a chorus3 8,ta-ra-ra-ra-boom-de-ay02 so we used to go about the corridors of our college chanting to this lively tune a poem by ,austin ,dobson3 ,missal of the ,gothic age1 ,missal with the blazoned page1 ,whence1 ,o ,missal1 hither come1 ,from what dim scriptorium8 ,whose the name that wrought thee thus1 ,ambrose or ,theophilus1 ,bending1 through the waning light1 ,o'er thy vellum scraped and white6 ,i hope you know the tune of 8,ta-ra-ra-ra-boom-de-ay10 so that you may get the full cultural benefit from this recitation6 ,however1 my little ,catholic professor of literature did one thing for me2 he let me know of the existence of a poet by the name of ,shelley4 ,we read 8,the ,skylark0 and 8,the ,cloud0 in class1 and there came over me a realization of the ghastly farce ,i was going through in this college4 ,i was near the end of my senior year1 but my store of patience gave out1 and ,i presented a letter to the faculty1 stating that ,i was obliged to earn my own living1 and requesting that ,i be allowed two months' leave of absence4 ,the statement was strictly true1 but the implication1 that ,i was going to spend the two months in earning money1 was not true2 ,i spent the two months sitting on the bed in an eight by ten hall bedroom in a lodging-house1 reading ,shelley's poetry and ,emerson's ,essays and the prose of ,ruskin and ,carlyle4 ,i went back to college and made up my lost months in a week or two1 and passed my examinations without either credit or discredit--ranking just in the middle of my class4 ,i take it that the purpose of education is to discover the special aptitudes of the student1 and to foster them4 ,and here was ,i1 a man with one special aptitude2 here were a score of teachers1 with whom ,i had been in daily contact for five years2 yet ,i am sure1 if these teachers had been told that one man in the class of '#ig would come to be known throughout the civilized world in less than nine years1 they would have guessed more than half my class-mates before they guessed me4 ,i am not so egotistical as to imagine that ,i was the only man in that class who had special aptitudes2 if none of the others have developed any1 ,i think ,i know the reason--the machine had rolled them flat6 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,university ,,goose ,columbia ,university at the time ,i went to it had just moved up to its new buildings on ,morningside ,heights4 ,the center of the group was a magnificent white marble library1 built almost entirely for display1 and with but little relation to books and those who were to use them4 ,but of this ,i had no suspicion2 ,i had come now to the real headquarters of education1 and ,i studied the fascinating lists of courses1 and my heart leaped1 because ,i was free to choose whatever ,i wished of all this feast4 ,i was a proud 8bachelor of arts10 and declared my intention of becoming a still prouder 8master of arts40 ,to achieve the feat ,i must complete a year's course1 consisting of a 8major0 subject and two 8minors10 and ,i must also compose a 8thesis40 ,to register for all this ,i paid a hundred and fifty dollars1 earned by a newly discovered talent for writing dime novels4 ,my major subject was ,english2 and as part of the work ,professor ,george ,rice ,carpenter undertook to teach me the art of composition4 ,this was an undergraduate course1 taken by students of ,columbia ,college1 and so ,i had a chance to see how they were taught4 ,to my dismay ,i found it exactly the same dreary routine that ,i had been through at my ,city ,college4 ,our professor would set us a topic on which to write a 8theme03 8,should ,college ,students ,take ,part in ,athletics20 or perhaps1 8,a ,description of the ,country in ,winter40 ,my own efforts at this task were pitiful1 and ,i was angrily aware that they were pitiful2 ,i did not care anything about the matters on which ,i was asked to write1 and ,i could never in my life write about anything ,i did not care about4 ,i stood some six weeks of it1 and then went to the professor and told him ,i wanted to drop the course4 ,so ,i discovered one of the embarrassments of the ,american college system4 ,students are supposed to choose courses1 but no provision is made for them to sample the wares and make an intelligent selection4 ,if anybody finds he has made a mistake1 he is in the same plight as if he has married the wrong girl2 he can not get out without hurting the girl's feelings1 and ,i1 unhappy blunderer in the undergraduate machine1 had to hurt the feelings of ,professor ,carpenter4 8,i don't know what you want10 said he1 8or how you think you are going to get it2 but this one thing ,i can tell you positively--you don't know how to write40 ,to which ,i answered humbly1 of course2 that was why ,i had to come to him4 ,but ,i had become convinced that ,i wasn't going to learn in that way1 and my mind was made up to drop the course4 ,also ,i took a course in poetry with ,william ,peterfield ,trent4 ,the predecessors of ,milton were the subject of our investigation1 ,i remember1 and perhaps they were uninteresting poets--anyhow1 the lectures about them certainly were4 ,i stood it for a month or two1 and then we came upon a grammatical error in one of our poets4 8,you will find such things occasionally10 said the professor4 8,there is a line in ,byron--#8,there let him lay'--and ,i have an impression that ,i once came upon a similar error in ,shelley4 ,some day before long ,i plan to read ,shelley through and see if ,i can find it40 ,and that finished me4 ,shelley was my dearest friend in all the world1 and ,i imagined a man confronting the record of his ecstasies1 seeking a grammatical error6 ,i quit that course4 ,also ,i had started one in ,french4 ,it was the same dreary routine ,i had gone through for five years in ,latin2 translating little foolish sentences by looking up words in the dictionary4 ,i seriously meant to read ,french1 so stayed long enough to get the accent correctly1 and then retired1 and got myself a note-book and set to work to hammer the meaning of ,french words into my head4 ,in another six weeks ,i had read half a dozen of the best ,french novels1 and in the course of the next year ,i read all the standard ,french classics4 ,i did the same thing with ,german2 having already got the pronunciation1 ,i proceeded to teach myself words1 and in a year or two had got to know ,german literature as well as ,english4 ,most of my experience at ,columbia consisted of beginning courses1 and dropping them after a few weeks4 ,at the end ,i figured up that ,i had sampled over forty courses4 ,i finished five or six1 but never took an examination in one4 ,and this was no mere whim or idleness on my part2 it was a deliberate judgment upon the university and its methods4 ,i had made the discovery that1 being registered for a master's degree1 and not having completed the necessary courses1 ,i was free to register for new courses the second year1 without paying additional tuition fees2 and failing to complete the courses the second year1 ,i was free to register for the third year1 and so on4 ,thus ,i worked out my system--education in spite of the educators6 ,i would start a course1 and get a preliminary view of the subject1 and the list of the required readings2 then ,i would go off by myself and do the readings4 ,almost invariably there was one book which the professor used as a text-book1 and his lectures were nothing but an inadequate rsum thereof4 ,at the beginning of his course on the drama ,brander ,matthews would say 8,gentlemen1 ,i make it a point of honor with you not to read my book--#8,the ,development of the ,drama1' until after you have finished my course60 ,brander ,matthews was a new type to me1 the literary 8man of the world40 ,his mind was a store-house of gossip about the theater and the stage-world1 and ,i was interested1 and eagerly read the plays4 ,i knew that ,brander was not my kind of man1 that his world was not for me2 but what kind of world ,i was going to choose1 or to make for myself1 ,i did not at that time know4 ,as ,i dwell on these days1 ,i see before me his loose1 rather shambling figure1 with a queerly shaped brown beard and a cigarette dangling from the lower lip4 ,i do not know how this dangling was contrived1 but ,i doubt if ,i ever saw the professor at a lecture that he did not have that cigarette in position as he talked4 ,brander is the beau ideal of the successful college professor1 metropolitan style2 a clubman1 easy-going and cynical1 but not too much so for propriety2 wealthy enough to be received at the dinners of trustees1 and witty enough to be welcome anywhere4 ,he is a bitter reactionary1 and has become one of ,president ,butler's most active henchmen2 his reputation as author of more than forty books is made use of by the ,new ,york 8,times0 for an occasional job of assassinating a liberal writer4 ,with ,nicholas ,murray ,butler ,i took a course in the critical philosophy4 ,at this time he was a modest professor1 and his dazzling career lay in the future4 ,i shall have many impolite things to say about ,butler1 so let me make it plain that there is nothing personal in my attitude2 to me he was always affable4 ,he possesses a subtle mind1 and uses it thoroughly4 ,with him ,i read 8,the ,critique of ,pure ,reason0 twice through and as a work of supererogation ,i read also the impossible ,german4 ,i had had a little metaphysics before this1 and was now pleased to have ,kant demonstrate that ,i had wasted my time4 ,i took seriously what ,i read1 and assumed that my professor was taking seriously what he taught2 so imagine my bewilderment when shortly afterwards ,i learned that ,professor ,butler had left the ,presbyterian church1 and had joined the ,episcopal church1 as one of the steps necessary to becoming president of ,columbia ,university4 ,it gave me a shock1 because ,i knew he had no belief whatever in any of the dogmas of the ,christian religion1 and had completely demonstrated to me the impossibility of any valid knowledge concerning immortality1 free will or a ,first ,cause4 ,another 8man of the world0 type of professor whom ,i encountered was ,harry ,thurston ,peck1 who gave me a course in ,roman civilization of the ,augustan age4 ,it was so like ,america that it was terrifying1 but ,professor ,peck ,i am sure was entirely unterrified4 ,he was widely read in the literature of decadence1 and from him ,i heard the names of strange writers1 from ,petronius and ,boccaccio to ,zola and ,gautier4 ,it was a world of grim and cruel depravity1 but one had sooner or later to know that it existed1 and to steel one's soul for a new endeavor to save the race4 ,poor ,harry ,peck was not steeled enough1 and he broke the first rule of the 8man of the world10 and got found out4 ,a woman sued him for breach of promise1 and published his letters in the newspapers4 ,there were some who thought he should not have been assumed to be guilty1 merely because a blackmailer accused him2 but the powers which ruled ,columbia thought otherwise1 and ,professor ,peck was driven out1 and committed suicide4 ,it was a peculiar thing1 which ,i observed as time went on--every single man who had had anything worth-while of any sort to teach me was forced out of ,columbia ,university in some manner or other4 ,the ones that stayed were the dull ones1 or the worldly and cunning ones4 ,carpenter stayed until he died1 and ,brander ,matthews1 and ,butler1 and ,trent1 who purposed to read through the works of ,shelley to find a grammatical error1 and ,john ,erskine1 whom ,i knew as a timid and conventional 8researcher10 and who1 ,i am told1 has been chosen by ,butler as his heir-apparent4 ,but ,peck went--and ,hyslop1 and ,spingarn1 and ,robinson1 and ,mac,dowell1 and ,woodberry4 ,james ,hyslop gave me a course in what he called 8practical ethics10 and this was a curious affair4 ,in the first part he discussed abstract rules of conduct--regardless of the fact that there can be no such things4 ,in the second part he attempted to apply these rules to ,new ,york ,city politics1 explaining the methods by which ,tammany politicians got their graft1 and devising elaborate laws and electoral arrangements whereby these politicians could be kept out of office1 or made to be good while in4 ,the professor was a frail and ascetic-looking little man with a feeble black beard4 ,it was painfully clear to me that the politicians were more clever than he1 and would devise a hundred ways of countering his program before he had got it into action4 ,now1 as ,i look back upon this course1 the thing which strikes me as marvelous is that never once in a whole year of instruction did the professor drop a hint concerning the economic basis of political corruption4 ,the politicians got money--yes1 of course2 but who paid them the money1 and what did the payers get out of it8 ,in other words1 what part was ,big ,business playing in the undermining of ,american public life8 ,i took an entire course in 8practical ethics0 at ,columbia ,university in the year '#ii or #aijj--two hours a week for nine months--and never once did ,i hear that question mentioned1 either by the professor or by any of the graduate students in that class6 ,you would have thought that this would have made ,james ,hyslop safe for life2 but alas6 the poor man became too anxious concerning the growth of ,socialism throughout the world1 and decided that the way to counter it was to renew the faith of the people in heaven and hell4 ,you may find his ideas on this point quoted in 8,the ,profits of ,religion10 page #bbd4 ,he took to studying spiritualism1 and the newspapers took him up1 and the university authorities1 who tolerate no sort of eccentricity1 politely slid him out of his job4 ,after his recent visit to the ,united ,states1 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells wrote that the most vital mind he had met was ,james ,harvey ,robinson1 author of 8,the ,mind in the ,making40 ,twenty-two or three years ago ,i took with ,professor ,robinson a course in the history of the ,renaissance and ,reformation4 ,it was a great period1 when the mind of the race was breaking the shackles of medival tyranny in religion1 politics1 and thought4 ,i read with eagerness about ,john ,huss and ,wyckliffe1 ,erasmus and ,luther4 ,i still hope for such heroes and for such an awakening in my own modern world2 meantime1 ,i observe that ,professor ,robinson1 unable to stand the medivalism of ,columbia1 has handed in his resignation4 ,then ,mac,dowell1 the composer4 ,edward ,mac,dowell was the first authentic man of genius ,i met2 he is the only ,american musician whose work has won fame abroad4 ,he was a man as well as an artist1 and his courses in general musical culture were a rare delight4 ,after much urging1 he consented to play us parts of his own works1 and discuss them with us4 ,needless to say1 this was not orthodox academic procedure1 and the college authorities1 who do not recognize genius less than a hundred years away1 would not give proper credits for work with ,mac,dowell4 ,the composer's beautiful dream of a center of musical education came to nothing1 and he retired1 broken-hearted4 ,as ,i described the tragedy at the time1 he ran into ,nicholas ,murray ,butler and was killed4 ,finally1 ,george ,edward ,woodberry1 who was in the field of letters what ,mac,dowell was in music1 a master not merely of criticism but of creation2 also a charming spirit and a friend to students4 ,he gave a course in what he called comparative literature1 and made us acquainted with ,plato1 ,cervantes1 ,dante1 ,ariosto1 ,spenser1 and ,shelley4 ,he was a truly liberalizing influence1 and so popular among the men that the ,columbia machine hated him heartily4 ,i was taking ,brander ,matthews' course at the same time as ,woodberry's1 and would hear ,matthews sneer at ,woodberry's 8idealism10 and at his methods of teaching4 ,a year later ,woodberry was forced out1 under circumstances which ,i shall presently narrate4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,goose-,,steppers ,in the year #aija ,i was twenty-one years of age1 and was ready to quit ,columbia4 ,the great university had become to me nothing but a library full of books1 and some empty class-rooms in which to sit while reading them4 ,no longer was ,i lured by elaborate prospectuses1 setting forth lists of 8courses02 ,i had tried forty of them1 and knew that nine-tenths of them were dull4 ,the great institution was a hollow shell1 a body without a soul1 a mass of brick and stone held together by red tape4 ,but before ,i went out into the world1 ,i made one final test of the place4 ,i knew by this time exactly what ,i wanted to do in the world2 ,i wanted to create literature4 ,i had an overwhelming impulse1 so intense that it had completely ruined me as a hack-writer2 my 8half-dime0 novels had become impossible to me1 and the question of how ,i was to earn my living was a serious one4 ,and here was a great university1 devoted to the furthering of all the liberal arts4 ,this university had trained me to love and reverence the great writers of the past2 what was its attitude to the great writers of the future8 ,the university controlled and awarded a vast number of scholarships and fellowships in all branches of learning2 that is to say1 it offered support to young men while they equipped themselves to understand and teach the writings of the past4 ,but what about the writings of the future8 ,what aid would the university give to these8 ,i was planning to spend the summer writing a novel1 and the idea occurred to me3 ,would ,columbia ,university accept a novel as a thesis or dissertation1 or as evidence of merit and of work accomplished1 in competition for any fellowship or endowment under its control8 ,i made this proposition to the proper authorities at ,columbia1 the heads of the various departments of literature1 and to the president's office as well2 and ,i received one unanimous decision3 there was no fellowship or endowment under the control of the university which could be won by any kind of creative writing1 but only by 8scholarship0--that is to say1 by writing about the work of other people6 ,i was not satisfied entirely4 ,it occurred to me--maybe there was some other university in this broad land of freedom which might have a more liberal and intelligent policy than ,columbia2 so ,i set out on a campaign to test out the question4 ,i wrote to the authorities at ,harvard1 and at ,yale1 and at ,princeton1 and ,cornell1 and ,stanford1 and the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 and ,chicago1 and ,wisconsin and ,california1 and ,i know not what others4 ,i did not let up until ,i had made quite certain that among all the hundreds of millions of dollars of endowment at the disposal of the great ,american universities1 there was not one dollar which could be won by a piece of creative literature1 nor one university president who was interested in the possibility that there might be a man of genius actually alive in ,america at the beginning of the twentieth century4 ,so ,i went out into the world to make my own way1 and to fight for the preservation of my own talent4 ,i had given the academic authorities nine years in which to do what they could to me1 so ,i might fairly lay claim to be a completely educated man4 ,i look back now1 and see myself as ,i was1 and ,i shudder--not merely for myself1 but for all other products of the educational machine4 ,i think of the things ,i didn't know1 and of the pains and perils to which my ignorance exposed me6 ,i knew nothing whatever about hygiene and health2 everything of that sort ,i had to learn by painful error4 ,i knew nothing about women2 ,i had met only three or four beside my mother1 and had no idea how to deal with them4 ,i knew as much about sex as was known to the ancient religious ascetics1 but nothing of modern discoveries or theories on the subject4 ,more significant yet1 ,i knew nothing about modern literature in any language2 ,i had acquired a supreme and top-lofty contempt for it1 and was embarrassed when ,i happened to read 8,sentimental ,tommy10 and discovered that someone had written a work of genius in my own time6 ,i knew nothing about modern history2 so far as my mind was concerned1 the world had come to an end with the ,franco-,prussian war1 and nothing had happened since4 ,of course1 there was the daily paper1 but ,i didn't know what this daily paper was1 who made it1 or what relation it had to me4 ,i knew that politics was rotten1 but ,i didn't know the cause of this rottenness1 nor had ,i any idea what to do about it4 ,i knew nothing about money1 the life-blood of society1 nor the part it plays in the life of modern men4 ,i knew nothing about business1 except that ,i despised it1 and shrank in agony of spirit from contact with business people4 ,all that ,i knew about labor was a few tags of prejudice which ,i had picked up from newspapers4 ,most significant of all to me personally1 ,i was unaware that the modern revolutionary movement existed4 ,i was all ready for it1 but ,i was as much alone in the world as ,shelley a hundred years before me4 ,i knew1 of course1 that there had been ,socialism in ancient times1 for ,i had read ,plato1 and been amused by his quaint suggestions for the reconstruction of the world4 ,also ,i knew that there had been dreamers and cranks in ,america who went off and tried to found ,utopian commonwealths4 ,it was safe for me to be told about these experiments1 because they had failed4 ,i had heard the names of ,marx and ,lassalle1 and had a vague idea of them as dreadful men1 who met in the back rooms of beer-gardens1 and conspired1 and made dynamite bombs1 and practised free love4 ,that they had any relationship to my life1 that they had anything to teach me1 that they had founded a movement which embraced all the future--of this ,i was as ignorant as ,i was of the civilization of ,dahomey1 or the topography of the far side of the moon4 ,i went out into the world1 and learned about these matters1 by most painful experience2 and then ,i looked back upon my education1 and understood many things which had previously been dark4 ,one question ,i asked myself3 was all that deficiency accidental1 or was it deliberate8 ,was it merely the ignorance of those who taught me1 or was there some reason why they did not teach me all they knew8 ,i have come to understand that the latter is the case4 ,our educational system is not a public service1 but an instrument of special privilege2 its purpose is not to further the welfare of mankind1 but merely to keep ,america capitalist4 ,to establish this thesis is the purpose of 8,the ,goose-step40 ,and first a few words as to the title4 ,we spent some thirty billions of treasure1 and a hundred thousand young lives1 to put down the ,german autocracy2 being told1 and devoutly believing1 that we were thereby banishing from the earth a certain evil thing known as ,kultur4 ,it was not merely a physical thing1 the drilling of a whole population for the aggrandizement of a military caste2 it was a spiritual thing1 a regimen of autocratic dogmatism4 ,the best expression of it upon which ,i have come in my readings is that of ,johann ,gottlieb ,fichte1 ,prussian philosopher and apostle of ,nationalism2 ,i quote two sentences1 from a long discourse3 8,to compel men to a state of right1 to put them under the yoke of right by force1 is not only the right but the sacred duty of every man who has the knowledge and the power4444 ,he is the master1 armed with compulsion and appointed by ,god40 ,i ask you to read those sentences over1 to bear them in mind as you follow chapter after chapter of this book2 see if ,i am not right in my contention that what we did1 when we thought we were banishing the ,goose-step from the world1 was to bring it to our own land1 and put ourselves under its sway--our thinking1 and1 more dreadful yet1 the teaching of our younger generation4 ,,chapter ,v ,,interlocking ,,directorates ,the first step toward the intelligent study of ,american education is to consider the country in which this education grows4 ,we are told upon good authority that men do not gather figs from thistles2 we are also told that we cannot understand the cultural institutions of any country unless we know its economic and social conditions4 ,if you want to learn about ,america1 the plutocratic empire1 come with me and meet the emperor and his princes and lords2 come to the ,customs ,house in ,new ,york ,city1 early in the year #aiac4 ,the memory of our busy age is short1 so perhaps it will mean nothing to you if ,i say that the ,pujo ,committee of the ,house of ,representatives is in session4 ,they sit in a solemn row1 eleven solemn legislators2 and into the witness chair step one after another the masters of this plutocratic empire3 ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan senior1 a bulbous-nosed and surly-tempered old man whom everyone in the room knows to be the emperor2 ,george ,f4 ,baker1 president of the ,first ,national ,bank of ,new ,york1 the second richest man in the world2 ,william ,rockefeller1 brother of the richest man in the world2 ,george ,m4 ,reynolds1 president of the ,continental ,national ,bank of ,chicago1 the second largest bank in ,america2 ,henry ,p4 ,davison1 ,jacob ,schiff--so on through a long list4 ,they are being questioned by a small1 frail-looking ,jewish lawyer named ,samuel ,untermyer4 ,all his life he has been one of them1 he has been in the game with them and made his millions2 he knows every trick and turn of their minds1 every corner where their money is hidden--and now he turns against them and exposes them to the world4 ,they hate him1 but he has them at his mercy1 and step by step he shows us the machinery of our industrial and financial life1 the thing which he calls the ,money ,trust1 and which ,i call the plutocratic empire4 ,there is one phrase which makes the whole argument of the ,pujo ,report1 and that phrase is 8interlocking directorates40 ,interlocking directorates are the device whereby three great banks in ,new ,york1 with two trust companies under their control1 manage the financial affairs and direct the policies of a hundred and twelve key corporations of ,america4 ,the three banks are ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan and ,company1 the ,first ,national ,bank1 and the ,national ,city ,bank2 and the two trust companies are the ,guaranty and the ,equitable4 ,please fix these five concerns in your mind1 for we shall come back to them in almost every chapter of this book4 ,their directors sit upon the boards of the corporations1 sometimes several on each board1 and their orders are obeyed because they control credit1 which is the life-blood of our business world4 ,said ,george ,m4 ,reynolds1 in his testimony1 speaking of the control of ,american finance3 8,i believe it lies in the hands of a dozen men2 and ,i plead guilty to being one1 in the last analysis1 of these men40 ,such was the situation in #aiac2 and now1 ,america has fought and won a war1 and become the financial master of the world4 ,the wealth of ,america was estimated in #aiab at a hundred and twenty-seven billions2 in #aibj it was estimated at five hundred billions1 greater than the combined wealth of the ,british ,empire1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,russia1 ,germany1 and ,japan4 ,at the same time that wealth has increased1 so has the concentration of its control4 ,if the ,pujo ,committee were to conduct another inquiry in the year #aibb1 it would find exactly the same interlocking directorates1 only more of them2 and it would find that the financial empire controlled by three great banks and two trust companies has grown from twenty-two billions to not less than seventy-five1 and probably close to a hundred billions of dollars4 ,just how do these interlocking directorates work8 ,a picture of their method was drawn in ,harper's ,weekly by ,louis ,d4 ,brandeis1 at that time an anti-corporation lawyer of ,boston1 and now a ,justice of the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court4 ,said ,mr4 ,brandeis3 ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan 7or a partner71 a director of the ,new ,york1 ,new ,haven and ,hartford ,railroad1 causes that company to sell to ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan and ,company an issue of bonds4 ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan and ,company borrow the money with which to pay for those bonds from the ,guaranty ,trust ,company1 of which ,mr4 ,morgan 7or a partner7 is a director4 ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan and ,company sell the bonds to the ,penn ,mutual ,life ,insurance ,company1 of which ,mr4 ,morgan 7or a partner7 is a director4 ,the ,new ,haven spends the proceeds of the bonds in purchasing steel from the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation1 of which ,mr4 ,morgan 7or a partner7 is a director4 ,the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation spends the proceeds of the rails in purchasing electrical supplies from the ,general ,electric ,company1 of which ,mr4 ,morgan 7or a partner7 is a director4 ,the ,general ,electric ,company sells the supplies to the ,western ,union ,telegraph ,company1 a subsidiary of the ,american ,telephone and ,telegraph ,company1 and in both ,mr4 ,morgan 7or a partner7 is director4 ,the ,telegraph ,company has a special wire contract with the ,reading1 in which ,mr4 ,morgan 7or a partner7 is a director-- ,so on to the ,pullman ,company and the ,baldwin ,locomotive ,works4 ,mr4 ,brandeis points out how 8all these concerns patronize one another2 they all market their securities through ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan and ,company1 they deposit their funds with ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan and ,company1 and ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan and ,company use the funds of each in further transactions40 ,but ,mr4 ,brandeis stops his story too soon2 he ought to show us some of the wider ramifications of these directorates4 ,he ought to picture ,mr4 ,morgan 7or a partner7 falling ill1 and being treated in ,st4 ,luke's ,hospital1 in which ,mr4 ,morgan 7or a partner7 is a trustee1 and by a physician who is also a trustee1 and who was educated in the ,college of ,physicians and ,surgeons1 of which ,mr4 ,morgan 7or a partner7 is a trustee4 ,he ought to picture ,mr4 ,morgan dying1 and being buried from ,trinity ,church1 in which several of his partners are vestrymen1 and having his funeral oration preached by a bishop who is a stockholder in his bank1 and reported in newspapers whose bonds repose in his vaults4 ,mr4 ,brandeis might say about all these persons and institutions just what he says about the ,steel ,corporation and the ,general ,electric ,company and the ,western ,union ,telegraph ,company and the ,baldwin ,locomotive ,works--they all patronize one another and they all deposit their funds with ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan and ,company4 ,men die1 but the plutocracy is immortal2 and it is necessary that fresh generations should be trained to its service4 ,therefore the interlocking directorate has need of an educational system1 and has provided it complete4 ,there is a great university1 of which ,mr4 ,morgan was all his active life a trustee1 also his son-in-law and one or two of his attorneys and several of his bankers4 ,the president of this university is a director in one of ,mr4 ,morgan's life insurance companies1 and is interlocked with ,mr4 ,morgan's bishop1 and ,mr4 ,morgan's physician1 and ,mr4 ,morgan's newspaper4 ,if the president of the university writes a book1 telling the ,american people to be good and humble servants of the plutocracy1 this book may be published by a concern in which ,mr4 ,morgan 7or a partner7 is a director1 and the paper may be bought from the ,international ,paper ,company1 in which ,mr4 ,morgan has a director through the ,guaranty ,trust ,company4 ,if you visit the town where the paper is made1 you will find that the president of the school board is a director in the local bank1 which deposits its funds with the ,guaranty ,trust ,company at a low rate of interest1 to be reloaned by ,mr4 ,morgan at a high rate of interest4 ,the superintendent of the schools will be a graduate of ,mr4 ,morgan's university1 and will have been recommended to the school board president by ,mr4 ,morgan's dean of education4 ,both the board and president and the school superintendent will insure their lives in the company of which ,mr4 ,morgan's university president is a director2 and the school books selected in that town will be published by a concern in which ,mr4 ,morgan 7or a partner7 is a director1 and they will be written by ,mr4 ,morgan's university's dean of education1 and they will be praised in the journal of education founded by ,mr4 ,morgan's university president2 also they will be praised by ,mr4 ,morgan's newspaper and magazine editors4 ,the superintendent of schools will give promotion to teachers who take the university's summer courses1 and will cause the high school pupils to aspire to that university4 ,once a year he will attend the convention of the ,national ,educational ,association1 and will elect as president a man who is a graduate of ,mr4 ,morgan's university1 and also a member of ,mr4 ,morgan's church1 and a reader of ,mr4 ,morgan's newspaper1 and of ,mr4 ,morgan's university's president's educational journal1 and a patron of ,mr4 ,morgan's university presidents' life insurance company1 and a depositor in a bank which pays him no interest1 but sends his money to the ,guaranty ,trust ,company for ,mr4 ,morgan to loan at a high rate of interest4 ,and when the ,republican party1 of which ,mr4 ,morgan 7or a partner7 is a director1 nominates the president of ,mr4 ,morgan's university for vice-president of the ,united ,states1 ,mr4 ,morgan's bishop will bless the proceedings1 and ,mr4 ,morgan's newspapers will report them1 and ,mr4 ,morgan's school superintendent will invite the children to a picnic to hear ,mr4 ,morgan's candidates' campaign speeches on a phonograph1 and to drink lemonade paid for by ,mr4 ,morgan's campaign committee1 out of the funds of the life insurance company of which ,mr4 ,morgan's university president is director4 ,such is the system of the interlocking directorates2 such is1 in skeleton form1 that department of the plutocratic empire which calls itself ,american ,education4 ,and if you don't believe me1 just come along and let me show you--not merely the skeleton of this beast1 but the nerves and the brains1 the blood and the meat1 the hair and the hide1 the teeth and the claws of it4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,morgan ,the headquarters of the ,american plutocracy is1 of course1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,here are the three central banks1 and here the hundred and twelve corporations have their offices1 and the interlocking directors roll about in their padded limousines and collect their gold eagles and half-eagles with the minimum of trouble and delay4 ,according to the ,pujo ,committee1 the banks and trust companies of ,new ,york1 all interlocked with the ,house of ,morgan1 had over five billion dollars' worth of resources1 which was nearly one-fourth of the bank resources of the country4 ,this did not include the ,house of ,morgan itself1 which was1 and is1 a private institution4 ,these figures1 of course1 seem puny since the world war2 in that war the ,house of ,morgan alone is reputed to have made a billion dollars from its war purchases for the ,british government1 and if the ,pujo ,committee were to inquire at the present time it would find the banking resources of ,new ,york ,city somewhere between fifteen and twenty-five billions of dollars4 ,it is inevitable that this headquarters of our plutocratic empire should be also the headquarters of our plutocratic education4 ,the interlocking directors could not discommode themselves by taking long journeys2 therefore they selected themselves a spacious site on ,morningside ,heights1 and there stands the palatial ,university of the ,house of ,morgan1 which sets the standard for the higher education of ,america4 ,other universities1 we shall find1 vary from the ideal2 there are some which have old traditions1 there are others which permit modern eccentricities2 but in ,columbia you have plutocracy1 perfect1 complete and final1 and as ,i shall presently show1 the rest of ,america's educational system comes more and more to be modeled upon it4 ,columbia's educational experts take charge of the school and college systems of the country1 and the production of plutocratic ideas becomes an industry as thoroughly established1 as completely systematized and standardized as the production of automobiles or sausages4 ,needless to say1 the ,university of the ,house of ,morgan is completely provided with funds2 its resources are estimated at over seventy-five million dollars and its annual income is over seven million4 ,a considerable part of its endowment is invested in stocks and bonds1 under the supervision of the interlocking directors4 ,i have a typewritten list of these holdings1 which occupies more than twenty pages1 and includes practically all the important railroads and industrial corporations in the ,united ,states4 ,whoever you are1 and wherever you live in ,america1 you cannot spend a day1 you can hardly spend an hour of your life1 without paying tribute to ,columbia ,university4 ,in order to collect the material for this book ,i took a journey of seven thousand miles1 and traveled on fourteen railroads4 ,i observe that every one of these railroads is included in the lists1 so on every mile of my journey ,i was helping to build up the ,columbia machine4 ,i helped to build it up when ,i lit the gas in my lodging-house room in ,new ,york2 for ,columbia ,university owns #eh1jjj worth of ,new ,york ,gas and ,electric ,light1 ,heat and ,power ,company's #d per cent bonds2 ,i helped to build it up when ,i telephoned my friends to make engagements1 for ,columbia ,university owns #ej1jjj worth of the ,new ,york ,telephone ,company's #d per cent bonds2 ,i helped to build it up when ,i took a spoonful of sugar with my breakfast1 for ,columbia ,university owns some shares in the ,american ,sugar ,refining ,company1 and also in the ,cuba ,cane ,sugar ,corporation4 ,the great university stops at nothing1 however small3 8five and ten cent stores10 and the ,park and ,tilford ,grocery ,company1 and the ,liggett and ,myers ,tobacco ,company4 ,i have on my desk a letter from a woman1 telling me how the ,standard ,oil ,company has been dispossessing homesteaders from the oil lands of ,california2 ,columbia ,university is profiting by these robberies1 because it owns #be1jjj worth of the gold debenture bonds of the ,standard ,oil ,company of ,california4 ,recently ,i met a pitiful human wreck who had given all but his life to the ,bethlehem ,steel ,company2 ,columbia ,university took a part of this man's health and happiness4 ,crossing the desert on my way home1 in the baking heat of summer ,i saw far out in the barren mountains a huge copper smelter1 vomiting clouds of yellow smoke into the air4 ,we in the ,pullman sat in our shirt-sleeves1 with electric fans playing and white-clad waiters bringing us cool drinks1 but even so1 we suffered from the heat2 yet1 out there in those lonely wastes men toil in front of furnace fires1 and when they drop they are turned to mummies in the baking sand and their names are not recorded4 ,not a thought of them came into the minds of the passengers in the transcontinental train2 and1 needless to say1 no thought of them troubles the minds of the thirty thousand seekers of the higher learning who flock to ,columbia ,university every year4 ,with serene consciences these young people cultivate the graces of life1 upon the income of #di1jjj worth of stock in the ,american ,smelters ,securities ,company4 ,this ,university of the ,house of ,morgan is run by a board of trustees4 ,under the law these trustees are the absolute sovereign1 the administrators of the property1 responsible to no one4 ,they cannot be removed1 no matter what they do1 and they are self-perpetuating1 they appoint their own successors4 ,their charter1 be it noted1 is a contract with the state1 and can never be altered or revised4 ,such was the decision of the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court in the ,dartmouth case1 way back in #ahai4 ,who are the members of this board8 ,the first thing to be noted about them is that there is only one educator1 and that is the president of the university1 an ex-officio member4 ,not one of them is a scholar1 nor familiar with the life of the intellect4 ,there is one engineer1 one physician1 and one bishop2 there are ten corporation lawyers1 and eight classified as bankers1 railroad owners1 real estate owners1 merchants and manufacturers4 ,without exception they are the interlocking directors of the ,pujo charts4 ,the chairman of the board is ,william ,barclay ,parsons1 engineer of the subway1 and director in numerous corporations4 ,the youngest member of the board is ,marcellus ,hartley ,dodge1 who was elected when he was #bf years old1 and was a director of the ,equitable ,life while still an undergraduate at ,columbia2 he is a son-in-law of ,william ,rockefeller1 and is chairman of the ,remington ,arms ,company and ,union ,metallic ,cartridge ,company4 ,he is said to have cleaned up twenty-four million in one deal in ,midvale ,steel1 and in ,october1 #aiaf1 he is credited with making two million by cornering the market in munitions machinery4 ,frederick ,r4 ,coudert is one of the most prominent attorneys of the plutocracy1 a director in the ,national ,surety and ,equitable ,trust4 ,herbert ,l4 ,satterlee is a ,morgan attorney and a ,morgan son-in-law4 ,robert ,s4 ,lovett is chairman of the ,union ,pacific ,railroad1 and director of a dozen other roads4 ,newcomb ,carlton1 president of the ,western ,union ,telegraph ,company1 guides the affairs of a great university in spite of the fact that he is not a college man4 ,reverend ,william ,t4 ,manning is an ex-officio member1 one might say1 being the bishop of the church of ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan and ,company4 ,you must understand that ,columbia is descended from ,kings ,college1 an ,episcopal institution1 and the bishop1 and three vestrymen of ,old ,trinity are on its board4 ,pierpont ,morgan1 the elder1 was on all his life1 and ,stephen ,baker1 president of the ,bank of ,manhattan and the ,bank of the ,metropolis1 is still on4 ,a study of those who have held office on the board of ,columbia1 from #aijj to #aibb1 shows fifty-nine persons classified as follows3 bankers1 railroad owners1 real estate owners1 merchants and manufacturers1 #bj2 lawyers1 #ba2 ministers1 #h2 physicians1 #f2 educators1 #a2 engineers1 #c4 ,the six physicians were on because of their connection with the ,college of ,physicians and ,surgeons1 a branch of ,columbia4 ,how rich in their own right are the particular ,money ,trust lords who run this great ,university it is not possible to determine1 because these gentlemen1 for the most part1 keep their affairs secret4 ,but in the list of those who have died during twenty-two years we have means for an estimate1 for the property of many of these was listed in the probate courts of ,new ,york and appraised by the transfer tax appraisers4 ,a study of these records has been made by ,henry ,r4 ,linville1 president of the ,teachers' ,union1 and he has courteously placed the manuscript at my disposal4 ,there are twenty-one trustees who have died and been appraised1 and the list of their stocks and bonds fills a total of twenty-three typewritten pages1 and shows that the total wealth on which they paid an inheritance tax amounted to one hundred and seventy-three million dollars1 an average of over eight million each4 ,i note among the list five members of the clergy of ,jesus ,christ1 and ,i am sure that if ,he had visited their parishes ,he would have been delighted at their state of affluence--,he could hardly have told it from ,his heavenly courts with their streets of gold4 ,the poorest of these clergy was ,bishop ,burch1 who left #cg1hdj2 second came the ,reverend ,coe1 who left #hj1fhc2 next came the ,reverend ,greer1 who left #agb1fai2 next came the ,reverend ,dix1 rector of ,trinity1 who left #bfi1fcg2 and finally1 ,bishop ,potter1 my own bishop1 whose train ,i carried when ,i was a little boy1 in the solemn ceremonials of the church4 ,i was dully awe-stricken1 but not so much as ,i would have been if ,i had realized that ,i was carrying the train of #chj1efh4 ,such sums loom big in the imagination of a little boy2 but they don't amount to so much on the board of a university where you associate with the elder ,morgan1 who left seventy-eight millions1 and with ,john ,s4 ,kennedy1 banker of the ,gould interests1 who left sixty-five millions4 ,you might possibly think that our interlocking directors would be so busy with the task of managing our industries and our government that they would not have time to superintend our education2 but that would be underestimating their diligence and foresight4 ,they do the job and they do it personally1 not trusting it to subordinates4 ,in the office of the ,teachers' ,union of ,new ,york ,i inspected a chart1 dealing with the interlocking directorates of ,columbia ,university2 and except by the label1 you could not tell it from the charts in the three volumes of the ,pujo ,reports4 ,it is the same thing1 and the men shown are the same men4 ,they serve ,j4 ,p ,morgan and ,company as directors in the coal trust1 the steel trust1 the railroad trust2 they serve also on the boards of schools1 colleges1 and universities through the ,united ,states4 ,you could not tell a chart of the ,columbia trustees from a chart of the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad1 or the ,remington ,arms ,company4 ,you could not tell a chart of ,harvard ,university from a chart of ,lee1 ,higginson and ,company1 the banking house of ,boston4 ,you could not tell a chart of the ,university of ,pennsylvania from a chart of the ,united ,gas ,improvement ,company4 ,you could not tell a chart of the ,university of ,pittsburgh from a chart of the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation4 ,you could not tell a chart of the ,university of ,california from one of the ,hydro-,electric ,power ,trust1 one of ,denver ,university from the ,colorado ,fuel and ,iron ,company1 one of the ,university of ,montana from the ,anaconda ,copper ,company1 one of the ,university of ,minnesota from the ,ore ,trust4 ,these corporations are one1 their interests are one1 and their purposes are one4 ,evans ,clark1 a preceptor in ,princeton ,university--until he made this survey--collected the facts as to the financial interests of governing boards of the largest ,american universities--seven of which were privately controlled and twenty-two state controlled4 ,he found that the plutocratic class1 or those intimately connected therewith--bankers1 manufacturers1 merchants1 public utility officers1 financiers1 great publishers and lawyers--composed #ef per cent of the membership of the privately controlled boards1 and #fh per cent of the publicly controlled boards4 ,says ,mr4 ,clark3 8,of the other two great economic groups in society there is little or no representation4 ,the farmers total between #f per cent in private and #d per cent in public boards1 while no representative of labor has a place on any board1 public or private4 ,and finally1 no college professor is a trustee of the college in which he serves1 while only fourteen out of #fdi are professors in other institutions4 ,of these1 six are ,harvard professors on the ,radcliffe board 7the women's college connected with ,harvard74 ,we have allowed the education of our youth to fall into the absolute control of a group of men who represent not only a minority of the total population but have1 at the same time1 enormous economic and business stakes in what kind of an education it shall be40 ,and this condition prevails right through the list of our colleges1 regardless of size1 or where they are located or how financed4 ,this was shown by ,scott ,nearing in an exhaustive study1 reported in 8,school and ,society0 for ,september #h1 #aiag4 ,he wrote to the governing bodies of all colleges and universities in the ,united ,states having more than five hundred students4 ,there are #ahi such institutions1 and #adc of these supplied the lists of trustees with their occupations4 ,the total number of trustees was #b1dgj4 ,there were #bjh merchants1 #aif manufacturers1 #aab capitalists1 #f contractors1 #cb real estate men1 #bf insurance men1 #aae corporation officials1 #bjb bankers1 #ae brokers1 and #ah publishers1 making for the plutocratic group a total of #icj4 ,there were #aaa doctors1 #ead lawyers1 #abe educators1 #cec ministers1 #h authors1 #dc editors1 #gj scientists1 #ac social workers and #cb judges1 making a total for the professional group of #a1bfi4 ,for the miscellaneous group there were #id retired business men1 #c salesmen1 #abc farmers1 #df home-keepers1 #c mechanics1 and #b librarians1 making a total of #bga4 ,for the purpose of this inquiry the lawyers belong1 not with the professional class1 but with the commercial and financial class1 whose retainers they are4 ,that makes a total of #a1ddd of that class1 or #eh per cent4 ,in the state universities the commercial class had a total of #dgg out of #ggf1 or #fa per cent4 ,and this1 you will note1 without counting the retired business men1 who are certainly no less plutocratic in their mentality than the active ones2 without counting the many doctors1 ministers1 editors1 and educators who are just as plutocratic as the bankers4 ,how plutocratic an educator can be when he is well paid for it is the next proposition we have to prove to you4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,interlocking ,,president ,we have investigated the governing board of the ,university of the ,house of ,morgan4 ,we have next to investigate the president they have selected to carry out their will4 ,naturally1 they would seek the most plutocratic college president in the most plutocratic country of the world4 ,they sought him and they found him2 his name is ,nicholas ,murray ,butler1 abbreviated by his subordinates to 8,nicholas ,miraculous40 ,i am going to sketch his career and describe his character2 and as what ,i say will be bitter1 ,i repeat that ,i bear him no personal ill-will4 ,if ,i pillory him1 it is as a type1 the representative1 champion and creator of what ,i regard as false and cruel ideals4 ,his influence must be destroyed1 if ,america is to live as anything worthwhile1 kindly or beautiful4 ,for this reason ,i have made a detailed study of him1 and present here a full length portrait4 ,if some of it seems too personal1 bear in mind the explanation2 you will understand every aspect of our higher education more clearly1 if you know1 thoroughly and intimately1 one specimen of the ideal interlocking university president4 ,nicholas ,murray ,butler was born in ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j41 and his father was a mechanic4 ,this is nothing to his discredit1 quite the contrary2 the only thing to his discredit is the fact that he is ashamed of it1 and tries to suppress it4 ,when he was candidate for vice-president in #aiab it was given out that he was descended from the old ,murray family of ,new ,york1 which gave the name to aristocratic ,murray ,hill2 and this ,i am assured is not the fact4 ,he has been all his life what is called a 8climber40 ,ordinarily ,i hate puns on people's names1 but the name of ,butler seems to have been a special act of ,providence4 ,his toadying to the rich and powerful is so conspicuous that it defeats its own ends1 and brings him the contempt of men whose intimacy he wishes to gain4 ,george ,l4 ,rives1 former corporation counsel of ,new ,york ,city1 and chairman of the board of ,columbia ,university for many years1 said of him3 8,butler is a great man1 but the damnedest fool ,i know2 he values himself for his worst qualities40 ,here is a man with a first-class brain1 a driving1 executive worker1 capable in anything he puts his mind to1 but utterly overpowered by the presence of great wealth4 ,he serves the rich1 and they despise him4 ,the rich themselves1 you understand1 are not in awe of wealth2 at least1 if they are1 they hide the fact4 ,they are sometimes willing to meet plain1 ordinary human beings as equals1 and when they see a man boot-licking them because of their wealth they sneer at him behind his back1 and sometimes to his face4 ,at the ,union ,club they joke about ,butler1 with his crude talk about 8the right people40 ,they observe that he will never go anywhere to a dinner party unless there are to be prominent people present1 unless he has some prestige to gain from it4 ,he has been married twice1 and both times he has married money2 his present wife is a ,catholic1 and she and her sister are tireless society ladies1 8doing ,st4 ,james' and that kind of thin40 ,butler became a teacher1 then school superintendent1 then instructor in ,columbia ,college1 then professor of philosophy in the university1 then dean1 and now president4 ,this would seem to most men a splendid career--especially considering the perquisites which have gone with it4 ,the interlocking trustees built for their favorite a splendid mansion1 costing over three hundred thousand dollars--paying for it out of the trust funds of the university4 ,this mansion is free from taxation1 upon the theory that it is used for educational purposes2 but ,professor ,cattell publishes the statement that ,butler uses it 8for social climbing and political intrigues40 ,no one has ever been able to find out what portion of the trust funds of the university is paid to its president as salary4 ,in addition1 it is generally rumored at ,columbia that ,butler has accepted gifts from his trustees and other wealthy admirers4 ,but all this has not been sufficient for our ambitious educator4 ,he has craved political honors2 seeking them tirelessly1 begging for them with abject insistence4 ,he has been candidate for vice-president with ,taft1 and has been several times candidate for the ,presidential nomination4 ,all these things he has taken with the most desperate seriousness1 utterly unable to understand why the politicians tell him he cannot be elected4 ,he would go down to ,washington to plead1 and ,jim ,wadsworth1 young aristocrat who runs the up-state political machine of ,new ,york1 would 8kick him about40 ,he would travel over the country addressing banquets of the 8best people10 telling them how the country should be saved1 and how he was the man to save it2 at the same time he would go down to the common people1 and pose as one of them4 ,if you want to succeed in ,america1 you must be what is called a 8joiner02 so ,butler joined the ,elks1 and a man who was present at this adventure told me about it4 ,the ,elks gathered1 a vast herd2 they had come to hear a great educator1 and it was to be a highbrow affair for once in their lives1 and they were solemn about it1 expecting to be uplifted from their primitive ,elkhood4 ,instead of which1 the great educator flopped to their level1 or below it4 ,he tried to 8jolly0 them1 telling them that he was 8a regular fellow10 8one of the boys10 and that it was 8all right for a man to have a good time now and then40 ,of course1 the ,elks were disgusted4 ,in one of ,president ,butler's published speeches ,i find him sneering at the progressives as 8declaimers and sandlot orators and perpetual candidates for office40 ,what this refers to is men like ,roosevelt and ,la,follette1 who go out to the people and seek election4 ,it does not apply to those who go in secret to the homes and offices of political corruptionists and wire-pullers1 there to plead1 almost on their knees1 for nominations and favors4 ,a prominent ,republican politician of ,new ,york said to me3 8,he begged in my office for two hours4 ,he told me he had the support of this man and that1 and then ,i inquired and found it was not so40 ,it is embarrassing to find so many people asserting that the president of ,columbia ,university does not always tell the truth4 ,it will be still more embarrassing to have to state that most of the presidents of colleges and universities in the ,united ,states do not always tell the truth4 ,a curious fact which ,i observed in my travels over the country--there was hardly a single college head about whom ,i was not told3 8,he is a liar40 ,i believe there are no effects without causes1 and ,i have tried to analyze the factors in the life of college heads which compel them to lie4 ,i shall present these to you in due course2 for the present suffice it to say that a man who has held the highest offices in ,new ,york state told me how ,butler had assured him that ,pierpont ,morgan had promised to 8back ,butler to the limit for ,president10 and later this politician ascertained that no such promise had been given4 ,butler stated that he had the unqualified endorsement of another man2 the politician questioned him closely--the matter had been settled only yesterday afternoon1 so ,butler declared4 ,as soon as ,butler left1 this politician called up the man on the telephone1 and ascertained that the man had not seen ,butler for a month1 and had made no promise4 ,also1 my informant had attended a caucus of the ,republican party at the ,republican ,club in ,new ,york ,city1 when ,president ,butler was intriguing for the nomination for ,president4 ,butler came out from that caucus and was surrounded by a group of reporters1 who asked him3 8,was ,theodore ,roosevelt's name proposed80 ,roosevelt1 you understand1 was ,butler's most dreaded rival1 and to keep him from getting the nomination was the first aim of every reactionary leader in the country4 ,said ,president ,butler to the assembled reporters3 8,gentlemen1 you can take this one thing from me--,theodore ,roosevelt's name was positively not mentioned in this caucus40 ,but1 so my informant declared1 ,roosevelt's name had been mentioned only a few minutes before in the caucus1 and ,president ,butler had opposed it6 ,it is worth noting that ,butler denounced ,roosevelt and abused him with almost insane violence2 but when ,roosevelt died he made lovely speeches about him1 and hailed himself as the true heir of the ,roosevelt tradition4 ,he sought the support of one of ,roosevelt's close relatives on this basis1 and the report was spread among newspaper men that he had got it4 ,nicholas ,murray ,butler considers himself the intellectual leader of the ,american plutocracy2 he takes that rle quite frankly1 and enacts it with grave solemnity1 lending the support of his academic authority to the plutocracy's instinctive greed4 ,there has never been a more complete ,tory in our public life2 to him there is no 8people10 there is only 8the mob10 and he never wearies of thundering against it4 8,in working out this program we must take care to protect ourselves against the mob40 ,socialism 8would constitute a mob40 8,doubtless the mob will prefer cheering to its own whoopings10 etc4--all this fifteen years ago1 in one speech at the ,university of ,california4 ,president ,wheeler of that university remarked to a friend of mine that this speech might have been made by ,kaiser ,wilhelm2 and ,wheeler ought to have known1 for he had been the ,kaiser's intimate4 ,and the fifteen years that have passed have made no change in our miraculous ,nicholas4 ,as ,i write1 ,senator ,la,follette addresses the convention of the ,american ,federation of ,labor1 and says3 8,a century and a half ago our forefathers shed their blood in order that they might establish on this continent a government deriving its just powers from the consent of the governed1 in which the will of the people1 expressed through their duly elected representatives1 should be sovereign40 ,and instantly our interlocking president rushes to the rescue4 ,before the convention of the ,new ,jersey ,bar ,association he exclaims3 8,our forefathers did nothing of the sort4 ,they took good care to do something quite different40 ,and the ,associated ,press takes that and sends it all over the ,united ,states1 and ninety-nine out of a hundred good ,americans read it1 and say1 reverently3 8,a great university president says so2 it must be true40 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,scholar ,,in ,,politics ,what is the function of an ,american university president8 ,apparently it is to travel about the country1 and summon the captains and the kings of finance1 and dine in their splendid banquet halls1 and lay down to them the law and the gospel of predation4 ,i consult the name of ,nicholas ,murray ,butler in the ,new ,york ,public ,library1 and ,i find a long list of pamphlets1 each one immortalizing a plutocratic feast2 the ,annual ,luncheon of the ,associated ,press1 #aiaf2 the ,annual ,dinner of the ,commercial ,club of ,kansas ,city1 #aijh1 the ,annual ,dinner of the ,pittsburgh ,chamber of ,commerce1 #aiag1 the ,annual ,dinner of the ,association of ,cotton ,manufacturers1 ,springfield1 ,mass41 #aiag1 the ,annual ,banquet of the ,chamber of ,commerce of the ,state of ,new ,york1 #aiaa1 the ,annual ,dinner of the ,american ,bankers' ,association--and so on4 ,in addressing these mighty men of money there is no cruelty which our interlocking president will not endorse and defend1 no vileness of slander he will not perpetrate against those who struggle for justice in our commercial hell4 8,political patent medicine men10 he calls us2 and he tells the masters of the clubs and bayonets1 the gas-bombs and machine-guns that we seek our ends 8by some means--violent if possible1 peaceable if necessary02 he tells about ,socialists 8whose conception of government is a sort of glorified lynching40 ,and all this1 you understand1 not referring to the ,bolsheviks2 this in the days of the 8,bull ,moose06 ,in his speech before the ,republican ,state ,convention in #aiab ,president ,butler portrayed the struggle with the ,progressives as one 8to decide whether our government is to be ,republican or ,cossack06 ,he discussed proposals to amend the constitution1 saying it was like 8proposing amendments to the multiplication table06 ,in the year #aiaa we find him before the #adc;d ,annual ,banquet of the ,new ,york ,chamber of ,commerce1 stating that 8our business men are attacked10 and that this constitutes 8civil war40 ,our political conventions are being besieged 8by every crude1 senseless1 half-baked scheme in the country0--a terrifying situation1 and what is to be done about it8 ,the orator is ready with the answer3 8,why should not the associated business men of the ,united ,states unite to demand that the next political campaign be conducted with a view to their oversight and protection80 ,the associated business men of the ,united ,states thought this was fine advice1 so through the agency of their ,grand ,old ,party they nominated ,nicholas ,murray ,butler for the office of vice-president of the ,united ,states4 ,in that campaign ,butler called one of his opponents1 ,theodore ,roosevelt1 a demagog1 and the other1 ,woodrow ,wilson1 a charlatan2 and he triumphantly polled the electoral votes of the states of ,utah and ,vermont1 a total of eight out of a possible four hundred and ninety-one4 ,but did that end the political ambitions of our interlocking president8 ,it did not4 ,he gave an honorary degree to the senator who had helped him carry the state of ,utah1 and continued diligently to cultivate the rich and powerful4 ,in #aiaf we find him in the field again1 and this time his ambitions have swelled1 he wishes to be ,president of the ,united ,states4 ,in #aibj he wishes it still more ardently2 his campaign managers solemnly assure the world that he will take nothing less4 ,the 8,literary ,digest0 conducted a straw vote in the spring of #aibj to find out what the ,american people wanted2 #baa1jjj of them wanted ,general ,wood1 #afd1jjj wanted ,senator ,johnson1 #bj1jjj of them wanted poor old ,taft1 and how many of them do you think wanted ,nicholas ,miraculous8 #b1cfi6 ,but did that trouble our interlocking president8 ,it did not2 because1 you see1 he knows that the politicians nominate what the interlocking directorate bids them nominate1 and the people choose the least bad of the two interlocking candidates--if they can find out which that is4 ,so ,president ,butler's campaign continued1 and with the help of ,d4 ,o4 ,mills1 the banker1 and ,elihu ,root1 the fox1 and ,bill ,barnes1 the infamous1 he corralled the sixty-eight delegates of the ,new ,york state machine1 and a few days before they departed for the ,chicago convention we find ,president ,butler giving them a dinner and making them a speech at the ,republican ,club4 ,they went to ,chicago1 and in the hotel rooms where the wires were pulled ,president ,butler argued and pleaded and fought1 but in vain4 ,one of the most prominent ,republicans in the ,united ,states described these scenes to me1 and told of the pitiful1 impotent fury of ,butler when finally ,harding was nominated4 ,he stormed about the room1 denouncing this man and that man4 8,look what ,i did for him1 this1 that and the other thing--and what he has done for me60 ,and when the delegation returned from ,chicago1 ,butler received the newspaper reporters and poured out his balked egotism in a statement which startled the country4 ,he denounced the campaign backers of ,general ,wood1 8a motley group of stock-gamblers1 oil and mining promoters1 munition makers1 and other like persons40 ,these men1 he said1 had 8with reckless audacity started out to buy the ,presidency40 ,he went on to picture the ,new ,york delegation1 the heroic sixty-eight who had stood by ,president ,butler and saved the nation's honor4 ,then1 of course1 there was the devil let loose6 ,general ,wood came out in the next day's paper1 denouncing ,butler's statement as 8a vicious and malicious falsehood40 ,it was necessary1 said ,general ,wood1 8to brand a faker and denounce a lie40 ,and also there was ,procter1 ,ivory ,soap magnate1 and ,general ,wood's principal backer1 denouncing 8this self-seeking and cowardly attack40 ,president ,butler was interviewed by the ,new ,york 8,times10 and was dignified4 8,i am sorry that ,general ,wood lost his temper4 ,it does not sound well40 ,he went on to point out that the ,new ,york 8,world0 had exposed the corruptionists who were putting up the money for ,general ,wood2 and this made lively material for the ,democratic campaign--you can imagine6 ,there was a hurried session of the trustees of the ,university of the ,house of ,morgan a day or two after that break of ,president ,butler's4 ,i have been told on the best authority what went on there2 but you don't need to be told1 you can imagine it4 ,the interlocking president had denounced 8stock-gamblers10 and here on his board was one who had made two million by cornering the market6 ,he had denounced 8mining promoters10 and here was a director in three mining companies6 ,he had denounced 8munition makers10 and here was the chairman of ,remington ,arms and ,union ,metallic ,cartridge6 ,the trustees laid down the law1 either an apology or a resignation2 and so1 a couple of days later1 the ,new ,york newspapers published a statement from ,president ,butler as follows3 8,i am convinced that my word1 spoken under the strain1 turmoil and fatigue of the ,chicago convention1 and in sharp revolt against the power of money in politics1 was both unbecoming and unwarranted and that ,i should1 and do1 apologize to each and every one who felt hurt by what ,i said40 ,the ,american people may have failed to appreciate the services of the president of their greatest university1 but the plutocracy has appreciated him1 and has showered upon him all the honors at its command4 ,he has received honorary degrees from no less than twenty-five universities2 he is a trustee of the ,cathedral of ,st4 ,john the ,divine1 and of the ,new ,york ,life ,insurance ,company--the interlocking directorate6 ,he is a member of fifteen clubs1 and author of eight books of speeches4 ,he has traveled abroad1 and has been honored at ,oxford and ,cambridge1 at ,strassburg and ,breslau4 ,he is a ,commander of the ,red ,eagle 7with star7 of ,prussia1 this honor dating from the year #aiaj4 ,in #aiag-ah ,nicholas ,murray ,butler was1 of course1 a vehement ,hun-hunter2 he was also vehement in denouncing ,american ,socialists1 on the basis of their supposed pro-,germanism4 ,but let us go back ten years1 to the time when the seeds of the ,world ,war were being sown4 ,what then was the attitude of ,american ,socialists1 and what was the attitude of ,president ,butler8 ,in the year #aijg the author of 8,the ,goose-step0 published a study of world conditions1 8,the ,industrial ,republic10 in which he showed how the ,german ,kaiser was drilling his people to make war on the world4 ,the ,english edition of this book was barred from ,germany by the ,kaiser's government4 ,the book showed how the ,german ,socialists were struggling against their autocrat1 and appealed to ,americans to give their sympathy and support4 ,i quote3 ,i do not think that we shall sleep forever2 ,i do not think that the memories of ,jefferson and ,lincoln will call to us in vain forever2 but assuredly there never was in all ,american history a sign of torpor so deep1 of degeneration so frightful1 as this fact that in such a crisis1 when the down-trodden millions of the ,german ,empire are struggling to free themselves from the tyranny of military and personal government1 there should come to them not one breath of sympathy from the people of the ,american ,republic6 ,and all our interest1 all our attention1 is for that strutting turkey-cock1 the war-lord whose mailed fist holds them down6 ,that monstrous creature1 with his insane egotism1 his blustering and his swaggering1 his curled mustachios and military poses6 ,an epileptic degenerate4444 ,and so on4 ,it was strong language1 but it seemed stronger than it does now4 ,and let us ask1 who were the ,american glorifiers of the ,kaiser at whom these words were aimed8 ,head and front among them was ,nicholas ,murray ,butler6 ,in that same year of #aijg ,president ,butler was spending the summer in ,germany--arranging for the 8epileptic degenerate0 to send a 8,kaiser professor0 to ,columbia ,university1 to heighten his prestige with the ,american people6 ,i have taken the trouble to look up this errand of ,president ,butler in ,germany1 and ,i quote one sample of what our representative told the ,german people about their ruler4 ,in the 8,norddeutscher ,allgemeine ,zeitung10 ,october #d1 #aijg1 ,i read as follows3 ,a second more spirited honorer 7,verehrer7 of the ,kaiser1 ,professor ,n4 ,m4 ,butler1 the president of ,columbia ,university1 returns home today1 after a long sojourn in ,germany4 ,he explained among other things3 8,i was twice invited to the ,imperial table1 and ,i can only explain that the idea prevailing in ,america that the ,kaiser is undependable is entirely erroneous4 ,on the contrary1 his personality has something uncommonly winning1 and he possesses at the same time a democratic streak in his nature4 ,the industrial and political activity1 not merely of his own land1 but of the entire world1 awakens his most eager interest4 ,he is a genuine statesman1 and if he were not ,kaiser he would surely become president40 ,and then ,president ,butler came home1 and when some one jeered at the ,kaiser in the ,new ,york 8,times10 he rushed to the rescue with a letter full of glowing and eloquent praise2 detailing all the virtues which a great ruler and statesman might possess1 and pointing out the ,kaiser as the sum of them all4 ,it culminated with the sentence3 8,he would have been chosen monarch or chief executive by popular vote of any modern people among whom his lot might have been cast40 ,in enthusiasm for ,wilhelm our ,miraculous ,nicholas had been forestalled by ,harvard ,university1 which had already established an exchange professorship1 and had got another ,kaiser professor in the person of ,muensterberg1 the eminent psychologist of the plutocracy1 who used to delight his employers by analyzing labor agitators in jail1 and proving by up-to-date psychological tests that they had done whatever crimes they were accused of4 ,there was bitter rivalry between these two ,kaiser professors1 and still more bitter rivalry between the ,harvard professor and the ,columbia professor in ,berlin4 ,for1 of course1 these exalted scholars did not go to represent the ,american people1 they went to represent the plutocratic empire1 and they did not appeal to the ,german people1 they appealed to the ,kaiser's court4 ,the wives of these two professors got into a scrap over the question of court precedence1 and denounced each other in the newspapers1 and a ,frenchman1 writing a book about ,germany1 described the ,kaiser's court chamberlain as 8bewailing in disgust the presence of increasing numbers of rich and well-gowned ,american women who got on their knees to royalty1 and on all occasions betrayed their total lack of breeding and good manners40 ,but1 you see1 a ,german court chamberlain fails to realize the drabness of life in ,america1 where the wives of eminent scholars have no way to demonstrate their superiority over one another1 and when they come to places where there are courts and ceremonials they can hardly be blamed if the glory goes to their heads4 ,we can hardly blame ,president ,butler1 because1 after having had an eight-hour session with ,kaiser ,wilhelm1 he hailed his host as one of the greatest statesmen of all time2 but ,i think we may blame him just a little because he failed to imitate any of the good things which the ,kaiser had done1 and chose only the despotic things for his praise4 ,for example1 ,kaiser ,wilhelm had established old-age pensions and unemployment insurance in ,germany1 and had abolished child labor from the country2 but ,president ,butler came home and in a telegram to the ,illinois ,bankers' ,association denounced the child labor law in such ferocious terms that even the interlocking directors were shocked1 and refused to read the telegram at their meeting1 or to give it to the press6 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,nicholas ,,miraculous ,we are now familiar with the social and political career of ,nicholas ,murray ,butler2 we have next to observe him as an educational administrator4 ,we shall devote generous space to the study1 for the reason already explained--that ,columbia ,university is the largest and richest educational institution in the ,united ,states1 and the model for all others that wish to grow large and rich4 ,the author of its success is ,president ,butler2 and by observing him at work we learn how a university succeeds in the plutocratic empire1 and what its success means to the faculty1 the students1 and the general public4 ,in ,david ,warfield's play1 8,the ,auctioneer10 there is a scene in a second-hand clothing shop4 ,the clerk comes up to the proprietor with a coat in his hand1 and whispers3 8,how much80 8,eleven eighty-five10 says the proprietor4 ,but the clerk whispers1 8,buying1 not selling40 8,oh60 says the proprietor1 with a sudden change of tone4 8,two dollars60 ,i am reminded of this when ,i follow ,president ,butler from the great world of public affairs to the inside of his university4 ,when he is interviewing political statesmen and millionaire backers and trustees1 he values them at eleven eighty-five1 but when he is talking to his professors and instructors1 he values them at thirty cents4 ,i have talked with some twenty men who have been or still are1 under him1 and ,i have their adjectives in my note-book--8hard1 insensitive1 vulgar1 materialistic40 8,insolence in conversation and letters0 is the phrase used by ,professor ,cattell1 while one of ,butler's deans said to me3 8,men of refinement cannot stand his air of extreme prosperity and power40 ,he rules the university as an absolute autocrat2 he permits no slightest interference with his will4 ,he furiously attacks or cunningly intrigues against anyone who shows any trace of interference1 nor does he rest until he has disgraced the man and driven him from the university4 ,his 8,faculty ,council0 is a farce1 because it has only advisory powers1 and he overrides it when he sees fit4 ,he makes promises to his faculty1 to allow them this and that and the other kind of freedom and authority1 but when the time for action comes he does exactly what he pleases4 ,one of his favorite devices is to use the trustees as a club over the heads of his faculty4 ,whatever is done1 it is the trustees who have done it2 but no one ever knows what ,butler has said to the trustees1 or what he has advised them to do4 ,no member of the faculty has a seat on the board1 or ever gets near the board except he is summoned to be browbeaten for his opinions4 ,says ,professor ,joel ,e4 ,spingarn1 in a pamphlet on this subject3 ,moreover1 all the officers of the university hold their positions 8at the pleasure of the trustees40 ,this phrase has not as yet received final adjudication by any court of highest resort1 but it is interpreted by the trustees to mean that the tenure of the professorial office is absolutely at their whim4 ,no personal hearing is ever given by them to any member of the teaching staff1 and a professor may learn of their intentions only after they have made their final decision of dismissal4 ,this further increases the immense power of the president1 since it is possible for him to prejudice the minds of the trustees against any officer toward whom his own feelings are unfriendly or of whom1 for any reason1 he entertains an unfavorable opinion4 ,and ,professor ,spingarn goes on to show how the problems of academic freedom are handled by a committee of the trustees1 whose meetings only three or four attend4 ,these are ,butler's intimates1 in one or two cases his creatures4 ,says ,professor ,spingarn3 ,under such a system1 it is small wonder that the president is surrounded by sycophants1 since sycophancy is a condition of official favor2 small wonder that intellectual freedom and personal courage dwindle1 explaining1 if not justifying1 the jibe of ,european scholars that there are three sexes in ,america1 men1 women and professors2 small wonder that permission to give utterance to mild theories of parlor ,socialism is mistaken by ,american universities for superb freedom of action4 ,but whatever may be the defects or the virtues of this system1 it fails utterly unless the president is1 as it were1 a transparent medium between the teaching corps and the trustees4 ,if he misrepresents the conditions of the university2 if he distorts the communications entrusted to him for presentation to the trustees2 if he uses his position to serve the ends of spite or rancor or his own ambition1 hapless indeed 7in ,milton's words7 is the race of men whose misfortune it is to have understanding4 ,the gravest offense which a man can commit at ,butler's university is to interfere in any way with the administration1 to criticize it even privately2 the safe thing is to have no ideas about this or anything else1 and to be a perfect cog in the machine4 ,at luncheon1 in the ,faculty ,club1 if you have criticisms you make them to your most intimate friends1 and in whispers2 and whoever and whatever you may be1 you make your reports on schedule time1 you perform your duly and precisely appointed functions4 ,you are in a great education factory1 with the whirr of its machinery all about you4 ,it makes no difference if you are the foremost musician of genius that ,america has ever produced2 you may be in the midst of composing your greatest sonata1 but you must come at a certain hour to make your reports1 and also you must not expect that an ornamental subject like music will be taken seriously1 or its students granted full credits4 ,if you protest about these matters you will receive cruel and insulting letters from the president1 and if you don't like that1 out you go4 ,nor does it make any difference if you are a great poet1 an inspired critic and teacher of youth1 like ,george ,edward ,woodberry4 ,you will be forbidden to give courses at convenient hours and on interesting subjects1 because you will draw all the students away from rival professors in your department1 who do not happen to be teachers of genius1 but are henchmen and political favorites of the president4 ,if you persist in having your own way1 you will have your assistant taken from you and your undergraduate courses abolished2 and if your students revolt and raise an uproar in the newspapers1 the ring-leaders will be expelled4 ,but you will not get back your assistant--no1 not even though your students may offer to subscribe the money to pay for the assistant out of their own pockets6 ,not even though a ,standard ,oil millionaire may offer to endow the chair of the assistant in perpetuity6 ,consider the experience of ,professor ,joel ,e4 ,spingarn1 a distinguished poet and scholar1 who took ,professor ,woodberry's place in the department of comparative literature1 and filled it for many years acceptably4 ,a member of the department of ,latin1 ,professor ,harry ,thurston ,peck1 was sued by a woman for breach of promise1 and his letters were given to the newspapers4 ,professor ,peck declared that the woman was a blackmailer1 and most of the faculty at ,columbia thought that he should not be judged guilty until the charge was proven2 but ,butler got rid of ,peck1 incidentally publishing statements about him which caused ,peck to sue him for libel4 ,professor ,spingarn was outraged at ,butler's proceedings1 and introduced in the faculty of philosophy a resolution testifying to the academic services of ,professor ,peck1 who had been twenty-two years with ,columbia4 ,this1 of course1 was a declaration of war upon the administration1 and ,butler made to ,spingarn the threat3 8,if you don't drop this matter you will get into trouble40 ,within ten days thereafter he notified ,spingarn that a committee of the trustees had voted to abolish his chair4 ,professor ,spingarn published a pamphlet1 in which he gave the history of the case1 and the entire correspondence with ,butler4 ,i quote from his comments3 ,it would be disheartening to a proud son of ,columbia to linger over all the details of official trickery and deception1 of threat and insult1 of manners even worse than morals2 but it would be unjust to those who love ,columbia's honor to hide from them the fact that1 in the course of this single incident1 the president of their alma mater told at least five deliberate falsehoods1 broke at least three deliberate promises1 and denied his own statements whenever it served his purpose to do so4 ,it is without rancor1 and with deep regret1 that ,professor ,spingarn feels obliged to state these facts1 and to express his mature conviction that the word or promise of ,president ,butler is absolutely worthless unless it is recorded in writing and that even a written document offers no certain safeguard against evasion or distortion4 ,it is to this executive1 with this code of honor1 that ,columbia entrusts all avenues of communication between the subservient faculties and the governing trustees4 ,this is not a history or an estimate of ,president ,butler's administration of ,columbia2 it is merely the record of a single abuse4 ,but the record would be incomplete if it were not clearly made known that the facts1 so far from being exceptional1 are typical of his executive career4 ,it is not merely that ,columbia's greatest teachers1 poets1 musicians1 have been lost to the university from the very outset as a result of his methods and his policies4 ,the real scandal is worse than this4 ,it is that in the conduct of its affairs a great university1 so far from being above the commercialism of its industrial environment1 actually employs methods that would be spurned in the humblest of business undertakings4 ,even the decencies of ordinary business are not always observed2 and the poor scholar1 unfamiliar with methods such as these1 falls an easy prey4 ,no device1 however unworthy1 is regarded as forbidden by custom or by honor4 ,a professor may be asked to send in a purely formal resignation as a compliment to the prospective new head of his department1 and then be dumbfounded to have his letter acted upon by the president immediately upon its receipt1 and before the new head is actually appointed4 ,a professor may be induced to come to ,columbia by the assurance of the president that the usual contract1 8for three years or during the pleasure of the trustees10 involves an actual obligation for three years on the part of the university1 while another professor holding the same contract with the university may find his chair abolished1 on the recommendation of the president1 at the end of two years4 ,these are actual cases4 ,shortly after this ,spingarn incident ,president ,butler completed the tenth year of his administration at ,columbia1 and a banquet was held at the ,hotel ,astor1 attended by some two hundred members of the faculty4 8,it was an evening of much felicitation10 the ,new ,york 8,times0 reported 7,may #af1 #aiaa71 but there were 8almost imperceptible references0 to the recent conflicts4 ,the 8,times0 report goes on to quote some jovial remarks by ,professor ,seligman1 head of the department of political science4 ,i quote3 ,prof4 ,seligman regaled the diners with some anecdotes of the days when ,dr4 ,butler was an undergraduate4 ,he told of a student to whom was spared the embarrassment of reciting by pulling the gong and getting the class dismissed4 ,he said he did not know who that student was1 but admitted that he had his suspicions1 as he did in the case of the same student getting to the head of his class by making a ten out of his zero on the professor's record4 ,the above anecdote proves once more the ancient truth1 that the child is father to the man2 it would seem that by careful watching of one's classmates one can pick out those students who are destined to grow up into college presidents who do not always tells the truth4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,lightning-,,change ,,artist ,president ,butler's career at ,columbia has been like that of a drunken motorist in a crowded street2 he has left behind him a trail of corpses4 ,in the course of twenty years of office he has managed to expel or force to withdraw some two score men1 including most of the best in the place4 ,the cases of ,mac,dowell and ,woodberry occurred in #aijb1 the cases of ,peck and ,spingarn in #aiaj and #aiaa4 ,beginning in #aiag there was a sudden series of casualties2 but before these can be clearly explained1 it is necessary that the reader should be made acquainted with another aspect of the career of ,nicholas ,miraculous--as pacifist and prophet of the ,capitalist ,international4 ,butler's friend1 ,carnegie1 put up ten million dollars to establish a foundation in the cause of universal peace2 and ,butler became a trustee4 ,the pointed question has been asked whether the ,carnegie ,peace ,foundation pays for the elaborate banquets which ,president ,butler serves to peace delegates in his home4 ,needless to say1 when you have half a million dollars a year to administer1 you can hire a great many secretaries1 and print a great deal of literature1 and give a great many champagne banquets1 and make a great splurge in the world4 ,butler engaged a young man1 ,leon ,fraser1 to organize a peace movement in the colleges1 and had him made an instructor in the department of political science at ,columbia4 ,we shall see in a minute what happened to this young man4 ,in the summer of #aiad ,butler went to ,europe to continue his peace work--but not with entire success4 ,he came home in ,september1 very much horrified at what had happened in ,europe1 and to the students at the opening of the university he made a speech in which you find him at his best1 with his clear1 keen mind and driving energy4 ,he denounced the war-makers in language which left nothing to be desired4 ,one thing this war had done1 he said2 it had 8put a final end to the contention1 always stupid and often insincere1 that huge armaments are an insurance against war and an aid in maintaining peace4 ,this argument was invented by the war-makers who had munitions of war to sell4444 ,since war is an affair of governments and of armies1 one result of the present war should be to make the manufacture and sale of munitions of war a government monopoly hereafter4444 ,how anyone not fit subject for a madhouse1 can find in the awful events now happening in ,europe a reason for increasing the military and naval establishments and expenditures of the ,united ,states is to me wholly inconceivable4 ,militarism--there is the enemy60 ,good for ,nicholas ,miraculous1 you say6 ,that is the sort of college president we want in ,america6 ,but in the cold light of the morning after our pacifist orator thought it over4 ,perhaps he remembered his interlocking directorate--the grim-visaged1 growling wild boar1 old ,pierpont ,morgan1 preparing to make his billion dollars out of the ,british government2 young ,marcellus ,hartley ,dodge1 chairman of ,remington ,arms and ,union ,metallic ,cartridge1 getting ready to clean up his millions by cornering the market in munitions machinery6 ,how awkward to meet ,marcellus ,hartley on the board1 after talking about 8the contention1 always stupid and often insincere 444 invented by war-makers who have munitions of war to sell60 ,also1 ,butler was expecting to be ,republican candidate for president two years from date2 and it would not be easy to carry ,elihu ,root and ,bill ,barnes and ,jim ,wadsworth for a government monopoly of ,remington ,arms and ,union ,metallic ,cartridge1 to say nothing of ,bethlehem and ,carnegie ,steel6 ,so ,president ,butler sat himself down and edited his eloquence4 ,the passages ,i have quoted are from the speech as given to the newspapers1 ,september #bd1 #aiad2 but now see how it reads as published in ,butler's book1 8,america in ,ferment40 8,the contention1 always stupid and often insincere10 is softened to 8the contention1 always made with more emphasis than reasonableness40 ,the argument which was 8invented by the war-makers who have munitions of war to sell0 now becomes an argument which was 8invented by those who really believe in war and in armaments as ends in themselves40 ,that lets out ,marcellus ,hartley1 you see2 in fact1 it lets out ,butler's friend the ,kaiser1 and everybody in the world since ,genghis ,khan4 ,the proposed plank for the ,republican party's presidential platform1 providing for a government monopoly of the manufacture and sale of munitions of war1 has been dropped overboard and lost forever2 while the phrase about 8increasing the military and naval establishments and expenditures of the ,united ,states0 has been deftly turned into 8asking the ,united ,states to desist from its attempts to promote a new international order in the world60 ,let nobody expect that ,nicholas ,miraculous will abandon his charge of that half million dollars a year of ,carnegie money6 ,after this you will be prepared for any amount of hedging4 ,president ,butler had for ten years been conducting with ,president ,wheeler of the ,university of ,california an ardent rivalry for the affections of the ,kaiser2 but now the interlocking directorate is going to 8can the ,kaiser10 and their university president is going to enlist in the speech-making brigade4 ,wheeler of ,california is three thousand miles away from the seat of authority1 but ,butler gets the 8tip0 in time1 and saves himself by climbing out on the faces of those who took seriously his belief in universal peace4 ,for example1 ,leon ,fraser1 the young instructor who has been set to work organizing peace societies in ,american colleges1 including ,columbia6 ,president ,butler had sent a dean to ask ,professor ,beard to take ,fraser into his department2 now he sent the dean to ask ,beard to drop ,fraser again4 ,professor ,beard1 who has a capacity for indignation1 told the dean that ,fraser had done what he had been employed to do1 and had done it sincerely and capably1 therefore it was his intention to propose ,fraser for a full professorship2 and then ,beard showed the dean to the door4 ,beard took the matter to the members of his department1 and they agreed unanimously that ,fraser should be promoted4 ,knowing ,butler as you now do1 you will understand that he marked two more victims on his blacklist4 ,one was ,fraser and the other was ,beard4 ,fraser was got rid of quickly2 as soon as ,america entered the war1 ,butler announced that ,columbia would not need so many professors1 so he dropped three1 ,fraser among them4 ,subsequently he took back the other two2 but ,fraser meantime had enlisted4 ,the dean remarked to a friend of mine1 a ,columbia professor1 how fortunate it was that ,fraser had gone to the war1 so that a scandal over the question of his dismissal had been avoided4 8,yes10 replied my friend1 8and wouldn't it be fortunate if he were shot to pieces1 so that he could never come back and tell how ,columbia treated him80 ,the next experience in order of time is that of ,professors ,cattell and ,dana2 but since we have seen ,beard put on the blacklist1 perhaps we had better finish his story4 ,charles ,a4 ,beard is a sincere and determined fighter2 incidentally1 he is one of ,america's leading economists and scholars4 ,there was an uproar in the newspapers over the charge that a labor leader1 speaking at a civic center in a ,new ,york public school1 had said3 8,to hell with the stars and stripes40 ,he didn't really say it1 as you may read in 8,the ,brass ,check10 page #cdd4 ,but the ,new ,york papers reported that he said it1 so it was proposed to close all the civic centers in the schools4 ,professor ,beard at a public meeting stated that he did not think it was wise to close all the schools to the public1 just because one labor leader was reported to have said1 8,to hell with the stars and stripes40 ,so next morning one of the ,new ,york newspapers reported that ,professor ,beard of ,columbia ,university had defended a labor leader for saying 8,to hell with the stars and stripes40 ,so now behold our professor summoned before the interlocking trustees in solemn conclave6 ,they demanded to know what he had said1 and he told them1 and then1 thinking that the incident was closed1 he started to leave the room4 ,but one of them called to him1 and to the consternation of this leading economist and scholar1 he was grilled for half an hour concerning his beliefs and teachings1 by two members of the board--,frederick ,r4 ,coudert1 lawyer1 and director of a trust company1 a safe deposit company and a surety company2 and ,francis ,s4 ,bangs1 lawyer1 and director in five express companies1 a trust company1 a savings bank1 and a water power corporation4 ,they demanded his views on war and peace1 on ,americanism and the constitution1 on capitalism and the rights of property2 and when they had satisfied themselves that he did not believe anything for which he could be arrested1 they dismissed him1 with orders to warn all others in his department 8against teachings likely to inculcate disrespect for ,american institutions40 ,professor ,beard went back to his colleagues1 and reported this extraordinary scene1 and the members of his department burst into roars of laughter2 asking whether among the 8,american institutions0 for which they were to 8teach respect0 the trustees included ,tammany ,hall and the pork barrel6 ,shortly after this it was announced that the trustees had appointed a special committee to investigate the ideas which were being taught at ,columbia4 8,the ,committee on the ,state of ,teaching10 it was called1 and its members were four lawyers and one banker4 ,the response of the faculty was to meet and protest1 and appoint a committee of nine to defend themselves4 ,the ,faculty ,council adopted a very strong resolution on the subject of academic freedom--which resolution1 be it noted1 was afterwards suppressed4 ,the ,columbia faculty at this time was preparing for real action1 and ,butler had his hands full smoothing them down4 ,he sent one of his deans to see ,professor ,beard1 and plead with him not to push the issue2 the trustees had learned their lesson1 said ,butler1 the incident would never be repeated4 ,also1 if ,beard forced the matter he would greatly inconvenience ,butler1 who was just then in trouble with his trustees because of his pacifist activities4 ,no more professors would be dismissed from ,columbia1 except with the consent of their departments1 so ,butler promised2 but he kept this promise no more than he kept others4 ,soon afterwards he got rid of ,leon ,fraser1 and after that of another member of the faculty4 ,butler had promised that all nominations for promotion should come from the faculty2 but soon afterwards he sent an ambassador to ,beard1 to say that a certain man whom the department proposed to promote would be refused promotion by the trustees2 so the man was not named for promotion--and ,butler was able to go on saying that all moves for promotion in ,columbia came from the various departments6 ,professor ,beard had had enough1 and handed in his resignation1 in which he paid his respects to 8the few obscure and willful trustees who now dominate the university and terrorize the young instructors40 ,discussing the subject of academic tenure1 he said3 8,the status of a professor in ,columbia is lower than that of a manual laborer40 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,the ,,twilight ,,zone ,a well known ,american scientist made to me the statement that there has not been a man of distinction called to ,columbia in ten years1 nor has one arisen there4 ,to attribute so much to ,butler and his interlocking trustees might seem to credit them with superhuman maleficence2 but the scientist explained the phenomenon1 as follows3 ,american university teachers are greatly underpaid2 there is no first class man who could not get more money if he turned his energies to other pursuits4 ,if he stays as a teacher it is because he loves the work1 and is willing to accept his reward in other forms--in the respect of his fellow men4 ,but if he finds that he has no standing and no power2 if he sees himself and his colleagues browbeaten and insulted by commercial persons2 if he knows that all the world pays no attention to his opinions1 assuming him to be the puppet of commercial persons--then the dignity of the academic life is gone1 and nothing is left but an inadequate money reward4 ,what you have at ,columbia is a host of inferior men1 dwelling1 as one phrased it to me1 in 8a twilight zone of mediocrity02 dull pedants1 raking over the dust heaps of learning and occupying their minds with petty problems of administration4 ,they have full power to decide whether ,greek shall be given in nine courses or nine and one-half1 also whether it shall count for four credits or four and a quarter4 8,and we love that10 said one to me1 with a bitter sneer4 ,the standing of ,columbia ,university in the field of science under the regime of the interlocking president was interestingly revealed by a study published in 8,science0 in #aijf1 and continued in #aiaj3 8,a ,statistical ,study of ,american ,men of ,science10 by ,j4 ,mc,keen ,cattell1 ,professor of ,psychology in ,columbia ,university4 ,it so happens that ,professor ,cattell has become ,president ,butler's most vigorous opponent2 but this investigation had no special reference to ,columbia1 and the method of conducting it was such as to preclude favoritism4 ,a list of the thousand leading men of ,american science was obtained by writing to ten leading men in twelve different branches of science1 and asking them to name the most eminent representatives of their science in the country4 ,the one thousand leaders thus selected were studied from various points of view1 their ages1 the countries from which they came1 the institutions at which they studied1 the institutions with which they were connected4 ,of these leaders it appeared that thirty-eight had taken their doctorate degrees at ,columbia1 while #ajb had taken their degrees at ,johns ,hopkins2 #gh had studied at ,columbia1 while #bcg had studied at ,harvard4 ,in #aije ,columbia had #fj of the thousand leaders on its faculty1 while ,harvard had #ff and ,yale #bf2 but in #aiaj ,columbia had #dh1 a loss of #ab1 while ,harvard had #gi1 a gain of #ac and ,yale had #ch1 a gain of #ab4 ,in the listing of #aiaj it appeared that #bch scientific men had gained a place among the leaders1 while #bja had lost their standing in that group4 ,a study of the institutions with which these men were connected revealed an extraordinary state of affairs4 ,among the ,harvard men #bb had won their way to the first thousand2 among the ,chicago men #ac had won2 while among ,columbia men1 with a much larger faculty1 only #h had won4 ,on the other hand1 #f ,harvard men had lost their standing1 and #c ,chicago men1 while #ab ,columbia men had lost--more than in any other institution in the ,united ,states6 ,so much for academic autocracy6 ,another table presented a study of the ratio between the number of distinguished men at each institution and the total number of the faculty at that institution4 ,disregarding fractions1 it appeared that one man in every seven at ,harvard belonged among the first thousand1 one man in every six at ,chicago1 one in every five at ,johns ,hopkins1 one in every two at ,clark--and one in every thirteen at ,columbia6 ,taking the ratio of distinguished men to the number of students1 it appeared that there was one distinguished scientist for every twenty-one students at ,johns ,hopkins1 and one for every ninety-six students at ,columbia4 ,considering the matter in relation to the value of buildings and grounds1 it appeared that ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology had a distinguished scientist for every #ec1jjj worth of buildings and grounds1 while ,columbia had one for every #bei1jjj worth4 ,considering the matter in relation to income1 it appeared that ,johns ,hopkins had a distinguished man for every #aj1jjj of income1 while ,columbia had one for every #de1jjj4 ,before ,i finish with this book ,i expect to show you that all the colleges in the ,united ,states are plutocratic2 but there are some which are less plutocratic than others1 and the above figures will show you exactly what the plutocratic policy does1 when it has its way completely1 to crush the life of the intellect1 and turn a great institution of learning into a thing of bricks and mortar without a soul4 ,there are some fifteen hundred men on the ,columbia faculty2 but you can count upon the fingers of one hand the men of any originality and force of character4 ,john ,dewey has stayed on2 being the foremost educator in the country1 it would make a terrible fuss if he were to go4 ,butler notes that ,dewey takes no part in the internal politics of the university1 but politely resigned from a faculty committee to supervise expulsions1 when he discovered that this committee was to have no power4 ,there is one other professor at ,columbia who is known to be a ,socialist2 a very quiet one1 who has retired from the ,socialist party1 and is writing an abstract work on metaphysics4 ,he is useful to ,butler and the whole crowd of the interlocking directorate1 because whenever the question of academic freedom is raised1 they can say3 8,look at ,montague1 he is a ,socialist60 ,similarly1 in the worst days of reaction in ,germany1 they used to have in their universities what were called 8renommir professoren10 that is to say1 8boast professors10 or1 as we should say in vulgar ,american1 8shirtfronts40 ,in the same way1 whenever ,bismarck was conducting his campaigns against the ,jews1 he was always careful to have one ,jew in the cabinet4 ,i count over these 8renommir professoren0 in ,american universities2 two at ,columbia1 one at ,chicago1 two at ,wisconsin1 one at ,stanford1 and one at ,clark1 expecting to be fired2 a very young man at ,johns ,hopkins1 and two old ladies at ,wellesley4 ,that is the complete list1 so far as my investigations reveal2 ten out of a total of some forty thousand college and university teachers--and that shows how much ,american colleges and universities have to make a pretense of caring about freedom6 ,exactly how does the plutocratic regime operate to eliminate originality and power8 ,the process is perfectly shown in the case of ,professor ,goodnow1 now president of ,johns ,hopkins ,university4 ,goodnow taught administrative law at ,columbia1 and when ,professor ,burgess withdrew1 ,goodnow was the choice of the faculty for the ,ruggles professorship1 one of the most important chairs in ,columbia4 ,butler had promised the faculty that each department should decide its own promotions1 but he was worried about ,goodnow1 because ,goodnow had published a book in which he set forth the dangerous idea that the constitution of the ,united ,states as it now exists is not final4 ,goodnow studied the constitution as the product of a certain social environment1 and that maddens ,butler4 8,don't you think there are some things we can call settled80 he remarked1 irritably1 to one of my informants4 ,so the trustees1 without consulting the faculty of political science1 passed over ,goodnow1 and appointed one of the interlocking directors6 ,william ,d4 ,guthrie1 law partner of one of the trustees1 a corporation lawyer1 rich1 smooth1 hard1 and ignorant1 was selected to come once a week during half a semester1 and give a lecture interpreting the constitution as the interlocking directorate wants it interpreted--a permanent bulwark against any kind of change in property relations4 ,he did none of the work of an ordinary college professor1 but conferred upon the university his plutocratic prestige for the sum of seventy-five hundred dollars a year4 ,or consider the testimony of ,bayard ,boyesen1 who was a member of the ,columbia faculty for several years1 and whose father was one of ,columbia's oldest and most honored professors4 ,says young ,boyesen1 in a letter to me3 ,you speak of whispering at the ,faculty ,club4 ,it was worse than that4 ,i have on several occasions seen professors1 after beginning luncheon at one table1 rise and go to another because the talk had turned1 not to radical propaganda1 but to a purely intellectual discussion of such subjects as ,socialism1 ,syndicalism and the like4 ,i was on at least twenty occasions asked by different professors and instructors to hold as confidential the ideas they had expounded to me as their own4 ,to show the utter cowardice of many of the professors1 ,i will relate a personal incident4 ,during my third year as instructor at ,columbia1 ,i resigned in order to have all my time for other work1 but was persuaded by a senior professor of my department to remain4 ,he wrote me a very strong letter in praise of my work and guaranteed me a full professorship for the following year4 ,when1 however1 ,i got into trouble with the trustees because of radical speeches made before audiences of laboring men1 and because of a pamphlet ,i had written on education1 the professor came to me and asked me to return the letter he had sent me4 ,very evidently1 he feared that ,i might jeopardize his position if ,i quoted from it4 ,and this man had told me that he could hardly see his way to remaining at ,columbia unless ,i was there to help in building up a department sadly in need of rejuvenation4 ,an illustration of how ,columbia gets rid of its 8undesirables40 ,i was told by ,professor ,ashley ,thorndike of my department 7,english7 that a charge had been preferred against me by ,dr4 ,butler acting for the trustees1 and that therefore ,i could not be recommended for appointment the following year4 ,he refused to tell me what the charge was1 on the ground that he was pledged not to reveal it4 ,i thereupon wrote to ,dr4 ,butler requesting an interview4 ,his secretary wrote that the president was too busy to see me4 ,i then threatened to bring the matter to court1 for though an instructor's tenure of office is for one year only1 ,i felt sure that the trustees had no right to make a charge of any kind against me without giving me an opportunity to answer it4 ,after this1 ,i obtained an interview with the president1 during which he said that no charges of any sort had been made and that it was purely a departmental matter4 ,he refused1 however1 to put this into writing1 though he several times reiterated it4 ,i returned to ,professor ,thorndike1 and told him1 as politely as circumstances would allow1 that either he or ,dr4 ,butler had 8misinformed0 me4 ,he replied evasively that a man of my intelligence should have understood the whole matter from the beginning1 and added significantly that ,i had been warned before in regard to my outside activities4 ,i finally obtained from him an oral statement that there were no charges against me1 as well as a grudging apology for the 8misunderstanding40 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,academic ,,department ,,store ,i have several times mentioned in this narrative ,professor ,cattell and his opinions of ,columbia4 ,my story would not be complete without an account of his adventures1 for he was the one man who gave the interlocking directors a real fight4 ,james ,mc,keen ,cattell was a teacher at ,columbia for twenty-six years4 ,he was the first professor of psychology in any university in the world2 he is the editor of four leading scientific journals4 ,cattell objected to some of ,butler's methods1 such as the appointment of an unfit professor in his division1 because this man brought with him a gift of a hundred thousand dollars4 ,cattell was left to learn of this appointment from the newspapers1 and when he protested1 ,butler wrote him insolent letters1 trying to force him to resign1 as he had done with ,mac,dowell and ,woodberry4 ,but ,cattell stuck1 whereupon ,butler took from him the use of six rooms1 a laboratory of psychological research which had been built with funds obtained by ,cattell4 ,the income of a trust fund of one hundred thousand dollars1 which ,cattell had got 8to increase the facilities of his department10 was taken to pay ,cattell's own salary4 ,cattell then withdrew as head of his department1 and took no more part in ,columbia's politics4 ,but he published articles criticizing the ,carnegie pension scheme1 in which ,butler was a leading spirit4 ,he showed how it was used to control the university professor1 as seniority rights and pensions are used to keep employes in order4 ,so in #aiaj a resolution proposing to dismiss ,cattell was before the trustees4 ,in #aiac he published a book on 8,university ,control10 in which he demonstrated that #he per cent of the members of college and university faculties are dissatisfied with the present system of the management of scholars by business men4 ,in punishment for this the trustees voted to retire him on a pension--taking the step without the knowledge of the faculty4 ,there was unanimous protest1 and the trustees yielded4 ,in #aiag ,professor ,cattell wrote a letter to members of the ,faculty ,club1 referring to 8our much-climbing and many-talented president40 ,this1 of course1 was lese majest1 and for the third time a resolution proposing to dismiss ,professor ,cattell was presented to the trustees2 but action was postponed1 on the recommendation of a committee of deans and professors4 ,nicholas ,miraculous bided his time1 and several months later came the chance to get rid of ,cattell and at the same time to exhibit his new patriotism4 ,cattell wrote a letter to a congressman1 in support of pending legislation exempting from combatant service in ,europe conscripts who objected to war4 ,the interlocking trustees1 who had already conscripted themselves to make money out of the war1 took the position that in writing this letter ,cattell had committed a crime1 and they suddenly dismissed him from the university4 ,in spite of his twenty-six years' service1 they did not even take the trouble to notify him what they proposed to do1 but left him to learn of their action from a newspaper reporter who waked him in the middle of the night4 ,the trustees declared that a professor could not take a stand on any public question as his own personal opinion2 to which ,cattell replied3 8,when trustees announce that no statement can be made by a teacher that is not affirmed by ,columbia ,university1 they challenge the intellectual integrity of every teacher40 ,these ferocious old men who had conscripted themselves to make money out of the war were not content to get rid of a too-independent professor2 they wished to brand him for life1 so they rushed to the press with a statement charging him with 8treason10 8sedition10 and 8obstruction to the enforcement of the laws of the ,united ,states40 ,and this although ,professor ,cattell was actively engaged in psychological work for the army1 and his only son who was of war age had already volunteered6 ,professor ,cattell1 in his counter-statement1 referred to the trustees as 8men whose horizon is bounded by the two sides of ,wall ,street with ,trinity ,church at the end40 ,he described the university as a place 8overrun with intrigue and secret diplomacy40 ,he said of ,president ,butler3 8,he has run the university as a department store1 playing the part of both proprietor and floor walker to the faculty1 while an errand boy to the trustees40,a ,cattell brought suit for libel and threatened to sue for the pension to which he was entitled4 ,the trustees waited several years1 until the libel case was about to come up for trial1 and then admitted their guilt by paying forty-five thousand dollars of the university's money4 ----- ,footnote ,a3 ,the statements concerning ,columbia ,university in the above paragraph were contained in a confidential statement sent by ,professor ,cattell to some of the ,columbia faculty4 ,in fairness to ,professor ,cattell1 ,i wish to state that he did not furnish me with this statement1 either directly or indirectly1 and ,i have not asked his permission to quote from it4 ----- ,with ,professor ,cattell there went out ,professor ,h4 ,w4 ,l4 ,dana1 a grandson of ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow and of ,richard ,henry ,dana2 his crime was that he had belonged to the ,people's ,council--with the knowledge of ,president ,butler4 ,shortly after this went ,beard1 and ,henry ,mussey1 one of ,columbia's most loved professors2 also my old teacher1 ,james ,harvey ,robinson4 ,i write the above1 and then the door-bell of my home rings1 and there enters another man who went out--,leon ,ardzrooni1 an ,armenian with an irrepressible sense of humor1 who for two years was a professor of economics4 ,i do not have to ask ,ardzrooni about his success as a teacher1 because his reputation has preceded him4 ,he brought ,columbia twelve thousand dollars a year in tuition fees1 of which they paid him three thousand to lecture on labor problems2 and every now and then they would send for him and make anxious faces over the fact that he taught the realities of modern industry4 ,professor ,seligman1 his dean1 heard the distressing report that he made some of his young ladies--graduate students out of ,barnard--8unhappy40 8,it would be all right for older people10 said ,professor ,seligman2 8but not for the young1 who are so impressionable40 ,said ,ardzrooni2 8,what's the use of teaching them when they're so old that ,i can't make any impression80 ,the students asked him about an ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 strike1 and he told how such a matter appeared to the strikers4 8,don't they get enough to eat80 asked one1 a young army officer4 8,yes1 ,i suppose so10 said the professor2 8but so do the owners get enough to eat4 ,that isn't the only issue40 ,professor ,ardzrooni gave that answer at ten o'clock in the morning1 and at twelve he went to the ,faculty ,club for lunch1 and there on the faces of his colleagues he saw written the dreadful tidings--he had been reported6 ,the busy telephone system of the university had informed the whole campus that the genial ,armenian had been discovered to be a member of the ,i4 ,w4 ,w42 he had boasted to his classes of carrying a red card1 and all his colleagues were so sorry for him6 ,ardzrooni was summoned before ,butler1 and instead of taking it meekly1 he demanded a showdown4 ,who was it that accused him of belonging to the ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 and of carrying a red card8 ,butler refused to tell him1 evading the issue1 so the professor went on the warpath4 ,it happens that he is a rich man1 not dependent upon anybody's favor1 so he went to ,woodbridge1 dean of the faculty1 announcing that he was going to bring suit against the university that very day2 he would put ,butler on the witness stand1 and find out whether a college professor has any rights1 or can be slandered at will6 ,instantly1 of course1 the whole machinery of intimidation collapsed2 it had never occurred to anyone that a college professor might act like a man6 ,they would drop the whole matter1 say nothing more about the red card1 give ,ardzrooni promotion and increase his salary--anything to keep out of court6 ,the professor of labor problems laughed at them1 and following the example of all other self-respecting men1 went out into the free world4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,the ,,empire ,,of ,,dullness ,those who have stayed in the great academic department-store have stayed under the shadow of disgrace2 branded as men who love their pitiful salaries more than they love their self-respect and dignity as scholars1 more than they love the cause of democracy and justice throughout the world4 ,they stay on the terms that the voice of democracy and justice is silent among them1 while the voice of reaction bellows with brazen throat4 ,i have shown you the plutocratic president storming the banquet halls of merchants and manufacturers and bankers1 pouring out what ,gutzon ,borglum1 the sculptor1 described as 8his sweeping intolerance of free speech and of organization by those not of his belief40 ,and everything in ,columbia or connected with ,columbia has been stamped with the impress of ,butler's hard materialism1 his cold and calculating snobbery4 ,he uses the prestige of his university to confer honors on reaction both at home and abroad4 ,in #aiab he honored ,senator ,underwood1 praising him to the skies as the leader of democracy--this in the hope of keeping ,woodrow ,wilson from getting the ,democratic nomination for president4 ,in #aibb we find him glorifying an ,episcopal bishop1 the rector of ,trinity ,church1 the governor of the ,federal ,reserve ,board1 a ,belgian baron1 a ,portuguese viscount1 the ,chinese ambassador1 and ,paderewski1 apostle of ,polish militarism6 ,with the help of his millionaire trustees ,butler has built up an alumni machine1 and the alumni paper is the organ of his personal glory4 ,he has built up a faculty machine1 of men who understand that they are free so long as they agree with their president1 and who go forth to carry out the president's will wherever the ,columbia influence reaches--which is throughout the entire school and college system of our plutocratic empire4 ,butler1 you understand1 was head of the department of education at ,columbia2 he fixed the policy of this department1 making it a machine for the turning out of 8educational experts10 trained to see life as a battleground of money-ambition1 and to run the schools as efficient factories4 ,butler edited the 8,educational ,review10 and the present editor is a ,columbia man1 and his puppet4 ,i shall take you with me before long for a trip over the ,united ,states1 and show you the ,tammany ,hall of education2 the league of superintendents1 and the politicians of the ,national ,educational ,association1 financed by the book companies and other big grafters1 and combining with the chambers of commerce and professional patriots to drive out liberalism in education as in politics1 and resist every new idea in every department of human thought and activity4 ,they are backed by the political machines of special privilege1 and protected and glorified by the 8,brass ,check0 press2 and everywhere you find ,columbia men the leading advocates of routine1 red tape1 and reaction4 ,i turn over my notes2 the people of ,new ,york are struggling in the grip of rapacious landlords1 and here comes ,samuel ,mc,cune ,lindsay1 ,professor of ,social ,legislation at ,columbia ,university1 with a pamphlet to demonstrate that there is really no shortage of apartments1 but on the contrary a surplus of thirty thousand4 ,the ,lockwood ,commission puts the professor on the stand and draws out the fact that he was paid five hundred dollars by the ,real ,estate ,board for the writing of this pamphlet4 ,samuel ,untermyer1 counsel of the commission1 characterizes ,prof4 ,lindsay's figures as 8absurd10 and forces the professor to admit that he made no actual investigation1 and has 8no practical knowledge40 ,i turn to another page4 ,dr4 ,albert ,shiels is superintendent of the public schools of ,los ,angeles in the year #aiai1 and at the height of the ,white ,terror in ,america he publishes in ,president ,butler's 8,educational ,review0 an article denouncing the ,soviet government4 ,at a mass meeting in ,los ,angeles the chairman states that he has made count of the errors of fact in this article1 and they total one hundred and twenty-four4 ,louise ,bryant1 just returned from ,russia1 is at the meeting1 and the audience votes to send a challenge to ,dr4 ,shiels to debate with her4 ,someone in the audience puts up a two hundred dollar ,liberty ,bond to pay ,dr4 ,shiels1 and the audience contributes over twelve hundred dollars to give publicity to the debate4 ,dr4 ,shiels is invited to appear1 and his answer is3 8,i believe it is contrary to good public policy to place ,bolshevism and its practices on a par with debatable questions0--an answer which so delights ,president ,butler that he calls ,dr4 ,shiels to ,new ,york1 to become ,associate ,director of the ,institute of ,educational ,research of ,columbia ,university6 ,yet another case3 ,the people of ,north ,dakota are trying to take over the education of their own children and liberalize the school system of their state2 and here comes ,george ,d4 ,strayer1 professor of ,educational ,administration at ,columbia ,university1 addressing the legislative committee of the state educational committee1 ,minot1 ,north ,dakota1 ,april #ah1 #aiai1 attacking the proposed new laws1 and laying out a complete program of pedagogical toryism4 ,no violation of academic propriety for a ,columbia professor to take part in politics--provided it is on the side of special privilege6 ,nor is it a violation of academic propriety if a ,columbia professor rushes into the capitalistic press1 provided he rushes in in defense of his masters4 ,in the ,new ,york 8,times0 for ,may #bb1 #aibb1 ,i find ,professor ,james ,c4 ,egbert1 ,director of ,university ,extension and ,director of the ,school of ,business of ,columbia ,university1 spreading himself to the extent of three columns on the subject of 8labor education40 ,there was no slightest occasion for this professor to spread himself2 nobody asked his opinion1 he did not even have the pretext of a public address before some bankers' association4 ,the only camouflage which the ,times provides is the phrase1 8in a recent interview0--that is1 in this precise present interview with the ,times6 ,after which the ,times goes on to publish nearly three columns of the professor's manuscript1 with nothing but quotation marks to keep up the pretense that it is an 8interview40 ,says the professor3 8,the educational system devised by the labor unions has virtually broken down0--which is a plain lie4 ,the professor then goes on to say that the proper place for the labor unions to come for their education is to the established universities4 ,i read the professor's three columns of eloquence1 and realize that ,i learned the whole thing when ,i was three years old1 in two lines of nursery rhyme3 8#8,won't you come into my parlor8' ,said the spider to the fly40 ,what is the final product of all this system we have been studying8 ,it may be stated in one word1 which is dullness4 ,some men are hired1 and they are hired because they are dull1 and will do dull work2 and they do it4 ,the student comes to college1 full of eagerness and hope1 and he finds it dull4 ,he has no idea why it should be so2 it is incredible to him that men should be selected because they are dull1 and should be fired if they prove to be anything but dull4 ,all he sees is the dullness1 and he hates it1 and 8cuts0 it as much as he can1 and goes off to practice football or get drunk4 ,i quote one more paragraph from the letter of ,bayard ,boyesen3 ,there is nothing tending to make a teacher so enthusiastic and optimistic as any average class of freshmen1 the great majority of whom come to ,columbia eager1 alert and responsive to every contact with beauty1 nobility1 aspiration and high endeavor2 and there is nothing tending to make the teacher so disappointed and pessimistic as to see these same young men1 after they have been blunted and flattened1 go out with smiles of cynical superiority1 to take their allotted places in the world of ,american business4 ,all this wealth1 all this magnificence1 stone and concrete and white marble--and inside it dullness and death6 ,you read about the millions given for education1 and rejoice1 thinking it means progress2 but all that the millions can buy is--dullness and death6 ,look at ,nicholas ,murray ,butler1 with a ten million dollar peace foundation1 which he uses to finance the writing of a history of the war6 ,half a million dollars a year1 donated to bring peace to mankind1 and now1 in the greatest crisis of history1 ,butler sets a man to writing a history of a war6 ,if you think ,i exaggerate when ,i state that the ,columbia system means the deliberate exclusion of new ideas1 and of living1 creative attitudes1 listen to our plutocratic president himself1 laying down the law on the subject of education3 8,the duty of one generation is to pass on to the next1 unimpaired1 the institutions it has inherited from its forbears40 ,just so6 ,to keep mankind as it has been1 forever and ever1 world without end1 amen6 ,is it anybody's duty to discover new truth and complete man's mastery over nature8 ,is it anybody's duty to inspire us1 that we may cease to be the bloody-handed savages that history has left us8 ,is it anybody's business to bring order out of our commercial anarchy1 and use the collective powers of mankind for the making instead of the destroying of life8 ,it is nobody's business to do these things2 what we go to college for is to learn about our ancestors1 and become what they were--the pitiful victims of blind instincts4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,lee-,,higginson ,there is a saying that when you go to ,philadelphia they ask you who your grandfather was1 and when you go to ,new ,york they ask you what you are worth1 and when you go to ,boston they ask you what you know4 ,we are now going to the hub of ,america's intellectual life1 and make ourselves familiar with our most highly cultured university4 ,we shall begin1 as before1 by investigating those who run it2 and straightway we shall get a shock4 ,we shall find not merely the interlocking directorate--the princes1 and the dukes1 and the barons2 we shall find the emperor himself1 none other than ,j4 ,pierpont ,morgan6 ,i was puzzled when ,i studied the affairs of ,columbia1 for ,i knew that the elder ,morgan had been on the board until his death1 and ,i could not imagine how ,president ,butler managed to overlook his son and heir4 ,when ,i came to study ,harvard ,i discovered the reason2 the younger ,morgan was graduated from ,harvard in #ahhi4 ,the purpose of such interchanges of royalty is1 of course1 to cement the bonds of empire4 ,the house of ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan ,company is closely allied with the ,boston banking house of ,lee1 ,higginson ,company4 ,mr4 ,morgan was reelected to the ,harvard board in #aiag1 along with ,francis ,lee ,higginson1 ,jr41 of ,lee1 ,higginson ,company2 ,eliot ,wadsworth1 representative of ,stone ,webster1 an allied banking house2 ,howard ,elliott1 then president and now chairman of the ,new ,haven1 a ,morgan railroad2 and1 finally1 a prominent corporation lawyer in ,san ,francisco1 representing the interlocking directorate in that city4 ,in his discussion of the ,pujo report ,justice ,brandeis wrote that 8,concentration of banking capital has proceeded even farther in ,boston than in ,new ,york40 ,he goes on to tell of three great banking concerns1 with their interlocking directorates1 controlling ninety-two per cent of ,boston's money resources4 ,these concerns competed in minor and local matters1 said ,mr4 ,brandeis1 but they were all allied with ,morgan4 8,financial concentration seems to have found its highest exemplification in ,boston40 ,and exactly the same thing is true of the concentration of control of ,harvard ,university and the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology1 and the group of smaller colleges located in ,eastern ,massachusetts4 ,they are all 8,state ,street0--this being the ,boston equivalent of 8,wall ,street40 ,in #aiaf the ,new ,york ,evening ,post1 at that time in rebellion against the ,house of ,morgan1 published an interesting study of the financial connections of the governing board of ,harvard4 ,there are six members of the ,harvard corporation1 known as the 8fellows10 and these are appointed for life4 ,in addition1 there are thirty 8overseers10 elected by the whole body of graduates4 ,the ,new ,york 8,evening ,post0 examined these latter1 and found eleven capitalists and seven lawyers1 a generous majority for the plutocracy4 ,nor was there much danger to the plutocracy from some of the others2 those classified as 8public men0 including ,senator ,lodge and ,f4 ,a4 ,delano1 ex-president of several railroads4 ,a year later the 8,evening ,post0 made a further examination1 considering not merely the fellows and the overseers1 but the nine directors of the ,harvard ,alumni ,association1 the nine members of the ,association's nominating committee1 twenty candidates for overseers who had just been called1 and six who had just been called as candidates for directors of the ,association4 ,that made a body of eighty ,harvard graduates1 forty of them ,boston men1 and twenty-nine of these forty being financial men1 or attorneys for the ,state ,street houses4 ,all but six were connected with the three interlocked financial institutions2 twenty were connected with ,lee1 ,higginson ,company or its institutions--nine with the ,old ,colony ,trust ,company1 the great ,lee-,higginson bank1 five with ,lee1 ,higginson ,company itself1 four directors in another ,lee-,higginson bank1 six directors in a ,lee-,higginson savings bank1 six in another ,lee-,higginson savings bank1 four in a ,lee-,higginson insurance company1 and six attorneys for these4 8,state ,street10 you see1 is like ,virginia2 the old families have been intermarrying for so long that everybody is related to everybody else4 ,a ,harvard graduate wrote to the ,new ,york 8,evening ,post10 8,harvard has assets to be invested of about thirty-four million dollars4 ,is that the reason why practically five-sixths of the ,boston business representation 7of ,harvard7 is affiliated with investment banking concerns1 or is it because they wish to use ,harvard as a knighthood for their friends80 ,the 8,evening ,post0 went on politely to say that it did not believe this was the case2 the financial domination of ,harvard had resulted by accident6 ,but this bit of humor did not save the 8,evening ,post0 from the wrath of the interlocking directorate4 ,the paper offended also by opposing ,america's entry into the war--and so the valuable advertising business of ,lee1 ,higginson ,co4 was withdrawn1 and shortly afterwards the owner of the paper was forced to sell out to ,mr4 ,lamont1 a partner of the ,house of ,morgan4 ,this story is in 8,the ,brass ,check10 page #bdh4 ,to complete it we should note the part played by ,harvard in the swallowing4 ,it was a ,harvard overseer who bought the 8,evening ,post02 another overseer is now president and trustee of the 8,evening ,post0 company1 and a third overseer is also a trustee of the 8,evening ,post0 company6 ,also1 it will be worth while to notice the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology1 until recently a part of ,harvard4 ,this is one of the most marvelous collections of plutocrats ever assembled in the world2 it includes the president of the ,powder ,trust1 and his cousin ,mr4 ,coleman du ,pont1 who is emperor of the ,state of ,delaware2 also ,mr4 ,eastman1 the kodak king2 two of our greatest international bankers1 ,mr4 ,otto ,kahn and ,mr4 ,frank ,vanderlip2 ,mr4 ,howard ,elliott1 chairman of the ,new ,haven1 ,mr4 ,elisha ,lee1 vice-president of the ,pennsylvania2 both members of the firm of ,stone and ,webster1 with all of its enormous electrical interests2 also nine other electrical bankers1 two officials of the ,general ,electric ,company1 one big electrical manufacturer1 and six others who are interested in electric railways4 ,make particular note of this mass of electrical connections1 because in succeeding chapters you will find several amusing instances of the influence of electric light and electric railway interests upon the policy and teaching of both ,harvard and ,massachusetts ,tech4 ,as we have seen1 the endowment of ,harvard was estimated at thirty-four millions of dollars in #aiag1 and since then there has been a campaign in which nearly fifteen millions was raised4 ,this money is under the direction of the ,morgan-,lee-,higginson directorate1 and needless to say is largely invested in ,morgan-,lee-,higginson enterprises4 ,we are told by some friends of ,harvard that ,harvard stands for 8liberalism0 in ,american education2 do you suppose that ,harvard stands for 8liberalism0 in ,american industry8 ,do you suppose that the votes of ,harvard administrators are cast for policies of justice and democracy in the enterprises it exploits8 ,if you suppose that1 you are extremely naive4 ,the ,harvard votes are cast1 just as any other votes of any other business concerns are cast1 for the largest amount of dividends for ,harvard4 ,for example1 ,harvard owns twenty-five hundred shares in a ,boston department store2 has ,harvard done anything to humanize the management of that store8 ,it has not4 ,harvard likewise operates a mine4 ,harvard has a graduate business school and trains executives to run mines--on the basis of getting the maximum production at the lowest cost1 and maintaining the present system of industrial feudalism4 ,i take these facts concerning the ,harvard investments from a paper by ,harry ,emerson ,wildes1 a ,harvard graduate4 ,it is interesting to note that ,mr4 ,wildes at the time he made this study was doing voluntary publicity work for the alumni group which was raising ,harvard funds in ,philadelphia2 and ,mr4 ,wildes was 8dropped0 immediately after this study saw the light6 ,we have seen how ,columbia owns stocks and bonds in ,american railroads1 public service corporations1 and industrial corporations of all sorts4 ,exactly the same thing is true of ,harvard4 ,says ,mr4 ,wildes3 ,twelve separate cities feed the ,harvard purse from their traction lines1 and more than half a hundred pay tribute from their lighting1 heating1 gas and power plants4 ,harvard has two million dollars in the traction game4 ,the two-cent transfer charge on ,new ,york ,city trolleys goes to pay the interest on three-quarters of a million dollars' worth of traction bonds in ,harvard ownership1 and ,boston ten-cent fare goes partially to ,harvard's third of a million in ,boston traction bonds4 ,mr4 ,wildes goes on to study the effect of these investments upon ,harvard1 and the effect which ,harvard1 through the power of these investments1 might have upon the industrial life of the country4 ,i cannot present the subject better than he has done1 so ,i quote his words3 ,with rapid transit lines throughout the nation in a state of rising fares1 and continual labor strife taking place1 the intervention of a conciliatory investor holding any such amounts might aid in bringing better harmony between the companies on the one hand and the public and the workmen on the other4 ,but nothing has been done by ,harvard ,university1 nor by any educational body in the land1 to work for the friendship of either public or labor towards the transit lines4444 ,how strenuously the influence of ,harvard will be thrown on the side of limitation of armaments and the ending of war may be gauged by the total of more than a million dollars' worth of ordnance bonds and munitions stock owned by the corporation4 ,and1 as these are largely in great steel corporations such as ,bethlehem1 ,midvale and ,illinois1 the attitude of the college heads towards the move for unionizing workers can be clearly understood4 ,when railroad brotherhoods put forth a plan for guild operation of the lines1 they face a mighty opposition from security investors4 ,the eight million dollars which ,harvard holds in railroad stock and bonds would be affected by victory for the ,plumb ,plan4 ,the professors of economics and particularly of railroad operation and finance can scarcely be expected to imbue their scholars with a holy zeal for the securing of the ,brotherhood aims4444 ,evidence of the patriotic ardor of the financiers directing ,harvard's investments may be readily seen in the fact that only one per cent of the funds of the university is invested in the ,liberty ,loans4 ,the total of ,united ,states bonds held is less than half of that spent for bonds of five foreign nations4 ,intervention in ,mexico would perhaps be pleasing to the authorities1 since they hold a total of nearly one hundred thousand dollars in ,mexican government bonds4 ,so1 also1 is the pacification of ,central ,america through the stationing of ,american marines and blue-jackets in those lands4 ,meddling of our ,state ,department in the internal affairs of ,costa ,rica1 ,honduras1 ,san ,salvador and the rest helps to uphold the value of another one hundred thousand dollars' worth of ,united ,fruit ,company bonds4,b ,this company notoriously controls entire nations in ,central ,america and sets up or deposes presidents at its whim4 ,there is scarcely a large community north of ,panama that is not in some degree tapped by the ,harvard treasury4 ,the ,american college is becoming the strongest single force in the world4 ,its management is almost entirely in the hands of international bankers or men dependent upon that group4 ----- ,footnote ,b3 ,these bonds have just been paid off1 but the ability to pay them off was of course assured by ,american intervention4 ----- ,such are the business facts underlying ,harvard ,university2 such are the roots of the plant1 and we shall now examine its flowers4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,the ,,harvard ,,tradition ,harvard has a tradition1 which is a part of the tradition of ,new ,england2 it is one of scholarship1 of respect for the dignity of learning4 ,money counts in ,new ,england1 but money is not enough1 so you will be told2 you must have culture also1 and the prestige of the intellectual life4 ,more than that1 in ,new ,england is found that quality which must necessarily go with belief in the intellectual life1 the quality of open-mindedness1 the willingness to consider new ideas4 ,such is the tradition2 and first1 it will pay us to ask1 how did the tradition originate8 ,was it made by ,harvard ,university8 ,or was it made by ,charles ,sumner1 anti-slavery senator from ,massachusetts1 who was found unfit to be a professor in the ,harvard ,law ,school1 and wrote to his brother3 8,i am too much of a reformer in law to be trusted in a post of such commanding influence as this has now become40 ,was it made by ,harvard1 or by ,wendell ,phillips1 who1 according to his biographer1 ,sears1 denounced 8the restraint of ,harvard1 which he attributed to affiliation with the commercial interests of ,boston1 and the silence they imposed on anti-slavery sentiments40 ,was it made by ,harvard or by ,william ,lloyd ,garrison1 who was dragged through the streets of ,boston with a rope about his neck1 by a silk-hatted mob of ,state ,streeters1 many of them of course from ,harvard8 ,sumner1 ,phillips and ,garrison were extremists1 you may say2 and the best traditions are not made by such4 ,they are made by scholars1 who lead retired lives and guide others by the power of thought4 ,very well2 ,new ,england has had no more revered scholar1 no more keen thinker than ,emerson4 ,emerson was gentle1 ,emerson was dignified1 and you will find ,emerson a part of the ,harvard tradition--one of its halls bears his name4 ,so let us see what ,emerson had to report about the ,harvard of his time2 how much credit he gives it for progress in the anti-slavery days4 ,writing in #ahfa1 in 8,the ,celebration of the ,intellect10 ,emerson said3 8,harvard ,college has no voice in ,harvard ,college1 but ,state ,street votes it down on every ballot4 ,everything will be permitted there1 which goes to adorn ,boston ,whiggism--is it geology1 astronomy1 poetry1 antiquities1 art1 rhetoric8 ,but that which it exists for1 to be a fountain of novelties out of heaven1 a ,delphos uttering warning and ravishing oracles to lift and lead mankind--that it shall not be permitted to do or to think of4 ,on the contrary1 every generosity of thought is suspect and has a bad name4 ,and all the youths come out decrepit citizens2 not a prophet1 not a poet1 not a daimon1 but is gagged and stifled or driven away40 ,and precisely that is what we have to report about the ,harvard of the time of capitalistic reaction1 which is #aibb4 ,for thirteen years ,harvard has been under the administration of a cultured corporation lawyer of ,boston1 who has generally carried out the politics of his ,state ,street associates in all essential matters1 and has preserved just as much reputation for liberalism as can be preserved--safely4 ,a4 ,lawrence ,lowell is not1 like ,nicholas ,murray ,butler1 a climber and a toady2 he could not be a climber1 because he was born on a mountaintop1 and there was no place to climb to--he could only stay where he was or descend4 ,he belongs to the ,lowell family1 who are among the ,boston ,brahmins1 and it would not occur to him that any millionaire could confer a favor upon ,harvard ,university1 or upon the president of ,harvard ,university4 ,on the other hand1 it does occur to him that ,harvard is a close corporation1 a family affair of the vested interests of ,new ,england1 which cover an enormous financial power with a decorous coating of refined exclusiveness4 ,before the days of ,president ,lowell1 ,harvard was presided over by ,charles ,w4 ,eliot1 a scholar who believed to some extent in a safe and reasonable freedom of opinion--using his own freedom to glorify the 8great ,american hero0 known as the 8scab40 ,president ,lowell has inherited the ,eliot tradition1 and in my travels about the country ,i heard many rumors as to how he had stood by his professors in time of stress4 ,when ,i got to ,harvard1 and turned these rumors into fact1 ,i found an amusing situation4 ,no circus rider who keeps his footing on two horses has ever done a more deft and delicate feat of balancing than ,president ,lowell1 with one foot on the ,eliot tradition and the other foot on the ,house of ,lee-,higginson4 ,they will tell you proudly that professors are not let out of ,harvard because of their opinions2 and that is sometimes true4 ,one reason is1 because the ,harvard teaching staff is selected with meticulous care1 and because1 when the new man comes to ,harvard he comes under the influence of a subtle but powerful atmosphere of good form4 ,it is not crude materialism1 as in ,columbia2 it is cleverly compounded of high intellectual and social qualities1 and it is brought to the young educators' attention with humor and good fellowship4 ,a friend of mine1 a ,harvard man who knows the game1 described to me from personal experience how the ,state ,street pressure operates4 ,somebody in ,lee-,higginson calls ,president ,lowell on the telephone and says3 8,how can we get ,so-and-so to put up the money for that chair1 if young ,this-or-that gets his name in the newspapers as lecturing to workingmen80 ,president ,lowell smiles and says he will see about it1 and the young instructor is invited to dinner and amiably shown how the most liberal university in ,america cannot run entirely without money4 ,the young instructor sees the point1 and the president goes away1 thinking to himself3 8,thank ,god we are not as ,columbia60 ,even down to the humblest freshman such pressure is conveyed4 ,there are things that 8are not done0 at ,harvard2 and you would be surprised to know how minute is the supervision4 ,you might not think it was a grave offense for a student1 wearing a soft shirt in summer-time1 to leave the top button unfastened2 but a student friend of mine1 who had ideas of the simple life--going back to nature and all that--was coldly asked by ,dean ,gay3 8,is the button of your shirt open by mistake1 or is the button missing80 ,and when he did not take this delicate hint1 ,professor ,richard ,c4 ,cabot told another student that he might help the young man by advising him to close the top button of his shirt4 ,i am advised that ,harvard men will call this story 8rot02 therefore ,i specify that ,i have it in writing from the man to whom it happened4 ,and if they are so careful about shirt-buttons1 they would hardly be careless about public speeches4 ,a couple of years ago the ,harvard ,liberal ,club made so bold as to invite ,wilfred ,humphries1 a mild little gentleman who served with the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 to tell about his experiences in ,russia2 whereupon the president of the ,liberal ,club received a letter from the secretary to the ,corporation of ,harvard1 politely pointing out that there was likely to be embarrassment to the university1 and would the president of the club kindly call upon the secretary1 in order to provide him with arguments1 8in case the press takes the thing up in a way which might embarrass the progress of the ,endowment ,fund ,campaign40 ,just as deftly as that1 you see6 ,i found that ,harvard's reputation for liberalism was based upon the custom of ,president ,lowell to take into his institution men who had been expelled from other colleges4 ,i was impressed by this1 until ,harvard men explained to me how it is managed4 ,the basis of it is a painstaking inquiry into the character and opinions of those men1 to make sure there is nothing really dangerous about them4 ,in some cases they are men who have offended local interests1 with which 8,state ,street0 has little concern4 ,others are men of ability who have offended religious prejudices in the provinces2 the tradition of ,harvard is ,unitarian1 and nobody is shocked by the idea that his ancestors swung from the tree-tops by their tails4 ,the ,state of ,texas has just passed a law providing for the expulsion of professors who teach that idea1 so in due course you may hear of ,harvard taking over some ,texas scholar4 ,how men are investigated before they are taken into ,harvard is a matter about which ,i happen to know from a man who underwent the ordeal4 ,i will call my informant ,professor ,smith1 and he was head of a department in a leading university4 ,appointed on a public service commission1 he discovered that the local gas company was engaged in swindling the city4 ,the facts got into the newspapers1 and this public spirited professor was on the verge of being expelled by his trustees1 several of whom were 8in gas40 ,some friends of his put the matter before ,president ,lowell1 and ,lowell made inquiry1 and ascertained that ,smith was a liberal of the very mildest sort1 well connected and affable1 in every way worthy to associate with the best families1 and to train their sons2 so ,professor ,smith received a letter1 asking him if he would come to ,cambridge and make the acquaintance of ,president ,lowell4 ,he made the journey1 and found himself a guest at a dinner party in the home of one of the interlocking directorate4 ,president ,lowell was seated next to him1 and they chatted on many subjects1 but only once did they touch on the subject of ,smith and his qualifications4 8,by the way10 said ,lowell 7,i reproduce the conversation from careful notes74 8,i understand you had some little unpleasantness in your home city40 8,quite a good deal of it10 replied ,smith4 8,i'm not quite clear about it10 said ,lowell4 8,it had something to do with the gas company1 did it not80 8,yes10 replied ,smith4 8,it was merely gas8 ,it had nothing to do with electricity80 8,oh1 no10 said ,smith4 8,nothing whatever40 8,you are sure the electric light company was not involved80 8,quite sure4 ,they are separate concerns40 8,i see10 said ,lowell1 and talked about the ,european situation4 ,so ,professor ,smith went home1 and told a friend about the matter2 the friend made him repeat it over1 word for word1 and then burst out laughing4 8,don't you see the point80 he asked2 but ,smith saw no point whatever4 8,don't you know that gas companies and electric light companies are sometimes rivals80 inquired the friend4 8,you can light your house with either gas or electricity2 you can cook with either gas or electricity1 you can heat with either gas or electricity40 8,yes1 of course10 said ,smith1 still unenlightened4 8,well1 you attacked the gas company10 said the friend4 8,you did not attack the ,edison ,electric ,company of your city1 which happens to be a part of the electric trust which covers the entire ,united ,states4 ,harvard is all tied up with this electrical trust1 and ,massachusetts ,tech still more so1 and ,lee1 ,higginson ,company are its bankers4 ,president ,lowell was perfectly willing for you to fight your local gas company1 but he wanted to make sure that you hadn't trod on the toes of ,harvard's leading industry6 ,you will get your invitation to ,harvard1 ,i'll wager40 ,and1 sure enough1 the invitation came a few days later6 ,to complete the humor of the story1 the fact of the invitation became known at once among the faculty of ,professor ,smith's university1 and had the effect of instantly killing the talk of ,professor ,smith's being asked to resign6 ,i tell this incident as it was told to me4 ,standing by itself it might not mean much2 but before we finish with ,harvard we shall have plenty of evidence to prove that when the electric men play a tune1 the ,lee-,higginson university dances4 ,president ,lowell1 ,i am told1 did not know the difference between a mathematician and an astronomer2 when ,pickering died1 he proposed to put in a mathematician1 and was naively surprised when it was explained to him that modern astronomy has gone so far that an observatory cannot be run by a mathematician1 however expert4 ,but ignorant as our ,boston ,brahmin may be about the stars of the milky way1 it is certain that he knows all about the stars of ,state ,street1 he has them carefully charted and plotted1 and neither he nor any member of his faculty ever bumps into them4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,free ,,speech ,,but-- ,we have referred to the ,harvard ,liberal ,club1 an organization formed by some graduates who sympathized with the cause of social justice4 ,this club brought speakers to ,harvard1 and got itself into the newspapers several times2 for example1 during the anti-red hysteria they heard an address from ,federal ,judge ,anderson1 who denounced the ,palmer raids as crimes against the constitution4 ,this caused ,president ,lowell great annoyance1 but he could not control the club1 because it was a graduate organization4 ,he demanded that it abandon the name ,harvard1 saying it might cause people to get a wrong idea of the university4 ,inquiries were made to ascertain if legal measures could be taken2 and when he found that such measures wouldn't work1 he came to one of its meetings1 very courteous and deeply interested1 trying to steer it into ways of academic propriety4 8,we are all liberals at ,harvard10 he said--an old1 old formula6 ,for a generation the ,british labor party has been hearing from the ,tories3 8,we are all ,socialists in ,england40 ,just how much of a liberal ,president ,lowell is1 of his own impulse and from his own conviction1 was shown at the time that ,louis ,d4 ,brandeis was nominated by ,president ,wilson for the ,supreme ,court4 ,brandeis is a graduate of the ,harvard ,law ,school1 and was a prosperous corporation lawyer in ,boston2 a man of ,european culture and charming manners1 he was the darling of ,harvard1 in spite of the fact that he is a ,jew4 ,the ,lees and the ,higginsons took him up--until suddenly he ran into the ,new ,haven railroad6 ,then the other crowd1 the ,kidders and the ,peabodys1 took him up--until he ran into the gas company6 ,after that everybody dropped him1 and if he had not been a man of wealth he would have been ruined4 ,when he was proposed for the ,supreme ,court1 a committee of lawyers1 with ,austen ,g4 ,fox1 a ,harvard man1 at their head1 took up the fight against him in the ,united ,states ,senate4 ,this fight didn't involve ,harvard1 and there was no reason for ,president ,lowell to meddle in it2 but he made it his personal fight1 and a fight of the most determined and bitter character4 ,in #aiah there was a great strike in the ,lawrence textile mills1 and this made a delicate situation1 because ,harvard holds six hundred thousand dollars' worth of woolen mill loans and mortgages1 and an equal amount of bonds and stocks4 ,it seemed natural1 therefore1 to the overseers that ,harvard students should go out as militiamen to crush this strike2 it did not seem natural to them that members of the ,liberal ,club should call meetings and invite strike leaders to tell the students of the university their side of the case4 ,but the members of this ,liberal ,club persisted1 and when the district attorney accused the strikers of violence1 they appointed a committee to interview him and get his facts4 ,they gave a dinner1 to which they invited the directors of the mills to meet the strike-leaders2 they appointed a committee to consider terms of settlement1 and in the end they forced a compromise4 ,things like this caused most intense annoyance to the interlocking directorate4 ,this was voiced to a ,harvard man of my acquaintance1 one of the organizers of the ,liberal ,club1 by a ,harvard graduate whose father has been a ,harvard overseer1 and is one of ,massachusetts' most distinguished jurists4 ,in the ,harvard ,club of ,boston my friend was challenged to say what he meant by a liberal2 and when his definition was not found satisfactory1 the ,harvard graduate exclaimed3 8,a liberal8 ,i'll tell you what a liberal is6 ,a liberal is a --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----60 ,in order to reproduce the scene you will have to fill these blanks1 not with the ordinary terms of abuse used by longshoremen and lumber-jacks1 but with the most obscene expletives which your imagination can invent4 ,such is the present attitude of the ruling class of ,harvard toward the issue of free speech4 ,the attitude of the students was delightfully set forth by an editorial in the ,harvard 8,crimson10 at the time of the ,liberal ,club lecture of ,wilfred ,humphries1 ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 worker from ,russia4 ,the 8,crimson0 was for ,free ,speech--,but6 ,what the 8,crimson0 wished to forbid was 8propaganda02 and it made clear that by this term it meant any and all protest against things established4 ,said the cautious young editor3 8,not prohibited by law1 propaganda creeps in and is accepted by many as an almost essential part of freedom of speech60 ,this is as persuasive as the communications of the ,harvard ,union to the liberal students1 barring various radicals from the platform1 on the ground that the ,union did not permit 8partisan0 speakers3 the ,union's idea of non-partisan speakers being such well-poised and judicious conservatives as ,admiral ,sims and ,detective ,burns6 ,as the old saying runs3 8,orthodoxy is my doxy1 heterodoxy is your doxy60 ,there is a standing rule at ,harvard barring 8outside0 speakers who discuss 8contentious contemporaneous questions of politics or economics02 and this rule was used to bar ,mrs4 ,pankhurst6 ,i tell you of these petty incidents of discrimination2 and yet1 if we are to keep our sense of proportion1 we must state that in the totality of ,american universities1 ,harvard ranks1 from the point of view of academic liberalism1 among the three or four best4 ,there was no interference with its professors during the war hysteria--and ,i found but one other large institution1 the ,university of ,chicago1 of which this statement may be made4 ,also1 ,harvard has to its credit one post-war case1 in which academic freedom was gravely involved1 and in which the ,harvard tradition proved itself still alive4 ,this is a curious and dramatic story1 and ,i will tell it in detail4 ,in the summer of #aiah the ,united ,states ,army invaded ,archangel in ,northern ,russia1 and ,vladivostok in ,eastern ,siberia1 seizing the territory of a friendly people and killing its inhabitants without the declaration of war required by the constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,this invasion was the blackest crime in ,american public history1 and was denounced by many of our leading thinkers4 ,also it was denounced by five obscure ,russian ,jews1 mere children in age1 living in the ,east-side slums of ,new ,york ,city4 ,four boys and a girl printed a leaflet1 asking the ,american people not to kill their ,russian compatriots1 and they distributed these leaflets in public--for which crime they were arrested1 taken to prison1 and beaten and tortured so severely that one of them died a few days later4 ,the surviving four were placed on trial1 and after a hideous travesty of justice were given sentences of from fifteen to twenty years in prison4 ,this is known as the 8,abrams case10 and it stood as one of our greatest judicial scandals4 ,among others who protested was ,professor ,zechariah ,chafee1 ,jr41 of the ,harvard ,law ,school4 ,he published in the 8,harvard ,law ,review10 ,april1 #aibj1 an article entitled 8,a ,contemporary ,state ,trial02 and subsequently he embodied this article as a chapter in his book on 8,freedom of ,speech40 ,dean ,pound of the ,harvard ,law ,school1 with ,professors ,frankfurter1 ,chafee and ,sayre 7,president ,wilson's son-in-law71 also the librarian of the ,law ,school1 signed a petition for executive clemency in this ,abrams case4 ,these actions excited great indignation among the interlocking directorates1 and ,mr4 ,austen ,g4 ,fox1 a ,harvard graduate and ,wall ,street lawyer1 drew up a protest to the ,harvard board of overseers1 which protest was signed by twenty prominent corporation lawyers1 all ,harvard men1 including ,mr4 ,peter ,b4 ,olney1 a prominent ,tammany politician2 ,mr4 ,beekman ,winthrop1 ex-governor of ,porto ,rico1 and ,mr4 ,joseph ,h4 ,choate1 ,jr41 recently notorious in connection with the scandals of the ,alien ,property ,custodian4 ,the overseers referred the matter to the 8,committee to ,visit the ,law ,school10 which consists of fourteen prominent servants of the plutocracy1 including a number of judges4 ,the result was a 8conference10 in reality a solemn trial1 which occupied an entire day and evening1 ,may #bb1 #aiba1 at the ,harvard ,club in ,boston4 ,mr4 ,fox appeared1 with a committee of his supporters and a mass of documents in the case2 also the ,united ,states attorney and his assistant1 serving as witnesses4 ,president ,lowell's attitude on this occasion is described to me as that of 8a hen protecting her brood against an old ,fox40 ,professor ,chafee himself tells me that ,president ,lowell stood by him all through the 8conference10 and made ,mr4 ,fox uncomfortable by well-directed inquiries4 ,mr4 ,fox's principal charge was that ,professor ,chafee had taken his quotations of testimony at the ,abrams trial from the official record submitted to the ,supreme ,court in the defendant's appeal1 instead of going to the prosecuting attorney and getting the complete stenographic record4 ,and lo and behold1 when ,mr4 ,fox came to confront the fourteen ,harvard judges1 it transpired that he himself had committed a similar blunder1 only far worse6 ,he accused the five professors at the ,law ,school of having made false representations in their petition to ,president ,wilson2 but instead of going to the office of his friend the government prosecutor1 and getting a photographic reproduction of the petition as signed by the professors1 ,mr4 ,fox presented in evidence a four-page circular1 printed by the ,abrams defense1 containing a fac-simile of the petition1 with the signatures of the five professors2 the statements which ,mr4 ,fox claimed were inaccurate were printed on the reverse side of this circular4 ,but it was easy for the professors to show that they had nothing to do with the circular or its statements4 ,the document had been compiled by the ,abrams defense some time after the professors signed the petition4 ,mr4 ,fox1 champion of strict legal accuracy1 had based his charge upon a piece of propaganda literature1 for which the professors had been no more responsible than he6 ,it is interesting to note how the interlocking newspapers of ,boston handled this incident4 ,it was1 as you can understand1 a most sensational piece of news2 but it was an 8inside0 story1 a family dispute of the interlocking directorate4 ,the only newspaper which gave any account of the indictment of the professors was the ,hearst paper1 which is to a certain extent an outlaw institution1 and publishes sensational news concerning the plutocracy1 when the interests of ,mr4 ,hearst and his group are not involved4 ,but no other ,boston newspaper published the news about this trial at the time that it took place2 the first account was in the ,boston 8,herald10 nearly two months later1 after the story was stale6 ,it was an amazing demonstration of the power of the ,boston plutocracy2 and it affords us curious evidence of the consequences of news suppression4 ,i heard about the ,chafee trial all the way from ,california to ,massachusetts1 and back again2 and every time ,i heard it1 ,i heard a different version--and always from some one who knew it positively1 on the very best authority4 ,these guardians of the dignity of ,harvard thought that by keeping the story quiet they were helping the cause of academic freedom2 but what they really did was to set loose a flood of wild rumors1 for the most part discreditable to themselves4 ,of course1 they may say that they do not care about gossip2 but why is it not just as important to educate people about ,harvard1 as to educate them about the ancient ,egyptians and ,greeks8 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,interference ,we have seen ,president ,lowell's behavior when a group of ,wall ,street lawyers attempted to dictate to his university4 ,we have next to investigate his attitude when it is his own intimates and financial supporters who are being attacked2 when it is1 not ,wall ,street1 but ,state ,street1 which calls to him for help4 ,here again our ,boston ,brahmin has put himself on record1 with exactly the same self-will and decisiveness--but1 unfortunately1 on the other side6 ,we were promised some more evidence on the subject of ,harvard in relation to ,lee-,higginson and ,edison ,electric4 ,now we are to have it4 ,i am indebted for the details of the incident to ,mr4 ,morris ,llewellyn ,cooke1 an engineer of ,philadelphia who was ,director of ,public ,works under a reform administration4 ,for a series of five years ,mr4 ,cooke had been a regular lecturer at the ,graduate ,school of ,business ,administration of ,harvard ,university4 ,he prepared two lectures on the public utility problem in ,american cities1 which he gave at a number of universities1 and was invited to give at ,harvard4 ,mr4 ,cooke took the precaution to inquire whether he would be free 8to discuss conditions exactly as they exist in the public utility field40 ,the reply was1 in the magnificent ,harvard manner3 8,i am desirous that your lectures be both specific and frank4 ,i am anxious for the students to see clearly the real relation of local public utilities to the municipalities1 and vice versa1 and am not considering whether your remarks may hurt any one's feelings40 ,mr4 ,cooke came and delivered his two lectures1 and was announced to give them again2 but four months later came a letter from the dean of the ,graduate ,school1 saying3 8,mr4 ,lowell feels1 and ,i agree with him1 that in view of the use you made of your invitation to come here this last year1 we cannot renew the invitation40 ,mr4 ,cooke then wrote to ,president ,lowell to find out what was the matter1 and was told that he had violated academic ethics by giving to the press an abstract of his lectures4 ,in answering ,president ,lowell1 ,mr4 ,cooke pointed out that six weeks prior to giving the lectures he had written on three separate occasions to the ,graduate ,school1 giving notice of his intention to publish an abstract of his remarks1 because officials in other cities wished the information on public utilities which he had accumulated4 8,trusting that if this is not entirely satisfactory to you1 you will so advise me at your convenience10 etc4 ,the reply from the ,business ,school had been3 8,i note that you intend to publish these two lectures later1 which will be perfectly satisfactory to us40 ,president ,lowell now condescended to explain to ,mr4 ,cooke wherein he had offended2 he had violated 8academic customs 444 not in the least peculiar to ,harvard1 but true in all universities40 ,mr4 ,cooke thereupon wrote to universities all over the ,united ,states2 he obtained statements from a score or two of university professors1 deans and presidents1 showing that not only was there no such custom1 but that it was a quite common custom for lecturers at universities to make abstracts of their lectures and furnish these to the press4 ,the authorities quoted include the president of the ,university of ,wisconsin1 and a dean who is now president2 ,professor ,dewey of ,columbia1 ,hoxie of ,chicago--and ,frankfurter of ,president ,lowell's own university6 ,theodore ,roosevelt wrote3 ,until ,i received your letter1 ,i knew nothing whatever of any rule prohibiting the remarks of academic lecturers from being published in the periodical press or in other ways being quoted as material used in the lecture room4 ,if you really want to test the sincerity of ,president ,lowell's statement1 here is the way to do it3 ,imagine ,theodore ,roosevelt1 distinguished ,harvard alumnus1 coming to his alma mater to deliver a lecture on 8,the ,duties of the ,college ,man as a ,citizen10 and preparing a summary of his lecture and giving it to the press2 and then imagine him receiving from ,president ,lowell a letter rebuking him for his action1 and informing him that because of it he would not again be invited to speak at ,harvard6 ,no1 we shall have to examine ,mr4 ,cooke's lectures1 for some other reason why his career as a ,harvard lecturer was so suddenly cut short4 ,mr4 ,cooke has printed the lectures in pamphlet form under the title 8,snapping ,cords40 ,on page #i ,i find a statement of the over-valuation of public utilities in ,philadelphia1 and note that the ,philadelphia ,electric ,company has securities to the amount of over fifty million dollars upon an actual valuation of less than twenty-five million4 ,and this is an ,edison concern1 allied with ,boston ,edison and ,lee ,higginson6 ,i turn to page #ab1 and learn how the ,national ,electric ,light ,association1 the society of electrical engineers1 is being used as a dummy by the electric light interests4 ,i turn to page #ad1 and find the ,american ,electric ,railway ,association shown up as planning to corrupt ,american education1 creating a financed ,bureau of ,public ,relations for the self-stated purpose of 8influencing the sources of public education particularly by 7a7 lectures on the ,chautauqua circuit and 7b7 formation of a committee of prominent technical educators to promote the formation and teaching of correct principles on public service questions in technical and economic departments at ,american colleges1 through courses of lectures and otherwise40 ,the tactless ,mr4 ,cooke goes on to examine the activities of 8prominent technical educators0 who have lent themselves to this program4 ,among the names ,i find--can such a thing be possible8--,george ,f4 ,swain1 professor of civil engineering in the ,graduate ,school of ,applied ,science of ,harvard ,university6 ,professor ,swain1 it appears1 has done 8valuation work0 for ,mr4 ,morgan's ,new ,haven ,railroad--our interlocking directorate1 you perceive6 ,you may not know what 8valuation work0 consists of2 it is the job of determining how much money you shall pay for your water1 light1 gas and transportation1 and needless to say1 the utility corporations want the valuation put as high as possible4 ,mr4 ,cooke1 since the incidents here narrated1 put through a rate case whereby the ,philadelphia ,electric ,company collects from the city and the people of that city one million dollars less per year4 ,so you see just what an ornery cuss ,mr4 ,cooke is6 ,professor ,swain lays out 8principles0 for the doing of this ticklish 8valuation work40,c ,one of his 8principles0 is that when anything has increased in value1 the increased valuation shall be allowed the corporations1 but when anything has decreased in value there shall be no corresponding decrease in the valuation6 7,we used to play this game when we were children2 we called it 8,heads ,i win and tails you lose407 ,another of ,professor ,swain's 8principles0 is that when states1 counties or cities have helped to pay the cost of grade crossings1 the railroads shall be credited with the full value of these grade crossings4 7,we used to play that game also when we were children2 we called it 8,findings is keepings407 ,needless to say1 a man who is so clever as to get away with things like that regards himself as superior to the rest of us1 who let him get away with it4 ,so1 as president of the ,american ,society of ,civil ,engineers1 ,professor ,swain voices his distrust of democratic ideals1 and informs the engineers that 8present-day humanitarianism leads to race degeneracy40 ----- ,footnote ,c3 ,see record of hearing1 ,may #c1 #aibj1 at ,state ,house1 ,trenton1 ,n4 ,j41 before ,governor ,edwards1 on motion of ,city of ,jersey ,city for removal of ,public ,service ,commission4 ,and then ,i turn on to page #ce of the pamphlet1 and stumble on still more tactless conduct on the part of this dreadful ,mr4 ,cooke4 ,he tells us about ,dugald ,c4 ,jackson1 professor of electrical engineering at ,harvard ,university1,d who also does this fancy 8valuation work40 ,says ,mr4 ,cooke3 8,professor ,jackson has never really been so much a university professor as a corporate employe giving courses in universities4 ,while he probably receives five thousand dollars from his present teaching post he must receive at least four times this amount from his corporate clients--charging as he does one hundred dollars a day for his own time and a percentage on the time of his assistants60 ----- ,footnote ,d3 ,professor ,jackson1 in qualifying as an expert before the ,pennsylvania ,public ,service ,commission1 introduced himself by the single statement that he was 8professor of engineering at the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology and head of the ,department of ,electrical ,engineering and professor of electrical engineering at ,harvard ,university40 ,it should be explained that he held the last two positions only ex-officio1 by virtue of the affiliation of the two institutions which existed for a few years4 ----- ,mr4 ,cooke goes on to show that before taking up teaching1 ,professor ,jackson was a chief engineer for the ,edison ,general ,electric ,company4 ,in #aiaj1 while a professor at ,harvard1 he rendered a report showing that the ,chicago ,telephone ,company was running behind over eight hundred thousand dollars per year2 but two years later it was proven that the company could afford a reduction in rates of seven hundred thousand dollars per year6 ,again1 ,professor ,jackson rendered a report showing that the ,buffalo ,general ,electric ,company had a valuation of #d1iff1jjj2 but the state commission subsequently fixed the valuation at #c1aid1jjj4 ,he valued three thousand municipal arc lamps at #ba4gj each1 but the ,new ,york commission showed that the actual cost of these lamps was #ac4ec4 ,says ,mr4 ,cooke3 8,what constitutes being employed by a corporation8 ,professor ,jackson is to all intents and purposes consulting engineer in chief as to rates and valuations to the entire electrical industry in the ,united ,states4 ,he has made inventories of the ,boston ,edison ,company and the ,new ,york ,edison ,company4 ,he is now engaged in doing similar work for the ,philadelphia ,electric ,company4 ,these three companies have a combined gross annual income of thirty-five million dollars40 ,do you see the 8nigger in the woodpile0 now8 ,if you are a mine guard or strike-breaking gunman1 experienced in shooting up the tent-colonies of striking miners1 the corporations will pay you five dollars a day and board for your services4 ,if you are a 8prominent technical educator10 with a string of university degrees and titles1 who can enable the great corporations to swindle the public out of tens of millions of dollars every year1 then you can command a salary of a hundred dollars a day1 with a percentage on the time of your assistants4 ,that is what a college education is for2 and if you think that an over-cynical statement1 ,i ask you to read the whole of this book before you decide6 ,and what is a college president for8 ,a college president is paid by the interlocking directorate to take their 8consulting engineers0 and 8valuation experts0 and cover them with a mantle of respectability1 enabling them to do their dirty work in the name of education and public service4 ,and if any freak individual comes along1 trying to break in and spoil the game1 the function of a college president is to furnish what the college football player knows as 8interference8--tripping the fellow up1 slugging him1 maiming him4 ,in football there are strict rules against fouls2 but in this game of plutocratic education 8everything goes40 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,the ,,laski ,,lampoon ,a more recent test of ,harvard ,university was made by ,harold ,j4 ,laski1 a brilliant young writer whom ,president ,lowell in an unguarded moment admitted to teach political science4 ,laski holds unorthodox ideas concerning the modern capitalist state2 he thinks it may not be the divinely appointed instrument which it considers itself4 ,laski raised this question in his ,harvard classes1 which caused tremendous excitement in ,state ,street4 ,the ,harvard 8drive0 for sixteen millions was on1 and a number of people wrote that they would give no money to ,harvard while ,laski was on its teaching staff4 ,on the other hand1 a ,chicago lawyer wrote that his son had never taken any interest in his studies previously1 but that since he had come under ,laski's influence he had become a serious student2 this lawyer sent fifty thousand dollars to make up the losses4 ,the controversy got into the ,boston newspapers1 and ,president ,lowell stood by ,laski2 no ,harvard professor should be driven out because of his opinions4 8,thank ,god we are not as ,columbia60 ,i asked a ,cambridge friend about ,president ,lowell's heroism1 and he took a cynical view of it4 ,lowell is the author of a book interpreting the ,british constitution1 and has a reputation in ,england based on this book2 he has received an ,oxford degree1 and hopes some day to be ambassador4 ,in ,england people really believe in free speech1 and practice their beliefs2 and ,laski1 it happens1 is a ,manchester ,jew1 his family associated with the present ruling group in ,england4 ,also1 ,laski himself wields a capable pen1 and is not the sort of man one chooses for an enemy4 ,if ,laski were to go home and state that he had been expelled from ,president ,lowell's university because of disbelief in the modern state1 what would become of ,lowell's ,english reputation8 ,said my friend3 8,if ,laski had been a ,german ,jew1 or a ,russian ,jew0--and he smiled4 ,as to the overseers and their handling of the case1 ,professor ,laski writes me that they were very nice to him4 8,i was simply invited to a dinner at which we exchanged opinions in a friendly fashion4 ,my only doubt there was a doubt whether the committee realized how very conservative my opinions really were in this changing social world4 ,like most business men1 they had little or no knowledge of the results of modern social science40 ,the climax came with the ,boston police strike in the fall of #aiai4 ,this was a very curious illustration of the part which the ,harvard plutocracy plays in the public life of ,boston1 so pardon me if ,i tell the story in some detail4 ,you know how the cost of living doubled all over the country1 while the wages of public servants increased very little4 ,the policemen of ,boston were not able to live on their wages2 they begged for an increase1 and the police commissioner promised them the increase if they would wait until after the war4 ,they waited2 and then the police commissioner tried to keep his promise1 and the mayor and the ,democratic administration worked out a settlement4 ,but the ,harvard plutocracy1 which runs the government of the state1 decided not to permit that settlement1 but to force a strike of the policemen1 so that they could smash the policemen's union4 ,the late ,murray ,crane1 senator and millionaire1 holder of a ,harvard ,,ll4 ,d41 planned the job in the ,union ,club of ,boston1 together with ,kidder1 ,peabody ,co41 the bankers4 ,governor ,coolidge1 the tool of ,crane1 upset the arrangements made by the mayor of ,boston1 and the mayor was so furious that he 8pasted the governor one in the eye0--the inside reason why ,coolidge disappeared so mysteriously during the strike4 ,but the newspapers of the interlocking directorate celebrated him as the hero of the affair1 and he became vice-president of the ,united ,states on a wave of glory6 ,the strike came1 and according to the standard ,american technique of strike-breaking1 hoodlums were turned loose at the right moment1 to throw stones and terrify the public4 ,the whole affair was obviously stage-managed2 nothing was stolen1 and no real harm was done4 ,insiders assured me that all the time the 8riots0 were going on1 there was a safe reserve of police locked up in the police-station1 waiting in case things should go too far4 ,the ,boston policemen were represented as traitors to society1 and a wave of fury swept the country--including ,harvard1 which holds hundreds of thousands of dollars' worth of ,boston city bonds1 also securities of ,boston public service corporations4 ,these properties must be protected2 so a 8,harvard ,emergency ,committee0 was formed1 headed by the professor who had first reported to the overseers ,professor ,laski's too great zeal in outside activities4 ,needless to say1 no one complained about the 8outside activities0 of this anti-strike professor2 on the contrary1 ,president ,lowell issued a resounding call to ,harvard men to help smash the policemen's strike4 ,incidentally1 ,harvard men smashed ,harold ,j4 ,laski1 who had the temerity to interject himself into this class war4 ,laski went to ,boston and made a speech to the strikers' wives1 expressing sympathy with their cause2 whereat all ,boston raged4 8,i would like to ask you something1 ,mr4 ,laski10 said ,president ,lowell1 at a dinner party4 8,why did you make that speech80 8,why1 ,mr4 ,lowell10 said ,laski1 smiling1 8,i made it because there is a general impression throughout the labor world that ,harvard is a capitalistic institution1 and ,i wanted to show that it is not true40 ,laski was only twenty-six years old at the time1 and it took some nerve1 you must admit4 ,how to get this young incendiary out of ,harvard was the next job of the interlocking directorate4 ,meet ,mr4 ,james ,thomas ,williams1 ,jr41 of ,boston4 ,mr4 ,williams was graduated from ,columbia ,university in the same year that ,i quit it2 he then joined the ,associated ,press1 and now serves the interlocking directorate as editor of the ,boston 8,evening ,transcript10 the paper which is read by every ,tory in ,new ,england4 ,you may learn more about this paper by consulting pages #bhd1 #cjf1 #cjg and #cgi of 8,the ,brass ,check40 ,also1 perhaps ,i should tell you a little incident which happened after 8,the ,brass ,check0 came out4 ,desiring to test the capitalist newspapers1 ,i made up a dignified advertisement of the book--nothing abusive or sensational1 merely opinions from leading journals of ,europe4 ,i sent this advertisement1 with a perfectly good check1 to the ,boston 8,evening ,transcript10 and the check was returned to me1 with the statement that the 8,transcript0 thought it best not to publish the advertisement1 because of the possibility of being sued for libel4 ,i was puzzled at first1 wondering what paper might sue the ,boston 8,evening ,transcript0 for publishing an advertisement of 8,the ,brass ,check40 ,then ,i remembered that in the book ,i had accused a ,boston newspaper of having shared in the slush funds of the ,new ,york1 ,new ,haven1 and ,hartford ,railroad2 also of having suppressed reports of ,justice ,brandeis' exposures of the ,boston ,gas ,company1 at the same time publishing page advertisements from this gas company2 also of having published advertisements of 8,harvard ,beer1 #a1jjj ,pure10 at the same time suppressing news of the fact that the federal government was prosecuting the manufacturers of ,harvard ,beer for violation of the pure food laws4 ,so ,i understood that the ,boston 8,evening ,transcript0 was afraid of being sued by the ,boston 8,evening ,transcript40 ,now behold the editor of this fine old ,tory newspaper rushing to the defense of his interlocking directorate4 ,mr4 ,laski must be driven from ,harvard1 and ,mr4 ,williams knows exactly how to do it4 ,he interviews the editors of the ,harvard 8,crimson0 and 8,advocate20 finally in the editors of the 8,lampoon10 he finds a group who will carry out his ideas4 ,the result is an issue of that paper1 ,january #af1 #aibj1 known to history as the 8,laski ,lampoon40 ,if ever there was a fouler product of class venom1 it has not yet come under my eye4 ,i have never had the pleasure of meeting ,harold ,j4 ,laski1 but ,i form an idea of him from a score of pictures in this publication4 ,from a painting on the cover ,i gather he is a short1 thin1 naked young skeleton with a paunch2 he wears large glasses1 and has a fringe of whiskers1 or long hair1 and a red dawn behind him1 serving as a halo4 ,from another picture1 a piece of clay modelling1 ,i am puzzled about the whiskers1 or hairs1 because ,i do not know whether they are little worms or pieces of spaghetti4 ,from other cartoons ,i gather that ,professor ,laski sometimes wears clothes1 and does not wear them entirely in the ,harvard manner2 that is1 his clothes do not fit him1 and his hat has too broad a brim1 and is not worn entirely straight on his head4 ,i gather that he sometimes smokes cigarettes1 a vice entirely unknown in refined undergraduate circles4 ,also ,mr4 ,laski is described to me in a hundred or so sketches1 verses and witticisms4 ,he is 8the great indoor agitator02 he is 8a member of the firm of ,lenin1 ,trotski and ,laski40 ,this evil young man1 you must understand1 holds the idea that the people of ,russia should be permitted to work out their own revolution in their own way1 and that ,american troops should not be sent in to attack them in ,archangel and ,siberia without a declaration of war4 ,this makes him a 8,bolshevik02 this makes him 8,laski de ,lenin10 and 8,ivan ,itchykoff10 and the author of 8,the ,constitution of the ,russian ,itchocracy10 and of the 8,autobiographia ,laskivia40 8,love had to go4 ,one love was bad enough1 but thirty or forty were insupportable4 ,i had tried it and ,i knew40 ,he is invited to 8sing a song of ,bolsheviks10 and he tells us that 8,comrade ,lenin has a hundred and forty-eight motor cars1 and ,comrade ,trotsky has fifty-two40 ,he is 8,cataline10 and again he is 8,professor ,moses ,smartelikoff0--the 8,moses0 meaning that he is a ,jew1 and the rest that he thinks differently from ,harvard4 ,such thinking must not be allowed to get a start1 say our cautious young undergraduates3 ,the moral1 oh ye masters1 is1 without a doubt1 ,stop infection early2 kick the first one out4 ,and here are more verses1 addressed to our unpopular professor3 ,as you sit there1 growing prouder1 ,with your skillful tongue awag1 ,as your piping voice grows louder1 ,preaching ,socialistic gag-- ,stop a moment1 let us warn you1 ,nature's freak1 ,that we loathe you and we scorn you1 ,bolshevik6 ,harold ,laski was scheduled to give a lecture at ,yale1 and when he got there he found this copy of the 8,lampoon0 on sale all over town1 together with a reprint of an editorial in the 8,transcript0 denouncing him4 ,he was young1 and rather sensitive1 and naturally it occurred to him that he was wasting his talents upon ,harvard4 ,he would be allowed to stay there1 he told a friend of mine1 but he would never be promoted1 he would have no career4 ,on the other hand1 the ,university of ,london offered him a full professorship at a higher salary1 in a part of the world where men may think what they please about the capitalist state4 ,laski resigned2 and so cleverly the job had been managed--he had quit of his own free will1 and the great university could go on boasting that its professors are not forced out because of their opinions6 ,as a commentary on this story1 ,i am sure you will be interested in an extract from a letter from ,laski1 dated ,august #af1 #aibb3 ,the results of the ,american atmosphere are quite clear4 #a4 ,many men deliberately adopt reactionary views to secure promotion4 #b4 ,many more never express opinions lest the penalty be exacted4 #c4 ,those who do are penalized when the chance of promotion comes4 ,i am very much impressed by the contrast between the general freedom of the ,english academic atmosphere and the illiberalism of ,america4 ,three of my colleagues at the ,london ,school of ,economics are labor candidates2 business men predominate on the governing body2 but interference is never dreamed of4 ,at ,oxford and ,cambridge the widest range of view prevails4 ,but alumni do not protest1 and if they do1 they are told to mind their own business4 ,in ,america1 one always feels hampered by the sense of a control outside2 in ,england you never feel that it is necessary to watch your tongue4 ,no ox treads upon it4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,raking ,,the ,,dust-,,heaps ,we have studied the 8,laski ,lampoon0 to see what we can learn about ,professor ,laski4 ,let us now examine it to see what we can learn about ,harvard4 ,you remember the student who was compelled to button his collar2 so you would expect to find ,harvard objecting to a radical professor who did not wear the right kind of tie1 and did not get his clothes from the right tailor4 ,the 8,lampoon0 refers again and again to this1 both in verse and drawings2 it speaks of ,laski's 8creed of charming untidiness02 and if you want to know about ,harvard's creed of charming tidiness1 turn to the advertising portions of this paper4 ,one cannot publish an ,american magazine without advertisements1 and the 8,laski ,lampoon0 is almost up to the standard of the 8,saturday ,evening ,post0--it has fifteen pages of reading matter and thirty-nine of advertisements6 ,some of this matter we may assume was contributed as a means of helping to save our alma mater from ,bolshevism2 for example1 the page of the ,baldwin ,locomotive ,works1 and the page of the ,united ,shoe ,machinery ,company1 and the quarter-page of the ,boston 8,evening ,transcript10 telling us3 8,this paper stands unflinchingly at home and abroad for #8straight ,americanism1' for the cultivation of #8an ,american character1' which the ,first ,american called #8the ,cement that binds the ,union4'8 ,but the rest are the advertisements of concerns which expect to sell things2 and as they spend enormous sums in this way1 they make it their business to get the returns1 and know how to appeal to each group4 ,so here we learn what ,harvard men like1 and why they did not like ,professor ,laski6 8,follow the ,arrow and you follow the style in collars10 we are told1 and on another page3 8,correctness dominates the style policies of these stores40 ,here are the usual handsome1 haughty young men in 8the ,kuppenheimer clothes10 and here is the specially proper 8,brogue ,boot40 ,wishing to see just what ,harvard men spend their money for1 ,i take the trouble to classify this advertising4 ,there are seven and one-half pages devoted to clothing1 three and three-fourths devoted to luxurious hotels1 three and one-half devoted to automobiles1 and three and one-half to investments of the interlocking directorate1 including an invitation to gamble in ,german marks4 ,one and one-half pages are given to tobacco1 one and one-fourth to candy1 one and one-fourth to games and sporting goods1 one to jewels1 one to movies1 three-fourths to music1 one-fourth to the 8,transcript10 one-fourth to art1 and one-fourth to books4 ,from the above we may reckon that ,harvard students spend thirty times as much on clothes as they spend on books1 and fourteen times as much on motor cars as on art4 ,such is the state of 8culture0 when teaching is dominated by a vested class1 which fears ideas1 and forbids all thinking save what is certified to be harmless4 ,it is a truism in the affairs of the mind1 that when you bar one truth1 you bar all2 and when you refuse to permit students to use their minds1 when you withdraw from them the vital stimulus of intellectual conflict--then they go off and get drunk4 ,the last 8senior picnic0 at ,harvard was 8a glorified booze party10 so ,i was told by several who attended4 ,there was a ball game1 and certain prominent residents of the 8,gold ,coast0 amused themselves by circulating among the crowd1 making filthy remarks to girls4 ,some of the students became indignant1 and wished to take the matter up1 knowing that the remedy for such evils lies in publicity4 ,but ,mr4 ,frederick ,j4 ,allen1 secretary to the ,corporation--the same gentleman who made the tactful inquiry about the ,wilfred ,humphries lecture--pleaded with them to spare the good name of the university4 ,so of course there will be another 8glorified booze party0 next year2 and1 needless to say1 there will be the useful efforts to make certain that ,harvard men do not think any new or vital thought about the issues which are shaping the mind of the world4 ,class ignorance1 class fear1 and class repression are written over the modern curricula at ,harvard1 as at all other ,american universities4 ,it proclaims that it opens its doors to all classes of the community1 and sets forth statistics to prove that it is not a rich man's affair2 yet it has among its thirty overseers only three or four educators1 not one woman1 not one representative of agriculture1 and not one of labor6 ,the modern revolutionary movement is not explained to the students2 and so they go out1 ready to believe the grotesque falsehoods which are served up to them in the ,boston 8,evening ,transcript0 and the ,providence 8,journal02 ready to be led into any sort of lynching bee by the hundred per cent profiteers4 ,there was one young graduate of ,harvard who managed to chop his way out of this glacier of cultured prejudice1 and went over to ,russia and gave his life for the revolution4 ,his generous spirit will wipe out in ,russian history the infamies committed by ,american capitalist government against the workers of ,russia4 ,he is in every way as beautiful and inspiring a figure as ,lafayette1 and he will live in the imaginations of the ,russian people1 precisely as ,lafayette lives in ours4 ,a hundred years from now he will be ,harvard's proudest product2 but what has ,harvard snobbery to say about him today8 ,during the endowment drive for sixteen million dollars1 carried on three years ago1 ,harvard boasted of its 8hundred per cent record0 for patriotism--but adding three words1 for which it will blush to the end of history3 8,,except ,,john ,,reed40 ,no1 the modern revolutionary movement is not interpreted at the university of ,lee-,higginson4 ,what is interpreted8 ,i have a list of some of the titles of 8theses in ,english10 accepted for the ,ph4,d4 degree by ,harvard ,university in the last ten years1 and representing ,harvard's view of general culture4 ,slaves in ,boston's great department store1 in which ,harvard ,university owns twenty-five hundred shares of stock1 be reconciled to your long hours and low wages and sentence to die of tuberculosis--because upon the wealth which you produce some learned person has prepared for mankind full data on 8,the ,strong ,verb in ,chaucer40 ,policemen who have had your strike smashed by ,harvard students1 rest content with your starvation wages--because one of these students has enlightened mankind on 8,the ,syntax of the ,infinitive in ,shakespeare40 ,girls who work in the textile mills1 who walk the streets of the 8she-towns0 of ,new ,england and part with your virtue for the price of a sandwich1 be rejoiced--because you have made it possible for humanity to be informed concerning 8,the ,subjunctive in ,layamon's #8,brut4'0 ,men who slave twelve hours a day in front of blazing white furnaces of ,bethlehem1 ,midvale and ,illinois ,steel1 cheer up and take a fresh grip on your shovels--you are making it possible for mankind to acquire exact knowledge concerning 8,the ,beginnings of the ,epistolary ,novel in the ,romance ,languages40 ,miners1 who toil in the bowels of the earth in hourly danger of maiming and suffocation1 be reconciled to the failure of a great university to install safety devices to protect your lives--because that money has gone to the collecting and editing of 8,political ,ballads ,issued ,during the ,administration of ,sir ,robert ,walpole40 ,peons1 who quiver under the lash of the masters' whip beneath tropic suns in ,central ,america1 be docile--because your labors helped to pay off the bonds of the ,united ,fruit ,company1 so that a ,harvard scholar might win a teaching position by compiling 8,chapters in the ,history of ,literary ,patronage from ,chaucer to ,caxton40 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,the ,,university ,,of ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 ,having visited the city in which they ask you what you are worth1 and the city in which they ask you what you know1 we have next to visit the city in which they ask you who your grandfather was4 ,we shall find that in these modern days the purpose of the inquiry is to find out if your grandfather was rich4 ,if your grandfather was poor1 it will be necessary for you to become richer before you get what you want in that city4 ,in order to reach ,philadelphia from ,boston we take the ,new ,york1 ,new ,haven ,hartford ,railroad1 which is a ,morgan road with a recent ,harvard overseer for chairman1 a ,brown trustee for vice-president1 a recent ,yale president for director1 and a member of the ,yale advisory board1 a ,washburn ,college trustee1 a ,wellesley trustee1 a ,pratt ,institute trustee1 and two ,harvard visitors for directors4 ,the second part of our journey is on the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 which is a ,morgan road and is interlocked with the ,guaranty ,trust ,company1 ,massachusetts ,tech1 ,johns ,hopkins1 ,princeton1 ,yale1 the ,university of ,pittsburgh1 the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation1 ,bryn ,mawr ,college1 ,wilson ,college1 ,carnegie ,tech1 the ,girard ,trust ,company of ,philadelphia and the ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,or1 if we prefer1 we can take the ,baltimore ,ohio ,railroad1 which has a ,johns ,hopkins trustee for president1 and another ,johns ,hopkins trustee for director1 a ,pittsburgh trustee1 a ,princeton trustee1 a ,lafayette trustee1 a ,rutgers trustee1 a ,teachers' ,college and a ,lehigh trustee for directors1 also a ,morgan partner and a ,first ,national ,bank director and two ,guaranty ,trust ,company directors and a trustee of the ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,or we can take the ,reading ,railroad1 which is ,morgan and ,university of ,pennsylvania1 ,university of ,pittsburgh1 ,swarthmore and ,pennsylvania ,state2 or the ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore and ,washington1 which is ,university of ,pennsylvania1 ,equitable ,life1 and ,johns ,hopkins4 ,we arrive in ,philadelphia1 which means the ,city of ,brotherly ,love1 and observe in every down-town city block its ideals embodied in especially large men in blue uniform1 riding on especially large horses and carrying especially large clubs1 also revolvers scarcely concealed4 ,philadelphia is located in the state of ,pennsylvania1 which means ,penn's ,woodland1 and was named after a radical pacifist4 ,all over these woodlands now ride the state constabulary1 and club the heads of persons such as ,william ,penn whenever they show themselves in action4 ,in the ,new ,york branch of our plutocratic empire of education we found the emperor1 and in the ,boston branch we found his son2 in ,philadelphia we find the eldest of the grand dukes4 ,the office of ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan ,company in that city is known as ,drexel ,company1 and ,philadelphia's great university is presided over by ,mr4 ,edward ,t4 ,stotesbury1 head of ,drexel ,company1 and partner in ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan ,company of ,new ,york4 ,mr4 ,stotesbury is the chief investment banker of that part of the country2 he is president of three railroads and director in about twenty1 also in about twenty coal companies1 and as many financial institutions1 banks1 trust companies1 safe deposit and insurance companies1 also the ,baldwin ,locomotive ,works and the ,cambria ,steel ,company4 ,the laws of the ,united ,states strictly forbid railroads to own coal companies1 and vice versa1 but the interlocking directorate has defied this law for a generation1 and ,mr4 ,stotesbury is one of the principal defiers4 ,this eldest of the grand dukes is active in their ,grand ,ducal party1 having taken the job of raising the money to buy the presidency of the ,united ,states in #aijd and #aijh4 ,he is also a patron of the graces of life2 he spent fourteen thousand dollars for a trotting horse in a city in which tens of thousands of little children go to school hungry every day2 he is so little ashamed of this performance that he caused it to be embodied in his biography in 8,who's ,who40 ,as second grand duke of his university1 ,mr4 ,stotesbury has the son of old 8,pete0 ,widener1 ,philadelphia's traction king2 as assistants on the board of this university he has a partner in his banking firm1 and a choice assortment of plutocrats1 totalling as follows3 five bankers1 three lawyers1 two public utility officials1 two corporation officials1 three manufacturers1 an insurance and coal mining man1 a publisher1 an architect1 an engineer1 two doctors1 two judges1 and a senator4 ,it is difficult to classify these trustees exactly1 because the functions of the various members overlap2 most of the bankers are in the coal business1 the lawyers are directors in banks1 the architect is an exbanker1 the engineer is director of a power company and a trolley company1 while the publisher is president of a steel company and a railroad1 and director of a national bank4 ,one of the public utility officials is the brother of ,senator ,penrose1 one of the most aristocratic political corruptionists ,america ever had2 one of the lawyers1 ,wickersham1 was ,taft's attorney general2 the senator is ,george ,wharton ,pepper1 chief lackey to the plutocracy of ,pennsylvania4 ,another lawyer is general counsel and active vice-president of the ,united ,gas ,improvement ,company2 two of the bankers are directors in that company4 ,another of the bankers is a sugar smuggler1 and one of the manufacturers helped in the effort to buy a presidential nomination for ,general ,wood4 ,one could not get a more plutocratic board than this2 and the significant thing about it is that they are nearly all of them active1 hard-fighting plutocrats2 no retired bandits fattening on their accumulated loot1 but hard campaigners1 living in the saddle1 riding day by day to combat4 ,they are the banking men1 the coal men1 the gas men1 the railroad men1 who are robbing the public and crushing labor hour by hour1 and the control they exercise over their educational system is of the instant1 vigilant1 smashing kind which you would expect from military men on hard service4 ,it is a little difficult to find a satisfactory name for a university in which so many plutocratic interests are so completely represented4 ,i might call it the ,university of ,morgan-,drexel1 or ,i might call it the ,university of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 and be entirely just and exact4 ,after studying its management and history1 ,i realize that its most active single interest is the ,united ,gas ,improvement ,company of ,philadelphia1 known as ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 ,you must not think of this as a local gas company2 it is a great chain of corporations1 ruling over three hundred cities and towns1 and with a total investment of five hundred millions of dollars4 ,of the seven directors of this concern1 ,mr4 ,stotesbury and two others are on the board of the university1 and a fourth left only last year2 also an attorney for the ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 is on the board4 ,mr4 ,randall ,morgan1 vice president of the ,u4 ,g4 ,i41 is chairman of the finance committee of the university1 the all-powerful position4 ,some eighteen years ago ,lincoln ,steffens described the ,city of ,brotherly ,love in an article entitled 8,philadelphia ,corrupt and ,contented40 ,he told how the political ring voted dead dogs and ,negro babies at elections1 and how they played poker in hotel rooms for the franchises and public privileges of the city4 ,philadelphia was corrupt in those days1 but it was not really contented2 for the people had assembled with ropes in their hands1 to mob their city councilmen who were giving away a franchise to the ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 ,but since those days the war has come1 and taught our rulers how to handle social discontent4 ,there was a general strike in the ,city of ,brotherly ,love1 and it was smashed2 the little ,socialist bookstore was raided1 the books burned and everybody who sold them jailed1 and now ,philadelphia is truly contented1 and where the interlocking directorate used to plunder in tens of millions it now plunders in hundreds4,e ,footnote ,e3 ,in ,april1 #aibb1 all the officers and directors of the ,united ,gas ,improvement ,company1 and its subsidiaries1 were indicted by the ,federal grand jury in ,new ,york for criminal activities4 ,this grand jury took testimony for over four weeks1 hearing city officials from all over the ,eastern and ,central states4 ,the charges listed in the indictment were that the ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 87#a7 instituted and caused to be instituted unwarranted1 vexatious and tortuous litigation against competitors for the purpose of injuring and intimidating them and preventing them from continuing to engage in the industry2 7#b7 instigating the false arrest of competitors and falsely charged said competitors with counterfeiting trade-marks2 7#c7 acquired control of competing companies wherever possible and operated said companies as ostensible but not real competitors of the ,united ,gas ,improvement ,company2 7#d7 secretly and fraudulently acquired stock control of competing companies and eliminated competition on the part of said companies2 7#e7 entered or caused to be entered collusive bids for contracts for furnishing and maintaining incandescent gas street lamps by two or more companies belonging to the ,united ,gas ,improvement ,company1 each company falsely representing itself to be independent and not connected with any other company bidding for the same contract2 7#f7 concealed and denied ownership of various subsidiary companies1 and operated said companies ostensibly as competitors but in fact as unlawful instruments in accomplishing the objects of the combination and monopoly2 7#g7 circulated or caused to be circulated false and misleading reports concerning competitors for the purpose of preventing competition2 7#h7 molested1 injured1 and interfered with competitors for the purpose of intimidating and discouraging them and preventing them from continuing as competitors in the industry2 7#i7 entered into contracts with competitors whereby said competitors agreed to refrain from competition40 ,the prosecutions were called off by ,attorney-,general ,daugherty1 the particular government official whom ,president ,harding has appointed for the protecting of big business criminals in the ,united ,states4 ,from the beginning the ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 has been vigilant in holding down the professors in its university4 ,as early as #ahhf ,professor ,edmund ,j4 ,james prepared a paper in which he showed the excessive cost of gas furnished by private companies2 for this he was severely mishandled4 ,later on1 when a syndicate was formed to steal the waterworks from the city of ,philadelphia1 they offered ,professor ,james twenty thousand dollars to keep still on the subject of municipal waterworks2 and when he declined this most generous proposition1 they let him go to the ,university of ,chicago4 ,next1 in #ahih1 ,professor ,leo ,s4 ,rowe1 now director of the ,pan-,american ,union1 published a paper on ,philadelphia's experiences with its gas supply4 ,mr4 ,clark1 one of the vice-presidents of the ,u4 ,g4 ,i41 took great offense at these statements and made desperate efforts to compel ,mr4 ,rowe to change them4 ,professor ,e4 ,w4 ,bemis of the ,university of ,chicago has stated over his own signature as follows3 8,failing in this endeavor1 he1 ,clark1 became much excited1 and declared to me that if ,professor ,rowe did not change or withdraw the account1 he would lose all social and scientific standing in ,philadelphia and at the ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,mr4 ,clark added that he was positive of this1 because he was in close touch with both the city and the university40 ,bear in mind1 if you can1 the name of this injudicious ,professor ,bemis1 because we shall hear about him and his adventures at the ,university of ,chicago4 ,a friend of mine in ,philadelphia1 who was in touch with this controversy1 told me the curious experience of a young instructor1 who is now connected with the ,state ,department at ,washington4 ,this instructor dug out information concerning certain defects in the charter of the ,u4 ,g4 ,i42 and when the directors of the company learned what he had got1 they treated him to 8the finest dinner on earth40 8,one thing we want to suggest that you change10 etc4 8,well10 said the young instructor1 8,i got this out of an ordinance40 ,he went to his dean with the facts1 and the dean found he was right and told him to stick by it4 ,this dean was ,lewis1 another man who got into trouble in the university1 and had a ten years' campaign to hold his job1 because he persisted in taking part in the activities of the ,progressive party4 ,the young instructor turned his material over to ,professor ,rowe1 and ,rowe made use of it1 and as a result his salary was held down for years2 none of his young instructors could get promoted1 and he was handicapped at every turn4 ,finally1 when he was doing war work for the government1 and ,secretary ,mc,adoo asked for further leave of absence1 an ugly answer was returned by the university1 and ,professor ,rowe was forced to withdraw4 ,next came the adventure of ,professor ,clyde ,king1 who in #aiab made the discovery that the ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 was robbing the government of the city of half a million dollars a year1 by delivering gas of less than twenty-two candlepower1 the quality specified in its lease4 ,they worked this little scheme through the chief of the ,bureau of ,gas1 and the exposure made a terrific scandal in ,philadelphia4 ,this chief had ten thousand dollars a year for his department1 and he himself drew fifty-five hundred of this1 and had five assistants1 and only one doing any work4 ,professor ,king took records as to the gas tests1 and proved that the ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 had notice in advance1 by a secret telephone code1 and they pumped in benzol vapor to improve the quality of the gas4,f ,the president of the gas company1 of course1 denied that he knew anything about it4 ,the vice-president and active head of the gas company1 a trustee of the university1 made desperate efforts to suppress this scandal1 but he failed2 and as a result of the exposure1 the chief of the gas bureau was fired--and three months afterwards was given an honorary degree by ,muhlenberg ,college1 at ,allentown1 ,pa4 ----- ,footnote ,f3 ,see files of ,public ,service ,commission1 ,city of ,philadelphia4 ----- ,you may have been puzzled as you read this book to understand why the plutocracy should be so anxious to own universities and colleges2 but now you can understand4 ,if you own a university or college1 neither you nor your friends can ever be sent to jail1 and no matter what crimes you may commit1 you can always be made respectable again4 ,this was proven in the case of the gas chief1 for shortly afterwards the ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 came back into control of the city1 and the gas chief was reappointed to his office6 ,it is interesting to note that the grand duke of ,muhlenberg ,college who arranged this honor for the gas chief is ,colonel ,trexler1 president of a lumber company1 a cement company1 a trolley company and a telephone company1 and author of the wittiest remark now current in the educational world3 8,i believe that colleges should grow by degrees60 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,stealing ,a ,,trust ,,fund ,before we go on with this story we should make the acquaintance of the executive head of the ,university of ,u4 ,g4 ,i41 who bears the title of provost instead of president4 ,from #aiaa to #aiba he was ,edgar ,smith1 a former professor of chemistry1 who had been all his life an active henchman of the interlocking directorate and its political machine4 ,he attended the ,chicago convention in #aiab as a delegate from ,pennsylvania1 and voted for ,taft as a candidate4 ,he was intimate with the contractor-politician who ran the political machine of ,philadelphia2 he defended this man in public1 and freely defended other political crooks1 while denying his deans and professors the right to take part in politics in opposition to such crooks4 ,when he took office the trustees promised they would finance the university1 but this promise was not kept1 so he had to go to the politicians every year and spend weeks begging for a subsidy1 and being scolded for the improper activities of his faculty4 ,in his attitude to his trustees this provost was the ideal of subservience4 ,he publicly declared that he himself had 8no policy02 he placed the responsibility of action on those who asserted the right and had the power to act--that is to say1 the trustees4 ,he referred to them always as 8the administration10 and in all public matters he took to them an attitude of touching deference4 ,thus1 speaking at a banquet of the ,pennsylvania alumni in ,new ,york1 he said3 8,tonight you will not expect me to occupy much of your time1 for our trustees are your real guests1 and you desire to hear from them40 ,needless to say1 such a type of mind is religious1 and wedded to all things dull4 ,provost ,smith never wearied of telling his audiences that he was a believer in 8an old fashioned education0--with 8four years each of ,latin1 ,greek and ,mathematics1 and from four to three years of ,english1 ,french and ,german40 ,in administering the university1 this aged-minded provost made it his function to carry to the trustees all manner of scandal concerning his radical professors--such as the fact that one of them was accustomed to dig in his garden on ,sunday6 ,also he would bring back to the professors pitiful accounts of the embarrassments to which he was exposed4 ,his attitude is illustrated by a statement he made to three professors whom he summoned to his office at the time the ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 was under attack4 8,gentlemen1 what business have academic people to be meddling in political questions8 ,suppose1 for illustration1 that ,i1 as a chemist1 should discover that some big slaughtering company was putting formalin in its sausage2 now1 surely1 that would be none of my business60 ,said one of the professors3 8,my answer would be that if ,i were to find such a condition1 ,i should have no right to go to sleep until something was done about it40 ,as a result of this attitude1 the dean who had charge of these professors was allowed no funds at all2 he would have to go to the provost if he wanted to have a cupboard built in some store-room1 and whenever he went1 he would find his boss with newspaper clippings on his desk4 8,now1 ,young1 how can we get any results with this kind of thing going on80 ,it so happened that fate had played upon poor ,provost ,smith a cruel prank4 ,some forty years ago there lived in ,philadelphia a truly liberal capitalist1 who in his will left six hundred thousand dollars to found the ,wharton ,school of ,finance at the university4 ,he laid down what the school was to teach as follows3 ,the immorality and practical inexpediency of seeking to acquire wealth by winning it from another rather than earning it through some sort of service to one's fellowmen4 ,the deep comfort and healthfulness of pecuniary independence1 whether the scale of affairs be small or great4 ,the necessity of rigorously punishing by legal penalties and by social exclusion those persons who commit frauds1 betray trusts or steal public funds1 directly or indirectly4 ,the fatal consequence to a community of any weak toleration of such offenses must be most distinctly pointed out and enforced4 ,and then the shrewd old rascal1 evidently knowing his business associates thoroughly1 added this amazing provision4 ,the grantees covenant that these things shall be done1 and that the failure to comply with these stipulations shall be deemed such a default as to cause reversion in the manner hereinafter provided4 ,now1 you understand that the first principle of the interlocking directorate is never to let go of money on which it gets its hands4 ,it is accustomed to misappropriating funds1 and turning public funds to its own uses2 a little thing like a deed of trust would not stand in its way4 ,what it failed to realize in the case of this ,wharton trust was the uncomfortable amount of agitation and publicity which would be involved4 ,if the trustees of the ,university of ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 had realized what was coming to them1 they would have made up that six hundred thousand dollars by raising the price of gas in ,philadelphia4 ,for the effect of the deed of trust was to bring in a number of ardent young teachers who took seriously the words of the dead founder1 and believed they had rights in the place4 ,they shamelessly attacked the ,u4 ,g4 ,i41 as ,i have narrated2 they attacked other interests of the interlocking trustees in the same reckless way4 ,for example1 ,professor ,thomas ,conway proved how the street railways were being plundered and ruined4 ,he was unanimously recommended by his faculty for promotion1 but this recommendation was held up for three years by the trustees4 ,during these three years the trustees were engaged in selling a street railway at an inflated valuation to the ,new ,haven1 and were putting through another 8deal0 of the same sort in ,indiana6 ,or take the case of ,dr4 ,ward ,w4 ,pierson1 who showed before the public service commission how the coal companies were charging #a4gj per ton transportation charges on coal1 whereas the actual cost was only #ee cents2 and here was our university1 with two-thirds of its trustees interested in the mining and transporting of coal6 ,here was a coal operator about to give a large sum of money to the university1 and withdrawing it6 ,dr4 ,pierson also was recommended for promotion1 and waited three years1 and meantime the scandal bureau of the interlocking directorate was put to work on him1 and he was charged with a grave offense4 ,his colleagues investigated the charge1 and proved it to be absolutely without foundation4 ,next came the case of ,scott ,nearing1 who had begun his career as secretary to the ,pennsylvania ,child ,labor ,committee4 ,at this time ,pennsylvania had more working children than any other state in the union4 ,for example1 there was ,helen ,sissack1 a girl of twelve working in a silk mill1 walking three miles from her home to start work at six o'clock at night1 finishing work at six in the morning1 and walking three miles back4 ,nearing became an instructor at the ,wharton ,school1 but went on opposing child labor1 and the president of the ,pennsylvania ,manufacturers' ,association attacked him1 and the dean of the ,wharton ,school was instructed by the provost of the university to instruct ,nearing to stop his child labor talks4 ,the university was scolded by a newspaper belonging to ,joseph ,r4 ,grundy1 woolen manufacturer and political boss1 and this sent the provost into another panic4 ,after several years of strife1 ,nearing promised to be 8good0 for a year1 and he was 8good0 for two years2 that is1 he made no outside speeches2 but it didn't help him1 because what he said in his class-rooms was reported by the students1 and reached the ears of the interlocking trustees4 ,the standard time for promotion in the ,wharton ,school is five years1 but ,nearing waited eight years1 and along with his promotion he got a notice from the provost that the period of his appointment was for one year at a time6 ,randall ,morgan1 vice-president of the ,u4 ,g4 ,i41 and trustee of the ,university of ,u4 ,g4 ,i41 remarked to a friend of mine3 8,he may stay until he's bald-headed1 but he'll never get promoted40 ,another trustee said to ,nearing3 8,we'll give you young fellows rope and you'll hang yourselves4 ,there'll be no dismissals40 ,this was ,e4 ,b4 ,morris1 president of the ,girard ,trust ,company1 a ,morgan concern1 with ,mr4 ,stotesbury1 the grand duke1 for a director2 also chairman of the ,cambria ,steel ,company1 of which ,mr4 ,stotesbury is a director2 also director of the ,pennsylvania ,steel ,company4 ,the provost thought he knew how to handle this matter4 ,he said to one of his henchmen3 8,load him with administrative work1 so that he can't lecture4 #8,squeeze' him48 ,this is a term which they understand at plutocratic universities2 to 8squeeze0 you is to make changes in your curriculum1 so as to make your courses less important2 to take them out of the required list1 or to give required ,french at the same hour1 so that nobody will be free to come to your courses2 or to put them at inconvenient hours1 say at three o'clock in the afternoon1 when nobody likes to come4 ,if you are a professor1 they will 8squeeze0 your young men2 you will be unable to get promotions and proper salaries for your subordinates1 or equipment or proper supplies for your department4 ,you may find the adventures of ,scott ,nearing set forth in a book called 8,the ,nearing ,case10 by ,lightner ,witmer1 a professor at the university4 ,it is interesting to note that ,professor ,witmer paid for the publication of this book by being 8squeezed0 himself1 and by having his young men 8squeezed40 ,scott ,nearing1 ring-leader of the agitation1 they kept on a salary of fifteen hundred dollars--and at the same time they delicately called his attention to an opening which presented itself at another university1 where he might get three thousand dollars6 8,what a shame about that nice young ,nearing fellow60 said ,professor ,lingelbach of the department of history4 8,he might have been getting seven or eight thousand dollars now1 if he had held his tongue60 ,but on another occasion this venerable professor argued in a faculty discussion that there was no suppression of free speech at the ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,somebody put to him the question1 suppose he wanted to join in municipal research work1 to take up gas or street railways4 ,yes1 everybody present admitted1 that might make a difference6 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,professor ,,billy ,,sunday ,no study of the ,university of ,pennsylvania would be complete which failed to mention that it was founded by ,benjamin ,franklin1 and gave an honorary degree to ,thomas ,paine4 ,franklin's doctrines1 political and religious1 could not be taught in any university in ,america today1 while as for ,paine1 he could not keep out of jail in any state of the ,union4 ,theodore ,roosevelt described ,paine as 8a filthy little atheist10 which makes one think of ,agassiz's student1 who defined a lobster as 8a red fish that swims backwards40 ,there were only three things wrong with the definition1 said ,agassiz2 a lobster is not red1 it is not a fish1 and it does not swim backwards4 ,thomas ,paine was not filthy1 he was not little1 and he wrote3 8,i believe in one ,god and no more40 ,paine first proposed the ,declaration of ,independence1 he saved the ,american ,revolution by his eloquence1 and he will come into his own when ,americans are free men4 ,meantime1 the great university which honored him would not dare to mention his name1 and his place in the academic sunshine is taken by the ,rev4 ,william ,a4 ,sunday1 ,d4,d4 ,for the benefit of posterity1 ,i explain that ,sunday was an incredibly vulgar and blatant religious revivalist1 who abused the labor movement and extolled the rich1 and was used by the interlocking directorate to keep the eyes of the masses fixed on heaven4 ,they carried him from one city to another all over the ,united ,states1 and in ,philadelphia they financed for him a four weeks' campaign4 ,sunday had already received the degree of doctor of divinity from one ,american college2 he was now welcomed with open arms by the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 which had barred ,samuel ,gompers from speaking1 and more recently has barred ,james ,maurer1 president of the ,pennsylvania ,state ,federation of ,labor4 ,about the reception of the ,rev4 ,billy1 you may read in his biography1 a chapter headed 8,a ,wonderful ,day in a ,great ,university40 8,the greatest day of his crowded life10 the biographer comments1 and quotes a few samples of the eloquence whereby the great evangelist promoted the cause of culture and scholarship4 8,oh1 ,jesus1 isn't this a fine bunch80 he began his closing prayer4 8,hot ,cakes ,off the ,griddle0 was the title of his address1 and he portrayed the wife of ,pilate--8one of those miserable1 pliable1 plastic1 two-faced1 two-by-four1 lick-spittle1 toot-my-own-horn sort of women02 and then ,pilate himself--8one of those rathole1 pin-headed1 pliable1 stand-pat1 free-lunch1 pie-counter politicians40 ,speaking in the largest auditorium of the university1 before the assembled students and instructors1 ,billy ,sunday declared that 8,jesus ,christ is either the son of ,god or the natural offspring of a ,jewish harlot40 ,you will appreciate this even more when you learn that one of the underground charges laid against ,scott ,nearing was that he1 when asked privately by a student for his opinion of the ,episcopal ,academy1 had said that he would rather send a son of his to hell than to the academy4 ,this shocked a trustee1 ,mr4 ,bell1 ,republican machine politician and ex-attorney general1 who had never heard such language used in political life4 ,but ,mr4 ,bell did not object to the ,rev4 ,sunday stating that ex-,president ,eliot of ,harvard ,university was a man 8so low-down he would need an aeroplane to get into hell40 ,poor ,president ,eliot1 it should be explained1 is a ,unitarian--that is the reason he gets cussed6,g ----- ,footnote ,g3 ,ordinarily a man's domestic misfortunes are not proper basis for attack upon his ideas2 but when a man sets himself up as a teacher of the young1 when he claims that he has the one true and valid moral system1 and pours out virulent abuse upon all who differ with his ideas--then it seems reasonable to call attention to the fact that the son of the evangelist1 ,william ,a4 ,sunday1 ,jr41 has been arrested in the city of ,los ,angeles twice within the past fortnight4 ,the first time he was fined two hundred dollars for reckless driving of an automobile2 the second time his home was raided1 and he and seven of his guests were arrested upon complaint of the neighborhood that they have been conducting drunken debauches for many weeks4 ----- ,mr4 ,bell is not the only pious politician on this pious board4 ,senator ,george ,wharton ,pepper is a devout ,episcopalian1 leader of the church of ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan and ,company in the ,city of ,brotherly ,love4 ,mr4 ,pepper is so pious that he does not believe in education1 he believes only in religion4 ,in his book1 8,a ,voice ,from the ,crowd10 he says3 8,subtract ,god and you get--not secular education1 but no education at all40 ,again he says3 8,the teacher who interprets all of life in terms of brotherhood is responsible for leading the students to forget ,god40 ,so1 needless to say1 ,mr4 ,pepper was annoyed when ,scott ,nearing caused to be published in the ,philadelphia 8,north ,american0 a letter addressed to ,billy ,sunday1 advocating the godless idea of brotherhood4 ,read ,nearing's evil words3 ,you have declared your interest in the salvation of ,philadelphia4 ,look around you and ask yourself what salvation means here4 ,the city is filled with unemployment and poverty2 multitudes are literally starving2 thousands of little children toil in the city's factories and stores2 its workers1 a third of a million strong1 have no workmen's compensation law for their protection4 ,meanwhile the railroad interests which control the hard coal fields are reaping exorbitant profits2 the traction company exacts the highest fares paid by the people of any ,american city2 the manufacturers1 intrenched at ,harrisburg1 are fighting tooth and claw to prevent the passage of up-to-date labor laws1 and the vested interests are placing property rights above men's souls4 ,these monstrous offenses against humanity--this defiance of the spirit of ,christ's gospel--exist today in the city which hears your message4 ,and further3 the well-fed people1 whose ease and luxury are built upon this poverty1 child labor and exploitation1 sit in your congregation1 contribute to your campaign funds1 entertain you socially1 and invite you to hold prayer meetings in their homes4 ,these are they that bind grievous burdens on men's shoulders1 that make clean the outside of the cup and the platter--the devourers of widows' houses1 against whom ,christ hurled ,his curses4 ,here is ,dives2 yonder is ,lazarus4 ,and it is ,dives who has made your campaign financially possible4 ,make no mistake6 ,the chief priests1 scribes and ,pharisees of ,philadelphia will never crucify you while you deal in theological pleasantries4 ,has it occurred to you that their kindness is a return for your services in helping them to divert attention from real1 pressing worldly injustice to heavenly bliss8 ,turn your oratorical brilliancy for a moment against low wages1 over-work1 unemployment1 monopoly and special privilege4 ,before you leave ,philadelphia will you speak these truths8 ,we pray 8,thy ,kingdom come on earth40 ,while men are underpaid1 while women are overworked1 while children grow up in squalor1 while exploitation and social injustice remain1 the ,kingdom of ,god never can come on earth and never will4 ,it was after the publication of this blasphemy that our interlocking trustees decided that ,scott ,nearing must go4 ,they knew that the young professor's colleagues were solidly behind him1 and they also knew that there had been no room in ,logan ,hall big enough to hold the crowds of students who thronged to his lectures4 ,so they must be cunning1 and wait until both instructors and students had scattered to the country1 and there was no longer a chance of organized action4 ,on ,june #ad they voted not to reappoint ,nearing1 and the provost wrote him a brief note advising him of this action2 at the same time the trustees voted privately that they would make no statement on the subject--regular gum-shoe work1 such as they were accustomed to use when they put a bill through their city council1 stealing the socks off the feet of ,william ,penn's statue6 ,but some of the alumni got together and formed a committee1 and wrote letters to all the trustees1 and also wrote letters to the press1 and before long the newspaper reporters were dogging the trustees1 trying to 8smoke them out40 8,why should we make an explanation of what we choose to do as trustees80 demanded ,mr4 ,j4 ,levering ,jones1 trust company and street railway company and insurance company director and ,republican machine politician4 8,the ,university of ,pennsylvania is not a public institution40 ,and then the reporters got after the pious ,senator ,pepper1 who also denied that the university was a public institution4 ,the people of the state were putting up a million dollars a year for it--they are now putting up a million and a half2 but they have no say as to how this million dollars is spent6 ,the professors of the university were in the same position as ,senator ,pepper's secretary1 so this pious man declared2 he had the same right to discharge them1 and they had no more right to demand an explanation4 ,nor were the trustees obliged to pay attention to the provisions of the ,wharton trust deed--in spite of the indignant protests of ,mr4 ,morris1 one of the trustees of the ,wharton estate4 ,the agitation continued1 and little by little these trustees were smoked out and forced to reveal themselves4 ,terrible rumors were spread as to what ,scott ,nearing had done4 ,he had questioned a student1 the son of a ,philadelphia judge1 and not liking the student's answers1 had sneered3 8,that is the kind of ignorance you would expect to find in judicial circles40 ,the above statement being widely quoted by the trustees1 ,nearing's colleagues produced a signed statement from the student1 that he had never met ,professor ,nearing or spoken to him2 he had sat in ,nearing's classes1 but had never been asked any oral questions by him4 ,the real reason behind the whole proceeding was revealed by a legislator up in ,harrisburg1 who got drunk at the ,majestic ,hotel and told how 8,joe0 ,grundy1 woolen manufacturer of ,bristol1 and president of the ,state ,manufacturers' ,association1 had fixed it up with ,senator ,buckman1 his political boss1 that the university should not get its annual appropriation until ,nearing was fired4 ,so ,nearing was fired1 and stayed fired1 and that was the end of it4 ,several of his colleagues quit the university2 the rest of them raised a fund to pay ,nearing a year's salary1 as tribute of their admiration2 but they themselves stayed on and behaved themselves1 and there has been no more disturbance at the ,wharton ,school4 ,the ,university of ,pennsylvania professors no longer go out and lecture against child labor1 they no longer serve on public commissions--or if they do1 their findings are what the interlocking directorate wishes found4 ,there are no longer graft exposures in ,philadelphia2 as one professor remarked to me3 8,it's all inside the heads of people who don't tell60 ,and this same professor reported an exclamation which came from the lips of his dean3 8,oh1 how ,i hate reformers60 ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,the ,,triumph ,,of ,,death ,what is the intellectual state of the ,university of ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 at the present moment8 ,i questioned four different professors about it--taking the precaution to meet each one secretly1 not letting even the others know about it4 ,always ,i got the same report1 frequently backed by the same anecdotes4 ,some one had gone to the head of a department in the ,wharton ,school to say that the 8,young ,democracy0 group of students wanted to arrange a debate1 to have one of their professors answer the ,socialist arguments of ,scott ,nearing4 8,i should like to do it10 replied the department head4 8,it's just what ,i believe in1 but ,i am very busy1 and have plans to have my department expanded2 ,i don't believe in pussy-footing1 but there's no use throwing away a chance to get some good work done40 ,in other words1 this man did not even dare to debate against ,scott ,nearing1 for fear of offending his trustees6 ,in the ,greek department a young instructor did not dare join the 8,young ,democracy0 group1 though this was an open forum1 strictly non-political2 he would give his money1 he said1 but not his name1 it was too dangerous4 8,they never interfere with my teaching ,greek10 he added4 ,keep hidden1 that is the wise policy2 keep your head down4 ,anything you say may get into the newspapers1 and get in wrong4 ,a leader of the striking longshoremen was arrested and clubbed1 and a student tried to raise bail4 8,penn ,man ,defends ,radical10 ran the scare headlines4 ,and some one told me a mournful story1 one that ,i heard over and over again in the colleges and universities ,i visited4 ,you know in country settlements they have the traditional 8village idiot02 likewise in every college and university they have some unhappy1 beaten man1 who made a mistake once in his youth1 and has never been able to atone for it4 ,at the ,university of ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 there is a young professor1 whose students wished to debate the ,mc,namara case2 they asked him for advice on each side of the debate1 and he made suggestions1 and tried to explain how the use of violence would appear to a labor leader4 ,for this he was hauled up before the trustees and brow-beaten4 ,he has never got beyond the rank of assistant professor1 and is a broken man4 ,he was an active party ,socialist1 but now does nothing1 and if he writes a letter to a newspaper on a public question1 he dares not sign his own name to it4 ,the trustees may not pay much attention to the teaching of ,greek1 but they watch the economics and history departments like hawks4 ,a friend of mine1 not a professor1 told of taking a motor ride with one of these trustees1 who referred to a ,wharton ,school professor as 8that pizen pup40 8,what ideas of his do you object to80 asked my friend4 8,oh1 all kinds of ideas2 that ,ireland should be free1 for example4 ,as near as ,i can get it1 he believes just what my cook believes40 ,said my friend3 8,you are mistaken about the man4 ,he's really a lovable fellow2 if you knew him you would like him4 ,but1 naturally1 you don't meet him4 ,you have an unwritten law--he would have to ask permission of his dean or of the provost before he met you2 otherwise he would commit an unthinkable offense40 8,well10 replied the trustee1 8he's unscientific1 and anyhow1 he doesn't get along with the boys40 ,my friend said3 8,but that's because his curriculum was changed so that he can't get any boys40 8,well1 anyhow10 said the trustee1 8he's not the calibre of man we want for full professor40 ,a woman friend of mine was present at a tea party where the head of a department in the ,university of ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 told about a proposed appointment in the political science department4 ,the man under discussion was connected with the ,state ,department in ,washington4 ,he was wealthy1 said this dean1 and had a good social position2 his wife's mother had especially important social connections4 ,he was right on ,russia1 he was right on ,japan1 he was right on reparations2 he had written the recent note of ,secretary ,hughes to the ,bolshevist delegation at ,genoa1 and ,hughes had passed this note with only two or three emendations4 ,such is the atmosphere in the high-up circles of our plutocratic education2 such are the standards of eminence6 ,i am informed on the best authority that this sturdy opponent of the ,soviet government in our ,state ,department received three flattering offers from leading ,eastern universities1 as soon as it became known that he was the author of that ,hughes note6 ,such is the way the game is played4 ,as one professor remarked to me3 8,knowing the ropes as ,i do1 ,i could get any sort of promotion1 any sort of honors--and that not by worthy work1 not by any true contribution to science1 but simply by knowing the interests1 and being unscrupulous enough4 ,it is a situation which destroys the morals of every man who knows about it40 ,and another said3 8,there is not a man in the ,wharton ,school today who truly respects himself40 ,such are the instructors2 and the students are what you would expect4 ,one professor said to me3 8,not five per cent of my men are thinking about public questions4 ,they take what ,i teach them as cows in the pasture take rain1 something to be endured but not thought about4 ,they come from high schools where they have heard no discussions of vital questions4 ,i have talked with thousands of them2 ask anybody in the university and you will get the same answer--their mental life is as dead as the tomb40 ,another professor told how one of his colleagues had brought into his class a former lecturer of the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 in ,siberia1 who described to the students the behavior of ,semenoff1 the ,cossack bandit1 one of the pets of our ,state ,department4 ,the lecturer had traveled in ,semenoff's train1 and had been invited to tea1 and ,semenoff came in with his tunic spotted with blood1 explaining that he had just dispatched a carload of prisoners4 ,he had shot them1 one by one1 with his own revolver1 and left the dead for the ,american troops to bury4 ,there had been some discussion of the incident in the class1 and not a man there thought there was anything wrong about it4 8,they never batted an eye10 said my informant4 ,such are the triumphs of plutocratic education2 and lest you doubt this1 ,i mention that the students proved their convictions by action4 ,they kidnapped a ,russian student1 a quiet and unobtrusive fellow1 a ,socialist1 not a ,communist2 they carried him in an automobile some fifteen miles outside the city1 beat him until he was helpless1 and left him to get back as best he could4 ,this was punishment for expressing the opinion that the ,russian people should be permitted to work out their own destiny in their own way4 ,for things such as this the state of ,pennsylvania contributes a subsidy of a million and a half dollars a year6 ,the interlocking trustees are so sure of their power that they ventured recently to give to all the world a demonstration of it4 ,the old provost retired1 and they cast about for a new one1 and offered to the ,american academic world the gravest insult it has yet sustained4 ,you might spend much time searching through the names of prominent people in ,america1 before you found one less fitted to be head of a great university than ,leonard ,wood2 a second-rate regimental surgeon at the ,presidio in ,san ,francisco1 who had the fortune to become the favorite of ,theodore ,roosevelt1 and was by him rushed to a high command in the army1 against the unanimous protest of army men4 ,in #aibj he was picked out by a group of millionaire adventurers as their candidate for president2 these men were shown by the ,new ,york 8,world0 to have spent millions to buy him the nomination4 ,they failed2 and perhaps to soothe the general's wounded feelings the trustees of ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 selected him for the highest honor in their gift4 ,also1 ,harvard has just made him an overseer--the interlocking process in a new form6 ,at the ,university of ,pennsylvania the ,general receives twenty-five thousand dollars per year4 ,he has not yet condescended to honor the university with his presence1 but his duties are performed by an assistant provost1 at six or eight thousand4 ,as faculty men explained to me1 the one thing which makes it possible to tolerate the indignities of management by business men1 is the fact that the president is always a professional educator1 a man who has been one of them and understands their problems4 ,but here is a man who has never been an educator1 and is not even a graduate of a university2 a military autocrat1 utterly out of sympathy with true ideals of education4 ,so the professor is pushed one step lower in the social scale1 his status of inferiority is fixed2 and at the ,university of ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 everybody sits still and holds his breath1 waiting for the ,grand ,duke of ,drexel-,morgan to die1 and leave his millions to his dead university6 ,p4 ,s4 ,as this goes to press1 ,general ,wood resigns4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,the ,,tiger',s ,,lair ,for four years during my early life as a writer ,i lived--first in a tent1 then in a little cabin which ,i built1 then in an old farm-house--in the wooded hills about five miles north of ,princeton4 ,i wrote 8,manassas0 there1 and 8,the ,jungle40 ,for 8,manassas0 ,i used the ,princeton library1 so ,i spent a great deal of time about the place1 and got to know it very well4 ,i dwell on those days1 and visions rise of elegant country gentlemen's estates1 deep shade-trees and smooth cool lawns with peacocks and lyre-birds strutting about2 and the campus1 with elegant young gentlemen lounging1 garbed with costly simplicity and elaborately studied carelessness4 ,i remember the warm perfumed evenings of spring1 with the singing on the steps of 8,old ,north02 the bonfires and parades and rejoicings over athletic victories2 the grave ceremonials of commencement1 and the speeches full of exalted sentiments4 ,i remember a tall black-coated figure--,i never saw it without a shining silk hat--striding about the grounds1 or standing on the steps of 8,prexy's house10 responding to a serenade1 and reminding the students how they were destined to go out and be leaders in the battle for all things noble and true and grand4 ,then ,i would go into the library and work for a couple of hours1 and come out late at night1 and see these same young leaders of the future come staggering out of their clubhouses to vomit in the gutter4 ,the public was told that drinking was forbidden in these clubs2 but ,i saw what ,i saw4 ,i suspected that the tall gentleman in the black coat and silk hat must also know what was going on1 and that therefore he did not mean his golden words to be taken with entire literalness4 ,if only there had been some way by which ,i could have warned the world concerning this eloquent college president who did not mean his golden words--what a tragedy to mankind might have been averted6 ,i did not meet ,woodrow ,wilson at ,princeton1 but ,i met a good many of his professors4 ,i called on his professor of literature1 ,henry ,van ,dyke1 poet and scholar1 a dear amiable gentleman who had about as much idea of the realities of modern capitalism as had the roses in his garden4 ,i met some of his students--,i took walks over the hills with one who had literary aspirations1 and considered ,tennyson's poems to ,queen ,victoria the highest imaginative flight of our age4 ,this earnest young man discovered that ,i admired a disreputable ,english free-lover by the name of ,shelley2 and so our acquaintance died4 ,another time my family was away1 and ,i lived in town in a student boarding-house2 ,i turn weak even now when ,i think of those solemn1 pale1 black-clad young men from the theological seminary1 eating their thin and watery meals1 and living in a state of mind precisely as if the last hundred and fifty years had never happened to anybody4 ,the manners and traditions of ,princeton are ,english2 the architecture1 the ivy1 and the elaborate carelessness of the men's attire4 ,strolling about the campus you might be in the midst of one of those interminable ,english novels1 in which the hero goes first through the public school and eats at 8tuck-shops10 and then meanders up to ,cambridge or ,oxford1 and gracefully loiters for two hundred pages1 punting on the river1 reading a few random books of poetry1 and seducing a girl or two4 ,princeton is the home of the graces1 the most perfect school of snobbery in ,america4 ,it is meant for gentlemen's sons1 and no nonsense about it2 no ,negroes1 few ,jews or ,catholics if they are known4 ,the society clubs run1 not merely the campus1 but the faculty1 and the endowment is presided over by the prettiest bunch of plutocrats yet assembled in our empire of education4 ,the grand duke of ,princeton was1 until he died last year1 ,mr4 ,taylor ,pyne1 numbered among a score of the wealthiest men in the wealthiest country in the world4 ,mr4 ,pyne was a director in the ,national ,city ,bank1 one of the three great institutions of the money trust2 he was also a director of the ,delaware and ,lackawanna ,railroad1 and of the ,prudential ,life ,insurance ,company1 one of the great honey-pots of ,wall ,street4 ,it was on ,mr4 ,pyne's cool green lawns that ,i watched the peacocks and lyre-birds1 in the days when ,i had come back from the ,chicago stockyards1 white and sick with the horror of what ,i had seen4 ,the second grand duke of ,princeton is ,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,cormick1 head of the ,international ,harvester ,company1 also a director in the ,national ,city ,bank4 ,the third grand duke is ,william ,cooper ,procter1 the ,ivory ,soap magnate1 who tried to buy the presidency of the ,united ,states for ,general ,wood4 ,mr4 ,procter is also a director in the ,national ,city ,bank--quite a smell of ,standard ,oil on the ,tiger's coat1 you notice6 ,the fourth grand duke is ,robert ,garrett1 the biggest banker of ,baltimore1 whose brownstone mansion was one of the wonders of my childhood4 ,all the above are life-trustees of ,princeton2 and to assist them they have two more bankers1 and a ,philadelphia lawyer who is a director in the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 and in the ,lehigh ,railroad and the ,lehigh ,coal ,company2 a cotton manufacturer who is a member of the ,republican ,campaign ,committee2 a ,pittsburgh merchant who is director in a national bank2 the secretary-treasurer of the ,united ,railroads of ,new ,jersey2 the president of the ,united ,states ,trust ,company2 a publisher who is a director of two banks1 a lawyer who is director of two insurance companies1 and another who is chairman of a railroad1 and another who is attorney for the ,prudential ,life4 ,no unsound or subversive ideas need apply at ,princeton6 ,and the just reward of all this respectability was reaped when ,h4 ,c4 ,frick1 the steel king1 died1 and left a great part of his fortune to the university4 ,woodrow ,wilson made a lot of trouble for these super-plutocratic trustees4 ,he saw that the club system was destroying the intellectual life of the university1 and he tried to break it up and introduce a system under which the rich students would at least know the names of the less rich ones4 ,he was bitterly fought at every point by the society group1 led by ,andrew ,west1 head of the ,latin department1 and dean of the ,graduate ,school1 a college politician who is genial to people he can use1 but is a bitter partisan of reaction4 ,this ,dean ,west had a vision of a hyper-exclusive school for graduate students1 an ivory tower of classical culture1 and he got ,mr4 ,procter1 who owns a tower of ivory soap1 to offer half a million dollars for this purpose4 ,but ,woodrow ,wilson objected to the plan and delayed it1 and ,mr4 ,procter became angry and withdrew his money--which caused a furious hullabaloo among the ,princeton plutocracy1 led by ,mr4 ,taylor ,pyne1 the first grand duke4 ,for some time the conflict raged1 and it was settled in a peculiar way4 ,dean ,west got somebody to offer three millions for the proposed school2 and that licked ,woodrow1 and ,woodrow bowed his head in submission4 ,it had been possible to hesitate over half a million1 but three millions--8flesh and blood cooden bear it60 ,i am quoting from the delightful scene in ,thackeray's 8,yellowplush ,papers10 where 8,chawls10 who is in the service of the ,honorable ,algernon ,deuceace1 is being tempted to do some rascality for 8his ,exlnsy the ,right ,honorable ,earl of ,crabs40 ,at first he resists the temptation2 but then his ,exlnsy 8lugs out a crisp1 fluttering1 snowy ,,hundred-,,pun ,,note6 #8,you shall have this2 and ,i will1 moreover1 take you into my service and give you double your present wages4' 8,flesh and blood cooden bear it4 #8,my lord1' says ,i1 laying my hand upon my busm1 #8only give me security1 and ,i'm yours forever4' 8,the old noblemin grin'd1 and pattid me on the shoulder4 #8,right1 my lad1' says he1 #8right--you're a nice promising youth4 ,here is the best security4' ,and he pulls out his pocketbook1 returns the hundred-pun bill1 and takes out one for fifty4 #8,here is half today2 tomorrow you shall have the remainder4'0 ,and so ,dean ,west became the master of the ,graduate ,school of ,princeton2 according to the terms of the gift he and another man hold the purse-strings4 ,up with the aristocratic tradition1 and good-bye to elegant and studied carelessness6 ,everybody in the ,graduate ,school of ,princeton must wear an academic gown for dinner6 ,they kicked ,woodrow ,wilson upstairs1 and put in his place a ,presbyterian clergyman by the name of ,john ,grier ,hibben1 snob to his fingertips1 a timid little man who compensates for his own sheltered life by being in his imaginings a ferocious militarist1 clamoring for all kinds of slaughter4 ,he is an active director in half a dozen organizations for the purpose of getting us ready for every war in sight1 and only the other day he was calling at ,commencement for us to 8bring down our fist on the council-table of ,europe0 and to 8take ,russia by the throat0--using1 by an unfortunate coincidence1 the very same words that we heard a few years ago from ,wilhelm ,hohenzollern6 ,president ,hibben was educated at the ,university of ,berlin2 a curious fact which ,i note about one after another of these academic drill-sergeants--,butler of ,columbia1 ,berlin--,lowell of ,harvard1 ,berlin--,smith of ,pennsylvania1 ,goettingen6 ,these we have met so far2 and next we shall meet ,angell of ,yale1 ,berlin--,wheeler of ,california1 ,heidelberg--,wilbur of ,stanford1 ,frankfurt and ,munich--everyone of them learned the ,goose-step under the ,kaiser6 ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,peacocks ,,and ,,slums ,evans ,clark1 now of the ,labor ,bureau in ,new ,york1 was for three years a 8preceptor0 at ,princeton1 and tried to interest the young men in what was going on in the outside world2 among other things he assigned them ,walter ,lippmann's 8,preface to ,politics0 as a book to read4 ,i remember that ,i made a diligent 8go0 at this book1 to find out what ,lippmann meant and what he wanted2 but ,i never could1 and ,i doubt if any ,princeton under-graduate could do more4 ,however1 ,professor ,william ,starr ,myers of the department of history1 a popular orator at ladies' clubs1 thought it was a terrible book1 and pleaded with ,clark that he was 8taking an unfair advantage of immature minds60 ,a professor at another university1 who knows ,professor ,myers well1 tells me that 8he is1 next to ,cal ,coolidge and ,ole ,hanson1 the most consummate ass on radicalism in the country4 ,he is the lion of the afternoon pink teas40 ,as always1 where you have smooth cool lawns with peacocks and lyre-birds on them1 you also have vile and filthy slums1 in which babies die of typhoid and dysentery1 and little children grow up crooked and poisoned for life4 ,in this elegant aristocratic university town are some of the worst slums in the world2 the ,rev4 ,edward ,a4 ,steiner1 author of 8,the ,trail of the ,immigrant10 was brought to ,princeton to preach1 and he inspected them1 and writes me3 8,the housing conditions at ,princeton were about as ,i have found in the most congested district of ,new ,york4 ,under the shadow of three million dollar dormitories were tenements of the worst type4 ,they were occupied by colored and white help40,h ,there was a young social worker1 ,nell ,vincent by name1 who was called to act as secretary to the charity organization society of the town4 ,some common laborers1 working on the college buildings1 went on strike and began picketing4 ,it was a spontaneous strike1 by ,italians and other foreigners1 and ,miss ,vincent1 who knew their wives and children1 tried to organize them1 and spoke to them at a meeting1 urging them to refrain from violence and abide by the law4 ,the news of this came to the charity organization trustees1 and there was a terrible fuss2 some of the prominent members of the faculty summoned ,miss ,vincent to appear before the board1 and challenged her for stirring up trouble in the town4 ,one charge they brought against her was that she had never been to church2 another was that while living on a 8good0 street1 she had invited the poor to visit her1 and the wives and families of ,italian laborers trailing up to her door had 8lowered the social tone of the street40 ,she had brought into ,princeton a critical sentiment1 which was most distressing to the authorities of a fashionable university4 ,one professor's wife reported that the attitude of the ,italians had entirely changed2 she no longer had any pleasure in distributing charity to them1 they did not love her any more4 ,president ,hibben finally succeeded in patching up the trouble2 but he told ,miss ,vincent1 referring to some of the university trustees who are members of the charity board1 8,you have no idea how ,i had to argue with them60 ,in a letter to me ,miss ,vincent uses the phrase1 8the exquisite lie that is ,princeton40 ,in connection with this strike ,evans ,clark tells an anecdote which throws a bright light on ,princeton education4 ,he was invited by a student to lunch on ,prospect avenue1 where all the rich clubs are4 ,the strikers had quit work on a club building1 and were picketing this building1 riding up and down on bicycles4 8,what are those men doing80 asked the student1 and ,clark explained--they were pickets4 8,what are pickets80 was the next question4 ,they went inside1 continuing their conversation at the club dining-table2 here were a score of college men1 and all asked questions1 and hardly one knew what the word 8picket0 means1 and hardly one knew there was a strike of the laborers working on ,princeton's exclusive new club6 ----- ,footnote ,h3 8,some ,unsolved ,social ,problems of a ,university ,town10 by ,arthur ,evans ,wood1 ,assistant ,professor of ,sociology at the ,university of ,michigan2 a thesis of the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 published by ,c4 ,w4 ,graham1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,michigan1 #aibj4 ,this document gives a detailed study of ,princeton slums4 ,on page #cb it appears that the infant mortality rate of ,princeton in #aiaf was #aej per thousand1 as against #if per thousand in ,new ,york ,city4 ----- ,six or seven years ago we had a chance to make war on ,mexico2 and the former president of ,princeton took us part way in1 while the then president of ,princeton tried furiously to get us all the way in4 ,it happened that ,norman ,angell1 the ,english writer and pacifist1 was invited to ,princeton to lecture1 and made some casual reference to the militarist propaganda against ,mexico--and so got himself into a bewildering experience4 ,picture him1 a foreigner from a land of politeness1 an invited guest at a university supposed to represent culture and urbanity2 and the president of this university1 a clergyman of ,jesus ,christ1 springs up in the audience and challenges him4 8,do you believe in murder8 ,do you believe in allowing ,american citizens to be murdered in ,mexico80 ,the lecturer tries politely to answer1 but is not allowed to finish4 8,answer me1 yes or no60 cries the president of ,princeton4 8,do you believe in murder80 ,and when the ,englishman still fails to answer yes or no1 the shepherd of ,jesus shakes his finger at him1 trembling with rage and screaming again and again1 8,answer me1 yes or no6 ,do you believe in murder80 ,both ,evans ,clark and his wife were witnesses of this extraordinary scene1 and described it to me in detail1 not resenting my incredulity1 but patiently assuring me that they were not exaggerating1 it happened just so4 ,and a letter from ,mr4 ,angell substantiates it4 ,in the year #aiaf arrangements had been made to have ,president ,david ,starr ,jordan of ,stanford speak in a hall on the campus2 but ,president ,hibben1 a life-long friend of ,jordan's1 refused him the use of the building1 and he had to speak in the ,presbyterian church4 ,two or three students had organized an anti-war society1 and they invited ,professor ,henry ,mussey of ,columbia1 but could not get either a college hall or a church of ,jesus ,christ2 they rented an obscure room in the labor quarters of the town1 and here the lecture took place4 ,it had not gone very far before ,frank ,jewett ,mather1 professor of art--sixty years of age1 and old enough to know better1 you would think--stuck in his head1 and then slammed the door with a loud noise4 ,apparently he went off for reinforcements1 for ten minutes later he flung the door open1 and entered with a professor of ,french and another professor4 ,these three stamped over the hall1 up one aisle and down another1 shouting comments on the lecturer's remarks1 and not stopping at personal insults4 ,in order to appreciate the scene you would have to know ,henry ,mussey--so gentle and charming1 rosy-faced1 smiling like a cherub just arrived from heaven4 ,and here was ,evans ,clark1 a young preceptor1 presiding1 and he had to get up several times and ask three full professors of his university to behave themselves like gentlemen6 ,finally1 they marched out1 shouting 8,vive la ,france60 8,was this before we went into the war80 ,i asked1 and the answer was3 8,it was after ,princeton went into the war1 but before the rest of the ,united ,states did40 ,also ,mr4 ,clark's wife told me some of her adventures4 ,she is ,frieda ,kirchwey1 daughter of a former dean of the ,columbia ,university ,law ,school2 she is one of the editors of the 8,nation10 and as lovely a person as you will find4 ,but you know how it is with these proper society people1 their imaginations always run to foulness concerning people who differ with them2 they cannot see how anybody who refuses to believe in class privilege and wage slavery can lead a decent life4 ,before the ,clarks had been at ,princeton a few months1 a head of one of the departments asked if it was true1 as reported1 that their marriage was a trial one6 ,then1 in a railroad train1 sitting behind two socially exclusive professors' wives1 ,frieda ,kirchwey became acquainted with ,princeton ideas about herself4 ,at this time she had a job in ,new ,york and commuted every day2 the trip takes an hour and a half each way1 and you must admit that a woman who stands that all the year round must love her husband a good deal4 ,but here sat the two ladies1 gossiping about pacifism1 and the moral obloquy attendant thereon4 8,my dear10 said one1 8they say he's married1 but nobody ever sees her2 she doesn't live with him--except maybe on vacations1 of course4 ,nobody knows where he picked her up40 ,to balance this1 you should have a glimpse of the morals of ,princeton's chosen ones4 ,let me remind you that ,president ,hibben is a clergyman1 and that ,dean ,west of the ,graduate ,school1 who makes the students wear academic gowns at dinner1 is a clergyman's son4 ,now read the following paragraph from a letter of ,miss ,vincent3 ,you of course are familiar with the time-honored custom of college commencements1 class tents in and around which old grads let loose and get messed up generally1 with booze and women4 ,well1 in ,princeton these tents are set up on vacant lots around in the town1 and the townspeople feel that it is a most degrading influence upon their children1 who hear the ribald songs and see sights that even grown people stay within doors to avoid if possible1 during this grand and glorious reunion of the sons of ,princeton4 ,a protest as to this condition came up at a civic meeting4 ,a committee of which ,i was chairman was appointed to meet ,dean ,mc,clenahan of ,princeton and the dean of the ,graduate ,school4 ,we met4 ,the genial dean of the ,graduate ,school after a few innocent questions said1 8,why yes1 ,miss ,vincent1 you see we can't very well have the reunion tents on the campus1 because it would reflect upon the university's good name1 and would influence parents against it4 ,but we do need to foster the reunions1 because we need the support of the old graduates to keep up the college spirit40 ,you see1 they are not really concerned about morality2 like all the rest of the bourgeois world1 they are merely concerned not to be found out2 that1 and to protect property4 ,above all things else1 there must be no taint of social protest at ,princeton4 ,i have a rather pathetic letter from a young man who was a preceptor at ,princeton for a year4 ,he admits that he was dropped from the university because of his 8radical point of view10 but he asks me not to mention his name or to tell his story4 ,he still holds to his ,socialist philosophy1 but he believes that his best work 8can be done as a research worker rather than as a propagandist40 ,he was only twenty-four at that time1 and he was lacking in 8tact and circumspection40 ,he adds3 8,of course ,i do not think that in justice ,i should have been dropped4 ,robert ,mc,elroy of ,princeton has been guilty of more propaganda in recent years than ,i could put forth in a lifetime4 ,he stayed because his propaganda was for hundred per cent ,americanism40 ,in order to make the significance of this clear to you1 ,i mention that ,professor ,mc,elroy is head of the ,department of ,history and ,politics at ,princeton ,university1 and at the same time was for three years educational director of the ,national ,security ,league6 ,in the teaching of the social sciences ,princeton is a perfect illustration of intellectual dry rot4 ,one who has been through the mill tells me that it is 8a combination of conventional history--anecdotes and dynasties--metaphysical economics1 legalistic and scholastic political science1 and no sociology worthy of the name40 ,how much they respect the facts in history you may judge from a remark made by a ,princeton professor to a friend of mine--that 8,charles ,beard is no gentleman to speak of the founders of the ,constitution as he does60 ,also from the fact that the professor of economic history is ,george ,b4 ,mc,clellan1 former mayor of ,new ,york ,city4 ,mr4 ,mc,clellan bears a name honored in our history1 and he was invited to lend this name to serve as a screen for the thugs of ,tammany ,hall while they plundered the people of the metropolis4 ,he loaned it1 and for seven years protected the keepers of brothels and dives1 also the public service corporations which had put up the campaign funds to elect him2 a form of public activity so much appreciated by ,princeton that they gave him an ,,ll4,d41 and made him a trustee as well as a professor6 ,i talked with the wife of a ,princeton instructor1 who was performing some clerical duties for her husband1 and thereby had opportunities to 8listen in0 on ,princeton education4 ,she tells me of juniors and seniors in the great fashionable university1 who would ask naive and childish questions about things that were going on in the world1 revealing ignorance of which grammar school children would be ashamed4 ,these elegant young idlers had been to college for three years1 some of them four years1 and had not learned to read a newspaper6 ,yet they were all eager to go to war1 for a cause of which they understood nothing1 and of which their leaders understood no more--as they proved to us before they got us out of the mess4 ,two years later there came as it were a colossal volcanic eruption1 whereby ,princeton culture1 ,princeton ideals and ,princeton pieties were exploded over the entire globe4 ,at present writing it appears that it will take mankind a hundred years to recover from the disasters that resulted4 ,you1 plain working men or business men who glance at this book1 and think that college stupidity and corruption does not concern you1 take this one fact and ponder it3 millions of ,german and ,austrian babies are hopelessly deformed by rickets1 tens of millions of ,russian peasants have perished of starvation1 three hundred billions of human treasure and thirty million human lives were thrown away to no purpose--because1 forty-five years ago1 one student of ,princeton ,college1 ,thomas ,woodrow ,wilson by name1 was studying ,hebrew1 ,greek1 and imbecile theology1 when he should have been studying economics1 geography1 and social engineering6 ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,the ,,bull-,,dog',s ,,den ,a short journey on ,mr4 ,morgan's ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 with its ,johns ,hopkins1 ,princeton1 ,yale1 ,bryn ,mawr1 ,wilson1 ,lafayette1 ,rutgers1 ,teachers' ,college1 ,lehigh1 ,pittsburgh1 ,massachusetts ,tech and ,university of ,pennsylvania directors1 and another short journey on ,mr4 ,morgan's ,new ,haven ,railroad1 with its recent ,harvard overseer for chairman1 a ,brown trustee for vice-president1 a recent ,yale president for director1 and a member of the ,yale advisory board1 a ,washburn trustee1 a ,wellesley trustee1 a ,pratt ,institute trustee and two ,harvard visitors for directors1 and we find ourselves at the home of ,princeton's age-long rival1 ,old ,eli2 another carefully guarded fortress of the plutocracy1 a ruling class munition factory1 turning out mental bombs and poison gas for use in the class war4 ,there was a time when ,yale was called 8democratic40 ,this did not mean1 of course1 that the students had any use for the 8muckers0 of the town of ,new ,haven1 but merely that all the students knew one another2 they were all bound for the top1 and all stood together4 ,but the secret societies came in1 and now ,yale is just what ,princeton is1 a place where the sons of millionaires draw apart and live exclusive lives4 ,these secret societies run not merely the student life1 they run the institution1 through the alumni who belonged to the societies when they were undergraduates1 and are now getting their sons and their friends' sons in1 and doing everything to hold up the power of 8,skull and ,bones40 ,for this new imitation piracy the young fellows begin their training long before they see the college2 there are eight or ten fashionable preparatory schools1 which also have their fraternities1 so that the lads are intriguing and wire-pulling and imitating one another's imbecilities before they get out of short trousers4 ,it is a rigid caste system1 a set of artificial ideals and standards--clothes1 accent1 athletic prestige1 money-spending1 all the arcana of snobbery4 ,the older fellows are watching1 criticizing1 patronizing2 you 8make0 the proper 8frat0 at your 8prep0 school1 and then go to the great university1 knowing that you are watched every moment by sharply critical eyes4 ,for a year or two you bend every thought and effort to being just exactly what the great social leaders dictate2 and then comes the day of anguish1 when the 8tapping0 is done1 and you are swept on to a lifetime of triumph1 or cast down into everlasting humiliation4 ,the standards of these fashionable societies permit you to get drunk and to acquire your due share of venereal disease1 but they do not permit you to wear the wrong color tie1 or to use the wrong kind of slang1 or to smoke the wrong tobacco4 ,needless to say1 they permit no smallest trace of eccentricity in ideas1 and here we have a mob sentiment which supplants all academic discipline4 ,fifteen or twenty years ago ,alexander ,irvine was pastor of a church at ,new ,haven1 and thrilled some students with visions of social reform4 ,jack ,london came in #aije1 and gave his famous lecture1 8,revolution10 and prominent society students sat up all night to wrangle with him4 ,but the war has swept all this away1 there is no longer any trace of liberalism at ,yale that ,i could find4 ,instead1 there is discipline and herd sentiment4 8,this is the way we do it at ,yale10 and woe to the youngster who tries to do it differently6 ,one of its products of which ,yale does not boast is ,sinclair ,lewis4 7,he ran away1 and came to ,helicon ,hall to learn about ,socialism67 ,he told me how the men in his class hated compulsory chapel1 and proposed to organize and protest2 they would get up early in the morning and march through the gateway1 and defy the authorities4 ,to a man they 8cussed0 the chapel2 yet1 so completely did the spirit of ,yale conquer them1 when they came to be seniors1 and had to vote on college customs1 they voted for compulsory chapel6 8,after all1 it's a good thing1 it helps to get the men together and make college spirit60 ,yale was founded on 8the ,bible1 rum and niggers0--that is to say1 the slave trade2 and it stands today four square on wage slavery4 ,it has an endowment of thirty-two million dollars2 and needless to say1 the interlocking directorate is in full charge4 ,the board includes3 the president of the ,new ,york ,trust ,company1 who is a director in a trolley company1 a fire insurance company1 and a securities company2 the president of the ,merchants' ,national ,bank of ,boston2 the president of the ,title ,guarantee and ,trust ,company of ,new ,york2 the president of the ,westinghouse ,company of ,pittsburgh2 a ,chicago dry goods merchant1 who is a director of a great railroad system and a national bank2 a silk manufacturer who is a bank trustee2 the publisher of a leading newspaper1 also a director of the ,associated ,press and two insurance corporations2 another newspaper publisher who is a director in the ,erie ,railroad2 the chief counsel of the ,connecticut ,trolley ,company2 and1 to make the group entirely safe and conservative1 four ministers of the gospel of ,jesus ,christ4 ,quite recently ,i saw a document which was sent out to the ,yale alumni1 asking their opinions on a group of candidates for the new elections2 and at the top of the list stood the name of ,america's prize ,tory1 ex-,president and ,chief ,justice of the ,supreme ,court ,william ,howard ,taft4 ,taft is a ,yale man1 and is proud to boast himself a pupil of the late ,william ,graham ,sumner1 professor of political economy1 and a prime minister in the empire of plutocratic education4 ,i doubt if there has ever been a more capitalistic economist than ,sumner1 a man who took a ghoulish delight in the glorifying of commercialism4 ,he is the author of a book 8,what ,social ,classes ,owe to ,each ,other02 reading this book you discover that what the rich owe is to enjoy their riches1 while what the poor owe is to keep out of the way4 ,never that ,i know of has stark brutal selfishness been so deified1 and covered by the mantle of science4 8,every man and woman in society has one big duty4 ,that is to take care of his or her own self40 ,such was the first commandment according to ,sumner2 and the second was like unto it3 8,mind your own business40 ,of course1 to such a man there was no person so irritating as a 8reformer0 of any sort1 and he never wearied of pouring out ridicule upon the man who imagined he could do anything to make society better4 8,society does not need any care or supervision10 decreed the all-wise professor1 and that settled it2 the hard young ,roman rulers thronged to his classes1 and absorbed his gospel of the wolf-pack1 and went out with their minds encased in a triple-plated ,harveyized steel armor of prejudice1 ready to commit any crimes that might be necessary to the preserving of their privileges4 ,today the pupils of ,professor ,sumner are walking upon the faces of labor and stamping out the hopes of mankind in hundreds of the leading industries of the country1 and in the highest posts of the government1 from the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court down4 ,such a man is worth many billions of dollars to the plutocrats2 they pay him a few thousand a year1 and tickle his vanity with solemnly conferred degrees and an academic robe to wear1 and at the end of his thirty years of service the editors of the 8,yale ,review0 celebrate him in a series of articles as 8,pioneer--,teacher--,inspirer--,idealis t--,man--and ,veteran40 ,professor ,sumner's place is now ably taken by one of his pupils1 ,professor ,albert ,g4 ,keller1 author of 8,societal ,evolution10 which a well-known ,american sociologist describes to me as 8a lengthy example of secondary rationalization to prove the immorality of social reform40 ,in case you do not understand these scientific technicalities1 let me explain that ,professor ,keller is employed by the ,new ,england plutocracy to act as intellectual night-watchman for their property2 and that having got his orders what to teach1 he then invents an elaborate set of reasons to convince himself and the world that this is the right thing to teach1 and that in so teaching he is protecting society4 ,meantime1 what of the men at ,yale who happen to have some vision of social service and human sympathy8 ,i managed to find one who had been there1 and for a while thought he was going to make a success in the great university4 ,he invented during the war a device to destroy submarines1 and the ,united ,states government took it up4 ,word came to the interlocking trustees1 and the secretary of the corporation1 ,mr4 ,anson ,phelps ,stokes1 sent for the professor in haste4 ,there was a story in this--some advertising for ,old ,eli6 ,simon ,lake1 a ,yale man1 had invented the submarine1 and now another ,yale man was to wipe it out6 8,for ,god1 for country1 and for ,yale60 ,mr4 ,stokes with eager fingers began turning the pages of an encyclopedia1 to find out the date of ,simon ,lake's invention1 and the date of his sojourn in the university6 ,but this bit of favor was quickly lost1 when the professor took up the troubles of his colleagues1 who found it impossible to exist upon their salaries1 with the cost of living going up day by day4 ,my friend had spent ten years preparing himself for university teaching2 he had spent eight years teaching at ,clark1 at ,harvard and at ,yale1 and now he was getting fourteen hundred dollars6 ,he insisted that he and his colleagues should get more2 and the secretary was irritated by this agitation4 ,mr4 ,stokes comes from a wealthy family himself1 but believes that other people should wait for their rewards in heaven4 ,he wrote my friend that college professors should not interfere with matters which are not their own business2 also that he had never advised ,yale instructors to get married6 ,what this means is that such universities as ,yale1 ,harvard and ,johns ,hopkins rely upon their prestige to get them teachers1 paying starvation wages1 and tacitly establishing a celibate order in the service of the plutocracy4 ,i note in my morning newspaper that ,northwestern ,university1 a great religious institution at ,evanston1 ,ill41 has come out into the open1 and has refused to engage married men as professors1 explaining that it cannot afford to pay a salary for two4 ,so you see1 we are literally realizing the sarcastic observation of ,professor ,spingarn1 that there are three sexes in ,america--men1 women and professors4 ,there is only one step more to be taken1 and ,i expect some morning to pick up my paper and read that the president of some great university has announced that1 inasmuch as college professors who cannot afford to marry sometimes set bad moral examples for the students1 it is now ordained that none but eunuchs need apply for jobs4 ,if this arrangement has proved useful to the ruling classes of ,turkey1 and for the choir boys of the ,vatican1 why should it not be given a trial in our plutocratic empire8 ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,the ,,black ,,hand ,we have completed a survey of our five largest ,eastern universities1 ,columbia1 ,harvard1 ,pennsylvania1 ,princeton and ,yale2 we shall now cross the continent1 to the ,western domains of our interlocking directorate4 ,we may begin our journey on the ,new ,york ,central1 which is a ,vanderbilt-,morgan road1 and has a ,columbia and a ,cornell and a ,rochester ,university trustee for directors1 a recent ,yale and ,new ,york ,university trustee for director1 a ,lake ,erie ,college trustee for vice-president1 and a ,cornell trustee for vice-president1 also a ,guaranty ,trust and two ,national ,city ,bank directors2 and continue it on the ,michigan ,central under the same auspices2 then on the ,illinois ,central1 which has a ,columbia trustee and an ,armour ,institute trustee and a recent ,university of ,chicago trustee1 and a ,knox and a ,rockford ,college trustee for directors1 and one ,first ,national1 one ,guaranty ,trust1 and two ,national ,city ,bank directors2 then on the ,missouri ,pacific1 with a ,brown ,university and a ,vassar ,college and a ,middlebury ,college trustee for directors1 and a ,new ,york ,university council member for director and a ,massachusetts ,tech trustee for vice-president1 and one ,equitable ,trust and two ,guaranty ,trust directors2 finishing on the ,union ,pacific1 which has a ,columbia trustee for chairman1 also a ,rutgers ,college trustee and two ,massachusetts ,tech trustees and a ,hebrew ,tech trustee for directors1 also two ,equitable ,trust1 two ,guaranty ,trust1 and three ,national ,city ,bank directors4 ,we may announce our coming by the ,western ,union1 which has a ,columbia trustee for president1 and on its directorate two ,columbia trustees1 a ,princeton trustee1 a ,massachusetts ,tech and ,hebrew ,tech trustee1 and a recent ,harvard overseer4 ,arriving in ,san ,francisco we shall be welcomed by the interlocking directorate in charge of railroads1 telegraphs1 telephones1 electricity1 land1 water1 gas--and education4 ,across the bay from ,san ,francisco1 high up above the city of ,berkeley1 stands the ,university of ,california1 a medieval fortress from which the intellectual life of the state is dominated2 and here also we find one of the grand dukes of the plutocracy in charge--,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,crocker1 whose father looted the ,southern ,pacific railroads1 covering all ,california4 ,mr4 ,crocker is a 8social leader10 and active head of the ,republican political machine1 which runs the government and is run by the finance of the state4 ,we shall feel at home with ,mr4 ,crocker1 when we discover that he is a director of the ,equitable ,trust ,company of ,new ,york1 one of the five great banking institutions of the ,money ,trust1 and that he sits on this board with ,mr4 ,coudert1 attorney for the plutocracy and trustee of ,columbia ,university2 also when we learn that he was a director of the ,parkside ,land ,company1 all of whose officers were indicted in the ,san ,francisco graft scandal4 ,associated with ,mr4 ,crocker in the running of the ,university of ,california is ,mortimer ,fleishhacker1 the biggest banker in ,san ,francisco1 president of the ,anglo-,california ,trust ,company1 and first vice-president of the ,anglo and ,london ,national ,bank4 ,i can give you a glimpse of this gentleman's activities1 for the other day ,i met a young newspaper man who had shipped on one of the fishing vessels which constitute the 8hell fleet of the ,pacific40 ,mr4 ,fleishhacker is vice-president of the ,union ,fish ,company1 which is paying men #e a ton for catching and salting cod1 which are sold in ,san ,francisco for #afj a ton1 the incidental costs being practically nothing4 ,mr4 ,fleishhacker is also vice-president of the ,alaska ,canning ,company1 whose workers are hired by a ,chinese contractor for #cd a month and board--which consists of two meals a day of scurvy diet1 and only one cup of water a day4 ,in the canning factories they work from #c a4 m4 to #i p4 m41 and they sleep in ramshackle bunkhouses1 with no heat1 no light and tide water wetting the floor4 ,eight of them died of small-pox while my friend was there4 ,as aid on his university board ,mr4 ,fleishhacker has his attorney1 ,mr4 ,guy ,c4 ,earl1 vice-president of two power companies and two electric companies1 and a very crude and subservient newspaper1 the ,los ,angeles 8,express02 also ,mr4 ,dickson1 proprietor of this same 8,express40 ,also we find the president of ,san ,francisco's gas company1 ,mr4 ,britten1 an active enemy of every public ownership movement2 ,mr4 ,moffitt1 vice-president of the ,first ,national ,bank1 an honest believer in capitalism at its worst1 and a furious reactionary2 also ,mr4 ,bowles1 president of the ,first ,national ,bank of ,oakland1 and director in a railway1 a water company1 and a timber company2 also ,mr4 ,cochran1 vice-president of the ,southern ,california ,edison ,company1 president of a life insurance company1 a director in ,mr4 ,fleishhacker's bank1 and a director in half a dozen large financial institutions2 also ,mr4 ,foster1 another director in ,mr4 ,fleishhacker's bank4 ,mr4 ,foster lives in ,marin county1 just north of the university1 and is known as the ,duke of ,marin2 so you see these medieval titles are not entirely the product of my muck-raking imagination4 ,in addition to these seven1 there are two wealthy corporation attorneys1 one of them counsel for the ,catholic ,church1 and for the grafters who were put on trial in #aiaj2 a ,catholic priest who is a close adviser of the archbishop who runs the ,san ,francisco school system2 and the wife of ,sartori1 one of the largest bankers in ,los ,angeles1 who1 as ,i happen to know1 helped to finance the concession-hunting expedition of ,vanderlip in ,kamtchatka4 ,these are the appointed regents2 and in addition there are some who hold ex-officio--the ,governor of the state1 the ,lieutenant ,governor1 the ,speaker of the ,assembly1 etc4 ,these do not matter1 being merely machine politicians1 selected by ,mr4 ,crocker and ,mr4 ,fleishhacker and two or three others in private conference1 nominated by these gentlemen's newspapers1 and elected by these gentlemen's checks4 ,besides the state government and the university1 and their own banks and railroads1 ,mr4 ,crocker and ,mr4 ,fleishhacker control for the interlocking directorate a vast network of gas and electric companies1 street railways1 land companies1 and power companies4 ,the recent development of water power has made this the dominant industry of the state1 and the means whereby the other industries are subordinated4 ,mr4 ,fleishhacker is president of the ,great ,western ,power ,company1 and of the ,california ,electric ,generating ,company1 and a director in the ,northwestern ,electric ,company2 while his attorney1 ,mr4 ,earl1 also a trustee of the university1 is vice-president of two of these concerns4 ,eight other regents are active directors of such power companies2 and we shall see shortly how they use their university as a propaganda department against power development by the state4 ,mr4 ,foster1 the ,duke of ,marin1 is president of the ferry company1 and a director of the ,united ,railroads of ,san ,francisco1 which has been a leading agency in corrupting the city for the past twenty years4 ,mr4 ,crocker is a director in the committee which is now trying to reorganize these ,united ,railroads1 after the looters have got through with them4 ,we shall see how these gentlemen use their university as a strike-breaking agency for the benefit of their street railways1 their ferries and their gas and electric companies4 ,one might think that the plutocracy of ,california ought to be content to leave its educational business in the hands of such a board2 nevertheless1 they have felt it necessary to organize an independent vigilance committee1 to supplement ,mr4 ,crocker and ,mr4 ,fleishhacker4 ,the prime mover in this action was ,mr4 ,harry ,haldeman1 president of the ,pacific ,pipe ,supply ,company of ,los ,angeles1 a gentleman whose qualifications to direct the higher education of ,california were acquired while driving a stage4 ,mr4 ,haldeman founded what he called the ,commercial ,federation of ,california2 later1 learning from the war the advantages of camouflage1 he changed the name to the ,better ,america ,federation4 ,he went out among the interlocking directorate and raised the sum of eight hundred thousand dollars1 to be expended for the purpose of keeping ,california capitalist4 ,the ,better ,america ,federation is a kind of 8black hand0 society of the rich1 a terrorist organization which does not stop short of crime1 as ,i know from personal experience4 ,it works in league with several depraved newspapers--the ,los ,angeles 8,times10 owned by ,harry ,chandler1 speculator in ,mexican revolutions1 and co-partner with ,mrs4 ,sartori's husband in the ,vanderlip ,kamtchtkan adventure2 the ,los ,angeles 8,express10 with two university regents in charge2 the ,san ,francisco 8,chronicle10 owned by ,mike de ,young1 whom ,ambrose ,bierce pictured hanging on all the gibbets of the world2 the ,san ,francisco 8,bulletin10 whose bottomless venality has been revealed in ,fremont ,older's book4 ,i have told in 8,the ,brass ,check10 ,chapter ,,lxvi1 the story of how 8,the ,dugout10 a returned soldier's paper in ,los ,angeles1 was smashed because its publisher would not have it used as a strike-breaking agency4 ,the secret service branch of the ,better ,america ,federation committed a dozen separate crimes in the doing of this job1 and much of this was proved at the publisher's trial4 ,the ,better ,america ,federation investigates every person who runs for office in ,california1 and black-lists him unless he is one hundred per cent capitalist4 ,it browbeats public officials and slanders them in its newspapers2 it causes the raiding of labor offices1 and the jailing without trial of labor organizers2 and among its other activities it runs the educational system of ,california1 including the state university4 ,the spirit in which it works is revealed in a bill which it came near to pushing through the last ,california legislature1 providing for cancelling the license of any school teacher who1 discussing the constitution of the ,united ,states with a pupil 8shall express to such pupil any opinion or argument in favor of making any change in any provision40 ,how this organization puts pressure on university professors is a matter about which you do not have to take my word2 you may have the word of ,mr4 ,harry ,haldeman1 president of the ,better ,america ,federation4 ,in the ,san ,francisco 8,call0 for ,january #bj1 #aibb1 ,i find an article occupying the top of seven columns1 8,aims of ,better ,america ,body ,told ,business ,men of ,san ,francisco40 ,this is a report of a luncheon at the ,st4 ,francis ,hotel1 in which ,mr4 ,haldeman explained his work to the president and vice-president of the ,southern ,pacific ,railroad1 and a group of such leading interlocking directors4 ,said ,mr4 ,haldeman3 8,through the children of the best business families throughout the land1 who are attending universities1 we are having students of radical tendencies watched4 ,we are receiving reports of what is going on1 both as to students and teachers that uphold radical doctrines and views40 ,so here is the spy system in our universities2 college boys and girls set to tale-bearing on their fellows and on their teachers6 ,on such ignorant and garbled reports professors in the ,university of ,california are black-listed for promotion2 or they are quietly let out without explanation--or with just a lie or two4 ,when they apply for jobs in other places1 letters are written to keep them from getting those jobs4 ,school teachers are black-listed over the entire state2 students in the university who graduate with honors are unable to get teaching positions1 because the employment system maintained by the university is under the control of this kid-gloved ,black ,hand4 ,the active manager of this organization until a few months ago was ,mr4 ,woodworth ,clum1 a lawyer1 author of a pamphlet1 8,america ,is ,calling10 the substance of which is that ,america is calling her school children to mob their fellow students with whose opinions they do not agree4 ,mr4 ,clum was formerly secretary of the ,greater ,iowa ,association1 at a salary of ten thousand dollars a year2 also secretary to the ,iowa ,commission to the ,panama-,pacific ,exposition4 ,he left the state after a three years' controversy over the fact that this ,commission had failed to file a proper statement of its expenditure of public funds with the state accountant1 twenty thousand dollars being missing2 also after a typewriter belonging to the ,commission had been traced to the office of the ,greater ,iowa ,association2 also after ,mr4 ,clum had walked across the street and brutally struck in the face a ,civil ,war veteran1 wearing a ,grand ,army button1 because this old man was deaf and did not hear a band playing the ,star-,spangled ,banner some distance away1 and therefore had failed to remove his hat4 ,now1 here is ,mr4 ,clum's new organization1 the kid-gloved ,black ,hand of ,california1 working in close alliance with the 8open-shoppers0 and labor union smashers of the state1 and holding over school teachers and college professors the lash1 not merely of black-list1 slander and starvation1 but of sentence to fourteen years in prison4 ,for you must understand that we have a 8criminal syndicalism0 law in ,california1 and this is applied to you1 not merely if you belong to a radical labor union1 but if you take any action on behalf of the victims of the ,black ,hand4 ,this organization has a private army of sluggers1 called the 8citizens' police10 which maintains a standing offer of fifty dollars for every arrest of a 8radical10 and three hundred dollars for every conviction4 ,as ,i write this book1 one ,j4 ,p4 ,mc,donald is arrested at ,long ,beach1 ,california1 for asking signatures to a petition to ,president ,harding for the release of political prisoners--this petition being one which was signed by three hundred thousand ,american citizens and presented to the ,president by a delegation of some thirty leaders of liberal thought4 ,holding over this workingman's head the threat of prosecution for 8criminal syndicalism10 the police persuaded him to plead guilty to vagrancy--though he had money in his pocket and a job4 ,they promised him he would get thirty days1 and the judge gave him six months1 and grinned at him4 ,such is ,california1 described by ,romain ,rolland as 8,land of ,orange ,groves and ,jails02 and such is the atmosphere of espionage and terrorism in which is conducted the ,university of the ,black ,hand4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,,the ,,fortress ,,of ,,medievalism ,my first visit to ,berkeley was in the winter of #aiji-aj4 ,i had come to see a professor--,i shall not name him1 since he does not welcome publicity2 suffice it to say that he is one of the world's leading scientists1 and in any country in ,europe would be named among a dozen greatest contributors to advanced knowledge4 ,he was educated in ,europe1 and had come to the great ,california university1 thinking he would be welcomed as at home4 ,shortly after his arrival came 8,charter ,day10 and he was invited to a grand academic banquet1 a function which he described to me with infinite amusement4 ,there was a table of honor across the front of the room1 raised above the others1 and at this table sat the president of the university1 and on his right hand the grand duke of the interlocking regents1 and on his left hand the second grand duke1 and all the robber lords and barons of the state carefully ranged according to their financial standing1 looked up in the latest ,moody's ,manual1 or ,dun or ,bradstreet1 or wherever it is that you find these things4 ,at the other tables1 tapering away from the royal presence1 were placed the deans and heads of departments1 the professors1 the assistant professors1 the instructors1 all graded according to the amount of their salaries1 and any slightest variation in the order of precedence jealously looked out for and resented4 ,my friend the scientist was put in his pecuniary proper place2 the fact that he was a master mind who would have occupied the seat of honor at any function of any university faculty in ,europe1 made no slightest difference2 he was not even asked to meet the interlocking regents1 nor were they aware of his existence4 ,the president met such great ones1 and shook hands with them1 for he was a fifteen thousand dollar a year man2 but my scientist friend was only a four or five thousand dollar a year man1 and was expected to stay with his own kind4 ,also1 while on this visit to ,berkeley1 ,i talked with the wife of a professor2 the ladies1 you know1 have an especially acute sense for social matters1 and often have a pungent way of expressing what they feel4 ,this lady had been walking on the beach at ,del ,monte1 the exclusive resort of the ,california plutocracy4 ,perhaps she wasn't meant to be there2 anyhow1 there came strolling toward her the president of the university1 with two or three of the wives of his wealthiest regents4 ,they were coquettishly and elaborately got up1 and he was indulging in elephantine playfulness1 talking to them about 8getting their tootsies wet0--crude efforts of a man of majesty and learning to descend to social dalliance4 ,he stopped in front of the wife of his professor and spoke to her1 but did not introduce her to the other ladies1 a grave and intentional discourtesy4 ,instead of that1 he looked at her sternly and said3 8,i wish you to know that ,i have no use whatever for science40 ,this1 you must understand1 to the wife of a man who was supposed to be discovering some of nature's most vital secrets6 ,i asked in bewilderment just what could have been the motive for such a remark1 and the explanation was that scientists sometimes think themselves of importance1 and it is necessary to academic discipline that they should be put in their place4 ,this same scientist was instrumental in bringing to the university half a dozen of the greatest men of ,europe as lecturers--,arrhenius1 de ,vries1 ,sir ,william ,ramsay4 ,they were paid inadequately for their long journey1 and my friend suggested that it might be a good idea to reward them with an honorary degree4 ,said ,president ,wheeler1 with instant decision3 8,i give no degrees to scientists60 8,whom do you give them to80 asked my friend1 and the answer was3 8,i give them to people of importance--to statesmen1 public men1 college presidents40 ,this was ,benjamin ,ide ,wheeler1 ex-professor to the ,german ,kaiser1 and tireless singer of the ,kaiser's praises1 holder of a ,heidelberg degree1 and of honorary degrees from all the great ,eastern centers of the interlocking directorate1 ,princeton1 ,harvard1 ,brown1 ,yale1 ,johns ,hopkins1 ,dartmouth and ,columbia4 ,he called himself a liberal1 but never enough to offend ,mrs4 ,hearst1 who gave the university a ,greek theater1 with her son's name carved across the front of the stage4 ,while ,i was in ,berkeley there was a scandal at the university1 because of the sudden appointment of a new professor to be dean of the ,graduate ,school4 ,this was ,david ,p4 ,barrows1 now president of the university1 and a person whose career is of interest to us4 ,he is a product of the ,university of ,california1 and was finished in ,nicholas ,murray ,butler's educational enameling machine4 ,thence he went to be superintendent of schools of the city of ,manila1 and later on director of education for the ,philippine ,islands4 ,having received a thorough training in imperialism1 he came home to proclaim the gospel of the mailed fist in our empire of raisins and prunes4 ,dean ,barrows was a fighting man1 and became immediately active in university politics4 ,you may be startled to hear that anything so dubious as 8politics0 exists in a university2 but if you believe in applied imperialism1 and start to apply it to those about you1 you are apt to find some of them resisting1 and you will have to put them down1 and put up others who are willing to obey you and promote your interests4 ,so ,barrows became a tireless university politician1 and he and his subordinates also became active in the outside politics of their city and state4 ,as it happens1 ,berkeley had a large working class population1 and a strong ,socialist sentiment1 and naturally there is no higher duty that an imperialist college dean can perform than to crush ,socialism in his home town4 ,i have described the university as a medieval fortress on a hill4 ,you thought1 no doubt1 ,i was just slinging language2 but consider the situation4 ,the university has nothing to do with ,berkeley1 it is not a part of the city1 it pays no taxes1 either to city or state2 nevertheless1 it lays claim to run the affairs of the city1 and does so4 ,if there are any charters or city contracts to be drawn1 the university professors do it1 and they do it in the interests of the university1 and of the university's interlocking regents4 ,if there is a school superintendent or a mayor to be selected1 the university machine is ready with a university man4 ,it is the established custom that one member of the school board of ,berkeley shall be a university professor1 and you always find this professor voting on the side of reaction and special privilege4 ,for example1 the law provides that insurance on school buildings be placed with the companies which make the lowest bids2 the school board wished to violate this law1 and a ,socialist member of the school board fought for a whole day to prevent the violation1 and was beaten by the vote of the university professor4 ,when election time comes round1 the university goes into the campaign as one man to 8smash the ,socialists40 ,the university machine circulates slanders against the ,socialist administration1 and university students are registered and voted wholesale for the plutocracy4 ,the university machine selects the local judges1 and the ,key ,route1 a street railroad1 puts up the money to elect them--this money being voted by directors who are university regents4 ,in one campaign ,stitt ,wilson1 ,socialist mayor of ,berkeley1 read from the platform the affidavit of a student to the effect that the president of the student body had stated that he had received five thousand dollars from the ,key ,route1 to be used on the campus to beat the ,socialist ticket4 ,of course the ,key ,route expects to be paid back for this1 and presents its bill whenever there is a strike of its workers4 ,it would be too much to expect that the interlocking directorate should own and run a university1 and then1 in an emergency like a strike1 should see eight or ten thousand young men sitting by entirely idle1 except for fool studies4 ,when strikes occur1 the interlocking newspapers paint terrifying pictures of the public emergency1 and the interlocking deans organize the students and give them special credits for the time they spend as 8great ,american heroes40 ,in #aiac came a gas and electric strike1 and the president of the gas company1 a member of the board of regents1 called on his university for help1 and the boys from the engineering department were given credit for a full semester's work for their services as 8scabs40 ,after that1 when the ,socialists proposed a measure to have the regents elected by the people1 the labor leaders of ,california said they weren't interested2 working men didn't go to college1 so why should they bother about such matters8 ,and just as this ,university of the ,black ,hand seeks to run the city1 so also it seeks to run the state4 ,just now there is a bitter struggle under way1 over a bill to enable cities and towns to combine and develop water power for their own use4 ,the special interests of ,california are fighting this measure tooth and nail2 and prominent among them are the ten university regents who are interested in power companies4 ,do these gentlemen fail to make use of their university in the struggle8 ,if you expect such a thing1 you do not know our empire of raisins and prunes6 ,the farmers of this empire are organized into farm bureaus at state expense4 ,these bureaus are supposed to be run by the farmers themselves1 but the university appoints 8experts10 and the state pays them to act as advisers and guiding lights to the farm bureaus4 ,during this campaign it was observed that resolutions against the hydro-electric power bill kept coming in from the farm bureaus2 which seemed unaccountable1 because in the state legislature the farmers' bloc was unanimous for the bill4 ,the mystery was traced down1 and in every case it was discovered that the treacherous resolution had come from the 8experts0--university men1 appointed by university regents in the interest of their privately owned power plants6 ,and at the same time in ,san ,francisco1 ,mr4 ,crocker1 grand duke of the regents1 is starting a campaign to get ,rudolph ,spreckles1 a liberal capitalist1 out of control of the ,first ,national ,bank1 because ,mr4 ,spreckles has committed the crime of supporting this power bill6 ,,chapter ,,xxix ,,the ,,dean ,,of ,,imperialism ,we return to ,david ,p4 ,barrows to follow his career as he rises to the heights of academic prominence and power4 ,for seven years he stumped the state of ,california1 proclaiming the destiny of the ,stars and ,stripes to float from the ,north ,pole to the ,south4 ,the world was to be divided up1 it was our business to get our share2 we should win because we were better organized1 more efficient2 the world would not tolerate small nations2 strong men must rule4 ,and presently came a chance for strong men to rule in ,mexico2 but the strong men had at their head a weakling by the name of ,woodrow ,wilson1 who refused to act4 ,you might think there would be some impropriety1 some violation of military precedence1 in a university dean's attacking a former university president1 who had become ,president of the ,united ,states2 but when ,woodrow ,wilson took ,vera ,cruz1 and then refused to take the rest of ,mexico1 ,dean ,barrows rushed to the front1 denouncing him before chambers of commerce1 and being reported in the interlocking newspapers4 ,we shall note in the course of this book many cases of college professors forbidden to take part in 8outside activities10 and especially to get themselves into the newspapers4 ,the professor's place is the classroom1 we are told2 and to this there is only one exception--when the professor is advocating more loot for the exploiters who pay him his salary4 ,shortly after this ,vera ,cruz affair the ,san ,francisco 8,star0 published some revelations concerning our imperialist dean1 stating that at the very time he was campaigning for intervention1 he was vice-president of the ,vera ,cruz ,land ,cattle ,company4 ,a friend who knows ,dean ,barrows well1 defended him to me by the statement that his holdings in this company were not valuable4 ,when ,i asked how valuable they might have become if the ,united ,states had conquered ,mexico1 my friend changed the subject4 ,the next part of the world to be divided up was ,siberia1 and our imperialist dean was made a colonel1 and put in charge of the ,army ,intelligence ,service4 ,so far as ,i know1 he has not told the full story of his adventures in ,siberia1 but we may glean hints in the press of ,china and ,japan1 which charged that ,colonel ,barrows was an accomplice of ,semenoff1 the ,cossack bandit1 in a plot to separate ,mongolia from the ,chinese ,empire and place it under the rule of ,semenoff and the ,american concession-hunters4 ,the situation in ,siberia at this time was a complicated one4 ,kolchak was the official representative of the allies1 fighting the ,bolsheviki with ,american money and supplies4 ,semenoff revolted against ,kolchak1 and set himself up as an independent bandit1 controlling a part of ,mongolia4 ,he was intimate with ,colonel ,barrows at this time1 and a leading ,chinese journalist wrote an article in 8,millard's ,review10 in which he referred to ,barrows as 8an unscrupulous and unprincipled ,american adventurer40 ,it was rumored at this time1 and has since been thoroughly proven1 that ,semenoff entered the pay of the ,japanese1 and was used by them in their ,siberian intrigues2 ,colonel ,barrows himself admitted this in an interview published in the ,san ,francisco 8,chronicle10 ,april #ae1 #aibb4 ,semenoff was in ,america at this time1 backed by the ,japanese intriguers1 but supposed to represent the anti-,bolshevik cause4 ,naturally he was welcomed by his friend1 ,colonel ,barrows1 and ardently defended in the interlocking newspapers4 ,certain 8,bolshevik0 agitators pointed out that ,semenoff had fired upon and murdered a number of ,american soldiers2 and just what does our academic colonel think about the murdering of ,american soldiers by a ,cossack bandit in ,japanese pay8 ,our colonel declares that he investigated the matter1 and that it was merely owing to 8a misunderstanding02 ,general ,semenoff wanted to move a train across a sector at ,chita1 where the ,americans refused to let him go1 and so he shot and killed a few ,american soldiers4 ,that is all6 ,the colonel describes ,semenoff as 8a man of iron1 both in courage and military leadership4 ,he was brave4444 ,semenoff did not thing 7evidently a misprint in the newspaper7 of which ,i disapproved4 ,he accepted the help of the ,japanese 444 but even in this he was helpless2 when the allies refused their aid1 he was compelled to accept ,japanese assistance4444 ,whatever he did1 it was with the sole aim of beating the ,bolsheviki1 whom he hated40 ,this was at the time that ,senator ,borah was exposing ,semenoff's infamies4 ,borah read extracts from a speech by an ,american ,railway ,commission officer1 who stated that ,semenoff 8carried with him on his so-called #8summer car' a harem of thirty of the most beautiful women ,i ever saw40 ,mr4 ,borah offered to show a picture of the car1 and we wonder if this was one of the things which ,colonel ,barrows saw1 when he saw 8not thing0 of which he disapproved6 ,colonel ,morrow1 in command of the ,american troops at ,chita1 stated that ,semenoff's own ,cossacks had estimated that ,semenoff had slaughtered one hundred thousand non-combatants in ,siberia4 ,colonel ,morrow testified to 8the extreme cruelty and wholesale murders0 of ,semenoff2 this on ,april #ab1 three days before the ,barrows interview4 ,also ,general ,graves1 commander of the ,american ,siberian expedition1 used the phrase 8wholesale murderer10 and described 8grim murder trains1 which took men out to be shot along the side track and buried in common graves2 ,american soldiers ruthlessly murdered2 an ,american lieutenant held virtual prisoner forty hours10 etc4 ,all this was fully reported in the press1 and was in ,president ,barrows' newspapers several days before he made his statement that ,semenoff had done 8not thing0 of which he1 ,barrows1 disapproved4 ,to quote from the ,san ,francisco 8,examiner10 ,april #ac1 #aibb3 ,it is part of the testimony that prisoners captured by ,semenoff's army in their raids upon villages were taken by trainloads to places which ,colonel ,morrow designated as 8,semenoff's slaughter houses0 and there shot down by the wholesale4 ,all this ,colonel ,barrows had every opportunity to see1 and in it he saw 8not thing0 that he disapproved2 so you see that our 8dean of political science0 is no fragile mollycoddle1 no bespectacled professor living a closet life1 but a real1 red-blooded1 two-fisted man of action4 ,coming back to ,california1 fresh from 8,semenoff's slaughter houses10 ,colonel ,barrows proceeded to advocate the setting up similar establishments on the campus of his university4 ,speaking before a convention of the ,state ,high ,school ,association1 he advocated that the ,bolsheviki should be stood against the wall and shot4 8,there is only one way to deal with ,bolshevism--fight it4 ,force is the only way4 ,the time has come to treat them with militarism2 ,i believe in killing the ,bolsheviki40 ,then ,captain ,schuyler1 one of the intelligence officers whom ,barrows brought back with him1 spoke his sentiments3 8,if a man stood before me and declared himself a ,bolshevist1 ,i would shoot him on the spot1 like a mad dog40 ,naturally1 that made considerable fuss in ,berkeley2 for the city had a ,socialist mayor and school board only a couple of years previously1 and the chambers of commerce and the professional patriots were doing their best to establish the term 8,bolsheviki0 as including1 not merely all ,socialists1 but everybody who believed in the initiative and referendum1 or in government ownership of railroads4 ,so the ,socialists of ,berkeley challenged ,barrows to a debate4 ,he accepted1 and the ,socialists tried first to get the university hall1 and then the high school auditorium2 but the president of the ,berkeley board of education--a dentist1 described to me by another school board member as rarely attending a session without the smell of liquor on his breath--opposed the use of the building1 and advocated that all ,socialists should be 8driven into the bay40 ,finally1 however1 the use of the auditorium was obtained2 it would only seat twelve hundred people1 whereas between eight and ten thousand came4 ,this was ,july #cj1 #aiai1 at the time when 8,bolsheviki0 by thousands were being clubbed over the heads and thrown into jail all over the ,united ,states4 ,the mayor and the chief of police of ,berkeley sat on the platform1 and two auto loads of secret service men attended2 an effort was made to start a riot and raid the ,socialists1 a scheme which was averted by the quickness of ,mrs4 ,elvina ,beals1 who presided at the meeting4 ,mrs4 ,beals was for many years a ,socialist member of the school board1 and the people of ,berkeley know her4 ,in the course of the debate1 ,dean ,barrows advocated that the ,american government should conquer ,siberia and ,russia for ,kolchak1 and he asked whether the ,socialists of ,berkeley would support a strike to prevent the shipment of ammunition to ,siberia4 ,they answered with a roar that they would2 and so ,dean ,barrows retired1 and did no more debating with these ,berkeley 8,bolsheviki40 ,,chapter ,,xxx ,,the ,,mob ,,of ,,little ,,haters ,president ,wheeler having been intimate with the ,german kaiser1 and ardent in his defense1 the interlocking regents wanted somebody else to attend to their interests in war-time4 ,what more natural than to turn to their ,dean of ,imperialism8 ,they made him president1 and he put 8ginger0 into the system of military training4 ,twelve thousand students get a free education1 but must pay for it by taking two years of military training1 fifty-five hours a year4 ,a part of this training consists in learning to plunge a bayonet into an imitation human body1 and you must growl savagely while you do this1 and one student found it so realistic that he fainted and was dismissed from the university4 ,under ,president ,barrows' administration the best land of the university has been taken for an artillery field1 and ,strawberry ,canyon1 the one beauty spot available for nature lovers1 has been taken for a million dollar 8stadium10 to be used for athletic tourneys4 ,one professor resigned in protest against this vandalism2 but ,president ,barrows believes ardently in athletics1 because it trains those strong young men who are to carry the flag from the ,north ,pole to the ,south4 ,he publicly stated that one advantage of having a big university is that you have abundant material from which to select athletic teams4 ,in other parts of the world1 when you hear of the 8classics10 you think of ,homer and ,virgil2 but in ,california the 8classics0 are the annual ,stanford-,california foot-ball game1 and the intercollegiate track-meet1 and the ,pacific ,coast tennis doubles4 ,i visited the university this spring1 and was invited to a fraternity house4 ,these well-groomed young gladiators did not know quite how to talk to a ,socialist author1 so between courses of the dinner they relieved their embarrassment by singing1 or rather shouting in very loud tones--and ,i observed that their songs invariably dealt with fighting somebody4 ,i asked a student about to graduate what he thought of his classmates1 and his answer was1 8,they are a mob of little haters4 ,they hate the ,germans1 they hate the ,russians1 they hate the ,socialists1 they hate the ,japs4 ,they are ready to hate the ,french or the ,english any time they are told to2 and always they hate ,stanford40 ,stanford1 you understand1 is a rival university1 and they carry in triumph a battle-ax which they captured from this enemy many years ago2 their military president and professors encourage this kind of play ferocity1 as training for the setting up of slaughter-houses later on4 ,these future world conquerors are pleased to portray themselves under the terrifying symbol of the ,golden ,bear4 ,almost every college is some kind of wild animal1 you know2 ,princeton is a ,tiger1 and ,yale is a ,bull-dog1 and they all sing songs about eating somebody up4 ,at ,harvard they tell you that the motto ,veritas1 means 8,to hell with ,yale10 and at ,new ,haven they pledge their devotion in a carefully ordered climax1 8,for ,god1 for country1 and for ,yale40 ,needless to say1 the university authorities see to it that no modern ideas get access to these young barbarians all at play4 ,president ,barrows' first act as president was to forbid ,raymond ,robins to speak at the university2 he knew that ,robins had been in ,russia1 and learned some things which ,president ,barrows also learned1 but did not tell4 ,the kind of speaker ,barrows wants for his students he found in ,general ,joffre1 whom he welcomed with open arms1 making a grandiloquent speech about 8a soldier president welcoming a soldier hero40 ,the students thronged to hear the ,marshal1 though they could not understand him2 and they mobbed young ,herman ,meyling for offering ,socialist literature for sale4 8,intolerance is a virtue in war-time10 says ,president ,barrows2 and1 of course1 all time is war-time to an imperialist4 ,the keen young commercialists of this school of hate are thoroughly imbued with the psychology of the dominant classes2 even the boys who come from the working class are on the way to the top1 and the quicker they learn to feel like gentlemen1 the better fraternity they will 8make40 8,i think organized labor should be killed10 said one undergraduate to a friend of mine4 ,so they are eager for strike-breaking expeditions1 and their 8soldier president0 has kept alive this university tradition4 ,when the electric workers went on strike1 the mayor of ,berkeley smashed the strike with university boys4 ,and then came the seamen's strike1 which proved a more serious matter2 it is a lark to run a dynamo or a trolley car for a few days1 but to ship on a steamer is something you can't get out of1 and some unfortunate boys who were trapped by the knavish university machine into shipping as seamen on the ,matson ,line and the ,dollar ,line paid for their blunder with their lives4 ,others of them came home thoroughly trained radicals--having learned more in a few months below deck on a steamship than they would have learned in a hundred years in the lap of their alma mater4 ,some of the steamships broke down at sea1 and the capitalist newspapers were filled with scare stories about sabotage2 but of course the real reason was inexperienced labor4 ,on the steamship ,ohio the chief engineer was a ,washington athlete1 the second engineer was a ,boston dental student1 and the third engineer an undergraduate student of the ,university of ,california6 ,all the time1 you understand1 the secret agents of the ,better ,america ,federation are watching the university4 ,when they find the least trace of an unorthodox idea they report it1 and the unorthodox person if he be a student1 fails to pass his examination1 or if he be an instructor he is let out upon any handy pretext4 7,all appointments in the university are for one year only2 even the full professors have no tenure674 ,take1 for example1 the case of three young instructors of ,english1 whose conscience prompted them to sign a petition to the ,president for revision of the sentences of political prisoners4 ,they were summoned before the acting heads of the university1 and implored to withdraw their signatures4 ,there was a bill before the legislature to increase the salaries of all professors1 and loyalty to their colleagues should prompt them not to jeopardize this bill6 ,one of them1 ,witter ,bynner1 the poet1 asked if he might announce that the deans requested that he place the interests of the university above the interests of the country4 ,later1 after ,barrows had come in1 it was intimated to these evil three that their contracts with the university would not be renewed4 ,but this1 of course1 was not because of their unorthodox ideas2 oh1 no--they were not wanted because they had failed to qualify themselves for higher degrees by doing 8research work60 ,just what is meant by 8research work0 in the ,university of ,california8 ,it means the digging out of absurd details about far off and long dead writings1 such as 8the use of tu and vous in ,molire40 ,this is the kind of thing you must do if you want to rise to prominence in a university of the interlocking directorate4 ,with what desperate seriousness they take such work you may learn from a program submitted to the department of ,english by the dean of the summer session4 ,this program quotes the president of ,northwestern ,university as follows3 ,when you consider the value of your personal research1 you will without any doubt regret that you have not paid more attention to this phase of your activities4 ,you will discover that distinction in a professor is usually founded on successful research2 that men for our faculty positions are selected largely on the basis of research ability2 that the most essential credential is a research degree2 that promotions within the faculty are based very largely on research accomplishments2 that the only official record made by the university of the members of this faculty is the record of the publications of each member of the faculty2 that the administration officers scan this list from year to year to see which men are engaged in production research2 that research is looked upon with favor by every one of your associates4 ,so on through a long chant in praise of research1 research1 research4 ,and the dean who quotes this adds3 ,all this is absolutely true of the ,university of ,california4 ,we may deplore this emphasis upon research1 but it is a fact1 a fact which must be reckoned with in our plans for ourselves1 for one another1 and for the department4 ,what the poor dean means when he says 8it is a fact10 is simply that it is the administration policy1 and no one has the courage to oppose it4 ,the authorities of the university know no vital thing for scholars to do1 and are in terror of all genuine activities of the spirit2 therefore they sentence men to spend their lives rooting in the garbage heaps of man's past history1 while their students go to hell with canned jazz and boot-leg whiskey and 8petting parties40 ,apparently some of the faculty are likewise not puritanical1 for an undergraduate publication1 8,the ,laughing ,horse10 remarked last spring that 8the professors of ,latin and ,greek would much rather see a leg-show than the #8,medea' of ,euripides40 ,there was one instructor at the university who made a real and successful effort to lift the thoughts of students above 8leg-shows40 ,that was ,witter ,bynner1 one of our distinguished poets1 and incidentally a most lovable and delightful human being4 ,he was invited to the university as a special lecturer on poetry1 and made an extraordinary success4 ,but1 alas1 he was one of the men who signed the petition for the political prisoners2 also he wrote twelve lines of rather stunning poetry1 which you may find as a frontispiece to the volume1 8,debs and the ,poets40 ,as ,bynner says3 8,certain eminent citizens demanded my dismissal and brought upon me attacks of every imaginable kind1 personal1 social and professional40 ,bynner's year at the university expired2 and the authorities did not ask him to stay on4 ,the students organized a class of their own1 and begged him to meet them1 outside the campus2 also they issued a volume of verse in his honor4 ,come back to the ,university of ,california a hundred years from now and you will find that ,witter ,bynner has become an object of 8research60 ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,,the ,,drill ,,sergeant ,,on ,,the ,,campus ,these great military universities come to be run more and more on the lines of an army2 everything rigid1 precise and formal1 all emergencies provided for1 all policies fixed4 ,the passion of the military mind for uniformity and regimentation is comically exhibited in an article published by ,president ,barrows in the ,university of ,california 8,chronicle10 ,april1 #aibb1 entitled 8,what ,are the ,prospects of the ,university ,professor80 ,it was read before the ,board of ,alumni ,visitors1 who must have been edified1 to note how completely the professor's life had been laid out for him by his thoughtful superiors4 ,colonel ,barrows has a vision of the ,american college professor1 taking in this country the place of the ruling classes of ,britain1 who govern 8by reason of rank1 breeding and traditional influence40 ,with the idea of attracting that kind of man1 ,president ,barrows submits a schedule of his life1 showing how much he will receive every year1 when he will marry and have a family1 when he will travel1 what degrees he will get4 ,the president does not specify what he is to eat1 but he will assuredly not eat much1 with a wife and 8one or more children0 on a salary starting at a hundred and fifty dollars a month4 ,one detail in this article intrigued me1 so ,i wrote ,president ,barrows a letter1 as follows3 ,you state the salary of the young instructor1 and say3 8,it has permitted him to marry and to provide for the birth of one or more children40 ,the question which this suggests to me1 and which you do not answer1 is how many more children8 ,manifestly1 the salary suggested would not make possible the raising of more than two1 or three at the outside2 but the young professor is #bi or #cj years of age1 and he might have eight or ten children4 ,what ,i should like to know is1 what would happen to him if he did so8 ,it is a fact that most of your professors don't1 and there seems to be in your article the implicit understanding that they mustn't2 so ,i am forced to assume that you favor what is known as ,birth ,control1 and tacitly recommend it4 ,i am one of those who believe that the methods of ,birth ,control ought to be made known1 not merely to the cultured classes1 but to the working classes1 and ,i should like to know the stand of the president of the ,university of ,california on this subject4 ,will you answer for publication these two specific questions3 ,first1 do you recognize that your article implies the prevention of conception by the married instructors of your university8 ,second1 would you advocate legislation to permit working class families to obtain a knowledge of these same methods8 ,president ,barrows is usually rather free about taking up controversies1 but on this occasion he for some reason thought it best to lie low6,i ----- ,footnote ,i3 ,when this chapter was published serially1 ,president ,barrows was interviewed by a reporter for the ,san ,francisco 8,daily ,news40 ,he said3 8,as for ,upton ,sinclair1 ,i received a lengthy letter from him not long ago asking me to debate on some very stupid subjects4 ,as there seemed to be no sense in the letter1 ,i paid no attention to him40 ,the reader will be able to judge for himself whether there was any sense in my letter2 also of the likelihood that ,president ,barrows really thought there was no sense in it4 ,for my part1 ,i think the above statement puts ,president ,barrows in the classification of those college presidents who do not always tell the truth4 ----- ,being devoted to the training of young aristocrats1 this school of imperialism has no great fondness for the vulgar modern activities known as 8extension work40 8,university extension10 be it explained1 consists in traveling about1 giving education to tiresome common people1 who had no leisure to get it when they were young1 and so lack those ,british qualifications of 8rank1 breeding and traditional influence40 ,at the ,university of ,california was a 8regular0 professor by the name of ,ira ,howerth1 who was engaged in extension work1 and took this work with plebeian seriousness2 all over the state women's clubs and labor unions clamored for his lectures1 and his efforts to comply with their demands led to endless conflict with the university authorities4 ,the 8consulting committee0 did everything to handicap him2 he was forbidden to address clubs in the city of ,berkeley1 and was refused the use of university rooms1 and of the library4 ,he could get no appropriations2 and when finally the pressure of the people forced the legislature to grant funds1 the authorities resented this1 and blamed ,howerth as the cause of money being 8forced upon them40 ,in the year #aiag1 during the ,charter ,day exercises1 ,professor ,howerth asked that some part of the time be given to the extension work4 ,they gave him ,friday night1 the end of the week's activities1 and on that night they arranged a big banquet in ,san ,francisco1 expecting to take all the people away4 ,but ,howerth invited ,president ,van ,hise of ,wisconsin and ,oswald ,garrison ,villard1 and had the biggest meeting of the week4 ,of course1 the university authorities were furious4 ,i can testify to ,professor ,howerth's competence as a teacher1 for ,i had the pleasure of attending some of his lectures in ,pasadena4 ,they were given in the ,board of ,trade rooms1 where to a large audience of mature men and women the professor gave intelligent explanations of the sociology of ,lester ,ward4 ,here we were on the home ground of the ,black ,hand1 and it seemed to me inconceivable that the regents would permit this kind of thing to go on2 and they did not4 ,in bringing an end to it1 they chose the most insulting and humiliating method possible4 ,professor ,howerth had his ,sabbatical year1 and while he was in ,paris1 eleven days before the end of his leave of absence1 he received a letter from the president of the university1 telling him that he was 8fired40 ,he made so bold as to return1 and discovered that a report which he had prepared before leaving1 describing the development of the extension work1 had been taken over by another professor1 and signed by that professor's name1 and issued by the university1 with no credit given to ,professor ,howerth4 ,he made every effort to find out what were the charges against him1 but could not get one word4 ,he appeared before the finance committee of the regents--five of our interlocking directors1 with ,mr4 ,earl1 attorney to ,banker ,fleishhacker1 as chairman4 ,professor ,howerth stated his case1 asking what wrong he had done4 ,said ,chairman ,earl3 8,has anybody anything to say on that80 ,no one had anything to say1 and the committee went on with the order of business1 leaving ,professor ,howerth standing there like a whipped school boy4 ,such is the dignity of the teaching profession in the ,university of the ,black ,hand4 ,and what is the standing of scholarship8 ,on that point hear the weird experience of ,professor ,kiang1 an eminent ,chinese scholar1 formerly of the ,university of ,pekin1 who was invited to teach his native language and literature to ,californians for the munificent salary of eighty dollars a month4 ,professor ,kiang presented to the university an extremely valuable library of ,chinese books1 which collection the university casually accepted4 ,it happened that ,witter ,bynner was once asked by ,president ,wheeler and ,colonel ,barrows whom he had found the most interesting man in the place4 8,undoubtedly ,kiang10 responded ,bynner2 and the two gentlemen looked disconcerted4 8,kiang80 exclaimed ,wheeler1 8,why he only gets eighty dollars a month60 ,within a few days the ,oriental professor's salary was raised to a hundred dollars a month6 ,returning to ,china on a visit1 ,professor ,kiang had an uncomfortable experience4 ,on the steamer an ,american borrowed a hundred dollars from him1 promising to return it at the journey's end4 ,later1 in ,china1 when ,professor ,kiang needed his money1 the man turned on him with angry threats1 saying that he was known to be living with a woman not his wife1 and that the man would report him to the university and cause him to lose his job4 ,now1 the situation regarding ,professor ,kiang's wife was that for eight years his first wife had been hopelessly insane4 ,in many parts of ,america you can divorce a wife who is insane1 but in ,china you do not do this1 because to divorce a woman is to inflict both upon her and her relatives a most dreadful disgrace4 ,insanity not being the woman's fault1 nor the fault of her relatives1 it is unthinkable in ,china to seek a divorce for such a reason4 ,what you do is to avail yourself of the privilege of having a second wife4 ,as a rule the ,westernized ,chinese have but one wife1 but in a case such as this they would have two1 and the second wife would be treated with especial consideration because of the particular circumstances4 ,when ,professor ,kiang married again1 the relatives of his first wife attended the ceremony1 and this same attitude to the matter was manifested by everyone4 ,witter ,bynner went to ,china with ,kiang1 to collaborate with him in translating ,chinese poetry into ,english1 and ,bynner writes3 ,i can testify that the second wife has been signally honored2 she was the first woman1 for instance1 to address a body similar to our chambers of commerce in the capital of ,kiang's native province1 and she broke another precedent by addressing1 together with her husband1 the officers of ,wu ,pei-fu's army4 ,wu ,pei-fu is now1 as you know1 the ,dictator of ,pekin and more or less of ,china4 ,it will interest you to know that he and his leading generals1 being ,christians1 were concerned to know whether there might be any conflict between ,socialism and ,christianity1 and found them upon investigation to be expressions of the same thing4 ,if there were any objections to ,kiang's second wife1 ,wu ,pei-fu1 as a ,christian1 might have been expected to feel it4 ,perhaps his being a ,socialist1 however1 incapacitates him for true morality6 ,it had been understood that ,professor ,kiang was to return to the ,university of ,california2 but now the ,black ,hand got busy4 ,not merely was there a flaw in ,kiang's marriage certificate2 also1 he was a leading ,chinese ,socialist1 one of the founders of that movement in his own country4 ,so he received from ,president ,barrows a cruel and insolent letter1 informing him that he was not to return4 ,it was practically the same thing as the ,gorki story1 and both ,gorki and ,kiang were enemies of the interlocking directorate4 ,but ,semenoff was their friend1 so you do not find ,colonel ,barrows1 in espousing his ,cossack hero1 mentioning the fact that ,semenoff was traveling in ,america with a lady not his wife2 still less do you find him mentioning those thirty most beautiful women in ,semenoff's 8summer car60 ,becoming aware of the ,black ,hand and its power in the institution1 independent-minded men seek other occupations2 the sycophants and the sluggards remain1 and as a result1 the quality of the teaching goes down4 ,every year the boys and girls pour in from the cities and ranches of ,california1 and they are commanded to study dull subjects under dull instructors1 and they prefer football and flirtation4 ,in ,berkeley there are twelve thousand1 and in the ,southern branch in ,los ,angeles four or five thousand more4 ,immorality is more common than scholarship2 the conditions have become a scandal throughout the state1 and our imperialist president finds himself with a peck of trouble on his hands1 a board of quarreling regents who cannot agree what is to be done4 ,there is a flaw1 apparently1 in ,colonel ,barrows' doctrine of the strong man2 the strong man does not always rule--especially when he is a stupid man6 ,so our 8soldier president0 has just asked to be excused from his job1 and allowed to become once more a humble ,professor of ,political ,ignorance4 ,p4 ,s4--,after this book has been put into type an interesting development occurs at ,berkeley4 ,the editors of an independent student publication1 the 8,laughing ,horse10 asked my permission to quote extracts from these chapters1 and they printed six or eight pages in their issue of ,november1 #aibb4 ,the publication created great excitement at the university1 and a senior student by the name of ,butler went to a magistrate and swore out a warrant for the arrest of ,roy ,chanslor1 the 8,laughing ,horse0 editor1 upon the charge of publishing obscene matter4 ,the pretext was another article in the magazine1 a letter from ,d4 ,h4 ,lawrence1 the ,english novelist1 reviewing and strongly condemning as immoral a novel by ,ben ,hecht4 ,but the real reason was obviously the passages from 8,the ,goose-step40 ,the 8,daily ,californian10 the student paper1 gave the thing away1 denouncing 8the printing of disgusting articles by ,upton ,sinclair and other perverted #8knockers4' ,to jolt the university they hurled and blatted the most unprecedented compilations of lies that has 7sic7 yet found expression in these parts4 ,at first the students rose in righteous wrath to #8tar and feather' the perpetrators of such foul1 insane blusterings40 ,i am informed that the action against ,chanslor was instigated by a high official of the university4 ,the student1 ,butler1 is a son of the president of the ,california ,state ,bar ,association2 on the eve of the trial his father came to ,berkeley and declared with indignation that his son was being made a tool of1 and worse1 was being made a fool of4 ,the magistrate threw out the complaint1 as it failed to contain the necessary legal technicalities4 ,chanslor was summoned before the ,undergraduate ,student ,affairs ,committee2 he stood upon his rights1 and a day or two later was summoned before ,president ,barrows and expelled from the university4 ,i quote an account of the matter1 sent to me by one of the editors of the 8,laughing ,horse03 ,barrows said he was doing so by a recommendation from the ,student ,affairs ,committee1 and gave as his reason not only the ,d4 ,h4 ,lawrence letter but the poem by ,witter ,bynner1 8,little ,fly40 ,he did not mention the excerpts from 8,the ,goose-step40 ,how ,barrows can have the face to expel any student from the university for obscenity is quite beyond me6 ,i1 myself1 saw ,barrows sit through a 8,smoker ,rally0 7the men's rally before the ,big ,game with ,stanford71 at which the football coaches and prominent alumni told the most vulgar and filthy stories that anyone ever heard4 ,the speaker of the evening1 an alumnus from ,pasadena1 told one story that ,i remember that one would hear only in the coarsest society4 ,moreover1 the campus comic monthly1 8,the ,pelican10 prints thinly disguised obscenities of all sorts that is countenanced without a murmur4 ,yet ,barrows solemnly upbraided ,chanslor for printing this frank1 straightforward and really highly moral letter4 ,apparently everyone has been cautioned not to let any indignation over your expos creep into the case again4 ,i also quote one paragraph from a letter addressed to ,president ,barrows1 written by ,roy ,chanslor after his expulsion4 ,i think it says about all there is to say on the subject3 ,you have apparently confused the sincere and fine and beautiful expression of a great artist and a brilliant and original thinker with the crude vulgarities and obvious obscenities regularly on tap at smoker rallies1 and with the corrupt literature which ,i have heard is sold to those who desire it by bell-boys and train-boys4 ,at the smoker rally held late in ,november1 the night before the annual ,california-,stanford football game1 it did not strike my attention that you did anything to stop the bawdy stories and the frankly vulgar exhibition of dancing which a student in black-face gave with a dummy stuffed to represent a woman1 but it did strike my attention that you sat through the spectacle in a seat in the front row1 tacitly1 by your silence1 countenancing the whole affair4 ,this spectacle1 which was frankly vulgar and obscene1 apparently did not arouse in you any of the moral indignation which the letter of ,mr4 ,lawrence did1 a letter which ,i repeat is not obscene or corrupt or degenerate1 but fine and sincere and beautiful4 ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,stanford ,thirty miles south of ,san ,francisco1 sheltered behind the coast range of mountains1 lies the great institution with whose students the 8,golden ,bear0 does its fighting4 ,stanford ,university was founded by one of the 8,big ,four0 railroad kings1 who for forty years or more plundered the people of ,california4 ,like other railroad kings1 ,leland ,stanford amused himself by purchasing racehorses and state legislators1 but he differed from the rest in that he had a respect for knowledge4 ,he wanted to be a trustee of the ,university of ,california1 and when he failed1 he decided to start a rival institution4 ,when his only son died in early youth1 the heart-broken old man chose this means of perpetuating the boy's name1 and he pledged to ,leland ,stanford1 ,jr41 ,university his land1 his racehorses1 and a part of his railroad stock2 also a valuable asset in the form of ,david ,starr ,jordan1 a scientist and teacher with some real interest in democracy4 ,senator ,stanford died in the midst of the panic of #ahic1 and his university was in a predicament2 there was no money on hand1 and it was impossible to sell any land1 and parasites and blackmailers gathered in a swarm--relatives and friends1 legislators whom the senator had kept on his payroll1 newspaper editors and publishers he had used4 ,the editor of one ,san ,jose newspaper sent in a bill for twenty-five hundred dollars advertising--he had printed news about the opening of the university6 ,senator ,stanford left a hundred thousand dollars to every relative he could find1 hoping thereby to buy them off2 but within twenty-four hours of his death one of his relatives in ,new ,york forged his name to a check for a hundred thousand dollars2 another relative1 a woman1 was shot by her husband1 a gambler1 because she did not get her money quickly enough6 ,the only way to keep the university safe was to make it ,mrs4 ,stanford's personal property2 all the professors were listed as her private servants--a device which some other presidents of universities might be interested to make note of6 ,for years the institution was supported from ,mrs4 ,stanford's income1 eked out by the occasional selling of a racehorse4 ,the job of running a university and a racing stable in combination offered a diversified task for the widow of a railroad king and a specialist in ichthyology4 ,the senator had been offered a hundred and fifty thousand dollars for 8,palo ,alto10 a prize stallion2 the offer was refused--and next year the stallion died6 ,the university owned a fourth interest in the ,central ,pacific ,railroad1 now a portion of the ,southern ,pacific2 the other fourths were owned by the ,crocker estate1 the ,hopkins estate1 and ,collis ,p4 ,huntington1 the prize grabber of them all1 who resented the university as an insult to his lack of culture4 ,he would 8stop that circus some day10 he used to say2 describing it as 8putting a two thousand dollar education into a two hundred dollar boy40 ,some years previously he had proposed that in order to determine the value of the ,central ,pacific stock1 each of the four holders should put some of it on the market2 this was done1 and ,huntington secretly bought it all1 and then turned ,stanford out and had himself made president of the road4 ,dr4 ,jordan described ,huntington's motto as3 8,anything is mine that is not nailed down1 and nothing is nailed that ,i can pry loose40 ,after ,stanford's death he tried to buy the university holdings in the railroad for three million dollars2 but the university held on--and had better luck than ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 which was left a big block of ,baltimore and ,ohio stock by its founder1 and was frozen out by the big fellows1 and did not get a dollar4 ,ultimately the ,stanford stock was sold to ,james ,speyer for sixteen millions4 ,many and curious were the efforts made to get ,mrs4 ,stanford's money away from her university4 ,a preacher came and delivered a sermon about her dead boy1 in which he compared him to the youthful ,jesus ,christ--but he did not get her millions for ,methodism6 ,the ,catholics came1 and they deeply impressed the old lady's failing mind with their bells and incense and colored lights--but they did not persuade her to move the ,stanford girl-students to their school at ,menlo ,park6 ,bearing in mind these tragedies averted1 we may forgive our ichthyological diplomat for some of the minor atrocities which he was unable to avert3 for example1 the great bronze statue of ,senator ,stanford1 with his wife and son kneeling dutifully at his feet4 ,this group is known to the irreverent students as the 8,holy ,trinity10 and it used to stand in the middle of the campus2 but the elements were also irreverent1 and so it has been moved indoors1 and fills the rotunda of the museum4 ,i do not know where in the world you can find a more curious and pathetic monument to human vanity than the family rooms of this ,stanford museum2 rooms full of great glass cases1 filled with the domestic implements and the clothes1 the toys and the trophies of the tribe of ,stanford4 ,case ,no4 ,one3 ,the senator's uniform1 his military vest1 gloves1 sword and pistols1 which he never had occasion to use except on parade4 ,case ,no4 ,two3 the crockery and lamps used by the ,stanford family at all stages of its career4 ,case ,no4 ,three3 the skirts and other wearing apparel of ,mrs4 ,stanford's sisters--all these objects patiently classified and labeled in the old lady's handwriting4 ,case ,no4 ,four3 the photographs of the senator's racehorses1 the cups they won1 and the hoofs and ears of many of them4 ,case ,no4 ,five3 sixty-two photographs of the ,stanford family--this not counting the photographs in other cases4 ,case ,no4 ,six3 the baby paintings1 the chess set1 and eight of the canes of the only begotten son4 ,case ,no4 ,seven3 his baby shoes1 toilet set1 pens and cups4 ,case ,no4 ,eight3 his boxing gloves1 fishing lines1 rifles1 magic lanterns4 ,case ,no4 ,nine3 his wood carvings and other apparatus4 ,case ,no4 ,ten3 his toy boats and trains4 ,case ,no4 ,eleven3 his soldiers1 cannon1 drum4 ,poor1 feeble lad1 spoon-fed and coddled1 he beat his little drum1 but the drum-sticks fell from his nerveless fingers4 ,if he had grown up he would have wasted the ,stanford fortune1 as the ,pullman boys1 and the ,goulds1 and the ,thaws1 and the ,crokers1 and the ,whitneys1 and the ,m,c,cormicks1 and so many others4 ,instead1 he died1 and the world has a university6 ,we continue our walk about the room4 ,case ,no4 ,twelve3 the fans which ,mrs4 ,stanford wielded in a lifetime of fascination4 ,case ,no4 ,thirteen3 her souvenir spoons and necklaces4 ,case ,no4 ,fourteen3 the senator's chair1 and the canes which he carried1 all carefully labeled as to where he purchased them and carried them4 ,a plain and humble author1 ,i have been able to go through life so far without ever owning a cane2 but it appears that a senator and railroad king must have twenty-four elaborate and expensive ones2 and posterity must have a fireproof building in which to preserve them1 and great steel doors1 such as you find in the vaults of a bank1 to keep them safe from thieves4 ,if you have not seen enough1 come downstairs1 and inspect more of ,leland's toys1 including his old-fashioned bicycle4 ,the students declare that somewhere in this museum is hidden a model of ,leland's last breakfast of fried ham and eggs2 but this1 of course1 may be just youthful waggery4,j ----- ,footnote ,j3 ,a woman friend who has lived for sixteen years in ,palo ,alto swears to me that she has been shown1 in the secret rooms of the museum1 a porcelain plate containing a porcelain bologna sausage and a porcelain fried egg6 ----- ,we are told not to look a gift-horse in the mouth1 and the saying should perhaps apply to a university4 ,we can hardly expect that a vain old lady1 put in charge of an institution of learning for ten or fifteen years1 would not busy herself to see that evil ideas were kept out of it4 ,in the ,bryan campaign of #ahif1 there rose up in the university a big bold fellow by the name of ,ross1 who actively favored ,free ,silver--which meant the cutting in half of the wealth of all the interlocking directors1 except those who owned silver mines4 ,subsequently this bold bad man made speeches opposing oriental immigration1 whereas he knew that ,senator ,stanford had been an ardent advocate of cheap ,chinese labor4 ,also he said to some of his students in the university that 8a railroad deal is a railroad steal60 ,so ,mrs4 ,stanford served notice on her president that ,professor ,ross must go2 and this at the perilous time when the ,catholic cohorts were gathering1 with their bells and incense and colored lights and other magic spells6 ,i could appreciate that ,president ,jordan was speaking from the depths of his heart when he said to me3 8,the best thing that the founder of a university can do is to die and let others run it60 ,the radical professor was let out1 and there was a terrific uproar1 and several others resigned4 ,the controversy lasted all through the academic year4 ,professor ,g4 ,e4 ,howard1 head of the department of history1 ventured to make a sarcastic reference to the incident in a lecture to a class1 and some weeks later received a letter from the president1 asking for his resignation2 this was followed by a number of other resignations1 chiefly in ,professor ,howard's department4 ,this series of events caused so much injury to ,stanford's reputation that the authorities made a desperate effort to counteract the effects4 ,the story of what they did is told me by ,professor ,a4 ,o4 ,lovejoy1 now of the department of philosophy of ,johns ,hopkins1 and at that time professor of philosophy at ,stanford4 ,i quote from his letter3 ,late in the academic year1 near the beginning of which ,professor ,ross was dismissed1 a statement addressed to the public and designed for signature by members of the ,stanford faculty was drawn--by whom ,i do not know--and an attempt was made to secure the signatures of all members 7,i believe7 above the rank of instructor4 ,each teacher was invited to come separately to the office of one of the senior professors1 a close personal friend of ,president ,jordan2 was there shown certain correspondence between ,mrs4 ,stanford and ,president ,jordan1 which had not been made public2 and was thereupon invited to sign the statement--which was to the effect that the signers1 having seen certain unpublished documents1 had arrived at the conclusion that ,president ,jordan was justified in the dismissal of ,professor ,ross and that there was no question of academic freedom involved in the case4 ,it was perfectly well understood by me1 and ,i think by all who were shown the letters1 that we were desired by the university authorities to sign the 8round-robin02 and it was intimated that if any1 after seeing the correspondence1 should reach a conclusion contrary to that in the 8round-robin10 they were at least expected to keep silence4 ,because of this last intimation ,i myself for some time refused to have the letters shown me2 and consented finally to examine them only after stipulating that ,i should retain complete freedom to take such action afterwards as the circumstances might seem to me to require4 ,when ,i read the letters they appeared to me to prove precisely the opposite to the two propositions contained in the statement to the public4 ,they showed clearly 7a7 that ,president ,jordan---who under the existing constitution of the university was the official responsible in such matters--had been originally altogether unwilling to dismiss ,ross1 and had consented to do so only under pressure from ,mrs4 ,stanford2 7b7 that the express grounds of ,mrs4 ,stanford's objection to ,ross were certain public utterances of his1 and that1 therefore1 the question of academic freedom was distinctly involved4 ,i drew up a short statement to this effect1 and after the 8round-robin0 was published1 communicated it to the newspapers1 at the same time declining the reappointment of which ,i had previously been notified4 ,i was thereupon directed to discontinue my courses immediately4 ,about the same time another man---one of the best scholars and the most effective teachers in his department---who had refused to sign1 and was known to disapprove strongly of the administration's conduct1 but who had given no public expression of his opinion1 was notified that he would not be reappointed2 and it was currently reported in the faculty that the vice-president1 then acting president1 of the university1 ,dr4 ,branner1 had announced a policy of 7in his own phrase7 8shaking off the loose plaster40 ,professor ,lovejoy goes on to tell how some years later1 when he was visiting ,palo ,alto1 8one of the signers of the collective statement to the public told me that he had signed with great reluctance1 and with a sense of humiliation1 but1 since he had a family of young children1 he had not felt that he could afford to risk the loss of his position4 ,i cannot1 of course1 give this man's name40 ,professor ,lovejoy calls attention to the fact that practically all the men who resigned were either unmarried or were married men without children4 ,it might seem as if ,francis ,bacon1 a scholar himself1 had foreseen the plutocratic empire of ,american education when he wrote1 three hundred years ago3 8,he that hath a wife and children hath given hostages to fortune40 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,,the ,,wind ,,of ,,freedom ,the poor old lady died at last1 but she did not leave her fortune to be adminstered by an eminent ichthyologist1 badly tainted with democracy and pacifism4 ,on the contrary1 she left it to a board of fifteen trustees--the usual interlocking directorate4 ,as first grand duke we find none other than ,mr4 ,timothy ,hopkins1 son of ,senator ,stanford's colleague in the 8,big ,four40 ,mr4 ,hopkins is president of a milling company1 and director in a trust company1 an ice company1 and a telephone and telegraph company4 ,as second grand duke there is ,mr4 ,frank ,b4 ,anderson1 president of the ,bank of ,california1 the great ,standard ,oil institution of the state4 ,i am told that ,mr4 ,anderson is there to represent the ,morgan interests4 ,he is vice-president of another bank1 and director in three gas and electric companies1 and in numerous other great concerns1 including the ,spring ,valley ,water ,company1 celebrated in the ,san ,francisco graft prosecutions4 ,mr4 ,bourn1 the president of this company1 is also on the board2 and ,mr4 ,grant1 described to me by a friend who knows him as 8an idle millionaire1 the son of an old money grubber02 but he can't really be so idle1 being vice-president of a gas company and an oil company1 chairman of a power company1 director of the ,bank of ,california1 another bank1 a trust company1 another power company1 a gas and electric company1 another gas company1 and a steel company4 ,also there is ,mr4 ,nickel1 8who married forty million dollars10 and is a director of the ,bank of ,california1 president of an irrigation company1 a live stock company1 and of the greatest land company in ,california2 also ,mr4 ,newhall1 the son of an old-time auctioneer1 a dyed-in-the-wool reactionary1 vice-president of a great land company4 ,in addition to these1 there are three prominent corporation lawyers1 two judges1 both very conservative1 a banker1 an insurance man1 and ,mr4 ,herbert ,hoover1 than whom the plutocracy has no more faithful servant in these ,united ,states4 ,one of the corporation lawyers1 ,t4 ,t4 ,c4 ,gregory1 is that ,captain ,gregory who was ,mr4 ,hoover's representative in ,hungary1 and used his control of the distribution of the relief funds and supplies furnished by the ,american people1 for the purpose of breaking the revolution of the workers of ,hungary1 and bringing into power the infamous ,horthy1 who drowned the hopes of the ,hungarian workers in a sea of blood4 ,few blacker deeds have been committed by ,american class-greed2 but such is the state of our public opinion1 that ,captain ,gregory came home and boasted of it in a series of articles in 8,world's ,work10 and ,mr4 ,hoover stood back of him1 and the ,stanford trustees elected him to their exclusive board1 and made him their secretary6 ,such are the men in charge of the ,stanford millions4 ,david ,starr ,jordan has retired1 and the great university is governed from the cozy arm-chairs of the ,pacific ,union ,club of ,san ,francisco4 ,as president they have appointed a physician1 ,dr4 ,wilbur1 who learned the ,goose-step at two of the ,kaiser's universities4 ,he aspires to be1 like ,colonel ,barrows1 8a man on horseback40 ,in the days before ,america entered the war some of the students of ,stanford were taking military training1 and ,i am informed by one who was present at the graduating ceremonies that ,president ,wilbur shook hands with all those who were in uniform1 and refused to shake hands with those who were not in uniform4 ,more recently1 at an alumni reunion1 he gave a curious proof of the abject condition of spirit to which the lackeys of the plutocracy have come4 ,he was describing how he went to the dock in ,new ,york to welcome ,herbert ,hoover home from abroad2 said ,president ,wilbur3 8,i saw one of ,america's biggest bankers throw his arms around him1 and ,i said to myself3 #8,at last ,stanford has arrived'60 ,the gentleman who tells me of this incident1 a scholar and a scientist1 reports3 8,he said it in sweet unconsciousness1 and at least half a dozen of my friends turned in my direction and gave me appreciative glances40 ,stanford was founded for the purpose of giving the young people of ,california a free education2 that was the basis of its democratic spirit--but the interlocking trustees have now decided to exclude all those common people who cannot pay two hundred and twenty-five dollars a year4 ,so the tone of the place is rapidly altering1 and on my recent visit one member of the senior class remarked to me1 8,i have seen such a change in my four years that ,i'm glad ,i'm through40 ,two years ago a group of the students wished to start a liberal club for free discussion4 ,a ,chinese student writes me what happened1 and ,i quote from his letter1 leaving his quaint ,english as it stands1 because the fine spirit of the writer shines through it so very clearly4 ,then we received discouraging advices from outsiders1 principally from faculty members4 ,none was willing to encourage us of such study4 ,occasionally individuals received discourtesy from their society1 because of being connected to this movement4 ,for instance1 ,i was dismissed from a position soon after ,i was found out that ,i was 8an ardent student of ,socialism40 ,another illustration1 ,i was short in finance once4 ,went to see the ,dean of ,man to ask for a loan from the university4 ,was at first refused this request because ,i was reported to that office being 8socialistic in belief40 ,shortly after1 a great majority of us left ,stanford on account of their graduation1 the movement died down gradually4 ,now it is starting once more4 ,i have a letter from another student1 who is going to try again1 in spite of warning from the older students that it may result in his not getting his diploma4 ,the motto of ,stanford used to be 8the wind of freedom blows02 but this sentiment was expressed in ,german1 and so a few years ago the trustees dropped it4 ,of course we know that talk about 8freedom0 nowadays is ,german propaganda1 or else ,bolshevik4 ,in the effort to introduce a little democracy into the faculty1 ,president ,jordan established an ,academic ,council1 which was supposed to deal with questions suitable to the intelligence of professors4 ,the educational affairs of the state were in a bad way1 and some professors thought that was a proper subject for their attention4 ,the ,progressive administration of ,hiram ,johnson had just come into power1 and the academic council adopted a resolution1 favoring a commission to reorganize the educational system of the state4 ,but the interlocking trustees would not stand for any dealings between their professors and a state administration which was pledged to put them out of politics4 ,grand ,duke ,timothy ,hopkins came hurrying down1 and ordered the ,academic ,council to withdraw their resolution--which they did4 ,to one of the professors ,mr4 ,hopkins made the grim statement1 8,we are coming back20 meaning thereby that the railroad and other big grafters were going to take over the government of ,california again--which they have done4 ,in her decree concerning the ,stanford trust1 ,mrs4 ,stanford laid down the rule1 phrased as a request1 that no ,stanford professor 8shall electioneer among or seek to dominate other professors or the students for the success of any political party or candidate in any political contest40 ,this rule1 like all other such rules1 is interpreted to mean that ,stanford professors renounce their rights as citizens--when they do not happen to agree with the politics of the plutocratic trustees4 ,thus ,i note that no one makes any objection when ,president ,wilbur joins with ,president ,barrows of ,california in issuing a manifesto to the people of the state1 opposing some of the constitutional amendments now being submitted to the ballot4 ,neither do the ,stanford authorities object that ,professor 8,jimmie0 ,hyde spends two months campaigning with ,mr4 ,moore1 candidate of the power interests and other reactionary business groups for the ,republican nomination for senator4 ,i have shown you the ,university of ,california regents dominating politics and finance through the great companies which turn water power into electricity and distribute it over the state4 ,i have shown you the ,university of ,california helping these power companies to defeat the bill for the public development and operation of hydro-electric power4 ,and now we come to ,stanford and we find one trustee heavily interested in power companies1 and several others in electric companies1 and others acting as bankers1 lawyers and judges for such companies4 ,and what does ,stanford have to say officially on the campaign for this hydro-electric power bill8 ,there is in ,california a 8,league of ,municipalities10 an official organization of the communities of the state4 ,they hold a convention once a year2 the officials of cities and towns attend as delegates1 and deal with all matters concerning the welfare of their communities--sanitation1 health1 paving1 taxes1 public utilities1 etc4 ,this summer ,stanford ,university extended the hospitality of its buildings for the sessions of the convention1 and of its dormitories as lodgings for the delegates2 but the faculty of the ,university and the citizens of ,palo ,alto learned to their surprise that one of the sessions of the convention was to be held at the ,community ,house in the town of ,palo ,alto1 instead of being held in the university hall4 ,i have a letter from a gentleman who was present as an official guest at this session1 and he explains the mysterious change of location4 ,at its opening the ,president1 ,mayor ,louis ,bartlett1 of ,berkeley1 said that the delegates should be informed why this particular session was being held in a different place from the others1 and then proceeded to read a letter from ,president ,newhall of the ,board of ,trustees1 asking them to omit the ,water and ,power ,act from their program in the ,university buildings1 as the university did not wish to be understood as taking sides1 and any action they might take might be interpreted1 incorrectly1 as being the action of the university4 ,there appeared to be no objection to the danger of the university's being similarly misunderstood in regard to half a dozen other proposed constitutional amendments6 ,the stupid officers of the ,league didn't take the hint1 as gentlemen should1 and drop the offending subject from the program entirely4 ,they merely called the session meeting in the ,community ,house in ,palo ,alto 7which has nobly served as an open forum upon other critical occasions7 and there we listened to a vigorous debate all afternoon1 led by ,rudolph ,spreckels and ,francis ,j4 ,heney on the one side and ,allison ,ware and ,eustace ,cullinan on the other1 at the close of which a vote was taken which was unanimous for the ,water and ,power ,act1 with the exception of the vote of ,san ,francisco1 the most prominent figure in whose delegation was ,supervisor 7ex-,mayor7 ,eugene ,schmitz--with some public corporation corruption record6 ,,chapter ,,xxxiv ,,the ,,stanford ,,skeleton ,i have referred to the dissatisfaction of ,grand ,duke ,timothy ,hopkins at the coming into power of a progressive government in ,california4 ,this event was especially embarrassing to the ,stanford trustees1 because of a family skeleton which for many years they had been hiding in their academic closet4 ,you understand that these high-up masters of finance have an elaborate system for plundering the railroads and public utility companies which they control4 ,they have holding companies and investment companies and subsidiary concerns of various sorts1 whereby they skim off the cream of the profits1 without interference by public commissions4 ,nobody but a few insiders today can form any idea where the profits of an ,american railroad or public utility corporation are going1 or what should be the income from any particular investment4 ,and now1 here are these same smooth gentlemen administering the investments of a university2 what more natural than that it should occur to them to handle these funds in the same manner8 ,apparently old ,senator ,stanford foresaw this1 for his trust deed provided that the ,governor of the state should receive a complete report each year upon the financial affairs of the trust4 ,but the ,governor of the state never received that complete report4 ,for many years the faculty of ,stanford1 who were living on short rations1 could get no statement whatever2 the trustees allowed the university the lump sum of eight hundred thousand dollars a year1 and no explanations4 ,finally1 about #aijh1 after some years of agitation1 a statement was prepared and circulated at a board meeting4 ,it was the first financial statement which ,president ,jordan had ever seen1 and he badly wanted a copy of it1 so he 8swiped0 it--at least so he told a member of the faculty1 who told me4 ,he called a meeting of the full professors1 to whom he gave certain figures purporting to be the income of the university trust as communicated to him1 but one of the professors who had made a detailed study of the court schedule of ,mrs4 ,stanford's estate pointed out that the interest on the bonds there scheduled amounted to more than the purported total submitted by ,president ,jordan--this not counting other sources of income4 ,and ,trustee ,crothers1 in a letter to me1 admits that during the period he held the ,pacific ,improvement stock in trust the income from this one item amounted to two million dollars in thirty-one months1 which is just about eight hundred thousand dollars a year6 ,after that nothing more appears to have been heard or seen of this financial statement4 ,these facts are known to many who are interested in the university2 they were known to ,thorstein ,veblen1 who was a professor in ,stanford for three years4 ,in #aiah ,veblen published a book entitled1 8,the ,higher ,learning in ,america10 in which he referred briefly to this scandal4 ,but his sense of politeness toward the university caused him to withhold its name--which got him into trouble with ,professor ,brander ,matthews4 ,if ,i tell you this story1 it will lead us off the trail of ,stanford for a page or two2 but it will teach us about the prestige of universities and how it is maintained1 and we shall thus be better able to understand the ,stanford skeleton1 and how it has been kept hidden all these years4 ,i am told by a person high up in ,columbia ,university that it was ,nicholas ,murray ,butler1 sitting in his high watch-tower and keeping guard over his empire of education1 who first saw this dangerous book of ,veblen's1 and turned it over to his henchman1 ,brander ,matthews1 to be 8slated40 ,matthews wrote what was supposed to be a book review1 but was really an assassination1 and the ,new ,york 8,times10 which exists to perform these little services for the plutocracy1 gave it prominence4 ,matthews found one trivial grammatical error in ,veblen's book1 and another printer's error which could be laid to ,veblen2 on this basis he accused of illiteracy the most brilliant economic satirist in the world6 ,because of ,veblen's politeness in failing to name ,stanford1 ,brander ,matthews described him as 8a creature who creeps up stealthily with a stiletto to deal a stab in the back40 ,says ,matthews3 8,on page #fg and on page #gj ,mr4 ,veblen seems to suggest that there are boards of trustees whose members make a personal profit out of the funds entrusted to them2 the insinuation is hedged about with weazel words--i4 e41 #8instances of the kind are not wholly unknown1 though presumably 767 exceptional4'0 ,to appreciate this extreme piety of ,professor ,brander ,matthews1 you would have to see him1 as ,i have1 dangling a cigarette from his lower lip as he lectures to his students1 and causing these prematurely wise young men to chuckle at his worldly wit4 ,for ,brander is a club man and cynic1 one of the very shrewdest1 and he knows what butters parsnips4 ,if in the bosom of the ,century ,club he and his friend1 ,nicholas ,miraculous1 were to hear a story about a member of a school board getting advance information and buying up real estate1 or about a college trustee handling the investment of trust funds in such a way as to make 8honest graft0 out of it1 the two of them would tip each other a wink4 ,but when they are talking for publication--when they set out to assassinate a dangerous radical--the two cronies take on an air of innocent trustfulness which has not been met with in the world since ,moses ,primrose came home from the fair with his gross of green spectacles with silver rims and shagreen cases6 ,for my part ,i don't want to take any chance of being called 8a creature who creeps up stealthily with a stiletto to deal a stab in the back60 ,whatever my old friend ,professor ,matthews may say about me when he comes to assassinate this book in the ,new ,york 8,times10 let him at least put me under his other classification--that more respectable person 8who comes straight at us with a bowie knife in his hand40 ,before ,i finish this volume ,i shall give ,professor ,matthews several cases of university and college trustees misusing funds2 in a succeeding volume1 ,i shall show him school board members getting commissions from book companies1 and buying up land to sell to the public for school sites4 ,if ,professor ,matthews will obtain a copy of a printed report made in #aijh to ,mayor ,taylor of ,san ,francisco by a graft investigating committee1 he will find it proven that one of the regents of the ,university of ,california invested university funds in a 8,french ,restaurant0 building on the corner of ,geary and ,mason streets1 constructed by him with a view to its use as a house of assignation4 ,and if that seems too far off for ,professor ,matthews1 let him investigate the properties in ,new ,york ,city on which his own university holds its mortgages1 and he will find that one of them at least was being used as a disorderly house last spring6 ,or let him run up to ,rochester1 where the university is moving out to a magnificent new site1 furnished by ,mr4 ,eastman1 the kodak king1 and all around that site he will find that members of the board of trustees and their relatives and friends have been making money buying up real estate on advance information4 ,or let him visit the ,connecticut ,college for ,women1 at ,new ,london1 and hear the story of ,frederick ,sykes1 the recent president1 who discovered that the trustees were stealing the funds of the college1 even to the coal1 and tried to interfere with them and was fired from his job6 ,one of the trustees was a high school principal1 and the board furnished him an automobile to go out and collect funds4 ,he never got any funds1 but continued to use the car1 and when the scandal was exposed1 it was explained that he had arranged to have the price of the car returned to the college in his will4 ,the grand duke who ran this board of trustees was a multi-millionaire1 who had set them a bad example by living a dissolute life4 ,he wanted an inn-keeper's wife1 and paid the inn-keeper forty thousand dollars to get a divorce from her2 then the grand duke married the lady1 and got an honorary degree from his college6 ,with this much of preliminary1 we return to ,stanford1 to see just what this super-plutocratic board of trustees has done4 ,to begin with1 let me explain that the holding concern devised by the 8,big ,four0 plunderers of the ,central-,southern ,pacific1 for the purpose of skimming off the cream of the profits1 was known as the ,pacific ,improvement ,company4 ,the affairs of this concern have been kept a dark secret2 the holdings of ,stanford in ,pacific ,improvement stock were not made over to the ,stanford trust by ,mrs4 ,stanford1 but were placed in the hands of ,judge ,crothers1 a trustee1 and by him turned over to the ,stanford trust after ,mrs4 ,stanford died4 ,in the last annual report of the treasurer of the university1 ,i find the value of this holding listed at one hundred dollars for twenty-five hundred shares1 with 8dividends from earnings0 for the year of #b1dhb4dd1 and 8liquidation dividends0 of two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars4 ,that is a pretty good earning capacity for a hundred dollars' worth of stock1 you must admit6 ,you see how the big insiders operate--no one knows what this stock is really worth4 ,in his letter to me ,trustee ,crothers admits that 8there were a number of reasons why ,mrs4 ,stanford did not wish the whole world1 nor even all of the trustees of the university to know the terms 444 of the ,pacific ,improvement trust40 ,no probate courts1 or inheritance tax appraisers1 or other unfriendly investigators were ever to have a chance to stick their noses into ,pacific ,improvement6 ,next1 these super-plutocratic trustees turned over to ,stanford ,university the sum of eight hundred thousand dollars a year1 without explanation1 and this sum of money was deposited in the ,union ,trust ,company of ,san ,francisco without interest4 ,let ,professor ,brander ,matthews inquire around among his banker friends in ,new ,york1 and find out how much they would be willing to pay him in the way of interest on a deposit account1 amounting at its maximum to eight hundred thousand dollars a year6 ,i am informed that when ,mr4 ,anderson came into the board1 representing the ,morgan interests in the ,standard ,oil ,bank of ,california1 he pointed out that that arrangement was not a profitable one for the university4 ,also1 ,i am told by a ,stanford professor1 in whose rigid integrity ,i have many reasons for trusting1 that he once heard one of these trustees state angrily that the board had that afternoon made a loan of five hundred thousand dollars to one of their own members1 at a ridiculously low rate of interest on the real estate security offered4 ,afterwards the trustee who had borrowed this money got into trouble1 and no one knows how much money the university lost4 ,in the last president's report ,i find a 8capital decrease0 recorded of #ag1cbj on ,sacramento ,northern ,railway bonds4 ,i also find an item1 8,stock not recorded on books1 when acquired in #aiai at ,northern ,electric ,company reorganization40 ,this is only one sample--nobody knows how many other items are 8not recorded on books60 ,there are other matters of record which can be verified by anyone4 ,these trustees are the high-up members of the ,california plutocracy1 the shrewdest business men the state possesses2 they work diligently for their own financial interests1 and have vastly increased their personal fortunes during the last thirty years4 ,but what have they done for ,stanford8 ,they have made failures of the most important business transactions they have managed for the university4 ,the president of the board of trustees is one of the richest ranchers in ,california1 and there are on the board officials and directors of several of the state's colossal land companies2 how comes it that men like ,mr4 ,newhall and ,mr4 ,nickel have never been able to tell ,stanford how to make a success of its big ranches8 ,the ,palo ,alto1 ,vina and ,gridley ranches all failed1 and the last two were finally sold at sacrifice prices4 ,there were something like a hundred thousand acres1 sold for about four million dollars1 which is forty dollars an acre4 ,the ,gridley ranch was sold at a price so low that every piece of it was almost immediately saleable at an advance about forty per cent1 without further subdivision2 a great part of this land is now being held for two hundred and seventy-five dollars an acre4 ,and these same first-class business men have carried on elaborate building programs at the peak of high prices2 they have leased a wonderful building site for a long term of years1 with the privilege of buying at any time during the life of the lease1 at a price set at the beginning of the lease6 ,they have killed ,stanford as a democratic institution1 and brought it close to the rocks of bankruptcy1 by starting a medical school in ,san ,francisco1 against the judgment of the best experts1 and allowing the expenses of that school to swallow up the funds of ,stanford4 ,that they had doubt as to the success of the medical school was shown by their resolution in #aijh1 to the effect that this school should never be allowed to take more than twenty-five thousand dollars a year out of ,stanford's funds4 ,but in the last president's report ,i find the medical school with a minus balance of a hundred and nineteen thousand dollars--and this does not include the expenses of the instruction at ,palo ,alto1 comprising the first four or five years of the course4 ,for instance1 the biological group alone shows a deficit of a hundred and thirty thousand dollars6 ,so much for the handling of the ,stanford trust4 ,if ,i had a life-time in which to study universities1 ,i should like to see what care has been taken with the funds of the ,university of the ,united ,gas ,improvement ,company of ,philadelphia1 and with those of the ,university of the ,steel ,trust1 at ,pittsburgh1 and with those of the ,university of ,heaven1 at ,syracuse1 and with those of the ,mining-,camp ,university at ,denver4 ,i should like to settle down in ,new ,york and make a thorough financial study of the ,university of the ,house of ,morgan1 and tell ,professor ,moses ,primrose the names of all those trustees and professors who got advance news of the moving of the university to ,morningside ,heights2 ,i should like to raise a fund and have a search made of the title records1 and give him a list of the various lots and parcels of land which now belong to ,barnard ,college1 and figure up the total of the fortunes cleared by the insiders who purchased the old insane asylum which stood on that site6 ,but maybe ,professor ,moses ,primrose would call that 8honest graft60 ,,chapter ,,xxxv ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,the ,,lumber ,,trust ,we take the ,southern ,pacific ,railroad1 which was plundered by the founder of ,stanford1 aided by the father of a ,stanford trustee and the father of a ,california trustee1 and which now has a ,rutgers ,college trustee1 an ,equitable ,trust1 a ,guaranty ,trust1 and a ,national ,city ,bank director4 ,we travel north for a day and a little more1 and find ourselves in a country ruled with iron hand by three great lumber companies1 and the interlocking banks which finance them4 ,the headquarters of this oligarchy of the ,northwest are at ,portland and ,seattle1 and we begin with the former city4 ,you expect1 perhaps1 to find a lumber country crude and wild2 but you will find in ,portland an old city with a long-established aristocracy1 as much concerned with its ancestors as ,philadelphia4 ,fifteen years ago there was a strong movement for social justice in ,oregon1 led by reformers who fondly imagined that if you gave the people the powers of direct legislation they would have the intelligence to protect their own interests4 ,we see now that the hope was delusive2 the people have not the intelligence to help themselves1 and the interlocking directorate is vigorously occupied to see that they do not get this intelligence4 ,to this end they utilize two institutions1 ,reed ,college in ,portland1 which is privately endowed1 and the ,university of ,oregon1 located in the neighboring town of ,eugene4 ,as we have seen with ,eastern universities1 it makes no particle of difference whether an institution is directly owned and controlled by the plutocracy1 or indirectly controlled through the plutocracy's political machine4 ,the grand duke who attends to the education of ,oregon is ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,mills1 president of the ,first ,national ,bank of ,portland1 and vice president of a trust company and an insurance company which handle the finances of the state4 ,mr4 ,mills is an active and efficient ruler2 as his right-hand man he maintains a political boss1 ,gus ,moser1 and through him he beat the teachers' tenure law in ,oregon1 denouncing it as a move to establish a 8teachers' soviet40 ,he called in the ,black ,hand from ,california to his aid1 and the pamphlets of ,mr4 ,clum were distributed in ,oregon1 and a law was put through the legislature to compel teachers to take an oath of loyalty to the constitution1 the flag1 and the state4 ,there is as yet no law requiring any oath of loyalty to truth1 to freedom1 and to justice4 ,in ,reed ,college was a president1 ,foster1 who had progressive ideas4 ,he hired a liberal young professor who had just been fired from the ,university of ,washington1 ,joseph ,k4 ,hart1 now one of the editors of 8,the ,survey02 and for three years the interlocking trustees fought to get rid of ,professor ,hart1 and of ,foster1 who stood by ,hart4 ,under such circumstances the regular procedure is to starve out the college2 but they could not very well do it in this case1 because they owned all the real estate surrounding the college1 and the college was the main source of the real estate's value4 ,nevertheless1 the editor of the ,portland 8,oregonian10 the old ,tory newspaper which manages the thinking of the people of ,oregon1 laid down the law that ,reed ,college should get no publicity so long as ,hart and ,foster stayed4 ,the interlocking trustee who runs ,reed ,college is ,mr4 ,james ,b4 ,kerr1 who studied law in the office of an ancient reactionary1 ,senator ,spooner1 and is general counsel for ,mr4 ,morgan's ,northern ,pacific ,railroad ,company4 ,mr4 ,kerr evolved from his legal mind a scheme to have a larger board of regents1 taking in the former trustees1 and making them a minority2 so ,president ,foster retired1 and ,professor ,hart1 who was away doing war work1 was authorized to stay away6,k ,a professor of history from the ,university of ,washington was asked to become the new president1 and when he was installed1 ,mr4 ,mills1 in his role as general overseer of education1 attended the ceremonies and made the principal address1 in which he laid down the law to the new incumbent3 8,the business men of ,oregon wish the youth of the state to become this and not that1 we wish them to be #8shaped' in this way and not that way40 ,educators who were present described to me the insolence1 not merely of the grand duke's words1 but of his manner4 ,the board of regents of ,reed ,college now consists of ,mr4 ,kerr2 ,mr4 ,ladd1 chairman of the ,ladd and ,tilton ,bank2 an elderly department store proprietor2 a reactionary judge2 and a retired clergyman4 ----- ,footnote ,k3 ,one professor vigorously denies that this was the purpose of the enlarging of the board2 but no one can deny that this was the effect4 ,when ,i submit this comment to this gentleman1 he tells me that it is 8misleading40 ,at the same time he gives me an opportunity to test his accuracy4 ,he says3 8,it is my recollection that ,mr4 ,hart was not encouraged by the council to expect the increased salary1 which he demanded as a condition of his return40 ,i submitted this proposition to ,professor ,hart1 who replied3 8,i hope ,professor ,x's memory is usually more reliable than this4 ,no question of salary was involved4 ,frankly1 ,i do not know what was involved4 ,i was on leave of absence1 in the ,east4 ,my leave of absence covered the academic year #aiai-bj4 ,toward the middle of the year1 finding that ,i was anxious to remain in the ,east another year1 ,i asked the college authorities for an extension of my leave for another year4 ,you can see that that request involved no financial obligation on the part of the college1 as ,i was on leave without pay and merely asked for a continuance of that status for another year4 ,that was the whole question4 ,moreover1 the college authorities were never courteous enough to tell me what had happened in the case4 ,however1 a friend in the faculty who knew of the discussions wrote me that the council felt that in view of the general situation it was best for me not to come back to the college1 and that therefore extending my leave would be an empty form4 ,those are the facts40 ----- ,next for the state university4 ,here we have to deal with a 8war case40 ,i do not plan to make use of 8war cases0 as such1 for ,i realize that intolerance in war time becomes what ,barrows of ,california said it ought to be--a virtue4 ,the only war cases to which ,i shall refer are those in which the war was a pretext1 and the real motive was to get rid of an enemy of the plutocracy4 ,my investigations indicate that this kind of war case constitutes one hundred per cent of the total4 ,there may have been some professors in ,american universities and colleges who sympathized with the ,german ,kaiser and desired to see him win2 all ,i can say is that ,i have not come upon such a case4 ,at the ,university of ,oregon was ,mr4 ,allen ,eaton1 one of the most public-spirited young teachers it has been my fortune to hear about4 ,there was an epidemic of typhoid in the town of ,eugene1 and eighty of the students were ill1 and more than two hundred of the townspeople--twenty-two of them died within a fortnight4 ,mr4 ,eaton ascertained from the physicians of the town that the city water was contaminated1 and so he published an article advising everyone to boil the water before drinking it4 ,the water supply was controlled by a private water company1 in which the banks were interested1 also prominent members of the ,eugene ,commercial ,club4 ,mr4 ,eaton's banker and others of these citizens undertook to 8persuade0 him to keep quiet about the epidemic2 8so much talk is giving the town a black eye40 ,they made threats which forced the young professor either to 8knuckle down0 or to fight in the open4 ,he chose the latter course1 and he forced municipal ownership of the waterworks2 a modern filtration system was installed1 and in ten years there has not been a single case of typhoid traceable to the city water4 ,we shall find in the course of this book many boards of trustees laying down the law that university professors are not allowed to take part in politics1 but ,i think you must admit that in this case it might fairly be claimed that ,mr4 ,eaton was forced into politics to protect his own self-respect4 ,he was six times elected to the ,oregon state legislature1 his chief local opponent being a hard-boiled politician in the hire of the ,southern ,pacific ,railroad4 ,eaton made in the legislature an immaculate record2 he exposed and abolished a wasteful type of road which the contractors were building in the state2 he planned the ,oregon building at the ,san ,francisco ,exposition1 the most beautiful building on the grounds2 he labored to introduce art into county fairs--and if you know what an ,american county fair is you can understand what a job the young instructor had6 ,all this time his pay stayed low and promotion was lacking2 nevertheless1 he gave lectures for the people at the university and all over the state1 and taught them what true art means--the people's own creation of beauty in their daily lives4 ,people who have lived all their lives in ,oregon assure me that there has never been a man1 either in the university or in the state legislature1 who has done as much for education as ,allen ,eaton did4 ,he undertook a campaign to increase the appropriation for the university2 the governor of the state opposed him--this gentleman1 being wealthy1 sent his children to a fashionable university in the ,east4 ,eaton put through a bill to raise the appropriation from #dg1ejj to #abe1jjj1 and when the governor vetoed the proposition1 he directed a state-wide referendum campaign and carried the measure4 ,he worked equally hard for the public schools2 but at the same time he committed the crime of forcing the taxation of water-power sites1 and advocating the direct election of ,united ,states senators4 ,still worse1 he committed the crime of carrying to the ,supreme ,court of the state a case which kept the ,southern ,pacific ,railroad from stealing sixty-six million dollars worth of timber-lands from the people of ,oregon4 ,mr4 ,eaton is not a lawyer1 but he got lawyers to help him1 and he won the case2 so the special interests of ,oregon were out to 8get0 him at any price4 ,when the war came it happened that ,allen ,eaton was in ,chicago1 and he attended the convention of the ,people's ,council4 ,he took no part in the affair1 not being himself a pacifist2 but he wrote an honest account of the proceedings for the ,portland 8,journal10 and so the large scale grafters got their chance4 ,the ,commercial ,club of ,eugene adopted a set of resolutions1 bringing seven separate charges of disloyalty2 the ,spanish ,war ,veterans endorsed the charges1 and the regents of the university were summoned in solemn conclave1 and ,mr4 ,eaton appeared for trial1 with the ,portland ,chamber of ,commerce and the ,commercial ,club of ,eugene as the prosecutors4 ,every one of the charges was disproven in every detail4 ,the president of the university stood by ,mr4 ,eaton1 and the faculty of the university adopted a resolution in his support4 ,the regents themselves admitted his innocence1 for they stated that they 8did not intend to accuse him of intending disloyalty to his government40 ,nevertheless1 they accepted his resignation1 giving him less than ten days' notice in which to shape his life plans--the ,chamber of ,commerce was in that much of a hurry6 ,mr4 ,eaton ran for the legislature again1 and among the super-patriots who set out to compass his defeat was a leading banker1 who shortly afterwards was arrested for setting fire to a building in which he had stored a quantity of potatoes1 held as an unsuccessful war-speculation2 also a hundred percent sheriff1 whose boast was that he had broken up a public meeting in defense of ,mr4 ,eaton4 ,at the very time he did this he had in his pockets forty-five hundred dollars which he had stolen from the county2 a little later this was discovered and he was forced to leave overnight6 ,it might be worth while to mention that at the very time that ,allen ,eaton was fired from the ,university of ,oregon1 ,professor ,foerster of the ,university of ,munich1 an ardent pacifist1 was denouncing the ,german government and being widely quoted by the allies2 he was ostracized by the entire faculty of his university--nevertheless1 the ,kaiser's government let him continue to teach1 because in ,germany they really understand what academic freedom is1 and stand by the principle4 ,in all ,great ,britain there was only one case during the war of interference with academic freedom1 and that was the case of ,bertrand ,russell1 who was prosecuted and sent to prison for his pacifist activities4 ,but in ,america1 which understands no kind of freedom except the freedom of mobs to suppress anybody they do not like1 ,i know of just two great universities in which some man or group of men were not hounded from their positions1 for pointing out this or that unwelcome truth to the public4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvi ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,the ,,chimes ,we move a couple of hundred miles farther north to ,seattle4 ,it may be difficult to believe that there was ever a time when students in an ,american university took an active interest in the people's rights1 and declined to receive favors from wholesale corrupters of public life2 but such was actually the case ten years ago1 at the height of the ,progressive movement in the state of ,washington4 ,the grand duke who ran the higher education of that state was ,colonel ,blethen1 publisher of the ,seattle 8,times10 an exceptional old scoundrel who had manipulated street railways in ,minnesota1 and then brought his fortune to ,seattle and bought a newspaper1 which he used for the rawest kind of blackmailing1 by a 8strong arm0 advertising department4 ,colonel ,blethen had been made a member of the board of regents of the university2 and in the effort to rehabilitate himself and his family name1 he spent twelve thousand dollars for a set of chimes1 which he presented to the university with the stipulation that they were to be known by his name4 ,the students of the university did not feel grateful2 fifty-one of them composed and signed a letter of protest which was inserted in the student daily1 and put on the presses1 when the printer 8tipped off0 ,colonel ,blethen's university president1 and the presses were stopped4 ,the students took the letter to the city and there printed it and distributed it4 ,the editor of the college paper refused to publish again until he could publish the letter4 ,when ordered by the authorities to issue the paper1 he did so with a blank space where the letter had been6 ,colonel ,blethen's president was a gentleman named ,kane--bear his name in mind1 if you can1 as we shall have some adventures with him at the ,university of ,north ,dakota4 ,president ,kane accepted the chimes1 and a solemn ceremony of dedication was performed--with the students distributing handbills of protest on the outskirts of the crowd6 ,if you consider the coincidence of ,times1 chimes and crimes1 you will understand that the young men were literally driven to writing verses4 ,the ones they made strike me as exceptionally good1 so ,i quote two stanzas4 ,,all ,,is ,,well ,recommended to friends of the ,university of ,washington as a suitable ,dedication ,ode for the ,blethen ,chimes3 ,clang the ,chimes--clang the ,chimes1 ,help to glorify ,the ,times2 ,and the fame to which it's heir --,all the sins that 8dailies0 dare-- ,swell aloud from college walls2 ,peal through all the college halls4 ,slander's pence and scandal's dimes ,here transform to silver chimes ,that shall tell1 as they swell1 ,all is well2 all--is--well4444 ,champion of the den and sty6 ,daily forty-page-long-lie6 ,yet1 despite its thousand crimes1 ,praise ,the ,times2 clang its ,chimes4 ,let them charm the ear of ,youth2 ,let them swell its jeers at ,truth ,and in ,truth's own court proclaim ,gold is power2 brass is fame2 ,watch ,the ,times go on and sell ,all the news that's fit--7for h--74 ,all is well2 ,all--is--well4 ,the protest had been orderly and dignified--the only violence being committed by one of the regents1 who had dragged a student about1 trying to tear his papers away from him and denouncing him for what he was doing4 ,the student body was thoroughly roused1 and more than seven hundred signed a letter endorsing the protest4 ,blethen had come on to the campus to make a speech1 and the students had heckled him and as one of them told me 8had him on the run40 ,the university authorities now barred all save invited speakers1 and the president ordained that the teaching of progressive ideas at the university must cease1 and there was to be no student criticism of president or regents1 or their acts4 ,the whole controversy was reviewed by the regents1 who endorsed what the president had done4 ,we have spoken of ,professor ,hart1 and how he was dropped from ,reed4 ,at this time ,hart was at the ,university of ,washington1 and an incident will illustrate the feeling of all parties4 ,hart sat at luncheon in the ,faculty ,club1 when ,president ,kane entered and told of the action of the regents4 ,said ,hart1 8,they think they can get away with it80 ,to which the president answered3 8,aren't they the authorities80 ,said ,hart3 8,do you realize that there are a thousand students in this university who have votes1 and may hold the balance of power at the next election80 ,evidently the regents thought the same thing2 it was the year of the ,roosevelt revolt1 and the ,progressives were certain of carrying the state4 ,a few days before the election1 the ,seattle 8,post-,intelligencer10 owned by the transportation lines and the ,seattle ,national ,bank1 dug up a story to the effect that the ,progressive candidate had divorced his wife4 ,they mailed out ten thousand post cards to the women of the state3 8,do you want a divorced man for governor80 ,as a result1 the ,democrats carried the election by eight hundred votes4 ,they threw out two regents who had supported the students1 and later on1 as a result of the controversy1 the governor turned out the entire board and put in four standpat business men1 with a ,catholic ,m4 ,d4 at the head4 ,this gentleman made a desperate effort to have a ,catholic chosen as president of the university1 but finally compromised upon a ,high ,church ,episcopalian of ,catholic extraction1 a product of ,nicholas ,murray ,butler's finishing machine4 ,professor ,hart was at this time one of the most popular members of the faculty with the students1 a lecturer widely known throughout the state2 he was now told that his inability to get along with his colleagues in his department was a reason for his dismissal4 ,they gave him a year's leave of absence1 though he did not want it2 then they set out to find a substitute1 and he applied for the job of substitute6 ,finally1 they let out all three professors in the department1 including ,hart2 a little later they took back one of them1 the dean6 ,a great many people thought this was a trick1 and ,hart's students protested bitterly1 but in vain4 ,they paid ,hart an unusual tribute of appreciation1 organizing a publishing company to finance his book on social service4 ,old ,colonel ,blethen of the 8,times0 is dead1 and the ,university of the ,chimes now has as its first grand duke a gentleman who is president of a bank1 a commercial company1 an investment company1 an irrigating company1 and a mortgage and a loan company2 he is assisted by a politician and lobbyist1 chairman of the appropriations committee of the state legislature4 ,in twenty-five years1 ,i am informed1 there has never been a farmer or a labor representative on the board6 ,the university remains a place of low standards1 no academic achievements1 and perpetual cheap advertising by the administration4 ,three different men have written me to tell how they have been strangled--but always warning me not to use their names--not even to tell the details of their experiences6 ,one writes about another professor1 not in any sense a radical1 but who tells the truth about public questions1 and as a result has been an object of attack for twenty-five years3 ,most of the time it has been under cover and has consisted in efforts to bring pressure to bear on the president and board of regents4 ,but a number of times it has come out into the open4 ,a governor some years ago in his inaugural address announced his determination to bring about the removal of ,professor ----1 and a few times an effort has been made in the legislature to make elimination of his department a condition of legislative support for the university4 ,but while a good deal of publicity was given to these more spectacular assaults on academic freedom1 they had little effect except perhaps to strengthen the administrative conviction that such departments were a good deal of a nuisance4 ,far more effective are the ever active forces which are working silently without any publicity upon those in control--president and regents4 ,nor does the failure to exercise power to remove indicate necessarily lack of real influence4 ,there are many ways of disciplining an obstreperous faculty member without actual removal4 ,a president in his control of salaries1 distribution of library and other departmental funds may withhold from an offending faculty member opportunities accorded to those who have not incurred his displeasure4 ,in the course of my experience as a faculty member ,i have seen a good deal of the sinister side of university control4 ,and peace reigns in the country of the ,lumber ,trust4 ,last year the big lumber companies cut wages1 and on an investment of three millions they paid dividends of seven millions4 ,at ,port ,angeles they are bringing in ship-loads of ,japanese labor1 in defiance of the law4 ,the lumber-jacks and the blanket-stiffs work in hourly peril of life and limb2 they sleep in filthy bunks and eat rotten food1 and if they attempt to organize and better their conditions1 their organizations are destroyed and their meeting halls sacked by mobs of business men4 ,if they appeal to the public authorities they are laughed at2 if they appeal to the public their voices are unheard2 if they exercise the elemental right of self-defense1 as they did at ,centralia1 they are shot1 or beaten to death1 or castrated with pocket knives and hanged1 or tried before a mob jury and sentenced to ten or twenty years in jail4 ,these things are done1 not as acts of primitive barbarism1 but as a business system2 they are planned by the interlocking directorate1 sitting in padded arm-chairs around tables in directors' rooms2 they are carried out by efficient executives telephoning from mahogany desks4 ,such is the rule of the ,lumber ,trust2 and at the ,university of the ,lumber ,trust the professors know all about it2 they go to their classes and teach what their masters tell them to teach1 and on behalf of justice and humanity they utter not one single peep4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvii ,,the ,,universities ,,of ,,the ,,anaconda ,we take the ,northern ,pacific ,railroad1 which has ,mr4 ,morgan himself for a director1 also two ,morgan partners1 one of them a recent ,harvard overseer and a ,massachusetts ,tech trustee1 and the other a ,harvard overseer and ,smith ,college trustee2 also an ,amherst trustee1 a ,hampton trustee1 a ,union ,theological ,seminary director1 a ,cornell trustee1 and three ,first ,national ,bank directors4 ,we travel ,east until we come to the mining country2 first1 ,montana1 which has been swallowed whole by an enormous corporation1 appropriately called the ,anaconda4 ,the people of this state maintain a university1 scattered in four widely separated places1 in order to please various real estate interests4 ,the ,state ,board of ,education1 which runs matters for the ,anaconda1 contains the following appointed members3 the personal attorney of ,senator ,clark1 sometimes called the richest man in the world1 and certainly the worst corruptionist who ever broke into the ,united ,states ,senate2 another attorney for big business1 a hard fighting reactionary1 who 8grilled0 a professor of the university law school for the crime of not giving his son high marks2 another corporation lawyer1 and a fourth lawyer who is a mild progressive2 two merchants of the aggressive ,chamber of ,commerce type2 one rich and conservative farmer2 and one very subservient school principal4 ,the chancellor of the university up to last year was ,edward ,c4 ,elliott1 and he had to handle not merely this board1 but the politicians of the ,anaconda who run the state legislature2 he had to go to them every year to beg for appropriations1 and he had the bright thought that he would try to have an annual tax provided for higher education in the state4 ,he suggested to ,louis ,levine1 his professor of economics1 to make a study of the whole tax problem in ,montana4 ,professor ,levine set to work--beginning with the subject of mining companies and their contributions1 or lack of contributions1 to the state taxes6 ,in the course of the year #aiah occurred a state tax conference1 and ,professor ,levine addressed it1 and was furiously attacked by a representative of the ,anaconda ,copper ,company1 which had packed the conference with its lawyers and lobbyists4 ,toward the end of the year ,professor ,levine completed his report on mine taxation1 in which he proved that the great corporations paid only a small percentage of the taxes they owed the state4 ,he submitted this report to the chancellor1 who read it and had a desperate case of 8cold feet40 ,his contract was about to come up for renewal1 and he decided that he had better shift the responsibility to the ,state ,board of ,education1 which governs the university4 ,professor ,levine agreed to this1 but on the stipulation that if the board declined to publish the document1 he should be free to publish it himself4 ,he took the position that if he submitted to pressure in this issue1 he would lose the moral right to lecture to classes of young people4 ,now began a bitter struggle behind the scenes1 with the governor of the state and a senator-henchman of the ,anaconda striving frantically to keep the report from appearing4 ,finally the poor chancellor wrote to ,levine1 forbidding him to publish the report2 ,levine answered that there had been a definite understanding1 made in the presence of ,president ,sisson of ,montana ,state ,university1 that ,levine was to be free to publish the report if he so desired4 ,accordingly he published it1,l and the chancellor1 in a rage1 immediately 8fired0 him4 ----- ,footnote ,l3 ,taxation of ,mines in ,montana3 ,b4 ,w4 ,huebsch1 ,new ,york4 ,the book won the commendation of ,professor ,seligman of ,columbia1 ,america's leading conservative authority on taxation4 ----- ,this was about as clear a case of the violation of academic freedom as had ever occurred in ,america4 ,the matter created a great scandal1 and this scandal caused pain to the faculty of the university4 ,a committee of professors took the matter up1 and reported1 somewhat plaintively3 8,it must have been foreseen that the enforcement of this order would lead to all of the undesirable publicity which has attended this whole affair1 and which has brought down upon the ,university of ,montana the condemnation of some of the most widely read newspapers and periodicals of the country1 and which has made the university stand in the minds of people throughout the ,united ,states as a horrible example of narrow-mindedness1 bigotry and intolerance4444 ,not only have the members of the faculty of the ,state ,university been made to feel that they have lost all independence of thought and action1 which are 7sic7 absolutely essential to the maintenance of a university's morale1 but the day is far distant when the ,university of ,montana will be able to attract to its faculties broad-minded and eminent scholars of independence and initiative40 ,also the ,american ,association of ,university ,professors took up the matter and sent out a representative to mediate4 ,the ,state ,board of ,education could not face the public clamor2 doubtless1 also1 they reasoned that the report was out1 and their mining companies had sustained all the harm possible4 ,they tactfully voted that both sides were right2 the chancellor had acted properly in firing ,professor ,levine1 but ,levine should now be reinstated1 and paid for the time he had been fired6 ,the state legislature appointed a committee to investigate the university1 and especially the teaching of 8,socialism0 in its economics department4 ,this committee met privately in the empty bar-room of ,helena's biggest hotel1 and learned from ,professor ,levine that co-operative marketing by farmers is not the entire program of the ,third ,international4 ,after giving this information1 ,professor ,levine resigned4 ,in the ,university of ,montana law school was a young professor by the name of ,arthur ,fisher1 son of the ex-,secretary of the ,interior4 ,he was a splendid teacher1 popular with the students and with the faculty2 but he associated himself with the ,farmer-,labor movement1 an effort of the people of the ,northwestern states to take the control of their affairs away from the corporations4 ,a former president of the university1 who had been kicked out by the ,anaconda1 had started a liberal newspaper1 the 8,new ,northwest10 and ,professor ,fisher became interested in this and thereby stirred the fury of the 8,missoulian10 a newspaper of the ,anaconda1 which discovered that ,fisher was a ,bolshevist1 and that he was 8financing the paper with the street-car graft of his father0--,fisher's father being a man who had spent a large part of his life opposing the street-car graft in ,chicago4 ,in the spring of #aiba the 8,missoulian0 dug up the fact that ,fisher had made a speech in ,chicago during the war1 urging that the ,united ,states should force the allies to define their war aims4 ,that1 of course1 was 8pro-,german10 and the ,american ,legion--swallowed by the ,anaconda--took up the issue1 and demanded ,fisher's scalp4 ,a faculty committee of the university spent a good part of the summer on this problem1 and vindicated the young professor on every point2 but the chancellor--who still had to get his appropriations every year from an ,anaconda legislature--mutilated the report of his faculty committee before he submitted it to the state board of education2 and he and his board and the attorney general of the state of ,anaconda worked out a most ingenious solution--they gave the radical young professor a compulsory leave of absence at full pay2 they forbid him to teach law at the university1 but they pay him the state's money while he edits the 8,new ,northwest60 ,and the interlocking directorate were so much pleased with this ingenuity of ,chancellor ,elliott that they called him to become president of ,purdue ,university at a higher salary6 ,we move down to ,moscow1 ,idaho1 where we find another university of the ,copper ,trust4 ,five years ago this university had a president named ,brannon1 described to me by a friend as 8a liberal conservative1 an educator and a scientist40 ,the politicians who run the state are the ,day brothers1 mining kings2 they starved the university1 and their henchmen1 who controlled the school funds1 refused to pay the university's bills4 ,they tried to reduce the president's salary1 though he had a contract2 he resigned1 but there was such an uproar in the state that they had to recede4 ,senator ,day's whole family1 including the ladies1 now took up the intrigue against ,president ,brannon2 they caused an investigation of the bursar1 and when the accounts were reported all right1 they sent back their investigators with instructions to find something wrong4 ,a prominent newspaper publisher served notice that he must have the university printing or he would make trouble2 and it is reported on good authority that on this occasion ,president ,brannon said a 8cuss0 word4 ,anyhow1 he was forced to resign1 though no charges had been brought against him4 ,dean ,ayres1 and another dean who had supported him1 went at the same time4 ,we shall meet ,president ,brannon again before long at ,beloit1 and it will appear that he has learned his lesson2 for this time1 when the interlocking directorate gives him orders1 he obeys6 ,the educational affairs of ,idaho1 both school and university1 are in the hands of ,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,bryan1 chief administrative officer of the ,state ,board of ,education4 ,i have before me a very sumptuous pamphlet1 printed by this board a few months ago at the expense of the people of ,idaho4 ,it contains an address by ,dr4 ,bryan1 entitled 8,the ,foes of ,democracy10 and has as a frontispiece the portrait of an exceedingly handsome but stern-looking hundred per cent ,american4 ,dr4 ,bryan has discovered four dangerous foes of democracy3 first1 the 8reds02 second1 the 8radicals02 third1 the 8profiteers02 and fourth1 the 8robber barons40 ,just what is the difference between a 8red0 and a 8radical0 ,i do not know1 and ,dr4 ,bryan does not enable me to find out4 ,apparently a 8radical0 is a person who advises labor unions to use strikes to 8injure the public40 ,it is manifest that there can be no strike which does not injure the public2 ,dr4 ,bryan is a bit muddled1 but it is clear what he means1 that as strikes grow more big1 they also grow more inconvenient4 ,i find him equally muddled on the subject of the 8profiteer02 because1 while he tells us not to make 8an excess profit10 he does not tell us what 8an excess profit0 is1 nor how there can be such a thing in a competitive world4 ,apparently it is the same thing as in the case of strikes3 profiteering has got too big6 ,but that big strikes might be a consequence of big profiteering has apparently not penetrated ,dr4 ,bryan's handsome head4 ,also ,i seek in vain to find out the difference between the 8profiteers0 and the 8robber barons40 ,all ,i can gather is that there are bad men in the world1 and they abuse their power4 ,it is ,dr4 ,bryan's idea that they will read his pamphlet1 and reform1 and then all will be well4 ,may ,i suggest that he send copies of his pamphlet to the ,day brothers1 and also to the ,day wives1 who run the mining and the education of ,idaho8 ,the significant thing about the pamphlet1 aside from its feebleness of thought1 is the amount of space which it gives to the various kinds of evil persons4 ,the 8reds0 get eleven pages1 the 8radicals0 get four and a half1 the 8profiteers0 get one and a quarter1 and the 8robber barons0 get two and a half4 ,i took the trouble to figure this out1 and it appears that the head of ,idaho's educational machine considers that eighty per cent of the perils to present-day ,american life comes from the poor1 and less than twenty per cent from the rich4 ,so ,i am not surprised to receive a letter from a university professor1 telling me that 8in ,idaho1 when a successor to ,president ,lindley of the state university at ,moscow was being sought1 the state commissioner of education1 ,dr4 ,bryan1 requested a ,stanford professor to come and meet the regents4 ,he did this and was not appointed1 because of certain views in reference to the present economic order4 ,dr4 ,bryan told me this himself40 ,i suggest that ,dr4 ,bryan should issue a new edition of his pamphlet1 listing a fifth variety of 8foes of democracy10 in the shape of university authorities who train the youth of the country to be henchmen and lackeys of the profiteers and the robber barons4 ,,chapter ,,xxxviii ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,the ,,latter-,,day ,,saints ,we next take the ,union ,pacific ,railroad1 with its ,columbia trustee for chairman1 and a ,rutgers trustee and two ,massachusetts ,tech trustees and a ,hebrew ,tech trustee for directors1 two ,equitable ,trust ,company directors1 two ,guaranty ,trust ,company directors1 and three ,national ,city ,bank directors2 and find ourselves in ,salt ,lake ,city1 in the domain of another group of mining kings1 working in alliance with one of the weirdest religious organizations that have ever sanctified ,america1 the ,church of the ,latter-,day ,saints4 ,this is not a book on religion1 so we shall merely say that the ,mormons are hard-working people1 who have heaped up enormous treasures1 and have turned the control of these treasures over to the heads of their church4 ,so here is a group of pious plutocrats1 who run the financial1 political1 religious and educational life of the ,state of ,utah4 ,also1 of course1 they run the state university4 ,mr4 ,richard ,young1 the son of ,joseph ,young1 was until quite recently chairman of the board of regents of the ,university of ,utah1 and also trustee of the ,brigham ,young ,university4 ,he is a prominent stand-pat politician1 and made it his business to see that the professors of his university said nothing impolite about the ,copper ,trust1 or the ,smelter ,trust1 or the ,public ,utility ,trust1 or the ,latter-,day ,sanctity ,trust4 ,seven years ago his activities culminated in a violent row4 ,two professors were fired without warning1 and the resentment of the faculty was so great that sixteen others resigned1 and the control of the university by the church and the corporations received a thorough ventilation4 ,it appeared that professors had been admonished and punished for various strange reasons--such as mentioning the important part played by the ,english church in ,english literature2 making a private criticism of a ,mormon woman at a social gathering2 or making an impolite remark concerning the cuspidor shown in a painting of ,brigham ,young1 patriarch of the ,mormon religion6 ,the two professors who had been fired were accused of criticizing the university president2 also1 it was charged that one of them had remarked in a private conversation3 8,isn't it too bad that we have a man like ,richard ,young as chairman of the board of regents40 ,the witnesses who told of the criticism of the president of the university were never called1 and the president was never required to name them4 ,the regents1 in an elaborate public statement on the controversy1 brushed this demand aside by saying that whenever there was disagreement between the president and members of the faculty1 they would settle the issue by deciding1 not who was right1 nor who told the truth1 but who was the most useful to the university6 ,this affair was investigated by a committee of seven professors1 representing the ,american ,association of ,university ,professors1 who issued an eighty-two page report1 covering every detail of the controversy4 ,from this evidence it appears that the charges against the professors were false2 and it appears that the president was to be numbered among those many university heads who do not always tell the truth4 ,a student at commencement had delivered an address1 advocating 8a public utilities commission1 and investigation into the methods of mining and industrial corporations40 ,the interlocking directors were furious over this1 and the governor of the state set to work to find out what professors had approved it4 ,the president of the university denied that the governor had engaged in any such activities2 but the report produces a mass of evidence1 making it perfectly clear that the president's statement was untrue4 ,also1 it appears that the interlocking regents were not above evasion of the truth4 ,they denied knowing that the faculty of the university had adopted a petition for redress of grievances--and this although full details about the faculty action had been published in the newspapers nine or ten days before the regents met6 ,by keeping at it1 the committee of professors extracted a few admissions from these saintly plutocrats2 thus1 they got ,chairman ,young to admit over his own signature 8that the president had warned a certain prominent professor that his activity in behalf of a public utilities bill might injure the university2 that he advised an instructor against participating in a political campaign1 and enjoined a partisan rally on the campus40 ,it must be a difficult matter1 running a university in the capital of the ,latter-,day ,saints4 ,you have to know that your wealthy regents are living in polygamous relationships1 which differ from those maintained by wealthy regents in other parts of the country in that they are crimes under the ,united ,states law1 but acts of holiness under the church law2 and you have to know in just what ways to know about these semi-secret families1 and in just what ways to be ignorant of them4 ,outside is all the world1 laughing at you2 and naturally you are sensitive to that laughter1 and your professors are still more so4 ,they cannot be entirely unaware of modern thought2 and so you have to summon them to your office and plead with them1 pointing out how certain regents object that they 8have been teaching against the experiences of ,joseph ,smith40 ,you have to get them 8to bring into class discussions and explanations of the term ,god or deity1 if they can conscientiously do so40 ,you have to explain to them that unless they 8can conscientiously do so10 the legislature will withhold appropriations1 and they will not get their salaries4 ,and then1 when the ,latter-,day ,grafters put pressure upon you1 you have to remove a competent professor from the head of your ,department of ,english1 and put in a bishop of the ,mormon church1 the distinguished editor of 8,the ,juvenile ,instructor1 a monthly magazine devoted to the interests of the ,sunday ,schools of the ,mormon church02 also author of 8,the ,restoration of the ,gospel1 a volume of ,mormon apologetics1 consisting chiefly of lessons prepared for the ,young ,ladies' ,improvement ,association1 #aiaj-aiaa1 with an introduction by ,joseph ,f4 ,smith1 ,jr41 of the ,quorum of ,twelve ,apostles1 #aiab40 ,and when your professors object to things like this1 your interlocking regents retire you1 and put the brother of the ,mormon bishop into your place6 ,that is what happened at the ,university of ,utah2 ,mr4 ,richard ,young1 grand saint of the board of regents1 put in as president of his institution ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,widstoe1 ,m4 ,a41 author of 8,joseph ,smith1 the ,scientist10 in which he proves that the ,mormon founder anticipated all modern science--excepting only ,darwinism1 which is taboo by the ,church6 ,now ,mr4 ,richard ,young has gone to his eternal reward as grand saint1 and his place is taken by ,mr4 ,waldemar ,van ,cott1 attorney for the ,rio ,grande ,railroad and the ,utah ,fuel ,company1 and the most active agent in the attack on the liberal professors4 ,president ,widstoe has been promoted to 8apostle0 of the ,church1 and his place as head of the university has been taken by ,dr4 ,george ,thomas1 professor of economics4 ,what kind of economics they now teach at the university is summed up for me by a lawyer of ,salt ,lake ,city1 who was formerly on the faculty of the institution4 ,he says3 8,let it be noted that the ,mormon church is a business institution4 ,it owns and controls properties1 banks1 commercial institutions and industries4 ,it is conservative4 ,it is a foe of all doctrines and plans that might weaken property rights4 ,also1 let it be noted that the organization of the ,mormon church is perfect and that those who hold power depend upon the doctrines of the church for their tenure upon power and influence40 ,and then ,i take up the catalogue of the university1 to see what they are teaching their three thousand students1 and ,i find that they are catholic in their tastes4 ,as courses leading to university degrees1 they include commerce and finance1 commercial art1 business bookkeeping and stenography1 auto mechanics1 carpentering and plumbing6 ,three professors at the university write me that conditions under the new administration are greatly improved4 ,one professor asserts that there is now complete freedom4 ,i trust he will not think me unduly skeptical if ,i say that ,i would attach more weight to his experiences if he were teaching1 say economics1 instead of 8ancient language and literature40 ,,chapter ,,xxxix ,,the ,,mining ,,camp ,,university ,we continue our journey on the ,union ,pacific ,railroad1 and come to the metropolis of the ,rocky ,mountains1 a city entirely surrounded by gold mines1 silver mines1 coal mines and copper mines1 and entirely controlled by hard-fighting piratical gentlemen who have seized these hidden treasures4 ,denver is only a generation removed from the mining camp stage of civilization1 and mining camp manners and morals still prevail in its financial1 political and educational life4 ,in other portions of the ,united ,states you find the great captains of industry hiring politicians to run the state and city governments for them2 but in ,colorado up to quite recently they did their own dirty work--you would find the grand dukes of the interlocking directorate1 ,evans of traction1 ,doherty of gas and electric1 ,field of telephones1 ,cheesman of water1 ,guggenheim of copper1 themselves the political bosses1 hiring their thugs and repeaters and ballot box stuffers1 and paying their own cash to their newspaper editors1 clergymen and college presidents4 ,these mighty chieftains used to fall out and quarrel and turn their scandal-bureaus loose on one another1 so it was always easy to learn the insides of ,denver finance1 politics and education4 ,the leading prejudice factory of the ,state of ,colorado has been the ,university of ,denver1 founded by the father of ,william ,g4 ,evans1 traction magnate and ,republican boss4 ,mr4 ,evans made himself president of the board of trustees of the university1 and selected to run the institution an extremely venomous and abusive ,methodist clergyman by the name of ,buchtel4 ,in running the government of ,denver1 ,mr4 ,evans worked in alliance with the gamblers and the keepers of brothels and wine-rooms for the seducing of young girls2 the violations of law became so flagrant that the political gang operating under ,evans found its power threatened1 and cast about for some candidate for governor to take the curse off them1 and selected the ,reverend ,henry ,augustus ,buchtel1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 chancellor of their university4 ,as the ,denver 8,post0 delicately phrased it1 8,they reached up in the ,house of ,god and pulled down the poor old chancellor to cover up the rottenness of their machine40 ,there was a meeting of the chancellor with ,mr4 ,evans and his political henchmen4 ,one of the purposes of his nomination was that his candidacy might aid ,simon ,guggenheim1 head of the ,smelter ,trust1 to buy his way into the ,united ,states ,senate4 ,the chancellor accepted the nomination1 and invited all present to rise1 join hands and sing3 8,blest ,be the ,tie ,that ,binds40 ,you may find this anecdote in 8,the ,beast10 by ,ben ,b4 ,lindsey1 ,judge of the ,children's ,court of ,denver--that is1 you may find it if you can find a copy of the book1 which its publishers mysteriously ceased to push4 ,says ,lindsey3 ,the tie that binds the ,beast and the ,church8 ,yes1 and the ,beast and the ,college6 ,during the ,peabody campaign 7according to the 8,rocky ,mountain ,news07 a young student named ,reed had been practically driven from the ,denver ,university because he criticized the corporation ,governor4 ,later a university professor was sent to ,europe to gather data which was used in the campaign against municipal ownership in ,denver2 and the professor was 8exposed but not forced into retirement40 ,later still1 ,buchtel reprimanded a student named ,bell for volunteering as a worker in one of our ,juvenile ,court campaigns4 ,mr4 ,evans was president of the ,board of ,trustees of the ,university1 and the ,reverend ,henry ,augustus ,buchtel was his ,chancellor4 ,the use of ,buchtel in the campaign that followed was a huge success4 ,everywhere people said to me3 8,why1 the ,chancellor will never stand for the sale of the senatorship to ,guggenheim60 ,or the 8dear chancellor0 will never permit this or that undesirable thing in politics4 ,but ,buchtel had already admitted to a ministerial friend that he believed ,guggenheim ought to be elected--though he said nothing of it from the platform1 you may be sure4 ,after he was ,governor1 he not only endorsed ,guggenheim but vigorously defended the ,legislature for electing ,guggenheim1 honored ,evans with a place on the gubernatorial staff1 and gave a public dinner to the corporation heads who had most profited by the rule of the ,system in the state4 ,they reciprocated by sending the ,denver ,university handsome donations2 ,evans led with #aj1jjj1 and ,guggenheim1 ,hughes and others followed with fat checks4 ,the keeper of a gambling hell1 whom ,i summoned to my court and forced to make restitution to one of his victims1 said to me3 8,i have some respect for ,mayor ,speer4 ,he tells these preachers that he believes in our policy of open gambling4 ,but ,i have nothing but contempt for that old stiff up in the ,state ,house who talks about #8the word of ,god1' and gets his nomination from a boss who protects us1 and gets elected on money that we contributed to the organization60 ,it is one of the saddest aspects of this use of the ,church that ,the ,beast gains respectability thereby1 and the ,church contempt4444 ,buchtel was elected4 ,his candidacy proved a successful disguise for the ,guggenheim 8deal10 and the 8church element0 was used as well as 8the dive element40 ,a corporation legislature was put in power4 ,it only remained for the corporations to deliver the ,united ,states senatorship to ,guggenheim 8for value received10 and to betray the nation as they had betrayed the state4 ,simon ,guggenheim had no more claim to represent ,colorado in the ,senate at ,washington than ,john ,d4 ,rockefeller has--or ,baron ,rothschild4 ,he was the head of the ,smelter ,trust1 and he had been financially interested1 of course1 in the election of ,peabody in #aijd1 and the defeat of the eight-hour law and the suppression of the eight-hour strike4 ,these things entitled him to the gratitude of the corporations only4 ,he was unknown to the people of ,colorado4 ,he had never been heard of by them except in a newspaper interview4 ,he had not1 as far as ,i know1 ever spoken or written a word publicly on politics4 8,i don't know much about the political game10 he told one of his campaign managers1 8but ,i have the money4 ,i know that game40 ,he does4 ,that was fifteen years ago1 and they did their bribery in the old-style way4 ,guggenheim paid the campaign expenses of a majority of the ,colorado legislators4 ,at present the ,state of ,colorado is run by ,phipps1 the steel king1 and they do not have to buy the legislators1 for it is the people who elect the ,united ,states senators1 and they have bought up all the institutions upon which the people depend4 ,they have bought the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 and the churches by 8donations10 and they have bought the universities in ,colorado by giving hundreds of thousands of dollars to them4 ,because ,lindsey exposed this new style of bribery1 the ,phipps machine ordered all of ,lindsey's child welfare bills killed by the state legislature4 ,and of course in their university they watch incessantly to make sure that no dangerous ideas reach the students4 ,last summer there was a meeting of all the clergymen of ,denver on the campus of the university to listen to ,dr4 ,harry ,ward1 general secretary of the ,social ,service ,commission of the ,federated ,council ,churches of ,america4 ,the chancellor intervened at the last minute and forbade ,ward to speak1 denouncing him as 8a menace to the present social order40 ,instead1 he got copies of a report on the steel strike1 which ,judge ,gary had had prepared by one of his kept clergymen1 as a reply to the attack by the ,inter-,church ,world ,movement4 ,every member of the graduating class of #aiba received a copy of this report1 being solemnly called in to receive it personally from the hands of the chancellor4 ,a professor at the university1 who had been scheduled to speak at the church of a ,socialist clergyman in ,denver1 was called up and warned that if he wished to have a career at the university he must avoid that kind of thing4 ,shortly after this a representative of the ,rockefeller education fund was invited to luncheon at the university1 and the chancellor made a public appeal to him for funds1 on the ground of his services in barring ,dr4 ,ward4 ,this was a trifle too raw1 and the chancellor did not get his money6 ,the old man has just been retired2 but the same gang still rules the board of trustees1 with ,evans the infamous as grand duke4 ,as assistant he has an attorney for the 8,big ,four0 corporations which run the city of ,denver1 who spends his spare time leading crusades against the 8reds02 also a prominent banker1 a corporation lawyer1 a real estate speculator1 a capitalistic preacher1 a corporation lawyer from ,pueblo1 a millionaire oil man and lawyer1 a millionaire miner and banker--and finally1 as ,grand ,duke junior1 8,boss0 ,evans' son1 ,john4 ,,chapter ,,xl ,,the ,,colleges ,,of ,,the ,,smelter ,,trust ,the interlocking directorate of ,colorado maintains also a state university at ,boulder1 on the ,colorado and ,southern ,railroad2 which road has a trustee of ,williams ,college for president1 and a ,general ,theological ,seminary trustee for director4 ,the standards of academic freedom prevailing at the ,university of ,colorado are very interestingly revealed in a case which occurred seven years ago4 ,during the coal strike of #aiad1 the operators and their militia set aside the constitution of the ,united ,states in the ,southern counties of the state1 and one professor at the law school took a stand against their action4 ,the operators had burned and suffocated three women and eleven children at ,ludlow1 and ,professor ,james ,w4 ,brewster accepted the chairmanship of a public committee to investigate the strike situation4 ,in peril1 not merely of his job1 but of his life1 he spent several weeks in the coal fields1 questioning witnesses and bringing out evidence4 ,he was the means of forcing an investigation by ,congress1 and he appeared and testified before the ,congressional ,committee4 ,his subsequent dismissal from the university was investigated by the ,american ,association of ,university ,professors1 and their report lies before me4 ,i will state briefly the facts admitted1 and the contentions of both parties to the dispute1 and leave it for the reader to form his own conclusions4 ,professor ,brewster was nearly fifty-nine years of age1 and the president of the university claims that on this account his appointment to the university had been merely temporary1 and that this was fully made clear to ,professor ,brewster4 ,professor ,brewster denies that he had any such understanding4 ,it was admitted by both the president and the dean of the law school that ,brewster's teaching was 8entirely satisfactory40 ,says the report3 ,the testimony of students in his law classes is that ,professor ,brewster in the class room adhered strictly to the subjects he was teaching and made no allusions whatever to industrial questions4 ,the courses that he was teaching did not in any way involve the issues that were then agitating ,colorado4 ,immediately after ,professor ,brewster's testifying in ,december he was abusively attacked by several ,colorado newspapers in unrestrained language and with the most unreasonable distortion and exaggeration of the tenor of his testimony4 ,according to the testimony of ,president ,farrand1 ,e4 ,m4 ,ammons1 then ,governor of ,colorado1 called up ,president ,farrand by telephone soon after ,mr4 ,brewster's appearance before the ,commission in ,denver1 and urged the immediate dismissal of ,professor ,brewster because of his testimony4 ,the president of the university asserts that he refused the governor's request4 ,that was in ,december1 #aiad2 in ,may1 #aiae1 ,professor ,brewster was invited to come to ,washington1 to give his testimony before the ,united ,states ,commission on ,industrial ,relations4 ,professor ,brewster went to the president of the university1 and stated that he had been able to arrange for a colleague to take his classes for the few days of his absence4 ,as to what happened next there is a disagreement4 ,professor ,brewster claims that the president told him that if he went to ,washington his connection with the university must cease at once4 ,the president1 in his statement to the committee of the association1 gives his version of the interview as follows3 ,i told him that ,i regarded the publicity which had attended his former testimony as detrimental in its effect upon the university4 ,in the inflamed condition of public sentiment in ,colorado at that time it was exploited in a way which ,i regarded as unfortunate4 ,his connection with the university was made prominent in the inaccurate publicity which resulted and the institution was drawn thereby into a controversy1 and an attitude attributed to the university as an institution1 which ,i regarded as unwarranted and unfortunate4 ,in further discussion of this point and in illustrating the prejudice aroused by the testimony1 ,i cited the feeling expressed by members of the ,legislature and reported to me during the legislative session of #aiae4 ,i used some expression to the effect that his public statements regarding the industrial situation had been an obstacle in the university's effort to obtain additional support from the ,legislature4 ,i did not1 as ,i recall it1 lay any stress upon this and mentioned it incidentally as an illustration and matter of interest at the moment4 ,i stated that in view of the inaccurate publicity and the involvement of the university at the time of his previous appearance before the ,federal ,commission1 ,i thought it would be desirable1 in case he decided to go to ,washington1 that a statement should be issued indicating the temporary nature of his connection with the university and that that connection would naturally terminate at the end of the academic year4 ,the outcome of the matter was that ,professor ,brewster decided not to go to ,washington2 nevertheless1 he was dropped from the ,university of ,colorado4 ,it is interesting to note that among those who were retained at the ,university was ,dr4 ,john ,chase1 who will live in ,american history as the man responsible for the ,ludlow massacre4 ,he was adjutant-general of the ,colorado militia at the time1 and an unscrupulous partisan of the coal operators4 ,among the regents at the time was ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,parks1 politician1 banker1 coal company director1 and furious opponent of the strikers4 ,among the law faculty who fought ,professor ,brewster was ,professor ,a4 ,a4 ,reed1 whose law partner was engaged in prosecuting a number of the former strikers4 ,professor ,reed1 a former bank president1 was at this time an official of a national bank in ,denver1 and a director of the ,colorado ,fuel ,iron ,company1 ,mr4 ,rockefeller's concern which put through the ,ludlow massacre4 ,i am interested to note that another member of the faculty who is not objected to is ,professor ,l4 ,w4 ,cole1 director of the ,school of ,social ,service1 who last summer recommended to the students of his summer school ,vice-,president ,coolidge's magazine articles on the 8,red menace10 a farrago of foolishness gathered by the ,lusk committee and their secret agents4 ,also we ought to have a glance at ,colorado ,college1 located at ,colorado ,springs2 a co-educational institution started by the ,congregational ,church1 and now conducted by the interlocking directorate4 ,they had a first-class business man for president1 but there were brought against him 8serious charges of indiscreet and improper conduct toward two women employed in the college offices40 ,now1 of course1 the business men who run the government of ,colorado1 in conjunction with the brothels and wine-rooms1 understand that college presidents have to have their little pleasures in off hours2 but some of the faculty thought that college presidents ought to have these pleasures somewhere off the campus4 ,they endeavored privately to force the resignation of the president2 whereat the trustees became furious1 and fired a dean who had been active in the matter4 ,when the students organized and protested1 they contemptuously rejected the students' demands4 ,this matter likewise was investigated by the ,american ,association of ,university ,professors1 and it happened that ,i studied their report before ,i knew anything about the trustees and their financial position4 ,it was rather funny2 ,i read what the trustees said to the professors1 and how they behaved in the various conferences2 ,i read their letters1 and found myself thinking3 this must be a rich man1 and so must this2 here must be the grand duke1 the fellow who runs the place6 ,then ,i looked them up in 8,who's ,who10 and1 sure enough1 there they were--,mr4 ,philip ,b4 ,stewart1 mining and public utility magnate1 an active ,republican politician2 and ,mr4 ,irving ,howbert1 president of a bank1 a gold mining company and a railroad1 also an active ,republican politician6 ,would you like to hear one of these grand dukes addressing his college professors1 gathered together to be taught their place8 ,listen to the affidavit of ,professor ,george ,m4 ,howe3 ,the meeting was opened by ,mr4 ,p4 ,b4 ,stewart1 chairman of the executive committee of the ,board4 ,mr4 ,stewart berated us soundly for what we had done4444 ,his mains points were that we had been guilty of sending libelous matter through the mail1 for which we might well be sent to the penitentiary2 that we had given the slanderous charges against ,dr4 ,slocum into the hands of persons who should know nothing of them1 since our letters would come into the hands of private secretaries of the men to whom they were sent2 and that we had made the completion of the five hundred thousand dollar fund for the ,college impossible1 since the ,trustees1 who were large contributors1 would now withhold their subscriptions4 ,his purpose was apparently to make us feel that our conduct had been thoroughly idiotic and ill-advised in every respect4 ,and then hear the summing up of the ,american ,association of ,university ,professors3 8,the committee feels constrained to remark1 further1 that the attitude of the majority of the members of the ,board of ,trustees and of the ,board as a body towards the faculty has been characterized by grave discourtesy1 a lack of openness and candor1 and an habitual disregard of the fact that the administrative officers and teaching staff of a college have large and definite moral responsibilities in relation to the internal conditions and standards of the institution with which they are connected40 ,the outcome of the whole matter was that the graduating class of the college fell off from eighty to twenty-six2 but the interlocking trustees waited4 ,they held the purse-strings1 and they knew that the incident would be forgotten1 and the students would come back--which they did4 ,also the plutocracy of ,colorado maintains an institution for training its engineers and mining experts2 this is the ,colorado ,school of ,mines1 located at ,golden4 ,here also there was trouble1 because on 8,senior ,day0 some of the students got drunk and beat up a member of the faculty at a baseball game4 ,naturally1 the president and the faculty resented this1 and they suspended five of the students1 and there was a great uproar1 culminating in a student strike4 ,this incident also was investigated by the ,association of ,university ,professors1 and ,i studied the report before ,i knew anything about the various trustees4 ,here again ,i was able to pick out the grand duke by his bad manners1 and by the way everybody cringed before him when he came down from ,cripple ,creek to deal with the row4 ,he is ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,carlton1 president of four banks and of several mining companies4 ,naturally1 so great a man realized the absurdity of suspending the sons of the plutocracy1 merely for the beating up of a college professor6 ,with the help of ,captain ,smith1 another member of the board1 he settled the strike by reinstating the suspended students and forcing the resignation of the protesting president4 ,the board put in a former president of the college1 who had been dismissed for cause1 but who was exactly the sort of fellow they wanted1 as you can see from the sworn testimony of seven different professors1 to the effect that he had lowered the teaching standards of the college by insisting again and again that the sons of the plutocracy should be given passing marks after they had failed4 ,the committee of university professors states that 8,professor ,h4 ,b4 ,patton1 for twenty-four years a member of the faculty1 informed the ,committee that ,president ,alderson condoned cheating on the part of a son of an influential ,denver citizen40 ,says ,professor ,albert ,g4 ,wolf3 8,many students at the school during ,alderson's administration were allowed to pass1 after having failed in their studies1 because they were either athletes or relations of influential men of ,colorado40 ,says ,professor ,stephen ,worrell3 8,president ,alderson arbitrarily raised the grades of some of the men ,i had either conditioned or failed4444 ,subsequent investigation revealed that the men whose grades had been raised were relatives of prominent politicians in the ,state4 ,i found on inquiry that the same thing had happened to other members of the faculty1 but that they had all accepted the situation as inevitable40 ,this controversy was settled by the dismissal of several of the protesting professors1 and by the appointment of a committee of the state legislature1 which investigated the situation and reported in the following apposite words3 ,in conclusion1 your ,committee finds that the management and administration of the ,school of ,mines is efficient1 the trustees1 officers1 and faculty competent1 well qualified1 and trustworthy1 and that the institution1 members1 officers1 faculty1 and trustees are entitled to the support1 respect1 and encouragement of the citizens of this ,state1 the alumni of the institution1 and the general public4 ,your ,committee is of the opinion that the institution will flourish and its excellent reputation be maintained if it receives the encouragement and patronage to which it is so justly entitled4 ,,chapter ,,xli ,a ,,land ,,grant ,,college ,we travel ,northeast1 and leave the mining country4 ,on the lonely plains of the state of ,north ,dakota we find men toiling for long hours1 and raising a hundred million bushels of wheat every year4 ,they mill very little wheat1 but ship it away to the 8twin cities0 of ,minneapolis and ,st4 ,paul2 and then import their own flour3 which means that from the time the wheat leaves his land the farmer is paying tribute to a chain of exploiters--elevator men1 railroads1 speculators1 millers1 and the bankers who furnish the capital for these operations4 ,the same situation prevails throughout the prairie states1 and so here you have a well-matured class struggle between the dwellers in the country and the dwellers in the towns4 ,ever since the ,civil ,war the farmers have been struggling to free themselves from the 8money devil40 ,wave after wave of revolt has risen1 and sunk again1 but always the masters of credit have managed to hold on4 ,they have done this by owning or subsidizing the newspapers1 the agricultural weeklies and the general magazines1 and also by controlling the schools and colleges in which the farmers' children are educated4 ,writing in #aiaf1 ,gilson ,gardner stated that the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,education had approximately two hundred employes1 and out of this number one hundred and thirty appeared on the official rolls as drawing a salary of one dollar per year4 8,the source from which these men are paid is unknown4 ,it is known in general1 however1 that some of them get their salaries from the ,rockefeller ,general ,education ,board and some from the ,sage ,foundation or other endowments of private capital4 ,the reports made by these employes go out as government experiment publications with the full prestige of official endorsement upon them40 ,one of the government employes who is not a corporation hireling is ,professor ,w4 ,j4 ,spillman1 chief of the ,bureau of ,agricultural ,economics1 and editor of a farm paper4 ,professor ,spillman states that a wealthy friend came to him1 with a statement that the ,rockefeller ,general ,education ,board was seeking to control the educational institutions of the country1 to see that the men employed in them were 8right40 ,they had been successful with the smaller institutions1 but some of the larger ones had held out1 and ,rockefeller was now adding a hundred million dollars to the foundation1 8for the express purpose of forcing his money into these big institutions4 ,he is looking for a man who can put this across4 ,i think you are just the man for the place4 ,there is a fat salary in it for the man who can do the thing10 and so on4 ,professor ,spillman expressed some doubt of the ,rockefellers being able to accomplish their purpose1 and the friend explained that the removal of the unsatisfactory educators would be brought about as the result of 8local dissatisfaction40 ,you will call this a 8cock and bull story02 but just notice--in the years #aiae and #aiaf there were nine liberal presidents of ,western colleges turned out of their jobs1 and at least twenty professors1 mostly of economics and sociology6 ,do you really think that the masters of the ,money ,trust1 having bought up the last newspaper and the last popular magazine1 would overlook your schools and colleges8 ,if so1 you are exactly the kind of foolish person they count upon you to be6 ,most influential among the farmers are the so-called 8land grant colleges10 which1 way back in the days of ,president ,lincoln1 received from ,congress large grants of government land for their support4 ,much of this land was stolen outright by the grafters4 ,i am told that in ,maine large tracts of the most valuable timber land were sold for a mere song1 and without advertisement2 exactly the same thing was done in ,michigan1 ,wisconsin1 ,minnesota and ,oregon--these land steals form the basis of the power of those old aristocratic families whom we found running ,reed ,college and the ,university of ,oregon4 ,from what ,i know of my ,united ,states1 ,i feel quite sure that an investigation in any state between ,maine and ,oregon would reveal the same kind of thing4 ,anyhow1 here are these land grant colleges1 some of them big and prosperous1 educating the farmers' boys1 and as yet not aspiring to the snobbery of the big universities4 ,the interlocking directorate wishes to get hold of these institutions1 and to see that dangerous thoughts are kept out4 ,i purpose to show you what they did in one state2 ,i bespeak your careful attention1 because the story of one is the story of all1 and in reading about ,north ,dakota you will also be reading about ,maine1 ,vermont1 ,michigan1 ,wisconsin1 ,kansas1 ,nebraska1 ,iowa1 ,colorado and ,oregon4 ,john ,h4 ,worst1 at that time lieutenant-governor of ,north ,dakota1 became president of the ,agricultural ,college in #ahie4 ,it was a small institution at that time2 by seventeen years of hard work he built it up until he had over twelve hundred students4 ,also he conducted1 in connection with the college1 a government experiment station1 in which he had some devoted scientists4 ,one of these1 ,professor ,e4 ,f4 ,ladd1 now ,united ,states ,senator put in office by the ,non-,partisan ,league1 was a chemist1 who became state pure food commissioner1 and carried on a vigorous campaign against light weights and short measures1 and the adulterating and misbranding of food4 ,he went to the shelves of the grocery stores1 and showed that the stomachs of the people of ,north ,dakota were made a dumping-ground for timothy seed1 gelatine and coal tar dyes4 ,he exposed the use of dangerous poisons in patent medicines1 and denounced the practice of bleaching flour--nor was he content to prove these things in his laboratory1 he went out and taught the people of the state1 and helped to put through laws against these practices4 ,as a result1 he incurred the mortal enmity of whiskey rectifiers1 baking-powder manufacturers1 paint manufacturers1 the ,beef ,trust and the ,milling ,trust4 ,i talked with ,senator ,ladd in ,washington in ,june1 #aibb1 and he told me that the last libel suit filed against him--for one hundred thousand dollars--had been dismissed on the fourteenth of the previous ,april2 prior to that time1 for twenty-two years he had never been free from libel suits and injunctions4 ,at one time there had been six hanging over his head1 and never one had been filed by a citizen of ,north ,dakota1 nor had he ever lost one4 ,next1 meet ,professor ,h4 ,c4 ,bolley1 who is my dream of a scientist2 a long1 lean1 keen old gentleman1 a demon for the hunting out of knowledge1 and an untamed champion of the people's cause4 ,i met him in ,fargo1 and asked him if he would tell me his story1 and there came a few more wrinkles on his thin face4 8,i have been in this for twenty-two years10 he said1 8and maybe it will be my fate to be kicked out for talking to ,upton ,sinclair60 ,then the old professor thrust out an eager finger3 8,this is the question ,i am asking3 ,is a college professor a citizen8 ,or does he part with his rights1 and become some kind of subject when he takes a college job8 ,i made up my mind that ,i was going to stay a citizen1 and exercise every one of the rights of a citizen1 including the right to go out and talk to my fellow-citizens1 to educate them1 and organize them to protect their rights against all-comers4 ,that is all there is to my story40 ,professor ,bolley is one of the leading plant pathologists of the ,united ,states2 it was he who first discovered the causes of most of the diseases which plague the farms of ,north ,dakota--of 8rust0 and 8smut0 and 8root rots0 in wheat and other cereals1 of potato 8scab0 and flax 8wilt0--and he worked out remedies for these troubles1 and taught them to the people4 ,he proved that 8flax wilt0 is due to 8sick0 soil--and that seemed a terrible thing to the land interests and the railroads1 who were making money out of getting new farmers into ,north ,dakota4 ,these speculators were not interested in having ,professor ,bolley cure the 8sick0 soil2 it paid them better if the farmers went into bankruptcy every few years4 ,the discoveries of ,professor ,bolley were worth hundreds of millions to the farmers of the ,northwest4 ,he made discoveries about flaxseed1 and the linseed crushers and paint makers tried to buy his services--they were used to buying professors4 ,bolley had them put the money into the institution1 with the provision that it was to be employed for his researches4 ,we shall presently see how his enemies tried to take it away from him4 ,also1 this professor-citizen took up the question of the grading of wheat1 the sorest point with the ,northwestern farmers4 ,they are absolutely at the mercy of the elevator men and the millers1 and the whole thing is one colossal swindle4 ,professor ,bolley knows wheat as well as any other man in the world1 and he showed the tricks to the farmers4 ,in the first place1 the wheat all gets mixed up in the elevators1 and there is no way to tell ,smith's from ,jones's4 ,nevertheless1 the farce of 8grading0 goes on1 and its effect is to beat down the price to the farmer4 ,the millers say they must have ,number ,one ,red ,spring--but there is not enough of this produced in ,america to feed one big city6 ,what determines the mixture is the percentage of protein1 starch1 and gluten1 and they test the flour as it comes through the mill1 and when this or that ingredient is needed1 they let in wheat of a certain kind1 regardless of its 8grade40 ,that which they grade as 8,d10 and buy as 8feed0 wheat1 just because it is shrunken1 may be the richest of all in proteins1 and be used in their best brands of flour4 ,it is a fact that a great part of the flour is made from 8rejected0 wheat2 and the sole point of the rejecting is to lower the price4 ,i asked1 8,what is the price of rejected wheat80 and the answer was1 8,it is a bottomless pit--you can buy it for anything40 ,they reject wheat if there is water in it--but they have to put water in it themselves in order to mill it6 ,they reject it for smut--but they use it just the same1 because the brush that takes off the bran also takes off the smut6 ,they even use the mouldy wheat1 because they bleach it4 ,many times ,professor ,bolley found them rejecting wheat for smut1 and he would go to that neighborhood and learn there was little or no smut to be found there1 and the elevator men made no effort to keep the wheat with smut separate from the rest4 ,the elevator and grading workers would tell him that they had received word--there was too much wheat on the market1 and they were to buy only 8rejected0 wheat--as an act of charity to those poor farmers who had got smut into their wheat2 but the effect of this action was to force more farmers into ruin4 ,professor ,bolley was invited to accompany fifty scientists1 including some from ,europe1 to inspect the flour mills in the 8,twin ,cities40 ,here came the prize 8boosters0 of the millers1 setting forth the wonders of the place and the extreme precautions they took to use only the very finest wheat--they were making their best flour4 ,professor ,bolley dipped his hand into one hopper and then into another1 and carried home samples of this wheat4 ,fifty per cent of it consisted of amber durum1 which they rejected1 seven per cent of another rejected kind1 and the balance of a very inferior grade of winter wheat2 no hard spring wheat in the sample6 ,and yet the millers would invite ,professor ,bolley to the ,chamber of ,commerce1 to tell them how they could teach the farmers to raise better wheat6 ,professor ,bolley went to ,russia and spent a year collecting hardy wheats2 the ,siberian wheat which he brought home thrived1 but the millers said it was worthless--and they bought it cheap4 ,then the farmers stopped growing it2 whereupon the millers suddenly decided that this ,siberian wheat was good2 the climate had changed it1 they said6 ,meantime1 ,professor ,ladd had set up a model bakery and a flour mill at the experiment station1 and on the basis of his demonstrations1 ,president ,worst was showing the farmers of ,north ,dakota how they could save the sum of fifty-five million dollars a year1 by setting up elevators and mills1 and exporting flour instead of wheat4 ,in this demonstration lay the beginnings of the ,nonpartisan ,league movement1 and the masters of the ,money ,trust perceived that they must crush these rebel educators4 ,how they tried to do it is the story we have next to hear4 ,,chapter ,,xlii ,,an ,,agricultural ,,melodrama ,in ,january1 #aiaa1 there was held in the ,twin ,cities a gathering of the interlocking directorate1 called by ,a4 ,r4 ,rogers1 lumber magnate1 ,howe1 the elevator man1 and a group of the big bankers2 afterwards they got in the late 8,jesse ,james0 ,hill1 the railroad king of the ,northwest4 ,these gentlemen worked out a scheme1 and wrote their checks for five thousand each4 ,one of them threw in a remark3 8,it would be worth twenty-five thousand a year of any man's money to get ,bolley out of the state1 or to keep his damned mouth shut40 ,they were going to 8educate0 the farmers of ,north ,dakota1 and they called their movement the 8,hundred ,dollar ,an ,acre ,club10 subsequently changing it to the 8,better ,farming ,association40 ,they appointed an executive committee consisting of ,rogers1 the lumberman1 ,howe1 the elevator man1 one farmer1 and eighteen ,north ,dakota bankers1 with the president of the ,first ,national ,bank of ,fargo at their head6 ,these bankers were borrowing money in ,wall ,street at six per cent and lending it to the farmers of their state at ten per cent1 which represented a profit of twelve million dollars a year to them4 ,as manager of their program of 8education0 they selected one ,thomas ,cooper1 at a larger salary than any 8educator0 in ,north ,dakota had ever been paid before4 ,forty-five thousand dollars a year was pledged1 and ,mr4 ,cooper set to work to 8educate0 the farmers as to the wickedness of ,ladd1 ,bolley1 and others4 ,after three years the balance-sheet of the organization showed liabilities of forty thousand dollars1 and assets of one brilliant idea4 ,the bankers of the organization went to that other group of bankers who comprised the trustees of the ,north ,dakota ,agricultural ,college1 and proposed that the college should take over ,mr4 ,cooper and his salary and his deficit1 and should give him entire control of the experiment station and extension division1 and joint authority over the instruction division1 with eighteen ,north ,dakota bankers as an advisory board6 ,this little job was put through in #aiac1 and the exact facts were hidden from the people of ,north ,dakota1 and two years later the ,nonpartisan ,league newspapers had to steal the documents in the case in order to make them known6 ,now behold ,mr4 ,cooper and his eighteen bankers in control of a state experiment station6 ,the first thing they do is to lock ,professor ,bolley out of his laboratories1 and the poor janitor is somewhat bewildered1 not knowing whom to let in6 ,they even take away from his department the research money which he had got from the linseed crushers6 ,they forbid ,ladd and ,bolley to go to the state capital while the state legislature is in session4 ,they issue a written order forbidding them to publish press bulletins or newspaper articles until these have received the ,o4 ,k4 of ,mr4 ,cooper2 and when ,professor ,bolley submits bulletins they chop them to pieces and publish them in such garbled form that they make nonsense4 ,for four years they publish nothing at all of ,bolley's work4 ,the brunt of the struggle fell on ,president ,worst1 not because he had done anything himself1 but because he stood by his professors4 ,in the fall of #aiad ,worst was in ,washington1 attending a convention of the agricultural colleges1 and the board passed a secret resolution promoting him to be president-emeritus--an honorary degree hitherto unknown in ,north ,dakota agricultural culture4 ,they had conceived the clever idea of putting ,ladd in his place1 because this would pacify the people1 and they believed that ,ladd would prove a poor executive1 and would be unable to hold on4 ,they came to ,ladd and begged him to accept1 and assured him that ,worst had consented--which was not true4 ,when the governor of the state learned what they had done1 he fell into a panic1 and ordered them to rescind the action1 and for a year thereafter they backed and filled and argued1 trying to persuade ,worst to resign and ,ladd to take his place4 ,in the following year ,governor ,hanna1 himself a prominent banker and director in many corporations1 appointed a new board of regents1 with a banker as president1 and another banker and his lawyer making the majority4 ,to this new board ,president ,worst protested against the disorganization in the institution1 and proposed some division of authority4 ,the interlocking newspapers lied about what he had said1 and the board again got up the nerve to kick him upstairs4 ,the students met1 and in mass conventions denounced and protested1 and the board spent three days badgering them trying to find out who had written an editorial of protest4 ,finally1 ,worst went out and ,ladd came in--on condition that he was to have complete authority1 and that ,professor ,bolley was to remain4 ,senator ,ladd tells me that as soon as he had been elected1 and in the very room where these conditions had been agreed to1 one member of the board asked him to get rid of ,bolley1 and called him a 8damned fool0 when he refused4 ,after that there was never a single meeting of the board that they did not pick a row with him over this issue4 ,soon they began asking him to resign2 at first they asked him to write his resignation1 and later they wrote it for him--all they asked him to do was to sign it6 ,also there were filed some forty odd charges of unprofessional conduct against ,professor ,bolley1 whom they had now discovered to be 8crazy40 ,they gave this 8crazy0 man a busy time for several years4 ,two members of the board came to ,fargo1 to demand that ,bolley should be fired2 then an investigating committee of the faculty was appointed1 which completely exonerated him4 ,but the board insisted that this was a partisan committee2 they appointed a committee of their own members1 and this committee called on the chairman of the faculty committee1 and abused him for not making a proper investigation2 then they went to ,bolley1 and took up one question after another1 and ,bolley refuted each4 ,after three hours one member of the board said3 8,well1 ,i think it's time to quit40 ,the second said3 8,if you are satisfied1 ,i am40 ,the board received this report of complete exoneration from its committee1 and decided they would have to discontinue the procedure--but they refused to exonerate ,bolley6 ,the controversy was carried to the national government1 and the ,department of ,agriculture appointed a committee1 which also investigated1 and could find nothing wrong with the 8crazy0 professor4 ,this whole story of ,bolley makes you think of the melodramas we used to see on the ,bowery1 where the heroine is tied to a railroad track1 or tied on a log which is going into a saw-mill1 and the rescuers come galloping up on horseback at the instant when the villain seems triumphant4 ,in the fall of #aiaf the ,non-partisan ,league swept the ,state of ,north ,dakota1 and on ,january #a1 #aiag1 ,lynn ,frasier came galloping into the governorship of ,north ,dakota1 and the farmers of the state got the results of ,professor ,bolley's experiments once more4 ,thunders of applause from the gallery6 ,,chapter ,,xliii ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,wheat ,the state of ,north ,dakota is small in population1 likewise in its influence in the academic world2 but its story is important1 because its people have blazed a path upon which the rest of us are destined to travel for the next decade4 ,what has happened in ,north ,dakota education will happen in hundreds of our institutions1 and therefore it is desirable that academic liberals should know the story4 ,the ,university of ,north ,dakota is located at ,grand ,forks4 ,the president from #aiji to #aiac was ,frank ,l4 ,mc,vey1 who was chairman of a tax commission in ,minnesota1 and got in the way of 8,jesse ,james0 ,hill1 and was shunted off to ,north ,dakota to get rid of him4 ,that he was not a dangerous radical may be judged from the fact that in #aiab he objected to three of his professors taking part in the ,progressive movement4 ,in #aiad ,professor ,lewinsohn of the law school resigned his position with a dignified statement1 and the president replied by a letter1 in which he set up the contention that college professors are in the same position as judges4 ,the grand duke of the board of regents at this time was ,judge ,n4 ,c4 ,young1 railroad attorney4 ,needless to say1 ,judge ,young did not refrain from politics2 on the contrary1 he ran the ,republican machine of the state--and incidentally never hesitated to denounce the liberals at his university4 ,judge ,young's assistant was ,mr4 ,tracy ,bangs1 aggressive attorney for the ,northern ,states ,power ,company and the ,northwestern ,bell ,telephone ,company4 ,mr4 ,bangs defended in a murder case the son of a rich farmer1 and got his client off on a plea of 8self-defense10 despite the fact that the victim1 a farm-hand1 had been shot in the back4 ,thereupon1 several hundred of ,mr4 ,bangs' fellow citizens1 including many university professors1 signed a petition to the grand jury1 charging him with jury-bribing and demanding his indictment4 ,one professor1 ,a4 ,j4 ,ladd1 asked him to resign from the board of trustees while he was under this indictment4 ,mr4 ,bangs did not resign1 but he bided his time1 and as ,i write he is seeing to it that ,professor ,a4 ,j4 ,ladd is separated from the university6 ,in #aiae1 when the ,non-partisan ,league was started1 the university 8opposed it by nature0--so a former professor phrased it to me4 ,one man1 ,professor ,gillette1 consented to speak at the first meeting of the league1 and his life has been one long struggle with the reactionaries ever since4 ,in #aiag ,president ,mc,vey resigned1 and the board hastened to nominate his successor1 before the ,non-partisans got in and appointed ,frederick ,c4 ,howe6 ,they selected ,president ,kane of the ,university of ,washington--upon the reputation which he had made for himself by forgiving the crimes and accepting the chimes of the ,seattle 8,times40 ,a professor at ,north ,dakota1 who got to know ,president ,kane very well1 describes him to me in these words3 8,he has less sense of honor than any man ,i ever knew40 ,it was not long before he had proved his incapacity in ,north ,dakota1 and there was a storm of protest concerning him2 by way of defending himself he set up the claim that the opposition was due to his refusal to appoint nominees of the ,non-partisan ,league to posts as teachers4 ,the statement was absurd on the face of it1 because all nominations were made by the heads of departments2 but it served to bring the support of the reactionaries4 ,i am told on good authority that ,president ,kane made a deal with the ,i4 ,v4 ,a4--8,independent ,voters' ,association10 camouflage for big business--that he was to be retained and allowed to 8swing the axe10 in return for his using the university influence against the ,non-partisan ,league4 ,the president had an organization all ready-made1 in the fraternities and sororities2 and in #aibj1 when the faculty petitioned for his removal1 he and his reactionaries went to these groups for support4 ,they incited a student rebellion--and ,i find this especially significant1 in view of the insistence of all interlocking trustees and newspapers upon academic order and authority4 ,what could be more shocking to a believer in propriety than for college students to organize and try to force the hands of their superiors8 ,but of course that does not apply in a case where the sons of bankers and railroad attorneys and public utility magnates are endeavoring to cripple a political movement of 8rubes0 and 8hicks0 and 8hayseeds40 ,the active agent in this student rebellion was the wife of an employe of the ,grand ,forks 8,herald10 whose owner1 ,mr4 ,jerry ,bacon1 represents the ,twin ,city milling and railroad interests in ,north ,dakota4 ,mr4 ,bacon had fought the movement for faculty control1 calling it 8sovietism in the university40 ,i am told by one of his friends that in this matter of the student uprising he went up to ,minneapolis and got his orders from ,louis ,hill1 son and heir of 8,jesse ,james40 ,whether he got the money from ,mr4 ,hill ,i do not know1 but ,i do know that the presses of his newspaper printed cards1 supposed to be voicing the students of the university1 urging the student-body to refuse to attend classes of those professors who demanded the president's resignation4 ,a student strike to keep ,president ,kane in office6 ,it must have been much pleasanter for him than that other strike1 back in ,washington1 when the students made rhymes denouncing the crimes and rejecting the chimes of the ,seattle 8,times06 ,last year1 when the 8,i4 ,v4 ,a40 came into power1 the new ,governor ,nestos came to the university to deliver the ,founders' ,day address1 and revealed the new scheme of his crowd--to 8get0 the liberal professors on the issue of religion4 ,in the ,north ,dakota legislature a representative of the 8,i4 ,v4 ,a40 had proclaimed the terrible tidings that the state library was circulating 8,the ,profits of ,religion40 ,he described the pages referring to the ,catholic political machine as 8so sacrilegious1 so terrible1 that ,i would not read it in this house or any other place40 ,according to the ,bismarck 8,tribune10 he 8called the attention of every minister in ,north ,dakota to this book0--apparently overlooking the inconsistency of asking the ministers to read the book1 and at the same time forbidding the state library to furnish it to them6 ,now came ,governor ,nestos1 accusing the professors of 8undermining the faith of the students02 and ,president ,kane wrote letters to three of the liberals1 ,o4 ,g4 ,libby1 ,a4 ,j4 ,ladd1 and ,dean ,willis of the ,law ,school--several pages of virulent abuse1 culminating in the announcement of their dismissal4 ,under the constitution1 this matter should have been taken up by the dean1 and the professors had the right of appeal to the university council4 ,this council appointed a committee1 consisting exclusively of ,kane supporters2 nevertheless1 after hearing the evidence1 this committee unanimously exonerated the professors1 and the board of administration did the same4 ,the board tried to settle the matter by requesting both ,kane and the professors to resign1 but the railroad attorneys who are now running the university will not permit that4 ,the struggle is still on1 and the outcome uncertain as ,i write4 ,one man who has got away tells me how it feels to teach under the control of big business in ,north ,dakota3 8,it means the surrender1 not merely of your mind1 but of your character2 a man who stands it for two or three years becomes wholly unfit to influence the young4 ,it has been less than a year since ,i left1 yet ,i have had letters from probably twelve men at the university1 asking me to help them to get positions elsewhere60 ,finally1 in justice to the liberal professors1 ,i think ,i should state that no person now at the university has furnished me any information about it4 ,several were asked to do so1 and declined4 ,,chapter ,,xliv ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,the ,,ore ,,trust ,let us continue ,east on the ,northern ,pacific ,railroad1 which has ,mr4 ,morgan and two of his partners for directors1 a recent ,harvard overseer and ,massachusetts ,tech trustee for chairman1 a ,harvard overseer and ,smith ,college trustee1 a ,cornell trustee1 an ,amherst trustee1 a ,hampton trustee and a ,union ,theological ,seminary trustee for directors1 also three ,first ,national ,bank directors2 and we come to the 8,twin ,cities10 from which the ,northwestern grain country is run4 ,here we are in one of the strongholds of the ,steel ,trust1 also of the ,lumber ,trust and the grain speculators4 ,minnesota contains a great part of the iron ore of the ,united ,states1 and the ,steel ,trust owns it all1 and in alliance with the millers and the lumbermen1 it runs the government of the state1 and of course the state university4 ,the university had a most wonderful endowment of government land1 covered with the finest white and ,norway pine4 ,the ,lumber ,trust wanted this timber1 and they got practically all of it4 ,likewise the ,steel ,trust wanted the ore that was under the land1 and they got it2 and sometimes it happened that the officials who sold this land at bargain prices were also trustees of the university4 ,for a generation the grand duke who ran the ,university of ,minnesota was ,john ,s4 ,pillsbury1 co-author with his two brothers of a famous work entitled 8,pillsbury's ,best10 widely known all over the ,united ,states4 ,i had better abandon this feeble jest and be explicit1 stating that ,governor ,pillsbury belonged to a family of flour manufacturers1 the founders of the ,milling ,trust4 ,governor ,pillsbury himself went in more especially for lumber2 he got fraudulent possession of more public lands than any other person in the state1 and gave some of the profits to the university1 and so is called the 8father of the university40 ,now he is dead1 and the grand duke of his institution is his son-in-law1 ,fred ,b4 ,snyder1 president of a mining company and director of the biggest bank and trust company in ,minneapolis4 ,as his right-hand man he has ,pierce ,butler1 railroad attorney1 a hard-fisted and aggressive agent of the plutocracy1 counsel for the ,great ,northern ,railroad4 ,as his assistants he has the vice-president of a national bank in ,duluth1 who is director of another national bank and a large owner of land and mines2 the biggest dry-goods wholesaler in ,minneapolis1 director in the city traction lines2 a water-power financier2 the wife and daughter-in-law of two mining and lumber magnates2 a physician1 son-in-law of 8,jesse ,james0 ,hill1 the railroad king2 and another very wealthy physician1 on whose yacht on the ,mississippi ,river the regents sometimes hold their meetings4 ,i remember ,lincoln ,steffens1 telling twenty years ago of the ,shame of the ,cities1 describing how the politicians in ,pittsburgh would travel to ,philadelphia1 ,boston1 ,cincinnati1 and other cities1 to find out the latest wrinkles in graft1 with a view to applying them at home4 ,it occurs to me that the interlocking regents of ,minnesota must have sent a commission to study methods at the ,university of ,pennsylvania2 for when ,i asked ,minnesota professors to tell me what happened to them1 ,i heard the same story that ,i had heard in the ,wharton ,school of ,finance1 told in the very same phrases4 ,if you displease your superiors of the ,milling ,trust1 you may get no changes in your courses1 but may have to teach large classes of freshmen1 over and over again the same weary routine1 until your heart breaks4 ,you ask for more advanced classes1 and you do not get them2 you do not get promotions or increases in salary1 and when you inquire the reason1 your superiors are politely vague4 ,if you still do not take the hint and abandon your independent manners and beliefs1 the head of your department sends for you and tells you that he is very sorry1 but there are a lot of cranks running the state just now4 8,here ,i have a letter from the dean1 who has it from the president1 who has it from a regent40 ,if your superior happens to like you1 he offers you one more opportunity to recant1 or he offers 8to land you at ,wisconsin02 he will give you 8a bully recommendation10 it will be 8a fine opportunity for you40 ,if1 on the other hand1 he does not happen to like you1 then you pick up your evening paper1 and read a scare headline on the front page1 to the effect that you have been dismissed from the university for conduct unbecoming the academic profession4 ,there were some students who thought it would be interesting to have an 8open discussion club40 ,they were handicapped by many regulations2 and1 quite casually1 the dean of student affairs would stroll in on their meetings1 to keep watch over them4 ,one of the students went to a member of the faculty1 and asked him if he would come and explain to the students the doctrines of ,karl ,marx2 the professor smiled1 and answered that he wanted to stay at the university4 ,i am happy to be able to say that the students were not so timid as the professor1 and they now meet quite openly1 calling themselves the 8,seekers40 ,they have had several grave mishaps at this ,university of the ,ore ,trust4 ,first1 a man came and registered in the classes1 and was discovered to be a ,communist6 ,the man had been brought to the ,united ,states when he was three years old1 and so he was an alien1 and was slated for deportation4 ,but the government was in an embarrassing position2 the man did not know what country to claim1 and the government couldn't find out1 and didn't know where to send him6 ,needless to say1 however1 the university got rid of him in a hurry4 ,they had for three years a ,harvard ,ph4,d41 educated in ,england2 after the fashion of ,englishmen1 he was a member of the ,fabian ,society1 and thought he had a perfect right to his political views1 just the same as if he had been at ,oxford4 ,he began working for the ,committee of ,forty-eight1 making speeches at other places1 and so he got into the newspapers4 ,the head of his department sent for him3 8,we have to keep out of the newspapers2 look at me1 ,i have been here twelve years1 and ,i have never got into them60 ,but this instructor would not change his evil practices1 so he too had to be got rid of4 ,meet ,professor ,john ,henry ,gray1 one of the most distinguished economists in the ,united ,states4 ,professor ,gray was for fifteen years at ,northwestern ,university1 and for fifteen at the ,university of ,minnesota4 ,he is not a ,socialist1 but an extremely mild liberal1 a quiet man and a patient worker1 who gets the facts on his subject and sets them forth regardless of consequences4 ,he has been selected to represent the ,united ,states government on many economic commissions abroad--at the ,international ,cooperative ,congress at ,manchester1 #aijb2 at the ,international ,congress on ,insurance for ,laboring ,men1 at ,dsseldorf1 and the ,international ,congress of ,commerce and ,industry1 at ,ostend4 ,he was appointed on a commission of the ,national ,civic ,federation in #aije1 to study municipal ownership abroad2 again1 in #aiaa-aiad1 to investigate the regulation of public service corporations4 ,he is associate editor of two economic journals--,i might go on to give a long list of his honors and positions4 ,but ,professor ,gray had the bad taste to become converted to the doctrines of municipal ownership1 and the still worse taste1 while working for the government in ,washington during the war1 to interfere with some of the interlocking directors from his home state1 engaged in their usual practice of robbing the government4 ,so ,professor ,gray's life at the university became a torment4 ,they removed him from the leadership of his department1 saying that he had no executive ability and couldn't keep order4 ,they would move him from one room to another1 and subject him to every humiliation4 ,he was sixty-three years of age1 and would soon be entitled to a pension1 so he held on2 but he never got a 8raise10 and he was told that he never would get it1 nor would any man he recommended ever get it4 ,they brought in a subordinate from the census bureau in ,washington1 and paid this man #a1ejj a year more than ,professor ,gray was getting4 ,they 8reorganized0 his department1 deposing him from the headship1 and combining it with a 8,school of ,business10 and so finally succeeded in making him resign4 ,or consider the strange experience of a young instructor of chemistry named ,bernard ,dietrichson4 ,he had a dispute with his dean1 and two members of the law faculty were appointed by the regents to make an inquiry4 ,this committee reported that the department had been seriously mismanaged by the dean1 and that ,mr4 ,dietrichson 8had done nothing to merit discipline or dismissal40 ,this report was received by a committee of the regents1 with ,pierce ,butler1 chief bully of the board of regents1 in charge4 ,it issued a decision1 stating that it had examined the findings of the investigating committee of lawyers1 and that on the basis of these findings it held that there had been no mismanagement by the dean1 and that ,mr4 ,dietrichson ought to be dismissed6 ,the regents' committee then suppressed the text of the findings of the investigating committee2 but unfortunately for ,mr4 ,butler1 the document containing the suppressed facts came into the hands of ,dietrichson1 and he published it4 ,thereupon1 the dean of the chemistry department was dismissed1 and the department reorganized--a complete confession that ,dietrichson was right4 ,nevertheless1 he is still out of the university6 ,more money is appropriated for the ,university of the ,ore ,trust1 more buildings are erected1 more students come piling in2 but the soul of the place is poisoned4 ,there is no solidarity in the faculty1 there is only intrigue1 jealousy and fear4 ,there is an elaborate system of outside spying1 and no one knows whom to trust4 ,if you go to the faculty club and listen to the gossip about your associates1 and take part in the petty politics of your department1 then you are respectable1 and they let you alone2 but if you don't do these things1 then they know you must be some kind of crank1 and it is the business of the spies to find out what you are doing with your spare time1 and whether you have any dangerous ideas4 ,if you make a public address1 there will be volunteer patriotic organizations taking notes of your remarks1 and a copy will be sent to the president of the university1 or perhaps to the grand dukes of the board4 ,meetings of the board of regents are by law required to be public1 but they get around this by the simple device of having 8executive sessions0--and once in a while a champagne picnic on ,dr4 ,mayo's private yacht6 ,a member of the faculty will be hauled up--he has never seen one of the regents before1 and has no idea who has accused him1 or what are the accusations4 ,they do not scruple to ask him the most personal questions1 not merely about his beliefs1 but about his private life4 ,is it true that he is separated from his wife8 ,is it true that he took a young lady to dinner8 ,they will call in his dean and his fellow professors1 and if the charge is a serious one1 he is decapitated in advance4 ,here sit the angry plutocrats1 brutal1 full of hate--8,i understand this0--8,is it true that0--and so on4 8,did you vote for ,debs80 8,did you belong to the ,progressive party80 8,do you believe in ,god80 8,have you studied the constitution of the ,united ,states80 8,do you believe in abolishing the capitalistic system80 8,what church do you go to80 ,sometimes a professor gets 8sore10 and tells these mighty ones to go to hell2 after that he can get no job in any ,american university4 ,i was told of a leading authority on state government taxation and political science who is now making washboards4 ,this man was listed as a 8war case20 that is to say1 he had served on a charter commission in ,minneapolis1 and had put through certain franchise provisions opposed by the public service companies2 so when the war came he was called unpatriotic4 ,he writes me as follows3 ,usually the intimidation of a professor is so veiled and vague that he hardly knows what is wrong4 ,a certain significant remark dropped at the right time1 a certain coldness of attitude1 failure to be included in certain social affairs1 a certain slowness to get well earned increases1 granted with gusto to others1 many other little hints that his views do not meet with favor in certain quarters will serve to curb many a man with wife and babies to provide for4 ,for instance1 there were a score or more called before the regents at the time ,i was1 every one of whom had opposed our entrance into the war and had not changed views as to the wisdom or justice of our going in1 but they were willing to disavow their attitude1 when confronted with instant dismissal4 ,some of these men told me they had to lie or starve their wives and babies1 and they took the easier road4 ,another man1 a former professor1 writes me of the present head of the university3 8,he does not hesitate to use the black-list to ruin a man's career40 ,a professor now at the university writes me a long letter1 telling me1 among other cases1 of a man summoned before the regents and later commanded to resign1 for having stated in a private conversation to an old acquaintance that 8now that the war is over1 we ought to set the political prisoners free02 this man defended himself1 and managed to hold on2 but another instructor1 an able man1 was placed in peril of his job for having presided at a political meeting in his home ward1 in favor of the labor candidate for mayor4 ,this man was ousted a year later1 under circumstances to be narrated4 ,you will wish to know something about the spy-system1 maintained by the 8,citizen's ,alliance10 with the cooperation of the trustees2 so ,i submit a statement from ,mr4 ,fred ,w4 ,bentley1 who was for three years an instructor4 ,his statement is dated ,august #bj1 #aiai1 and the essential parts of it are as follows3 ,one day last spring1 ,i do not remember the exact date1 ,i was called to the 'phone in my office1 ,room ,no4 #aaa1 ,main ,engineering ,building1 by a stranger who said his name was ,miller4 ,he first stated that he had a private matter to talk about1 and asked if it were safe to talk to me where ,i was4 ,i informed him that he could talk to me anywhere1 that ,i had nothing to cover up4 ,he then told me that he was interested in a little enterprise and that some of my friends had recommended me to him as one who might help him a little financially4 ,he said that he had never had the pleasure of meeting me but that he knew some of my friends4 ,he asked me if ,i knew a man 7,i don't remember the name7 who ran a saloon on ,seventh ,street1 but ,i informed him that ,i did not4 ,he asked me if ,i had seen the publication called 8,hunger0 and ,i informed him that ,i had seen someone selling it on the street but that ,i had not read it4 ,he said that they were trying to get out another edition and would have to have some machine 7,i don't remember what he called it7 and asked if ,i would make a contribution toward it4 ,i told him ,i didn't mind giving a dollar or two1 and he asked me if ,i would leave it with ,state ,secretary ,dirba1 which ,i promised to do4 ,a few days after that ,i saw ,dirba and asked him if he had been approached in the matter and he said he had not4 ,i told ,dirba that if anyone did come to him to send the party to me1 and thought nothing further of the matter until one day1 sometime later1 ,dean ,allen came to me in the drafting room and told me that the ,board of ,regents was meeting in the president's office and wanted to see me4 ,i went immediately with ,dean ,allen to the meeting of the board1 where ,i was informed that charges of disloyalty had been preferred against me4 ,when ,i inquired what they were ,i learned that the above 'phone conversation was the basis for the charges4 ,after a few questions relative to the 8,hunger0 incident1 ,president ,burton and the members of the board proceeded to ask numerous questions as to my opinions on many topics1 social1 political and economic1 all of which were none of their business1 the more so since ,i was teaching ,drawing1 ,descriptive ,geometry1 and ,machine ,design1 and was never called upon to address the students on any other subject4 ,i cannot1 of course1 remember all their questions but some of them were as follows ,are you a ,socialist8 ,do you belong to the ,socialist ,party8 ,have you attended any of the meetings at ,commonwealth ,hall8 ,have you ever belonged to the ,i4 ,w4 ,w48 ,have you ever attended any of the ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 meetings8 ,do you favor ,trade ,unionism or ,industrial ,unionism8 ,are there many ,industrial ,unionists in the ,a4 ,f4 of ,l48 ,do you believe in bringing about the social change you advocate by education or violence8 ,do you believe in the confiscation of property8 ,have you read the constitution of ,soviet ,russia8 ,do you think it right that the employers of labor in ,russia should be denied the right to vote8 ,are there many men of the faculty who believe as you do1 etc48 ,there is nothing to add to this1 except that ,mr4 ,bentley was not reappointed to the university--and was left to learn this fact by accident1 from a friend6 ,he had worked for three years at a very low salary1 upon the promise that he would soon be made a professor2 but now they dropped him--and so late in the year that he could not apply for a position elsewhere4 ,,chapter ,,xlv ,,the ,,academic ,,wink ,they have had a series of presidents at the ,university of the ,ore ,trust4 ,the old president was ,northrop1 an amiable gentleman1 much liked by the faculty because he did not understand the modern card-filing system4 ,then came ,vincent1 one of the 8go-getters40 ,a professor whom he 8got0 writes me3 8,he apparently felt that he held a mandate to break the hearts of the men who had served under ,northrop40 ,as a result of faculty clamor1 an 8advisory committee0 was established1 but the method of appointing this was ingeniously contrived so that ,vincent had the power to keep off any liberals4 ,this committee met in secret1 and my correspondent describes to me its operation3 ,a poor devil1 ,professor ,a1 who had been teaching for a small salary in hopes of promotion1 would receive some fine morning a notice from headquarters that his contract was terminated at the end of the year4 ,professor ,b would be advised that he had one year more to serve1 during which time he had better be looking for a new place4 ,professor ,c would be notified that his salary would not be increased4 ,smothered with rage1 disappointment and despair1 he would rush to the president of the university to know in what particular he had erred or sinned4 ,the president in his unctuous way would inform the professor that he was sorry for what had been done but could do nothing1 because the matter lay in the hands of the advisory committee1 with which he could not interfere4 ,our victim would then set out to find the advisory committee1 but as it was made up of nine members and had adjourned1 he could not locate it4 ,he would continue his search1 and perchance find one of the members of the illustrious committee4 ,upon his making inquiry as to why and to what purpose he would be assured of the member's sympathy1 but would be told that there was an understanding among the members of the advisory committee that nothing should be said as to what was done in the sessions or how the members voted4 ,the disappointed pedagogue could get nothing from anybody2 there was no one responsible2 he had been sandbagged in a dark alley1 but who did the job he could not learn4 ,vincent was called to become head of the ,rockefeller ,foundation4 ,then came ,marion ,le,roy ,burton1 a former clergyman1 and president of ,smith ,college for young ladies1 a 8booster0 from way back1 an inspirationalist of the ,chautauqua school2 the university gave him a grand reception1 with bands and torches4 ,he said in the hearing of an acquaintance of mine that he was going to make ,minnesota a gentleman's school of the ,yale type4 ,what actually exists is a great academic department-store4 ,sinclair ,lewis described it to me--8,they sell you two yards of ,latin and half a yard of ,greek1 and a bored young instructor hands it out over the counter40 ,lewis heard ,president ,burton addressing a meeting of the plutocracy to raise funds1 and telling the touching story of his life--he was a little boy who carried newspapers on cold mornings1 and now he had fifteen thousand dollars a year1 and a big house1 and a retiring pension--a wonderful country is ,america6 ,another friend of mine heard ,president ,burton make a speech in ,denver1 before a gathering of business men called the 8,mile ,high ,club40 ,he said that at his university the students were allowed to think1 but they were 8guided in their thinking02 and the business men got the point and chuckled4 ,his speech was a series of cheap jokes and hackneyed utterances1 delivered with fervid eloquence4 ,his type of scholarship you may judge from the titles of some of the books which he has produced3 8,the ,secret of ,achievement02 8,the ,life ,which ,is ,life ,indeed02 8,on ,being ,divine40 ,last year ,president ,burton got tired of his regents1 and accepted a higher salary at the ,university of ,michigan1 where we shall meet him again4 ,his place has been taken by one of the university's own professors1 who was supposed to act as a rubber-stamp to the interlocking regents1 but is now behind the scenes engaged in the usual struggle with ,grand ,bully ,butler4 ,president ,coffman is not even allowed to make appointments to the university--to say nothing of allowing the heads of departments to do so4 ,the names are brought up before the board of regents1 and these wary gentlemen go over the man's list of degrees and his record1 and then ,grand ,duke ,snyder says3 8,that seems good1 but is he all right generally80 meaning1 of course1 has he any 8dangerous ideas40 ,in the fall of #aiai the inspirational ,president ,burton delivered some of those wonderful high-sounding phrases1 which are a part of our university swindle4 ,he said that 8integrity0 must be the chief characteristic of university men and women4 ,whereupon a college paper1 8,the ,foolscap10 was moved to a little plain speaking4 ,it said3 ,academic freedom1 to be sure1 exists here at ,minnesota as at other equally 8ideal0 universities4 ,our president has publicly announced that fact4 ,our faculty and the student body enthusiastically applauded that announcement4 ,this academic freedom1 however1 is of so peculiar a nature that no one member of the faculty is free publicly to discuss it4 ,the president may speak of it with an engaging boldness2 the students may speak of it 7and do7 with a fine ironic scorn2 but members of the faculty1 those to whom is intrusted our instruction in 8all forms of knowledge10 those even whom we address as 8,professor0 and 8,dean10 they dare not utter their true opinion concerning it2 their mouths are effectually sealed4 ,this the students know4 ,they have seen the flush of shame and anger rise to the cheeks of embarrassed teachers who could reply to audacious undergraduate taunts of insincerity and dishonesty only with mortified silence4 ,they have seen1 at that moment when vigorous applause gave generous approval to our president's insistence on academic freedom1 at that very moment when enthusiasm for truth was at its highest1 at that very moment they saw instructors wink at their colleagues1 and deans look meaningly at some understanding friend4 ,students1 both inside and outside the class room1 are particularly observant of the actions of their instructors4 ,they know when deans applaud because they have to2 when professors say things they do not mean4 ,they know that even while they listen to talk of academic freedom they see men annually relieved of their academic burdens for having dared to utter what they deemed to be the truth4 ,these students know the colleges from which such instructors were dismissed4 ,they know the names of these instructors4 ,they know the cause for which they were dismissed4 ,they know1 also1 that such is the state of academic freedom at our university that1 even as we go to press1 at least one professor in the academic college--a professor1 too1 whose discreet devotion to facts1 and whose cautious refusal to permit the slightest classroom interpretation thereof1 make his potentially excellent subject an inexpressible bore--that at least this one professor is trembling with fear and anger because of official intimation that he had entertained opinions for which his institution did not stand4 ,this publication made a tremendous uproar in the university4 ,for1 of course1 all university influence depends upon the keeping up of a pretense of freedom2 the public must believe in these mighty captains of erudition and must not see them wink as they use their high-sounding words4 ,a faculty committee of five members was appointed to investigate the statements made4 ,this committee interviewed a great number of university people1 members of the faculty of all ranks1 both men and women1 also students and alumni4 ,they submitted a report1 of which ,i quote parts4 ,you note the carefully guarded phrases3 ,a great deal of evidence has been presented to your committee which indicates the existence in our academic community of a sense of restraint and repression of a kind and degree distinctly unfavorable to a sound and intellectual life4 ,this is already indicated by the vote taken at the meeting of the faculty on ,february #af4 ,the investigation of the committee has served to confirm and verify this impression of a condition that cannot be described as wholesome4 ,fears have been disclosed to the committee1 which if recounted in detail might seem to many members of the faculty absurd and unbelievable1 and which perhaps could not be entertained by others1 either because of the possession of greater courage1 or of a greater security of tenure1 or because of the fact that their own convictions are in happier conformity with the ruling opinion4 ,nevertheless1 the undoubted presence of these fears in the minds of many members of the faculty constitutes a psychological atmosphere depressing in its influence1 and calculated to have a deleterious effect upon the sincerity and quality of the teaching done under a sense of it4444 ,it has become of late a frequent experience that complaint on the part of some person or organization outside the university leads to an investigation1 formal or informal1 of the views or activities of some member of the faculty4 ,commonly1 it may be taken for granted that the activities complained of are wholly within the discretion of a teacher and the rights of a citizen4 ,the mere knowledge1 however1 that such complaints are under investigation1 creates a sense of intimidation1 felt most strongly1 of course1 by the more inexperienced members of the faculty whose academic tenure is less secure4444 ,much of the fear prevalent on the campus is due to reports of the manner in which investigations have been conducted by the regents1 the attitude exhibited not always having been sufficiently clear and consistent to be wholly reassuring4 ,doubtless such impressions are sometimes due to mere inadvertencies2 but the fact is that a member of the faculty1 when summoned to answer charges preferred1 frequently finds himself unjustifiably on the defensive4444 ,evidence has been brought to the attention of your committee which plainly indicates the use of espionage by external forces that continually attempt to exert pressure upon the authorities as to university teaching and personnel4 ,your committee is firmly of the opinion that such pressure is not in the public interest4 ,the invasion by private detectives of the domain of academic life and thought is scarcely compatible with the maintenance of a sound and wholesome intellectual spirit4 ,the methods and point of view of these people may be illustrated by your committee's own experience4 ,early in the course of this investigation1 one of these agents sought and obtained an interview with a member of your committee1 in which he volunteered the information that the 8,foolscap0 editorial 7which1 as it subsequently developed1 he had not even read7 was a piece of political propaganda1 that he knew the particular party headquarters whence it came1 and that it was certain he could discover the real author concealed behind the editorial screen4 ,he offered1 accordingly1 on the assumption that your committee was interested1 not in the question of fact raised by the editorial1 but rather in the exposure and punishment of a quasi-criminal conspiracy supposedly involved in its publication1 to worm himself into the confidence of the editor of the 8,foolscap0 and to procure for your committee by betrayal of this confidence the name of the guilty propagandist author4 ,it is deplorable to note the constantly extending nets of private spy systems in civil life1 and it is to be hoped that the threatened invasion of academic life by this sinister influence may be prevented4 ,no thoughtful person can fail to see how blighting would be its influence1 when once firmly established1 in the destruction of mutual confidence1 and in rendering impossible that frankness of discussion and opinion without which the intellectual life is not freely nourished and stimulated4 ,there remains only to state what action the faculty took in this matter4 ,one member of the committee tells me about it3 ,they postponed action until such a time as the committee was ready to report again to a closed faculty meeting giving specific instances of lack of academic freedom1 with names and dates4 ,the committee1 having decided to present three typical cases in detail to the faculty1 asked the president to summon a meeting4 ,he passed the buck to the committee of the deans known as the senate4 ,the deans thought it inopportune to call the meeting at that particular time1 it being just prior to the ,june examinations4 ,summer vacation ensued4 ,in ,september1 when college re-opened1 one of the five committeemen had gone ,east for a year as an exchange professor2 another had been retired as a ,carnegie pensioner on account of his age2 a third1 though still drawing a salary as a member of the faculty1 had received notice of his dismissal2 and the other two saw the futility of trying to bring the matter up again4 ,also ,i ought to add what action the regents took4 ,they kicked out of the university the young instructor who had been most active in preparing the report4 ,he has written me about the circumstances of his dismissal3 ,nothing specific was sent to me4 ,but1 by what chain of circumstances need not be told1 ,i saw with my own eyes a letter from ,pierce ,butler addressed to ,president ,burton asking for my decapitation4 ,the neatest thing you ever saw--not a direct order1 and not even a request for my dismissal1 but a carefully worded statement to the effect that it seemed to him 7,butler7 regrettable that the name of the university had been linked up in the press with the name of myself4 ,that was all4 ,but ,burton sent it down the line of officials as a positive decree and my fate at ,minnesota was settled4 ,usually1 as you perhaps are aware1 the thing is done by word of mouth only4 ,butler1 of course1 never imagined that this letter would reach my eyes4 ,mr4 ,butler remains grand bully of the university2 but here also we are at the 8big scene0 in the melodrama--the villain has the heroine helpless1 but in the distance we hear the galloping hoofs of the rescuer's horses6 ,the farmers of ,minnesota with their ,non-partisan ,league1 and the workers of the cities with their unions1 have got together into the ,farmer-,labor party1 and they have just elected their own ,united ,states senator4 ,before long they may also elect a governor of their state1 and the ,university of the ,ore ,trust may become the ,university of the people of ,minnesota4 ,p4,s4--,as this book is going to the printer ,president ,harding1 wishing to show the public exactly how contemptuous of public opinion it is possible for a public official to be1 sends in the nomination of ,grand ,bully ,butler for justice of the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court6 ,,chapter ,,xlvi ,,introducing ,a ,,university ,,president ,from the ,university of ,minnesota we take the ,chicago and ,northwestern ,railroad1 which has a ,princeton trustee and a recent ,new ,york ,university and ,yale trustee for directors1 and two ,national ,city ,bank directors4 ,overnight we come to ,madison1 ,wisconsin1 where for the first time we find an institution of higher education which has partly emerged from under the shadow of the ,white ,terror4 ,the reason for this is one man--,senator ,la,follette1 who for forty years has been fighting the battle of the people in his state4 ,la,follette has not always had his way2 he has been in again and out again half a dozen times2 but the thought of him is never out of the minds of the reactionaries1 and many things they have wished to do in their university they have not dared to do4 ,so at ,wisconsin are two professors who are 8rank0 ,socialists1 and perhaps a dozen others more or less on the way to 8rankness40 ,just now the state administration is ,la,follette's1 but the administration of the university is reactionary1 a relic of the war hysteria4 ,the grand duke of the plutocratic element of the board is ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,horlick1 whose contribution to ,american scholarship is a brand of malted milk1 with a picture of a cow from which the commodity is understood to be derived4 ,quite recently the president of the ,university of ,wisconsin announced that no one would be permitted to address the university who had not supported the government during the war4 ,mr4 ,horlick has proven his right to be numbered among the hundred percent patriots1 the firm of which he is head having been indicted by the ,united ,states government and fined fifty thousand dollars for the hoarding of flour4 7,query3 ,is malted milk made out of flour87 ,the most active reactionary upon the board is ,mr4 ,harry ,j4 ,butler1 a railroad attorney of ,madison2 he is ably seconded by ,dr4 ,seaman1 a physician1 anti-,la,follette candidate for governor last year2 also by a wholesale grocer1 a manufacturer of bathroom fixtures1 two other attorneys1 and a manufacturer's wife4 ,for many years the university had a liberal president2 since his death they have had an elderly zoologist of reactionary temper1 who deftly dodges trouble by 8passing the buck0 to his board4 ,the liberals1 inside the university and out1 are biding their time2 they strengthened their hold on the state at the recent election1 and now hope to get one or two more members of the board1 so that when a new president is chosen he may be of their kind4 ,last winter it was rumored that ,i was coming ,east1 and the students of the ,social ,science ,club asked if ,i would deliver an address at the university4 ,before ,i had time to answer1 ,i learned from newspaper clippings that the president of the university had announced that ,i was not a proper person to be heard by the students1 and would not be granted the use of a hall4 ,i have to spend some time every day declining invitations to deliver lectures1 and the elderly ,wisconsin zoologist might have saved himself a lot of trouble if he had waited before he spoke4 ,of course1 when he told me ,i couldn't come1 ,i felt compelled to go4 ,president ,birge had stated in the ,madison 8,capital-,times0 that 8,upton ,sinclair's attack on journalism could only be fairly expounded if a representative of the ,associated ,press or other organized journalistic body were present at the same time to answer40 ,apparently it was the president's idea that ,i never talked on any subject but the newspapers1 which of course was underestimating the range of my discontent4 ,however1 ,i wired the 8,capital-,times10 asking them to convey to their president the information1 8,i have been trying in every possible way to inveigle the ,associated ,press into answering #8,the ,brass ,check' in any manner they might choose4 ,i have publicly challenged them and their leading representatives a dozen different times4 ,if ,president ,birge will persuade the ,associated ,press to send a representative to debate with me1 he will confer upon me the greatest favor ,i could name40 ,president ,birge made no answer to this1 and on ,friday1 ,april #bhth1 when ,i arrived in ,madison1 ,i learned that the students of the ,social ,science ,club had arranged that the meeting should be held on the following ,monday in the high school auditorium4 ,i thought it would be interesting to collect a university president for this book1 so the first thing ,i did was to go and pay a call on ,dr4 ,birge4 ,i am told that in his own line he is a distinguished scientist1 and his friends at the university explained that he is accustomed to being treated with extreme deference4 ,i am sorry to say that ,i missed this point4 ,i considered that ,i had been attacked in the newspapers entirely without provocation1 and ,i was not willing to be content with polite evasions4 ,in trying to get at the facts1 ,i felt that ,i was acting in a public cause1 and ,i was not thinking about the personality of a university president1 any more than ,i was thinking about my own4 ,he is a rather small man1 with small dark eyes1 and he sat at his big desk1 watching me uncomfortably4 ,i asked him what reasons he had for pronouncing the ban upon me1 and he could only say it was my reputation4 ,i asked him where he had got his impression of my reputation1 and of course he had to admit that he had got it from the capitalist newspapers4 ,i asked if he had read any book of mine1 and at first he said he had not1 then he thought he had read 8,the ,jungle10 but had forgotten it4 8,oh1 no1 ,president ,birge10 ,i answered4 8,nobody that has read #8,the ,jungle' has ever forgotten it40 ,and ,i could see that this was not the answer he had expected4 ,i asked him on what he based his impression that ,i had exaggerated in 8,the ,brass ,check40 ,he admitted that he had not read the book2 whereat ,i remarked3 8,you have spoiled my score60 ,i explained that ,i had traveled from ,pasadena to ,madison1 and stopped at nine cities on the way1 and in each place ,i had talked to from ten to twenty educators--school teachers and college professors--and so far every person had read 8,the ,brass ,check40 8,i thought ,i was going to get to ,new ,york with a hundred percent record60 ,president ,birge murmured sympathetically4 8,you will realize10 ,i added1 8that it strikes me as significant that the one person who thinks the book isn't true is the person who hasn't read it40 ,i went on to tell about the many and various efforts ,i had made to lure the ,associated ,press into the arena4 ,before publishing the book ,i had submitted to ,mr4 ,melville ,e4 ,stone1 then general manager of the ,associated ,press1 four questions for him to answer4 ,he had previously written that he would be glad to answer any questions1 but he fell silent when he read the questions ,i sent4 ,i had written to ,mr4 ,stone's assistant1 now general manager1 calling his attention to the book1 and asking for an answer on various points4 ,at the annual convention of the ,associated ,press1 held in ,new ,york in ,april1 #aiba1 after 8,the ,brass ,check0 had been out more than a year1 it was officially announced in the 8,editor and ,publisher10 and also in the ,new ,york 8,evening ,post10 that the ,associated ,press had a committee investigating 8,the ,brass ,check10 and was shortly to issue a complete report upon the book4 ,a couple of months later1 when this report failed to appear1 ,i wrote the ,associated ,press asking what had become of it1 and when they failed to reply1 ,i published my letter and sent a copy of it to the managing editor of every ,associated ,press newspaper in the ,united ,states--but without getting a reply from a single one6 ,only a couple of weeks before ,i met ,president ,birge1 another annual convention of the ,associated ,press took place in ,new ,york1 and ,i repeated my challenge to this gathering1 and sent a copy to every managing editor1 and also every publisher1 of the thirteen hundred ,associated ,press newspapers in the ,united ,states4 ,no attention was paid to these communications1 and not one single ,associated ,press newspaper was willing to demand that the ,associated ,press should produce the report on 8,the ,brass ,check10 which it had officially announced it was preparing4 ,i showed ,president ,birge also how the students of his own ,social ,science ,club had tried in vain to get the ,associated ,press to answer me4 ,their first request1 that the ,associated ,press should send a representative to meet me on a university platform1 had met with no reply2 a second and very sharp letter had brought the response that no responsible newspaper man would be willing to meet me on a platform4 ,any newspaper man will realize the absurdity of this statement4 ,the ,a4 ,p4 could find a man in any city--if they could furnish him with the facts6 ,then ,i set forth to ,president ,birge my qualifications as an orator in university halls2 as it happened1 ,i came within his specifications1 in that ,i had supported the government during the war4 ,i came of a long line of ,american ancestors2 my grandfather and my great-grandfather had been captains in the ,united ,states ,navy1 and my great-great-grandfather had commanded the frigate 8,constitution40 ,i had had nine years of college and university life1 and was a married man of good moral character4 ,also1 ,i mentioned that it was not my intention to discuss the newspapers1 but to lecture on 8,the ,college ,student and the ,modern ,crisis40 ,all these facts the elderly zoologist politely received1 and told me that if ,i would embody them in a letter to him he would oblige me by a reply not later than noon of the next day4 ,i wrote the letter1 and received the reply1 which was that ,president ,birge would not change his decision1 but that if the board of regents saw fit to grant my request1 they would be at liberty to do so4 ,thereupon ,i gave to the press my letter to ,president ,birge and his reply1 and also an interview in which ,i stated that the president had afforded me an exceedingly good example of my thesis 8that educational institutions are controlled by special privilege10 and that ,i would give up my intention of lecturing on 8,the ,college ,student and the ,modern ,crisis0 in ,madison1 and instead would discuss the subject of free speech in universities4 ,the effect of which announcement was that the superintendent of the high school took fright1 and withdrew permission for me to speak in his auditorium6 ,,chapter ,,xlvii ,,introducing ,a ,,board ,,of ,,regents ,on ,tuesday morning the regents of the ,university of ,wisconsin held a session2 and ,i assumed that1 having made the acquaintance of a university president1 you might also be interested in interviewing a board of regents4 ,i looked up the statutes of the state of ,wisconsin1 and ascertained that under the law all meetings of the board are public4 ,so ,i went to the administration building at ten o'clock on ,tuesday morning1 the hour set for the meeting--and to my great surprise discovered the ladies and gentlemen of the august board meeting behind locked doors6 ,it appears that whenever they have a ticklish question to discuss1 they evade the law by calling it a meeting of a 8committee40 ,i am in position to testify that the meeting of the 8committee0 was a meeting of exactly the same individuals as later constituted a meeting of the 8board02 also ,i am in position to testify that they discussed exactly the same subject1 because the anteroom in which ,i was invited to sit and wait was so near to the meeting-room1 that ,i could hear the voices when they were raised1 and ,i knew that they were discussing the subject of my proposed speech4 ,i handed to the secretary of the board a formal request for a hearing1 and then waited4 ,at a quarter past ten1 the secretary of the board came to the anteroom1 which was occupied by myself and half a dozen newspaper reporters1 and requested that we should go downstairs and wait1 as it was not proper for us to be 8listening in on the proceedings of the board40 ,naturally ,i was not gratified by this remark1 as ,i had been sitting quietly in the chair which had been indicated to me as the proper chair for me to occupy1 and ,i had not been told that it was my duty to stuff cotton into my ears4 ,however1 ,i went downstairs1 and waited another half hour1 and then ,i wrote another note1 stating briefly that ,i protested against the board settling a question in secret meeting1 when the law required that their proceedings should be public4 ,after that ,i waited another hour1 and then the secretary informed me that the meeting of the board of regents was now about to begin1 and that the 8public0 was welcome to enter4 ,i entered the room where the ladies and gentlemen of the board had been violating the law of their state for an hour and three-quarters1 and ,i was informed that the board would be pleased to give me ten minutes in which to present my case4 ,i have made it my practice to use most careful courtesy in dealing with my enemies1 so as to put them in the wrong4 ,i dutifully rehearsed to the regents my qualifications as a university orator1 after which the board proceeded to question me1 the two active questioners being ,mr4 ,butler1 the railroad attorney1 and ,dr4 ,seaman1 the reactionary candidate for governor4 ,the latter wanted to know if ,i had been correctly quoted in the newspaper interview1 in which ,i had charged that ,president ,birge 8had been influenced by money0 in his decision against me4 ,pardon me if ,i go into details on this point4 ,we have seen several university professors being cross-questioned by boards of regents1 and it will be worth while for us to have exact knowledge of how these inquisitions are conducted4 ,you would have thought that ,dr4 ,seaman1 being a man prominent in public life1 would have taken the trouble to provide himself with a copy of the interview about which he intended to cross-question me2 but he had not done so1 and ,i1 as it happens1 do not go about with copies of my newspaper interviews in my pocket4 ,i was embarrassed by ,dr4 ,seaman's question1 and could only explain that ,i had no recollection of having made any such statement about ,president ,birge1 and that certainly ,i could have no such idea about him4 ,newspaper reports were frequently inaccurate4 ,what ,i had intended to say and should have said was that in his decision concerning me ,president ,birge had 8acted in the interest of special privilege40 ,later1 when ,i went out from the board1 and got a copy of the interview1 ,i discovered that this is exactly what ,i was reported to have said1 and that ,dr4 ,seaman had been misquoting me in a public session of the board1 with half a dozen newspaper reporters diligently taking notes6 ,president ,birge arose and asked on what ground ,i could have made such a statement about him4 ,my answer was that he had shown his attitude of sympathy with special privilege by many things he had said in our long interview2 also he had shown a very strong prejudice against the enemies of special privilege4 8,how1 for example80 he asked4 ,i answered3 8,if ,i were a person disposed to take personal offense1 ,i would have considered myself outraged by the remark you made to me1 that without having read any of my books you had come to the conclusion that ,i was a person #8accustomed to pep up and exaggerate his statements in order to create a sensation and to increase the sale of his books4'0 7,i loathe the expression 8pep up10 and beg the reader to understand that ,i am quoting a university president47 ,at this ,president ,birge became much excited1 saying that this had been a confidential conversation2 he had given me his personal opinion of my reputation at my request1 and ,i now proceeded to tell it in the presence of newspaper reporters--and he was a man old enough to be my father6 ,i answered that ,i did not see that age had anything to do with the matter1 nor could ,i understand how our interview could be regarded as 8confidential02 ,i had come to him1 a public official1 acting in a public matter4 ,there could have been nothing 8personal0 between us1 for ,i did not know ,president ,birge1 ,i had never even heard his name until ,i read his interview in a ,madison newspaper1 stating that ,i was an unfit person to address the university students4 ,said ,president ,birge3 8,i did not say you were unfit40 ,said ,i3 8,i don't know what your word was1 but your action was certainly to that effect40 ,then ,attorney ,butler spoke up1 and wanted to know if ,i had threatened that if ,i were not permitted the use of a university building ,i would attack ,president ,birge and the university in some other hall4 ,to this ,i said that my action followed automatically from the situation4 ,i had come to ,madison for the purpose of delivering to the students an address entitled3 8,the ,college ,student and the ,modern ,crisis40 ,if the university would permit me to deliver this address1 ,i should deliver it4 ,if they wouldn't permit me to deliver this address1 ,i should naturally have to discuss the question of why they took such action4 ,mr4 ,butler's answer was that nobody should come to the university1 with his consent1 and try to bulldoze the board of regents by any kind of threat4 ,the board offered me an additional five minutes1 if ,i wished it1 but ,i answered that the greatest virtue in an orator was to know when he had said his say4 ,i thanked them and retired2 and that afternoon they held another session1 and ,mr4 ,butler and ,dr4 ,seaman1 ably seconded by the bathtub manufacturer and the wholesale grocer1 voted that ,i should be refused the use of the gymnasium4 ,the seven other members of the board voted that ,president ,birge should be requested to grant me the use of the gymnasium4 ,president ,birge himself did not vote1 and ,i am sorry to state that the malted milk regent was absent and did not get recorded4 ,needless to say1 all this publicity--it filled many columns of ,madison's two newspapers for five days--resulted in the gymnasium's being packed on ,wednesday evening4 ,some two thousand students heard my scheduled address1 and asked me questions for an hour afterwards1 and the walls of the building did not collapse1 nor have any of the students since thrown any bombs4 ,next afternoon ,i met the champion tennis team of the university1 and played each of its members in turn1 and beat them in straight sets2 and ,i am told that the student body regarded this as a far more sensational incident than my ,socialist speech4 ,an elderly professor came up to me on the campus next day--,i had never seen him before1 and don't know his name2 but he assured me1 with deep conviction1 that ,i had made a grave blunder--,i should have played the tennis matches first1 and made the speech second1 and no building on the campus would have been big enough to hold the crowd6 ,,chapter ,,xlviii ,,the ,,price ,,of ,,liberty ,the ,university of ,wisconsin has the reputation of being the most liberal institution of higher education in the ,united ,states1 and on the whole ,i think the reputation is deserved4 ,i have shown what a struggle it took to introduce one little impulse of new thinking into the place2 and you must realize that every mite of freedom has been won by the same struggle1 and the maintaining of it depends upon somebody's willingness to be disagreeable4 ,i talked with one professor1 who is known throughout the ,united ,states as a writer and lecturer1 not a ,socialist1 but a tireless advocate of social justice4 ,this man has won1 and he holds grimly the right to have his own say and his own way4 ,he assigns to his graduate students 8,the ,brass ,check0 as required reading1 and as their thesis they make a study of some capitalist newspaper in its handling of half a dozen crucial public issues1 such as the steel strike and ,mexican intervention4 ,the rub comes when the professor goes outside and lectures to city clubs and chambers of commerce1 and gets into the newspapers in favor of the recognition of ,soviet ,russia4 ,then all the reactionaries in the state clamor for his scalp4 ,he said to me3 8,they say a fox learns to enjoy being chased1 and in the same way ,i have had to learn to enjoy outmatching my enemies4 ,i feel that ,i am being stalked by a band of thugs2 ,i have to set out deliberately and consciously to build up my prestige throughout the state1 to keep myself in the public mind1 so that my enemies won't dare go beyond abusing me4 ,manifestly1 that means that academic freedom is only for the man who has a tough skin and can be happy in a fight4 ,the young man1 also the weak man1 is helpless2 if he tries to tell the truth about anything1 he'll have to go out and write life insurance for a living40 ,such is the judgment1 after nearly two decades' experience1 of one of ,america's freest college professors1 in ,america's freest university4 ,that many men should fail in such a test is inevitable4 ,there is another professor in the university1 an elderly man1 who began his career as a ,socialist of the academic type2 he is the author of standard books on ,socialism1 and all through the years when he made his reputation he recognized the unearned increment of land as a grave form of social injustice4 ,he has now changed his views1 and has become the tamest of conservatives1 a pitiable figure4 ,it happened recently that a friend of mine was in his office1 and discovered an economic basis for this transformation4 ,some one wanted to buy some lots from the old professor2 and the price was two thousand dollars each1 he said4 ,he listened to some protest of the would-be purchaser2 then he said3 8,i know2 the price was eighteen hundred a couple of weeks ago1 but it has now gone up40 ,he hung up the receiver1 and blandly explained to my friend that he was the fortunate possessor of a tongue of land between two lakes which blocked the development of the city of ,madison1 and real estate values were increasing there very rapidly6 ,to a student of my acquaintance this old gentleman recently made the statement that 8one who talks about unearned increment shows by that very act that he has not brains enough to be a graduate student40 ,it is interesting to note that when the ,president of the ,united ,states was appointing a commission to settle an important public question1 it was this man he selected to represent the economists of the ,united ,states4 ,they had their war hysteria in ,wisconsin1 as everywhere4 ,senator ,la,follette made a speech in which he said we had 8a grievance0 against the ,german ,government1 and the ,associated ,press took out the word 8a0 and substituted the word 8no0--such a little lie1 but it caused the whole country to shriek for ,la,follette's blood4 ,a petition for his expulsion from the senate was circulated among the university faculty--the same thing the ,german reactionaries did with their university professors at the outbreak of the war4 ,it is not recorded how many professors in ,germany refused to sign2 but there were six courageous men at ,wisconsin4 ,one of these was ,professor ,kahlenberg1 whose father refused military service in ,germany4 ,professor ,kahlenberg lost the leadership of the chemistry department1 and most of his worthwhile courses1 and has not yet regained them4 ,also1 there was ,george ,f4 ,comings1 a lecturer in the ,extension ,department1 who after the war advocated an amnesty resolution at a meeting of the ,american ,association of ,equity1 a farmers' organization4 ,the resolution was laid on the table2 letters of protest were written to the board of regents1 and the lecturer was summoned to appear before the regents to submit to a rebuke4 ,he refused to appear1 and was dismissed1 and became candidate for lieutenant-governor of the ,la,follette party1 receiving the largest majority of any candidate on the ticket4 ,when ,kate ,richards ,o',hare was refused permission to speak in a university hall1 ,lieutenant-,governor ,comings introduced her1 and defended her from organized rowdies1 at a meeting in the assembly chamber of the state capitol4 ,he presided at a dinner of the ,federated ,press1 at which ,i spoke in ,madison1 and presented a resolution in favor of free speech4 ,it is interesting to note that while he was in the university his most ardent opponent was a very wealthy dean1 who is interested in several banks and a power company1 and sells stock to the other professors4 ,some thirty years ago1 during a controversy over academic freedom1 the board of regents of ,wisconsin adopted a resolution1 as follows3 8,whatever may be the limitations which trammel inquiry elsewhere1 we believe that the great ,state ,university of ,wisconsin should ever encourage that continual and fearless sifting and winnowing by which alone the truth can be found40 ,a tablet containing this statement was presented by the class of #aiaj1 but it was hidden in the cellar1 covered with dust for many years1 because the regents refused to allow it to be placed upon the building4 ,it is now in place on ,bascom ,hall2 and during the controversy over my address1 the regents reaffirmed this motto as the policy of the board4 ,but they refused to permit a committee of students and the faculty to determine what speakers should be heard4 ,it appears that their understanding of freedom is the ancient one of freedom for those who rule4 ,i have referred to the fate of the weaker and the younger members of the faculty4 ,let me tell you one story2 ,i do it with much hesitation1 because the man who told it to me begged me not to repeat it1 and ,i can only do so by taking care to give no hint of his identity4 ,suffice it to say that he is a young instructor1 a self-made and self-taught man1 who has worked his way up from bitter poverty in the face of severe physical handicaps4 ,life has meant continual suffering to him1 but he is one of those natures which manage to use their trials as a means of self-discipline4 ,he is one of the gentlest and sweetest natures it has ever been my fortune to meet4 ,i wish he were a bold man and a fighter1 but it happens to be the essence of his nature to shrink from strife and notoriety4 ,i introduce to you another gentleman1 who loves attention1 and does not hesitate to thrust himself forward--the ,honorable ,david ,jayne ,hill1 ex-president of ,rochester ,university and ex-ambassador to ,germany2 a public personage of wealth and reactionary views1 who founded an organization1 the ,national ,association for ,constitutional ,government1 for the purpose of distributing his convictions to the people of the ,united ,states4 ,the ,national ,association for ,constitutional ,government1 with ,david ,jayne ,hill as president1 mailed out to all educators in the ,united ,states a pamphlet by ,david ,jayne ,hill1 setting forth the importance of preserving those features in the constitution of the ,united ,states which enable the rich to become richer and compel the poor to become poorer4 ,along with the pamphlet went a personal letter1 inviting the recipient to express his opinion of the views set forth in the pamphlet1 and stating1 among other things1 that the pamphlet was not circulated for propaganda purposes1 but purely to ascertain the views of others upon the question4 ,the young instructor received a copy of this letter2 his opinion was asked for1 and he gave it2 he said that he thought the views expressed in the pamphlet were wrong1 and he added3 8,when you state that you are not circulating it for propaganda purposes1 ,i must say plainly that ,i think you are lying40 ,let me point out that the young instructor did not rush to the newspapers with this opinion2 he wrote it in a private letter1 at request4 ,he was specifically invited to say frankly what he thought1 and he said frankly what he thought1 to the organization which asked his opinion and no one else4 ,but1 of course1 he had insulted one of the great moguls of the plutocracy2 he had committed lese majest in its grossest form4 ,it is easy to imagine what happened2 the huffy mogul sent the letter to some mogul regent1 or perhaps to a mogul administrator1 and before many days the young instructor was summoned to appear before his mogul dean4 ,maybe you imagine that the dean pointed out in a friendly way that the youngster had been injudicious in using a short and ugly word1 and ought to use longer words while he was connected with a state university4 ,if that is what you imagine1 you know very little about universities4 ,what actually happened was something ,i had to drag from the young man by half an hour of tactful questioning4 ,it was evident that the experience had been a cruel one2 he did not want to think about it1 he could not speak about it without his hands trembling1 and his voice also4 ,he had been stormed at and denounced1 he had been told that he was a fool and a puppy1 and that he should there and then take his pen in hand and write an abject apology to the great mogul he had so insulted4 ,and here was a young man trying to exist upon the pitiful salary of a university instructor1 and with a young wife expecting a baby4 ,he demanded twenty-four hours to think it over1 and he went away and wrestled it out with himself4 ,he wrote the letter1 and since that time has retired into his own shell2 he never thinks about public questions1 he writes no letters to anyone1 he hardly even reads a newspaper1 but lives and labors in a little specialty1 where he hopes to make some contribution to human knowledge4 ,meantime1 the dean who did this thing is one of the most prominent and powerful persons in the university1 in charge of the moral destinies of several thousand future citizens of the state of ,wisconsin4 ,and that is what 8academic freedom0 means in ,america's freest university6 ,,chapter ,,xlix ,,the ,,people ,,and ,,their ,,university ,i do not want anyone who reads this book to get the idea that ,i am so naive as to imagine that there is no enemy of freedom of teaching save economic privilege4 ,i know there are others1 and all ,i am doing is tackle the biggest one first4 ,if ,i work for the control of universities by organized farmers and labor unions1 it is not because ,i am unaware that these groups have their interests and prejudices1 but merely because ,i believe that these groups can learn to understand true freedom and justice1 whereas ,i know that a plutocratic class has never been able to learn anything at any time in human history4 ,in the ,university of ,wisconsin it is interestingly shown that as soon as you break down the rule of special privilege1 you find yourself confronted by various kinds of mass prejudice and group interest4 ,the people of the state consider that they own a university1 and they expect this university to do their way4 ,the question arises--who shall set the standards1 the voters1 or the faculty1 who think they know more8 ,the ,wisconsin farmer drives up to ,madison in his automobile1 and demands an interview with a dean1 saying3 8,here ,i am supporting this university by my taxes1 and here you've gone and flunked my son60 ,the farmers' organizations keep jealous watch over the percentage of 8flunkings10 and if it is too high1 they say the university is being made into a place of academic snobbery4 ,and maybe they are right--it is not so easy to say6 ,a former state superintendent of education in ,wisconsin told me a funny story4 ,it was proposed to have the normal schools teach engineering1 but ,president ,van ,hise of the university said this was impossible2 the university alone could teach engineering1 it had mysteriously and mystically efficient methods of doing so4 ,the superintendent met an instructor who had recently been taken on in this school1 and thinking he would like to know about these special methods1 he asked3 8,how did they tell you to teach engineering80 8,they didn't tell me anything10 said the instructor4 8,you mean they gave you no special instructions about how you were to teach80 8,nothing at all10 said the other2 then he thought--8,oh1 yes1 to be sure1 they told me to flunk one-third of the students and send them to the ,agricultural ,school60 ,also there are the religious organizations1 clamoring for their share of power4 ,there is the so-called 8,fundamentalist0 movement in the ,baptist church1 an organization which combines theological with economic obscurantism1 and wages vigorous war against the teaching of modern ideas4 ,professor ,otto is giving a course on 8,man and ,nature10 an elementary survey of evolution1 the most popular course in the university4 ,the ,baptists denounce him as an atheist1 and all the religious organizations have got together to demand that the university shall drop this course4 ,the place is surrounded by a veritable fortification of religious establishments1 all carrying on instruction of their own1 and all trying to break into the state institution4 ,there is the ,wesleyan ,foundation1 which hires 8student pastors10 and is giving courses off the campus1 and wants these courses to count as university credits4 ,they have succeeded in arranging this at the ,university of ,illinois2 why not at ,wisconsin8 ,there are the ,catholics1 with a million dollar endowment1 a chapel and dormitories1 also clamoring for their share of university power and prestige4 ,there is a ,lutheran building1 an ,episcopal chapter-house1 and so on4 ,these religious movements are now opened with an official university convocation1 and they are pushing1 pushing all the time1 trying to keep modern science away from the people4 ,also1 of course1 the militarists have been lifted up by the war wave4 ,wisconsin is compelled to have military training1 being a 8land grant0 institution4 ,so the campus is troubled by the clamor of young men preparing themselves for slaughter4 ,officers strut about with artificial pomposity--,i say artificial1 because ,i suspect they are ex-real estate men and ,rotary ,club members4 ,however1 their disguise serves them with the khaki-clad sheep who rush here and there in response to barked-out orders1 and have their photographs taken in long lines1 to send home to mamma and papa on the farm4 ,i wandered about watching them2 and for variety ,i came upon a madman1 standing all alone on the campus1 leaping up like a jumping-jack1 shooting his two arms this way and that1 and making silence through a megaphone4 ,i was puzzled1 until ,i saw a moving-picture operator taking the scene2 it was a 8cheer leader0 having himself perpetuated6 ,they have1 of course1 their athletic craze at ,wisconsin1 as everywhere else4 ,enormous sums are handled1 and there is the usual graft2 favoritism in jobs1 free tickets and passes1 and the 8scalping0 of these4 ,there is the usual professionalism1 with easy jobs for athletes pretending to go through college4 ,there are the usual fraternities and sororities1 organized into little snobbish groups1 and busy with student politics1 8log-rolling0 and 8back-scratching40 ,if the purpose of the university is to prepare students for what they are to meet in outside life1 these things1 of course1 have their place4 ,they have a daily paper1 the 8,cardinal10 and ,i discovered that here also the students are getting a complete training in the ways of the outside world4 ,the 8,cardinal0 is supposed to be the publication of the student body1 and those who edit it are supposed to do the work for the honor and the experience4 ,but large sums are taken in and no one knows where they go4 ,there was an investigation by the student senate1 and the findings were kept secret4 ,one student on the board persisted in asking questions1 and he was expelled2 he ran for re-election1 and on the very day of election the paper published an elaborate attack upon his integrity2 his answer was published the day after his defeat6 ,the paper refused publication of another student's article1 demanding to know the circulation of the paper and the salaries paid to the editors1 if any4 ,it developed that the business manager had borrowed three hundred and seventy dollars from the paper without security1 and that there had been other such loans not specified4 ,a pretty complete training for capitalist journalism and politics6 ,here1 as everywhere1 it is the fraternity and sorority groups which run the student body4 ,they bring from their wealthy homes the usual reactionary opinions2 and the last reactionary governor1 ,philipp by name1 laid down the ideal of a university a couple of years ago--the mothers and fathers of ,wisconsin might rest assured that their university would send their sons and daughters home with the same ideas they had when they came6 ,i picked up a couple of issues of the 8,wisconsin ,octopus10 a humorous monthly published by the student body4 ,here is a little sketch1 which might have been taken from the 8,saturday ,evening ,post10 showing a long-haired student in spectacles1 listening enraptured to a frantic ,bolshevist orator on a soap-box1 while another figure1 labeled 8,stude ,body10 turns away in disgust4 ,this heads an editorial1 8,boost ,wisconsin40 8,empty heads are the cause of mental revolution10 says this wise editor--forgetting about stomachs4 ,he denounces 8a small group1 yet a very insistent and annoying group10 which is attacking its alma mater4 8,wisconsin welcomes criticism1 but criticism made in a holy and healthy manner4 ,wisconsin has no room for knockers4 ,they are not welcome4444 ,let those with radical thoughts keep them to themselves40 ,i turn to the front cover of this satisfied publication2 it portrays a table in a lobster palace1 with a semi-nude girl-student at a supper-party with a man-student4 ,there is a quart bottle of liquor on the table1 and another in a bucket of ice beside the table1 and the man-student has fallen asleep1 dead drunk4 ,such is student life according to the 8,wisconsin ,octopus0 for ,may1 #aibb4 ,and in case this issue be not representative1 ,i take up that of ,january1 #aibb4 ,this also portrays on the cover a semi-nude girl-student at a 8prom0 with a young man-student1 who can scarcely be distinguished from the one in the 8,arrow0 collar advertisement on the back cover4 ,the frontispiece of the issue consists of a drawing entitled3 8,the ,clock ,watcher10 and we discover that a 8clock watcher0 is a man-student observing the ankles of a girl-student4 ,on the next page we find a poem1 which speaks for itself3 ,absinth makes the heart grow fonder1 ,make the lights go blinking yonder1 ,makes one lamp-post seem like ten1 ,absent absinth1 come again4 ,on the next page we find a cartoon1 portraying a semi-nude girl-student1 sunk in a lounging chair1 smoking a cigarette2 we are told3 ,a good woman's a good woman1 ,but a smoke's a smoke4 ,on the next page we find some sketches1 seeming to indicate that the 8prom0 is a kind of college kissing game1 and that at the end of this game the girl lies in a drunken swoon4 ,later on we find three drawings1 8,the ,famous ,prom ,soak10 which tell us in three funny ways that the 8prom0 is a place where both boys and girls get drunk and have a headache the next morning4 ,a little farther on occurs an illustration of a boy and girl who are conversing3 8,i know something that beats the ,prom40 8,what80 8,buy a car1 and park some place40 ,a little later we learn3 8,if it's stag1 it's a souse-party40 ,a little later we see a girl walking on an electric-light wire1 and it is explained to us1 8,a modern girl can't be shocked40 ,i think ,i have quoted enough4 ,i leave it to the impartial reader to decide the question--whose heads are empty at the ,university of ,wisconsin8 ,is it the little group of devoted idealists of the ,social ,science ,club1 who in the face of ridicule and scolding have brought a series of writers and public men1 both radical and conservative1 to discuss modern problems before the student body8 ,or is it the little set of snobbish fraternity men1 who run the social and political life of the university1 and edit its publications for the advertising of their own sensuality and cynicism8 ,,chapter ,l ,,education ,f4 ,o4 ,b4 ,,chicago ,there was one ,american captain of industry with a monstrously developed bump of acquisitiveness2 as he described himself3 8,i am a great clamorer for dividends40 ,it was frequently charged that in the early days his clamoring--or at any rate that of his subordinates--did not stop at arson and burglary2 it is certain that it did not stop at railroad rebates1 8midnight tariffs10 and numerous other violations of law4 ,by such means he made himself master of the oil industry of the country1 and was on the way to acquiring the railways and the banks and the ,child's restaurants4 ,he had made one or two hundred millions of dollars1 and was busily turning it into one or two billions2 but he found rising against him a clamor of public execration1 and the poor rich man1 whose second most conspicuous bump was of fear1 began casting about for some way to take the curse off himself4 ,about that time he met an educator--one of these typical ,american combinations of financial shrewdness and moral fervor1 a veritable wizard of a money-getter1 a 8vamp0 in trousers1 a grand1 impressive1 inspirational ,chautauqua potentate4 ,the old oil king was completely captivated4 ,we can imagine him going home to the privacy of the royal bed-chamber1 or wherever it is that oil kings and queens exchange domestic confidences4 8,say1 ,laura1 ,i met a fellow today--by crackie1 he's a wonder6 ,he's a professor of ,semitics1 or pyrotechnics1 or something or other1 ,i forget just what--but he knows everything there is1 and he's going to build me a university and make me the greatest philanthropist in ,america60 8,now1 ,john10 says the oil queen1 8you better be careful and hold on to your money4 ,the ,lord is able to take care of people's souls1 and they don't need this newfangled modern learning40 8,that's all right1 my dear10 says the oil king1 8but every business has to advertise4 ,i figured out that this is the cheapest yet4 ,and1 besides1 ,i always wished ,i'd had an education1 so that you and ,i might get invited out to dinner-parties1 and not have everybody laugh at us the way they do40 ,this oil king had a pathetic trust in education1 as something you could buy ready-made for cash1 the same as a political machine or a state railroad commission4 ,if anybody tried to put off on him an oil-field that had got salt water in1 he would know the difference2 but it did not occur to him that there might be fakes in education1 or that a petroleum philanthropist might not be able to order the whole of the human spirit1 ,f4 ,o4 ,b4 ,chicago1 thirty days net4 ,i picture the educational 8he-vamp10 ,president ,harper1 calling into consultation some fellow-faker in the architectural line4 ,says the architectural wizard3 8,i suppose this old bird will want something plain and economical--the biggest floor-space for his money40 8,not on your life10 says the educational wizard4 8,he wants something he never saw before2 he's going in for culture4 ,you know ,i specialize in these old things--,hebrew and ,greek and ,assyrian and ,sanskrit and ,egyptian----0 8,how would it do to give him a row of pyramids80 says the architectural wizard4 8,no10 says the educational wizard1 8he would think that was heathen4 ,he's a religious old bird--a ,baptist1 like me2 that's how ,i got him1 in fact--met him at an ice cream festival40 8,oh1 well then1 it's plain10 says the architectural wizard4 8,what we want is real old ,gothic--stained-glass windows1 mullioned1 and crenellated battlements1 and moated draw-bridges--0 8,that sounds great60 says the educational wizard4 8,what does it look like80 8,i'll have one of my office boys get you up a sketch this afternoon10 says the architectural wizard4 8,it's a good style from our point of view1 because it uses about four times as much stone per square foot of floor-space1 and stone is where we get our rake-off40 ,a thousand years ago1 you understand1 men rode over the earth1 clad in heavy iron armor1 like hard-shell crabs4 ,every joint had to be tightly covered1 lest a flying arrow should pierce the crack2 and when they built themselves homes they were moved by this same terror of swift arrows1 so they made the windows narrow and deep4 ,they built the walls of thick stone to withstand the pounding of battering-rams1 and to hold up the enormous weight of the pile4 ,such was the origin of 8,gothic0 architecture2 and ,i do not know any better way to expose to you the elaborate system of buncombe which is called 8higher education0 than to state that here in twentieth century ,america1 where we know of bows and arrows only in poetry1 and have the materials and the skill to build structures of steel and glass1 big and airy and bright as day--we deliberately go and reproduce the architectural monstrosities1 the intellectual and spiritual deformities of a thousand years ago1 and compel modern chemists and biologists and engineers to do their research work by artificial light1 for fear of arrows which ceased to fly when the last ,indian was penned up in a reservation4 ,not alone at the ,university of ,chicago do you find stone towers with crenellated battlements--that is1 notches through which arrows may be fired1 and stones and flaming ,standard ,oil hurled down2 you find them at college after college all over the ,united ,states4 ,i look up some pictures ,i happen to have--here they are at ,princeton and at ,syracuse and at ,colorado6 ,you find ,columbia ,university spending several millions for a huge ,roman temple of white marble1 called a library--a structure which is magnificent for picture post-card purposes1 but which gives about ten per cent of the shelf-room that should have been bought for the money1 and compels everybody in the main reading-room to use electric lights most of the day6 ,i recall one of my earliest radical impulses1 derived from the spectacle ,i used to see when ,i stayed late in the afternoon in this library building4 ,from regions unknown would emerge an army of old women with buckets and scrubbing-brushes2 pitiful1 wizened up old creatures crawling about the marble corridors on their hands and knees1 mopping up the dirt of the students' feet and the spittle of their mouths4 ,manifestly1 this cleaning might have been done by machinery1 it might have been done by able-bodied men with mops2 but women were cheaper1 and there were those in charge of the university's affairs who cared more about money than humanity4 ,of course1 we know what such persons will answer2 the old women were glad to get the work4 ,in the same way they answer that chemists and biologists and engineers are glad to get a chance to do research work1 even at cost of their eyesight4 ,at the ,university of ,chicago they discovered that men were anxious to get such work1 even at the cost of their health4 ,in his book1 8,the ,higher ,learning in ,america10 ,thorstein ,veblen tells of an incident which happened in a certain laboratory 8dedicated to one of the branches of biological science40 ,having been for ten years a professor at the ,university of ,chicago1 ,professor ,veblen felt under the necessity of withholding names2 but ,i am not under the same necessity1 and ,i make so bold as to state that it occurred in the ,hull ,biological ,laboratory of the ,university of ,chicago4 ,the building was supposed to be ventilated by a hot air system2 fresh air was taken in from the outside1 and warmed over steam coils1 and distributed through the building4 ,it began to be noted that members of the scientific staff were mysteriously falling sick4 ,they would be forced to stay at home1 or to take a vacation2 they would get well1 and then come back and get sick again4 ,finally1 one professor went rooting about in the basement of the building1 and made the discovery that the university authorities1 in order to save the cost of heating1 had boarded up the outside intake1 so that the air which passed through the steam-coils was being derived in part from a manhole leading to a sewer4 ,the great capitalist university had found it too costly to heat its ,gothic halls--playfully described by ,veblen as 8heavy ceiled1 ill-lighted lobbies1 which might have served as a mustering place for a body of unruly men at arms1 but which mean nothing more to the point today than so many inconvenient flag-stones to be crossed in coming and going40 ,,chapter ,,li ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,standard ,,oil ,providence arranged it that soon after the ,university of ,chicago was built1 the oil king's digestion gave out1 and he retired to the country to live on graham crackers and milk and play golf all day4 ,the job of turning his two hundred million dollars into two billions was left to his efficient subordinates1 and they were not so much interested in the old man's advertising ventures1 so that the university was left to run itself4 ,veblen describes its spirit as 8a ravenous megalomania40 ,for years ,president ,harper followed the plan of buying everything he wanted1 and sending the bill to ,john ,d4 ,but that was stopped1 and now the running of the university is seen to by the usual board of interlocking directors1 mostly elderly ,baptists4 ,they have had in past times some first-rate scientists2 what they have now is a faculty of aged dotards1 who set the tone of the place1 and the young men try to act dotards to the best of their ability4 ,they are sensitive on the subject of petroleum at the university2 they blush at mention of the word1 and do not admit the conventional book-plates showing the lamp of knowledge4 ,some time ago a wag composed a 8doxology0 for use by the students1 and the young radicals have fun with this-- ,praise ,god from whom oil blessings flow1 ,praise him1 oil creatures here below1 ,praise him above1 ye heavenly host1 ,praise ,father1 ,son--but ,john the most4 ,i met one professor at the ,university of ,chicago who insisted that teaching was entirely free4 ,he added1 with some asperity3 8,of course you will do the ,bemis story6 ,we shall never hear the end of the ,bemis story40 8,too bad60 ,i said1 sympathetically4 8,i haven't heard that story2 what is it80 8,just a piece of slander10 said the professor4 8,i know positively that the case of ,bemis was not a case of academic freedom at all1 and he himself admits it40 ,that was something definite4 ,i ascertained that ,edward ,w4 ,bemis is an economist and engineer1 with offices in ,chicago and ,new ,york1 so ,i wrote and asked him about the matter4 ,i quote his letter1 and leave it for you to form your own judgment3 ,i was called from ,vanderbilt ,university to the ,university of ,chicago to the chair of ,associate ,professor of ,economics and ,sociology1 at the opening of the ,university of ,chicago in ,october1 #ahib4 ,in ,march1 #ahie1 ,president ,harper informed me that the trustees had dropped me from the faculty the previous ,december1 to take effect in ,july1 #ahie4 ,he informed me then and in subsequent conversations that my attitude on public utility and labor questions was the cause1 and that if he cared to talk about the reasons for my dismissal1 ,i could not secure any other college position in the country4 ,a great deal was made of the matter in the newspapers all over this country1 under the heading of ,college ,freedom1 and many papers took it up4 ,i did teach after that1 for two years1 #ahig-i1 in the ,kansas ,state ,agricultural ,college1 but1 finding no openings in the larger universities1 ,i turned my attention exclusively to the investigation of public utility questions1 and to assisting states1 cities and commissions in such matters4 ,i found a congenial field as head of the ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 ,water ,department1 under ,tom ,l4 ,johnson1 from ,september1 #aija1 to #aiaj1 and have since then spent my strength on building up an organization of engineers and accountants devoted to assisting cities and states and other public bodies1 including the national government1 in appraisals and rate adjustments of public utilities4 ,i received no calls for teaching1 save as above mentioned1 since ,i was forced out of the ,university of ,chicago1 and for over twenty years have sought none4 ,i have never been a ,socialist1 or an extremist along any line1 but have investigated and to some degree favored public ownership of public utilities1 and have had a friendly relation with the ,american labor movement4 ,my opposition to the efforts of certain ,chicago utilities to secure lighting and street railway franchises1 while ,i was at the ,university of ,chicago1 and the public address which ,i made during the famous ,pullman strike in #ahid1 wherein ,i did not endorse the strike but did say that the railroads had often boycotted each other1 violated law1 etc41 as well as had the men1 were features assigned by ,president ,harper for the opposition to me1 resulting in my dismissal by the trustees of the university4 ,a professor at the ,university of ,chicago who read this manuscript volunteered to get for me the university's side of the story1 and he wrote me3 ,at the time of his 8dismissal0 ,bemis was in the extension division4 ,his appointment ran out and he was offered re-appointment1 his remuneration to come from the fees of students4 ,this action might1 of course1 be described in ,mr4 ,bemis' phrase1 8dropped me from the faculty40 ,i submitted that statement to ,professor ,bemis1 who answered by wire3 ,my letter which you quote is absolutely correct4 ,no proposition for continuance of my work1 half of which was to advanced students within the university walls1 was ever made to me4 ,another of the casualties of ,mr4 ,rockefeller's university was ,professor ,triggs1 as ,i have told in 8,the ,brass ,check10 and ,i gather they were not sorry when ,veblen moved ,west4 ,i was told that one professor had recently been 8on the carpet for excess of radical zeal10 and ,i wrote to ask him if this was true4 ,he answered that the trouble he had got into was for being away too much4 ,said he3 8,i have never known of anyone at ,chicago being interfered with in any way #8for excess of radical zeal4' ,to be sure1 no such excess exists40 ,which ,i find a charming reply6 ,to the same effect is the testimony of ,john ,c4 ,kennedy1 formerly a professor at the ,university of ,chicago4 ,questioned by ,chairman ,walsh of the ,industrial ,relations ,commission1 ,professor ,kennedy stated concerning the faculty3 8,a sincere desire to deal with fundamental conditions does not seem to be there in most cases4444 ,i think they are a poor crowd among which to look for leaders to bring about any fundamental change in social conditions40 ,the reason for ,professor ,kennedy's discontent was that he had been engaged by the ,university of ,chicago ,settlement to make a survey of labor and living conditions among the ,stockyards workers4 ,he had prepared an elaborate and thoroughly documented report1 which several of the packers found satisfactory2 but ,swift ,company--which has a member of the firm on the board of the ,university of ,chicago--objected that ,professor ,kennedy had drawn 8political conclusions0 from his data2 that is1 he had suggested a remedy for the evil conditions in the ,stockyards1 for the workers to organize to protect themselves6 ,these portions of the report were cut out before it was published1 and the whole matter was hushed up1 both by the university authorities and by the newspapers of the interlocking directorate in ,chicago4 ,they have one 8renommir professor0 at ,chicago1 and are very proud of him4 ,i don't think ,i exaggerate in saying that out of the score of faculty members ,i talked with on the subject of academic freedom1 not one failed to mention ,robert ,morss ,lovett as the university's certificate of emancipation from ,standard ,oil4 ,out of the warmth of his big heart ,professor ,lovett gives his help to ,hindoo revolutionists thrown into jail1 and to ,russian sweat-shop workers clubbed over the head by the police4 ,i asked him to read this manuscript1 and he tells me that he thinks ,i am too severe upon the university4 ,he wonders what ,i will have to say about places like ,minnesota and ,illinois1 which are so much worse4 ,to avoid misunderstanding1 let me state that ,i have not been able to find a single one of the great ,american universities which is truly liberal or truly free2 but there are degrees of badness among them1 and the ,university of ,chicago is one of the best4 ,i have no desire to deny it due credit1 therefore ,i note ,professor ,lovett's comment--that during the early days of the university ,president ,harper stood for liberalism in religion1 and thereby lost much ,baptist money2 also that the university made an enviable record during the war1 in that there was no interference with the private views of any professor on this question4 ,shortly after the war there developed a strong movement to refuse diplomas to about a dozen of the students who were accused of radical activities1 but this movement was defeated at the last minute4 ,i talked with several of these students1 and with others who are now struggling to defend ideas of social justice at the university4 ,they had a little paper1 called 8,chanticleer10 and were so indiscreet as to reprint an article from the ,seattle 8,union ,record0 praising the paper4 ,so the student daily hailed them as the 8boy ,bolsheviks0 of the university1 and both students and professors joined in a campaign of ridicule and sneering4 ,the climax came with the fourth issue1 containing an article by ,clarence ,darrow2 not twenty students could be found to distribute this4 ,among the most active in attacking the little paper was a dean who has just died2 he never lost an opportunity to denounce the radicals1 and gave no scholarships or honors to such4 ,i am presenting in this book many cases of college professors 8let out0 for speaking intemperately about conservatives2 ,i am wondering if anyone will answer me by telling of a single professor 8let out0 from an ,american college for speaking intemperately about radicals6 ,i talked with another professor at ,chicago1 who does not want his name used4 ,i asked him what he thought about the status of his profession1 and he gave the best description of academic freedom in ,america that ,i have yet come upon4 ,he said3 8,we are good cows2 we stand quietly in our stanchions1 and give down our milk at regular hours4 ,we are free1 because we have no desire to do anything but what we are told we ought to do4 ,and we die of premature senility40 ,they have another professor at the ,university of ,chicago who is not entirely satisfied with ,america as it is1 and that is ,robert ,herrick1 the novelist4 ,he expressed the fear that ,i might try to write the same kind of book as 8,the ,brass ,check02 that is1 to show direct pressure of financial interests upon college professors--whereas the way it is done is by class feeling1 by the tradition of academic dignity1 the prestige of old and established things1 8the tone of the house40 ,i took the liberty of telling ,professor ,herrick of a few cases ,i had collected1 and he admitted that he had had no idea there were things like that going on4 ,robert ,herrick would1 of course1 never fail in urbanity and graciousness2 but fundamentally1 ,i think he is more pessimistic about ,american education than ,i am4 ,he said3 8,universities can't get money except by getting great numbers of students2 so they dare not set any higher standards than rival institutions in the same neighborhood4 ,so the ,american soul stays flabby2 all that counts is show1 and in every department you get by with superficiality4 ,it is a lunch-counter system of education2 read a novel and get a credit2 then go out into the world1 and use your college prestige to make a fortune2 and then give your name to a college building4 ,we do absolutely nothing for men and women who come to college1 in the way of giving them true culture1 higher standards of thought or conduct4 ,i go to any university club and look over the alumni1 and ,i see that we have given them no distinction--in dress1 in speech1 in morals1 in ideas4 ,you cannot tell them from the bathtub salesmen or the agents of barbers' supplies you meet in the lobby of the ,blackstone ,hotel40 ,the above is from a man who has been teaching for twenty-nine years at the ,university of ,chicago2 and you may compare it with the pungent remark of ,professor ,cattell1 who was a teacher for twenty-six years at ,columbia3 8,the average university club in ,america could more easily dispense with its library than with its bar40 ,,chapter ,,lii ,,little ,,halls ,,for ,,radicals ,the touchiest problem with all academic authorities is that of 8outside speakers40 ,they can handle their own professors2 by care in selecting instructors1 and weeding out the undesirables before they get prestige1 they can keep dangerous ideas from creeping into the classrooms4 ,but it always happens there are half a dozen students who come from ,socialist homes1 and these get together and call themselves some society with a college name1 and start inviting labor agitators and literary self-advertisers1 to disturb the dignity and calm of scholarship4 ,this puts the university administration in a dilemma2 they are damned if they do and damned if they don't4 ,if they refuse to let the radical propagandist in1 there is a howl that they are repressing freedom of thought2 on the other hand1 if they do let him in1 who can figure what millionaire may be led to alter his will8 ,there is always a little group of disturbers at every large university2 and those at ,chicago were moved to invite ,upton ,sinclair to come to their campus and repeat his ,wisconsin performance4 ,i was not present at the consultation between the president of the ,university of ,chicago and his loyal and efficient secretary2 but ,i have been able to imagine the scene4 ,you understand1 there isn't a particle of prejudice against radicals1 and we have absolute freedom of speech at our university1 we are willing for the students to hear anyone they wish2 but we decide that we had better minimize the trouble by confining this literary self-advertiser to a small hall1 so that students will not announce the meeting1 and the newspapers won't hear about it1 and the wealthy trustees and donors may not know that it has happened4 ,but the day before the lecture there is excitement in our president's office--,upton ,sinclair has arrived in ,chicago1 and has telephoned asking for an interview4 ,he comes2 and we discover that he has shaved off the bushy black ,bolshevik whiskers in which we had every right to expect to find him2 also he has left off his red necktie1 and has adopted a gentle and seductive smile--you know how cunning these ,bolsheviks are6 ,our president's secretary tries to smooth him down--tells him what a great novelist he is1 and how delighted we are to have him speak at our university1 and how1 of course1 there is no particle of prejudice against radicals4 ,then he is taken into the dark ,gothic chamber where our aged president sits by the dim light of arrow-proof windows4 ,harry ,pratt ,judson has been at our university since it was founded thirty years ago1 and is a holder of ten college degrees1 and a high interlocking director in all the ,rockefeller foundations for the guidance of ,american intellectual life4 ,also he is the author of a manual for college presidents entitled3 8,the ,higher ,education as a ,training for ,business10 a book which deserves to be required reading for every course in educational administration1 a standard guide to the art of persuading the rich to put up their money for mullioned windows and crenellated battlements and moated draw-bridges4 ,there has to be somebody to keep the interlocking directorate aware of the importance of culture1 and ,harry ,pratt ,judson is the boy for this job2 showing how a college education really does pay in dollars and cents1 and putting it in language so simple that the basest pork merchant over at the 8yards0 can get the point4 ,says our ,president ,judson3 8,men buy and sell1 not merely for fun1 but for profit40 ,and again3 8,a reputation for honest dealing with customers is a valuable asset40 ,and again3 8,the habit of sustained mental application is got only by persistently applying the mind to work in a systematic way40 ,can any one deny these statements8 ,if so1 let him speak1 or forever after hold his peace1 while we1 the administration of the ,university of ,chicago1 assert and declare that our ,harry ,pratt ,judson is an educated educator and an inspired inspirationalist4 ,the ,bolshevik author enters the presidential sanctum1 still with that evil seductive smile4 ,he explains that he has spoken to an audience of two thousand people at the ,university of ,wisconsin1 and fears that a hall seating only two hundred people will not accommodate those who wish to hear him at ,chicago4 ,he understands there is a large auditorium1 ,mandel ,hall1 which seats thirteen hundred---- 8,ah1 yes10 says our president1 with that urbanity which distinguishes him1 8but we are accustomed to reserve ,mandel ,hall for speakers who are invited by the university40 8,well10 says the ,bolshevik author--could anyone imagine the impudence8--8,i should be perfectly willing to be invited by the university40 8,i'm afraid that could hardly be arranged10 says our president1 as sweetly as ever4 8,of course1 ,mr4 ,sinclair1 you understand that we are quite willing for our students to listen to anyone's ideas2 we have absolute freedom of speech at this university1 but we have our established traditions regarding the use of our halls1 and you could not expect us to make an exception in your case40 8,well10 says the ,bolshevik author1 8it would seem1 ,president ,judson1 that your idea of freedom of speech is that the radicals have a small hall and the conservatives a large hall40 ,but even that does not cause our president to waver in his urbanity4 ,he is an old and wise man1 accustomed to handling many crude people--you cannot imagine the things he has had said to him by pork merchants6 ,he smiles his gentle1 rebuking smile1 and says3 8,you must admit1 ,mr4 ,sinclair1 it would be better for you to have a hall that is too small than to have one that is too large40 ,to this the fellow answers that he is willing to take the risk4 ,so our president sees there is nothing to be gained by prolonging the discussion1 and tells him in plain words that the hall which has been assigned him is the only hall he can have4 ,the ,bolshevik author goes out1 and doubtless would like to denounce us in the newspapers1 but our interlocking trustees have seen to that--they own all the newspapers in ,chicago1 and ,upton ,sinclair stays in the city a week1 and not one pays any attention to his presence4 ,more than that1 we have got things so arranged all over the ,united ,states that ,upton ,sinclair can spend three months traveling over the country1 stopping at twenty-five cities1 and in all that time have only two newspaper reporters come to ask him for an interview6 ,however1 we know that he is a dangerous customer1 and we watch with some trepidation to see what he will do4 ,on the evening of the lecture we go to the hall1 and fifteen minutes before the time set we find a state of affairs--truly1 we don't know whether to be amused or irritated4 ,we can't think how the students managed to hear about this unadvertised lecture1 and it is a distressing thing to see so many young people with a craving for unwholesome sensation4 ,they have packed the little hall2 the aisles are solid with them2 they are hanging from our mullioned windows1 and blocking all the corridors outside the many doors4 ,and all the time more of them coming6 ,the ,bolshevik author arrives1 accompanied by two or three professors4 ,we have always said that these 8reds0 ought to be kicked off the faculty1 and now we see the consequences of tolerating them6 ,the author shoves his way to the platform1 and--we tremble with indignation even now as we recall his proceedings--he tells the students about his interview with our august president1 and states plainly that he thinks we have discriminated against him because he is a radical4 ,he asserts1 on the authority of several students1 that no difficulty has ever before been raised about giving ,mandel ,hall for speakers invited by students2 also he mentions that the university has barred ,raymond ,robins and ,rabindranath ,tagore4 ,and we note that a large percentage of the audience laugh and applaud1 as if they thought such fellows ought to be heard6 ,he goes on to say that outside is a beautiful warm spring evening1 and a quadrangle with soft green grass1 and thick ,gothic walls to shelter it from the wind4 ,if they will go outside and squat1 he will come and talk to them1 and there will be plenty of room for everyone who wishes to hear his self-laudations4 ,the students laugh and cheer--what can you expect of young people1 who have little sense of dignity1 and think this is a lark8 ,they troop outside1 and more come running up from all directions4 ,never in the thirty years of our university has there been such a violation of propriety4 ,for an hour the man delivers a rankly socialistic harangue to fifteen hundred students1 and when he tries to stop1 they clamor for him to go on1 they crowd about and ask him questions1 and he is kept talking until eleven o'clock at night1 telling our young men and women about strikes and graft--all the most dangerous ideas1 which we have been working so hard to keep away from them6 ,even things right here in ,chicago--the fact that our biggest newspapers have their buildings upon land which they have stolen from the city schools2 the fact that our school-board has been stealing several millions of dollars of the people's money1 while a clerk of our city jail has got away with three thousand dollars belonging to his prisoners6 ,however1 we are happy to say that some of our students resisted these ,bolshevik blandishments1 and gave proof of the principles we have instilled into them4 ,we have a university paper called the 8,daily ,maroon10 which the radicals impudently dub the 8,moron40 ,this paper next day had a report of the meeting1 and it certainly was delightful the way they gave it to the oratorical author3 8,his talk was a more or less skilful combination of a frenzied street corner gathering 7to be sure1 there was no soap-box71 and a lecture in ,political ,economy on capital and labor and the feudal system4 ,all the old platitudes used for the last decade in liberal workmen's papers were repeated40 ,you will not fail to appreciate the gentlemanly tone of that rebuke2 and then1 this most cruel cut of all3 8,one is tempted1 too1 to wonder what kind of novels ,mr4 ,sinclair writes2 if they are as full of mistakes in grammar as his address last night1 his publishers must be gray around the temples40 ,reading the above1 we were so much pleased that we sent marked copies to all the directors of the ,standard ,oil ,company and the packers1 so that our friends might have proof that the better classes of our students do not read socialistic books4 ,that was the end of the incident1 except for a trick which the wretched ,bolshevik played upon us4 ,would you believe it1 he wasn't cowed by the rebuke of the 8,daily ,maroon10 but actually tried to seduce our student body next afternoon by engaging in a tennis match with the champion of our university4 ,our champion beat him1 though by an effort so mighty that it split his pants4 ,but all the time the author was being beaten1 he kept up a hypocritical pretense of good nature1 intending thereby to win the regard of our young and unsophisticated undergraduates4 ,in this purpose we are sorry to say he seemed to be successful1 for next day the 8,daily ,maroon0 appeared with a grave editorial1 in which it took back at least a portion of the previous day's well-deserved rebuke3 ,upton ,sinclair plays tennis more pleasingly than he talks or writes4 ,although he lost two sets to ,captain ,frankenstein yesterday afternoon1 he did it with a grace that does not characterize his books and speeches4 ,he played and lost like a sportsman4 ,he gave no evident sign of petty displeasure at being defeated4 ,one admires manliness1 and one finds far more of it in witnessing ,mr4 ,sinclair on the tennis court than in reading one of his tearful harangues of the yellow press which1 he declares1 has hounded him1 and suppressed his thoughts4 ,all we can say about that is1 how fortunate that so few ,bolsheviks take part in athletics6 ,,chapter ,,liii ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,judge ,,gary ,there is another great ruling class munition-factory in the vicinity of ,chicago1 ,northwestern ,university1 at ,evanston1 ,illinois4 ,it is one of those terrible places1 of which there are scores in the ,united ,states1 which began as little church institutions1 and by the grace of graft have grown to enormous size4 ,northwestern is ,methodist1 and has some ten thousand strictly pious students1 and over six hundred instructors1 and not a rag of an idea to cover its bare bones4 ,the man who was until last year its president fitted himself for that office by being the university's 8,director of the ,bureau of ,salesmanship ,research40 ,the first vice-president of the university is the general counsel of the ,illinois ,steel ,company2 the third vice-president is vice-president of the ,illinois ,steel ,company2 while the grand duke is the very grandest of all grand dukes in the ,united ,states--that prince of open shoppers and potentate of reaction1 ,judge ,gary1 chairman of the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation6 ,for many years previously the leading grand duke was ,james ,a4 ,patten1 the grain speculator1 whose million dollar corner in wheat was the sensation of my boyhood4 ,mr4 ,patten began life as a clerk in a country store1 and his claim to direct a great educational institution is based upon his acquaintance with the grain commission business1 one of the most thoroughly organized of ,american swindles4 ,mr4 ,patten is director of two national banks1 a trust company1 a grain company1 and an ,edison company4 ,he is a malignant 8open shopper10 and during his reign at ,northwestern waged incessant war upon two or three liberals who got into the place4 ,one of these men was ,professor ,gray1 whom we have already met at the ,university of ,minnesota4 ,gray managed to stick at ,northwestern for sixteen years4 ,he taught economics2 a liberal colleague taught psychology1 and the president of the university remarked to a friend of mine that these were the two hardest departments he had to administer1 because one touched on religion and the other on the pocket-book6 ,gray was handicapped in the usual way by low salaries and lack of promotion for himself and his assistants4 ,for many years he tried to get ,harry ,ward as assistant1 but could never manage it4 ,mr4 ,patten was twice elected mayor of ,evanston1 and when he ran again1 ,professor ,gray1 who was a ,progressive1 talked against him1 and led the ,progressive forces in the legislature that drove ,patten's chairman out4 ,naturally1 that caused ,mr4 ,patten intense annoyance4 ,he had given the university a gymnasium1 and a generous share of the millions he had extracted from the bread supply of the ,american people4 ,so he demanded that the president should support him2 and the president sent for ,gray1 and proceeded to administer a rebuke4 ,gray asked3 8,are you speaking officially or as an individual80 ,the climax of the affair was that ,gray asked to meet ,patten and thresh the matter out face to face4 ,they met at luncheon1 and ,patten presented his complaint4 ,he was sore because ,gray had quoted him as saying with regard to the pious students of the university--8it had cost more to get out the ,bible vote than any other40 8,but10 said ,gray1 8you did say that1 didn't you80 ,patten admitted that he had said it1 so ,professor ,gray finally offered to settle the matter by writing a letter to both the ,evanston newspapers1 stating exactly what ,mr4 ,patten admitted he had said1 and exactly what he denied2 but ,patten was not satisfied with this settlement of the difficulty6 ,a little later ,professor ,gray was appointed by the ,national ,civic ,federation as one of a committee of economists to investigate municipal ownership in ,europe4 ,they were all supposed to be reactionaries1 and their findings were supposed to be what they knew the ,national ,civic ,federation wanted2 but ,professor ,gray had the wretched taste to become converted to the doctrines of municipal ownership by the facts he observed in ,europe1 and he so stated in his report4 ,when he got a proof of this report he found that it had been doctored in the office of ,mr4 ,ralph ,easley1 the very ardent 8open shopper0 and hundred per cent plutocratic secretary of that organization4 ,the professor had to threaten a law-suit against the ,national ,civic ,federation in order to force them to correct the report4 ,also1 ,gray had a 8run-in0 with ,charles ,deering1 ,harvester ,trust magnate1 the second grand duke of the board4 ,deering asked ,gray to speak against a strike of the ,harvester ,trust workers1 and said that he purposed to put this strike down with guns4 8,yes1 ,mr4 ,deering10 said the professor1 8but suppose the day comes when you are under the sod and the other fellow has the guns40 ,needless to say1 the authorities of ,northwestern were glad when this too popular professor received an offer from the ,university of ,minnesota1 which had come for the moment under a liberal administration4 ,a friend of mine was present at a private luncheon1 at which ,mr4 ,patten made the statement that he had got rid of ,gray1 and was now going to get rid of another man4 ,this especially pious university is the one we mentioned as having established a rule that only bachelors are to be accepted as teachers2 also the one which we found officially declaring that excellence in a college professor lies1 not in his being able to teach1 but in his diligence in raking in the dust-heaps of history4 ,last spring they gave their grand duke the usual honorary degree1 and took occasion to have him instruct their ten thousand students in the principles of ,american piety4 ,a copy of the address lies before me1 one of those beautifully but mysteriously printed pamphlets which bear the name of no publisher and no purchase price1 but manage to get circulated by hundreds of thousands of copies all over the country4 ,the subject of ,judge ,gary's address is 8,ethics in ,business10 and he begins by making some curious admissions4 ,there was a time1 8not many years ago1 perhaps not much more than a score10 when in ,american business 8the rule of might over right prevailed4444 ,competition was tyrannical and destructive4 ,weaker competitors were forced out of business1 often by means not only unethical but severe and brutal4 ,the graves of insolvents were strewn along the paths of industrial development and operation4 ,the financially strong grew stronger and richer40 ,of course you understand what all this means2 it is an amiable preliminary to the statement which ,judge ,gary is going to make1 that now all these evil things have changed1 this wicked time has passed6 ,but ,i would like to put to ,judge ,gary the question3 how did it happen to pass8 ,who brought it about1 and what were you1 ,judge ,gary1 doing at the time8 ,were you going about the country1 telling boys and girls in colleges about the need of business reform8 ,the question answers itself4 ,at that time ,judge ,gary was head of the ,federal ,steel ,company1 and busily engaged in organizing the ,steel ,trust1 the most perfect illustration in ,america of the evils he refers to4 ,also he was engaged in denouncing as agitators and disturbers of the public peace the very men1 from ,theodore ,roosevelt down1 whose labors on behalf of reform he now pretends to justify and accept4 ,in those wicked days1 he tells the students1 the masters of industry 8did not give to employes just consideration4 ,the wage rates were adjusted strictly in accordance with the laws of supply and demand4 ,the welfare of the workmen was decided almost entirely from the standpoint of utility and profit40 ,but now1 all that is over4 8,the large majority of business men now conduct their affairs0 on the basis 8that employes are associates rather than servants1 and should be treated accordingly4444 ,conscientious treatment of employes which secures their respect and confidence will tend to increase their loyalty and efficiency40 ,and this from the man who continues to maintain throughout the greatest industry in ,america a twelve-hour day1 with a twenty-four-hour day once a week6 ,who uses all the power of his colossal organization to deny to his employes the most essential of all industrial rights--the right to organize for their own protection6 ,who1 as an incident to this policy1 maintains the most widespread and most infamous system of espionage and terrorism that has ever been known in an ,anglo-,saxon country6 ,this man1 who pays more money to spies and provocateurs in one year than the czar of all the ,russians paid in ten--this man1 whose hands are slimy with the blood of union organizers shot down in cold blood1 whose lips are foul with ten thousand lies1 told about his wage-slaves during the last steel strike--this man has the insolence to stand up before a commencement audience at a 8,christian0 university1 and declare that justice and kindness now prevail in ,american big business1 and that wage rates are no longer 8adjusted strictly in accordance with the laws of supply and demand60 ,such is the state of social conscience in the greatest educational institution of the ,methodist church in ,america2 but1 thank ,god1 the entire church no longer applauds this re-crucifixion of ,jesus4 ,the ,inter-church ,federation has issued a report on the steel strike2 and if you want to know just how honest a man ,judge ,gary is1 take the trouble to read their account of the handling of this strike by his ,pittsburgh newspapers4 ,after that you will be able to get the full humor of the comment of ,bishop ,mc,connell of the ,methodist church upon the giving of the degree to ,gary4 ,at the 8,evanston ,conference0 the bishop said that the conferring of this degree did not mean any intellectual attainments on the part of the recipient2 8it merely means that for certain specific and well-known purposes you are giving him a degree40 ,in other words1 you are selling your soul for the price of a building6 ,,chapter ,,liv ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,the ,,grand ,,duchess ,we take the ,illinois ,central ,railroad1 with its ,columbia trustee1 a recent ,university of ,chicago trustee1 a ,knox ,college and a ,rockford ,college trustee1 and an ,armour ,institute trustee1 and one ,first ,national1 one ,guaranty ,trust1 and two ,national ,city ,bank directors1 and find ourselves in the town of ,urbana1 where the state university is located4 ,here is another of these terrible mushroom places1 with a thousand instructors1 and ten thousand students exposed to all the ravages of commercialism4 ,i first heard of this university after the publication of 8,the ,jungle10 when the ,chicago packers flew to their interlocking regents for protection1 and a committee of the university faculty was appointed to inspect the stockyards and report that everything was all right4 ,in return for this1 ,mr4 ,armour gave some money for a veterinary college1 and ,mr4 ,armour's partner1 ,arthur ,meeker1 was made a regent1 and his portrait now hangs in the ,sanhedrim where the interlocking regents meet4 ,this ,university of ,illinois has made itself conspicuous in the glorification of trade2 they have a whole college devoted thereto1 with an especially large building1 and ten years ago they had a solemn ceremonial in which they dedicated this temple to ,mammon4 ,the affair was known as a 8,conference on ,commercial ,education and ,business ,progress10 and doubtless it caused great progress in the business of getting contributions from the plutocracy and its politicians4 ,it lasted two days1 and was addressed by such dignitaries as the president of the ,chamber of ,commerce of the ,united ,states1 the president of the ,chicago ,association of ,commerce1 the dean of the ,college of ,commerce and ,administration of the ,university of ,chicago1 and the ,president of the ,board of ,trustees of the ,university of ,illinois1 who was1 and still is1 chief operating engineer of ,edison ,electric4 ,there was an invocation to the ,god of ,commerce by the ,reverend ,president of ,knox ,college1 and an address by the ,president of the ,illinois ,bankers' ,association1 who opened the ,hall of ,fame of the ,university by presenting a portrait of a lately deceased banker2 then there was a prayer of dedication to the ,god of ,bankers by the ,reverend ,president ,mc,clelland2 and on the evening of the last day there was a banquet tendered by the ,commercial ,club of ,urbana1 with all the big business potentates above-mentioned listed as 8honored guests10 and preceded by an invocation to the ,god of ,gastronomy4 ,the university traditions thus established have been reverently cherished4 ,in #aiaf the college put on three lectures1 under the auspices of the ,chicago ,board of ,trade1 dealing with the art of gambling in the staff of your life and mine4 ,a gentleman living in ,urbana writes me3 ,these lectures were illustrated by lantern slides1 conspicuous among which was one giving the signals used on the ,board of ,trade in the rapid gambling when the ,board is in session4 ,this was minutely dwelt upon and the manual code of signs fully explained4 ,after the close of the lecture ,i went to a fine old professorial acquaintance4 ,i said3 8,i know now where my children are taught grain-gambling4 ,if they are to be gamblers ,i want them to be first-class gamblers4 ,where do you teach poker1 baccarat and other games80 ,he said3 8,upon my word1 ,i never knew any such thing was carried on by the ,university of ,illinois40 ,he appeared much disconcerted1 blushing greatly4 ,needless to say1 such an institution is profoundly and reverently religious4 ,it is at this place that the various sects have been able to get credits for their teachings4 ,the laws of the state prohibit religious instruction in public institutions2 nevertheless1 you can go to the ,university of ,illinois and study in the ,bible classes of the ,baptists1 or the ,methodists1 or the ,lutherans1 or the ,campbellites1 or the ,seventh ,day ,adventists--and some day1 no doubt1 the ,holy ,rollers2 you may learn about how ,jonah swallowed the whale1 and how ,david killed ,cock ,robin with his little bow and arrow2 and as a reward for these labors you may receive a university degree--having just as much cultural significance as if it were conferred by the king of ,dahomey4 ,i visited ,urbana1 and took occasion to inspect a file of the student paper1 8,the ,daily ,illini40 ,a ,jewish student had written to this paper a polite and respectful letter1 suggesting that the university authorities should open the libraries and tennis courts on ,sunday1 for the benefit of such as might care to make use of them4 ,the reply was a letter from the 8dean of men10 a piece of insolent rudeness4 ,with elaborate sneering he informed the heathen student that he lived in a ,christian community1 and must make up his mind that this community intended 8to preserve the ,christian traditions40 ,of course1 there would be no use talking about a little thing like the constitution of the ,united ,states to so mighty a person as a dean of men in a state university4 ,nevertheless1 ,i mention in passing that our forefathers put into the constitution a provision that 8,congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion02 and this1 according to decisions of the ,supreme ,court1 means state legislatures and all bodies deriving their authority therefrom1 including regents of state universities and their presidents and deans4 ,perhaps it will be more to the point if ,i quote the second letter of the ,jewish student1 who suggested that the dean of men should investigate how students really pass their ,sunday afternoons and evenings at ,illinois3 8,shooting craps in the privacy of one's room1 playing cards amidst dense clouds of smoke1 or shimmying to the strains of some horrible piece of canned jazz40 ,the board of this university is distinguished in that it has a grand duchess1 who makes her home in ,urbana1 and runs both the university and the town4 ,she is ,mrs4 ,mary ,e4 ,busey1 wife of a former ,democratic congressman2 she is president of the ,busey ,national ,bank1 and a large landowner1 and in the year #aiac1 while a regent1 she sold a tract of land to the university for #afj1jjj or #a1jjj per acre1 while land adjoining the tract was purchased for #fjj per acre4 ,mrs4 ,busey herself attended these meetings and voted for this purchase from herself4 7,attention ,professor ,brander ,matthews of ,columbia ,university67 ,for president of her university ,mrs4 ,busey selected an aged and venerable product of the university's own regime1 who began his career twenty-eight years ago as director of the ,school of ,commerce4 ,he is ,david ,kinley1 locally known as 8,king ,david40 ,i am told by several who have been his victims that he never fails to question an applicant for a position as to whether he is a ,socialist4 8,this is no time for disloyalty10 he says2 nor will it ever be such a time while ,king ,david reigns4 ,before the war the university was not so careful1 and agitators and disturbers of the academic peace crept in4 ,there was one young member of the faculty who had acquired at the ,university of ,oxford the evil habit of going without his hat1 and in ,october1 #aiag1 the dean of the ,graduate ,school delivered an address to the graduate students1 formally condemning this practice4 ,other members of the faculty were seen to be smoking on the street--whereas we have learned from the ,jewish student that university smoking is done only at poker and jazz parties4 ,another member was reported to the president by the dean of the college1 on the charge of having accepted an invitation to speak on the topic1 8,philosophical ,reasons for the ,non-existence of ,god40 ,fortunately1 he was able to prove that he had not accepted such an invitation2 also that he had not received it4 ,another member of the faculty received an elaborate letter from the head of the sociological department1 reporting several evil remarks he was said to have made to other professors1 regarding his having taken some whiskey with him on a camping trip1 and other such matters4 ,this professor was placed on trial before his dean1 and was acquitted of the evil remarks4 ,later there were dreadful allegations concerning members of the faculty having been seen to be drinking at a supper-party at the country club4 ,all the servants of the club were interviewed by a faculty committee1 and denied the charges1 and the agitation died down4 ,nevertheless1 the activities of the scandal bureau continued1 and the grand duchess became fearfully wrought up4 ,another investigation was conducted1 this time by secret service agents of the ,united ,states government4 ,five professors were summoned1 one of them a lady1 ,miss ,shepherd1 and she was told that she was 8a rank1 rotten1 vicious ,socialist and ,anarchist40 ,mrs4 ,busey was terribly upset1 and wrung her hands1 exclaiming1 8,to think that members of my faculty should behave in this way60 8,my faculty80 questioned ,professor ,tolman4 8,do you mean to say we are your hired servants80 8,well10 replied ,mrs4 ,busey1 8you are in my employ60 ,this was one of the incidents ,i mentioned to ,professor ,robert ,herrick1 who lives in his ivory tower at the ,university of ,chicago1 only a hundred miles away1 and thinks that college professors are controlled by 8the tone of the house10 and never get direct orders from the plutocracy6 ,the upshot of the matter was a formal trial before the interlocking regents1 with the dean of the ,graduate ,school presiding4 ,a great array of witnesses were summoned1 and several of the victims described the scene to me4 ,the affair was carried through with the utmost solemnity2 the master of ceremonies would enter and announce3 8,two witnesses wait without40 ,the two witnesses would be led in1 and questioned as to what evil things they knew about the radical professors4 ,one old lady1 wife of a high-up faculty-member1 had a dreadful charge3 8,well1 they sit next us in the ,faculty ,club1 and it's very unpleasant2 ,mr4 ,stevens laughs a great deal60 ,the ceremonies lasted from ten o'clock in the morning until ten o'clock at night1 and every now and then the accused professors would demand a chance to cross-question this or that witness1 and they would be told3 8,wait2 you will have your chance40 ,witness after witness testified as to their political and religious beliefs1 but they themselves were given no chance to be heard1 neither were they permitted to call any witnesses for their side4 ,late at night the proceedings were adjourned1 and the chance they had been promised was never given4 ,even with this one-sided procedure1 nothing wrong could be found with them1 and the report of the regents exonerated them completely4 ,nevertheless1 two of them were let out at the end of the year1 and a third1 ,professor ,richard ,c4 ,tolman1 resigned4 ,it is amusing to note that the charge against him had been disloyalty to his government1 and as soon as he quit the university he was taken by his government into its most difficult and confidential service--the ,department of ,chemical ,warfare6 ,apparently he gave satisfaction1 for his government made him a major1 and later on put him in charge of nitrogen fixation work4 ,,chapter ,,lv ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,automobiles ,we take the ,wabash ,railroad to ,detroit1 traveling under the protection of a ,columbia ,university trustee2 and from ,detroit we take the ,michigan ,central ,railroad1 with a ,columbia trustee1 a ,cornell trustee1 a ,rochester trustee and a recent ,yale and ,new ,york ,university trustee for directors and two ,first ,national1 two ,guaranty ,trust1 and two ,national ,city ,bank directors2 and so we arrive at ,ann ,arbor1 home of the ,university of ,michigan4 ,in the upper peninsula of this ,state are enormous deposits of copper1 with a great trust1 ,calumet and ,hecla1 in charge of the region4 ,we shall feel at home here1 because the enterprise is financed by ,lee-,higginson1 and all the old ,boston families1 the ,shaws1 ,agassizs1 ,higginsons and ,lowells1 got in on the ground floor4 ,so now when strikers have to be shot down or kidnapped1 we find highly cultured graduates of ,harvard in charge of the job2 when they have to be lied about1 the ,associated ,press is ready1 with a ,harvard graduate as general manager--see 8,the ,brass ,check10 pages #ceh-cfa4 ,in the lower peninsula are great manufacturing cities1 including ,detroit1 headquarters of the automobile industry4 ,the grand duke of the state university is ,frank ,b4 ,leland1 president of the ,united ,savings ,bank and brother of a great motor magnate4 ,as his right-hand agent and local manager at ,ann ,arbor he has ,mr4 ,junius ,p4 ,beal1 former owner of the ,ann ,arbor 8,times10 prominent ,republican politician1 director of a bank and an insurance company1 and owner of most of the saloon property in ,detroit2 also ,judge ,murfin1 a leading stand-pat politician2 a doctor1 who is also an active politician2 the manager of the ,grand ,rapids street railways1 who is interested in banks2 and a ,bay ,city manufacturer1 who is president of a national bank4 ,no account of education in ,michigan would be complete which did not mention ,senator ,newberry1 the especial darling of the plutocracy of the state4 ,newberry is the son-in-law of ,a4 ,v4 ,barnes1 president of the ,american ,book ,company1 which is the school-book trust1 the most important single agency in the corrupting of ,american education4 ,we shall come to know this ,american ,book ,company intimately when we deal with our public schools4 ,suffice it for the moment to say that when ex-,secretary of the ,navy ,newberry bought his way into the ,united ,states ,senate1 he used money which had been pilfered from the school children of the ,united ,states4 ,mr4 ,fred ,cody1 henchman of ,newberry1 and convicted with him1 is an ,american ,book ,company agent1 while his brother1 ,frank ,cody1 is superintendent of schools in ,detroit4 ,you see what a tight little system they have in ,michigan6 ,as president of the university they had until two years ago a native son1 who began teaching there fifty years ago4 ,he is described to me by one who had much dealings with him as a typical 8go-getter10 with the mentality of a hardware sales agent2 very expert at getting money from the rich1 but in the realm of the intellect 8a bouncing old fool40 ,a year or two ago they got in ,marion ,le,roy ,burton1 the great inspirationalist whom we met at the ,university of ,minnesota4 ,we saw him introduced there with brass bands and fireworks1 and ,i have a friend who saw the same thing happen at ,ann ,arbor2 these inspirationalists1 it seems1 live always in the glare of fireworks and the blare of brass bands--or else the sound of their own eloquence1 which is the same thing4 ,the ,university of ,michigan is another of these huge educational department stores1 a by-product of the sudden prosperity of the automobile business4 ,its spirit was interestingly revealed by the ,detroit 8,news0 of two years ago1 at which time the enrollment amounted to twelve thousand4 ,said the 8,news30 ,whether it is wise or best for the individual and society is difficult to decide2 but it is true and very natural indeed that for nearly all of these young persons an education is not greatly worth while if at the end of the college course or soon thereafter it can not be translated into good pay and the material comforts of life4 ,the old ideal of education as an end in itself1 as the deepening and broadening of one's view of life1 as the acquiring of a certain amount and kind of culture1 has gone from among us4 ,at this university they have1 of course1 all the usual paraphernalia of fraternities and sororities and 8student activities02 also they have an oversupply of what passes for religion in a commercial age4 ,there are five or six hundred instructors1 employed to prepare boys and girls for money-making1 and a few fond idealists1 who struggle to introduce a little understanding of the intellectual life4 ,at this1 as at other universities1 you hear wailing about the impossibility of getting college students to study2 so you would have thought that when a man came along who proved himself a wizard at that art1 the harassed authorities would have grappled him to their hearts4 ,i put it to you1 overworked and troubled college professor1 in whatever part of ,america you may be3 suppose some one put to you the task of getting seventy-five college boys to come to you1 begging you to teach them in off hours1 and outside the regular classes1 and without any credits2 offering to rent rooms for the purpose1 clean them up themselves1 buy lumber and saw it and build benches with their own hands--would you say you know how to do that8 ,suppose you were asked if you could spend hundreds of hours in intimate association with such students1 and never once hear a dirty story1 never once hear talk about football or society politics1 never see a man light a cigarette--would you say that any man alive could do such a thing8 ,suppose it were up to you to get yourself invited to the toughest fraternity-house on the campus1 to read the ,bible to the men between five and six o'clock in the afternoon1 and have everybody in the fraternity-house attend1 and even bring in crowds from the other fraternity-houses--would you think that could be done in any ,american university8 ,and if a man were doing all these things1 would you say that he ought to be made dean of men1 and then1 as quickly as possible1 president of the university--or would you say that he ought to be fired from the university in disgrace8 ,of course it would depend2 before giving your answer1 you have to know whether the man is a ,socialist6 ,he is2 and so he was driven from the ,university of ,automobiles4 ,his story was told to me by some of his former students1 who ask me not to use his name2 he has another job1 and might very easily lose that4 ,so let us call him ,smithfield4 ,he began teaching at ,ann ,arbor fifteen years ago1 starting in on rhetoric4 ,naturally1 the way to make rhetoric interesting is to see how it is used by live writers2 so ,smithfield and his classes would read ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 and the plays and prefaces of ,bernard ,shaw1 and the essays of ,john ,stuart ,mill4 ,he would set his classes interesting stunts to do2 a passage from ,wells to write over in the style of ,milton1 or one of ,shakespeare in the manner of ,carlyle4 ,his classes grew1 and when he turned them over to others they fell off4 ,the head of the department brought him three boys1 sons of the interlocking directorate1 who could not pass2 ,smithfield taught them1 and they passed4 8,it's a marvel10 said the professor2 8,i don't see how you do it40 ,but parents began to complain4 ,their children were coming home with different ideas2 they were learning real things about modern life1 instead of the pretenses the parents were used to6 ,a nephew of ,mr4 ,henry ,leland1 of ,lincoln ,motors1 brought to ,mr4 ,bulkley1 the banker1 at that time a regent1 the dreadful story that ,smithfield was a ,socialist2 so the president of the university summoned him in haste3 8,my dear ,smithfield10 said he1 8can't you see that if you were to divide everything up1 it would not be many years before the more able people had got possession of everything again80 ,such was the mentality of the aged native product2 and he was backed by ,mr4 ,beal1 the resident regent1 owner of banks and saloon real estate4 ,the boys had to come to this latter to ask for the use of a hall for a lecture by some unorthodox person1 and they would regularly be asked this question about dividing up6 ,matters got so serious1 with complaints of rich parents1 that there was a formal investigation by a committee4 ,thirty students were corralled and questioned by five members of the faculty4 8,have you ever read a ,socialist book8 ,have you ever been to a ,socialist lecture8 ,where did you get these ideas8 ,were you taught ,socialism by ,professor ,smithfield80 ,one and all1 the boys testified that ,smithfield had never taught them ,socialism2 he had taught them to think4 ,he had been tireless in impressing upon them that they should learn to hold their minds in suspense1 and to judge for themselves2 they should test new ideas1 and accept what they found convincing to their reason4 ,as a result of this investigation1 one of the deans informed ,smithfield that he had been suspended by the regents1 but this statement turned out not to be true--not yet6 ,these professors were charming fellows in their social life2 but when they were offended in their class prejudices1 they became vindictive4 ,they were incensed against ,professor ,william ,e4 ,bohn1 who was a candidate on the ,socialist ticket1 and made a speech at ,kalamazoo1 which was taken up by the capitalist press4 ,professor ,bohn's manuscript showed that he did not say what the papers accused him of saying1 and many members of the audience substantiated his statement1 nevertheless he was fired4 ,about this same time they barred ,jane ,addams from speaking in a college building2 she was arguing for woman suffrage1 and that was a contentious political question1 unfit for student ears6 ,for thirteen years ,smithfield was in perpetual hot water1 being 8called up0 and cautioned and pleaded with by the authorities4 8,what is the matter80 he asked of his dean4 8,can't ,i teach80 ,the answer was1 8,you teach too ,god-damned well40 ,this was ,mortimer ,e4 ,cooley1 a high-up authority in the engineering world1 one of those valuation wizards about whom we learned in our study of ,harvard4 ,dean ,cooley has been interested all his life in privately owned public utilities1 and he stated his point of view to one of his professors3 8,an engineer owes his first duty to the man who employs him40 ,in the pamphlet1 8,snapping ,cords10 by ,morris ,l4 ,cooke1 of ,philadelphia1 it is narrated how ,professor ,cooley serves his masters2 he went to the ,worcester ,polytechnic ,institute1 and told these students that 8in #aiaa the average rate of return on all the capital 7of all utility corporations7 was but #b4c per cent40 ,mr4 ,cooke cites a circular of ,henry ,l4 ,doherty ,company1 ,new ,york investment bankers1 giving a table of net earnings of such corporations for the ten years from #aijb1 to #aiab1 and they amount to3 gas and electric1 #h4de2 industrials1 #g4gi2 railroads1 #d4be per cent4 ,mr4 ,cooke adds the important note that the securities of such utility corporations are from fifty to one hundred per cent in excess of invested capital6 ,dean ,cooley was troubled1 because he could not get his engineering students to take any interest in ideas4 ,they ought to have a little more culture than the average business men1 he thought2 so he tried to get them to read ,shakespeare and ,milton1 but in vain2 he tried to get them to read ,darwin and ,huxley1 but in vain4 ,chemistry and physics they got in the laboratory1 but they had no biology and wanted none4 ,smithfield tried them on the social sciences1 introducing them to ,bertrand ,russell and ,bernard ,shaw2 and these hustling young engineers suddenly discovered that literature had something to do with life4 ,in six semesters this teacher had eight sections1 over two hundred students4 ,but every bit of this was abolished by the university authorities1 under pressure of the plutocracy of automobiles1 railroads and banks4 ,it was then that ,smithfield's students took matters into their own hands4 ,they asked if he would meet with them for talks1 and they started an open forum1 renting some rooms above a drug store1 and doing all the work themselves4 ,they cut out smoking and drinking1 and took to debating social problems4 ,as one of them phrased it to me1 8,we let loose a spirit of real knowledge1 and if we could have gone on1 we should have changed the social order in ten years40 ,but1 of course1 that is exactly what the plutocracy of ,michigan did not intend to have happen2 they are going to keep the present social order--which means that we are going to have civil war in ,america1 with the horrors we have seen in ,russia and ,ireland4 ,some boys came to ,smithfield1 saying they would like to meet on ,sunday mornings and study religion4 ,smithfield thought he would like to know something about religion himself2 so they got together and began to read the ,bible4 ,of course they read it with their eyes open2 they studied the class struggle in ancient ,judea1 the ,hebrews enslaved by the plutocracy of ,rome1 the ,hebrew proletariat enslaved by their own exploiters1 with the help of priests and preachers of institutionalized religion4 ,you can see the same thing in ,ann ,arbor and ,detroit1 so ,professor ,smithfield's boys discovered the ,bible to be 8live stuff40 ,presently came the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 hand-shakers1 seeking to introduce ,bible study into the fraternity-houses4 ,they would select some fraternity man to read the ,bible between five and six o'clock in the afternoon2 and then it was the ,alpha ,deltas1 who boast themselves the toughest bunch in town1 came to ,smithfield and asked him to read to them4 ,all the other classes petered out1 and came to nothing2 and naturally the 8,y0 people were sore1 because a radical was able to hold his classes while they could not4 ,professor ,smithfield's attitude toward the war was about the same as my own2 that is1 he swallowed the allies' propaganda sufficiently to think there might be a greater hope for democracy if the allies were to win4 ,he made speeches1 and sold ,liberty ,bonds1 and his enemies could not get him on this issue4 ,so the scandal bureau was put to work4 ,professor ,smithfield's wife was a teacher of swimming in the public schools of ,detroit1 and presently it began to be rumored that she had had a red-headed baby4 ,one of the students told me the origin of this red-headed baby story1 but ,i forget it2 maybe the wife had been seen to pat a red-headed baby on the street1 or maybe she had taken care of a red-headed baby for some friend--any little thing like that will do for the scandal bureau4 ,it happens that the wife is likewise a ,socialist1 and in #aiai she answered some questions which students asked her about the ,newberry case4 ,as we have seen1 the superintendent of schools in ,detroit is a brother to ,newberry's leading henchman1 so ,mrs4 ,smithfield lost her position as a teacher of swimming4 ,shortly afterwards her husband lost his position as a teacher of modern ideas4 ,they did not notify ,smithfield himself1 but the newspapers got hold of it1 and the reporters interviewed his dean1 and also ,regent ,beal1 and both declared the report was untrue1 it was a mistake4 ,the dean told ,smithfield it was a mistake2 but shortly afterwards ,smithfield discovered that it was the truth4 ,and if you want to know why college teaching is dull1 and why college students drink and smoke and gamble and go to 8petting-parties10 you have the whole answer in this experience of one live and interesting teacher4 ,they have a newspaper at the university1 the 8,michigan ,daily10 and on ,sunday they publish an eight-page literary supplement of very excellent quality4 ,in ,october1 #aibb1 a senior student1 ,g4 ,d4 ,eaton1 published in this supplement a review of ,john ,kenneth ,turner's book1 8,shall ,it ,be ,again80 an exposure of the dishonesties of the late war1 based upon documents1 and therefore not to be answered4 ,the student who reviewed it had been an ardent patriot1 and had endeavored to enlist2 being rejected as under weight1 he managed to get in by a trick1 and performed his military duties competently4 ,he was invalided1 and is at the university as a ward of the ,federal ,board of ,vocational ,rehabilitation4 ,immediately on the appearance of his review1 ,president ,burton summoned the faculty members of the ,board of ,control of ,student ,publications1 and directed this board to dismiss ,eaton at once1 the declared reason being one sentence in the review3 8,most history professors are senile1 simple and misguided asses40 ,a faculty member visited the offices of all three student publications1 and not merely forbade that ,eaton should contribute to any of these papers1 but forbade that the papers should mention his dismissal in any way4 ,the ,dean of ,students endeavored to have the government withdraw support from ,eaton1 so that he would have to quit the university4 ,extraordinary efforts were made to keep the case from getting into the newspapers2 but a month later the ,detroit 8,free ,press0 got hold of the story1 and gave young ,eaton a little course in practical journalism4 ,they got an interview with him1 and from this interview they cut everything that might be favorable to his case2 as the rest was not unfavorable enough1 they embellished it with fourteen distinct falsehoods1 which ,mr4 ,eaton lists in a letter to me4 ,also ,i ought to mention that this returned soldier was mobbed and badly beaten by the students for an article in the 8,smart ,set10 discussing the university4 ,his successor as editor has been forbidden to publish an article proving that freedom of opinion among the students is not desired or permitted4 ,,chapter ,,lvi ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,the ,,steel ,,trust ,we set out for ,pittsburgh2 and we can take either the ,baltimore and ,ohio1 with a ,johns ,hopkins trustee for president and another ,johns ,hopkins trustee for director1 also a ,pittsburgh trustee1 a ,princeton trustee1 a ,lafayette trustee1 a ,teacher's ,college trustee1 a ,lehigh trustee for directors1 also a ,morgan partner and a ,first ,national ,bank director and two ,guaranty ,trust ,company directors1 and a trustee of the ,university of ,pennsylvania2 or we can take the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 which is interlocked with the ,guaranty ,trust ,company1 ,massachusetts ,tech1 ,johns ,hopkins1 ,princeton1 ,yale1 the ,united ,states ,steel ,corporation1 ,bryn ,mawr ,college1 ,wilson ,college1 the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 the ,girard ,trust ,company1 and the ,university of ,pittsburgh4 ,it is this ,pittsburgh institution we are now going to investigate1 and we shall have no difficulty in tracing its financial connections4 ,as one of the professors remarked to me1 8,at ,pittsburgh the plumbing is all open40 ,he might also have added that this plumbing has been 8swiped40 ,in other universities the members of the plutocracy who run things have put up at least a part of the funds2 in ,pittsburgh they have made the people put up the funds1 while the interlocking directorate takes the honors and emoluments4 ,we saw ,judge ,gary being made a learned doctor of laws at ,northwestern ,university2 and that was not so bad1 because everybody understands that this particular title is merely a compliment for big-wigs and money-bags4 ,but at the ,university of ,pittsburgh they made him a doctor of science1 which is supposed to be a real degree2 and if you could plumb the depths of ,judge ,gary's ignorance on every subject except making money and killing men1 you would appreciate the absurdity of this academic performance4 ,the grand duke of ,pittsburgh is ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,mellon1 ,secretary of the ,united ,states ,treasury1 and reputed to be the third richest man in the country2 he is president of the ,mellon ,national ,bank1 and vice-president or director in a list of fifty-five great financial and industrial organizations4 ,as second grand duke he has his brother1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,mellon1 vice-president of his bank1 and vice-president or director of fifty-six organizations--beating his brother by one6 ,as active assistant they have ,mr4 ,babcock1 mayor of ,pittsburgh1 lumber magnate and director in a long list of corporations4 ,there are twenty-seven other members of this regal board1 and any time a full meeting was held1 they could transact the business of most of the banks and steel companies of ,allegheny county4 ,the typewritten list of their directorates1 which lies before me1 fills ten solid pages4 ,i know you don't want to hear it all1 so ,i will just give a glimpse1 here and there3 a steel king1 whose father left him sixty millions2 the treasurer of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 western lines2 a coal operator1 vice-president of a national bank2 the chairman of the ,pittsburgh ,plate ,glass ,company2 a steel magnate2 a physician who married ,standard ,oil2 the head financier of the ,thaw family2 the chairman of a foundry company2 a president of seven oil companies2 another representative of the ,thaw family2 the owner of several newspapers2 the president of an electric company2 the president of a foundry company2 the manager of several aluminum companies1 ,mellon enterprises2 the president of the ,heinz pickle palaces2 a real estate and coal man2 the president of a national bank and three coal companies2 the president of a ,mellon trust company2 a ,united ,states senator and ,mellon attorney2 a young steel magnate2 the president of the ,carnegie ,steel ,company2 two corporation lawyers2 the head of the ,carnegie ,institute1 a ,presbyterian clergyman1 and the ,episcopal bishop1 who has just fled from the smoky hell of the steel-country to his eternal reward4 ,we saw at the ,university of ,pennsylvania a peculiar arrangement1 whereby a private institution1 entirely controlled by private plutocrats1 receives a subsidy every year from the state1 and spends this money for anti-social purposes4 ,at ,pittsburgh we see the same arrangement2 the state contributes nearly a million dollars a year to be expended by these steel and oil and coal and railroad and money kings4 ,this means in practice that every year the chancellor of the university has to make a deal with the political bosses4 ,finding himself inadequate to the task1 he has turned it over to a firm of lawyers1 one member of which was speaker of the legislature1 and afterwards candidate for the ,republican nomination for governor4 ,those who put through the appropriation get ten per cent of it2 this is known as the 8cut10 and is a regular custom--even the public hospitals in ,pennsylvania have to pay such tribute4 ,there is a network of graft1 involving every kind of organization in the state2 the saloons1 the doctors1 the fraternal organizations--anybody who wants special privilege or freedom to break the laws has to put up bribes4 ,the lawmakers protest against this or that steal1 but when the orders come1 they vote4 ,how big is the rake-off we may judge from the fact that the mayor of ,pittsburgh put up six hundred and ninety-five thousand dollars to secure his election to an office which pays a salary of eleven thousand dollars a year6 ,the people are helpless2 they have no idea what is going on1 because they have no newspapers1 the so-called newspapers of ,pittsburgh being merely house organs of the steel companies4 ,the papers have an association regulating their output and prices1 also the number of editions4 ,they have agreed to issue no 8extras10 and have put up a bond of ten thousand dollars1 which they forfeit if they violate this agreement4 ,at the time of the steel strike they flooded the country with hysterical lies about the strikers2 the record stands complete in the report of the ,interchurch ,federation4 ,pittsburgh ,university is another mushroom establishment1 with five thousand students and no ideas4 ,the steel kings condescend to run it1 but they do not patronize it2 the interlocking trustees send their sons1 not to ,pittsburgh1 but to the big ,eastern universities4 8,pitt0 is bitterly jealous of 8,penn10 which is old and aristocratic and athletic4 ,for a time ,pennsylvania refused to play football with them1 and they went to the state legislature1 seeking to have this made a condition of the state appropriations for their rival6 ,the chancellor of the university was a preacher named ,mc,cormick1 but he failed to 8get the dough10 so he quit1 and they put in ex-,president ,bowman of ,iowa ,university1 a product of the ,columbia ,university educational machine4 ,bowman is known as 8,mellon's man10 but he also has failed as a 8vamp40 ,it appears that somebody tried to work a little scheme on ,grand ,duke ,mellon2 it was announced in the newspapers that he had made a gift of land worth two million dollars4 ,the papers played it up1 with pictures of the ,mellon brothers and fatuous interviews with ,chancellor ,bowman4 ,but ,mr4 ,mellon came out with the statement that all he had promised to do was to put up a hundred thousand dollars to secure an option on the property4 ,they are hard-fisted fellows1 these steel men1 and as the saying is1 they 8have to be shown40 ,they can see that it is worthwhile to train experts in steel-making1 so ,carnegie ,tech is taken care of2 but when it comes to general culture1 this ,latin and ,greek stuff and highbrow ologies--they let the legislature do it6 ,the professors tell a story about ,mayor ,babcock1 lumber magnate and interlocking trustee4 ,chancellor ,mc,cormick wanted to advance a young man in the chemistry department over the head of his senior1 who was a ,jew4 ,he explained in a meeting of the trustees that it would look all right1 because the ,jew was not a ,ph4 ,d4 ,mr4 ,babcock1 deputy grand duke of the board1 had fallen asleep1 and now he opened his eyes suddenly4 8,ph4 ,d8 ,what the hell's that80 ,needless to say1 they don't waste much time fooling about academic freedom at the ,university of ,pittsburgh4 ,the nearest approach to a radical that ever got into the place is a professor at the law school1 one of the twelve lawyers who signed the protest against ,attorney-,general ,palmer's raids on the constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,there was a terrible uproar in ,pittsburgh over this4 ,the professor received a letter of protest from the chancellor1 and was called in for a long argument4 ,the new chancellor came in at this time1 and at the first meeting of the board he started his money 8spiel40 8,gentlemen10 said he1 8the first duty before the university is to raise six and a half million dollars40 ,but ,mr4 ,babcock thought that the board had another duty1 which was to listen to him curse the radical professor4 ,the secret service department of the ,steel ,trust was put to work1 and there was a report on this professor1 and he lost his chance to become head of his department4 8,we must lie low now10 said the chancellor4 8,we have a big program ahead40 ,needless to say1 they are very devout at this ,university of the ,steel ,trust4 ,one of their grand dukes was the elder ,mr4 ,heinz1 distinguished author of 8,fifty-seven ,varieties10 and proud owner of sixty-eight pickle factories and forty-five branch houses4 ,mr4 ,heinz was an eminent ,presbyterian1 and head of the ,world's ,sunday ,school ,association1 and left a quarter of a million dollars to ,pittsburgh ,university for a building to teach ,sunday ,school work4 ,naturally1 therefore1 it seemed a dreadful thing to the interlocking trustees that the church should turn traitor to their interests4 ,trustee ,follansbee furiously attacked the ,interchurch ,world ,movement report on the steel strike2 at a meeting in ,new ,york he said that it had set back the cause of ,christianity fifty years4 ,and when the ,united ,states ,senate sent out a committee to investigate the strike--then suddenly the fighting steel kings discovered what a handy thing it is to own an educational machine6 ,mayor ,babcock gave the senators a grand dinner-party1 to which he invited his chancellor and some of his trustees and deans1 and these eminent and disinterested gentlemen loaded the senators up with information concerning the ,bolshevik uprising in ,western ,pennsylvania4 ,needless to say1 there are no liberal movements of the students at this university1 and no 8outside speakers0 bringing them improper ideas4 ,a recent graduate writes to me3 ,one cannot describe the stupidity and ignorance of the students4 ,most of them could never see beyond themselves2 most of them attended school to avoid working1 for the sake of the diploma which at least would give them more pay1 if not secure them a better job1 and some even because they could not think of a better1 easier1 and happier way to spend four years4 ,the professors and instructors were even worse1 there being hardly one who could inspire a student4 ,also needless to say1 there is no organization of the professors2 the university has the 8open shop0 as well as 8open plumbing40 ,at the time of the ,scott ,nearing affair at ,pennsylvania1 there was a strong movement for faculty representation1 and several of the men who stood for this movement were charged with insubordination and fired2 others1 who stood by the authorities in order to curry favor1 got promotions4 ,a ,university ,council was established1 but it proved a tender plant1 and did not survive in the smoke-laden atmosphere of the steel country4 ,chancellor ,bowman has now laid down the law1 that all appointments are subject to annual renewal2 teachers are no different from other employes1 and he intends to run the university like a business concern4 ,this is the sort of talk that brings satisfaction to steel kings6 ,i was told about a professor who was brought before the chancellor1 upon the charge of having destroyed the religious faith of one of his students4 ,the boy's father had complained1 and it developed that the professor1 in a private talk with the boy1 had been asked and had answered questions about the divinity of ,jesus4 ,there was a solemn council of the chancellor1 the dean1 and all the professors in this department1 and the chancellor drew up a statement for the professors to sign1 to the effect that they would do everything in their power to avoid tampering with the religious faith of the students4 ,they refused2 the utmost they were willing to sign was an agreement that they would not go out of their way to tamper with the religious faith of their students4 ,these men1 of course1 are teaching the scientific method1 which is incompatible with revelation2 they know it1 and the chancellor knows it2 all he asks is to avoid trouble with parents and interlocking trustees who are making money out of the system of private monopoly1 and wish to keep the thoughts of their wage-slaves upon their future heaven and off their present hell4 ,a friend of mine tells me that1 at the time of the ,braddock shootings the ,pittsburgh professors 8talked like ,bolsheviks0--but only among themselves6 ,when it comes to public talking1 that is attended to by people like ,mayor ,garland1 a former trustee1 who at a big meeting of faculty1 students and alumni declared that 8in a community like ,pittsburgh1 which depends upon a high tariff for its prosperity1 it would be very wrong for any professor to advocate free trade40 ,a friend of mine asks3 8,was he joking80 ,i answer that one might as well expect to hear a convocation of ,catholic prelates joking about the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,and while we are in this neighborhood we ought to make note of the curious experience of ,prof4 ,g4 ,f4 ,gundelfinger1 author of 8,ten ,years at ,yale10 who was assistant professor of mathematics at the ,carnegie ,institute of ,technology1 and wrote a personal letter to the president protesting against an indecent orgy of the students1 publicly conducted and led by the president4 ,the letter was sent to the president's home1 and was opened by his wife2 ,professor ,gundelfinger was fired a few days later4 ,he made a public fight1 and the trustees dismissed the president--but they did not take ,professor ,gundelfinger back6 ,,chapter ,,lvii ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,heaven ,we travel to ,buffalo by the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 and from ,buffalo we continue our journey by way of the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad1 which has a ,columbia trustee and a ,cornell trustee and a ,rochester trustee for directors1 a recent ,yale and ,new ,york ,university trustee for director1 a ,lake ,erie ,college trustee for vice-president1 a ,guaranty ,trust director and two ,national ,city ,bank directors2 and so we arrive at the ,university of ,heaven1 which has ,god ,almighty for a director4 ,thirty years ago there was nothing here2 now there are a score of elaborate buildings1 and six thousand students4 ,never has there been such a series of grand dukes and duchesses as at this university2 ,mr4 ,john ,d4 ,archbold1 president of the ,standard ,oil ,company1 and ,huyler1 the candy king1 and ,samuel ,bowne1 the cod liver oil king1 and ,l4 ,c4 ,smith1 the typewriter king1 and ,mrs4 ,russell ,sage1 the charity queen1 and ,e4 ,l4 ,french1 head of ,crucible ,steel and the ,halcombe ,steel ,company4 ,at present they have as their chief duke ,horace ,s4 ,wilkinson1 steel magnate1 one of the leading powers in the steamship lines of the ,great ,lakes4 ,as assistants there are half a dozen prominent business men of the town1 including the two leading merchants2 a former brewer of ,new ,york1 who is head of a great asphalt company and a sugar company2 ,mrs4 ,bowne1 the widow of ,samuel ,bowne2 ,mr4 ,childs1 the coal tar king2 ,mr4 ,flaccus1 the ,pittsburgh glass magnate2 the ,honorable ,louis ,marshall1 millionaire lawyer of ,new ,york2 the ,honorable ,edgar ,t4 ,brackett1 leading politician of ,saratoga ,springs1 headquarters of ,new ,york state's gambling and political conventions2 and the ,reverend ,ezra ,squier ,tipple1 ,d4,d41 ,ph4,d41 president of ,drew ,theological ,seminary1 professor of practical theology1 and author of the 8,drew ,sermons1 ,series ,one and ,two10 and of the 8,drew ,sermons on the ,golden ,texts1 ,series ,one1 ,two and ,three40 ,all this has grown out of the genius of one man1 the ,reverend ,james ,roscoe ,day1 ,d4,d41 ,sc4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,l4,h4,d41 chancellor of the ,university of ,heaven4 ,he made it1 unassisted save by ,god4 ,what is ,heaven--in the plutocratic sense8 ,it is a place whose streets are paved with gold and flowing with milk and honey4 ,it is inhabited exclusively by the elect1 all others having been cast into outer darkness4 ,it is a place entirely under the control of the 8right people02 all unorthodox thoughts are barred1 8chapel0 is conducted every morning1 and if anybody does not like the way we run things1 he can go to hell4 ,some time ago ,i made you acquainted with the ideal university president of the metropolitan plutocracy1 ,nicholas ,murray ,butler2 a man of the world1 dignified and urbane1 his religion of the ,episcopalian variety1 reserved and proper4 ,compared with him1 ,chancellor ,day of ,syracuse ,university is provincial and naive1 representing the adoration of wealth in its primitive1 instinctive form4 ,his emotions flow with child-like enthusiasm2 his denomination might be described as evangelical ,mammonism4 ,his fervor is such that he is not ashamed to bear testimony before the world2 to raise his hands in public and shout3 8,money1 money6 ,hallelujah6 ,amen60 ,this chancellor brings to the support of his plutocracy the direct personal revelation of the ,almighty4 ,when he makes commencement orations1 or gives interviews to the interlocking press1 or sends telegrams of congratulation to the murderers of strikers1 he brings to their support the latest decisions and interpretations of the ,throne of ,grace4 8,god has made the rich of this world to serve ,him4444 ,he has shown them a way to have this world's goods and to be rich towards ,god4444 ,god wants the rich man4444 ,christ's doctrines have made the world rich1 and provide adequate uses for its riches40 ,these are from the chancellor's book1 8,the ,raid on ,prosperity02 you can find more of it quoted in 8,the ,profits of ,religion40 ,recently he has published another book1 8,my ,neighbor the ,workingman10 and in this book we find ,god in a bloodthirsty mood4 ,it appears that the radicals are taking advantage of our courts1 which 8assume innocence until guilt is proved40 ,there must be 8a suspension of this order of things10 ,god says2 8we have found no foe more worthy of extermination40 ,strikes1 ,god teaches us1 are efforts to make labor superior to law2 8the strike is a conspiracy and nothing less40 ,yet when labor proposes to use legal methods1 ,god does not seem to like it any better2 we find ,him discussing the founding of the ,labor ,party in ,chicago1 and speaking of the delegates as 8these ,simian descendants0--and just after ,he has made ,his chief complaint against strikers1 that they call non-union men bad names6 ,god portrays the ,socialist utopia3 8,the soap-box orators1 in the tramp's unclean rags1 will take charge of the banks1 and the bomb-makers can be started to run the factories40 ,opposed to this is ,god's own utopia1 and you may take your choice3 8,the rich and the poor dwell together4 ,there is divine wisdom in the plan4 ,they always have so lived4 ,they always will so live4 ,noble characters are in both4 ,it must be the divine order40 ,this chancellor of the ,university of ,heaven was providentially equipped for his rle4 ,he stands about six and a half feet high1 and broad in proportion1 with the face of a ,jupiter commanding the lightnings4 ,he has a magnificent rolling voice1 so that ,jehovah's commands are heard as usual amid the thunders of ,sinai4 ,he is a masterful personality2 he knows instantly what ,god wants1 and he goes after the bacon and gets it for ,god1 and every plutocrat1 meeting him1 recognizes him as the ideal person to take charge of the thinking of posterity4 ,no nonsense is tolerated at ,syracuse2 they know what truth is1 and how it should be taught1 and you teach it that way or you get out1 the quicker the better4 ,early in the chancellor's administration he discovered that ,john ,r4 ,commons was tolerant toward free silver1 and he fired him1 giving as his reason that the professor was tolerant towards ,sunday baseball6 ,every year he discovers that several others are tolerant towards something ungodly1 and he fires them4 ,there is no 8tenure0 or faculty control1 or stuff of that sort2 it is the chancellor who pays the salaries1 and the chancellor who decides what the various men are worth--and he generally decides they are not worth much4 ,he said at a faculty meeting1 8,you fellows needn't think you mean anything to me2 ,i could replace you all in an hour and a half40 ,this is his regular manner toward his faculty2 he subjects them to the most incredible indignities4 ,for example1 he gave the degree of doctor of science to one of his grand dukes1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,french1 president of ,crucible ,steel4 ,at a faculty meeting at which this project was brought up1 one of the professors ventured to suggest that it might be better to make it an ,,ll4,d41 which is generally understood as having an honorary significance1 instead of an ,sc4,d41 which is understood to indicate actual achievement in the scientific field4 ,chancellor ,day pointed at the objector a finger which trembled with rage1 and shouted3 8,sit down and shut up60 ,this was ,professor ,e4 ,n4 ,pattee1 and ,i find him still listed in the ,syracuse catalogue as 8director of the chemical laboratory10 so ,i presume that he sat down and shut up as directed4 ,several people described to me the eloquence of the chancellor's sermons1 with the tremolo stop which reduces his auditors to tears4 ,i asked one of them1 8,does he believe in his religion80 ,the answer was3 8,no more than ,i do4 ,he has no particle of ,christianity or of faith2 he uses it merely as a shield40 ,to his faculty its purpose appears to be to beat down their salaries4 ,if you go into his office to ask for a raise1 he will glare at you and pound on the desk1 shouting3 8,what's this ,i hear about you1 ,john ,smith8 ,do you believe in the divinity of ,jesus8 ,have you been saying that you distrust the verbal inspiration of the ,pentateuch80 ,or maybe he will say3 8,i want you to understand1 young man1 ,i have been hearing reports about you4 ,you were seen walking on the street with ,professor ,so-and-,so's wife60 ,or maybe he will say3 8,i have taken the trouble to inquire1 and ,i find that you subscribe to the #8,nation' and the #8,new ,republic4'0 ,heaven1 from the point of view of college professors1 is an intellectual sweatshop4 ,i was told of a professor of geology1 who was there for twenty years1 and finally got up the nerve to ask for a raise1 and he got fifty dollars a year4 ,another professor asked for a raise1 but the chancellor discovered that this man had written a book1 and he said3 8,a man who has written a book ought not to expect promotion2 it shows that he had spare time on his hands40 ,all contracts with the university are verbal1 and you take the chancellor's word for your fate4 ,it may seem a dreadful thing to say about heaven1 but the fact remains that a number of the chancellor's faculty1 both past and present1 unite in placing him among those college heads who do not always tell the truth4 ,a few years ago he got rid of his treasurer1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,porter1 who had served the university for nineteen years4 ,the chancellor published a series of accusations against ,mr4 ,porter1 and the latter replied in a printed statement of twelve thousand words1 which ,i have before me4 ,it is a dignified and frank and convincing document4 ,mr4 ,porter bears testimony to that same 8wrath and vindictive spirit and methods0 upon which all authorities agree4 ,he goes on to give the documents and figures of a series of petty grafts perpetrated by the chancellor3 ,for example he states that laborers worked on the chancellor's farm1 and were paid out of the university treasury amounts aggregating #gaj4hb2 also1 that the chancellor sold this farm to the university 8at cost10 and when the treasurer asked for proper vouchers1 8he immediately flew into a passion1 stating that his word was sufficient02 also1 that a member of the chancellor's family purchased a building1 and leased it to the university1 to be used as a book-store1 at an excessive rental2 also1 that the chancellor sold his old automobile to the university at an excessive price2 8the chancellor sold horses1 wagons1 harness1 etc41 at various times to the university1 making out bills in favor of himself and receipting the same1 acting as both seller and purchaser40 ,we might go on to summarize twelve closely printed sheets of this kind of thing2 but space is limited1 so we content ourselves by stating that we know where this document is1 and we will submit it to ,professor ,brander ,matthews on demand6 ,,chapter ,,lviii ,,the ,,harpooner ,,of ,,whales ,for a score of years the worst scandal at ,syracuse was a sort of ,rasputin1 whom the chancellor maintained at the university as his intimate and confidant4 ,the man was a ,nova-,scotia herring fisherman1 originally hired by the late ,dean ,french to split wood and mow lawns4 ,it is generally whispered at ,syracuse that he must have found out something about the chancellor2 at any rate1 he was suddenly promoted to become superintendent of buildings and grounds1 and became the chief power behind the throne4 ,dean ,kent of the ,engineering ,college1 the most distinguished man who has ever been on the ,syracuse faculty1 criticized the inefficient heating and care of the buildings1 whereupon this man demanded his dismissal1 and incredible as it may seem1 secured it4 ,the incident almost caused a strike of the students of the engineering school4 ,one professor writes me3 ,no picture of the chancellor's regime would be perfect without the portrayal of a half-dozen or more prominent members of the faculty waiting in the ante-room outside the chancellor's office1 having been told that the chancellor was too busy to see anyone4 ,while they are waiting patiently1 the chancellor's favorite struts through this room1 dressed in a jaunty suit1 jostles against members of the faculty in an arrogant manner without apologies1 does not even knock at the door1 enters and engages the chancellor in conversation1 interspersed with ribald laughter1 for an hour or more4 ,this was almost a weekly occurrence for a generation4 ,and when someone made bold to criticize the chancellor for making an intimate of this low character1 he flew into a passion and declared that anyone who so criticized him was criticizing ,jesus2 for had not ,jesus chosen his friends among fishermen8 ,so the intimacy continued2 and last summer it came to a climax4 ,the story is told in a letter from a friend at ,syracuse1 who is accurately informed concerning affairs at the university4 ,i quote3 ,for some weeks ,mr4 ,spencer1 the manager of the dormitory grocery store1 has been missing considerable quantities of groceries and meats4 ,he made repeated complaints to the police1 but nothing was accomplished4 ,at length the situation became so bad that two detectives were stationed nightly at the store4 ,two weeks ago last ,friday night about ten in the evening an automobile stopped about a block from the store1 the driver then entered the building1 and when he was well loaded with plunder1 the detectives closed in4 ,to their surprise they found that they had bagged the chancellor's favorite4 ,he was taken to the police station and examined1 and his house was searched1 where more groceries were found4 ,hurlbut ,smith1 now president of the board of trustees1 was sent for1 and at his request the matter was kept out of the papers1 because the pledges to the university emergency fund are being paid so slowly1 that he feared the effect of such an incident4 ,the chancellor and his favorite are now trying to bulldoze ,mr4 ,spencer1 manager of the store1 into the statement that the chancellor's favorite often came to the store1 took groceries and left a slip for them2 but ,spencer down to date has not made this statement1 perhaps because he is not a liar4 ,later3 the board of trustees forced the 8resignation0 of the favorite4 ,the chancellor stormed at the trustees1 and two all-day sessions were held over the issue4 ,his old legal supporter1 ,louis ,marshall1 tried all the wiles of a spell-binder on the trustees for over an hour1 but could get only three votes for the chancellor's favorite4 ,the chancellor has now made him his chauffeur and butler2 but he will have to go down-town for groceries hereafter6 ,the chancellor's furious rages1 the vileness of his language1 and the slanders which he circulates about men who displease him--these things would be incredible1 but for the fact that man after man unites in testifying from personal knowledge4 ,thus1 ,professor ,a4 ,g4 ,webster1 now of ,clark ,university1 tells of seeing the chancellor insult one of his professors on the campus2 and subsequently ,professor ,webster mentioned this incident in a letter to the ,boston 8,herald10 whereupon the chancellor wrote to the 8,herald0 in scathing terms1 denying all knowledge of the incident or of ,professor ,webster4 ,but1 as it happened1 ,webster had in his files a letter from the chancellor1 offering to appoint him head of the department of physics6 ,dr4 ,homer ,a4 ,harvey1 a physician practising at ,batavia1 ,new ,york1 was a brilliant professor of ,romance languages at ,syracuse1 and was studying medicine in his off-hours1 taking various courses at the university4 ,after two years the chancellor discovered this grave offense1 and his first step was to deposit the professor's salary-check in the bank1 short the amount of a recent increase in salary4 ,the professor did not discover this until some of his checks were returned by the bank2 then followed an interview with the chancellor1 in which the young instructor was stormed at and denounced1 and commanded instantly to abandon his studies at the medical college4 ,he refused to do so1 and resigned his teaching position4 ,the chancellor flew into a dreadful rage1 but the young instructor walked out1 and completed his medical studies and got his degree4 ,a year later he wrote to the chancellor about another matter1 and received a suave and sympathetic letter1 disclaiming all knowledge of the late unpleasantness4 ,dr4 ,harvey declined to accept this statement1 whereupon the chancellor flew into a rage1 and wrote a second and furious letter1 bringing a great number of false charges against ,dr4 ,harvey--and incidentally revealing a complete and detailed knowledge of the unpleasantness which he had just denied6 ,shortly after that ,dr4 ,harvey learned that reports were being circulated at ,syracuse1 to the effect that at the time of graduation he had 8been caught cheating at the finals1 and had been brazen enough to boast openly of it40 ,dr4 ,harvey adds3 8,the source of that falsehood ,i have no difficulty in surmising40 ,and the same despotic methods which the chancellor applies to his faculty he applies to his students--to everyone1 in fact1 but his rich donors4 ,a student who had been working in industry during the summer started a 8discussion club0 in one of the dormitories4 ,it was only a few hours before he was 8on the mat0 before the chancellor4 8,young man1 study your books4 ,do what you are told at this university40 ,some of the students took to meeting secretly at the home of one of the professors1 and they brought a ,socialist from town to explain his ideas4 ,the chancellor's spies brought word of this1 and he stormed into a faculty meeting4 8,this place is honeycombed with sedition60 ,still worse was the situation when they took a straw vote for president in #aibj1 and it was discovered that four of the students had voted for ,debs4 ,the newspapers got word of this1 and shouted for blood4 ,recently the ,university of ,heaven had a sensational experience4 ,an instructor became insane1 and shot and killed the dean who had discharged him4 ,chancellor ,day has long ago adopted the thesis1 generally popular among the plutocracy1 that all ,socialists are lunatics2 he now committed what his professor of formal logic would explain to him as 8the fallacy of the undistributed middle term40 ,he jumped to the conclusion that because all ,socialists are lunatics1 therefore all lunatics are ,socialists1 and he trumpeted to the world the announcement that his dean had fallen victim to a ,bolshevik assassin4 ,to the bewildered editor of 8,zion's ,herald10 a very pious ,methodist paper of ,boston1 the chancellor announced that he had a right to 8see red02 he had seen a pool of blood beneath the body of his slain professor6 ,the chancellor has personally excluded all radical and liberal publications from the library4 ,every book which deals with the subject of government ownership opposes that doctrine2 all others have been systematically cleaned out4 ,the chancellor even carries his hatred of labor unions to the point of crippling the university4 ,workingmen have been changed two or three times in one week2 the chancellor set the maximum price that a workingman is worth at twenty-eight cents an hour1 and as a result1 the boilers of the heating plant were ruined1 and the cost was four thousand dollars4 ,there is the same strenuous watching1 with the help of spies and stool-pigeons1 over the religious life of the university4 ,judge ,gary was brought there last summer1 to preach his piety to the students1 who have chapel every morning1 and 8are expected to attend regularly the ,sabbath church service of the denomination to which they belong40 ,the chancellor received a protest from some minister1 whose daughter had learned something about evolution1 and he announced to the faculty3 8,you men are hired to teach your subject2 don't try to teach theology40 ,then1 observing a cold silence from this group of scientists1 he added3 8,i don't expect you to change your opinions1 but do1 for ,god's sake1 be as pious as you can60 ,the old rascal is decidedly cynical among his intimates1 fond of telling smutty stories1 and willing even to joke about the educational game4 ,his professor of psychology came to him1 telling him about the wonderful new intelligence tests which some universities were using in place of examinations4 8,fine60 said the chancellor4 8,we'll use them1 but don't let them affect admissions4 ,we want to give everybody a cheap education4 ,tell them it's a good one1 and they won't know the difference40 ,confronted by the usual trouble of raising funds1 he let himself be persuaded to try an appeal for small donations from a large number of the alumni2 but the results did not equal the cost of the circulars1 and the chancellor remarked at a faculty meeting3 8,i never went fishing for small fish with a net2 ,i went out and stuck my harpoon into a whale40 ,in the days of his prime our vicegerent of ,heaven was really a whale of a whaler2 but he met with one great disappointment1 which appears to have wrecked his career4 ,he spent twenty years cultivating the president of the ,standard ,oil ,company4 ,he chiseled off the label of one of his buildings1 the ,college of ,liberal ,arts1 and labeled it the ,john ,dustin ,archbold ,college4 ,he got ,archbold to give him a stadium and a gymnasium1 also a mansion to live in2 but he hoped for more than that1 and for ten years he whispered to his faculty3 8,be careful now1 behave yourselves1 we have a great endowment coming40 ,but ,archbold died and left him nothing1 and all the family could be got to put up was half a million dollars4 ,from that time on the chancellor's star began to wane4 ,the university had been running into debt1 and some time ago the banks refused to carry it any further1 and the grand dukes refused to 8come across40 ,the alumni would do nothing1 for they share in the detestation with which the chancellor is regarded by the faculty and students4 ,in order to confound his enemies1 the chancellor hired a firm of professional money-raisers1 who undertook to get six million dollars in thirty-six weeks for ,syracuse4 ,but before they had gone very far they realized that no one would put up money1 so long as the chancellor remained in office2 they told him so1 and he dismissed them for incompetence4 ,they sued for thirty-six thousand dollars still due1 and it was shown that the chancellor had spent a huge sum of the university's money on this fiasco1 and without getting a penny of return4 ,the debts of the university now amounted to a million and a half1 and so matters came to a head4 ,the interlocking trustees had done everything they could think of to persuade the aged whale-hunter to resign1 but all their efforts failed1 so they worked out a most ingenious scheme4 ,one morning the chancellor opened his copy of the ,syracuse 8,post-,standard0 at breakfast1 and there1 to his consternation1 he found himself confronted with an elaborate front-page article to the effect that he had resigned4 ,there was his picture1 and there were columns upon columns of laudatory articles about himself1 written by his leading teachers and his leading grand dukes and duchesses4 ,never was there such a series of panegyrics of a triumphantly retiring chancellor6 ,all the ,syracuse newspapers had it1 and what was the poor man to do8 ,should he dump out all that milk and honey into the dirt1 and make for himself a horrible scandal8 ,he bowed to his fate1 and the trustees appointed ,dean ,peck as acting chancellor2 but shortly afterwards ,dean ,peck died of heart-trouble1 and our whale-hunter moved back into his office4 ,there was no one with authority to keep him out1 and he set the university carpenters at work making alterations on his new home and made to his faculty the triumphant announcement3 8,you see1 gentlemen1 ,god has vindicated me2 ,he has struck ,peck down1 in order that ,i may return to my position60 ,such is the ,university of ,heaven2 and we close with the familiar comment3 8,heaven for climate1 hell for company40 ,p4 ,s4--,while this chapter is being prepared for the printer1 the chancellor resigns once more4 ,whether this time it is permanent1 only ,god knows4 ,,chapter ,,lix ,,an ,,academic ,,tragedy ,we continue on the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad to ,albany1 and then take the ,boston ,albany1 which is leased to the ,new ,york ,central1 and has a ,harvard 8visitor10 a recent ,harvard overseer1 a ,massachusetts ,tech trustee1 and a trustee of ,clark ,university for directors4 ,it is to this latter university we are bound1 to study one of the tragedies of our academic history4 ,in the gold rush of '#di1 a hardware and furniture dealer of ,massachusetts went out to ,california1 and established a monopoly in his line and made a fortune4 ,he came back home1 expecting to be welcomed by the aristocracy of his state2 but they snubbed him1 and so he turned his thoughts to education4 ,he endowed a university1 and put at the head of it one of the most original and fertile minds that have ever appeared in the educational field in ,america4 ,president ,g4 ,stanley ,hall of ,clark ,university has been interested in almost every branch of advanced science2 he is the author of great works on adolescence and senescence1 and was the first to introduce psychoanalysis into academic teaching4 ,he brought ,freud and ,jung to ,america1 and even made so bold as to apply the psychoanalytic method to ,jesus ,christ4 ,instead of making ,clark the usual academic department-store1 he made it a place where the most advanced men in every field of science found a home1 and where students came to specialize in the highest and most difficult branches of knowledge4 ,the founder was a plain old boy1 and gave them two plain brick buildings1 modeled on his 8,boston ,store10 the great retail establishment of ,worcester4 ,so undistinguished are these buildings that the story is told of a farmer driving by1 learning that this was ,clark ,university1 and exclaiming3 8,christ6 ,i thought it was the jail60 ,yet these brick buildings carried the name of ,american science all over the world4 ,we saw in our study of ,columbia ,university that the great home of the plutocracy had one distinguished scientist for every thirteen members of its faculty1 whereas the poor and unpretentious ,clark had the highest standing of any university in the ,united ,states1 having one distinguished scientist for every two members of its faculty6 ,this was not what the old hardware and furniture merchant had wanted2 he did not understand what was going on1 and saw no sense in a professor of mathematics who filled six blackboards with a complicated demonstration1 nor in a professor of chemistry who discovered substances with names that filled whole lines of print4 ,he quarreled with ,president ,hall1 and cut off most of the funds of the university1 and started a second institution1 ,clark ,college1 where poor boys could get an education in three years2 to this latter institution he left a large part of his money4 ,of course1 there was no other plutocrat in ,america who cared for what ,president ,hall was doing1 so for a generation ,clark ,university was starved for funds4 ,nevertheless1 many of the scientists stayed1 because it was a place where they could do their work in their own way4 ,they were free not merely to teach their own specialties1 but to help run their university4 ,never in ,america has there been such an unruly faculty2 men would pound on the table1 and shake their fists in the president's face1 calling him a great number of impolite names1 and threatening to resign2 but he would argue it out with them1 and they would stay on4 ,the strongest emotion which animated old ,jonas ,clark was a hatred of the plutocracy of ,worcester1 which had scorned him4 ,more than anything else1 he wanted to make certain that this plutocracy should never get hold of his university or his college4 ,concerning the university he laid down the law in his will3 ,and ,i also declare in this connection1 that it is my earnest desire1 will and direction1 that the said university1 in its practical management1 as well as in theory1 may be wholly free from every kind of denominational or sectarian control1 bias or limitation1 and that its doors may be ever open to all classes and persons1 whatsoever may be their religious faith or political sympathies1 or to whatever creed1 sect1 or party they may belong1 and ,i especially charge upon my executors and said trustees1 and the said mayor to secure the enforcement of this clause of my will by applications to the ,court as above provided1 or otherwise by every means in their power4 ,such is the purpose for which ,clark was founded4 ,its founder is dead1 and two years ago its great president retired at the age of seventy-four1 and the tragedy of ,america's most intellectual university can be told in one sentence--the plutocracy of ,worcester has got it6 ,there are eight members of the board of trustees today4 ,the grand duke is ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,bullock of ,worcester1 chairman of a life insurance company1 president of a railroad and a railroad investment company1 trustee of a savings bank1 director of the ,boston ,albany ,railroad1 two other railroads1 a gas company1 a ,boston trust company and a ,boston security company4 ,the second grand duke is ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,dewey1 lawyer1 president of the ,mechanics' ,national ,bank and of the ,worcester street railways1 president of five other street railway companies and a steam railway1 trustee for a savings bank and a national bank1 vice-president of a gas company and two railroads1 director of three railroads1 an investment company1 an insurance company1 and a telephone and telegraph company4 ,the third grand duke is ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,thurber1 business manager of ,ginn ,company1 school book publishers1 the largest and most active competitors of the ,american ,book ,company4 ,mr4 ,thurber's political views are described to me by one who knows him well3 8,anybody more liberal than ex-,president ,taft is a ,bolshevik to him40 ,these three constitute the finance committee and run the university4 ,as assistants they have ,judge ,parker1 one of the most notorious of the aristocratic corporation lawyers of ,massachusetts1 counsel for the men who smashed the ,boston police strike2 ,chief ,justice ,rugg of the ,massachusetts ,supreme ,court1 a former ,worcester lawyer and a very conservative individualist2 ,mr4 ,aiken1 a high-up interlocking director1 formerly of ,worcester1 but now president of the ,national ,shawmut ,bank of ,boston2 a cautious young lawyer of ,worcester1 in partnership with ,judge ,rugg's son2 and another young man1 who has just been appointed to the board1 and is expected to serve as another dummy4 ,this board is a close corporation1 self-perpetuating1 with no elected representative of faculty or alumni4 ,for twenty years the finance committee has had charge of the investing of the endowment1 and ,i should like to call the especial attention of ,professor ,brander ,matthews of ,columbia ,university to what they have done4 ,i am not intimately familiar with the changing standards of ,american high finance1 but ,i do not know whether the administration of this finance committee is what would be described in banking circles as 8honest graft0 or 8dishonest graft40 ,they have invested the funds of the university through their own banks1 railways1 trolley lines and gas companies1 and have paid the university four per cent interest on the funds1 while neighboring institutions have been getting five or six per cent4 ,for example1 the treasurer of ,wesleyan ,university writes3 8,all the invested funds of the university netted us last year #e4ga4 ,this will show you1 of course1 that we carry very small balances in our banks and make no investments through them40 ,as we have seen1 ,clark ,university has been making investments through the banks1 and it has thereby lost #a4ga on #d1gjj1jjj1 or #hj1cgj per year for twenty years1 a total of #a1fjg1djj1 which went to make fat the banks of ,worcester instead of to educate the students of ,clark4 ,also ,i took the trouble to inquire concerning the ,state ,mutual ,life ,assurance ,company of ,worcester1 and ,i find that for the year #aiba it realized #e4ea on its book assets4 ,mr4 ,bullock is chairman of this concern1 and his son is vice-president and general counsel2 and you see how much better they do for themselves than they do for ,clark6 ,the treasurer of ,clark is the head of a big ,worcester bank1 and his reports of the university's finances were not audited2 this irresponsibility continued for some time1 and this year ,chief ,justice ,rugg asked that the report be audited in future4 ,i am told by a former professor that it is almost impossible to get hold of a copy of this treasurer's report1 and when you do get it you find it a mass of enigmas4 ,thus the university carries one large block of ,new ,haven stock at #bjj1 and another at #aaj6 ,mr4 ,dewey1 the lawyer who handles the finances of the university1 is one of the shrewd big business manipulators of ,massachusetts4 ,he and ,bullock were with the ,mellon crowd which manipulated the legislature1 and ,dewey was head of the ,new ,england ,investment ,company1 the holding concern for the ,new ,haven ,railroad1 the device whereby the big investors skimmed off the cream from that huge system1 and left the 8widows and orphans0 hungry4 ,it is only the peculiar workings of our system of justice which enabled these able gentlemen to escape the penitentiary2 and you find that their university has large holdings in all these half broken-down railroads--the ,boston and ,maine1 the ,vermont ,valley1 the ,norwich and ,worcester1 the ,providence and ,worcester--and more than a hundred thousand dollars in ,mr4 ,dewey's gas company6 ,,chapter ,,lx ,,the ,,geography ,,line ,needless to say1 ,clark ,university had been for a generation a cause of indignation to the town of ,worcester1 which is the largest manufacturing center in ,new ,england1 and next to ,pittsburgh the most notorious 8kept city0 and 8open shop0 town in ,america4 ,clark regarded ,worcester as the ,mammon of ,unrighteousness1 while ,worcester regarded ,clark as a nest of atheism1 infidelity1 and ,bolshevism4 ,an ,american university with no stadium1 no gymnasium1 and no chapel1 no 8eleven0 and no 8nine10 no rowing crew and no 8petting-parties06 ,obviously1 no gentleman would send his son to such a place2 it would be left for 8muckers0 and ,bolsheviks4 ,one of the trustees expressed his opinion of the matter to a student with whom ,i talked3 8,the college would fare better if it turned out a winning football team than if it had eleven of the most famous scientists in the country4 ,that's what the public wants1 and that's the way to get the money40 ,when ,president ,hall resigned1 the plutocracy of ,worcester perceived that their chance had come4 ,they arranged for the president of ,clark ,college to resign at the same time1 and they cast about for some man of their own type to take charge of both institutions4 ,the selection was made by ,mr4 ,thurber1 business manager of ,ginn ,company2 and again ,i don't know whether ,i should describe it as 8honest0 or 8dishonest0 graft4 ,one of the principal 8lines0 of ,ginn ,company is the ,frye-,atwood elementary school geographies1 which are handsomely illustrated1 and have been sold to the extent of over half a million copies to school boards throughout the ,united ,states4 ,the author of these books was a professor of geography1 first at the ,university of ,chicago1 then at ,harvard4 ,it occurred to ,mr4 ,thurber what an admirable thing it would be1 if1 instead of advertising these geographies as written by a professor at ,harvard1 he could advertise them as written by the president of ,clark ,university6 ,also if he could use ,clark ,university as a place for tea-parties to entertain visiting delegations of school superintendents and teachers desirous of meeting the distinguished author of ,ginn ,company's leading 8line06 ,of course ,i don't mean literally 8tea-parties02 in the educational world these publicity enterprises proceed under the decorous title of ,summer ,schools4 ,elaborate advertising campaigns are undertaken1 the praises of this or that particular 8line0 are seductively set forth1 and the schoolmarms flock from all over the ,united ,states--likewise the principals and the high-up superintendents--and they meet the distinguished authors of school books1 and listen to their patriotic eloquence1 and go home singing the wonders of the various 8lines40 ,then when the new orders are placed for text-books1 the enterprising salesmen are on hand to get the business4 ,mr4 ,thurber announced that he had a new president for ,clark ,college and ,clark ,university2 he announced it at the commencement dinner1 and there was consternation on the faces of everybody present1 because nobody had ever heard of ,wallace ,walter ,atwood1 professor of physiography at ,harvard ,university1 and author of 8,the ,mineral ,resources of ,southwestern ,alaska10 and 8,the ,glaciation of the ,uinta and ,wasatch ,mountains40 ,i am told that one of ,professor ,atwood's colleagues at ,harvard1 hearing the news1 remarked3 8,i suppose ,clark thinks it is getting a geographer and an educator2 ,clark will find it has neither40 ,and ,clark did6 ,president ,atwood may be a well-informed man in his narrow specialty2 certainly he fulfils the ideal of the interlocking trustees1 in that he is a hundred percent pious and a hundred percent patriotic and a hundred percent plutocratic4 ,but when it comes to the administration of a university1 and to broad questions of public welfare--,i have cast about and tested all the terms in my vocabulary1 but ,i have been unable to find any one word to describe the ignorant crudity and childish absurdity of this former ,harvard physiographer4 ,he announced at the very beginning that he had no interest in being the president of a poor man's university2 he was going to start a 8drive0 for funds1 and make ,clark a normal and respectable place4 ,in an address to the students he set forth the advantages of a technical education1 using the standard phrases of the 8go-getters03 8,as an expert witness you can sometimes get as much as a hundred dollars a day40 ,this to a group of men whose chief pride was that they had a real understanding of the intellectual life6 ,one student came to him to ask for time to pay his tuition fee4 8,why do you come here if you can't pay what you owe80 asked the president1 sharply4 ,on the other hand1 to a famous athlete1 member of a wealthy family1 who had found it impossible to pass his examinations1 he said3 8,don't worry too much about that2 we all get by in the end2 it took me five years to get through myself40 ,at the formal inauguration ceremony ,president ,atwood announced--doubtless with a sly wink at ,mr4 ,thurber on the platform--that he was going to make ,clark ,university the great center of ,american geographic and physiographic education4 ,now ,i have no desire to deny the importance of these subjects2 they are interesting specialties and have their place2 but when some one sets out to raise them into major sciences1 we may be sure that we are dealing with a buncombe artist1 and may look with certainty for commercial motives4 ,in the ,clark ,university bulletin we find the commercial ideal set forth in the plainest possible language3 8,many of the universities and colleges of this country are now calling for trained geographers4 ,commissioners of education1 normal schools1 and high schools are looking for men or women who can serve as supervisors or as special teachers of geography4 ,the large financial houses are endeavoring to train men in commercial geography in their own schools4 ,the departments of the government are now using trained geographers1 and the ,civil ,service ,commission has recently recognized the profession of geography0--etc41 etc4 ,under ,president ,atwood's regime the graduate work in mathematics and biology has ceased4 ,the two best psychologists are gone1 and the department has declined to nothing4 ,the department of chemistry is undermanned and woefully deficient in equipment4 ,history and the social sciences are even worse off1 and no adequate work in government is offered1 in spite of the fact that the will of the founder specifies the preparing of useful citizens as the first task of the university4 ,instead of that--we have geography6 ,there is an independent 8,graduate ,school of ,geography10 free from faculty control and headed by ,president ,atwood himself1 with a professor of meteorology and climatology1 and a lecturer in anthropogeography--delicious mouthful for schoolmarms to take home to ,main ,street6--also four other professors and lecturers1 and four more listed as 8offering closely related work40 ,there are twenty-one courses in this ,graduate ,school1 and a 8special series0 of six lectures1 besides a program of anti-,bolshevik propaganda1 described as a 8,conference on ,russian ,affairs10 with five lecturers1 including ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,sack1 ex-chief of ,ambassador ,bakmetieff's lie-factory6 ,in addition to this1 there is the ,summer ,school1 with only one course in psychology1 and only two in education1 and only two in social science--but with twelve in geography6 ,and worse yet1 there is to be a 8,correspondence ,school10 with endless courses in the ,frye-,atwood geographies1 for rural school and grade teachers1 with the horrified and agonized faculty of the university compelled to give university credits for this commercial work6 ,men who can thus turn culture into cash are seldom permitted to hide their light under a bushel in capitalist society4 ,president ,atwood has also become editor of a magazine2 or rather director of the 8,institute of ,international ,information10 a contrivance for getting subscriptions to a magazine called 8,our ,world40 ,in its pages you may find a picture of our worthy physiographer in full academic regalia1 holding one of his geography books1 decorated with ribbons1 clasped in his hands4 ,for four dollars you may join this 8,institution10 and get the magazine for a year1 and 8have the privilege of asking any question of international significance1 etc40 ,the funniest thing about the proposition is that our pious and super-respectable president of a reformed atheist university is here working hand in hand with and advertised alongside of ,mr4 ,arthur ,bullard4 ,surely ,president ,atwood does not know who this terrible creature ,bullard is--an international revolutionary conspirator who1 concealing himself under the alias of 8,albert ,edwards10 endeavored to undermine ,american institutions by a ,socialist novel called 8,comrade ,yetta10 and a most shocking 8free love0 novel1 8,a ,man's ,world60 ,,chapter ,,lxi ,a ,,leap ,,into ,,the ,,limelight ,the program of converting ,clark ,university into an advertising department of ,ginn ,company proceeded merrily so far as concerned ,ginn ,company2 but it caused great distress to the faculty of the university1 which held a series of meetings and prepared a memorandum to the board of trustees1 in which they bitterly denounced the new policy4 ,also there were signs of revolt among the students2 even the ,rotary clubs and other business organizations of ,worcester began to tire of a diet of geography1 fried1 boiled and hashed for three meals a day4 ,i have not been admitted to the inside of ,president ,atwood's psychology1 but some of his professors suspect that he began to realize that something desperate must be done1 and resorted to the favorite device of ,george ,m4 ,cohan1 who1 whenever one of his plays began to lag1 would come dancing out on the stage with an ,american flag4 ,the students at ,clark maintain a ,liberal ,club1 and invite speakers of all points of view to discuss public questions before them4 ,they are accustomed to question these men and tear their arguments to pieces1 and if the men cannot thoroughly document their statements1 they have an unhappy time4 ,that the students really conduct an open forum is proven by the fact that they brought not merely ,harry ,laidler to defend ,socialism1 but the ,reverend ,murlin1 president of ,boston ,university1 to speak against it4 ,they invited ,frank ,tannenbaum to defend the radical movement1 and they invited the ,reverend ,dr4 ,wyland of ,worcester to denounce it4 ,dr4 ,wyland's point of view on social questions is sufficiently revealed by the fact that in the ,worcester 8,telegram0 he referred to ,scott ,nearing's 8licentious and seditious utterances0--and this without having attended ,nearing's lecture6 ,it was early in #aibb that the ,liberal ,club announced a coming lecture by ,scott ,nearing1 and obtained ,president ,atwood's consent for it4 ,a few days before the lecture ,president ,atwood summoned the president of the club1 and told him that there was to be a geography lecture that evening and asked that the ,nearing address be shifted to a different and smaller hall4 ,president ,atwood himself1 of course1 went to the geography lecture2 when it was over he came to the hall where ,nearing had been speaking for an hour and a half to some three hundred people4 ,i am told that on the steps of the building he met a high-up society lady of ,worcester1 wife of one of the interlocking directors4 ,this lady was trembling with indignation1 and told ,president ,atwood about the horrible thing that was going on in the hall--a ,bolshevist speaker was shamelessly defaming the ,american people4 ,president ,atwood went in1 and listened to the address for about three minutes4 ,scott ,nearing was discussing the control of ,american intellectual life by the plutocracy1 and1 as it happened1 he had just got to the subject of educational institutions1 and was describing the contents of 8,the ,higher ,learning in ,america10 by ,thorstein ,veblen--who happens to be ,atwood's brother-in-law4 ,atwood listened1 and his bosom swelled4 ,some poet has described ,opportunity as a beautiful caparisoned white horse1 which gallops by and stops for a moment in front of a man1 and then gallops on4 ,at this moment ,atwood perceived that the steed had halted before him2 here was the way to make the ,frye-,atwood geographies known1 not merely to all the schoolmarms of the ,united ,states1 but to all leaders of patriotic thought all over the world6 ,president ,atwood leaped upon the horse--and rode into the limelight6 ,what he did was to rise up in the audience1 and tell the president of the ,liberal ,club to stop the lecture4 ,he had to repeat this several times before the bewildered student got his meaning2 then the student went upon the platform and told ,nearing to stop1 and ,nearing politely did so4 ,in talking about the matter with ,nearing1 ,i told him that ,i thought he had made a mistake2 he should have insisted upon his right to finish his lecture--and ,i was assured by students at ,clark that if he had done this1 the audience would have politely put the president of the university out of the hall4 ,but it didn't happen that way2 ,nearing stopped1 and ,president ,atwood went to the front of the platform and informed the audience that the meeting was dismissed4 ,he said this three times1 while the amazed people stared at him4 ,he turned and instructed the janitor to 8blink0 the lights1 so as to compel the audience to leave4 ,there were half a dozen of the faculty present1 also the venerable scholar1 ex-,president ,g4 ,stanley ,hall4 ,one of the professors came forward and remarked that it seemed rather late to dismiss the meeting4 ,president ,atwood answered3 8,we can't have these things going on here40 8,why not80 asked the professor4 8,this is no proper audience to hear such remarks40 8,but the audience consists of at least fifty percent college men40 8,yes10 said ,president ,atwood1 8that's the worst of it40 ,and he pounded on the wall in his excitement4 8,this kind of thing must be stopped6 ,i am going to crush it with every means in my power60 ,the author of the ,frye-,atwood geographies was new to ,clark ,university1 and does not possess the mentality to understand the place2 he was genuinely bewildered by the uproar which followed4 ,the students called mass meetings of protest2 they organized and appointed committees1 and proceeded in vigorous and determined fashion to make good their right of free speech4 ,the incident1 of course1 was telegraphed all over the country1 and brought back upon the head of the unhappy physiographer a storm of ridicule and denunciation4 ,he fled from it1 and shut himself up in his house4 ,the student committee could not get access to him2 but finally they dug him out1 and put him on the griddle4 ,i talked with a member of this committee1 and he told me how the president had called to see him at a fraternity house1 almost weeping1 and saying that his life had been threatened4 ,next day he received a delegation from the student-body1 and made them a prepared speech1 in which he said3 8,i deeply and sincerely regret the dramatic manner in which ,i interrupted ,dr4 ,nearing40 ,but a day or two later he appeared before a mass meeting of the whole student-body1 and read them an address entitled 8,extra-,curricula ,activities and ,academic ,freedom10 in the course of which he said that ,scott ,nearing had 8maligned the moral integrity of the ,american people10 and added3 8,i know that ,i should have closed that meeting4 ,i do not regret that ,i have shown in a positive way that ,i disapprove of such influences within the halls of the university40 ,to a committee of the students he stated that he had evidence of 8a world-wide plot to bring ,bolshevism from the street corner into the colleges10 and this evidence he intended to lay before the board of trustees4 ,he intimated that the liberal professors at ,clark were privy to this conspiracy2 but when the time came for him to produce the 8goods10 all he had was the absurd magazine articles of ,cal ,coolidge6 ,you see1 the poor fellow is utterly ignorant of the problems with which he is trying to deal2 a child in his mentality1 he was talking to students who had been trained in the social sciences1 and were accustomed to do their own thinking1 and to produce evidence for their statements4 ,these students persisted in pinning him down as to what he meant by freedom of speech and of teaching1 and they succeeded in extracting from him one extraordinary piece of obscurantist dogma4 ,he said to them3 8,if1 in teaching geology ,i had in my class ,lutherans who believed in an actual six day creation of the earth1 ,i could only state that scientists were aware that the earth is very old and it is our theory1 nothing but theory1 that it evolved through countless eons2 but as to its actual creation1 whether or not it took six days we do not know4 ,i could say nothing which seemed to contradict the beliefs which they had gained in the home40 ,another student who had a session with him made very careful notes1 and has placed these at my disposal4 ,said ,president ,atwood3 8,when ,i came to this college and found that you had no chapel1 ,i was shocked to the depths of my soul4 ,my father was a minister1 and ,i regard religion as the fundamental basis of all education40 ,the student replied by informing his president that the study of religion formed an essential part of all the sociology courses at ,clark4 ,said the student3 8,do you suppose that many members of the student-body agreed with what ,nearing said80 8,no10 replied ,president ,atwood1 8maybe not1 but they would have if they had a chance to hear him40 ,the student laughed at this1 and told him that if he had let the meeting alone and sat quietly1 he would have heard ,scott ,nearing questioned and made to back his assertions1 if he could4 ,the president was told about the misadventure of the ,reverend ,wyland1 who had come to talk against ,bolshevism1 without knowing a single thing about the subject2 he had been questioned and backed into a corner1 and when he got off the platform he was 8as limp as a rag40 ,but somehow that did not satisfy ,president ,atwood6 ,how simple-minded he is you may perceive from the fact that he allowed a professor of his geography department1 coming forward in his defense1 to point out that ,harvard1 by holding on to ,laski1 had lost more than a million dollars6 ,he went before the ,rotary ,club at ,worcester1 which received him with tumultuous cheering2 he was their kind of man6 ,also the ,reverend ,wyland defended him--with the result that the student glee-club canceled a concert at ,wyland's church4 ,the clergyman gave out to the press a statement that the reason for the canceling was that not enough tickets had been sold6 ,president ,atwood called off the weekly assembly1 because he dared not face the students2 they might refuse to sing1 he said4 ,they used to cheer him on the campus1 but now they passed him in silence2 when he addressed them at the mass meeting1 there were present not merely the state police1 but a number of private detectives4 ,the newspapers had scare headlines3 8,,police ,,protect ,,college ,,president ,,from ,,students40 ,an interesting aspect of this affair is the behavior of the kept press of ,worcester4 ,one of the students said to me3 8,i read #8,the ,brass ,check1' and ,i couldn't believe it1 but now ,i know it is true1 because ,i saw the ,worcester newspapers do practically everything that you told about40 ,throughout the whole affair the students were orderly and dignified2 yet their local newspapers sent over the country wild tales about riots and threats4 ,the ,worcester 8,telegram10 in its first account of the incident1 ran the headline3 8,,speaker ,,flays ,,schools1 ,,churches1 ,,government0--whereas ,scott ,nearing had not once mentioned the government4 ,next day the 8,telegram0 quoted the president of the ,liberal ,club as saying3 8,if we could raise enough money we would engage ,upton ,sinclair40 ,this anecdote is told in the 8,clark ,college ,monthly10 a student paper1 which declares3 8,this statement is without the slightest foundation in fact4 ,asked by a reporter if the ,liberal ,club planned to have any more radical speakers1 as for example1 ,upton ,sinclair1 ,fraser had replied3 #8,why1 he is in ,california'2 and thus grows the mighty oak60 ,one day more1 and the 8,telegram0 buried the students' official statement in an obscure page1 and ran the headline3 8,,students ,,talk ,,strike1 ,,prexy ,,says1 #8,,let ,,them ,,try ,,it'60 ,the ,springfield 8,union0 declared that the 8notorious ,scott ,nearing was delivering an anarchistic lecture40 ,throughout the whole affair both these papers referred to the student-body by such phrases as 8irresponsible college boys10 8make-believe radicals10 8children who should be spanked10 and 8sincere young people of an impressionable age02 entirely concealing the fact that the average age of ,clark students1 including the freshman class1 is twenty-one years1 while the average of the ,liberal ,club members at the time of the ,nearing lecture was twenty-five and six-tenths years4 ,to conclude the story3 the protests of the students availed them nothing4 ,the author of the ,frye-,atwood geographies announced his intention to oversee their activities and their thoughts2 and he has done so4 ,he did not announce his intention to get rid of the professors who had publicly opposed him1 but he proceeded to make it so uncomfortable for them that they would hasten to remove themselves4 ,the great tragedy of ,american academic life is the lack of solidarity of the faculty4 ,even the more courageous and public-spirited men among the ,clark faculty did not seem to feel that they owed a duty to the institution and its traditions2 instead of proceeding to organize the faculty1 and to stand as a unit against the degradation of ,clark1 what has happened is that six of the best men have resigned in as many months2 they have found congenial places in other institutions1 and their colleagues are left to their fate4 ,as ,john ,jay ,chapman puts it3 8,the average professor in an ,american college will look on at an act of injustice done to a brother professor by their college president with the same unconcern as the rabbit who is not attacked watches the ferret pursue his brother up and down through the warren to a predestinate and horrible death4 ,we know1 of course1 that it would cost the non-attacked rabbit his place to express sympathy for the martyr2 and the non-attacked is poor1 and has offspring1 and hopes of advancement40 ,the students1 of course1 are helpless2 no student-body can ever control an institution1 except for a brief period1 by some violent outburst4 ,the best trained and most intelligent men go out every year1 and a new crop of youngsters come in1 who know nothing of the traditions of the institution2 nor can they find out what is going on in the outside world1 since the librarian of the university keeps the 8,nation0 and the 8,new ,republic0 hidden away in the basement1 among the obscene literature which can only be got by special signed request6 ,so all that the interlocking directorate has to do is to sit tight and hold on to the purse-strings4 ,in two or three years the last trace of the ,clark tradition will be forgotten1 and the university which stood at the head of ,america's scientific life will be one more of the regulation standard educational department-stores--but distinguished by the fact that every summer it conducts geographical tea-parties1 at which the distinguished author of the ,frye-,atwood geographies tells the assembled fifth-grade schoolmarms that 8the great object of you teachers is to prepare the minds of youth to stand firm against the great wave of radicalism which is sweeping ,american institutions off the face of the earth40 ,,chapter ,,lxii ,,the ,,process ,,of ,,fordization ,while we are contemplating academic tragedies1 let us take our familiar ,baltimore and ,ohio ,railroad1 with a ,johns ,hopkins trustee for president and another ,johns ,hopkins trustee for director1 also a ,princeton trustee1 a ,lafayette trustee1 a ,teachers' ,college trustee1 a ,lehigh trustee for directors1 also a ,morgan partner and a ,first ,national ,bank director and two ,guaranty ,trust ,company directors and a trustee of the ,university of ,pennsylvania4 ,we travel to ,baltimore1 where we shall find another university fallen upon exactly the same pitiful fate as ,clark2 save that the interlocking trustees have handled the matter more deftly1 and have not made themselves a scandal in the newspapers4 ,johns ,hopkins ,university was founded by an old ,quaker1 who left three and a half millions to endow a university1 with a medical school as an integral part4 ,he had the wisdom to call in a great educator1 ,daniel ,coit ,gilman1 who did in ,baltimore exactly what ,stanley ,hall did at ,worcester2 the money1 instead of being spent on buildings1 was spent on men4 ,i doubt if any institution in ,america has made as great a reputation with as miserable a physical equipment as ,johns ,hopkins ,university4 ,recently a friend of mine was walking down the street with a stranger to ,baltimore1 and my friend remarked3 8,there is ,johns ,hopkins40 ,the other looked1 and thought my friend was joking4 8,why1 that must be a #8nigger school1'0 he said4 8,that is ,johns ,hopkins40 ,and the other asked3 8,where is the rest of it80 ,but there was no rest of it2 these old buildings were the whole thing4 ,but to this place came live young men of ability1 some of them for almost nothing1 because here the intellectual life was honored1 and scientific investigators could do their own work in their own way4 ,the business men of ,baltimore regarded ,johns ,hopkins exactly as the business men of ,worcester regarded ,clark4 ,it was opened without prayer2 therefore it was an atheist university1 a terrible place4 ,now that the work is done and the reputation made1 of course they are proud of ,johns ,hopkins1 as well they may be1 since it and the 8,star-,spangled ,banner0 are ,baltimore's only contributions to world culture--unless some day they count ,h4 ,l4 ,mencken and the author of 8,the ,goose-step10 both of whom were born there6 ,some twenty years ago ,gilman retired from ,johns ,hopkins1 to start the ,carnegie ,institution at the age of seventy4 ,for ten years the university was administered by one of its professors2 then the interlocking trustees cast about for some one of their own type of mentality1 and pitched upon ,professor ,goodnow1 formerly of the ,columbia ,law ,school4 ,as we have seen1 ,goodnow did not get along with ,nicholas ,miraculous1 but that was a long time ago1 and the servants of the plutocracy gain in wisdom and caution as they grow older4 ,professor ,goodnow had been legal adviser to the ,chinese government1 and had recommended that they should not attempt to found a republic--the last word of an ,american scholar to a people struggling for freedom6 ,president ,goodnow possesses a rather uncouth and forbidding personality1 and ,i am told that he is a poor speaker1 but he is a favorite orator at ,merchants' and ,manufacturers' ,association banquets1 because he tells them what they like to hear2 also because he has set out to make ,johns ,hopkins what they like a university to be--an elegant country-club with athletics and 8college spirit0 and 8rah-rah-stuff40 ,they have moved out to a magnificent new site at ,homewood1 and have fifteen million dollars1 and all the beautiful buildings which are the price of a university's soul4 ,the board of trustees has as its chief grand duke ,mr4 ,daniel ,willard1 president of the ,baltimore ,ohio ,railroad4 ,as president the board has ,mr4 ,r4 ,brent ,keyser1 copper magnate1 and director of ,mr4 ,willard's railroad1 also of a bank4 ,there is ,mr4 ,levering1 coffee merchant1 and president of a national bank2 also ,mr4 ,blanchard ,randall1 a merchant1 director of a national bank1 a trust company1 an insurance company1 and a railroad1 and reported to have made a million dollars out of one speculation during the war2 also ,judge ,harlan1 reactionary politician1 counsel for a trust company2 ,mr4 ,woods1 a steel magnate2 ,mr4 ,griswold1 a prominent financier2 ,mr4 ,white1 another2 ,mr4 ,theodore ,marburg1 ex-minister to ,belgium2 and ,newton ,d4 ,baker1 who called himself a radical1 but forgot it when he became a cabinet member4 ,also ,i ought to mention one of the hidden influences in the university1 ,bishop ,murray of the ,episcopal church1 a sort of pope of reaction in ,baltimore1 a bigoted mediaevalist who drove the ,reverend ,richard ,hogue1 secretary of the ,church ,league for ,industrial ,democracy1 from his pulpit in ,baltimore1 and broke up the church open forum by publishing in the ,baltimore newspapers advertisements carefully veiled so as not quite to be libelous4 ,now the bishop is busy immortalizing himself by building a twelve million dollar cathedral2 giving lawn parties to the rich1 and making speeches explaining how the great structure is to be four hundred feet long and to have the highest tower east of the ,mississippi4 ,as a ,johns ,hopkins professor phrased it to me3 8,the church is running to plant2 and so is the university40 ,mr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,mencken1 who lives in ,baltimore and watches from a high tower1 told me what has happened under the new regime4 8,it is a process of ,fordization4 ,the university has a campus1 and the usual outfit of uplifters2 it has a summer school1 with advertising and journalism and gas engineering and folk-singing and pedagogy and counter-point taught in six weeks1 and every known kind of ,main ,street stuff4 ,it has gone flop at one crack to the level of ,ohio ,wesleyan2 it is a technical high school for the manufacturing of ten-thousand-dollar-a-year ,chautauqua fakers40 ,mr4 ,mencken insists that a student got his doctorate degree for marking on a curve the vocabulary of ,latin students after six months' training4 ,also he told me the tragic tale of a professor of psychology1 who 8had a hyena of a wife10 and some other woman made love to him1 and his wife started a divorce suit1 and he had to leave the new ,baltimore ,chautauqua4 ,on the other hand1 a gentleman who was for many years one of the most prominent members of the board of trustees held that position in spite of the fact that everybody in ,baltimore society knew that he was living with another woman while he had a wife4 ,he still holds a position on the bishop's committee to raise funds for the cathedral6 ,on the outskirts of ,johns ,hopkins hovers ,miss ,elizabeth ,gilman1 daughter of the former president1 a gentle but indefatigable ghost1 troubling the uneasy souls of the new ,chautauqua-masters4 ,miss ,gilman is a ,socialist1 and an ardent champion of starving wives and children of strikers4 ,she sees her father's great university in process of being kidnapped1 and now and then her distress breaks out into pamphlet or leaflet form4 ,during a strike of the typographical union1 ,miss ,gilman wrote to ,president ,goodnow1 protesting against the university's having its printing done in anti-union shops1 but he coldly declined to have anything to do with 8questions of that sort40 ,i went to see ,miss ,gilman1 to ask her to tell me about her experiences4 ,she could not bring herself to do it1 and1 ,i think1 in order to be fair to her1 ,i ought to say that it is to others ,i owe what ,i have written here4 ,i persuaded ,miss ,gilman to state over her own signature her opinion of the new ,johns ,hopkins1 and this she did1 as follows3 ,the university has been to me more like a sister than an institution4 ,i gloried in what she stood for and in what she accomplished4 ,during the last few years it seems to me that she has lost much of her intellectual leadership in ,america1 at the very time when academic freedom and democratic principles need brave champions4 ,the fine new buildings and campus have not to my mind compensated for a considerable lowering of intellectual ideals and accomplishments4 ,money getting is horribly dangerous to institutions as well as to individuals1 and the ,johns ,hopkins ,university has been out to get money4 ,it is true that this money has been given for education and not for profit1 and yet even so1 there may be the insidious temptation of adopting purely business standards4 ,we need in ,baltimore1 as well as throughout the country1 courageous1 untrammelled leadership1 as expressed in the motto of the ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 8,the truth shall make you free40 ,my hope is that a new cycle may be at hand1 and that the ,johns ,hopkins ,university will again lead in all that is best and highest4 ,i talked with three ,johns ,hopkins professors1 and had a curious experience with each one in turn4 ,each told me of some feeble little effort he had made at liberalism1 and how deftly and subtly he had been sat down upon by the university authorities4 ,i made notes of the little anecdotes1 planning to tell them here1 without names1 to show you how the proprieties are maintained by privilege2 but to my great grief1 each professor came to me in turn1 or wrote to me subsequently1 to ask that ,i should not use anything of what he had told me--the anecdote would certainly be recognized1 and his career of usefulness might be hampered4 ,such pitiful little stories--and such pitiful little fears6 ,i found only one professor at ,johns ,hopkins who was willing to be quoted in my book4 ,this gentleman ,i met at luncheon in the ,university ,club of ,baltimore1 and he indulged himself in bitter sneers at the so-called 8radical0 type of professor4 ,i myself could name about twelve really radical ,american college professors2 but from the talk of this ,johns ,hopkins professor you would have thought there were thousands4 ,to be a 8radical0 was the way to get promotion1 said this ,johns ,hopkins man2 to attract notoriety to yourself and make yourself somebody4 ,once you had got the name for being a radical1 then the trustees wouldn't dare to fire you1 because that would be a violation of academic freedom4 ,i smiled gently1 promising this sarcastic gentleman that ,i would send him a copy of my book when it was written1 and let him see how his statements sounded side by side with the facts6 ,how do you think they sound8 ,,chapter ,,lxiii ,,intellectual ,,dry-,,rot ,there are a few other universities1 which in past times have established reputations in ,america2 for example1 ,cornell ,university1 located at ,ithaca1 ,new ,york1 on the ,lackawanna ,railroad1 with a ,cornell trustee1 a ,columbia trustee1 and a ,princeton trustee2 also on the ,lehigh ,railroad1 with a trustee and recent president of ,lehigh ,college1 a trustee of the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 and a trustee of ,lafayette ,college for directors4 ,cornell today has some six thousand students1 and as choice an outfit of trustees as a plutocratic imagination could invent4 ,the grand duke is ,mr4 ,george ,f4 ,baker1 reputed to be1 next to ,rockefeller1 the richest man in ,america4 ,i might take a page of this book to list all the various institutions of which ,mr4 ,baker is an interlocking director4 ,he is president of the ,first ,national ,bank of ,new ,york1 one of the three great institutions of the ,money ,trust1 and also a trustee of the ,mutual ,life ,insurance ,company1 a great treasure-chest4 ,he is director in a dozen railroads1 and his son is director in many more4 ,next to ,mr4 ,baker stands ,mr4 ,charles ,m4 ,schwab1 president of ,bethlehem ,steel1 and ,h4 ,h4 ,westinghouse1 chairman of the ,westinghouse ,company4 ,it will suffice to indicate a few of the others--the head of the biggest bank in ,ithaca2 the head of a great machinery company1 president of a national bank2 a corporation lawyer and bank director2 a metal manufacturer1 director of many railroads2 an ex-governor and prominent ,republican politician2 the chairman of the ,bankers' ,trust ,company of ,buffalo1 president of a steamship company1 a lumber company and a railroad company2 the vice-president and counsel of the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad2 a prominent corporation lawyer2 a judge1 ex-mayor of ,ithaca1 and director of a national bank2 the president of a national bank and director of half a dozen others2 the president of the ,ithaca ,trust ,company1 director of many other banks2 an official of ,mr4 ,schwab's shipbuilding corporation2 the chief justice1 and another justice1 of the ,new ,york ,court of ,appeals2 and1 finally1 that ,major ,seaman whose heroic defense of the ,chicago packers you may read about in ,chapter ,,iv of 8,the ,brass ,check40 ,not so very long ago ,cornell had a famous president1 ,schurman1 who had studied the ,goose-step in three of the ,kaiser's universities4 ,i received an interesting account of him from ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,zeuch1 who was on the ,cornell faculty1 when the ,bolshevik-hunters got hold of some letters1 written to him by another professor4 ,this other professor was quite a 8red10 and ,zeuch was trying to 8tame him down02 the letters of ,zeuch were not published1 but he was represented as a ,bolshevist1 and his scalp was demanded4 ,cornell at this time was in the midst of a 8drive0 for ten millions1 and a lumber magnate wrote to ,president ,schurman that so long as ,zeuch remained he would not lead the 8drive40 ,the economics department of the university appointed a committee1 which endorsed ,zeuch and declared that a contract had been made1 and that the university should stand by a competent man4 ,in twenty-five years the university had never rejected the decision of such a faculty committee2 nevertheless1 ,president ,schurman proposed that ,zeuch should resign from the faculty1 and accept a position as a 8fellow10 to do the same amount of work and receive the same salary6 ,also they had a flurry at ,cornell over ,thorstein ,veblen three or four years ago4 ,he had been scheduled for appointment2 his courses had been listed1 and the members of the economics department had sent out to various colleges a circular letter calling attention to the fact that ,veblen was to come to ,cornell1 and that graduate students could get work with him there4 ,but the interlocking trustees got busy1 and the call was countermanded4 ,nevertheless1 in the interest of discrimination it must be specified that ,cornell is to be numbered among our less illiberal universities4 ,one professor made so bold during the war as to advocate the financing of the war by taxation rather than by bonds4 ,this would have meant that the plutocracy would have to pay at least a part of the costs instead of collecting it all by installments from you and me4 ,the trustees of the university heard this professor explain his ideas2 they did not take action to recommend this policy to the country--but they refrained from firing the professor4 ,also there is another professor1 an elderly gentleman1 who is a great favorite with the students1 who take his liberal ideas with playful good humor4 ,several of this old gentleman's friends assured me that he would tell me the story of his twenty-five years' struggle for the right to think for himself2 but apparently the old professor decided that he did not want to have any more struggles6 ,henrik ,willem ,van ,loon1 author of 8,the ,story of ,mankind10 was also a member of this ,cornell faculty1 and gave me an amusing account of the atmosphere of the place4 ,president ,schurman was selling four hundred thousand dollars worth of education per year1 8training boys to become superintendents of sewage disposal plants and presidents of ,rotary clubs40 ,van ,loon was gravely rebuked by ,schurman1 because of a humorous remark which created a scandal2 he had been writing on the blackboard1 when a thunderstorm had come up1 and he playfully compared himself to ,moses writing the ,ten ,commandments amid the thunders of ,sinai4 ,van ,loon swears it is true1 and ,i am compelled to believe him--that when he asked to see the ,dante collection they took him to inspect an electric manure sprayer6 ,or take ,brown ,university1 located at ,providence1 ,rhode ,island1 on the familiar ,new ,haven ,railroad4 ,here is an extremely wealthy institution1 catering to the sons of the plutocracy1 and almost as snobbish as ,princeton4 ,it was built in part out of ,rockefeller money1 and the man who has been its president for the last twenty-three years is a ,baptist clergyman1 for ten years pastor of ,rockefeller's ,fifth ,avenue church in ,new ,york4 ,for 8chancellor0 the university has an extremely wealthy cotton manufacturer1 president of a bank2 for treasurer it has the president of the ,providence ,banking ,company1 also treasurer of the ,united ,traction and ,electric ,company1 and of the ,rumford ,chemical ,works4 ,the three most active grand dukes of the board are ,mr4 ,bedford1 chairman of the ,standard ,oil ,company1 who represents the ,rockefeller interests2 ,mr4 ,sharpe1 head of the ,brown ,sharpe ,company1 the largest manufacturers of tools in the ,united ,states2 and ,mr4 ,metcalf1 a big textile manufacturer1 president of the ,providence 8,journal0 ,company4 ,also there is the manager of the ,brown ,sharpe ,company2 the president of the ,cadillac ,motor ,car ,company2 the head of a big ,new ,york banking company1 president of a railroad and a coal company1 director of three railroads1 three trust companies1 a milk company1 a patent medicine company1 and a brick company2 a very wealthy manufacturing chemist2 an influential ,new ,england textile manufacturer2 a steel magnate2 a lawyer1 who is president of a land company and secretary of several railroads and trust companies2 the treasurer of the largest textile manufacturing company in ,new ,england1 who is director in half a dozen others1 and in half a dozen of the largest financial institutions2 another ,providence banker2 and1 finally1 ,secretary of ,state ,charles ,e4 ,hughes4 ,mr4 ,hughes first came under my observation when ,i studied the life insurance scandals in ,new ,york ,city4 ,i noted that he sternly carried these investigations to the point necessary to put ,morgan and his group in control1 and stopped exactly at that point4 ,for this service he was awarded a national reputation and the governorship of ,new ,york ,state4 ,he has since occupied the ,supreme ,court bench1 and come within a few votes of being president1 and is now guiding the foreign affairs of our country1 making a desperate and almost a successful effort to exceed the futility of the ,wilson administration4 ,what happens to a great and wealthy university under such a regime8 ,brown has a high tradition1 derived from ,roger ,williams1 most famous of ,new ,england's religious rebels4 ,but in #ahii its president1 ,andrews1 was ousted1 because he had dared to back ,bryan in the campaign of #ahif4 ,quite recently occurred a similar case1 when ,william ,mac,donald1 professor of history1 was forced out1 to become one of the editors of the 8,nation40 ,brown in its day had such outstanding men as ,lester ,f4 ,ward and ,meikeljohn1 now president of ,amherst2 but those days have passed1 and there has followed a regime of intellectual dry-rot4 ,it is a ,league of the ,old ,men1 maintaining a caste system1 based upon seniority2 any young instructor who arises to suggest a new idea is quickly taught his place4 ,a professor who knows the situation intimately writes3 ,in the fields of history1 political science1 economics and sociology the policy under ,faunce has been silent and safe decay4 ,these departments were once among the most eminent in the country4 ,now they are absolutely dead4 ,except for some formal texts by ,professor ,dealey no important publication has come from these departments in over a decade4 ,the economics department is now being made over into a business school to train men to make more money4 ,the general educational policy throughout the institution under ,faunce has been that of comfortable quiescence4 ,with the exception of one man in physics and three biologists there has been practically no intellectual activity or scholarly productivity at ,brown for the last fifteen years4 ,this situation cannot be excused on the ground of lack of resources4 ,brown has plenty of money and pays very high salaries4 ,it could get some of the best and most productive men in any line of research and teaching if it cared to do so4 ,the decline of scholarly interests at ,brown has been accompanied by a parallel growth of interest in and expenditures for the safer field of physical outlet1 namely1 athletics4 ,under such a regime what becomes of the students8 ,exactly the same thing as we found happening to students at ,harvard1 ,wisconsin1 and ,california2 they get drunk4 ,in 8,the ,book of ,life10 ,chapter ,,xxx1 ,i discussed the morals of our young people1 as set forth in an editorial in a student paper of ,brown ,university4 ,said this student editor3 ,the modern social bud drinks1 not too much1 often1 but enough4 ,she smokes unguardedly1 swears considerably1 and tells 8dirty0 stories4 ,all in all1 she is a most frivolous1 passionate1 sensation-seeking little thing4 ,let us move on to ,wesleyan ,university1 located at ,middletown1 ,connecticut1 also on the ,new ,haven ,railroad4 ,here is an institution with an old-time ,methodist foundation and traditions of liberalism1 and the usual board of interlocking trustees1 the grand duke being a ,philadelphia manufacturer of gas meters who is most versatile1 being director in four large gas companies1 two street railways1 a bank1 a trust company1 four insurance companies1 a publishing company1 a sugar company1 and a transfer company4 ,nine years ago his university began its downward course1 with an especially notorious case of invasion of academic freedom4 ,willard ,c4 ,fisher had been a member of the faculty for twenty years1 and professor of social economics for fifteen4 ,he was one of those college professors who insist upon being a citizen2 he served two years as councilman in the ,middletown city government1 and four years as mayor4 ,he was not a ,socialist1 on the contrary1 an active opponent of ,socialism2 but he considered himself a servant of the people1 and did not hesitate to warn them of the economic waste and social peril of extreme inequality of wealth and the oppression of labor4 ,as a teacher in a ,christian community1 he considered it his duty to assert that industrial relations should be moralized4 ,he organized the ,consumers' ,league of ,connecticut1 and served it for many years as president4 ,he developed the habit of attending legislative hearings at the capital1 and speaking in support of progressive measures1 such as workmen's compensation1 income tax1 industrial sanitation1 factory inspection1 and prison reform4 ,and there1 of course1 he came into conflict with the interlocking trustees and the interlocking alumni4 ,one influential alumnus1 a wealthy manufacturer1 was always a member of one ,house or the other1 in order to watch out for the interests of industrial employers2 and naturally it vexed him to be opposed by a professor of his own college4 ,he declared this vexation openly2 and also a group of ,wesleyan lawyers declared their vexation1 when the legislature employed ,professor ,fisher to write a workmen's compensation measure6 ,also there arose an embarrassing situation1 when ,professor ,fisher1 as mayor of ,middletown1 discovered a trustee of the college to be delinquent with public school funds of which he was the custodian4 7,memo4 for ,brander ,matthews67 ,mayor ,fisher exposed this situation2 nor did he consider it necessary to suppress his disapproval of ,president ,shanklin's well-known habit of taking the thoughts and utterances of other writers and giving them to the world as his own4 ,this president1 who has been at ,wesleyan for thirteen years1 got his degree from the ,garrett ,bible ,institute at ,evanston1 ,illinois2 but apparently a number of other college presidents have sympathized with his lack of distinction1 because no less than ten of them have showered honorary degrees upon him6 ,matters came to a head when ,president ,shanklin started a drive for a million dollars4 ,in a public discussion the president of a ,hartford trust company asked ,professor ,fisher if he expected to go about the state speaking as he did1 and have trust company presidents contribute to the support of the college in which he taught4 ,it was widely rumored at ,wesleyan that ,president ,shanklin got contributions upon the condition that ,fisher should be kicked off the faculty4 ,a number of men of wealth refused to contribute on other terms2 and so the president cast about for a handy pretext4 ,he found one4 ,in the course of a public address1 widely reported in ,connecticut newspapers1 ,professor ,fisher made the playful suggestion that it might be a good idea to close all the churches for a while1 to give the people a chance to find out the difference between true religion and church formalities4 ,very soon thereafter ,professor ,fisher was asked to resign1 and the president gave the reason--not the suggestion of the closing of the churches1 but the broad publicity given to this suggestion by the newspapers6 ,professor ,fisher might have stayed and made a fight1 but he had been so humiliated by the changed spirit and atmosphere of ,wesleyan1 that he quit2 and now the university is on the intellectual level of the ,garrett ,bible ,institute of ,evanston1 ,illinois6 ,,chapter ,,lxiv ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,jabbergrab ,some fifteen years ago my postman brought me a puzzling communication from ,sweden2 a large and expensive linen envelope1 carefully sealed with a great deal of red wax1 registered1 and addressed3 8,editor1 ,jabbergrab1 ,finanz-,lexikon1 ,new ,york ,city40 ,at first ,i could not make out why the missive was delivered to me1 but then in one corner ,i noted 8,jabbergrab is mentioned in ,upton ,sinclair's #8,industrie-baron''0 ,i recognized 8,der ,industriebaron0 as the ,german title of my story1 8,a ,captain of ,industry10 written when ,i was twenty-two years old2 it is a satirical biography of a great financier1 and after his ignominious death the story quotes some eulogies of his career from an imaginary publication1 8,jabbergrab3 ,heroes of ,finance40 ,i made so bold as to open the envelope1 and found several sheets of heavy foolscap paper1 written in ,german in an exceedingly fine hand1 and giving the data for a biographical sketch of a wealthy ,swedish lumber magnate and financier4 ,here1 in carefully tabulated and precisely ordered form1 were the minute details of his life--the enterprises with which he had been connected1 the offices he held1 the properties he owned1 the names of his children1 the college degrees they had earned1 the names of his race-horses and the prizes they had won1 the names of his yachts and the cups they had won--all these items duly attested and signed by the great man himself4 ,gradually it dawned over me what had happened4 ,the man had read my satirical story1 missing the point of the satire4 ,he thought that ,i really felt all that admiration for a man of wealth and social eminence2 and reading about ,jabbergrab's 8,heroes of ,finance10 the desire possessed him to have his own career immortalized in this biographical directory4 ,so he had sat himself down1 and painfully written out the data for the proposed sketch1 and had sent it by registered mail to 8,jabbergrab40 ,it is the ,jabbergrabs of ,america who have created a good part of our 8higher0 education1 and placed upon it the stamp of their crude and simple faith in material success4 ,i have shown how the spirit of ,jabbergrab has destroyed two shrines of ,american scientific life1 ,clark ,university and ,johns ,hopkins2 ,i purpose next to show what that spirit does1 when it has its way from the beginning1 unhampered by any intellectual traditions4 ,i invite you to visit ,new ,york ,university1 an institution whose buildings are scattered about in various parts of the city1 including an office building on ,washington ,square1 in the heart of the clothing district1 and another in ,wall ,street4 ,new ,york ,university has enrolled no less than thirteen thousand students1 and is described to me by one who works in it as 8an intellectual sweat-shop40 ,as chancellor it has one ,brown1 who learned the ,goose-step from the ,kaiser1 and as treasurer one ,kingsley1 a ,wall ,street banker1 interlocked with the ,united ,states ,trust ,company1 the ,sixth ,avenue ,elevated ,railroad1 and the ,union ,theological ,seminary4 ,last year ,chancellor ,brown published in the ,new ,york newspapers a series of thirty 8advertising talks0 on education1 in the very latest 8follow-up0 style4 ,these talks came to me in a little pamphlet1 with a cover all printed over with photographs of newspaper clippings1 and accompanied by a circular1 carefully disguised to look like a personal letter1 and beginning3 8,dear ,mr4 ,sinclair3 ,you are one of the prominent citizens we had in mind when we prepared the enclosed advertisement4 ,what we have learned of you encourages us to believe that this appeal of ,new ,york ,university must strike a responsive chord in you40 ,i may be over-suspicious1 but ,i believe that these statements are not entirely in accordance with the truth2 ,i believe that if they were made in accordance with the truth they would read this way3 8,you are one of the twenty-two thousand persons whose names we have got from #8,who's ,who in ,america1' and we are taking a chance on being able to interest you in our university40 ,these necessary differences between advertising and fact are understood and taught to the students in all university schools of advertising4 ,chancellor ,brown sets forth the fact that out of his thirteen thousand students1 ten thousand are earning the money to pay for their education4 ,i believe that every college student in the country should do this--my own son is doing it--so ,i should be the last man to sneer at ,new ,york ,university's lack of academic and social prestige4 ,but here is the point3 self-supporting students who go to night-school in ,new ,york go in order to increase their money-making capacity1 and they judge the education they get by that criterion1 and they irresistibly mold the educational standards of the institution they attend4 ,so the spirit of education becomes that of ,jabbergrab--ravenous greed1 veiled by buncombe and hypocritical pretenses4 ,that is what you have at ,new ,york ,university1 and the fact is made clear in ,chancellor ,brown's own pamphlet4 ,talk ,number ,sixteen is headed3 8,welcome to the ,advertising ,men40 ,says our ,chancellor of ,jabbergrab3 ,new ,york ,university is host today to members of the ,national ,association of ,teachers of ,advertising1 who are holding a sectional conference in this city while a similar conference for ,western members is held at the ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,i am glad to welcome the members of this ,association4 ,since ,i have been writing these little talks ,i have gained a feeling of warmer sympathy with all advertising men and their work4 ,i have learned something of the fascinations--as well as the difficulties--of the profession4 ,so you see1 our ,university of ,jabbergrab has discovered advertising to be a 8profession02 it takes its place alongside chiropody1 palmistry and fox-trotting4 ,if you want to know what these new 8professors0 are doing to ,american journalism1 ,i invite you to read ,chapters ,,xliii-,,xlvii of 8,the ,brass ,check02 ,i invite you to study the samples of advertising there quoted--one of which occupied a full page in all the most popular and respectable ,american magazines--and then come back to ,chancellor ,brown's pamphlet and read his statement3 8,many advertising men1 ,i am told1 were formerly teachers4 ,the two professions seem to me to have a great deal in common40 ,i should be sorry indeed to believe that about all ,american teachers1 but ,i know it is true of some of the teachers who have been selected by the ,university of ,jabbergrab4 ,for example1 consider ,professor ,william ,e4 ,aughinbaugh1 an editor of the ,new ,york 8,commercial10 a director in sixteen corporations1 and for seven years 8,professor of ,foreign ,trade0 in ,new ,york ,university4 ,he boasts of having crossed the equator thirty-six times on commercial missions1 and he publishes through one of our most esteemed publishing houses1 the ,century ,company1 an elaborately got up book1 entitled1 8,advertising for ,trade in ,latin ,america40 ,the price of this book is three dollars1 and if you will study its maxims and apply them1 you will find it worth all that4 ,for example3 ,latin-,american advertisements are replete with the nude female form1 which appeals strongly to all classes of readers4 ,due to the fact that a majority of the inhabitants are brunettes1 or have ,negro or ,indian blood in their veins1 the blonde exerts a stronger appeal to their imagination and for that reason should be employed when necessary or advisable to use such an illustration4 ,and so we know what the ,chancellor of ,jabbergrab means when he writes3 ,advertising men have it in their power to educate millions of people not only in an intelligent use of commodities but in well-considered habits of thought and action4 ,let us hear ,professor ,aughinbaugh again3 ,reproductions of famous holy or religious paintings or scenes from the ,bible may also be profitably used4444 ,it occurred to me that if a saint could be found whose special duty was to prevent loss of life during seismic disturbances1 much might be done through his aid to bring calm into these regions of terror4 ,i selected my second name1 8,edmund10 as the cognomen for the new assistant deity1 added the prefix 8,saint0 to it1 and wrote an appropriate earthquake prayer which was printed beneath the picture of the home-made saint4 ,of course each card contained our advertisement 7of a patent medicine7 which the supplicant for protection must have seen as he prayed4 ,and so we learned what the ,chancellor of ,jabbergrab means when he writes3 ,i can appreciate the reasons that impel any manufacturer to spread abroad through the columns of our newspapers and magazines the information about his worthy products4 ,i can believe1 too1 that this information is often of real service to the public in guiding them to wise decisions regarding their expenditures and investments4 ,and again let us hear ,professor ,aughinbaugh on the subject of how to deal with the custom-laws of the countries with which you trade3 ,when ,i have decided upon an advertising campaign in any given ,latin-,american country1 the requisite amount of cards1 hangers1 booklets1 posters1 banners1 and other materials are boxed and shipped to the various ports1 consigned to some man of straw4 ,upon their arrival at the local port they will be stored in the customs warehouse to await claim by the alleged consignee4 ,at the expiration of sixty or ninety1 or one hundred and twenty days1 in accordance with the local laws1 these goods will be advertised for sale to the highest bidder4 ,by previous arrangement with your agent1 or some merchant1 who has been advised of the dispatch of these goods to his port1 they can be bid in very cheaply and delivered to the person most concerned with their use4 ,in ,venezuela1 for instance1 on one shipment alone the duties would have amounted to much more than one thousand dollars1 yet the local wholesale druggist bought the entire consignment at auction for eighty-five dollars4 ,and so we know exactly what the ,chancellor of the ,university of ,jabbergrab means when he says to the 8,sectional ,conference of ,teachers of ,advertising03 ,i believe1 also1 that the teachers of advertising can make a valuable contribution to the education of our future business men by teaching them how to use the force of advertising intelligently1 effectively1 and for the human benefit4 ,it happened that ,i saw ,professor ,aughinbaugh mentioned also as 8,professor of ,foreign ,trade at ,columbia ,university40 ,wishing to get the record straight1 ,i asked my brother-in-law1 who has been helping me get material for this book1 to write ,professor ,aughinbaugh a note asking him where he was a professor4 ,thinking that possibly he might be away1 or ill1 or for some other reason might fail to reply1 ,i asked my brother-in-law to write also to ,new ,york ,university for the information4 ,the result was two letters3 one from ,professor ,aughinbaugh stating that 8for two years past ,i have held the same position in ,new ,york ,university and ,columbia ,university4 ,the work became too hard for me and ,i was obliged to resign my professorship at ,new ,york ,university1 now devoting my time to ,columbia ,university40 ,the second letter was from the registrar of ,new ,york ,university1 and stated3 8,dr4 ,william ,e4 ,aughinbaugh was1 from ,october #aa1 #aiae1 to ,june #ac1 #aibb1 ,lecturer on ,foreign ,trade at ,new ,york ,university4 ,he did not1 at any time1 have professorial status40 ,here was1 obviously1 a contradiction4 ,professor ,aughinbaugh is listed in 8,who's ,who0 as ,professor of ,foreign ,trade2 and 8,who's ,who0 states that it publishes no information except that furnished by the person concerned4 ,also1 in a circular of his book1 ,professor ,aughinbaugh is shown as 8,chairman of ,foreign ,trade40 ,wishing to make certain about this matter1 ,i dictated to my secretary a formal note1 calling ,professor ,aughinbaugh's attention to the discrepancies1 and asking him to state which title was correct4 ,this note was signed by my brother-in-law and mailed1 and no reply to it has ever been received4 ,but some three weeks after it was mailed1 there called at my office in ,pasadena a man who announced himself as an agent of the ,department of ,justice1 and gave the name of 8,a4 ,j4 ,taylor40 ,he interviewed my brother-in-law1 a young man of twenty-one1 and stated that my brother-in-law had been writing letters of a 8scurrilous and defamatory nature0 to ,professor ,aughinbaugh2 that he had asked questions such as he had no business to ask1 that he had made 8improper statements0 about the wife of ,professor ,aughinbaugh1 and that he was to 8stop writing letters10 or he would get into serious trouble4 ,subsequent inquiry of the ,department of ,justice in ,los ,angeles1 of the ,united ,states ,attorney for this district1 ,attorney-,general ,daugherty in ,washington1 and ,post ,office ,inspectors of ,new ,york1 ,washington and ,los ,angeles1 brought the positive statements that no such person as 8,a4 ,j4 ,taylor0 was known1 and no investigation of any such matter had been undertaken4 ,the ,postmaster at ,pasadena stated that he had received letters from private parties in ,new ,york1 complaining of 8blackmailing0 letters written by my brother-in-law2 and some ten days later there came a letter from ,professor ,aughinbaugh to me stating that he had learned from the postal authorities in ,california that ,i had written to him1 under my brother-in-law's name1 and asking what was the purpose of my inquiry4 ,i replied1 stating to ,professor ,aughinbaugh exactly what was my purpose1 and asking him if he would in return answer some questions of mine1 as follows3 #a4 ,did you send this ,a4 ,j4 ,taylor to see my brother-in-law8 #b4 ,did you tell him to represent himself as an agent of the ,department of ,justice8 #c4 ,did you make to him any statement which would have justified him in the wholly false and absurd assertion that my brother-in-law had ever mentioned your wife8 #d4 ,if you did send this 8,a4 ,j4 ,taylor10 who is he1 and where can he be located8 #e4 ,if you did not send him1 can you offer any suggestion as to how he learned about the correspondence between my brother-in-law and yourself1 and what interest he had in troubling himself about the matter8 ,to these questions ,professor ,aughinbaugh made no answer1 except to send me in an envelope three circulars of his book1 in one of which he is described as 8lecturer10 in another as 8instructor10 and in another as 8chairman40 ,i wrote again1 calling his attention to his failure to answer1 but no further response came4 ,from the publishers of 8,who's ,who0 ,i learn that the lecturer-instructor-chairman-professor himself furnished them with the information concerning his status2 also that he has recently written to them asking to be recorded as no longer 8professor0 but as just plain 8lecturer60 ,,chapter ,,lxv ,,the ,,growth ,,of ,,jabbergrab ,modern industry is an enormously complicated thing1 and specialized teaching of industrial processes is just as necessary as any other kind of education4 ,i would not give anyone the impression that ,i object to the teaching of advertising or foreign trade or finance1 any more than ,i object to the teaching of plumbing or manicuring fingernails4 ,my point is that all these arts should be taught in trade schools1 and they should be taught as trades4 ,for example1 the ,international ,harvester ,company maintains an excellent school for training its employes2 it does not pretend that this school is a 8university10 it does not call the turning out of harvester machines a 8profession10 and it does not constitute a high-speed steel worker a 8doctor of science40 ,it is when these schools of commerce and departments of trade crowd into universities1 and take to themselves academic honors and dignities1 and exploit themselves with high-sounding phrases of religion and social idealism1 that ,i am moved to protest2 as when ,i see some parasitic vine climbing a beautiful shade-tree1 spreading out over the surface of the tree1 blocking its light and air and choking it to death4 ,that is what is happening in the field of ,american higher education2 it is happening not merely at ,new ,york ,university and other great 8intellectual sweat-shops10 it is happening at practically every one of our state universities and at most of our great endowed institutions4 ,it was ,harvard which started this vile business1 with a ,college of ,commerce and ,administration2 ,columbia followed suit1 and the plague has spread from ,maine to ,california4 ,i consult a few college catalogues at random1 and ,i find that at the ,university of ,illinois they are teaching millinery1 also at the ,university of ,nebraska and the ,university of ,southern ,california4 ,at the ,university of ,california they have a 8costume laboratory10 also a course in 8jewelry40 ,at ,boston ,university1 made out of the millions of ,isaac ,rich1 the merchant1 and ,lee ,chaflin1 the shoe manufacturer1 they will teach you how to collect tips at summer hotels4 ,the commercial men and women who specialize in such subjects come into the universities1 and they bid against the professors of liberal arts for power and prestige and pay--and how much chance do you think a scholar or lover of belles-lettres stands against such people8 ,you understand that the president of a university1 making up his salary budget1 is like all other business men1 he pays what he has to pay4 ,and here is the ,professor of ,department-store ,advertising pointing out that at ,goldberg ,isaacstein's1 in the shopping district1 he can get fifteen thousand a year1 and he has a letter in his pocket to prove it4 ,he will come to the university for twelve thousand1 because of his love of the higher things of life1 but he won't take a cent less1 and the president tries once or twice and finds out that he is not bluffing4 ,for a year the president has been trying to get a first-class ,professor of ,commercial ,correspondence1 who understands the three varieties of 8follow-up letters02 and the ,director of his ,school of ,business keeps telling him that any man who really commands that precious knowledge can get ten thousand a year4 ,but who is there in the outside world that will pay anything to a professor of archeology1 or to a man who can explain the ,einstein theory1 or a man who knows more about the life of ,dante than anyone else in ,america8 ,such men have to take what they can get1 and their salaries remain stagnant while the value of the dollar is cut in half4 ,at the ,university of ,minnesota ,i was told about a discussion at a meeting of the regents4 ,the president of the university was very anxious to get ,professor ,stuart ,p4 ,sherman1 well known as a conservative literary critic4 ,some one remarked that ,sherman would want six thousand dollars2 whereupon the grand duke of the board put down his fist on the table4 8,there's not an ,english man in ,america worth six thousand dollars60 he declared4 ,i am sorry ,i cannot state exactly what value this gentleman sets upon the services of a grand duke of the plutocracy1 but it is at least a score of times the sum of six thousand a year4 ,but you see1 this gentleman has all his life been buying men at their market price1 and he knows that market price1 and has no idea that they have any other value4 ,at the ,university of ,chicago they have a ,school of ,commerce1 which is growing like the weed that it is1 and in their advertising literature1 with its variety of 8follow-up letters10 they tell you that after two years' training you can command a salary of twelve thousand dollars4 ,this1 of course1 is the kind of talk that brings the business2 these are the courses which the 8he-men0 take4 ,and after they have got a degree1 they become professors1 and perhaps deans1 and they run the university4 ,if it is a question of starting a drive for funds1 they are the ones who know how to get out the 8literature10 they are experts in the psychology of mendication4 ,they understand the newspapers1 and how to get favors from them2 they understand the politicians and the big business men who run the politicians2 they are the fellows after the trustees' own hearts1 and when the time comes for the old president to be shelved1 it is one of these 8go-getters0 who is in line for the place4 ,we have seen that happen at one university after another2 at the ,university of ,illinois ,president ,kinley was ,director of the ,school of ,commerce1 and at ,northwestern ,university ,president ,scott was ,director of the ,bureau of ,salesmanship ,research4 ,let us return to our ,university of ,jabbergrab1 where these new educational tendencies 8rule the roost40 ,chancellor ,brown sets forth that the 8,school of ,commerce1 ,accounts and ,finance0 of his university contains six thousand students1 and that from it has sprung a 8,graduate ,school of ,business ,administration10 also in the last three years a 8,school of ,retailing40 ,twenty-two department-stores and other retail establishments in ,new ,york 8have made direct connection with the university1 and thirty-seven college graduates are each morning pursuing their studies in retailing in our class-rooms1 and in the afternoon of the same day are receiving practical experience in the various operations of the stores themselves40 ,i have not attended these classes1 but ,i do not need to inquire what these students are learning2 ,i can go to the ,new ,york department-stores1 and see them displaying 8marked-down0 goods1 which were marked up before they were marked down4 ,i have only to read their imbecile advertisements in the ,new ,york newspapers1 setting forth the latest fads and foibles of 8,milady10 and the latest 8importations0 of the latest 8creations0 of the keepers of ,french mistresses4 ,new ,york ,university's catalogue lists three professors of marketing1 five professors of finance1 four professors of accounting1 four of business ,english1 three of management1 one of salesmanship1 one of merchandising1 one of foreign trade1 one of life insurance--and a ,director of the ,wall ,street ,division6 ,of course1 this new kind of education is yet in its infancy1 and we must not expect perfection4 ,pick up this university catalogue ten years from now1 and you will find its deficiencies made up2 you will find a ,professor of ,stock-watering and an ,instructor in ,political ,manipulation4 ,you will find an eloquent statement setting forth the fact that the handling of labor has now become an enormous ,american industry2 that there are hundreds of large agencies for the putting down of strikes1 and salaries as high as twenty and thirty thousand dollars a year are paid to competent masters of such work2 therefore the university is establishing a ,department of ,strike-,breaking1 with a ,professor of ,gunmanship and a ,demonstrator of the ,third ,degree4 ,also there will be eloquent 8advertising talks10 explaining that business men now spend most of their time keeping agitators out of their factories1 and that the secret service departments of great corporations have come to be the most important part thereof2 so the university is now establishing a ,department of ,espionage1 with a ,professor of ,varieties of ,bolshevism1 and a ,dean of ,deportation ,proceedings1 and a ,special ,lecturer on ,attorney-,generalship4 ,,chapter ,,lxvi ,,jabbergrab ,,in ,,journalism ,in all these new academic department-stores one of the leading departments is that of journalism4 ,here they teach you how to write for and edit newspapers2 and needless to say1 what the students want is to be prepared to fill positions on the capitalist press1 and their judgment of a school of journalism is conditioned upon the salaries secured by its graduates4 ,the first school of this kind was started at ,columbia1 with an endowment left by ,joseph ,pulitzer1 the father of 8yellow0 journalism4 ,being curious to know what kind of ethics ,mr4 ,pulitzer's school is teaching1 ,i pick up a publication of the ,alumni ,association1 8,clean ,copy40 ,the title page contains a list of officers1 and ,i note the chairman's name1 and his address--prepare yourself for a laugh6--care ,ivy ,lee1 #fa ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city6 ,so we learn that the ,columbia ,school of ,journalism is preparing students to work in the offices of 8,poison ,ivy60 ,its standards are such that it is willing for an employe of 8,poison ,ivy0 to be chairman of its ,alumni1 and to advertise that fact in its paper6 ,when ,i first came in touch with ,mr4 ,lee's lie-factory1 he was press agent for ,john ,d4 ,rockefeller1 ,jr41 at a thousand dollars a month2 then he became prize poisoner for the ,pennsylvania ,railroad1 and now he has in ,new ,york and ,washington a great publicity bureau1 serving all the railroads of the ,united ,states in their war upon the ,american people4 ,what 8,poison ,ivy0 gets for this work ,i have no idea1 but it must be a generous sum2 a friend of mine was looking for an apartment in ,new ,york1 and entered one of those new palatial houses just off ,fifth ,avenue1 and was informed by those in charge that the cheapest apartment in the place rented for twenty-five thousand dollars a year--and one of the tenants is ,ivy ,l4 ,lee6 ,it is interesting to note that it took a combination of our three most aristocratic universities1 ,princeton1 ,harvard and ,columbia1 to turn out this super-professor of prevarication6 ,also the ,university of ,wisconsin got in early on the journalism business4 ,one of its professors got out a textbook1 which was used until quite recently at ,wisconsin1 and is still used at many other places2 there are thousands of practicing journalists in ,america today who got their ethical ideals from ,professor ,hyde's text-book1 which advises students about dramatic criticism3 8,very few critics are so fortunate as to be able to say exactly what they think about a play2 they must say what the editor wants them to say40444 ,the dramatic critic 8must praise more cleverly1 and give his copy the appearance of honest criticism40 ,needless to say1 they have a school of journalism at the ,university of ,jabbergrab4 ,the director of this department is ,james ,melvin ,lee1 who got his training for the teaching of journalistic ideals on the staff of 8,leslie's10 the barber-shop weekly1 and later for four years as editor of 8,judge10 the bar-room comic4 ,concerning ,professor ,lee's journalistic standards ,i have intimate knowledge1 derived from a protracted controversy over 8,the ,brass ,check02 so here ,i can draw you a complete picture of ,jabbergrab in action4 ,a controversy with ,professor ,lee is a good deal like fighting one of those enchanters you read about in the fairy tales--your sword goes straight through him1 and leaves him the same as he was before4 ,he made his first attack on 8,the ,brass ,check0 at the ,brownsville ,labor ,forum1 and his cry was that he wanted definite facts--there were none in my book6 ,again and again ,i supplied him with facts1 and discovered the curious phenomenon--he paid not the slightest attention to any which ,i supplied2 he would come again1 demanding the same ones6 ,the ,new ,york 8,globe0 saw in our controversy a good journalistic stunt1 and they invited ,professor ,lee and myself to row it out1 and gave each of us a total of six columns4 ,and here in the 8,globe10 ,professor ,lee repeated one after another all the various demands and challenges which he had issued at the ,brownsville ,labor ,forum--overlooking almost all the data ,i had furnished him in the meantime6 ,for my first article in the 8,globe10 ,i took the trouble to go over 8,the ,brass ,check0 and count the number of cases which give complete documentation--names1 places1 and dates--and these came to a total of two hundred and thirteen4 ,in addition1 there are perhaps a dozen or two anecdotes which ,i narrate upon the authority of other people1 being in every case careful to name my authority4 ,finally1 there are half a dozen trivial incidents--such as the fact that an old college professor of mine fell down an elevator shaft in a department-store--which ,i did not document1 for the reason that these incidents occurred to me in the final revision of the book1 and ,i could not have the files of the ,new ,york newspapers consulted in time4 ,professor ,lee's method of controversy was to pick out these few trifling incidents1 and recite them to the ,brownsville audience1 and to the readers of the ,new ,york 8,globe10 with elaborate challenges to me to produce this information4 ,thus1 to a single anecdote of ,gaylord ,wilshire being misrepresented by the ,associated ,press1 ,professor ,lee devoted three paragraphs in the 8,globe10 demanding at great length the names of the newspapers and the dates2 ,i supplied him with the names and dates of two newspapers--but to no result that ,i could discover4 ,both in his ,brownsville address and in the 8,globe0 controversy he took up my story of the ,associated ,press crimes in ,colorado2 but he was careful to confine himself to one detail1 my telegram to ,president ,wilson--because he was able to argue that this telegram was libelous and that it was 8self-advertising40 ,he made no mention of any other aspect of the whole series of suppressions which ,i proved against the ,associated ,press during that ,colorado coal strike4 ,still more significant is the fact that nowhere in these controversies could ,i get him to mention the conduct of the ,associated ,press in the ,west ,virginia coal strike4 ,the reason was obvious enough2 the ,associated ,press had here been so indiscreet as to come into court and submit its own dispatches in evidence1 and its poisoning of the news was proved by its sworn official admissions4 ,this was not the sort of 8facts0 that ,professor ,lee was looking for1 and so he never let anyone hear about them6 ,equally significant was his handling of the false report sent out by the ,associated ,press1 to the effect that my wife had been arrested during our demonstration in front of the ,standard ,oil ,building1 ,new ,york1 during the ,colorado coal strike4 ,i stated in 8,the ,brass ,check0 that my wife notified the ,associated ,press of the falsity of this report1 and demanded a retraction4 ,in his first letter to me ,professor ,lee made the flat statement3 8,the ,associated ,press does not have proof2 it did not receive it40 ,in my reply1 ,i pointed out to ,professor ,lee the navet of his own statement2 how without one particle of evidence1 he accepted the word of the ,associated ,press1 and turned it into a flat statement of his own4 ,my wife filed libel suits against thirty ,associated ,press newspapers which had published the false report1 and the ,associated ,press was liable for every dollar that these newspapers might have to pay4 ,was it humanly believable that not one of these newspapers would notify the ,associated ,press of the filing of these suits8 ,on the contrary1 was it not certain that every one of these papers1 under the advice of their attorneys1 would notify the ,associated ,press of the filing of the suit1 and of the paper's expectation that the ,associated ,press would defend it8 ,i sent to my ,new ,york office a copy of a newspaper1 containing an account of the filing of the suit1 and ,professor ,lee inspected this evidence in the presence of my ,new ,york manager2 but did this make any difference to him8 ,it made not a particle6 ,when he took up the controversy in the ,new ,york 8,globe10 he brought up the same argument again3 8,the point at issue is whether such attention was called to the ,associated ,press60 ,still funnier was what happened in the case of ,professor ,lee's demand that some one should name a newspaper which had suppressed the name of a department-store in connection with a discreditable news item4 ,professor ,lee1 reading 8,the ,brass ,check10 observed that most of my anecdotes of this kind dealt with newspapers in ,philadelphia1 ,boston1 ,milwaukee and other cities4 ,therefore1 he phrased his challenge at the ,brownsville ,labor ,forum so that it referred only to ,new ,york newspapers2 he called for names1 places and dates--and of course nobody at the ,brownsville ,labor ,forum could supply such data4 ,in the ,new ,york 8,globe0 he repeated this challenge1 very proudly and very confidently4 ,but1 alas1 right in the middle of the controversy1 his friends on the kept press threw him down6 ,on ,june #bg he published in the 8,globe0 his article headed1 8,lee ,calls on ,sinclair for ,names1 ,dates1 ,places02 and nine days later the ,new ,york 8,evening ,sun10 in its baseball edition1 ,wednesday1 ,july #f1 #aibj1 page two1 column eight1 published a story about a man who had sued a department-store and collected money from it--and nowhere in the article was the department-store named6 ,also ,i ought to mention the behavior of this professor of ,jabbergrab in connection with the ,new ,york 8,times40 ,this controversy1 with all the documents1 is given in a pamphlet1 8,the ,crimes of the #8,times1'0 which you may have for the asking4 ,i will here mention only one or two details4 ,the 8,times0 reported ,professor ,lee's ,brownsville address to the extent of two columns1 quoting mainly his defense of the 8,times40 ,i replied in a letter1 and the 8,times0 did to this the most dishonest thing a newspaper can do--it refused to publish the letter1 but discussed it in an editorial1 and falsified its contents6 ,i sent the 8,times0 a telegram1 calling attention to the falsifications1 but they refused any sort of redress4 ,these falsifications stand in the files of the paper2 they are listed in its index1 found in every large library in the country4 ,students of 8,the ,brass ,check0 will come upon those falsehoods2 but they will know nothing about my answer1 for my humble little pamphlet is not catalogued in libraries4 ,i trust therefore that the reader will pardon me if ,i take two paragraphs of this book to state the facts2 especially since every step of the controversy was a test1 not merely of the 8,times10 but of the ,director of ,journalism of ,new ,york ,university4 ,the incident in dispute is told on page #gg of 8,the ,brass ,check10 dealing with the publication of my novel1 8,the ,metropolis40 ,the ,new ,york 8,times0 had prepared a front-page news story about this novel1 and the story was killed at the last minute by ,mr4 ,ochs1 publisher of the 8,times40 ,professor ,lee1 in his ,brownsville speech1 declared that this narrative of mine was absurd upon its face4 ,in my letter to the 8,times10 ,i put it up to the 8,times0 to say whether my narrative was true or false4 ,the 8,times10 refusing to publish the letter1 declared editorially that no such incident had occurred4 ,said the 8,times03 8,mr4 ,sinclair refers to this tale in his letter to the #8,times1' but with a shifting of ground4 ,for his own positive statement in #8,the ,brass ,check' he now substitutes the alleged statement of a #8publicity agent' of a publishing house10 etc4 ,now the facts were as follows3 8,the ,metropolis0 had been published in serial form in the 8,american ,magazine02 and in 8,the ,brass ,check0 ,i had stated that it was this magazine which had arranged for the story in the 8,times40 ,subsequently ,i recalled that it was ,moffat1 ,yard ,company1 the publishers of the book1 who had made the arrangements1 and this correction ,i noted in my letter to the 8,times40 ,manifestly1 this made no difference1 so far as concerned the 8,times02 but you see what use they made of this 8shifting of ground06 ,their assertion1 that ,i 8relied upon the alleged statement of a publicity agent of a publishing house0 was a flat falsehood2 for in my letter to the 8,times0 ,i told them that 8,i saw the proofs of the proposed story with my own eyes40 ,a day or two later ,i was able to telegraph them statements from the two gentlemen who had composed the firm of ,moffat1 ,yard ,company1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,moffat and ,mr4 ,robert ,sterling ,yard1 both declaring that they plainly remembered the preparing of the story by the 8,times10 and their disappointment when they found it did not appear as promised4 ,the 8,times0 received this testimony1 but refused publication to it1 and paid no attention to my telegrams of protest6 ,and now1 where was ,professor ,lee during this controversy8 ,professor ,lee had furnished the 8,times0 with the ammunition to attack me2 he had defended their journalistic practices1 and they had published his defense4 ,here he saw them committing a piece of the baldest journalistic rascality--and what did he do about it8 ,i telegraphed him again and again1 asking him to take steps to induce the newspaper to correct its published falsehoods4 ,later on1 ,i challenged him again and again to withdraw his published endorsement of the newspaper's ethical code4 ,his reply was to go before the ,university ,settlement1 and repeat his attack upon 8,the ,brass ,check0 and his defense of the 8,times0--and the 8,times0 once more featured his address6 ,to the manager of my ,new ,york office ,professor ,lee made the smiling statement that he was publishing a magazine for business men1 and he did not care how much ,i attacked him in public--it would only help him with his business clients6 ,you have heard me protesting against the practice of covering commercialists and servants of privilege with the mantle of academic dignity2 and here you see what it means1 and why it is done4 ,the ,new ,york 8,times0 did not dare to answer 8,the ,brass ,check0 itself2 for a year it had ignored the book--save to post in its editorial rooms a statement that anyone found with a copy in the office would be summarily discharged6 ,but then came forward a personage with the high-sounding title of 8,director of the ,department of ,journalism of ,new ,york ,university02 and the 8,times0 made itself into a megaphone1 to carry this hitherto negligible voice to the farthest ends of the earth6 ,,chapter ,,lxvii ,,the ,,city ,,colleges ,there is another crowded institution in the great metropolis1 the ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york1 where ,i got the one degree of which ,i boast4 ,i went back there this spring1 after twenty-five years1 and it was a curious experience4 ,they have their new buildings1 all in the venerable ,gothic style1 with arrow-proof windows2 and in the faculty room ,i inspected a row of oil paintings of those old professors who had been the chief torment of five years of my youth4 ,they were so lifelike it gave me a chill2 ,i expected to see the old red-whiskered professor of ,latin1 or the old white-whiskered professor of ,greek1 come down from his frame and denounce me for my twenty years of socialistic agitation4 ,this college has grown to enormous size1 with some sixteen thousand students1 and all the regulation 8,main ,street0 courses2 also there is ,hunter ,college for women1 with four thousand more4 ,these are the only colleges in ,new ,york to which ,jews can now get admission on their merits1 and the student membership of 8,c4 ,c4 ,n4 ,y40 is eighty-five percent ,jewish2 the ,anglo-,saxons who constitute the interlocking trustees have a difficult time to keep down the active-minded ,east-side boys4 ,one of them1 ,leon ,samson1 ventured to ask a question of ,general ,webb at a 8preparedness0 meeting1 and for this he was expelled4 7,he moved on to ,columbia1 from which he was expelled on the basis of garbled newspaper reports of a speech in opposition to the draft47 ,the students have not been allowed to have an open forum1 and the list of speakers is sternly censored4 ,scott ,nearing was barred1 also the ,reverend ,john ,haynes ,holmes1 and a lecture by ,bouck ,white was forbidden very dramatically an hour before it began4 ,incredible as it may seem1 ,glenn ,e4 ,plumb was not permitted to debate the 8,plumb plan0 before these students6 ,i found here all the regular methods for holding down the faculty4 ,said one young professor3 8,our president commands a cruel form of torture2 he sets you to teaching freshmen for the rest of your life40 ,promotion depends upon conformity1 and dark secrets are whispered1 and suffocation befalls those upon whom suspicion lights4 ,i talked with one professor1 a bit of a liberal1 who gave me a curious picture of the operation of the academic terror4 ,he had been recommended by the head of his department for promotion1 but had been passed over2 he went to his dean1 and tried to drag out of him what was the matter4 8,do you know80 ,yes1 the dean knew4 8,will you tell80 ,no1 the dean shook his head4 8,will you tell me this1 then8 ,does this reason1 whatever it is1 operate next year80 ,no1 the dean wouldn't tell that4 ,but for three years it did operate1 and a live man was deprived of his right to advancement1 and kept upon a dead routine until his spirit should be broken4 ,i sat with three of these young professors1 and one after another they told me their stories1 and ,i noted their phrases4 8,there is nothing brutal about it2 we know our places1 and we keep to them2 but we think of things that we ought to be doing1 and we don't respect ourselves2 we invent sophistries to quiet our consciences1 we build up a defensive mechanism40 ,and one of the men told me how he had gone out during the summer1 and had got a job as a salesman4 8,i was trying to get over my fear10 he said4 8,i wanted to make sure that ,i could earn a living in the world40 8,did you earn it80 ,i asked4 8,yes10 he answered2 8but ,i didn't get over my fear4 ,i don't want to be a business man and have to sell things60 ,they told me of the efforts of various professors to introduce courses in literature1 biology1 political science4 ,the heads of these departments are old men1 some of them in office forty years2 dull1 timid1 afraid of new ideas4 ,to them everything since #ahgj is worthless1 and until quite recently they would not allow any modern courses1 obviously in fear that if live teaching were introduced they would lose their students4 ,i picture these poor pedagogues2 ,i picture the other old men ,i knew on that faculty--exactly the same as all the other old men of all the other old faculties of all the other old universities4 ,modern life comes rushing down upon them like a storm1 and they have no idea what to do with it1 how to handle it4 ,it is a hail-storm of boys and girls--thousands1 tens of thousands1 hundreds of thousands of them4 ,what are they8 ,what do they mean8--these strange1 wild creatures1 thrusting themselves forward1 demanding their 8rights10 clamoring for new things never heard of by old professors6 ,despising ,tennyson1 and demanding ,bernard ,shaw6 ,doubting the ,bible1 disputing property rights1 questioning marriage1 discussing outrageous things--divorce1 birth control--actually right out in public6 ,i recalled ,jack ,london's short story1 about a group of old ,indians up in ,alaska1 who saw the white men coming in and undermining their ancient civilization4 ,these ,indians formed a society to destroy the new intruders3 8,the ,league of the ,old ,men40 ,and ,i thought to myself3 that is what modern education is--a league of the old men to make the young what the old want them to be6 ,colleges which are located in big cities have one advantage1 in that the students more frequently live at home1 and are less apt to develop that pest known as 8college spirit40 ,on the other hand1 being in the midst of roaring commerce1 they are even less apt to think about anything but preparation for money-making4 ,most of these 8city colleges0 and 8universities0 are nothing but trade-schools3 for example1 the ,university of ,cincinnati1 which boasts of four thousand students4 ,the same men who control this place control the banks of the city2 they took a professor of economics and made him president of a bank1 raising him from four thousand dollars to twenty-five thousand--a lesson for all college professors to ponder6 ,it was this institution which started the wonderful scheme of having students spend their mornings in college classrooms and their afternoons in factories1 department-stores and banks4 ,more than a thousand students are now following this plan1 in some two hundred and fifty business places in ,cincinnati6 ,or take ,washington ,university1 in ,st4 ,louis1 which also has four thousand students4 ,the trustees of this place were described to me by a member of the faculty as 8hard-boiled1 self-made millionaires40 ,the university advertises in the newspapers for students1 setting forth in plain language the increase in earning power attributable to a college training4 ,the students here were forbidden to organize a liberal club2 a young lawyer1 a member of the faculty1 is known as a ,bolshevik1 and when ,i asked him why1 he said it was because1 in a group of millionaires1 he heard the opinion expressed that ,judge ,gary was the best man in the country for president1 and he kept silence6 ,the other day ,i received a letter from a man in ,philadelphia1 sending me the advertisements of 8,temple ,university02 ,i had never heard of such a place1 but ,i looked it up--and behold1 it has over eight thousand students1 with a ,school of ,theology1 a ,school of ,chiropody and a ,school of ,commerce with courses in ,salesmanship1 ,hand-lettering1 ,advertising ,copy and ,layout1 ,advertising ,campaigns1 ,psychology of ,advertising4 ,the president and creator of this place is ,russell ,h4 ,conwell1 a ,baptist preacher1 one of ,philadelphia's great men1 described by ,john ,wanamaker as 8my yoke-fellow40 ,he is the author of a lecture entitled 8,acres of ,diamonds10 which up to #aiae had been delivered five thousand times1 and had earned four million dollars4 ,this1 with a biography of the preacher and a history of his university1 is available in book form2 the most characteristically ,american thing which ,i have read since the autobiography of ,p4 ,t4 ,barnum2 a perfect product of that combination of commercial ecstasy and sentimental religiosity which is the soul of my country4 ,the title1 8,acres of ,diamonds10 is derived from the story of an ,arab who went out to hunt for diamonds all over the world1 and never discovered that he had acres of them on his own farm4 ,dr4 ,conwell has discovered that you can exploit the labor of your fellow man in ,philadelphia just as well as anywhere else1 and he pronounces the law of ,god that 8to make money honestly is to preach the gospel40 ,i took the trouble to go over the first forty pages of his lecture1 checking off the words which refer to wealth in its many forms--money1 gold1 silver1 diamonds1 riches1 millions1 dollars1 fortune1 etc4 ,you may think ,i am joking1 but try it for yourself2 in the first forty pages of the lecture ,i counted two hundred and eighteen such words6 ,and each one of them spoken five thousand times--more than one million words of greed uttered to ,american audiences by one single preacher of ,jesus6 ,or take the ,university of ,southern ,california1 with nearly six thousand students1 located in the heart of ,los ,angeles1 metropolis of our 8land of orange groves and jails40 ,i have no words to describe the ravenous commercialism of this region1 the earthly paradise of oil stock salesmen and 8realtors02 its varied and multiple greeds affect my imagination like the sounds of a vast menagerie at feeding-time4 ,needless to say1 the university of this outdoor stock-exchange has all the ,jabbergrab courses3 ,feature ,writing1 and ,advanced ,advertising1 ,investments1 ,commercial ,banking1 ,credits and ,collections1 ,corporation ,finance4 ,the catalogue gives a list of commercial organizations which are called in to supervise various courses2 for example1 the course in business correspondence is under the patronage of the 8,better ,letters ,association60 ,the grand duke of this institution is ,mr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,doheny1 jr41 whose father is the biggest oil magnate in the ,west1 president of half a dozen bloated ,mexican and ,california oil companies1 of which ,mr4 ,doheny1 jr41 is vice-president4 ,mr4 ,doheny1 sr41 boasts of owning the biggest private yacht in the world1 and gives elaborate entertainments on this yacht1 and has photographs of himself and his guests filling pages of our ,sunday newspapers4 ,mr4 ,doheny has been vehement in support of intervention in ,mexico1 and fortunes of his money have been spent in intrigues to produce ,mexican revolutions4 ,needless to say1 therefore1 he is deeply religious2 appreciating the importance of all methods of holding down the masses1 he gives a quarter of a million dollars to build a ,catholic church1 while his son is on the board of trustees of a ,methodist 8university40 ,the articles of incorporation of this institution provide that the trustees shall all be ,methodists4 ,they have a ,school of ,religion1 with a big foundation1 and courses in such topics as 8,personality in ,missions10 8,functions and ,methods of ,evangelism10 and 8,the ,pastoral ,office under ,modern ,conditions0--which might be more briefly phrased as 8,how to ,handle ,doheny40 ,as ,i write1 the devout young ,christian commercialists of this school engage in a mass riot with the students of the ,university of ,california's southern branch1 and one of the students of the latter institution has the letters 8,u4 ,c40--that is1 ,university of ,california--branded on his forehead with nitric acid4 ,this was supposed to have been done by the students of the rival institution2 but investigation by detectives brought out the fact that it had been done by some of the student's own fellows4 ,they did not like him1 because he neglected student activities2 also they wanted to discredit the ,university of ,southern ,california1 by putting the job off on it4 ,you can learn everything at ,american universities--even the 8frame-up06 ,,chapter ,,lxviii ,,the ,,large ,,mushrooms ,america is half a continent1 and its wealth is enormous1 and there is a constantly increasing swarm of young people who want the social prestige which a college education gives4 ,they have an opportunity to treat themselves to four years of pleasant idleness on papa's money1 and they avail themselves of that opportunity4 ,so all over the country spring up mushroom universities1 swelling to unwieldy size1 and making frantic efforts to accumulate traditions and reputation4 ,we have visited a dozen of the great state universities1 following our route along the ,northern tier of states4 ,to complete our survey we should also visit the prairie country1 and see what this plutocracy of railroads and banks is doing to its young people4 ,let us begin with the ,university of ,nebraska1 the dominant institution of the prairie country4 ,this place contents itself with a small board of the big insiders--,mr4 ,hall1 president of one of the largest banks in the state2 ,mr4 ,seymour1 a banker of ,elgin1 and ,mr4 ,landis1 a banker of ,seward2 ,mr4 ,judson1 the largest retail merchant of ,omaha1 and ,mr4 ,bates1 wealthy rancher and insurance man4 ,all of these gentlemen know money2 they know nothing whatever about education1 yet they guide the thinking of some eight thousand students4 ,a study of promotions and salaries reveals the usual fact1 that instructors who deal with commercial subjects have been advanced far beyond those whose humble task is the improving of the students' minds4 ,i am told of one professor who has been twenty years in the place1 and who is a liberal1 though in no sense a ,socialist4 ,being a staunch believer in democratic institutions1 he has criticized the anti-democratic elements in the university1 and has been called into 8conference0 by those in control1 and had the law laid down to him concerning his teachings4 ,he has been held back upon what amounts to a starvation salary4 ,being an elderly man1 he cannot make a change4 ,another1 a professor of economics1 a widely-known authority on matters of taxation1 was appointed on a commission to study the revenue system of the state4 ,he proved his competence so thoroughly that he was invited by the state legislature to appear before its committee on revenue and taxation1 and give them the benefit of his knowledge4 ,one of this man's colleagues describes to me what happened3 ,back-stair influences were instantly mobilized4 ,the professor was called into conference and warned not to meet with the committee1 because it was not advisable for an instructor of the university to become involved in political questions4 ,the professor insisted that he ought to give a law-making body the benefit of his own information4 ,suffice it to say1 the professor never met with the committee1 because it was hinted to him that dire consequences might follow4 ,this man also is on a starvation salary4 ,equally significant was the case of the gentleman who had charge of the dairy department of the ,university of ,nebraska4 ,the dairy business of ,lincoln and vicinity is in the hands of a grasping corporation1 which flagrantly adulterates its products2 so the head of the dairy department conceived the idea of distributing the products of the ,college of ,agriculture at a price much below that charged by the corporation4 ,the dairy products of the university being genuine1 there was great demand for them1 and as my informant tells me1 8the upshot of the competition on the part of the university led to a fight on the man who had charge of the dairy department1 and ultimately resulted in his dismissal40 ,i explained my purpose to deal with 8war cases0 in this book1 only when the war was used as a pretext to get rid of liberals4 ,there was a series of such cases at the ,university of ,nebraska in #aiah4 ,several professors were dismissed1 but the records of the trial plainly show that they were dismissed because of economic unorthodoxy4 ,one taught mathematics1 and stated to the board of regents that he had not considered it his business to teach his students about the war4 ,we have noted many cases of college professors being told that it is their duty to teach their specialty1 and not meddle in public questions2 now again we note that this rule applies only when they are advocating measures contrary to the interests of the plutocracy4 ,when the plutocracy wants to go to war1 then all professors have to teach war--even those who are supposed to be teaching mathematics6 ,an interesting demonstration of the policy of depriving college professors of their citizenship has just been given at the ,university of ,oklahoma4 ,here is a state of oil speculators and starving tenant farmers4 ,one of the products of their degradation is the squalid frenzy known as the ,ku ,klux ,klan2 and the board of regents has just issued a decree1 declaring that the university must 8keep the good-will of all factions and parties10 and therefore members of the faculty are forbidden to take part in the controversy over the ,klan4 ,what this means is that they are forbidden to oppose it2 ,i am told on good authority that the president of this board is a member of the ,klan1 as also the vice-president of the university1 and about two-thirds of the faculty6 ,the same decree forbids members of the faculty to take part in politics2 but this does not interfere with five out of seven members of the board of regents being actively engaged in putting down the ,farmer-,labor party by every means of intimidation and corruption4 ,next let us glance at the ,university of ,iowa1 which has nearly six thousand students1 and is controlled by the railroads which run this 8rock-ribbed0 ,republican state4 ,a member of the faculty writes me that its president is 8politically a ,harding ,republican1 and personally he has no curiosity about or sympathy with liberal thought of any kind4 ,his attitude toward freedom of teaching in his faculty is a purely pragmatic one4 ,since his main job is to get funds from the state legislature1 he does not propose to allow the #8indiscretions' of a professor to damage the cause of the university there4 ,in other words1 a professor can say anything he wants to in the class-room1 if his students don't talk too much and thus arouse sentiment in the state unfriendly to the university4 ,an #8injudicious' remark might cost the university a half-million dollars in much needed appropriations40 ,an excellent motto for this state of ,iowa has been composed by ,ellis ,parker ,butler1 as follows3 8,three millions yearly for manure1 ,and not one cent for literature40 ,or take ,ohio ,state ,university1 with nine thousand students4 ,here the president is a clergyman--8missionary and pastor10 he describes himself2 also he is a coal merchant and farmer1 vice-president of a bank and president of an insurance company1 and faculty committees have to wait while he keeps his important business appointments4 ,his professors are underpaid1 and when they get into debt1 he doesn't increase their salaries1 but loans them money from his ,city ,national ,bank at the prevailing rate of interest4 ,this1 you perceive1 offers a quite unique method of controlling academic activities4 ,president ,thompson1 ,i am told1 is frequently quite kind-hearted to those who conform to primitive ,calvinism in their personal righteousness2 but on the other hand1 a man who does not subject himself to the established order is sternly disciplined--for his own good1 of course1 as when a child is spanked4 ,ludwig ,lewisohn was on the faculty for six years1 and tells me of one professor who struggled many years to pay off a debt incurred for the funeral of his wife2 another1 an excellent teacher and scholar1 who did not indulge in riotous living1 but found that with the increase of prices during the war his family could hardly keep alive1 delayed to pay a bill for a pair of shoes1 and the shoe store sent the bill to the president of the university1 and this guardian of the business proprieties fired the professor1 stating that he 8lacked integrity40 ,lewisohn declares that at the faculty gatherings in this university he never in his life heard a fundamental discussion of any subject2 everything was 8silence and stealth40 ,another professor writes1 describing the extreme patriotism prevailing3 8,a bugler plays taps every ,wednesday at convocation hour1 and everyone is supposed to stand still with bared head4 ,the president is attended at all functions by his #8military staff4' ,all instructors must swear to an oath of allegiance in the presence of a notary before they can receive their salaries40 ,this correspondent tells me how a member of the staff was forced out because he had separated from his wife2 also how the 8university pastors0 on the campus are trying to establish a ,school of ,religion1 at state expense1 and to get their courses listed for university credits4 ,with a clergyman for president1 this ought to be easy2 especially when the president holds the opinion which ,president ,thompson expressed in answer to a suggestion that his professors ought to have more opportunity to study and improve their education4 ,he said that most of them held ,ph4 ,d4 degrees1 therefore their education was a closed matter1 and their only duty henceforth was to teach1 both in the regular session and in the summer schools6 ,a gentleman who was a member of ,president ,thompson's faculty for more than ten years writes me about the place as follows3 8,my personal difficulties were primarily with the head of the institution1 who is a ,presbyterian minister1 a man who would not tell a lie1 but a man whose word cannot be depended upon2 very jealous1 sensitive to criticism1 apparently always your friend to your face and your bitterest foe to your back4 ,my observation is that ninety per cent of the faculty at ,ohio ,state are afraid to offend the president for fear he will make them suffer for it1 either in failing to promote them or to raise their salaries4 ,the result of this condition is a servile faculty that are working harder to have a good #8stand-in' with the president than they are to develop their subjects4 ,i think another result of this condition is to make narrow-minded1 selfish1 self-seeking men4 ,one of the reasons that prompted me to leave teaching was the little narrow-minded individuals with whom ,i was compelled to associate1 men whose chief thought seemed to be1 how can ,i get my salary raised4 ,i am farming now1 and ,i must say that ,i find the companionship of my cows and horses a great improvement over some of my associates in university circles40 ,,chapter ,,lxix ,,the ,,little ,,toadstools ,so far we have been dealing with the great educational centres1 which number their students in thousands and even tens of thousands2 but for every one such institution there are scores of little places scattered over the country1 with anywhere from a hundred to a thousand students each4 ,in general1 one can say concerning these little places that they try to be as much like the big places as possible4 ,they get the local financial celebrities on their boards2 they get the ,gothic buildings with arrow-proof windows1 and ivy of the quickest growing variety2 they dress up their faculty in fancy robes1 and their graduating students in caps and gowns2 they have their fraternities and sororities1 their full equipment of athletic teams and alumni boosters4 ,and1 just as in country villages you find more spying and more spite than in big cities1 so in little colleges you find class greed and religious bigotry incessantly on the watch for any trace of a new idea4 ,to ,beloit ,college1 in ,wisconsin1 befell a singular fate--it got upon its faculty a young man of talent1 who wrote a live novel4 8,iron ,city10 by ,m4 ,h4 ,hedges1 is a picture of life in a small college1 located in a manufacturing town1 and of the ferment of modern ideas trying to break into such a place4 ,mr4 ,hedges declares that he did not indicate ,beloit especially1 and has received many letters from professors in other college towns1 saying that the cap fitted them4 ,but the gossips of ,beloit insisted upon riveting the cap upon their own heads1 and there was a dreadful scandal4 ,beloit is a town of twenty thousand inhabitants1 its one big industry being the ,fairbanks-,morse ,manufacturing ,company1 the largest makers of scales in the world4 ,mr4 ,morse is the grand duke of the ,beloit board1 and has as his assistants ,mr4 ,salmon1 director of the ,beloit ,water1 ,gas ,electric ,company1 and ,mr4 ,tyrrell1 head of a great knitting works in an adjoining town2 also a big ,chicago wheat broker2 the head of ,montgomery ,ward ,company2 a great paper manufacturer2 a leading ,chicago insurance man2 a local preacher2 and a 8special investigator0 of the ,united ,states ,department of ,justice4 ,so you see ,beloit is fully equipped to install1 not merely a college of commerce and a department of divinity1 but also a school of spying4 ,with the publication of 8,iron ,city0 its secret service got to work immediately2 ,i am told by one who was on the inside that three days after the book was out1 one of the trustees called ,president ,brannon on the telephone from ,chicago1 exclaiming3 8,i understand you have a novelist on your faculty4 ,why do you have people like that80 ,in less than a month the board of trustees had formally demanded ,professor ,hedges' resignation4 ,president ,brannon is a scientist1 whom we saw kicked out of the ,university of ,idaho by the mining kings2 he had some liberal ideas when he came to ,beloit five years ago4 ,he liked his novelist1 and tried to save him1 calling him his best teacher2 but the uproar was too great--the outraged townspeople stopped speaking to ,professor ,hedges and his wife on the street4 ,shortly after this1 three liberal professors were driven from the institution1 and the president pleaded for them also2 it is said that he threatened to resign--but ,i note that they are gone1 while he is still in office4 ,president ,brannon had an interesting plan to remedy the housing shortage and improve the community spirit in this manufacturing town4 ,he started a 8chamber of commerce10 for the purpose of constructing a million dollars' worth of homes on a co-operative basis1 with the help of the labor unions4 ,the banks1 the utility company heads1 and the ,fairbanks-,morse people vigorously opposed the plan and tried to head it off2 after it had got started they called up the local merchants and other members of the new 8chamber of commerce0 on the telephone1 and ordered them to have nothing to do with so dangerous an undertaking1 under penalty of loss of credit at the banks4 ,so the 8chamber of commerce0 no longer exists4 ,there is peace now in ,beloit and its college4 ,the last danger passed when a student was expelled after publishing in the student paper a review of 8,the ,brass ,check06 ,the head of the local knitting works1 one of the ultra-religious type of trustees1 comes to the college and makes orations1 being introduced as 8a progressive ,christian employer02 whereas it is well known among the students that the white slave industry of the town is recruited from girls who cannot earn living wages in the knitting works4 ,these manufacturing towns are scattered over the ,middle ,west1 and they and their colleges are very much alike4 ,let us have a glimpse at ,marietta ,college1 in ,ohio4 ,the recent president of this institution was formerly editor-in-chief of the ,chicago 8,inter-,ocean10 and championed the infamous ,lorimer and the greedy ,yerkes4 ,a student with whom ,i talked was present in a class in sociology1 to which ,president ,hinman made the statement that preachers should not discuss social and civic problems4 ,some of the students took exception to this idea1 and attempted to argue with him1 whereupon he barred discussion in that class for the rest of the year4 ,he fired a ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 secretary for the crime of having offered to a student a ticket to 8,damaged ,goods0--a play which had its opening performance in ,washington1 attended by ,president ,wilson and his wife1 and all the members of the cabinet and the ,supreme ,court4 ,the grand duke of this board was ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,mills1 local traction magnate and capitalist1 president of the ,first ,national ,bank1 interested in a cabinet company1 a brick company1 a bridge company1 a chair company1 a floral company1 a paint company1 and a street railway company4 ,this versatile gentleman also controls the two newspapers of the town1 and censors the proceedings of the state conferences of the ,congregational church4 ,his brother1 also on the board1 is director in the bank and president of the chair company4 ,the rest of the board was made up of ,mr4 ,mills' nephew1 ,mr4 ,rufus ,dawes1 a powerful millionaire of ,chicago1 president of a dozen different gas and electric companies2 and his brother1 ,mr4 ,charles ,g4 ,dawes1 president of the ,central ,trust ,company of ,illinois1 and comptroller of the currency under ,president ,mc,kinley2 a retired merchant1 director in the ,mills bank2 a local railway attorney1 related to the ,mills2 the president of the ,mills paint company2 the postmaster of the town1 protg of the ,mills2 an attorney for the ,mills corporations2 the pastor of the ,mills church2 a corporation lawyer1 director in the ,mills bank2 and a retired minister1 related by marriage to the ,mills4 ,professors ,morse and ,owens were let out of ,marietta upon suspicion of liberalism1 and in explaining the various reasons1 the latter wrote3 8,mr4 ,john ,mills expressed a sincere desire to wring my neck because ,i remarked at a dinner where he was present that the men in his mills are an unusually intelligent set40 ,this referred to the chair company1 in which conditions were especially terrible2 there were cases of married men receiving as low as seven dollars a week in wages6 ,says ,professor ,owens3 ,we were urged to be ,americans1 and yet if we raised our wee small voice in favor of a wage that would enable the workers to live up to accepted ,american standards1 we were at once regarded as dangerous anarchists4 ,they were utterly blind to the fact that wages should be raised not only in the interest of justice but of efficiency4 ,repeatedly we stated that we were entirely willing to stand by each and every statement we had made4 ,if we had lied we were willing to suffer the penalty4 ,but we were denied every opportunity to present our view of the situation1 denied a hearing which one of our by-laws said we were entitled to4 ,you remember ,professor ,bolley of the ,north ,dakota ,agricultural ,college1 and his brave statement that a college professor is a citizen4 ,for example1 may a college professor become president of his local school board8 ,surely1 yes6--you will say4 ,but wait a moment2 let me complete the sentence1 8,may a college professor become president of his local school board under a labor administration80 ,well1 now--of course--that depends6 ,at ,rockford1 ,illinois1 a manufacturing and commercial center1 is a very exclusive college for young ladies1 with a wonderful board of trustees1 including a great agricultural implement manufacturer1 another large manufacturer1 and the widow of a third2 the attorney for the town's principal industrial enterprise1 also a large stockholder in the concern2 the town's principal merchant1 its principal lumber and fuel dealer1 and the editor of its interlocking newspaper2 a bank president1 a steel manufacturer1 a judge1 and an ex-governor of the state of ,illinois1 a notorious corporation tool4 ,may a professor in such a college accept any sort of office under a labor administration8 ,let us see6 ,president ,maddox of ,rockford ,college went in for liberalism and the enlightening of the masses4 ,he had got a very conscientious young teacher by the name of ,seba ,eldridge1 and gave him a couple of impressive titles--8,head of the ,social ,science ,department and ,professor of ,economics and ,sociology40 ,professor ,eldridge went out and did 8social work10 and presently the labor men of ,rockford elected themselves a mayor1 and this mayor appointed a school board4 ,it would seem to have been of a representative character--a ,catholic business woman of independent mind1 a ,socialist ex-teacher who was a good ,methodist1 a ,swedish workingman1 self-taught but of particular intelligence1 a building contractor of large practical experience1 and finally1 as president of the board1 ,professor ,seba ,eldridge of ,rockford ,college4 ,professor ,eldridge had served on a local school board of ,new ,york ,city1 and is author of two books1 including a useful work on social legislation2 the very man for the place1 you would have thought4 ,so thought the president of the college and the chairman of his board of trustees2 and ,professor ,eldridge accepted the post4 ,but the business men of ,rockford had still to be heard from6 ,they had control of the board of aldermen1 and they meant to smash this labor administration1 so their aldermen rejected the board of education proposed by the mayor4 ,their newspapers fell to denouncing ,professor ,eldridge1 and the big bankers made it plain that the city of ,rockford could sell no school bonds until the board had a 8business man0 for its head4 ,the interlocking trustees came round and interviewed the president1 whereupon that gentleman suddenly changed his position1 and withdrew his approval of ,professor ,eldridge's acceptance of the school board presidency4 ,as the school board position paid no salary1 and as the young professor had a family dependent upon him1 he decided to let the mayor name a school board president who would be confirmed by the city council6 ,he resigned from the college also and accepted a position elsewhere4 ,mr4 ,fay ,lewis1 who lives in ,rockford1 has been kind enough to supply me with a file of newspaper clippings on this incident1 which occurred in #aiba4 ,among these clippings ,i find a curious illustration of the method by which the 8,morning ,star0 of ,rockford serves its interlocking directorate4 ,there was a discussion before the ,rotary ,club between the labor mayor of the town and a former president of the school board1 representing the business men4 ,the newspaper reports this discussion in full2 that is to say1 it quotes twenty-nine inches of what the representative of the plutocracy had to say1 and two inches of what the labor mayor had to say in reply6 ,also1 ,i ought to give you a little glimpse into ,williams ,college1 at ,williamstown1 ,massachusetts4 ,it was originally established as an institution for poor boys4 ,it has become the most exclusive country club in the ,united ,states1 with the possible exception of ,princeton4 ,like ,brown ,university1 it is a place of dry rot2 the faculty is devoted to social life and respectability1 and has been rewarded by ,mr4 8,barney0 ,baruch1 who has established a summer school of politics for the purpose of promoting the 8,bankers' ,international40 ,the president of the ,university is ,harry ,a4 ,garfield1 son of a former president of the ,united ,states2 and as ,i read the proofs of this book he rushes into the newspapers to set forth his ideas on the subject of a living wage4 ,unskilled workers1 it appears1 should not receive a living wage for their families1 but only for themselves4 ,should the worker marry1 the wife should help him to earn the household income until he educates himself out of the unskilled status--presumably by going to college and having ,president ,garfield show him how6 ,before we conclude this chapter1 you might be interested to learn what the invention of gunpowder has done to higher education2 something which is on demonstration in the state of ,delaware4 ,this home of the powder oligarchy ranked almost at the bottom of the list of states in matters of education1 until ,mr4 ,coleman du ,pont1 the powder king1 took the matter off the hands of the people1 and put up the money for a new educational system4 ,that was kind of ,mr4 du ,pont1 of course1 and the people of ,delaware appreciate it2 but it means that we have the feudal system permanently established and officially recognized in an ,american state4 ,the powder oligarchy has a university1 located at ,newark1 and here was a typhoid scandal1 exactly as at the ,university of ,oregon1 with the local magnates controlling the situation1 and a young instructor persisting in telling the facts4 ,it was ,ibsen's play1 8,an ,enemy of the ,people10 precisely re-enacted4 ,on the day that one student was buried1 this young instructor published a letter1 in which he accused of murder the people who had refused to put in a sewage system4 ,he was threatened with tarring and feathering1 and the president of the college was very sorry he could not offer this young instructor a raise4 ,but he always did what the treasurer of the college wanted--and the treasurer was the man who had blocked the efforts of the board of health to avoid a typhoid epidemic6 ,a gentleman who was for many years a member of the faculty of this university writes me1 in very temperate language1 as follows3 8,i think the university needs an awakening to the fact that political and social conditions in the state and nation are proper and necessary subjects of the freest possible discussion4 ,i also believe that1 in spite of ,pierre du ,pont's altruistic attitude1 the du ,pont wealth stands at the gates of opportunity in ,delaware1 and that some who enter renounce1 consciously or unconsciously1 their personal freedom of opinion and action4 ,as to the du ,pont control of politics1 it should be fully and forever repudiated by the people of ,delaware as an insolent attempt to enslave the state to a single great interest40 ,,chapter ,,lxx ,,god ,,and ,,mammon ,i have tried in the closing chapters of 8,the ,profits of ,religion10 and also in 8,the ,book of ,life10 to make plain that ,i honor the religious impulse in its true form4 ,but that does not mean that ,i owe respect to human systems which call themselves religious1 and which make the spiritual needs of mankind a basis of enslavement4 ,i can tolerate the business man who tells me that 8money makes the mare go02 ,i can show him how1 under a cooperative system1 money would make the mare go faster4 ,but ,i find it hard to tolerate those preachers of 8personal righteousness10 who keep the eyes of the working class uplifted to heaven1 while their pockets are picked on earth2 our modern ,pharisees1 who take the greatest of the world's proletarian martyrs1 and bind him anew1 and deliver him to be crucified upon a jewelled cross4 ,i make this explanation because we are now going to have a glance at some of our 8religious0 colleges4 ,let us begin with ,wooster1 ,ohio1 an institution run by the ,presbyterian church4 ,we have seen how at ,clark they are introducing a summer school1 to make education pay2 and we can see what that will end in1 because the college of ,wooster has for many years been run by its summer school3 an absurdly crude1 privately-owned1 money-making institution1 which draws schoolmarms by offering gold watches as prizes for those who bring in the greatest number of new students1 and by advertising in terms of dollars and cents the amount of business done by its free teachers' agency4 ,in country newspapers it advertises itself as 8a ,school of ,inspiration1 ,preparation and ,perspiration40 ,fifteen hundred schoolmarms come each summer1 and the local papers explain that they are 8free with their expense accounts40 ,the regular college1 having only five hundred students1 is relatively unimportant4 ,the active trustees1 being local business men1 naturally want to boost the summer school2 whereas the faculty of the college have absurd notions of the dignity of true knowledge4 ,out of this grew a furious quarrel1 which lasted for several years4 ,the partisans of the summer school kicked out the excellent president of the college1 who had spent sixteen years building it up from nothing4 ,they brought in to replace him a shouting ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 evangelist of no college training1 an utter ignoramus1 and so many kinds of a liar that it would take the rest of this book to tell about it4 ,the ,american ,association of ,university ,professors investigated the affair1 and devoted a hundred and thirty-six pages to it1 and the bulletin for ,may1 #aiag1 is a study of the mental processes of a religious hypocrite1 shouting about the love of ,jesus1 while stooping to every kind of vile and cowardly intrigue4 ,also1 while we are in ,ohio1 let us have a look at ,muskingum ,college1 at ,new ,concord4 ,we may see this through the eyes of ,professor ,arthur ,s4 ,white1 who was let out of the ,department of ,political ,science and ,sociology this year4 ,the charge against him was that he had created 8a critical attitude0 among the students4 ,the vice-president of the college charged him 8with having taught the students to think1 and that they were not thinking the right things40 ,at the very beginning of his work1 three years ago1 he had explained to the students his dislike of 8the compartment method of education10 whereby students are crammed into a certain tight mold4 8,i remarked that such methods were destructive of personality1 and must foster decay in our institutions4 ,when ,i had finished the whole class applauded4 ,at the end of the hour1 some eight or ten waited to tell me that they were1 and had been1 victims of such methods1 and that they hoped my work would be different40 ,as a result of this1 ,professor ,white's classes in political science increased from twenty-seven to a hundred and forty-two4 ,there was no fault to be found with his character or personal conduct1 nor is he a ,socialist or propagandist of any sort4 ,i quote again from his statement3 8,my method was to present all the facts on every question that were available2 to analyze ideas1 dogmas and institutions in the light of their original professions and accomplishments4 ,i tried to respect the personality of my students1 by insisting on their being free to make a conscientious choice of their loyalties40 ,but1 of course1 this did not fit into a college whose dean phrased the duty of the faculty3 8,our attitude toward the president should be that of the soldier to the general1 it should be the attitude that he can do no wrong40 ,muskingum is a ,presbyterian institution1 and in order to get the financial support of the church1 it advertises itself widely as a 8safe0 place for parents to send their children4 ,everything must be 8in accordance with our tradition of ideals and customs40 ,so1 of course1 the professor who taught his students to think had to move on4 ,let us also move1 to ,meadville1 ,pennsylvania1 where there is a little religious toadstool in the heart of the oil country1 and with a ,standard ,oil board of trustees4 ,on this ,allegheny ,college we have a report of the ,american ,association of ,university ,professors1 in the bulletin for ,december1 #aiag4 ,the president 7now president-emeritus7 is a product of ,judge ,gary's ,northwestern ,university1 a ,methodist clergyman1 and trustee of the ,carnegie ,foundation4 ,an alumnus who got to know him writes me3 8,crawford is a man who has seemingly lost his moral perception1 and throughout his stay at ,allegheny was notoriously untruthful and untrustworthy40 ,for fourteen years he had a professor of ,english literature by the name of ,frank ,c4 ,lockwood1 who was an ardent ,prohibitionist1 and came into conflict with the two local grand dukes of the board of trustees1 political bosses and attorneys representing applicants for liquor licenses in ,meadville4 ,professor ,lockwood had the audacity to run for congress on the ,prohibition ticket1 with the backing of the ,progressives2 and1 worse yet1 although he himself was a ,methodist minister1 his wife joined the ,unitarian church4 ,the report does not make clear what the interlocking trustees expected the ,methodist professor to do about this2 they would hardly have been satisfied if he had divorced his wife for being a ,unitarian2 maybe they expected him to beat her until she reformed4 ,anyhow1 the board adopted a resolution forbidding its professors to take part in politics by becoming candidates for public office2 and1 furthermore1 it made clear its intention to drop ,professor ,lockwood at the end of the next year--so he quit4 ,a college professor is not a citizen in ,pennsylvania1 any more than he is in ,illinois6 ,let us have a look at the prairie country1 the 8free state0 of ,kansas4 ,at ,washburn ,college1 an institution of the ,congregational church at ,topeka1 we shall again find the worship of ,god and ,mammon perfectly blended4 ,all the local plutocracy is represented on this board1 and also a collection of clergymen1 headed by the ,reverend ,charles ,m4 ,sheldon1 famous throughout the ,middle ,west as the author of 8,in ,his ,steps40 ,the president of ,washburn is the ,reverend ,parley ,paul ,womer--,i am aware this sounds like a novel1 but it isn't4 ,washburn had been in financial need1 and ,president ,womer was called in as a 8fund-raiser02 he being the perfect type of plutocratic piety1 with knees calloused from constant worship before the altar of the ,golden ,calf4 ,his record also is set down in a report of the ,association4 ,we find him requiring one of his professors to promote a certain student1 because his father was 8a prominent and well-to-do man10 and 8had intimated that if ,washburn would graduate his son he might do something handsome for the college in a financial way40 ,we find him continually humiliating members of the faculty1 by warning them not to do this and not to do that 8which might conceivably be displeasing to any persons from whom we might hope for aid40 ,we find him refusing all reforms in the way of faculty control1 because 8,washburn depends for its financial support on business men1 men of large financial interests who would be quick to resent any appearance of ,bolshevism in the administration of the college40 ,we find him summarily discharging professors who opposed his combination of boot-licking and bullying1 and then lying about these professors1 and then asking that the committee of the ,association should consider these lies to be 8confidential06 ,finally1 matters came to a head2 more than half the faculty either resigned or were discharged1 and the students rose up and began bombarding the pious president's house with rotten eggs4 ,but did that make any difference to ,president ,womer8 ,it did not6 ,the smell of rotten eggs evaporates quickly1 but money endures1 and he is the boy who gets the money4 ,his interlocking trustees stood by him1 and one month after the publication of the damning report of the ,association1 ,i find in the ,topeka 8,daily ,capital0 a front-page story about the culmination of ,president ,womer's marvelous drive to raise the endowment of ,washburn to eight hundred thousand dollars4 ,he has raised three hundred and seventy-five thousand outside of ,topeka1 and three hundred thousand inside4 ,fifty thousand of this comes from ,mr4 ,joab ,mulvane1 the grand duke of the city1 and according to the newspaper1 8the walls of the ,chamber of ,commerce shivered in the greatest uproar of applause they ever enclosed4444 ,president ,womer received at last night's meeting a demonstration of cordial good-will and appreciation such as few public men hope for in a lifetime40 8,one of the greatest days in the history of ,topeka10 was ,mr4 ,mulvane's own characterization of the event4 ,there are two columns of this kind of rapture1 with the names of all the donors and the 8volunteer workers10 and descriptions of parades1 fireworks1 dancing1 brass-bands1 and the singing of 8,washburn pep songs40 ,also the ,catholics have their educational machine1 and raise money from wealthy ,catholics for the protection both of ,catholicism and of wealth4 ,in the city of ,washington they have a great central institution4 ,an official of the ,united ,states ,department of ,education writes me3 ,i made a study of the ,american ,university in ,washington not long ago4 ,there are a number of wealthy men on the board4 ,they are obviously placed there for the usual purpose4 ,most of them never went to college themselves1 and they know nothing about higher education in general or in particular4 ,now ,i saw no occasion to doubt their desire to do the best they know how for the institution4 ,but some things they know about1 from their associations1 and others they do not4 ,they simply cannot appreciate1 for example1 the fine zeal the founders had for the establishment of a great graduate university4 ,they can see a considerable demand for education in law and business1 and so they very naturally let the institution turn in this direction4 ,consequently a low grade law school and a lower grade business course are being established4 ,the trustees can see some use in these courses and some demand4 ,the need for a great graduate school1 so patent to educators1 the trustees are blissfully ignorant of1 and ,i doubt very much whether on account of their limited educational experience they will ever be able to appreciate the need for such a graduate institution in ,washington4 ,we move ,south to ,durham1 ,north ,carolina1 home of ,trinity ,college1 a considerable religious institution1 founded by ,washington ,duke1 the tobacco king4 ,a friend of mine who knew the old gentleman tells me how he furnished his mansion1 ordering the books for his library by the size and color of binding2 and now his statue decorates a college grounds4 ,the present head of the family is ,james ,b41 locally known as 8,buck0 ,duke1 and it would be a poor pun to describe him as the ,grand ,duke of ,trinity ,college4 ,he and his brother1 ,mr4 ,b4 ,n4 ,duke1 his wife1 his son and his daughter1 have all purchased the good will of ,north ,carolina ,methodism by making public gifts to ,trinity1 amounting to four million dollars2 all three of the male ,dukes are therefore on its board of trustees4 ,james ,b4 has just given a million to the endowment1 fifty thousand towards a new school for religious training1 and other sums for gymnasium and law building4 ,so ,i note in the ,greensboro 8,daily ,news0 an editorial headed3 8,the ,duke ,also ,has ,virtues40 ,forty years ago 8,buck0 ,duke could not borrow ten thousand dollars in ,north ,carolina2 today he boasts that he is worth four hundred million1 beside what his father and brother have accumulated4 ,assuming that his services in providing the world with tobacco were worth a hundred dollars a week1 it would have taken a hundred and fifty-four thousand years to earn his own share of this money4 8,buck0 is distinguished among interlocking trustees in that he has had a decision of the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court on his money-making methods2 the exact words are that he 8persistently and continuously and consciously violated the law40 ,the ,supreme ,court has not yet passed on the fact that a man who is worth four hundred million dollars pays only eight hundred and twenty-eight dollars taxes in the state where he lives in a magnificent palace6 ,the ,methodist church is1 as we know1 violently opposed to the use of tobacco1 but it applies the ancient saying of one of the ,roman emperors1 ,pecunia non olet--money has no smell4 ,mr4 ,duke completed his purchase of the church by a so-called donation for the support of its superannuated ministers1 and so his right to run both church and university is undisputed4 ,he brought in a ,south ,carolina minister of pliant principles1 and made him president of the university1 and this president never lost an occasion to chant the praises of his grand ,duke4 ,the grand ,duke had this chief chanter made a director of his ,southern railroad1 and wanted to have him made also a bishop of the church1 but for three successive years he failed2 then he hired some regular lobbyists and sent them to the ,methodist ,general ,conference--and that was the way to do it4 8,pecunia non olet02 and also1 8pecunia parlat02 and also1 8pecunia ambulare equinam fecit60--if you will let me fix up the ,latin4 ,,chapter ,,lxxi ,,the ,,orang-,,outang ,,hunters ,there is a part of the ,united ,states which suffered for a century or two under the blight of ,negro slavery2 in consequence1 from ,virginia to ,texas1 the population still lives in the ideas of a hundred years ago4 ,here are communities which are not content to use religious dogmas as a shield for special privilege2 they really believe the dogmas1 and are willing to fight about them and to torture one another1 as in the old days4 ,in these states there has sprung up what is called the 8,fundamentalist0 movement1 made up of seventeenth century ,cromwellians in modern machine-made clothing2 the only difference being that whereas the old ,pilgrims wished to 8come out from among them10 the idea of these modern fanatics is to drive out the other fellow4 ,they are carrying on an enormous campaign in the evangelical churches1 seeking to keep out of the pulpits people who do not believe in the literal inspiration of ,scripture--in ,noah's ark1 and ,jonah and the whale1 and ,joshua blowing down the walls of ,jericho2 also in the virgin birth1 and the six-day creation of man4 ,they are especially indignant against 8evolution10 which means to them one thing1 that man is descended from the monkey--something it does not mean to any scientist4 ,the leader of this new fanaticism is no less a personage than the ,honorable ,william ,jennings ,bryan1 the ,peerless ,commoner1 who1 having made several hundred thousand dollars out of lecturing1 is not so keen for the breaking of the money power1 but gives his time to the preserving of the ignorance of his forefathers4 ,mr4 ,bryan has used his enormous prestige with the legislatures of the ,southern states2 he came within one vote of putting through the ,kentucky legislature a bill providing that no public appropriations should be used for salaries of employes who teach ,evolution or ,darwinism4 ,incredible as it may seem1 he succeeded in putting through such a measure in the states of ,south ,carolina and ,oklahoma1 and he expects to make a tour of the legislatures this winter and try with others4 ,these reactionaries are busy in all the ,southern colleges1 plying their brooms against the tide of modern thought4 ,they succeeded in driving ,professor ,wheeler from the ,university of ,mississippi1 and ,professor ,rice from the ,southern ,methodist ,university at ,dallas1 ,texas4 ,also they are strong among the ,baptists1 and at ,waco1 ,texas1 they have got possession of a large school called ,baylor ,university4 ,this place had a professor of sociology1 ,g4 ,s4 ,dow1 who devoutly believed in his ,baptist faith1 and earnestly protested that he did not teach that 8man came from another species02 but he published a text-book1 8,introduction to the ,principles of ,sociology10 in which he used some phrases of modern science1 and the howling dervishes of ,texas took it up4 ,in ,fort ,worth is a ,baptist preacher1 who publishes a paper called the 8,searchlight10 and has grown rich out of waging war upon modern thought2 in what delicate language his controversies are carried on you may judge from one sentence1 referring to the expulsion of ,professor ,rice3 8,while the ,methodists have put their orang-outang out1 we are keeping ours in60 ,i really felt sorry for ,professor ,dow1 as ,i read over a mass of clippings concerning his trouble2 he is such a humble and patient ,christian gentleman6 ,but1 you see1 in his book he actually made reference to 8primitive man10 and we all know there was no such beast2 says the 8,searchlight03 8,those of us who read our ,bibles have always thought that he was made in the image of ,god40 ,so ,professor ,dow was forced to resign1 and he stayed resigned1 in spite of indignant protests of his students4 ,the ,baptists of ,texas appointed a committee1 which went about in these educational institutions1 submitting to every instructor a questionnaire1 and forcing the resignation of several who were too honest in their confessions4 ,they held a 8pastors' and laymen's conference10 in which they laid down 8uncompromising opposition to the teachings of ,darwinian evolution1 and the substitution of social service for regeneration40 ,reading their literature is to a modern man like having a nightmare2 it takes you back three hundred years in human history1 when they burned witches at the stake1 and tore men to pieces on the rack4 ,in ,texas now they burn only ,negroes2 but the wretched1 half-starved1 rack-rented tenant-farmers and their wives are victims of the most degrading sort of terrors4 ,in one issue of the 8,searchlight0 ,i find a portrait of a maniac with a big black moustache1 cavorting with clenched fists on a platform1 and advertised as 8the man who preaches sin black1 hell hot1 life short1 death certain1 eternity long1 and calls sinners to a blood-bought redemption40 ,in 8,the ,profits of ,religion0 ,i have pictured the 8,bootstrap-lifters10 with their eyes uplifted to heaven while the agents of the ,wholesale ,pickpockets' ,association are robbing them on earth4 ,just so it is with the 8,fundamentalists02 while they were getting the professor of evolution fired from the ,southern ,methodist ,university1 the public utility interests of ,texas1 camouflaged as the 8,texas ,public ,service ,information ,bureau10 have been poisoning the minds of the students4 ,they have contrived a course of lectures1 to be given by expert public utility pickpockets--the general manager of the telephone company1 the president of the power and light company1 the general manager of the traction company--so on through a long list4 ,also these ,fundamentalists are active in ,tennessee1 where they brought destruction to an old friend of mine1 a thoroughly trained scientist and most humane and charming gentleman1 who was director of hygiene and physician at the state university4 ,they were cordial to him in the first weeks1 until he began attending the ,unitarian church2 then a pillar of the rich ,baptist church in ,knoxville refused to donate to the 8,y0 work at the university 8so long as they had ,unitarians on the faculty40 ,in the hope of forcing my friend to withdraw1 the president and dean proceeded to make him unpopular by requiring all freshmen to take a course of two hours a week in 8personal hygiene0 with him--and receiving no credit for the course6 ,still1 the professor made a success of it1 and more students came to him for treatment than he could handle2 so last spring he was unceremoniously dropped4 ,at ,bethany1 ,west ,virginia1 is a college of the religious body who call themselves the 8,disciples of ,christ10 or 8,christians0--to distinguish themselves from ,baptists and ,methodists and ,presbyterians and other kinds of heathen4 ,this institution is described as 8a literary1 moral and religious school10 and it now has some five hundred students1 and thirty or forty members of the faculty4 ,they got a young professor by the name of ,croyle1 in the 8,chair of ,hebrew and ,old ,testament10 and they kept him less than a year1 and then summarily fired him without notice4 ,the professor put the case in the hands of the ,american ,association of ,university ,professors1 which wrote to the president of the college and proposed an investigation4 ,the president's name is ,cramblet--again ,i have to explain that ,i do not make these things up4 ,president ,cramblet replied to the effect that he and his college did not want any interference from professors' associations4 8,for the present we are quite sure that we can make our own rules and conduct our own affairs better than some people who are not able to take care of their own business40 ,it is interesting to follow this story and watch the slow process of the opening up of this religious hard shell4 ,it took the ,association about a year and a half to do the job2 they kept boring away--a little publicity here and a threat of publicity there--until finally ,president ,cramblet popped open and wrote a long letter1 explaining the crimes of ,professor ,croyle1 and agreeing to meet a committee of the ,association and prove his charges4 ,it appeared that ,professor ,croyle had come from the ,union ,theological ,seminary1 with his mind full of what in the ,west ,virginia mountains is known as 8destructive criticism40 ,in one of his classes he had explained that maybe the story of ,god's plan to drown everybody in the world except ,noah and his family was not to be taken quite literally2 that night ,president ,cramblet was called to the girls' dormitory1 8because a number of them were weeping and well-nigh hysterical over this experience60 ,it is interesting to note that the ,professors' ,association does not attempt to insist that church colleges shall maintain any standards of freedom of teaching or of thinking4 ,all it lays down is that 8church colleges should fully and unequivocally inform the public and their professors of all restrictions that their tenets impose upon academic freedom40 ,and it notes that this 8,christian0 college has now taken out of its catalogue the statement that 8,bethany seeks the latest and best results of modern scholarship10 and that 8the latest results of archeology are used in an attempt to understand the vitality of the ,prophetic ,activity60 ,i close this chapter with the singular adventure of my friend1 ,harry ,laidler1 who went a few years ago to lecture at ,emory and ,henry ,college1 one of the oldest institutions in ,virginia4 ,laidler was secretary of the ,intercollegiate ,socialist ,society1 and the students had asked to hear him1 and the president had consented4 ,it chanced1 however1 that an itinerant preacher was present that morning1 and he strongly disapproved of a ,socialist lecture1 and took occasion to save the students from the consequences of their wayward curiosity4 ,he took the platform1 and lifted his hands in invocation to the ,almighty1 imploring ,him to protect these young minds from the heresies and false doctrines to which they were about to be exposed6 ,,chapter ,,lxxii ,,the ,,academic ,,pogrom ,it is natural that in a time of reaction such as the present1 every form of organized cruelty and hatred should lift its ugly head2 and so we have in our colleges not merely campaigns of religious bigotry1 but also of race prejudice4 ,we know the ideal ,american college student4 ,he comes from our best families1 his figure is tall and straight1 and his features regular and blank1 according to the ,gibson standard4 ,he is perfectly groomed1 in the ,arrow collar and the ,kuppenheimer clothes and the ,brogue boot4 ,he has always had plenty of servants to wait on him1 so he does not know how to work4 ,he is thoroughly skilled1 however1 in every form of play1 and has been raised in a system of conventions which constitute 8good manners40 ,he comes to college to spend the four pleasantest years of his life in the company of his social equals4 ,his father and big brothers before him have belonged to the right clubs1 and are prominent in the alumni association4 ,he goes in for athletics1 and for the glee club1 and gets a fraternity pin and a big ,y1 or whatever letter it may be1 on his sweater2 he becomes a leader of his class and a social favorite1 and takes the college girls to dances in his big car1 and now and then he takes one of the town girls out into the country on summer evenings1 or to a road-house in winter4 ,he is an expert in smoking tobacco1 and connects up with the best university boot-legger--but all quietly1 of course1 and nothing to excess1 except on football nights and special occasions4 ,there is only one thing wrong with this four years of paradise1 and that is a lot of fool pedants and bookworms1 who think they have something to do with running the college1 and worry a fellow to death stuffing his head with old ,anglo-,saxon roots and mathematical formulas1 names and dates of dead kings and battles1 and peculiarities of ,french and ,greek irregular verbs4 ,the young gentleman in college regards these pedants as his natural enemies1 and the outwitting of them as one of his entertainments4 ,if you have plenty of money you can hire sharp fellows to study examination papers and work out the science of 8getting by10 and two weeks before examinations you shut yourself up in your room1 with a wet towel about your head and a pot of strong coffee on your desk1 and you cram your mind with the necessary mass of facts1 and so you pass4 ,you understand the unwritten law of colleges--just as the old ,french marquis understood the heavenly system1 when he said that ,god would think twice before he damned a gentleman like him4 ,make yourself a power in athletics and in social life1 and pay a certain minimum debt to the thing called 8learning10 and you may be sure that no member of the faculty will have the insolence to 8flunk0 you4 ,such is ,american college life today1 and when we read in college journals and in the capitalist press about the preservation of ,anglo-,saxon traditions in our institutions of higher education1 that is what we are talking about4 ,but now along come a lot of fellows--and worse1 a few girls as well--whose features lack the regular vapidity of the ,gibson type1 but on the contrary1 have been distorted by suffering and struggle4 ,these people have for the last two thousand years been an oppressed race1 and they display the painful qualities which oppression causes in human beings4 ,sometimes they cringe1 and again1 when they get power they may become insolent4 ,for two thousand years they have survived in the world by two qualities1 racial and religious solidarity1 and commercial shrewdness4 ,we in ,america are full of the raptures of dollar-getting2 but here is a people who can make two dollars while we are making one1 and can save ten dollars while we are squandering a hundred4 ,being people who have had to make their own way in the world1 they are apt to be pushing and thick-skinned2 they sometimes come where they are not wanted1 and do not always take a hint to leave4 ,they try to break into 8society02 that is1 having acquired wealth1 they assume they are entitled to the perquisites of wealth4 ,but we bar them from our dinner-parties and our clubs1 and sometimes from our hotels4 ,naturally their sons and daughters turn their eyes upon our colleges2 and here is an atrocious situation4 ,these institutions have established no social tests1 but have left their doors open for anyone who can pass an examination4 ,and these people take advantage of us--they actually expect to break in among our sons and daughters1 just by learning more than our sons and daughters know6 ,that is easy for them1 you understand2 not being admitted to fraternities and glee clubs1 they have nothing better to do than to sit in their rooms and read and study4 ,and what chance do our 8,gibson types0 stand against such a proposition8 ,they stand no chance whatever2 and so the ,jews carry off the honors and the prizes--actually1 if things were allowed to go on1 they would become members of the faculty1 and we should be sending our future ,anglo-,saxon conquerors to be taught by ,jewish scientists and men of letters6 ,such is the problem faced by our interlocking trustees and their faculties2 it is an embarrassing problem1 because1 in the first place1 the ,jews are enormously wealthy1 and they stand together1 and have not merely financial but political power4 ,also1 they take pride in their culture2 they point out that they gave the world its first great literature1 and have given to ,anglo-,saxon countries practically everything in the way of religion which these countries consider divine4 ,they have contributed their due share of scientists and writers and statesmen of modern times2 also they have given to the world the religion of the future1 through the labor of ,marx and ,lassalle1 ,jaurs and ,liebknecht4 ,in the light of these varied facts1 we cannot come out boldly and say that we refuse to admit ,jews to our universities2 we find it easier to employ those peculiar talents for prevarication which our college heads have developed4 ,we invent what are called 8psychological tests02 we fill our examination papers with 8catch0 questions--little details of language idiom and social observance and historical tradition1 with which the ,jews are less apt to be familiar4 ,or we conduct oral examinations1 concerning which there are no records1 and therefore no proofs of prejudice4 ,by these means1 in a couple of years we cut down the percentage of ,jews at ,columbia from forty percent to twenty-two percent1 and at ,new ,york ,university we cut it down from fifty percent to fifteen4 ,our really aristocratic university1 ,princeton1 has never 8made any bones0 about it4 ,very few ,jews and no ,negroes have been able to pass the 8examinations0 for admission to ,princeton4 ,at ,harvard it has always been possible to get in by passing a much stricter examination2 but even by this method the percentage of ,jews keeps creeping up1 and when ,i was in ,harvard last spring they were talking about introducing the 8psychological tests10 as at ,columbia4 ,one student reported a conversation with ,richard ,cabot1 professor of 8social ethics10 who said that he did not object to the exclusion of ,jews1 but thought it should be done frankly4 ,his idea prevailed among the overseers1 and shortly afterwards a statement was issued which gives an amusing illustration of what ,harvard regards as frankness4 ,the statement set forth that there were more applicants for admission than ,harvard was able to accommodate1 and the governing body must take some action in the matter4 ,then3 8,it is natural that with a widespread discussion of this sort going on there should be talk about the proportion of ,jews at the college40 ,in the course of the 8discussion0 that followed1 we find ,president ,lowell deploring the growth of anti-,semitic feeling1 and suggesting a marvelous plan to eliminate it from ,american colleges--let the ,jews keep away6 ,and then the ,negro question4 ,they have a ,memorial ,hall at ,harvard1 and make much of their heroes who died to abolish ,negro slavery4 ,i have a cousin who went to ,harvard twenty years ago1 and though he is a ,southern man1 he was able to live comfortably in a dormitory in which there was a ,negro student4 ,but a year or two ago a student engaged a room in a freshman dormitory1 and went to occupy it1 and when they made the discovery that he was a ,negro1 they told him that a mistake had been made1 they had no room vacant in that dormitory1 or in any other dormitory4 ,not until they had been exposed several times in such evasions1 did they come forward and announce that in future no ,negroes would be admitted to freshman dormitories at ,harvard4 ,we have mentioned ,new ,york ,university4 ,during the controversy over ,jews at ,harvard1 ,chancellor ,brown favored the press with the proud announcement that there was no discrimination against ,jews at ,jabbergrab2 and a week or two later there was published in the 8,nation0 7,july #ab1 #aibb7 a letter from ,mr4 ,joseph ,girdansky1 who made a reputation as an athlete at this place1 telling about the experience of his younger brother1 also an athlete1 and presumably acceptable to his fellow students1 since he was elected president of the junior class4 ,when this result was announced1 the faculty of ,jabbergrab rose up and called off the election4 ,first1 it appeared1 the officers elected were ,bolshevists2 second1 there had been ballot-stuffing2 and third1 fourth and fifth1 the elections were null and void4 ,several ,jewish boys were threatened with expulsion for having been elected to class offices6 ,mr4 ,girdansky went on to tell about his interview with ,dean ,archibald ,banton of ,jabbergrab4 ,this was two or three years ago1 and the dean quite frankly admitted that it was a ,jewish question4 ,in the elder ,girdansky's day1 said the dean1 the percentage of ,jews had been from two to four1 while now it had got to fifty4 ,so the university was introducing what it called an 8,americanization plan40 ,mr4 ,girdansky threatened to expose this state of affairs--right in the midst of ,chancellor ,brown's advertising campaign for funds6 ,the dean begged him to wait until the fall1 promising that the class elections would be settled satisfactorily4 ,they were settled by a great number of the ,jewish students leaving1 and new class officers being elected1 or appointed by the faculty--all the important ones being non-,jews6 ,at ,barnard1 which is the women's college of ,columbia ,university1 they have a committee on admissions1 which in actual practice means the dean and the secretary1 who decide upon the eligibility of girls who have passed the examinations4 ,highly competent graduates of ,new ,york high schools are left out1 because they happen to be ,jewesses2 and in their place girls are taken from the fashionable 8finishing schools10 who are so poor in scholarship that they have to be conditioned4 ,i was told of one case of a ,russian ,jewish girl who had been excluded and went to ,hunter ,college and made a brilliant record4 ,there was some agitation about this case1 and the dean sent someone to look it up1 and the report was that 8keeping her out was a good job40 ,the teacher who told me this story was interested in the matter1 and went over to ,hunter ,college herself to find out what was wrong about the girl4 ,there were two things the matter with her3 first1 she was a ,socialist1 and second1 she had expressed her opinion in favor of the recognition of ,soviet ,russia4 ,also at the ,university of ,pennsylvania the issue has been taken up4 ,the endowment drive was held up because the leaders wished to engraft upon it the verbal pledge to anti-,semitic contributors that ,jewish enrollment would be curtailed4 ,one seminary course at the university during the past year was largely devoted1 under cover1 to sounding out the views of the graduate students in economics upon the ,jew menace4 ,it was freely stated in that course that desire to reduce the high percentage of ,jews in the ,wharton ,school was the motive prompting the 8intelligence test0 requirement for admission4 ,needless to say1 the academic pogrom extends not only to students1 but to professors4 ,you may find this situation effectively set forth in a vital criticism of ,america1 8,up ,stream10 by ,ludwig ,lewisohn4 ,mr4 ,lewisohn tells how he studied under the aegis of ,nicholas ,murray ,butler1 and made himself a master of ,english literature and ,english style4 ,you do not have to take his word for this2 he proves it in his book4 ,few indeed are the ,anglo-,saxon professors in ,american universities who can demonstrate equal attainments6 ,this ,german-,jew was poor1 his family had made heavy sacrifices to give him an education2 but he could get no teaching position1 and for a long time the ,columbia professors who had charge of his career kept from him the dark secret1 that ,jews are not employed to teach literature in ,american universities4 ,lewisohn was forced to do newspaper work1 and not until years later did he get a chance to teach at the ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,also you ought to hear the experience of ,professor ,kornhauser of ,denison ,university1 at ,granville1 ,ohio4 ,he taught zoology1 and was admitted to have one of the best departments in this ,baptist institution2 he was an active ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 worker1 president of the ,faculty ,club1 and commander of the ,american ,legion post--it is difficult to see what more a ,jew might do to take the curse off himself6 ,he was offered an important position at the ,battle ,creek ,sanitarium1 and as the price of declining this1 was made a full professor at ,denison1 and spent three years building up his department4 ,but last ,april the president of the university asked him to resign1 and stated as his reason that some of the financial supporters of the university objected to the presence of a ,jew on the faculty4 ,the students protested1 and in the effort to silence them the president threatened that if they published anything about the case he would refuse to recommend ,professor ,kornhauser for a job at any other university4 ,the senior class1 by a vote of eighty to six1 passed a resolution asking for the president's removal4 ,also you should consider the experience of ,professor ,robert ,t4 ,kerlin1 a high-minded and devoted ,christian gentleman1 who was dismissed from the ,virginia ,military ,institute for having written a dignified open letter to the governor of ,arkansas1 protesting against the execution of some ,negroes for the crime of having defended their lives against a mob4 ,you may read his letter in the files of the 8,nation10 ,june #ae1 #aiba4 ,and then1 to return to the ,jews1 hear the strange experience of ,mr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,catell1 who was an instructor in accounting at the ,university of ,oklahoma4 ,mr4 ,catell happens to be near-sighted1 and was turned out upon the pretext that he was unable to teach properly on this account4 ,he sent a questionnaire to his students1 and out of a total of forty-nine1 thirty said that his work was above the average1 while eighteen said it was average2 one was absent and did not reply4 ,but this did not get ,mr4 ,catell restored1 and so he investigated1 and discovered that the head of his department did not like ,jews4 ,the way in which the young instructor made this discovery would seem sufficiently convincing to anyone4 ,he met the head of his department in the hallway of the latter's home1 and the department head put to him a question3 8,do you know who killed ,jesus ,christ80 ,mr4 ,catell1 in his letter to me1 says that he contented himself with the answer3 8,i do not know1 since it was so long ago60 ,if ,i were a cultured ,jew in ,america1 ,i know what ,i should do4 ,i should not flatter the race conceit of ,anglo-,saxon colleges2 ,i should make it my task to persuade wealthy ,jews to establish an endowment and gather a faculty of ,jewish scientists and scholars--there are enough of them to make the most wonderful faculty in the world4 ,and then ,i should open the doors of this university to seekers of knowledge of all races--save that ,i should bar students who had anti-,semitic prejudice6 ,,chapter ,,lxxiii ,,the ,,semi-,,simian ,,mob ,race prejudice is merely one side of the many-sided snobbery of college life4 ,the college is the collective prestige of a mob of socially superior persons1 and each and every one of them is interested to protect that prestige4 ,i asked one of the most eminent of ,american scientists1 a man who has lived most of his life in universities1 what is the matter with these institutions1 and his answer came in an explosion3 8,it is the semi-simian mob of the alumni6 ,they have been to college for the sake of their social position2 they have gone out utterly ignorant1 and made what they call a success in the world1 and they come back once a year in a solid phalanx of philistinism1 to dominate the college and bully the trustees and the president40 8,you don't think it's the president's fault1 then80 ,i asked1 and the answer was3 8,it is the alumni1 that semi-simian mob60 ,the problem of who is to blame1 the president or the alumni1 is like the ancient question3 8,which comes first1 the hen or the egg80 ,the president makes the alumni1 and the alumni make the president1 and the vicious circle continues ad infinitum4 ,the alumnus who counts is the 8successful son10 and he values in his college those qualities which have enabled him to succeed4 ,the college is to him a place where he can be sure of having his son made into the same admirable thing he knows himself to be4 ,the college is an insurance agency for the business and social prosperity of his progeny4 ,when he has got the youngsters into ,groton1 and then into ,harvard1 and finally into the ,harvard ,club1 they will have made so many affiliations that nothing can hurt them2 there will always be 8openings10 desirable friendships1 quick promotions1 favors and honors3 there will be rich girls to choose from1 a welcome in homes of luxury4 ,the college is to the alumnus a place in which he has invested four years of his life1 and he wants to keep up the value of that investment4 ,he welcomes everything which enhances that value--football victories1 for example1 which fill the columns of the newspapers1 and enable him to swell out his chest and remember that he is a son of 8,old ,eli40 ,on the other hand1 if there are stories in the newspapers that his college has become a 8hot-bed0 of some kind1 that is a humiliation1 that is a diminution of his prestige2 he calls up the president and trustees on the telephone1 and wants to know what the hell does this mean8 ,college is the place in which the alumnus spent the happiest years of his life2 it is the center of pleasant memories1 about which to grow sentimental4 ,he goes back to renew old friendships1 to sing old songs1 to feel tears in his eyes1 delicious emotions stirring his bosom4 ,and just as a shrewd mother of many daughters employs their charms and exploits the weaknesses of the male animal1 so the college 8alma mater0 utilizes the tender emotions of her 8old boys0 to separate them from their cash4 ,i have before me a begging circular of ,yale ,university1 got up in the best style of the schools of advertising1 attractively printed in two colors on tinted paper4 8,yale's power lies partly in your hands10 we are told in red ink2 and then in black ink3 8,an ,endowment to ,yale3 ,yourself4 ,interest on the ,endowment3 ,whatever you can afford each year40 ,and when the time comes for a 8drive10 these herd emotions are whipped up to frenzy4 ,we learned these tricks in the war days1 and immediately after the war the colleges with one accord started to apply the technique3 class quotas and sectional quotas1 8follow-up0 letters and daily 8dope0 for the press2 the members of the faculty shutting their books and turning into 8gladhanders02 8prexy0 making speeches to the ,rotarians and the ,kiwanis and the ,elks1 and proving himself a 8mixer40 ,in #aibj ,i find ,northwestern setting out after twenty-five millions1 ,pittsburgh after sixteen1 ,harvard fifteen1 ,princeton fourteen1 ,cornell ten1 followed by ,boston ,university1 ,new ,york ,university1 ,oberlin1 ,bryn ,mawr1 ,massachusetts ,tech--a total of more than sixty institutions1 demanding over two hundred millions of dollars4 ,i have no objection to colleges getting money2 ,i am merely pointing out the price of money in a class civilization--which is conformity to class ideas and ideals4 ,one of the most entertaining stories ,i heard on my tour of the colleges was told by a young congressman of the modern college type1 who was graduated from one of the 8little toadstools0 in the ,middle ,west4 ,he is a handsome fellow1 and made a reputation as a quarterback1 and was selected by his alumni association to lead a campaign for funds for a group of colleges which had combined together--,beloit1 ,ripon and ,lawrence1 all in ,wisconsin4 ,it was his duty to travel from city to city throughout the state2 he would summon the 8old boys10 and rout out the football squads1 and lecture at the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4s1 and call on the clergymen of the town for the names of the likely 8prospects02 he would visit the homes of the rich1 and make tennis dates with the sons1 and take the daughters driving4 ,all his expenses were paid2 he was provided with the latest sport costumes1 and automobiles without limit4 ,he would be invited to dinner-parties1 where he would talk about the institution1 awakening tender memories in the bosom of the 8old boy10 and literally 8vamping0 him4 ,he was furnished with a supply of fraternity pins1 which he allowed the girls to extract from his necktie2 needless to say1 he was many times engaged4 ,sometimes1 he told me1 he even stooped to kiss the babies4 ,he came back in triumph1 with a total of three hundred thousand dollars to his credit4 ,and one of his crowd made an even greater success--he not merely got engaged1 but got married to the daughter of a multimillionaire wheat speculator2 the bride gave real estate and money to the institution1 so the bridegroom's share of the loot was not begrudged him4 ,you thought perhaps ,i was exaggerating when ,i portrayed the childish pleasure of the oil king in his ,gothic buildings1 with crenellated battlements and moated draw-bridge4 ,but that is the precise and calculated purpose of these trappings2 they are part of the vamping equipment--they create an atmosphere and a glamour1 they set the college apart from wholesale haberdashery1 or hardware1 or whatever may be the 8line0 of the successful son4 ,this is the purpose of the ivy and the college songs1 the sheepskins and gold seals1 the gowns and mortar-boards and solemn processions4 ,i have before me the picture section of the ,new ,york 8,times10 showing the installation of the new president of ,yale4 ,it is only a photograph1 but if an artist had composed a picture of college flummery he could not have done better4 ,in the background are the venerable buildings1 with ivy-covered walls1 memorial tablets1 and huge iron gates2 and here comes a procession1 headed by a solemn young official in a long black night-gown1 carrying a huge drum-major's baton1 covered with filigree like a bridal cake--a mace of office1 no doubt copied from the one used in the ,house of ,commons4 ,behind him stride the outgoing president and the incoming president--a pair who might be labeled1 like the patent medicine advertisements1 8,before and ,after ,taking40 8,before ,taking0 you are a fairly capable and intelligent looking human male1 but 8,after ,taking0 you have a large mouth1 with jaw hanging down1 and an expression of withered imbecility2 in both cases you wear gorgeous colored robes1 and immediately behind you1 in frock-coat and silk hat1 walks the grand duke of your board1 grim-faced1 solemn1 and paunched4 ,next come half a dozen army officers1 then a long double file of scholars in caps and gowns1 the faculty1 carefully ordered according to the amount of their salaries4 ,on each side stand the rows of graduating students in their black nighties1 their heads respectfully bared1 their hands folded across their tummies4 ,this kind of monkey-business goes on once or twice a year in every ,american college and university4 ,there is no 8toadstool0 so small that it does not hasten to get up such a performance1 and to contrive itself a set of 8traditions40 ,there is none big enough or mature enough to put away childish things1 to dispense with the tinsel and gold lace of the scholastic life4 ,at ,harvard they have a solemn commencement day parade1 with the ,house of ,morgan and the ,house of ,lee-,higginson all in top hats and swallow-tail coats--the only sign of a sense of humor being that they forbid the taking of photographs6 ,at ,columbia1 ,nicholas ,miraculous appears in a rakish tam-o'-shanter1 which is of almost infinite dignity1 because it signifies that he has not been content with a baker's dozen of honors from up-start ,american universities but has received the supreme academic accolade from ,oxford4 ,we have heard the statement that 8colleges grow by degrees40 ,there is no law regulating the distribution of fancy names1 and they serve just as peerages and lesser titles serve in ,england--to get campaign funds for the gang in office4 ,through the pages of 8,who's ,who in ,america0 they are scattered as if with a pepper-box1 and a study of them is an amusing revelation4 ,pick out the leading old tories in the ,united ,states1 the blind leaders of the blind who have almost tumbled our country into the ditch2 you will find everyone of them with a string of academic dignities tacked to his name4 ,william ,howard ,taft has nine1 ,charles ,e4 ,hughes eleven1 ,woodrow ,wilson ten1 ,leonard ,wood nine1 ,henry ,cabot ,lodge nine1 ,william ,c4 ,sproul nine1 ,robert ,lansing six1 ,elihu ,root sixteen1 ,herbert ,hoover twenty-four4 ,on the other hand1 think of the men who have been struggling all their lives to make this country a little bit of a democracy3 take the very truest and bravest of them--how many honorary degrees have they8 ,how many has ,louis ,d4 ,brandeis8 ,not one6 ,how many has ,robert ,m4 ,la,follette8 ,not one6 ,how many have ,william ,e4 ,borah1 ,samuel ,untermyer1 ,clarence ,darrow1 ,lincoln ,steffens1 ,fremont ,older1 ,frederick ,c4 ,howe1 ,john ,haynes ,holmes8 ,not one to divide among them6 ,no1 the academic honors are reserved exclusively for the darlings of the plutocracy1 the henchmen and retainers of special privilege4 ,you remember the pious ,senator ,pepper1 trustee of the ,university of ,u4 ,g4 ,i4 ,six colleges have honored him--including1 of course1 his own4 ,three honored ,philander ,c4 ,knox before he died1 and six honored ,thomas ,nelson ,page4 ,four have honored ,david ,jayne ,hill1 ,col4 ,george ,harvey1 ,alton ,b4 ,parker and ,frank ,o4 ,lowden2 three have honored ,judge ,gary and ,a4 ,mitchell ,palmer1 two have honored ,otto ,kahn1 four have honored ,brander ,matthews--including1 of course1 ,columbia4 ,we saw ,columbia conferring a degree upon ,paderewski2 they also conferred one upon ,miller1 editor of the ,new ,york 8,times10 of whom ,brisbane caustically remarked that the paper had been sold several times1 and he had been sold along with it4 ,senator ,depew1 the aged buffoon1 has one1 ,howard ,elliott has one1 ,augustus ,thomas has one2 ,owen ,wister got one from the ,university of ,u4 ,g4 ,i41 and ,booth ,tarkington one from ,princeton--a little wee one1 he being a mere writer of novels4 ,it is at the commencement ceremonies that these honors are bestowed2 and always the president makes a speech1 telling the great one how great he is4 ,sometimes the great one also delivers an address1 and furnishes a copy to the newspapers in advance1 and so the university becomes a center of propaganda for every form of class greed and cruelty4 ,in the spring of this year1 while ,i was touring the colleges1 ,judge ,gary fed his pious poison to the graduating class at the ,university of ,heaven4 ,at the ,university of the ,steel ,trust they gave degrees to the president of ,indiana ,university1 and to an ,episcopal clergyman1 and to the chairman of the board of directors of the ,standard ,oil ,company--a gentleman we met as one of the grand dukes of ,brown ,university4 8,this highest honor of the university is appropriately bestowed upon ,mr4 ,bedford in recognition of his activities in the development of the ,american petroleum industry10 etc4 ,at the ,pennsylvania ,military ,college degrees were conferred upon ,secretary of ,war ,weeks and the pious ,senator ,pepper4 ,mr4 ,weeks is described by the 8,literary ,digest0 as 8a banker and broker of high standing in private life10 and he takes the occasion to give a boost to the liquor lobby1 and recommend to these budding soldier-boys the return of ,bacchus to ,america4 ,and while ,i am revising my manuscript for the printer1 the college hordes reassemble1 and the college orators remount the rostrum1 and the broadcasting stations go into action4 ,the world is informed by the president of ,dartmouth ,college that too many students are trying to get an education in ,america1 there is no use wasting our time on any but superior minds4 ,and a few days later the new head of ,colgate ,university1 ,dr4 ,george ,barton ,cutten1 repeals the ,declaration of ,independence and overthrows the political theories of ,washington1 ,jefferson and ,lincoln4 ,democracy is a delusion1 8founded on a mistaken theory10 and more than ever we must look to be ruled by aristocracy4 8,manhood suffrage has been our greatest and most popular failure1 and now we double it by granting universal suffrage40 ,with exceptions so few as to be hardly worth mentioning1 the rule holds good that everywhere1 in every issue involving a conflict between the people and special privilege1 the universities and colleges are on the side of special privilege4 ,in the ,san ,francisco graft prosecutions the ,university of ,california was almost unanimous in support of the grafters1 so much so that when ,rudolph ,spreckles and ,francis ,j4 ,heney entered the ,university ,club in ,san ,francisco1 every man in the room would get up and leave4 ,on the other side of the continent the ,harvard alumni machine fought almost to a man against the appointment of ,brandeis to the ,supreme ,court2 and for twenty-nine years this machine has voiced its political ideals in the ,united ,states ,senate through ,henry ,cabot ,lodge4 ,at the risk of boring you1 ,i am going to take you to just one of the meetings of these ,harvard alumni4 ,it is a dinner1 the fortieth anniversary of the class of #ahha1 held in the ,university ,club of ,boston1 ,june #bb1 #aiba4 ,the principal speaker is a distinguished member of that class1 ,mr4 ,howard ,elliott1 ,c4 ,e4 of ,harvard1 and ,,ll4 ,d4 of ,middlebury ,college4 ,mr4 ,elliott was at this time a ,harvard overseer1 and chairman of ,harvard's favorite ,new ,haven system2 he is now also chairman of ,mr4 ,morgan's ,northern ,pacific ,railroad1 and a trustee of ,massachusetts ,tech4 ,he is1 therefore1 the beau ideal of the successful son1 and what he says to his classmates after forty years' experience in the outside world represents the very soul of the alumni4 ,mr4 ,elliott is naively proud of his remarks1 and has had them printed in a pamphlet1 which he sends about freely4 ,try to enter into his primitive state of mind for a minute or two1 and read half a dozen paragraphs of his oratory3 ,there is a spirit of unrest1 of discontent1 of extravagance1 of idleness1 of expected perfection1 and impatience when we should remember that perfection and success are not immediately within one's grasp4 ,there has developed out of this a noisy effort by a relatively small number of people to upset and dislocate the established order of things and to 8,fly to evils that we know not of40 ,what are called ,radicalism1 ,socialism1 ,sovietism and ,bolshevism are advocated1 and too many people who should know better lend a receptive ear to those foolish1 yet dangerous1 doctrines1 and thus encourage the ignorant1 the thoughtless and the wicked4 ,in schools1 colleges and even in our beloved ,harvard1 there is some of this atmosphere1 and it is disturbing many of the best friends of education and progress in the country4 ,in giving young people their physical nourishment1 we do not spread before them every kind of food and say1 8,eat what you like whether it agrees with you or not40 ,we know that the physical machine can absorb only a certain amount and that all else is waste and trash1 with the result that bodies are poisoned and weakened4 ,in giving mental nourishment1 why lay before young and impressionable men and women un-,american doctrines and ideas that take mental time and energy from the study and consideration of the great fundamentals and eternal truths1 fill the mind with unprofitable mental trash which1 with some1 result only in sowing the seeds of discontent and unrest8 ,and which can result only in absolute life failure1 spiritual and material4 ,the first thing we note from the above is1 what an extremely low standard of ,english composition prevailed at ,harvard from #ahgg to #ahha4 ,the second is1 upon what feeble intellectual equipment it is possible for a man to have charge of two great ,american railroads4 ,the third is1 why ,mr4 ,howard ,elliott declined an invitation to discuss the railroad problems of the country on the same platform with ,glenn ,e4 ,plumb4 ,the fourth is1 why an advocate of special privilege tries so desperately to avoid giving the young people of the country an opportunity to compare his mental equipment with that of the radicals4 ,,chapter ,,lxxiv ,,the ,,rah-,,rah ,,boys ,the most conspicuous of the activities of the alumni have1 of course1 to do with athletics2 this is the part of college life which the students have made for themselves1 and it is what college really means to the great bulk of them4 ,now1 the sedentary life is one of the many evils invented by our civilization1 and if college athletics meant that all the students in the institution1 both men and women1 were getting a thorough 8work-out0 three or four times a week1 ,i should be willing to say that the athletics justified the colleges4 ,but what college athletics really means is that two per cent of the students1 or in small colleges probably ten per cent1 get an excessive amount of exercise1 sometimes to the permanent injury of their vital organs2 while the great bulk of the students are surrendered to the mob-excitements of a series of gladiatorial combats and sporting events1 which provide exercise only for the vocal cords and the gambling instincts4 ,college athletics1 under the spur of commercialism1 has become a monstrous cancer1 which is rapidly eating out the moral and intellectual life of our educational institutions4 ,college rivalries have been erected into the dignity of little wars1 enlisting an elaborate cult of loyalties and heroisms4 ,the securing of prize athletes1 the training of them1 the exploiting of them in mass combats1 has become an enormous industry1 absorbing the services not merely of students and alumni1 but of a whole class of professional coaches1 directors1 press agents and promoters1 who are rapidly coming to dominate college life and put the faculty on the shelf4 8,drives0 are instigated and funds raised for the building of 8stadiums10 and these1 being a source of income1 are a continual stimulus to new activities4 ,so this evil1 also1 is one which breeds itself4 ,the athletic alumni bring in new students for athletic purposes1 and these students increase the athletic excitement while they are undergraduates1 and go out from the institution to multiply the athletic alumni4 ,i am only stating what every insider knows perfectly well1 that our college athletics today is almost universally commercialized4 ,all the big colleges have 8alumni committees10 who are out scouting for the best athletic material2 they are watching the athletic life of all the 8prep0 schools and other institutions where likely material is to be found--including steel-mills and lumber camps4 ,they are offering husky men all sorts of inducements to come to the right college4 ,the offering of money is supposed to be forbidden1 but there are very few colleges today which do not regularly and systematically violate or evade this rule4 ,there are many kinds of jobs in connection with the gladiatorial life which can be made available to the right persons1 and which are or can be made into sinecures4 ,there are tickets to be sold and accounts kept2 there are duties as masseurs and attendants and janitors' assistants4 ,i know of one case1 of a student who managed the ,intercollegiate track meet not so very long ago1 who received eight hundred dollars for this small service4 ,the athletic budget of ,harvard is considerably over a million dollars a year1 and football pays for it4 ,first-class coaches claim twenty thousand a year and get it1 and graduate managers also receive high salaries4 ,there is a careful pretense kept up that this gladiatorial industry is managed by students1 but in all the big universities this is a farce2 the student managers are puppets1 the real masters of the industry being the alumni--business men who bring the business point of view into sport4 ,anything to win6 ,consider1 for example1 the athletic developments at ,stanford ,university1 which have played their part in the demoralizing of that great institution4 ,there is a noisy bunch of alumni who have been called upon to raise money on various occasions1 and who have thus come to power1 and know it4 ,they have cast out the honest but unpopular ,rugby game1 and brought in the ,american game of batter and smash4 ,they run the annual contests with the ,university of ,california1 working in alliance with the railroads1 the hotels1 the restaurants1 and the 8sporting-houses10 which of course make millions out of the enormous crowds of free-spending people4 ,the stadium at ,stanford seats sixty thousand1 at five dollars apiece1 so you can see how much money there is at stake1 and how quickly there grows up in the university a powerful group of students who are nothing but sporting promoters1 with the point of view and the vices of the underworld4 ,of course1 everything depends upon victory1 and to make certain of victory there are professional coaches--the alumni pay the ,stanford coach ten thousand dollars a year1 which is more than any professor has ever received in the history of ,stanford1 and twice the salary of the professor of clinical history4 ,the alumni have raised a 8yellow dog0 fund1 to bring in professional athletes1 and of course these fellows know what they are there for1 and do not waste much of their precious time upon studies4 ,a ,stanford professor assured me that many of them did not even bother to get text-books4 ,the committee on scholarship was changed1 because some professors had made themselves unpopular by refusing to lower the standards for these athletic idols4 ,such was the story ,i was told at ,stanford in ,april2 and in ,july ,i read in my paper that ,stanford's ,board of ,athletic ,control is beginning the construction of a four hundred and fifty thousand dollar men's dormitory1 to be built out of the receipts from athletic contests4 ,this news appears on the 8sporting0 page of my newspaper1 and is written by a 8sporting0 man1 with a 8sporting0 point of view4 ,note the haughty tone in which the academic world is taught its place3 ,this would seem to be the correct answer to the row about taking in gate receipts by certain academic minded professors in the ,east1 who charged 8commercialism40 ,the stadium cost ,stanford approximately two hundred and five thousand dollars1 and approximately one hundred and ten thousand was realized by ,stanford as her share of gate receipts from the big game alone4 ,a certain sum of money had already been advanced by the trustees to build the stadium4 ,the crowd at this year's contests in the stadium is expected to be even larger4 ,and of course1 if ,stanford has a stadium1 the ,university of ,california must have one4 ,her alumni and athletic boosters set to work to raise a million dollars1 using the methods of intimidation they had learned during the war-time 8drives40 ,one member of the faculty1 full professor and dean1 became especially truculent about the meaning of 8,california spirit0--to be proven by putting up money for the stadium4 ,students were compelled to subscribe1 and in the fall1 when some of them found that they had not been able to earn money to pay their full subscriptions1 they were refused admission to the university2 that is1 the university refused to accept their registration fees1 until their stadium pledges had been paid6 ,ex-,president ,jordan talked to me very emphatically about the athletic evil at ,stanford and at other institutions4 ,there was a famous coach at ,stanford1 who was taken to a university of the ,middle ,west many years ago2 he gathered in among his gladiators men who were too ignorant to speak ,english correctly1 and some one paid them with cash1 and with promises of college promotions1 which the faculty duly delivered4 ,thus a certain famous football champion published in his home paper in ,california the statement that he had been offered fifteen hundred dollars and an education1 to play football at this university4 ,he went to the ,law ,school1 with less than a high school education1 and he was graduated from the ,law ,school the year he would only have entered ,stanford4 ,there was a gathering of college heads in ,chicago1 to consider the problem of professional athletics1 and ,president ,jordan was invited by a professor of the university in question to tell about his experiences with this coach4 ,the result was that the alumni organized to demand the resignation of this professor4 ,concerning one of these gladiators ,president ,jordan writes me3 8,after leaving college1 he used to stand in a ,san ,francisco saloon where he collected small sums for letting men feel of his muscles4 ,he is not now living40 ,it would seem that one needs more than muscle to secure survival in modern society6 ,that was ten or fifteen years ago1 and the exploiting of muscle has grown like all other kinds of ,american big business4 ,at ,princeton1 which is especially notorious for the purchasing of athletes1 ,president ,hibben called a conference with the presidents of ,yale and ,harvard1 to see what could be done about it2 they solemnly passed a series of resolutions to the effect that the athletic managers must obey the amateur rules--which they knew all about and laughed at2 they laughed none the less after this conference4 ,i talked with a student at the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology1 who saw at first-hand the process whereby ,princeton bought a champion hammer thrower and shot putter from that institution4 ,it fell to my friend to answer the telephone in the athletic association office while the ,princeton alumni were trying to get this man4 ,the students at ,tech are bitter about the way their athletes are bought or stolen--they haven't as much money as ,princeton4 ,another all-around athlete was not allowed to run by ,tech1 but this did not worry him very much--because he had such a handsome offer from ,bowdoin6 ,to get a famous athlete is the only way these little colleges know to 8put themselves on the map40 ,they make desperate efforts1 and sometimes the results are comical4 ,for example1 in ,kentucky is a little religious institution known as ,center ,college4 ,no one had ever heard of it before1 but a couple of years ago it turned up with a carefully selected assortment of gladiators1 and beat ,harvard at football4 ,i happen to know about one of the leading athletic lights who achieved this triumph2 he was a pool-room hanger-on before he was brought to the college1 and now that his brief day of glory is past1 he is a farm-hand6 ,everywhere these mighty men of muscle and money are coming to feel their power4 ,speaking at an alumni meeting of the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 a ,british rowing coach laid down the law to the vice-provost of the university3 ,you1 ,mr4 ,vice-provost1 as representing the faculty1 have told us that the university has added from eight buildings in '#gf to eighty now2 that the students have grown from one thousand to seven thousand1 but what has made your university8 ,why1 athletics4 ,athletics are the biggest advertisement for any university1 and athletics have made ,pennsylvania4 ,what has the faculty ever done for athletics8 ,nothing4444 ,get busy and alter it all4444 ,pressure on the faculty quick1 and you can do it4 ,thorstein ,veblen1 in his book1 8,the ,higher ,learning in ,america10 gives an amusing illustration of the methods used to get these professional gladiators 8by0 in their classes4 ,the athletic committee1 casting around for 8snap0 courses1 selected ,italian as a likely one1 and when examination time came round the gladiators were required to read a passage in ,italian--the passage submitted being the ,lord's ,prayer6 ,professor ,veblen does not name the university at which this happened1 but ,i have ascertained that it was ,mr4 ,rockefeller's ,university of ,chicago4 ,a curious illustration of the operation of the athletic system in our smaller colleges is found in the ,january1 #aibb1 bulletin of the ,american ,association of ,university ,professors1 dealing with the affairs of ,washington and ,jefferson ,college1 a religious institution located at ,washington1 ,pennsylvania4 ,all these little toadstools are trying to turn into big mushrooms1 and there are two essentials to the procedure2 one is--if you will pardon the mixed metaphor--the harpooning of whales1 and the other is the winning of football victories4 ,at ,washington and ,jefferson there was one member of the faculty1 a professor of chemistry by the name of ,h4 ,e4 ,wells1 who failed to appreciate the supreme importance of football victories in college life4 ,he had his mind set on the upholding of academic standards1 and he ruthlessly 8flunked0 some prominent athletes1 who had failed to make good in their class work4 ,naturally1 this roused the indignation of the athletic alumni1 who were putting up their good money to pay the tuition and college fees1 board and room rent of members of the football team4 7,this was proved by a committee of the trustees appointed to investigate the athletic situation47 ,the athletic alumni set out to 8get0 the cantankerous professor of chemistry1 using for their purpose a man who was listed as 8general secretary0 of the college1 but had been energetic and successful as a 8field agent10 recruiting students for athletics4 ,this man1 backed by the alumni1 caused the publication in their interlocking newspaper1 the ,washington 8,reporter10 of an article attacking ,professor ,wells' record as a teacher1 and presenting statistics as to the number of students he had 8flunked40 ,these statistics were entirely false1 and ,professor ,wells sent in a correction--which correction was1 as usual1 buried in an obscure part of the paper4 ,the ,american ,association of ,university ,professors points out the important fact that the college administration made no move to protect ,professor ,wells against these false charges2 on the contrary1 says the report1 8the administration permitted a professor to be struck below the belt in such a way that his popularity with students and with alumni was extensively damaged40 ,after that1 of course1 it was easy for a committee of the athletic alumni to appear before the trustees and charge that ,professor ,wells was 8unpopular among the students40 ,so ,professor ,wells was dropped by the trustees at three months' notice1 without giving him a hearing1 without giving him a right to face his accusers1 in fact without his even knowing some of the charges against him4 ,still more curious was the case of ,george ,winchester1 professor of physics4 ,he had raised the money for the only first class laboratory at the college1 and he had given more money than the majority of the trustees2 but he committed the offense of putting studies above football1 and for that he was punished4 ,in ,march1 #aiah1 the board of trustees granted to ,professor ,winchester 8a leave of absence for the duration of the war1 or so long as he remains in the service of the allies40 ,after the armistice the board wrote to ,professor ,winchester1 to ask him when he would be ready to take up his work again1 and ,professor ,winchester cabled that he would be ready to resume work on ,july #a1 #aiai2 after cabling1 he went to ,toulon to do work with the ,french ,admiralty4 ,meantime1 the athletic alumni got busy with the board1 and the board summarily dropped ,professor ,winchester1 and appointed his successor6 ,says the committee of the ,professors' ,association3 ,it would require stronger language than is suitable to this report to characterize justly the action taken4 ,regardless of any argument that might be developed to account for the extraordinary action of the board1 it is sufficient to recount the bare fact that the board1 after having granted a leave of absence1 dismissed ,professor ,winchester in absentia1 while he was in ,france on active service in the work for which leave had been granted1 without a previous notification1 without a hearing1 without any redress whatsoever4 ,it constitutes an act about which there can be no difference of opinion among right thinking men4 ,,chapter ,,lxxv ,,the ,,social ,,traitors ,the failure of colleges to impart culture is a standard topic of our time1 so ,i shall not dwell upon it4 ,the theme of this book is something of far greater importance--the success of colleges in imparting a spirit of bigotry1 intolerance and suspicion toward ideas4 ,says a teacher in a ,pennsylvania college1 who asks me not to use his name3 8,our students are climbers1 strangers to idealism1 or at best mere dabblers at it40 ,or consider the testimony of ,hendrik ,willem ,van ,loon1 who taught at ,cornell1 and later at ,antioch1 which is trying a novel experiment in combining education and everyday work4 ,van ,loon declares that he found in the students of both colleges a profound and deeply rooted hostility toward originality1 a personal resentment toward anyone who interfered with their standardized notions4 ,they are taught from textbooks1 and they follow the book1 and refuse to think about anything that is not in the book4 ,to the same effect testifies ,robert ,herrick1 after thirty years experience at the ,university of ,chicago4 ,our colleges follow the ,english monastic tradition1 says ,professor ,herrick2 they pretend to watch over the morals of their students1 but with the crowds now thronging in1 the task is impossible1 and the pretense is dishonest4 ,no large university would today dare attempt any real control1 nor would the parents support it2 because fathers who send their sons to college with large allowances and high-powered cars know perfectly well that these young men go on 8bats10 and that they take girls out into the country in their cars4 ,what discipline they get1 according to ,herrick1 they get from one another in their fraternities and clubs4 ,they are uncritical1 naive and barbarous1 with herd feelings instead of ideas4 ,the first requirement is that everyone shall be alike1 a part of a mob4 ,they teach the newcomer the rules2 he must wear a freshman cap1 and if he has opinions of his own they tell him he is too 8tonguey10 and proceed to knock the nonsense out of him4 ,the faculty know of this1 and think it is fine2 they mix with the men1 and join the fraternities1 and help in the production of subservience and conformity4 ,i quoted the above remarks to a professor in another university1 and he threw up his hands4 8,my ,god60 he cried4 8,i am stupefied6 ,my students accept everything that ,i say as gospel4 ,if only ,i might once discover a crank in my classes60 ,and he quoted the phrase of ,william ,james1 once of ,harvard3 8,our undisciplinables are our proudest product40 ,i have before me a letter from a professor in one of the 8little toad-stools10 ,parsons ,college1 ,fairfield1 ,iowa4 ,the ,student ,council passed a rule1 which was later approved by the faculty1 that all freshmen were to wear green caps4 ,a hundred and fifty freshmen meekly submitted2 but there was one 8conscientious objector40 ,my informant writes3 ,the upper classmen got together and announced that unless every freshman got a cap by noon of a certain day he would be subjected to the gauntlet of the paddling machine4 ,i wish ,i could have gotten a picture of that mob of upper classmen on the campus of a 8,christian0 college1 each provided with a club1 as they lined up and forced ,ball through the line of clubs1 each taking as hearty a swat as possible--a fine specimen of the type of civilization we can expect from the leaders we are training in the ,christian colleges today6 ,what a new social order it will be6 ,through it all1 the president has practically approved the whole procedure1 from the chapel platform4 ,ball still refuses1 in spite of a boycott by the student body1 even his own fellow freshmen2 and ,i understand a paper is to be read in chapel next week denouncing him1 and calling for a boycott unless he submits4 ,this is supposed to be the daily ,christian religious service--the hour of devotion for the students6 ,yet another professor compared his students to the crackers which are packed in tin boxes by the wholesale bakeries2 all cut from certain patterns1 and stamped with certain standard designs4 ,we have sheltered them from realities1 and kept them ignorant of the problems they are to confront4 ,we have taught them a few formulas of morality1 utterly unpractical and impossible to apply--as we prove by not applying them ourselves4 ,from their social life the students learn what the real world is--a place of class distinctions based upon property2 they learn the ,american religion--what ,william ,james calls 8the worship of the bitch-goddess ,success40 ,they throw themselves into the social struggle with ferocious determination to get ahead2 and when they go out into the world1 they carry that spirit into the commercial struggle4 ,in every profession they find1 of course1 that the way to get ahead is to serve the powers that rule1 and to betray the general welfare4 ,i could take you through the professions which are taught in our universities1 one after another1 and show you how the prevailing ethical standards constitute treason to the human race4 ,i could show you in academic teaching how these same standards are justified1 in phrases only partly veiled4 ,take1 ,harvard1 for example1 and the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology1 admitted to have the highest standards of any engineering school in ,america2 we saw the professors in these institutions selling themselves to predatory corporations1 and laying down high-sounding 8principles10 whose sole effect and purpose is to enable the ,wholesale ,pickpockets' ,association to plunder the public4 ,i have a letter from a high official of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,education1 who tells me more about these engineering traitors4 ,he says3 ,i recall one man1 for example1 who was called in by a water company for expert service in connection with the purity of the water1 which was being questioned by the people4 ,he contended with me that it was 8his business0 if he could find remunerative employment of that sort1 and that he was under no obligation to give the public the benefit of his expert knowledge concerning the impurity of the water supply4 ,but what aroused my ire more than anything else was the fact that he preached that kind of thing to his technical students as the standard of 8loyalty0 they should pursue toward the companies where they might be employed after graduation4 ,this man was a real scientist4 ,he was so thoroughly interested in his subject that he was willing to take considerable personal risks in conducting experiments1 but he was sadly lacking in that social and religious conception which makes us realize our mutual obligations and duties4 ,or take the work of inventors2 they have a man at one of our greatest universities who is a famous inventor1 and he makes great scientific discoveries1 and then he goes to the big corporations and sells them--what8 ,the right to use his invention and spread it throughout the world for the benefit of mankind8 ,no2 he sells them the right to suppress the invention1 and deprive mankind of the use of it for a generation or two6 ,you see1 a new invention may mean the scrapping of a great deal of existing machinery2 if it falls into the hands of some independent concern1 it may cost the big monopolists enormous losses4 ,so they pay for the right to suppress it1 and a great inventor is turned by the social system into a kind of scientific blackmailer4 ,or take the lawyers2 surely ,i do not need to prove to you how the lawyers are betraying mankind4 ,a professor at the ,university of ,chicago told me of attending a class reunion1 where a group of high-up corporation lawyers got drunk and began gossiping about the tricks they had played in their profession1 and1 as the professor said1 it made him physically ill4 ,i also have heard these high-up lawyers talking2 the late ,james ,b4 ,dill1 who was paid a million dollars to organize the ,steel ,trust1 spent many an evening in his home telling me the game as he had seen it1 and it began with bribery of judges1 juries and legislators1 and ended with wire-tapping and burglary4 ,the late ,francis ,lynde ,stetson1 one of the highest paid corporation lawyers in ,new ,york1 went down to ,trenton on the train with ,judge ,dill to beat some railroad rate law1 and he opened his suit-case playfully1 showing that he had fifty thousand dollars in new bank-notes4 8,that's a fine kind of work for a pillar of the church like you10 said ,dill1 and the other answered1 with a grin3 8,how do ,i know but that ,i may have to pay for my lunch80 ,or if you cannot believe ,judge ,dill1 believe ,judge ,lindsey1 who told me about a young man who came to ,denver from the ,harvard ,law ,school1 full of the fine phrases of altruism with which his teachers had filled him1 and when he learned what he had to do to practice corporation law in ,denver1 he broke down in ,lindsey's office1 and buried his head in his arms and cried like a baby4 ,afterwards1 so ,lindsey writes me1 8he capitulated and joined the gang40 ,or maybe it is medicine the young man has studied4 ,he has heard about the nobleness of the healing art1 but he has to keep an automobile1 and his wife wants to get into society1 and competition is keen4 ,there is one way a physician can make a thousand dollars by a few minutes' work1 and any physician who is in touch with the leisure class has women on their knees to him every week1 begging him to take their money4 ,dr4 ,william ,j4 ,robinson estimates that there are a million abortions performed in the ,united ,states every year1 so you see that our medical schools have not steeled all their graduates against this temptation4 ,now we have another one added--every physician in the ,united ,states is made by law a dispenser of joviality1 the seneschal of the castle1 the keeper of the keys to the wine-cellar6 ,or maybe the graduate becomes a newspaper reporter4 ,one of the oldest ,wall ,street reporters in ,new ,york talked to me last spring1 telling me a little of the way things are going there4 ,the newspaper reporters also are keepers of the keys of the wine-cellar2 they have police passes1 and some of them are running a bootlegging industry between ,new ,york and ,canada6 ,others have gone into high finance on a large scale--because1 of course1 a financial reporter comes on information which is worth thousands1 and sometimes tens of thousands4 8,nowadays10 said my friend1 8when a ,wall ,street reporter gets a tip and rushes to the telephone1 you don't hear him call his city editor2 you hear him call his broker40 ,i was told of one newspaper man who had the fortune to be called in when ,mr4 ,charles ,sabin of the ,guaranty ,trust ,company gave out some news of the ,german overtures for peace1 and this enterprising young man cleared fifty thousand dollars from the information4 ,or perhaps the young man becomes a college professor2 if so1 he hides his convictions and makes himself a tight little snob and reactionary1 to win the favor of the college machine4 ,he hides the truth from his students1 or he 8shades0 it1 which is the same thing1 and takes his pitiful little bribe in the dignity of a full professorship4 ,he turns out class after class of young men1 as ignorant of life and as helpless against temptation as he himself was once4 ,so reaction rules in our country1 and men who plead for social justice are slandered and maligned1 and turned into criminals in the public eye2 all the agencies of law and justice become mobs1 and the ,ku ,klux ,klan meets every night in lonely places1 and lights its fiery cross and prepares for the wholesale slaughter of the future of mankind4 ,just now the rich are having it all their own way2 they can do the killing and the bludgeoning and the jailing--and it never occurs to them to think what an example they are setting to the workers1 and what it will mean when the tables are turned1 and the disinherited of the earth have their way for a while6 ,it ought to be the chief function of educators to point out things like this to the public2 but that would be 8meddling in politics10 and we have seen that politics in colleges is a privilege reserved to presidents and trustees4 ,there are going to be ferocious attacks made upon this book1 and this seems as convenient a place as any in which to explain what they mean4 ,faculty members will rush forward to defend their institutions2 in some cases1 no doubt1 there will be resolutions of protest1 with many signatures4 ,they will have some ammunition2 for1 of course no one can write a book of this size1 full of such masses of facts1 and not make a few slips of detail4 ,these will be taken up and magnified into gigantic blunders1 and denunciation of them spread broadcast in the capitalist press4 ,when you read these things1 bear one circumstance in mind3 that any young professor who wants to become a dean in a hurry1 who has a vision of himself selected as president in the course of a few years1 will know that he can find no more certain way to win favor with his overlords than to find something wrong with this book1 and then tell about it gallantly6 ,,chapter ,,lxxvi ,,prexy ,i promised early in this book to consider how it happens that so many college presidents are men who do not always tell the truth4 ,we have now seen far enough into the inside of colleges to understand the reason4 ,the president of a college or university is the great reconciler of irreconcilabilities2 he is the chemist who mixes oil and water1 the high priest who makes peace between ,god and ,mammon1 the circus-rider who stands on two horses going in opposite directions2 and all these things not by choice1 but ex-officio and of inescapable necessity4 ,the college president is a man who procures money from the rich1 and uses it for the spreading of knowledge2 in fulfilling which two functions he places himself1 not merely in the line of fire of the warring forces of the class struggle1 but between the incompatible elements of human nature itself--between greed and service1 between hate and love1 between body and spirit4 ,consider the rich1 how they become so4 ,either they or their ancestors before them have taken from others1 and that which they have taken1 the others have lost4 ,the very essence of their richness is that there are many poor4 ,if all were rich1 there would be no sense in wealth1 no power in it1 for there would be none willing to serve4 ,it is plain to anyone who can think that richness means possessing material things1 and excluding others from possession thereof4 ,of such is the kingdom of ,mammon4 ,and of what is the kingdom of ,god8 ,in the region of the mind the situation is exactly the opposite2 the wealth of one is the wealth of all1 and the highest joy of possession is that the thing possessed may be shared by all and be of benefit to all1 with no diminution to anyone4 ,i am trying here to write a useful book2 my pleasure is in communicating to you what ,i believe to be truth1 and exactly proportionate to my success in spreading this truth is my own gratification4 ,this applies to ,shakespeare writing a play1 it applies to ,beethoven composing a symphony1 it applies to ,newton discovering a natural law2 each gives something which all mankind may enjoy forever1 and no one's pleasure in 8,as ,you ,like ,it10 or in the 8,fifth ,symphony10 or in an understanding of the movements of the planets1 is any less because at the same time millions of other people are having that same pleasure4 ,this fact determines the attitude to life of the true scientist1 the scholar and the lover of the arts2 it is as different from the attitude of the trader1 the speculator and the exploiter as black is different from white1 or night from day4 ,there can be no greater irreconcilability conceivable to the human mind4 ,but now comes a new species of superman1 whose function it is to make peace between these two forces1 to persuade the lion of commerce and the lamb of learning to lie down in the same pasture together6 ,the name of this great ,american enchanter is ,,prexy4 ,how does he do it8 ,i am moved to be blunt1 and say in plain ,english that he does it by being the most universal faker and the most variegated prevaricator that has yet appeared in the civilized world4 ,he does it by making his entire being a conglomeration of hypocrisies and stultifications1 so that by the time he has been in office a year or two he has told so many different kinds of falsehoods and made so many different kinds of pretenses to so many different people1 that he has lost all understanding of what truth is1 or how a man could speak it4 ,the college needs money4 ,colleges always need money1 because college students get three times as much as they pay for1 and the hope of getting social prestige1 to enable them to live easy lives1 brings constantly increasing crowds each year to the college gates4 ,so 8prexy0 seeks out possible donors2 8prospects10 as they are called in the slang of mendication4 ,he cannot go to them directly and ask for money2 the man who tries methods so crude is speedily eliminated from the list of college presidents4 ,the successful one is the possessor of what is called 8tact02 that is to say1 he understands the weaknesses of human nature1 he is an expert in the predatory psychology1 a hunter who knows how to pierce the tough and scaly hides of old commercial monsters who have spent a lifetime watching people trying to get their money away from them1 and have managed hitherto to resist all threats and blandishments4 ,the college president has to meet these plutocratic monsters socially2 he has to be 8human0 to them--that is to say1 he has to pretend to be interested in them1 to admire them and their ways of life4 ,he has to flatter their vanities1 invite them to meals and find out what they like to eat1 hold their overcoats and escort them to the motorcar1 be gracious to their wives and a bit flirtatious to their daughters4 ,after he thinks he has sufficiently gained their confidence1 he begins a careful approach1 to make these monsters realize the indispensability of propaganda to every ruling class4 ,there is a battle of ideas going on in the world1 dangerous notions are clamoring for attention1 class hatreds and jealousies are raising their hideous hydra heads4 ,what safety can there be for vested interests1 unless they make it their business to see that the new generation is taught respect for the property clauses of the ,constitution8 ,there is no department of human thought into which this struggle with new ideas does not penetrate1 there is nothing that universities do or teach that cannot be related1 in the eloquence of college presidents hunting money1 to the cause of law and order and safe and sane stagnation4 ,on that basis the college president does his 8vamping02 and having got the necessary papers signed and witnessed before a notary1 he gets a bath and a shave1 and puts on clean clothes1 and draws a deep breath1 and expands his chest1 and confronts the world with a proclamation of magnificent devotion to the service of truth and the welfare of mankind4 ,these millions which he has just collected from the aged oil dinosaur1 or steel megatherium1 or beef pterodactyl1 or whatever the beast may be--these millions he is now going to spend in a free and absolutely disinterested pursuit of understanding1 with utter loyalty to scientific facts wherever they may lead1 with complete trust in democracy and the wisdom of the people1 with reverent humility before the ,god of ,truth and ,justice and ,love4 ,this that ,i am pronouncing you will immediately recognize as a standard commencement oration2 delivered in the presence of a hundred plutocrats in decent frock-coats1 and five hundred faculty members in caps and gowns1 and a graduating class of a thousand young people2 published next morning to the extent of four columns in all local newspapers1 and relayed by the ,associated ,press to the extent of half a column to thirteen hundred morning newspapers throughout the ,united ,states4 ,in the course of my trip among the colleges ,i was talking with a certain eminent scientist1 and ,i spoke of the tragedy and horror that had befallen mankind through the failure of ,woodrow ,wilson to mean any of his golden words4 8,my ,god60 said the scientist4 8,didn't you know what all that was8 ,haven't you been hearing that kind of thing for thirty years8 ,didn't you know that those speeches of ,woodrow's were commencement orations80 ,it makes no difference whether the college president is dealing personally with the interlocking directorate1 as in privately endowed institutions1 or whether he deals with the politicians who run the government machine for these same plutocrats4 ,as a matter of fact1 the college president who represents the so-called public institutions is in the more humiliating position of the two2 for the free lance man has an open field1 he can get himself invited to dinner-parties1 and always has the hope that some day he may run into a politer plutocrat2 but the president of a state university has no choice1 he has to deal with the 8boss0 whom he finds in power4 ,he will be snubbed and insulted until the tears run down his cheeks2 and then he will go back to his deans and his kitchen cabinet and explain what it is that the political machine demands--the expulsion of this or that professor1 the support of the university for this candidate or that bit of graft2 and the president and his cabinet will work out the proper set of lies to tell to the discharged professor1 or to the plundered public1 or to both4 ,thus the college president spends his time running back and forth between ,mammon and ,god1 known in the academic vocabulary as ,business and ,learning4 ,he pleads with the business man to make a little more allowance for the eccentricities of the scholar2 explaining the absurd notion which men of learning have that they owe loyalty to truth and public welfare4 ,he points out that if the college comes to be known as a mere tool of special privilege it loses all its dignity and authority2 it is absolutely necessary that it should maintain a pretense of disinterestedness1 it should appear to the public as a shrine of wisdom and piety4 ,he points out that ,professor ,so-and-,so has managed to secure great prestige throughout the state1 and if he is unceremoniously fired it will make a terrific scandal1 and perhaps cause other faculty members to resign1 and other famous scientists to stay away from the institution4 ,the president says this at a dinner-party in the home of his grand duke2 and next morning he hurries off to argue with the recalcitrant professor4 ,he points out the humiliating need of funds--just now when the professor's own salary is so entirely inadequate4 ,he begs the professor to realize the president's own position1 the crudity of business men who hold the purse-strings1 and have no understanding of academic dignity4 ,he pleads for just a little discretion1 just a little time--just a little anything that will moderate the clash between greed and service1 the incompatibility of hate and love4 ,either he succeeds in his purpose of persuading the professor to be less a scientist1 a citizen1 and a man of honor1 or else he decides1 in conference with his kitchen cabinet1 that a way must be found to get rid of this unreasonable marplot4 ,he and his cabinet now start a campaign of intrigue against the professor2 they set going rumors calculated to damage his prestige2 they contrive traps into which to snare him2 or they wait until in the war between greed and service he gives utterance to some plain human emotion--whereupon they find him guilty of 8indiscretion10 and announce to the public that he has shown himself to be lacking in that 8judicious0 attitude of mind which is essential to those occupying academic positions4 ,or perhaps they find that they have too many men in that department2 or they decide to combine the departments of literature and obstetrics4 ,they have a thousand different devices1 scores of which ,i have shown you in action4 ,always they tell the professor--with their right hands upon the ,bible they swear it to the public and to the newspapers--that it is purely 8an administrative matter10 there is no question of academic freedom involved1 and everyone in their institution lives1 moves and has his being in the single-minded love of truth4 ,i have on my desk a letter from a ,harvard professor1 who tells me that my chapters on that institution are interesting1 but he thinks ,i attribute too much cunning to the objects of my indignation4 8,these conforming preachers and editors and teachers are more of the genus ,babbitt than of the genus ,machiavelli40 ,this is a question of psychology1 which only the ,maker of the creatures can decide4 ,in any case it matters little1 because my purpose here is not to apportion blame1 but to point out social peril1 and it matters not whether social traitors know what they are doing--the effect of their action remains equally destructive to society4 ,i have called the ,american college and university a ruling-class munition-factory for the manufacture of high explosive shells and gas bombs to be used in the service of intrenched greed and cruelty4 ,the college president is the man who runs this indispensable institution2 and he is not one of the military leaders who sit in swivel chairs in city offices1 he is one who sallies forth in person at the head of his armies1 bravely hurling commencement bombs and ,fourth of ,july torpedoes4 ,the college president is a human radio1 a walking broadcasting station1 a combination of encyclopedia and megaphone4 ,he is that man whose profession it is to know everything2 in his one mind is summed up ex-officio all the knowledge of all the specialties4 ,he tells his professors what to teach1 and how to teach it1 and has little birds and whispering galleries and telepathic mediums to advise him if they obey4 ,he is a human card-index1 an information service bureau concerning the reputations of professors in all other institutions1 and of promising undergraduates and ,ph4,d4 candidates1 and just what they are worth1 and how much less they can be hired for4 ,or1 if he does not possess all this knowledge1 he possesses a perfectly satisfactory substitute--the ability to look as if he possessed it1 and to act as if he possessed it4 ,such is the advantage of being an autocrat2 criticism does not affect you1 and whether you are right or whether you are wrong is the same thing4 ,the college president has acquired enormous prestige in ,american capitalist society2 he is a priest of the new god of science1 and newspapers and purveyors of 8public opinion0 unite in exalting him4 ,he receives the salary of a plutocrat1 and arrogates to himself the prestige and precedence that go with it4 ,he lives on terms of equality with business emperors and financial dukes1 and conveys their will to mankind1 and perpetuates their ideals and prejudices in the coming generation4 ,it is a new aristocracy which has arisen among us1 and they all stand together1 they and their henchmen and courtiers1 against whatever forces may threaten4 ,i have shown how they have invented a new set of titles of nobility1 which they sell for cash1 or use to exalt their patrons and overawe you and me4 ,we shall find it worth while to turn over the pages of 8,who's ,who in ,america10 and see what these mighty ones of the earth think of one another1 and what they do to flatter one another's pride1 and to keep their own order in the public eye4 8,i do not give degrees to scientists10 said ,wheeler of ,california4 8,i give them to statesmen and college presidents02 which means that these gentry have a system of 8you scratch my back and ,i'll scratch yours40 ,wheeler managed to get scratched no less than twelve times during his life1 ,eliot of ,harvard eleven times1 ,shanklin of ,wesleyan eleven times1 ,smith of ,pennsylvania twenty times1 ,lowell of ,harvard twenty times1 ,nicholas ,miraculous twenty-five times4 ,descending in the scale of plutocratic importance we find ,angell of ,yale with nine honorary degrees1 ,faunce of ,brown with nine1 ,schurman of ,cornell eight1 ,judson of ,chicago seven1 ,day of ,syracuse seven1 ,burton of ,michigan six1 ,goodnow of ,johns ,hopkins five4 ,jordan of ,stanford got only four--you remember that our icthyologist and race-horse expert was tainted with pacifism and democracy6 ,you remember also the mushrooms and toadstools1 and the absurdities we discovered at these places4 ,i look up the present and recent heads of these institutions1 and there is scarcely one who has not been able to get his back scratched4 ,i find ,crawford of ,allegheny with seven degrees1 ,thompson of ,ohio ,state with five1 ,mitchell of ,delaware with three1 ,wishart of ,wooster with three1 ,few of ,trinity with three1 ,garfield of ,williams with five1 ,conwell of ,temple with two1 ,hixson of ,allegheny with two1 ,brooks of ,baylor with one1 ,buchtel of ,denver with one1 ,parsons of ,marietta with one1 ,goodnight of ,bethany with one1 ,montgomery of ,muskingum with one4 ,also1 it is interesting to note1 you will find all these presidents of little toad stools duly recorded in 8,who's ,who40 ,you may look in that volume for the best minds in our country1 the men who are serving as pioneers of social justice and democracy1 and three times out of four you will not find their names1 or1 when you do find them1 they are relegated1 like the present writer1 to a back volume4 ,but all presidents of colleges1 no matter how insignificant or absurd1 take rank with senators and cabinet members and ambassadors and supreme court judges and admirals and generals1 and go into every volume ex officio4 ,,chapter ,,lxxvii ,,damn ,,the ,,faculty ,we have seen the successful sons returning to shed their glory upon their alma mater2 and we have seen the successful grandsons enjoying their four years of play at learning and work at football4 ,let us now have a glimpse at the life of the scholar amid all this worldly pomp and gladiatorial clamor1 the thunder of the foot-ball captains and the shouting of the cheer-leaders4 ,there are few more pitiful proletarians in ,america than the underpaid1 overworked1 and contemptuously ignored rank and file college teacher4 ,everyone has more than he--trustees and presidents1 coaches and trainers1 merchants and tailors1 architects and building contractors1 sometimes even masons and carpenters4 ,a young instructor in a great endowed university1 living on a starvation wage1 made to me the bitter remark3 8,we are the fellows of whom the ,bible speaks--we ask for bread and we are given a stone0--he waved his hand toward a showy new structure rising on the campus4 ,i have before me a copy of 8,school and ,society10 for ,november #f1 #aibj1 giving the result of an investigation3 8,how ,professors ,live40 ,at the ,university of ,illinois a hundred and sixty-seven men1 or forty per cent of those at the institution1 filled out a questionnaire4 ,i quote a few paragraphs from those of the associate professors1 each paragraph referring to a different man3 ,old clothing is invariably made over for children4 ,have gardened a lot and kept chickens4 ,use butter substitutes4 ,wear clothing until frayed4 ,above expenses do not consider depreciation of furniture and household equipment4 ,using vacations to earn money4 ,postponing dental services4 ,using inferior grades of clothing and using them when they should be discarded4 ,cut down food in quality and quantity4 ,we have no help1 do our own washing and my wife makes all the children's clothes1 etc4 ,neglecting necessary repairs2 inferior clothing1 butter substitutes1 etc4 ,almost no theatres1 entertainments1 travel or books4 ,small apartment1 clothing below standard of position1 entertainment almost eliminated1 etc4 ,general retrenchments 7food1 clothing1 medical services1 etc47 and the discontinuing of newspapers1 magazines1 all amusements1 concerts1 etc41 that are not free4 ,am unable to subscribe to worthy causes 7relief funds1 etc474 ,no vacation trips4 ,postponed dental attention4 ,inferior grades of clothing4 ,cannot wear as good clothes as ,i did when in high school and college4 ,have not spent as much on entertainment4 ,we use butter substitutes2 ,i run a garden and sole the family's shoes2 my wife makes all her own clothing4 ,unable to take vacations or trips to relatives who live at distance4 ,buy no books1 only clothing absolutely necessary4 ,self-denial in almost everything imaginable4 ,there you have nine little family tragedies1 out of ninety ,i might have quoted from the article1 out of one or two hundred thousand that exist in our country4 ,so the poor professors and their wives and children live2 and above them is the world of prominence and power into which they dream of climbing4 ,the way of success is the way of toadying and boot-licking1 of conformity and reverence for the gods established4 ,do you wonder that1 as ,harold ,laski says1 some men deliberately adopt reactionary ideas as a means to promotion1 while others1 whose brains do not permit them to be reactionary1 conceal their real opinions8 ,do you wonder that the young instructor comes like the chameleon to take the color of the environment which surrounds him8 ,however much he may be absorbed in his books1 his wife knows about the world outside1 and their children have to be reared in this world4 ,to show you how college professors are tempted1 let me tell you an anecdote1 the experience of a teacher of political science at one of our leading ,eastern universities4 ,i will call him ,smith2 and he was invited to meet the head of one of the largest universities of the ,middle ,west1 whom ,i will call ,jones4 ,president ,jones had suggested that ,professor ,smith should come to his institution as head of a big department1 and while ,jones was in the ,east they met to talk it over4 ,said ,smith1 telling me the story3 8,this was a big chance1 and ,i was disposed to accept it2 but first ,i wanted to find out what would be my status4 ,of course1 ,i could not ask the man directly3 #8,shall ,i be free8' ,i might as well have asked3 #8,shall ,i be allowed to commit rape8' ,what ,i did was to set a trap2 ,i said3 #8,you know ,i teach a ticklish subject1 public service work2 the question is1 should my teaching be administrative1 or should it be policy-determining8 ,my conception of the matter is that ,i should get the data1 but not determine policies4' ,and you should have seen the man's face light up6 #8,that's it exactly6' he said4 #8,i'm so glad to have you make the distinction6 ,that makes the matter perfectly clear4' ,and he went home and told his faculty that ,i was the best man they could possibly get60 ,while ,professor ,smith told me this story we were sitting at dinner in a restaurant1 and he added3 8,it happened right in this room--at that table over there4 ,i declined the appointment1 of course4 ,but you see how it is2 when men face temptations such as that1 it breaks down their characters in the end40 ,how much direct bribery of college professors there may be1 ,i cannot say4 ,a dean at the ,university of ,wisconsin told me how a wealthy father had offered him money to 8pass0 his deficient son2 and ,i suspect that kind of thing happens more often than it is told4 ,but most of the time the thing is done through what ,i call the 8dress-suit bribe40 ,a college professor is human like the rest of us2 he likes a good dinner and a good cigar2 he likes to be invited to 8nice0 homes--and his wife likes it still more4 ,i know a professor at a state university who 8flunked0 the son of a trustee--and this in spite of all kinds of pressure from those above him4 ,but the average man can hardly be expected to jeopardize his career in a case like that4 ,where such temptations exist1 it is a psychological axiom that many will fall4 ,i have heard faculty members--mostly very young ones1 or else very old ones--assert that there is never any favoritism in college examinations2 and ,i have contented myself with a gentle smile4 ,imagine such a situation as we saw at ,columbia1 when young ,marcellus ,hartley ,dodge1 heir to untold millions1 was an undergraduate4 ,he gave to the university a building while he was still in college1 and was prepared to make a still larger donation upon his graduation1 and to become a trustee at the age of twenty-six4 ,and now1 some little whipper-snapper of an instructor of ,english composition1 or of ,french syntax1 presumes to 8flunk0 ,marcellus ,hartley1 and subject that young prince of the plutocracy to the humiliation of stepping down among despised lower classmen6 ,let the whipper-snapper try it1 and he would soon find out the meaning of that ,columbia student-song whose chorus runs3 8,damn the faculty60 ,sydney ,smith made the remark that there was no use expecting every curate to be a ,st4 ,paul2 and we may say1 quite as safely1 there is no use expecting every college instructor to be a ,charles ,a4 ,beard4 ,men who are trained in colleges of snobbery come out snobs1 and if at the top of your educational system you heap all the honors upon wealth and all the humiliations upon scholarship1 you will have at the bottom of your faculty young men who have learned what the world is1 and have set themselves the task of getting up by the methods established4 ,i assert that from top to bottom in our colleges and universities today wealth is replacing knowledge1 and worldly-minded and cynical members of the faculty are catering to the rich among the students1 knowing that when these students come back as 8successful sons10 they will be the persons whose friendship counts4 ,the students are organized into exclusive fraternities--perfectly ridiculous and perfectly banal things1 and yet they run the social life of the colleges1 and without exception they run the alumni association1 and speak with the voice of the college in the public press4 ,and do you think they fail to impress the faculty8 ,remember1 the fraternity men are the ones with money and good clothes and good manners2 they stand together and make a gang1 they do 8log rolling0 for one another1 they tip one another off to the 8snap0 courses and the 8easy0 teachers2 they study the psychology of the various 8profs10 and advise one another how to 8work0 them4 ,they frequently take faculty members into the fraternities1 and thus get their backing for the system4 ,a professor at the ,university of ,wisconsin told me a curious story4 ,a group of boys had failed to get into any of the fraternities1 and they had a bright idea2 why not organize one for themselves8 ,somebody had organized every fraternity at some time past1 and there were plenty of ,greek letters still not taken up6 ,so they proceeded to devise a new combination1 and a mystic pin1 and a set of pass-words and initiation idiocies2 they rented a house1 and invited some 8goats0 in other colleges to follow their example4 ,now at this university there was a certain young professor whom ,i call ,black1 to distinguish him from my informant1 whom ,i call ,white4 ,black was a country boy1 who had worked his way through college1 and had always been a non-fraternity man4 ,now he came to ,white1 very much flattered1 revealing the fact that he had been invited to join a fraternity4 ,white asked which one1 and was told--it was this one of which ,white had witnessed the organizing only a year ago6 ,it seemed just as good to ,black2 and in a few years it would seem just as good to everybody4 ,but imagine the intellectual state of an institution when one of its professors1 a mature man1 a scientist and master of an important specialty1 could be naively pleased at being invited to take part in flummeries got up by a dozen boys not yet out of their teens1 and whose sole aim and ideal was to prove themselves superior to a mass of other boys6 ,you miss the point of this story if you do not understand it as a symptom of the disease which is poisoning our intellectual life4 ,every little 8fresh water college0 is trying to 8make0 the big fraternities2 every president of every little toadstool is shaping his policy to such ends--because that is the way to get the rich students1 which is the way to get the rich alumni1 which is the way to get the money4 ,in the big ,eastern universities1 which are the fountain-heads of this imbecility1 the social competition amounts to a ravenous and frenzied war1 involving not merely the students1 but the very mightiest of our academic big-wigs4 ,look them up in 8,who's ,who10 and you find them solemnly recording their phi-beta-babbles and their kappa-gamma-gabbles and their alpha-apple-pies4 ,and when men of science and learning come down from the thrones of reason and take part in the jostling and the trampling and the climbing of this silk-hatted mob--then you witness sights that make you despair for the human race4 ,not so long ago the greatest thinker of our time came to ,america--,albert ,einstein1 who happens to be a ,jew1 and still more terrible to mention1 a ,german4 ,as fate would have it1 there came to our country at the same time another distinguished visitor1 the ,prince of ,monaco--a mighty potentate1 his bosom covered with various ribbons and jewelled orders4 ,he is owner of the world's greatest gambling-hell1 at ,monte ,carlo1 and keeps himself out of jail just as do the gambling-princes of ,new ,york--by owning the police4 ,now the institution whose duty it is to welcome visiting scientists is the ,american ,academy of ,science2 and this institution prepared to welcome ,einstein and the ,prince of ,monaco at the same banquet4 ,but1 horror of horrors1 his ,excellency1 the ,prince1 refused to be received along with a ,german6 ,there was terrible excitement in academic circles4 ,the master of ceremonies was a high-up scientific snob1 married to a member of the ,morgan family1 and a pet of ,nicholas ,miraculous4 ,he decided that the invitation to ,einstein must be canceled4 ,but finally a compromise was arrived at2 ,his ,excellency consented to come1 provided ,einstein was put away in an obscure place at the foot of the table1 and not asked to speak6 ,the greatest thinker of our time is a naive and childlike person1 simple and human1 and he apparently had no idea what was happening to him4 ,he was not used to the world of what calls itself 8science0 in ,america1 with its 8pushers0 and 8tuft-hunters10 forcing themselves to the front1 while the real workers stay in their laboratories and do their work1 suffering in silence 8the insolence of office and the spurns that patient merit from the unworthy takes40 ,,chapter ,,lxxviii ,,small ,,souls ,what every man and every organization of men in ,america want is to grow big4 ,if you ask why they want to grow big they are puzzled1 because it has never before happened to them to hear anybody question the moral axiom that bigness is greatness4 ,an office building which is twelve stories high is twice as admirable as one which is six stories high2 a city which has a million inhabitants is twice as important as one which has only half a million4 ,it matters not that the additional population may be festering in wretched slums2 whatever they may be1 grafters and grabbers1 drunkards and morons1 a greater number of them is a thing to be boosted for and boasted about4 ,the city grows big in body1 but in soul it remains small4 ,and the same thing happens to the college4 ,every little college wants to be bigger than its neighbor1 and looks forward to being the biggest in the state1 and to that end employs the noisy arts of the real estate promoter and the circus agent4 ,an article published in 8,school and ,society10 ,april #bb1 #aibb1 tells about the activities of 8field secretaries0 and 8field agents0 now employed by colleges4 8,according to the president of one of ,ohio's state universities1 only four or five of the forty colleges in the state are able to dispense with the services of one or more of these functionaries4 ,their use is apparently growing in favor4 ,the dean of one of ,ohio's strongest colleges confessed regretfully that the authorities in his institution are about to yield to the pressure being exerted within the institution to appoint a man to #8sell the college' to prospective students40 ,crossing the prairies ,i stepped from my train to get a breath of fresh air on a station platform1 and found myself confronted by an enormous sign1 hailing me in the breezy ,western fashion3 8,hello1 this is ,manhattan1 ,kansas1 a ,good ,town1 home of the famous ,kansas ,state ,agricultural ,college1 #adjj acres1 #ej buildings1 #dcc faculty1 #cejj students4 ,free auto camping grounds40 ,the professor1 needless to say1 is expected to be a 8good sport10 and contribute his proper share to the 8uplift0 of his institution4 ,anything notable that he does is seized upon and exploited by the college press agent2 and sometimes the efforts of publicity hounds to deal with unfamiliar sciences and arts produce comical results4 ,professor ,jacques ,loeb began to experiment in the artificial fertilization of the eggs of sea-urchins1 and this was marvelous material for stories1 it went all over the world4 ,hardly any of it was right1 but that made no difference--not even in academic circles2 ,professor ,loeb's star ascended1 and so did his salary4 ,he was invited to the ,university of ,california to continue his researches1 and there he found the successful sons prepared to use him as they do the ,mission bells and the ,bohemian ,club 8jinks40 ,they put a 8booster button0 on him1 and got out picture post-cards of his laboratory1 and a real estate firm started an advertising campaign to sell lots in his neighborhood4 ,but when they found that ,loeb resented this kind of exploitation1 they lost interest in artificial parthenogenesis1 and discovered that the professor was a godless materialist and a poor hand at teaching freshmen4 ,the average faculty member of course never scales the heights of fame1 never sees his portrait on picture post cards4 ,the college grows big in body and stays small in soul2 while the professor is apt to stay small in both body and soul4 ,his salary does not permit a generous diet1 and his work is confining and tedious4 ,he teaches three or four classes a day1 and corrects compositions and test-papers1 and keeps records and makes out reports1 and obeys his superiors and keeps himself within the limits of his little specialty4 ,he leads a narrow life1 withdrawn from realities4 ,he goes to lunch at the ,faculty ,club and talks 8shop0 with his colleagues1 men who live equally empty lives and are equally out of touch with great events4 ,there is gossip and intrigue and wire-pulling2 a professor at the ,university of ,chicago heard his colleagues talk for an hour about the fact that someone had got an increase in salary of two or three hundred dollars4 ,a professor at ,johns ,hopkins compared his colleagues to the lotus eaters3 8,peaceful1 endowed and dull40 ,as ,i write1 ,professor ,frank ,c4 ,hankins1 one of the rebels at ,clark ,university1 hands in his resignation and formulates his criticism of the teaching in our higher institutions3 ,the teacher of social science may treat his subject matter in a purely formal manner1 as is done in most high school courses in civics1 where attention is given to the powers and duties of ,congress1 the number of justices in the ,supreme court1 etc4 ,this is a pity2 but the high school teacher and1 unfortunately1 a large number of college teachers of the social sciences must reckon with the 8man in the street10 who would feel that 8sacred0 things were being defiled if civics courses discussed the origin and development of institutions1 the relation of patriotism to war1 or the relative merits of individualism and collectivism in social life4 ,it is a real tragedy in the life of a teacher if he must squeeze all the juice out of his subject matter and give his pupils the dry pulp1 in order to hold his job4 ,and to the same effect testifies ,ludwig ,lewisohn1 out of many years experience at ,wisconsin and ,ohio ,state4 ,i jotted down his phrases in my notes3 ,it is like teaching from a cook-book4 ,there are certain receipts which you follow4 ,you try to explain the scientific spirit1 but you find that in college the word 8science0 means cut and dried experiments without meaning4 ,you teach the principles of a subject1 but you never apply them4 ,you explain the 8,novum ,organum10 for example1 but you don't apply ,bacon's method to the current formulas of capitalist imperialism4 ,you explain the relativity of morals according to ,locke1 but you never test present-day marriage and divorce1 property rights and the duty of obedience to the state4 ,and again1 a professor now at ,wisconsin3 8,you teach the facts1 but you do not interpret them2 and especially you do not deal with remedies4 ,you teach details1 not vision4 ,you accumulate #8learning1' in the narrow sense of that word2 raking in the dust-heaps of the past1 and producing carefully documented treatises about absurdities40 ,i have given a list of such topics in the chapter on ,harvard2 ,i ran into others here and there--,professor ,e4 ,a4 ,ross mentioned two theses which won degrees while he was at ,berlin--8,the ,linden ,tree in ,german ,literature10 and 8,the ,hay ,supply in the ,army of ,frederick the ,great40 ,or1 if ,germany is too far away1 perhaps you would be interested in a ,columbia thesis1 composed by a man who is now a professor at ,princeton3 8,metaphors ,concerned with ,nature in the ,prose of ,aelfric02 or a ,columbia thesis1 by a professor who is now at ,charleston3 8,the ,dialect ,contamination in the ,old ,english ,gospels40 ,said ,nietzsche3 8,you beat them1 and they give out dust like meal-sacks4 ,but who could guess that their dust came from corn1 and the golden wonder of the summer fields80 ,colleges are growing like those prehistoric monsters1 the size of a freight-car1 with brains that would fit inside a walnut-shell4 ,and as they grow1 there is more and more 8administration10 more and more red tape and routine2 the professor is turned into a bookkeeper and a filing clerk4 ,writing in 8,science10 ,president ,maclaurin of the ,massachusetts ,institute of ,technology drew a picture of the adventures of ,isaac ,newton in a modern ,american university3 ,the superintendent of buildings and grounds1 or other competent authority1 calls upon ,mr4 ,newton4 ,supt43 ,your theory of gravitation is hanging fire unduly4 ,the director insists on a finished report1 filed in his office by nine ,a4 ,m4 ,monday next2 summarized on one page2 typewritten1 and the main points underlined4 ,also a careful estimate of the cost of the research per student-hour4 ,newton3 ,but there is one difficulty that has been puzzling me for fourteen years1 and ,i am not quite 444 ,supt4 7with snap and vigor73 ,guess you had better overcome that difficulty by ,monday morning or quit4 ,how can dull men1 absorbed in dull routine1 hold the attention of large groups of wide-awake youngsters8 ,the answer is that they do not1 and that is the failure of our colleges4 ,the situation is summed up in a delightful anecdote1 which was solemnly sworn to me by a college professor who dares not let me use his name4 ,he was doing the customary 8glad-hand0 stunts at a reunion of the 8old boys10 and one of these successful sons came up to him1 beaming with pleasure1 and clasped his hand in a hearty grip4 8,professor ,smith6 ,well1 well1 ,professor ,smith1 ,i sure am glad to see you6 ,you have no idea what a good time ,i had in that ,english class of yours4 ,we read #8,hamlet1' you remember1 but we only got halfway through4 ,i often find myself wondering how that play came out40 ,or1 if you cannot believe that story1 take the testimony of ,professor ,c4 ,t4 ,titus of ,whitman ,college1 who tried the experiment of asking college seniors in what state the city of ,st4 ,louis is located4 ,there were guesses as far apart as ,louisiana1 ,kentucky and ,tennessee6 ,no wonder that ,bertrand ,russell remarks that 8,education has been one of the chief obstacles to the development of intelligence40 ,,chapter ,,lxxix ,,the ,,world ,,of 8,,hush0 ,knowing as ,i do the economics of our plutocratic empire1 ,i had a general idea of what ,i should find in my tour of the colleges2 but ,i had little idea of the details1 and went with an open mind1 prepared to follow the facts where they led4 ,after ,i had visited a dozen colleges1 ,i began to be struck by a peculiar circumstance2 not merely was ,i encountering similar incidents--,i was hearing the same phrases over and over6 ,certain expressions became familiar1 and ,i would wait for them2 if they did not come1 ,i would suggest them1 and note the instant response3 8,yes1 that's it exactly60 ,i go over my note-book and cull out these phrases3 8,it is a slow strangling40 8,it is the wearing away of a stone by drops of water40 8,it is an intangible thing1 an atmospheric pressure40 8,it is a question of good taste1 of loyalty to the institution1 to one's colleagues40 ,so ran the story1 over and over1 all the way from ,california to ,massachusetts and back again4 ,i came to realize that the important fact about academic freedom in ,america is not the extreme and dramatic cases ,i have been narrating2 it is the whole system of class prejudice and class repression1 which operates for the most part without its victims being conscious of it4 ,i quote other statements from my note-book3 8,our young instructors are weaklings1 selected as such4 ,they seek a comfortable berth1 sheltered from the storms of the world40 8,they find that promotion depends upon conformity1 and they conform40 8,there is a tremendous absence of freedom1 but the victims don't realize it2 they think they are merely being polite2 before they know what has happened to them they have become small men40 8,no man who thinks can tell just when he will become a victim1 or how he will be tripped up40 8,i can count an indefinite number of friends to whom ,i would express myself--up to a certain point40 8,you may stay in the place for years1 and then some day discover one man to whom you dare to talk40 8,those who go out have adventures1 but pity those who stay40 8,the plow-horse does not feel the rein until he tries to step out of the furrow40 8,yes1 our men are free2 they are horses that stand without hitching40 ,such statements1 with varying phraseology1 were made by scores of men1 in as many different colleges and universities4 ,i sat in one group of faculty members discussing this subject1 and the conversation took a humorous turn2 they started making a list of the various offenses for which a man may be fired from an ,american university4 ,you may be fired if you don't like your wife1 or if your wife doesn't like you4 ,you may be fired if you use the word revolution1 referring to anything since the eighteenth century4 ,you may be fired if you get into a fight with the janitor4 8,that happened to a very distinguished botanist of my acquaintance10 said one professor4 ,you may be fired if you go to church too little1 or you may be fired if you go to church too much4 ,i asked how the latter could be1 and the explanation was that there are aristocratic universities like ,harvard and ,princeton and ,pennsylvania1 which follow the ,episcopal tradition1 and an excessive demonstration of piety would be highly offensive4 ,you may be fired if you are near-sighted1 and also if you are far-sighted4 ,you may be fired if you are discovered to have ,negro blood in your veins--an incident narrated by ,alvin ,johnson in the 8,new ,republic10 under a thin veil of fiction4 ,you may be fired if you undertake to prove that a candidate of the ,republican party for ,president has ,negro blood in his veins--the singular experience of ,professor ,w4 ,e4 ,chancellor of ,wooster4 ,of course you will be fired if you are discovered in any irregular sex relationship2 also you may be fired if you discover the president of your university1 or one of your prominent trustees1 committing a similar offense4 ,in general1 you may be fired if you depart in any way from the beaten track of propriety--and this whether your motives be the lowest or the highest1 whether you are subnormal or supernormal1 a crank or a genius4 ,and here is the all-important fact2 the decision in this difficult matter lies not in the hands of your colleagues1 who know you1 but in some autocratic individual who is too important to know you1 and too busy4 ,says ,professor ,george ,t4 ,ladd of ,yale ,university1 discussing the position of the college professor3 8,his whole career1 and the reputation and influence which he has won by a life of self-sacrificing labor1 may at any moment be in peril through the caprice1 or cowardice1 or ill-will of a single man1 or of a little group of men who have influence with that single man40 ,there are many college professors who have learned to adjust themselves to this situation1 and make the best of it4 ,they will call this book exaggerated and even absurd2 but can they deny the statement of ,professor ,ladd above quoted8 ,can they deny that this is the situation in ninety-five per cent of ,american colleges and universities8 ,the professors have no tenure and no security1 save the kindness and good faith of those who hold the purse-strings and rule their lives4 ,says ,professor ,cattell in his book1 8,university ,control03 8,in certain departments of certain universities1 instructors and junior professors are placed in a situation to which no decent domestic servant would submit40 ,if you will look up this book in your library you will find in it overwhelming evidence of the discontent of college professors with their status4 ,three hundred leading men were consulted1 and out of these1 eighty-five per cent agreed that the present arrangements for the government of colleges are unsatisfactory4 ,says ,james ,p4 ,munroe1 for many years a professor at ,massachusetts ,tech3 ,unless ,american college teachers can be assured that they are no longer to be looked upon as mere employes paid to do the bidding of men who1 however courteous or however eminent1 have not the faculty's professional knowledge of the complicated problems of education1 our universities will suffer increasingly from a dearth of strong men1 and teaching will remain outside the pale of the really learned professions4 ,the problem is not one of wages2 for no university can become rich enough to buy the independence of any man who is really worth purchasing4 ,or consider the testimony of ,professor ,e4 ,a4 ,ross1 of the ,university of ,wisconsin1 in the 8,publications of the ,american ,sociological ,society10 ,vol4 ,,ix1 #aiad1 p4 #aff3 ,i agree with ,professor ,nearing2 academic asphyxiation is much more common than is generally realized4 ,president ,pritchett's paper is1 ,i think1 far too optimistic4 ,the dismissal of professors by no means gives the clue to the frequency of the gag in academic life4 ,we forget the many who take their medicine and make no fuss4 ,there1 indeed1 is your real tragedy4 ,don't waste any pity on the men who1 despite repeated hints and warnings1 go ahead until they are dismissed4 ,they will generally prove to be able to take care of themselves4 ,pity rather the men who1 without giving sign or creating scandal1 bow to the powers above and cultivate a discreet silence4 ,there are very many of them4 ,i know it1 for many of them have come and told me with bitterness and rage of the gag that has been placed in their mouths4 ,remember1 too1 that the source of danger is not endowment1 at least if the donor has kept no strings upon his gift or is dead4 ,it is not what has been given but what is hoped for that influences most the policy of university authorities4 ,when a sizable donation is trembling in the balance1 when an institution has been generously remembered in the will of some conservative gentleman who takes an annoying interest in the details of its life1 how the governing board of the institution caters to the prejudices of the potential donor and how intolerable and unpardonable appear untimely professorial utterances or teachings which put the gift in peril6 ,i have before me a letter from ,mr4 ,arthur ,e4 ,holder1 who is not a college man1 but a labor leader who had four years' experience with college men1 as representative of labor on the ,federal ,board for ,vocational ,education4 ,mr4 ,holder writes3 ,my conclusion after several years' contact with college professors and public school teachers is that the environment of school and college life is degenerating to the male species4 ,outside of a bare half dozen1 these men seem to be afraid to say that their souls are their own4 ,they apparently admire boldness in others1 and they applaud when another exposes the economic evils surrounding them4 ,they do not hesitate to whisper as to their experiences2 but it almost always is followed by a caution1 8,don't say ,i said so10 or 8,this is on the square10 or 8,this is just for yourself alone10 etc4 ,my experience in collecting material for this book brought out the academic situation with startling vividness4 ,to begin with1 ,i had the idea that if you wanted information on any subject you had merely to write to the people who had it4 ,i collected from various sources the names of one or two hundred college professors who were supposed to be sympathetic towards social progress1 and ,i printed a little circular outlining my proposed book1 and asking them to tell me their experiences and conclusions4 ,i mailed these circulars1 and waited for replies2 ,i waited two or three months1 and the number of replies ,i received could be counted upon the fingers of one hand6 ,of course1 that might be because all these professors were satisfied with their position1 and had no information to give4 ,but ,i doubted that1 and decided to travel over the country and talk personally with these individuals4 ,i laid out a schedule and wrote again to arrange for interviews4 ,taught by experience1 ,i explained that everything would be strictly confidential2 but even on this basis ,i failed to hear from two-thirds of the men to whom ,i wrote4 ,in various ways1 through friends or colleagues1 ,i would learn that this one or that one had thought it best to be able to say that he had never met me6 ,still further insight came to me on the trip4 ,i visited some thirty institutions1 and met men and women who had taught in two or three hundred4 ,out of all these ,i should estimate that ninety-five per cent accepted my offer to consider what they told me confidential1 and some even accepted my offer not to mention to their colleagues that they had talked with me4 ,i would not need but one or two fingers to count the number of men and women now teaching in ,american colleges and universities who told me their experiences frankly1 and stated that ,i might quote them by name4 ,still further evidence3 ,i came home after my seven thousand-mile journey1 and sorted out my notes1 and made a list of new names and new sources of information which had been suggested4 ,there must have been four hundred such names1 and ,i wrote a letter to each one1 again enclosing my little circular and making careful promises of secrecy4 ,out of these four hundred ,i may have heard from one hundred1 and ,i should estimate that three-fourths of these told me about the experiences of other men4 ,there are eight or ten who profess themselves fully satisfied with the conditions under which they work1 but even most of these do not care to be quoted4 ,a number avail themselves of my offer1 not merely to consider their communications confidential1 but to send back their letters after ,i have read them6 ,another detail1 even more significant3 there would be places in my notes concerning which ,i was in doubt1 some statement for which ,i wished additional verification1 and ,i would write to the people ,i had met4 ,i recall them now1 one after another--men with whom ,i sat at luncheon or dinner in a quiet corner in some restaurant1 or in their homes2 some of them talked to me for two or three hours1 telling me their experiences and the experiences of their colleagues1 some shameful1 some grotesque and absurd4 ,many of these men promised me additional data1 a clipping or a letter or confirmation of some sort2 and ,i write to remind them of their promises1 or to ask some new questions--and there comes no reply6 ,i write to some of them two or three times before ,i realize what is the matter2 these men are dead so far as concerns the mail6 ,as matters now stand1 they can deny that they ever met me--many of them told me that they would do that6 ,but if they should send me so much as a line of their handwriting1 some day the ,black ,hand of the plutocracy might raid my home and steal my papers--and then there would be ruin for them and their families6 ,can you think of stronger evidence of terrorism than this8 ,out of not less than a hundred men who welcomed me with every courtesy1 who expressed cordial interest in my project1 and complete agreement with my view of the academic situation--out of these hundred men ,i need just the fingers of my two hands to count the ones who have been willing to write and answer my questions under the strictest pledge of secrecy6 ,i take this occasion to send my greetings to the others1 and assure them that ,i do not blame them too severely4 ,while preparing my proofs1 still more evidence comes to me4 ,in two different cases ,i sent a chapter of my book to university professors for them to revise1 as they had offered to do4 ,they dictated to their secretaries cold and stern letters1 stating that they did not care to comply with my request2 and along with these letters they sent me the manuscript1 carefully and minutely revised6 ,they understand that ,i will get the point2 they have done what they promised to do1 but at the same time they have protected themselves1 and have a letter which they can display to college authorities1 proving that they had nothing to do with my nefarious book6 ,another case1 still more significant3 the liberal professors in one state university in the ,middle ,west banded together and sent me a message through a former colleague1 imploring me not to tell the story of their experiences in my book6 ,the details of this controversy have been given full publicity in the press1 and are public property2 nevertheless1 ,i am implored not to mention them1 because it will stir up the reactionaries once more6 ,another professor in a great ,eastern university1 who told me how he took a public stand on an issue of academic freedom1 telegraphs forbidding me to mention his name--and this though the story of his action has been publicly praised in the bulletin of the ,american ,association of ,university ,professors1 and in several of the liberal magazines6 ,a former professor in one of our largest ,middle ,western universities begs me to omit his name in telling his story--and this although ,i have newspaper clippings telling every detail6 ,what am ,i to do about cases of this sort8 ,whom shall ,i consider1 the individual professor or the public welfare8 ,read the man's pitiful words3 ,i realize the value to you of specific instances1 and am well aware of how much ,i am asking when ,i request the omission of my name4 ,but it means my livelihood6 ,if ,i am again kicked out of educational work ,i shall never be able to accomplish such educational reforms as ,i have in mind for the future4 ,please don't put me in jeopardy6 ,sociological investigation often1 of course1 sacrifices the individual with perfect equanimity2 but in this instance the individual is perhaps worth saving4 ,please let me know that you will spare me4 ,and here is another letter from a professor at another great state university in the ,middle ,west3 ,i am greatly interested in the subject of the book which you are preparing1 and ,i gladly give you my answer to the questions contained in your circular1 with the definite understanding1 however1 that you will not mention my name as the source of information1 or in any other way disclose my identity4 ,the mere fact that as a matter of self-preservation and of protection to my family ,i feel compelled to make this proviso--disgusting as otherwise it is to me both as a man and a scholar--is proof sufficient of the control which special privilege exercises over educators in this country4 ,and here is one more letter1 perhaps the most significant of all4 ,the writer is a young scientist1 who got his training at the ,university of ,wisconsin1 where for two years he took part in the activities of the liberal students4 ,he tells me the effect which these two years have produced upon all his later career4 ,read his analysis of 8academic freedom0 among scientists2 it covers the case completely1 and every fairminded scientific man who reads it will be forced to admit that it is as exact as it is painful4 ,my position was student assistant1 a half time instructorship4 ,i stayed at ,dr4 ,p----'s house two years1 and my relations with all the faculty of that department were intimate and cordial always1 and still are4 ,i was known as a rather harmless and intellectualized radical1 and as rather a hard worker1 one who spent long hours in his laboratory and applied himself assiduously3 being especially useful around a scientific department by reason of ingenuity with apparatus4 ,a sufficiency of all the technical virtues1 you see1 and the result was that ,i was very well thought of4 ,a taste for sociology and radical discussion was looked upon as an amiable and altruistic weakness1 which might serve to give my biology a humanistic turn4444 ,no specific thing has ever happened since which ,i could lay against any of my professors at ,madison4 ,they have backed me cordially and enthusiastically whenever the occasion demanded4 ,however1 my reputation as a radical1 still re-echoes through my career as a scientist2 almost overshadows it4 ,my chief professor1 though he said ,i was the best man he had ever turned out1 when ,i wanted a job1 said also privately that he didn't think ,i would ever make a scientist1 ,i was interested in too many other things4 ,another ,wisconsin professor1 when asked about me1 questioned whether ,i would ever 8settle down to a scientific career10 though ,i had done absolutely nothing else for three years since ,i left there4 ,a third expressed doubt1 to me personally1 that ,i would ever 8accomplish anything40 ,my reputation has followed me through two jobs1 so that when considered for the one ,i now hold1 the question of my radical proclivities was again raised4 ,all these things1 and many others1 are hard to get at objectively2 but they sum up to a condition in which an activity incidental to three years study on a ,ph4,d thesis appears still to be of more weight in the eyes of the men who pride themselves on being unbiased and liberal-minded scientists1 than anything scientific that ,i may have accomplished4 ,every one of them would unhesitatingly state that a man's radical opinions were of no concern to them 8if he did his work02 and no one of them would admit that any man would be 8doing his work0 if they knew he held these opinions4 ,my own reaction is to pretend that ,i have lost interest in unconventional affairs1 and to sedulously avoid any appearance of such interest in them in my professional capacity2 in effect1 ,i am one thing as a scientist1 and another as a human being2 ,i have dissociated most of my private concerns from my official ones2 and the barrier between my school activities and any other intellectual interests is complete4 ,i have two sets of ideas1 two sets of friends1 two modes of behavior1 a regular double standard of morality1 and ,i suppose ,i am only half a man in either capacity4 ,this is something of a tragedy to me personally1 though that is not the interesting thing in general4 ,the aspect of this that has struck me is1 how perverted the whole unconscious thought of the academic institution is4 ,as ,i have said1 this is not evidence for a book4 ,i might have trouble in demonstrating that my professors were not right about me4 ,but one thing is certain2 that ,i could have spent more than the amount of time and energy ,i spent on radical activities1 on any of a number of more or less creditable things2 on ,wine1 ,women and ,song1 on student activities1 golf1 poker1 or just plain idleness1 and never have attracted any discreditable attention scientifically4 ,those things my professors and colleagues would disregard1 provided ,i kept up a reasonable show of professional proficiency4 ,there is only one realm of relaxation or dissipation which is recognized academically as a vicious incursion into scientific singlemindedness and assiduity2 and that one is an intellectual interest in social unconventionality4 ,that one distraction1 and that alone1 is recognized as an inherent and incontestible enemy of scientific right thinking4 ,and the amusing part of it is that the scientists themselves fail to realize their own bias4 ,for that is what it amounts to1 even in the best of them2 about one whole set of data1 if they are not positively reactionary1 then they not only have no positive opinions1 but they impose upon themselves and others a negativity of opinion that amounts to a condition of positive prejudice4 ,,chapter ,,lxxx ,,the ,,foundations ,,of ,,fraud ,i have taken you about from college to college and shown you the interlocking trustees1 using the institution for the protection of their money-bags2 also the successful sons1 guarding the prestige and good name of their alma mater4 ,to complete the picture ,i now draw your attention to the many organizations1 national in their scope1 which have been formed for the purpose of keeping our educational system in the capitalist fetters4 ,i begin with the ,carnegie ,foundation for the ,advancement of ,teaching1 which was started seventeen years ago with a gift of ten million dollars4 ,its purpose was to provide pensions for superannuated college professors1 and in his letter to the trustees ,carnegie announced that 8according to expert calculation0 the revenue would be ample 8to provide retiring pensions for the teachers of universities1 college and technical schools in our country1 ,canada and ,newfoundland40 ,this statement was speedily shown to be absurd2 the total cost of the system for ,columbia ,university alone would have been twice the income of the ,foundation1 and the cost for all the country would have been two hundred times the income of the ,foundation4 ,so very speedily the ,foundation was compelled to limit the institutions included in its list1 and it began laying down rules for colleges1 and assuming control of higher education4 ,it refused pensions to professors in the ,university of ,illinois unless the university would alter the conduct of its medical school at ,chicago4 ,in like manner the governor of ,ohio was informed that the universities of the state must be 8reconstructed0 on lines laid down by the ,foundation4 ,becoming still more embarrassed for lack of funds1 the ,foundation discovered that it was bad for teachers 8to have the risk of dependence lifted from them by free gifts10 and it proposed to have the professors begin paying for their own insurance4 ,now1 in the first place1 a slight knowledge of economics will enable anyone to realize that a free gift of life insurance to professors at certain institutions would not permanently benefit the professors1 because1 under the stimulus of competition1 this benefit would at once be taken into account in the salaries paid by the institution4 ,so1 what the ,foundation amounts to is an endowment to certain privileged universities1 with a highly autocratic control accompanying the gift4 ,under the plan as modified to compel the professor to pay for his insurance1 the plan becomes a method of binding him to the institution and subjecting him to the administration4 ,a part of the professor's salary is held out1 to be repaid to him later on as a reward for good behavior4 ,says ,professor ,cattell3 8,the professor who does not see eye to eye with ,wall ,street and ,trinity ,church may be compelled to sacrifice either his intellectual integrity or his wife and children4 ,he is under heavy bonds to keep the peace2 but it will be the peace of the desert40 ,if you are interested in this shrewd device for the enslavement of college professors1 you are referred to ,professor ,cattell's book1 8,carnegie ,pensions10 published in #aiai4 ,the new insurance organization is headed by ,elihu ,root and ,nicholas ,murray ,butler1 a sufficient guarantee of its character4 ,that the sheep have learned to recognize these wolves in shepherd's clothing is shown by the fact that a questionnaire sent out by 8,school and ,society0 to a great number of college professors1 asking for their opinions1 brought a vote of thirteen in favor of the scheme and six hundred and thirty-six against it6 ,the ,american ,association of ,university ,professors appointed a committee of twenty-four to study the scheme1 and this committee submitted two elaborate reports condemning it4 ,the gentleman who was appointed by ,mr4 ,carnegie to run this ,foundation1 and who worked out the scheme1 is ,dr4 ,henry ,smith ,pritchett2 ,i look him up in 8,who's ,who10 and find amusing evidence of what it means to have a strangle-hold over ,american institutions of learning4 ,dr4 ,pritchett goes about like an ,indian war-chief with scalps at his belt--no fewer than eighteen honorary degrees from ,american colleges and universities6 ,what the professors think of his administration you may guess from the comments on his last statement made by ,joseph ,jastrow1 professor of psychology at the ,university of ,wisconsin4 8,there is the same copious shuffling of the issues1 the same lack of frankness1 the same assumption of benevolence of motive1 the same disregard of accepted principle as of actual opinion1 the same aspersions and evasions40 ,the next great benefactor of our educational system was ,mr4 ,john ,d4 ,rockefeller1 who has given one or two hundred millions of dollars to a foundation for the purpose of improving our schools and colleges according to ,standard ,oil ideals4 ,the ,general ,education ,board has millions to give to those educational institutions which conform1 and it holds over the head of every college and university president a perpetual bribe to sell out the interests of the people4 ,great numbers have accepted1 a few have refused1 and these have been the object of continual intrigue4 ,turn back to the chapter on ,north ,dakota1 and read the statements of ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,spillman of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,agricultural ,economics1 concerning the efforts of these ,rockefeller 8educators0 to dominate the land grant colleges4 ,and let me call your attention to a speech delivered by this courageous public servant before the semi-annual conference of the ,national ,board of ,farm ,organizations1 ,february #aa1 #aiai4 ,in order that you may understand ,dr4 ,spillman's charges1 ,i will first make plain the economics of the situation4 ,after the war there was a frightful slump in values2 the ,federal ,reserve ,board1 which controls our banking system1 gave unlimited credit to the ,wall ,street banks1 which they passed on to the big corporations1 to enable them to get by the crisis without dropping the prices of their products4 ,the farmers were left to 8hold the sack10 and they were ruined by millions--on my trip through the ,northwest ,i was told of whole counties in which every single farm was for sale for taxes4 ,the farmers wanted to know why the price of farm products should drop to nothing1 while the price of manufactured articles was not affected4 ,they wanted to know the cost of producing farm products1 and they looked to the experts of the ,department of ,agriculture to get these figures4 ,on the other hand1 of course1 big business decreed that the figures should not be got4 ,their agent in carrying out this decree was the ,secretary of ,agriculture1 ,david ,f4 ,houston1 ,harvard graduate1 ex-president of the ,university of ,texas1 ex-chancellor of ,washington ,university1 and holder of seven honorary degrees2 a member of the ,southern ,education ,board1 a subsidiary of the ,rockefeller ,general ,education ,board2 later chairman of the ,federal ,reserve and ,farm ,loan ,boards1 and now president of the ,bell ,telephone ,securities ,company4 ,dr4 ,spillman portrays ,dr4 ,houston as lying1 cheating and intriguing1 resorting to every device in order to keep the facts about farming costs from being collected4 ,says ,dr4 ,spillman3 ,i cannot give you the full facts about this matter without exposing honest and honorable men to the fury of this brutal autocrat1 under whom they unfortunately have to serve4444 ,early in his administration there was circulated through the department a typewritten sheet said to have been written by a member of ,mr4 ,rockefeller's ,general ,education ,board1 and which was said to represent ,mr4 ,rockefeller's views1 in which ,secretary ,houston concurred4 ,this sheet purported to outline the duties of the department4 ,it stated that the department should make no investigations that would reveal the profits made by farmers1 or that would determine the cost of producing farm products4 ,no representative of the department should ever under any circumstances even intimate that it is possible to overproduce any farm product4 ,the entire business of the department was to teach farmers how to produce more than they now produce4 ,the ,general ,education ,board1 you understand1 possesses unlimited funds1 it pays no taxes1 and renders no accounting to anyone4 ,professor ,cattell stated in 8,science0 that it 8keeps for its own private use the information that it collects1 and does not even publish the financial statements that should be required by law from every corporation1 and first of all from those exempted from taxation40 ,and these funds are used in paying fancy salaries to experts in all subjects1 especially intrigue and wire-pulling4 ,dr4 ,spillman tells how this board got charge of the farm demonstration work in the ,south1 and how he kept them from getting charge of the same work in the ,northern and ,western states4 ,in order to hamper ,spillman's work1 8,mr4 ,houston issued orders to demonstration workers in the department not to co-operate with any outside agency except ,mr4 ,rockefeller's ,general ,education ,board40 ,soon after ,mr4 ,houston became secretary he established an office in the department1 known as the ,rural ,organization ,service4 ,the funds for the initiation of this work were furnished by the ,general ,education ,board4 ,the important work of the ,bureau of ,markets was placed under this office1 and ,professor ,t4 ,n4 ,carver of ,harvard was invited to become head of the new bureau4 ,he came to the department with real enthusiasm for his work1 and at once proceeded to outline a series of important investigations on marketing of farm products1 rural credits1 and similar subjects4 ,but when his plans were laid before the ,general ,education ,board by ,secretary ,houston they turned him down flat1 with no explanation for their action4 ,professor ,carver was much puzzled at this1 and sought an interview with certain members of the board1 for the purpose of finding out1 if possible1 why they had decided to discontinue their support2 but he could get no information of any kind4 ,he then told them in very plain language just what he thought of the ,general ,education ,board4 ,soon after this the newspapers carried a brief notice to the effect that ,professor ,carver had not found his work in the ,department of ,agriculture entirely congenial and would probably return to ,harvard at the end of the year4 ,he did return to ,harvard soon thereafter4 ,you will appreciate the gay humor of the fact that ,professor ,t4 ,n4 ,carver of ,harvard ,university is named by ,woodworth ,clum1 of the ,better ,america ,federation1 the ,black ,hand of ,california1 as one of two college professors who are heroically battling against ,socialism in the colleges1 and are deserving of the ardent support of all patriotic and liberty-loving ,americans6 ,,chapter ,,lxxxi ,,the ,,bolshevik ,,hunters ,we shall next have a glance at those organizations and foundations which are frankly propagandist in their purposes1 and which conduct departments of espionage and slander4 ,we have already seen the work of the ,better ,america ,federation of ,california2 there are a number of similar institutions which are nation-wide in their activities4 ,you remember1 in the story of the ,university of ,wisconsin1 the young instructor whose career was placed in jeopardy by the ,national ,association for ,constitutional ,government4 ,this organization has been active in our educational centers1 and among its publications is a pamphlet by a prominent corporation lawyer of ,washington1 advocating the establishment in all ,american colleges of a compulsory course in opposition to ,socialism4 ,nicholas ,murray ,butler has actually established such a course at ,columbia2 it is required of freshmen1 and is camouflaged under the name of 8,contemporary ,history40 ,the students have embodied their opinion of it in the phrase1 8,contemptible ,history40 ,also1 the ,national ,association of ,manufacturers has been active4 ,it was this organization which was exposed1 in the famous 8,mulhall0 letters1 as expending many millions in the bribing of ,congress in the interest of big business4 ,this organization has sent out agents to make propaganda in favor of commercial training in all colleges1 and also to turn our public school system into an institution for the perpetuating of a class civilization4 ,they call their scheme 8vocational training10 and they wish to educate the children of the poor as workers1 and to exclude them from general culture4 ,also there is the ,national ,security ,league1 a high-up hundred per cent organization1 whose active educational head received a three years' leave of absence from ,princeton ,university1 to carry on propaganda on behalf of capitalist nationalism4 ,in the beginning it was ,hun-hunting1 but later it turned into a ,bolshevik-hunt1 with ,woodrow ,wilson waging a private war in ,siberia and ,archangel1 and ,attorney-,general ,palmer's thugs clubbing the heads of men and women who dared to disbelieve in the divine right of the plutocracy4 ,just now this organization is carrying on a campaign in defense of the ,supreme ,court's right to annul acts of ,congress1 and defeat the will of the people in the interests of property4 ,it has what is called a program for 8economic education02 it proposes to have 8the ,constitution0 taught in the public schools--meaning thereby the inviolability of special privilege4 ,it sends out 8dope0 to the press of the country--and in this material ,i note an amusing concession to the well-known habit of newspapers to falsify4 ,the 8date line0 of this press matter begins with the word 8,new ,york10 and then a blank is left1 so that newspapers may pretend to have received a long telegram from the metropolis6 ,there are such organizations as this in every section of our country4 ,they call themselves merchants' and manufacturers' associations1 chambers of commerce1 citizens' alliances1 national protective associations1 home defense leagues4 ,they do not deal especially with education1 but when their attention is called to unorthodox teachings1 or to 8outside activities0 of college professors1 they intervene with authority4 ,from the 8,national ,american ,council0 ,i have obtained a list of seventy-nine such organizations1 all pledged to keep the ,american people in 8blinkers40 ,recently a number of them--the ,national ,association for ,constitutional ,government1 the ,public ,interest ,league1 the ,league for ,preservation of ,american ,independence1 the ,constitutional ,liberty ,league1 the ,anti-,centralization ,club--have formed themselves into one super-organization known as the 8,sentinels of the ,republic40 ,they intend to enlist a million patriots1 their motto being 8,every citizen a sentinel1 every home a sentry-box40 ,the object of this sentineling is to smash the ,socialists1 and among the organizers are of course ,david ,jayne ,hill and ,nicholas ,murray ,butler4 ,also1 this chapter would not be complete without mention of that immortal committee of the ,new ,york state legislature1 which has given to the ,english language a new word4 ,the 8,luskers0 hauled radicals of all sorts before it1 raiding their homes and offices1 smashing their furniture and stealing their papers4 ,it went particularly after the school-teachers1 and we shall meet it again when we come to the schools4 ,one of its chosen victims was the ,rand ,school of ,social ,science1 which is really a college1 but modestly refrains from calling itself such4 ,it is an institution in which students are frankly and shamelessly taught to think for themselves1 and the politicians of the state and city of ,new ,york understand that their existence is jeopardized by such a place4 ,the first steps taken against the ,rand ,school were to raid the place and throw the typewriters and the teachers down the stairs4 ,as that did not cause the pupils to stop thinking for themselves1 the ,lusk committee recommended1 and the ,new ,york state legislature passed a bill1 requiring that all institutions which carry on teaching in ,new ,york state shall have a license from the regents of the state education board2 the intention1 of course1 being that a license shall be issued to all institutions in the state except the ,rand ,school of ,social ,science and the 8,modern ,school10 organized by the followers of ,ferrer4 ,the ,rand ,school has refused to apply for a license under this law1 and the ,supreme ,court1 ,appellate ,division1 has just ruled against the school1 holding the act constitutional4 ,the next step is to carry the case to the ,court of ,appeals1 and after that to the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court4 ,it is manifest that if this ,lusk law is upheld1 there will be no use talking any more about academic freedom1 so far as concerns the state of ,new ,york4 ,common sense would suggest that the provision in the ,united ,states ,constitution1 forbidding the passing of laws interfering with freedom of speech and of the press1 should cover this case2 but when you investigate the subject you find that common sense and the plain words of the ,constitution are not what count in capitalist law4 ,there is a provision in our ,constitution forbidding interference with 8the right of the people to bear arms in time of peace02 but that right has not prevented the courts of ,new ,york state from upholding a law forbidding a citizen to keep a revolver in his home6 ,it is pleasant to be able to record that ,governor ,miller1 who signed these ,lusk laws1 was defeated for re-election in ,november1 #aibb1 by a plurality of four hundred and ten thousand votes1 the largest plurality ever cast in the history of an ,american state4 ,there are many other organizations watching our colleges4 ,the interlocking newspapers are vigilant1 and do not always confine their activities to their own locality4 ,the ,chicago 8,tribune0 has exposed and caused the expulsion of more than one college professor4 ,we have seen in this book such activities on the part of the 8,oregonian0 of ,portland and the 8,missoulian0 of ,montana1 the ,seattle 8,times0 and the ,boston 8,evening ,transcript10 the ,grand ,forks1 ,north ,dakota1 8,herald10 the ,rockford1 ,illinois1 8,star10 the ,fort ,worth1 ,texas1 8,searchlight40 ,in ,rhode ,island is the ,providence 8,journal10 whose publisher we have met as one of the three leading trustees of ,brown ,university4 ,the editor of this paper is a super-patriot1 ,mr4 ,john ,revelstoke ,rathom1 who is tireless in war upon 8radicalism0 in the colleges1 not merely of his own state1 but throughout ,new ,england4 ,i find ,mr4 ,rathom lecturing before the ,liberal ,club of ,clark ,university--the same organization which was so bitterly denounced by the ,worcester 8,telegram0 as ,bolshevist6 ,mr4 ,rathom put no restraint upon his contempt for the parlor ,socialists2 he denounced them as 8unsexed brains10 and declared that he 8would not pay them twenty-five dollars a week0 on his newspaper--this being the final test of excellence in human brains4 8,still10 says ,mr4 ,rathom1 8they are permitted to teach our young students all this filth1 this infidelity to country1 this bestial doctrine40 ,he declared that in many places 8our public schools have become hot-beds of anarchy1 instead of shrines of liberty40 ,mr4 ,rathom's title to hundred percent ,americanism is secured by his ,australian birth and ,english education4 ,in the days before ,america entered the war1 this multiple patriot took up the task of bringing us in1 and published in his paper an elaborate series of exposs of ,german intrigue in our country4 ,it read like ,sherlock ,holmes1 and was taken up by the interlocking press1 and created an enormous sensation4 ,then ,mr4 ,rathom started a series of articles in the 8,world's ,work0--tales about ,german spies and bomb plots1 and how ,mr4 ,rathom with his host of secret agents had penetrated even into the ,german embassy at ,washington6 ,but something happened1 nobody knew what4 ,mr4 ,rathom's narrative came to a sudden stop1 and the 8,world's ,work0 said no more about it4 ,it was not until several years later that the truth was revealed2 the ,united ,states ,secret ,service authorities had objected to being represented as a collection of 8boobs10 and had forced ,mr4 ,rathom to a showdown4 ,not merely had they made him stop the publication of his articles2 they had made him sign an elaborate document1 in which he admitted that a good part of his material was the product of his own imagination1 and the rest had been furnished him by the ,bohemian ,national ,alliance1 and the ,croatian and ,serbian national societies1 and other anti-,german and anti-,austrian groups in ,america6 ,i quote you just one sentence of this document1 in order that you may observe the nature of a worm when it wriggles3 ,i feel that the general public opinion1 which has rather unfortunately credited us with the actual bringing to justice of ,german spies and malefactors1 has been misdirected to the extent that our only possible claim to valuable constructive work in the past three and one-half years ought in fairness to be restricted to the educational value of our combined efforts1 and the newspaper enterprise which produced a great number of stories printed in our newspapers4 ,and then follow twenty-eight long paragraphs1 in which ,mr4 ,rathom admits in detail the falsehoods in the 8stories0 he published1 and winds up by agreeing to make no more public addresses during the war6 ,also1 one ought not deny the honor of mention to ,mr4 ,james ,m4 ,beck1 corporation lawyer and amateur patriot4 ,mr4 ,beck holds three honorary degrees from ,american universities1 and is described to me by a university professor as 8the most notorious high-brow ass in the country40 ,he travels about making commencement orations in our colleges1 and clamoring for the casting out of professors who fail in loyalty to the plutocracy4 ,if you want to know just how foolish one of these hundred percenters can make himself in public1 read the controversy of ,mr4 ,beck with ,professor ,frankfurter of the ,harvard ,law ,school concerning the ,mooney case1 published in the 8,new ,republic0 for ,january #ah1 #aibb4 ,another hundred percenter who is much concerned with our education is a leading corporation lawyer of ,denver1 ,mr4 ,charles ,r4 ,brock1 one of the grand dukes of ,denver ,university1 where we studied the career of ,chancellor ,buchtel4 ,mr4 ,brock is attorney for the 8,big ,four0 utility corporations1 which have run the city government of ,denver for a generation2 his partner was for a long time chairman of the infinitely corrupt ,democratic party of ,colorado4 ,so ,mr4 ,brock is terribly afraid of ,socialists1 and last spring ,i find him delivering a tirade against them to the young ladies of the most exclusive finishing school in ,denver4 ,also he published in the ,denver 8,post0 an attack upon ,president ,thomas of ,bryn ,mawr1 because of her radicalism4 ,we shall have an inside glimpse at ,miss ,thomas's activities before long1 and discover the truly comical cautiousness of her 8radicalism40 ,it seems to trouble these corporation gentlemen especially that women should be venturing to think2 they get after the women's colleges again and again4 ,thus1 some years ago1 the president of ,vassar received a letter from a high-up interlocking trustee1 informing her that it had been discovered that twenty girls in that institution had formed a ,socialist group1 and that the trustee proposed to take action unless this group was broken up4 ,the president of ,wellesley received a letter from a prominent successful son1 stating that he had learned that two members of the faculty had voted for ,debs6 ,at ,vassar they pretend to permit freedom of discussion1 but they limit the ,socialist organization to two speakers a year1 while they place no restriction upon the number of speakers brought in by the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 and other groups4 ,a lecture by ,albert ,rhys ,williams was canceled1 upon action of the trustees1 after that friend of the ,russian people had given his testimony before the ,overman committee of the ,united ,states ,senate4 ,a professor at another woman's college--she will not permit me to name the place--told me a funny story of how the president was visited by a hundred percent banker1 who frightened her with the tidings that he had unearthed 8radical activities0 among the faculty1 and proposed to take action about it before the trustees4 ,he had the 8goods0 in his pocket1 he said2 and after some persuasion1 he consented to produce the 8goods0--which proved to consist of a letter from a parent1 reporting one of the professors as advising a girl to read 8those ,bolshevist and ,anarchist magazines1 the #8,survey' and the #8,new ,republic'60 ,,chapter ,,lxxxii ,,the ,,helen ,,ghouls ,i have reserved for a separate chapter our most active anti-socialist organization1 the ,national ,civic ,federation1 a combination of class-conscious capitalists such as ,elbert ,h4 ,gary and ,alton ,b4 ,parker1 with high-salaried labor leaders who have sold out their class4 ,once a year these labor leaders are honored with an elaborate banquet in ,new ,york ,city1 where they listen to patriotic speeches from the wholesale corrupters of our public life4 ,this ,national ,civic ,federation has a special department1 headed by ,cond ,b4 ,pallen1 a ,catholic lecturer1 the 8,committee for the ,study of ,revolutionary ,movements40 ,it runs an elaborate system of espionage1 and is perhaps the greatest single agency for the brow-beating of college professors4 ,i had special opportunity to observe the workings of this enterprise1 because ,i served for ten years on the executive committee of the ,intercollegiate ,socialist ,society1 which used to receive the special attention of ,mr4 ,ralph ,m4 ,easley1 secretary of the ,federation4 ,this gentleman subscribed for six copies of our little monthly magazine1 and used to quote extracts from it as a means of terrifying his backers into parting with their cash4 ,he would list the names of the professors and students whom we mentioned1 and would stir up college presidents and trustees and local business men and newspaper editors against them4 ,some tragedies resulted from this2 and often it happened that professors and students lost interest in our work1 and offered no explanation4 ,the most prominent of the backers of this ,federation has been ,mrs4 ,finley ,j4 ,shepard1 ne ,helen ,gould2 one of the half dozen children of ,jay ,gould1 the old-time railroad wrecker and ,wall ,street gambler4 ,his other children turned out wasters and wantons1 but ,helen was a woman of kind heart1 who gave much money to charity1 and was the darling of the ,new ,york newspapers in the days of my childhood4 ,she married a corporation lawyer1 an official in the ,gould railroads1 and now she has swallowed whole the goblin stories of those who live by scaring rich people into putting up their money for class propaganda4 ,i do not mean to say that there are not men and women among the 8reds0 who would be glad to overthrow the ,american government and abolish the constitution1 but ,i say that such people can only be met and overcome by free discussion1 based upon an honest resolve to bring social justice into the world4 ,also1 ,i say that the peril to our land which these 8reds0 represent is not one per cent of that represented by the big business criminals who run the ,national ,civic ,federation4 ,i say furthermore that the constitution of the ,united ,states and the good name and credit of our country will not suffer as much damage from the propaganda of ,lenin and ,trotsky in a hundred years as they have suffered from the system of corruption and terrorism instituted by ,ralph ,m4 ,easley and ,cond ,b4 ,pallen with the money of ,helen ,gould ,shepard4 ,when ,i was in ,new ,york ,i met a man who declared that he had been present at a luncheon-party1 at which ,mrs4 ,shepard stated that she had pledged her entire fortune to the stamping out of radicalism from our colleges4 ,she was maintaining an organization for the carrying on of 8investigations0 into the teaching of social questions1 and the ousting of those who taught unsound ideas4 ,within the last year ,mrs4 ,shepard herself had caused the ousting of two such men4 ,i did not want to repeat these statements without giving ,mrs4 ,shepard an opportunity to confirm or deny them1 so ,i wrote her a polite note1 asking for an interview4 ,this note was not answered1 and a couple of months later ,i wrote a detailed letter1 in which ,i stated what ,i had learned from several sources1 and asked her to correct the statements if they were false4 ,i pointed out that when persons of great wealth spend their money for propaganda1 they enter a field which is of public concern1 and the public has a right to be informed as to what they are doing4 ,this letter likewise remained unanswered1 so ,i take it as fair to assume that ,mrs4 ,shepard admits the truth of the statements quoted above4 ,in these activities she is earnestly supported by her husband1 who is a trustee of the ,university of ,jabbergrab1 and last spring was serving on a committee appointed by the state superintendent of education to browbeat the school teachers of the city who were suspected of unorthodox ideas4 ,the sessions of this committee were secret1 so ,i was not able to observe ,mr4 ,shepard functioning4 ,i have1 however1 a pretty good picture of the ,shepard family life1 in a letter from a well-known ,methodist clergyman1 who was invited to a dinner-party at the home of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,shepard4 ,their conversation was devoted almost exclusively to 8the intellectuals10 whom ,mrs4 ,shepard 8held responsible for the present disturbance in the social order40 ,she gave her guest the ,lusk committee report--six large volumes1 in the index of which the author of 8,the ,goose-step0 is listed as 8a violent literary ,socialist40 ,also1 she gave him two books attacking modern ideas in religion--which books are published and distributed upon her bounty4 ,said ,mr4 ,shepard3 8,it is the business of the preacher to preach salvation and let industry alone4 ,when men are converted they will apply the gospel to business4 ,my father was a preacher4 ,what did he know about business80 ,mr4 ,shepard characterized ,judge ,gary as 8the savior of the country02 and ,mrs4 ,shepard declared that 8the ,union ,theological ,seminary is the greatest menace to ,new ,york ,city today40 ,says the clergyman3 8,i came away with the idea well driven home1 that the social ,gospel is ,socialism2 that ,socialism is ,bolshevism2 that ,bolshevism is ,atheism2 and that nothing but the pure individualistic ,gospel can save the nation and the world40 ,you may judge from this that it is not a diverting experience to be invited to a dinner-party at the home of the ,shepards4 ,i have before me another document1 which indicates that it is a still less diverting experience to be invited to a cemetery with ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,shepard4 ,this document is a four-page leaflet1 containing an address signed1 8,helen ,gould ,shepard10 and headed as follows3 ,at the ,graves of ,john ,more and ,betty ,taylor1 ,his ,wife ,the ,cemetery1 ,roxbury1 ,new ,york ,august #ca1 #aibj ,cousins of the ,more ,family3 ,we are here today to honor the memory of our ancestors1 ,john ,more and ,betty ,taylor1 his wife1 who came from ,scotland in #agbb and settled in the ,catskill ,mountains1 then a very wild region4 ,the little speech goes on for three paragraphs1 to tell about the virtues of the ,john ,mores2 after which1 for five paragraphs it proceeds to implore the cousins of the ,more family not to fall victims to the evil and insidious modern 8isms0 which are 8threatening to carry us on to utter catastrophe unless the ,christians of the nation awaken40 ,imagine1 if you can1 this poor1 good-hearted1 feeble-minded rich lady reading a memorial oration at the graves of her ancestors1 and devoting one-fourth of her time to reciting the bugaboo-stories sent out in the begging letters of the ,national ,civic ,federation6 ,hear a sample paragraph3 ,the forces of autocratic barbarism are not confined to the ,socialists1 ,anarchists and ,i4 ,w4 ,w4's1 but the cause of ,lenine is more actively furthered either frankly or by indirection by radical1 pseudo-intellectual writers1 editors1 professors1 teachers and clergymen in our newspapers1 magazines1 colleges1 schools and churches1 and in some of these the enemies of democratic government are found to hold the very highest positions4 ,you will say that this is ridiculous1 and you may say that it is negligible2 but ,i assure you that nothing is negligible in ,america that has money4 ,the wage-slaves of the railroads of the ,united ,states furnish millions of dollars every year for ,mrs4 ,shepard to use in circulating such drivel1 and subsidizing professional intriguers and character-assassins4 ,i presume that ,mrs4 ,shepard is a tender-hearted woman1 who would be incapable of killing a mouse with her own hands4 ,history reports the same thing of ,queen ,mary2 but that did not keep her from causing ,protestants to be burned at the stake4 ,moved by religious terrors and class arrogance ,mrs4 ,shepard considers herself justified in setting in motion machinery for destroying the careers of men whose only offense is that they resent social oppression1 and venture here and there to raise a feeble voice against it4 ,i have before me a letter from one such man1 who has been blacklisted by the ,national ,civic ,federation1 and in consequence has been hounded from college to college throughout the ,united ,states2 ,i submit him as an exhibit of ,mrs4 ,shepard's achievements1 a scalp which she wears at her belt4 ,or perhaps ,i might call him a series of scalps1 since the poor man has lost his job ten times in sixteen years4 ,i refrain from giving his name1 at his request2 he says3 8,i am perfectly capable of accumulating enough notoriety for myself without any professional assistance40 ,he goes on to tell about his adventures1 one after another4 ,he was on the faculty of the ,florida ,state ,college for ,women1 and was very successful as a teacher1 but it began to be noticed that his students developed ,socialist opinions1 and the local newspapers took up the case1 and the board of trustees fired him1 in spite of the protest of the students4 ,then he went to ,lenox ,college in ,iowa1 a town which had elected a ,socialist mayor4 8,in the spring the president called me in and told me that he did not want me to think they had decided to drop me1 but they made no move toward holding me for another year1 so ,i got another job40 ,he went to ,maryville ,college in ,tennessee1 and at the end of the second year 8monied people in the ,east objected to my writings02 so he was dropped4 ,next he was dropped at ,clark ,university1 on account of his opposition to the war4 ,he went to the ,university of ,kentucky1 and after a year of teaching was invited to give a lecture on ,russia by the college ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 8,the head of the department said it would be as much as his job was worth to recommend me for reappointment1 and that the same would be true of the dean and the president2 so ,i was not reappointed40 ,that was the summer of #aiai1 and he went to ,de,pauw1 but before he got started the ,chicago 8,tribune0 got after him1 so that he was 8out of a job before entering upon it40 ,the curious thing about all these experiences is how little the professor himself realized the significance of them4 ,he wrote me3 8,my record does not seem to occasion special suspicion60 ,again he said3 8,there is no organized system of control by privilege over ,american education60 ,as it happens1 ,i was behind the scenes in ,new ,york1 and heard some mention of this same professor's name4 ,some day we shall have a government in this country which will indict the heads of the ,national ,civic ,federation for criminal conspiracy1 and then we may take a turn at looking into their papers1 and this professor may learn why it was that the heads of so many colleges suddenly discovered that it would be as much as their jobs were worth to recommend him for promotion6 ,p4 ,s4--,it is interesting to note that only three months later this young professor had grown wiser4 ,he wrote to me again1 as follows3 ,i have been thinking that ,i might have to revise my letter to you in one point4 ,i said ,i had never encountered anything like a black-list4 ,now ,i am not so sure4 ,i had to hunt another job this year 7just why ,i am not perfectly sure71 but failed in my efforts to land anything suitable4 ,a certain proportion of the institutions to which ,i applied answered in such a way as aroused no suspicion of anything ulterior4 ,a good many did not answer at all1 or else merely returned my material4 ,i have a notion that some of them have me spotted4 ,in one case where ,i was asked to apply in person1 the case was closed in a dubious way1 etc4 ,we have one supremely successful organization for standardizing the thoughts and morals of ,america1 the ,ku ,klux ,klan4 ,the reason for its success is that its members dress themselves in night-gowns and white hoods1 and its leaders call themselves ,grand ,goblins and ,imperial ,kleagles4 ,these symbols and names of terror have proven so effective1 that ,i wonder the idea is not taken up by the secret agents and scandal-hounds of the ,national ,civic ,federation's 8,committee for ,study of ,revolutionary ,movements40 ,i offer the suggestion for what it is worth2 let them name themselves the ,helen ,ghouls1 and let ,mr4 ,cond ,b4 ,pallen be known as the ,shepard's ,watch-dog1 and ,mr4 ,ralph ,m4 ,easley as the ,shepard's ,crook6 ,i must not suggest this latter name without definite reason1 so ,i set aside the next chapter to show you by what devious devices ,mr4 ,easley does his work of destroying the reputation of educators who fail to recognize his plutocratic authority4 ,,chapter ,,lxxxiii ,,the ,,shepard',s ,,crook ,there is at ,annandale1 ,new ,york1 an ,episcopal church institution called ,st4 ,stephen's ,college1 having as its president the ,reverend ,bernard ,iddings ,bell1 who was dean of the cathedral at ,fond-du-lac1 ,wisconsin1 for five years1 and chaplain of the ,great ,lakes ,naval ,training ,station during the war4 ,president ,bell is a former ,socialist1 who resigned from the ,church ,socialist ,fellowship at the outbreak of the war1 but has not abandoned his belief that the way to confute error is to understand it and tell the truth about it1 instead of to lie about it and repress it by force4 ,immediately after the war the ,national ,civic ,federation invited ,bishop ,burch of the ,episcopal diocese of ,new ,york to send delegates to a conference on labor conditions1 and ,president ,bell was asked to become one of the delegates2 he declined1 and wrote ,bishop ,burch advising him not to send any delegates1 8since to do so would be to tie up the church officially with an organization which is suspect among most social workers of responsibility and reliability40 ,as a result of this advice1 ,bishop ,burch sent no delegates4 ,shortly afterwards word of this came to ,mr4 ,ralph ,m4 ,easley1 and he was furiously incensed against ,president ,bell4 ,he met ,president ,mac,cracken of ,vassar ,college at a dinner-party1 and 8in a most violent and unrestrained manner0 announced that he was going to 8get this man ,bell02 ,st4 ,stephen's ,college was 8full of ,bolshevism10 etc4 ,from various other people word came to ,president ,bell that ,mr4 ,easley was attacking ,st4 ,stephen's1 8in the same violent and unrestrained manner1 selecting especially those persons who were liable to make financial contributions to the college40 ,president ,bell thereupon wrote ,mr4 ,easley a very courteous letter1 explaining that he was under an entire misapprehension concerning ,st4 ,stephen's1 and inviting him to come there and make an investigation of the place1 and incidentally to explain the ,civic ,federation's work to the students4 ,mr4 ,easley replied that he could not come at once1 but would take up the matter later4 ,he never did take it up1 nor did he ever accept the invitation several times repeated by ,president ,bell during the controversy which followed4 ,what ,mr4 ,easley did was to publish in the 8,national ,civic ,federation ,review0 for ,january1 #aibj1 what ,president ,bell described as 8a vituperative article1 based on false information and illegitimate deductions40 ,these words were used by ,president ,bell in a letter to ,judge ,alton ,b4 ,parker1 president of the ,civic ,federation4 ,said ,president ,bell3 8,i do not believe that the ,civic ,federation stands by this kind of thing1 and ,i think it is high time that someone takes your publication in hand and teaches it the principles of honest journalism40 ,president ,bell went on to express his confidence in ,judge ,parker's belief in honesty and fair play2 but apparently his confidence was misplaced1 for ,judge ,parker never answered this letter1 nor any other letter on the subject of the misdeeds of ,mr4 ,easley4 ,what ,judge ,parker did was to show ,president ,bell's letter1 8with violent indignation10 to the general counsel of the ,metropolitan ,life ,insurance ,company1 in the ,metropolitan ,club of ,new ,york1 known as the 8,millionaires40 ,he was surprised to learn that this gentleman was a trustee of ,st4 ,stephen's1 and that he stood by ,president ,bell4 ,the trustee undertook to obtain from ,president ,bell a detailed statement of the falsehoods in ,mr4 ,easley's article4 ,so ,president ,bell wrote to his trustee1 pointing out a series of ten false statements and inferences in ,mr4 ,easley's attack upon the college4 ,i don't suppose the reader will wish to go into these details2 suffice it to say that the clergyman proved his case thoroughly1 and that his bill of complaint traveled by way of the trustee and ,judge ,parker to ,mr4 ,easley1 who wrote to ,president ,bell1 stating that he was turning the whole correspondence over 8to a committee composed of members of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church who are interesting themselves in the subject of the extent to which the revolutionary forces have permeated that church40 ,this committee consisted of an obscure lawyer by the name of ,townsend1 an ,episcopal clergyman by the name of ,carstensen1 and ,mr4 ,everett ,p4 ,wheeler1 a ,new ,york lawyer1 whose excuse is that he is eighty-two years of age4 ,dr4 ,carstensen was courteous enough to advise ,president ,bell that he was serving on this committee1 and asked that an anti-,bolshevist army officer should be permitted to address the students of ,st4 ,stephen's ,college--which request ,president ,bell cheerfully granted4 ,about this time happened one of the those mysterious things which may always be counted upon to happen when you are dealing with the ,helen ,ghouls and the ,shepard's ,crooks4 ,somehow or other the news of the affair gets to the capitalist press2 somehow the capitalist press comes into possession of the complete documents--of one side of the case6 ,this time it was the ,new ,york 8,world0 which learned that a committee of the ,national ,civic ,federation was preparing a report on ,bolshevism at ,st4 ,stephen's1 and the 8,world0 published this report upon its front page4 ,dr4 ,carstensen1 who in the meantime had visited ,st4 ,stephen's1 wrote to ,president ,bell that he had refused to sign the report4 ,he added that the report was about to be issued officially by the ,national ,civic ,federation2 to which ,president ,bell replied1 expressing doubt that the report would be officially issued4 ,the publication in the ,new ,york 8,world0 had raised a storm among the supporters of ,st4 ,stephen's2 and1 said ,president ,bell1 8,easley is not fond of making charges the responsibility for which he cannot easily disavow1 when he discovers that he has done something unpopular40 ,sure enough1 when one of the trustees of the ,national ,civic ,federation came out in the 8,world0 supporting ,president ,bell1 ,mr4 ,easley suddenly stepped from under6 ,he publicly denied that he had anything to do with the attack on ,st4 ,stephen's1 and declared that the committee had no connection with the ,national ,civic ,federation1 but that the members of the committee alone were responsible for what they had done6 ,imagine1 if you can1 the chagrin of poor ,mr4 ,eighty-two-year-old ,everett ,p4 ,wheeler6 ,mr4 ,wheeler wrote to ,president ,bell to explain that he had nothing to do with the publication1 that he had protested against it to the ,new ,york 8,world10 and that he considered it 8a shameful abuse by a great newspaper40 ,the purpose of the committee1 said ,mr4 ,wheeler1 had been to act toward ,president ,bell 8as ,christian brethren1 and to give you every opportunity to explain your position4 ,we are not without hope that we may convince you that you have erred40 ,so you can see what has happened2 poor ,mr4 ,wheeler blames the ,new ,york 8,world10 but his aged mind does not go back to the question of who supplied the 8,world0 with the data of which it made use4 ,who was it1 do you think8 ,was it the ,shepard's ,crook1 employing the name and reputation of an aged dotard1 once a vigorous reformer1 as a means to assail a liberal teacher and clergyman8 ,telling ,mr4 ,wheeler that he is serving on a committee of the ,national ,civic ,federation1 and that the purpose of this committee is to prepare an appeal to ,president ,bell1 in the hope of convincing him that he has erred2 and then secretly permitting this confidential material to reach the ,new ,york 8,world02 and finally when he sees that his charges have overshot the mark1 disavowing his aged tool1 and leaving him exposed to public contempt6 ,i conclude with ,president ,bell's summary of what this story shows about ,mr4 ,ralph ,m4 ,easley3 #a4 ,his willingness to attack an institution and a person because of personal bias1 and to involve the ,national ,civic ,federation in the task of pulling his personal chestnuts out of the fire4 #b4 ,the absurdity of his contention that his society has never attacked individuals4 #c4 ,his absolute lack of courtesy in correspondence4 #d4 ,his willingness to circulate sub rosa information about people whom he does not like1 and when caught at it to deny responsibility in the name of himself and of his ,federation4 #e4 ,his using of other people for his purposes1 telling them only what he wishes of the controversies in which he seeks to engage their aid4 ,this is especially plain in his refusal to tell the committee headed by ,mr4 ,wheeler that this college was welcoming investigation and that it had invited him to investigate for himself or send others to investigate4 ,if ,mr4 ,wheeler had known all this it would have thrown an entirely different emphasis upon the whole situation4 ,,chapter ,,lxxxiv ,,cities ,,of ,,refuge ,the reader will be ready by this time with the question3 are there no free colleges whatever in ,america1 no institutions of higher learning where truth is sought and respected8 ,there are a few1 and we have now to give them credit4 ,we have heard ,mrs4 ,helen ,gould ,shepard declaring at her dinner-table that 8the ,union ,theological ,seminary is the greatest menace to ,new ,york ,city today40 ,translated into commonsense1 this means that there are professors at this institution who have come to realize the futility of basing the moral standards of mankind upon a literal acceptance of fairy stories1 the product of the child-mind of the race2 also who have read the words of ,jesus about the impossibility of serving both ,god and ,mammon4 ,among these revolutionary theologians is ,harry ,f4 ,ward1 secretary of the ,social ,service ,federation of the ,methodist church4 ,dr4 ,ward was active in protest against the crimes of ,judge ,gary during the recent steel strike1 and as a result fell victim to the ,helen ,ghouls4 ,a man called upon him1 being obviously not of the idealist type1 but representing himself as a lecturer on ,bolshevism1 wishing to verify certain facts4 ,after a brief conversation ,dr4 ,ward gave the man a 8calling-down10 telling him that he was utterly ignorant of the subject with which he pretended to deal4 ,not long afterwards ,dr4 ,ward learned of a document1 issued by the ,national ,civic ,federation1 but bearing no name1 and accompanied by a request for its return after reading4 ,it was being submitted to open shop employers and propagandists1 and used as a means of money-getting3 an alleged interview with ,ward1 in which he was represented as having said that ,christianity would soon pass away1 and ,bolshevism take its place2 the full absurdity of which statement you could not realize unless you had the fortune to know this passionately earnest ,christian clergyman4 ,ward had mentioned a young ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 man named ,hecker1 as one who had first-hand knowledge of the ,seattle strike1 and this document named ,hecker1 and was used to procure his discharge4 ,it was also used to bar ,jerome ,davis from ,chautauqua platforms4 ,when a committee of the ,inter-church ,federation called upon ,judge ,gary1 they found the document on his desk1 and he quoted from it liberally4 ,also it was in the hands of ,chancellor ,buchtel of ,denver ,university when he barred ,harry ,ward from speaking4 ,so far extends the reach of the ,shepard's ,crook6 ,there are other places in the country in which the revolutionary leaven of ,jesus is working4 ,there is the ,berkeley ,divinity ,school at ,middletown1 ,connecticut1 a place of open-mindedness and fine idealism1 presided over by ,dean ,w4 ,p4 ,ladd4 ,wild rumors were spread concerning ,bolshevist activities1 and the grand duke of the trustees1 ,mr4 ,nettleton1 president of the ,new ,haven ,gas ,company1 took up the fight4 ,one of the charges was that the dean belonged to the ,church ,league for ,industrial ,democracy--among whose members are fifteen bishops of the ,episcopal church6 ,the investigating committee of the trustees decided that it was unwise for the dean and members of the faculty to belong to this organization4 ,they qualified their statement1 8in the present state of the public mind1 and from the standpoint of the citizen of the world02 to which ,dean ,ladd makes the pungent comment3 8,one would have thought that even a citizen of the world would prefer that a member of the faculty of a ,christian divinity school should regulate his conduct1 not with reference to the world and the prevailing state of the public mind1 but according to the principles of the religion which he professes40 ,also the committee laid down the rule3 8,we cannot for a moment permit any action or influence of theirs 7the faculty71 as teachers1 which would seem to develop ,socialism as a political idea40 ,and further1 the committee laid down the rule3 8,what the teachings of the ,school shall be and how they shall be taught1 and under what influences the students shall live are matters for 7the trustees71 if not entirely1 at least in co-operation with the dean and the faculty40 ,dean ,ladd issued a counter statement1 in which he frankly and completely differs from this policy1 and declares that he will not follow it4 ,he says3 ,i cannot while ,i remain dean of the ,school be a party to a policy so entirely at variance with my own judgment and conviction of what is right4 ,the ,berkeley ,divinity ,school is1 of course1 desperately in need of money4 ,and trustees and others have repeatedly said that no money will be forthcoming so long as our present policy continues4 ,i hope this is not so4 ,but if the ,school has to die in a losing fight for a policy1 one feature of which is to try to make justice and love the controlling motive in all social conditions1 ,i am quite ready to say1 with ,bishop ,brewster1 8,then let it die60 ,better so to die than to live on prosperously in an attitude of subservience and compromise4 ,the school still lives2 but you may judge the drawing-power of social idealism in ,america today by the fact that it has only fifteen students4 ,it has to exist by gifts1 because its trustees invested most of its funds in the shares of the ,new ,haven ,railroad6 ,also at ,oberlin1 ,ohio1 is an old college under religious auspices1 struggling hard to preserve the high traditions of its abolitionist founders4 ,from its beginning in #ahcc it admitted women and ,negroes1 and its internal affairs have always been controlled by its faculty4 ,appointments are made by the faculty and ratified by the trustees1 and so far the trustees have behaved themselves4 ,during the war they tried to drive out a professor on the ground that he was pro-,german1 but they were only able to get one faculty vote for the proposal1 and so were forced to drop it4 ,a professor at ,oberlin writes me that the faculty is conservative1 as in all other colleges1 and they naturally try to appoint only those who conform2 8but if a mistake is made there is never a thing said to coerce his freedom in the class or out40 ,as a consequence1 this professor has ventured to advise his classes to read 8,the ,brass ,check40 ,when the librarian declared that the library had no funds with which to subscribe to the ,new ,york 8,call10 the professor of ,hebrew advised him to take the money from the 8,old ,testament fund10 explaining quite correctly that 8the ,old ,testament is a book of prophecy40 ,also1 in ,denver is the ,iliff ,school of ,theology of the ,methodist church1 where several young professors are following the example of the dangerous ,harry ,ward4 ,when ,ward was barred from speaking by ,chancellor ,buchtel1 they brought him across the street and triumphantly listened to his message4 ,when ,i came to ,denver they welcomed me in a church1 and told me the story of their struggle against the infinite corruption enthroned in ,denver politics1 and worshipped in ,denver churches4 ,and then1 ,i must not overlook the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,college1 located at ,springfield1 ,massachusetts1 which through some freak of chance has secured a phenomenal president in ,l4 ,l4 ,doggett1 who brought his old ,oberlin professor1 ,ballantine1 to teach some truth about the ,bible1 and thus caused anguish to the orthodox4 ,the war brought ,president ,doggett to the conclusion that the world cannot be saved by prayer and ,indian clubs1 and he went abroad and got into touch with the ,london ,school of ,economics1 and other ,european progressives1 and came back and founded an 8industrial course10 in the face of bitter opposition from a solemn1 prayerful and gymnastic faculty4 ,the pious morons in the ,association are fighting him tooth and nail1 and have1 of course1 curtailed their gifts to the college4 ,president ,doggett has taken up an endowment campaign of his own1 and ,i cheerfully give him this 8boost10 though ,i fear it may do him more harm than good6 ,this part of my story would not be complete unless ,i paid tribute to the ,church ,league for ,industrial ,democracy1 and to the tireless services of ,richard ,w4 ,hogue1 an ,episcopal clergyman who was kicked out of his church and his open forum in ,baltimore1 and now travels over the country1 gathering groups of theological students and ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 workers1 and preaching to them the real gospel of the crucified proletarian4 ,he tells me that he finds increasing welcome2 he tells of several little colleges throughout the ,middle ,west1 whose faculties--and in one or two cases1 the presidents--believe in free discussion1 and have given him a hearing4 ,also1 there is one free law school in ,america--at ,harvard4 ,we have seen ,dean ,pound and ,professors ,frankfurter1 ,sayre and ,chafee taking a bold stand for freedom of speech4 ,these men fearlessly teach the evolution of law1 and suggest to their students the possibility of improvement in ,american institutions4 ,thus1 from the last report of ,dean ,pound ,i quote a few scattered sentences1 just to give you an idea of the tone3 ,a clear body of law has grown up already as the result of the experience of a generation in the ,interstate ,commerce ,commission1 a body of law is forming under our eyes through the administration of workmen's compensation acts by industrial commissions1 and the exigencies of general peace and good order1 if nothing else1 must lead before long to a new body of law governing industrial disputes4444 ,collective bargaining is likely to compel us to think over again the whole subject of juristic personality in ,anglo-,american law4 ,criminal law and procedure call for the best efforts of thoroughly trained common-law lawyers acquainted with the social science of today4444 ,for much that we have had to study and to teach in the immediate past is already yielding in importance to these new elements in the legal system4 ,much of our nineteenth-century law will presently be as obsolete as the learning of real actions and of the feudal law of estates in land which held so large a place in the curriculum of the ,law ,school a century ago1 or the elaborate and involved procedural law which was so important fifty years later1 or the pedantic law of bailments which has given way to a modern doctrine of the obligations of public service4 ,needless to say1 such utterances as this1 from such a source1 are the cause of continually increasing distress to the legal retainers of our plutocracy6 ,also1 there is a ,new ,england college of considerable reputation1 whose president has taken a firm stand for open-mindedness1 and that is ,amherst4 ,president ,meikeljohn was one of the live men who got out of ,brown when it began to die4 ,he is now trying to make one small college in which young men are taught to think1 instead of just to believe in dogmas4 ,he is in the midst of a fight with reactionary trustees2 in #aibj they asked for his resignation1 but he consulted a lawyer and told them they had no authority in the premises4 ,he is still in office1 for how long ,i do not know4 ,also1 there is ,swarthmore1 in ,pennsylvania1 in which some professors are making a brave struggle4 ,this is an old co-educational institution established by the ,quakers1 a sect which had more than its share of persecution1 and took pains to provide for freedom of opinion4 ,but now the ,quakers have become rich1 and there is a new kind of persecution in the world1 and shall they permit freedom of opinion about special privilege8 ,that ,swarthmore has not been entirely liberal1 you may judge from the fact that its most conspicuous graduates are ,governor ,sproul of ,pennsylvania1 who smashed the steel strike with his ,cossacks1 and ,attorney-,general ,palmer1 who killed and buried the constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,the thousands of alleged radicals and helpless foreigners who had their heads cracked by ,mr4 ,palmer's thugs will appreciate the gay humor of the fact that this gentleman is a devout and active ,quaker6 ,governor ,sproul gave to ,swarthmore an astronomical observatory2 the stars are a long way off1 and the governor is not afraid of anything that might be discovered there4 ,but ,professor ,robert ,c4 ,brooks of ,swarthmore put his sociological telescope upon ,delaware ,county1 in which the college is located1 and drew a diagram of the 8jury wheel system10 whereby the big political crooks managed to keep themselves out of jail4 ,certain men of wealth came to the president of ,swarthmore1 saying3 8,here we have given five millions1 and we can't do it with a man like ,brooks running round and stirring up trouble02 so the president had a 8frank talk0 with ,professor ,brooks4 ,nevertheless1 some professors are holding on both to their convictions and their jobs1 and so the place is regarded as a 8hot-bed40 ,there is a professor of philosophy1 who is using modern literature as a door to ,plato1 and tells the students to read 8,man and ,superman0 and 8,the ,spoon ,river ,anthology40 ,he got from this experiment a lively response2 some of the boys and girls were shocked1 but they asked questions1 and presently began to think for themselves1 and discovered that thinking is a thrilling experience4 ,i am told that the librarian of the college stays shocked4 ,never before had he heard of students in college being taught from a book like 8,the ,spoon ,river ,anthology40 ,there is also one state institution which deserves mention--the ,university of ,north ,carolina1 sometimes called the 8,wisconsin of the ,south40 ,richard ,hogue tells me that he was permitted to explain the meaning of industrial democracy to the students of this institution4 ,i wrote one of the professors and received from him a letter1 assuring me that here was a place1 having some twenty-five hundred students1 which was both free and democratic4 ,i thought ,i would test the matter a little1 so ,i asked him whether a professor who was an avowed ,socialist would be tolerated1 and whether the modern ,socialist movement was adequately explained to the students4 ,my correspondent replied that he himself was a 8,christian ,socialist10 but that he did not mean 8as ,bouck ,white sees it1 or even as ,ward sees it40 ,he adds3 8,my experience is that the destructive radical is a chap with a screw loose somewhere--with a twist in his intelligence or with an excess of inflammable emotion4 ,oftimes he has intellect and courage1 but is emotionally unbalanced1 like ,scott ,nearing1 for instance4 ,or he is intelligent and deliberately destructive like ,foster40 ,in comment on the above ,i will merely state my own opinion2 first1 that ,scott ,nearing is the ablest economist in the ,united ,states today2 and second1 that ,william ,z4 ,foster is a very constructive force in the ,american labor movement4 ,i have letters from several other professors1 who are sure that their institutions are free1 and ,i tested them also with these questions4 ,you will be amused to know that one of them was a professor at the ,university of ,pennsylvania6 ,he stated that professors known to be ,socialists would be permitted to teach 8as scientific scholars4 ,i suppose if they devoted their time to propaganda they would properly be eliminated40 ,of course no mention is made of the many professors at the ,university of ,pennsylvania who devote their time to capitalist propaganda--such as for example1 ,meade1 ,conway1 ,hess1 ,johnson and ,huebner4 ,some of the professors who seceded from ,columbia ,university1 including ,james ,harvey ,robinson1 ,charles ,a4 ,beard and ,thorstein ,veblen1 organized a free institution known as the ,new ,school for ,social ,research2 it was to cater to students who really wished to study1 and to dispense with all the flummeries1 including examinations and degrees4 ,the enterprise has not proved a financial success1 for a peculiar reason4 ,the capitalist system does not permit people to study for the luxury of possessing knowledge2 the purpose of study is to earn a living1 and to that end you have to have a certificate that you have studied4 ,in other words1 you must go to an institution which fits as a cog in the educational machine4 ,the ,new ,school for ,social ,research has on its teaching staff half a dozen of the best minds in ,america1 and its purpose is really to teach people to think2 therefore ,i give it a free 8boost10 and advise you that its address is #dfe ,west #bcrd ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,there was another free college in ,america2 it didn't last long1 but ,i mention it because it was a gallant effort1 and offers a model for the future4 ,it was known as ,wire ,city ,college1 and had a beautiful location in a big house high up on the banks of the ,missouri ,river at ,leavenworth1 ,kansas4 ,its professors1 and likewise its students1 were military prisoners of the ,united ,states government1 and they proceeded to organize themselves1 forming a really free college1 governed by its students and faculty4 ,all the teachers were elected by the students1 and ran the class until they were deposed2 all the papers were voluntary1 there were no examinations1 and--most vital this difference from other colleges--all the students studied4 ,there was a secret library of three hundred radical books1 in addition to the prison library of seven thousand respectable books4 ,the library reading room was the lavatory4 ,there were lectures every evening from seven to eight2 on ,monday ,english was taught by ,h4 ,austin ,simons1 a former reporter for the ,hearst newspapers2 on ,tuesday logic was taught by ,carl ,haessler1 now managing editor of the ,federated ,press2 on ,wednesday economics was taught by ,carlton ,rodolf1 secretary of the ,marx ,institute of ,new ,york4 7,his students decided that he was too technical1 so they fired him47 ,there was also ,clark ,getts1 later connected with the ,federated ,press4 ,on ,thursday biology was taught by ,george ,schmieder1 former high school teacher and graduate of the ,university of ,pennsylvania2 on ,friday philosophy was taught by ,haessler2 and on ,saturday there were discussions4 ,the college published a paper1 the 8,wire ,city ,weekly10 also a bulletin1 clandestinely made on prison typewriters2 the time-schedules were printed by a conscientious objector in the prison printery4 ,the institution was conducted for several months1 until finally the authorities found out about it1 and almost the entire faculty was kidnapped and carried off to ,alcatraz ,island1 and almost the entire student body to ,fort ,douglas1 ,utah4 ,so far as ,i know1 this is the only college in ,america which has thus been dealt with2 but no doubt the interlocking directorate has made note of the plan1 and if free colleges should continue to spring up1 we shall get used to the wholesale disappearance of college faculties and students4 ,,chapter ,,lxxxv ,,the ,,academic ,,rabbits ,there are1 of course1 a large number of individual professors in institutions of higher learning who take their stand for what they believe to be the truth1 and risk their jobs and chances of promotion4 ,i have mentioned the existence of eight 8renommir professoren40 ,at ,wellesley is ,vida ,scudder1 who 8gets by0 because she is a devout ,episcopalian2 also ,professor ,ellen ,hayes1 who 8gets by0 because she is old1 and because she teaches astronomy4 ,these reasons are not my guesses1 but were the statements of the president of the college1 when she was asked at a women's club in ,denver why she kept a notorious ,socialist and labor agitator on her faculty4 ,professor ,hayes got this reputation by running for office on the ,socialist party ticket2 ,i visited her on my trip1 and heard some funny stories4 ,here is one of the sweetest and most lovable old ladies you ever met1 who is not mealy-mouthed about her belief in the right and destiny of the workers to control the world's industry for their own benefit4 ,she deliberately lives in a working-class neighborhood--with rather comical results4 ,her neighbors are in awe of her1 because she is a college professor1 and a little afraid of her1 because of her bad reputation2 the one way she might get to know them1 through the church1 is not available1 because ,professor ,hayes is a scientist4 ,on the other side of the continent is ,guido ,marx of ,stanford1 who shamelessly avows his sympathy with the co-operative movement1 and likewise with faculty control of universities4 ,professor ,marx1 it is amusing to notice1 teaches mechanical engineering1 a subject almost as safe as the stars4 ,if there is a single professor in the ,united ,states who teaches political economy and admits himself a ,socialist1 that professor is a needle which ,i have been unable to find in our academic hay-stack4 ,of course there are many radicals who conceal their views1 and judiciously try to open the minds of their students without putting any label upon themselves4 ,i have told in 8,the ,profits of ,religion0 about ,jowett at ,oxford1 who got by with the ,apostles' ,creed whenever he had to recite it in public1 by inserting the words 8used to0 between the words 8,i believe10 saying the inserted words under his breath1 thus3 8,i used to believe in the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost40 ,i encountered several college professors who have equally ingenious devices for salving their consciences in their unhappy situation4 ,i might terrify the plutocratic world by stating that ,i know two presidents of small colleges in the ,united ,states1 who in their own homes and among their trusted friends are real 8reds40 ,one of them1 a young man recently appointed1 was asked by his assembled trustees3 8,what are your views on property questions80 ,he answered1 with an easy smile3 8,i fear ,i am far too conservative for a man of thirty-seven0--and he got by with that6 ,the other one is head of a woman's college1 and was asked by her trustees3 8,are you a ,socialist80 ,she said to me3 8,i could answer no with a perfectly good conscience1 for ,i had just made up my mind that ,i am a convert to the ,soviet form of political and industrial organization60 ,of course1 it is perfectly possible to teach modern ideas without the labels1 and to open the minds of your students by seeing that they hear both sides of every case4 ,if you avoid the extremely crucial questions1 such as the ,i4 ,w4 ,w4 and ,russia1 you can get by with this in the majority of institutions1 especially if you eschew outside activities and never get into the newspapers4 ,many professors are doing this1 others have tried and slipped up1 and have sacrificed promotion and security4 ,many professors are rovers in the academic world1 staying in one place for two or three years1 and when they are not able to stand it any more1 moving on4 ,there is an infinite variety of degrees and shadings in such cases2 conditions differ with institutions1 and with subjects taught1 and with individual teachers4 ,some 8get away0 with what others dare not attempt4 ,some spoil their chances by bad manners or bad judgment2 and1 of course1 many others are accused of doing this4 ,you will seldom find a fight over a question of academic freedom where there are not other factors present or alleged1 personal weaknesses or eccentricities4 ,it is always easy to find defects in the characters and temperaments of persons whose ideas are offensive to us4 ,likewise1 of course1 it is easy to find excuses for seeking the safest way1 and holding on to our jobs4 ,the psychoanalysts have a useful word for mental processes of this sort--they are 8rationalizations02 and the masters of our educational system have provided an elaborate set of 8rationalizations0 for college professors who wish to avoid the painful duty of being heroes4 ,they will be loyal to the institution and to their colleagues4 ,they will be scholars and not propagandists4 ,they will be judicious1 instead of being 8emotionally unbalanced1 like ,scott ,nearing40 ,they will argue that their specialty is one of unusual importance1 and they are privileged beings1 set apart to work at that4 ,or they will plead that social evolution takes a long time1 and that every man's first duty is to look out for his wife and children4 ,these1 too1 are phrases which ,i heard over and over again1 and they reveal the psychology of the academic rabbits4 ,you will perhaps be interested to meet one of these rabbits1 so here is part of a letter written by a professor in a large college in ,new ,york ,city3 ,i do not believe that there is a single group of 8special privilege40 ,the human race is made up of people who are looking after their own interests first--some with energy and ability1 some with weakness and folly1 but not with less singleness of purpose4 ,all such groups1 in so far as they have ability enough1 want to control education and all other group activities in their interest4 ,this is perfectly natural4444 ,of course the big book corporations work for the promotion of their friends just as you and ,i do4 ,if they put bad people into the schools and colleges it is the fault of the employing agencies4 ,before ,i conclude this chapter ,i ought to mention one hopeful incident which happened at ,lafayette ,college1 a religious institution located at ,easton1 ,pennsylvania4 ,the president of this institution1 ,mac,cracken1 is a product of the ,university of ,jabbergrab2 he was professor of politics there for twelve years1 and has five honorary degrees4 ,he has as the grand duke of his trustees the president of the ,hazleton ,national ,bank and the ,hazleton ,iron ,works2 and as first assistant he has ,mr4 ,fred ,morgan ,kirby1 president of the ,woolworth stores1 also of a bank and a railroad2 a high-up interlocking director in railroads1 lumber1 insurance1 gas and electricity4 ,mr4 ,kirby decided that he did not like modern ideas1 so he gave a hundred thousand dollars to ,lafayette1 to furnish a salary of seven thousand a year for the teaching of 8civil rights02 very carefully laying down his definition--8those absolute rights of persons1 such as 444 the right to acquire and enjoy property as regulated and protected by law40 ,also he declared his purpose3 ,that the fallacies of ,socialism and kindred theories and practises which tend to hamper and discourage and throttle individual effort1 and individual energy1 may be exposed and avoided 444 with a firm belief that the protection of the civil rights of individuals has contributed greatly to the advancement of the nation and that the encroachments1 and threatened encroachments on these rights will imperil the country1 and destroy the prosperity and happiness of our people1 ,i1 ,fred ,morgan ,kirby1 give to ,lafayette ,college1 etc4 ,these are high-sounding legal phrases1 and we shall understand the situation better if we put them into plain business ,english1 as follows3 ,i1 ,fred ,morgan ,kirby1 having become owner of a chain of hundreds of stores throughout the ,united ,states1 and wishing to have my descendants own these stores forever1 seek to provide that the wage-slaves who work in these stores shall never organize1 but shall come to be hired as individuals under the competitive-wage system4 ,to this end ,i wish to hire a man to teach in a college that any proposition to have the ,woolworth stores owned by the public1 or democratically run by the people who work in the stores1 will imperil the country and destroy the prosperity and happiness of ,america4 ,mr4 ,kirby thought that seven thousand a year ought to buy a real high-up professor of political science1 and his college president invited a young professor of a leading university1 who asks me to omit his name in telling the story4 ,this professor boldly asked for an opportunity to discuss the question with ,mr4 ,kirby himself1 so they sat down to luncheon1 the grand duke and his university president and this young supposed-to-be rabbit4 ,the supposed-to-be rabbit suggested that it might not be quite fair to lay down to a man of science exactly what he should teach forever after2 which surprised ,mr4 ,kirby1 and rather hurt his feelings4 ,he said that when he hired a salesman1 he told him what to say and how to say it4 ,mr4 ,kirby is a nice1 amiable old business gentleman1 and he asked1 plaintively3 8,why can't ,i employ a college professor to sell my opinions80 ,the professor1 who is a lawyer1 said that he should be very glad to become ,mr4 ,kirby's attorney if invited4 ,he would give up teaching work and advocate ,mr4 ,kirby's ideas--only the fee which ,mr4 ,kirby offered was insufficient for a lawyer1 and he would regard that merely as a retaining fee4 ,then the professor turned to ,president ,mac,cracken1 asking him if he did not think that possibly the terms of the bequest might have a tendency to control the opinions of the professor who accepted the chair4 ,president ,mac,cracken answered naively that he had never thought of that4 ,such a dear1 innocent college president--he had given an honorary degree to ,a4 ,mitchell ,palmer only a year before this6 ,the deal with this professor did not go through1 and--here is the significant part of the story--,president ,mac,cracken asked one university after another to recommend a man for that chair1 and not one would do it2 not one economist of standing could be found who would accept seven thousand dollars a year to become the salesman of ,mr4 ,kirby's ideas6 ,in the end they had to take an obscure lawyer from ,washington1 whom no one had ever heard of before1 or has ever heard of since4 ,that is encouraging--except for the poor students at ,lafayette1 who are innocently swallowing ,mr4 ,kirby's poison6 ,,chapter ,,lxxxvi ,,workers' ,,education ,we come now to one of the most important aspects of ,american education1 the movement of the workers to take charge of their own minds4 ,we have surveyed the field1 and seen that our great universities and small colleges1 with negligibly few exceptions1 represent education of the people by the plutocracy for the plutocracy4 ,as the class struggle intensifies1 it naturally occurs to the exploited classes to have an educational system of their own1 to be run by them for their own benefit4 ,this is the movement known as ,workers' ,education4 ,i have been protesting in this book against class control of thinking4 ,so the average ,american reader will be moved to say3 8,you object to capitalist class education1 but now you are going to favor working class education60 ,there are a few words to be said on this subject before we enter the workers' colleges4 ,let us assume for a moment that1 human nature being what it is1 and the forces of capitalism being what they are1 we have to have some kind of class control of education4 ,which would be preferable1 capitalist class education or working class education8 ,the first point in reply is that the workers outnumber the capitalists in our society by a hundred to one2 education for the benefit of the workers would be1 therefore1 education for the benefit of a hundred times as many people4 ,the next point is that the workers extend to all capitalists a cordial invitation to become workers2 whereas the capitalists extend no such invitation to the workers4 ,they may1 of course1 do it in ,fourth of ,july speeches and political campaign platforms1 but in everyday life they do everything possible to keep the workers from becoming capitalists1 and compel them to remain workers4 ,if the capitalists were to accept the invitation of the workers and become workers1 we should have classes abolished in our society1 and our workers' education would be education for the benefit of all4 ,for this reason the program of the workers is generous and free1 whereas that of the capitalists is selfish and repressive4 ,the worker is able to face the truth1 while the capitalist dares not face it4 ,the worker has everything to gain by the truth1 while the capitalist has everything to lose4 ,so it happens that if you compare workers' colleges with capitalist colleges1 you invariably find this difference3 the workers' college believes in free discussion1 and will hear anybody argue about any question2 whereas the capitalist college fears free discussion1 and invents a hundred pretexts to keep the other side from being heard4 ,i have shown you everywhere throughout the country representatives of the working class being denied an opportunity to present their point of view to the students in capitalist colleges4 ,i have never heard of a capitalist being denied an opportunity to explain his point of view to the students of workers' colleges2 on the contrary1 ,i have known of many cases of capitalists1 or representatives of capitalism1 being invited to debate1 and finding some excuse to decline the invitation4 ,in the above discussion ,i am using the word 8workers0 in the intelligent1 revolutionary sense4 ,i do not mean the men who dig ditches or who run machines2 ,i mean workers of hand or brain1 all those men and women who do the useful and necessary work of the world1 whether it be digging ditches or surveying them1 tending machines or inventing them1 sweeping out the buildings of a college1 or teaching in its class-rooms1 or determining its policies4 ,i am using the term workers in contradistinction to the owners1 those who live by monopolizing the means whereby other men live1 and exacting from the others a tribute for the right to work4 ,also1 ,i should explain that when ,i speak of labor1 ,i do not mean the old-style labor unions which hold the field today4 ,i perfectly well understand that they are products of capitalism1 animated by the greeds and jealousies of the profit system4 ,little by little1 however1 these labor unions are forced to widen their boundaries1 to combine and take in larger groups of the workers2 and at the same time they broaden their ideals1 and approach the revolutionary point of view1 which understands by social justice the right of all workers to access to the sources of wealth1 and understands by freedom the right of all men to agitate1 educate and organize for a society in which no man exploits his fellows4 ,in college after college we have seen the brains of the working class stolen away from them2 we have seen young men and women who come from the working class1 and who should fight for their class and save it1 being seduced by the dress-suit bribe1 the flummeries and snobberies of academic life1 and becoming traitors to their class1 betrayers and even murderers of their class4 ,so come the organized workers to save their own2 to teach their sons and daughters1 first1 class loyalty1 and through that1 loyalty to truth and social justice4 ,such is the meaning of ,workers' ,education4 ,we have seen the capitalist college reveal its true colors on many occasions2 but never does it reveal it more plainly than when the workers proceed to organize their own educational system4 ,i have shown you ,professor ,egbert1 ,director of ,university ,extension and ,director of the ,school of ,business of ,columbia ,university1 displaying himself to the extent of three columns in the ,new ,york 8,times10 announcing that 8workers' education has virtually broken down in ,america40 ,but the interlocking professors do not content themselves with lying about labor education in the capitalist press2 they and their masters intrigue against it1 they boycott it1 they turn loose their slander factories1 their ,helen ,ghouls and 8hundred percent0 mobs against it4 ,we have seen the typewriters and the teachers of the ,rand ,school of ,social ,science being thrown down the stairs4 ,we shall see professors of capitalist colleges being1 figuratively speaking1 thrown down the stairs for venturing to help in labor education4 ,let us take1 for example1 the experience of the ,workers' ,college of ,minneapolis1 narrated in an affidavit by ,e4 ,h4 ,h4 ,holman1 chairman of the education committee of some of the labor unions4 ,the ,workers' ,college of ,minneapolis laid down a very moderate program3 ,it is hereby proposed to organize an educational program for the workers of ,minneapolis1 under their own control1 through which such educational work will be undertaken as will better fit them to serve society through a wider comprehension of social problems1 through an understanding of the technique of industrial production1 and through a better knowledge of the labor problem in general1 thus to be in position to act effectively in the solution of pressing problems that grip the world today4 ,not such a bad statement1 you may concede4 ,this statement was adopted in ,december1 #aibj1 and classes were organized1 among them a class in public speaking4 ,professor ,t4 ,p4 ,beyer of ,hamline ,university was asked to take charge of this class1 and he did so4 ,there were protests in the newspapers of the ,twin ,cities1 and several of the interlocking regents of ,hamline gave newspaper interviews registering their indignation4 ,it had been stated in the contract with ,professor ,beyer that he was not expected 8to advocate any theories or further any propaganda40 ,nevertheless1 the grand dukes of ,hamline spoke1 and ,professor ,beyer withdrew4 ,shortly afterwards ,mr4 ,holman happened to meet ,president ,kerfoot of ,hamline ,university1 a ,methodist clergyman holding three honorary degrees2 and this gentleman said that 8it would never do0 to have one of his professors linked up with radicals4 8,those who contribute the money to support ,hamline would never stand for it40 ,again in ,topeka1 ,kansas1 the labor men were conducting an open forum1 and considering the project for a labor college4 ,some of the professors from ,washburn ,college took to attending this forum1 and meeting these labor leaders4 ,the interlocking newspapers made a scandal out of it1 the intrigue being conducted by the secretary of the ,merchants and ,manufacturers' ,association1 who was maintaining a black-list against union men4 ,one of the professors at ,washburn ,college received a threatening letter2 it was supposed to have come from the labor group1 but manifestly it came from this 8,m ,m0 agent1 or some of his spies4 ,anyway1 the ,washburn ,college professors were compelled to cease attending the open forum4 ,in ,denver the president of the newly organized labor college applied for the use of some of the high school buildings1 in the evening4 ,the request was turned down1 on the ground that the college was too radical2 if the authorities allowed working-class people to meet in the schools1 they must also allow the capitalists to meet4 ,in ,denver1 you see1 they have never opened the schools for free discussion1 or for teaching the people anything except what the politicians approve4 ,in this case the school authorities said that they would allow the use of the rooms1 provided they were allowed to appoint the instructors6 ,johns ,hopkins ,university moved out to its magnificent new site at ,homewood1 which it had obtained by the selling of its soul4 ,the old buildings were left in ,baltimore1 and the ,reverend ,richard ,hogue1 secretary of the ,church ,league for ,industrial ,democracy1 applied for the use of one of the buildings4 ,they had actually begun meeting1 under the direction of one of the professors1 but the university put them out by order of the trustees4 ,the 8hundred percenters0 who superintend education in ,baltimore call themselves the ,george ,washington ,society1 and they bitterly attacked one ,johns ,hopkins professor for taking part in a labor college1 and demanded that he be forced out of ,johns ,hopkins4 ,you may be interested to know how it comes about that a young professor in one of our most prosperous and important universities happened to be espousing the cause of self-education by the workers4 ,this young professor at the outbreak of the war was a reporter for the ,richmond 8,news-,leader10 and a strike was threatened in the ,richmond plant of the ,american ,locomotive ,company4 ,the basis of the strike was the refusal of the company officials to comply with the regulations of the ,war ,labor ,board2 and the young reporter wrote the facts1 and his newspaper published them1 to the great indignation of the interlocking directorate4 ,in the midst of the controversy a stranger turned up--we will call him ,brown--producing credentials from the ,new ,york 8,world40 ,he pretended to be sympathetic to the union men1 and diligently sought information concerning them4 ,the 8,news-,leader0 became suspicious1 and telegraphed to the ,new ,york 8,world10 and the answer came1 8,brown is all right40 ,so ,brown continued his operations for a few days longer4 ,he suggested to the young reporter a wonderful plan to get the facts about what the company was doing2 he and the reporter were to bribe the book-keeper1 and break into the company offices at night6 ,such temptations arise now and then in the lives of newspapermen1 and if it is information against labor unions you are seeking1 you may employ such methods4 ,but this reporter knew that you cannot commit burglaries against big business1 and his paper investigated further1 and discovered that ,brown was a secret agent of the ,american ,locomotive ,company1 operating under the protection of the ,new ,york 8,world06 ,the young professor suggested that this story would fit in 8,the ,brass ,check02 but it seems to me that it does very well in this place--showing how a college professor who leaves the shelter of the cloister is forced to revise his formulas concerning large scale capitalist industry6 ,,chapter ,,lxxxvii ,,the ,,spider ,,and ,,the ,,fly ,we have noted ,professor ,egbert of the ,university of ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan ,company1 advising the workers to avail themselves of the existing college system--in other words1 to let the capitalists do their educating for them4 8,won't you walk into my parlor8 said the spider to the fly40 ,just what labor education turns into when it is superintended by the existing educational authorities was amusingly demonstrated at ,bryn ,mawr1 a very aristocratic college for women located near ,philadelphia1 and having the president of an insurance company for its treasurer1 and for its grand duke the president of a steel company and a trust company1 vice-president of a national bank and director of a sugar company4 ,we have seen ,president ,thomas of ,bryn ,mawr branded in the ,denver 8,post0 as a dangerous radical1 and we now discover the basis of the charge2 she started a movement to educate working girls6 ,the idea was that the brightest and most promising members of labor unions should come to ,bryn ,mawr in the summer and be taught by professors from various colleges4 ,this1 of course1 was a step in the right direction1 and ,i have no desire to belittle it2 though ,i should have liked to see the further provision that at the same time the young ladies of ,bryn ,mawr should take the places of the working girls in the factories4 ,i have no doubt whatever that this experiment was well meant2 but in its working out it revealed the impossibility of honesty under our present class system4 ,in raising money it was set forth that the purpose of the plan was to bring the working girls into touch with the cultured classes and break down the spirit of class consciousness4 ,then1 after the money was got1 it was necessary to get the girls2 and so the unions were told that the purpose of the plan was to make the girls into more efficient and capable leaders of unions4 ,bryn ,mawr has received a heavy endowment from ,john ,d4 ,rockefeller2 a hall is named for him1 and also a gateway4 ,the organizers of the summer school were getting up a prospectus telling of the plan1 and they put on the cover a photograph1 with the name 8,rockefeller ,gateway40 ,but at the last moment it occurred to someone that this might not look well to the unions1 so the label 8,rockefeller0 was left off1 and the photograph went out with the caption1 8,a ,gateway40 ,i met three different professors who were invited to come to ,bryn ,mawr and teach at this summer session2 one of them1 ,professor ,h4 ,w4 ,l4 ,dana1 whom we saw turned out of ,columbia ,university as a scapegoat for the pacifism of ,nicholas ,miraculous4 ,professor ,dana had an interview with ,president ,thomas1 in which the terms of the engagement were laid down to him4 ,there were to be no social relationships with the working girls1 no tennis dates1 no activities outside the classes4 ,his subject was to be literature1 and he was to avoid dangerous writers1 such as ,morris1 ,whitman and ,ruskin2 he was to teach literature as art1 and not as part of the labor movement4 ,on the train going home1 ,professor ,dana decided that his academic dignity had been infringed upon2 therefore he sent a telegram to ,president ,thomas1 saying that he was unable to agree to the terms4 ,he sent a copy of this telegram to ,rose ,schneiderman1 one of the working class leaders1 who had been charged with selecting the girls3 the effect of which procedure was instant collapse on the part of ,president ,thomas4 ,she wrote saying that ,professor ,dana had entirely misunderstood her1 she had not intended anything of the sort4 ,dana had asked that there should be student representation on the board controlling the experiment1 and ,president ,thomas now said that she had had that idea in mind all along4 ,so they provided a system of student representation1 with an open vote1 and the balance of power in the hands of ,bryn ,mawr graduates1 who were helping at the summer school with the title of 8tutors40 ,a harmless working girl1 not a trades unionist1 was selected as representative of the girls4 ,the union girls1 of course1 understood perfectly what was being done to them2 they would smile to ,professor ,dana and say3 8,you must remember1 they aren't used to democracy4 ,you must be gentle with them4 ,you see1 they haven't suffered40 7,stop and think about that beautiful phrase674 ,the 8tutors0 would gossip among themselves1 telling about funny mistakes which the working girls had made1 such as not knowing to what century ,shakespeare belonged4 ,they would correct the table manners of the girls--and without ever thinking that the girls also had secret laughter over the mistakes of the 8tutors40 ,thus1 some tutor had asked3 8,what do the letters ,a4 ,f4 of ,l4 stand for80--which seemed to the working girls quite as important a matter as the date of ,shakespeare's birth4 ,one of the tutors asked3 8,is the ,international ,ladies' ,garment ,workers' ,union the same as the ,third ,international80--and that seemed the funniest thing in the world to these union girls4 ,more serious matters arose quickly2 for you see1 these girls have convictions1 and take them just as seriously as ,bryn ,mawr girls take their table manners4 ,the first thing they did was to go to the chambermaids and discover that these women there were working twelve and fourteen hours a day4 ,they proceeded to organize the women1 and the college authorities were confronted with a demand for an eight-hour day--which they granted6 ,they granted a number of other things before they got through4 ,teaching economics and social science to union girls was quite a different matter from teaching it to the daughters of the leisure class4 ,in the winter time ,bryn ,mawr professors can get by with formulas1 but in these summer months they had to come down to brass tacks2 for to these girls an economic theory meant some particular place1 some particular set of circumstances3 8,when ,i was in such and such a shop10 or1 8,when ,i was on strike in ,new ,york60 ,this made an entirely new thing out of the subject of economics4 ,also1 it made a new thing out of literature4 ,professor ,dana was selected to read poetry to the girls at chapel1 and poetry1 as we know1 is an important source of culture4 ,dana read one or two poems on ,russia1 at which the dean in charge seemed shocked4 ,she asked him to read poems at least a hundred years old4 ,dana thought it over1 and answered that he would do so1 and next morning he read in chapel two poems which were exactly a hundred years old--,shelley's 8,mask of ,anarchy10 and his ,men of ,england1 wherefore plow ,for the lords who lay ye low8 ,this ,bryn ,mawr experiment was repeated last summer1 with much hurrah in the newspapers2 but needless to say1 ,harry ,dana was not one of the teachers1 and neither was a woman professor who proved too sympathetic to the working girls4 ,also a ,bryn ,mawr teacher1 who 8got the vision0 from the girls1 and prepared to teach some of them in the winter time1 was omitted this year4 ,nevertheless1 the leaven works1 and two of the 8tutors10 ,bryn ,mawr students1 were arrested during the summer school term while picketing a clothing shop in ,philadelphia1 during a strike by the ,amalgamated ,clothing ,workers4 ,once let the rich girls realize what the poor girls suffer1 and some of the rich girls will protest6 ,i had a pleasant experience in ,cambridge4 ,i was guest in a home which is the shrine of pilgrims from all over the ,united ,states--that of ,new ,england's favorite poet and ,cambridge's most eminent citizen1 ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow4 ,here lives the poet's grandson1 who is also a grandson of ,richard ,henry ,dana1 a born teacher1 and incidentally a warm-hearted and most lovable man4 ,nicholas ,murray ,butler has not invited him back to ,columbia2 nor has it occurred to ,president ,lowell to invite him to step around the corner from his home and lecture on the literature of social protest to ,harvard students4 ,nevertheless1 ,harry ,dana has found some teaching to do2 he travels over to the ,boston ,labor ,college1 and teaches workingmen4 ,one ,sunday morning ,i attended a committee meeting of this institution--several college professors and several labor leaders1 conspiring in the home of the poet ,longfellow to overturn academic authority in the ,united ,states6 ,then ,i traveled across the continent to my home in ,pasadena1 and found that ,professor ,john ,scott had been kicked out of the ,pasadena ,high ,school in the interests of one hundred percent reaction1 and with the help of progressive labor leaders had started a workers' college in ,los ,angeles4 ,so it goes1 in one city after another2 any time a group of labor men want to save the brains of their young people1 they can find a kicked-out professor2 and any time a kicked-out professor is willing to cultivate his self-respect on a little oatmeal1 he can manage to get together a group of class-conscious labor men1 and can greatly increase his influence and effectiveness4 ,when ,dana was fired from ,columbia1 he lectured to classes of six and eight hundred people at the ,rand ,school2 while ,scott ,nearing assures me that continuously during the eight years since he parted from the ,university of ,pennsylvania1 he has had not merely larger audiences1 but more serious and more interesting audiences4 ,,chapter ,,lxxxviii ,,the ,,workers' ,,colleges ,i begin this chapter by telling you about a very pleasant enterprise1 the resident college which has just been started by the labor education movement1 the ,brookwood ,school at ,katonah1 ,new ,york4 ,brookwood is a co-educational college1 with a two years' course and a year of post-graduate work4 ,its aims are set forth as follows3 ,brookwood aims to train economists1 statisticians1 journalists1 writers and teachers1 organizers1 workers and speakers1 for the labor and farmer movements in order that these movements may have people coming from their own ranks1 with their own point of view1 who are fully capable by training and knowledge of exercising a genuine statesmanship4 ,brookwood was organized by ,toscan ,bennett1 a reformed corporation lawyer1 and his wife1 a reformed suffragette4 ,they purchased a farm1 with a beautiful old colonial building1 and this summer1 while ,i am writing a book1 they are working on new dormitories--and ,i wish ,i might be there6 ,if you want to find in this ugly and greedy world a place where the true spirit of comradeship prevails1 where men and women1 middle-aged and young1 consecrate themselves with fervor1 and also with fun1 to the service of freedom and social justice1 take my advice and pay a visit to ,brookwood4 ,the clothing workers' unions in ,new ,york and the coal miners in ,pennsylvania furnish most of the pupils1 and pay a part of their expenses4 ,they are taught by the customary outfit of kicked-out college professors and school teachers4 ,there is ,josephine ,colby1 who organized the teachers of ,fresno1 ,california1 and was separated from her position by a superintendent who stated in the newspapers that he didn't believe in using arguments in dealing with union school teachers1 the thing to use was a baseball bat4 ,also there is ,david ,saposs1 who was in a student revolt at the ,university of ,wisconsin1 when the working students organized and got the business manager of the university fired2 as a result1 ,saposs was told that it would do him no good to get a degree1 as he would not be recommended for a teaching position6 ,also there is ,a4 ,j4 ,muste1 a reformed ,quaker clergyman1 who has received a quite unique training for his career as labor educator4 ,i first heard of him as a theological student1 through a little mimeographed circular1 8,towards a ,new ,preaching ,order40 ,he and a group of three or four young men proposed to go out into the world in the old apostolic fashion1 without scrip or purse1 and bring capitalism to its knees by moral fervor4 ,it was a most eloquent piece of writing1 and ,i marked this young clergyman for a career4 ,next ,i heard of him in the ,lawrence textile strike of #aiai2 his 8preaching order0 was trying its eloquence upon the president of the ,woolen ,trust1 who came within an ace of going to prison1 upon the charge of having had dynamite planted in the homes of non-union workers1 as a means of discrediting the strikers4 ,mr4 ,wood did not yield to young ,muste's apostolic fervor2 on the contrary1 he had his ,cossacks ride the young clergyman down on the sidewalk1 and pound him over the head with their clubs and finally throw him into jail4 ,so ,mr4 ,muste preached to the strikers1 and following the best apostolic precedents1 started a soup kitchen for them1 performing the miracle of the loaves and fishes with the help of checks from a few good angels scattered over the country4 ,after he had got through with that strike1 he was a trained labor scholar and ready to teach literature in a workers' college6 ,four years ago there were only two or three labor colleges in the ,united ,states1 all of them in ,new ,york ,city2 now there are six in the state of ,pennsylvania alone4 ,a bulletin of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,labor1 published in ,june1 #aiba1 8,education of ,adult ,working ,classes10 lists twenty-four such institutions1 in places as widely scattered as ,washington1 ,pittsburgh1 ,rochester1 ,cleveland1 ,detroit1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minneapolis1 ,duluth and ,seattle4 ,the auspices under which these schools are organized are3 central labor unions1 five2 local unions1 five2 international unions1 five2 ,state federations1 seven2 ,socialist and radical groups1 one2 the ,women's ,trade-,union ,league1 one4 ,mr4 ,paul ,blanshard1 secretary of the ,rochester ,labor ,college1 gives me an interesting account of one such institution1 and the vicissitudes of a would-be teacher4 ,mr4 ,blanshard got his training in class-consciousness during the textile strike at ,utica several years ago2 he tried to start some classes for foreigners in ,english1 and the interlocking newspapers took him up1 and all ,utica read that he was starting 8a school in ,bolshevism06 ,the ,lusk committee went after him--on the testimony of a police captain who was later released from the force under grave suspicion2 also of a detective in the employ of the ,helen ,ghouls4 ,mr4 ,blanshard1 of course1 was not given a hearing1 and the scare headlines in the newspapers frightened away all his pupils4 ,but the ,amalgamated ,clothing ,workers are powerful in ,rochester1 and are not so easily frightened2 they joined with thirteen other unions to make a college for ,mr4 ,blanshard to run4 ,they make a contribution of one cent per month for each member1 a total income of seven hundred dollars a year--which no doubt looks extremely small to ,professor ,egbert of ,columbia ,university1 which has seven millions a year4 ,nevertheless1 on this income the college has weekly educational mass meetings1 addressed by the livest men in the country1 and attended by some fifteen hundred workers2 it publishes a four-page educational bulletin every week1 and has classes in unionism and public speaking1 in ,english1 in current events1 in economics1 and in labor problems4 ,that is a glimpse at one city2 and you will find the same thing happening in all the others4 ,in ,portland1 ,oregon1 the college meets in the ,labor ,temple1 and the ,central ,labor ,council assesses one-twelfth of its total revenue to save its brains for its own uses4 ,in ,new ,york ,city two of the greatest unions1 the ,international ,ladies' ,garment ,workers and the ,amalgamated ,clothing ,workers1 have established educational departments1 and are carrying out elaborate programs for the benefit of their members4 ,the ,i4 ,l4 ,g4 ,w4 ,u4 has eight 8unity centers0 in ,new ,york public schools1 with classes in ,english1 the teachers assigned by the ,board of ,education4 ,it arranges independent courses in the labor movement1 economics1 psychology1 literature1 music1 health1 etc4 ,its 8,workers' ,university0 meets in the ,washington ,irving ,high ,school1 with courses in about twenty subjects1 and a registration of three hundred students4 ,also there is an extension department1 which arranges for lectures1 concerts1 and classes of all sorts at the headquarters of the various local unions4 ,there are branches of this enterprise in ,cleveland and ,philadelphia1 and the whole thing is the growth of only four years4 ,in order to realize the deliberate dishonesty of ,professor ,egbert's statement that 8labor education has virtually broken down in ,america10 you should have attended a conference called by the ,workers' ,education ,bureau of ,america1 organized in connection with the ,new ,school for ,social ,research in ,new ,york ,city1 for the purpose of co-ordinating these labor colleges1 and furnishing them with literature and text-books4 ,this conference was held ,april #bb and #bc1 #aibb1 just one month before ,professor ,egbert's three columns of treachery were featured in the ,new ,york 8,times40 ,here were eager delegates1 teachers and students1 addressed by speakers as wide apart in their views as ,samuel ,gompers1 ,james ,maurer1 ,charles ,a4 ,beard and ,benjamin ,schlesinger4 ,i will list the subjects discussed at one of the sessions1 dealing with 8,teaching ,methods in ,workers' ,education0--this just to give you an idea of the breadth of view and practical grip of the movement3 8,the ,forum10 8,the ,debate10 8,school-room ,methods10 8,discussion ,methods10 8,health ,education10 8,methods of ,health ,education10 8,the ,teaching of ,economics10 8,journalism10 8,mass ,education10 8,educational ,aspects of ,work10 8,correspondence ,education10 8,text ,books10 8,public ,discussion10 8,trade ,union ,meetings10 8,problems of ,adult ,instruction40 ,also this ,workers' ,education ,bureau is publishing a series of volumes1 entitled 8,the ,workers' ,bookshelf10 to serve as text-books in the labor colleges4 ,they are the kind of books ,i believe in1 for they cost only fifty cents a volume4 ,in the 8,labor ,age10 ,new ,york1 you will find much news about these movements4 ,also you should know something about the work in ,england1 where it is twenty years old1 and has grown to be the brains and fighting spirit of the ,british labor movement4 ,the story is told in 8,an ,adventure in ,working ,class ,education10 by ,albert ,mansbridge1 founder and general secretary of the ,workers' ,educational ,association of ,great ,britain4 ,the radicals who are making over the mind of ,british labor have a magazine1 the 8,plebs10 which ,american students ought to see4 ,teaching at these workers' colleges is a very different matter from being an old-line college professor4 ,here you have students who really want to study4 ,you are back in the twelfth century when five thousand men thronged to ,paris and sat on the hillside to listen to ,abelard and dispute with him4 ,you are back in the old days in ,america1 when a college was 8a student sitting one end of a log and ,mark ,hopkins on the other end40 ,you are dealing with students who1 while they may be painfully deficient in book learning1 have acquired much knowledge of life1 and are accustomed to assert their point of view4 ,it does not occur to them to defer to authority2 they only defer to facts1 and you have to produce the facts and convince them4 ,many times the teacher will find that he himself has become a student1 and all college professors who have tried the adventure agreed in testifying how exhilarating they find this4 ,labor education offers to the college professor a semi-respectable way to get into contact with the real world4 ,so ,i plead with professors who read this book to avail themselves of the opportunities existing--or if there are none in their neighborhood1 to get busy and make some4 ,i am told of one professor in ,pennsylvania who used to travel about from town to town teaching labor groups1 a class each night in a different town4 ,that is real adventure1 and it lies right at the gates of all our institutions of higher learning4 ,try it for a year or two1 and you may find that you have built up a clientele1 and no longer have to shiver in your boots when you hear a rumor that one of your trustees has asked whether it is true that you are a ,bolshevik6 ,,chapter ,,lxxxix ,,the ,,professors' ,,union ,the labor movement at its present stage can1 of course1 not support all the college professors who would like to be free1 so it becomes necessary to seek another remedy4 ,this remedy is obvious2 the college professor must do what the labor men are doing--agitate1 educate1 organize4 ,the formula1 8,in union there is strength10 applies to brain workers precisely as to hand workers4 ,you would think the brain workers ought to have the brains to realize this1 but they do not1 for the reason that their class prejudices stand in the way1 the anarchist attitude which goes with the intellectual life4 ,so it comes about that college professors are only two or three percent organized1 while coal miners are sixty or seventy percent organized1 and garment workers and railway men from ninety to a hundred percent organized4 ,the union of our higher educators is known as the ,american ,association of ,university ,professors1 and we have seen it at work in a number of institutions4 ,it has a total membership of five thousand1 among a possible membership of some two hundred thousand4 ,thus two or three percent of higher educators pay the cost and bear the burden of representing the whole group4 ,they publish a quarterly bulletin from their headquarters at #bbb ,charles ,river ,road1 ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1 and investigate cases of infringement of academic freedom1 and work out constructive programs of faculty control4 ,i have quoted extracts from their reports1 the accuracy and honesty of which have never been successfully challenged4 ,so far as this work goes it is excellent1 but it represents only a feeble start upon the way4 ,what spoils the usefulness of the professors' association is precisely that feeling of class superiority1 which makes them as fat rabbits to the plutocracy4 ,the first aim of the association has apparently been to distinguish itself from labor unions1 whereas the fact is that it is a labor union1 an organization of intellectual proletarians1 who have nothing but their brain-power to sell4 ,instructors at the ,university of ,california begin on a salary of a hundred and fifty dollars a month1 at the ,university of ,chicago on a hundred and thirty-three dollars a month1 at the ,university of ,illinois the same1 at ,yale and ,michigan on a hundred and twenty-five1 and at ,harvard for salaries as low as fifty and one hundred a month--this for the glory of a ,harvard record6 ,men who have to keep their families1 and dress as gentlemen1 and purchase the tools of a highly specialized trade upon such pay are proletarians1 and the bulk of them will remain proletarians all their lives1 and the quicker they realize it the better for them4 ,even though their salaries be raised1 and they be put in position to acquire a home and a few investments1 they remain dependent for the things they value most upon an exploiting class1 which dominates the industry of the country1 and therefore inevitably dominates its thought4 ,this being the case1 the college professor's freedom is bound up with the freedom of the working class4 ,he may protest to the end of time1 but his status will remain the same1 until the plutocratic empire is overthrown and industrial democracy takes its place4 ,after that1 the status of the professor1 as of all intellectual workers1 will rest in the hands of labor--and this is something which is coming1 regardless of anything the professor can do4 ,such being the case1 it would seem sensible for him to study the labor movement and take his place in it--not merely in his own interest1 but in the interest of the intellectual life4 ,i have shown you in the labor colleges working-class leaders co-operating with college professors2 and the significance of this is not merely that educational men are helping the industrial revolution2 it is that the new forces which are preparing to take control of society are coming to understand what the intellectual life means1 and learning to trust those who live that life4 ,this is something the importance of which no one can exaggerate2 and so ,i point out to those college professors who shut themselves up in their shell of academic snobbery1 that the time is coming1 and coming soon1 when they will have cause to wish that they had not been quite so haughtily indifferent to the heartbreak of the poor4 ,i have on my desk an interesting letter from a ,stanford professor1 discussing a problem in etiquette which ,i submitted to him3 the story of a young ,columbia instructor who refused to obey the casual command of ,nicholas ,miraculous and escort old ,pierpont ,morgan to his car4 ,says the ,stanford professor3 ,as ,i view it1 the essence of wage-slavery lies in the acceptance 7on both sides7 of the assumption that the man who happens to 8pay0 the wages for work done thereby attains a right to dictate in the fields of all other thoughts and acts of the employe4 ,this is passively so generally accepted that ,i have always refused to consider myself in the light of an employe of the president and board1 but rather as a co-worker in a mutual administration of a trust in which they have their part and ,i have mine--and this despite the fact that they have the undoubted legal power to 8dismiss0 me and ,i have not that to dismiss them1 this being merely one of the differentiations of function in the administration of the trust4 ,authority is an insidious thing4 ,few can possess it without being ruined1 and ,i never heard that ,butler was among the exceptions4 ,this1 you will admit1 is the dignified attitude of a scholar2 and ,i have no doubt that many college professors seek to maintain that attitude4 ,all ,i can do is to tell them how they seem to me--as men swimming against a powerful current1 and it is only a question of time before their energy gives out and they move the way everything else is moving4 ,an individual may hold out1 his prestige enabling him to be regarded as a harmless eccentric2 but the young man who tries to take such an attitude will go out and write life insurance or make wash-boards4 ,the effect of economic inferiority is inescapable and automatic2 it produces a psychology of submission1 it produces a set of customs and manners based upon that1 and ,mrs4 ,partington1 who tried to sweep back the sea with her broom1 was no more foolish than the college professor who imagines that he can have an institution with wealthy trustees dominating its financial existence1 and preserve in that institution a real respect for the intellectual life1 or a real democratic relationship between the trustees and their hired servants4 ,if this be true1 then the dignity of the intellectual worker depends upon the establishment of industrial democracy2 freedom for the college professor awaits the overthrow of the plutocratic empire4 ,and since the only force in our society which can achieve that overthrow is labor1 it follows that the college professor's hopes are bound up with the movement of the workers for freedom4 ,a college professor who imagines that he can work for faculty control and academic independence1 while at the same time remaining a conservative in his political and economic ideas1 is simply a man with water-tight compartments in his brain4 ,the forces of industrialism compel the worker to organize in larger and larger units1 and to take into solidarity a wider and wider proportion of the population4 ,exactly the same forces are compelling the college professor1 first to realize himself as a class1 and second1 to study the movements of other workers for freedom1 to become more sympathetic toward them1 and more identified with them in interest and action4 ,college professors must join their own union2 they must set before themselves the same goal as miners and railwaymen--to organize one hundred per cent of their trade1 and develop a spirit of class loyalty and class discipline4 ,i have shown you the indignities endured by college professors1 and how pitifully they submit and hold on to their jobs2 ,i have shown you individuals and groups unceremoniously kicked out1 and obediently going out and seeking for new jobs4 ,perhaps it never occurred to you to notice what was lacking--,i have not been able to tell about a single strike of college professors in ,america6 ,there have been several cases of student strikes--the young are impulsive1 so that it has been possible for them to act like human beings2 but if there has ever been a group of college professors in the ,united ,states who have banded themselves together and said3 8,if one of us goes1 all of us go10 ,i have not been able to learn of that instance4 ,no1 college professors are like actors2 they have their individual idiosyncrasies1 their jealousies and personal superiorities4 ,they do not think of themselves as a class2 each one thinks of himself as something impossible to duplicate4 ,an official of a school-teacher's union remarked to me that the price of a teacher is fifty dollars--meaning thereby that an increase of that amount in salaries would cause a group of teachers to foreswear their union and place themselves at the mercy of a school-board4 ,just what is the price of a college professor ,i do not know1 but ,i could cite thousands of cases of men who should have stood by a colleague in some flagrant case of oppression1 but who stayed on and got rewarded for loyalty to their masters4 ,the all-important fact in the situation is this2 any time the college professors of ,america get ready to take control of their own destinies1 and of the intellectual life of their institutions1 they can do it4 ,there is not a college or university in the ,united ,states today which could resists the demands of its faculty a hundred percent organized and meaning business4 ,even ,nicholas ,murray ,butler would bow his haughty head if the faculty of ,columbia should rise up and demand for that plutocratic empire a system of constitutional government4 ,chancellor ,day may pound on the table and tell his faculty that he could replace them in an hour and a half1 but he would find that he could not replace them in a century and a half--especially if they took another leaf out of the notebook of labor1 and set pickets at the gates of ,heaven6 ,when the college professors of ,america get ready to go on strike1 they will have their reasons and their program2 they will put these before the student-body and before their colleagues in other institutions2 nor will they be so easy to intimidate with policemen's clubs and court injunctions as are the wage-slaves of factories and mines6 ,a humble beginning has been made4 ,the ,american ,federation of ,teachers1 which is a labor union1 affiliated with the ,american ,federation of ,labor1 has a local1 ,no4 #abj1 at the ,university of ,montana4 ,this union was a result of the ,levine case1 and it comprises practically the entire faculty4 ,there is a similar local at the ,university of ,north ,dakota1 a consequence of the class struggle there4 ,and in ,new ,york ,city is the ,teachers' ,union of ,new ,york ,no4 #e1 which includes a number of social minded college men1 including ,dewey of ,columbia1 ,ward of the ,union ,theological ,seminary1 and ,overstreet and ,stairs of the ,college of the ,city of ,new ,york4 ,the president of the ,american ,federation of ,teachers writes me3 ,we have had a few other collegiate and university locals but they did not prove very long-lived1 and it was very difficult for us to get detailed reasons for their decline4 ,i presume fear would account for most of them4 ,,chapter ,,xc ,,the ,,professors' ,,strike ,the final purpose of this book1 you will now realize1 is to bring about a strike of college professors4 ,the next question to be considered is1 what are the principles upon which this strike shall be based8 ,first and foremost1 the question of tenure2 which is exactly the same thing as the claim of the worker to security in his job4 ,the college professor must not forfeit his standing except for cause1 and upon due and reasonable notice4 ,he must have the right which every criminal possesses1 of knowing what are the charges against him1 and of having a hearing in which he is confronted by his accusers1 and given the right to cross-question them1 and to answer their charges and prove them false if he can4 ,the decision in his case must rest1 not with his masters and exploiters1 but with his fellow-workers2 in other words1 the ancient right embodied in ,magna ,carta1 to be tried by a jury of his peers4 ,these rights are elemental2 there can be no freedom1 no dignity or self-respect for any man who does not possess them4 ,they are possessed by scholars in all other civilized countries2 it is only in our sweet land of liberty that scholars are slaves4 ,says ,james ,mc,keen ,cattell3 ,that a professor's salary should depend on the favor of a president1 or that he should be dismissed without a hearing by a president with the consent of an absentee board of trustees1 is a state of affairs not conceivable in an ,english or a ,german university4 ,the reason for this anomaly is that the ,american college has not been organized on the principles of ,american government1 but on those of ,american business2 the college is not a state1 but a factory4 ,i have compared ,columbia and ,minnesota to department-stores and ,clark and ,johns ,hopkins to ,ford factories2 and in so doing ,i was not merely calling names1 but making a diagnosis4 ,they are organized upon that basis1 and run upon that basis1 and the problem of changing them is simply one of the problems of ,americanization4 ,the college must become a democratic republic1 run by its citizens and workers4 ,that brings us to the second demand of the college professor2 not merely must he have security in his job1 he must have collective control of that job1 he must say how the college shall be conducted1 and what higher education shall be4 ,that means that he must take from the trustees1 and from their hired man1 the president1 the greater part of their present functions4 ,i say democracy in education1 and you have a vision of a great university turned into a debating society1 all the time which should be spent in 8getting things done0 being devoted to squabbling and bickering among various factions and cliques of the faculty4 ,that will happen sometimes1 inevitably2 it is one of the incidentals of all beginnings of democracy to function4 ,but we have been trying out democracy in this country for three centuries1 and we do not have to begin all over again with the blunders of our childhood4 ,we know today what a constitution is2 we understand the differences among the three functions of government1 the legislative1 the executive1 and the judicial2 we understand how an executive can be democratically chosen1 and given authority for a reasonable period of time1 and loyally obeyed for that time4 ,we understand how it is possible to have a thorough and free democratic discussion of policy1 and to decide by majority vote1 and then to carry out the will of the majority4 ,if we do not know how to do these things1 the students will teach us1 for they are accustomed every year to organize a football team1 and to thresh out its policies1 and elect a captain1 and then do what he says4 ,on the football field they do not stop to argue about signals2 they play the game4 ,the question of a constitution for universities is one of detail2 you will find a very thorough exposition of it in ,professor ,cattell's book1 8,university ,control40 ,professor ,j4 ,e4 ,kirkpatrick of the ,university of ,michigan has worked out practical suggestions4 ,also the matter is being frequently discussed in 8,school and ,society10 and in the bulletins of the professors' association4 ,we have not the space in this book for anything but a brief statement4 ,it is a problem of reconciling the rights of many different groups1 which perform many different functions4 ,the largest single group upon the board of a college should obviously be the faculty1 who know most about the institution1 and have its interests most at heart4 ,the alumni should be represented1 for their interest is real1 and their services will became more valuable as colleges become democratic1 and as the spirit of class is broken in our society4 ,likewise the students are entitled to representation1 especially the upper classes1 which have come to know the institution4 ,if the purpose of the college is to train men to live and serve in a democracy1 then manifestly there should be democracy in their training2 they should be given encouragement to discuss their own needs and purposes1 to arrive at collective agreements1 and to make their will effective4 ,so long as we have a system of private ownership of natural resources1 we shall of course have to have trustees who represent money interests4 ,but we should endeavor to pare down the powers of this special privilege group as much as possible2 and especially all faculty members should set their face against the idea of any interference with teaching1 or with the opinions or outside activities of the faculty1 by monied men who represent ownership and not service in the institution4 ,you have followed me from college to college1 listing the grand dukes and the interlocking directors1 and you have thought perhaps that ,i condemn these men because they are rich1 and consider that people who have money are ipso facto unfit to have anything to do with education4 ,all ,i can answer is that ,i number among my friends some rich people1 who are ardently striving to abolish special privilege from the world2 and if any rich man wants to come into a college and work for faculty control and academic freedom1 for the right of service and true scholarship to guide our education1 ,i will bid that man welcome1 and will promise to make no complaint because he happens to be president of six national banks1 director of eight railroads1 ten steel companies and a dozen pickle factories and sausage mills4 ,the world for which ,i am working is a world of freedom and fair play2 my kingdom of heaven is open to all1 and any man may do his part to make it real on earth4 ,all that ,i insist is that the rich man shall renounce his class and his class interests2 he shall turn traitor to that predatory group which now controls our country and its thinking4 ,i do not expect many of the interlocking trustees to accept this invitation4 ,i do expect1 however1 that developments in our public affairs will force a constantly increasing number of college professors to realize the intolerable nature of their present position1 and to take up the work of educating their colleagues and the general public4 ,these men will come to realize the broad nature of their task2 how the roots of our academic problem go down into the very deeps of our political and economic life4 ,the need of the college professor is one with the need of the citizen and the worker2 and so1 when you agitate for academic democracy and freedom of teaching1 you are educating the community and taking your part in that class struggle which is the dominant fact of our time4 ,you will find that the struggle calls for its heroes and its martyrs1 in universities as in factories and mines4 ,to college professors who read this book--and especially the young ones--,i say3 what is life without a little adventure8 ,you will not starve2 no educated man need starve in ,america1 if he keeps command of his inner forces1 and uses but a small quantity of that shrewdness with which his enemies are so well provided4 ,and surely it is not too much to ask that among the two hundred thousand instructors in ,american colleges there should arise just a few who are capable of combining intelligence and self-sacrifice6 ,what are you8 ,you teach history1 perhaps2 you handle the bones of dead heroes1 the ashes of martyrs are the stuff with which you work4 ,or you teach literature2 the spirits of thousands of idealists come to your study1 and cry out to you in your dreams4 ,or perhaps you are a scientist2 if so1 remind yourself how ,socrates drank the hemlock cup with dignity1 in order that men might be free to use their reason2 how ,galileo was tortured in a dungeon1 in order that modern science might be born4 ,is it then too much to ask that you should risk your monthly pay check1 to save the minds of the young men and women of our time8 ,think of these things1 the next time you are summoned by your dean for a scolding1 and tell him that a college professor remains an ,american citizen1 and that he does not sell all his brains for two or three hundred dollars a month6 ,i ask for a little personal boldness1 also a little for your institution4 ,what if the new endowment does not come1 and you cannot get the new buildings you had hoped for8 ,the best work of men's brains has been done in garrets1 and not in marble halls4 ,remember the glorious example of ,johns ,hopkins and ,clark in the old days6 ,it is really possible for a university to remain small1 and for everybody in it to starve along and serve the unfolding spirit of man4 ,you do not know the possibilities of sacrifice that lie in a group of scholars and thinkers until you try2 even your students would be willing to work and earn money for their institution1 if it were put up to them as a new crusade4 ,yes1 and you would find here and there an alumnus who would understand and help4 ,i do not urge that you should refuse money when it is offered on honest terms2 all ,i mean is that you should make plain your policy1 that money has no voice in the control of the institution1 which knows but one loyalty--to the truth--and but one instrument--the open mind--and but one method--investigation and free discussion4 ,say to your would-be benefactors3 we are educators2 we know what the pursuit of knowledge is1 and we teach it2 if you wish to help in that1 well and good2 otherwise we go our way alone4 ,i conclude this chapter with three stanzas written by ,ralph ,chaplin1 one of ,america's greatest poets1 whom the ,united ,states government has held in prison for the last five years1 and plans to hold for fifteen years longer1 on account of his political opinions4 ,mourn not the dead that in the cool earth lie-- ,dust unto dust-- ,the calm1 sweet earth that mothers all who die ,as all men must4 ,mourn not your captive comrades who must dwell-- ,too strong to strive-- ,within each steel-bound coffin of a cell1 ,buried alive4 ,but rather mourn the apathetic throng-- ,the cowed and meek-- ,who see the world's great anguish and its wrong ,and dare not speak6 ,,chapter ,,xci ,,educating ,,the ,,educators ,there is another group in the colleges which must help to reform them1 and that is the students4 ,i have already shown that the student-body alone cannot dominate a college for any length of time2 but in the student body is always a little group of thinking men1 and these constitute a leaven which can work mighty changes in a great mass of solid dough4 ,the first organized effort of college students to educate themselves1 and incidentally to educate their educators1 was the ,intercollegiate ,socialist ,society1 which was founded by the writer some eighteen years ago4 ,that was after ,i had come out from nine years of college and university life without knowing that the modern ,socialist movement existed2 ,i resolved to do what ,i could to make it less easy for the plutocracy to accomplish that feat in future4 ,some twenty or thirty people got together in ,new ,york ,city1 and elected ,jack ,london as president1 and he delivered his famous address1 8,revolution10 within the shuddering walls of the ,universities of ,california1 ,chicago1 ,harvard and ,yale4 ,we were careful to specify our purpose3 8to promote an intelligent interest in the study of ,socialism02 but even with that moderate statement1 only a few institutions would let us in under our own evil name1 and we had to disguise ourselves as liberal societies1 and open forums1 and social science clubs4 ,the name ,socialism became so unpopular during the recent flood-tide of patriotism1 that the organization has now called itself the ,league for ,industrial ,democracy4 ,it has as its directors the ,reverend ,norman ,thomas1 editor of 8,the ,world ,tomorrow10 and ,harry ,laidler1 author of an excellent text-book1 which ought to be used in every college1 8,socialism in ,thought and ,action40 ,the purpose of the league is declared to be 8education for a new social order1 based on production for use and not for profit40 ,it undertakes 8research work1 the development of pamphlet literature1 and the thinking through of concrete problems of social ownership40 ,the president is ,professor ,robert ,morss ,lovett of the ,university of ,chicago1 and the vice-presidents are ,charles ,p4 ,steinmetz1 ,evans ,clark1 ,florence ,kelley and ,arthur ,gleason4 ,the league holds a winter convention in ,new ,york and a summer conference lasting a week1 at ,camp ,tamiment1 belonging to the ,rand ,school4 ,the address of the league is #gj ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york4 ,recently another student organization has entered the field1 the ,national ,student ,forum1 product of the labors of a group of young ,harvard liberals1 with ,john ,rothschild as secretary4 ,they publish a fortnightly paper1 8,the ,new ,student10 at #bibi ,broadway1 ,new ,york2 they have drawn up a 8preamble10 which is so much to the point that ,i quote it in full3 8,realizing that these are times of rapid social change1 the liberal spirited students of ,america are building this organization as an instrument of orderly progress4 8,it is apparent to them that if the social changes now in process are to proceed sanely1 those whose education is fitting them for positions of leadership must be better informed than hitherto regarding the contemporary affairs of the world in which they live4 ,the students who founded ,the ,national ,student ,forum are aware that already in almost every institution of learning there is a group of students whose interest in social problems has brought them together into some local organization4 ,it is their belief that to be of influence in the student life of ,america the scattered groups must effect an association through which they may learn from one another's experience1 and publicly share the search for new light4 8,with this in mind they have founded and now maintain ,the ,national ,student ,forum4 ,they dedicate this organization to the cultivation of the scientifically inquiring mind2 they declare it unbiased in any particular controversy1 yet permitting within itself the expression of every bias2 they declare its one principle to be freedom of expression1 for they realize that without intellectual liberty the students of ,america cannot attain the completeness of vision and the social understanding which will enable them to be effective in the progress of the community40 ,as an illustration of the activities of this group ,i mention that the ,harvard ,liberal ,club1 during the year #aibb1 had sixty luncheon speakers in five months1 including such radicals as ,clark ,getts1 ,lincoln ,steffens1 ,florence ,kelley1 ,raymond ,robins1 ,frank ,tannenbaum1 ,roger ,baldwin1 ,percy ,mackaye1 ,clare ,sheridan1 ,norman ,angell1 and ,w4 ,e4 ,b4 ,dubois2 properly balanced by a group of respectable people1 including ,admiral ,sims1 ,hamilton ,holt1 ,president ,eliot1 and a nephew of ,lord ,bryce4 ,what it means to the students of one of our universities to have such a corrective to the provincialism of its curriculum is something which only the students themselves can tell you1 after they have had a chance to notice the difference4 ,they come with bright eyes and eager faces1 they listen and applaud1 and they stay for hours to ask questions4 ,they go away1 knowing at least this much3 that there are ideas in the world which are not tedious and dusty1 and that the free use of the intellectual faculties can be as interesting as fraternity gossip and waving flags at gladiatorial combats4 ,so to the little group who come from free-thinking homes1 or from the working classes1 and do not mean to sell out their own people1 ,i say3 face the gales of ridicule and scolding1 and see to it that while you are in college the students become acquainted with modern ideas4 ,get together a little group1 and invite in speakers of all shades of opinion1 and if the radical ones are barred1 make an issue of it1 and agitate for freedom of discussion4 ,join with those members of the faculty who are sympathetic to your point of view1 extend their influence among the student-body1 and back them up in controversies with the administration4 ,constitute yourself a ferment and leaven the dough-heads6 ,i do not mean by this that you should be 8fresh10 or should go out of your way to seek trouble4 ,take the time to study1 and know what you are talking about1 so that when you take a position you will not be easily put down4 ,when you have really studied and thought1 then do not be afraid of being laughed at2 for you will surely never do anything new or worthwhile in your life without being laughed at by fools and idlers4 ,choose the big issues1 and choose men and women who really have something to bring to the student-body4 ,you will find them nearly always willing to come--all except the conservatives2 but invite these also1 and keep after them1 and advertise the fact that you have done it4 ,you have nothing to fear from their arguments1 however masterful may be their air2 we can handle them1 ,i promise you--,i have been through the whole question from ,a to ,z1 ,i have read the best that the opposition has to produce1 and they cannot refute the claims of the workers for freedom1 for social justice1 and for light4 ,if ,i had only one message to give to college students1 it would be this3 there exists in the modern revolutionary movement a vast treasure of idealism and inspiration1 which your elders seek by every means in their power to keep from you4 ,this treasure is your birthright1 and to make it yours is your life's great success4 ,that they cannot answer the arguments of the social rebels1 is something which the ,league of the ,old ,men knows perfectly well1 and that is why they are afraid of us4 ,in the literature of the ,better ,america ,federation of ,california it is again and again admitted that the immature minds of the young cannot be trusted to resist the temptations of idealism2 if they meet these beautiful-sounding ideas they adopt them--and so they must be kept from knowing that the ideas exist6 ,the soundness of this fear has been proven1 wherever free discussion has been tried out4 ,for example1 in the state of ,colorado1 one of the great centers of metal mining and corruption in our country1 the various colleges organized a ,state ,league for ,debating1 and they held a debate on the 8open shop10 and one of the teachers reported to me the results4 ,there were eleven members of the 8team10 and they came from the homes of the employing classes1 and everyone of them believed in the 8,american plan40 ,at the end of the debate two were in doubt and nine opposed to the plan6 ,another team consisted of four women1 and three of these were converted4 ,there is another interesting college movement1 which has taken its rise in the ,west1 under the leadership of ,b4 ,m4 ,cherrington1 a young ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 worker of the new type1 who has seen the light and is preaching the social gospel4 ,this organization is taking college students out into industry in the summer-time1 not merely to earn money1 but to learn the facts about labor conditions1 and to understand them4 ,the students are required to read books on the subject1 and to prepare papers on what they have found4 ,there was a street railway strike1 in which more than sixty persons were shot4 ,the students attended the conferences over this strike1 and heard both sides presented4 ,at the end of the summer's work they held a convention and drew up a statement1 as follows3 8,having been associated1 under the leadership of men of high ideals and ,christian motives1 for the purpose of intensive study of the human factor in industry1 and having1 as a result1 come to a realization of the present seriousness and possible disastrous results of the turmoil and unrest which is now gripping the industrial world2 and further realizing that those who are to become the business1 professional and political leaders of tomorrow1 the present college men1 are1 through lack of knowledge of and interest in these conditions1 not only neglecting a vital part of their education1 but are actually committing an injustice against humanity in failing to prepare themselves to meet the inevitable crisis1 we1 the members of the ,denver ,summer ,study ,group of #aibj1 undertake to expand that organization under the name 8,the ,collegiate ,industrial ,research ,movement40 ,the same thing is being done by the ,young ,women's ,christian ,association4 ,there was a movement of this kind under the direction of ,miss ,caroline ,goforth1 and ,i heard an interesting story about one of the girls1 who was running an elevator1 and had her foot caught and injured4 ,she was dressed like a 8lady10 and looked like one1 and the surgeon took her for a passenger1 and was courteous and helpful--until he discovered that she was an employe1 when he became abrupt and negligent4 ,our interlocking newspapers profess to wonder at the existence of 8parlor ,bolshevists0 and 8pink tea ,socialists10 and may be interested to know how such creatures are made4 ,here was one made in a few minutes1 by sharing the actual bitter experience of the workers6 ,i have narrated how the working class students at ,bryn ,mawr proceeded to unionize the 8help0 at that college4 ,this is another work which liberal students may undertake with profit at many ,american colleges and universities4 ,i have already referred to the experience of a group of students who set out ten years ago to reform conditions of labor at the ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,they organized an industrial union of all working students2 the university authorities tried to break it up1 and threatened to expel a group of forty active students from their jobs--and therefore from the university4 ,they locked out a hundred and fifty from the ,university ,commons4 ,but the students succeeded in getting publicity2 they brought in labor organizers1 who surveyed the working conditions1 and showed up the graft in the running of the university dining-rooms1 the purchasing of milk and other supplies4 ,they showed that two carloads of potatoes had been allowed to rot1 that a car of apples had been allowed to freeze2 also that the university was working girls in violation of the state industrial law4 ,the interlocking regents were called in1 and also the board of visitors1 and there was great excitement4 ,one of the students reminded ,president ,van ,hise that the ,milwaukee ,trades and ,labor ,assembly controlled a hundred and fifty thousand votes2 which apparently produced the effect intended1 for the business manager of the university retired4 ,the interlocking trustees showed their appreciation of his fidelity to the principles of exploitation by immediately calling him to become president of ,tufts ,college6 ,tufts gave him an honorary degree1 and ,brown and ,clark followed suit1 and now he is chairman of the ,massachusetts ,security ,league6 ,,chapter ,,xcii ,,the ,,league ,,of ,,youth ,i have ventured to suggest student representation on boards controlling our colleges2 and perhaps you thought ,i was showing too much confidence in student wisdom4 ,fortunately ,i can show you a few places where students are beginning to take up the problems of their own educating1 and to find fault with the courses served out to them by the interlocking directorate4 ,for example1 ,mt4 ,holyoke1 a woman's college with a thousand students1 located at ,south ,hadley1 ,massachusetts2 they have organized the 8,mt4 ,holyoke ,college ,community10 governed entirely by committees of students and faculty4 ,i note that they are fully aware of the various functions of government1 and how to make a democracy work4 ,they have arranged 8an executive body consisting of the acting ,president of the ,college ,community 7a student7 and the presidents of various student and faculty organizations2 a legislative body consisting of one member for every fifteen students and one for every five members of the faculty2 and a judicial body consisting of five students and two members of the faculty40 ,also these students have organized a committee on the curriculum1 and three hundred and forty of them have reported 8a strong demand for the elimination of required ,latin and mathematics1 and for the requirement of physiology and economics2 also for modern government and hygiene40 ,more significant yet1 the students of ,barnard have got busy1 right under the nose of ,nicholas ,miraculous6 ,they organized a committee on their own initiative1 and have constructed an 8ideal0 curriculum4 ,listen to what these progressive young ladies purpose requiring of freshmen3 a course on the history of mankind1 counting ten points1 8a synthetic survey course designed to bring out the chief aspects of man's relation to his environment by tracing present conditions and tendencies to historic processes2 the physical nature of the universe 444 man as a product of evolution 444 the early history of man 444 the concept of culture 444 the historical processes leading to present cultural conditions 444 modern problems1 political1 economic and social40 ,next they want a course1 counting six points1 in human biology and psychology1 8giving an outline of human development and distribution on earth1 man in relation to his nearest kin1 a survey of human powers and functions1 an introduction to general biology1 the structure of the human body1 outlines of embryology1 functions of the body and their inter-relationships0--and laboratory work on all these problems4 ,also--imagine young ladies actually putting such things on paper6--they ask for3 8,specific human development of the sex-reproductive-child bearing function4 a4 8,the facts of structure1 functions1 development and hygiene of the sex and reproductive apparatus of the male and female4 b4 8,the outstanding facts of maternity and paternity4 c4 8,effects of sex on individual human development from fertilization to maturity4 d4 8,the nature and power of the sex impulse4 e4 8,the gradually developed sex controls imposed on the individual by society4 f4 8,the pathological effects of perverse and unsocial uses of sex in society4 g4 8,the facts underlying a satisfactory adjustment in marriage and homemaking40 ,also they want a course in 8general mathematical analysis10 counting six points2 8the technique of expression10 counting two points2 and 8,engliliterature10 counting six points1 with the aim 8to present literature as an aspect of life2 the emphasis throughout is therefore on subject matter rather than on technical or historical problems40 ,yes2 and also these young ladies of ,barnard have taken up the problem of having ,nicholas ,miraculous tell them whom they may listen to4 ,it was declared to them that the good repute of the college must be preserved1 and after an argument they submitted to that imposition2 but one thing they laid down very emphatically--they want the college authorities to give up the idea of protecting their tender young minds6 ,as they put it3 8,resolved1 that it is the feeling of the ,student ,council3 8,that there is nothing gained in shielding students during four years from problems and ideas they must face during the rest of their life1 and 8,that if they are considered incapable of rational judgment upon theories presented to them1 the solution lies in further training in scientific method rather than in quarantine from ideas1 and 8,that a reputation for fearless open-mindedness is more to be desired for an academic institution than material prosperity40 ,also the ,harvard students are waking up1 under the influence of the ,liberal ,club4 ,they have been discussing the subject of education1 calling in various professors and deans to address them1 and last spring the members of the corporation and the board of overseers were the guests of the club1 to consider inaugurating the ,english tutorial system at ,harvard4 ,also ,harvard has a cooperative society1 with three students upon its board of directors1 and the ,barnard students are planning a cooperative book-store1 to be run entirely by themselves4 ,such things as this have a way of spreading2 they are spreading rapidly in ,germany1 where there is a movement of insurgent youth1 taking steps to form a 8,world ,league of ,youth10 to make over the thinking and the social life of mankind4 ,you will no doubt admit that the youth of ,germany have justification for being discontented with the management of their ,fatherland4 ,let me quote from their manifesto3 8,comrades6 ,we are united in the hatred of the institutions of our social life and of our time4 ,we ask ourselves3 ,whose fault are these institutions1 this civilization8 ,on whose conscience rest these political systems1 these schools1 these churches1 these politics1 these newspapers and so much else8 ,the #8adult' people44440 ,again1 here is a statement from one of the leaders of this new and vitally important movement3 8,the unifying characteristic1 indeed the only sense of the youth movement is this3 we no longer want to obey laws1 coercions1 customs that come to us from the outside and that have aims without a living1 inner meaning to ourselves4 ,we want to form our lives in accordance with laws that are within us1 laws toward which alone we feel a responsibility40 ,our own country has been more fortunate than ,germany2 we have still a great measure of prosperity1 we are not yet in the pit of hell with ,central ,europe4 ,but we are sliding1 and sliding fast1 and those who run our country do not know how to stop the process4 ,i have shown you the ,league of the ,old ,men1 suppressing thought and wrecking the world2 and now here is the answer--the ,league of ,youth6 ,the ,old ,men were raised in the old order1 their thinking is bound by its limitations4 ,but we1 the youth of the world1 live in a new age1 and have new problems to deal with4 ,we cannot well do worse than our elders have done2 we may very easily do better4 ,since we have longer to live in this world than our elders1 we have surely the right to save it if we can6 ,,chapter ,,xciii ,,the ,,open ,,forum ,i am writing in a time of reaction1 but already the streaks of dawn are beginning to show4 ,we are soon to witness the social revolution in ,western ,europe1 and it will not be possible to keep these ideas from stirring the minds of young ,america4 ,our politics will change1 and with that change will come freedom in our state universities1 and the privately endowed institutions will be forced to come along4 ,just what will happen in the great centers of snobbery1 such as ,columbia and ,princeton and ,pennsylvania1 ,i do not attempt to predict2 perhaps their faculties will wake up and take control of their own destinies1 or perhaps we shall see in our political life some violent revolutionary change1 which will sweep the plutocratic endowments out of existence all at once4 ,i am not advocating such a procedure1 but ,i see our ruling classes doing everything in their power to force it1 and if their efforts should succeed1 we may see very quick reforms in ,american higher education4 ,what is it that ,i want8 ,what should ,i do if ,i had my own unhampered way8 ,should ,i kick out all the reactionary professors1 and turn ,columbia and ,princeton and ,pennsylvania into ,socialist propaganda clubs8 ,if ,i could have my way1 ,i should not commit a single violation of the principles of academic freedom for which ,i have pleaded in this book4 ,the trustees and the presidents should of course be laid on the shelf1 for these are administrative officials1 and properly removable when a change of policy is desired4 ,this would apply equally to the deans as administrators2 but so far as the teachers are concerned1 ,i would do them the honor to set them free1 and plead with them to open their eyes to the new dawn of social justice4 ,just as there are thousands of members of the clergy who would jump up with a shout if they knew they could cease preaching fairy tales without losing their jobs1 so there are thousands of college professors who would consider the truth if it were presented to them1 and would teach it if they were encouraged4 ,as for the aged-minded ones--what ,i should do with them is to compete them out of business4 ,i really believe in truth1 and in the power of truth to confute error2 ,i take my stand on the sentence of ,wendell ,phillips3 8,if anything cannot stand the truth1 let it crack40 ,what ,i ask is free discussion2 what ,i want in the colleges is that both faculty and students should have opportunity to hear all sides of all questions1 and especially those questions which lie at the heart of the great class struggle of our time4 ,what ,i should do to the college would be to introduce a few live young professors who know modern ideas1 and would lecture on modern books and modern political movements1 explaining the revolutionary spirit which is vitalizing history1 philosophy1 religion and art4 ,you would see in a year or two how the students thronged to these live men1 and how the old men would have to wake up and fight for their prestige4 ,this is the plan of the open forum1 and ,i urge groups of young professors and students everywhere to take their stand on that4 ,we desperately need men to lift their voices in this cause just now1 for in the last eight bitter years the ,american people have shown that they have no idea what free speech means--no trace of such an idea6 ,we sent one or two thousand men to jail for the crime of expressing unpopular opinion2 as ,i write1 four years after the armistice1 we are still holding seventy-six such men in torment1 and the great mass of authority which controls our politics1 our press and our pulpits shows that it has no conception whatever of the right of a man to advocate an unpopular belief1 or of the danger to society involved in the crushing of minority opinion4 ,it is not too much to say that in ,america today it is a general and firmly held conviction that to believe and teach certain ideas is a crime4 ,and from where shall we expect opposition to this survival of savagery among us1 if not from our universities1 which are supposed to be dedicated to the search for truth8 ,it is the shame of our time that our colleges and universities have been silent while freedom of opinion has been strangled in ,america4 ,right here is the crucial issue1 here is where the call for academic heroes and martyrs goes out4 ,the few of us who believe in the truth have an organization1 which will back you and furnish you with ammunition in this fight2 if you do not know its literature1 write to the ,american ,civil ,liberties ,union1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,i have heard the arguments of the reactionaries1 their cries of horror at the idea that the sensitive minds of the young should be exposed to the corruption of vicious and incendiary ideas4 ,to this the answer is plain3 if any parent wants to keep his child from thinking1 there is no law to deny him this power1 but he should keep that child at home1 and not send it to an institution which exists for the purpose of training young men and women to use the faculties of the mind4 ,colleges and universities are places1 or should be places1 for those who wish to think2 and for any institution making such a pretense there can be but one rule of procedure1 which is that all ideas are given a hearing and tried out in the furnace of controversy4 ,i am aware1 of course1 that there are lunatics in the world1 and an infinite variety of cranks and bores--my mail is burdened with their writings1 and they keep my door bell buzzing4 ,i do not mean to say that college platforms should be turned over to such people2 what ,i do say is1 that whenever any considerable group of thinking people claim to have important new ideas to teach the world1 they should be given a hearing in colleges1 and if their ideas are unsound1 let it be the business of the college to produce some one on the same platform to expose that unsoundness4 ,the one thing that should never be heard inside college walls1 or in connection with college policy1 is that ideas should be suppressed because they are 8dangerous0--because1 in other words1 they might win converts if they were given a hearing6 ,i met on my journey a horrified university trustee1 who exclaimed3 8,what6 ,you would permit anarchists and ,i4 ,w4 ,w4's to speak at our institution80 ,my answer was a counter-question3 8,do you think that anarchism is right1 or that it is wrong80 ,the answer was3 8,wrong60 8,then10 ,i said1 8why are you afraid to hear it80 8,i am not afraid for myself1 but when you are dealing with young minds0--and there you are2 we must protect the minds of the young6 ,it is hard for the old to realize that the young may have older minds1 having grown up in a world with better means of thinking and of spreading ideas4 ,we deported ,emma ,goldman1 and thought we had thereby prevented the spread of anarchism2 which shows that whatever else our colleges and universities have done1 they have not taught us the psychology of martyrdom4 ,i agree with the university trustee in thinking that anarchism is wrong--at least for a hundred years or so2 but my way of handling ,emma ,goldman would have been to run her on a lecture tour in every ,american college and university1 in a debate with some thoroughly trained expert in the history of social evolution4 ,i would have let all the students hear her1 and keep her until midnight answering questions2 so1 if there was truth in her views it would have spread1 and if there was error the students would have been inoculated against it for life4 ,some years ago ,i wrote that ,i should like to send every clergyman in the ,united ,states to jail for a week2 this not out of any ill will for the church1 but as a step toward prison reform4 ,in the same way ,i should like to see our college students go to jail2 or barring that1 ,i should like to have the prisoners come to the colleges1 to tell the students how men become criminals1 and what society could do about it4 ,some of the most interesting men ,i ever met were criminals1 and others were tramps1 and others were social revolutionists4 ,i should like to see all college students go to work in factories1 and ,i should like to see the leaders of labor1 both conservatives and radicals1 brought to the colleges to tell the students about industrial problems4 ,let the employers come also--both sides would be more careful of their facts if they knew they had to present them before a jury of wide-awake students and highly trained faculty members4 ,what a service the college might perform1 in toning down the bitterness of the class struggle1 if the faculty made it their business to invite both sides in every labor dispute to come and justify themselves2 if the faculty would keep at it1 and accept no refusal1 but 8smoke out0 the arrogant ones1 who take1 either publicly or privately1 the old-style attitude of 8the public be damned60 ,that is my program for colleges--to discuss the vital ideas1 the subjects that men are arguing and fighting over1 the problems that must be solved if our society is not to be rent by civil war4 ,everybody is interested in these questions1 old and young1 rich and poor1 high and low1 and if you deal with them you solve several vexing problems at once4 ,you solve the problem of getting students to study1 and also the problem of student morals2 you turn your college from a country club to which elegant young gentlemen come to wear good clothes and play games1 and more or less in secret to drink and carouse--you turn it from that into a place where ideas are taken seriously1 and the young learn the use of the most wonderful tool that the human race has so far developed1 that of experimental science4 ,when you understand this weapon and its powers1 you are no longer afraid of the specters and the goblins1 the dragons and devils and other monsters which haunted the imagination of our racial childhood4 ,you know2 you know precisely1 and you know certainly1 and so you are free from fear2 you go out into life as a young warrior with an enchanted sword1 all powerful against all enemies4 ,to forge that sword and train you in the care of it and the use of it--that is the true task of our institutions of higher education4 ,to that end the call goes out to all men and women1 who have learned to believe in reason1 and wish to have it vindicated and used in the world4 ,our educational system today is in the hands of its last organized enemy1 which is class greed and selfishness based upon economic privilege4 ,to slay that monster is to set free all the future4 ,if this book helps to make clear the issue1 and to bring fresh recruits to the army of emancipation1 its purpose will be served and its author will be content4 ,it was my original intention to write a book dealing with our whole educational system2 but as you have seen1 the mass of material dealing with colleges alone proved sufficient to make a full-sized book4 ,it is my purpose to follow this with a second volume1 dealing with the public schools1 and entitled 8,the ,goslings40 ,,index ,roman numerals refer to chapters1 ,arabic numerals to pages4 ,names of colleges and universities are in italics4 ,abelard1 #ded ,abortions1 #cha 8,abrams case10 #ge 8,acres of ,diamonds10 #ccb ,advertising1 #cae ,allegheny1 #cdg ,allen1 ,f4 ,j41 #hi ,alumni1 ,,lxxiii ,amal4 ,clothing ,workers1 #deb 8,a ,man's ,world10 #bie ,american1 #cdi ,amer4 ,ass'n of ,university ,profs41 #aha1 #ahf1 #aib1 #aie1 #cdf-g1 #ced1 #cge1 #dji1 #dee ,amer4 ,book ,co41 #bhi ,amer4 ,civil ,lib4 ,union1 #dge ,amer4 ,fed4 of ,teachers1 #dei ,amherst1 #dcb ,ammons1 #aic ,anaconda1 #agi ,anderson1 ,f4 ,b41 #aeh1 #aff ,anderson1 ,judge1 #gb ,angell1 ,j4 ,r41 #aae1 #chi ,angell1 ,n41 #aag ,ann ,arbor1 #bfd ,antioch1 #cgg ,archbold1 #bgg1 #bhf ,ardzrooni1 #ef ,armour1 #beh ,associated ,press1 #cd1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bfc1 #cbe ,athletics1 ,,lxxiv ,atwood1 ,w4 ,w41 ,,lx-,,lxi 8,auctioneer10 #dj ,aughinbaugh1 ,,lxiv ,automobiles1 ,,lv ,ayres1 #ahc ,babcock1 ,mayor1 #bgb-d ,bacon1 ,j41 #bjh ,baker1 ,g4 ,f41 #ai1 #cjf ,baker1 ,n4 ,d41 #cjd ,baker1 ,s41 #bf ,ballantine1 #dca ,bangs1 #bjf ,bangs1 ,f4 ,s41 #dh ,banton1 #cfj ,barnard1 #ef1 #afh1 #cfj1 #dgj-a ,barnes1 ,a4 ,v41 #bfd ,barnes1 ,b41 #ce1 #df ,barrows1 ,,xxvii-,,xxxi1 #afa ,barnum1 #ccb ,bartlett1 #afa ,baruch1 #cdd ,baylor1 #ceb ,beal1 #bfd-i ,beals1 #adj ,beard1 #dg-i1 #ef1 #abj1 #cic1 #dcd1 #dec 8,beast10 #ahi ,beck1 ,j4 ,m41 #daf ,bedford1 #cfh ,bell1 #ajc ,bell1 ,b4 ,i41 ,,lxxxiii ,beloit1 #cci-fe ,bemis1 #ie1 #bdd-e ,bentley1 ,f4 ,w41 #bae1 #dej ,berkeley1 #ace1 #adj ,berkeley ,divinity1 #dbi ,bethany1 #ced ,better ,amer4 ,fed41 #abi1 #acj1 #adc1 #dfh ,beyer1 #ddc ,birge1 ,,xlvi ,birth ,control1 #adf ,bismarck1 #eb ,b4 8,tribune10 #bjh ,black ,hand1 #aca1 #adi1 #aej1 #afi ,blanshard1 ,p41 #dea ,blethen1 #agd-g ,bohn1 ,w4 ,e41 #bfg ,bolley1 #bjj-d ,bolshevism1 #fj1 #hf1 #ach1 #afj1 #ahb 8,book of ,life10 #caa1 #cde 8,bootstrap-lifters10 #cec ,borglum1 #eh ,borah1 #ach1 #cfg ,boston1 #cbj ,b4 8,eve4 ,transcript10 #he ,b4 8,herald10 #bhc ,boston ,labor1 #ddi ,bowman1 #bgc1 #bge ,bowne1 #bgg ,boyesen1 #ec1 #fa ,brackett1 #bgg ,brandeis1 ,l4 ,d41 #bj1 #fb1 #gc1 #he1 #cfg ,brannon1 #ahb1 #cdj 8,brass ,check10 ,,lxvi1 #dg1 #fd1 #he1 #bbc-d-ca-fc1 #cjj-ae-dj1 #dcj ,brewster1 #aib ,brisbane1 #cfg ,brock1 #dag ,brooks1 ,r4 ,c41 #dcc ,brookwood1 #dej ,brown1 ,,lxiii ,brown1 ,chancellor1 ,,lxiv1 #cei ,bryan1 ,e4 ,a41 #ahc ,bryan1 ,w4 ,j41 #ceb ,bryant1 ,l41 #ei ,buchtel1 #aij1 #chi1 #dbi1 #dcj ,bulkley1 #bff ,bullock1 ,a4 ,g41 #bhi1 #bie ,burch1 #bg ,burns1 #gd ,burton1 ,m4 ,l41 #bag1 #bah1 #bba1 #bfd1 #bgj1 #chi ,busey1 #bfa-b ,butler1 ,h4 ,j41 #bbc1 #bbh-i ,butler1 ,n4 ,m41 ,,vii-,,xiii1 #ab1 #aae1 #acd1 #afc1 #bgh1 #cff1 #dji1 #dab1 #dad1 #def1 #deh ,butler1 ,p41 ,,xlix ,bynner1 #adc1 #ade1 #adh1 #aea ,cabot1 #fi1 #cei ,california1 ,,xxvii-,,xxxi1 #cbj-cfh1 #cgb1 #cif1 #dee 8,capital-,times10 #bbc 8,cardinal10 #bcg ,carlton1 #bf1 #aif ,carnegie1 #de1 #df1 #ed ,c4 ,foundation1 #djh 8,c4 ,pensions10 #dji ,carnegie ,tech41 #bgf ,carpenter1 ,g4 ,r41 #i ,carstensen1 #dbf ,carver1 #daa ,catholic1 #g1 #agg1 #cdi ,catell1 ,s4 ,s41 #cfb ,cattell1 ,j4 ,mc,k41 #ca1 #dj1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #bdh1 #dja1 #djh1 #daa1 #dfj1 #dfa ,center1 #cgd ,central ,pacific1 #aec ,chafee1 #ge1 #gf ,chaflin1 #cbj ,chancellor1 ,w4 ,e41 #dja ,chandler1 #abi ,chanslor1 #aej1 #aea 8,chanticleer10 #bdg ,chaplin1 ,r41 #dfd ,chapman1 ,j4 ,j41 #cja 8,charter ,day10 #acb ,chase1 ,john1 #aid ,chaucer1 #h ,chemistry1 #g ,cherrington1 #dfh ,chicago1 ,l-,,lii1 #cba1 #cge1 #cgg1 #chj1 #cig1 #dee ,chi4 8,inter-,ocean10 #cda ,chi4 8,tribune10 #dae ,chinese1 #adi1 #aei ,choate1 #ge ,church ,league for ,industrial ,democ41 #dbi1 #dca1 #ddd ,citizen's ,alliance1 #bae ,city ,college1 ,n4 ,y41 ,,ii1 #cbi ,cincinnati1 #cca ,clark1 ,,lix-,,lxi1 #dbb ,clark1 ,e41 #bh1 #aae1 #aag1 #dfe ,clark1 ,senator1 #agi ,classics1 #ada ,clum1 #aca1 #afi1 #dab ,cody1 #bfd ,coe1 #bg ,coffman1 #bah ,cohan1 #bif ,colby1 ,j41 #dej ,cole1 ,l4 ,w41 #aid ,colgate1 #cfh ,colorado ,college1 #aid ,col4 ,school of ,mines1 #aif ,col4 ,univ41 #aib ,columbia1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,,vi-,,xiii1 #cbj1 #cei1 #cff1 #ddc1 #deh ,comings1 #bcb ,commons1 #bgi 8,comrade ,yetta10 #bie ,conn4 ,c4 for ,women1 #afe ,conway1 #ajj ,conwell1 #ccb1 #chi ,cooke1 ,m4 ,l41 #gg1 #gi1 #bfg ,cooley1 #bfg ,coolidge1 #hd1 #aid ,cooper1 ,t41 #bjc1 #bjd ,cornell1 ,,lxiii1 #cgg ,coudert1 #bf1 #dh1 #abg ,cramblet1 #ced ,crane1 ,m41 #hc1 #hd ,crawford1 #cdg1 #chi 8,crimes of ,times10 #cbg 8,criminal ,syndicalism10 #aca 8,crimson10 #gd ,crocker1 #abg1 #abi1 #acf1 #aec ,crothers1 #afc1 #aff ,croyle1 #cee ,cutten1 #cfh 8,damaged ,goods10 #cda ,dana1 ,h4 ,w4 ,l41 #ef1 #ddf-i 8,daily ,californian10 #aea ,darrow1 #cfg ,dartmouth1 #cfh ,darwinism1 #ceb ,davis1 ,j41 #dbi ,dawes1 #cda ,day ,brothers1 #ahb ,day1 ,j4 ,r41 ,,lvii-,,iii1 #chi1 #dei ,debs1 #ade1 #bhd1 #dag ,deering1 #bef ,degrees1 #cff1 #chh-i ,delano1 #fc ,delaware1 #cdd ,democracy1 #dfj ,denison1 #cfa ,denver1 ,,xxxix1 #dag ,denver1 #ddd ,d4 8,post10 #ahi1 #dag1 #ddf ,de,pauw1 #dbb ,depew1 #cfg ,detroit 8,free ,press10 #bgj ,detroit 8,news10 #bfe ,dewey1 ,f4 ,h41 #bhi1 #bia ,dewey1 #ea1 #gh1 #dei de ,young1 #acj ,dill1 #chj ,dietrichson1 #bac ,dirba1 #bae ,dix1 #bg ,dobson1 ,a41 #h ,dodge1 ,m4 ,h41 #be1 #de1 #cib ,doggett1 #dca ,doheny1 #ccc ,doherty1 ,h4 ,l41 #bfh ,dollar ,line1 #adc ,dow1 #ceb ,drexel1 #ib 8,dugout01 #acj ,duke1 #cej du ,pont1 #fd1 #cdd ,earl1 #abh1 #abi1 #adh ,easley1 ,,lxxxii-,,lxxxiii ,eastman1 #fd1 #afe ,eaton1 ,a41 #aga-agc ,eaton1 ,g4 ,d41 #bgj ,edison ,electric1 #ga1 #gg 8,editor ,publisher01 #bbe ,edwards1 ,a41 #bie ,egbert1 #fj1 #ddb1 #dde1 #dec ,einstein1 #cid ,eldridge1 #cdc ,eliot1 ,c4 ,w41 #fh1 #ajc1 #chi ,elks1 #ca ,elliott1 ,e4 ,c41 #agi ,elliott1 ,h41 #fb1 #fd1 #cfg1 #cfi ,emerson1 #fh ,emory ,henry1 #cee ,engineers1 #bfg1 #cgi ,english1 #d1 #i ,erskine1 #ac ,evans1 ,w4 ,g41 #ahi-ij ,evanston ,conference1 #beh ,evolution1 #ceb ,farmer-,labor ,party1 #bbb ,farrand1 #aic ,faunce1 #chi ,fed4 ,res4 ,board1 #daj ,fed4 ,press1 #bcb ,few1 #chi ,fichte1 #ah ,fisher1 ,a41 #aha ,fisher1 ,w4 ,c41 #caa-b ,flaccus1 #bgg ,fleishhacker1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi ,florida ,state1 #dbb ,foerster1 #agd 8,foes of ,democracy01 #ahc ,follansbee1 #bge 8,foolscap01 #bah ,foster1 ,w4 ,t41 #afi ,foster1 ,w4 ,z41 #dcd ,fox1 ,a4 ,g41 #gc1 #ge1 #gf ,frankfurter1 #ge1 #gh ,franklin1 ,b41 #ajb ,fraser1 ,l41 #de-g-i ,frasier1 ,l41 #bjf ,fraternities1 #abb1 #cic ,french1 #aj ,french1 ,dean1 #bhb ,french1 ,e4 ,l41 #bgg1 #bhj ,freud1 #bhh ,frick1 #aac ,frye-,atwood1 #bib-g 8,fundamentalists01 #bcf1 #cea-c ,gardner1 ,g41 #aih ,garfield1 #cdd1 #chi ,garland 7,mayor71 #bgf ,garrett1 #aac ,garrison1 ,w4 ,l41 #fg ,gary1 ,,liii1 #aia1 #bga1 #bhe1 #ccb1 #cfg1 #cfh1 #dah1 #dbj ,gen4 ,educ4 ,board1 #aih1 #dji ,geo4 ,wash4 ,society1 #ddd ,german1 #f1 #aa1 #ah1 #afj ,getts1 #dce 8,gibson ,standard01 #cef ,gillette1 #bjg ,gilman1 ,d4 ,c41 #cjb-c ,gilman1 ,e41 #cje ,ginn ,co41 #bhc1 #bib-e ,girdansky1 #cfj ,gleason1 #dfe ,goforth1 #dfi ,goldman1 #dgf ,gompers1 #ajc1 #dec ,goodnight1 #chi ,goodnow1 #eb1 #cjc1 #chi ,goose-step1 #ah ,gorki1 #aej ,gosling1 ,i1 #dgh ,gothic1 #bda1 #cfe ,grand ,duchess1 ,,liv ,grand ,forks 8,herald01 #bjh ,graves1 #aci ,gray1 ,j4 ,h41 #bab1 #bee ,greater ,iowa ,ass'n1 #aca ,greek1 #f ,greer1 #bg ,gregory1 ,t4 ,t4 ,c41 #aeh ,grundy1 #ajj1 #ajf ,guggenheim1 #ahi-aia ,gundelfinger1 #bgf ,guthrie1 #ec ,haessler1 #dce ,haldeman1 #abi1 #acj ,hall1 ,g4 ,s41 ,,lix-,,lxi ,hamline1 #ddc ,hankins1 #cig ,hanna1 #bjd ,harding1 #bbb ,harper1 #bda-g ,hart1 #agj1 #agf-g ,harvard1 ,,xiv-,,xix1 #bh1 #ci1 #bfc1 #cbj1 #cei1 #cff1 #cfi1 #cga1 #cgd1 #dee ,harvard ,law1 #gc1 #dca ,harvard ,liberal ,club1 #gj1 #gb1 #gc1 #dff ,harvey1 ,geo41 #cfg ,harvey1 ,h4 ,a41 #bhc ,hayes1 ,e41 #dcf ,hearst1 #gf1 #acd ,heaven1 ,,lvii-,,iii ,hecker1 #dbh ,hedges1 #cci ,heinz1 #bgb-d ,helen ,ghouls1 ,,lxxxii-,,iii1 #dec ,helicon ,hall1 #abb ,heney1 #afb1 #cfi 8,herald01 #gg ,herrick1 ,r41 #bdh1 #bfb1 #cgg ,hibben1 #aad1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aai1 #cgd ,higginson1 #fb ,hill1 ,d4 ,j41 #bcc-d1 #cfg1 #dad ,hill1 ,j4 ,j41 #bjc1 #bjf ,hill1 ,l41 #bjh ,hinman1 #cda ,history1 #e ,hixson1 #chi ,hogue1 #cjd1 #dcc1 #ddd ,holmes1 #ccj1 #cfg ,holman1 ,e4 ,h4 ,h41 #ddc 8,holy ,trinity01 #aed ,holder1 #djb ,hoover1 #aeh-i1 #cfg ,hopkins1 #aec1 #aeh1 #afj1 #afb ,horlick1 #bbb ,houston1 ,d4 ,f41 #daj-a ,howard1 #aef ,howbert1 #aie ,howe1 ,f4 ,c41 #bjg1 #cfg ,howerth1 #adg1 #adh ,hoxie1 #gh ,hughes1 #ajh1 #cji1 #cfg ,humphries1 #gj1 #gd ,hunter1 #cbi1 #cfj ,huntington1 #aec ,huyler1 #bgg ,hyde1 #afa1 #cbd ,hydro-electric1 #afa ,hyslop1 #ac ,idaho1 ,,xxxvii ,iliff1 #dcj 8,illini01 #bfj ,illinois1 ,,liv1 #cbj1 #cij1 #dee ,i4 ,v4 ,a41 #bjg 8,industrial ,republic01 #cg ,i4 ,w4 ,w41 #eg1 #dgf ,interchurch ,fed41 #beh1 #bgc ,interchurch ,world ,movement1 #aia1 #bge ,intercoll4 ,socialist ,soc41 #cee ,interlocking ,directorates1 ,v ,internat4 ,harvester ,co41 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,sheldon1 #cdh ,shelley1 #h1 #aj1 #aab ,shepard1 #dai ,shepard's ,crook1 ,,lxxxiii ,shepherd 7,miss71 #bfb ,sherman1 ,s4 ,p41 #cba ,shiels1 #ei ,sims1 #gd ,sinclair1 #bdi-bed1 #cjj ,sisson1 #ahj 8,skull and ,bones01 #abb ,smith1 ,captain1 #aif ,smith1 ,e41 ,,xxi1 #ig1 #chi ,smith1 ,jos41 #ahg ,smith1 ,h41 #bhc ,smith1 ,l4 ,c41 #bgg ,smithfield1 ,,lv 8,snapping ,cords01 #gi1 #bfg ,snobbery1 #cfc ,snyder1 ,f4 ,b41 #baj1 #bah ,socialism1 #ag1 #cg1 #eb1 #ace1 #adj ,sou4 ,methodist1 #ceb ,soviet ,government1 #ei ,s4 ,california1 #cbj1 #ccc ,speyer1 #aed ,spillman1 #aih1 #daj ,spingarn1 #da-dc1 #abe 8,spoon ,river ,anthology01 #dcc ,spreckles1 #acf1 #afb1 #cfi ,sproul1 #cfg1 #dcb ,stairs1 #dei ,stanford1 ,,xxxii-,,iv1 #cgb1 #cgc ,stanford1 ,l41 #aeb1 #afb ,stanford1 ,mrs41 ,,xxxii-,,iii1 #afj ,standard ,oil1 ,l-,,lii1 #bd1 #db ,state ,street1 #fc1 #gb1 #gg ,steel ,trust1 ,,lvi ,steffens1 #id1 #baj1 #cfg ,steiner1 #aae ,steinmetz1 #dfe ,stetson1 #chj ,stewart1 ,p4 ,b41 #aie ,stockyards1 #bdf ,stokes1 ,a4 ,p41 #abe ,stone1 ,m4 ,e41 #bbe ,stotesbury1 #ib1 #ic ,strayer1 #fj ,st4 ,stephen's1 ,,lxxxiii ,submarines1 #abe ,summer ,schools1 #bib ,sumner1 ,c41 #fg ,sumner1 ,w4 ,g41 #abc1 #abd ,sunday1 ,wm4 ,a41 ,,xxii 8,survey01 #dah ,swain1 #gi ,swarthmore1 #dcb ,sykes1 ,f41 #afe ,syracuse1 ,,lvii-,,iii ,taft1 #abc1 #cfg ,tagore1 #beb ,tannenbaum1 #bif ,tarkington1 #cfg ,taylor1 ,mayor1 #afe ,teachers' ,union1 #bf1 #bg1 #dei ,temple1 #ccb ,tennis1 #bcj1 #bec ,tennessee1 #ced ,tennyson1 #aab 8,ten ,years at ,yale01 #bgf ,texas1 #gj1 #beb-c ,thackeray1 #aad ,thaw1 #bgb ,third ,international1 #ddg ,thomas1 ,augustus1 #cfg ,thomas1 ,g41 #ahg ,thomas1 ,m4 ,c41 #dag1 #ddf ,thomas1 ,n41 #dfe ,thompson1 ,pres41 #ccg1 #chi ,thurber1 ,c4 ,h41 #bhi1 #bib1 #bic ,tipple1 ,e4 ,s41 #bgg ,titus1 #cii 8,toadstools01 ,,lxix ,tolman1 #bfb1 #bfc ,topeka 8,daily ,capital01 #cdi ,traditions1 #cff ,trent1 ,w4 ,p41 #aj ,trexler1 #ig ,triggs1 #bde ,trinity1 #cej ,trinity ,church1 #ef ,trotsky1 #hf ,tufts1 #dgj ,turner1 ,j4 ,k41 #bgj 8,twin ,cities01 #bjb ,underwood1 #eh ,unearned ,increment1 #bcb ,union ,theo4 ,sem41 #cee1 #dbj ,unitarian1 #gj1 #cdh1 #ced ,u4 ,g4 ,i41 ,,xx-,,xxiii ,u4 ,s4 ,comm4 ,industrial ,relations1 #aic 8,university ,control01 #ee1 #dja1 #dfa ,untermyer1 ,s41 #ai1 #ei1 #cfg 8,up ,stream01 #cfa ,urbana1 #beh ,utah1 ,,xxxviii ,van ,cott1 #ahg ,vanderlip1 #fd1 #abh1 #abi ,van ,dyke1 #aaa ,van ,hise1 #adg1 #bcf1 #dfi ,van ,loon1 #cjh1 #cgg ,vassar1 #dag ,veblen1 #afc1 #afd1 #bdc1 #big1 #cjh1 #cge1 #dcd ,vera ,cruz1 #acg ,villard1 #adg ,vincent1 ,m41 #aaf1 #aai ,vincent1 ,pres41 #bag ,virginia ,mil4 ,inst41 #cfb ,vladivostok1 #ge ,wadsworth1 ,e41 #fb ,wadsworth1 ,j41 #ca1 #df ,wanamaker1 #ccb ,ward1 ,h4 ,f41 #aia1 #bee1 #dbh1 #dcj1 #dcc1 #dei ,ward1 ,l41 #adg ,warfield1 ,d41 #dj ,washburn1 #cdh1 #ddd ,washington1 ,,xxxvi1 #cca ,wash4 ,jeff41 #cge ,webb1 ,general1 #cbi ,webster1 ,a4 ,g41 #bhc ,weeks1 #cfh ,wellesley1 #dcf ,wells1 ,h4 ,e41 #cge ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 #ad1 #bff ,wesleyan1 ,,lxiii1 #bij ,wesleyan ,foundation1 #bcf ,west1 ,a41 #aac1 #aad1 #aai ,westinghouse1 #cjg ,wharton ,school1 #ii ,wheat1 #bja ,wheeler1 ,b4 ,i41 #cc1 #df1 #aae1 #acd1 #ada1 #adh1 #chh ,wheeler1 ,e4 ,p41 #dbf ,wheeler1 ,prof41 #ceb ,white1 ,a4 ,s41 #cdf ,white1 ,b41 #ccj1 #dcc ,wickersham1 #ic ,widener1 #ic ,widstoe1 #ahg ,wilbur1 #aae1 #aei1 #afa ,wildes1 ,h4 ,e41 #fe1 #ff ,wilhelm1 #aae ,wilkinson1 ,h4 ,s41 #bgg ,willard1 #cjc ,williams1 #cdd ,williams1 ,a4 ,r41 #dah ,williams1 ,j4 ,t41 #he ,willis1 #bjh ,wilshire1 #cbe ,wilson1 ,s41 #ace ,wilson1 ,w41 #acg1 #cfg1 #che1 #dac ,winchester1 ,geo41 #cgf ,winthrop1 #ge ,wire ,city1 #dcd ,wisconsin1 ,,xxvi-,,ix1 #cic1 #dfi ,wishart1 #chi ,wister1 #cfg ,witmer1 #aja ,wolf1 ,a4 ,g41 #aig ,womer1 #cdh ,wood1 ,a4 ,e41 #aaf ,wood1 ,l41 #cf1 #ic1 #aaj1 #cfg ,wood1 ,w4 ,w41 #dea ,woodberry1 #ae1 #db ,wooster1 #cdf ,worcester1 #bij ,w4 8,telegram01 #bif 8,workers01 #dda ,workers' ,education1 ,,lxxxvi ,workers' ,ed4 ,bureau1 #dec 8,world's ,work01 #daf ,worrell1 #aig ,worst1 #aii1 #bjd ,wyckliffite1 #h ,wyland1 #bif-i ,yale1 ,,xxvi1 #cfd1 #cfe1 #dee 8,yale ,review01 #abd ,yard1 ,r4 ,s41 #cbh 8,yellowplush ,papers01 #aad ,young1 ,j41 #ahe ,young1 ,n4 ,c41 #bjf ,young1 ,r41 #ahe-g 8,young ,democracy01 #ajg ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a41 #gj1 #aia1 #bfi1 #dbb1 #dfh ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 ,college1 #dca ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a41 #dfi ,zeuch1 #cjg 8,zion's ,herald01 #bhe ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,proposition to ,reprint ,the ,early ,books of ,upton ,sinclair ,all the books written by me from #aija to #aiaa are now out of print and unobtainable4 ,these include3 8,manassas10 which ,jack ,london called 8,the best ,civil ,war book ,i have read40 8,samuel the ,seeker10 which ,frederik van ,eeden1 the ,dutch poet and novelist1 considered my best novel4 8,the ,metropolis10 a novel portraying 8,four ,hundred0 of ,new ,york1 which caused a sensation in its day4 8,the ,moneychangers10 a novel dealing with the causes of the panic of #aijg4 8,the ,journal of ,arthur ,stirling10 which is my favorite among my early books4 8,jimmie ,higgins10 a novel of the war1 published in #aiah1 and already out of print4 ,it is my wish to reprint these six books in a uniform edition1 both cloth-bound and paper-bound4 ,the price will be #fj cents a copy paper and #a4bj a copy cloth4 ,in order to obtain the necessary capital for this publication ,i wish to hear from those who will agree to take the six volumes1 in sets put up in a box4 ,the price will be #b4ej per set paper-bound and #e4jj per set cloth-bound4 ,you need not send the money2 all ,i want is to know how many of my readers will take these books when they are published4 ,if a sufficient number of guarantees are received the books will be issued in the summer of #aibc4 ,the very low price in sets is intended only for advance orders1 and will not be repeated4 ,,upton ,,sinclair1 ,pasadena1 ,california4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,who ,owns the ,press1 and ,why8 ,when you read your daily paper1 are you reading facts or propaganda8 ,and whose propaganda8 ,who furnishes the raw material for your thoughts about life8 ,is it honest material8 ,no man can ask more important questions than these2 and here for the first time the questions are answered in a book4 ,,the ,,brass ,,check ,a ,study of ,american ,journalism ,by ,,upton ,,sinclair ,read the record of this book to ,august1 #aibj3 ,published in ,february1 #aibj2 first edition1 #bc1jjj paper-bound copies1 sold in two weeks4 ,second edition1 #ba1jjj paper-bound1 sold before it could be put to press4 ,third edition1 #ae1jjj1 and fourth edition1 #ab1jjj1 sold4 ,fifth edition1 #ae1jjj1 in press4 ,paper for sixth edition1 #aaj1jjj1 just shipped from the mill4 ,the third and fourth editions are printed on 8number one news02 the sixth will be printed on a carload of lightweight brown wrapping paper--all we could get in a hurry4 ,the first cloth edition1 #af1ejj copies1 all sold2 a carload of paper for the second edition1 #dj1jjj copies1 has just reached our printer--and so we dare to advertise6 ,ninety thousand copies of a book sold in six months--and published by the author1 with no advertising1 and only a few scattered reviews6 ,what this means is that the ,american people want to know the truth about their newspapers4 ,they have found the truth in 8,the ,brass ,check0 and they are calling for it by telegraph4 ,put these books on your counter1 and you will see1 as one doctor wrote us--8they melt away like the snow40 ,from the pastor of the ,community ,church1 ,new ,york3 8,i am writing to thank you for sending me a copy of your new book1 #8,the ,brass ,check4' ,although it arrived only a few days ago1 ,i have already read it through1 every word1 and have loaned it to one of my colleagues for reading4 ,the book is tremendous4 ,i have never read a more strongly consistent argument or one so formidably buttressed by facts4 ,you have proved your case to the handle4 ,i again take satisfaction in saluting you not only as a great novelist1 but as the ablest pamphleteer in ,america today4 ,i am already passing around the word in my church and taking orders for the book40--,john ,haynes ,holmes4 #ddj pages4 ,single copy1 paper1 #f,oc postpaid2 three copies1 #a4ej2 ten copies1 #d4ej4 ,single copy1 cloth1 #a4bj postpaid2 three copies1 #c4jj2 ten copies1 #i4jj ,address3 ,,upton ,,sinclair1 ,pasadena1 ,cal4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,they ,call ,me ,carpenter ,by ,,upton ,,sinclair ,would you like to meet ,jesus8 ,would you care to walk down ,broadway with him in the year #aibb8 ,what would he order for dinner in a lobster palace8 ,what would he do in a beauty parlor8 ,what would he make of a permanent wave8 ,what would he say to ,mary ,magna1 million dollar queen of the movies8 ,and how would he greet the pillars of ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,church8 ,how would he behave at strike headquarters8 ,what would he say at a mass meeting of the 8reds08 ,and what would the ,american ,legion do to him8 ,from the 8,survey03 8,upton ,sinclair has a reputation for rushing in where angels fear to tread4 ,he has done it again and1 artist that he is1 has mastered the most difficult theme with ease and sureness4 ,that the figure of ,jesus is woven into a novel which is glorious fun1 in itself will shock many people4 ,but the graphic arts have long been given the liberty of treating ,his life in a contemporary setting--why not the novelist8 8,heywood ,broun and other critics notwithstanding1 it must be stated that ,sinclair has treated the figure of ,christ with a reverence far more sincere than that of writings in which ,his presence is shrouded in pseudo-mystic inanity4 ,by an artistry borrowed from the technique of modern expressionist fiction1 he has combined downright realism with an extravagant imaginativeness in which the appearance of ,christ is no more improper than it is in the actual dreams of hundreds of thousands of devout ,christians4 8,like all of ,sinclair's writings1 this book is1 of course1 a ,socialist tract2 but here--in a spirit which entirely destroys ,mr4 ,broun's charge that he has made ,christ the spokesman of one class--he is unmerciful in his exposure of the sins of the poor as well as of the rich1 and directs at the comrades in radical movements a sermon which every churchman will gladly endorse4 8,it is not necessary to recommend a book that will find its way into thousands of homes4 ,incidentally one wonders how a story so colloquially ,american--,mr4 ,broun considers this bad taste--can possibly be translated into the ,hungarian1 the ,chinese and the dozen or so other languages in which ,sinclair's books are devoured by the common people of the world40 ,price1 #a4ge cloth1 postpaid4 ,order from ,,upton ,,sinclair1 ,pasadena1 ,california ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a book which has been absolutely boycotted by the literary reviews of ,america4 ,,the ,,profits ,,of ,,religion ,,by ,,upton ,,sinclair ,a study of ,supernaturalism as a ,source of ,income and a ,shield to ,privilege2 the first examination in any language of institutionalized religion from the economic point of view4 8,has the labour as well as the merit of breaking virgin soil10 writes ,joseph ,mc,cabe4 ,the book has had practically no advertising and only two or three reviews in radical publications2 yet forty thousand copies have been sold in the first year4 ,from the ,rev4 ,john ,haynes ,holmes3 8,i must confess that it has fairly made me writhe to read these pages1 not because they are untrue or unfair1 but on the contrary1 because ,i know them to be the real facts4 ,i love the church as ,i love my home1 and therefore it is no pleasant experience to be made to face such a story as this which you have told4 ,it had to be done1 however1 and ,i am glad you have done it1 for my interest in the church1 after all1 is more or less incidental1 whereas my interest in religion is a fundamental thing4444 ,let me repeat again that ,i feel that you have done us all a service in the writing of this book4 ,our churches today1 like those of ancient ,palestine1 are the abode of ,pharisees and scribes4 ,it is as spiritual and helpful a thing now as it was in ,jesus' day for that fact to be revealed40 ,from ,luther ,burbank3 8,no one has ever told #8the truth1 the whole truth1 and nothing but the truth' more faithfully than ,upton ,sinclair in #8,the ,profits of ,religion4'0 ,from ,louis ,untermeyer3 8,let me add my quavering alto to the chorus of applause of #8,the ,profits of ,religion4' ,it is something more than a book--it is a ,work60 #cae pages4 ,single copy1 #fj;c postpaid2 three copies1 #a4ej2 ten copies1 #d4ej2 ,by freight or express1 collect1 twenty-five copies at #dj;c per copy2 #ajj copies at #ch;c2 #ejj copies at #cf;c2 #a1jjj copies at #ce;c4 ,single copy1 cloth1 #a4bj postpaid2 three copies1 #c4jj2 ten copies1 #i4jj4 ,by freight or express1 collect1 twenty-five copies at #hj;c per copy2 #ajj copies at #gf;c2 #ejj copies at #gb;c2 #a1jjj copies at #gj;c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a ,new ,novel by ,upton ,sinclair #ajj ,,the ,,story ,,of ,a ,,patriot ,would you like to go behind the scenes and see the 8invisible government0 of your country saving you from the ,bolsheviks and the ,reds8 ,would you like to meet the secret agents and provocateurs of 8,big ,business10 to know what they look like1 how they talk and what they are doing to make the world safe for democracy8 ,several of these gentlemen have been haunting the home of ,upton ,sinclair during the past three years and he has had the idea of turning the tables and investigating the investigators4 ,he has put one of them1 ,peter ,gudge by name1 into a book1 together with ,peter's ladyloves1 and his wife1 and his boss and a whole group of his fellow-agents and their employers4 ,the hero of this book is a red-blooded1 #ajj ,american1 a 8he-man0 and no mollycoddle4 ,he begins with the ,mooney case1 and goes through half a dozen big cases of which you have heard4 ,his story is a fact-story of ,america from #aiaf to #aibj1 and will make a bigger sensation than 8,the ,jungle40 ,albert ,rhys ,williams1 author of 8,lenin0 and 8,in the ,claws of the ,german ,eagle10 read the ,,ms4 and wrote3 8,this is the first novel of yours that ,i have read through with real interest4 ,it is your most timely work1 and is bound to make a sensation4 ,i venture that you will have even more trouble than you had with #8,the ,brass ,check'--in getting the books printed fast enough40 ,single copy1 #fj;c postpaid2 three copies1 #a4ej2 ten copies1 #d4ej4 ,by freight or express1 collect1 twenty-five copies at #dj;c per copy2 #ajj copies at #ch;c2 #ejj copies at #cf;c2 #a1jjj copies at #ce;c4 ,single copy1 cloth1 #a4bj postpaid2 three copies1 #c4jj2 ten copies1 #i4jj4 ,by freight or express1 collect1 twenty-five copies at #hj;c per copy2 #ajj copies at #gf;c2 #ejj copies at #gb;c2 #a1jjj copies at #gj;c4 ,,upton ,,sinclair -- ,pasadena1 ,california ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,jimmie ,,higgins 8,jimmie ,higgins0 is the fellow who does the hard work in the job of waking up the workers4 ,jimmie hates war--all war--and fights against it with heart and soul4 ,but war comes1 and ,jimmie is drawn into it1 whether he will or no4 ,he has many adventures--strikes1 jails1 munitions explosions1 draft-boards1 army-camps1 submarines and battles4 8,jimmie ,higgins ,goes to ,war0 at last1 and when he does he holds back the ,german army and wins the battle of 8,chatty ,terry40 ,but then they send him into ,russia to fight the ,bolsheviki1 and there 8,jimmie ,higgins ,votes for ,democracy40 ,a picture of the ,american working-class movement during four years of world-war2 all wings of the movement1 all the various tendencies and clashing impulses are portrayed4 ,cloth1 #a4bj postpaid4 ,from 8,the ,candidate03 ,i have just finished reading the first installment of 8,jimmie ,higgins0 and ,i am delighted with it4 ,it is the beginning of a great story1 a story that will be translated into many languages and be read by eager and interested millions all over the world4 ,i feel that your art will lend itself readily to 8,jimmie ,higgins10 and that you will be at your best in placing this dear little comrade where he belongs in the ,socialist movement4 ,the opening story of your chapter proves that you know him intimately4 ,so do ,i and ,i love him with all my heart1 even as you do4 ,he has done more for me than ,i shall ever be able to do for him4 ,almost anyone can be 8,the ,candidate10 and almost anyone will do for a speaker1 but it takes the rarest of qualities to produce a 8,jimmie ,higgins40 ,you are painting a superb portrait of our 8,jimmie0 and ,i congratulate you4 ,,eugene ,v4 ,,debs4 ,from ,mrs4 ,jack ,london3 ,jimmie ,higgins is immense4 ,he is real1 and so are the other characters4 ,i'm sure you rather fancy ,comrade ,dr4 ,service6 ,the beginning of the narrative is delicious with an irresistible loving humor2 and as a change comes over it and the ,big ,medicine begins to work1 one realizes by the light of #aiah1 what you have undertaken to accomplish4 ,the sure touch of your genius is here1 ,upton ,sinclair1 and ,i wish ,jack ,london might read and enjoy4 ,,charmian ,,london4 ,from a ,socialist ,artist3 ,jimmie ,higgins' start is a master portrayal of that character4 ,i have been out so long on these lecture tours that ,i can appreciate the picture4 ,i am waiting to see how the story develops4 ,it starts better than 8,king ,coal40 ,,ryan ,,walker4 ,price1 cloth1 #a4bj postpaid4 ,,upton ,,sinclair1 ,pasadena1 ,california ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,concerning ,the ,jungle ,not since ,byron awoke one morning to find himself famous has there been such an example of world-wide celebrity won in a day by a book as has come to ,upton ,sinclair4--,new ,york ,evening ,world4 --- ,it is a book that does for modern industrial slavery what 8,uncle ,tom's ,cabin0 did for black slavery4 ,but the work is done far better and more accurately in 8,the ,jungle0 than in 8,uncle ,tom's ,cabin40--,arthur ,brisbane in the ,new ,york ,evening ,journal4 --- ,i never expected to read a serial4 ,i am reading 8,the ,jungle10 and ,i should be afraid to trust myself to tell how it affects me4 ,it is a great work4 ,i have a feeling that you yourself will be dazed some day by the excitement about it4 ,it is impossible that such a power should not be felt4 ,it is so simple1 so true1 so tragic and so human4 ,it is so eloquent1 and yet so exact4 ,i must restrain myself or you may misunderstand4--,david ,graham ,phillips4 --- ,in this fearful story the horrors of industrial slavery are as vividly drawn as if by lightning4 ,it marks an epoch in revolutionary literature4--,eugene ,v4 ,debs4 --- ,mr4 ,heinemann isn't a man to bungle2 ,he's published a book which is called 8,the ,jungle40 ,it's written by ,upton ,sinclair1 who ,appears to have heard a thing or two ,about ,chicago and what men do ,who live in that city--a loathsome crew4 ,it's there that the stockyards reek with blood1 ,and the poor man dies1 as he lives1 in mud2 ,the ,trusts are wealthy beyond compare1 ,and the bosses are all triumphant there1 ,and everything rushes without a skid ,to be plunged in a hell which has lost its lid4 ,for a country where things like that are done ,there's just one remedy1 only one1 ,a latter-day ,upton ,sinclairism ,which the rest of us know as ,socialism4 ,here's luck to the book6 ,it will make you cower1 ,for it's written with wonderful1 thrilling power4 ,it grips your throat with a grip ,titanic1 ,and scatters shams with a force volcanic4 ,go buy the book1 for ,i judge you need it1 ,and when you have bought it1 read it1 read it4 --,punch 7,london74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,other ,,books ,,by ,,upton ,,sinclair4 ,,king ,,coal3 a ,novel of the ,colorado coal country4 ,cloth1 #a4bj postpaid4 8,clear1 convincing1 complete40--,lincoln ,steffens4 8,i wish that every word of it could be burned deep into the heart of every ,american40--,adolph ,germer4 ,,the ,,cry ,,for ,,justice3 an ,anthology of the ,literature of ,social ,protest1 with an ,introduction by ,jack ,london1 who calls it 8this humanist ,holy-book40 ,thirty-two illustrations1 #hia pages4 ,price #a4ej cloth2 #a4jj paper4 8,it should rank with the very noblest works of all time4 ,you could scarcely have improved on its contents--it is remarkable in variety and scope4 ,buoyant1 but never blatant1 powerful and passionate1 it has the spirit of a challenge and a battle cry40--,louis ,untermeyer4 8,you have marvelously covered the whole ground4 ,the result is a book that radicals of every shade have long been waiting for4 ,you have made one that every student of the world's thought--economic1 philosophic1 artistic--has to have40--,reginald ,wright ,kauffman4 ,,sylvia3 a ,novel of the ,far ,south4 ,price #a4bj postpaid4 ,,sylvia',s ,,marriage3 a sequel4 ,price #a4bj postpaid4 ,,damaged ,,goods3 a ,novel made from the play by ,brieux4 ,cloth1 #a4bj2 paper1 #fj cents postpaid4 ,,plays ,,of ,,protest3 four dramas4 ,price #a4bj postpaid4 ,the above prices postpaid4 ,,upton ,,sinclair--,pasadena1 ,california ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcriber's ,note ,the index entry for #8,open ,forum' incorrectly referenced an invalid ,roman numeral #8,,lciii' rather than #8,,xciii'4 ,this has been corrected4 ,errors deemed most likely to be the printer's have been corrected1 and are noted here4 ,the references are to the page and line in the original4 ,the following issues should be noted1 along with the resolutions4 #c4ai a jolly ,irish gentletleman ,removed4 #bg4ae when ,i was a little boy4_/1 ,replaced4 #dh4cb the trustees included ,tammany ,t_/,hall ,replaced4 #ef4af of the university's money1_/4 ,replaced4 #eg4bf to bring suit agani_/inst the university ,transposed4 #gc4dc one of ,massachusett's_/s' most distinguished ,transposed4 jurists4 #ajj4h but this recommne_/endation was held up ,transposed4 #acc4bd the wives of his wealthiest regents ,inserted4 #aeg4b they appeared ,inserted4 #agh4ag who have not incurred his displesa_/asure ,transposed4 #ahj4da ,b4 ,w4 ,huebsch1 ,new ,york1_/4 ,replaced4 #cjc4bb ,johns ,hopkins what they like ,added4 #cjf4ai said this ,johns ,hopkins man ,added4 #cfc4cb will always be 8openings10 desirable ,inserted4 friendships #cib4ca was an undergraduate ,inserted4 #cid4bg and their alpha-apple-pies ,inserted4 #cih4ah ,said ,nei_/ietzsche ,transposed4 #cii4be by a peculiar circumstances ,removed4 #dac4ab from ,princeton ,university ,inserted4 #dbj4aa so ,i take is_/t as fair to assume ,replaced4 #dba4bj for five paragraphs is_/t proceeds ,replaced4 #dbd4ba since to do so so would ,removed4 #dfa4db to make their will effective4 ,added4 #dgb4dj these politics1 these newspapers ,added4 #dhf4bi ,schneidermann1 #ddg ,removed4 ad4#a dealing witth the causes ,removed4