,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,! adv]tisem5t = ! book 8,,ar*itecture ,,( ,,! ,,metropolis0 has be5 mov$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! book to ! end ( ! book4 ,,rudim5t>y ,,ar*itecture3 ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,beg9n]s4 ,,! ,,ord]s1 ,,& ,,_! ,,/hetic ,,pr9ciples4 ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,le$s1 ,,esq4 ,london3 ,,john ,,weale1 ,,ar*itectural ,,libr>y1 #ei1 ,,high ,,holborn4 ,m4,,dccc4,,xlviii4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,! ,ord]s g5]ally #c ,fir/ ,ord]3 ,anci5t ,doric #ad ,mod]n ,d4 #be ,tuscan #bh ,second1 or ,volut$-capital1 ,ord]3 ,greek ,ionic #cj ,roman & ,mod]n #df ,?ird1 or ,foliag$-capital ,ord]3 ,cor9?ian #ec ,composite #fb ,columniation3 ,=ms & ,d5om9ations ( ,temples & ,porticoes #fh ,int]columniation #gg ,gloss>ial ,index #hb ,,preface4 ,x is important t an elem5t>y treatise1--m p>ticul>ly if x pr(ess to be a popul> "o1 int5d$ = ! use ( beg9n]s z well z = pr(essional /ud5ts1--%\ld n only give rules1 b expla9 pr9ciples also2 & unless ! latt] be cle>ly def9$1 ! memory alone is ex]cis$1 p]haps fatigu$1 ow+ to ! =m] be+ unsupport$ by adequate reason+4 ,to conf9e in/ruction to b>e matt]-(-fact is n to simplify1 mu* less to popul>ize x2 s9ce su* mode entirely )holds all t explanation :i* is s necess>y = a beg9n]1 :o w else probably feel m di%e>t5$ ?an int]e/$4 ,any /udy :i* is pres5t$ 9 its v drie/ =m by be+ dive/$ ( all t imp>ts int]e/ to ! subject1 w soon become dry & un9t]e/+ 9 itself1 & prejudice may ?us be excit$ aga9/ x at ! v outset4 ,^? :o pursue ! pr(ession ( ,ar*itecture mu/ ( c\rse apply !mselves to ! /udy ( x te*nically1 & acquire _! k ( x1 bo? !oretical & practical1 by me?ods :i* p>take m or less ( r\t9e in/ruction4 ,o!rs nei!r w nor ev5 c d s4 ,if ! public are ev] to become acqua9t$ ) ,ar*itecture1--n1 inde$1 ) its sci5tific & me*anical processes ( con/ruction1 b 9 its "* ( ,f9e ,art & ,design1--o!r me?ods ( /udy ?an ^? hi!rto provid$ mu/ be furni%$1 z x appe>s to h be5 assum$ t ^? alone :o h be5 educat$ to x pr(essionally c prop]ly und]/& any ?+ ( ev5 ! ,art ( ,ar*itecture1--a fatal mi/ake1 :i*1 _h x cle>ly p]ceiv$ its own int]e/1 ! ,pr(ession itself w\ld long s9ce h attempt$ to remove2 x be+ cle>ly to ! int]e/ ( ,ar*itects t ! public %\ld acquire a ta/e & reli% = ,ar*itecture4 ,! /udy ( ,ar*itecture1 x may be said1 has ( late ye>s acquir$ an increas$ %>e ( public att5tion2 b x has be5 too exclusively conf9$ to ! ,m$ival & ,ecclesia/ical /yles1 :i* h consequ5tly be5 br\ght into repute & g5]al fav\r1--a result :i* /rongly confirms :at has j be5 recomm5d$1 namely1 ! policy ( diffus+ ar*itectural ta/e z widely z possible4 ,z yet1 ! ta/e = ,ar*itecture & ! /udy ( x1 s promot$1 has n be5 duly ext5d$2 = next to t ( be+ acqua9t$ ) ! ,m$ival1 ! greate/ m]it1 x w\ld seem1 is t ( be+ ignorant ( ,classical ,ar*itecture & its ,ord]s2 :i* la/1 h[ev] ill !y may h be5 und]/ood1 h[ev] greatly corrupt$ & p]v]t$1 influ5ce & p]vade1 9 "s degree1 ! ,mod]n ,ar*itecture ( all ,europe1 & ( all ^? c\ntries also to :i* ,european civilization has ext5d$4 ,nev]!less1 no popul> ,manual on ! subject ( ! ,ord]s has yet be5 provid$1--a desid]atum :i* x is ! object ( ! foll[+ pages to supply4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,le$s4 ,,rudim5t>y ,,ar*itecture4 ,,! ,,ord]s4 ,al?\gh ?is little treatise is limit$ to ! consid]ation ( ,anci5t & ,classic ,ar*itecture1 we may be all[$ to expla9 briefly :at is to be und]/ood by ,ar*itecture 9 its quality ( "o ( ! s-call$ ,f9e ,arts1 if only to gu>d aga9/ confus$ & errone\s notions & misconceptions4 ,x w !re=e n be deem$ sup]flu\s to /ate t !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ,build+ & ,ar*itecture1--"o :i* is app>5tly s v obvi\s t x is difficult to conceive h[ x c h be5 ov]look$1 z x g5]ally has be51 by ^? :o h writt5 ^u ! subject4 ,)\t build+ we _c h ar*itecture1 any m ?an )\t language we c h lit]ature2 b build+ & language are only ! matriel1--nei!r1 ! art :i* works ^u t matriel1 nor ! productions :i* x =ms out ( x4 ,build+ is n a f9e art1 any m ?an m]e speak+ or writ+ is eloqu5ce or poetry4 ,_m h def9$ ar*itecture to be ! art ( build+ accord+ to rule3 j z well might !y def9e eloqu5ce to be ! art ( speak+ accord+ to gramm>1 or poetry ! art ( compos+ accord+ to prosody4 ,inf9itely m correct & rational w\ld x be to say t ar*itecture is build+ greatly ref9$ ^u1--elevat$ to ! rank ( art by be+ treat$ /hetically1 t is to say1 arti/ically4 ,9 %ort1 ar*itecture is build+ ) some?+ m ?an a view to m]e utility & conv5i5ce2 x is build+ 9 su* a mann] z to delight ! eye by beauty ( =ms1 to captivate ! imag9ation1 & to satisfy t faculty ( ! m9d :i* we d5om9ate ta/e4 ,fur!r ?an ?is we %all n prosecute our rem>ks on ! nature ( ar*itecture1 b come at once to t species ( x :i* is *>act]iz$ by ! ,ord]s4 ,9 its ar*itectural mean+1 ! t]m ,,ord] ref]s to ! sy/em ( columniation practis$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & is employ$ to d5ote ! columns & entablature toge!r2 9 o!r words1 bo? ! upright support+ pill>s & ! horizontal beams & ro(1 or trabeation1 support$ by !m4 ,^! two divisions1 comb9$1 con/itute an ,ord]2 & s f> all ,ord]s are alike1 & might accord+ly be r$uc$ to a s+le "o1 al?\gh1 = great] conv5i5ce1 !y are divid$ into ?ree lead+ classes or families1 di/+ui%$ z ,doric1 ,ionic1 & ,cor9?ian4 ,x 0 =m]ly ! fa%ion to speak ( ! ,,five ,,ord]s1 & also to treat ( !m z if ea* ,ord] 7 r$uc$ to a positive /&>d1 admitt+ ( v little deviation1 in/ead ( be+ 9 reality includ$ 9 _m subord9ate v>ieties1 :i*1 h[ev] !y may diff] f ea* o!r1 are all =m$ accord+ to "o common type1 & are !reby pla9ly di/+ui%$ f ei!r ( ! two o!r ,ord]s4 ,! vulg> ,five ,ord]s' doctr9e is1 x is to be hop$1 n[ altoge!r explod$2 = if ! s-call$ ,tuscan1 :i* is only a rud] & ba/>d sort ( ,doric1 & ( :i* no accr$it$ anci5t examples rema91 is to be receiv$ z a di/9ct ,ord]1 a simil> di/9ction ought to be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! orig9al ,anci5t or ,grecian & ! d]ivative ,roman & ,italian ,doric1 :i* diff] f ! o!r q z mu*1 if n m s1 ?an ! ,tuscan does f ei!r4 ,ev5 ! ,grecian ,doric itself exhibits _m decid$ v>ieties1 :i*1 ?\gh all p>tak+ ( "o & ! same /yle1 con/itute s _m ,doric ,ord]s4 ,! ,p/um-,doric1 = in/ance1 is altoge!r dissimil> f ! ,a!nian or t ( ! ,p>!non4 ,aga91 if ! ,composite is to be receiv$ z a di/9ct ,ord] f ! ,cor9?ian1 m]ely on acc\nt ( its capital be+ ( a mix$ "*1 p>tak+ ( ! ,ionic1 inasmu* z x has volutes1 & ( ! ,cor9?ian 9 its foliage1 ! ,cor9?ian itself may ) equal propriety be subdivid$ into z _m di/9ct ,ord]s z !re are di/9ct v>ieties2 & ! m s1 z "s ( ! latt] v>y f ea* o!r v consid]ably 9 _m o!r respects ?an z reg>ds _! capitals4 ,except t ! same g5]al "n is appli$ to !m1 !re is v little 9 common betwe5 su* an example ( ! ,cor9?ian or foliag$-capital class z t ( ! monum5t ( ,lysicrates1 & t ( ! ,temple at ,tivoli1 or betwe5 ei!r ( !m or ^? ( ! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,/ator & ! ,pan!on1 n to m5tion a great _m o!rs4 ,in/ances ( ! s-call$ ,composite are1 moreov]1 s exce$+ly few1 z n ev5 to w>rant our call+ x ! ,roman ,ord]1 j z if x _h be5 9 g5]al use among ! ,romans 9 e p]iod ( _! ar*itecture4 ,) f> great] propriety might ! ,cor9?ian itself1 or :at we n[ s designate1 be t]m$ ! ,roman ,ord]1 be+ n only ! "o *iefly us$ by t p1 b also ! "o :i* !y fairly appropriat$ to !mselves1 by ent]+ into ! _s ( x1 & treat+ x ) fre$om & arti/ic feel+4 ,9 fact1 we are indebt$ f> m to ,roman ?an to ,grecian examples = our k ( ! ,cor9?ian2 & x is ^u ! =m] t ! mod]ns h modell$ _! ideal ( t ,ord]4 ,:at has be5 said ) reg>d to /rik+ div]sity 9 ! sev]al examples ( ! ,cor9?ian1 holds equally good z to ^? ( ! ,ionic ,ord]1 9 :i* we h to di/+ui% n only betwe5 ,roman & ,grecian ,ionic1 b fur!r1 betwe5 ,hell5ic & ,asiatic ,ionic4 ,nor is t all3 !re is a palpable diff]5ce betwe5 ^? examples ^: capitals h a neck+ to !m1 & ^? :i* h none1--a diff]5ce q z great1 if n great]1 ?an t :i* is recogniz$ z suffici5t to e/abli% = ! ,composite ! title ( a di/9ct ,ord] f ! ,cor9?ian2 inasmu* z ! neck+ greatly enl>ges ! proportion ( ! :ole capital1 & gives increas$ importance to x4 ,! ,ionic capital fur!r admits ( a species ( v>iation :i* _c possibly take place 9 ^? ( ei!r ( ! o!r two ,ord]s3 x may h ei!r two faces & two balu/] sides1 or f\r equal & simil> sides1--! volutes be+1 9 ! latt] case1 turn$ diagonally1 ! mode *iefly practis$ by ! ,romans2 b by ! ,greeks1 & t n always1 9 ! capitals at ! ends ( a portico1 by plac+ ! diagonal volute at ! angle only1 s z to obta9 two out] faces = ! capital1 "o 9 front1 ! o!r on ! #8return' or flank ( ! portico4 ,x is !re=e unnecess>y to say1 t to divide ! ,ord]s into ,five1 z has be5 done by all mod]n writ]s1 until ( late ye>s1 & to e/abli% = ea* ( !m "o fix$1 uni=m "*1 is altoge!r a mi/ake2 & n only a m]e mi/ake z reg>ds names & o!r di/9ctions1 b "o :i* has l$ to a plodd+1 me*anical treatm5t ( ! respective ,ord]s !mselves1 no?+ be+ left = ! ,ar*itect to d1 s f> z ! ,ord] :i* he employs is conc]n$1 ?an m]ely to foll[ ! example :i* he has select$1--9 o!r words1 m]ely to copy in/ead ( design+1 by imitat+ 8 model ) arti/ic fre$om & _s4 ,our view ( ! matt]1 on ! contr>y1 greatly simplifies & rationalizes ! doctr9e ( ! ,ord]s1 & facilitates ! /udy ( !m by cle>+ away ! contract$ notions & prejudices :i* h be5 p]mitt$ to encumb] x2 & ow+ to :i*1 m]e conv5tional rules1 equally petty & p$antic1 h be5 sub/itut$ = intellig5t guid+ maxims & pr9ciples4 ,hav+ ?us f> briefly expla9$ ! rationale ( ! ,ord]s ) reg>d to ! division ( !m into ?ree lead+ classes1 ea* ( :i*1 di/9ct f ! o!r two1 yet comprises _m v>ieties or species1--:i*1 h[ev] mu* !y may diff] ) respect to m9or di/9ctions1 all evid5tly belong to "o & ! same /yle1 or :at we call ,ord]1--we h n[ to consid] _! con/itu5t p>ts1 t is1 ^? :i* apply to e ,ord] alike4 ,hi!rto x has be5 usual ) mo/ writ]s to treat ( an ,ord] z consi/+ ( ?ree pr9cipal p>ts or divisions1 viz4 p$e/al1 column1 & entablature4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 h[ev]1 _c by any means be reg>d$ z an integral "p ( an ,ord]4 ,s f> f be+ an ess5tial1 x is only an accid5tal "o1--"o1 moreov]1 ( ,roman inv5tion1 & applicable only "u p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,! p$e/al no m belongs to an ,ord] ?an an attic or podium plac$ above ! entablature4 ,9 ! idea ( an ,ord] we d n include :at is extrane\s to ! ,ord] itself3 x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! columns /& imm$iately ^u ! gr\nd or floor1 or are rais$ above x4 ,!y almo/ inv>iably are s rais$1 because1 7 ! columns to /& imm$iately ^u ! gr\nd or a m]e pavem5t1 ! effect w\ld be comp>atively mean & unsatisfactory2 ! edifice w\ld h>dly seem to /& firmly1 &1 = want ( app>5t foot+1 w\ld look z if x _h sunk into ! gr\nd1 or ! soil _h accumulat$ ar\nd x4 ,) ! view1 !re=e1 ( increas+ height = ! :ole /ructure1 & o!rwise enhanc+ its effect1 ! ,greeks plac$ _! temples ^u a bold sub/ructure1 compos$ ( grad9i or deep /eps1 or ^u "s sort ( cont9u\s /ylobate2 ei!r ( :i* modes is altoge!r diff]5t f1 & af=ds no prec$5t =1 ! p$e/al ( mod]n writ]s4 ,& "h x may be rem>k$1 t ( ! dignity imp>t$ to a portico by a /ylobate =m+ an asc5t up to x 9 front1 we h a f9e example 9 t ( ,/4 ,george's ,*ur*1 ,bloomsbury1 :i* s f> imitates ! celebrat$ ,maison ,c>re at ,nismes4 ,nev]!less1 ess5tial z "s sort ( /ylobate is to ! edifice itself1 x does n prop]ly belong to x1 any m ?an t equally ess5tial--9 fact m indisp5sable "p--! ro(4 ,x is n )\t "s regret t we ab&on1 z :olly unt5able1 ! doctr9e ( ! p$e/al be+ an integral "p ( an ,ord]3 x w\ld be s mu* m agreeable to say t ! entire ,ord] consi/s ( ?ree pr9cipal divisions1 j ! same z ea* ( ! divisions !mselves4 ,z reg>ds ! entire /ructure1 su* triplicity1 t ( #8beg9n+1 middle1 & end1' 0 obs]v$4 ,= #8beg9n+1' !re 0 sub/ructure1 h[ev] d5om9at$1 or :e!r expressly d5om9at$ at all1 or n2 = #8middle1' !re 7 ! columns2 & = #8end' or completion1 ! entablature4 ,= ! :ole ( a /ructure1 !re is or ought to be su* #8beg9n+1 middle1 & end2' b f ! ,ord] itself we exclude "o ( !m1 z n be+ dep5d5t ^u x ei!r = "* or treatm5t4 ,! p$e/al be+ disc>d$ z some?+ ap>t f ! ,ord] itself1 ! latt] is r$uc$ to ! two gr& divisions ( column & entablature1 ea* ( :i* is subdivid$ into ?ree di/9ct p>ts or memb]s1 viz4 ! column1 into base1 %aft1 & capital2 ! entablature1 into ar*itrave1 frieze1 & cornice2 s t ! latt] is to ! entablature :at ! capital is to ! column1 namely1 its cr[n+ memb]1--t :i* completes x to ! eye4 ,yet1 al?\gh ! above divisions ( column & entablature hold good ) reg>d to ! g5]al idea ( an ,ord]1 ! primitive ,greek or ,doric "o does n answ] to :at has j be5 said1 inasmu* z x has no base1--t is1 no m\ld+s :i* di/9ctly m>k ! foot ( ! column z a sep>ate & ornam5t$ memb]4 ,h5ce x w p]haps be ?\ght t ?is ,ord] is n s complete z ! o!rs1 s9ce x wants t memb] bel[ :i* corresponds ) ! capital above4 ,/ill ! ,grecian ,doric column is complete 9 itself3 x ne$s no base1--9 fact1 does n admit ( su* addition )\t =feit+ mu* ( its pres5t "*1 & ?us becom+ some?+ diff]5t4 ,7 !re a di/9ct base1 ! m\ld+s compos+ x c\ld n v well exce$ :at is n[ ! l[] diamet] or actual foot ( ! column2 because1 7 x to d s1 ei!r ! base w\ld become too bulky 9 proportion to ! capital1 or ! latt] mu/ be increas$ s z to make x correspond 9 size ) ! enl>g$ l[] extremity4 ,ev5 !n t clos5ess ( int]columniation 7spac+ ( ! columns71 :i* contributes s mu* to ! maje/ic solidity t *>act]izes ! g5u9e ,doric1 c\ld n be obs]v$2 unless ! columns 7 put consid]ably fur!r ap>t1 ! bases w\ld sc>cely all[ suffici5t passage betwe5 !m4 ,! only way ( escap+ f ^! objections & difficulties is by mak+ ! %aft ( ! column consid]ably m sl5d]1 s t :at 0 be=e ! measure ( ! l[] diamet] ( ! %aft itself1 becomes t ( ! base4 ,t c be done--has be5 done1 at lea/ some?+ l x2 b ! result is an att5uat$ ,roman or ,italian ,doric1 diff]+ altoge!r 9 proportions f ! orig9al type or ord]4 ,! %aft no long] tap]s visibly upw>ds1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 exp&s bel[4 ,be=e we come to speak ( ! ,ord]s sev]ally & m 9 detail1 !re are "s o!r matt]s :i* require to be notic$2 "o ( :i* is ! orig9 ( ! ,greek sy/em ( columniation1 or ! prototype ^u :i* x 0 modell$4 ,foll[+ ,vitruvius1 ne>ly all writ]s h agre$ to recognize 9 ! column> /yle ( ! anci5ts ! primitive timb] hut1 z furni%+ ! fir/ h9ts = & rudim5ts ( x4 ,su* !ory1 x mu/ be admitt$1 is suffici5tly plausible1 if only because x c be made to acc\nt v clev]ly = _m m9or circum/ances4 ,un=tunately1 x does n acc\nt at all =1 or r is 9 /rong contradiction to1 ! "* ( ! e>lie/ extant monum5ts ( ,greek ar*itecture4 ,timb] con/ruction w\ld h l$ to v diff]5t proportions & diff]5t ta/e4 ,_h ! prototype or model be5 ( t mat]ial1 sl5d]ness & lightness1 r ?an pond]osity & solidity1 w\ld h be5 aim$ at2 & ! progressive *anges 9 ! "* ( ! ,ord]s w\ld h be5 rev]s$1 s9ce ! e>lie/ ( !m all w\ld also h be5 ! lighte/ ( !m all4 ,! pr9ciples ( /one con/ruction h s evid5tly dictat$ & det]m9$ ! =ms & proportions ( ! orig9al ,doric /yle1 z to r5d] ! idea ( its be+ fa%ion$ ^u a model 9 ! o!r mat]ial little bett] ?an an absurd ?\gh "t-hon\r$ fiction4 ,inf9itely m probable is x1 t ! ,greeks d]iv$ _! sy/em ( ar*itecture f ! ,egyptians2 because1 mu* z x diff]s f t ( ! latt] p ) reg>d to ta/e & matt]s ( ornam5tation1 x p>takes v l>gely ( ! same con/itutional "*4 ,at any rate ! doctr9e ( a timb] orig9 applies z well to ! ,egyptian z to ! ,hell5ic or ,grecian /yle4 ,inde$1 if !re be any ?+ at all t fav\rs su* doctr9e1 x is1 t con/ruction ) blocks ( /one w\ld naturally h sugge/$ squ>e pill>s in/ead ( r\nd ones2 ! latt] requir+ mu* great] lab\r & skill to prep>e !m ?an ! o!rs4 ,b1 z _! pyramids & obelisks suffici5tly te/ify1 ! mo/ prodigal exp5diture ( lab\r 0 n at all reg>d$ by ! ,egyptians4 ,t1 x w p]haps be said1 /ill does n acc\nt = ! adoption ( ! circul> or cyl9drical =m = columns4 ,we h !re=e to look = "s suffici5tly probable motive = ! adoption ( t =m2 & we ?9k t we f9d x 9 conv5i5ce4 ,9 ord] to af=d due support to ! massive blocks ( /one plac$ ^u !m1 ! columns 7 n only v bulky 9 proportion to _! height1 b 7 plac$ s closely toge!r1 n only 9 ! fronts ( porticoes1 b also )9 !m1 t !y w\ld sc>cely h left any op5 space4 ,su* inconv5i5ce 0 accord+ly rem$i$ by mak+ ! pill>s r\nd in/ead ( squ>e4 ,%\ld su* conjectural reason = ! adoption ( circul> columns be reject$1 x is left to o!rs to prop\nd a m satisfactory "o1 or to abide1 z _m probably w d1 by ! old notion ( columns be+ s %ap$ 9 ord] to imitate ! /ems ( trees4 ,x is en\gh t :atev] acc\nts = ! columns be+ r\nd 9 ,egyptian ar*itecture1 acc\nts also = _! be+ ! same 9 t ( ! ,greeks4 ,among o!r fanciful notions ent]ta9$ ) reg>d to columns & _! proportions1 is t ( ! diff]5t ord]s ( columns be+ proportion$ 9 accordance ) ! human figure4 ,?us ! ,doric column is said to repres5t a robu/ male figure1 & ^? ( ! two o!r ,ord]s1 female ones1--! ,ionic1 a matron2 ! ,cor9?ian1 a less portly specim5 ( fem9ality4 ,n[1 s f> f !re be+ any g5]al similitude betwe5 a ,grecian ,doric column & a robu/ man1 _! proportions are directly opposite1--! great] diamet] ( ! column be+ at its foot1 :ile t ( ! man is at 8 %\ld]s4 ,! "o tap]s upw>ds1 ! o!r d[nw>ds4 ,if ! human figure & its proportions _h be5 consid]$1 columns w\ld1 9 con=mity ) su* type1 h be5 wid] at ! top ( _! %afts ?an bel[1 & w\ld h assum$ ! %ape ( a t]m9us1#a or ( a mummy-*e/4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r two ,ord]s1 x is suffici5t to obs]ve1 t if s borr[$ at all1 ! idea mu/ h be5 prepo/]\s4 ,we happ5 to h a well-kn[n example ( /atues or human figures1 & ^?1 moreov]1 female ones1 be+ sub/itut$ = columns b5ea? an entablature2 & s f> are !y f confirm+ ! pret5d$ analogy betwe5 ! ,ionic column & ! proportions ( a female1 t !y decid$ly contradict x1 ^? figures be+ greatly bulki] 9 _! g5]al mass ?an ! bulkie/ & /\te/ columns ( ! ,doric ,ord]4 ,at any rate1 "o hypo!sis might satisfy ^? :o w n be satisfi$ )\t "s fancy ( ! k9d1 because two toge!r d n agree3 if columns orig9at$ 9 ! imitation ( /ems ( trees1 we c disp5se ) ! imitation ( m5 & wom51 & vice v]s4 #a ,! species ( /atue s call$1 & consi/+ ( ! upp] "p ( a human figure gr[+ out ( a p$e/al :i* tap]s d[nw>ds1 & appe>s to enclose ! re/ ( ! body4 ,"s may ?9k t x is h>dly wor? :ile to notice su* m]e fancies2 yet x is surely desirable to attempt to get rid ( !m by expos+ _! absurdity1 m especially z !y /ill cont9ue to be gravely br\ght =w>d & h&$ d[n traditionally by ^? :o write ^u ! ,ord]s1 or :o1 if !y d n actually write1 repeat :at o!rs h writt54 ,x is wor? :ile to cle> away1 if possible1 & t1 too1 at ! v outset ( ! /udy1 errone\s op9ions1 prejudices1 & misconceptions4 ,we d n pret5d to expla9 & trace1 /ep by /ep1 ! progress ( ! ,doric ,ord]1 & ( ! column> sy/em ( ! ,greeks1 f _! fir/ rudim5ts & =mation4 ,we h only ! results ( su* progressive developm5t or =mation2 ( ! actual =mation itself we nei!r "k nor c n[ ev] "k any ?+4 ,! utmo/ t c n[ be done is to take ! results !mselves1 & f !m to reason backw>ds to causes & motives4 ,adopt+ su* a c\rse1 we may fir/ obs]ve1 t !re is a v /rik+ & *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 ,egyptian & ,grecian ta/e & practice 9 "o respect3 9 ! =m] /yle ! columns are inv>iably cyl9drical1 or ne>ly s1--9 ! o!r !y are conical1 t is1 tap] upw>ds1 & 9 "s in/ances s mu* s1 t 7 !y prolong$ to d\ble _! height1 !y w\ld be almo/ p]fect cones1 & t]m9ate l a spire4 ,?is tap]+ greatly exce$s t ( ! /ems ( trees1 tak+ = _! /em ! trunk1 f above :i* ! bran*es beg9 to %oot out4 ,x appe>s to h be5 adopt$ = purely arti/ic reasons1 c]ta9ly n = ! sake ( any positive advantage1 s9ce ! dim9ution ( ! %aft1 & ! great contraction ( ! diamet] j bel[ ! capital1 mu/ r decrease ?an at all add to ! /r5g? ( ! column4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! arti/ic qualities s obta9$8 ,we reply1--v>iety & contra/1 & ! expression ( /r5g? )\t (f5sive heav9ess4 ,! sudd5 or v p]ceptible dim9ution ( ! %aft1--x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t our rem>ks ref] exclusively to ! orig9al ,greek /yle or ,doric ,ord]1--produces a d\ble effect2 x gives ! column an expression ( great] /ability ?an x o!rwise w\ld1 comb9$ ) comp>ative lightness4 ,:at is dim9ution upw>ds1 is also expansion d[nw>ds2 & simil> diff]5ce & contra/ take place also ) respect to ! int]columns1 al?\gh 9 a rev]se mann]1 su* int]columns be+ wid] at top ?an at bottom4 ,s f> ! pr9ciple ( contra/ "h may be said to be tw(old1 al?\gh "o ( ! two sorts ( contra/ inevitably results f ! o!r4 ,7 x n = ! great dim9ution ( ! %aft1 ! columns w\ld appe> to be too closely put toge!r1 & ! int]columns mu* too n>r[1 t is1 accord+1 at lea/1 to ! mode ( int]columniation practis$ by ! ,greeks 9 mo/ ( _! /ructures 9 ! ,doric /yle2 :]eas su* (f5sive appe>ance 0 avoid$ by ! %aft be+ made consid]ably small] at top ?an at bottom1--consequ5tly ! int]columns wid] above ?an bel[1 9 ! same ratio2 s t columns :i* at _! bases 7 little m ?an "o diamet] ap>t1 became m ?an two1 t is1 two upp] diamet]s ap>t at ! top ( _! %afts1 or ! neck+s ( _! capitals4 ,9 ?is /yle e ?+ 0 calculat$ to produce a "* ( maje/ic simplicity1--v>y+1 h[ev]1 or r progress+1 f heav9ess & /]n sev]ity to comp>ative lightness ( proportions1--= examples diff] greatly 9 t respect3 9 "s ( ! e>li] ones ! columns are n m ?an f\r diamet]s 9 height1 :ile 9 "s ( ! lat] !y are upw>ds ( six1 :i* la/-m5tion$ proportions n only am\nt to sl5d]ness1 b also de/roy o!rs4 ,! capital itself may be proportion$ ! same z be=e relatively to ! diamet] ( ! column1 b x _c possibly be> ! same ratio z be=e to its height4 ,! av]age proportions = t memb] are "o diamet] = its wid? at its abacus1 & half a diamet] = its dep?3 consequ5tly1 if ! entire column be only f\r diamet]s 9 height1 ! capital is ? ( x1 or equal to ? ( ! %aft2 :]eas1 if ! column be six or m diamet]s1 ! capital becomes only _/? ( ! column1 or ev5 less1 s t ! latt] appe>s ?9 & att5uat$1 & ! o!r memb] too small & insignificant4 ,yet ?\gh ! orig9al ,greek ,ord] or /yle exhibits consid]able div]sity ) respect to m]e proportions1 x 0 o!rwise v limit$ 9 its p[]s ( expression1 & moreov] some?+ q di/9ct f ! nom9al ,doric ( ! ,romans & ! ,italians1 z w be evid5t :5 we come to comp>e ! latt] ) x4 ,be=e we ent] ^u ?is "p ( our subject1 & previ\s to an exam9ation ( ! details ( ! sev]al ,ord]s1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! diamet]1 t is1 ! l[] diamet] ( ! column1 is ! /&>d by :i* all ! o!r p>ts & memb]s ( an ,ord] are measur$4 ,! diamet] is divid$ into #fj m9utes1 or into two halves or modules ( #cj m9utes ea*2 & ^? m9utes are aga9 subdivid$ into p>ts or seconds :5 extreme accuracy ( measurem5t is requir$2 :i* two la/ are not$ ?us3 #e #aj1 = in/ance1 mean+ five m9utes & t5 seconds4 ,,doric ,,ord]4 ,illu/ration ,x has be5 already obs]v$1 t 9 ! g5u9e ,doric ! column consi/s ( only %aft & capital1 :i* latt] is compos$ ( m]ely an e*9us & abacus1 ! fir/ be+ a circul> convex m\ld+1 spread+ out b5ea? ! o!r memb]1 :i*1 al?\gh a v important "o1 is no m ?an a pla9 & %all[ squ>e block ^u :i* ! ar*itrave re/s1 n only firmly & safely1 b s t ! utmo/ expression ( security is obta9$1 & pron\nc$ emphatically to ! eye4 ,su* expression arises f ! abacus be+ l>g] ?an ! s(fit or "u surface ( ! ar*itrave itself2 & z ! =m] corresponds1 or ne>ly s1 ) ! l[] diamet] ( ! %aft1 x s]ves to make evid5t at a glance t ! foot ( ! column is great] ?an ! s(fit ( ! ar*itrave plac$ ^u ! columns4 ,?us1 z measur$ at ei!r extremity1 ! column is great] ?an ! dep? or ?ickness ( ! ar*itrave1 & projects beyond ! ar*itrave & g5]al plane ( ! entablature4 ,n[ ?is w\ld produce a mo/ unsightly effect 7 ! columns ( ! same1 or ne>ly ! same diamet] ?r\gh\t4 ,9 su* case !y w\ld appe> n only too l>ge1 b mo/ clumsily s1 & ! entablature w\ld h ! look ( be+ set back 9 ! mo/ awkw>d & mo/ unacc\ntable mann]4 ,in/ead ( :i*1 ! ar*itrave1 & consequ5tly ! g5]al plane ( ! :ole entablature1 actually ov]hangs ! upp] "p ( ! %aft1 9 a plane ab\t midway betwe5 ! smalle/ diamet] ( ! column1 j bel[ ! capital & ! face ( ! abacus4 ,ev5 ?is1 ! ov]hang+ ( ! entablature1 w\ld be n a little (f5sive to ! eye1 7 ! abacus no l>g] ?an ! ar*itrave is deep2 :]eas1 be+ l>g]1 x projects =w>d] ?an ! face ( ! ar*itrave1 !reby produc+ a p[]ful degree ( "o species ( /hetic effect1 namely1 contra/1--& if contra/1 ( c\rse v>iety also2 = ?\gh !re may be v>iety )\t contra/1 !re _c be contra/ )\t v>iety4 ,ano!r circum/ance to be consid]$ is1 t 7 n su* projection beyond ! face ( ! ar*itrave giv5 to ! abacus1 t & ! re/ ( ! capital c\ld n correspond ) ! foot ( ! %aft1 & ?us equalize ! two extremities ( ! entire column4 ,z n[ manag$1 all contradictions are reconcil$1 & ! diff]5t sorts ( contra/ are made to contribute to & greatly enhance g5]al h>mony4 ,9 ! outl9e ( ! column we p]ceive1 fir/1 contraction1--!n expansion1 & t 9 bo? directions1--= 9 l mann] z ! column dim9i%es upw>ds & ! capital exp&s f x1 its %aft may be said to exp& & increase 9 bulk d[nw>ds1 s z to agree ) ! abacus or upp] extremity4 ,?\gh a few exceptions to ! contr>y exi/1 ! %aft ( ! ,doric column 0 g5]ally :at is te*nically call$ flut$1 t is1 cut into a s]ies ( *annels t\*+ ea* o!r1 & ?us =m+ a s]ies ( ridges ^u its surfaces1--a mode ( decoration1 we may obs]ve1 altoge!r ! rev]se ( t :i* 0 practis$ by ! ,egyptians1 "s ( ^: columns exhibit1 in/ead ( *annels or holl[s1 a s]ies ( convex m\ld+s t give !m ! appe>ance ( be+ compos$ ( v sl5d] pill>s or rods b\nd toge!r4 ,_m h attempt$1 ) p]haps pa9s-tak+ b idle inquiry1 to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( su* flut+ or *annel+1 suppos+1 among o!r ?+s1 t x 0 d]iv$ f ! cracks & crevices 9 ! /ems ( trees1 or f ! /reak+s occasion$ by ra9 on ! %afts ( ! columns4 ,mo/ p]v]se +5uity6 ,we d n f9d any ?+ l su* m>k$ /reak+s on columns ev5 9 ?is ra9y ,engli% climate ( ours2 mu* less w\ld !y h be5 at all visible 9 su* a climate z t ( ,greece4 ,o!rs h suppos$ t ^! *annels 7 at fir/ int5d$ to hold spe>s6 t is1 to prev5t !m f slipp+ & fall+ d[n :5 set up aga9/ a column2 ?an :i* idea x is h>dly possible = ! utmo/ /ret* ( +5uity to g f>!r 9 absurdity4 ,we1 :o are less ambiti\s1 cont5t ourselves ) suppos+ t ! flut+ ( columns 0 introduc$ & adopt$ pr9cipally = ! sake ( effect4 ,if o!r motives = do+ s exi/$1 we "k !m n1 nor ne$ we c>e1 s9ce /udy ( effect alone suffices to acc\nt = su* mode ( decoration4 ,by multiply+ its surfaces1 x gives v>iety to ! %aft ( ! column1 & prev5ts x f %[+ z a m]e mass4 ,) ! same1 or v ne>ly ! same bulk & degree ( solidity z be=e1 x causes ! column to appe> mu* less heavy ?an x o!rwise w\ld d1 & contributes to a pleas+ div]sity ( light & %ade1 rem9d+ u ( ,titian's #8bun* ( grapes4' ,be+ ^u a curv$ surface1 ! *annels s]ve to r5d] ! circul>ity ( ! column m app>5t1 s9ce1 ?\gh !y are all ( ! same wid?1 !y %[ to ! eye n>r[] & n>r[] on ea* side ( ! c5tre "o1--no matt] 9 :at direction ! column is view$4 ,"h !n we h v>iety comb9$ ) uni=mity1 & a c]ta9 app>5t or optical irregul>ity ) :at we "k to be p]fect regul>ity4 ,9 ! ,doric ,ord] ! numb] ( *annels is ei!r sixte5 or tw5ty1--aft]w>ds increas$ 9 ! o!r ,ord]s to tw5ty-f\r2 = !y are inv>iably ( an ev5 numb]1 capable ( be+ divid$ by f\r2 s t !re %all always be a c5tre flute on ea* side ( ! column1 t is1 9 a l9e ) ! middle ( ea* side ( ! abacus4 ,doric flut+s are mu* broad] & %all[] ?an ^? ( ! ,ionic or ,cor9?ian ,ord]s2--broad] = two reasons1--fir/1 because !y are few] 9 numb]2 & secondly1 because !re are no fillets or pla9 spaces left betwe5 !m ^u ! surface ( ! %aft4 ,_! proportionably mu* great] %all[ness1 aga91 may be acc\nt$ = equally well3 7 ! *annels deep]1 n only w\ld !y seem to cut into ! %aft too mu*1 & weak5 x1 b also produce mu* too /rong %ad[s2 & ano!r inconv5i5ce w\ld be occasion$1 = ! arrises or ridges betwe5 ! *annels w\ld become v %>p & ?91 & liable to be injur$4 ,! mode ( flut+ ,doric columns ) m]e arrises betwe5 ! *annels1 in/ead ( fillets1 has be5 reta9$ by ! mod]ns z *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ord]2 b z ! ,ord] has be5 treat$ by !m1 x is little bett] ?an a m]e di/9ction1 ) v little reg>d to g5]al "*4 ,9 ! orig9al ,doric almo/ e "p is m>k$ by bread?1 or by flatness1 or by %>pness4 ,!re are no curv$ m\ld+s or surfaces1 except ! cymatium ( ! cornice & ! e*9us ( ! capital1 :i* la/ is g5]ally kept exce$+ly flat4 ,! bread? & %all[ness ( ! *annels1 & ! flat curves 9 :i* !y comm5ce & t]m9ate1 are !re=e 9 p]fect keep+ ) ! /yle 9 o!r respects2 s also are ! %>p arrises or ridges betwe5 ! *annels or flut+s on ! surface ( ! %aft1 !y be+ expressive ( a sev]e simplicity4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! horizontal annul> n>r[] *annels or incisions imm$iately b5ea? ! e*9us ( ! capital1 & l[] d[n1 :i* la/ are j ! rev]se ( ! project+ a/ragal or convex m\ld+ giv5 to ! ,doric capital by ! mod]ns4 ,:y su* horizontal *annels or grooves %\ld h be5 cut 9 ! v ?9ne/ & weake/ "p ( ! column1 :]e !y dim9i% in/ead ( add+ to /r5g?1 x is n easy to say1 except t !y 7 m]ely = ! sake ( effect1--( produc+ %ad[1 & increas+ ! proportions ( ! capital1 to :i* !y seem to belong4 ,we leave o!rs1 %\ld any be s dispos$1 to object t ! l[]mo/ groove or grooves1 z ! case may be1 give ! capital ! appe>ance ( be+ a sep>ate piece1 m]ely jo9$ on to ! %aft )\t su* jo9+ be+ conceal$4 ,look+ at x diff]5tly1 we w r say t su* groove is int5d$ to m>k to ! eye ! comm5cem5t ( ! capital1 ! portion above x ( ! %aft be+ !reby conv]t$ into ! hypotra*elium or neck+ ( ! capital itself1 :i* is ?us enl>g$ 9 appe>ance )\t be+ actually increas$1 & r5d]$ unduly heavy4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 e example ( ! ,ord] t has su* neck+3 :ile 9 "s ! groove sep>at+ ! capital f ! %aft is dim9i%$ to a m]e l9e1--:i* looks l a jo9+ n int5d$ to %[ itself1--9 o!rs x is omitt$ altoge!r4 ,) respect to ! e*9us1 we h little m to rem>k ?an t its (fice--:i* x p]=ms admirably--is1 by exp&+ out1 to connect ! dim9i%$ upp] end ( ! column ) ! ov]hang+ abacus2 & ! =m] be+ circul> & ! latt] squ>e1 b adapt$ to ea* o!r 9 size1 a beautiful comb9ation is produc$ ( a circle inscrib$ )9 a squ>e2 & ! result is v>iety1 contra/1 & h>mony4 ,9 its pr(ile or section1--by :i* latt] t]m is und]/ood ! cont\r ( any m\ld+ or o!r memb]1--x is usually v flat1 little m ?an a portion ( a cone 7turn$ d[nw>ds71 ) sc>cely any p]ceptible degree ( convexity1 except j b5ea? ! abacus1 :]e x is sudd5ly r\nd$ & dim9i%$1 s t ! abacus does n seem to press ^u or compress x too mu*4 ,we arrive n[ at ! entablature1 ! fir/ or l[]mo/ division ( :i*1 ! ar*itrave1 o!rwise call$ by ! ,greek "n ( epi/ylium 7f 1 ^u1 & 1 column71 is no m ?an a pla9 surface ^: height1 includ+ ! tnia or fillet :i* f9i%es x & sep>ates x f ! frieze1 is equal to ! upp] diamet] ( ! column4 ,su*1 at lea/1 may be consid]$ its /&>d proportion1 t by means ( :i* x con=ms to & h>monizes ) ! column itself4 ,! second or middle division ( ! entablature1 namely1 ! frieze1 con/itutes 9 ! ,doric /yle a v *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,ord]1 be+ inv>iably di/+ui%$ by its triglyphs & metopes4 ,! =m] ( ^! are upright *annel$ blocks1 affix$ to or project+ f ! frieze1 & are suppos$ to h be5 orig9ally int5d$ to repres5t ! ends ( inn] beams laid ^u ! ar*itrave transv]sely to x4 ,! metopes1 on ! contr>y1 are n actually ar*itectural memb]s1 b m]ely ! int]vals or spaces betwe5 ! triglyphs2 s t )\t ! latt] !re c\ld n be ! o!rs1 because x is ! triglyphs :i* produce ! metopes4 ,) slight v>iations 9 diff]5t examples1 ! frieze is ( ab\t ! same height z ! ar*itrave1--a trifle less1 r ?an m2 & ! av]age proportion = ! bread? ( ! triglyphs is ! mean diamet] ( ! column1 or t tak5 midway ( ! %aft4 ,! face ( ! triglyph has two glyphs or *annels c>v$ ^u x1 & its edges bevel$ (f into a half *annel1 ?us mak+ :at is equal to a ?ird glyph1 :5ce ! "n triglyph1 or ?ree-*annel$4 ,we h till n[ res]v$ speak+ ( :at1 al?\gh x %[s itself ^u ! ar*itrave1 belongs to ! triglyph1 & is 9 cont9uation ( x1 namely1 ! fillet & gutt atta*$ to ! tnia ( ! ar*itrave imm$iately b5ea? ea* triglyph1 & correspond+ ) x 9 wid?4 ,^! small conical gutt or drops are suppos$1 r :imsically1 by "s to repres5t drops ( ra9 t h trickl$ d[n ! *annels ( ! triglyph1 & settl$ b5ea? ! l$ge ( ! ar*itrave4 ,o!rs suppose !m to h be5 int5d$ to indicate ! heads ( nails1 screws1 or /uds4 ,leav+ all su* suppositions to ^? :o h a ta/e = !m1 we w be satisfi$ ) disc]n+ arti/ic int5tion & /hetic effect4 ,t memb] ( ! triglyph1--= su* we mu/ be all[$ to consid] x1--is ( great value1 s]v+1 z x does1 to imp>t some:at ( decoration to ! ar*itrave1 to break ! monotony ( ! o!rwise un9t]rupt$ l9e ( ! tnia1 & to connect1 to ! eye at lea/1 ! ar*itrave & frieze toge!r4 ,al?\gh 9 a mu* fa9t] degree1 ! ar*itrave is ?us made to exhibit ! same sy/em ( plac+ ornam5tal memb]s at regul> di/ances f ea* o!r1 z is s en]getically pron\nc$ 9 ! frieze itself4 ,if x be ask$ :y ! same1 or some?+ equival5t to x1 0 n ext5d$ to ! ar*itrave 9 ! o!r ,ord]s1 our answ] is1 because a simil> motive = do+ x does n exi/4 ,! triglyph be+ suppress$ 9 ! ,ionic & ,cor9?ian frieze1 ! accompany+ gutt b5ea? x 7 ( necessity omitt$ also1 o!rwise !y w\ld h made evid5t t ! triglyph ought to h be5 %[n likewise4 ,!re is1 inde$1 "o example1 ! monum5t ( ,?rasyllus1 ( a ,grecian ,doric entablature1 ^: frieze is )\t triglyphs 7wrea?s be+ sub/itut$ = !m71 & ! gutt are nev]!less reta9$4 ,b h[8--in/ead ( be+ plac$ at int]vals1 z if !re 7 triglyphs1 !y are cont9u$ un9t]rupt$ly ?r\gh\t1 s t ! idea ( triglyph disappe>s2 besides :i*1 ! example "h ref]r$ to is altoge!r s anomal\s & exceptional z to be n s mu* a specim5 ( ! ,doric ,ord] z ( ! ,doric /yle1 modifi$ accord+ to p>ticul> circum/ances2 on :i* acc\nt x is highly valuable1 s9ce we may le>n f x t :]e peculi> circum/ances requir$--at lea/ admitt$ ( peculi> treatm5t1 ! ,greeks did n scruple to avail !mselves ( ! lib]ty s af=d$4 ,) reg>d to ! arrangem5t ( ! triglyphs1 "o is plac$ ov] e column1 & "o or m int]m$iately ov] e int]column 7or space betwe5 two columns71 at su* di/ance f ea* o!r t ! metopes are squ>e2 9 o!r words1 ! height ( ! triglyph is ! measure = ! di/ance betwe5 x & ! next "o4 ,9 ! be/ ,greek examples ( ! ,ord] !re is only a s+le triglyph ov] ea* int]column1 :5ce t mode is sometimes call$ monotriglyphic or s+le-triglyph$ int]columniation2 :i* is ! close/ ( all1 ! di/ance f axis to axis ( ! columns be+ limit$ to ! space occupi$ above by two metopes & two triglyphs1 i4 e4 "o :ole triglyph & two halves ( triglyphs4 ,9 su* int]columniation ! numb] ( ! triglyphs is d\ble ! numb] ( ! columns1 m9us "o4 ,fur!r1 x is evid5t t z !re mu/ be a triglyph ov] e column1 ! triglyphs mu/ regulate ! int]columniation4 ,! wid? ( ! int]columns _c be at all less ?an ! proportion above m5tion$2 nei!r c x be increas$1 except by introduc+ a second triglyph1--& if a second triglyph1 a second metope also1 ov] ea* int]column1 ?us augm5t+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! columns to half z mu* aga91 :i* becomes1 p]haps1 too mu*1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 t & ! o!r mode be+ consid]ably m ?an ! diamet] ( a column2 :]eas 9 ! o!r ,ord]s ! int]columns may be made1 at pleasure1 ei!r a little wid] or a little n>r[] ?an usual4 ,"o peculi>ity ( ! ,grecian ,doric frieze is1 t ! end triglyphs1 in/ead ( be+1 l ! o!rs1 9 ! same axis or c5tral l9e z ! columns b5ea?1 are plac$ q up to ! edge or out] angle ( ! frieze4 ,9 itself ?is is1 p]haps1 r a defect ?an ! contr>y1 al?\gh int5d$ to obviate ano!r defect1--t ( a half metope or blank space !re1--= x produces n only "s degree ( irregul>ity1 b ( /hetic inconsi/5cy also1 ! triglyph s plac$ be+1 z x 71 on "o side (1 in/ead ( directly ov] ! column4 ,"o advantage att5d+ x is1 t ! extreme int]columns become 9 consequ5ce n>r[] ?an ! o!rs by half a triglyph1 & accord+ly a great] degree & expression ( /r5g? is giv5 to ! extremities ( a portico4 ,! ,doric ,cornice4--,! ?ird & la/ division ( ! entablature :i* rema9s to be consid]$ is1 al?\gh exce$+ly simple1 /rongly *>act]i/ic1 & boldly m>k$4 ,) reg>d to its proportions1 x is ab\t a ?ird or ev5 m ?an a ?ird less ?an ! o!r two1 & may itself be divid$ into ?ree pr9cipal p>ts or memb]s1 viz4 ! corona1 ) ! mutules & o!r b$-m\ld+s1 z !y are t]m$1 b5ea? x & ! epiti!das above x4 ,! mutules are ?9 plates or %all[ blocks atta*$ to ! "u side or s(fit ( ! corona1 ov] ea* triglyph & ea* metope1 ) ! =m] ( :i* !y correspond 9 bread?1 & _! s(fits or "u-surfaces are wr\ght into ?ree r[s ( gutt or drops1 conical or o!rwise %ap$1 ea* r[ consi/+ ( six gutt1 or ! same numb] z ^? b5ea? ea* triglyph4 ,no?+ c be m arti/ically dispos$3 9 l mann]1 z an int]m$iate triglyph is plac$ ov] e two columns1 s is an int]m$iate mutule ov] e two triglyphs4 ,! small] memb]s increase 9 numb] z !y decrease 9 size2 & 9 ! upp] & f9i%+ "p ( ! ,ord]1 ! eye is l$ on horizontally1 in/ead ( be+ conf9$ v]tically to ! l9es indicat$ by ! columns bel[4 ,! corona is m]ely a boldly project+ flat memb]1 n greatly exce$+ 9 its dep? ! abacus ( ! capital2 9 "s examples x is ev5 less4 ,! epiti!das1 or upp]mo/ memb] ( ! cornice1 is sometimes a cymatium1 or wavy m\ld+1 convex bel[ & concave above2 sometimes an e*9us m\ld+1 simil> 9 pr(ile to ! e*9us ( ! capital4 ,! cornice may be said to be to ! entablature1 & inde$ to ! :ole ,ord]1 :at ! capital is to ! column1--complet+ & conclud+ x 9 a v arti/ic mann]4 ,by its projection & ! %ad[ :i* x ca/s1 ! cornice gives great _s & relief to ! entablature1 :i* w\ld else appe> bo? heavy & unf9i%$4 ,9 ! horizontal cornice b5ea? a p$im5t1 ! epiti!das is omitt$1 & %[s itself only 9 ! slop+ or rak+ cornices1 z !y are call$1 along ! sides ( ! p$im5t4 ,illu/ration ,ant4--,pila/]s1 z well z columns1 belong to an ,ord]1 & 9 mod]n practice are frequ5tly sub/itut$ indiff]5tly = columns1 :]e ! latt] w\ld be engag$ or atta*$ to a wall4 ,9 ,grecian ar*itecture1 h[ev]1 ! ant1--z !y are ?us t]m$1 to di/+ui% !m f o!r pila/]s1--are nev] s employ$4 ,!y are nev] plac$ consecutively1 or 9 any s]ies1 b m]ely z a fac+ at ! end ( a project+ wall1 z :]e a portico is enclos$ at ea* end by ! walls =m+ ! sides ( ! /ructure1 9 :i* case x is describ$ z a portico 9 antis4 ,al?\gh !y accompany columns1 & 9 ! case j m5tion$ range 9 ! same l9e ) !m1 ant diff] f !m1 inasmu* z _! %afts are n dim9i%$2 = :i* reason _! faces are n made s wide z ! diamet] ( ! columns1 nei!r are _! capitals treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 z bo? %aft & capital w\ld be exce$+ly clumsy4 ,! exp&+ e*9us ( ! column capital is !re=e suppress$1 & "o or m v slightly project+ faci1 ! upp]mo/ ( :i* is frequ5tly holl[$ out bel[1 s z to =m 9 section :at is call$ ! #8bird's beak' m\ld+4 ,9 a portico 9 antis ! want ( great] congruity betwe5 ! ant & ! columns is made up = by v>i\s contra/s4 ,flatness ( surface is oppos$ to rotundity1 v]tical l9es to incl9$ ones 7^? ( ! outl9e & flut+s ( ! column71 & uni=mity1 9 reg>d to light1 to ! m+l$ play ( light & %ade on ! %afts ( ! columns4 ,in/ead ( attempt+ to keep up simil>ity z f> z possible1 ! ,greeks made a /udi$ di/9ction betwe5 ant & columns1 n only 9 ^? respects :i* h be5 not$ above1 b c>ri$ diff]5ce /ill fur!r1 inasmu* z !y nev] *annel$ ! faces ( _! ant1 :]eas ! mod]ns flute _! pila/]s z well z columns4 ,h>dly 0 su* m>k$ di/9ction a m]e arbitr>y fa%ion2 x is m rational to suppose t x 0 adopt$ = suffici5t /hetic reasons & motives2 nor is x difficult to acc\nt1 accord+ to !m1 = ! omission ( *annel+ on ! %afts ( ant4 ,^u a pla9 surface ! arrises betwe5 ! *annels w\ld h occasion$ an unpleas+ h>%ness & dryness ( effect1 z is ! case ) flut$ ,doric pila/]s1 & w\ld h be5 att5d$ ) monotony also1 ! l9es be+ all v]tical1 & consequ5tly p>allel to ea* o!r2 :]eas 9 ! column1 ! *annels dim9i% 9 bread? upw>ds1 & all ! l9es are incl9$1 & in/ead ( be+ p>allel1 conv]ge t[>ds ea* o!r1 s t 7 ! %aft suffici5tly prolong$1 !y w\ld at la/ meet 9 a common po9t or apex simil> to t ( a spire4 ,ow+ to ?is conv]g5cy1 ! l9es on "o side ( a v]tical l9e divid+ ! column1 or r a geometrical draw+ or elevation ( x1 into two halves1 in/ead ( be+ p>allel1 are oppos$ to ea* o!r1 l ! opposite sides ( an isosceles triangle2 & ?is opposition produces correspond5ce4 ,,p$im5t4--,9 addition to :at has be5 already said relative to ?is v important feature ( ,grecian ar*itecture1 "s fur!r rem>ks w n be at all sup]flu\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 ! p$im5t proves to u mo/ conv9c+ly t a figure :i*1 consid]$ m]ely 9 itself1 is g5]ally reg>d$ z nei!r beautiful nor applicable to ar*itectural purposes1 may be r5d]$ em95tly beautiful & satisfactory to ! eye4 ,reason+ ab/ract$ly1 x w\ld seem t if su* figure is to be made use ( at all1 ! equilat]al triangle w\ld recomm5d itself 9 pref]5ce to any o!r1 z be+ obvi\sly ! mo/ p]fect & regul> ( all triangles4 ,= a p$im5t1 h[ev]1 su* =m w\ld be truly mon/r\s2 & yet ev5 ! equilat]al triangle1 or ev5 "o ( /ill l(ti] pit*1 may1 "u "s circum/ances1 become a pleas+ ar*itectural =m1 z we may p]ceive f pyramids & ,go?ic gables4 ,h[1 !n1 is ?is seem+ inconsi/5cy or contradiction to be expla9$8 ,x expla9s itself1 if we m]ely reflect1 z we ought to d1 t 9 ar*itecture1 =ms & proportions are beautiful n positively b only relatively4 ,7 x n s1 ! same =ms & proportions w\ld be beautiful1 & equally s "u all circum/ances1 )\t any reg>d to purpose or propriety4 ,x mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt t habit1 cu/om1 association ( ideas1 or prejudice1 greatly influ5ce our notions ( ar*itectural beauty4 ,we are prejudic$ 9 fav\r ( ! l[ ,greek p$im5t1 if = no o!r reason1 because x is sanction$ by ,greek au?ority & is accord+ to ,greek prec$5t4 ,9 all probability1 _h t p employ$ high-pit*$ in/ead ( l[-pit*$ p$im5ts1 we %\ld1 )\t inquir+ fur!r1 h admir$ ! =m] r ?an ! latt]4 ,:at we h n[ to inquire is1 :y l[ness ( pit* = ! p$im5t be/ agrees ) ! ,greek sy/em & its pr9ciples4 ,not)/&+ t ! p$im5t =ms no "p ( ! ,ord]1 s9ce ! latt] is complete )\t x1--& 9 fact ! p$im5t occurs only at ! ends ( a slop+ ro(1--! p$im5t mu/1 :5 x does appe>1 be 9 accordance ) ! ,ord] itself1 or t front ( ! build+ :i* is b5ea? ! p$im5t2 consequ5tly ! pit* ( ! latt] mu/ be regulat$ by circum/ances1--mu/ be ei!r great] or less1 accord+ to ! proportions ( ! front itself4 ,s f> f be+ increas$ 9 ! same ratio1 ! wid] ! front1--! great] ! numb] ( columns at t end ( ! build+1--! l[] mu/ ! p$im5t be kept1 because ! front itself becomes ( l[ proportions 9 ! same degree z x is ext5d$ or wid5$4 ,"u all circum/ances1 ! height ( ! p$im5t mu/ rema9 pretty ne>ly ! same1 & be det]m9$1 n by wid? or horizontal ext5t1 b by ! height ( :at is b5ea? x4 ,! height ( ! p$im5t or its tympanum 7! triangul> surface includ$ betwe5 ! horizontal cornice ( ! ,ord]1 & ! two rak+ cornices ( ! p$im5t7 nev] greatly exce$s ! dep? or height ( ! entablature2 = 7 x to d s1 ! p$im5t w\ld become too l>ge & heavy1 w\ld take (f f ! importance ( ! ,ord]1 & appe> to load its entablature ) an extrane\s mass :i* x 0 nev] calculat$ to be>4 ,we h>dly ne$ obs]ve t x 01 if n a con/ant1 a v usual practice ) ! ,anci5ts to fill 9 ! :ole ( ! tympanum ( ! p$im5t ) sculpture1 & also ! metopes ( ! frieze1 by :i* ! latt]1 in/ead ( be+ m]e blank spaces betwe5 ! triglyphs1 7 conv]t$ into highly ornam5tal features4 ,,mod]n ,,doric4 ,( ! ,roman & ! mod]n v>ieties ( ?is ,ord] we %all treat mu* m briefly1 because our rem>ks may be conf9$ to comp>ison & ! notice ( diff]5ces4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! orig9al "* ( ! ,ord] 0 gradually lo/ sight ( m & m1 till at l5g? x 0 conv]t$ into some?+ q diff]5t f its ,greek type4 ,! few circum/ances 9 :i* ,mod]n ,doric1 z we may call x1 resembles ! orig9al "o1 are little m ?an ! mode ( flut+ ) arrises in/ead ( fillets1--! g5]al =m ( capital compos$ ( e*9us & abacus1 & ! triglyphs ^u ! frieze4 ,! diff]5ces are1 if n great]1 f> m num]\s4 ,! column becomes greatly elongat$1 be+ increas$ f six to eight diamet]s4 ,! sunk annulets b5ea? ! capital 7 omitt$ or conv]t$ into fillets2 ! capital 0 increas$ 9 dep? by a di/9ct neck+ be+ giv5 to x1 divid$ f ! %aft by a project+ m\ld+1 :i* 9 t situation is call$ an a/ragal4 ,! abacus1 too1 is made %all[]1 & has m\ld+s add$ to x4 ,"o ( ! greate/ *anges ( all1 z f> z ! column is conc]n$1 is ! addition ( a base to x1 :i* is p>tly bo? consequ5ce & cause ( ! great] sl5d]ness ( ! %aft2 = 7 ! %aft n r$uc$ 9 diamet]1--:i* is ! same z be+ made m diamet]s 9 height1--! base add$ to x w\ld enl>ge ! foot ( ! column3 s aga91 on ! o!r h&1 7 only ! %aft decreas$ 9 ?ickness1 )\t any m\ld+s = a base be+ add$ to x1 t end ( ! column w\ld be z mu* too small4 ,! base be/ adapt$ to ! ,ord]1 z be+ ! mo/ simple1 ?\gh n uni=mly made use (1 is t :i* consi/s ( m]ely a torus1 or l>ge circul> & convex-sid$ block1 & two %all[ fillets above x4 ,x may "h fur!r be notic$1 t besides ! base itself1 or ! base prop]1 ! mod]ns h1 = all ! ,ord]s alike1 adopt$ an additional memb]1 namely1 a r deep & squ>e block1 :i*1 :5 s appli$1 is t]m$ a pl9?2 & b5ea? ?is is frequ5tly plac$ ano!r & deep] "o1 call$ a sub-pl9?4 ,contr>y z ?is is to ! practice ( ! ,greeks1 x is by no means an unw>rantable lic5se1 = _h no great] lib]ty be5 tak5 ) ! ,ord]s & ! modes ( apply+ !m1 !y w\ld h rema9$ comp>atively q pure4 ,9 apology = ! pl9? b5ea? a base1 x may be said to produce a pleas+ agreem5t betwe5 bo? extremities ( ! column1--9 ! ,doric ,ord] at lea/1 :]e ! squ>e pl9? b5ea? ! circul> torus ( ! base answ]s to ! squ>e abacus 7:i* is itself ano!r pl9?1 ?\gh diff]5tly nam$7 plac$ ^u ! circul> e*9us ( ! capital4 ,pass+ ov] sev]al p>ticul>s :i* our conf9$ limits w n p]mit u to notice1 we may rem>k1 t if greatly alt]$1 n to say corrupt$1 f its primitive "*1 ! ,doric ,ord]1 z treat$ by ! mod]ns1 has be5 assimilat$ to ! o!r ,ord]s1--s mu* s z1 ?\gh /ill diff]+ f !m 9 its details1 to belong to ! same g5]al /yle4 ,"o advantage1 if no o!r1 ( :i* is1 t x may1 %\ld occasion require1 be us$ along ) ! o!r ,ord]s2 :]eas ! orig9al or ,grecian ,doric is s ob/9ately inflexible t x _c be made to comb9e ) any ?+ else1 or to b5d to mod]n purposes4 ,s long z a m]e portico or colonnade1 & no?+ m1 is requir$1 back$ by a wall unp]=at$ by w9d[s1 its "* & *>act]i/ic sy/em ( int]columniation c be kept up1 b no long]2 or if x is to be done1 x is m ?an has yet be5 accompli%$4 ,no?+ c\ld be m prepo/]\s1 or %[ great] want ( prop] /hetic feel+1 or great] disreg>d ( /hetic pr9ciples1 ?an ! attempt to comb9e1 z 0 done by ,na% 9 ! ,p>k faade ( ,buck+ham ,palace1 a ,grecian ,doric ,ord] ) a ,cor9?ian "o4 ,s totally irreconcileable are ! two /yles1 t x 0 l plac+ ,tudor or florid ,p]p5dicul> ,go?ic ^u ! e>ly ,lancet /yle4 ,besides1 9 t in/ance1 ! ,doric1 ?\gh affect+ to be ,greek1 0 depravat$ mo/ (f5sively1 z may /ill be se5 9 :at is n[ left 9 ! two l[ w+s1 ! ar*itrave & frieze be+ ?r[n toge!r into "o blank surface4 ,,tuscan ,,ord]4 ,illu/ration ,?is1 z already /at$1 is n entitl$ to rank z a di/9ct ,ord]1 be+1 9 fact1 no?+ m ?an a simplifi$1 if n a spuri\s & debas$ v>iety ( ! ,doric4 ,no au!ntic examples ( x exi/3 x is kn[n only f :at ,vitruvius says ( x1 foll[+ ^: imp]fect acc\nt1 mod]n writ]s & ar*itects h endeav\r$ to make out some?+ answ]+ to x4 ,yet :at has be5 s produc$ is to all int5ts & purposes ,doric1--?\gh n ,grecian ,doric1--except+ t ! %afts are unflut$ & ! frieze q pla92 :i* la/ circum/ance1 & mu* m1 z has j above be5 intimat$1 is a m]e trifl+ discrepancy1 s9ce n ! triglyphs m]ely1 b ! frieze may1 x seems1 be omitt$ )\t !reby =feit+ ! "* ( ,doric = ! ,ord]4 ,?\gh ! ,tuscan is spok5 (1 x is n practis$4 ,almo/ ! only example ( :at is call$ by t "n 9 ?is c\ntry is ,inigo ,jones's portico ( ,/4 ,paul's1 ,cov5t ,g>d51 :i*1 ?\gh n devoid ( "* & effect1 is rem>kable *iefly = ! great wid? ( ! int]columns1 & ! great projection ( its v %all[1 & !re=e too %elf-l cornice1 :i*1 if no o!r "p1 mu/ be admitt$ to diff] widely f ! comp>atively slightly project+ & massive ,doric cornice4 ,! ,tuscan has1 h[ev]1 be5 treat$ diff]5tly by diff]5t ,ar*itects1 & "s ( !m h giv5 x :at is m]ely a modification ( ! ,doric cornice )\t its mutules4 ,_! ,tuscan becomes1 9 fact1 v little m ?an a pla9] sort ( _! own ,doric1 di/+ui%$ f x *iefly1 & t only negatively1 by ! omission ( triglyphs on ! frieze4 ,"o ?+ :i* ! ,mod]ns h done1 bo? 9 _! ,doric & _! ,tuscan1 is to assimilate pila/]s to columns1 giv+ to ! =m] precisely ! same bases & capitals z ! o!rs h1 & also g5]ally dim9i%+ _! %afts 9 ! same mann]4 ,/ill all ! diff]5ces "h po9t$ out1 toge!r ) _m m9or ones besides1 d n con/itute diff]5t ,ord]s1 unless !y are to be multipli$ by be+ subdivid$ into almo/ z _m di/9ct ,ord]s z !re are v>ieties ( "o & ! same class4 ,all ! ,dorics & ! ,tuscan agree 9 hav+ ! e*9o-abacus capital4 ,!re=e1 if we want a q diff]5t & di/9ct ,ord]1 we mu/ turn1 z we n[ d1 to ! volut$-capital class ( columns1 or t :i* be>s ! "n ( ! ,,ionic ,,ord]4 ,illu/ration ,h[ ?is ,ord] orig9at$1--:at fir/ l$ to ! adoption ( volutes z a suitable decoration = ! capital1--:e!r !y 7 m]e decoration1 or 7 at fir/ int5d$ to express "s mean+1--:e!r !y 7 int5tionally devis$ = ! latt] purpose1 or grew out ( "s accid5tal h9t1--mu/ n[ be entirely matt] ( conjecture4 ,( "o ?+ we may be q c]ta91 t ! ,ord] z we n[ f9d x 9 ! be/ & be/ kn[n examples1 0 n /ruck out all at once1 b mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh sev]al /ages till x 0 ultimately matur$ into p]fection4 ,al?\gh ! capital is ! indicial m>k ( ! ,ord]1--t by :i* ! eye imm$iately recognizes & di/+ui%es x1--! entire column is ( q a diff]5t "* f ! ,doric4 ,besides hav+ ! addition ( a base1 ! %aft is ( m sl5d] or tall] proportions1 & consequ5tly made mu* less visibly tap]+2 = if x dim9i%$ 9 ! same degree z ! ,doric %aft does1--! ,ionic be+ ab\t two diamet]s long]1--! upp] "o w\ld1 9 consequ5ce ( su* tap]+1 become mu* too small2 & a fur!r consequ5ce w\ld be t ! foot & base ( ! column w\ld appe> mu* too l>ge1--p]haps clumsily s4 ,n kn[+ expressly to ! contr>y1 we are at lib]ty to suppose t x 0 ! alt]$ =m & "* ( ! capital itself :i* fir/ l$ to ! =mation ( a base or s]ies ( m\ld+s at ! bottom ( ! %aft1 9 ord] to produce su* degree ( f9i% bel[ z w\ld correspond ) & balance ! ri*ness & fl[ ( outl9e giv5 to ! capital4 ,& x mu/ be all[$ t ! swell+ cont\rs ( ! base are admirably 9 keep+1 & h>monize ) ! play ( curves 9 ! volutes2 :]eas1 7 ! %aft to /& imm$iately ^u ! floor or pavem5t )\t any base1 z 9 ! ,doric ,ord]1 al?\gh su* treatm5t is 9 p]fect correspond5ce ) ! "* ( t e*9o-abacus ,ord]1 x w\ld be j ! rev]se 9 ! volut$ "o4 ,!re w\ld be a h>%ness & abruptness bel[1 9 grat+ discord ) ! graceful fl[ ( l9es 9 ! capital above4 ,?is feel+ dictat$ ! necessity = a correspond+ base1 :i*1 al?\gh g5]ally spok5 ( z an addition to ! %aft1 may ) f> great] propriety be said to h be5 tak5 out ( x4 ,any actual addition to ! foot ( ! %aft w\ld h be5 ! same z an enl>gem5t ( x1 produc+ disproportion1 & !re=e de=mity4 ,! mo/ rational explanation !re=e is1 t ! orig9al diamet] = ! foot ( ! %aft 0 reta9$1 b ! foot itself %ap$ into m\ld+s1 & ! portion imm$iately above x p>$ away or r$uc$1 s t ! column became m diamet]s 9 height ?an be=e4 ,t be+ done1 & a di/9ct base s obta9$1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to make a fur!r *ange1 = ! %>p arrises ( ! ,doric mode ( flut+ occasion$ a degree ( h>%ness q at v>iance ) ! great] delicacy aim$ at 9 o!r respects4 ,^? arrises 7 accord+ly conv]t$ into fillets1 :i* are n actual memb]s1 b m]ely spaces left betwe5 ! *annels or flutes !mselves1 :i* la/ are consequ5tly n>r[] ?an 9 ! ,doric column2 & _! comp>ative n>r[ness is fur!r increas$ by _! be+ augm5t$ 9 numb]1 f t ( tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r4 ,?us ! *ange f ! ,doric to ! ,ionic column may be acc\nt$ =1 rationally at lea/1 & /hetically1 if n hi/orically4 ,we d n1 inde$1 pr(ess to "k & det]m9e ! actual orig9 ( ! volutes ( ! capital1 & !re=e leave ^? :o put fai? 9 ,vitruvius to believe1 if !y c1 t !y 7 d]iv$ f ! imitation ( ! curls 9 a lady's head-dress2 or1 z o!rs w h x1 t ! idea 0 borr[$ ei!r f rams' horns1 or ! sl5d] & flexile twigs ( trees plac$ ^u ! capital = ornam5t6 ,we also leave ^? :o are n satisfi$ ) our way ( acc\nt+ = ! base giv5 to ! ,ionic column to fancy t ?is memb] 0 int5d$ to imitate ! anci5t *aussure or s&als4 ,! ,ionic capital is f> m complex ?an t ( ! ,doric1 & n only m complex1 b m irregul> also3 in/ead ( %[+1 l ! o!r1 f\r equal sides1 x exhibits two faces or fronts p>allel to ! ar*itrave above x1 & two n>r[] balu/] sides1 z !y are t]m$1 b5ea? ! ar*itrave4 ,"s consid] ?is irregul>ity a defect1 :i*1 if su* x be1 is to be got ov] only by ei!r turn+ ! volutes diagonally1 z 9 "s ,roman & mod]n examples1 or by curv+ concavely ! faces ( ! capital1 in/ead ( mak+ !m planes1 s z to obta9 f\r equal faces or sides1 z is done 9 ! capitals ( ! inn] ,ord] ( ! ,temple ( ,apollo at ,bass4 ,at lea/ t me?od1 & ! o!r "o ( turn+ ! volutes diagonally1 are ! only me?ods t h be5 practis$ = giv+ p]fect regul>ity to ! ,ionic capital by means ( f\r equal faces2 =1 ?\gh difficult1 x is possible to accompli% ! same purpose diff]5tly1 by mak+ ! abacus q squ>e1 z 9 ! ,doric ,ord]1 & lett+ ! volutes gr[ out ( x on ea* side or face1 _! curvature comm5c+ n on ! upp] horizontal edge1 b desc5d+ f ! v]tical edges ( ! abacus4 ,9 fact1 ! volutes might be fanci$ to h orig9at$ 9 a prolong$ abacus1 fir/ fall+ d[n on ea* side b5ea? ! ar*itrave1 & !n coil$ up on ! back & front ( ! column = ! two faces1 :i* ?us became great] 9 wid?2 aft] :i* a small] ornam5tal abacus 0 introduc$ z a cr[n+ memb]1 imm$iately b5ea? ! ar*itrave4 ,z x is n[ treat$1 ! great ext5t ( ! two flat volut$ faces prev5ts ! capital f be+ squ>e4 ,let u endeav\r to expla9 ?is3 z av]age measurem5t1 we may put d[n #ej m9utes1 or #aj less ?an ! l[] diamet]1 = t ( ! upp] diamet] ( ! %aft2 #fe = ! sides ( ! abacus2 f #ef to #fj = ! s(fit ( ! ar*itrave1 :i* la/ accord+ly ov]hangs ! upp] "p ( ! %aft2 & #ij m9utes1 t is1 ?ree modules1 or a diamet] & a half1 = ! faces ( ! capital1 measur$ across ! volutes4 ,n[1 7 ! capital squ>e--z deep f back to front z x is wide 9 front--its bulk w\ld be excessive1 & out ( proportion ) ! column & o!r p>ts ( ! ,ord]1 & inconsi/5t ) ! delicacy aim$ at 9 all respects4 ,! m]e lat]al expansion ( ! capital1 on ! contr>y1 z view$ 9 front1 does n occasion any appe>ance ( heav9ess1--r t ( ri*ness2 m especially z ! bulk is greatly dim9i%$ by ! foll[+ +5i\s exp$i5t4 ,in/ead ( ! balu/] side be+ made cyl9drical by be+ kept ( ! same diamet] ?r\gh\t1 & equal to ! face ( ! volute1 x is gradually dim9i%$ f ea* face2 s t ! side ( ! capital ?us becomes 9 a mann] holl[$ out2 & n only t1 b great play ( =m is imp>t$ to x1 & its curvature bo? contra/s & h>monizes ) ! curves ( ! volutes !mselves4 ,if !re be n ! same complet5ess ) respect to uni=mity 9 all ! f\r sides z is obta9$ 9 ! ,doric & ,cor9?ian capitals1 at any rate ! mo/ admirable arti/ic contrivance & propriety are exhibit$4 ,! only ?+ to be object$ aga9/ ! ,ionic capital is1 t 9 ! end columns ( a portico ! =m ( capital j describ$ occasion$ obvi\s if n (f5sive irregul>ity1 because on ! return or side ( ! build+ ! balu/] side %[$ itself b5ea? ! face ( ! ar*itrave3 yet ev5 ?is 0 ( little consequ5ce if !re 0 m]ely a s+le r[ ( columns 9 front2 b :]e ! colonnade 0 cont9u$ along ! flanks ( ! build+ also1 a v unsightly sort ( irregul>ity 0 produc$2 = :ile all ! o!r columns on ^? flanks %[$ ! faces ( _! capitals1 ! end "o w\ld %[ its balu/] side4 ,"h !n a difficulty pres5t$ itself t dem&$ "s +5uity to ov]come x2 & h>dly c we suffici5tly admire ! happy exp$i5t by :i* x 0 surm\nt$4 ,x 0 necess>y to give ! capital at ! angle two adjo9+ volut$ faces1 s t x %\ld agree ) ^? ( ! o!r columns bo? 9 front & on ! flank ( ! build+4 ,?is 0 accord+ly effect$ by plac+ ! volute at ! angle1 diagonally1 s z to obta9 !re two volut$ surfaces plac$ imm$iately back to back1--a mo/ happy & simple contrivance1 :i*1 n[ t x has be5 appli$1 e "o is at lib]ty to fancy he c\ld h f\nd out = himself4 ,nev]!less x is n e "o t approves ( x1 = !re are "s :o affect to reg>d t disposition ( ! volute at ! angle z a defect4 ,if x be /rictly consid]$ m]ely 9 itself1 x may1 p]haps1 be object$ to su* capital t 9 itself x is irregul>1 "o ( ! volutes 9 ea* ( its faces be+ turn$ obliquely & =e%ort5$1 :ile ! o!r volute 9 ! same face is se5 directly 9 front1 z 9 all ! o!r capitals4 ,yet surely su* p>tial & trifl+ irregul>ity may v well be excus$1 in/ead ( be+ imput$ z a defect1 s9ce x obviates f> great] irregul>ities1 & contributes s effectively to g5]al h>mony & symmetry4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is incumb5t ^u ^? :o make ! objection to %[ h[ mu* bett] !y c\ld h manag$ matt]s4 ,s f> are we f object+ to x1 t we d n see :y ! same diagonal disposition ( ! volutes %\ld n1 occasionally at lea/1 be employ$ = all ! capitals alike1 !reby giv+ !m1 al?\gh 9 all o!r respects p]fectly ,greek z to /yle1 f\r uni=m faces1 z 9 "s ( ! ,roman & ,italian examples ( ! ,ord]4 ,h[ little mod]n ,ar*itects are capable ( modify+ ! ,ionic capital1 & adapt+ x to p>ticul> circum/ances1 may be se5 9 ! colonnades ( ! faade ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e1 at ! re-ent]+ or int]nal angle =m$ by colonnades at "r angles to ea* o!r1 ! column at ! angle has two adjo9+ volut$ faces giv5 to x2 b z a re-ent]+ or inn] angle is circum/anc$ q diff]5tly f an ext]nal "o1 ! consequ5ce is t ea* ( ^? faces falls opposite ! balu/] side ( ! columns rang+ ) x ei!r way4 ,we expla9 ?is briefly 9 two simple diagrams1 9 :i* f indicates ! face or volut$ side ( ! capital1 & b ! balu/] side4 ,9 an ext]nal angle1 or ! return ( a portico1 ! faces & sides are arrang$ ?us1 s t b b b b come opposite ea* o!r2 b 9 an int]nal or re-ent]+ angle1 ! rev]se takes place2 = we h !n ?is disposition ( ! faces & sides ( ! capitals1 9 :i* a volut$ face comes opposite to ! balu/] side ( ! next capital1--a mo/ unsightly irregul>ity1 & "o all ! m unp>donable because x c\ld h be5 got ov]1 if 9 no o!r way1 by conv]t+ t column 7a7 into a squ>e pill>1 :i* w\ld besides give /r5g?1 or ! expression ( x1 :]e su* expression is v desirable4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,if ^! obs]vations on ! ,ionic capital seem to deta9 u too long1 we _c help x3 !y are no?+ less ?an indisp5sable = a prop] und]/&+ ( its nature1 & ! peculi>ity ( circum/ances att5d+ x4 ,:at rema9s to be obs]v$ is1 t ow+ to its complexity1 t capital admits ( v great div]sity ( "* & decoration4 ,x is sometimes )\t1 & sometimes has a neck+ to x1 :i* may ei!r be pla9 or decorat$1 z may be/ accord ) ! p>ticul> expression1 ei!r z to ri*ness or quiet simplicity1 :i* is aim$ at z ! *>act]i/ic ( ! entire design4 ,! capital may be modifi$ almo/ inf9itely 9 its proportions2 fir/1 z reg>ds its g5]al proportion to ! column2 secondly1 z reg>ds ! size ( ! volutes comp>$ ) ! wid? ( ! face4 ,9 ! be/ ,greek examples ! volutes are mu* bold] & l>g] ?an 9 ^? ( ! ,roman & ,italian1 9 "s ( :i* !y are s greatly r$uc$ 9 size1 & become consequ5tly s f> ap>t f ea* o!r1 z to be insignificant 9 !mselves1 & give ! :ole capital an expression ( meagr5ess & meanness4 ,! spirals =m+ ! volute supply ano!r s\rce ( v>iety1 s9ce !y may be ei!r s+le or manifold4 ,9 :at is call$ ! ,ilissus ,ionic capital !re is only a s+le spiral1 or hem1 ^: revolutions =m ! volute1 :i* mode1 inde$1 prevails 9 all ! ,roman & mod]n ,ionics2 b 9 ! capitals ( ! ,temple ( ,ere*!us at ,a!ns1 !re are1 besides t pr9cipal spiral1 o!r int]m$iate ones :i* foll[ ! c\rse ( its revolutions4 ,aga91 ! ca!tus1 or eye ( ! volute1 :]e ! spiral or spirals t]m9ate1 admits ( be+ made small] or l>g]4 ,x is1 besides1 sometimes flat1 sometimes convex1 & occasionally c>v$ z a rosette4 ,all ^! v>iations are indep5d5t ( ! g5]al composition ( ! capital1 & ?\gh n all equally good1 !y bo? sugge/ & au?orize o!r modifications ( ! ,ionic type1 & fre% comb9ations4 ,illu/ration ,"o exce$+ly int]e/+ example1 highly valuable z sugge/ive /udy1--"o q sui g5]is1 & p]haps on t acc\nt view$ ) m ( prejudice ?an reli%1 is ! int]nal ,ord] ( ! ,temple ( ,apollo at ,bass1 del9eat$ & describ$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,l4 ,donaldson1 9 ! supplem5t>y volume to ,/u>t's #8,a!ns4' ,?is example1 :i* seems to h f\nd fav\r only 9 ! eyes ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,cock]ell1 :o has employ$ x on m ?an "o occasion1 has1 z already intimat$1 f\r simil> faces2 yet if x s f> agrees ) _m ,roman & mod]n ,ionic capitals1 x diff]s f !m totally 9 e o!r respect4 ,:ile ! faces ( ! latt] are =m$ r by m]ely /ick+ on ! volutes diagonally1 in/ead ( turn+ !m1 s 9 ! example n[ "u notice1 ea* face may be said to be ar*$1 s9ce x curves d[nw>ds on ea* side f ! middle ( its upp] edge1 in/ead ( be+ !re /raight or horizontal b5ea? ! ar*itrave4 ,ow+ to ?is circum/ance ! faces ( ! capital h ! look ( be+ r affix$ to ?an prop]ly connect$ ) ! abacus1 & !re is a c]ta9 degree ( incongru\sness & want ( f9i%4 ,s f>1 !n1 !re is room = improvem5t1 & p]haps 9 "s o!r respects also2 yet ^u ! :ole !re is mu* to approve ( & admire 9 ?is capital1 among ^: peculi>ities x des]ves to be not$ t ! space betwe5 ! volutes is n above half ! wid? ( ! volutes !mselves4 ,nor is x = its capital alone ?is t example ( ! ,ord] is rem>kable1 its base be+ equally peculi>1 on acc\nt ( its simplicity ( =m1 & /ill m s1 p]haps1 on acc\nt ( its v great expansion1 spread+ out bel[ to consid]ably m ?an two upp] diamet]s ( ! %aft2 :i* p]haps causes ! capital to appe> r too small 9 comp>ison ) x4 ,?is base is all ! m rem>kable because x diff]s entirely f :at is call$ ! ,ionic base1 al?\gh n employ$ by ! ,european ,greeks = t ,ord]1 :o made use ( :at is /yl$ ! ,attic base1 consi/+ ( two tori & a scotia1 or deep curv$ holl[1 betwe5 !m4 ,! prop] ,ionic base1 or :at is s call$1 diff]s f e o!r =m ( t memb]1 be+ greatly contract$ 9 its l[] m\ld+s1 :i*1 if n a de=mity1 is n a p>ticul> beauty1 z x gives ! base too mu* ! appe>ance ( be+ rev]s$ or turn$ upside d[n2 & h5ce x is difficult to assign any probable or suffici5t motive = su* con=mation ( m\ld+s 9 ! foot ( a column4 ,p]haps ! only mod]n in/ance ( ! application ( t base occurs 9 ! tetra/yle 7f\r-column$7 portico ( ,hanov] ,*apel1 ,reg5t ,/reet1 ^: ,ord] is copi$ f ! ,temple ( ,m9]va ,polias at ,pri5e1 9 ,asia ,m9or2 to :i* example we %all pres5tly h occasion to ref] aga9 :5 we come to speak ( ! ,ionic entablature4 ,be=e s do+ we h to call att5tion to ano!r peculi>ity 9 ! columns )9 ! ,temple at ,bass1 ^: base is above %[n3 we allude to ! mode 9 :i* ! %afts are flut$1 :i* seems to indicate a transition f ! ,doric to ! ,ionic /yle1 ! fillets be+ exce$+ly n>r[1 & ! *annels %all[ & v slightly curv$1 :i* gives ! %aft altoge!r a diff]5t "* f t att5d+ ! usual mode ( flut+ practis$ = ?is ,ord]4 ,al?\gh x is a mod]n composition1 d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ,greek fragm5ts1 yet c]ta9ly n on t acc\nt ! less m]itori\s ?an if x 7 an express copy f "s "o p>ticul> example1 we may be all[$ to speak ( ! ,ord]1 or r ! columns ( ! hexa/yle 7six-column$7 portico ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,reg5t ,squ>e1 ,gray's ,inn ,road1 erect$ betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,inwood1 soon aft] ! completion ( ,/4 ,pancras' ,*ur*1 ^: portico s admirably exemplifies ! florid & elaborately wr\ght ,ionic ( ! ,temple ( ,ere*!us at ,a!ns4 ,! columns ( ! ,reg5t ,squ>e ,*ur*1--& x is on acc\nt ( ! columns alone t we allude to x1--diff] f all o!r kn[n examples2 n only 9 _! bases & capitals1 b also 9 ! v peculi> mode ( flut+1 or r /riat+1 employ$ = _! %afts4 ,n hav+ detail$ draw+s1 or any draw+s at all to assi/ u1 we _c pret5d to ent] into description1 b c only say t base1 %aft1 & capital are unlike all receiv$ examples1 & at ! same "t s well adapt$ to ea* o!r z to produce arti/ic unity & consi/5cy ( "*2 & t "* is /amp$ by bread? & simplicity4 ,) respect to ! flut+1 x p>takes ( :at may be call$ /riat+1 ! fillets %[+ !mselves r z n>r[ surfaces rais$ ^u ! %aft1 ?an ! *annels z positive holl[s betwe5 !m4 ,! capital is at once graceful & simple1 & d]ives mu* ( its peculi> "* f ! enl>g$ eye ( ! volute1 :i* is occupi$ by a rosette ornam5t4 ,int]e/+ z x w\ld be to p>ticul>ize o!r examples1 we _c d s "h1 :i* is ! less to be regrett$ because m]e v]bal rem>ks1 unaccompani$ by draw+s on su* a scale z to fully %[ all _! m9uti1 w\ld n be v satisfactory4 ,p]haps we %all be ?\ght to h already dwelt r too long on ! m]e column1 = we h n yet q done ) t "p ( ! ,ord]4 ,x rema9s to be obs]v$1 t not)/&+ its situation is su* z to r5d] detail !re h>dly noticeable1 ! balu/] side ( ! capital 0 always enri*$4 ,9 ,greek examples x _h a s]ies ( wide *annels ) broad fillets betwe5 !m1 & :]e great ri*ness 0 affect$1 z 9 ! ,ionic ( ! ,temple ( ,ere*!us1 ! fillets _h an additional m\ld+ ^u !m1 c>v$ into beads4 ,9 ! ,asiatic examples1 on ! contr>y1 & ,roman ones also1 ! balu/] side is usually cut into ! =m ( leaves1 b\nd toge!r1 z x 71 9 ! c5tre by a broad m\ld$ r+1 :i* produces an exce$+ly good effect2 & inde$1 9 sev]al in/ances1 mu* bett] ta/e is manife/$ 9 t obscure "p ( ! capital ?an 9 ! face itself4 ,al?\gh x is repetition to say t ! base usually giv5 to ?is ,ord] by ! ,greeks 0 ! ,attic "o1 consi/+ ( two tori1 divid$ by a scotia1 we "h ref] to t "p ( ! column aga9 = ! purpose ( not+ a species ( enri*m5t appli$ to x1 ! upp] torus be+ sometimes flut$ horizontally1 at o!rs cut to resemble an int]lac$ *a9-l ornam5t1 n[ call$ a guillo*e4 ,mod]n ,ar*itects1 h[ev]1 inv>iably leave ! upp] torus ( ! base q pla91 ev5 :5 !y scrupul\sly copy e o!r "p ( ! column4 ,! only in/ance ( *annel+ ^u ! upp] torus1 to :i* we c po9t1 is t ( ! portico ( ,/4 ,pancras' ,*ur*1 :i* build+ well des]ves to be c>efully exam9$ & /udi$ by ^? :o w\ld acquire a correct idea ( ! exquisite f9i% & ri*ness ( ,grecian ,ionic details1 & _! effect 9 execution4 ,= ,ionic ,ant a few words w suffice4 ,)\t exactly agree+ ) t ( ! column1 ! base does n diff] v mat]ially f x1 except1 inde$1 9 ! ,ilissus example1 :]e x is l[] ?an ! o!r1 & consi/s only ( a %all[ scotia ) a *annel$ torus above x4 ,9 ! ,ere*!um example x is di/+ui%$ f ! column base *iefly by bo? l[] & upp] torus be+ *annel$4 ,! capital1 or1 z x is m commonly t]m$1 anta-cap1 on ! contr>y1 is diff]5tly %ap$ f t ( ! column1 9 consequ5ce ( hav+ no volutes2 :]e=e x is n by any means s wide1 nei!r is x s deep4 ,! m\ld+s1 too1 ?\gh ( ! same "*1 are diff]5tly dispos$4 ,/ill ! anta-cap corresponds ) ! capital z to pla9ness or enri*m5t1--be+ ei!r c>v$ or n1 z ^? ( ! latt] happ5 to be2 & if ! capital has an ornam5t$ neck+1 s also has ! anta4 ,"o s+ul>ity 9 ! treatm5t ( ,ionic ant1 is t ( ! face ( ! anta1 a slight break be+ made d[n ! middle ( x1 :i* causes x to appe> compos$ ( two v n>r[ faces put toge!r side by side1 b n exactly flu% ) ea* o!r4 ,?is k9d ( ant1 9 imitation ( ^? ( ! ,ere*!um--p]haps ! only prec$5t = x--has be5 adopt$ = ,/4 ,pancras' ,*ur*4 ,:at c\ld h l$ to x is r difficult to conjecture1 s9ce !re does n appe> to be any adequate motive = x1 or any purpose ga9$ by x4 ,,ionic ,,entablature4--,z express$ 9 ! t]ms ( ! diamet] ( ! column1 t is1 measur$ by x1 ! entablature exce$s t ( ! ,doric ,ord]4 ,9 ! ,p>!non ! entire height ( ! entablature is n m ?an #b diamet]s2 :ile 9 bo? ! ,ionic & ,ere*!um x is #b diamet]s & #ag p>ts1 or ! ?ird ( a diamet] m2 :]eas x w\ld seem t ! ,ionic column be+ mu* sl5d]]1 ! entablature ought to be less ?an #b diamet]s 9 height1 in/ead ( be+ m4 ,& s x is1 & less 9 a consid]able degree3 x is ! height1 n ! diamet]1 ( ! column :i* regulates ! height ( ! entablature2 9 o!r words1 ! height ( ! latt] mu/ be 9 proportion to t ( ! =m]4#b ,n[ #b diamet]s = ! entablature is mu* less 9 proportion to a column #h or #i diamet]s high1 ?an #b diamet]s = ! entablature is to "o t is only #f diamet]s high4 ,9 ! latt] case ! entablature is equal to "o-?ird ( ! column1 & "o-f\r? ( ! :ole ,ord]2 b 9 ! o!r1 #b diamet]s am\nt to only a f\r?1 or !reab\ts1 ( ! height ( ! column1 & consequ5tly to only ab\t a fif? ( ! entire ,ord]4 #b ,! necessity = agreem5t 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! column & its entablature w be r5d]$ app>5t by ! prepo/]\s effect produc$ 9 two in/ances :]e ! columns h be5 prolong$ to an absurd height )\t ! entablature be+ deep5$ 9 ! same degree2 namely1 ! portico ( ! ,admiralty1 & t )9 ! c\rt ( ,furnival's ,inn2 ! fir/ ( :i* is bad en\gh1 ! o!r f> worse 9 e respect4 ,! ,ionic ar*itrave does n diff] mat]ially f t ( ! ,doric4 ,its av]age or /&>d height is ! upp] diamet] ( ! column4 ,9 ! pla9] examples ( ,ionic1 su* z ! ,ilissus "o1 ! face ( ! ar*itrave is q pla91 z 9 ! prec$+ ,ord]1 & di/+ui%$ f x only by ! ,doric t5ia be+ conv]t$ into a m\ld+ ( a pla9 bead & small e*9us1 surm\nt$ by a n>r[ t5ia or broad fillet4 ,9 m decorat$ examples1 z t ( ! ,ere*!um1 ! face ( ! ar*itrave is divid$ into ?ree surfaces or c\rses1 call$ faci1 :i* v slightly project be=e or ov]hang ea* o!r1 & ! m\ld+ betwe5 ! ar*itrave & frieze is increas$ 9 dep?2 !re is a great] numb] ( m\ld+s1 & "s ( !m are enri*$ by be+ c>v$1 or1 z x is t]m$1 cut4 ,z to ! ,ionic frieze1 triglyphs be+ disc>d$ = x1 & no o!r *>act]i/ic memb]s sub/itut$ = !m1 x becomes no m ?an a pla9 surface int]pos$ betwe5 ! ar*itrave & cornice1 unless1--z is n[ nev] done1 al?\gh x 01 9 all probability1 g5]ally done by ! ,anci5ts1--x is enri*$ ) figures 9 bas-relief or o!r sculpture4 ,yet z m]e sculpture ( t k9d1 h[ev] ess5tial to effect1 is n tak5 into acc\nt1 or consid]$ to belong ev5 to ! "* ( an ,ord]1 b to be some?+ q extrane\s t may ei!r be introduc$ or omitt$ at pleasure1 x is omitt$ accord+ly2 :]eby ! frieze is r$uc$ to a m]e blank surface1 :i* leaves no?+ m to be said conc]n+ x4 ,! ,ionic cornice af=ds b little scope = fur!r obs]vation1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,a!nian examples1 9 :i* x consi/s ( little m ?an ! corona & cymatium above x1 & "s n>r[ b$-m\ld+s b5ea? ! =m] memb]1 p>tly got out ( its holl[$ s(fit or "u surface4 ,consequ5tly ! :ole cornice looks r meagre & poor1 especially if ! ri*] =m ( capital ) a neck+ to x be employ$ = ! columns4 ,9 su* case !re is no correspond+ degree ( ri*ness & increas$ importance 9 :at is1 nev]!less1 ! complet+ memb] or division ( ! entire ,ord]1 & ought accord+ly to be treat$ z su*4 ,on ?is acc\nt we hold ! cornice ( ! ,ere*!um example to be v unsatisfactory1 & to d]ogate f :at is ! "* ( ! ,ord] 9 all o!r respects3 :ile ! capital is p>ticul>ly ornate1 luxuriant1 & complicat$ 9 design1 ! cornice1 :i*1 z has be5 be=e rem>k$1 is to be consid]$ z ! capital ( ! entire ,ord]1 is p>ticul>ly simple & sev]e2 & ow+ to ! want ( a suffici5cy ( b$-m\ld+s b5ea? x1 ! corona appe>s to jut out too abruptly imm$iately ov] ! frieze1 )\t due prep>ation = x4 ,7 ! frieze sculptur$1 su* enri*m5t w\ld1 p]haps1 )\t any ?+ fur!r1 conf] an adequate degree ( ornat5ess ^u ! :ole entablature1 & br+ x into keep+ ) ! highly f9i%$ columns4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! frieze is to be left pla91 ! be/ way w\ld be to r$uce its height a little1 & p]haps t ( ! ar*itrave also1 & enl>ge ! cornice by introduc+ d5tels into x4 ,^! la/-m5tion$ memb]s1--:i*1 al?\gh consid]$ by mod]n writ]s to be *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ionic ,ord]1 & to be to its cornice :at mutules are to ! ,doric1 & modillions to ! ,cor9?ian1 d n appe> to h be5 s reg>d$ by ! ,greeks !mselves1--consi/ ( a s]ies ( n>r[ upright blocks 7suppos$ to repres5t ! ends ( joi/s71 plac$ closely toge!r1 s t ! spaces betwe5 !m1 :i* are only ab\t half z wide z ! blocks !mselves1 appe> to ind5t t portion ( ! cornice1 :i*1 :5 introduc$ )\t be+ s ornam5t$1 is call$ an uncut d5tel b&4 ,! ,pri5e example1 to :i* we ref]r$ :5 speak+ ( ,ionic bases1 (f]s :at1 9 our op9ion at lea/1 is a f> bett] model = an ,ionic cornice ?an t ( ! ,ere*!um1 & :i*1 ) p]haps "s modification ( x1 might v well be appli$ to ! m florid ,a!nian ,ord]2 & ?\gh to d s w\ld be contr>y to prec$5t1 t w\ld matt] little1 s t ! *ange itself 7 9 con=mity ) arti/ic effect & /hetic pr9ciples4 ,! ,temple ( ,jupit] at ,aizani 9 ,asia ,m9or exhibits a rem>kable example ( ! ,ionic ,ord]1 ! details ( :i* 7 rec5tly publi%$1 = ! fir/ "t1 by ,m4 ,texi]4 ,9 its g5]al con=mation ! base resembles ! ,pri5e example2 b ! entablature is q diff]5t4 ,! ar*itrave is divid$ into ?ree faci1 sep>at$ by a cut m\ld+2 & ! upp] faci is surm\nt$ by an exce$+ly deep & highly enri*$ c\rse ( m\ld+s4 ,! frieze1 too1 is ornam5t$ 9 a v unusual fa%ion1 acan?us leaves be+ plac$ ^u x at int]vals1 some:at aft] ! mann] ( triglyphs1 & connect$ toge!r ) scrolls4 ,! cornice has bo? d5tels & modillions & a n>r[ corona1 b a deep cymatium or epiti!das1 enri*$ ) c>v+4 ,we w n pursue our notice ( ! ,greek or ,anci5t ,ionic any f>!r1 b "h conclude x ) obs]v+1 t not)/&+ its decid$ sup]iority to ! ,roman1 c41 especially 9 its capital1 ! =m] has n be5 adopt$ by ! ,italian & ,fr5* ,ar*itects ( ! pres5t day4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,greek ,ionic has be5 employ$ almo/ to ! entire exclusion ( ! o!r1 f ! "t ( its be+ fir/ made kn[n to u by means ( ,/u>t & ,revett's #8,antiquities ( ,a!ns1' & ! #8,ionian ,antiquities2' to :i* publications may be add$ ! #8,un$it$ ,antiquities ( ,attica1' :i* conta9s o!r specim5s ( ! ,ord]1 f\nd at ,eleusis1 rem>kable = _! ref9$ simplicity & also _! gracefulness4 ,n ! lea/ important lesson to be d]iv$ f ^! & simil> publications is1 we p]mit ourselves to say1 ! le>n+ f !m t ! ,greeks treat$ _! ,ord]s ) arti/ic _s & fre$om1 con=m+ to a c]ta9 type or g5]al /&>d = ea*1 b v>y+ _! details & modify+ _! proportions4 ,= examples ( ,grecian ,doric & ,ionic :i* may be se5 9 ,london1 & :i* ! /ud5t w\ld !re=e d well to look at & c>efully exam9e = himself1 s9ce he w f ^! le>n m ?an he possibly c d f books alone1 we ref] to ! foll[+ build+s3 = ,doric1 ! tetra/yle portico ( ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,!atre1 & ! hexa/yle "o ( ! ,colosseum 9 ! ,reg5t's ,p>k2 :i* latt] %[s ! ,ord] to mu* great] advantage ?an ! o!r1 ow+ to its be+ free f su* di/urb+ & v un-antique additions z sev]al doors & w9d[s )9 x1 :i* inevitably de/roy all bread? & repose2--x has also ! advantage ( a we/ aspect1 by :i* ! full effect ( light & %ade is produc$4 ,= ,ionic examples1 we ref] to ,/4 ,pancras' ,*ur*1 ,new ,road1 ^: ord] is a fai?ful transcript f t ( ! ,ere*!um2 ! same build+ also af=ds an in/ance ( ! application ( a c>yatid ord] ( female figures 9 ! por*1 or r ! por*-l /ructure1 on its nor? & s\? sides1--! idea ( :i* is tak5 f a simil> small /ructure atta*$ to ! ,a!nian ,temple2--! ,univ]sity ,club ,h\se1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/1 :]e ! same ,ord] is appli$ ^u a mu* small] scale1 & rais$ ^u a basem5t floor2--! ,*apel 9 ,s\? ,audley ,/reet2--! portico ( ! ,po/ ,(fice1 & ! faade ( ! ,briti% ,museum2--! portico ( ! ,college ( ,surgeons1 ,l9coln's ,inn ,fields1 ^: columns1 proportion$ accord+ to ! ,ilissus example1 7 orig9ally pla91 b 7 flut$1 & ! m\ld+s ( ! entablature cut1 :5 ! build+ 0 alt]$ & greatly improv$ "s ye>s ago1 by ,mr4 ,b>ry2--! portico ( ,hanov] ,*apel1 ,reg5t ,/reet1 :i*1 z ! read] is already aw>e1 %[s ! ,pri5e ,ionic2--& la/ly1 = we w n fur!r ext5d ?is li/1 ! portico ( ! ,india ,h\se1 ,lead5hall ,/reet1 :i* is rem>kable = its frieze be+ sculptur$1 & its p$im5t also fill$ 9 ) figures 9 relief4 ,( simil> decoration = ! ,doric ,ord] we _c po9t out any in/ance "h1 bo? ! metopes ( ! frieze1 & ! p$im5t1 be+ left pla9 9 all our ,engli% specim5s ( t ,ord]4 ,,roman ,,& ,,mod]n ,,ionic4 ,to elucidate ?is "p ( our subject at all satisfactorily w\ld require a great numb] ( draw+s2 accord+ly we mu/ make %ift z well z we c )\t !m1 leav+ ! /ud5t to turn to o!r works = examples1--%\ld he1 z we tru/ he w1 h imbib$ f our rem>ks any reli% = ! /udy ( ! ,ord]s by accurate comp>ison ( v>i\s examples ( "o & ! same ,ord]4 ,nei!r ! ,romans nor _! mod]n successors appe> to h compreh5d$ ! g5ius ( ! ,ionic ,ord] any m ?an ( ! ,doric4 ,_! be/ imitations1 bo? ( ! "o & ! o!r1 7 ( b a bungl+ k9d4 ,!y c]ta9ly _h no great affection = ei!r1 = we f9d comp>atively v few in/ances ( !m 9 ,roman rema9s4 ,z treat$ by !m1 ! ,ionic capital 0 n only greatly impov]i%$1 b de=m$ also1--impov]i%$ by ! volutes be+ greatly r$uc$ 9 size1 & consequ5tly 9 importance also1 z *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ! ,ord]1--& de=m$1 ow+ to ! ta/eless treatm5t ( x 9 o!r respects4 ,in/ead ( ! gracefully fl[+ fe/oon hem1 or m\ld+s ov] ! e*9us1 :i* seems to connect ! two volutes or sides ( ! face ( ! capital toge!r1 !re is a /raight l9e )\t any m\ld+ to x1 & ! e*9us1 project+ be=e x1 produces an appe>ance ( clums9ess--( ! sev]al memb]s n be+ prop]ly adju/$ to ea* o!r4 ,z 9 all ! ,greek examples1 ! e*9us ( ! capital1 :i* passes beh9d ! volutes1 is inv>iably c>v$ ) t sort ( patt]n :i* workm5 call #8eggs & d>ts1' ova or egg-%ap$ ornam5ts1 almo/ naturally result+ f ! cont\r ( ! m\ld+ be=e x is cut2 & ! e*9us ( ! ,ionic1 be+ always s c>v$1 is on t acc\nt di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ovolo1--n because its section or pr(ile is any portion ( an oval or elliptic curve2 = among o!r ?+s ! ,roman /yle diff]s f ! ,greek 9 hav+ all its m\ld+1 bo? convex & concave1 =m$ ( portions ( circles1 by :i* its details become less elegant 9 cont\r4 ,b we _c ent] into su* niceties 9 a m]e rudim5t>y "w4 ,ev5 9 ! be/ ,roman & mod]n examples1 ! volutes are decid$ly inf]ior to ,greek1 be+ comp>atively tame & meagre1 yet co>se also4 ,italian ,ar*itects h sometimes made !m s small & insignificant t !y give sc>cely any "* to ! capital1 or r5d] x di/+ui%able1 at a little di/ance1 f ! ,doric1 its g5]al mass be+ no great]4 ,! spiral makes few] revolutions1 & ! hem or m\ld+ :i* =ms x is flat1 z is also ! int]-spiral or g5]al surface ( ! volute1 :i* has nev] any second>y spirals ^u x1 ?\gh t & ! int]volute are sometimes enri*$ ) foliage4 ,( ! ,roman ,ionic ,ord]1 z a :ole1 we "k v little1 !re be+ only ?ree accr$it$ examples ( x1 viz4 ! ,!atre ( ,m>cellus1 ! ,temple ( ,=tuna ,virilis1 & ! ,temple ( ,concord4 ,( ! fir/ ( ^!1 ! capital is ! simple/ & pla9e/1 & also ! smalle/ 9 its proportions2 t ( ! second is by v f> ! be/1 its volutes reta9+ mo/ ( ! ,greek "*2 & t ( ! ?ird is rem>kable1 if n = its ugl9ess 9 o!r respects1 = its volutes be+ turn$ outw>ds diagonally1 s z to pres5t f\r equal faces1--a mode aft]w>ds re-inv5t$ & br\ght up z a novelty by ,scamozzi1 9 hon\r ( :om x has s9ce be5 di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ! ,scamozzi capital4 ,b if !re are few anci5t build+s rema9+ ( ! ,roman ,ionic ,ord]1 !re are num]\s deta*$ specim5s ( x 9 antique columns t h be5 pres]v$ by hav+ be5 made use ( 9 o!r build+s1 or deposit$ 9 collections ( sculpture4 ,_m ( ^! h be5 del9eat$ & publi%$ by ,piranesi & o!rs2 & !y are s num]\s & s v>i$ t we _c pret5d ei!r to classify !m1 or to p>ticul>ize ev5 ! pr9cipal ones4 ,all t we c "h say is1 t al?\gh !y fall f> %ort ( ! ref9$ ta/e exhibit$ 9 ,greek examples1 "s ( !m possess consid]able m]it1 & supply ideas = o!r & bett] v>ieties4 ,!y also s]ve to conv9ce u t1 l ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans did n abide by a s+le /]eotype patt]n = ea* ,ord]3 ! attempt to e/abli% su* uni=mity & con=mity to rule 0 res]v$ = ! ,palladios & ,vignolas ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,!re is a f9e antique example ( ! k9d 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 :i* ! volutes are plac$ diagonally1 & b5ea? ea* face ( ! capital !re is n a m]e flat mask1 b a head1 cut out 9 bold relief1 all ( !m diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,! :ole is excell5tly well compos$1 & highly int]e/+ z a /udy4 ,"o ( ! v>ieties ( ,ionic capitals %[n by ,piranesi is t f a column 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,tran/ev]e at ,rome1 :i* is ornam5t$ on its face ) a small head or bu/ ^u ! face ( ! int]volute & abacus1 & ! eye ( ! volutes !mselves is unusually l>ge1 & conta9s a small half-l5g? female figure c>v$ ^u x1--:i*1 ?\gh x c be di/9ctly se5 9 a draw+1 c be h>dly p]ceptible 9 ! column itself4 ,! only o!r v>iety ( or inv5tion = ! ,ionic capital t we c notice is "o t has frequ5tly be5 practis$ by ,italian ,ar*itects1 & :i* may be di/+ui%$ z ! fe/oon or fe/oon$ capital1 ! volutes be+ turn$ diagonally1 & a fe/oon be+ susp5d$ f ! eye "o volute to t ( ! o!r b5ea? ea* face4 ,?is n only gives v>iety & ri*ness to ! capital1 b by increas+ its volume or bulk1 increases its importance also1 & produces great play ( light & %ade3 !re is h>mony toge!r ) div]sity 9 ! comb9ation ( =ms1 ! curve ( ! fe/oon be+1 ?\gh dissimil>1 9 agreem5t ) ! outl9e ( ! volutes4 ,! columns ( ! circul> portico to ! ,*ur* 9 ,langham ,place h capitals ( ?is description1 9 :i* *]ub heads are introduc$ into ! fe/oons2 & s f> z ! m]e capitals g1 t specim5 ( ,ionic is entitl$ to mu* praise3 ! mis=tune is1 t ! ,ord] is n satisfactory z a :ole2 = ! increas$ ri*ness ( ! capitals requires t !re %\ld be a correspond+ degree ( ri*ness giv5 to ! entablature4 ,at pres5t !re is no proportion--t is1 ) reg>d to decoration--obs]v$2 = ! same entablature1 or cornice at lea/1 :i* is 9 keep+ ) a small] & pla9] capital1 _c be equally adapt$ to a l>g] & m ornate "o1 b p>takes ( ei!r excess1 or ! #8too mu*' 9 ! "o case1 or ( defici5cy1 or ! #8too little' 9 ! o!r1--n p]haps z to size1 b 9 reg>d to ! quantum ( embelli%m5t4 ,to obviate ! meagr5ess & insignificance ( ! usual ,italian ,ionic capital1 ,sansov9o & "s o!rs h frequ5tly giv5 x a neck+1 ei!r pla9 or enri*$1 :i*1 ev5 :5 pla91 greatly improves ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! column by increas+ ! dep? ( ! capital & r$uc+ ! height ( ! %aft4 ,to make ?is ! cle>]1 let u1 )\t pret5d+ at all to exactness1 call ! column n9e diamet]s high1 & ! capital ei!r half a diamet]1 or a :ole "o1 accord+ly z x is )\t or ) a neck+3 n[ 9 ! fir/ case ! capital w be to ! %aft 7base includ$7 only z "o to sev5te51 :]eas 9 ! o!r x becomes z "o to eight2 :i* is n at all too mu*1 :ile ! o!r way ! %aft is mu* too lanky1 & ! capital too l[1--z is probably felt by ^? :o _c expla9 ! cause ( su* disagreem5t & disproportion4 ,,entablature4--,!re is n mu* to say1 at lea/ !re is no occasion = say+ mu*1 relative to ?is "p ( ! ,roman & ,mod]n ,ionic ,ord]4 ,! anci5t examples ( x are by f> too few to admit ( any g5]al laws = x be+ d]iv$ f !m2 nor are ! examples !mselves v satisfactory4 ,t ( ! ,ionic ( ! ,!atre ( ,m>cellus is1 p]haps1 ! be/ ^u ! :ole1 & seems to h be5 t :i* has guid$ ! ,mod]ns 9 ! composition ( _! entablature1 al?\gh !y h v greatly dim9i%$ ! proportions ( ! cornice1 :i* is !re ne>ly equal to bo? ar*itrave & frieze toge!r4 ,9 ! ,a!nian ,ionic we may set d[n ! ar*itrave1 frieze1 & cornice z ab\t #ej1 #ej1 & #ce m9utes respectively1 mak+ altoge!r two diamet]s & #ae m9utes 7or a qu>t] ( a diamet]72 !re=e ! cornice is to ea* ( ! o!r two divisions ( ! entablature only z #ce to #ej4 ,9 ! ,roman ,ionic1 on ! contr>y1 ! cornice is by mu* ! l>ge/ division3 9 ! ,=tuna ,virilis example ! measures are1--ar*itrave #ch'1 frieze #ai'1 cornice #gj'2 9 t ( ! ,!atre ( ,m>cellus1 #dc'--cf'--ff'1 mak+ ! entire entablature #abg'1 or #b diamet]s #g'4 ,al?\gh mod]n ,ar*itects v>y f ^! proportions1 & "s ( !m make ! frieze equal to or m ?an ! ar*itrave1 !y all agree--9 doctr9e at lea/1 if n 9 practice--9 mak+ ! cornice ! l>ge/ division ( ! entablature2 & z ! projection is usually equal to its height1 or !reab\ts1 ! cornice ?us ga9s 9 importance bo? ways1 &1 z f> z its m]e proportions are conc]n$1 becomes an adequate f9i%+ to ! entire ,ord]4 ,?is latt] mode c]ta9ly appe>s m 9 accordance ) arti/ic pr9ciple3 %all we !n presume to say t ! ,greeks 7 wrong 9 _! treatm5t ( ! ,ionic cornice8--,well1 let u say !n1 t !y 7 n q s "r z !y might h be54 ,to u1 ! ,asiatic ,ionic cornice 7= in/ance t ( ! ,pri5e ,ord]7 is f> m satisfactory ?an ei!r ! ,hell5ic or ,a!nian2 & 9 our op9ion x w\ld require a cornice ri*] /ill1 to correspond ) ! highly elaborat$ ,ere*!um capital1 & ma9ta9 due arti/ic keep+ 9 ! :ole ( t ,ord]4 ,^! rem>ks p>take1 p]haps1 too mu* ( digression3 we w !re=e dismiss !m1 & ! cornice also1 m]ely add+ t ei!r d5tels1 or l>g] pla9 blocks1 plac$ r wide ap>t f ea* o!r1 are consid]$ ! prop] *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ! ,ionic cornice4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ei!r ! ar*itrave or ! frieze t calls = obs]vation1 except t ! ,mod]ns h frequ5tly giv5 to ?is ,ord]1 by way ( di/9ction1 a convex frieze1 te*nically t]m$ a pulv9at$ "o f its fanci$ resemblance to a cu%ion 7pulv9>71 ^: sides swell out by compression :5 sat ^u4 ,a frieze ( ! k9d occurs 9 :at is o!rwise a v corrupt specim5 ( ! ,ord]1 9 ! ,ba?s ( ,diocletian4 ,x w\ld be absurd to suppose t su* =m ( frieze orig9at$ 9 an imitation ( ! ?+ aft] :i* x is n[ nam$2 & !re are two motives1 ei!r ( :i*1 or bo? comb9$1 may h l$ to x4 ,! fir/ ( !m is1 t su* curvature 9 ! face ( ! frieze may h be5 ?\ght v suitable = ! ,ionic ,ord]1 z agree+ ) ! curv$ =ms pr$om9at+ 9 ! "* ( ! capital1 namely1 ! volutes4 ,! second is1 t a convex surface produces great] div]sity ( light & %ade ?an a pla9 "o2 & com+ betwe5 ! ar*itrave & cornice1 is suffici5tly di/+ui%$ by cont\r alone4 ,/ill x mu/ be admitt$ t su* =m is some:at too arbitr>y & fanciful to be 9 accordance ) /rict ar*itectural pr9ciples4 ,x is well en\gh suit$ = int]iors1 or = entablatures ^u a small scale1 su* z ^? ( doors & w9d[s1 b n = a l>ge ext]nal ,ord]4 ,! pulv9at$ frieze occurs frequ5tly 9 ! ,c9que-c5to & ,r5aissance /yles1 & 9 our own ,engli% ,r5aissance1 or ,elizabe?an4 ,an in/ance ( x may be se5 9 t well-kn[n & celebrat$ piece ( ar*itecture by ,jones1 ! front ( ,:itehall ,*apel1 ^: ,ionic ,ord] g5]ally w convey an idea ( ! ,italian mode ( treat+ x4 ,& x s happ5s t ! ta/eful little scre5 front ( ,dov] ,h\se 7add$ by ,holl& to ! orig9al mansion71 on ! opposite side ( ! /reet1 (f]s an example ( ! ,ilissus ,ionic1 :]eby imm$iate comp>ison betwe5 ! two /yles may easily be made4 ,ano!r specim5 ( ,italian ,ionic1 & ( ,italian ,doric1 is ! new portion lately add$ to ! ,c>lton ,club ,h\se1 ,pall ,mall1 :i* is all b a lit]al copy f ,sansov9o's ,libr>y ( ,/4 ,m>k at ,v5ice4 ,sansov9o seems !re to h aim$ at ! greate/ possible ri*ness = bo? ,ord]s2 & 9 8 build+ ! ,doric metopes are sculptur$1 b are left pla9 9 ! ,club ,h\se1 al?\gh su* decoration = !m w\ld h be5 novelty "h1 & w\ld h br\ght t l[] ,ord] m into keep+ ) ! upp] "o4 ,! %afts ( ! columns are n flut$ z 9 ! ,italian build+1 b = v suffici5t reason3 be+ ( d>k poli%$ granite1 !y w\ld h acquir$ no great ri*ness 9 consequ5ce ( _! be+ s cut2 on ! contr>y1 ! effect ( ! mat]ial itself w\ld h be5 impair$4 ,! ,ionic capitals h an ornam5t$ neck+1 :i* is "h n only a beauty b a great propriety1 because )\t x ! capitals w\ld h look$ dim9utive1 m especially b5ea? su* a greatly exagg]at$ entablature4 ,te/$ by ord9>y rules1 ?is la/ mu/ be pron\nc$ mon/r\s1 lic5ti\s 9 ! extreme1 p]haps d[nright b>b>\s2 &1 no d\bt1 w\ld be s1 7 x n protect$ by ! "n ( ,sansov9o4 ,8 ,engli% copyi/ has !re=e suffici5t au?ority = x1--n s1 ,sansov9o himself3 :5ce1 !n1 did he get 8 prec$5t8 ,well1 he disp5s$ ) prec$5t1 & us+ ! privilege ( a ,ma/] 9 8 ,art1 v5tur$ beyond its writt5 rules & conv5tionalities1--v5tur$ :]e he might h fail$1 & expos$ himself to d]ision1--b succe$$1 & has be5 cr[n$ by applause4 ,9 ,art1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 success sanctifies ent]prize3 if y fail1 ! _w calls y a madman or fool2 if y succe$1 x b[s d[n to y z a g5ius4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t su* an entablature z ,sansov9o has !re giv5 8 ,ionic ,ord] w\ld be no?+ less ?an mon/r\s1 did ! ,ord] itself con/itute ! edifice1 z 9 ! antique temple2 in/ead ( :i*1 ! two ,ord]s !re introduc$ are no m ?an ornam5tal accessories1 & ! greatly enl>g$ entablature ( ! upp] "o is to be reg>d$ z proportion$ ) ref]5ce n s mu* to its own columns z to ! g5]al mass ( ! entire faade4 ,x may be z well to rem>k "h1 t bo? ! ,c>lton ,club ,h\se & ,:itehall ,*apel are in/ances ( sup]-columniation1 or two ,ord]s plac$ "o ov] ! o!r--9 ! =m] build+1 an ,ionic ov] a ,doric--9 ! latt]1 a ,cor9?ian ov] an ,ionic ,ord]4 ,& 9 bo? cases ! columns are atta*$ or engag$1 z is said ( columns :i* are unit$ to ! face ( a wall s z n to project f x z mu* z _! diamet]1 b only ab\t half or ?ree-qu>t]s ( x1 & are !re=e t]m$ respectively half or ?ree-qu>t] columns4 ,,cor9?ian ,,ord]4 ,illu/ration ,we n[ arrive at ! ?ird & la/ ( ! ,ord]s1 or t :i* is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r two1 m by its deep & foliag$ capital ?an by its proportions1--at lea/ x is *iefly s di/+ui%$ f ! ,ionic1 ) :i* x has 9 o!r respects _m po9ts 9 common2 = ! columns ( bo? h bases diff]+ b little f ea* o!r1 & _! %afts are flut$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,h[ ?is ,ord] came to obta9 ! "n ( ,cor9?ian is n v cle>2 nor is x1 ar*itecturally1 ( any mom5t :e!r su* "n be "r or wrong4 ,all t is c]ta9 is1 t examples ( ?is ,ord] h n be5 f\nd at ,cor9? itself1 :]e1 judg+ f its "n1 x w\ld seem to h be5 ! preval5t /yle ( build+1 & !re br\ght to p]fection4 ,!re is a pretty leg5d relative to ! orig9 ( ! ,cor9?ian capital1 :i*1 if n true1 has at lea/ probability 9 its fav\r1 & is _m degrees less nons5sical ?an ! suppos$ orig9 ( ! ,ionic "o4 ,nay1 x is ev5 valuable & in/ructive1 z %[+ h[ well a skilful arti/ c d]ive h9ts f trivial or accid5tal circum/ances1 & by improv+ ^u !m1 turn !m to acc\nt4 ,z ! /ory goes1 ! sculptor ,callicrates 0 s /ruck by ! graceful =ms into :i* ! leaves ( an acan?us plant _h gr[n up ar\nd a tall basket cov]$ by a squ>e slab1 t he sket*$ x1 & conceiv$ ! idea ( fa%ion+ ! capital ( a column aft] x4 ,x mu/ be own$ t ! anecdote seems itself to be an inv5tion int5d$ to acc\nt poetically = ! orig9 ( su* =m ( capital1 & p]haps on no bett] gr\nds ?an t ( a fanci$ g5]al resemblance1--j z "s dream]s h detect$ ! orig9 ( ! ,go?ic /yle 9 an av5ue ( l(ty ov]-ar*+ trees1 or 9 ! int]lac+ /ems ( a fram+ ( wick]-"w4 ,unluckily = ! cr$it ( s respectable a leg5d1 ! e>lie/ examples exhibit1 in/ead ( ! /ronge/ & mo/ direct resemblance to ! presum$ prototype1 ! fa9te/ & mo/ vague ( all4 ,! ,cor9?ian capital seems r to h develop$ itself gradually out ( ! ,doric "o2 fir/1 by its neck+ be+ deep5$ & ornam5t$ ) a r[ ( leaves1 & !n aft]w>ds ! e*9us suppress$1 & ! :ole body ( ! capital made to exp& 9 a concave curve up to ! abacus1 ) a second r[ ( pla9 & flatt] leaves above ! fir/ "o4 ,at lea/ ! capitals to ! small columns ( ! por*es ( ! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds at ,a!ns1 & o!rs discov]$ at ,miletus & else:]e1 seem to fav\r su* hypo!sis2 & 9 fur!r evid5ce ( su* ,doric d]ivation is ! circum/ance ( ! columns ( ! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds be+ )\t bases4 ,x w be argu$1 p]haps1 t su* examples d n all answ] to ! "* aft]w>ds e/abli%$ & adh]$ to = capitals belong+ to t ,ord]4 ,v true3 b !n !y may surely be receiv$ z incipi5t ef=ts & attempts t[>ds ! =mation ( a ?ird class ( capitals2 & 9 ! in/ances j ref]r$ to1 ! ov]hang+ squ>e abacus )\t any foliage or curl+ t5drils spread+ out to support its extremities1 po9ts1 9 our op9ion1 cle>ly en\gh to a d]ivation f ! ,doric capital1 consid]ably enl>g$ d[nw>ds1 & also greatly enri*$4 ,h[ev]1 we leave o!rs ei!r to adopt or reject ?is notion1 j z !y may be dispos$4 ,at ! be/1 all su* que/ions are little bett] ?an matt]s ( idle curiosity1 & mu/ always rema9 que/ions aft] all4 ,to quit conjecture = fact1 ! fact is ! ,cor9?ian ,ord] does n appe> to h be5 ev] matur$ into a di/9ct /yle & complete sy/em by ! ,greeks4 ,!re is1 inde$1 "o solit>y ,a!nian example ( ,cor9?ian1 :i* exhibits ! utmo/ ref9em5t ( exquisite ri*ness attemp]$ by exquisite delicacy4 ,9 ! ,lysicrates capital1--z we w = conv5i5ce call x 7! example allud$ to be+ t ( ! monum5t ( ,lysicrates1 o!rwise call$ ! ,lant]n ( ,demo/h5es1 at ,a!ns71--foliation may be said to h atta9$ its culm9at+ po9t3 rivall$ x may be1 b h>dly surpass$4 ,/ill x mu/ be confess$1 z a :ole1 t ,ord] leaves mu* to be desir$ = x1 !re be+ no?+ ( correspond+ beauty & luxuriance 9 ! re/ ( x4 ,! cornice1 = in/ance1 is only a simple d5tell$ ,ionic "o1 nor are any ( ! m\ld+s ( ! entablature cut4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 9 t p>ticul> case1 above ! entablature1 :at fully c\nt]balances & c>ries out ! idea & expression ( ! capitals1 namely1 ! ornam5tal ro(+1 & ! mat*less f9ial :i* cr[ns ! /ructure1 & produces a full climax ( beauty & ( grace4 ,*>m+ z ! orig9al itself is1 or1 m correctly speak+1 01 x has p]haps be5 m blund]+ly copi$ & imitat$ ?an almo/ any o!r antique /ructure4 ,al?\gh ! :ole--its l(ty-proportion$ basem5t includ$--is n above #cf feet high1 a copy ( x1 or :at calls itself su*1 has sometimes be5 hoi/$ up on ! top ( a l(ty t[]1 or rais$ on a mod]n *ur* or *apel to s]ve z its belfry2 or else ! columns & entablature h be5 tak5 j v]batim1 & appli$1 by way ( *ange1 z an ,ord]1 ^u a scale = :i* ! capitals1 at lea/1 7 nev] int5d$4 ,! ,/r& front or entrance ( ,exet] ,hall consi/s ( a loggia ) l(ty columns ( ! k9d1 ^: capitals1 be+ plac$ at su* a height1 %[ z no bett] ?an heavy sculptur$ masses ^: details x is impossible1 or at lea/ requires great pati5ce1 to make out4 ,m prepo/]\sly /ill1 ! ,gir>d ,college at ,philadelphia plumes itself ^u exhibit+ an exact copy ( ?is ,ord]1 :]e ! columns are magnifi$ to ! height ( betwe5 fifty & sixty feet1 s t all t c be made out ( ! capital is1 t x is exce$+ly ri*1--by v f> too mu* s = any o!r "p or feature 9 ! build+2--& t is call$ be+ classical6 ,let u n[ consid] ! ,cor9?ian ,ord] 9 its g5]al & prom95t *>act]i/ics1 belong+ to all v>ieties ( x alike4 ,al?\gh ! ,ord] itself is ! mo/ delicate & lighte/ ( ! ?ree1 ! capital is ! l>ge/1 be+ consid]ably m ?an a diamet] 9 height1--^u ! av]age1 ab\t a diamet] & a qu>t]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w cause ! read] no surprise1 if he be>s 9 m9d :at has be5 be=e said z to ! proportion to be obs]v$ betwe5 ! column & its capital4 ,! tall] ! =m] is1 ! tall] mu/ be ! latt] also1 & s f> bulki]2 al?\gh1 :ile actually increas+ its bulk1 its tallness corrects ! appe>ance ( heav9ess by giv+ ! proportion ( sl5d]ness4 ,a capital ^: height is only half a diamet] is1 ( c\rse1 by no means positively s bulky z "o :i* is upw>ds ( an entire diamet] 9 height1 b !n x is mu* bulki] or broad] 9 its proportions1 be+ ab\t twice z broad z x is high1--:]eas ! o!r is mu* high] ?an x is wide4 ,?is explanation makes1 we hope1 ! matt] suffici5tly cle>1 & t aft] x ! read] w n feel himself at all puzzl$ ab\t x4 ,! capital has two r[s ( leaves1 eight 9 ea* r[1 s dispos$ t ( ! tall] ones compos+ ! upp] r[1 "o comes 9 ! middle1 b5ea? ea* face ( ! abacus1 & ! l[] leaves alt]nate ) ! upp] ones1 com+ betwe5 ! /ems ( ! latt]2 s t 9 ! fir/ or l[] ti] ( leaves !re is 9 ! middle ( ea* face a space betwe5 two leaves occupi$ by ! /em ( ! c5tral leaf above !m4 ,ov] ^! two r[s is a ?ird s]ies ( f\r leaves1 turn$ s z to support ! small volutes :i*1 9 turn1 support ! angles ( ! abacus4 ,besides ^! out] volutes1 :i* are inv>iably turn$ diagonally1 z 9 ! f\r-fac$ ,ionic capital1 !re are two o!r small] ones1 t]m$ caulicoli1 :i* meet ea* o!r b5ea? a fl[] on ! face ( ! abacus4 ,! abacus itself is diff]5tly %ap$ f :at x is 9 ei!r ( ! o!r two ,ord]s4 ,9 ! ,doric x is1 z we h se51 m]ely a ?ick squ>e slab1 fitt+ ! e*9us b5ea? x1 & left p]fectly pla94 ,9 ! ,ionic x is squ>e1 b its sides are m\ld$1 :e!r !y are c>v$ or n4 ,! ,cor9?ian abacus1 on ! contr>y1 is n1 prop]ly speak+1 a squ>e1 al?\gh x may be said to be s 9 its g5]al =m1 inasmu* z x possesses squ>5ess1 hav+ f\r equal sides4 ,in/ead ( be+ /raight1 ! sides ( ! abacus are concave 9 plan1 be+ curv$ outw>ds s z to produce a %>p po9t at ea* corn]1 :i* is accord+ly cut (f4 ,?us we f9d t ! abacus "h assumes a v diff]5t %ape f its orig9al "o2 yet m]ely to "k ?is is to "k v little4 ,su* =m ( x is ( c\rse a di/9ction1 b x 0 n = ! sake ( di/9ction t x 0 adopt$4 ,x grew out ( int5tion & purpose3 x 0 dictat$ by necessity--by arti/ic necessity at lea/1 :i* requires t ! abacus %\ld be adju/$ to & con=m to ! upp] "p ( ! capital1 s t !y fit ea* o!r4 ,n[ a squ>e abacus w\ld n at all suit a capital ^: foliage spreads out s widely at its angles4 ,we h spok5 ( ! capitals ( ! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds1 z1 accord+ to our op9ion1 %[+ ! e>lie/ =mation ( :at we n[ call ! ,cor9?ian capital4 ,9 t example ! abacus is squ>e1 & ! upp] r[ ( leaves are ( ! k9d call$ wat]-leaves1 f _! resemblance to ^? ( wat]-plants1 be+ broad & flat1 & m]ely c>v$ ^u ! vase or body ( ! capital4 ,! next /age ( progress or transition 0 to add l>g] curl+ leaves & volutes to support ! angles ( ! abacus2 b !n if ! abacus rema9$ squ>e z be=e1 x w\ld ei!r ov]hang ! capital too mu* 9 ! c5tre ( ea* face ( x1 or w\ld n cov] ! enl>g$ sweep ( ! leaves & volutes at ! angles4 ,consequ5tly1 x 0 necess>y to effect bo? ext5sion & r$uction = ! abacus1--ext5sion at its angles1 & r$uction z reg>ds its g5]al bulk1 :i* be=eh& app>5tly v difficult1 if n impossible feat1 0 accompli%$ 9 ! simple/ mann] possible1 by m]ely curv+ ! sides ( ! abacus4 ,?us n only is ! abacus expressly %ap$ 9 con=mity ) ! great projection ( ! leaves1 c41 at ! f\r angles ( ! capital1#c b a beautiful contra/1 contribut+ to g5]al h>mony1 ensues 9 consequ5ce1--! concave sides ( ! abacus correspond+ anti!tically--9 o!r words1 contra/+ ) ! g5]al convexity ( ! capital4 ,! g5]al /ructure & configuration ( ! ,cor9?ian capital are n[ describ$1 &1 x is to be hop$1 und]/ood also4 ,x may be z well1 h[ev]1 j to recapitulate3 ! body ( ! capital is surr\nd$ by two r[s ( leaves1 eight 9 ea* r[2 besides :i* !re are f\r leaves1 :i*1 ) ! volutes ov] !m1 s]ve to support ! f\r angles ( ! abacus1 :i* is fa%ion$ z we h j be5 expla9+4 ,simple & limit$ z ^! elem5t>y & con/itutional =ms may be ?\ght to be1--insuffici5t = any great v>iety or range ( "*1 ! ,cor9?ian capital admits ( almo/ inf9ite modification4 ,putt+ entirely aside all details & _! m9uti1 ! capital ( ?is ,ord] is susceptible ( v great div]sity ( "* 9 reg>d to its g5]al proportions alone1 z may be se5 by a comp>ison ( a few--& !y b a v few--examples giv5 9 a note bel[4#d #c ,= simil> reason1 ! same concavity 9 ! sides ( ! abacus takes place 9 ! f\r-fac$ ,ionic capital1 ! abacus be+ s %ap$ 9 ord] t x may subt5d ov] & cov] ! diagonally turn$ volutes4 #d ,we place ^! examples accord+ to _! respective proportional heights1 beg9n+ ) ! highe/1 & desc5d+ to ! l[e/1 & note _! measurem5ts 9 m9utes r ?an 9 diamet]s & fractional p>ts1 z be+ ! mo/ direct & conv5i5t mode ( comp>ison4 ,! height ( ! capital is tak5 exclusive ( ! a/ragal :i* divides x f ! %aft ( ! column2 & z ! expansion ( ! capital upw>ds has also to be consid]$1 ! extreme wid? ( ! abacus is also indicat$4 ,height ( ,diagonal ( capital4 abacus4 ,lysicrates example #hg' #id' ,n]va d4 7columns ( ! ,=um ( ,n]va7 #gc' #ij' ,pan!on at ,rome #fi' #ij' ,jupit] ,/ator1 ,temple (1 #ff' #ig' ,tivoli1 ,temple ( ! ,sibyls1 #fj' #ha' ,almo/ e antique example is m>k$ by some?+ peculi> to itself2 :]e=e1 prop]ly to analyze !m & comp>e !m all1 w\ld require n only "s scores1 b "s hundr$s ( draw+s1 & hundr$s might be multipli$ into ?\s&s1 7 we to collect toge!r all ! v>ieties ( ! desc5dants ( ! ,cor9?ian or foliag$-capital column t are to be f\nd 9 build+s ( ! s-call$ ,byzant9e /yle1 :5 ! orig9al idea ( an ,ord] _h be5 entirely lo/ sight (4 ,9 fact1 all ! compositions t h be5 produc$ ) ! int5tion ( produc+ a new1 & :at z su* ought to be a p]fectly di/9ct ,ord]1 congru5t 9 all its p>ts1 h consi/$ ( little m ?an v>iations ( ! ,cor9?ian capital2 z if diff]5ce 9 ! details ( ! capital suffic$ to con/itute a diff]5t & q di/9ct ,ord]4 ,prop]ly und]/ood1 ,ord] is1 if n exactly s1 little m ?an ano!r ^w = /yle2 & a new /yle is n to be inv5t$ or e/abli%$1 l ! alt]ation f old to new /yle ( ! almanac by ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,/yle mu/ ( necessity gr[ up gradually3 ! ideas ( _m m9ds mu/ contribute to its =mation4 ,f ! examples ^: proportions are /at$ 9 ! prec$+ note1 x w be se5 t ! height ( ! capital v>ies f #fj'1 or j a diamet]1 to #hg'1 or ne>ly half z mu* aga92 al?\gh x mu/ be all[$ t ! latt] is a v unusual degree ( height1 nor does t example 7! ,lysicrates "o7 belong1 l ! o!rs1 to ! ,roman ,cor9?ian class4 ,res]v+ our rem>ks on "o or two p>ticul> specim5s ( ! latt] till aft] we h spok5 g5]ally ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,ord]1 we cont9ue by say+ t ! prop] ,cor9?ian base diff]s f t ( ! usual ,ionic or ,attic 9 hav+ two small] scoti1 sep>at$ by two a/ragals3 h[ev]1 bo? k9ds are employ$ indiscrim9ately1 & ! ,attic is t :i* is g5]ally us$1 except a great] degree ( delicacy & ri*ness ?an ord9>y be requir$4 ,z ! %aft is flut$ simil>ly to t ( ! ,ionic column1 viz4 ) tw5ty-f\r *annels1 !re is no?+ = notice or rem>k !re1 unless x be t ! flutes are sometimes cabl$1 z x is call$1 t is1 ! *annels are holl[$ out = only ab\t two-?irds ( ! upp] "p ( ! %aft1 & ! rema9d] cut s t ea* *annel has ! appe>ance ( be+ p>tly fill$ up by a r\nd /aff or piece ( rope1 :5ce ! t]m cabl+4 ,?\gh n approv$ by puritan critics1--:o1 nev]!less1 w9k at1 or else are bl9d to mu* great] lic5ses1--?is mode ( flut+ c]ta9ly gives an expression ( great] /r5g? to ! l[] "p ( ! column1 &1 by contra/1 t ( great] delicacy to ! upp] "o4 ,al?\gh flut+1 = ! columns1 seems to h be5 consid]$ by ! ,anci5ts ess5tial to ! "* ( ?is ,ord]1 ! ,mod]ns appe> to consid] x q a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 & :at may be omitt$ at discretion4 ,und\bt$ly !re are sev]al antique examples exce$+ly ri*ly decorat$ 9 all o!r respects1 yet ) ! %afts ( ! columns unflut$2 b !n t 0 = v good reason1 ! %afts be+ ei!r ( poli%$ granite1 or preci\s m>ble1 ^: intr9sic value & beauty fully suppli$ ! place ( fur!r embelli%m5t4 ,,entablature4--,! ar*itrave is g5]ally divid$ into ?ree faci1 7! l[] "o mu* n>r[] ?an ! o!rs1 :i* is r contr>y to ar*itectonic pr9ciple1 ! weak] memb] be+ plac$ "u heavi] ones17 ) m\ld+s betwe5 !m1 :i*1 ?\gh frequ5tly left pla91 are prop]ly enri*$ 9 ! be/ & mo/ consi/5tly f9i%$-up examples4 ,we pass ov] ! frieze1 t be+ m]ely a s+le surface1 ei!r pla9 or sculptur$4 ,! cornice is v mu* l>g] ?an 9 ! o!r ,ord]s1--l>g] z to height1 & consequ5tly z to projection also2 :i* increas$ height & projection1 & we may add1 increas$ ri*ness1 are dem&$ by ! greatly enl>g$ bulk ( ! capital & its m elaborate decoration4 ,examples v>y s greatly t we c give only approximat+ mean & av]age proportions1 :i* may be set d[n at ab\t #b diam4 #ab' = ! :ole entablature1 & #ed'1 or some?+ less ?an a diamet]1 = ! cornice2 b x is 9 _m in/ances m1 9 o!rs z mu* less4 ,z may be suppos$ f ?is greatly increas$ dep? ( ! cornice1 x consi/s ( a great] numb] ( m\ld+s b5ea? ! corona1 = t & ! cymatium ov] x inv>iably reta9 _! places z ! cr[n+ memb]s ( ! :ole s]ies ( m\ld+s4 ,to ! d5tels ( ! ,ionic cornice is add$ a r[ ( modillions1 imm$iately b5ea? & support+ ! corona4 ,^! modillions are ornam5tal blocks1 curv$ 9 _! "u surface some:at aft] ! mann] ( ! lett] ,s turn$ ?us symbol2 & betwe5 !m & ! d5tels1 & also bel[ ! latt]1 are o!r m\ld+s1 sometimes cut1 at o!rs left pla94 ,sometimes a pla9 uncut d5tel b& is sub/itut$ = d5tels2 sometimes1 9 simpl] cornices1 t is omitt$ altoge!r1 & pla9] blocks are employ$ in/ead ( modillions2 or else bo? d5tels & modillions are omitt$1 z 9 ! ,temple ( ,anton9us & ,fau/9a1 not)/&+ t x is consid]ably enri*$1 ev5 ! face ( ! corona be+ flut$4 ,illu/ration ,besides ! sev]al v>ieties ( ! ,cor9?ian %[n 9 ! :ole composition ( ! ,ord]1 or ! columns & entablature toge!r1 !re are num]\s fragm5t>y examples exi/+1 ei!r 9 s+le columns or capitals alone1 or 9 cornices & o!r p>ts ( entablatures2 "s ( :i* display su* prodigality ( decoration & su* diff]5ce ( "* f ! usual ,cor9?ian1 t !y might v well pass = belong+ to a di/9ct ,ord]1 if t v>iety :i* is class$ z a sep>ate "o1 "u ! "n ( ,,composite1 c ) any propriety be reckon$ su*1 m]ely because ! volutes at ! angles ( ! capital are exp&$ into ! proportions ( ^? 9 ! ,roman ,ionic capital4 ,! v dissimil> v>ieties to be met )1 all belong+ to "o & ! same ,ord]1 %[ pla9ly en\gh t ! ,ar*itects ( antiquity consid]$ !mselves at lib]ty to design _! own detail1 & to treat an ,ord] z a composition m>k$ out = !m 9 its lead+ =ms & g5]al proportions1 b :i* !y might fa%ion ne>ly ad libitum 9 o!r respects4 ,mod]n ,ar*itects adopt a contr>y c\rse1 :i*1 if n p>ticul>ly arti/ic1 or ev5 rational1 is c]ta9ly conv5i5t2 al?\gh 9 spite ( all precaution to secure con=mity & ma9ta9 ar*itectural or?odoxy1 griev\s lic5ti\sness w creep 94 ,x is some?+ to get :at is only a fai?ful copy ( an anci5t example1 b x is only v r>ely we get ev5 t4 ,= in/ance1 flut+ is omitt$ = ! columns :]e su* decoration may be requir$1 9 ord] to make !m correspond ) ! degree ( ri*ness giv5 to ! entablature2 or else x is ! latt] ) :i* :olesale lib]ty is tak51--m\ld+s :i* 9 ! cornice ( ! orig9al are m or less enri*$1 be+ left pla91 or a b>e frieze sub/itut$ = a sculptur$ "o1 & o!r little lib]ties ( t k9d1 :i* are consid]$ p]fectly all[able1 & to make h>dly any real diff]5ce1 al?\gh !y 9 fact alt] ! "* ( ! :ole composition4 ,ei!r ! orig9al is itself faulty1 or x mu/ suff] by piecemeal alt]ation4 ,x w1 p]haps1 be> to be some:at r$uc$ 9 ri*ness1 or1 vice v]s1 to h a great] degree ( decoration giv5 x2 b 9 :i*ev] way su* k9d ( alt]ation takes place1 x %\ld be conduct$ uni=mly = ! :ole composition4 ,no excell5ce ( proportions c atone = disproportion 9 reg>d to consi/5cy ( embelli%m5t1 & = ! g5]al di%>mony ( ! :ole composition4 ,italian ,ar*itects n unfrequ5tly ei!r ov]load _! compositions ) ornam5t1 or leave !m q b>e1 & make no scruple ( putt+ a cornice ( ! mo/ meagre description1 )\t ei!r d5tels or modillions1 to an ,ord] ^: capitals d5ote x to be int5d$ = ,ionic or ,cor9?ian4 ,x 01 p]haps1 =tunate bo? = ,sir ,john ,soane1 & t example ( ! ,cor9?ian :i* he employ$ = ! ,bank ( ,engl&1 t x 0 n an inv5tion ( 8 own1 or x w\ld1 9 all probability1 h be5 ridicul$ z a mon/rosity2 & he w\ld h be5 ?\ght to h !re out-,soan$ himself 9 :imsicality & caprici\sness4 ,z x happ5s to be1 h[ev]1 an express copy f ! circul> ,temple at ,tivoli1 p are at lib]ty to admire x1 m especially z ! m]e application ( x = ! fir/ "t 9 ?is c\ntry--! only "o :]e x has be5 adopt$--does n exalt ,soane into ! successful inv5tor ( a #8new ,ord]4' ,9 ! sy/em ( ! ,ord]s x may c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z a newly-discov]$ planet1 be+ s di/9ct f e o!r example ( ! foliag$-capital class2 di/9ct n only 9 ! capital itself1 b 9 all its memb]s1 9 all its proportions1 9 ! /yle ( all its details1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 its "*4 ,! height ( ! column is only #ibe' diamet]s2 ! capital1 measur$ f above ! a/ragal1 only #a diamet]1 & ! entablature only #adb' diamet]4 ,^! proportions give ! :ole ,ord] a c]ta9 expression ( mascul9e simplicity1 m especially z ! column is h>dly dim9i%$ at all1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! upp] & l[] diamet] am\nt+ to no m ?an #d'1 or only _/? ( ! l>g] diamet]1 t be+ ( c\rse #fj'1 & ! o!r #ef'4 ,! base consi/s ( two tori1 b in/ead ( ! usual scoti betwe51 !re is m]ely a n>r[ pla9 fillet1 & a second broad] "o1 ov]hung by ! upp] torus4 ,besides :i*1 ano!r peculi>ity is1 t ! l[] torus is some:at deta*$ f ! surface on :i* ! column /&s1 by a v n>r[ b deep incision b5ea? x1--a mode ( treatm5t q diff]5t f ! usual "o ( plac+ ! base ^u a squ>e pl9?1 b :i*1 diff]5t z x is1 does n produce1 z might be suppos$1 any appe>ance ( weakness1 ! incision be+ no m ?an a m]e l9e--a delicate arti/ic t\*4 ,! flut+ 7at lea/ ! mode 9 :i* ! flutes are t]m9at$7 is n a little rem>kable2 = bel[1 !y & ! fillets are cont9u$1 & die into ! upp] edge ( ! base2 :ile above1 !y are t]m9at$ horizontally in/ead ( by a semicircul> curve1 z 9 all o!r examples ( bo? ,ionic & ,cor9?ian flut+4 ,! capital is s exce$+ly peculi> 9 con=mation & detail z to defy v]bal description4 ,! leaves h no?+ 9 common ) ^? ( ! usual acan?us2 ! volutes are ( peculi> %ape1 & ! fl[] :i* ornam5ts ! abacus is z s+ul>ly l>ge1 & desc5ds to ! top ( ! upp] leaf3 boldness & bread? ( p>ts *>act]ize ! :ole composition1 & also t ( ! entablature4 ,z all its m\ld+s are uncut1 ?is la/ w\ld be mu* too pla9 to be 9 keep+ ) ! column1 7 n ! frieze sculptur$ ) ri* & #8bossy' fe/oons 9 ! same en]getic /yle z ! capitals4 ,su* ornam5tation ( ! frieze is absolutely "p & p>cel ( ! ,ord]2 & ! value ( x w be be/ und]/ood by comp>+ ^? p>ts ( ! ,bank1 9 :i* x is reta9$1 ) o!rs 9 :i* x is omitt$4 ,! same ,ord]1 ) ! frieze enri*$1 has also be5 s9ce employ$ 9 ! front ( ,/4 ,paul's ,s*ool1 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d2 b !re1 ow+ to w9d[s & o!r di/urb+ circum/ances1 its effect is greatly impair$1 z is ! case ev5 9 ! c5tre ( ! s\? front ( ! ,bank itself1 :]e x diff]s widely f ! beautiful loggia at ! nor?-we/ angle ( t edifice1 & comp>$ ) :i* x manife/s 9 ! "p fir/ m5tion$ a sad fall+ (f1 becom+ no bett] ?an a dull1 spiritless1 prosaic v]sion ( its real self4 ,9 a ^w1 x is out ( its elem5t4 ,illu/ration ,! next1 & x mu/ be ! la/ example :i* c "h be notic$1 is t ( ! s-call$ #8,jupit] ,/ator1' :i* may be said to exhibit ,cor9?ianism 9 its fulle/ luxuriance4 ,great z is ! dissimil>ity betwe5 ?is & ! prec$+ example ( ! ,ord]1 !y are alike 9 "o respect1 ea* be+ p]fect 9 its way1 complete1 & h>moni\s 9 all its p>ts2 & we ought to be ?ankful t two su* opposite specim5s ( "o & ! same--namely1 ! foliag$-capital /yle--h be5 pres]v$ to u = our admiration1 & = our in/ruction also1 z if on purpose to conv9ce u :at opposite k9ds ( beauty may be arriv$ at :]e1 ?\gh ! g5]al configuration ( ! ,ord] is adh]$ to1 a diff]5t _s & "* are infus$ into x4 ,( ! example n[ ref]r$ to1 ! "* is elaborate ri*ness subdu$ by ref9$ ta/e4 ,?\gh ( l[] proportions ?an usual1 ! capital is s+ul>ly ornate1 & a correspond+ degree ( ornat5ess is diffus$ ov] ! entire ,ord]4 ,! second or middle facia ( ! ar*itrave1 & all ! memb]s ( ! cornice1 except ! d5tels & ! cymatium ov] ! corona1 are sculptur$1 & ! :ole is consi/5tly f9i%$ up 9 e "p4 ,! fir/ application among u ( ?is sup]b example ( ! ,cor9?ian 0 9 ,holl&'s beautiful portico to ,c>lton ,h\se1 :]e1 in/ead ( be+ mod]at$1 its ri*ness 0 ev5 augm5t$1 ! bases ( ! columns be+ c>v$1 & ! frieze sculptur$4 ,t portico has disappe>$3 ! columns1 inde$1 /ill rema91 hav+ be5 us$ = ! portico ( ! ,national ,gall]y1 b ! ,ord] itself exi/s no m--at lea/ n !re4 ,ano!r copy ( x we n[ h 9 ! ,treasury ,build+s1 ,:itehall1 :]e x 0 appli$ by ,soane1 b ) no great judgm5t or ta/e1 8 build+ be+ q at v>iance ) ! ,ord] he select$ = x1 ! =m] be+ any ?+ b ,cor9?ian 9 "*4 ,p]haps he select$ x1 z we h done1 = ! purpose ( exhibit+ 9 two ( 8 works su* v di/9ct /yles ( ,cor9?ian z are ! ,tivoli & ! ,jupit] ,/ator ,ord]s4 ,z n[ alt]$ by ,mr4 ,b>ry1 ! ,treasury ,build+s h receiv$ a great accession ( ri*ness1 & ! frieze1 :i* 0 be=e pla91 is n[ ornam5t$4 ,b ! ,ord] itself is n improv$1 at lea/ does n %[ itself to ! same advantage z be=e1 by be+ rais$ s mu* high] above ! eye ?an x 0 at fir/2 x looks comp>atively dim9i%$1 & ! beauty ( its details is lo/4 ,we h1 inde$1 ! ,ord]2 & no?+ is want+ b t impressiv5ess & effect :i* gave su* *>m to ! portico ( ,c>lton ,h\se4 ,z to t v>iety ( ! ,cor9?ian :i* passes "u ! "n ( ,composite1 ! read] may n[1 aft] :at has be5 said & %[n1 be left to judge :e!r x c ) any propriety be class$ z a di/9ct ,ord]1 in/ead ( be+ reckon$ m]ely z a v>iety ( ! o!r1 & by no means ! mo/ /rik+ v>iety ( t foliag$-capital class4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two ext5ds to no m ?an a "p ( ! detail ( ! capital1 ! g5]al normal "* or ,cor9?ianism ( :i* is no way affect$4 ,& if ! ,ionic ,ord] be all[$ to compreh5d _m decid$ly m>k$ v>ieties ( ! volut$-capital type1 !re surely c be no necessity = splitt+ ,doric & ,cor9?ian1 & gett+ out ( !m ! ,tuscan & ,composite ,ord]s4 ,x w1 p]haps1 be fanci$ by "s t by ?us r$uc+ ! numb] ( ! ,ord]s to ?ree1 we 9 "s degree limit ! res\rces :i* ! ,ar*itect d]ives f !m4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is precisely ! rev]se2 = al?\gh we limit !m 9 numb]1 we set no limits to _! respective p[]s4 ,a hundr$ diff]5t examples1 ea* m>k$ by individual "*1 or peculi>ity ( treatm5t1 may yet all belong to ! same g5]ic type or ord]4 ,anci5t examples are n to be consid]$ m]ely z patt]ns1 to be copi$ me*anically1 b z /udies = ! ,ar*itect's guidance & in/ruction4 ,,columniation4 ,columns & entablatures 9 !mselves d n1 prop]ly speak+1 con/itute an ,ord]1 al?\gh !y s]ve z specim5s ( x4 ,!y mu/ ent] into & regulate ! organization ( a /ructure be=e !y c become by composition :at is1 /rictly speak+1 an ,ord]4 ,z exhibit$ 9 _! temples1 ! sy/em ( columniation practis$ by ! ,anci5ts 0 /rictly organic & natural4 ,in/ead ( be+ some?+ accessory1 supplem5t>y to1 & indep5d5t ( ! fabric1 t might be ei!r omitt$ or appli$ at pleasure1 z commonly practis$ 9 ,italian & mod]n composition1 ! ,ord] itself con/itut$ ! ext]ior ( ! build+1 at lea/ ( t side or front ( x :]e x 0 introduc$1 :5 x 0 n cont9u$ ?r\gh\t2 s t ! ,ord] & its dim5sions once e/abli%$1 & ! mode ( int]columniation det]m9$1 ! edifice %ap$ itself4 ,be=e we ent] ^u ! subject ( int]columniation1 x w be desirable to expla9 ! v>i\s =ms ( temples1 & ! te*nical t]ms by :i* !y are di/+ui%$4 ,! naos1 or cella1 z x is m usually call$1 or temple itself1 0 comp>atively small1 ev5 :]e ! entire mass 0 ( consid]able size1 gradual ext5sion ( plan be+ produc$ n s mu* by any great enl>gem5t ( ! int]ior z by ext]nal columniation & its gradual developm5t4 ,x is probable t ! e>lie/ ,greek temples consi/$ ( ! naos only1 & 7 accord+ly pla9 ,,a/yl> build+s1 or )\t columns1 except 9 front or at ! entrance end1 :]e an enclos$ por* 0 =m$ by introduc+ columns1 by cont9u+ ! side walls1 & plac+ columns betwe5 !m 9 antis1 t is1 betwe5 ! two ant or pila/]s =m+ ! ends ( ^? walls4 ,! next /ep seems to h be5 to advance ! por* be=e ! ma9 build+1 in/ead ( keep+ x recess$ )9 ! side walls1 !reby conv]t+ x f a portico 9 antis1 into a pro/yle1 or project+ l9e ( columns3 ?us a di/yle 9 antis1 or a portico consi/+ ( two columns betwe5 ant1 consequ5tly ( ?ree int]columns1 or op5 spaces betwe5 ! ant & columns1 w\ld become a tetra/yle1 or project+ portico ( f\r columns & ?ree int]columns4 ,by ! o!r end ( ! build+ be+ simil>ly treat$1 ! temple became amphipro/yle1 or pro/yle at bo? ends1 9 re> z well z 9 front1 ! sides /ill rema9+ a/yl>4 ,! next & la/ /yle ( advancem5t 0 to cont9ue columniation all r\nd1 enclos+ ! cella )9 colonnades along its sides z well z at its ends1 :i* disposition ( plan is express$ by ! t]ms p]i/yle1 or p]i/yl>1 & p]ipt]al1 :i* ( necessity produces two columns & two int]columns m 9 front2 = :at w\ld o!rwise be m]ely a tetra/yle pro/yle1 ) f\r columns & ?ree int]columns 7! numb] ( ! latt] be+ always "o less ?an t ( ! o!rs71 becomes by ! colonnades be+ cont9u$ along ! side1 a hexa/yle 7six columns & five int]columns72 or if orig9ally a pro/yle hexa/yle1 x w\ld be r5d]$ an octa/yle 7eight columns & sev5 int]columns71 & s on4#e ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 too1 t a build+ _c at ! same "t be p]i/yl> & h a pro/yle portico1 ! latt] be+ m]g$ 9 ! g5]al columniation1 in/ead ( project+ f ! re/ ( ! edifice z a di/9ct feature4 ,( p]i/yl> temples !re 7 two sorts1 viz4 ^? ) a s+le r[ ( columns on ea* side1 & ^? :i* h two1 :i* la/ are di/+ui%$ by ! t]m dipt]al1 i4 e4 hav+ two w+s or aisles on ea* side4 ,al?\gh x did n at all affect ! g5]al ext]nal appe>ance1 not)/&+ t x ext5d$ ! plan by add+ two m columns & int]columns to ! front1 ?is la/-m5tion$ mode 0 att5d$ ) great] ri*ness ( columniation1 & ! inn] columns contribut$ n a little to v>iety ( effect & play ( p]spective2 besides :i*1 great] %elt]$ space 0 ga9$ = ambulatories2 :]eas 9 ! usual simple p]i/yle1 :]e ! space betwe5 ! out] columns & ! walls ( ! cella 0 limit$ to ! wid? ( a s+le int]column1 ! side colonnades 7 m]e n>r[ passages1 v little wid]--at lea/ 9 ,doric temples--?an ! diamet] ( ! columns !mselves1 consequ5tly ( v little actual s]vice4 ,9 :at is call$ ! pseudo-dipt]al mode1 m ( cle> space )9 ! colonnades 0 provid$ by omitt+ ! inn] columns1 :i* mode r$uc$ ! plan to t ( a simple p]i/yle1 ! only diff]5ce be+1 t in/ead ( ! wid? ( a s+le int]column1 a cle> space1 equal to two int]columns & "o column1 0 ga9$ = ! ambulatories4 ,! ,temple ( ,jupit] at ,sel9us 0 ( ?is description1 & be+ only octa/yle 9 front1--! lea/ possible wid? = a dipt]al or pseudo-dipt]al plan1--( ! sev5 front int]columns1 f\r 7i4 e4 two on ea* side7 7 giv5 to ! lat]al colonnades1 & only ?ree left = ! bread? ( ! cella1 :i* mu/ h look$ l a small] edifice /&+ )9 a colonnad$ & cov]$ enclosure4 #e ,by way ( illu/rat+ ^! t]ms m directly by in/ances tak5 f well-kn[n mod]n porticoes :i* answ] to ! respective d5om9ations & di/9ctions above not$1 we "h give a classifi$ li/ ( "s ( !m3 ,di/yle ,two columns ,/4 ,paul's1 ,cov5t ,g>d54 9 antis4 two ant4 ,?ree int]- ,hanov] ,*apel1 ,reg5t ,/reet4 ,tetra/yle4 ,f\r columns4 columns4 99,cov5t ,g>d5 ,!atre4 ,/4 ,george's ,*ur*1 ,bloomsbury4 99,/4 ,george's1 ,hanov] ,squ>e4 ,/4 ,m>t9's ,*ur*4 ,five 99,/4 ,pancras' ,*ur*4 ,hexa/yle4 ,six columns4 int]- ,india ,h\se4 columns4 ,po/ ,(fice4 99,college ( ,surgeons4 99,college ( ,physicians4 99,colosseum4 ,sev5 ,national ,gall]y4 ,octa/yle4 ,eight columns4 int]- ,royal ,ex*ange4 columns4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,n9e ,deca/yle4 ,t5 columns4 int]- ,london ,univ]sity ,college4 columns4 ,! porticoes m>k$ ) ! 99 are simple pro/yles1 or monopro/yle1 advanc+ only a s+le int]column =w>d] ?an ! re/ ( ! build+2 :ile ! o!rs are dipro/yle1 or %[ two op5 int]columns on _! flanks2 except ,hanov] ,*apel1 ^: portico is p>tly pro/yle & p>tly recess$1 & t ( ! ,india ,h\se1 :i* is entirely recess$1 al?\gh its elevation is n a composition 9 antis2 _h x be5 su*1 x w\ld h be5 a tetra/yle 9 antis1 t & a hexa/yle hav+ ! same numb] ( int]columns1 viz4 five4 ,! above few & simple arrangem5ts ( plan are ne>ly all ! v>ieties t ! ,greek temple /yle (f]s2 & "s ( !m are little bett] ?an di/9ctions )\t diff]5ces1 inasmu* z ! diff]5ces d n affect g5]al ext]nal appe>ance4 ,p]ipt]al1 dipt]al1 & pseudo-dipt]al1 all agree 9 ! ma9 po9t1 & ! two latt] answ] to ! "n ( p]ipt]al z well z ! fir/1 be+ m]ely modifications ( x4 ,great z 7 its /hetic beauties1 ,greek ,ar*itecture 0--:y %\ld we scruple to confess x8--exce$+ly limit$ 9 its compass & p[] ( expression3 :at x did1 x did admirably1 b x conf9$ itself too mu* to "o idea4 8,:5 y h se5 "o gre5 field10 says ,johnson1 8y h se5 all gre5 fields20 & s we may say ( ,greek temples1--:5 y h se5 "o or two ( !m1 y h se5 all ( !m4 ,h[ev] !y may diff] f "o ano!r z to ! treatm5t ( ! ,ord] adopt$ = !m1 ! numb] ( _! columns1 & m]e p>ticul>s ( t k9d1 !y resemble ea* o!r v ne>ly 9 all lead+ po9ts4 ,n only 7 _! plans inv>iably p>allelograms1 b alike also z to proportion1 =m+ a d\ble squ>e1 or be+ ab\t twice z mu* 9 l5g? z 9 bread?2 = s exce$+ly me?odical 0 ! ,greek sy/em1 t ! numb] ( columns on ! flanks or sides ( a p]ipt]al temple 0 regulat$ & det]m9$ by ! numb] ( ^? 9 front4 ,! numb] ( ! columns 9 front 0 inv>iably an ev5 "o1 z o!rwise !re w\ld be no middle int]column2 b on ! flanks ( ! edifice1 :]e !re 0 no entrance1 ! numb] ( ! int]columns 0 an ev51 & t ( ! columns an unev5 "o1 s t a column came 9 ! c5tre ( ^! side elevations4 ,z to ! mode 9 :i* ! front influ5c$ ! sides by det]m9+ ! numb] ( columns = !m1 ! e/abli%$ rule seems to h be5 to give ! flanks twice z _m int]columns z !re 7 columns at ea* end3 ?us ! ,p>!non1 :i* is octa/yle1 has sixte5 int]columns1 consequ5tly sev5te5 columns1 on ea* flank4 ,9 l mann]1 a hexa/yle temple w\ld h twelve int]columns & ?irte5 columns on its sides4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 exceptions2 = in/ance1 ! temple at ,sel9us1 :i* has be5 m5tion$ z an example ( ! pseudo-dipt]al mode ( columniation1 is an octa/yle1 ) sixte51 or j twice z _m columns on its sides z 9 front2 consequ5tly ! int]columns are only fifte51 & be+ unev5 9 numb]1 !re is a middle "o1 z 9 ! front itself4 ,aft] all1 ! diff]5ce caus$ by !re be+ an int]column m or less ?an usual is b a v slight "o1 su* z is to be asc]ta9$ only by c\nt+ ! columns1 & su* z n to occasion any p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 ! g5]al physiognomy ( ! build+4#f #f ,%\ld ! read] be q fre% to ! subject1 he is recomm5d$ to draw out = himself1--m]ely r\ghly m>k d[n1--! sev]al dispositions ( columns :i* h be5 spok5 (2 = by compell+ him to consid] !m c>efully1 he w be bett] able to und]/& !m1 & h !m di/9ctly impress$ ^u 8 memory4 ,! annex$ may s]ve z a specim5 ( su* %ort-h& ar*itectural notation1 9 a/]isks4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,p]ipt]al ,hexa/yle1 99 99 #ab int]columns 99 99 on sides4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,besides ! re/riction z to g5]al proportion ( plan1 namely1 ! fix$ relation%ip betwe5 ! l5g? & ! bread? ( ! build+1 proportion ) reg>d to height 0 limit$ 9 a diff]5t way1 & 9 su* a mann] t ! "* ( increas$ ri*ness & importance d]iv$ f a great] numb] ( columns 0 att5d$1 n inde$ by decreas$ height1 b by decreas$ l(t9ess1 or proportional height1 t is1 height z measur$ by ei!r bread? or l5g?4 ,p>adoxical z ?is may s\nd at fir/1 no?+ c be m cle> :5 once expla9$4 ,disc>d+ nicety ( measurem5t1 we w call a tetra/yle portico ab\t a squ>e 9 height1 t is1 ab\t z high z wide2 b add f\r m columns1 ext5d x f a tetra/yle to an octa/yle1 s t x becomes ab\t a d\ble squ>e 9 bread?1 or twice z wide aga91 & ! inevitable consequ5ce is1 t x is !n only half z high z wide2 t is1 z to proportion1 only half z l(ty z x 0 be=e4 ,! expression ( l(t9ess1 9 :i* altitude greatly pr$om9ates ov] bread?1 0 q beyond ! rea* ( ! ,greek sy/em4 ,_! temples might be plant$ on l(ty em95ces1 b ! /ructures !mselves nev] t[]$ upw>ds4 ,z f> z x w5t1 _! sy/em 0 p]fect1--s complete inde$ 9 itself z to be unfit = almo/ any o!r purposes ?an t = :i* x 0 expressly fram$4 ,if ! ,romans corrupt$ ! ,greek ,ord]s1 ! ,doric & ,ionic1 !y develop$ & matur$ ! ,cor9?ian ,ord]1 & also work$ out a fre] & m complex & compreh5sive sy/em ( ,ar*itecture4 ,to say no?+ ( _! introduction & application ( ^? important elem5ts ( bo? con/ruction & design1 ! ar* & vault--:i* h>dly belong to a m]e treatise on ! ,ord]s--x is to ! ,romans t we are indebt$ = v>ieties & comb9ations ( plan t w be s\ght = 9 va9 among ,grecian /ructures4 ,( ! ,romans x may be said1 8,mutant quadrata rotundis10--circul> =ms & curves display+ !mselves n only 9 elevation & section1 b 9 plan2 & :ile1 among ! ,greeks1 ,ar*itecture 0 conf9$ almo/ exclusively to ext]nal appe>ance & effect1 9 ! h&s ( ! ,romans x 0 made to m9i/] to int]nal display ( ! mo/ en*ant+ly picturesque k9d1 z w\ld be amply atte/$ by ! ,pan!on alone4 ,9 t edifice1 & ,hadrian's ,mausoleum 7n[ b>b>iz$ into ! ,ca/ello di ,s4 ,angelo71 ! cyl9drical =m 0 exhibit$ ^u an impos+ scale2 9 ! ,temple at ,tivoli1 9 f> less] dim5sions1 b ) mo/ captivat+ ta/e2 & aga9 9 ! ,tomb ( ,ccilia ,metella1 we h a f9e example ( an unbrok5 a/yl> circul> mass4 ,9 su* /ructures z ! ,colosseum & o!r ,roman ,amphi!atres1 a diff]5t =m ( curvature1 namely1 ! ellipsis1 0 employ$ ) admirable propriety & effect4 ,9 int]iors1 aga91 we f9d ! hemicycle or concave semicircul> =m bo? frequ5tly & v>i\sly appli$ by ! ,romans 9 su* edifices z _! ,ba?s1 :i* af=d _m excell5t /udies = comb9ations ( plan4 ,to ent] into ! sy/em ( ,roman ,ar*itecture z ! subject itself w\ld require1 w\ld v f> exce$ our pres5t purpose & limits2 mu* less c we pret5d to treat "h ( ! /ill m v>i$ & complex ,italian or ,mod]n-,european sy/em1 into :i* f5e/ration s l>gely ent]s1 columniation be+1 m frequ5tly ?an n1 subord9ate4 ,7 we to t\* ^u ! la/-m5tion$ /yle & its v>i\s elem5ts1 x c\ld be only s sup]ficially z to be m disappo9t+ ?an in/ructive4 ,bett] t ! read] %\ld admire our =be>ance ?an compla9 ( our unsatisfactory jejun5ess4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 p]mit ourselves to ?r[ out "o or two g5]al rem>ks2 ! fir/ ( :i* is1 t x is a great error to conf\nd ) ! ,italian ! two ,anci5t ,classical /yles1 apply+ to !m alike ! epi!t #8,grecian1' m]ely 9 contradi/9ction to ,go?ic or ,m$ival ,ar*itecture4 ,x is absurd1 too1 to pret5d to te/ by ! ,greek /yle1 "o s totally diff]5tly con/itut$ z ! ,italian2 an error t c\ld h>dly h be5 fall5 into b = ! practice ( apply+ ! same names to v diff]5t ?+s4 ,! t]m #8,ord]' has q a diff]5t mean+1 z appli$ to ! orig9al classical mode ( ! ,art1 f :at x has 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ,italian composition1 an ,ord] is m frequ5tly ?an n1 m]e decoration 9 ! %ape ( columns & entablatures1 fa%ion$ secundum artem 7a v diff]5t ?+ f arti/ically71 s z to resemble 9 detail & c]ta9 conv5tional di/9ctions ^? ( ! ,anci5ts4 ,inf9itely bett] w\ld x h be51 if1 in/ead ( all[+ !mselves to be misl$ by ! p$antry ( ,vitruvius1 ! ,ar*itects ( ! s-call$ ,revival1 :o %[$ mu* happ9ess ( inv5tion 9 o!r respects1 _h treat$ ! ,ord]s freely2 or p]haps /ill bett]1 _h !y work$ out ideas ( _! own = columns & entablatures1 :5ev] !y _h occasion = !m ei!r z matt]s ( necessity1 or z m]e decoration4 ,_h ! ,italians all[$ !mselves great] latitude 9 t respect1 !y w\ld1 9 all probability1 h be5 f> less lic5ti\s ^u ! :ole ?an !y frequ5tly 71 & _! build+s w\ld h be5 m homog5e\s--m ( a piece4 ,b !y mu/1 =soo?1 be ,doric1 ,ionic1 or ,cor9?ian1 (ttimes all ! ?ree at once1 & a v great deal else into ! b>ga94 ,!re=e ! affect+ to reta9 ! anci5t ,ord]s 9 _! purity s]v$ no o!r purpose ?an t ( mak+ all ! m evid5t h[ completely _! fir/ int5tion & "* _h be5 lo/ sight (4 ,! cl++ ) scrupul\s punctilio to :at _h become dead-lett] =ms aft] ! sy/em :i* _h produc$ !m _h be5 ab&on$ & ex*ang$ = ano!r & widely diff]5t "o1 0 m]ely sup]/ition & p$antry4 ,x might %[ acqua9tance ) traditional le>n+ & ! writ+s ( ,vitruvius2 b x also %[$ dulness ( /hetic feel+1 or1 :at is n mu* bett]1 defici5cy ( /hetic p[]4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 "o mode ( apply+ columns1 :i*1 al?\gh g5]ally reg>d$ z ! mo/ lic5ti\s & unor?odox1--nay1 ev5 prepo/]\s1 because q contr>y to all classical practice & prec$5t1--has at lea/ "o propriety1 t ( be+ rational1 s9ce columns !re (ficiate z columns--z real supports2 :]eas 9 a great deal ( ,mod]n ,ar*itecture t is admir$ = ! correct ta/e x displays1 columns & _! entablatures are m]e expletives1 in/ead ( actual compon5t p>ts ( ! fabric1 & simulate a mode ( con/ruction nei!r requir$ = nor practis$ 9 ! fabric itself4 ,! p>ticul> mode "h allud$ to is t 9 :i* ar*es are n only introduc$ toge!r ) columns1 b ! ar*es & columns are s indissolubly m>ri$ toge!r t !y _c be divorc$1 inasmu* z ! ar*es are support$ by ! columns !mselves1 ! =m] spr++ imm$iately f ! capitals ( ! latt]4#g ,su* comb9ation1 x might be suppos$1 w\ld be gladly admitt$ z suffici5tly legitimate1 bo? because 9 accordance ) rational ar*itectonic pr9ciples1 & because x greatly ext5ds ! res\rces ( ! ,art2 nev]!less1 su* is ! omnipot5ce ( prejudice1 t in/ead ( be+ welcom$ & adopt$ by u1 x has be5 decri$ z a b>b>ism4 ,z an irresi/ible & cru%+ argum5t aga9/ x1 we are told t columns 7 n orig9ally int5d$ to be s appli$2--admirable logic1 truly6 ,!re are a great _m o!r ?+s besides columns :i* h 9 c\rse ( "t come to be appli$ to uses n orig9ally contemplat$4 ,9 reg>d to t comb9ation ( columns & ar*es accord+ to :i* ! latt] spr+ imm$iately f ! o!rs1 & are support$ by !m1 !re are two que/ions3 ! fir/ & practical "o is2 ,d ! columns af=d suffici5t support8--! second & /hetic "o is2 ,is !re also appe>ance ( suffici5t support2 or1 is !re any ?+ contradictory to pr9ciple1 to judgm5t1 & good ta/e8 ,! fir/ "q ne$s no answ]1 s9ce x answ]s itself1 x be+ an indisputable fact t columns s employ$ d answ] ! purpose to :i* !y are turn$4 ,! o!r "q is n s easily answ]$3 ! prejudic$ w ( c\rse answ] x accord+ to _! own contract$ ta/e & n>r[ notions1 condemn+ ! mode allud$ to1 )\t any inquiry into its m]its & advantages1 m]ely on ! gr\nd ( its be+ q at v>iance ) ! classical sy/em ( trabeat$ columniation1 t is1 ) columns support+ a horizontal ar*itrave & entablature1 or g5]al horizontal trabeation4 ,t by ! sub/itution ( ar*es = ar*itraves1 ! "* ( ! ,greek sy/em is =feit$1 _c be d5i$2 b !n ano!r "* is e/abli%$1 ^: diff]5ce f ! orig9al "o ought n to be made its condemnation4 ,to dem& ( a diff]5t mode t x %\ld resemble & con=m to ! laws ( t f :i* x diff]s1 is absurdity 9 ! extreme1 = x is requir+ t x %\ld be at once a diff]5t "o & ! same4 ,to comp>e diff]5t /yles is a v useful sort ( /udy2 b to make any "o /yle ! crit]ion or /&>d by :i* o!rs are to be judg$1 is prepo/]\s4 #g ,?is mode ( unit+ toge!r columns & ar*es is p]fectly legitimate1 :]eas t 9 :i* a fragm5t ( ! usual entablature is left /ick+ or add$ to ea* column1 7z1 = in/ance1 9 ! int]ior ( ,/4 ,m>t9's ,*ur*17 is decid$ly soleci/ical1 s9ce x is injuri\sly rem9isc5t ( epi/yl> con/ruction or trabeation1--is 9 itself unmean+1 & causes ! columns to appe> to h be5 too %ort1 & !re=e to h be5 ek$ out 9 height by blocks ^u !m1 fa%ion$ to resemble s _m deta*$ bits ( an entablature4 ,! /yle 9 :i* ! ar* & column ent] into direct comb9ation ) ea* o!r1 & = :i* !re is no specific "n1 has at all ev5ts "s economical recomm5dations1 inasmu* z %ort] columns1 & few] ( !m1 are requir$1 ?an w\ld be necess>y = ! same height & l5g? accord+ to ! trabeat$ mode4 ,9 itself1 too1 x possesses mu* #8capability2' yet1 z is ! case ) e o!r /yle1 ! m]it ( ! works produc$ 9 x dep5ds ^u ! mann] 9 :i* x is treat$1 & ! tal5t br\ght to x4 ,!re is no /yle ( ! ,art s poetical t ! flatte/ prose may n be made out ( x2 & h>dly any s utt]ly prosaic z to be incapable ( be+ k9dl$ into poetry by ! ,prome!an tor* ( g5iality--arti/ic treatm5t1 &1 con amore1 /hetic feel+4 ,,int]columniation4 ,al?\gh ,int]columniation consi/s only 9 regulat+ & det]m9+ ! spaces betwe5 ! columns1 & consequ5tly does n affect ! nature ( ! composition1--= a tetra/yle1 hexa/yle1 c41 w\ld /ill be su*1 no matt] h[ n>r[ or wide ! int]columns or int]vals betwe5 ! columns may be1--v mu* dep5ds ^u x1 ) reg>d to expression & effect4 ,h[ int]columniation is regulat$ 9 ! ,doric ,ord] has be5 already expla9$ at page #bj3 9 t1 ! di/ances betwe5 ! columns is gov]n$ entirely by ! triglyphs ( ! frieze1 s t !re c be no m$ium betwe5 monotriglyphic & ditriglyphic int]columniation1 accord+ly z !re is ei!r "o or two triglyphs ov] ea* int]column4 ,b 9 ! o!r ,ord]s !re is no su* re/riction2 9 !m ! int]columns may be made wid] or n>r[]1 z circum/ances require1 b ( c\rse "u ! guidance ( judgm5t & good ta/e2 = :at is left discrtion is n always v discreetly us$4 ,vitruvius & 8 foll[]s1 h[ev]1 h n c>$ to tru/ to individual discretion or indiscretion1 b h fix$ c]ta9 positive & di/9ct modes ( int]columniation1 viz4 five1--p]haps out ( complim5t to ! five ,ord]s1 to wit3 ,pycno/yle1 or closely set1 9 :i* ! int]columns are "o diamet] & a qu>t]1 or a half1 9 wid?4 ,sy/yle1 9 :i* !y are two diamet]s wide4 ,eu/yle1 or well spac$1 9 :i* !y are two diamet]s & a half4 ,dia/yle1 9 :i* !y are ?ree diamet]s4 ,aro/yle1 or ?9ly set1 9 :i* !y are f\r diamet]s4 ,let u repudiate = ,ar*itecture all su* =mal act-(-p>liam5t legislation1 & take pycno/yle & aro/yle z ! greate/ all[able degree ( clos5ess or ( di/ance at :i* ! columns c be plac$2 & x foll[s t betwe5 su* maximum & m9imum any int]m$iate measure is admissible1 & t !re is no occasion to fix x positively & ari?metically1 & make di/9ctions :i* are1 aft] all1 only arbitr>y4 ,!re are a great _m matt]s 9 design :i* mu/ be left to ! ,ar*itect1 & int]columniation is "o ( !m4 ,x is n possible to h precise rules = e ?+1 nei!r is x desirable2 = if e ?+ 9 x c\ld be done by rule1 ,ar*itecture w\ld =feit its nature z "o ( ! ,f9e ,arts1 & be r$uc$ to a m]ely me*anical "o4 ,:at is done by rule c be done by "o man j z well z by ano!r4 ,except+ ! t]ms pycno/yle & aro/yle1 :i* are useful z express+ ! greate/ degree ( clos5ess or ( op5ness ( int]columniation consi/5t ) well-proportion$ arrangem5t1 ! o!rs may be disp5s$ )4 ,to designate "o mode z eu/yle1 p> excell5ce1 is v mu* l say+ t ! proportions assign$ to x1 viz4 #bcj or #b diamet]s1 are ! v be/1 & all ! re/ comp>atively defective2 accord+ to :i* doctr9e1 ! monotriglyphic mode ( int]columniation usually employ$ by ! ,greeks 9 _! ,doric temples1 & :i* answ]s to ! "* ( pycno/yle1 is n s well proportion$ z :at is emphatically call$ eu/yle4 ,let x be :atev] x may1 z express$ 9 t]ms ( ! diamet] ( ! columns1 int]columniation %\ld always des]ve ! "n ( eu/yle1 or well-proportion$1 by be+ su* z satisfies ! eye1 & contributes to ! p>ticul> "* t befits ! occasion & h>monizes ) ! o!r proportions ( ! /ructure4 ,pycno/yle1 or close spac+1 c>ries ) x ! expression ( bo? ri*ness & /r5g?1 ! solids or columns be+ v little less ?an ! voids or int]columns4 ,aro/yle1 or wide spac+1--& ditriglyphic ,doric int]columniation may be call$ su*1--produces an effect ( op5ness & lightness1 b also p>takes ( meagr5ess & weakness1 ow+ to ! want ( suffici5t app>5t support = ! entablature1--a v frequ5t fault 9 ,mod]n ,ar*itecture1 :]e frugality z to columniation has (t5 be5 all[$ to produce a degree ( pov]ty :i* contra/s v disagreeably ) t ( ! decoration affect$ by ! ,ord] itself4 ,int]columniation ought to be made to dep5d 9 "s measure ^u ! nature ( ! composition3 a tetra/yle portico1 = in/ance1 or a di/yle 9 antis1 admits ( wid] int]columniation ?an w\ld be suitable = an octa/yle1 because pycno/yle1 :]e !re are only ?ree int]columns1 w\ld produce too great n>r[ness ( g5]al proportions = a portico4 ,h>dly is !re ne$ = obs]v+1 t be _! proportions :at !y may1 ! int]columns 9 a colonnade or portico mu/ be all alike2 nev]!less 9 a ,grecian ,doric portico !re is1 z we h se51 "s diff]5ce1 ! two extreme int]columns be+ !re n>r[] by ! wid? ( half a triglyph4 ,!re is1 besides1 ano!r exception f ! g5]al pr9ciple1 = ! c5tre int]column ( a portico 0 frequ5tly made some:at wid] ?an ! o!rs1 9 ord] to m>k ! entrance1 & ! bett] to display & af=d great] space = access to ! door )94 ,"o mode ( columniation & int]columniation :i* rema9s to be spok5 (1 is t :i* has sometimes be5 practis$ by ,mod]n ,ar*itects1 & comb9es ! two extremes ( pycno/yle1 or /ill clos] int]columniation1 & aro/yle4 ,?is consi/s 9 c\pl+ ! columns & mak+ a wide int]column betwe5 e pair ( columns1 s t z reg>ds ! av]age proportion betwe5 solids & voids1 t disposition does n diff] f :at x w\ld be 7 ! columns plac$ s+ly4 ,al?\gh d5\nc$ by "s critics1 m especially ,alg>otti1 z altoge!r lic5ti\s & indef5sible1 & al?\gh x is n to be especially recomm5d$1 or inde$ practicable on e occasion1 ! c\pl+ ( columns may1 "u "s circum/ances1 be n only excusable1 b advisable & prop]4 ,z is ! case ) almo/ e ?+ else 9 matt]s ( art1 all dep5ds ^u h[ x is done1 & :e!r ) or )\t suffici5t reason4 ,t !re is no classical au?ority = x1 is no valid reason aga9/ x2 9 ! con/itution ( ! anci5t temples !re 0 no?+ to require or motive x4 ,x may be conc$$1 h[ev]1 t c\pl$ columns1 =m+ a pro/yle surm\nt$ by a p$im5t1 are objectionable2 because :]e s /rong a resemblance to ! antique model is pres]v$ 9 o!r respects1 a dep>ture f x 9 reg>d to ! disposition ( ! columns has a disagreeably di/urb+ effect4 ,hav+ gone ?r\gh ! ,classical ,ord]s1 & expla9$ _! elem5ts & con/itution1 we h p]=m$ z mu* z we purpos$1 or z we promis$4 ,)9 ! same compass we might1 no d\bt1 h t\*$ ^u a great deal besides t belongs to ! /udy ( ,greek & ,roman ,ar*itecture1 by re/rict+ ourselves to b>e matt]-(-fact1 & suppress+ all comm5t1 & s treat+ ! subject drily & sup]ficially4 ,proce$+ ^u ! pr9ciple ( multum haud multa1 we h aim$ at no?+ m ?an to initiate ! read] 9 su* mann] z to excite int]e/ 9 ! subject1 & /imulate to fur!r inquiry4 ,%\ld we h effect$ t1 & %\ld we h disabus$ him ( ! prejudices & contract$ notions g5]ally ent]ta9$ 9 reg>d to ! ,ord]s1 or else arm$ him aga9/ !m1 we %all h accompli%$ ! multum--! ma9 po9t ( all4 ,mu* %all we h taught1 & mu* w he h le>nt1 %\ld he n[ reject ! fatal doctr9e ( ! ,five ,ord]s1 & rel9qui% x to s*ool-boys & s*ool-ma/]s1--to ! plodd]s :o "w by patt]n1 & design by rote & by r\t9e4 ,mu*1 v mu* inde$1 w h be5 le>nt1 by ! read]1 %\ld he h le>nt or h be5 put 9 ! way ( le>n+1 to look ^u ^? v>i\s compositions 9 ! ?ree sev]al /yles ( columniation1 :i* are call$ ,ord]s1 n ) ! eyes ( a ,build] or a ,me*anic1 b ) ! intuition & ! feel+ ( an ,arti/2 9 %ort1 to look ^u !m z g5]al types to be dilig5tly /udi$1 & !n imitat$ ) cong5ial gu/o4 ,,gloss>ial ,,index4 ,we "h make "o alphabetical arrangem5t s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( an ,index ref]r+ to ! pages :]e ! respective matt]s are treat$ (1 & ( a ,gloss>y af=d+ explanation1 or fur!r rem>k1 z may be1 :]e requir$4 ,?is latt] is by no means to be consid]$ a complete or g5]al ,gloss>y ( ,ar*itectural ,t]ms1 b m]ely z an accompanim5t to ! pres5t ,treatise1 & a specim51 p]haps1 ( :at is /ill a desid]atum1 namely1 a real ,lexicon--t is1 "o :i* expla9s ?+s z well z t]ms--( ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,ar*itecture1 simil> to :at has be5 provid$ ) reg>d to ! ,m$ival ,/yles ( ! ,art4 ,,abacus4--,! plate or %all[ block =m+ ! upp]mo/ memb] ( a capital is s call$ = ! sake ( di/9ction1 = :5 a simil> "o is plac$ b5ea? ! base ( a column1 x is call$ a pl9?4 ,! ,doric abacus is spok5 ( at page #ad1 & is "h %[n 9 a plan ( ! capital & ar*itrave2 a a a a be+ ! angles ( ! s(fit or und]side ( ! abacus :i* ov]hang ! e*9us e e e e2 & s s ! s(fit ( ! ar*itrave4 ,f ?is1 ! relation betwe5 ! abacus & ar*itrave1 & h[ mu* ! =m] exce$s or projects out beyond ! latt]1 w be bett] und]/ood ?an by ! engrav+ at page #ad1 :]e ! capital is %[n only 9 elevation4 ,illu/ration ,! next figure is /ill m indisp5sable = und]/&+ ! con=mation ( ! ,ionic capital4 7,see page #cb47 ,"h ! abacus %[s itself only 9 front at f f1 ov] ! two volut$ faces1 ! re/ be+ conceal$ by ! balu/] sides b b ( ! capital1 :i* ext5d beyond ! abacus1 & conv]t ! g5]al plan into m ?an a squ>e4 ,al?\gh ! *annels & o!r details ( ! balu/] sides are omitt$1 & only _! g5]al %ape %[n1 ! engrav+ expla9s h[ ^? sides are r$uc$ 7p4 #cc7 by be+ holl[$ out or curv$ concavely on ! plan4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! next1 or ,cor9?ian ,ord]1 a simil> curvature is giv5 to ! abacus itself on all its f\r sides2 ! capital ( ?is ,?ird ,ord] hav+ t 9 common ) ! ,fir/ "o1 t x is q regul>4 ,"o great po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,doric & ,cor9?ian abacus is1 t 9 ! =m] ! angles are unsupport$1 & ov]hang ! circul> body ( ! capital1 :ile 9 ! ,cor9?ian !y are ext5d$ outw>ds diagonally1 z a a a a 9 ! figure1 & support$ by ! caulicoli or small volutes1 :i* !y 9 turn s]ve to cov]4 ,! lett]s f f f f indicate ! rosettes or fl[]s on ! f\r faces ( ! abacus4 ,illu/ration ,,/hetics--,,/hetic4--,a mod]n ar*itectural writ] condemns ^! t]ms z #8silly & p$antic' ones t h #8lately come into use 9 ! ,arts1' & z #8useless additions to ! nom5clature' & language ( art-criticism4 ,9 :at respect #8/hetics' is at all m p$antic ?an #8,optics1' #8,ma!matics1' #8,physics1' & o!r words ( a simil> class n[ famili> to ,engli% e>s1--al?\gh !y are all ( !m ess5tially ,greek1--or m p$antic ?an a great _m ar*itectural t]ms :i* are n only ,greek b altoge!r te*nical1 x is n easy to div9e2 :ile z to sill9ess1 !re seems to be f> great] sill9ess 9 reject+1 or object+ to1 ?an 9 adopt+ t]ms :i* are n only highly expressive & conv5i5t1 b h f\nd _! way into e ,european language1 f t ( ,russia to t ( ,spa94 ,! t]m /hetics implies ! p]ception & ! /udy ( ^? qualities :i* con/itute ! beautiful & arti/ic1 & =m ! f9] ess5ce ( all productions ( ,f9e ,art4 ,x c>ries ) x1 !re=e1 a m exact & philosophic mean+ ?an ! ^w ,ta/e4 ,9 its adjective =m1 9 :i* x m frequ5tly occurs1 x is p>ticul>ly useful1 z no adequate epi!t c be sub/itut$ = #8/hetic4' ,?us we speak ( ! #8/hetic s5se1' ( #8/hetic feel+1' or #8/udy1' or #8pr9ciples1' c42 b we _c say ! #8ta/eful s5se1' or #8ta/eful /udy4' ,z to ! species ( /udy j allud$ to1 no t]m may be requir$ to designate x1 because /udy ( ! k9d is g5]ally disp5s$ ) = ,ar*itecture1 an hi/orical & te*nical k ( x be+ deem$ suffici5t1 )\t any acqua9tance ) ^? compreh5sive /hetic pr9ciples ( ! ,art :i* c guide u :]e te*nical rules /op %ort1 & m]e rules ab&on u to error or to d\bt4 ,,ant1 ,doric1 #bb4 --------1 ,ionic1 #dj4 ,,antefix4--,call$ by "s1 ,greek ,tiles1--upright ornam5tal blocks plac$ at int]vals on ! cornice along ! side ( a ro(1 to conceal or r t]m9ate ! ridges =m$ by ! ov]lapp+ ( ! ro( tiles4 ,,ar,,o/yle4--,! wide/ mode ( int]columniation1 #gh4 ,,a/ragal4--,a small convex m\ld+4 ,! t]m is appli$ *iefly to t :i* is employ$ to sep>ate ! capital f ! %aft ( a column4 ,,a/yl>4--,f ! ,greek privative 1 & 7/ylos71 a column3 columnless or )\t columns1 a t]m t expresses ! abs5ce ( columns or pila/]s1 :]e !y might o!rwise be suppos$ to occur4 ,,attic4--,?is is usually def9$ to be a small ,ord] plac$ ov] a pr9cipal "o2 f :i* x might be suppos$ t x diff]$ f ! ,ord]s 9 g5]al *iefly by be+ appli$ on a small] scale2 in/ead ( :i* x has no?+ ( columniation & trabeation 9 x4 ,!re is f> great] analogy betwe5 an attic & a /ylobate1 or cont9u\s p$e/al1 bo? ( !m consi/+ ( base1 a dado or die1 & a simple cornice1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m consi/+ *iefly 9 _! application1 ! /ylobate be+ bel[1 & ! attic above ! ,ord]4 ,attics are ei!r pla9 or pila/]$ accord+ly z ! build+ itself is a/yl> or ! contr>y2 b :at are call$ attic pila/]s are no m ?an slight breaks or projections on ! g5]al surface1 ) ! m\ld+s above & bel[ break+ r\nd !m1 )\t any sort ( capital1 b j aft] ! mann] ( p$e/als3 _! faces1 h[ev]1 are sometimes di/+ui%$ f ! int]m$iate surfaces by be+ panell$ & o!rwise enri*$1 z is done1 = in/ance1 9 ! faade ( ! new ,treasury ,build+s3 ano!r mode ( decoration is to place ei!r a /atue1 or else a c>yatid figure1 be=e ea* break 9 ! front ( ! ,attic1 an example ( :i* occurs 9 ! ,/r& front ( ,som]set ,h\se4 ,:5 introduc$ only ov] p>ticul> portions ( a faade1 su* z ! c5tre or extremities1 ! ,attic is an exce$+ly useful elem5t 9 composition1 inasmu* z x s]ves n only to give su* p>ts great] importance1 b also to produce play ( outl9e or sky-l9e2 :]eas1 if cont9u$ ?r\gh\t1 x is apt to produce heav9ess z well z monotony1 & "s degree ( feebl5ess ( expression also1 its cornice =m+1 9 comp>ison ) ! pr9cipal cornice bel[1 b a v insignificant f9i% to ! g5]al /ructure4 ,,axis4--,an imag9>y l9e ?r\gh ! c5tre ( a column1 c41 or its geometrical repres5tation4 ,:]e diff]5t memb]s are plac$ ov] ea* o!r1 s t ! same v]tical l9e1 on ! elevation1 divides !m equally1 !y are said to be on ! same axis1 al?\gh !y may be on diff]5t planes4 ,?us1 triglyphs & modillions are s arrang$ t "o co9cides ) ! axis or l9e ( axis ( ea* column4 ,9 l mann]1 ! w9d[s or o!r op5+s 9 ! sev]al /ories ( a faade mu/ all be 9 ! same respective axis1 :e!r !y are all ( ! same bread? or n4 ,,balu/] side ( ,ionic capital1 #cc4 ,,b$-,,m\ld+s4--,?is may be und]/ood z a collective t]m = all ! m\ld+s b5ea? ! corona or pr9cipal project+ memb] ( a cornice1 :i*1 )\t b$-m\ld+s1 w\ld appe> too mu* l a m]e %elf4 ,,cabl$ flut+1 #fj4 ,,capital4--,! capitals ( ! columns con/itute ! pr9cipal & mo/ obvi\s indicial m>k ( ! respective ,ord]s4 ,= ^? ( ea* ( ! ,?ree ,classes or ,ord]s a c]ta9 "* con=mably ) ! re/ ( ! ,ord] is to be obs]v$2 b t att5d$ to1 fur!r re/riction is unnecess>y4 ,betwe5 sev]al examples1 all decid$ly ref]able to "o & ! same ,ord]1 v great special diff]5ces occur1 & !re might easily be a v great _m m4 ,al?\gh ! capital itself is indisp5sable1 x is s only /hetically1 & n out ( positive necessity4 ,! necessity is only arti/ic3 decoration ( ! k9d !re mu/ be1 b ! express mode ( x is "o ( ^? matt]s :i* %\ld be left to design1 to :i* x prop]ly belongs4 ,capitals are j z legitimate subjects = ! ex]cise ( ta/e & inv5tion z any ?+ else 9 decorative design4 ,! capital is only an ornam5tal head to ! column1 & !re=e admits ( be+ z freely design$ z any o!r piece ( ornam5t1 on ! conditions ( its be+ accordant 9 "* ) ! re/ ( ! ,ord]1 & ( =m+ an agreeable transition f ! %aft ( ! column to ! ar*itrave4 ,,c>yatides4--,an?ropo/yl> pill>s or human figures 7usually female ones7 employ$ in/ead ( columns to support an entablature4 ,su* figures ought always to be p]fectly free f all attitud9iz+1 & to appe> to support _! burd5 )\t any ef=t4 ,"s v matt]-(-fact critics object to c>yatides z be+ at ! be/ only beautiful absurdities2 z if /atues s appli$ 7 p>ticul>ly liable to be mi/ak5 = liv+ p]sons subject$ to a m sev]e puni%m5t ?an t ( be+ po/$ up 9 a ni*e1 or on ! top ( a build+4 ,,columniation1 #fh4 ,,cor9?ian1 or ,?ird ,ord]1 #ec2 ,lysicrates example1 #ee2 ,tivoli1 #fe2 #8,composite1' or ,ionico-,cor9?ian1 #fb4 ,,cornice4--,doric1 #ba2 ,ionic1 #db2 ,cor9?ian1 #fa4 ,,corona4--,t "p or memb] ( a cornice :i* projects out ov] & protects ! b$-m\ld+s 7see ,b$-,m\ld+s71 & ?r[s (f ! ra9 f ! re/ ( ! entablature4 ,,cymatium4--,a m\ld+ ^: section or pr(ile is convex bel[ & concave above4 ,see ,m\ld+s4 ,,dado4--,! g5]al plane surface ( a p$e/al or /ylobate betwe5 ! upp] & l[] m\ld+s4 ,,d5tels4--,! s]ies ( small upright blocks introduc$ among ! b$-m\ld+s ( a cornice4 ,!y are suppos$ to be peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ionic cornice1 b are also employ$ = ! ,cor9?ian "o1 b5ea? ! modillions1 :i* latt] are ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ic ( ! ,cor9?ian cornice1 z d5tels alone ( ! ,ionic4 ,,diamet]4--,! l[] diamet] ( ! column is tak5 z ! proportional measure = all ! o!r p>ts & memb]s ( an ,ord]1 = :i* purpose x is subdivid$ into #fj p>ts1 call$ m9utes1 or into two modules ( #cj m9utes ea*2 b ! module is q an unnecess>y di/9ction1 n be+1 l ! diamet]1 ! con/ant measure ( any "o memb] ( ! ,ord]1 & ! use ( x m]ely add+ to ! t]ms ( computation4 ,x is surely mu* m simple & conv5i5t to write #adj1 mean+ #a diamet] & #dj m9utes1 ?an #a;d4 #am4 #aj4 ,be+ proportional measures1 diamet]s & m9utes are n fix$ ones1 l feet & in*es1 b are v>iable z to ! actual dim5sions :i* !y express--l>g] or small]1 accord+ to ! actual size ( ! diamet] ( ! column4 ,= in/ance1 if ! diamet] be j #e feet1 a m9ute1 be+ _/1 w be exactly #a in*2 if #b feet1 ! m9ute w be half an in*2 or if ! diamet] be only "o foot1 ! m9ute is _/ ( a foot1 or ( an in*4 ,,die4--,see ,dado4 ,,dim5sions4--,9 ar*itectural description1 "s positive dim5sions or approximation to !m %\ld always be /at$4 ,su* m]e epi!ts z l>ge1 l(ty1 spaci\s1 c41 mean no?+1--convey only an exce$+ly vague1 g5]al idea accord+ to ! p>ticul> notions ( ^? :o employ !m2 &1 l all epi!ts1 !y are liable to ! mo/ %ameful abuse4 ,,e*9us4--,a l>ge convex m\ld+1 g5]ally ( elliptical or ecc5tric cont\r 9 ! ,greek /yle1 & =m+ ! qu>t] ( a circle 9 ! ,roman4 ,! e*9us is ! indicial m>k ( & con/itutes ! pr9cipal portion ( ! ,doric capital1 ! o!r be+ ! abacus2 at lea/ ! t]m e*9us is appli$ especially to t memb] ( ! capital1 al?\gh 9 _m ,greek examples its pr(ile has sc>cely any convexity1 b m resembles a portion ( an inv]t$ cone 7#ah74 ,9 ,roman & ,mod]n ,ar*itecture ! e*9us is usually call$ ! ovolo4 ,see ,m\ld+s4 ,,elevation may be def9$ to be ! upright plan ( a build+1 or any "p ( a build+1 %[+ its exact =m & dim5sions z !y actually exi/2 :]eas 9 p]spective ! =ms are %[n n z !y exi/1 or are 9 !mselves1 b m]ely z !y appe> to ! eye1 accord+ to ! /ation ( ! spectator4 ,elevations are ( two k9ds1 viz4 geometrical & p]spective4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! :ole is project$ ^u ! same plane1 ! remote p>ts are %[n ( _! full size1 & di/ance c be express$ only by %ad[ ?r[n ^u ! second plane by p>ts 9 ! ne>e/ "o2 :]eas ,p]spective elevation p>takes ( p>allel p]spective1 & ! p>ts beyond ! fir/ plane are %[n dim9i%$ by di/ance1 & also come into view1 al?\gh !y may be beh9d o!rs on ! fir/ plane by :i* !y w\ld be conceal$ 9 a geometrical repres5tation4 ,= in/ance1 suppos+ a portico to h a second r[ ( columns 9 ! same axes z ^? 9 front1 t circum/ance w\ld n be at all app>5t 9 a geometrical elevation1 b c\ld be und]/ood only by means ( ! plan1 ! inn] columns be+ conceal$ by ^? be=e !m2 b 9 a p]spective elevation !y w\ld %[ !mselves1 z w\ld also ! ceil+ & floor4 ,,entablature4--,! horizontal portion ( an ,ord]2 ! trabeation or sy/em ( beams support$ by ! columns4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 be entablature )\t columns1--:]e ! latt] are suppress$1 z on ! flanks ( an apt]al temple2 or omitt$ entirely1 z 9 a/yl> build+4 ,= ! entablatures ( ! respective ,ord]s1 see pages #ah1 #da1 #fj4 ,,entasis4--,a slightly convex curvature giv5 9 execution to ! outl9e ( ! %aft ( a column1 j suffici5t to c\nt]act & correct ! appe>ance1 or fanci$ appe>ance1 ( curvature 9 a contr>y direction 7i4 e4 concavely71 :i* might else take place & cause ! middle ( ! %aft to appe> ?9n] ?an x really is4 ,entasis is !re=e no?+ positive3 x is n int5d$ to %[ itself1 = 7 x to d s1--7 !re to be any visible swell+1--x w\ld be a de=mity2 yet su* de=mity has be5 /udi\sly adopt$ by _m ,mod]n ,ar*itects1 m]ely1 x w\ld seem1 = ! sake ( mak+ evid5t t at all ev5ts !y took pa9s to gu>d aga9/ an imag9>y defect4 ,! subject ( entasis has be5 made "o ( ^? nug difficiles :i* ^? :o c d no?+ else make great p>ade )4 ,to su*1 !n1 be left all su* sublimat$ transc5d5tal niceties4 ,if a column only #cj or #dj feet high w\ld appe> ?9n] 9 ! middle ?an x really is1 unless !re made some:at ?ick] ?an x w\ld be 7 its pr(ile a /raight l9e1 ! same appe>ance w\ld take place 9 any o!r l(ty object1 & 9 a great] degree 9 proportion to actual height2 s t a t[] ( great l(t9ess1 bo? positively & proportionally1 ought--unless entasis 7 giv5 x1 to look ?9n] 9 ! middle ?an at top & bottom4 ,if su* appe>ance really does take place1 x is "o p]fectly 9 accordance ) ! laws ( vision1 !re=e no m ?an a natural & p]fectly prop] "o4 ,9 all su* cases ! judgm5t corrects ! eye1 & prev5ts mi/akes4 ,x w\ld1 9 fact1 require a v great /ret* ( imag9ation to fancy :at we "k to be /raight1 & ( ! same bread? ?r\gh\t1 is n s3 if we c fancy t1 we c also fancy t ! fur!r end ( a build+ is n s high z ! ne>] "o1 & t in/ead ( be+ horizontal1 ! cornices slope d[nw>ds4 ,s mu* = ! fuss made ab\t entasis1 includ+ t ab\t ! hypo!tical curvature 9 ! horizontal l9es ( ! ,p>!non1 :]e curvature 0 adm9i/]$1 if adm9i/]$ at all1 9 an exce$+ly homopa?ic ratio4 ,,epi/ylium4--,! ar*itrave or horizontal c\rse re/+ imm$iately ^u ! columns4 ,h5ce we %\ld d5ote z ,epi/yl> ,arcuation t sy/em 9 :i* columns support ar*es in/ead ( horizontal ar*itraves & entablatures4 ,see p4 #ge4 ,,epiti!das4--,a t]m appli$ by "s writ]s1 by way ( di/9ction1 to ! cymatium on ! slop+ or rak+ cornices ( a p$im5t1 :i* sup]impos$ m\ld+ 7z its "n implies7 0 frequ5tly l>gely develop$1 & enri*$ ) an ornam5tal patt]n4 ,,f5e/ration1 t]m$ by ! ,g]mans ,f5/]-ar*itektur1 is1 9 contradi/9ction f columniation1 ! sy/em ( con/ruction & mode ( design m>k$ by w9d[s4 ,f5e/ration & ,columniation are s f> antagoni/ic & irreconcileable1 t f5e/ration ei!r int]f]es ) ! effect aim$ at by columniation ) insulat$ columns1 z 9 a portico or colonnade1 or r$uces x1 z is ! case ) an engag$ ,ord]1 to some?+ q second>y & m]ely decorative4 ,a/yl> & ,f5e/rat$ ought1 !re=e1 to be m]ely conv]tible t]ms2 b z !y are n1 we may be all[$ to inv5t t ( column>-f5e/rat$1 to d5ote t mode ( composition :i* unites f5e/ration ) ! semblance1 at lea/1 ( ! o!r4 ,employ$ z a collective t]m1 ,f5e/ration s]ves to express ! "* ( a build+ or design ) reg>d to ! w9d[s g5]ally3 ?us we say1 ! ,f5e/ration is excell5t1 or ! contr>y1--ornate or meagre1--well arrang$ or too cr[d$1--:i* la/ circum/ance is a v common fault1 & is de/ructive bo? ( gr&eur & ( repose4 ,si quris exemplum1 circumspice4 ,,fillet4--,any n>r[ flat m\ld+ or surface is s t]m$4 ,fillets are us$ ei!r to sep>ate or f9i% o!r m\ld+s4 ,! int]vals or spaces betwe5 ! flutes on ! %aft ( a column are also call$ fillets1 al?\gh n actual memb]s1 b m]ely ! surface left betwe5 ! holl[$ *annels or flutes !mselves4 ,,flut+4--,! collective t]m = ! *annels cut on ! %afts ( columns4 ,hi!rto ?is has be5 re/rict$ to little m ?an two modes1 viz4 ) arrises or %>p ridges1 z 9 ! ,doric ,ord] 7p4 #ag71 or ) fillets4 ,a diff]5t mode ( /riat+ ! %afts ( columns is describ$ at page #ci1 & _m o!rs might easily be devis$4 ,,frieze4--,! middle "o ( ! ?ree divisions ( an entablature4 ,x d]ives its "n f ! ,italian ,fregio1 ornam5t1 z be+ t "p ( ! entablature especially appropriate = sculptural embelli%m5t1 yet1 9 contradiction to su* signification1 ! frieze is all b inv>iably made a m]e pla9 surface by ,mod]n ,ar*itects2 except ! ,ord] employ$ happ5s to be ,doric1 & !n triglyphs are introduc$ z matt] ( c\rse1 b ! metopes left blank1 ev5 ?\gh ornat5ess is /udi$ 9 o!r respects1 & 9 p>ts n compreh5d$ 9 ! ,ord] itself4 ,= ! ,ionic ,ord]1 ,mod]n ,ar*itects h sometimes employ$ ! s-call$ pulv9at$ frieze 7p4 #ej71 t is1 "o ^: face is curv$ convexly2 b ^u :at pr9ciple !y h appropriat$ su* =m ( ! frieze to t ,ord] 9 p>ticul>1 :5 x is j z suitable = ! ,cor9?ian1 is n said1 & n to be guess$4 ,,hypotra*elium4--,! neck+ ( a capital introduc$ betwe5 ! capital itself & ! %aft ( ! column4 ,9 ! ,grecian ,doric1 ! hypotra*elium is little m ?an nom9al1 be+ m>k$ only by "o or m horizontal *annels or incisions1 & ! flut+s cont9u$ ?r\gh !m2 :]eas to ! ,mod]n ,doric capital a di/9ct neck+ is giv5 by ! a/ragal :i* sep>ates ! capital f ! %aft1 & m>ks its comm5cem5t4 ,b t is consid]$ an ess5tial "p ( ! capital1 & z to ! ,cor9?ian capital x does n admit ( any neck+2 :]e=e ! ,ionic "o possesses a great advantage ov] ei!r ( !m1 inasmu* z x may h a di/9ct neck+ or n1 & x may be ei!r pla9 or enri*$4 ,,int]column & ,,int]columniation4--,! subject ( ,int]columniation is treat$ ( at page #gg1 c4 ,^! two t]ms are g5]ally conf\nd$ toge!r2 or r1 ! second is v improp]ly sub/itut$ = ! o!r1 contr>y to all analogy ( language & di/9ctness ( mean+4 ,hav+ only a g5]al collective import1 ,int]columniation c1 l ,columniation1 be us$ only 9 ! s+ul>4 ,we may say ( a portico1 c41 t its int]columniation is good or poor1 close or /raggl+1 b n t x consi/s ( s _m int]columniations 7accord+ z ! numb] may be71 s9ce su* mode ( expression is no bett] ?an a soleci/ical vulg>ism4 ,we might j z well describe a tetra/yle portico z hav+ f\r columniations1 z say t x has ?ree int]columniations4 #8,,lysicrates' ,,capital1 #ee4 ,,metope4--,! spaces betwe5 ! triglyphs ( ! ,doric frieze1 :i* 9 ! ,p>!non1 = in/ance1 7 fill$ 9 ) sculpture2 b 9 mod]n porticoes t pique !mselves ^u be+ aft] ! ,p>!non1 !y are m]e blanks4 ,,m9ute4--,! sixtie? "p ( ! diamet] ( ! column z a proportional measure4 ,m9utes are writt5 ?us1 #aj1 i4 e4 t5 m9utes4 ,,modillion4--,! small bracket-%ap$ memb]s or ornam5ts 9 ! ,cor9?ian cornice are t]m$ modillions4 ,see page #fa4 ,,module4--,! semi-diamet] ( ! column1 or #cj m9utes4 ,see ,diamet]4 ,,m\ld+s4--,! pr9cipal m\ld+s & ! diff]5ce ( _! pr(iles 9 ! ,grecian & ,roman /yles are "h exhibit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,greek4 ,roman4 ,e*9us or ,ovolo4 ,illu/ration3 ,cyma ,recta4 ,illu/ration3 ,cyma ,rev]sa4 ,illu/ration3 ,scotia4 ,illu/ration3 ,torus4 ,,monotriglyphic4--,t mode ( int]columniation 9 ! ,doric ,ord] accord+ to :i* !re is only a s+le triglyph ov] ea* int]column1 #bj4 ,,mutules4--,! small blocks or plates atta*$ to ! s(fit ( ! corona 9 ! ,doric cornice4 ,,neck+4--,see ,hypotra*elium4 ,,ovolo4--,see ,e*9us4 ,,p$e/al4--,no con/itu5t or ess5tial "p ( an ,ord]1 b m]ely a casual addition to x1 #g4 ,,p$im5t answ]s to ! ,gable 9 ,go?ic ,ar*itecture1 c41 x be+ ! v]tical triangul> plane at ! end ( a ro( :i* slopes d[nw>ds on ea* side f its ridge4 ,! ,p$im5t diff]s f ! ,gable 9 hav+ a tympanum1 or cle>ly def9$ triangul> surface ) a horizontal cornice bel[ & two slop+ or rak+ cornices4 ,see page #bd4 ,,pila/]4--,unkn[n to ,greek ,ar*itecture1 9 :i* only ant 7see ,ant7 7 admitt$3 ,pila/]s are employ$ by ! ,mod]ns z sub/itutes = an ,ord] 9 engag$ columns1 & are1 p]haps1 ev5 pref]able to ! latt]1 inasmu* z !y comb9e bett] & m naturally ) ! wall to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,,plan4--,a plan may be famili>ly describ$ z an ar*itectural map1 or map ( a build+3 !re=e only ^? :o _c compreh5d a geographical or topographical map--a degree ( obtus5ess h>dly cr$ible--c be at any loss to und]/& an ar*itectural "o1 ! latt] be+ precisely ( ! same nature z ! o!rs1 ) ?is diff]5ce 9 its fav\r1 t x is mu* less conv5tional4 ,to def9e x m exactly1--a plan is a horizontal section suppos$ to be tak5 on ! level ( ! floor ?r\gh ! solid p>ts ( ! fabric--walls1 columns1 c41 s z to %[ _! v>i\s ?icknesses & situations1 ! dim5sions ( ! sev]al spaces or rooms1 ! position ( ! doors by :i* !y communicate ) ea* o!r1 & v>i\s p>ticul>s t _c o!rwise be expla9$4 ,/udy+ build+s )\t plans is l /udy+ geography )\t maps4 ,nev]!less1 mo/ p]sons ignore--affect a g5teel ignorance ( su* vulg> & te*nical draw+s z plans4 ,plan frequ5tly co/s ! ,ar*itect m /udy ?an all ! re/ ( 8 design4 ,v mu* mi/ak5 are !y :o suppose t conv5i5ce alone has *iefly to be consid]$4 ,conv5i5ce is1 ( c\rse1 or ought to be1 made a s9e qu non2 yet x is n s mu* a positive m]it 9 itself1 z ! want ( x is a positive defect4 ,m]e conv5i5ce is n an arti/ic quality3 f t to beauty ( plan1--to /rik+ comb9ations1 & /udi$ effects1 & v>i$ play ( arrangem5t1 ! di/ance is v great4 ,a common-place plan is b a v dull un9t]e/+ affair4 ,x is no m ?an :at any build] c accompli%2 b a plan replete ) imag9ation1 piquant play1 & well-imag9$ contra/s1 is no e-day matt]4 ,,podium4--,a cont9u$ p$e/al2 a dw>f p$e/al wall2 a clos$ p>apet employ$ in/ead ( an op5 balu/rade4 ,,poly/yle4--,hav+ a numb] ( columns4 ,:]e columns occur beh9d columns1 z :]e a portico has inn] columns1 l t ( ! ,royal ,ex*ange1 su* portico may be t]m$ poly/yle4 ,,por*4--,any small portico consid]ably l[] ?an ! ma9 /ructure to :i* x is atta*$ may be s t]m$1 9 contradi/9ction f "o c>ri$ up ! height ( ! build+1 or z high z ! pr9cipal cornice4 ,,portico4--,= ! diff]5t plans & d5om9ations ( porticoes1 see p4 #fi4 ,,pr(ile4--,! outl9e ( a s]ies ( m\ld+s1 or ( any o!r p>ts1 z %[n by a section ?r\gh !m4 ,,proportion4--,! magnitude ( "o "p z comp>$ ) "s o!r4 ,! t]m #8proportion' is us$ absolutely 9 ! s5se ( #8good proportion2' al?\gh e ?+ t has %ape has proportions ( "s k9d or o!r4 ,! subject ( ,proportions has be5 greatly my/ifi$ by writ]s :o h laid d[n c]ta9 fix$ proportions z ! be/ ( all on e occasion1 & z ! ne plus ultra ( arti/ic ta/e4 ,b fix$ proportions c be foll[$ me*anically by e "o alike2 :]eas x requires ability to deviate successfully f r\t9e measurem5t1 & apply ! poco piu or ! poco m5o z ! p>ticul> occasion or ! p>ticul> effect aim$ at may require--at lea/ ju/ify4 ,x is ! eye t takes cognizance ( proportions2 & ! ,ar*itect's own eye ought to be q z correct z t ( o!r p4 ,,pro/yle4--,a portico :i* projects f ! body ( a build+1 or ! re/ ( a faade4 ,see page #fi4 ,,pulv9at$4--,a frieze ^: face is convex in/ead ( pla9 is said to be pulv9at$1 f its suppos$ resemblance to ! side ( a cu%ion1 :i* swells out :5 press$ ^u4 ,see page #ej4 ,,rak+ ,,cornices4--,a t]m1 r unmean+ 9 itself1 appli$ to ! incl9$ cornices on ! slop+ sides ( a p$im5t4 ,,ru/ication4--,al?\gh ,ru/ication is n spok5 ( 9 ?is treatise1 ! t]m is "h ins]t$ = ! purpose ( rem>k+ t :at is s call$ might frequ5tly be m correctly describ$ z ,decorative ,masonry1 s9ce1 s f> f express+ rud5ess or co>s5ess1 x may be made to display ! mo/ /udi$ nicety & elaborate f9i%4 ,ru/ication1 no d\bt1 orig9at$ 9 a v rude mode ( con/ruction2 b :at 0 at fir/ clums9ess & irregul>ity1 0 aft]w>ds ref9$ into an artful & symmetrical disposition ( ! /ones & c\rses ( masonry1 by a simil> /hetic process to t :i* conv]t$ ! orig9al amorph\s /one pill> into ! ,doric column4 ,to call su* masonry1 z "s h done1 only cicatriz+ & ga%+1 betrays a loss = bo? argum5ts & words4 ,decorative masonry is mo/ assur$ly n accord+ to ,greek ta/e or practice2 = ! ,greeks affect$ to suppress ! appe>ance ( articulation 9 masonry1 & !reby to give _! build+s1 z f> z possible1 ! look ( n be+ fabricat$1 b c>v$ out ( "o block ( solid mat]ial4 ,yet x does n !re=e foll[ t ! o!r mode ( decid$ly articulat+ & pron\nc+ ! jo9ts & c\rses ( ! /ones is bad1 because x is an opposite "o4 ,s f> f be+ un/hetic1 x possesses mu* t recomm5ds x arti/ically1 = x gives col\r1 & produces ri*ness ( surface :]e !re w\ld else be blankness4 ,a wall ^: face is s decorat$ =ms an admirable gr\nd to columns or pila/]s1 :i* x s]ves to relieve v effectively1 z is exemplifi$ 9 ! scre5 faade ( ,dov] ,h\se1 t little ar*itectural gem by ,holl&1 :i*1 ?\gh by no means faultless1 has m ( g5u9e arti/ic quality ?an any o!r build+ ( its "t 9 ! :ole ,metropolis4 ,,section4--,a v]tical plan ( ! int]ior ( a build+1 %[+ x z x w\ld appe> ^u an upright plane cutt+ ?r\gh x4 ,?\gh r>ely %[n1 sections are almo/ z indisp5sable z plans1 l :i*1 !y %[ ! ?icknesses ( ! walls2 & 9 addition ^? ( ! ceil+s & floors2 & %[ also heights1 bo? ( ! rooms !mselves1 & ( doors & w9d[s2--moreov]1 ! =ms ( ! ceil+s1 :e!r flat1 or cov$1 or vault$4 ,9 "o respect1 too1 a section p>takes ( ! nature ( an elevation1 ! plane p>allel to ! l9e ( section be+ an elevation ( ! int]ior1 or r consi/+ ( z _m elevations z !re are sep>ate rooms or divisions4 ,sections may be describ$ z ei!r furni%$ or unfurni%$2 ! =m] %[ only con/ruction & ! /rictly ar*itectural p>ts1 :]e=e1 if ! side ( a room happ5s to be q pla91 )\t door1 *imney-piece1 or o!r feature1 t side or space w be a blank1 or little bett]4 ,furni%$ sections1 on ! contr>y1 exhibit1 besides :at /rictly belongs to ! ,ar*itecture & its decoration1 mirrors1 pictures1 /atues1 furniture1 drap]ies1 & all o!r accessories4 ,! numb] ( sections requir$ dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! plan1 & :at !re is wor? %[+4 ,if ! design be wor?y ( x1 !re %\ld be z _m sections z w suffice to %[ e side ( e pr9cipal ap>tm5t2 ?\gh x may n be necess>y to repeat ! entire section ?r\gh e floor4 ,sections are ! delici ( ar*itectural illu/ration1 &1 x w\ld seem1 f> too preci\s to be frequ5tly exhibit$4 ,,s(fit4--,f ! ,italian s(fitto1 a ceil+2 ! "u surface ( any project+ m\ld+ or memb]4 ,,/yle1 9 ! s5se ( a column 7f ! ,greek 1 a column71 ent]s into a great numb] ( useful comp\nd t]ms ref]r+ to matt]s connect$ ) columniation1 & :i* may "h be gr\p$ toge!r1 s t any ^w end+ 9 #8/yle' may be f\nd "h1 ?\gh pass$ ov] 9 its alphabetical ord]4 ,! numb] ( columns 9 ! front ( a p$im5t$ portico is briefly express$ at once by any ( ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,di/yle 9 antis1 two columns & two ant4 ,tetra/yle 0 f\r columns4 ,hexa/yle 0 six 0 ,octa/yle 0 eight 0 ,deca/yle 0 t5 0 almo/ ! greate/ numb] t c be plac$ b5ea? a p$im5t4 ,z reg>ds ,int]columniation1 we h--,pycno/yle--,eu/yle--,aro/yle1 #gi4 ,! t]ms descriptive ( ! plans & columniation ( anci5t temples are--,pro/yle--,amphipro/yle--,p]i/yle1 #fi4 ,also1 ,monopro/yle1 a pro/yle ) "o int]column on its flanks4 ,dipro/yle 0 0 two 0 0 ,tripro/yle 0 0 ?ree 0 0 ,to :i* may be add$-- ,het]o/yle1 compos$ ( diff]5t ,ord]s1 z :]e "o ,ord] is employ$ = ! c5tre ( a composition1 & ano!r = ! w+s4 ,macro/yle d5otes a l>ge ,ord]1 t is1 "o =m+ ! height ( ! build+4 ,micro/yle1 on ! contr>y1 d5otes a less] ,ord]1 belong+ only to "s l[ division ( ! build+1 z = in/ance1 a por*4 ,?us porticoes are macro/yl>1 por*es micro/yl>4 ,9 ,italian composition1 micro/yl> doors & w9d[s1 i4 e4 doors & w9d[s decorat$ ) small columns1 are ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,,/ylobate4--,t "p ( a /ructure on :i* an ,ord] is rais$1 & on :i* ! columns imm$iately /&4 ,! t]m is1 h[ev]1 re/rict$ to :at p>takes ( ! "* ( a p$e/al1 & n to a m]e pl9? or socle on ! "o h&1 or to a l[] f5e/rat$ floor on ! o!r4 ,,volute4--,! *>act]i/ic ornam5ts & indicial m>ks ( ! ,ionic capital =m$ by circumvolv+ spiral m\ld+s are t]m$ volutes4 ,! small circle 9 :i* ! spiral or spr+s t]m9ate is call$ ! eye ( ! volute4 ,illu/ration ,pr9t$ by ,hughes ,rob9son1 ,k+'s ,head ,c\rt1 ,g\gh ,squ>e4 ,,ar*itecture ,,( ,,! ,,metropolis4 ,a ,new & consid]ably ,enl>g$ ,edition1 ) _m additional ,subjects & ,plates4 ,x is propos$ to publi%1 9 #bj ,mon?ly ,p>ts1 ?is v important "w1 to conta9 #ahj plates & #hjj pages ( lett]press description ( ! ,public ,build+s ( ,london4 ,ea* ,"p w conta9 #i plates & #dj pages ( text1 ,price #bs4 #f;d41 to be ready = deliv]y on ! ,magaz9e day ( ea* mon?1 beg9n+ ) 7,decemb] #ca1 #ahdh7 ,janu>y #a1 #ahdi4 ,to ! ,ar*itect1 ,build]1 ! ,/ud5t 9 ,ar*itecture1 & ! ,amateur1 ?is desirable "w = pr(essional use & /udy is (f]$ at an extremely small *>ge1 & publi%$ at su* int]vals z to be conv5i5t = all classes1 entitl$ ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,build+s ,,( ,,london3 ,orig9ally edit$ by ! late ,,augu/us ,,pug91 ,,jos4 ,,gwilt1 ,,britton1 & o!rs4 ,,newly ,,edit$ ,,& ,,enl>g$ ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,le$s4 ,manifold z are ! publications :i* repres5t ! v>i\s /ructures ( ! metropolis1 ?is is ! only "w :i* describes !m1 n ad libitum1 9 views :i*1 ev5 :5 p]fectly correct1 %[ no m ?an ! g5]al aspect & locality ( ea* build+ f a c]ta9 po9t1 & consequ5tly af=d no in=mation beyond m]e ext]nal appe>ance--b exhibits !m ar*itecturally by means ( plans1 elevations1 & occasionally bo? sections & int]ior p]spective views4 ,?us a f> m complete & correct k may be obta9$ ( ea* edifice1 9 its entire arrangem5t 9 all its p>ts & dim5sions1 ?an by pictorial views ( !m4 ,z /udies = ! ,ar*itect1 ! subjects conta9$ 9 ^! volumes /rongly recomm5d !mselves1--m p>ticul>ly s1 z ( ! majority ( !m no plans & elevations are to be met ) 9 any o!r publication1 :i* mat]ially enhances ! int]e/ ( ?is collection1 & x pres]ves to u au!ntic & tol]ably complete records ( _m build+s :i* no long] exi/4 ,among ^! are ,,c>lton ,,h\se1 illu/rat$ ) sev]al plates1 includ+ sections1 & a plan ( ! private ap>tm5ts2 ! late ,,engli% ,,op]a ,,h\se2 ,,mr4 ,,na%',s ,,gall]y1 :i* has s9ce be5 dismantl$ ( its embelli%m5ts2 ,,! ,,royal ,,ex*ange1 & ! ,,bo>d ,,( ,,trade4 ,among ! new subjects introduc$ 9 ?is new edition w be f\nd3--,! ,new ,plan & ,elevation ( ! ,,briti% ,,museum--,,new ,,h\ses ,,( ,,p>liam5t--,,royal ,,ex*ange--,,army ,,& ,,navy ,,club--,,new ,,cons]vative ,,club--,,re=m ,,club--,,museum ,,( ,,economic ,,geology--,,mansion ,,( ,,! ,,e>l ,,( ,,ellesm]e 7,bridgewat] ,h\se72 toge!r ) sev]al ,plans ( ,basem5ts1 %[+ kit*5s & dome/ic (fices1 & conv5i5ces n hi!rto giv54 ,li/ ( ,plates & %ort ab/ract ( ,subjects4 ,adam1 ,r41 ar*itect4--,all ,sa9ts' ,*ur*1 ,popl>4--,all ,s\ls' ,*ur*1 ,langham ,place4--,anci5t ,!atres4--,a/ley's ,amphi!atre4 ,beazley1 ,s41 ar*itect4--,b]l91 !atre at4--,bordeaux1 !atre at4--,/4 ,bride's ,*ur*1 ,fleet ,/reet2 spire1 int]ior1 & alt>-piece4--,burton1 ,decimus1 ar*itect4 ,*elsea1 *ur* ( ,/4 ,luke at4--,*ur*es1 rem>ks on gall]ies 94--,cock]ell1 ,c4 ,r41 ar*itect4--,colosseum4--,cov5t ,g>d51 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*4--,cov5t ,g>d5 ,!atre4 ,dim5sions ( domes4--,diorama4--,domes1 table ( dim5sions ( ! pr9cipal ones4--,drury ,lane ,!atre4--,dun/an's1 ,/41 9 ! ,ea/1 t[] (4--,dun/an's1 ,/41 9 ! ,we/1 ,fleet ,/reet4 ,elmes1 ,mr41 8 plan = improv+ ! area ar\nd ,/4 ,paul's4--,engli% ,op]a ,h\se4 ,gall]y1 ,royal1 & /aircase1 ,h\se ( ,lords4--,george's1 ,/41 9 ! ,ea/4--,george's1 ,/41 ,bloomsbury1 its /eeple4--,gibbs1 ,james1 ar*itect4 ,halls1 dim5sions (4--,hanov] ,*apel4--,h>dwick1 ,t41 ar*itect4--,hawksmoor1 ,ni*olas1 ar*itect4--,haym>ket ,!atre4--,h5ry ! ,sev5?'s ,*apel4--,hosk+1 ,mr4--,hope1 ,mr4--,h\se ( ,lords1 /aircase1 & ,royal gall]y4 ,inwood1 ,messrs41 ar*itects4 ,james's1 ,/41 ,piccadilly4--,james's1 ,/41 ,!atre4--,jones1 ,inigo1 ar*itect4 ,knights ,templ>s4--,knights ,hospitall]s4 ,law ,c\rts1 ,we/m9/]4--,lyceum ,!atre4 ,m>y1 ,/41 ,woolno?1 *ur* (4--,m>y-le-bone ,*ur*1 acc\nt (4--,m>y-le-,b[1 ,/41 *ur*1 /eeple4--,mikhaelov1 ar*itect4--,moll]1 ar*itect4--,monum5ts1 at ,/4 ,paul's4 ,na%1 ,j41 ar*itect4--,newman1 ,j41 ar*itect4 ,op]a ,h\se1 ,italian4 ,paul's1 ,/41 ,ca!dral2 description ( ! =m] ca!dral2 hi/ory ( ! pres5t edifice2 description2 comp>$ ) ,/4 ,pet]'s2 monum5tal sculpture4--,paul's1 ,/41 ,cov5t ,g>d54--,pet]-le-,poor1 ,/41 *ur* (4--,porticoes1 rem>ks on1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,papwor?4--,pug91 ,a41 ar*itect4 ,ralph1 8 op9ion on ,/4 ,/eph5's1 ,walbrook2 ,/4 ,paul's1 ,cov5t ,g>d54--,repton1 ,g4 ,s41 ar*itect4--,royal ,amphi!atre1 ,we/m9/]4 ,savage1 ,james1 ar*itect2 8 ju/ification ( ! t[] ( ,*elsea ,*ur*4--,%aw1 ,j41 ar*itect4--,smirke1 ,sir ,r41 ar*itect4--,soane1 ,sir ,j41 ar*itect4--,spires1 rem>ks on4--,/eph5's1 ,/41 ,walbrook4 ,temple ,*ur*1 hi/ory2 monum5ts2 description4--,!atres1 rem>ks on1--,?omond1 ar*itect4 ,walbrook1 ,/4 ,/eph5's4--,walpole1 ,horace1 8 op9ion ( ,/4 ,paul's1 ,cov5t ,g>d54--,we/m9/] ,abbey4--,we/m9/] ,hall4--,willem5t1 ,t41 pa9t$ w9d[ by1 9 ,/4 ,dun/an's ,we/4--,wilson1 ,e4 ,j41 rem>ks on spires by2 description ( ,we/m9/] ,hall4--,wr51 ,sir ,*ri/oph]4--,wyatt1 ,b5jam91 ar*itect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,abraham1 ,r41 ar*itect4--,adam1 ,rob]t1 ar*itect4--,ar*1 ,gre5 ,p>k4--,a%burnham ,h\se4 ,bank ( ,engl&1 acc\nt (2 ,new ,divid5d ,pay ,(fice--,basevi1 ,g41 ar*itect4--,banquet+ ,h\se1 ,:itehall4--,b>ry1 ,c41 ar*itect4--,b>ry1 ,james1 pa9t]4--,belgrave ,squ>e4--,be?lehem ,hospital4--,blackfri>s' ,bridge4--,bonomi1 ,jos41 ar*itect4--,bridges1 ,london ,bridge4--,briti% ,museum1 acc\nt (2 description ( ! new build+4--,brooks1 ,w41 ar*itect4--,burl+ton ,h\se--,burton1 ,d41 ar*itect4 ,c>lton ,palace4--,*amb]s1 ,sir ,w41 ar*itect4--,*ri/'s ,hospital1 new ,hall4--,club ,h\se1 ,travell]s'4--,club ,h\se1 ,union4--,club ,h\se1 ,univ]sity4--,cock]ell1 ,c4 ,r41 ar*itect4--,college ( ,physicians1 ,w>wick ,lane4--,college ( ,physicians1 ,pall ,mall ,ea/4--,column1 ! ,york4--,corn ,ex*ange4--,cornwall ,t]race4--,c\nty ,fire ,(fice4--,cu/om ,h\se4--,cunn+ham1 ,allan4 ,dance1 ,mr41 ar*itect4--,dodd1 ,ralph1 eng9e]4 ,eaton ,squ>e4 ,fi%mong]s' ,hall2 =m] build+2 new ,hall2 int]ior describ$4--,freemasons' ,hall4 ,gall]ies1 dim5sions ( v>i\s4--,g&y-,de]+1 ar*itect4--,george's1 ,/41 ,hospital4--,george's1 ,/41 ,bloomsbury1 portico (4--,grecian ar*itecture1 mod]n1 rem>ks on4--,gre5\gh's1 ,mr41 ,villa4 ,holkam ,h\se4--,holl&1 ,h41 ar*itect4--,hope's1 ,mr41 ,h\se4--,horse-,gu>ds4--,hospital1 ,be?lehem4--,hospital1 ,/4 ,george's4 ,india ,h\se4--,int]columniation1 rem>k on ! t]m4 ,jones1 ,inigo4--,jupp1 ,r41 ar*itect4 ,k5dall1 ,h4 ,e41 ar*itect4--,k5t1 ,w41 ar*itect4--,k+'s ,college4 ,labelye1 ar*itect4--,lewis1 ,j4 ar*itect4--,libr>ies1 dim5sions ( "s4--,london ,in/itution--,london ,univ]sity4--,london ,bridge1 ! old "o2 ! new "o4 ,mansion ,h\se4--,m>k's1 ,/41 ,nor? ,audley ,/reet4--,museum1 ,briti%4--,museum1 ,soanean4--,mylne1 ,r41 ar*itect4 ,na%1 ,j41 ar*itect4--,na%'s1 ,j41 ,h\se & ,gall]y4--,national ,gall]y4--,newgate4 ,palace1 ,buck+ham2 int]ior2 sculpture gall]y2 /ate ap>tm5ts4--,papwor?'s rem>ks on ,som]set ,h\se2 on ,engli% ,villas4--,pimlico ,in/itution1 portico (4--,pitts1 ,w41 sculpture by4--,ponz1 rem>k by1 on ! ,royal ,ex*ange4--,portico1 ,/4 ,george's ,hospital2--,national ,gall]y2 ,london ,univ]sity2 ,/4 ,m>t9's2 ,/4 ,george's1 ,bloomsbury2 ,c>lton ,palace4--,po/ ,(fice4--,privy ,c\ncil ,(fice1 c41 acc\nt (4 ,ralph1 ,mr4--,reg5t's ,p>k4--,r5nie1 ,j41 eng9e]4 --,rob]ts1 ,h41 ar*itect4--,royal ,ex*ange2 de/ruction ( ! build+ by fire4--,russell ,in/itution4 ,s&by1 ,t41 ar*itect4--,saund]s1 ,g41 ar*itect4--,%aw1 ,j41 ar*itect4--,sion ,p>k ,gateway4--,smirke1 ,sir ,rob]t1 ar*itect4--,smi?1 ,g41 ar*itect4--,soane1 ,sir ,j41 ar*itect1 8 ,h\se & ,museum4--,society ( ,arts4--,som]set ,h\se4--,s\?w>k ,bridge4 ,taylor1 ,sir ,r41 ar*itect4--,tel=d1 ,mr41 8 op9ion ( ! ,mansion ,h\se4 ,temple ,b>4--,t]races 9 ,reg5t's ,p>k4--,travell]s' ,club ,h\se4 ,v>dy1 ,mr41 ar*itect4--,vauxhall ,bridge4--,villa1 ,mr4 ,burton's4--,villa1 ,mr4 ,gre5\gh's4--,villa1 ,mr4 ,kemp's4 ,union ,club ,h\se4--,univ]sity ,club ,h\se4--,uxbridge ,h\se4 ,walpole1 ,horace1 8 "* ( ,"l ,burl+ton3 rem>k on ,burl+ton ,h\se4--,w>e1 ,s41 ar*itect4--,wat]loo ,bridge4--,we/m9/] ,bridge4--,well+ton ,h\se4--,wilk9s1 ,w41 ar*itect4--,wr51 ,sir ,c41 ar*itect4 ,york ,column4--,york ,/airs ,wat]-gate1 c4