,transcrib] ,note ,emphasis d5ot$ z ,italics & ,bold4 ,:ole & fractional p>ts ( numb]s z #abc-d_/e4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,geology ,illu/ration3 ,megalosaurus ,total l5g? ab\t #be feet4 7,rema9s f\nd 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,s\? ,africa1 & ,india47 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,geology ,,describ+ ,,9 ,,simple ,,b ,,exact ,,language ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,) ,,"s ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,prehi/oric ,,animal ,,life ,,by ,e4 ,s4 ,,grew1 ,m4,a4 ,,editor ,,( ,,k ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,f> ,,ea/ ,c41 ,c4 ,,) ,,tw5ty-,,five ,,illu/rations ,,london ,,seeley ,,& ,,co4 ,,limit$ #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet #aiji ,,uni=m ,,) ,,?is ,,volume ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,romance ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) _m illu/rations4 #es4 ea* ,spl5did volumes4--! ,outlook4 ,?is s]ies has n[ won a consid]able & well des]v$ reputation4--,! ,gu>dian4 ,ea* volume treats its allott$ !me ) accuracy1 b at ! same "t ) a *>m t w comm5d itself to read]s ( all ages4 ,! root idea is excell5t1 & x is excell5tly c>ri$ out1 ) full illu/rations & v prettily design$ cov]s4--,! ,daily ,telegraph4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,savage ,,life ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,plant ,,life ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,e>ly ,,briti% ,,life ,by ,,edw>d ,,gilliat1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,sieges ,by ,,john ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,bird ,,life ,by ,,john ,,lea1 ,m4,a41 ,h4 ,,c\p91 ,d4,sc4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,animal ,,arts ,,& ,,crafts ,by ,,sidney ,,wright ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,fi%]ies ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,lamb]t1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mission>y ,,h]oism ,by ,g4 ,,fir? ,,scott ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,pol> ,,exploration ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon471 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,e>ly ,,exploration ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,exploration ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,me*anism ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,inv5tion ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+ ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,locomotion ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,m9+ ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,a4,i4,e4,e4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,photography ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,electricity ,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,_w ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,insect ,,life ,by ,,agnes ,,gib]ne ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,mighty ,,deep ,by ,e4 ,s4 ,,grew1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,geology ,,seeley ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,grateful ackn[l$gm5t is due to ,mr4 ,h5ry ,r4 ,knipe = 8 k9d p]mission to reproduce "s ( ! illu/rations ( ext9ct animals conta9$ 9 8 s*ol>ly "w entitl$1 ,f ,nebula to ,man 7,j4 ,m4 ,d5t & ,co474 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,! ,,e>? #ag ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,%ape #bi ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,effects ,,( ,,wea!r ,,on ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,hi/ory #ci ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,records ,,left ,,by ,,riv]s #ej ,,*apt] ,v ,,records ,,left ,,by ,,! ,,sea #ei ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,cold ,,& ,,ice ,,on ,,! ,,e>? #fg ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,fire-,,h>d5$ ,,rocks #gh ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,e>? ,,at ,,its ,,beg9n+ #ij ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,*ildhood ,,( ,,! ,,e>? #ih ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,e>? ,,z ,,! ,,abode ,,( ,,life #ajh ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,life ,,9 ,,o!r ,,worlds #aah ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,h>d5+ ,,( ,,rocks #abh ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,e>?quakes ,,9 ,,geology #acg ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,"s ,,fam\s ,,e>?quakes #adh ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,e>?quakes #afe ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,volcanoes ,,& ,,m\nta9 ,,=mation #agi ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,families ,,( ,,rocks ,,& ,,_! ,,desc5dants #aig ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,h[ ,,! ,,coal ,,b$s ,,7 ,,laid ,,d[n #bab ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,reptiles #bbf ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,reptiles 7cont9u$7 #bce ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,*alk ,,p]iod #bde ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,mammals #bef ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,! ,,ice ,,age #bfi ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,man #bhd ,,index #bic ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,,megalosaurus ,frontispiece ,,map ,,%[+ ,,di/ricts ,,( ,,_w-,,%ak+ ,,e>?quakes #ae ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,colossal ,,natural ,,bridges ,,( ,,utah #dj ,,! ,,g>d5 ,,( ,,! ,,gods1 ,,colorado #dd ,a ,,curi\s ,,rock ,,greatly ,,rev]$ ,,by ,,! ,,natives #df ,,! ,,gr& ,,ca,,on ,,( ,,arizona #eb ,,cleopatra ,,t]race1 ,,yell[/one ,,p>k1 ,u4,s4,a4 #ef ,a ,,petrifi$ ,,tree #eh ,,! ,,crat] ,,( ,,an ,,ext9ct ,,volcano #ajd ,,! ,,p9nacl$ ,,ca/le-,,l ,,peaks ,,( ,,! ,,ram%orn ,,m\nta9s ,,( ,,wyom+ #acj ,a ,,geys] ,,9 ,,action #adj ,a ,,curi\s ,,eruption ,,( ,,m\nt ,,asama1 ,,japan #aed ,a ,,h\se ,,de/roy$ ,,by ,,an ,,e>?quake #aeh ,,! ,,ru9s ,,( ,,! ,,magnific5t ,,city ,,hall ,,( ,,san ,,francisco #afj ,,! ,,track ,,( ,,an ,,e>? ,,wave #aff ,a ,,geys] ,,at ,,re/ ,,9 ,,yell[/one ,,p>k1 ,u4,s4,a4 #agj ,,! ,,new ,,sp9e ,,( ,,mont ,,pel,e #ahd ,,! ,,dead ,,city ,,( ,,/4 ,,pi]re1 ,,m>t9ique #ahf ,a ,,york%ire ,,pot-,,hole3 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,effects ,,:i* ,,c ,,be ,,produc$ ,,9 ,,lime/one ,,by ,,und]gr\nd ,,wat] #aif ,,plesiosaurs #bch ,,diplodoci ,,c>negiei #bdj ,,ar*,,opt]yx ,,& ,,compsogna?us #bdb ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,head1 ,,proboscis1 ,,no/rils1 ,,& ,,tusks ,,( ,,! ,,elephant #bfj ,,two ,,ars9oi!riums ,,at ,,bay ,,be=e ,a ,,pack ,,( ,,hy,,nodons #bff ,,diprotodon #bgh ,illu/ration3 ,! ,numb] ( _w-%ak+ e>?quakes f #ahii to #aijh :i* h orig9at$ 9 di/ricts m>k$ ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 c41 are %[n by figures4 7,see pp4 #aga & #agb47 ,,errata ,transcrib] ,note3 ,corrections h be5 appli$6 ,page #ai1 l9e #i4 ,= ,sir ,?omas ,holdi*1 read ,sir ,?omas ,holdit*4 ,page #be1 l9e #ag4 ,read1 !y are always1 z x 71 imp]ceptibly quiv]+2 & !y are always liable1 if ! /ra9 on !m %\ld be increas$ 9 ! slighte/ degree1 to give way1 or to resettle ! weight on _! %\ld]s 9 "s way4 ,page #bi1 l9e #aa4 ,= a greasy spot1 read a greasy %ot4 ,page #ce1 l9e #e4 ,= evid5ce1 read exi/5ce4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,geology ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,ev]ybody :o has ev] be5 to ! coa/ ( ^! isl&s has become aw>e t *anges 9 ! outl9e ( ! l& are cont9ually tak+ place4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ea/ coa/ ( ,engl&1 su* z t :i* lies betwe5 ,h>wi* & ,walton-on-!-,naze1 ! sea appe>s to be sl[ly encroa*+ on ! l&1 s t places :i* 7 graz+-fields tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ago are n[ cov]$ by ! sea at high tide1 & at l[ tide are m]e s&y wa/es ?read$ by rivulets ( sea-wat]4 ,on ! s\? coa/ ( ! ,isle ( ,wight1 betwe5 ,s&[n & ! ,culv] ,cliff1 :i* is ! mo/ ea/]ly po9t1 ! same loss ( l& is go+ on 9 ano!r way4 ,"s ye>s ago a =t /ood r ne> ! edge ( ! cliff1 & x w\ld h be5 possible to climb r\nd ! seaw>d wall ( ! =t4 ,x is n possible n[1 = ! out] sea-wall ( ! =t has long ago slipp$ into ! sea2 s h "s ( ! inn] =tifications3 & x has be5 necess>y to dismantle ! :ole ( ?is =t le/ e "p ( ev5 ! inn] l&w>d wall %\ld foll[ ! out] p>ts & slip ) ! solid gr\nd d[n ! cliff4 ,x is easy to see :at is happ5+ "h4 ,! w9d & ! waves are und]m9+ & honeycomb+ ! cliff4 ,!y are weak5+ its base & its body1 & s ! upp] cru/ on :i* ! =t 0 built1 & into :i* its f\ndations 7 dug1 is slipp+ away4 ,if we imag9e = a mom5t t no?+ 0 done to save ! =t or protect ! cliff1 b t all 0 left to nature to deal )1 x w\ld n be h>d to picture :at w\ld happ54 ,! cliff w\ld gradually be eat5 away3 its gravel & clay w\ld be drawn into ! sea1 & ! ,isle ( ,wight w\ld become a little small]4 ,! same ?+ is go+ on at a good _m places along ! coa/ ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 z well z on ! coa/ ( ,florida & 9 ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia 9 ,am]ica4 ,! little islet ( ,heligol& 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 :i* once belong$ to ,great ,brita91 b 0 "s ye>s ago h&$ ov] to ,g]many1 is s fi]cely attack$ by ! sea 9 ?is way1 t x almo/ has to be arm\r-plat$ 9 ord] to pres]ve its integrity4 ,x is f5c$ 9 /one 9 ord] to protect x4 ,:at is happ5+ on ! coa/s ( isl&s l ,engl& & ,heligol& is happ5+ all ov] ! _w4 ,x has always happ5$4 ,if x _h n happ5$ 9 pa/ ages !re w\ld be no ,briti% ,isles at all1 because once ,engl& & ,scotl& & ,irel& 7 jo9$ to ,europe1 & x w\ld h be5 possible to walk across ! ,nor? ,sea f ,h>wi* to ! ,hook ( ,holl&4 ,! ,nor? ,sea 0 once dry l&4 ,b ! sea encroa*$ on x f ! nor?1 & ! ,atlantic ,ocean batt]$ a way ?r\gh on ! s\?1 till ! ,engli% ,*annel 0 bor$ ?r\gh into ! %all[ wat]s ( ! newly-=m$ ,nor? ,sea1 & ! l&s t _h once be5 "p ( ,europe became ^! sceptr$ isles set 9 ! silv] sea4 ,?is is n all ! /ory4 ,:at ! sea takes away x gives aga94 ,sir ,?omas ,holdit* is our au?ority = say+ t on "s p>ts ( ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,am]ica y may at "s po9ts see on ! "o h& dry l& :i* by ! %ells f\nd on x %[s t ! sea once fl[$ ov] x2 :ile side by side ) ?is rais$ l& y may sail a boat ov] =e/s n[ sunk b5ea? ! sea4 ,! loss ( bits & corn]s ( ,engl& is s]i\s--s s]i\s t a ,royal ,commission on ,sea ,erosion1 z ! process is call$1 0 appo9t$ to inquire into ! ext5t ( ! loss & ! means by :i* x might be rem$i$4 ,b 9 "s p>ts ( our coa/ ! l& is n los+1 b ga9+4 ,if ! sea takes away s& & gravel1 *alk & %ale & clay f ! cliffs1 ^! mat]ials are n lo/4 ,some?+ is done ) !m4 ,!y mu/ at "s po9ts1 :]e ! tides & curr5ts ( ! sea deposit !m1 make ! sea m %all[4 ,p]haps ! sea lays !m d[n z b$s or s&-banks4 ,p]haps x c>ries !m r\nd ! coa/ to "s o!r po9t & !re drops !m4 ,c y n see t 9 ?is way ! sea :i* at "o po9t is dragg+ d[n ! coa/ may at o!r po9ts be build+ x up1 or may be ev5 con/ruct+ breakwat]s made out ( ^! /ol5 mat]ials8 ,! sea is n ! only c>ri] :i* is ?us lay+ d[n b$s ( mat]ial4 ,! riv]s are do+ ! same ?+4 ,e %[] ( ra9 wa%es "s dirt--by :i* we mean s& or gravel or loam or *alk--f ! l& into ! ne>e/ rivulet4 ,! rivulet hurries ) x d[n to ! neighb\r+ riv]1 & ! riv] c>ries x d[n to ! sea4 ,if ! riv] is go+ v fa/ x c>ries mo/ ( its dirt along ) x1 & we g5]ally f9d ! riv] muddy aft] ra94 ,b :5 ! riv] slack5s its pace1 z x usually does :5 x ne>s ! sea & meets ! sea's tides1 !n x lets ! dirt fall2 & ?us at ! riv]'s m\? we f9d mud-banks or s&-banks4 ,if a riv] is left long en\gh to its own devices1 ^! s&-banks w s increase 9 bulk t ! m\? ( ! riv] w become %all[] & %all[] & w spread4 ,x silts up1 & :5 a riv] is ne$$ = ! navigation ( %ips l>ge sums ( money h to be sp5t1 z 9 ! ,s*eldt or at ! m\? ( ! ,?ames1 9 dr$g+ ?is mud s z to keep ! *annels cle>4 ,!re are _m /rik+ examples ( ?is l&-build+ by riv]s2 & ! deltas ( riv]s1 s call$ f _! resemblance to ! ,greek lett] 1 =m 9 "s in/ances great areas4 ,! ,mississippi1 ! ,nile1 & ! ,ganges1 = example1 are surr\nd$ by great tracts ( l& at _! m\?s1 :i* are =m$ entirely f matt] br\ght d[n by ! riv]s & deposit$ at l[] levels ?an ^? at :i* ! riv]s orig9at$4 ,! ,mississippi1 :i* dra9s a riv] bas9 ( #a1adg1jjj squ>e miles1 has an annual dis*>ge ( s$im5t ( no less ?an #g1dei1bfg1bjj cubic feet4 ,! ,italian ,riv] ,po1 dra9+ an area ( #cj1jjj squ>e miles1 dis*>ges #a1eaj1acg1jjj cubic feet ( s$im5t annually4 ,?is is equival5t to a l[]+ ( its :ole dra9age area by #a_/gbi? ( a foot p] annum1 s t 9 a ?\s& ye>s ! :ole area ov] :i* x fl[s has be5 l[]$ by ! riv] by m ?an a foot4 ,! ,?ames alone c>ries d[n #e1jjj1jjj tons ( mat]ial ea* ye>4 ,all ?is mu/ be r$eposit$ some:]e4 ,:]e ! r$eposition takes place we f9d new l& =m+1 new b$s1 new /rata1 9 :i* 9 ages to come ! future t5ants ( ! globe may f9d relics ( ! p & animals liv+ to-day4 ,?us !re are sev]al evid5t ways 9 :i* ! coa/-l9e ( a c\ntry might be alt]$1 ei!r 9 ! direction ( enl>g+ its b\nd>ies by additions to x made by ! sea or by riv]s2 or 9 ! direction ( los+ p>ts ( its t]ritory by we> & te>4 ,b !re are o!r *anges go+ on :i* are n s easy to p]ceive1 & :i* are n s easy to acc\nt =4 ,! ?+ h>de/ to expla9 is :y :at is n[ dry l& %\ld h ris5 out ( ! sea1 z c]ta9ly x did4 ,! :ite cliffs ( ,dov] are made ( *alk1 & *alk is made ( innum]able %ells ( t9y animals :i* once liv$ 9 ! sea & :i* at _! dea? sank to ! sea's bottom4 ,!y /eadily accumulat$ !re = ages 9 a grey ooze1 & 9 c\rse ( "t ?is grey ooze rose above ! waves4 ,x dri$ & became l&4 ,b *alk is n f\nd 9 cliffs by ! sea only4 ,x is f\nd f> inl&4 ,x is f\nd1 = example1 9 ! ,nor? ,d[ns1 :i* run f ,guild=d to ,reigate & f ,reigate to ,limpsfield & ,we/]ham--a great ridge ( *alk1 at "s po9ts #fjj to #hjj feet high4 ,t ridge mu/ at "o "t h be5 at ! sea bottom4 ,& if we 7 to exam9e ! :ole ( ,engl& & s9k bor+s 9 x1 we %\ld at "o po9t or ano!r come to "s rema9s ( rocks1 or "s /rata1 z !y are call$1 :i* are ( su* make & mat]ial t we c only believe !m to h be5 laid d[n at ! sea bottom4 ,! only conclusion we c come to1 !re=e1 is t by "s means or o!r1 & at "s "t or o!r1 ! isl&s ( ,engl& 7 sl[ly lift$ above ! sea1 & t at "s o!r "t ! sea 0 sl[ly lift$ above !m4 ,:at is true ( ,engl& is true ( ne>ly all ! regions ( ! _w t h be5 closely exam9$ by geologi/s4 ,ev]y:]e !re is ! evid5ce ( diff]5t /ages ( exi/5ce 9 ! l&'s hi/ory--/ages :5 x 0 cov]$ by ! sea2 /ages :5 x 0 dry l& aga92 p]haps /ages :5 x 0 cov]$ by lakes1 by va/ =e/s2 /ages :5 x may h be5 cov]$ by ice2 /ages :5 x 0 des]t4 ,"s ( ^! /ages %[ f> va/] upheavals ?an o!rs1 & ! *anges wr\ght 7 ( f> great] ext5t4 ,ev]ybody has he>d t ! great ,sah>an des]t 0 p]haps once ! b$ ( an ocean4 ,t is an ass]tion to :i*1 p]haps1 we may be a little *>y ( committ+ ourselves2 b !re is excell5t reason = believ+ t once "s ( ! great ,african lakes 7 connect$ ) ! sea2 & we are q c]ta9 t once ,africa 0 an isl&4 ,s t 9 ! case ( t va/ cont95t we "k t x mu/ h se5 p]iods ( great depression & elevation2 ages :5 x 0 mu* l[] ?an x is n[1 & ages :5 x 0 high]4 ,we w n at ?is mom5t /op to give fur!r examples4 ,we w only try to see :e!r !re is any explanation :i* w\ld make x possible to und]/& :y !re %\ld be ^! sl[ upheavals & subsid5ces ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! *ief & mo/ important reason is t ! e>? is n s solid z x looks1 & n s solid z x feels4 ,x w\ld be easi] to realise ?is if1 in/ead ( liv+ 9 a "p ( ! e>? l ,great ,brita91 :]e !re are v few e>?quakes1 we liv$ 9 ,japan1 or ,c5tral ,am]ica1 or 9 ! ar*ipelago ( isl&s :i* runs f ,java to ,borneo & fur!r s\?4 ,9 ^! places1 :]e nev] a ye> passes b t ! e>? c be felt to quiv] b5ea? "o's feet1 & :]e e>?quakes :i* wreck h\ses are at lea/ z common z eclipses ( ! moon1 x is easi] to believe t ! e>? is a r %aky body2 or1 z sci5tific m5 w\ld call x1 a r un/able body4 ,b if1 l ^? sci5tific m5 :o take up ! /udy ( e>?quakes1 or seismology1 we equipp$ ourselves ) in/rum5ts to measure or record e>?quakes1 we %\ld p]ceive ev5 9 ,engl& t ! e>? is ne>ly always quiv]+4 ,some?+ is always snapp+ or giv+ way 9 its int]ior1 & produc+ trembl+ fits t sometimes c be felt hundr$s ( miles away1 & sometimes c be felt all ov] ! e>?4 ,!re are on ! av]age at lea/ tw5ty e>?quakes a ye> :i* make ! :ole ( ?is r\nd globe tremble4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ei!r ^! %ocks or breakages 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 or ! e>?'s int]ior1 mu/ be v great inde$1 or else t ! e>? mu/ be compos$ ( r %aky mat]ials4 ,well1 p]haps bo? ^! suppositions are true4 ,we spoke j n[ ( ! in/rum5ts :i* seismologi/s use to record e>?quakes4 ,!y are kn[n z seismomet]s1 & a great _m ( !m are us$ 9 ,japan & on ! ,cali=nian or ,pacific coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,n[ x is p]haps sc>cely necess>y to say "h 7:5 we recollect h[ _m cyclones & anticyclones ,engl& receives f ! ,atlantic7 t a /orm or ra9y wea!r is usually h]ald$ or accompani$ by a fall 9 ! b>omet]1 or a depression4 ,n[ :5 !re is a depression 9 ! b>omet] t means t ! weight ( air above ! b>omet] is less ?an x 0 be=e1 ?\gh x is n s great a diff]5ce t human be+s c\ld tell x1 unless x 7 accompani$ by o!r signs4 ,b ! e>? c tell x1 & ! m]e fall ( ! b>omet]1 ow+ to *anges ( ! air1 w make ! e>? tremble or quiv] slightly1 z if x 7 a jelly4 ,we _c p]ceive x2 b ! delicate seismomet]s c2 & :5 a /orm is com+ to ,japan or to ,cali=nia f ! ,pacific1 ! in/rum5ts %[ t ! e>? feels ! passage ( x4 ,! comp>ison ( ! e>? to a jelly--a v /iff jelly--is on ! :ole a useful "o4 ,if a v tall jelly is all[$ to /& = "s "t1 or if ! table on :i* x /&s is %ak5 a good deal1 !n1 z we "k1 rifts w sometimes appe> 9 ! jelly4 ,! reason = ^! breakd[ns 9 ! jelly's composition is t ow+ to ! di/ribution ( its weight x is always 9 :at we call a /ate ( /ra92 & x is sometimes n /rong en\gh to support ?is /ra91 &1 almo/ )\t app>5t cause1 w sometimes give way4 ,mu* m solid bodies ?an jelly act 9 ! same way4 ,! great bridge ne> ,quebec :i* collaps$ 9 #aijg 0 to all appe>ance q s\nd & /rong2 b !re 7 /ra9s 9 ! iron gird]s1 & )\t w>n+ ^! /ra9s sudd5ly produc$ rifts 9 ! iron & /eel framework & x broke d[n4 ,simil>ly ! t[]s ( *ur*es & ca!drals1 :i* are built on ar*es1 w give away q sudd5ly aft] /&+ to all appe>ance q firm = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,!re is an ar*itect's maxim :i* runs1 ,! ar* nev] sleeps4 ,t means t ! ar*es on :i* ! great weight ( a *ur* or ca!dral t[] re/s are always 9 a /ate ( /ra92 !y are always1 z x 71 imp]ceptibly quiv]+2 & !y are always liable1 if ! /ra9 on !m %\ld be increas$ 9 ! slighte/ degree1 to give way1 or to resettle ! weight on _! %\ld]s 9 "s way4 ,! :ole ( ! great globe :i* we call ! e>? is 9 ?is /ate ( /ra92 & x is always liable to rifts )9 itself & to readju/m5ts ( ! weights ( its own p>ts4 ,x is n s easy to und]/& h[ a great globe sp9n+ ?r\gh space c be 9 a /ate ( /ra91 or c attempt to readju/ ! weight ( its p>ts1 z 9 ! in/ances we h j giv5 ( ! quiv]+ jelly or ! solid ca!dral t[]4 ,p]haps ano!r illu/ration may help u4 ,we w presume t ne>ly ev]ybody is acqua9t$ ) ! mod]n rubb]-cor$ golf ball4 ,! mod]n golf ball1 z ^? :o are aw>e :o ei!r int5tionally or un9t5tionally h cut ?r\gh its out] cov]1 consi/s fir/ ( a small h>d core4 ,r\nd ?is is w\nd v tightly "s two hundr$ y>ds ( ela/ic4 ,! tight] ?is is w\nd ! bett]1 or at any rate ! m b\nc+ w be ! result+ ball ( india-rubb] ela/ic4 ,b consid] :at is ! usual condition ( ?is rubb]-w\nd ball4 ,l our jelly x is always 9 a /ate ( /ret* or /ra94 ,ev5 :5 cov]$ ) ! out] %ell :i* completes ! golf ball1 ! :ole ball is /ill1 we might say1 9 a /ate ( /ra9 or t5sion4 ,t is "o ( ! reasons :y x b\nces1 & :y x flies bett] ?an ! old solid ball (f ! face ( a golf club4 ,b if y 7 to keep a golf ball = a hundr$ ye>s ^! /ra9s 9 its int]ior w\ld alt] & adju/ !mselves4 ,"o result w\ld c]ta9ly be t ! golf ball might lose its ela/icity4 ,ano!r result w\ld be t its %ape w\ld slightly alt]4 ,n[ a golf ball1 h[ev] c>efully x is made1 is n always ev5ly made4 ,x weighs a little m on "o side ?an ano!r2 & ! be/ golf balls1 ^? :i* fly true/ & f>!/1 are ^? :i* are mo/ ev5ly made3 s t we might say ( !m t ! c5tre ( _! weight 0 exactly ! same z ! c5tre ( ! ball4 ,if x is n1 !n ! /ra9s 9 ! ball are always pull+ x a little m out ( %ape2 & ! ball1 z golf]s say1 flies badly4 ,n[ ! e>? is l a badly made golf ball4 ,! c5tre ( its weight1 or1 z we call x1 ! c5tre ( gravity1 is n q at ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,moreov]1 ow+ to ! enorm\s pressures :i* exi/ "r ?r\gh ! e>?1 & :i* are by no means ! same at e place inside ! e>?1 b are1 9 fact1 cont9ually *ang+1 ow+ to hundr$s ( causes1 ! :ole ( ! e>?'s int]ior is 9 a /ate ( unequal /ra94 ,:at is ! consequ5ce t y w\ld expect8 ,is x n t ! e>? %\ld always be mak+ ef=ts to adju/ its weight1 &1 z x 71 to di/ribute x ev5ly8 ,x has be5 do+ ?is = millions ( ye>s4 ,x has n yet f9i%$4 ,la/ly1 ! cov] ( a golf ball is comp>atively a /iff & unyield+ sub/ance :i* does n betray on its surface1 if x is all[$ to lie at re/1 ! t5sions & /ra9s ( ! rubb] core inside4 ,b ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 :i* we h comp>$ to ! golf ball's cov]1 is n unyield+ or rigid4 ,x is practically a "p ( ! case ( ! e>?2 & x does %[ & reflect ! /ra9s & t5sions ( ! movem5ts & rifts ( ! core4 ,s t z 9 ! c\rse ( ages ! /ra9+ core *anges1 & gives way1 alt]s itself & adju/s itself--s ! cru/ ( ! e>? alt]s ) x4 ,"s ( ^! *anges are sudd5 & viol5t4 ,"s ( !m take place v sl[ly1 occupy+ ?\s&s or hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ! gradual process ( *ange2 & !n p]haps = ages ! e>?'s cru/ w be sl[ly s9k+ 9 "o place & sl[ly ris+ 9 ano!r4 ,?us1 :at 0 once a depression 9 ! e>?'s surface may be n[ an elevation2 :at 0 once bel[ ! level ( ! sea may be n[ a cont95t ( l&2 & :at 0 once l& may n[ h sunk b5ea? ! incom+ sea4 ,?us1 :at 0 s&/one rock ( ! e>?'s surface may become cov]$ ) =e/1 & ! =e/ may s9k bel[ ! sea1 only to be pu%$ up aga9 & become dry l& a million ye>s lat]4 ,ea* ( ^! *anges w leave its m>k1 ea* w be accompani$ by deposits4 ,! deposits may be vegetable matt]1 trees & mosses1 & ! gr[? ( swamps1 su* z coal 0 fir/ made (2 or !y may be ! ocean sludge1 :i* at la/ became *alk or lime/one4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,%ape ,we h comp>$ ! e>? to a golf ball1 & z x sp9s ?r\gh space1 impell$ by a =ce millions ( times great] ?an ! /ronge/ driv] ev] imp>t$ to ! be/-made ,haskell1 its flight & g5]al appe>ance are n unlike ^? ( ! rubb]-cor$ ball4 ,! e>?1 = "o ?+1 is n smoo?2 x has r\ghnesses & corrugations all ov] its surface1 simil> to ^? ( a golf ball1 ?\gh mu* less regul>1 & x sp9s z x flies4 ,b let u n[ consid] ! diff]5ces4 ,suppose ! golf ball _h a spot ( wat] cl++ to x z wat] cl+s to a greasy %ot4 ,:]e w\ld ! wat] lie8 ,! fir/ answ] t occurs to "o is t ! wat] w\ld be %ak5 (f ! ball 9 ! c\rse ( its flight2 & t is1 inde$1 v likely4 ,b suppose ! wat] 7 v /icky1 or 7 v mu* attract$ by ! golf ball 7:i* is ano!r way ( /at+ ! same supposition71 :]e w\ld x lie !n8 ,to t we c only say t !re does n seem any v evid5t reason :y x %\ld lie on "o "p ( ! fly+ golf ball m ?an on any o!r--if ! golf ball 7 p]fectly r\nd4 ,t is1 on ! :ole1 a reasonable answ]4 ,b apply ! same reason+ to ! "q ( :]e ! wat]s ( ! e>? 9 ! %ape ( oceans ought to lie z !y cl+ to ! sp9n+ globe4 ,!y cl+ to ! globe1 n because !y are /icky1 b because ( ! attraction :i* we say is due to gravity--! =ce :i* makes ev]y?+ 9 nature attract e o!r ?+1 & :i* makes ev]y?+ t5d to fall to ! e>? 7& to /ay !re74 ,!y d s because ! e>?1 be+ s v heavy & bulky 9 comp>ison ) any?+ 9 its neighb\rhood1 has su* an enorm\s pull4 ,h[ great t pull is may be dimly ga!r$ f ! reflection t ?\gh ! e>? is sp9n+ at ! rate ( a ?\s& miles an h\r1 no?+ is ev] %ak5 (f4 ,! oceans are n %ak5 (f4 ,!y cl+4 ,b :y is x t !y are n equally di/ribut$ all ov] ! face ( ! e>?8 ,if a map ( ! e>? be exam9$1 or /ill bett] a globe ) ! oceans & cont95ts correctly drawn on x1 x w be f\nd t !re is a great mass ( l& all ly+ gr\p$ toge!r on "o side ( ! e>?1 & a great bas9 ( wat]s on ! o!r4 ,let ! read] imag9e himself a ?\s& miles above ! e>?1 look+ d[n at a po9t 9 x ab\t midway betwe5 ,madeira & ! ,b]mudas4 ,:at w\ld he see8 ,he w\ld see ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 b all ar\nd x w\ld be gr\p$ great masses ( l&--,europe1 ,africa1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,asia--& if x 7 8 fir/ sight ( ! e>? & he knew no?+ ( its geography1 he w\ld be likely to suppose t ! e>? 0 ne>ly all l&1 ) "o comp>atively small /ret* ( unfroz5 ocean4 ,b n[ let ! read] move r\nd ! e>? to a po9t exactly opposite t at :i* he took 8 fir/ obs]vations & look d[n aga94 ,he w n[ see ! ,au/ralian cont95t & ! l& :i* cov]s ! ,s\? ,pole1 b except = ! po9t$ tail ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & p]haps a glimpse ( ! blunt] po9t ( ,s\? ,africa1 he w be look+ d[n on a globe :i* seems to be l>gely cov]$ ) wat]4 ,:y %\ld ?is be8 ,x mu/ be due to ! %ape ( ! e>?4 ,! fact is1 ! e>? w\ld make a v bad golf ball4 ,x is by no means ( t p]fection ( symmetry :i* !y say enables a golf ball to fly well & to run true on ! putt+ gre5s4 ,! e>? is1 9 fact1 n p]fect z a sph]e1 ei!r )9 or )\t4 ,its c5tre is n 9 ! same place z ! c5tre ( its weight1 & x is n r\nd 9 %ape4 ,ev]ybody has he>d t ! e>? is slightly flatt5$ at ! poles2 b its irregul>ity goes mu* fur!r ?an t4 ,if we c\ld /rip x ( its oceans1 :i* fill up a good _m ( its imp]fections1 we %\ld f9d its %ape n t ( a neat1 r\nd golf ball at all4 ,! e>?'s actual %ape )\t its oceans1 its geoid1 z x is call$1 is t ( a pe>4 ,! /alk ( ! pe> is 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,au/ralia1 & conta9s ,au/ralasia & ! ,ant>ctic cont95t4 ,?is is surr\nd$ on all sides b "o 7t[>ds ,s\? ,am]ica7 by a sort ( belt ( depression 9 :i* ! wat]s lie4 ,t is ! wai/ ( ! pe>4 ,?is aga9 is surr\nd$ on all sides b "o 7t[>ds ! ea/ ( ,japan7 by a belt ( elevation4 ,t is ! protub]ant "p ( ! pe>1 & "h ! great cont95tal l& areas rise4 ,f9ally1 we f9d ! nose ( ! pe> 9 ! c5tral ,atlantic1 betwe5 ! ,madeiras & ! ,b]mudas4 ,( c\rse1 ! resemblance to a pe> is n a v m>k$ "o4 ,our obs]v] a ?\s& miles above ! e>? w\ld n be able to p]ceive x1 nor w\ld ! a/ronom]s 9 ! moon1 if any a/ronom]s exi/$ !re4 ,b ! e>? is pe>-%ap$ to a small ext5t nev]!less1 & 9 ! case ( su* an enorm\s mass a v slight deviation f rotundity w produce v great effects4 ,mo/ ( u h play$ at su* ball games z b[ls or billi>ds2 & ,i h assum$ t ev]ybody kn[s some?+ ab\t golf4 ,:at happ5s 9 a game at b[ls to ! b[l :i* is n ev5ly weight$ all ?r\gh8 ,x w n run /raight4 ,x has a bias4 ,:at happ5s to a billi>d ball :i* is n p]fectly r\nd1 or has lo/ its symmetry ?r\gh age8 ,x wobbles4 ,& :at happ5s to a badly made golf ball8 ,t p]=ms all sorts ( exasp]at+ antics4 ,x ducks1 x so>s1 x curls1 x takes a slice4 ,x also wobbles4 ,n[ t is exactly :at ! sp9n+1 unev5ly %ap$ globe :i* we call ! e>? has be5 do+ = millions ( ye>s4 ,x has be5 wobbl+2 & z we %[$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 x has always be5 try+ to "r itself4 ,?us ! two poles h n always be5 9 ! same position2 ! oceans h n always be5 :]e !y are4 ,! wat]s h sometimes crawl$ up ! l& t[>ds ! poles & sometimes rec$$4 ,regions t h sometimes be5 froz5 & cold h become w>m]1 & h cov]$ !mselves n[ ) oceans1 & n[ ) =e/s1 & n[ ) des]ts4 ,!re is no corn] ( ! :ole _w :i* has n und]gone *anges ( climate4 ,^! *anges are v sl[4 ,!re is no reason = suppos+1 9 spite ( ! lam5ts we sometimes he> ab\t ! loss ( old-fa%ion$ w9t]s & old-fa%ion$ summ]s1 t ! climate ( ,engl&1 = example1 has *ang$ 9 ! lea/ s9ce ,cs>'s legions l&$ on its %ores4 ,! ,roman settl]s 9 ,brita9 d\btless exp]i5c$ sloppy w9t]s & wet summ]s n[ & aga91 j z we d2 & ,k+ ,ar?ur's knights1 no d\bt1 _h _! sadd5+ exp]i5ces ( ,novemb] fogs4 ,yet sl[ly & surely *anges ( climate d take place1 & no?+ except ! w9ds influ5ce !m m ?an does ! pres5ce ( a neighb\r+ sea or ocean4 ,mo/ ( u reckon ! w>m? ( a locality's climate by ! di/ance x is f ! pole4 ,t is1 h[ev]1 a v r\gh & ready me?od4 ,vladivo/ok is r\ghly ! same di/ance f ! ,nor? ,pole z ,v5ice2 b !re is a good deal ( diff]5ce 9 ! temp]ature ( ! two places4 ,9 ,man*uria :5 ! ,russians & ,japanese 7 entr5*$ be=e ,mukd5 m5 di$ ( cold & 7 froz5 at _! po/s at a "t :5 o!r p 9 ,m5tone & ,monte ,c>lo1 at ! same di/ance f ! ,arctic ,circle1 7 compla9+ ( ! heat4 ,s t we see t x mu/ n be assum$ t a place l ,engl& 7:]e = two ?\s& ye>s we occasionally h _h w9t]s t w\ld kill trees l eucalyptus or fig trees1 & :]e oranges c\ld nev] rip5 9 ! op5 air7 0 always equally cold4 ,x may h be51 9 fact we "k x mu/ h be51 w>m en\gh once to enc\rage & support :at resembl$ a tropical vegetation4 ,x mu/ also h be5 at "o "t z cold z ,sib]ia 9 ! w9t]4 ,!re=e we %\ld expect to f9d1 if we digg$ d[n 9 ! e>?1 or 9 any portion ( ! e>? :i* _h und]gone ^! *anges1 "s traces ( !m4 ,= example1 if at "o "t ! sea cov]$ ,engl& = ?\s&s or hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 deposit+ ! rema9s ( millions ( animals on ! sea's bottom dur+ t p]iod1 we %\ld expect to f9d "s traces ( ^! rema9s--p]haps 9 ! =m ( *alk1 see+ t ! bones & %ells ( fi%es dwell+ 9 ! sea conta9 a good deal ( lime4 ,or aga91 if a =e/ cov]$ ,engl& & grew & decay$ !re1 n m]ely = a p]iod l t :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! ,romans fir/ set foot 9 ,brita91 b = a hundr$ times z long1 we %\ld expect to f9d "s sort ( vegetable deposit1 h>d5$ mo/ probably by o!r lay]s above x4 ,d we8 ,well1 coal is a vegetable deposit4 ,if !re 0 a "t :5 ice cov]$ ! l& we %\ld expect to f9d traces ( t2 if a "t :5 ! l& 0 des]t2 or :5 x 0 a lake--ea* & e "o ( ^! p]iods ought to leave "s rema9s1 "s epitaph ( itself4 ,s !y d4 ,let u = a mom5t consid] ) ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie#a ! subsoil b5ea? cities t h be5 inhabit$ = _m c5turies4 ,9 ,london1 = example1 :5 excavations are made = dra9age1 build+1 & o!r purposes1 !re are sometimes f\nd1 _m feet bel[ ! level ( ! pres5t /reets1 mosaic pavem5ts & f\ndations1 toge!r ) e>!rn vessels1 bronze implem5ts1 ornam5ts1 co9s1 & o!r relics ( ,roman "t4 ,n[ if we knew no?+ f actual au!ntic hi/ory ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a p z ! ,romans ^! discov]ies deep b5ea? ! surface ( mod]n ,london w\ld prove t long be=e ! pres5t /reets 7 built ! site ( ! city 0 occupi$ by a civilis$ race :i* employ$ bronze & iron = ! useful purposes ( life1 _h a metal co9age1 & %[$ n a little arti/ic skill 9 its pott]y1 glass1 & sculpture4 ,b d[n b5ea? ! rubbi% :]e9 ! ,roman rema9s are emb$d$ lie gravels & s&s f :i* rudely fa%ion$ human implem5ts ( fl9t1 arr[-heads1 hamm]s1 & ! l h be5 obta9$4 ,f t we le>n t be=e ! ,romans came an e>li] race _h be5 !re :i* employ$ weapons & in/rum5ts ( r\ghly *ipp$ fl9t4 ,footnote #a3 ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie's ,introduction to ,geology4 ,we h no d\bt t ?is 0 ! ord] ( ! successive peoples occupy+ ! site ( ,london4 ,x is obvi\s4 ,:y is x8 ,we see t !re are1 broadly1 ?ree lay]s or deposits4 ,! upp] lay] is t :i* encloses ! f\ndations & rubbi% ( our own era & times4 ,next bel[ is t :i* encloses ! relics ( ,roman occupation4 ,at ! bottom lies t :i* encloses ! scanty traces ( ! e>ly fl9t-folk4 ,! upp]mo/ deposit is necess>ily ! newe/1 = x c\ld n be laid d[n until aft] ! accumulation ( ^? bel[ x2 & ^? bel[ x mu/ be progressively old]1 z !y are trac$ deep] f ! surface4 ,by ! m]e fact t ! lay]s lie "o above ! o!r we are furni%$ ) a simple clue :i* enables u to det]m9e ! ord] ( _! =mation4 ,we may "k no?+ :atev] z to h[ old !y are1 measur$ by ye>s or c5turies4 ,b we c be absolutely c]ta9 t ! bottom lay] came fir/1 & ! top lay] came la/4 ,?is k9d ( obs]vation w enable u to f9d pro(s ev]y:]e t ! surface ( ! l& has n always be5 :at x is to-day4 ,9 "s di/ricts1 = example1 :5 ! d>k lay] ( soil 9 :i* vegetables gr[ is turn$ up1 !re may be f\nd b5ea? x s& & gravel full ( smoo?1 well-r\nd$ /ones4 ,su* mat]ials are to be se5 9 c\rse ( =mation :]e wat] keeps !m mov+ to & fro1 z on ! b$s ( riv]s1 ! m>g9s ( lakes1 or ! %all[ %ores ( ! sea4 ,:]ev] smoo?-roll$ pebbles occur !y po9t to ! influ5ce ( mov+ wat]1 s t we conclude1 ev5 ?\gh ! site is n[ dry1 t wat] once mov$ above x4 ,aga91 bel[ ! soil 9 o!r regions lie lay]s ( oy/]s & o!r sea %ells4 ,pits1 qu>ries1 & m9es t cut d[n /ill deep] into ! e>? & lay x b>e br+ be=e our eyes mo/ impressive te/imony reg>d+ ! anci5t *anges ( ! l&4 ,suppose1 by way ( fur!r illu/ration1 t und]nea? a b$ ( s& full ( oy/] %ells !re lies a d>k br[n b& ( peat4 ,?is sub/ance1 compos$ ( mosses & o!r wat]-lov+ plants1 is =m$ 9 boggy places by ! gr[? ( m>%y vegetation4 ,bel[ ! peat !re might occur a lay] ( s(t :ite m>l full ( lake %ells1 su* z may be obs]v$ on ! bottom ( _m lakes at ! pres5t "t4 ,^! ?ree lay]s--oy/] b$s1 peat1 & m>l--w\ld be l a family p$igree %[+ ! hi/ory ( ! place4 ,! bottom lay] ( :ite m>l w\ld %[ t !re 0 once a lake4 ,! next lay] ( peat w\ld %[ t by ! gr[? ( m>%y vegetation ! lake became *ok$ up & 0 gradually *ang$ into a swamp & !n a morass4 ,! o!r lay] ( oy/] %ells w\ld %[ t ! gr\nd 0 aft]w>ds subm]g$ by ! sea4 ,! pres5t condition ( ! gr\nd w\ld %[ t ! sea at la/ retir$1 & ! place pass$ into dry l& z x is to-day4 ,by su* a me?od ( exam9ation we may frame = ourselves pictures ( ! e>?'s surface long be=e hi/ory began1 or be=e man roam$ ! e>?4 ,x is = ?is reason t geology has be5 call$ ! sci5ce t inve/igates ! hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,! records 9 :i* ?is hi/ory is *ronicl$ are ! soils & rocks und]nea? our feet4 ,x is ! task ( ! geologi/ s to arrange & int]pret ^! records z to %[ ?r\gh :at successive *anges ! globe has pass$1 & h[ ! dry l& came to we> ! aspect :i* x pres5ts at ! pres5t "t4 ,to d ?is effici5tly ! geologi/ has to le>n _m ?+s4 ,he has to obs]ve v closely ! *anges :i* are go+ on ab\t him on ! _w's surface4 ,only 9 s f> z he makes himself acqua9t$ ) ^! sudd5 *anges c he hope to foll[ intellig5tly & successfully ! /ory ( e>li] phases 9 ! e>?'s progress4 ,nor is x suffici5t to obs]ve1 h[ev] closely1 inanimate ?+s4 ,if he did n "k ! peculi>ities ( fre%-wat] %ells1 h[ w\ld he be able to say ! %ells 9 ! m>l deposit 7 fre%-wat] animals 7& t !re=e a lake once lay !re7 & n sea %ells4 ,if ! lab\r ( ! geologi/ 7 conc]n$ m]ely ) ! =m] *anges ( ! e>?'s surface--h[ sea & l& h *ang$ places1 h[ riv]s h alt]$ _! c\rses1 h[ valleys h be5 dug out1 & h[ m\nta9s h be5 c>v$1 h[ pla9s h be5 spread out1 & h[ all ^! ?+s h be5 writt5 on ! framework ( ! e>?--he w\ld /ill feel "o v great want1 ! want ( liv+ int]e/4 ,b t also 8 sci5ce gives him1 = 9 ^! pa/ eras liv+ ?+s dwelt & mov$ & _h _! be+4 ,& x is "o ( ! mo/ entranc+ pursuits ( ! geologi/ to trace _! lives1 _! desc5t & asc5t1 & ! relics ( !mselves t !y left4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,effects ,,( ,,wea!r ,,on ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,hi/ory ,! same causes t produc$ ! lay]s ( peat or s&1 or lime/one1 or clay1 :i* we f9d by exam9ation ( ! e>?'s surface1 are act+ to-day4 ,coal is =m+ n[2 & s is lime/one2 & s is s&/one2 s ev5 is granite4 ,b ^! lay]s or /rata =m v sl[ly1 s t s9ce man has kept hi/orical records ! ?ickness ( new /rata laid d[n c\ld be measur$ 9 in*es4 ,consequ5tly we are only able to see ! beg9n+s ( ! processes4 ,aft] ! mat]ials 7 laid d[n by wat] or ! %ift+ w9ds1 or by ! decay ( o!r mat]ials already 9 position1 !y und]w5t v>i\s *anges4 ,= example1 _m lay]s1 in/ead ( consi/+ ( loose mat]ials su* z gravel1 s&1 or mud1 are n[ h>d /one4 ,sometimes ?is consolidation has be5 ! result ( pressure4 ,z b$ 0 pil$ ov] b$ ^? at ! bottom w\ld be m & m compress$ by ! increas+ weight ( ^? laid d[n ^u !m2 ! wat] w\ld be squeez$ out2 ! p>ticles w\ld /ick clos] toge!r4 ,mud1 = example1 might ?us turn into clay2 & clay1 press$ h>d] & h>d]1 might be conv]t$ into mud/one or %ale4 ,b !re is ano!r ag5cy at "w4 ,we h all se5 mort> h>d5+ & b9d+ bricks toge!r2 or cem5t h>d5+ into concrete4 ,simil>ly s$im5t>y deposits are b\nd toge!r by cem5ts1 ( :i* !re are _m :i* exi/ naturally4 ,= example1 silica is a natural cem5t2 & s is c>bonate ( lime2 & s is p]oxide ( iron4 ,all ^! w b9d o!r p>ticles toge!r4 ,b h[ d !y arrive at ! lay]s ( p>ticles8 ,by ! same action :i* lays d[n ! p>ticles !mselves4 ,!y are rubb$ (f ! places :]e !y exi/ by ! w9d or by wat]4 ,p]haps !y 7 laid d[n among ! deposit$ p>ticles ( mud or s&4 ,p]haps !y 7 br\ght to !m by /reams or riv]s or lakes1 & sank ) ! wat] into !m4 ,9 a r$ s&/one1 = example1 ! qu>tz gra9s ( ! rock may be (t5 obs]v$ to be coat$ ) e>?y iron p]oxide1 :i* s]ves to b9d !m toge!r into a r h>d /one4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! process is (t5 be+ rev]s$4 ,! wea!r frequ5tly conspires by fro/ & w9d & ra9 to remove ! b9d+ cem5t1 & !reby to all[ ! /one to return to its orig9al condition ( loose s$im5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,"o ( ! ,colossal ,natural ,bridges ( ,utah ,?is is an in/ance 9 :i* wat] has holl[$ out ! l[] /rata1 leav+ a h>d] upp] /ratum p>tially intact4 ,= millions ( ye>s ! w9ds h bl[n ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! ra9 has fall5 on x1 ! sun heat$ x by day1 ! fro/ crack$ x4 ,consid] ! w9ds t h circl$ ! e>?4 ,all movem5ts ( ! air are due 9 ! fir/ place to ! sun :i* heats ! atmosph]e & causes x to exp&4 ,! sun's rays pass+ ?r\gh ! air d n heat x at once1 or directly1 b heat ! l& & ! sea1 :i* absorb "s ( ! rays & reflect o!rs & s w>m ! air 9 contact ) !m4 ,b1 z w readily be und]/ood1 ! l& & ! sea d n absorb & reflect ! heat rays 9 ! same way or to ! same ext5t2 nor d ! sun's rays fall equally or con/antly on all portions ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,s t f v>i\s causes "o "p ( ! e>? is always be+ w>m$ 9 a diff]5t way f o!r p>ts1 & ! air above ! e>? is be+ w>m$ 9 an immeasurable numb] ( diff]5t ways4 ,ev5 if ! e>?'s surface 7 all wat] or all l&1 we %\ld expect !re=e t !re w\ld be movem5ts ( ! air due to unequal heat+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! e>?'s surface 7 q ev5 & uni=m1 we %\ld expect t !re w\ld be a c]ta9 ev5ness & uni=mity ab\t ! movem5ts ( ! air4 ,^! movem5ts w\ld be due p>tly to ! regul> heat+ & regul> cool+ ( ! surface1 & p>tly due to ! fact t ! e>? is sp9n+ r\nd tak+ ! air ) x--b n tak+ x q ev5ly4 ,! air does n fit tightly on to ! e>?4 ,x is r l a loose1 baggy envelope ) a t5d5cy to slip z ! e>? moves r\nd4 ,fur!rmore1 a po9t situat$ on ! ,equator has mu* f>!r to travel 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs z ! e>? sp9s r\nd ?an a po9t situat$ 9 ! ,arctic ,circle1 :]e a tape measure plac$ along "o ( ! p>allels ( latitude 7let u say ! eighty-six? p>allel1 :]e ,nans5 turn$ back 9 8 se>* = ! ,pole7 w\ld %[ ! e>?'s gir? !re to be1 n tw5ty-f\r ?\s& miles1 b only s _m hundr$s4 ,?is also w\ld make a diff]5ce 9 ! way ! air w\ld be :irl$ r\nd ! e>?2 b we c\ld take ?is po9t into consid]ation1 & %\ld be able1 if1 z we h said1 our e>? 7 q uni=m1 to say always & at all times ( ! ye> 9 :at direction ! prevail+ w9d %\ld bl[4 ,ev5 ) all ! e>?'s irregul>ities we d "k a good deal ) c]ta9ty ab\t ! e>?'s prevail+ w9ds3 ! trades2 ! anti-trades2 ! s\?-we/ monsoon1 :i* sets 9 s regul>ly 9 ,india t ye> by ye> its adv5t h>dly v>ies by m ?an a day2 &1 9 ! desc5d+ scale ( regul>ity1 ! ea/ w9ds t usually sweep ,engl& 9 ,m>*1 & ! prevail+ s\?-we/]ly to we/]ly w9ds :i* b5d mo/ ( ! "y trees ( ! c\ntry a little to ! nor?-ea/4 ,besides ^! regul>ly or irregul>ly def9$ w9ds1 !re are c]ta9 pa?s along ! e>?'s surface :]e ! w9ds always move l a tr\t /ream ) eddies 9 x4 ,^! eddies ( ! air we call cyclones1 & !y are cont9ually travell+ 9 "o direction4 ,no d\bt !y arise f ! air 9 "o place becom+ hott] or moi/] ?an 9 ! surr\nd+ regions4 ,z ! air gr[s hott] x becomes light] & asc5ds1 :ile ! heavi] air r\nd x p\rs 94 ,^! eddies always travel ea/w>ds & incl9e 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e t[>ds ! nor?4 ,!y usually orig9ate some:]e on ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 & move across ! ,atlantic ab\t ! pace ( a sl[ railway tra91 w9ds :irl+ r\nd !m all ! "t at a mu* great] pace4 ,usually ! c5tres ( ^! eddies be> nor?w>d pa/ ! nor? coa/ ( ,scotl& to ! nor?-we/ ( ,norway4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y take a m s\!rly c\rse1 keep+ to ! s\? ( ! ,briti% ,isles & pass+ ov] ,c5tral ,europe on to ,sib]ia1 :]e !y appe> to die away4 ,su* are ! cyclones :i* are 9 ! ma9 "p responsible = ,briti% wea!r2 & ! w9ds t accompany !m v>y a great deal 9 /r5g?4 ,!y dep5d on ! size ( ! eddy4 ,if ! eddy is a v big "o 7& sometimes ! eddies are ?\s&s ( miles across7 ! w9ds w n be s /rong z 9 ! small] ones4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! small] ones :i* cause ! viol5t /orms4 ,9 ! tropical regions :irl+ eddies ( a r diff]5t "* occur4 ,to quote ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,n4 ,/eph5son3 ,in/ead ( be+ measur$ by "s hundr$s or ev5 ?\s&s ( miles1 !y are usually only "s hundr$s ( y>ds across2 & z we f\nd t ! small] ! cyclone ! m viol5t ! w9d1 we %all n be surpris$ t ! w9d 9 ^! is m viol5t ?an any?+ we ev] exp]i5ce 9 ?is "p ( ! _w4 ,!y are call$ by _m diff]5t names2 9 ! ,we/ ,indies !y are kn[n z hurricanes1 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,asia z typhoons1 & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica z tornadoes4 ,^! hurricanes or tornadoes travel mu* fa/] ?an ! l>g] cyclones1 & ! w9ds bl[+ into !m are s viol5t t ev]y?+--trees1 h\ses1 bridges--are swept be=e !m1 & s /rong is ! 9-draught ( air 9 ! c5tre t /rong walls are suck$ 9 j z a piece ( pap] is 9 front ( a grate :5 ! fire beg9s to blaze up2 & ev5 heavy metal objects are c>ri$ upw>ds4 ,=tunately ^! tornadoes d n travel cont9u\sly along ! gr\nd b bump along x1 s to speak1 sometimes pass+ h>mlessly ov]head1 !n /rik+ ! e>? aga9 & caus+ m havoc4 ,:]e !y pass ov] ! surface ( ! sea ! wat] is sometimes suck$ 9 j 9 ! same way1 caus+ :at is kn[n z a wat]sp\t4 ,^! may d ev5 m damage ?an a tornado on l&1 = ! wat] is sometimes c>ri$ bodily on to ! l&1 sweep+ ev]y?+ away 9 a deluge4 ,?is happ5$ _m ye>s ago 9 ! delta ( ! ,ganges1 :5 ?\s&s ( p p]i%$4 ,n[ let u see h[ ^! w9ds might leave traces 9 ! geological record4 ,:5 soil is expos$ to ! sun its surface becomes du/1 & ! w9d c>ries x (f4 ,ev5 :]e turf protects ! surface1 b>e places may always be f\nd :5ce ?is cov]+ has be5 remov$4 ,rabbits & moles br+ up ! e>? to ! surface2 ! e>?worms sometimes br+ z mu* z t5 tons ( e>? to ! surface ( a s+le acre ( turf 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,! e>?worms br+ up only ! f9e/ p>ticles ( m\ld2 & ^!1 ( c\rse1 are ! v p>ticles readily conv]t$ into du/ & borne away by ! w9d if !y are n wa%$ away by ra94 ,9 tropical c\ntries ! :ite ant conveys a prodigi\s am\nt ( f9e e>? up into ! op5 air1 build+ walls sometimes sixty feet high4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! lay] ( vegetable soil :i* cov]s ! l& appe>s to be a p]man5t protection1 x does n really prev5t a l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial f be+ remov$ ev5 f grassy gr\nd4 ,! w9d c>ries ?is f9e du/ f> & wide ov] ! l&1 & ov] ! sea z well4 ,aft] ! eruption ( ! isl& ( ,krakatoa 9 #ahhc1 ! du/ :i* 0 ! product ( t mighty explosion 0 c>ri$ r\nd ! _w1 & ev5 9 ,engl& we saw ! du/ p>ticles furni%+ extraord9>y col\rs 9 sunset skies4 ,illu/ration3 ,/]eo ,copyright1 ,und]wood ,u4 ,london & ,new ,york ,! ,g>d5 ( ! ,gods1 ,colorado ,^! peaks exhibit ! gradual we>+ away ( h>d rocks by ! action ( ra9 & w9d4 ,9 dry c\ntries1 especially 9 ! l>ge tracts ( ,c5tral ,asia & ( ,africa1 ! air is (t5 s ?ick ) a f9e yell[ du/ t ! sun's light /ruggles ?r\gh x z ?r\gh a ,london fog4 ,! du/ settles on ev]y?+1 & aft] _m c5turies a deposit1 :i* may be hundr$s ( feet deep1 is ?us accumulat$ on ! surface ( ! l&4 ,"s ( ! anci5t cities ( ! old _w1 ,n9eveh & ,babylon = example1 aft] be+ long ab&on$ by man1 h gradually be5 buri$ "u ! f9e soil :i* ! w9d blew ov] !m4 ,ev5 9 ,engl& ! ,roman t[n ( ,sil*e/]1 n f> f ,read+1 aft] fall+ into decay :5 its inhabitants left x1 has be5 buri$ "u ! accumulations ( two ?\s& ye>s1 & its walls & floors n[ lie und]gr\nd & h to be c>efully une>!d 9 ord] to lay !m b>e4 ,b we ne$ n seek ^! exceptional cases 9 ord] to p]ceive :at ! w9d is do+ ) s& & ! f9e du/ ( ! e>?'s upp]mo/ lay]s4 ,at _m places r\nd ! coa/ are s&-dunes4 ,on s&y %ores1 expos$ to ! w9ds t bl[ (f ! sea1 ! s& is dri$ & c>ri$ away f ! bea*1 ga!r+ into long m\nds or ridges :i* run p>allel to ! coa/-l9e4 ,^! ridges are (t5 fifty or sixty feet1 sometimes ev5 m ?an #bej feet high1 ) deep tr\ghs & irregul> holl[s betwe5 !m1 & !y sometimes =m a /rip sev]al miles broad bord]+ ! sea4 ,^! s&-hills creep f>!r inl&1 till _! progress is /opp$ by ! fields or woods !y enc\nt]1 or till1 by se$s f9d+ a root1 vegetation spr+s up on !m & !y h>d5 & consolidate "u ! influ5ce ( _! own vegetation & move inl& no f>!r4 ,b 9 _m p>ts ( ,we/]n ,europe & ,ea/]n ,am]ica ! dunes are m>*+ inl& at ! rate ( tw5ty feet a ye>4 ,(f ! coa/ ( ,friesl& & ,nor? ,g]many ! dang] has gr[n s ?reat5+ t sci5tific att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! problem2 & ! ,g]man sci5tific m5 h employ$ +5i\s devices ( plant+ w9d-/akes--some?+ l ! wood5 breakwat]s t are to be f\nd along e seaside bea*1 b arrang$ at diff]5t angles1--( =c+ ! s&-dune to heap itself up s z to =m an ob/ruction to fur!r arrivals2 or ( s[+ ^? plants 9 ! s& t w b9d its p>ticles toge!r1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! l& f fur!r invasion4 ,illu/ration3 ,/]eo ,copyright1 ,und]wood ,u4 ,london & ,new ,york ,a ,curi\s ,rock greatly rev]$ by ! ,natives ,?is is ! ,dance ,rock ( ! ,walpi ,indians ( ,arizona4 ,its curi\s %ape is ! result ( wea!r+4 ,:at goes on along ! coa/ f9ds a p>allel 9 ! int]ior ( cont95ts :]e1 z 9 ,arizona1 9 ,am]ica1 or by ! des]t ( ,gobi1 9 ,asia1 or 9 ! ,k>roo ( ,s\? ,africa1 or 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia & ,africa1 !re is great dryness ( climate & a cont9ual dis9tegration ( ! surface rocks4 ,sometimes ! du/ or s& rema9s & gradually consolidates or h>d5s4 ,m (t5 x is only a tempor>y visitor4 ,w9d & ra9 are cont9ually remov+ x1 sometimes 9 va/ quantities1 into ! sea2 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! mo/ a/\nd+ *anges are wr\ght 9 ! surface & appe>ance ( ! l&4 ,! s(t] rocks are worn d[n2 ! h>d] ones are left /ick+ out4 ,gradually ! surface is c>v$ out into heights & holl[s4 ,! h>d] rocks become ! hills & ridges2 ! s(t] rocks are worn into valleys & pla9s4 ,if !re 7 no wat] left on ! e>?'s surface a great deal ( ?is process w\ld /ill g on4 ,9 "s respects x might become m viol5t1 = ow+ to ! abs5ce ( moi/ure ! w9ds ( ! e>? w\ld always be lad5 ) f9e p>ticles2 & e "o :o has se5 a s&-bla/ at "w1 or ev5 ! modifi$ s&-bla/ :i* is sometimes us$ = clean+ ! /onework ( "s ( our cities1 w appreciate :at a tornado lad5 ) s& gra9s might d 9 ! way ( de/roy+ ! surface ( any rock on :i* x 0 play+4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! action ( wat] 9 c>v+ ! surface ( ! e>? is ! mo/ important ( all ! factors we h at pres5t to consid]4 ,z ra9 falls f ! cl\ds x absorbs ! gases ( ! air1 includ+ oxyg5 & c>bonic acid4 ,n[ bo? ^! are :at we call corrod+ ag5ts4 ,if wat] is all[$ to fall on a /eel knife ! knife ru/s2 b x has be5 %[n by ,dr4 ,g]ald ,moody1 dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 t if !re 7 no acid gas pres5t1 ! ru/+ w\ld n take place4 ,oxyg5 & c>bonic acid w ru/ o!r ?+s beside metal2 !y w ru/ /one4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! ra9 rea*es ! e>? x absorbs any o!r acids ( ! soil :i* rott+ vegetation may af=d1 & re9=c$ by ^! x goes on to attack ! /ones ov] :i* x fl[s4 ,:5 x rolls along z a brook or a riv] x is no d\bt attack+ 9 ?is way ! rocks & /ones ( its *annel1 ?\gh ?is action is n v /rik+ly %[n4 ,b sometimes ! ru/+ or dissolv+ action ( wat] is v evid5t4 ,:5 x issues f a peat bog1 = example1 & is consequ5tly highly *>g$ ) acid1 x w make a v great impression on any lime/ones x may enc\nt]2 = z any s*oolboy kn[s :o has ev] put a piece ( *alk 9 v9eg>1 or 9 any ( ! /rong] acids ( ! s*ool laboratory1 all ! lime/ones are peculi>ly susceptible to ?is =m ( *emical attack4 ,peat-wat] eats into lime/one rapidly1 :ile ! lime/one above ! /ream escapes1 ?\gh x is a little 7& mu* m sl[ly7 dissolv$ by ra94 ,h5ce arise "s curi\s features 9 ! sc5]y ( lime/one di/ricts4 ,! walls ( lime/one above ! wat] are n eat5 away s fa/ z _! base ov] :i* ! wat] fl[s4 ,consequ5tly !y are und]m9$ & are sometimes cut into tunnels & cav]ns & caves4 ,! riv]s c>ry away ! dissolv$ mat]ial4 ,! c>bonate ( lime is tak5 to ! sea2 & ?is sub/ance1 ( :i* sea %ells1 = example1 are pr9cipally =m$1 is con/antly suppli$ to ! sea by ! riv]s t transport x f ! l&4 ,! riv]s ( ,we/]n ,europe h be5 kn[n to convey "o "p ( dissolv$ m9]al matt] 9 e #ejjj p>ts ( wat]1 & ( ?is m9]al matt] "o half is c>bonate ( lime4 ,! ,rh9e alone be>s en\gh c>bonate ( lime to ! sea e ye> to make #ccb1jjj1jjj1jjj oy/] %ells ( ! usual size4 ,! ,?ames conveys #ahj1jjj tons ( sulphate ( lime pa/ ,london e ye>4 ,x has be5 comput$ t m ?an #h1jjj1jjj tons ( dissolv$ m9]al matt] are remov$ f ! rocks ( ,engl& & ,wales 9 "o ye>4 ,t is equival5t to a g5]al l[]+ ( ! surface ( ! c\ntry1 by *emical solution alone1 at ! rate ( "o foot 9 #ac1jjj ye>s4 ,t is n mu*1 x may seem2 b 9 a million ye>s1 :i* is n a long p]iod 9 geological "t1 half ! pres5t t[ns ( ,engl& w\ld be sunk "u wat] by ?is cause alone4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,records ,,left ,,by ,,riv]s ,:5 we come to exam9e m closely ! "w :i* riv]s d 9 remov+ m9]al sub/ances f ! l& by wa%+ p>ticles ( !m f ! surface1 we f9d t ! records !y leave 9 geological hi/ory mu/ be pla9ly m>k$4 ,e /ream1 l>ge or small1 is always busy c>ry+ mud1 s&1 or gravel4 ,riv]s are ! navvies ( geology4 ,:5 !y are swoll5 by ra9 !y sweep l>ge /ones away ) !m4 ,if we look at ! b$ ( a m\nta9 torr5t we %all (t5 see huge blocks ( /one t h fall5 f ! cliffs on ei!r side block+ ! pa?way ( ! /ream4 ,to all appe>ance ! /ream is q p[]less to remove ^! blocks1 & has to circumnavigate !m4 ,b visit su* a torr5t :5 ! sn[s are melt+1 or heavy ra9 has fall51 & y w he> ! /ones knock+ aga9/ ea* o!r or on ! rocky bottom z !y are driv5 d[nw>ds by ! flood4 ,x is n easy to e/imate ! driv+ p[] ( wat]4 ,m4 ,gu/ave le ,bon has furni%$ an illu/ration ( its p[] :i* is v curi\s4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,france a /ream is l$ d[nw>ds f ! m\nta9s to drive ! turb9e ( "s ma*9]y at a manufactory4 ,x comes d[n sev]al ?\s& feet4 ,9 ! manufactory !re is a v5t-hole1 out ( :i* ! wat] c be all[$ to %oot4 ,! v5t-hole is ab\t an in* 9 diamet]2 & ! wat] ru%es out ) su* swiftness & =ce t ! wat]-jet becomes z rigid z /eel4 ,x is impossible to cut ?r\gh ?is wat]-jet2 & if any "o 7 to try to d s ) a sword1 ! sword might break b x c\ld nev] pi]ce or pass ?r\gh ^? swiftly mov+ p>ticles ( wat]4 ,a m commonplace illu/ration is ! use t is sometimes made ( wat]-jets to break up ! surfaces ( rock 9 qu>ries2 nor mu/ x be =gott5 t horse-p[] ( great value & ext5t = electric light+ & o!r purposes is always be+ drawn f wat]falls4 ,?us z a me*anical =ce m]ely ! riv] c be imm5sely p[]ful2 & mu/ leave m>ks ( its p[] on ! rocks4 ,! aspect ( its =ce ) :i* we are1 h[ev]1 mo/ conc]n$ is t :i* is direct$ to l[]+ gradually ! surface ( ! l&4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we %[$ h[ mu* m9]al might be dissolv$ 9 ! wat]s ( riv]s4 ,if we are to include also ! am\nt ( mud1 s&1 & o!r ?+s class$ altoge!r z silt :i* a riv] c>ries d[n1 ! figures become mu* m impos+4 ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie says t1 tak+ ! ,mississippi z a typical riv] 7x is z good an example z w\ld be f\nd1 because 9 its great l5g? x passes ?r\gh _m diff]5t k9ds ( l&1 soil1 & climate71 we may assume t ! av]age am\nt ( s$im5t c>ri$ d[n by a riv] is "o "p ( s$im5t to e #aejj p>ts ( wat]4 ,if n[1 says he1 we assume t all ov] ! _w ?is is ! am\nt c>ri$ d[n1 we c see h[ s]i\sly ! level ( ! l& is l[]$ by riv]s4 ,! ,mississippi c>ries f ! l& x dra9s e ye> ! #a_/fjjj? "p ( a foot ( rock4 ,if we take ! g5]al height ( ! l& ( ! :ole globe to be #bajj feet1 & suppose x to be cont9u\sly wa/$ at ?is rate1 !n ! :ole dry l& w\ld be c>ri$ into ! sea 9 #ab1fjj1jjj ye>s4 ,or if we assume ! av]age height ( ! cont95t ( ,europe to be #idj feet1 & to be l[]$ by its riv]s at ! same rate1 !n ! la/ ve/ige ( ,europe w\ld h disappe>$ 9 #h1fdj1jjj ye>s4 ,su* figures are ( c\rse n exact2 & x mu/ always be rememb]$ t ! riv]s are m]ely robb+ ,pet] to pay ,paul1 & :atev] !y take away are always putt+ some:]e else1 b we may le>n f ! =ego+ consid]ations t ! l[]+ ( ! l& is mu* m rapid ?an is sometimes suppos$4 ,ano!r ?+ ab\t ! excavat+ "w ( riv]s has to be rememb]$4 ,! torr5ts c>ry s&1 %+le1 & rock ) !m1 & ^! v mat]ials act z ag5ts ( de/ruction on ! b$s ( ! wat]-c\rses4 ,if we want to poli% brass or /eel we mix em]y p[d] 7or some?+ f9] or co>s]7 ) ! poli%+ liquid4 ,! torr5t or riv] uses s& or %+le z its poli%+ p[d]4 ,x !n we>s out ! rock ov] :i* x travels1 & sometimes c>ves x into holes or cav]ns1 gorges or rav9es4 ,sometimes ! process is v>i$1 z :5 a /ream f9ds its way ov] a h>d rock :i* ov]lies a s(t] rock4 ,if ! arrangem5t is l t ( a s]ies ( /eps 7!re may be only "o or two /eps7 x is possible = ! riv] z x foams 9 a wat]fall ov] ! h>d /ep at ! top to eat its way into ! l[] s(t] /ep4 ,! l[] s(t] /ep w gradually disappe>1 & !n ! wat]fall1 /ill eat+ its way 91 w beg9 to und]m9e ! h>d top /ep1 & :5 t has gone on long en\gh ! h>d top /ep w fall d[n & ! wat]fall w h to beg9 a little f>!r up ! /ream4 ,9 ?is way a wat]fall1 gorge1 or rav9e c be con/ruct$ by a riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,/]eo ,copyright1 ,und]wood ,u4 ,london & ,new ,york ,! ,gr& ,caon ( ,arizona ,! ,colorado ,riv] at ?is po9t is ne>ly #bjj feet wide4 ,! man is seat$ ab\t #abjj feet above ! riv]'s level4 ,?is :ole caon up to ! top ( ! m\nta9s 9 ! di/ance has be5 worn away by prehi/oric curr5t2 & ! riv] has gradually cut its b$ deep]4 ,! ,falls ( ,niag>a are an illu/ration ( ?is me?od4 ,! riv] fl[s f ,lake ,erie ?r\gh a level c\ntry = a few miles1 !n beg9s to g fa/] z ! pa? becomes /eep]1 & f9ally plunges ov] a h>d lime/one precipice4 ,b5ea? ! h>d lime/one 7! top /ep7 are s(t] b$s ( %ale & s&/one4 ,z ! wat] eats into !m & removes !m1 l>ge portions ( ! face ( ! lime/one precipice on ! top fall into ! /ream bel[4 ,?us gradually ! ,falls ( ,niag>a are eat+ _! way back to ,lake ,erie1 & h be5 do+ s = hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,9 ! process ( do+ s ! ,niag>a ,riv] has cut out bel[ ! ,falls a gorge :i* is n less ?an sev5 miles long1 f two hundr$ to f\r hundr$ y>ds wide1 & f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ feet deep4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t ! ,niag>a gorge has be5 entirely cut out 9 ?is way1 & t at fir/ ! riv] fell ov] cliffs sev5 miles f>!r d[n its c\rse at ,que5/[n4 ,! am\nt ( rock ?us tunnell$ w\ld make a ramp>t ab\t twelve feet high & six feet ?ick go+ r\nd ! _w at ! ,equator4 ,/ill m gigantic are ! gorges or cav]ns ( ! ,colorado & its tribut>ies 9 ,we/]n ,am]ica4 ,! ,gr& ,caon ( ! ,colorado is ?ree hundr$ miles long1 & 9 "s places m ?an six ?\s& feet deep4 ,! c\ntry trav]s$ by x is a network ( deep rav9es1 at ! bottom ( :i* fl[ ! /reams t h dug !mselves d[n f ! top ( ! ,colorado tablel&4 ,n[ suppose t ! riv] has dug itself 9 z f> z x c g4 ,!re mu/ be a limit1 & ! limit is rea*$ :5 ! slope ( ! b$ has be5 made s slight t ! curr5t c only g on languidly4 ,9 t case x _c sweep along /ones1 or %+le1 or ev5 co>se gravel2 & !n ! riv] s f> f deep5+ its *annel beg9s to raise x by all[+ m ( ! transport$ s$im5t to settle d[n4 ,if a fa/ /ream meets a sl[] "o deposition ( mat]ial w take place2 & ! same ?+ w occur :5 ! riv]s meet a lake or a sea4 ,:atev] *ecks ! swiftness ( a curr5t weak5s its c>ry+ p[] & causes x to drop "s ( its s$im5t to ! bottom4 ,!re=e accumulations ( s$im5t occur at ! foot ( torr5t slopes along ! l[] & m level gr\nd4 ,^! deposits we call alluvium1 & sometimes :5 ! m\nta9 torr5t ends abruptly 9 ! pla9 !y may /& up 9 cones ( silt4 ,!y are sometimes call$ alluvium cones or fans4 ,quitt+ ! /eep desc5ts1 & re9=c$ by tribut>ies on ei!r side1 ! /ream ceases to be a torr5t & becomes a riv]4 ,x goes fa/ en\gh at fir/ to c>ry /ill co>se gravel2 b ! big angul> blocks ( rock h be5 dropp$1 & ! /ones x n[ leaves 9 its b$ are small]1 & become r\nd$ & smoo!d z x goes f>!r & f>!r across ! pla94 ,at _m places x deposits gravel or s&1 m especially at ! inn] side ( ! curves :i* ! /ream makes z x w9ds d[n ! valley4 ,:5 ! /ream runs l[ 9 summ]1 /rips ( b>e s& & %+le are se5 at ea* ( ^! b5ds2 & ! /ones are always well smoo!d & lie on ! :ole regul>ly4 ,^? t are oblong are s plac$ t ! great] l5g? ( ! /one po9ts across ! /ream2 ^? t are flat usually slope up/ream4 ,^! facts1 ?\gh app>5tly insignificant1 are really ( importance1 because !y po9t to u a me?od by :i* geology c det]m9e1 aft] a riv] has disappe>$1 ! slope ( ! b$ & ! direction ( ! curves :i* once x _h4 ,if we exam9e ! /eep banks or cliffs by ! side ( a riv] ! lay]s ( gravel or %+le 9 ! /rata may be f\nd to lie n flat on "o ano!r b 9 slop+ planes4 ,t at once w furni% a clue to ! direction ( ! riv]4 ,ano!r ?+ ( great importance are ! t]races :i* a riv] =ms by ! side ( itself4 ,:5 x ov]fl[s 9 floods x deposits mud on ei!r side1 & :5 aft] ! flood x subsides ! mud is left4 ,if ! read] w imag9e ! riv] 9 ! c\rse ( ages s9k+ l[] into its b$ he w see t successive eras ( flood-levels w leave _! m>k 9 a s]ies ( /eps1 or riv] t]races z !y are call$1 on ei!r side ( ! *annel4 ,b besides ! /ones & gravel & mud c>ri$ d[n by a riv]1 we mu/ also consid] ! fate ( ! rema9s ( plants & animals t are swept along by x1 especially 9 flood-"t4 ,9 any ord9>y flood trees & %rubs1 & ! small] animals l mice & moles & rabbits1 are dr[n$ by ! flood4 ,9 great] floods birds & ev5 l>ge animals are dr[n$1 & _! rema9s are buri$ 9 ! s$im5t4 ,if !y are q cov]$ ov] !y may p]haps be pres]v$1 & _! bones may la/ = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,if1 fur!r1 ! mud deposit h>d5s1 ^! rema9s may be pres]v$ s well & s long t !y become ! fossil records ( creatures :i* liv$ be=e man em]g$ to dwell 9 ! _w & to become ! arbit] ( _m ( its de/9ies4 ,:at we h said ( riv]s is true also ( lakes4 ,riv]s p\r into lakes1 br++ ) !m1 especially 9 flood-"t1 enorm\s freights ( gravel1 s&1 & mud1 & m+l$ ) !m ! rema9s ( vegetation & ( animal life4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( tons may be swept d[n by "o /orm4 ,to ! ,lake ( ,luc]ne1 = example1 ! ,riv] ,reuss1 :i* comes d[n f ! ,/4 ,go?>d1 br+s sev5 million cubic feet ( s$im5t e ye> ) x4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ! ,romans ! ,rhone has s fill$ up "p ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva t ! ,roman h>b\r1 ,port ,valais1 is n[ ne>ly two miles f ! edge ( ! lake4 ,! gr\nd betwe5 x & ! ,lake fir/ became m>%4 ,x is n[ f>m l&4 ,& ?\gh ^! accumulations are mo/ m>k$ :]e ! riv]s dra9 into ! lake1 !re are deposits always tak+ place f ! hills all r\nd ! lake4 ,?us lake bottoms become mo/ int]e/+ & valuable receptacles ( ! life t has = ages liv$ by or ne> _! %ores4 ,^! deposits are 9 _m ways peculi>4 ,! snails t live 9 lake wat]s are di/9ct f ! l& snails ( ! adjo9+ %ores4 ,_! dead %ells ga!r at ! bottom ( "s lakes 9 su* numb]s z to =m !re a deposit ( :ite crumbl+ m>l1 sometimes _m y>ds 9 ?ickness4 ,on ! sites ( lakes t h be5 gradually fill$ up1 or artificially dra9$1 ?is m>l %[s at once :]e ! lake bord]s 71 &1 r\ghly1 ! p]iod ( ! lake4 ,9 "s lakes also are f\nd concretions ( iron-oxide1 :i* are =m$ by ! *emical action ( ! wat] on "s ( ! rocks by ! lake-side2 & 9 sev]al ,sw$i% lakes ?is iron/one =ms s fa/ t ! lakes are regul>ly dr$g$ = x4 ,illu/ration3 ,/]eo ,copyright1 ,und]wood ,u4 ,london & ,new ,york ,cleopatra ,t]race1 ) its ,mirror-l ,pools1 ,yell[/one ,p>k1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,^! beautiful bas9s are =m$ ( incru/ations ( volcanic lime/one4 ,!y are ( all col\rs3 p9k1 orange-yell[1 gre51 & blue4 ,! wat] 9 !m is ( a brilliant blue1 caus$ by ! gr[? ( wat] plants 7alg71 :i* live 9 wat] ) z high a temp]ature z #aej ,f4 ,?us among ! rocks :i* =m ! dry l&s ( ! globe !re occur masses ( lime/one1 s&1 m>l1 & o!r mat]ials :i* we "k 7 deposit$ 9 lakes1 because !y conta9 types ( plants & animals l ^? f\nd 9 ! lakes ( our own "t4 ,f ?is k9d ( evid5ce we c m>k out ! places ( great lakes t h long ago vani%$ f ! face ( ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!re are also ! s-call$ ,salt ,lakes to consid]4 ,^! are g5]ally ! lakes t h no outlet & into :i* a small am\nt ( wat] n[ fl[s1 b nev] en\gh to cause ! lake n[ to ov]fl[1 :atev] x may h done 9 pa/ times4 ,! wat] t n[ runs 9 escapes m]ely by evaporation4 ,b j z ! bottom ( a kettle 9 :i* h>d wat] is con/antly boil$ gradually becomes furr$1 s a lake bottom into :i* wat] is cont9ually p\r+1 br++ dissolv$ 9 x all sorts ( m9]al salts1 becomes coat$ ) s$im5t4 ,! m9]al salts are n evaporat$1 consequ5tly ! lakes become gradually m m9]al--or1 = conv5i5ce1 let u say1 become salt]4 ,among ! m9]al salts common salt & gypsum are mo/ important2 b "s bitt] lakes conta9 sodium c>bonate or magnesium *loride4 ,! ,dead ,sea & ! ,great ,salt ,lake ( ,utah %[ by ! deposits r\nd !m h[ !y h *ang$ _! %ape & dep?4 ,9 ! upp] t]races ( ! ,great ,salt ,lake1 #ajjj feet above ! pres5t level ( ! wat]1 fre%-wat] %ells occur1 %[+ t ! bas9 0 at fir/ fre%4 ,! valley bottoms ar\nd salt lakes are n[ cru/$ ) gypsum1 salt1 or o!r deposits1 & _! wat]s are )\t sign ( life4 ,su* conditions help u to und]/& h[ great deposits ( salt or gypsum 7 once laid d[n 9 ,engl&1 ,pol&1 & ,g]many1 & 9 _m o!r places :]e n[ ! climate w\ld n p]mit ( ! necess>y evaporation & cond5sation ( ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,/]eo ,copyright1 ,und]wood ,u4 ,london & ,new ,york ,a ,petrifi$ ,tree ,?is magnific5t fossil is 9 ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ( ,arizona2 & x af=ds "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples kn[n ( ! solidification & petrifaction ( mat]ial by ! infiltration ( m9]al salts4 ,! trunk is n[ n m]ely encru/$ ) /one3 x is p]meat$ by silica1 & is1 9 fact1 itself a /one z h>d z fl9t4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,records ,,left ,,by ,,! ,,sea ,we h already spok5 ( ! /ory :i* ! sea writes 9 ! annals ( geology4 ,x is a /ory ) two plots4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! sea is always we>+ away ! l&4 ,9 ! second place1 x is arrang+ on its own b$ ! mat]ials :i* x takes f ! l&1 ei!r directly or indirectly4 ,z a sequel to bo? /ories1 ! mat]ials all neatly rang$1 pack$1 & fold$ are reveal$ :5 ! sea subsides f !m1 or :51 9 process ( "o ( ^? great geological *anges1 ! orig9 ( :i* we h already attempt$ to acc\nt =1 ! sea bottom is rais$ to become ! l& ( a cont95t4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! sea's bellig]5t /ory is writt5 s pla9ly = all eyes to see t "o sc>cely ne$ dwell on x4 ,e /rip ( coa/ ar\nd ^! isl&s be>s witness to x4 ,(f ,%etl& masses ( rock twelve or ?irte5 tons 9 weight h be5 cut out f ! cliff sev5ty feet above ! smoo?-wat] level4 ,! sea's batt]+-rams are ! masses ( %+le1 gravel1 & loose blocks ( /one :i* x c>ries ) x2 b x has subtl] me?ods 9 ! corrosive action ( its salts1 = j z x ru/s or we>s away iron1 s its salts & acids mu/ eat _! way into _m rocks4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! coa/-l9e ( ! _w is a small fraction ( ! :ole l& surface ( ! globe2 & a small] fraction ( ! sea's own wide area4 ,on t area are flung all ! records & treasures :i* ! sea has wre/$ f ! l&4 ,! riv]s1 z we h already sev]al times repeat$1 are ! *ief c>ri]s ( deposits to ! sea4 ,by _! deltas !y may be kn[n4 ,! deltas ( ! ,ganges & ,brahmaputra cov] an area z l>ge z t ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,! delta has be5 bor$ ?r\gh to a dep? ( ne>ly five hundr$ feet1 & has be5 f\nd to consi/ ( num]\s alt]nations ( f9e clays1 m>ls1 & s&s or s&/ones1 ) occasional lay]s ( gravel4 ,9 all ?is accumulation ( s$im5t !re are no traces ( m>9e animals2 b l& plants & ! plants & animals ( ! riv] & ( ! surr\nd+ l& h be5 discov]$ 9 quantity4 ,! sea mo/ (t5 de/roys l&2 b x sometimes deposits bea*es2 &1 we might almo/ say1 silts up ! l&4 ,at ,romney ,m>%1 = example1 a tract ( eighty squ>e miles :i* 0 m>% 9 ,julius ,cs>'s "t is n[ dry l&1 & has become s p>tly by ! natural increase ( %+le ?r[n up by ! waves4 ,! co>se/ %+le usually accumulates t[>ds ! upp] "p ( ! bea*1 & ! re/ arranges itself g5]ally accord+ to size & weight1 t :i* is f9e/ be+ ne>e/ to l[-wat] m>k4 ,x is (t5 long be=e ! /uff br\ght d[n by ! riv]s settles on ! floor ( ! ocean4 ,! f9] p>ticles may be c>ri$ out to sea = ?ree hundr$ miles or m be=e !y settle4 ,)9 ?is ?ree-hundr$-mile zone ! l&-d]iv$ mat]ials are di/ribut$ ov] ! floor 9 ord]ly succession4 ,ne>] ! l& we %all f9d co>se gravel & s&4 ,beyond !re w be tracts ( f9] s& & silt1 ) pat*es ( gravel "h & !re4 ,/ill f>!r (f w come f9e blue & gre5 muds1 :i* are made ( ! t9y p>ticles ( su* mat]ials z =m ! ord9>y rocks ( ! l&4 ,b :5 we are once pa/ ?is zone ( l& mat]ial we come ^u deposits :i* are ! ocean's own freehold--mat]ials :i* x does n d]ive f ! cont95ts1 b :i* may be call$ oceanic 9 orig94 ,fir/ !re are va/ %eets ( exce$+ly f9e r$ & br[n clay4 ,:5ce comes x8 ,x is by f> ! mo/ common deposit 9 all ! deep] p>ts ( ! ocean4 ,x may ei!r be ! du/ ( volcanic fragm5ts wa%$ away f volcanic isl&s1 or 7:i* is mu* m likely7 x may be suppli$ by eruptions "u ! sea4 ,= x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! sea floor is two to five miles ne>] ! hot rocks t are 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>? ?an ! l& surface is1 & t consequ5tly ! wat] com+ into contact ) !m may cause explosions aris+ f ! action ( /eam4 ,?is is a "q we %all h to consid] lat]1 & = ! pres5t we mu/ ask ! read] to accept ! fact--& read on4 ,!re is "o v curi\s ?+ ab\t ?is r$ clay1 & x is t ! accumulations ( x appe> to be built up v sl[ly4 ,:]e x occurs f>!/ f l& great numb]s ( %>ks' tee? ) e> bones & o!r bones ( :ales h be5 dr$g$ up f x4 ,"s ( ^! relics are q fre%2 o!rs are coat$ ) a cru/ ( br[n p]oxide ( manganese4 ,"s are cov]$ ) ?is mat]ial & hidd5 9 x4 ,"o haul ( an ocean dr$ge w br+ up ! bones 9 all ^! /ates1 s t !y mu/ be ly+ side by side4 ,! bones are probably ^? ( _m g5]ations ( animals1 & x mu/ take a long "t to cov] !m ) ! manganese deposit4 ,b ! clay is deposit$ ev5 m sl[ly ?an ! manganese1 s t x mu/ fall v sl[ly inde$4 ,b besides ^! ?+s ! bottom ( ! sea receives deposits ( ! rema9s ( all k9ds ( %ells1 corals1 & all sorts ( m>9e creatures1 great & small4 ,z ! c\ntless myriads ( ! animals ( ! sea die1 ! %ells ) :i* !y are cov]$1 or ! bones :i* =m _! framework1 fall cont9ually to ! bottom ( ! oceanic gulfs 9 :i* !y dwell4 ,!n ! ocean floor is cov]$ ) ! rema9s ( t9y animals incomp>ably m num]\s ?an ! />s ( ! sky2 & ?is grey slimy ooze ( organic matt] h>d5s by pressure into s$im5t>y rock4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages1 :5 ! sl[ decl9e ( ! wat] lays x b>e1 x may become "p ( ! l& on :i* m5 dwell4 ,b x is always =m+1 has always be5 =m+1 s9ce life fir/ appe>$ on ! e>?4 ,x is on ?is ocean floor t man to-day lays 8 telegraph cables4 ,mr4 ,rudy>d ,kipl+1 9 8 v]ses ,! ,deep ,sea ,cables1 has drawn a vivid picture ( ! b$ ( ! deep ocean3-- ,! wrecks dissolve above u3 _! du/ drops d[n f af>-- ,d[n to ! d>k1 to ! utt] d>k :]e ! bl9d :ite sea-snakes are4 ,!re is no s\nd1 no e*o ( s\nd1 9 ! des]ts ( ! deep1 ,on ! great grey level pla9s ( ooze1 :]e ! %ell-burr$ cables creep4 ,x is 9 ^! sil5t dep?s t = unc\nt$ & innum]able ye>s ! cru/ ( ! e>? has be5 =m+ & has be5 gr[+ outw>ds1 :ile x has be5 sl[ly h>d5+ inw>ds above ! fires ( its unplumb$ int]ior4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t 9 a squ>e mile ( ! ocean d[n to a dep? ( "o hundr$ fa?oms !re exi/ m ?an sixte5 tons ( c>bonate ( lime 9 ! =m ( ! bones or %ells ( liv+ animals4 ,a cont9ual f9e sn[-/orm ( dead *alky animals is !re=e fall+ on to ! bottom4 ,"h & !re1 especially among volcanic isl&s1 portions ( ! sea-b$ h be5 rais$ up into l& & masses ( mod]n lime/one4 ,?\gh ^! rocks are full ( ! same k9ds ( %ells z are /ill liv+ 9 ! neighb\r+ sea1 !y h be5 cem5t$ into h>d rock4 ,?is cem5t+ is due to ! wat] :i* has p5etrat$ & p]meat$ ! /one1 dissolv+ *alky matt] f ! outside %ells1 & deposit+ x once m l[] d[n & f>!r 91 l a f9e mort>1 s z to b9d ! mass toge!r4 ,e "o has he>d ( coral reefs4 ,!y are "o ( ! be/ & mo/ famili> examples ( ! way 9 :i* great masses ( solid rock c be built up by ! dead bodies ( animals4 ,9 ! w>m] seas ( ! e>?1 & notably 9 ! track ( ! great ocean curr5ts1 v>i\s k9ds ( coral polyps1 z !y are call$1 take root on ! edges & summits ( subm]g$ rocks & peaks1 z well z on ! %elv+ %ores ( isl&s4 ,! coral polyp is a jelly-l creature1 b x has a h>d *alky skeleton inside its transp>5t body4 ,x is a great coloni/1 ) no lik+ = a solit>y life1 b )1 on ! contr>y1 a great fancy = its neighb\rs2 9 fact1 ! polyps gr[ & ?rive 9 clumps1 & ! clumps unite to =m communities1 & ! communities increase to colonies & nations1 till !y unite to =m :at is call$ a reef4 ,! coral polyps are r exig5t 9 ! *oice ( _! resid5tial neighb\rhoods4 ,!y _c live at a great] dep? ?an fifte5 or tw5ty fa?oms1 & 9 defiance ( ! incl9ations :i* rule human be+s1 !y h ! /ronge/ di/a/e = sun & air2 9 fact1 !y die :5 expos$ to x4 ,n[ :5 ! polyp dies its skeleton rema9s beh9d x1 & millions ^u millions ( ^! coral skeletons make a lay] ( coral4 ,^! lay]s ( coral gradually lift ! g5]ations ( polyps upw>ds to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,b z we h se51 ! liv+ polyps die :5 !y get s f>1 & consequ5tly ! reef !n spreads outw>ds4 ,on ! out] edges ( ! reef ! coral polyps fl\ri% 9 ! mo/ vigor\s way4 ,!re !y are z completely provid$ = z 9 a ,c\nty ,c\ncil ,utopia4 ,! break]s br+ !m ! food on :i* !y live2 ! wat] & ! climate suit !m exactly4 ,! only blot on _! lives are ! occasional /orms :i* break (f fragm5ts ( ! coral f\ndation on :i* !y live4 ,b ev5 ?is1 :ile x is disa/r\s to ! individual polyp1 is = ! good ( ! community1 because ^! blocks z !y roll d[n =m a new f\ndation on :i* new g5]ations ( polyps c gr[ & fe$4 ,moreov]1 x is bett] = ! polyp to take ! risks ( ^! evictions ?an to vegetate inside ! reef1 = !re 9 ! calm] wat] he w n h en\gh to eat1 & w dw9dle & die4 ,?us ! t5d5cy ( all reefs mu/ be to gr[ seaw>ds1 & to increase 9 bread?4 ,p]haps _! bread? may tell u r\ghly h[ old !y are4 ,b !re is ano!r possibility to be tak5 into consid]ation1 :i* is t :ile ! polyps are build+ ! sea bottom or isl& f\ndation may be sl[ly s9k+4 ,9 t case x is q likely t ! coral build]s might j keep pace ) ! subsid+ f\ndations ( _! home1 & build up a great ?ickness ( coral rock dur+ ! c\ntless ye>s ( *ange4 ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie has call$ att5tion to ! swiftness ) :i* ! /ructure ( ! coral polyp's skeleton is effac$ f ! f\ndation & a compact mass ( rock put 9 its place4 ,! sea-wat]'s *emical & dissolv+ action1 & ! va/ am\nt ( mud & s& produc$ by ! break]s are *iefly responsible = ?is4 ,z ! rock is be+ =m$ x is always be+ cem5t$4 ,on ! portion ( a reef laid dry at l[ wat]1 ! coral rock looks 9 _m places z solid & old z "s ( ! anci5t :ite lime/ones & m>bles ( ! l&4 ,9 pools :]e a curr5t ( wat] keeps ! gra9s ( coral s& 9 motion1 ea* gra9 may be se5 to be r\nd$4 ,?is is because on ea* p>ticle ( coral ! dissolv$ c>bonate ( lime 9 ! wat] is always be+ deposit$ 7l ! s$im5t 9 ! bottom ( a kettle74 ,a mass ( ^! r\nd$ or egg-l gra9s all ga!r$ toge!r 9 a lump is call$ oolite1 f ! ,greek ^w oon 7,lat9 ovum71 an egg4 ,9 _m lime/ones1 n[ =m+ p>ts ( agricultural l&1 ?is oolitic /ructure is /rik+ly %[n1 & !re c be no d\bt t 9 su* cases x 0 produc$ j z n[ coral reefs are be+ =m$ be=e our eyes4 ,9 ! coral tracts ( ! ,pacific ,ocean !re are ne>ly ?ree hundr$ coral isl&s1 besides ext5sive reefs r\nd volcanic isl&s4 ,o!rs occur 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,coral reefs ab\nd 9 ! ,we/ ,indian seas1 :]e 9 _m ( ! isl&s !y h be5 uprais$ into dry l&--9 ,cuba to a height ( #aajj feet above ! sea-level4 ,! ,great ,b>ri] ,reef t fronts ! nor?-ea/]n coa/ ( ,au/ralia is #abej miles long & f t5 to n9ety miles broad4 ,x w ?us be se5 t1 ap>t f any o!r consid]ation1 ! animals ( pa/ ages leave p]man5t records ( _! exi/5ce m]ely by ! accumulation ( _! dead bodies4 ,nev]!less1 alike on l& & on sea1 ! proportions ( organic rema9s ?us seal$ & pres]v$ is only a small "p ( ! total population ( plants & animals liv+ at any giv5 "t4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,cold ,,& ,,ice ,,on ,,! ,,e>? ,! a/ronom]s :o look at ! planet ,m>s tell u t at ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,poles !re are great areas ( sn[1 v mu* great] ?an ! arctic regions ( ! e>?1 = ! s\? pol> area alone occupies #aa1ccj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,b ! geological records ( ! e>? %[ t our own arctic regions once ext5d$ v mu* f>!r ?an !y d at pres5t1 a fact :i* ne$ n 9 any way surprise u1 = z we h already rem>k$1 sn[ & ice are v l>gely a matt] ( ! ne>ness ( ! sea to ! l&4 ,we may put ! same ?+ 9 ano!r way by say+ t w9t] cold & summ] heat dep5d l>gely on ! di/ribution ( sea & l&4 ,?us ,v5ice1 :i* is n v mu* f>!r f ! ,nor? ,pole ?an ,vladivo/ok1 has an altoge!r diff]5t climate1 & inhabitants ( ! ,%etl& ,isles h a v diff]5t k9d ( climatic exp]i5ce f ^? :o delve by ! froz5 ,yukon4 ,!re is ano!r consid]ation :i* is sometimes ov]look$4 ,we d n ?9k ( ! e>? z a v w>m body4 ,b at its v colde/ "p1 :]e ! !rmomet] goes d[n to sev5ty or n9ety degrees bel[ freez+1 x is sev]al hundr$s ( degrees w>m] ?an ! space outside ! e>?4 ,midway betwe5 ! e>? & ! moon ! temp]ature mu/ be #dcj ,f4 bel[ freez+2 s t if we take ! surface ( ! e>? z a :ole we may say t x is betwe5 f\r hundr$ & five hundr$ degrees w>m] ?an ! space by :i* x is surr\nd$4 ,e "o kn[s :at is happ5+ :5 he w>ms 8 h&s at a fire4 ,! fire be+ hott] ?an its surr\nd+s is giv+ out heat t[>ds !m1 & ! h&s cat* "s ( ?is radiat$ heat4 ,simil>ly ! e>? is radiat+ heat1 & ! atmosph]e r\nd ! e>? cat*es "s ( x4 ,s also d ! seas4 ,:ile !re=e x is c]ta9 t ! heat ( ! sun w>ms ! e>? & ! air & ! sea1 & s gives rise to curr5ts ( air & p]haps ( wat]1 s also is x likely t ! heat ( ! e>? causes w>m air to rise1 & s plays its "p 9 =m+ ! w9ds1 ! curr5ts ( air1 & ! curr5ts ( wat]4 ,:5 ! e>? 0 w>m] ?an x is n[ x _h m & great] effects 9 ?is direction4 ,x caus$ m evaporation ( ! wat]1 m cl\ds1 & !re=e m ra91 & 9 w9t] m sn[4 ,suppose1 !n1 a p]iod :5 !re 0 v mu* m sn[ 9 w9t] ?an n[4 ,z ! sn[ accumulat$ lay] on lay] ! l[] "p w\ld become squeez$ into a mass half ice1 half sn[2 & x is q likely t ! heat ( ! summ] sun 7especially if1 z we h suppos$1 ! atmosph]e 0 mu* cl\di] !n ?an n[7 w\ld be unable to dissolve x4 ,?us ! sn[ age w\ld gradually m]ge into an ice age1 & we c imag9e a p]iod :5 a great deal ( ,europe 0 cov]$ ) sn[ or ice z ,gre5l& is to-day4 ,:at records w\ld x leave beh9d8 ,n[1 on slopes ! %eet ( sn[ w\ld t5d to slip j z x slips f slop+ h\se-ro(s4 ,9 do+ s x w\ld pu% be=e x any loose mat]ial :i* lay 9 front ( x2 & trees or bu%es1 /one or soil1 w\ld be gradually pu%$ d[nhill4 ,if ! slopes 7 /eep en\gh ! sn[-%eets w\ld occasionally break (f & sweep d[n z avalan*es4 ,sometimes ^! great masses are _m ?\s&s ( squ>e y>ds 9 area & fifty feet ?ick1 & 9 ! late w9t] & e>ly spr+ (t5 d imm5se damage1 c>ry+ away h\ses1 trees1 & great masses ( rocks 9 _! progress4 ,!y leave _! impr9t n only 9 gr\nd swept b>e1 b 9 huge m\nds ( debris pil$ up 9 ! valleys bel[4 ,b :5 ! sn[ has tak5 ! =m ( a glaci] its record is left 9 m unmi/akable *>act]s4 ,imag9e a great mass ( sn[ & ice desc5d+ betwe5 ! clefts ( m\nta9s to l[] levels4 ,z x slips sl[ly d[n its valley1 l a v sl[ riv]--sl[] ?an a riv] ( ?icke/ mud or pit* or lava w\ld be--e>?1 s&1 mud1 gravel1 b\ld]s1 & masses ( rock sometimes are wa%$ d[n on its surface f ! slopes on ei!r side4 ,avalan*es w occasionally br+ o!r contributions4 ,ne>ly all ?is rubbi% accumulates on ! edges ( ! glaci] ne>e/ ! slopes1 & x is sl[ly borne to ! j\rney's end on ! glaci]'s %\ld]s4 ,"s ( x falls into r5ts or crevasses 9 ! ice1 & may be imprison$ !re & c>ri$ d[n z an inside pass5g]1 or x may rea* ! rocky floor ov] :i* ! ice is slid+4 ,its progress !n resembles t ( ! ,iri% g5tleman :o 0 travell+ 9 a ,s$an *air out ( :i* ! seat & ! bottom _h fall51 & :o said t if 'tw]e n = ! fa%ion ( ! ?+ he'd z lief walk4 ,! rubbi% borne onw>d on ! surface ( ! glaci] is kn[n z mora9e-/uff1 & ! m\nds ( x at ! edge ( ! glaci] are call$ lat]al mora9es4 ,:]e two glaci]s unite l two riv]s1 _! mora9es1 "r-h& & left-h&1 w jo91 & 9 ! new glaci] a new mora9e w appe> runn+ d[n ! middle1 & s call$ a m$ial mora9e4 ,:]e a glaci] has _m tribut>ies be>+ a good deal ( mora9e-/uff1 its surface may be l a b>e pla9 s cov]$ ) /ones t ! ice b5ea? c h>dly be disc]n$ except "h & !re4 ,at ! end ( ! glaci] :]e ! ice melts1 ! heaps ( /ones1 ev] add+ to _! numb]s1 are deposit$ 9 heaps1 to :i* are giv5 ! "n ( ! t]m9al mora9e4 ,) su* tok5s ( _! exi/5ce z ?is1 glaci]s1 z w readily be und]/ood1 leave visit+-c>ds 9 hi/ory t _c easily be mi/ak54 ,ev5 exi/+ glaci]s tell /range /ories4 ,n[adays glaci]s are c>efully measur$ & exam9$ bo? 9 ,switz]l& & 9 ,canada4 ,dur+ ! la/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & ! fir/ decade ( ! tw5tie? ! ,swiss glaci]s 7 f\nd to %[ signs ( rec$+ f>!r up _! valleys4 ,! same ?+ has be5 obs]v$ ab\t "s ( ! ,canadian glaci]s4 ,!re are sev]al plausible reasons = ?is4 ,pr(essor ,s*aeb]le says t ! e>? is gr[+ cool]1 & t 9 ! temp]ate regions ! w9t] ra9fall 7:i* w\ld turn to falls ( sn[ 9 ! m\nta9s7 is less ?an x has be54 ,x is c]ta9 t a %ortage ( w9t] ra9 ov] a numb] ( ye>s 9 succession w\ld acc\nt = ! %r9kage ( ! glaci]s1 b x is n by any means c]ta9 t a numb] ( dry w9t]s w n be foll[$ by wet ones1 9 :i* case ! glaci]s w\ld increase aga94 ,"s ( ! glaci]s %[ t dur+ _! exi/5ce !y h %runk & l5g!n$ alt]nately l gutta-p]*a 9 a v>iable climate4 ,h[ d we "k t !y h %runk & l5g!n$8 ,! mora9es ( :i* we h spok5 give u ! te/imony4 ,z a glaci] %r9ks ei!r 9 l5g? or 9 bread? & dep? x leaves ! blocks ( rock at its edges /r&$ on ! sides ( ! valley4 ,su* p]*$ blocks or erratics are ! be/ ( glaci] m>ks1 & _! great size1 "s ( !m z l>ge z a *eap villa resid5ce1 is su* t no curr5t ( wat] c\ld h br\ght !m !re4 ,!y are (t5 pois$ on ! tops ( crags1 on ! v edges ( precipices1 or on /eep slopes1 :]e !y c\ld nev] h be5 left by any flood1 ev5 _h ! flood be5 able to move !m4 ,! only ?+ t c\ld h c>ri$ !m mu/ h be5 a vehicle t mov$ v1 v sl[ly & deposit$ !m v1 v g5tly--9 fact1 glaci] ice4 ,we c see blocks l ?is on ! glaci]s n[1 & o!rs /r&$ at ! sides4 ,9 ! ,swiss valleys ! scatt]$ ice-borne b\ld]s may be se5 by hundr$s f> above ! glaci]s & f> beyond ! places :]e ! glaci]s end4 ,we "k !y mu/ h be5 left by glaci]s1 & by inf]5ce we surmise t :5 we f9d a valley fill$ ) !m1 !n1 ?\gh ! valley may h no glaci] n[1 x mu/ h once be5 occupi$ by "o4 ,^! erratic blocks1 n[ f\nd all ov] ,europe1 tell u a good deal ab\t ! ice on :i* !y 7 transport$4 ,! blocks t fall on ! edges ( ! glaci] rema9 on ! side :]e !y desc5d4 ,h5ce1 if !re is any notable diff]5ce 9 ! composition ( ! rocks on ei!r side ( ! valley1 ! exi/5ce ( ?is diff]5ce w be pres]v$ 9 ! mora9es4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 a c\ntry :]e ! glaci]s h disappe>$ we c trace ! scatt]$ blocks up to _! s\rces among ! m\nta9s1 we c say :at 0 ! track foll[$ by ! prehi/oric glaci]s4 ,9 ,europe !re are sev]al examples ( ! uses ( ?is detective evid5ce4 ,?us ! peculi> blocks ( ! ,valais m\nta9s c be trac$ "r on to ,lyons2 & ?is %[s u t ! glaci] f :i* ! ,riv] ,rhone sprang ext5d$ once "r across ! ea/ ( ,france to ,lyons1 & probably f>!r4 ,x 0 !re=e once at lea/ #agj miles long]4 ,simil>ly1 blocks :i* are exactly l ! *>act]i/ic rocks peculi> to ,s\!rn ,sc&9avia are f\nd 9 ,nor!rn ,g]many1 ,belgium1 & ,ea/ ,anglia2 & we !re=e believe t a great %eet ( ice once fill$ up ! ,baltic & ! ,g]man ,ocean1 c>ry+ ) x imm5se numb]s ( nor!rn erratics4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 9 fact1 glaci] b\ld]s are f\nd 9 ne>ly e c\nty1 & %[ t once ! great] "p ( ! c\ntry 0 buri$ "u ice4 ,b1 z we h said1 x is n only on its %\ld]s1 b 9 its int]ior & b5ea? its base t a glaci] rolls & pu%es its rubbi% along4 ,x is n all /ones4 ,clay & e>? m+le ) x1 (t5 enclos+ ! /ones2 & ! debris left by ext9ct glaci]s ( ages ago is sometimes call$ ! b\ld]-clay4 ,?is is ! deposit1 e>?y & /ony1 t ! glaci] leaves on ! floor ( ! valley z x %r9ks--unless ! riv] :i* usually spr+s f ! end ( glaci]s sweeps x away4 ,mo/ ( ! /ones ?us left are smoo!d or poli%$ & cov]$ ) scrat*es or ruts1 su* z w\ld be made by rubb+ aga9/ o!r h>d po9t$ fragm5ts ( /one4 ,?is is to be expla9$ by ! fact t ^! /ones z !y 7 c>ri$ on by ! glaci] 7 rubb$ on ! floor ( rock ov] :i* ! glaci] 0 slipp+4 ,if _! j\rney 0 long en\gh1 !y /ood a *ance ( be+ rubb$ away altoge!r & ( f9i%+ _! exi/5ce z s& or mud4 ,:at ! valley did to ! glaci]'s /ones1 ! /ones did to ! valley4 ,!y scrat*$ x & scor$ x4 ,e promontory ( rock :i* /ood 9 ! pa? ( ! ice _h its angles & corn]s gr\nd away4 ,! poli% & ! directions ( ! scrat*es are especially rem>kable1 because1 :e!r ! m>ks are m]e l9es or deep-worn ruts1 !y are all on smoo? surfaces1 & !y all run "o way4 ,t way is ! direction 9 :i* ! glaci] mov$4 ,h[ high a degree ( poli% or h[ deep ! m>k+s may be dep5ds a good deal on ! k9d ( rock ov] :i* ! glaci] mov$4 ,t\gh1 close-gra9$ rocks1 su* z h>d lime/one1 are sometimes poli%$ to look l m>ble4 ,b !re is a great deal ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! smoo?+ effect$ by a riv] or a torr5t & t :i* is produc$ by a glaci]1 because ! riv] tosses ! rocks & /ones 9 all directions1 poli%es !m on e side1 & leaves no di/9ctive p>allel scrat*es or grooves on !m4 ,t c only be done by glaci]s :i* hold ! rocks1 ! rubb]s & ! rubb$1 press$ firmly toge!r & gr9d !m cont9ually 9 ! same way4 ,^! scrat*+s or /riations ( rocks1 ! smoo!d & groov$ surfaces1 & ! deposit$ b\ld]-clay & b\ld]s enable u to trace ! m>* ( great ice-%eets ov] regions ( ! e>? :i* are n[ ( totally diff]5t aspect4 ,f ?is k9d ( evid5ce we h be5 able to f9d t ! :ole ( ,nor!rn ,europe 0 once buri$ "u a great expanse ( sn[ & ice4 ,! %eet 01 z we %\ld expect1 ?icke/ 9 ! nor? & we/1 & ?9n$ away s\?w>d & ea/w>d4 ,ov] ,sc&9avia x 0 betwe5 #fjjj & #gjjj feet 9 ?ickness--z we c tell f ! scrat*es on ! sides ( ! high m\nta9s4 ,simil> m>ks #cjjj feet above ! sea-level 9 ! ,scotti% ,highl&s lead u to believe t ov] ,scotl& ! glaci]s 7 #ejjj feet ?ick1 & ev5 z f> s\? z ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s 9 ,g]many x c\ld n h be5 f> %ort ( #aejj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,imag9e ?is great mass ( ice ev] sl[ly mov+ & ev] creep+ solemnly d[n to ! sea4 ,by ! m>k+s x left we c trace :]e ! great] glaci]s slid gr&ly along4 ,9 ,sc&9avia x swept we/w>ds to ! ,atlantic & ea/w>ds to ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia1 !n froz5 z solid z ! ,pole4 ,s\?w>d ! ice gr\nd its way across ,d5m>k to ! ,l[ ,c\ntries & ,nor? ,g]many4 ,! ,baltic 0 *ok$ ) ice1 & s 0 ! ,nor? ,sea z f> s\? z ,london4 ,ice 9 t day fl[$ 9 glaci]s f ! ,briti% ,isles1 ea/w>ds f ,scotl& into ! holl[ ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 & we/w>ds d[n all ! clefts ( ! m\nta9s1 bury+ ! we/]n isles & break+ (f 9 iceb]gs t drift$ f> into ! ,atlantic4 ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie says t ! we/]n m>g9 ( ! ice-fields f ! s\?-we/ ( ,irel& to ! ,nor? ,cape ( ,norway mu/ h pres5t$ a va/ wall ( ice #abjj to #aejj miles long & hundr$s ( feet high--l t great b>ri] :i* ! ,ant>ctic explor]s tell u fr[n on ! wat]s t lap ! b\nd>ies ( ! s\? pol> l&4 ,nor!rn ,europe mu/ h be5 l ,nor? ,gre5l& ( to-day4 ,! rock scrat*es tell u 7s9ce ev5 ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,irel& is int5sely ice-worn7 t ! edge ( ice mu/ h ext5d$ "s di/ance beyond ,cape ,cle>1 ris+ out ( ! sea ) a precipit\s front t fac$ to ! s\?4 ,!nce ! ice-cliff swung ea/w>ds1 pass+ probably along ! l9e ( ! ,briti% ,*annel & keep+ to ! nor? ( ! valley ( ! ,?ames4 ,its s\!rn m>g9 ran across :at is n[ ,holl& & skirt$ ! high gr\nds ( ,we/phalia1 ,hanov]1 & ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s--:i* probably b>r$ its fur!r progress s\?w>d4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! ice swept r\nd into ! l[l&s ( ,saxony up to ! *a9 ( ! ,erz1 ,ries51 & ,sud5t5 ,m\nta9s1 :5ce its s\!rn limit turn$ ea/w>d across ,silesia1 ,pol&1 & ,galicia1 & !n swung r\nd to ! nor?1 pass+ across ,russia by way ( ,kieff & ,nijni ,novgorod to ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica !re are simil> traces ( ! great ice-%eet1 "o ( ! bran*es ( :i* /ream$ s\?w>d into ! bas9 ( ! ,mississippi1 ! second mov+ we/w>d f ,hudson ,bay to ! ,rockies1 & s\?w>d to ,i[a1 & ! ?ird sett+ out f ! great m\nta9 ranges ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,"r across ,nor? ,am]ica to-day = ?\s&s ( miles /ret* accumulations & m\nds ( rock :i* 7 pu%$ =w>d by ! ice1 & 7 dropp$ by ! glaci]s :5 !y rea*$ f>!/ s\?4 ,^! accumulations are call$1 f _! orig91 ! great t]m9al mora9es ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,ice ,age4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght t ^! great ice-%eets ( bo? hemisph]es rema9$ con/ant 9 ext5t & ?ickness4 ,!re 7 p]iods ( retreat & advance1 ( progress & %r9k+1 & ! %r9k+s ( ^! took place on a l>ge scale1 & p]haps la/$ = hundr$s or ?\s&s ( ye>s2 s t mix$ ) ! /rata ( b\ld]-clay1 :i* are ! *>act]i/ic /rata ( ! glacial p]iods1 are o!r /rata ( s&1 ord9>y clay1 & ev5 peat4 ,rema9s ( plants & animals are f\nd 9 ^! /rata1 %[+ t sometimes ! glaci]s retreat$ s f> & = s long t vegetation sprang up & animals liv$ on ! gr\nd t !y _h cov]$--9 ! int]vals :5 ! cold ( c5turies 0 replac$ by o!r c5turies ( mild & equable climate4 ,at la/1 aft] _m ( ^! swall[-l retreats & advances1 ! w>m] climate at l5g? came to /ay1 & ! ice retreat$ f>!r & f>!r to ! nor?4 ,x /ill rema9$ among ! m\nta9s1 s t we might describe ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps & ( ! ,canadian ,rockies z ! la/ relics exi/+ to-day ( ! great ,ice ,age ( ! pa/4 ,! retreat to ! ,arctic ,circle left _m o!r relics beh9d x1 ! great lakes1 = example1 l ,w9nipeg & ,manitoba1 & ! ,great ,salt ,lake ( ,utah4 ,all 7 once mighti] %eets1 because dur+ ! ,ice ,age _! wat]s 7 held back4 ,o!r small] lakes =m$ by ! dump+-heaps or t]m9al mora9es ( ! glaci]s /ill exi/1 & are especially noticeable 9 ,f9l&4 ,dur+ ! lat] /ages ( ! ,ice ,age ! level ( ! l& 0 l[] ?an x is n[ 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,:5 ! gr\nd began to rise--9 sl[ upheavals ) long pauses = re/--x left its impress 9 rais$ bea*es1 :i* c be se5 on bo? sides ( ,scotl& & on ! ,norwegian coa/4 ,! climate grew gradually mild]1 ! animals & ! plants foll[$ 9 ! tra9 ( ! retreat+ ice1 & ev5 ! traces ( man's exi/5ce began to appe>4 ,! *ange 0 n sudd52 x 0 s gradual t ! ,ice ,age slipp$ z imp]ceptibly z its own glaci]s into ! age 9 :i* ,man's activities 9 ,europe began4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,fire-,,h>d5$ ,,rocks ,s f> we h be5 consid]+ ! deposits laid d[n1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 a leisurely & ord]ly mann]1 by ! action ( air & wat]2 by floods1 riv]s1 lakes1 ! sea1 or by ! sl[ movem5ts ( ice4 ,if ^!1 h[ev]1 _h be5 ! only ag5ts by :i* ! e>?'s /rata 7 accumulat$1 !n x is cle> t = ! mo/ "p ^! deposits & ^! /rata w\ld lie ev5ly1 "o on top ( ! o!r1 l ! l9es ( pr9t on ?is page4 ,b z a matt] ( obs]vation ! e>?'s /rata d n lie l t4 ,if we 7 to te> ?is page out & crumple x up 9 a ball1 fir/ hav+ torn x 9 half & %r$d$ a few irregul> pieces out ( x1 we %\ld get a tru] picture ( ! way 9 :i* _m ( ! e>?'s /rata are contort$1 crumpl$1 & displac$4 ,!y h n be5 s di/ort$ by ! action ( ! sea1 viol5t z are "s ( ! sea's assaults on ! l&2 nor w\ld ! heat ( ! sun at its greate/ ev] produce su* effects4 ,!y mu/ h tak5 place f "s causes :i* arise 9 ! e>? itself4 ,^! causes c be summ$ up 9 "o ^w--fire4 ,"s ( ! /rata ( :i* we h spok51 & :i* are call$ s$im5t>y /rata1 al?\gh !y 7 compos$ ( s(t mat]ials to beg9 )1 h become v h>d s9ce1 9 "s cases ow+ to ! enorm\s pressure ( ! accumulat$ deposits above !m1 9 o!r cases because ( *emical action4 ,9 a few cases !y h become h>d5$ n s mu* by los+ _! wat]1 z by direct heat4 ,b ! h>de/ ( !m is n s h>d z ano!r class ( rocks ) :i* we are all acqua9t$--rocks l granite1 or qu>tz1 or basalt4 ,& x w be evid5t to any "o :o ?9ks ab\t ! subject = a mom5t t no am\nt ( pressure w\ld make a rock z h>d z a diamond4 ,n[ h[ h ^! rocks be5 made8 ,! answ] is t !y h be5 made 9 "s int]ior furnace ( heat deep d[n 9 ! e>?4 ,sometimes !y h boil$ up1 & we c trace !m bur/+ _! way ?r\gh ! s$im5t>y /rata above !m4 ,we d n "k v mu* ab\t ! furnaces or cauldrons :5ce !y h come2 9 fact1 we "k v little ab\t ! dep?s ( ! e>?4 ,! deepe/ m9e-%aft kn[n is ne> ,lake ,sup]ior1 & is only #ejjj feet 9 dep?4 ,9 ,silesia a bore-hole has be5 made by ! ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t ( a mile & a qu>t] 9 dep?4 ,x w\ld be by no means an easy task to s9k a great bor+4 ,! ,hon4 ,*>les ,p>sons has describ$ "s ( ! difficulties4 ,! %aft w\ld h to be sunk 9 a neighb\rhood :]e x w\ld n be likely to enc\nt] wat] on its way d[n1 because o!rwise !re w\ld be ! necessity ( pump+ op]ations4 ,9 ord] to be ( value = purposes ( obs]vation1 ! %aft w\ld be ( ! size usual 9 ord9>y m9es & coal-pits4 ,x w\ld be sunk 9 /ages ea* ( ab\t half a mile 9 dep?1 & at ea* /age !re w\ld be plac$ ! haul+ & o!r ma*9]y = deal+ ) ! next /age bel[4 ,?is ma*9]y1 9 ord] to economise space & limit ! heat ( ! work+s1 w\ld be electrical4 ,ev5 s !re w\ld h to be special arrangem5ts = cool+2 & ! dep? ( ea* /age 9 ! bor+ w\ld be re/rict$ to half a mile 9 ord] to avoid great co/ 9 ! haul+ arrangem5ts1 great weight ( rope1 & ! great co/ ( keep+ ! ma*9]y & work+s cool4 ,at ea* second or ?ird mile d[n !re w\ld be air-locks to prev5t ! air-pressure f becom+ excessive1 ow+ to ! weight ( ! sup]9cumb5t air4 ,= :5 we got betwe5 two & ?ree miles d[n bel[ ! surface ( ! e>? ! atmosph]ic pressure !re w\ld be d\ble :at x is at ! e>?'s surface1 or1 !re=e1 ab\t ?irty p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,x w\ld n be easy to "w "u great] air-pressure ?an t1 fir/ly because ( ! /ra9 on ! workm51 & secondly because ( ! rise ( temp]ature :i* ?is increas$ air-pressure w\ld cause4 ,!re=e special *amb]s w\ld h to be con/ruct$ to relieve ! pressure1 z well z special pumps to provide v5tilation1 & o!r ma*9]y to c>ry ! sup]flu\s heat to ! surface4 ,?is la/-nam$ ma*9]y w\ld be ( ! nature ( br9e-fill$ pipes1 9 :i* a freez+ mixture w\ld always be kept circulat+4 7,! arrangem5ts sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,p>sons = keep+ ! und]gr\nd work+s cool are r too complicat$ = description "h2 b no d\bt ! means he sugge/s w\ld be effective1 & x w\ld be possible1 ?\gh ) great difficulty1 to keep ! work+s cool47 ,:5 ! bor+s ext5d$ to a dep? ( "s miles x w\ld be necess>y to freeze ! bottom ( ! %aft4 ,?is is a ?+ :i* is sometimes n[ done :5 a %aft is be+ sunk ?r\gh quicks&s t may be enc\nt]$ on its way d[n4 ,r\nd ! circle ( ! ma9 %aft a numb] ( small bore-holes are driv51 & into !m is p\r$ v cold br9e1 :i* freezes ! mat]ial ?r\gh :i* ! %aft is to be driv54 ,9 ! case ( ! great bor+ we are consid]+ ?is w\ld h to be done n only at ! bottom ( ! %aft b also = "s "t on ! newly pi]c$ %aft sides1 until ! surr\nd+ rock has be5 cool$ = "s di/ance f ! face4 ,:at w\ld su* a %aft co/8 ,h[ long w\ld x take to build8 ,:at w\ld ! temp]ature be t x enc\nt]$ on ! way d[n8 ,! foll[+ is ! e/imate (f]$ by ,mr4 ,p>sons3-- ,co/ ,"t 9 ,temp]ature ,ye>s ( ,rock ,= #b miles dep? f ! surface #ejj1jjj #aj #abb ,f4 #d #a1ajj1jjj #be #aeb #f #a1hjj1jjj #dj #ahb #h #b1gjj1jjj #ee #bab #aj #c1gjj1jjj #gj #bdb #ab #e1jjj1jjj #he #bgb ,b ?is e/imate does n include ! co/ ( cool+ ! %aft or ( provid+ x ) air-locks4 ,mr4 ,p>sons 9 del9eat+ ! s*eme rem>k$ on ! va/ am\nt ( in=mation ) :i* su* a bor+ w\ld furni% eng9e]s1 m9]s1 & geologi/s2 b ! po9t t we wi% to make is t ev5 ) ?is enorm\s exp5diture ( "t1 indu/ry1 & money we %\ld be z f> z ev] f kn[+ any?+ ab\t ! core ( ! e>?4 ,we %\ld h only gone ab\t a ?ird ( ! way ?r\gh :at geologi/s call ! e>?'s cru/4 ,"h1 aga91 we are 9 a condition ( difficulty4 ,h[ ?ick is ! e>?'s cru/8 & :at is !re b5ea? x8 ,well1 z we are /ill su* a long way f explor+ x we c only give a r d\btful answ]2 & we mu/ !re=e try to %[ n only :at is ?\ght ab\t ! e>?'s int]ior b :y we ?9k x4 ,f ,mr4 ,*>les ,p>sons' table x w be se5 t he calculates t z ! bor+ w5t deep] x w\ld f9d a high] & high] temp]ature among ! rocks4 ,at two miles d[n x w\ld be hott] ?an ! hotte/ summ]'s day at ! e>?'s surface2 at eight miles d[n wat] w\ld boil by itself2 at twelve miles d[n1 unless ! cool+ arrangem5ts 7 extremely good1 ! workm5 w\ld die l flies4 ,h[ does ,mr4 ,p>sons "k t !re w\ld be ^! temp]atures1 see+ t ! deepe/ bor+ hi!rto made is only a mile8 ,he bases 8 calculations on :at we "k already ( ! asc5d+ temp]ature at deep5+ levels4 ,= t5 ye>s ,pr(essor ,agassiz took obs]vations conc]n+ a v deep m9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates call$ ! ,calumet & ,hecla ,m9e4 ,he & ,pr(essor ,*amb]l91 aft] exam9+ all ! obs]vations v c>efully1 came to ! conclusion t 9 go+ d[n f ! e>?'s surface ! temp]ature rose at a rate ( ab\t #a ( heat 7,fahr5heit7 = e #abe feet4 ,at ! ,nor? ,g>d5 ,gully ,m9e1 ,b5digo1 ,au/ralia1 & at ! ,new ,*um ,m9e a temp]ature ( #ii ,f4 0 rea*$ at #cjjj feet1 & #ajg at #cfde feet4 ,! rate ( increase ( temp]ature 0 reckon$ to be #a ( heat 7,fahr5heit7 = e #hj feet4 ,?is rate ( #a = #hj feet 0 also f\nd at a ,s\? ,g]man m9e1 ,maldon1 z well z at a ,ball>at m9e1 & at a m9e ne> ,port ,jackson4 ,9 a ,fr5* m9e m ?an #cjjj feet deep1 at ! colli]ies ( ,ron*amp1 ! rate ( increase 0 z high z #a 9 #ej feet4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,/af=d%ire m9es ,mr4 ,atk9son1 ,h4,m4 ,inspector ( ,m9es1 f\nd ! increase to be on ! av]age #a 9 #fe feet2 :]eas 9 ! ,s\? ,/af=d%ire ,ham/ead ,colli]y ,mr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,mea*em f\nd t ! increase 0 #a ,f4 = e #aaj feet4 ,! same rate 0 obta9$ at ! ,bagg]idge ,wood ,colli]y1 ,s\? ,/af=d%ire4 ,9 ,s\? ,wales1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rhondda & ,ab]d>e1 ! rate is #a = #ie feet2 at ,d[lais1 9 ! ,m]?yr coalfield1 x 0 #a 9 #ic feet2 at ! ,niddrie ,colli]ies1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 ! increase is at ! rate ( #a 9 #ii feet4 ,x w ?us be se5 t all ov] ! _w !re is an increase ( temp]ature at a rate :i*1 on ! av]age1 is ab\t #a = e #ajj feet4 ,!re are #ebhj feet 9 a mile2 !re=e1 if ?is rate ( increas+ temp]ature 7 ma9ta9$1 at a dep? ( #ajj miles ! temp]ature w\ld be p]haps #ejjj ,f42 a temp]ature at :i* /eel w\ld melt & boil away into vap\r4 ,at a dep? ( #bjj miles ! heat w\ld be great] ?an t ( ! surface ( ! sun4#b ,footnote #b3 ,accord+ to ! calculations made by ! late ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,wilson1 ,f4,r4,s41 9 ,irel&1 #eggc ,c5tigrade above ! l[e/ temp]ature :i* is possible 9 space1 or ab\t #aj1ejj ,f4 ,n[ at temp]atures l t ev]y?+ we "k on ! surface ( ! e>? w\ld melt4 ,some?+ else w\ld happ5 to x besides t4 ,^? ( our read]s :o h ev] se5 exp]im5ts at ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,london by ,sir ,james ,dew> or ,sir ,william ,crookes w "k t if metals are made hot en\gh !y w n only melt b w boil away into vap\r z wat] boils into /eam4 ,& p]haps we ne$ tell no "o t air1 if x be subject$ to a l[ en\gh temp]ature1 c be made a solid l ice4 ,9 fact1 ev]y?+ 9 nature1 :e!r we g5]ally "k x z a solid 7l iron71 or a liquid 7l wat]71 or a gas 7l air71 c be made to assume ei!r ( ! two o!r =ms4 ,?us ! solid iron c be turn$ into a liquid or a gas1 & ! liquid wat] c be turn$ into a gas by boil+1 or into ice by freez+4 ,! gase\s air c be turn$ into a liquid by l[]+ its temp]ature to "s #cjj ,f4 or m bel[ ! po9t at :i* wat] turns into ice2 :ile if we l[] ! temp]ature to ab\t #cij ,f4 bel[ freez+1 x w turn into a solid4 ,at a temp]ature ( ab\t #dij ,f4 bel[ freez+ ev]y?+ 9 nature1 :e!r gase\s or liquid1 w\ld become a solid1 & t temp]ature1 :i* is ! l[e/ t c possibly exi/1 is call$ ,absolute ,z]o4 ,b j z e gas becomes a solid at t temp]ature1 s !re are temp]atures at :i* e solid becomes a gas4 ,gold1 = in/ance1 beg9s to be a liquid at ab\t #aijj ,f41 & if we heat x to #bjjj x w become a gas4 ,!re=e x w be se5 t if we 7 to suppose t ! e>? grew /eadily hott] all ! way d[n to its c5tre1 we %\ld comp>atively soon come to a po9t :5 ev]y?+ w\ld be try+ to turn into a gas4 ,b !re is "o o!r ?+ to be ?\ght (4 ,imag9e :at ! pressure ( ! weight ( ! rocks !mselves mu/ be4 ,at a dep? ( a mile pressure f above aris+ f ! weight ( ! ov]ly+ rock is ab\t #fjjj lb4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,at ?ree miles ! weight has increas$ to #ah1jjj lb41 at f\r miles to ab\t #bd1jjj lb41 & at five miles to ab\t #cj1jjj lb4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,n[ ! av]age /r5g? requir$ to cru% rocks has be5 %[n to be ab\t #be1jjj lb4 to ! squ>e in* = granite1 = lime/ones ab\t #af1jjj lb4 to ! squ>e in*1 & = ! s&/ones ab\t #fjjj lb4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,at a dep? ( five miles1 !re=e1 ! weight above mu/ be equal if n great] ?an ! resi/+ p[] ( ! rock4 ,:at w happ5 l[] ?an t8 ,an exp]im5t %[n "s ye>s ago by ,sir ,william ,rob]ts ,au/5 at ! ,royal ,in/itution gives u "s idea ( :at might happ54 ,he subject$ iron to v great hydraulic pressure1 & he arrang$ ! exp]im5t 9 su* a way t ! spectators c\ld see an image ( :at 0 happ5+ project$ by a beam ( light on to a k9d ( magic-lant]n scre54 ,! iron began to move l sl[ly melt+ pit*1 or v ?ick gum4 ,9 fact1 at dep?s ( ab\t six1 sev51 or eight miles1 x is suppos$ by _m geologi/s t if ! l[] rocks _h room to move !y w\ld h a t5d5cy to fl[4#c ,footnote #c3 ,geology3 ,e>? ,hi/ory1 p4 #abg4 ,*amb]l9 & ,salisbury4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 !y _c fl[1 t !re is no room = !m to fl[1 & t ! pressure is n m]ely ?irte5 or fifte5 tons to ! squ>e in*1 z x w\ld be at dep?s betwe5 five & six miles1 b a hundr$ times t am\nt1 z x might be betwe5 five & six hundr$ miles d[n4 ,:at w\ld happ5 !n8 ,we c only imag9e :at does happ5 by /at+ :at does n happ54 ,x us$ to be suppos$ z late z half a c5tury ago t ! e>? consi/$ ( a cru/ ( h>d rocks p]haps ?irty to fifty miles 9 ?ickness1 & t bel[ ?is cru/ ! :ole e>? 0 a mass ( r$-hot or :ite-hot molt5 /uff ) flam+ gases mix$ ) x4 ,if t 7 ! case x w\ld expla9 a good deal ( :at we see ar\nd u4 ,x w\ld expla9 ! volcanoes1 = in/ance1 :i* bel* out fire & lava & a%es & molt5 rock1 & sometimes great fragm5ts ( rock4 ,p]haps "s ( our read]s may rememb] ! great eruption ( ,m\nt ,pele1 :i* took place 9 ,m>t9ique "s ye>s ago4 ,at "o /age ( ! eruption a great obelisk ( rock a ?\s& feet high 0 pu%$ upw>ds out ( ! crat]1 & ev5tually sank back aga94 ,x came out ( ! dep?s ( ! e>?4 ,x 0 l a v5t-peg plugg+ "s boil+ mass bel[4 ,simil>ly we might suppose t all volcanoes 7 v5t-holes = ! trem5d\s commotion ( boil+ fi]y rocks bel[ ! e>?'s surface4 ,! only ?+ we c urge is t !y d n seem big en\gh = ! purpose1 if ! e>? 7 inde$ all molt5 except = a ?9 cru/--?irty miles ?ick4 ,= t w\ld leave a molt5 ocean m ?an #gijj miles across any way x 0 measur$3 #gijj miles deep1 #gijj miles broad1 #gijj miles long1 if we take ! diamet] ( ! e>? to be #hjjj miles4 ,we all "k :at great tides ! ,moon & ,sun by _! attraction raise 9 ! e>?'s out] ocean ( wat]4 ,?9k :at tides !y w\ld raise 9 ?is inn] ocean ( molt5 rock & metal4 ,! e>?'s cru/ w\ld n be able to hold su* tides 94 ,! molt5 /uff w\ld be always break+ ?r\gh ! flimsy ?irty miles ( out] solid rock z if x 7 egg-%ell4 ,twice a day !re w\ld be outbreaks ( lava va/ en\gh to subm]ge cont95ts4 ,no1 t w n d4 ,we w n confuse our read]s by tell+ !m all ! !ories t h be5 =m$1 b w only /ate :at ! late ,"l ,kelv9 believ$1 & mo/ ( ! pres5t g5]ation ( geologi/s believe4 ,x is t ! heat ( ! e>?'s cru/ cont9ues to increase only = a c]ta9 di/ance ( ! way d[n1 & t ow+ to pressure ! e>? is solid 7?\gh v hot except t[>ds ! surface7 = two ?\s& miles d[n4 ,!re rema9s a ?ickness ( ano!r f\r ?\s& miles on ei!r side ( ! e>?'s c5tre to be consid]$4 ,t might be molt51 b ! pressure w\ld be s great t x w\ld behave z if x 7 a solid4 ,we "k ! e>? _c be solid all ?r\gh because x does n weigh en\gh4 ,! e>? _c1 ( c\rse1 be weigh$ 9 any scales1 b !re are me?ods ( weigh+ x nev]!less4 ,"o ( two me?ods is by see+ h[ /rongly x attracts bodies to itself4 ,b ^! ?+s belong r to ! romance ( a/ronomy ?an to t ( geology4 ,we ne$ only tr\ble ourselves at pres5t ab\t ! results4 ,"o ^w m ab\t ! deep int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,see1 an ,am]ican a/ronom]1 has f\nd h[ heavy & h[ h>d ! e>? is1 tak5 z a :ole4 ,he f9ds t if x 7 built f surface to surface ( h>d5$ /eel x w\ld be j ab\t z heavy & z h>d--or z rigid4 ,! /eel w\ld be l t us$ = ! arm\r-plate ( battle%ips4 ,dr4 ,see is n prep>$1 h[ev]1 to disc>d ! idea t ! e>? has a l>ge fluid int]ior4 ,if x 7 fluid1 yet x w\ld be subject$ to su* enorm\s pressure by its own weight1 t if !re 7 a mod]ately ?ick e>?-cru/1 its tidal surg+s w\ld be s cab9'd1 cribb$1 conf9$1 t !y w\ld be comp>atively ineffectual4 ,we mu/ n run away ) ! idea 7aga9/ :i* ,dr4 ,see specially w>ns u71 t !re is any free circulation ( curr5ts )9 ! fluid int]ior4 ,! rigidity produc$ by pressure 7or weight7 is too great = t4 ,inde$1 ?is pressure is s great t1 z ano!r sci5tific au?ority1 ,pr(essor ,arrh5ius1 has po9t$ out1 ! matt] at ! core ( ! e>? might ev5 be gase\s2 & yet w\ld be s compress$ by pressure t x w\ld possess a rigidity equal to ! h>de/ /eel4 ,! e>? may be p>tly solid1 p>tly liquid1 p>tly gase\s1 b = all practical purposes ,pr(essor ,see w\ld h u reg>d x z a solid sph]e hav+ an av]age h>dness & weight & rigidity great] ?an t ( ord9>y /eel4 ,we are /ill "s way (f an explanation ( h[ ! _m igne\s rocks :i* 7 & are be+ boil$ up 9 "s inn] molt5 cauldron came to ! surface2 b ! bett] to und]/& t we mu/ ask our read]s to c>ry _! imag9ation back to ! v beg9n+ ( ! _w :5 x 0 )\t =m & void4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,e>? ,,at ,,its ,,beg9n+ ,if we look up at ! sky ) ! eye ( k we c read 9 ! cele/ial objects ) :i* x is /rewn some?+ ( ! hi/ory ( our e>?4 ,we c only read x dimly ev5 ) ! aid ( ! greate/ telescopes1 & x is q possible t 9 "s respects we may read x wrongly4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 consid] :at ! eye & ! telescope w reveal to u4 ,! eye w see ! ,sun--a great ball1 into :i* ! e>? might s9k )\t greatly alt]+ ! ,sun's appe>ance1 & surr\nd$ ) flam+ gases hott] ?an ! hotte/ furnace man has ev] be5 able to contrive4 ,9 t heat e solid ?+ on ! e>? w\ld melt & be turn$ into vap\r4 ,! eye w also p]ceive ! ,moon--ano!r ball1 mu* small] ?an ! e>?1 surr\nd$ by no gases at all1 hav+ z f> z c be se5 no wat]2 & be+ s cold dur+ its long nights t all gases & liquids ( :i* we "k w\ld be froz5 solid !re4 ,! eye c also see a myriad ( />s ( v>y+ brightness1 b = ! mo/ "p only ?us di/+ui%able4 ,if ! telescope be n[ call$ 9 to aid1 ! eye w1 h[ev]1 be able to disc]n diff]5ces & di/9ctions 9 ! />s4 ,x w see t "s are balls l ! ,e>?1 ! ,sun1 & ! ,moon4 ,if ^! balls are /udi$ att5tively we %all discov] t "o ( !m1 ,jupit]1 is a great deal hott] ?an ! e>?1 ?\gh a great deal cool] ?an ! ,sun2 & t ano!r ( !m1 ,m>s1 is a great deal cold] ?an ! e>?1 b a great deal w>m] ?an ! ,moon4 ,p]haps we might n[ beg9 to surmise t ! ,sun com+ fir/1 ,jupit] next1 ! ,e>? next1 ,m>s next1 & ! ,moon la/1 7 all l /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( "o ( ^! balls2 & t1 = example1 any "o ball began by be+ z hot z ! ,sun1 & end$1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh /ages l ,jupit]1 ! ,e>?1 & ,m>s1 9 be+ z cold & lifeless z ! ,moon4 ,b if "o _h a v good telescope1 & c\ld exam9e ^? m di/ant specks ( light :i* we call />s1 we p]haps c\ld spy a little e>li] into ! hi/ory ( ^! great balls4 ,= example1 among ! blaz+ lights ( ! heav5s--! />s :i* we "k to be suns--!re are o!rs :i* are n balls at all4 ,!re are ! ,pleiades1 = in/ance1 ( :om ! ,prophet ,amos wrote1 ,seek ,him t make? ! sev5 />s & ,orion 7,amos v4 #h74 ,! sev5 />s 79 ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion r5d]$ ,pleiades71#d :5 se5 ?r\gh a great telescope1 are caught 9 a me% or a veil ( some?+ t may be />ry matt]1 b ( ! exact nature ( :i* we are unc]ta94 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! sky !re are great masses ( ?is />ry mi/2 & to ^! bright pat*es a/ronom]s h giv5 ! "n ( nebul4 ,! mo/ wond]ful ( !m all is ! great nebula 9 ,orion2#e & "o ( ! mo/ beautiful is ! great spiral nebula ( ,&rom$a4 ,^! objects are n only wond]ful & beautiful2 !y also give u a h9t z to :at might h be5 ! e>lie/ /ate ( our e>?1 & ( ! ,sun itself 9 ^? almo/ inconceivably di/ant ages be=e ord] took ! place ( *aos4 ,footnote #d3 ,x has be5 cog5tly sugge/$ t by ! sev5 />s ! biblical writ] meant ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,be>2 b ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,maund]1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ( ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 is ( op9ion t ! ,pleiades 7 signifi$4 ,footnote #e3 ,god make? ,arcturus1 ,orion1 & ,pleiades1 & ! *amb]s ( ! s\? 7,job ,,ix4 #i74 ,let u ask ! read] to imag9e :at w\ld take place if ! e>? 7 to come into collision ) ano!r planet4 ,"s ( our read]s1 at any rate1 w "k t ! ,sun & all its planets--! e>? among !m--is mov+ swiftly to "s unkn[n de/9ation among ! />s4#f ,suppose t "s great planet1 n ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 b>r$ our pa?4 ,we %\ld n be tak5 :olly unaw>es1 = a/ronom]s w\ld "k ( ! approa* ( ! /> & our e>? to "o ano!r mon?s1 & p]haps ye>s1 be=eh&4 ,t w\ld be because ! light ( ! ,sun fall+ on x w\ld be reflect$1 j z ! reflection ( ! ,sun's rays light up ! ,moon = our eyes4 ,if ! /range planet 7 a v l>ge body1 l ! sun = bigness1 x w\ld become visible f> beyond ! conf9es ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,x might fir/ be tak5 = a new /> su* z sometimes blazes up 9 ! sky & !n s9ks into d>kness aga94 ,b its /ead9ess w\ld make x an object ( suspicion4 ,!re w\ld be ano!r brief p]iod 9 :i* x might be tak5 = a comet2 b comets h a light q diff]5t f t ( reflect$ sunlight4 ,s t anxi\s expectation w\ld be dissipat$1 & ! _w w\ld beg9 to recognise ! mon/] = :at x really 04 ,if its size 7 ! same z t ( ! ,sun1 !n x w\ld fir/ become visible to u :5 #ae1jjj1jjj1jjj miles di/ant1#g or let u say #afjj times f>!r away f u ?an we are f ! ,sun4 ,we & x w\ld approa* sl[ly at fir/4 ,x w\ld be ne>ly t5 ye>s be=e ! di/ance _h be5 r$uc$ to #f1jjj1jjj1jjj ( miles1 & ! intrud] _h begun to be visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,9 f\rte5 ye>s x w\ld h rea*$ ! out] edge ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 & w\ld be ! brighte/ /> 9 ! heav5s4 ,9 ano!r ye> x w\ld be twice z bright z ,v5us at h] brighte/1 & w\ld be com+ ne>] ) appall+ swiftness4 ,9 less ?an two mon?s x w\ld be z ne> ! ,sun z we are4 ,9 a week m x w\ld h plung$ into ! ,sun at ! rate ( #djj miles a second1 & 9 ! awful heat born 9 t collision1 ,sun & e>? & planets w\ld be molt51 & ! ,sol> ,sy/em ov]:elm$ ,9 unremorseful folds ( roll+ fire4 ,footnote #f3 ,x is usually suppos$ t ?is movem5t1 am\nt+ to p]haps t5 miles a second1 is 9 ! direction ( ! con/ellation ( ,vega4 ,footnote #g3 ,see an article by ,mr4 ,ell>d ,gore 9 ,k1 ,novemb]1 #aije4 ,! object w\ld n be visible at ?is di/ance except ?r\gh l>ge telescopes4 ,suppose t ?is cata/rophe 7 to take place4 ,w\ld t be ! end ( all ?+s8 ,no4 ,out ( ! fi]y mi/ _m millions ( miles across--l "o ( ^? great nebul :i* ! telescopes reveal to u--ord] w\ld be evolv$4 ,two ?+s w\ld at once beg9 to happ51 s9ce 9 ! ,univ]se no?+ /&s /ill4 ,! fi]y mi/ w\ld be giv+ out heat all ab\t x1 s5d+ out heat-waves z a fire or a r$-hot pok] w d4 ,! r$-hot pok] cools2 s1 too1 w\ld ! fi]y nebula4 ,!n ! nebula w\ld beg9 to cond5se2 n q 9 ! same way t a cl\d ( /eam does1 = x w\ld be :irl+ all ! "t1 & its fi]y p>ticles w\ld be all try+ to fall inw>ds1 j z any?+ dropp$ f our h&s t5ds to fall t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,z ?is :irl+ mass ( gas cond5s$ "s great masses ( x w\ld become deta*$1 & w\ld beg9 to enjoy sep>ate exi/5ces ( _! own4 ,let u imag9e1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t a mass ( gas va/ en\gh1 :5 x cond5s$1 to =m ! e>? itself became deta*$ f ! p>5t nebula4 ,suppose we foll[ its hi/ory4 ,at fir/ x may h be5 a globe h>dly di/+ui%able f a :irl+ flame4 ,9 brightness x 0 l ! ,sun1 & l ! ,sun1 x 0 cov]$ ) elem5tal gases4 ,x 01 9 fact1 9 its e>lie/ days a sph]e ( gas cont9ually giv+ out heat1 & cont9ually cool+1 till f a sph]e l ! ,sun x became a ball l ,jupit]4 ,x _h an int]m$iate /age :5 its gases 7 cond5s+ into liquids1 z /eam cond5ses into wat]2 = ?\gh ! nebula z a :ole 0 hot x 0 always travell+ ?r\gh cold space4 ,gradually ! e>? became p>tly liquid & p>tly gas4 ,= millions ( ye>s x cont9u$ to revolve z a ball ( liquid--/ill cool+--/ill be+ press$ v h>d at its c5tral p>ts by ! weight ( all ! gases & liquids r\nd x1 till at la/ ! fir/ cru/ ( solid matt] began to =m on ! liquid surface4 ,?is cru/ cont9u$ to ?ick51 b x 0 subject to _m appall+ cata/rophes & breakages4 ,we h already us$ ! occurr5ce ( ! tides ( ! e>? z an in/ance ( ! ,sun's attraction4 ,! ,sun 7& ! ,moon7 attract ! wat]s ( ! e>?1 pull+ !m up t[>ds !mselves4 ,s w\ld !y also attract ! molt5 mat]ials ( :i* ! e>ly e>? 0 compos$4 ,! liquid mass w\ld be cont9ually surg+ l a tide aga9/ its wall ( solid cru/1 & ! liquid w\ld n[ & aga9 bur/ ?r\gh4 ,!re mu/ h be5 a "t :5 ! ?9 solid cru/ cov]+ ! molt5 int]ior became1 ow+ to ! solidification & contraction ( ! cru/1 mu* too small to conta9 ! liquid mat]ial4 ,! lava w\ld !n break ?r\gh1 & w\ld =m huge crat]s1 n unlike "s ( ^? :i* we see on ! ,moon4 ,we c fa9tly imag9e ^! t]rible outbreaks 9 :i* ! molt5 tide rose n ?irty or =ty feet b _m miles high6 ,lat]1 aft] "s relief _h be5 giv5 by ^! outbreaks & ! cru/ ?ick5$1 ! int]ior regions ( ! e>? by cool+ %rank away f ! solid %ell1 :i* 0 n[ too l>ge4 ,?is solid %ell be+ insuffici5tly support$ sometimes cav$ 91 & o!r great outfl[s ( lava result$4 ,^! lava floods dissolv$ ! orig9al solid %ell :5ev] !y came 9 contact ) x4 ,! e>? probably once _h gigantic crat]s l ^? :i* we c see 9 _! ext9ct =m on ! ,moon2 b !y 7 de/roy$ by ^! outfl[s ( lava ( :i* we h spok54 ,!n1 /ill cool+1 ! e>?'s cru/ grew ?ick] & ?ick]4 ,! great outfl[s & eruptions ( molt5 elem5ts f und]nea? grew few]1 & m liquid elem5ts cool$ into solids1 & m gases cond5s$ into liquids4 ,!re 0 ano!r ?+ happ5+ ( :i*1 z consci5ti\s record]s ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>?'s geology1 we mu/ take note2 & x is t 9 ^? e>ly days meteorites 7 fall+ on ! e>? 9 va/ly great] numb]s ?an !y d to-day4 ,meteorites are masses ( cool$ rock fly+ ?r\gh space :i* /ill occasionally fall on ! e>?1 & specim5s ( !m are /ill to be f\nd1 _m ( !m pres]v$ 9 museums1 su* z ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum 9 ,cromwell ,road1 ,london4 ,b ! e>? 9 its pa? has swept mo/ ( !m up1 z ! h\semaid's du/+-pan collects ! fragm5ts ( du/4 ,:5 ! e>? 0 "y !re 7 incomp>ably m fragm5ts to collect1 & !y fell on ! e>? l ra94 ,mean:ile ! cool+ wat] vap\r became ! oceans2 cl\ds & ra9 & cool w9ds & ev5tually sn[ & ice became possible2 & ! h>d5+ lavas1 or fire-born rocks1 became subject to _! influ5ces1 till above !m 7 rais$ ! /ratifi$ rocks1 ( :i* we h spok5 9 our e>li] *apt]s1 & ! l9eage & desc5t ( :i* is "p ( ! /udy ( geology4 ,on ! e>? mo/ ( ! traces ( its e>li] hi/ory h be5 remov$1 b !re are "s signs ( !m p]ceptible to ! compreh5d+ eye4 ,! e>? is probably seam$ ) great cracks t d n n[ rea* to ! surface1 b :i* are indicat$ by ! pres5ce ( *a9s ( volcanoes4 ,! volcanoes ( ! great *a9s ( ! ,&es lie along a /raight crack rea*+ f ,s\!rn ,p]u to ,t]ra del ,fuego1 #bejj miles 9 l5g?4 ,! volcanoes ( ! ,aleutian ,isl&s lie along a curv$ track equally long4 ,o!r %ort] l9es ( volcanoes are v num]\s1 & s9ce c\ntless o!rs exi/$ 9 =m] times1 ! cracks 9 ! e>?'s cru/ mu/ be exce$+ly num]\s4 ,!re is "o crack :i* comes to ! surface 9 v>i\s places 9 ,ea/]n ,asia & ,we/]n ,africa1 & /ret*+ f ! ,dead ,sea to ,lake ,nyassa1 rea*es ! enorm\s l5g? ( #cejj miles4 ,f ?is brief sket* ( ! =mation ( ! e>?1 its progress & processes1 & f ! h9ts :i* ! volcanoes & e>?quakes ( to-day af=d u1 we may obta9 "s idea ( ! und]world t lies f> b5ea? our feet4 ,n mu*1 h[ev]1 = we are ignorant ( ! actual conditions :i* exi/ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,b !re seems a /rong case = suppos+ t !re is an out] solid cru/ ( e>? & an inn] molt5 core ( v great heat4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,*ildhood ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,let u n[ sum up ! v>i\s /ages 9 ! e>ly gr[? ( ! e>?1 z mo/ geologi/s believe !m to h occurr$4 ,! fir/ /age 0 t :5 ! e>?1 %9+ l a />1 exi/$ z a fluid globe surr\nd$ by heavy vap\rs ( great ?ickness1 :i* conta9$ ! future wat]s ( ! globe4 ,!n began ! second era ( ! e>?'s exi/5ce1 :5 x 0 a hot solid globe--solid at any rate at ! surface1 & ) a temp]ature ( ab\t #bejj ,f4 ,! globe's atmosph]e /ill conta9$ all ! wat]s ( ! e>?4 ,x conta9$ all ! c>bonic acid gas :i* n[ exi/s 9 ! lime/ones & 9 coal & o!r m9]als conta9+ c>bon4 ,x conta9$ also all ! oxyg5 s9ce %ut up 9 ! rocks & 9 vegetation & 9 animal sub/ances4 ,su* an atmosph]e 0 probably at lea/ two hundr$ times z great z ! atmosph]e :i* n[ surr\nds ! e>?4 ,!n foll[$ an epo* :5 great volcanic action set 94 ,we h p>tially describ$ x already4 ,j a ?9 solid cru/ 0 all t cov]$ ! molt5 int]ior ( ! globe4 ,x 0 too ?9 always to conta9 ! boil+ liquid1 & ,titanic explosions1 foll[$ by enorm\s ov]fl[s ( lava1 cont9ually broke up ! cru/4 ,! pressure 0 reliev$ by ^! explosions1 & gradually ! e>? w\ld settle d[n aga9 to its process ( consolidation4 ,ano!r explosion w\ld foll[2 aga9 a great fl[ ( lava2 & aga9 ! effects ( ! cata/rophe w\ld subside4 ,aft] ea* explosion & outfl[ ! e>?'s cru/ w\ld gr[ a little ?ick]4 ,all ?is "t1 & = long succe$+ ages1 ! e>? 0 attract+ to itself1 z a magnet attracts iron fil+s1 all ! small bodies :i* x enc\nt]$ on its pa? r\nd ! ,sun4 ,^! little rocks or masses ( matt]1 "s great & "s small1 w\ld ea* add some?+ to ! size ( ! e>?1 &1 by ! %ock ( collision ) x1 some?+ to ! e>?'s heat--j z a bullet flatt5+ itself aga9/ a t>get melts 9 ! heat ( collision4 ,j also z ! bits ( matt] :i* we call %oot+-/>s are set on fire by friction z !y ru% into ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,^! meteorites1 z !y are call$ :5 !y are comp>atively small bodies1 or planetismals1 z !y are call$ :5 !y are l>ge1 /ill exi/4 ,b ! e>?1 9 ! millions on millions ( ye>s :i* x has be5 c\rs+ r\nd ! ,sun1 has swept up all ! l>ge ones t are likely to fall into x1 & !re rema9 only ! small ones :i* occasionally cross its pa?4 ,^! are call$ ,leonids or ,lyrids or ,p]seids1 & ^! meteor %[]s occur at ne>ly ! same "t e ye> :5 ! e>? runs ?r\gh a sw>m ( !m on its pa?way r\nd ! ,sun4 ,b !y are v small4 ,"s ( !m are no bigg] ?an a slate p5cil4 ,few are z big z brickbats1 & ne>ly all are burnt up by ! air-friction be=e !y rea* ! e>?'s surface4 ,l>g] ones /ill fall on ! e>?1 h[ev]1 & x is calculat$ t _m hundr$s rea* u 9 fragm5ts e ye>4 ,b :5 ! e>? 0 "y _m ?\s&s fell e day4 ,to ?is era1 or imm$iately be=e x1 belongs ! bir? ( ! ,moon4 ,x is a subject ( int]e/ to geologi/s1 because x is admitt$ t ! mat]ials ( :i* ! ,moon is con/itut$ are simil> to ^? ( ! e>?2 & x is believ$ t its hi/ory up to a c]ta9 po9t 0 v l t ( ! e>?4 ,x _h its great volcanic era su* z we h describ$2 b its developm5t clos$ %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,we are consid]+1 h[ev]1 at ?is mom5t its orig94 ,x 0 once "p ( ! e>?4 ,all ( u h read ( ^? little animals1 ( :i* "o =m is ! amba & ano!r =m ! :ite corpuscles ( ! blood4 ,if we wat* !m "u ! microscope we may see "o ( !m sl[ly l5g!n out1 !n break 9 two1 & ea* "p g swimm+ away by itself1 a p]fect animal4 ,x 0 ,sir ,g4 ,h4 ,d>w91 ,f4,r4,s41 :o prov$ ma!matically 9 #ahgi t ! orig9 ( ! ,moon 0 su* t we may prop]ly comp>e x to ! splitt+ up ( ! little animals j describ$4 ,! date ( ?is ev5t _c be fix$ ev5 approximately--beyond say+ t z a/ronomical ev5ts g x mu/ h be5 r rec5t1 ?\gh n less ?an fifty million ye>s ago4 ,! ,moon is !re=e "o ( ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,b no o!r cata/rophe1 ei!r be=e or s9ce1 has occurr$ on ! e>? to comp>e ) its prodigi\s bir?4 ,five ?\s& million cubic miles ( mat]ial left ! e>?'s surface nev] aga9 to return to x4 ,:e!r x all left at once or :e!r ! action 0 prolong$ we d n "k1 b we may try 9 va9 to imag9e ! awful upro> & fe>ful volcanic ph5om5a exhibit$ :5 a planet 0 cleft 9 twa9 & a new moon 0 born into ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,!n1 life /ill be+ abs5t f ! e>?1 ! ,oceanic ,era began4 ,! wat]s cond5s$ into an ocean ov] ! e>?1 or else collect$ 9 "s great oceanic depression4 ,l&s pres5tly em]g$ f x4 ,x 0 a hot ocean1 /eam+ no d\bt1 = its temp]ature 0 p]haps ab\t #ejj ,f4 ,"s "o may ask--,:y1 !n1 did x n /eam away into cl\ds8 ,! answ] is t ! atmosph]e 0 /ill v heavy 9 t pa/ era1 probably /ill ex]t+ a pressure z mu* z fifty times z great z to-day4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e at ! e>?'s surface to-day is usually ab\t fifte5 p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,9 su* circum/ances wat] boils rapidly away at ! temp]ature ( #bab ,f4 ,b if ! wat] be tak5 up to ! top ( ,mont ,blanc1 :]e ! air pressure is less ?an t at ! sea-level 7or if1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+1 we r$uce ! pressure on ! wat]'s surface by plac+ x "u ! receiv] ( an air-pump & p>tially exhau/ ! air71 x w boil at a l[] temp]ature ?an ?is4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we increase ! pressure on ! surface ( ! wat] by any means1 su*1 = example1 z by plac+ x 9 a *amb] ( compress$ air1 ! wat] c be heat$ to a high] temp]ature )\t boil+ away4 ,9 ! bygone era ( :i* we are speak+ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e on ! wat]'s surface 0 #gjj lb4 or #hjj lb4 to ! squ>e in*2 & !re=e x c\ld be heat$ up to a high temp]ature )\t evaporat+ rapidly4 ,ano!r ?+ began to happ5 9 ^? days4 ,all bodies 9 space attract "o ano!r2 ! ,sun attracts its planets2 ! planets attract ! ,sun & _! satellites2 & ! satellites 9 _! turn attract ! planets4 ,ages be=e ! e>? _h a moon ^! =ces 7 at "w4 ,b ! attractions ( solid bodies = "o ano!r d n br+ ab\t any v p]ceptible alt]ations 9 _! %apes2 ?\gh if ! bodies are sp9n+ !y effect sl[ *anges 9 _! spe$ ( rotation4 ,x is diff]5t :5 ! bodies are liquid1 or if !y h liquid surfaces4 ,!n ! attractions ( a sun or a moon on a planet beg9 to draw up ! wat]s ( ! planet & produce tides4 ,! attraction ( ! e>? w\ld produce tides on ! ,moon if an ocean exi/$ !re2 &1 x is suspect$1 d produce some?+ resembl+ tides on ! pres5t surface ( ! ,sun4#h ,z soon1 !re=e1 z oceans appe>$ on ! e>? ! wat]s began to ebb & fl[ 9 tides4 7,ano!r consequ5ce ( ?is con/ant ebb & fl[ 0 t ! friction ( ^! movem5ts began to dim9i% ! spe$ ( ! e>?'s rotation--j z a /r+ t 0 plac$ r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( a sp9n+-top w\ld1 if con/antly pull$ backw>ds & =w>ds1 gradually help to sl[ d[n ! top47 ,!n oceanic waves & curr5ts w\ld beg9 to eat a way into ! l& t 0 on _! bord]s1 or :i* 0 em]g+ f _! dep?s4 ,riv]s w\ld beg9 to arise1 & !y w\ld c>ry on ! "w ( erosion4 ,o!r causes t5d+ to break up ! rocks w\ld be ! gases 9 ! air--! excessive quantities ( c>bonic acid & oxyg5 w\ld be active *emical ag5ts 9 ?is "w4 ,be=e ! close ( ?is era ! lime/ones & iron c>bonates began to =m2 s$im5ts arose 9 ! lifeless oceans1 & ?us began ! fir/ =mation ( ^? s$im5t>y rocks & /rata :i* h be5 dealt ) 9 ! e>li] *apt]s4 ,footnote #h3 ,a pap] read by ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,maund] be=e ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society 9 #aijg gave reasons = believ+ t ! e>? has p]ceptible effects on ! movem5ts ( sun-spots4 ,aft] ! lifeless era began ! age :5 ! l[e/ =ms ( life came into exi/5ce4 ,! initial /age 0 p]haps ! ,era ( ! ,fir/ ,plants1 ,alg1 & lat] /ill aquatic fungi or bact]ia4 ,?is began :5 ! g5]al temp]ature ( ! ocean may h be5 z high z #aej ,f4 7"s wat] plants c n[ live 9 wat]s up to & above #ahj ,f474 ,lime/ones began to =m f ! secretions ( plants1 & deposits ( silica f silica secretions4 ,also :]e ! conditions 7 fav\rable !re 7 l>ge s$im5t>y deposits & accumulations4 ,9 ! second "p ( ?is on ! e>?1 /ill cont9u+ to cool1 & go+ d[n 9 temp]ature to #aae1 gave opportunity to animal life4 ,at ! end ( ?is era ! g5]al temp]ature ( ! e>? & its oceans 0 z l[ z #ij ,f4 ,! fir/ animal life _h begun to appe>2 its activity greatly increas$ "u :at 7 fav\rable conditions = x4 ,?is increase ( animal life _h its effect on ! e>?'s cru/4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! =mation ( lime/ones f ! bodies ( sea animals4 ,?is 0 go+ on 9 ^? ages millions ( ye>s ago be=e any ( ! high] =ms ( life _h appe>$ on ! e>?1 & ?\gh x 0 n go+ on s rapidly1 /ill x mu/ be rememb]$ t at "s po9t ( ! _w's hi/ory ! oceans 7 ( great] ext5t ?an n[1 & consequ5tly ! deposits ( lime & ! accumulations ( s$im5t 7 m widespread4 ,! s$im5t>y rocks grew fa/] & fa/]1 especially on ! floors ( ! oceans4 ,x w be und]/ood by ^? :o h read ! =ego+ two *apt]s closely t ! igne\s or fire-born rocks mu/ lie und]nea? ! s$im5t>y ones4 ,b t is only true 9 g5]al t]ms1 = a d\ble reason4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ow+ to ! ine/imable =ces :i* = millions ( ye>s 7 /ill cont9ually effective bel[ ! e>?'s cru/1 ! igne\s rocks ov] & ov] aga9 7 able to bur/ _! way ?r\gh ! sl[-=m+ s$im5t ( o!r rocks laid d[n above !m4 ,9 ! second place1 ! igne\s rocks1 ow+ to _! composition & sup]ior h>dness1 7 mu* less worn by w9d & wea!r ?an ! less compact s$im5t>y rocks1 & ^! rema9$1 %[+ !mselves at ! surface z coa/-l9es ( oceans & 9 m\nta9 ranges1 aft] ! s&/ones & %ales & lime/ones _h disappe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,/]eo ,copyright1 ,und]wood ,u4 ,london & ,new ,york ,! ,crat] ( an ,ext9ct ,volcano ,?is is ! entrance to ! long ext9ct volcano ( ,r$ ,m\nta91 ,arizona4 ,! memorials ( volcanic action rema91 we _h almo/ said p]man5tly1 among ! decay ( o!r rocks1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ev5 h>d volcanic or igne\s rocks w be worn d[n 9 "t4 ,9 _m cases volcanoes !mselves are left1 ?\gh !y may h be5 = ages ext9ct4 ,9 "s volcanic regions :]e no great c5tral cones h exi/$ ! va/ floods ( lava t 7 p\r$ =? ext5d to-day z va/ black pla9s ( nak$ rock1 mottl$ ) %ift+ s&-hills1 or z undulat+ tablel&s c>v$ by runn+ wat] into valleys & rav9es1 betwe5 :i* ! successive %eets ( lava are expos$ 9 t]rac$ hills4 ,beyond ! limits ov] :i* ! lava %eets h spread !re are (t5 great ve9s or p>apets or sunk5 walls ( lava to :i* are giv5 ! names ( igne\s or volcanic dykes4 ,dykes v>y f less ?an a foot to "o hundr$ feet 9 bread?1 & (t5 run 9 ne>ly /raight c\rses sometimes = _m miles4 ,!y consi/ usually ( v h>d rock l basalt1 &esite1 or diabase4 ,!y 7 fissures 9 ! e>?'s surface1 &1 aft] ! mann] we h describ$1 ! molt5 rock well$ =? ?r\gh ^! fissures1 & spread out %eet aft] %eet1 till l a ris+ lake x has n only ov]fl[$ ! l[] gr\nds b ev5 buri$ all ! m9or hills4 ,lava eruptions ( ?is k9d h tak5 place 9 rec5t ye>s 9 ,icel&4 ,on a small scale !y c be se5 to take place 9 ! isl& ( ,hawaii1 :]e ! outfl[s ( lava reproduce = u1 l models 9 m9iature1 ! great outbreaks ( ! pa/4 ,on ! l>ge/ possible scale simil> effects may be se5 on ! great lava pla9s ( ! ,moon1 :]e ! giant crat]s t we c see ?r\gh telescopes are n ! m\?s ( ext9ct volcanoes1 b ! bank$-up edges & %ores ( lava outfl[s4 ,on a mu* small] scale ?an ?is1 b /ill on a gigantic scale1 ! same ?+ took place 9 ,we/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e !re are va/ tracts ( l& :i* are be/ to be expla9$ by suppos+ t !re 7 once great outbreaks & ov]fl[s4 ,! area :i* has !re be5 flood$ ) lava has be5 e/imat$ to be l>g] ?an t ( ,france & ,great ,brita9 put toge!r1 & ! dep? ( ! total mass erupt$ rea*es 9 "s places z mu* z #cgjj feet4 ,"s riv]s h cut gorges 9 ?is pla9 ( lava1 lay+ b>e its compon5t rocks to a dep? ( #gjj feet or m4 ,along ! walls ( ^! rav9es we see t ! lava is arrang$ 9 p>allel b$s or %eets (t5 n m ?an t5 or tw5ty feet ?ick1 ea* ( :i*1 ( c\rse1 repres5ts a sep>ate outp\r+ ( molt5 rock4 ,^! are comp>atively mod]n lava pla9s1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! outp\r+s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica occurr$ ages be=e hi/oric "t1 or1 inde$1 be=e !re are any traces ( man's exi/5ce on ! e>?4 ,su* lava outfl[s c only occasionally be exam9$--z 9 ! in/ance j quot$ :5 riv]s h cut deep into !m4 ,consequ5tly we h to speculate on ! connection betwe5 ! dykes & fissures & ! lava flood itself4 ,b 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w lava pla9s ( mu* old] date h be5 s eat5 into & worn by ! action ( ! elem5ts t n only ! successive %eets ( lava are expos$ b ! rock floor ov] :i* !y p\r$4 ,expos$ also are ! abundant dykes :i* s]v$ z ! *annels by :i* ! lava rose to ! surface4 ,9 ,we/]n ,europe important examples ( ?is /ructure occur f ! nor? ( ,icel& ?r\gh ! inn] ,hebrides & ! ,f>oe ,isl&s to ,icel&4 ,?is volcanic belt pres5ts a succession ( lava %eets1 :i* ev5 yet1 9 spite ( enorm\s wa/e1 are 9 "s places m ?an #cjjj feet ?ick4 ,^! %eets are ne>ly flat & rise 9 t]races ov] "o ano!r into gre5 grassy hills or into ! d>k fronts ( l(ty sea-wa%$ precipices4 ,:]e %eets h be5 /ripp$ (f or worn d[n by w9d & wea!r ?\s&s ( volcanic dykes are expos$4 ,^! dykes are1 z x 71 ! roots ( :i* ! lava %eets 7 ! bran*es2 & ev5 :]e ! :ole ( ! mat]ial t gu%$ up to ! surface has be5 worn away ! dykes rema9 z evid5ce ( ! vig\r & en]gy ( ! volcanic =ces4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,e>? ,,z ,,! ,,abode ,,( ,,life ,9 ! la/ *apt] we spoke ( ! =mation ( ! atmosph]e ( ! e>? & ( ! gr[? ( ! oceans4 ,we mu/ n[ consid] ! =mation ( ^! m closely1 & we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! great vapor\s cl\ds :i* roll$ ab\t ! e>? 9 its molt5 /ate & ! settl$ atmosph]e :i* =m$ ab\t x :5 x grew cool]4 ,aft] ! e>? _h begun to solidify x 0 at fir/ cov]$ ) a collection ( por\s fragm5ts ( rock cov]+ ! e>? l a %ell & conta9+ ! elem5ts ( wat]4 ,su* mat]ials 9 g5]al appe>ance w\ld be n unlike ! pumice /one :i* is expell$ f volcanoes to-day4 ,^? :o h nev] _h ! =tune to see volcanic eruptions = !mselves usually imag9e t ! volcano ?r[s out no?+ b fire & smoke4 ,z a matt] ( fact x ?r[s out va/ quantities ( vap\r1 ( :i*1 accord+ to ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie1 #iii p>ts 9 #ajjj are /eam4 ,at ! great eruption ( ,m\nt ,pele ! cl\d ( /eam cont9ually aris+ f ! volcano = mon?s 9 succession 0 sev]al cubic miles 9 measurem5t4 ,consequ5tly x w be se5 t ! por\s volcanic rocks ) :i* ! "y e>? 0 cov]$ conta9$ all ! mat]ials = wat]-manufacture )9 !mselves4 ,z ! wat] began to =m1 squeez$ out ( ! por\s rocks z we c squeeze x out ( a sponge 7or z we might /eam x out if we put ! moi/ sponge 9 an ov571 x ga!r$ itself into res]voirs und]gr\nd4 ,z x increas$ 9 bulk x rose ne>] to ! surface2 because1 ( c\rse1 ow+ to ! heat ( ! inn] portions ( ! e>? x c\ld nev] succe$ 9 s9k+ bel[ a c]ta9 dep?4 ,d\btless x fir/ appe>$ at ! bottom ( ! pits :i* _h be5 sunk by volcanoes or volcanic action4 ,!re mu/ h be5 innum]able depressions 9 ! e>?'s surface z widespread & deep] ?an ^? :i* we c p]ceive on ! rugg$ surface ( ! ,moon4 ,we may ga9 an idea on a v m9ute scale ( :at ! fir/ pits ( wat] 7 l f ! examples 7=m$1 h[ev]1 at a mu* lat] p]iod & probably 9 a diff]5t way7 ( ! crat] lakes t are left to-day4 ,"s curi\s examples ( crat] lakes are to be f\nd 9 ! ,eifel di/rict ( ,g]many1 an anci5t volcanic region :i* lies 9 ! triangle =m$ by ! junction ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,moselle at ,cobl5z4 ,"o ( ! pleas+ peculi>ities ( ?is di/rict is t1 ow+ to ! volcanic nature ( ! soil1 ! neighb\rhood is seldom du/y1 ev5 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]1 aft] ! dry cont95tal summ]4 ,x is well wor? visit+ = its ca/les z well z = its crat] lakes & o!r volcanic relics1 & x is ! sc5e ( ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son's romance ,pr9ce ,otto4 ,! *ief crat] lakes are betwe5 ,daun & ,m&]s*eid4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m o!r & l>g] crat] lakes 9 exi/5ce1 b we select ^! because !y are s easily accessible4 ,! fl[ ( ! lakes into "o ano!r foll[$4 ,innum]able lakelets develop$ into riv]s or *a9s ( lakes on ! surface ( ! "y planet1 cont9ually becom+ l>g] bodies ( wat]1 till !y develop$ into ! va/ irregul> oceans ( to-day4 ,?is evolution is ( great importance f a geological po9t ( view1 because x leads ! way to ! orig9 ( ! ocean bas9s & ! great plat=ms ( l& :i* we call cont95ts4 ,x is easy to see t because ( ! weight ( wat] 9 ! depressions ! e>? "u ! wat]s t5d$ to become m & m depress$1 s t ! wat] areas t5d$ to gr[ l>g] & deep]4 ,! wa% ( e>?s f ! l& t5d$ to build its bord]s out into ! wat] bas9s1 b ! deep5+ & spread+ ( ! wat] bas9s is believ$ to h be5 ! mo/ m>k$ feature ( ! e>?'s e>ly gr[?4 ,all ?is "t ! e>? 0 gr[+ 9 diamet] & circumf]5ce4#i ,:5 ?is gr[? ceas$ o!r causes & effects came into play1 & ! proportions ( sea & l& became bett] balanc$4 ,footnote #i3 ,= reasons :i* are a little too complex to be consid]$ "h4 ,we c only indicate ! g5]al l9e ( reason+ by say+ t ! c5tral heat z x mov$ outw>ds f ! rocks ne>] ! surface exp&$ !m4 ,!re is no?+ 9 our human k to tell u ) c]ta9ty :5 or h[ life fir/ appe>$ on ! e>?4 ,we h already spok5 ( animal & vegetable rema9s t = ages are pres]v$ 9 ! rocks4 ,b cle>ly no su* rema9s c\ld ev] be f\nd 9 ! volcanic or molt5 rocks ( ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! e>?'s life4 ,?9k = a mom5t ( :at ! simple/ =ms ( life are4 ,a great deal has be5 he>d ( microbes & bact]ia dur+ rec5t ye>s1 & we may !re=e assume t e "o has "s k ( ! /ructure ( ^! simple/ liv+ ?+s4 ,!y may be comp>$ to t9y bladd]s ( jelly--s small t ! microscope is necess>y 9 ord] to see !m1 & sometimes s mu* small] ?an ?is t ! be/ microscopes _c di/+ui% !m4 ,su* =ms ( life are call$ unicellul> organisms1 because !y consi/ ( a s+le cell1 :i* conta9s ! jelly-l sub/ance call$ protoplasm1 & a small] body1 small] ev5 ?an ^! t9y cells !mselves1 :i* is call$ ! nucleus4 ,^! are ! simple/ =ms ( life4 ,b all ! high] =ms ( life1 & we may say1 r\ghly speak+1 any =m ( life t ! unaid$ eye c see1 is made up n ( "o cell b ( _m cells4 ,a human be+1 = example1 is made up ( unc\nt$ millions ( cells2 & millions ( cells g to ! =mation ( a worm1 a fi%1 a gnat1 or inde$ to ! =mation ( ! simple/ well-kn[n animal t ! ord9>y p]son c\ld "n4 ,simil>ly millions ( cells g to ! =mation ( a leaf or a twig4 ,^! high] =ms ( life are call$ multicellul> organisms1 because !y h _m cells1 & mo/ (t5 _m diff]5t k9ds ( cells4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! body ( a man !re are diff]5t k9ds ( cells to =m ! sk91 or ! l9+ ( ! m\?1 or ! sub/ance ( ! eyes1 or ! r$ or :ite corpuscles ( ! blood1 or ! grey matt] ( ! bra91 or ! roots ( ! hair--to "n only a few4 ,?us we see h[ complicat$ ! /ructure ( animals has become s9ce life fir/ made its appe>ance on ! e>?4 ,! cells jo9$ !mselves to =m tissues2 & ! tissues jo9$ !mselves to =m organs2 & ^! ?+s _h to happ5 be=e any?+ l a complete animal ( ! high] type1 or ev5 a complete vegetable1 made its appe>ance4 ,suppose by "s great cataclysm1 n s great z t :i* we h imag9$ 9 an e>li] *apt]1 b /ill _w-wide 9 its effects1 ! :ole _w %\ld once aga9 be swept by a great outbreak ( lava & molt5 rocks1 :i* ( all ! liv+ ?+s w\ld leave traces ( its exi/5ce8 ,p]haps a few ( ! animals ) great bones1 or ! great trees1 might leave an impress ( !mselves 9 ! dep?s ( ! ov]:elm+ rocks1 j z we c /amp ! impress ( ! sk9 ( our f+]-tips on hot seal+-wax2 b x is fairly evid5t t all ! s(t-tissu$ animals & vegetables w\ld disappe> entirely & leave n a trace beh9d--c]ta9ly no trace t anybody c\ld recognise _m millions ( ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,x is /ill m c]ta9 t ! simple/ =ms ( life1 ! unicellul> organisms1 w\ld leave no trace at all4 ,we "k t side by side ) ! complicat$ organisms t we c see ! simple/ organisms exi/ n[2 & mu/ h exi/$ at ! beg9n+ ( life4 ,yet :5 we exam9e ! records ( liv+ ?+s 9 ! rocks :i* 7 =m$ 9 ! y\? ( ! _w1 & g back "r to ! e>lie/ ( ^! =ms ( life t h ev] be5 discov]$1 we f9d t su* specim5s are all ( ! r high] 7if n ( ! highe/ =ms ( life74 ,f t we inf] t life mu/ h exi/$ _m ages be=e ! p]iod ( su* rema9s1 ?\gh1 z we %\ld h expect$1 all examples ( ! e>li] =ms h disappe>$4 ,:]e did ?is life come f8 ,"l ,kelv9 once ra%ly committ$ himself to ! notion t life might h be5 br\ght to ! e>? on "o ( ^? fly+ pieces ( rock1 :i* we h already spok5 (1 :i* are nam$ meteorites1 or on a fragm5t ( "s o!r planet>y body t _h be5 ca/ out into space4 ,! speculation is n s wildly improbable z x has sometimes be5 consid]$ to be1 because rec5t rese>*es h %[n t x is n impossible = life to survive at ! v l[ temp]atures :i* a meteorite w\ld exp]i5ce on its way ?r\gh space1 & also t ! "t :i* a small body w\ld occupy 9 travell+1 let u say f ,m>s to ! e>?1 w\ld n be too great = ! prolong$ exi/5ce ( "s g]m ( life on ! meteorite4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no?+ 9 kn[n meteorites to sugge/ t !y came f worlds :]e conditions exi/ suitable = life z we "k x2 &1 moreov]1 ev5 if we %ut our eyes to ^! improbabilities1 we are no ne>] to a solution ( ! problem ( :]e & h[ life began4 ,to say t x 0 br\ght to e>? on a meteorite is m]ely to ?r[ back ! problem ano!r /age1 = we h /ill to ask h[ life began on ! meteorite & on ! planet f :i* x came4 ,! indirect evid5ce reg>d+ ! probable beg9n+ ( ! era ( life on ! e>? is also extremely difficult to exam9e1 & we c only say t ! be/ geological au?ority leans to ! idea t ! conditions :5 life w\ld h be5 possible on ! e>? 7 f9i%$ long be=e ! e>? _h f9i%$ gr[+1 & t ^! conditions may h exi/$ :5 ! e>? 0 ab\t ! size ( ,m>s4 ,consequ5tly ! fir/ beg9n+s ( life may h exi/$ at dep?s hundr$s ( miles bel[ ! e>?'s surface ( to-day4 ,! life 0 !n1 h[ev]1 only ( ! v simple/ k9d2 x 0 probably vegetable life4 ,probably also ! fir/ life appe>$ 9 ! ocean1 ?\gh x is n altoge!r unlikely t x may h begun1 & h gone on develop+1 9 fre% wat]--9 ^? great pits :i* 7 fir/ =m$ by volcanoes & :i* aft]w>ds became lakes & !n seas4 ,= our purpose1 h[ev]1 x w be suffici5t to say t life began 9 ! great bodies ( wat] :i* 7 accumulat+ on ! globe1 & :i* ow+ to ! wa%+ d[n by ra9 & riv]s & /ream & wave action ( l& mat]ials 7 becom+ salti]1 or m highly *>g$ ) m9]al salts ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! e>ly =ms ( life 7 ( ! nature ( jelly-fi%1 or simple organisms :i* 7 p]meat$ by ! fluid 9 :i* !y dwelt4 ,! sea 0 !n w>m] ?an x is n[1 & !re are reasons = believ+ t x 0 some?+ above #ajj ,f41 p]haps high]--p]haps r hott] ?an we %\ld n[ c>e to ba! 94 ,x 0 also at ! beg9n+ an ocean :i* 0 mu* less salt & _h mu* less lime 9 x ?an n[4 ,its wat] 0 a good deal s(t]4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 becom+ mu* m h>d1 m l ! ,dead ,sea1 :i*1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 is a body ( wat] s *>g$ ) m9]al salts & accumulations t a ba!r _c s9k 9 x1 & w em]ge f 8 ba? encru/$ ) salty deposits4 ,z ! e>ly ocean became m & m saturat$ 7) lime & c>bonates1 etc471 ! m vigor\s ( ! liv+ =ms 9 ! wat] began to resi/ ! *ange 9 v>i\s ways4 ,!y tri$ to meet x1 or to alt] !mselves s z n to be incommod$ by x4 ,?is is a v famili> occurr5ce 9 natural life & evolution4 ,p]haps ! commone/ example ( x t we c select is ! =mation ( corns on ! human feet & h&s4 ,a corn1 prop]ly consid]$1 is ! def5ce rais$ by ! sk9 aga9/ unusual or discommod+ pressure or friction4 ,:5 a boot is too tight1 or :5 a pl\gh h&le or a cricket bat or a golf club is cont9ually clasp$ tightly1 a callosity or horn-l def5ce is =m$4 ,9 "s cases a bli/] is antec$5t to ! corn2 & we may reg>d ?is n only z %[+ ! ne$ = ! h>d5+ ( ! sk91 b z be+ a /age prelim9>y to x4 ,!re are _m o!r in/ances4 ,hair is =m$ z a protection to ! body1 & ow+ to nature's economies is n usually =m$ :5 clo?+ takes its place or heat r5d]s x unnecess>y4 ,if ! heat is too great1 or ! light beat+ on ! unprotect$ sk9 is too /rong1 !n ano!r =m ( protection takes ! place ( hair4 ,:y is x t races liv+ ne> ! ,equator we> ! burni%$ liv]y ( ! burn+ sun1 & %[ black or br[n pigm5tation ( ! sk98 ,x is because ?is pigm5tation arre/s ! p5etration ( ! rays ( ! sun m effectively ?an a g>m5t4 ,lately ,dr4 ,sambon has po9t$ out t ! :ite l95 clo!s :i* ,europeans g5]ally we> 9 ! tropics1 ?\gh !y look cool1 are n suffici5t scre5s aga9/ ! rays ( light & heat1 & has sugge/$ t :ite m5's clo!s1 to be prop]ly protective aga9/ ! sun1 ought to be wov5 ( ?reads ( two col\rs1 s t ! g>m5ts %\ld be :ite outside & black inside4 ,apply ^! pr9ciples to animals 9 sea-wat]1 :o 7 di/ress+ly affect$ by conditions to :i* !y _h nev] be5 subject$4 ,:at w\ld happ58 ,! weak] w\ld probably be kill$ by ! *ange 9 ! conditions1 j z "s fre%-wat] fi%es & animalcul w\ld be kill$ n[ if plung$ into sea-wat]4 ,! /rong] w\ld1 h[ev]1 become acclimatis$1 & w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( successive g5]ations /ruggle to adapt _! bodies to ! new conditions4 ,?us ! liv+ organisms 9 ! e>?'s e>ly sea contriv$ to cut !mselves (f f be+ ba!d ) ! novel c>bonace\s wat]4 ,!y cut !mselves (f f x 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations by clos+ !mselves (f f x ) sk9 or membrane4 ,_m ( !m /irr$ up _! cells to secrete lime & exude x s z to =m = !mselves a m or less imp]vi\s cov]+ or %ell4 ,f9ally1 z !y grew to l ! m9]al wat] less1 !y cont9ually made fre% exp]im5ts to avoid x1 & ! m ent]pris+ & adv5tur\s got out ( ! ocean altoge!r1 & migrat$ to ! air or ! l&1 p]haps by way ( ! %ore s&s & muds4 ,?is p]iod1 :5 ! ocean seems to h pass$ its be/ /age = support+ all =ms ( life1 appe>s to h be5 t :i* is geologically kn[n z ! ,cambrian4 ,aft] ?is p]iod !re 0 a weal? ( f]ns1 ( animals able to leave h>d traces ( !mselves 9 ! fossil records4 ,be=e ?is p]iod !re 0 no physiological ne$ = ei!r sk9 or %ell4 ,b once ! sk9 & %ell _h be5 develop$1 prim>ily z a def5ce aga9/ ! sea-wat]1 _! great advantages = purposes ( ! /ruggle = life among all =ms ( animals soon made !mselves felt1 & s !y 7 reta9$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,life ,,9 ,,o!r ,,worlds ,if life 0 n br\ght to ! e>? f ano!r planet1 !n life 0 creat$1 or orig9at$1 on ! e>?4 ,"s ( ! conditions :i* att5d$ its bir? h be5 consid]$1 & !y am\nt to ?is3 t ! temp]ature ( ! e>?1 ! elem5ts ( ! e>?1 ! conditions ( ! e>?'s surface1 oceans1 & atmosph]e 7 exactly ^? :i* fav\r$ ! orig9ation1 ! cont9uance1 & ! developm5t ( liv+ ?+s4 ,! e>?1 among all ! heav5ly bodies :i* we c exam9e at all closely1 is probably ! only "o on :i* life1 z we "k x1 w\ld h mu* *ance ( survival4 ,! ,sun z an abode ( life we may at once put out ( ! "q4 ,tak+ ! planets 9 ord] ( di/ance f ! ,sun3 ( ,m]cury we "k v little1 b a/ronom]s l ,s*iap>elli & ,l[ell h pron\nc$ x to be an airless1 dead planet ) a surface crack$ 9 cool+ untold ages ago4 ,v5us is believ$ to be mu* l ! e>?1 n diff]+ greatly 9 size1 & probably hav+ an atmosph]e ( consid]able ext5t2#aj b its appe>ance is s bright1 view$ f ! e>?1 t x has be5 surmis$ t :at we see is n ! planet itself b its atmosph]e always *>g$ ) cl\ds or possibly sn[4 ,( ,m>s z an abode ( life1 & ( ! ,moon1 :i* is ! body ne>e/ to u1 we %all speak m fully 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,com+ to ! out] major planets1 ! giant ,jupit]--) a bulk m ?an a ?\s& times z great z ! e>?--has a con/itution by no means s solid4 ,= _m reasons ! belief seems ju/ifi$ t ,jupit] mu/ be a /ill hot1 & almo/ gase\s body1 )\t a solid cru/4 ,if ,jupit]'s comp>atively small weight = its size & its wond]ful & v>y+ sy/em ( cl\d cov]+s are evid5ce ( an e>ly /age ( developm5t & a high int]nal temp]ature1 /ill m is ?is ! case ) ,saturn4 ,9 bulk x is n f> inf]ior to ,jupit]2 b x is s mu* light] ?an wat] t if "s ( its fragm5ts fell into "o ( ! e>?'s oceans !y w\ld float !re4 ,its out] cov]+s or envelopes mu/ consi/ ( heat$ gases 9 active circulation4 ,( ,uranus & ,neptune1 /ill f>!r (f1 we "k v little1 & ! progress ( k conc]n+ !m is v sl[2 b x is m probable t !y are 9 ! e>ly /age ( developm5t attribut$ to ,jupit] & ,saturn ?an 9 ! solid /age ( planets l ! e>?4 ,s t we may fairly dismiss ! probability ( ! exi/5ce ( life z we "k x on any ( !m--& neglect incid5tally1 !re=e1 any possibility t life c\ld h be5 c>ri$ 9 a meteorite f !m to u4 ,:e!r !re are o!r =ms ( life ?an any we "k is a "q h>dly ne$+ discussion4 ,footnote #aj3 ,w4 ,w4 ,bryant1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy 7,me?u571 #aijg4 ,!re rema9s ! "q ( ! probability ( life on ! ,moon or on ,m>s2 & ! "q ( possible life on ! ,moon is specially wor? consid]ation1 because ! e>?'s satellite 0 once "p ( ! e>?'s mass4 ,we may fir/ repeat briefly ! explanation :i* ,sir ,g4 ,h4 ,d>w9 has giv5 ( ! ,moon's sep>ation f ! e>?4 ,if a flexible hoop or r+ is spun v rapidly x w be se5 to flatt5 itself at top & bottom 7or1 z we might say1 at its poles7 & broad5 itself out at its middle or equator4 ,! semi-liquid e>? once rotat$ s rapidly t its swell+ equatorial belt 0 almo/ at ! po9t ( sep>ation f ! p>5t body4 ,be=e ?is occurr$1 h[ev]1 ! t5sion 0 s great t "o l>ge portion ( ! protub]ance1 :]e x 0 weake/1 broke away1 & began to move ar\nd ! e>? at a consid]able di/ance f x4 ,!re are sev]al e/imates ( ! bulk ( ! e>? ?us %ot (f2 b we may assume t ab\t "o-fiftie? ( ! e>? escap$ ?us4 ,x mu/ h consi/$ ( a consid]able portion ( ! e>?'s solid cru/1 & a mu* l>g] quantity ( ! molt5 rocks ( ! e>?'s int]ior4 ,! ,moon is mu* light] ?an ! e>?4 ,! e>? tak5 z a :ole weighs ab\t five & a half times z mu* z wat]4 ,if we consid] its surface alone1 ?is weighs r m ?an two & a half times ! weight ( wat]--f :i* x c be se5 t ! int]ior ( ! e>? is v mu* d5s] ?an ! e>?'s surface cru/4#aa ,! ,moon weighs r less ?an ?ree & a half times its bulk 9 wat]4 ,?is %[s cle>ly t ! ,moon is compos$ ( mat]ial scrap$ (f f ! out] surface ( ! e>?1 r ?an ( matt] obta9$ f a consid]able dep?4 ,at ! same "t ! lay] ( mat]ial remov$ _h an appreciable ?ickness4 ,! volume ( ! ,moon is equival5t to a solid body ^: surface is equal to ! area ( all ! e>?'s oceans1 & ^: dep? w\ld be ?irty-six miles4 ,x seems probable1 !re=e1 t at ! "t :5 ! ,moon 0 torn (f1 or %ot (f1 f ! e>?1 ! p>5t body _h a solid cru/ av]ag+ at lea/ ?irty-six miles 9 ?ickness1 :ile b5ea? ?is cru/ ! temp]ature 0 s high t ! mat]ials und]nea? 7 molt5 or liquid1 & 9 o!r places 7 only kept solid by ! enorm\s pressure ( ! mat]ial above !m4 ,:5 ! ,moon sep>at$ f ! e>? ?ree-qu>t]s ( ?is cru/ 0 c>ri$ away4 ,x has sometimes be5 suppos$ t ! rema9d] 0 torn into two p>ts1 "o ( :i* =m$ ! great l& area ( ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e & ! o!r ! great l& area ( :i* ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica are ! relics 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,^! two great areas1 at t "t1 float$ on ! semi-liquid surface l two l>ge ice-floes4 ,b !y 71 ( c\rse1 a good deal heavi] ?an ice1 & ! molt5 /uff on :i* !y float$ 0 a good deal heavi] ?an wat]4 ,lat] on ?is liquid /uff cool$ & h>d5$4 ,b its bottom 0 /ill a good deal l[] ?an ! surface ( ! great areas ( l& :i* _h float$ on x2 & !re=e x =m$ great depressions all ab\t & surr\nd+ !m4 ,?us ! depressions 7 !re ready =m$1 into :i* ! wat]s ( ! e>?1 beg9n+ z ra9 & end+ z riv]s or lakes1 c\ld fl[ z into res]voirs4 ,on ! :ole sci5tific m5 incl9e to believe t1 accord+ to a popul> tradition1 ! ,moon may h be5 torn f ! e>? :]e ! ,pacific ,ocean n[ lies1 & may h left t holl[ beh9d x :5 x w5t4 ,footnote #aa3 ,! figures are3 e>?'s specific gravity #ef4 ,! specific gravity ( ! surface mat]ial ranges f1 9 g5]al1 betwe5 #bb & #cb1 ) an av]age ( #bg4 ,! specific gravity ( ! ,moon is #cd4 ,_m p1 sci5tific m5 & a/ronom]s among !m1 h imag9$ ! possibilities ( life on ! ,moon4 ,9 8 clev] romance1 ,! ,fir/ ,man on ! ,moon1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells has ga!r$ toge!r all ! m reason$ speculations on ! subject4 ,!y all turn on "o po9t--,is !re an atmosph]e on ! ,moon :i* w\ld support life8 ,!re are gases ( "s k9d on ! ,moon4 ,!re mu/ be gases1 = example1 %ut up 9 ! moon's rocks2 !re may be gases 9 ! ,moon's int]ior4 ,mr4 ,wells imag9$ t !re 0 a good deal ( gas inside ! ,moon2 inde$1 he w5t s f> z to suppose t ! ,moon 0 p>tly holl[4 ,if x 7 we %\ld p]haps be able to accept t z an explanation ( ! fact t ! ,moon is1 bulk = bulk1 consid]ably light] ?an ! e>?1 & is1 9 %ort1 r light] ?an we %\ld expect x to be4 ,if ! ,moon 7 holl[ !re might be an atmosph]e & wat] inside x1 & a race ( be+s might live !re--9 ! und]world ( ! ,moon4 ,! ,sel5ites1 z ,mr4 ,wells call$ !m1 w\ld probably be n 9 ! lea/ l human be+s1 ?\gh !y might be immeasurably m intellig5t1 because1 see+ t ! e>? cool$ at a lat] p]iod ?an ! moon1 life might h begun e>li] on ! ,moon1 & w\ld h _h1 p]haps1 _m hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 :i* to develop4 ,mr4 ,wells !re=e imag9$ ! ,sel5ites to resemble 9 "s respects a race ( v l>ge insects ) enorm\s bra9s4 ,h[ev]1 we ne$ pursue ^! romantic speculations no fur!r1 b mu/ turn to inquire n :e!r life might exi/ 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,moon 7:i* we c nev] see71 b :at w\ld be ! k9d ( life t c\ld exi/ on ! "p ( ! ,moon t we c see4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we believe t ! atmosph]e !re w\ld be v1 v ?92 z ?9 z ! atmosph]e :i* is left 9 ! bell-receiv] ( an ord9>y air-pump :5 ! exp]im5t] has done ! be/ he c to exhau/ x ( air altoge!r4#ab ,9 ! second place1 ! atmosph]e w\ld n be "o ( oxyg5 & nitrog5 z t ( ! e>? is1 b ( "s heavy gas l c>bon-dioxide 7:i* w n support animal life74 ,! "q is :e!r x w\ld support vegetable life4 ,sev]al a/ronom]s 7no less em95t a "o ?an ,w4 ,h4 ,pick]+1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 among !m7 h suppos$ t x might1 & !y h imag9$ great jungles ( vegetation spr++ up on ! surface ( ! ,moon "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,sun's rays--jungles :i* are /rick5 d[n aga9 :5 !y are f\r days old "u ! oncom+ ( night4 ,= ! ,moon's day is equal to sev]al ( ours1 & :5 night comes !re ! temp]ature s9ks to a level cold] f> ?an t ( ! e>?'s ,arctic regions2 s cold1 9 fact1 t ev5 gases w\ld be turn$ to liquid & !n froz5 solid4 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t ! gases we h m5tion$ w\ld support vegetable life1 b assum+ t !y w\ld1 we %\ld !n expect ! vegetation to spr+ up ) extraord9>y rapidity--because x w\ld be s little hamp]$ by its own weight--:5 ! v]tical rays ( ! ,sun 7 beat+ d[n on ! ,moon4 ,:5 t 0 ! case ! temp]ature !re w\ld be f #ejj 7,f47 to #fjj 7,f47 high] ?an dur+ ! night4 ,footnote #ab3 ,! exhau/ion produc$ by an ord9>y air-pump is nev] a complete vacuum4 ,exhau/ion :i* leaves only #a_/bjjj? ( ! orig9al air is unusually effici5t4 ,p]haps we may "h expla9 "s ( ! reasons :y vegetation w\ld be little hamp]$ by its own weight on ! ,moon4 ,x is simil> to ! reasons :y light gases escape f ! ,moon4 ,! mass ( ! ,moon--t is to say1 ! am\nt ( matt] x conta9s--is #a_/hj? t ( ! e>?4 ,!re=e s9ce ! weight ( a body means ! measure ( ! =ce by :i* gravity attracts x 7to ! e>? or to ! ,moon71 bodies on ! ,moon's surface are mu* light] ?an !y are "h4 ,! ratio is almo/ exactly "o-six?2 consequ5tly a man weigh+ #ahj lbs4 on ! e>? if transplant$ to ! ,moon w\ld f9d t he only weigh$ #cj lbs4 !re1 & c\ld c>ry two m5 at once on 8 back = tw5ty miles mu* m easily ?an he c\ld walk t di/ance )\t a load "h4 ,he c\ld ?r[ a /one six times z f> z on ! e>?1 & jump six times z high4 ,inde$1 jump+ ov] a mod]ate-siz$ h\se w\ld be a gymna/ic feat sc>cely wor? m5tion+ on ! ,moon4 ,aft] consid]ation ( all ^! facts2 & despite ! belief ( "s di/+ui%$ a/ronom]s t *anges are sometimes p]ceptible on ! ,moon's surface2 & t ho> fro/ c be p]ceiv$ !re2 & p]haps volcanic eruptions--! g5]al conclusion arriv$ at by a/ronomical au?ority is t organic life does n exi/ ei!r on ! ,moon or 9 x2 & we may conclude ?is outl9e ( ! speculations conc]n+ x by quot+ ! ,am]ican a/ronom]1 ,pr(essor ,n4 ,s4 ,%al]3 ,x is naturally pa9ful to conclude t ! ,moon is & always has be5 depriv$ ( ^? features ( exi/5ce :i* we deem ! nobl]2 t x has nev] kn[n ! /ir ( air or wat] or ! high] life ( be+s :o inh]it ! pr(it ( exp]i5ce1 & !reby climb ! way t has l$ upw>d to man4 ,t ^! l>ge gifts h be5 d5i$ to ! ne>e/ companion ( ! e>? has its lesson = ! naturali/4 ,h[ va/ are ! effects aris+ f ! int]relation ( actions4444 ,if ! gases c\ld h be5 reta9$ 9 ! ,moon 7by its attractive =ce7 !re is no reason :y x %\ld n h _h ! hi/ory ( a m9iature e>?4 ,z x is1 f ! beg9n+ x appe>s to h be5 det]m9$ t ! ,sun %\ld n w>m x 9 ! same way z ! e>?2 t ra9 %\ld n fall on x1 nor ! /irr+s ( life & en]gy be visible on x4 ,!re is no imag9able accid5t t c alt] its /ate4 ,j z x is1 our ,moon is likely to see ! ,sun g out4 ,?is *apt] may be end$ by a brief application ( "s ( ^! consid]ations to ! case ( ! planet ,m>s4 ,next to ! ,moon ,m>s is our ne>e/ neighb\r1 & ! erection ( great telescopes 9 ,am]ica1 "o ( !m at ,flag/aff ,obs]vatory1 ,arizona1 :]e ! air is extraord9>ily cle> & telescopic vision unusually p5etrat+1 has /imulat$ ! obs]vation ( ! planet to a v great degree dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,m>s has an atmosph]e n ne>ly s d5se z t ( ! e>?1 b /ill d5se en\gh 9 all probability to support "s =m ( organic life4 ,x may1 = example1 support vegetation4 ,9 "s o!r respects ,m>s resembles ! e>?4 ,x has arctic circles2 x has cl\ds1 ?\gh :e!r ^! are ( vap\r or ( du/ is n q c]ta92 & x has a less v>iable temp]ature by f> ?an t ( ! ,moon4 ,!re are1 at any rate1 "s ( ! conditions to support & p]haps to enc\rage life2 & if we c\ld be c]ta9 t ! atmosph]e 9 ,m>s m ne>ly resembles t ( ! e>?1 & t its temp]ature 0 su* z to be sometimes above t ( our ,arctic regions1 !n x w\ld be difficult to d5y t life1 & probably intellig5t be+s1 exi/$ !re4 ,"o v able & intellig5t a/ronom] is conv9c$ t life & intellig5t be+s d exi/ !re4 ,?is is ,pr(essor ,l[ell1 ( ,flag/aff ,obs]vatory1 :o has devot$ a numb] ( ye>s & a great deal ( money to ! c>eful obs]vation ( ! planet4 ,he has br\ght =w>d _m cog5t argum5ts to %[ t ,m>s might be inhabit$1 & t great telescopes c discov] signs on x1 & may discov] fur!r signs1 :i* are a reason = suppos+ x to be s4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 )9 ! range ( ?is book to exam9e ^! reasons 9 detail2 & we ne$ only say t 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury mo/ a/ronom]s1 despite ! close exam9ation ( ,m>s & its m>k+s1 :i* _h be5 conduct$ = m ?an a g5]ation1 7 /ill n conv9c$ t life z we "k x c\ld exi/ !re4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,h>d5+ ,,( ,,rocks ,aft] ! "t :5 ! great ov]fl[s ( lava took place1 spread+ ov] cont95ts & sometimes seas1 !re 0 an era :5 ! explosions & outbur/s began to dim9i% 9 viol5ce1 & ! _w sl[ly settl$ d[n to conditions some?+ l ^? :i* we see 9 our own day4 ,! seas 7 =m+2 !re 0 ra9fall & summ] & w9t] on ! e>?4 ,! ra9s & ! w9ds1 ! summ] heats & w9t] sn[s 7 m viol5t ?an n[1 & ! volcanic activity ( :i* we h spok5 0 mu* m fi]ce ?an any?+ ( :i* mank9d has any recollection4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,isles ! ra9fall 9 a ye> av]ages some?+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ?irty in*es4 ,9 "s regions ( ! e>? x is z mu* z f\r times t am\nt1 & deluges ( fifte5 in*es h fall5 9 a day4 ,b 9 ! era ( :i* we h spok5 delug+ ra9s t 7 to be measur$ 9 feet r ?an in*es fell incessantly4 ,! air 0 saturat$ ) moi/ure1 & x no soon] desc5d$ on ! w>m e>? ?an x /eam$ back to ! cl\ds aga94 ,= reasons n unlike ^!1 nor unconnect$ ) !m1 ! great curr5ts ( air f$ by ! con/ant transf]5ce ( vap\r f ! e>? to ! skies1 & ! cond5sation ( ! vap\r to ra91 fall+ aga9 on ! e>?1 7 greatly magnifi$4 ,?us ! rocks ( ! e>?1 "s ( !m only cool+ & n yet h>d5$1 7 subject$ to wea!r+ ( a k9d ( :i* x is h>d to =m any suffici5t idea4 ,! key to all geology is t :at is go+ on n[ on ! e>? is simil> to :at always has be5 happ5+1 7diff]+ 9 degree r ?an 9 k9d71 & t consequ5tly ! rocks ( millions ( ye>s ago 7 wa%$ by riv]s d[n to ! l[] levels & 7 deposit$ z s$im5t 9 /reams1 9 lakes1 & 9 ! sea4 ,?us ! age ( ! s$im5t>y rocks began :ile ! e>? 0 /ill too w>m to pres]ve any ve/iges ( life4 ,e>?quakes mu* m viol5t ?an n[ & volcanic outbur/s (t5 upset ! /eady ord] ( ?+s1 b ! e>? 0 settl+ d[n4 ,dur+ ?is settl+-d[n process rocks1 z we h se51 7 be+ =m$ by deposits2 b !y 7 v liable /ill to be invad$ by bur/s ( volcanic activity f ! inn] cauldron ( ! e>?1 & !y 7 v apt to be twi/$ out ( _! regul> %ape by great e>? movem5ts4 ,!y 7 also liable to be bak$ by ! neighb\rhood ( ! re/less1 unconf9$ molt5 rocks1 ne>] !n to ! surface ?an n[4 ,geologi/s call ! great p]iod ( "t :5 all ! rocks cont9ually fl[$ out on to ! surface ( ! e>?1 & 71 9 fact1 all molt5 be=e !y solidifi$1 ! ,ar*an ,era 7f a ,greek ^w signify+ ! beg9n+74 ,next 9 ord] to ^! rocks are ^? :i* 7 laid d[n 9 ! agitat$ times :5 ! e>? 0 /ill w>m1 & :5 ! climate ( ! e>? might be describ$ z a cont9ual ?und]/orm4 ,9 ?is p]iod e>?quakes /ill _h a great deal to d ) ! =mation ( ! rocks1 b !n1 z n[1 ! sea & lakes & oceans laid !m d[n4 ,geologi/s call ?is ! ,prot]ozoic ,era4 ,!re are great masses ( ^! ,prot]ozoic rocks 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 ,arizona ! ?ree p]iods ( rock =mation are sometimes visible toge!r1 & may1 inde$1 be p]ceiv$ 9 "s ( our photographs2 ! ,ar*an all jumbl$ toge!r be+ ! l[e/2 ,prot]ozoic ly+ crumpl$ or tilt$ ov] !m1 & ! lat] rocks re/+ m regul>ly on ^! /rata4 ,9 ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 ^! sep>ate ages ( ! ,prot]ozoic rocks c be id5tifi$1 & ea* age is repres5t$ by rocks ?\s&s ( feet 9 ?ickness4 ,?ree sep>ate ages ( rocks are f\nd 9 ?is great era 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x is n v important to rememb] _! names1 :i* are m]ely ^? ( ! localities :]e ^! great deposits are mo/ m>k$1 b x is important n to =get t ea* ( ^! depositions ( rocks repres5ts a p]iod 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory old] ?an ! lifetime ( a riv] or a lake & z old z ! lifetime ( a cont95t4 ,! l[e/ ( ^! divisions consi/s ( rocks t are mu* alt]$ by ! heat ( ! rocks bel[4 ,! topmo/ division is h>dly alt]$ at all4 ,9 ,scotl& we h simil> rocks4 ,! ,torridonian s&/ones1 #hjjj to #aj1jjj feet ?ick1 are believ$ to belong to ?is era4 ,9 ,france also1 9 ,spa91 ,g]many1 ,f9l&1 ,sw$51 ,india1 & ,brazil1 ! ,prot]ozoic rocks are f\nd4 ,9 ! l[]mo/ ( !m are no signs t liv+ ?+s ev] exi/$1 b 9 ! upp] ones f life beg9 to appe>4 ,we may see 9 !m to-day ! fir/ fossils4 ,a fossil means lit]ally a ?+ dug up1 & 0 a t]m appli$ at fir/ to all k9ds ( m9]al sub/ances tak5 out ( ! e>?4 ,we use ! ^w n[ exclusively = ! rema9s ( plants & animals emb$d$ 9 any k9d ( rock4 ,9 lat] *apt]s ( ?is volume a good deal w h to be said ab\t fossils1 & ( ! way 9 :i* !y tell u ! k9d ( life t exi/$ :5 !y 7 fir/ sunk 9 ! rocks :]e n[ !y are f\nd1 & h[ also !y give u in=mation ab\t ! climate & ! di/ribution ( l& & sea1 ( lake & ( riv]1 9 ^? eras f> 9 ! backw>d & ! d>k abyss ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,/]eo ,copyright1 ,und]wood ,u4 ,london & ,new ,york ,! ,p9nacl$ ,ca/le-l ,peaks ( ! ,ram%orn ,m\nta9s ,( ,wyom+ ,! successive /rata ( s&/one are cle>ly evid5t 9 ! peaks4 ,= ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 we may conc]n ourselves ) ! condition ( ! e>? & its rocks 9 ,prot]ozoic times1 obs]v+ m]ely t ! rema9s ( animals :i* we f9d !re are ( an ord] 7,cru/acea7 :i* %[s t life _h progress$ a good deal f its e>lie/ beg9n+s 9 ! age :5 ! rocks conta9+ ^! cru/acea 7 laid d[n4 ,aft] ^! rocks _h be5 deposit$ !y 7 subject$ to _m influ5ces ( :i* we h only dim conceptions4 ,9 a previ\s *apt] we h comp>$ ! lay]s ( ! und]mo/ & h>d] rocks ( ! e>? to ! l9es on a page ( ?is book z !y w\ld appe> if ! pages 7 crumpl$ up into a ball4 ,sometimes ! b$s ( solid rock h be5 s di/ort$ t !y look l waves ( ! sea2 sometimes !y h be5 completely ov]turn$2 h>dly ev] h !y be5 suff]$ to lie d[n flat4 ,m ?an t has happ5$ to !m4 ,_! v nature has be5 *ang$4 ,?is 0 done p>tly by heat1 p>tly by pressure1 p>tly by %ock4 ,let u consid] ! heat fir/4 ,:5 a mass ( erupt$ molt5 rock =ces its way ?r\gh ! e>?'s cru/1 x produces effects :i* are q easily recognis$ on ! rocks x p5etrates4 ,lime/one becomes h>d & cry/all9e4 ,rocks ) silica 9 !m become glassy & l qu>tz or o!r h>d rocks :i* are sometimes poli%$ to make ornam5ts4 ,clayey /rata become bak$ into h>d brick-l rocks4 ,! *anges are n altoge!r due to ! heat4 ,! eruption ( rocks is accompani$ by /eam at high pressure & ) all sorts ( acids 9 ! /eam1 s t *emical *anges are also produc$4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by ,sir ,william ,crookes t diamonds1 :i* are cry/als ( c>bon1 7 produc$ by c>bon be+ melt$ at "s enorm\s heat "u great pressure4 ,giv5 ! requisite conditions ( heat & pressure1 ! p>ts ( rocks :i* by _! *emical composition are susceptible to cry/allisation w =m into enorm\s cry/als--n unlike ! intrusive rocks !mselves4 ,!y c1 h[ev]1 be readily di/+ui%$ f ! %apes :i* ! intrusive rocks 7l basalt7 assume4 ,! basalt rocks :i* =m1 = example1 ! ,giant's ,causeway 9 ,irel& 7 volcanic lavas4 ,sometimes ! lavas 7 masses :i* _h solidifi$ und]gr\nd & _h be5 ?ru/ up by pressure f bel[ or h be5 expos$ by ! wea!r+ ( ! rocks above4 ,sometimes !y h be5 lava p\r$ out on ! surface4 ,! black compact k9ds mo/ (t5 are se5 9 =ms l columns4 ,if ^! ve9s ( volcanic rock h be5 ?ru/ up ?r\gh a b$ ( coal1 ! coal is *ang$ or metamorphos$ :]e ! basalt has pi]c$ x4 ,sometimes x becomes h>d coal l an?racite2 sometimes x is *ang$ into graphite--! black rock ( :i* p5cils are frequ5tly made4 ,lime/one pi]c$ by basalt becomes m>ble4 ,:5 s&/one is discov]$ 9 contact ) anci5t volcanic rock x is f\nd to h lo/ its r$di% col\r1 & to h become :ite1 grey1 gre51 or black4 ,x sep>ates into cry/als2 x becomes glassy & h>d4 ,all ^! in/ances are ^? ( rocks :i* we c p]ceive to h be5 alt]$ by com+ into contact ) great heat4 ,b !re is ano!r k9d ( *ange ( a v mu* m widespread "* :i* c be p]ceiv$ among ! mo/ anci5t ( ^? rocks :i* we "k mu/ h be5 fir/ quietly laid d[n z s$im5ts4 ,x is sometimes spok5 ( z g5]al metamorphism4 ,?is widespread+ *ange may ext5d ov] great regions & va/ ext5ts ( c\ntry4 ,! mo/ /rik+ s]ies ( su* rocks 0 fir/ describ$ by ,sir ,w4 ,e4 ,logan1 ,director ( ! ,canadian ,geological ,survey2 & he e/imat$ ! ?ickness ( !m at #cj1jjj feet4 ,!y lie b5ea? all ! unalt]$ rocks1 & are 79 ,nor? ,am]ica7 ! rocks :i* 7 ! base or f\ndation ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t be=e ! lat] s$im5t>y rocks 7 laid d[n on !m4 ,!y are call$ ! ,laur5tian rocks1 because !y 7 fir/ f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]2 b !y exi/ 9 _m places besides ,canada & ,nor? ,am]ica2 & ! f\ndations ( ,sc&9avia & ( ! ,hebrides are ( ! same texture & mat]ial4 ,n[ ?is *ange or metamorphism does n appe> to be ! same z t produc$ by ! intrusion ( hot eruptive rocks4 ,let u take a simple in/ance4 ,we h se5 t lime/one is *ang$ by heat into m>ble4 ,sometimes its fossils are pres]v$2 sometimes !y completely disappe>4 ,sometimes x is ?read$ by ve9s ( h>d] & m cry/all9e rocks4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! :ite m>ble ( ,c>r>a1 :i* 0 once a b$ ( coral1 ! *ange seems to h tak5 place less viol5tly1 less sudd5ly1 m gradually4 ,! *ange 0 due1 !re=e1 n to viol5t heat sudd5ly appli$1 b to ! p5etrat+ action ( wat]1 probably aid$ by su/a9$ heat1 & c]ta9ly aid$ by pressure4 ,:5 a rock is subject$ to suffici5t pressure its v /ructure w alt]2 its orig9al con/itu5ts may be torn out ( x1 press$ out ( x1 filt]$ out ( x1 & aft]w>ds re>rang$4 ,once m let u call att5tion to ! a/\nd+ effects :i* great pressures c h4 ,if pressure en\gh be appli$ iron c be made to fl[ l treacle2 & ! pressure ( two or ?ree miles ( /rata is en\gh to crumple or %e> or te> any rock h[ev] h>d4 ,n[ we h %[n t 9 ! e>?'s long hi/ory "s regions are always be+ d5ud$ ( mat]ials 9 ord] t ^! mat]ials may be laid d[n z s$im5ts else:]e4 ,^! movem5ts may be comp>$ to ^? ( a pair ( scales1 9 :i* we are cont9ually tak+ weight f ! scale pan t is weight$ 9 ord] to put x into ! scale t is empty4 ,! scale t is weight$ is ! l& f :i* mat]ial is be+ remov$ by ! ra9s & ! riv]s2 ! scale t is empty is ! sea1 9 :i* ! erod$ mat]ial is laid d[n to =m b$s & /rata4 ,^! two scales are nev] q balanc$4 ,b suppose a "t comes :5 we h tak5 all ! mat]ial we c f ! weight$ scale1 s z to make ! hi!rto unweight$ "o ! heavi]--:at w happ58 ,! newly weight$ scale w inevitably fall1 & we %all h to beg9 to rev]se our sy/em ( tak+ f1 & add+ to1 ! scales4 ,simil>ly !re w always come a "t :5 !re w be a fl[ ( ! e>?-mass f ! areas :i* h be5 receiv+ great loads ( s$im5ts1 t[>ds ! areas :i* h be5 robb$ to supply !m4 ,?9k = a mom5t h[ ! weight ( a m\nta9 set up 9 a pla9 might act if we c imag9e "s giant =ce pil+ up ! m\nta9 high] & high]4 ,! m]e weight ( ! m\nta9 w\ld t5d to make x settle1 & beg9 to press outw>ds all r\nd its base4 ,if y f9d a difficulty 9 see+ h[ ?is c\ld be1 imag9e ! m\nta9 to be made ( pit*4 ,9 su* a case we c q easily realise h[ x w\ld spread4 ,simil>ly m\nta9s1 or ev5 great pla9s & plateaux1 ( s$im5t built up = millions ( ye>s 9 ! oceans1 w\ld t5d to spread2 & !y w\ld spread t[>ds ! l& :i* 9 ! fir/ place _h suppli$ !m ) mat]ials4 ,at fir/1 ( c\rse1 ! /iffness or rigidity ( ! l& w\ld resi/ ?is spread+4 ,b ! masses ?us built up w\ld become s great & s heavy 9 ! c\rse ( millions ( ye>s t no /iffness ( ! l& c\ld resi/ _! spread4 ,!y w\ld beg9 to roll or slide t[>ds ! l&2 ! heavi] p>ts mu/ always roll t[>ds ! light]4 ,! action w\ld be z resi/less z ! sl[ mov+ onw>d motion ( ^? masses ( ice call$ glaci]s2 or z ! movem5t ( ! great ice pla9s 9 ,gre5l&2 or ( ^? ice pla9s :i* 9 ,ant>ctic regions are always spread+ t[>ds ! sea4 ,!re are two views ( x4 ,!re is ! outw>d pressure ( ! regions :]e ! s$im5ts ( rock are be+ laid d[n4 ,!re is ! inw>d pressure t[>ds ! regions :i* h lo/ soil4 ,sometimes ^! two actions may conspire4 ,a region :]e great d5udation is tak+ place may s5d its wa/e mat]ial t[>ds ! sea1 :]e x is deposit$ ne> ! coa/ & n f> f ! highl&s or m\nta9s or plateaux :i* f\nd$ ! soil4 ,! %all[s ne> ! %ore become a belt :i* is be+ load$2 ! big m\nta9s ne> by are a belt :i* is unload+2 & ?us !re are two /ra9s set up toge!r4 ,x is n h>d to see ! enorm\s crumpl+ effect :i* ?is w\ld produce on ! l[] /rata "o or two miles b5ea? ! surface ( ! sea & ?ree or f\r miles bel[ ! topmo/ cre/s ( ! m\nta9s4 ,^! are circum/ances :i* may n be common2 b ! read] w f9d a q suffici5t explanation ( "s ( ! crumpl+1 & _m ( ! *anges 9 composition & appe>ance ( ! deep-sunk rocks1 if he rememb]s ! great pressure ov] !m1 & ! fact t ! high regions may be suppos$ always to h a t5d5cy to slip t[>ds ! l[l&s4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,e>?quakes ,,9 ,,geology ,x is m ?an likely t e>?quakes 9 ! geological pa/ 7 v mu* m viol5t1 widespread1 & frequ5t ?an !y are n[2 & !y may h _h a m pot5t effect 9 ov]turn+ ! rocks ( ! e>?4 ,ev5 n[ _! effects & ! circum/ances :i* accompany !m are trem5d\s & t]rify+4 ,:5 ! great e>?quake comes1 says ,major ,edw>d ,dutton 9 8 book on ,e>?quakes1 x comes quickly & is quickly gone4 ,its duration is g5]ally a matt] ( seconds r ?an ( m9utes1 ?\gh in/ances h be5 kn[n 9 :i* x la/$ f ?ree to f\r m9utes4 ,p]haps =ty-five seconds w\ld be a fair av]age4 ,! fir/ s5sation is a confus$ murmur+ s\nd ( a /range & ev5 weird "*4 ,almo/ simultane\sly loose objects beg9 to tremble & clatt]4 ,sometimes almo/ 9 an in/ant1 sometimes m gradually1 b always quickly1 ! s\nd becomes a ro>1 ! clatt]+ becomes a cra%+4 ,! rapid quiv] gr[s into a rude viol5t %ak+ ( increas+ amplitude4 ,ev]y?+ b5ea? seems beat5 ) rapid bl[s ( measureless p[]2 loose objects beg9 to fly ab\t2 ^? t are lightly hung break f _! fa/5+s4 ,! %ak+ increases 9 viol5ce4 ,! floor beg9s to heave & rock l a boat on ! waves4 ,pla/] ceil+s fall1 ! walls crack1 ! *imneys g cra%+ d[n1 ev]y?+ moves1 heaves1 tosses4 ,huge waves seem to ru% "u ! f\ndations z if driv5 by a gale4 ,! sw+ n[ becomes long] & /ill m p[]ful4 ,! walls crack op54 ,a sudd5 lur* ?r[s out ! front wall into ! /reet1 or te>s (f or %akes d[n 9 rubble ! :ole corn] ( ! build+4 ,!n comes a long] sway+ motion1 n unlike a %ip at sea1 b m rapid2 n alone f side to side1 b =w>d & backw>d z well1 & bo? motions comb9$ ) a wriggle :i* x seems impossible = any?+ to )/&4 ,x is ?is comp\nd1 figure-#h motion :i* is s de/ructive1 r5d+ asund] ! /ronge/ /ructures z if !y 7 built ( clay4 ,x is ! culm9ation ( ! quake4 ,x settles into a m regul> & less viol5t sw+2 !n sudd5ly abates & ceases4 ,out 9 ! op5 c\ntry ! signs & port5ts are ( a diff]5t "*4 ,! fir/ intimation is a /range s\nd4 ,"s h lik5$ x to ! sigh+ ( p9e trees 9 ! w9d1 or to fall+ ra92 o!rs to ! di/ant ro> ( ! surf2 o!rs to ! f>-(f rumble ( ! railway tra94 ,x gr[s l\d]4 ,! e>? beg9s to quiv]1 !n to %ake rudely4 ,soon ! gr\nd beg9s to heave4 ,!n x is actually se5 to be trav]s$ by visible waves--some?+ l waves at sea1 b ( less height & mov+ mu* m swiftly4 ,! s\nd becomes a ro>4 ,x is difficult to /&1 & at l5g? becomes impossible to d s4 ,p fl+ !mselves to ! gr\nd to avoid be+ da%$ aga9/ x4 ,! trees are se5 to sway viol5tly1 sometimes s mu* t !y t\* ! gr\nd ) _! bran*es4444 ,z ! waves ru% pa/ ! gr\nd op5s 9 cracks & closes aga94 ,z ! cracks close ! squeez$-out air bl[s out s& & gravel1 & sometimes s& & wat] are spurt$ high 9 air4 ,! ro> becomes appall+4 ,?r\gh its d9 are he>d l\d1 deep1 solemn booms t seem l ! voice ( "s high] ,p[] speak+ out ( ! dep?s ( ! univ]se4 ,sudd5ly ! /orm subsides1 ! e>? comes spe$ily to re/1 & all is ov]4 ,& yet1 says ,major ,dutton1 ?is description sugge/s b a s+le in/ance1 or a few in/ances1 ( :at e>?quakes are l4 ,9 "s ! full vig\r ( ! %ock comes ) explosive sudd5ness4 ,p f9d !mselves sudd5ly ?r[n to ! e>?1 ! gr\nd swept f "u _! feet4 ,sometimes ! roll+ waves ( e>? are abs5t1 & ! movem5t is a rude quiv]1 rapidly vibrat+ 9 e direction--twi/+1 contort+1 wr5*+ ! gr\nd z if 9 a det]m9$ ef=t to %ake x into du/4 ,sometimes ! mo/ pron\nc$ motion is up & d[n1 z if ! e>? b5ea? 7 be+ hamm]$ ) giant /rokes4 ,sometimes ! gr[?1 ! climax1 ! dy+ out ( ! e>?quake movem5t are repeat$ be=e ! fir/ %ocks h ceas$1 or a few m9utes aft]w>ds1 or ev5 ) an int]val ( sev]al h\rs4 ,! la/-nam$ case is1 h[ev]1 uncommon1 ?\gh aft] ! fir/ %ocks ( a great e>?quake !re are m9or %ocks & trembl+s = days1 weeks1 or mon?s aft]w>ds4 ,"s ( ^! are ( consid]able =ce1 ?\gh !y d n inflict ! deva/ation ( ! pr9cipal e>?quake4 ,! greate/ e>?quakes are n always ^? :i* wreak ! l>ge/ am\nt ( de/ruction4 ,evid5tly an e>?quake1 ! c5tre ( :i* is situat$ ne> a great city1 is m appall+ 9 its effects ?an "o :i* takes place 9 "s des]t place l ! /eppes ( ,sib]ia4 ,rec5t e>?quakes 9 ,italy & ne> ,san ,francisco 7 reg>d$ z great e>?quakes because !y took place 9 ?ickly populat$ neighb\rhoods4 ,9 cities1 writes ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,hobbs1 to ! rumbl+ ( ! e>?quake is quickly add$ ! cra% ( fall+ masonry1 & to ?is succe$s an uncanny grey d>kness z ! air becomes fill$ ) ! du/ f brok5 bricks1 mort>1 & pla/]4444 ,9 places ! gr\nd op5s & swall[s ! objects :i* lie ^u x4 ,ponds are suck$ d[n & disappe>1 & great f\nta9s ( wat] gu% out & flood ! c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! ,new ,madrid e>?quakes ( #ahaa & #ahab wat] 0 %ot upw>ds 9 v]tical %eets & c>ri$ to ! tops ( ! highe/ trees4 ,ne> ,lake ,baikal1 dur+ ! e>?quake on ,janu>y #bf?1 #ahfb1 ! surface ( ! /eppe1 ov] two hundr$ squ>e miles1 0 sudd5ly dropp$2 f\nta9s op5$ at _m p>ts )9 ! sunk5 area1 & wat] %ot up to heights ( tw5ty feet4 ,! wat] gu%$ also 9 great volume f ! op5 wells1 & :]e ^! 7 tightly cov]$ by wood5 caps1 _! lids 7 %ot up into ! air l corks f *ampagne bottles4 ,on ! night ( ,septemb] #e?1 #ahif1 dur+ heavy e>?quake %ocks 9 ,icel&1 a new w>m spr+ sudd5ly op5$ to ! accompanim5t ( l\d ro>+ & :i/l+1 & ?rew wat]1 /eam1 & fragm5ts ( rock to a height e/imat$ at six hundr$ feet4 ,! =ce ( ! new geys] 01 h[ev]1 soon sp5t1 & t5 days lat] x ceas$ to fl[4 ,ne>ly all ! ,icel&ic geys]s suff]$ *anges dur+ ?is e>?quake1 & ! fam\s ,/rokkur1 :i* _h be5 born dur+ ! e>?quake ( #aghi1 sudd5ly ceas$ its eruption & came to an end4 ,illu/ration3 ,/]eo ,copyright1 ,und]wood ,u4 ,london & ,new ,york ,a ,geys] 9 ,action ,9 geys]s ! sugge/ion t ! f\nta9s ( /eam & hot wat] orig9ate by ! contact ( wat] ) hot rock is irresi/ible4 ,9 /eep-wall$ m\nta9 valleys e>?quakes ne>ly always cause l&slips1 & ^! may completely block ! c\rse ( a riv]4 ,! lake =m$ 9 ?is mann] dur+ ! great e>?quake ( ,janu>y #be?1 #acdh1 9 ,c>9?ia de/roy$ no few] ?an sev5te5 villages1 & to-day1 ne>ly six c5turies aft]w>ds1 ! area is a great m>%4 ,aft] ! e>?quake ne> ,lake ,baikal 9 ,sib]ia1 ( :i* we h spok5 & 9 :i* ! gr\nd sank1 ! sunk5 area 0 soon aft] invad$ by ! wat]s ( ! lake4 ,sometimes :5 ! e>?quake takes place ne> ! m\? ( a great riv]1 ! *annels ( ! /reams are *ang$4 ,aft] ! ,cali=nian e>?quake ( #aheg ! curr5t ( ! ,riv] ,k]n 0 turn$ up/ream2 & ! ,san ,gabriel ,riv] left its b$ to foll[ a new c\rse (f]$ to x by an e>?quake fissure4 ,aft] ! ,japanese e>?quake ( #ahia a =m] lake 0 cut 9 half by "o ( ! e>?quake displacem5ts1 & "o half ( ! lake 0 left high & dry4 ,ne> ,flag/aff1 ,arizona1 !re is an old e>?quake crack along :i* ! wat]s ( sev]al riv]s :i* int]sect x all disappe> d[n ! crevice4 ,! mo/ rem>kable revelation ( ! process ( lake dra9+ dur+ e>?quake %ocks 0 furni%$1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,hobbs1 by ! =m] ,lake ,eulalie ne> ,new ,madrid4 ,aft] ! %ocks ( #ahab ! lake completely disappe>$4 ,on ! lake bottom ?us expos$ !re 0 reveal$ a s]ies ( fissures d[n ! funnel-%ap$ op5+s :i* ! wat]s _h disappe>$4 ,x w be se5 f _m ( ! =ego+ in/ances t :atev] are ! pr9cipal causes ( e>?quakes1 !y mu/ h play$ a great "p 9 ! %ap+ ( ev5ts 9 ! geological pa/2 & ! only limitation :i* we c place 9 ! importance ( ! "p !y play$ w dep5d on :e!r we reg>d ! e>?quake z hav+ be5 caus$ by a movem5t ( ! und]ly+ /rata1 or :e!r we believe t ! same cause :i* produces e>?quakes may produce alt]ations 9 ! lie ( ! /rata !mselves4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all describe "s ( ! effects produc$ on l& by e>?quakes4 ,b impressive z "s ( ^! effects are1 x is by no means c]ta9 t ! greate/ e>?quakes take place on l& at all4 ,!y may take place at sea1 deep und]nea? ! ocean4 ,our opportunities = obs]v+ su* quakes1 h[ev]1 are mu* small] ?an are af=d$ by l& e>?quakes4 ,! in/rum5ts :i* h be5 devis$ = obs]v+ e>? tremors w measure ! smalle/ ( su* di/urbances1 & w record e>?quakes ! c5tres ( :i* are ?\s&s ( miles away4 ,^! delicate in/rum5ts (t5 record di/ant e>?quakes1 ! exact locality ( :i* is nev] det]m9$4 ,no d\bt1 "s ( ^! di/ant tremors orig9ate 9 ! ocean b$2 b ! seaquake c only be localis$ :5 ! wat] is put into a /ate ( vibration suffici5tly en]getic to rock ! %ip & its loose objects & ?us affect ! s5ses4 ,va/ waves are sometimes roll$ 9 on ! %ores ( cont95ts1 & are und\bt$ly caus$ by "s great di/urbance b5ea? ! ocean4 ,su* waves h be5 kn[n ?r\gh a long p]iod ( hi/ory 9 ! ,ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 :]e !y h ravag$ ! %ores ( ,syria & ,asia ,m9or2 & x is sometimes suppos$ t ! great deluge on :i* ! ,ark ( ,noah float$ 0 accompani$ by a mighty sea-wave1 roll$ 9 ^u ! l&s ( ,*aldea f ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,(f ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica ^! waves arise mo/ (t5 & mo/ mightily4 ,!y h be5 especially =midable 9 ! angle :]e ! coa/ ( ,p]u meets t ( ,*ili1 & ! h>b\rs ( ,pisco1 ,arica1 ,tacna1 ,iquique1 & ,pisagua h be5 repeat$ly subject$ to ^! de/ructive invasions4 ,usually !y are =e%ad[$ by a viol5t e>?quake1 & ! inhabitants1 tak+ w>n+1 fly to ! hills4 ,! sea-wave does n1 h[ev]1 always foll[ ! e>?quake1 b x appe>s (t5 en\gh to ar\se s]i\s fe> t x may come :5ev] ! gr\nd is /rongly %ak54 ,! fir/ sign ( ! com+ disa/] is ! )drawal ( ! sea f ! %ore1 leav+ b>e ! b$ ( ! h>b\r4 ,a few m9utes lat] ! sea returns 9 a high1 irresi/ible wave1 :i* ov]fl[s ! adjo9+ l&s4 ,aga9 x )draws & aga9 returns1 & ^! oscillations may la/ = _m h\rs1 sl[ly dim9i%+ 9 ! am\nt ( rise & fall till !y die out4 ,! mo/ memorable seaquake ( ! ,*ilian coa/ 0 t ( ,augu/ #ac?1 #ahfh1 :5 ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica 0 %ak5 f ,ecuador to ,valdivia4 ,9 ! t[n ( ,arica mo/ ( ! build+s 7 ?r[n d[n4 ,a few m9utes lat] ! sea began to retire sl[ly f ! %ore1 s t %ips an*or$ 9 sev5 fa?oms ( wat] 7 left high & dry4 ,!n ! sea return$ l a great wall ( wat]1 :i* caught up ! %ips 9 ! road/ead & swept !m inl& l *ips ( wood4 ,among !m 0 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w> vessel ,wat]ee1 :i* 0 c>ri$ inl& ne>ly half a mile & 0 left1 little injur$1 on dry l& :5 aga9 ! wave rec$$4 ,! wave ( ?is cata/rophe 0 felt f> away f ,*ili4 ,x 0 p]ceiv$ on ! coa/s ( ,au/ralasia1 ,japan1 ,kam*atka1 ,alaska1 & ,cali=nia4 ,9 ! h>b\r ( ,hakodate1 9 ,japan1 a s]ies ( waves 0 regi/]$ on ! tide-gauge4 ,! ord9>y tide 9 t port is only ab\t two & a half to ?ree feet4 ,on ?is occasion ! wat] rose & fell a height ( t5 feet 9 tw5ty m9utes4 ,x _h tak5 ! fir/ wave tw5ty-five h\rs to travel ! di/ance ( #gfjj miles f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,on ,may #i?1 #ahgg1 ano!r seaquake almo/ z great z ?is 0 felt 9 _m ( ! same places4 ,?is 0 on ! occasion ( ! ,iquique e>?quake4 ,at ,arica ! /r&$ hulk ( ! ,wat]ee1 :i* _h rema9$ high & dry = n9e ye>s1 0 pick$ up & swept f>!r inl&4 ,l its pr$ecessor1 ! wave 0 felt all ov] ! ,pacific4 ,at ,samoa ! height ( ! waves v>i$ f six to twelve feet2 9 ,new ,zeal& f ?ree to tw5ty feet2 9 ,japan f five to t5 feet4 ,:5 a wave rea*es %all[ wat] x piles itself up to a height1 z any "o kn[s :o has wat*$ ! waves com+ 9 on ! sea-%ore1 s t ! height ( a wave measur$ on ! tide-gauge ( a seaport is a good deal great] ?an t ( ! height ( ! wave :5 x is f> out on ! ocean4 ,9 fact1 ! mid-ocean height ( ! wave is likely to be in*es :ile ! 9-%ore wave is measur$ 9 feet4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is c be se5 on ! coa/ ( ,cornwall1 :]e sometimes1 on q a calm day ! sea t looks s /ill breaks on ! %ore 9 big roll]s4 ,we _c tell exactly h[ high an e>?quake wave may be 9 mid-ocean1 b we "k x _c usually be v great1 ?\gh x travels at great spe$s--sometimes z mu* z five miles a m9ute1 or ?ree hundr$ miles an h\r4 ,?us we %\ld n expect t %ips f> out at sea w\ld (t5 notice seaquakes unless ! quake took place v ne> !m4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s in/ances4 ,capta9 ,gales1 ( ! %ip ,flor5ce ,night+ale1 report$ t on ,janu>y #be?1 #ahei1 :ile ne> ,/4 ,paul's ,rocks1 n f> f ! ,equator1 we felt a /rong %ock ( an e>?quake4 ,x began ) a rumbl+ s\nd l di/ant ?und] & la/$ ab\t =ty seconds4 ,i 0 q well acqua9t$ ) e>?quakes1 z ,i _h exp]i5c$ a good _m on ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 b nev] _h ,i felt s sev]e a "o4 ,glass & di%es rattl$ s vigor\sly t ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d !m un9jur$4 ,a good _m objects fell d[n1 & x 0 z if ! %ip 7 gr\nd+ on a reef4 ,ano!r report f a locality n f> f ?is speaks ( a /range subm>9e noise n unlike di/ant ?und]1 or /ill m l ! di/ant fir+ ( heavy guns4 ,at ! same "t !re 0 a vibration ( ! %ip z ?\gh ! an*or _h be5 let g4 ,! =ego+ are repres5tative ( ! l>ge majority ( ! reports ( seaquakes4 ,! %ip quiv]s1 vibrates2 loose objects clatt] & tumble4 ,!re is a /range ?und]\s noise 9 ! sea4 ,! fir/ impression is z if ! %ip 7 gr9d+ ^u ! bottom1 & !re is an in/9ctive ru% ( ! crew to ! deck to see if ! %ip is n on a reef4 ,9 "s in/ances !re are "s =cible di/urbances4 ,m4 ,vulet d',a\r/ speaks ( a seaquake s sev]e t ! ,admiral fe>$ ! complete de/ruction ( ! corvette4 ,heavy objects1 includ+ cannon & _! c>riages1 7 ?r[n ^u ! deck4 ,! %ip itself seem$ to be hurl$ upw>ds4 ,"o ( ! explanations (f]$ ( a ph5om5on su* z ! la/ describ$ is t ! vessel has be5 ne> a subm>9e volcanic eruption ( great p[]4 ,! places :]e "s or mo/ ( ! seaquakes h be5 obs]v$ h be5 *>t$1 & c]ta9 di/ricts ( ! ocean h be5 f\nd to produce m ( ^! di/urbances ?an o!rs4 ,among ! fir/ to be ?us det]m9$ 7 two1 locat$ 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 v ne> ! ,equator & ne>ly midway betwe5 ,cape ,palmas on ! s\!a/]n coa/ ( ,lib]ia & ,cape ,/4 ,roque1 ,brazil4 ,"o ( !m is ! ,/4 ,paul's ,rocks di/rict1 ( :i* m5tion has already be5 made4 ,ano!r di/rict f :i* seaquakes h be5 report$ ) exceptional frequ5cy is ! ,nor? ,atlantic 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,azores4 ,betwe5 ^! isl&s & ! coa/ ( ,portugal x may be rememb]$ t ! great quake orig9at$ :i*1 on ,novemb] #a/1 #agge1 de/roy$ ,lisbon4 ,! ,we/ ,indian ,deep1 t pr(\nd bas9 ( ! ,atlantic ly+ nor? ( ! ,less] ,antilles & ea/ ( ! ,bahamas1 :]e ! ,atlantic has its greate/ dep?s & :]e its bottom has its greate/ inequalities1 is ano!r di/rict f :i* an unusual numb] ( seaquakes h be5 report$4 ,! usual explanation ( _! orig9 is t 9 ^! neighb\rhoods1 ow+ to ! great pressure ( wat] above !m1 !re are cont9ual slips & fractures ( ! sea bottom1 l l&slips on l&1 & t into ! great cavities ?us produc$ ! wat] ru%es1 & ?us sets up di/urbances :i* %[ !mselves on ! surface l waves1 v mu* 9 ! same way t ! wat] ru%+ ?r\gh ! escape ( a ba? produces small di/urbances on ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! ba?4 ,to satisfy ! requirem5ts ( su* a wave z roll$ 9 ^u ! ,s\? ,am]ican coa/ at ,arica 9 #ahfh w\ld require ! sudd5 drop ( _m hundr$ squ>e miles ( sea bottom--p]haps ( sev]al ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,"s ,,fam\s ,,e>?quakes ,( all e>?quakes p]haps ! be/ kn[n & rememb]$ is t ( ,lisbon on ,novemb] #a/1 #agee1 & volumes h be5 writt5 ab\t x4 ,! fir/ %ocks ( ?is e>?quake came )\t o!r w>n+ ?an a deep s\nd resembl+ ?und]1 :i* appe>$ to proce$ f b5ea? ! gr\nd1 & x 0 imm$iately foll[$ by a quak+ :i* ?rew d[n ! entire city ( ,lisbon4 ,9 six m9utes sixty ?\s& p]sons p]i%$4 ,! day 0 almo/ imm$iately turn$ into night1 ow+ to ! ?ickness ( ! du/ f ! ru9$ city4 ,a few m9utes aft]w>ds fire sprang up among ! ru9s4 ,! new ,lisbon quay1 :i* _h be5 built entirely ( m>ble1 sudd5ly sank d[n into ! bay ) an imm5se cr[d ( p1 :o ?rong$ to x = safety1 & x is said t none ( ! bodies ( ! dr[n$ 7 ev] se5 aga94 ,foll[+ h>d on ! fir/ %ocks ! sea retir$ f ! l&1 c>ry+ boats & o!r craft ) x1 only to return 9 a great wave1 :i* complet$ ! de/ruction 9 & ab\t ! city4 ,?is great sea wave1 ! mightie/ t has ev] be5 describ$ 9 connection ) an e>?quake1 is said to h wa%$ n only ! coa/s ( ,portugal & ,spa91 b to h ext5d$ ) de/ructive viol5ce to o!r c\ntries4 ,at ,k9sale1 9 ,irel&1 x 0 /rong en\gh to :irl vessels ab\t 9 ! h>b\r & to p\r into ! m>ket-place1 & x 0 ( great viol5ce also at ! isl& ( ,madeira4 ,portions ( ! sea-coa/ betwe5 ,cape-da-,roca & ,cape ,c>vociro fell away into ! sea1 & ! damage 0 v great along ! coa/ betwe5 ,cape ,/4 ,v9c5t & ! m\? ( ! ,guadiana4 ,! great ,si]ra da ,e/rella1 on ! we/ ( ! ,tagus valley1 0 split & r5t 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]1 & ?rew d[n avalan*es ( rock into ! valley4 ,! great e>?quake :i* %ook ,calabria & ,nor?-,ea/]n ,sicily 9 ! ye> #aghc /&s out 9 r /rik+ contra/ ) o!r di/urbances ( hi/ory1 because x 0 c>efully /udi$ by a great numb] ( skill$ obs]v]s4 ,among !m 7 ,viv5zio1 ! c\rt physician ( ! ,k+ ( ,naples1 :o has suppli$ u ) a n>rative ( ! ev5ts2 ,grimaldi1 ! ,m9i/] ( ,w>1 :o at ! ,k+'s comm& visit$ ! region & has left accurate measurem5ts ( ! great] & less] fissures associat$ ) ! e>?quake2 ,pignaturo1 a physician1 :o kept a record ( ! long-cont9u+ %ocks1 toge!r ) an e/imate ( _! int5sities2 ! ,fr5* geologi/ ,dolomieu2 & ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 :o 0 ! ,briti% ,ambassador at ,naples4 ,! ,academy ( ,naples s5t a special commission to ! sc5e ( ! e>?quake's de/ruction1 & prep>$ a bulky report ( great sci5tific value4 ,calabria is a c\ntry :i* has _m times be5 rack$ ) e>?quakes2 ! di/urbances be+ almo/ z conspicu\s = numb] z 9 ,japan4 ,! areas %ak5 h n usually be5 great 9 ext5t1 b z reg>ds ! geological *anges & ! loss to life by :i* !y h be5 accompani$1 !y rank among ! greate/ 9 hi/ory4 ,! %ocks ( #aghc1 :i* co/ ?irty ?\s& lives1 came )\t w>n+ on ,febru>y #e?1 & 9 two m9utes ?rew d[n ! /ructures 9 hundr$s ( cities & villages scatt]$ ?r\gh ,calabria & ,nor?-,ea/]n ,sicily4 ,! great c5tral granite =mation ( ,calabria1 :i* 0 b slightly di/urb$ by ! fir/ %ock1 0 m heavily %ak5 by ^? :i* foll[$2 & x 0 not$ by ! e>ly writ]s on ?is e>?quake t ! m\nta9s _h be5 a little rais$ 9 comp>ison ) ! neighb\r+ pla9s at _! bases4 ,! fact ( ! elevation ( m\nta9s by e>?quakes or "s o!r und]gr\nd di/urbance has be5 else:]e not$4 ,on ,novemb] #ai?1 #ahbb1 a great e>?quake %ook ! ,*ilian coa/ = a di/ance ( twelve hundr$ miles nor? & s\?4 ,! greate/ en]gy 0 %[n ab\t "o hundr$ miles nor? ( ,valp>aiso1 :]e ! coa/ 0 f\nd to h ris5 sudd5ly f ?ree to five feet = a di/ance :i* has nev] be5 accurately asc]ta9$1 b :i* is kn[n to h exce$$ ?irty-five miles4 ,9 #ahce & 9 #ahcg simil> elevations ( ! coa/ 7 caus$ by e>?quakes at ,concepcion1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ miles s\? ( ,valp>aiso1 & at ,valdivia1 ab\t two hundr$ miles s\? ( ,concepcion4 ,*>les ,d>w91 9 ! ,voyage ( ! ,beagle1 says3 ,i h conv9c+ pro(s t ?is "p ( ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica has be5 elevat$ ne> ! coa/ at lea/ f f\r to five hundr$ feet1 & 9 "s p>ts f "o ?\s& to ?irte5 hundr$ feet1 s9ce ! epo* ( liv+ %ells4 ,d>w9 f9ds 8 evid5ce 9 ! rais$ bea*es ne> ! coa/ on :i* ^! %ells ab\nd4 ,t ?is uplift has be5 go+ on by small & sudd5 movem5ts1 f a foot to t5 feet at ea* %ock1 = m ?an two c5turies is atte/$ by good evid5ce4 ,! coa/ 9 _m places is prov5 to be f tw5ty to ?irty feet high] to-day ?an x 0 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 gives a mo/ int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! sudd5 upheaval ( a portion ( a m\nta9 range1 ) ! accompanim5t ( a great e>?quake1 ne> ,well+ton1 9 ,new ,zeal&1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahee4 ,bo? ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,isl&s ( t colony h be5 affect$ by uplift+s dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ^! movem5ts h be5 att5d$ by p[]ful & f>-rea*+ e>?quakes4 ,! *anges wr\ght by ^! movem5ts on ! %ores & f>!r inl& z well h be5 rem>kable dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,ano!r example ( ! same k9d ( activity is se5 9 ! occasional rise ( isl&s f ! sea2 b to ?is we %all ref] aga91 & = ! pres5t we may return to ! ,calabrian e>?quake1 :i* pres5t$ _m curi\s & _m *>act]i/ic features4 ,dur+ ! e>?quake ! surface ( ! c\ntry heav$ 9 great undulations1 :i* 7 productive ( a feel+ ( sea-sickness1 & :i*1 accord+ to "s obs]v]s1 made ! cl\ds appe> to /& /ill1 z !y w sometimes seem to d f ! deck ( a toss+ %ip4 ,! fissures :i* appe>$ 9 ! gr\nd 7 numb]$ by ?\s&s1 & sometimes ! displacem5ts ( ! e>? am\nt$ to z mu* z t5 feet4 ,h\ses 7 lift$ high up2 9 o!r places ! l& or ! sea-floor sank sev]al feet4 ,_m ( ! fissures op5$1 spurt$ out s& or wat]1 & !n clos$ aga92 & "s ( ! ,calabrian pla9s aft] ! e>?quake 7 f\nd to be dott$ ) circul> holl[s1 on ! av]age ab\t ! size ( c>riage :eels1 :i* 7 l wells1 b 7 sometimes fill$ ) s& in/ead ( wat]4 ,^! 7 aft]w>ds f\nd to be ,v-%ap$4 ,9 addition to ^! hundr$s ( small cone-%ap$ holl[s or wells !re 7 o!r wat] bas9s m des]v+ ! "n ( ponds or lakes4 ,"o ( ^! 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sem9>a1 to :i* ! "n ( ,lago di ,tolfilo 0 giv51 0 ab\t a ?ird ( a mile 9 l5g?1 & 0 s copi\sly f$ by ! spr+s rang$ 9 a fissure 9 its bottom t all attempts to dra9 x prov$ useless4 ,ne> ,sitizam a valley 0 completely *ok$ up by ! l&slip f opposite sides1 & beh9d ?is new dam a lake 0 =m$ :i* 0 ab\t two miles 9 l5g? & "o mile 9 bread?4 ,viv5zio /ates t fifty lakes arose at ! "t ( ! e>?quake1 & ! ,gov]nm5t surveyors1 :o includ$ ponds1 c\nt$ no few] ?an #bae4 ,! fir/ effect ( ! m viol5t %ocks 0 g5]ally to dry up ! riv]s4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds _m ( _! b$s 7 s block$ up ov] !m t ! riv]s ov]fl[$4 ,f ! rock ( ,scylla opposite to ,*>ybdis1 9 ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a1 l>ge sections ( cliff 7 brok5 (f1 9 "o in/ance = a :ole mile's l5g? ( coa/4 ,! sea & ! neighb\rhood 0 greatly di/urb$2 & soon aft] ! fall ( ! cliffs ( ,scylla ! sea rose to a height ( tw5ty feet1 & ! wave roll+ ov] ! coa/-l9e dr[n$ #aejj p4 ,japan is p]haps z un/able an area z any:]e exi/s on ! e>?1 & ! records ( its e>?quakes are m complete ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,! numb] ( de/ructive e>?quakes record$ !re 9 ! la/ fifte5 hundr$ ye>s is #bbc4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! records are fairly p]fect1 & x is f\nd t s9ce !n a de/ructive e>?quake has occurr$ some:]e 9 ! ,japanese isl&s ne>ly e two & a half ye>s4 ,= ! light] %ocks sy/ematic obs]vation has become necess>y1 & ! ,japanese1 ) t developm5t ( ! sci5tific _s :i* is s rem>kable an accompanim5t ( _! progress dur+ ! la/ g5]ation1 h organis$ an ,e>?quake ,record+ ,s]vice--a ,seismological ,bureau--at :i* su* conspicu\s meteorologi/s z ,mr4 ,john ,milne & ,dr4 ,knott h work$1 & :i* has produc$ great seismologi/s among ! ,japanese !mselves4 ,z _m ( our read]s are aw>e1 ! e>? is h>dly ev] /ill2 x trembles cont9ually l a boil+ kettle1 ?\gh n = ! same reasons2 & ! delicate in/rum5ts = measur+ e>?quakes1 :i* are call$ seismomet]s1 %[ cont9ual e>? tremors or e>? %iv]s4 ,s9ce #ahhh ! e>?quakes ( all int5sities record$ 9 ,japan give a ye>ly av]age ( #addg %ocks1 or a daily av]age ( f\r4 ,until ! great e>?quake ( #ahia1 ! greate/ %ocks )9 ! memory ( liv+ m5 7 ^? ( #ahed-e4 ,! e>?quake ( ,octob] #bh?1 #ahia1 %ook an area ( #bdc1jjj squ>e miles1 or m ?an ?ree-fif?s ( ! entire area ( ,japan1 ?\gh ! greate/ damage 0 done on ! ,m9o-,ow>i ,pla91 a broad expanse ( c\ntry occupi$ by rice fields & surr\nd$ by m\nta9s4 ,)\t ! lea/ w>n+ ! bl[ came1 & 9 ! fir/ %ock #bj1jjj build+s fell1 #gjjj p 7 kill$ & #ag1jjj 7 injur$4 ,innum]able fissures great & small appe>$ all ov] ! pla91 & ! h\ses 9 ! ?ickly pack$ villages fell l packs ( c>ds4 ,! pla9 is "o ( ,japan's great g>d5s1 & support$ almo/ #ajjj p to ! squ>e mile4 ,villages 7 !reab\t cont9u\s1 & a n>r[ lane ( unusual de/ruction c\ld be trac$ ?r\gh !m = tw5ty miles4 ,aft] ! fir/ %ock !re 7 num]\s small] ones1 & dur+ ! next five mon?s no few] ?an #bef %ocks 7 record$ 9 all4 ,among ! m rem>kable effects ( ! e>?quake 0 ! actual %ift+ ( ! c\ntry4 ,along a crack _m miles 9 l5g? ! pla9 aft] ! e>?quake 0 "s feet l[] on "o side ?an on ! o!r4 ,res]voirs & swamps 7 =m$1 z well z s& pits & mud crat]s4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s effect1 h[ev]1 f a geological /&po9t 0 ! %ift+ & di/ortion ( ! /rata4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo1 ,g4 ,c4 ,niv5 ,! ,curi\s ,eruption ( ,m\nt ,asama1 ,japan ,m\nt ,asama is ne>ly #hjjj feet high1 & ! crat] is ne>ly a mile across1 & has a dep? ( ab\t #ajjj feet4 ,/eam is be+ cont9ually dis*>g$4 ,! above display 0 photograph$ f ab\t #h miles di/ance4 ,! dis*>ge 0 ab\t #a-a_/b miles high1 & %ot up to t height 9 "s n9ety seconds4 ,! evid5t inf]5ce is ei!r t wat] is be+ =c$ out ( ! rocks by volcanic action1 or t ! eruptions are ( ! nature ( /eam explosions caus$ by wat] :i* comes 9 contact ) molt5 rock4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 on ! #bf? & #bg? ,augu/1 #ahif1 occurr$ ! rem>kable ,icel&ic e>?quake1 :i* affect$ a triangul> plateau1 bord]$ by high m\nta9s1 includ+ ,m\nt ,hecla & o!r well-kn[n volcanoes1 9 ! s\?-we/]n portion ( ! isl&4 ,dur+ ! %ocks ! e>?'s surface 0 ?r[n into waves1 s t nei!r man nor cattle c\ld /&4 ,p]sons :o 7 ly+ on ! gr\nd ne> a cliff 7 by ! %ock ?r[n bodily ov] ! edge4 ,a high hill 9 ! pla9 is describ$ z %ak5 l a dog com+ out ( ! wat]1 & a ?ick mantle ( loose soil :i* _h cov]$ x 0 aft]w>ds f\nd di/ribut$ 9 heaps ab\t its base4 ,! surface ( ! pla9 0 sc>r$ by op5 fissures or by rock walls :i* _h be5 caus$ by ! e>?'s ris+ on "o side ( a fissure4 ,"o ( ! fissures 0 n9e miles & ano!r sev5 miles 9 l5g?4 ,! m\nta9s r\nd ! pla9s 7 riv5 by clefts1 & _m l&slips occurr$4 ,z we h m5tion$ else:]e1 a new geys] 0 =m$1 ?r[+ up wat] to an enorm\s height1 b soon sp5d+ its e>ly =ce2 & _m geys]s & spr+s 7 viol5tly di/urb$4 ,an e>?quake ( a v diff]5t k9d occurr$ ! next ye> 9 ! prov9ce ( ,assam1 ,india 7,june #ab?1 #ahig74 ,unlike ! ,icel&ic e>?quake1 almo/ ! :ole damage 0 "h ! result ( ! fir/ %ock4 ,ev]y?+ 0 de/roy$ )9 ! fir/ fifte5 seconds ( ! e>?quake1 & ! heavy %ocks _h all pass$ be=e two & a half m9utes _h elaps$4 ,9 ?is brief space ( "t an area ( #a1gej1jjj squ>e miles _h be5 %ak5 & #aej1jjj squ>e miles laid 9 ru9s4 ,a memb] ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,india1 :o 0 9 ! t[n ( ,%illong1 says t a rumbl+ s\nd l ne> ?und] prec$$ ! %ocks by a second or s & increas$ 9 l\dness1 s t :5 masonry began to fall ! noise & rattle ( ! fall+ /ones 7 h>dly to be p]ceiv$4 ,unable to /& on 8 feet1 ?is obs]v] sat d[n on ! gr\nd1 & n only felt b saw ! gr\nd ?r[n into viol5t waves z if compos$ ( s(t jelly4 ,^! waves seem$ to run along ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! %ocks _h pass$ all ! masonry h\ses 9 ,%illong _h be5 levell$ to ! gr\nd1 & ov] ea* hung a cl\d ( p9k pla/] p>ticles & du/4 ,"s ( ! %ocks seem to h occurr$ ) a k9d ( twi/1 & /one monum5ts 7 giv5 ! appe>ance ( corkscrews4 ,!re 7 left _m fissures & depressions 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! riv]s & lakes & /reams 7 greatly affect$4 ,?irty new lakes 7 =m$2 along ! great ,brahmaputra ,riv] roll$ a great wave t5 feet high4 ,"o great r5t 9 ! geological /rata at ! e>?'s surface 0 twelve miles long4 ,important *anges ( level ( great blocks ( c\ntry 7 cle>ly %[n by ! alt]ations 9 ! aspect ( ! l&scape4 ,ranges ( hills :i* be=e _h n be5 visible f c]ta9 po9ts n[ came into view = ! fir/ "t1 :ile o!rs _h disappe>$4 ,?\gh ! mo/ de/ructive %ock 0 t felt dur+ ! fir/ few seconds1 !re 7 o!rs :i* foll[$1 la/+ = ne>ly a week aft]w>ds4 ,?is e>?quake is ( special int]e/1 because x 0 ! fir/ "o :i* 0 regi/]$ on ! e>?quake in/rum5ts set up 9 ,europe4 ,s9ce t date ^! in/rum5ts h be5 set up all ov] ! _w1 &1 z we say else:]e1 a great e>?quake is n[ usually record$ on ! seismomet]s & seismographic in/rum5ts set up 9 obs]vatories /ation$ ?\s&s ( miles away4 ,all ( our read]s w recollect ! ,jamaica e>?quake :i* occurr$ comp>atively rec5tly4 ,port ,k+/on1 9 ,jamaica1 has _h its %>e ( e>?quake disa/]s4 ,9 ! ye> #afib ,port ,royal1 ! !n *ief city1 0 de/roy$1 & 9 rebuild+ x ! ,jamaicans mov$ x across ! h>b\r1 because ! old t[n site 0 l>gely subm]g$ b5ea? ! sea4 ,x 0 a recurr5ce ( ! settlem5t ( ! gr\nd :i* 9 "p produc$ ! e>?quake ( ,janu>y #ad?1 #aijg4 ,!re 7 slight %ocks prec$+ ! e>?quake1 & subt]ranean rumbl+s4 ,! *ief damage 0 done be=e ?irty-five seconds _h gone by1 & ( c\rse ! cata/rophe 0 great] because ! %ocks 7 felt 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a city4 ,consid]$ by itself ! e>?quake 0 n ( ! ord] ( great e>?quakes1 b _m ( ! effects 7 mo/ curi\s4 ,a /atue ( ,que5 ,victoria on a p$e/al 0 p>tly turn$ r\nd2 a s]ies ( /eep t]races 0 =m$ by ! side ( ! h>b\r2 a small spr+ 0 conv]t$ into a /ream eight feet wide2 &1 z we all "k1 v great de/ruction 0 inflict$ on life & prop]ty4 ,s\nd+s :i* h s9ce !n be5 made 9 ! h>b\r %[ t its dep? has greatly increas$ 9 "s p>ts1 9 "o in/ance by n less ?an tw5ty-sev5 feet4 ,! greate/ depression occurr$ ne> ,port ,royal 7! old city71 :]e a hundr$ y>ds or m ( ! gr\nd 0 subm]g$ by wat] v>y+ f eight to tw5ty-five feet 9 dep?4 ,proce$+ nor?w>ds f ! ,antilles to ,nor? ,am]ica1 we come to o!r fam\s areas ( e>?quake di/urbance4 ,9 #ahaa & #ahab !re 7 e>?quakes along ! l[] l&s ( ! great ,mississippi ,riv]1 :i* 7 felt ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & z f> we/ z exploration _h gone4 ,at ,new ,madrid1 :i* appe>s to h be5 ne> ! c5tre ( ! di/urbance1 subt]ranean ?und] appe>s to h be5 he>d frequ5tly = _m ye>s prec$+ ! e>?quake1 ?\gh x _h ceas$ = ne>ly a ye>4 ,ab\t two o'clock 9 ! morn+ ( ,decemb] #af?1 #ahaa1 !re came a sev]e %ock accompani$ by a noise :i* 0 l ne> ?und]1 & a few m9utes aft]w>ds ! air 0 fill$ ) sulphur\s vap\r4 ,p ?\ght t ! end ( ! _w _h come4 ,light %ocks 7 felt till sunrise2 & !n "o m viol5t ?an ! fir/ occurr$4 ,b ?is 0 n ! end4 ,= ?ree mon?s ! %ocks w5t on1 & 9 t "t no few] ?an #ahgd %ocks 7 record$1 eight ( !m great ones4 ,! %ock ( ,janu>y #bcrd1 ?\gh z viol5t z any t prec$$ x1 0 surpass$ by ! s-call$ h>d %ock1 :i* came at ab\t f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon ( ,febru>y #g?4 ,x 0 accompani$ by a dis*>ge ( sulphur\s vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e1 & an unusual d>kness :i* add$ greatly to ! t]ror ( ! p4 ,illu/ration3 ,/]eo ,copyright1 ,und]wood ,u4 ,london & ,new ,york ,a ,h\se de/roy$ by an ,e>?quake ,?is 0 ,s5ator ,/an=d's h\se at ,palo ,alto1 ab\t #be miles f ,san ,francisco1 :i* is situat$ on a fault or anci5t fracture ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! ,mississippi seem$ to rec$e f its banks1 & its wat]s ga!r$ up l m\nta9s1 leav+ boats high up on ! s&s4 ,! wat]s !n mov$ inw>ds ) a front wall fifte5 to tw5ty feet 9 height1 te>+ ! boats f _! moor+s & c>ry+ !m closely pack$ up a creek = a qu>t] ( a mile4 ,! riv] fell z rapidly z x _h ris51 & rec$$ f its banks ) su* viol5ce t x took ) x a grove ( cotton-woods :i* h$g$ its bord]s4 ,^! trees 7 brok5 (f ) su* regul>ity t x 0 h>d to p]suade p :o _h n witness$ ! cata/rophe t x _h n be5 br\ght ab\t by human ag5cy4 ,dur+ all ! great] %ocks ! e>?'s surface 0 report$ to h be5 rais$ 9 great crumpl+s1 ! cre/s ( :i* op5$ into fissures4 ,"s ( ^! 7 six hundr$ to sev5 hundr$ feet long & tw5ty to ?irty feet wide1 & wat] & s& & ev5 coal#ac 7 sp\t$ out ( !m to a height ( =ty feet4 ,_m crat]s & holes 9 ! gr\nd 7 =m$1 surr\nd$ by r+s ( s&2 & traces ( !m rema9 to ?is day1 a c5tury-old monum5t ( ! de/ruction wr\ght4 ,notable *anges 9 ! level ( ! c\ntry 7 effect$2 new lakes & new isl&s came into exi/5ce2 "s lakes disappe>$2 "s ( ! lakes !n =m$ rema9 to ?is day4 ,on ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,mississippi a lake a hundr$ miles long1 six miles wide1 & t5 to fifty feet 9 dep? 0 =m$2 & ano!r lake1 kn[n n[ z ,reelfoot ,lake1 :i* came !n into exi/5ce1 is tw5ty miles long1 sev5 miles broad--l>g] ?an ,w9d]m]e1 & deep]4 ,! fi%]m5's boats to-day float ov] ! top ( eighte5?-c5tury cypress trees4 ,9 addition to sections ( c\ntry :i* 7 depress$ & subm]g$1 an area ( "s tw5ty miles 9 diamet] 0 elevat$ into a l[ dune tw5ty to tw5ty-five feet above ! level ( ! pla9 ( ! ,mississippi4 ,_m ye>s aft] ! great %ocks1 small] ones 7 felt2 & ev5 n[ sc>cely a ye> passes )\t slight tremors 9 ?is region1 & small fissures are /ill =m$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,footnote #ac3 ,or lignite1 a =m ( h>d pit*4 ,x mu/ be repeat$ t ! great e>?quakes are n ^? ( :i* mo/ is he>d4 ,! e>?quake ( ,san ,francisco :i* did su* widespread damage because x took place 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a ?ickly populat$ city 01 aft] all1 less 9 magnitude ?an ! ,sonora e>?quake ( #ahhg1 :i* took place 9 a great expanse ( des]t c\ntry 9 :i* few p liv$ & few t[ns _h be5 built4 ,b ?is e>?quake 0 felt all ov] ! c\ntries ( ,mexico & ! ,/ate ( ,arizona2 & a range ( m\nta9s1 ! ,si]ra ,t]as1 0 uplift$ betwe5 faults :i* op5$ ^u ei!r side4 ,millions ( cubic feet ( rock 7 ?r[n d[n f ! slopes ( ! m\nta9s into ! deep caons & wat]-c\rses1 & cliffs ( h>d rock 7 %att]$ & split z ?\gh by a *>ge ( giant p[d]4 ,! ,yakutat ,bay e>?quake 9 ,alaska *ang$ ! :ole face ( ! c\ntry ov] ?\s&s ( squ>e miles dur+ ,septemb]1 #ahii2 & along ! %ore ( ! bay ! %ore %[$ t 9 "s cases x _h be5 lift$ f five to ?irty & 9 "s cases ev5 fifty feet4 ,new reefs & isl&s 7 =m$2 & a /udy ( ! c\ntry & ! coa/-l9e seems to %[ t f "t to "t ?is neighb\rhood1 l ! bea*es s\? ( ,valp>aiso1 is be+ lift$ by "s ag5cy1 p]haps ! gradual elevation ( a cont95t1 p]haps by cont9u\s e>?quake action4 ,illu/ration3 ,/]eo ,copyright1 ,und]wood ,u4 ,london & ,new ,york ,! ,ru9s ( ! ,magnific5t ,city ,hall ( ,san ,francisco ,! great e>?quake ( #aijf caus$ ?is de/ruction4 ,"s ( ! di/ortive effects ( an e>?quake movem5t c be p]ceiv$4 ,b if ! ,san ,francisco e>?quake ( ,april #ah?1 #aijf1 0 n ( itself a v great e>?quake1 x br\ght ab\t an enorm\s am\nt ( damage4 ,! heavy %ocks came )\t w>n+ at ab\t five o'clock 9 ! morn+ ( ,april #ah?4 ,!y la/$ ab\t a m9ute1 & !n w5t (f into light] quakes1 :i* 7 felt till ev5+1 & = _m days aft]1 gradually gr[+ small] & small]4 ,! loss ( life1 ?\gh great1 0 b a t5? ( :at x w\ld h be5 _h ! wor/ %ocks come at a lat] h\r :5 m5 7 at _! places ( bus9ess & ! *ildr5 9 s*ool4 ,z x 01 ! greate/ loss 0 due to ! fire :i* 0 />t$ by ! e>?quake1 & :i* 0 soon beyond control1 because ! wat]-ma9 _h be5 snapp$ by ! e>? movem5t4 ,! cause ( ! e>?quake has be5 g5]ally assign$ to ! slipp+ ( ! /rata ( ,cali=nia4 ,a?w>t ! :ole /ate runs a /raight furr[1 l an anci5t e>?quake crack ( primeval times1 :i* is ab\t f\r hundr$ miles long1 & ! rocks ab\t :i* are /ill liable to slip4 ,z we h said1 h[ev]1 ! ,cali=nian e>?quake1 ?\gh accompani$ by great de/ruction ( prop]ty1 & by ! *>act]i/ic accompanim5ts ( fissures 9 ! gr\nd1 & slight elevations & depressions ( ! c\ntry ov] a l9e sixty miles long1 0 n a v pr(\nd e>?quake4 ,r a curi\s co9cid5ce may be "h not$4 ,we h spok5 ( subm>9e e>?quakes & volcanoes & ( isl&s :i* are rais$ by some?+ ak9 to volcanic action or e>?quake action und]nea? ! sea4 ,"s weeks aft] ! ,cali=nian e>?quake ! (fic]s & crew ( ! ,u4,s4 ,fi% ,commission /eam] ,albatross1 :ile on _! way to inve/igate1 ) ,pr(essor ,*>les ,h4 ,gilb]t1 ! fi%]ies ( ,japan1 pass$ ! gr\p ( isl&s kn[n z ! ,bogosl(s1 & to _! a/oni%m5t p]ceiv$ t a ?ird isl& _h be5 add$ to ! o!r two4 ,pr(essor ,gilb]t1 9 a lett] conc]n+ ! fir/ sight ( ! isl&1 on ,may #bh?1 wrote3 ,:5 ,i saw ! ,bogosl(s 9 #ahij !re 7 really two small isl&s ab\t #a-a_/b miles ap>t1 "o ( !m /eam+ & ! o!r cool$ (f4 ,?is has be5 ! condition = a numb] ( ye>s1 s ! hot "o _h receiv$ ! "n ( ,fire ,isl&1 ! cold "o1 ,ca/le ,isl&4 ,:5 !y came 9 sight ye/]day1 we 7 a/oni%$ to f9d t ,fire ,isl& 0 no long] smok+1 & t a v l>ge ?ird isl& _h aris5 half-way betwe5 ! o!r two4 ,x 0 made ( jagg$1 rugg$ lava1 & 0 giv+ (f cl\ds ( /eam & smoke f any numb] ( little crat]s scatt]$ all ov] x4 ,ar\nd ^! crat]s ! rocks 7 all cru/$ ) yell[ sulphur4 ,! new cone1 occupy+ mu* ( ! space betwe5 ! two old] ones1 0 some:at high] ?an ei!r1 b 0 c]ta9ly f> f #ijj feet high--#cjj feet w\ld be an extreme figure4 ,!re 0 no evid5ce ( a c5tral crat]4 ,! /eam & fumes 7 giv5 (f mo/ abundantly f cracks & fum>oles on ! slopes4 ,ab\t ^! 7 heavy incru/ations ( sulphur4 ,we saw no indications ( boil+ wat]1 nor did we believe t l&+ w\ld be impossible4 ,all ?ree ( ^! ,bogosl( isl&s1 :i* are ab\t #abj miles s\? ( ! ,pribyl(f ,isl&s1 belong+ to ,russia 9 ! ,behr+ ,sea1 h ris5 above ! wat]s hot & /eam+ 9 ! la/ #aej ye>s4 ,! olde/ ,bogosl(1 n[ call$ ,ca/le ,isl&1 rose f ! sea 9 #agif2 & ,kotzebue describes ! fir/ glimpse ( x1 z se5 by a trad]1 nam$ ,kr9k(1 :o _h be5 =c$ to seek refuge f a /orm on a neighb\r+ isl&4 ,! bir? ( ! volcanic islet 0 accompani$ by an e>?quake :i* %ook ! isl& :]e ! trad] _h tak5 refuge1 & by an outbur/ ( fire ) ?und]\s explosions4 ,! isl& 0 said to emit fire = mon?s aft]w>ds1 & = eight ye>s aft]w>ds ! wat] r\nd x 0 w>m & its a%es unbe>ably hot4 ,! eruption ( #ahhc1 9 :i* ! second ,bogosl(1 call$ ,fire ,isl&1 0 born1 _h no witnesses2 b 9 ,septemb] ( t ye> great volumes ( /eam & smoke1 accompani$ by %[]s ( a%es1 7 ?r[n out f ! summit & ?r\gh fissures 9 ! sides & base1 ! bright reflections f ! heat$ int]ior be+ visible at night4 ,at ! "t ( ?is eruption a sev]e e>?quake 0 felt 9 ! sea (f ,cape ,m5doc9o1 app>5tly 9 ! l9e ( ! ,cali=nian furr[ or rift4 ,! isl&s 7 visit$ 9 #ahhd by ! (fic]s ( ! ,u4,s4 rev5ue cutt] ,corw91 & ,lieut5ant ,j4 ,c4 ,cantwell & ,surgeon ,h4 ,w4 ,yemans made ! asc5t ( ,new ,bogosl(4 ,lieut5ant ,cantwell ?us describes 8 exp]i5ce 9 ! ,cruise ( ! ,corw93-- ,! sides ( ,new ,bogosl( rise ) a g5tle slope to ! crat]4 ,! asc5t at fir/ appe>s easy1 b a ?9 lay] ( a%es1 =m$ into a cru/ by ! action ( ra9 & moi/ure1 is n /rong en\gh to su/a9 a man's weight4 ,at e /ep my feet cru%$ ?r\gh ! out] cov]+ & ,i sank at fir/ ankle deep1 & lat] on knee deep1 into a s(t1 almo/ impalpable du/1 :i* arose 9 cl\ds & ne>ly suffocat$ me4 ,z ! summit 0 rea*$ ! heat ( ! a%es became unbe>able4444 ,on all sides ( ! cone !re are op5+s ?r\gh :i* /eam escap$ ) m or less en]gy4 ,sev5 ye>s aft] t ,drs4 ,m]riam & ,m5d5hall1 ( ! ,behr+ ,sea ,seal ,commission1 f\nd ! new] isl& /ill smok+1 /eam+1 & occasionally ro>+ l a giant /eam escape4 ,! old] isl& _h q cool$1 & _h become a %e] cliff or hill ( cold a%es1 & 01 & is1 ! home ( c\ntless sea birds1 z well z ( a small h]d ( sea lions4 ,capta9 ,cook1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 _h pass$ by ! neighb\rhood ( ?is isl&4 ,?is 0 eighte5 ye>s1 h[ev]1 be=e x 0 born1 & he nam$ a pill> ( a% or rock :i* he f\nd !re ,%ip ,rock4 ,%ip ,rock fell 9 ru9s five ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ,fire ,isl&4 ,s9ce t "t ! new isl& has aga9 sunk b5ea? ! waves4 ,b x w probably rise aga91 or ano!r isl& some:]e 9 its neighb\rhood w take its place1 = a great new subm>9e ridge ( volcanic rocks is =m+ 9 ?is neighb\rhood & has be5 =m+ = _m hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,! ,pribyl(f ,isl&s are kn[n to be volcanic f ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$1 & sprang up above ! waves 9 ! same way4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,e>?quakes ,n[ t we h be=e u "s ( ! examples ( ! *anges :i* hi/oric e>?quakes h br\ght ab\t 9 ! face ( ! c\ntry1 x is easy to see :at an important effect !y mu/ h ex]t$ 9 geological hi/ory4 ,b !re are /ill weighty que/ions to be answ]$ ab\t e>?quakes4 ,we h se5 t an e>?quake c contort1 upset1 & twi/ ! surface /rata ( ! e>? z easily z we c crumple a %eet ( c>dbo>d4 ,we h yet to f9d :e!r ! crumpl+ ( ! /rata is always produc$ by e>?quakes1 or :e!r an e>?quake is ! culm9at+ symptom t "s ag5cy is at "w crumpl+ ! /rata4 ,let u try to imag9e an example on a small scale4 ,suppose we take ! top ( a pill-box1 &1 hold+ x 9 ! crook betwe5 our ?umb & =ef+]1 compress x v tightly on all sides4 ,:at w happ58 ,! lid ( ! pill-box1 be+ subject$ to /ress or /ra9 on all sides1 w pres5tly buckle & crack4 ,we %all h produc$ an e>?quake on a small scale1 & !re w be an e>?quake fracture--p]haps an e>?quake fissure4 ,if ! :ole pill-box _h be5 us$ = ! purpose ( our exp]im5t1 & _h be5 pack$ to ! brim ) o9tm5t or ?ick liquid1 & if x _h be5 squeez$ 9 a vice in/ead ( 9 our h&s1 !n p]haps we %\ld h provok$ /ill m /rik+ symptoms ( an e>?quake4 ,! o9tm5t might h brok5 out ?r\gh ! lid4 ,p]haps ev5 t9y jagg$ holes or crat]s w\ld h be5 =m$ 9 ! lid4 ,?us we see h[ /ra9 may produce e>?quakes4 ,take "s m examples4 ,suppose a cork is v tightly fix$ 9 a w9e bottle1 & 9 ord] to get x out we employ a v p[]ful lev] corkscrew4 ,! neck ( ! bottle1 "u ! effect ( ! too p[]ful pressure put on ! inside surface ( ! glass1 w crack or break4 ,simil>ly if we screw d[n a microscope too h>d on a slip ( glass ! glass w (t5 crack sudd5ly4 ,bo? ^! in/ances rec5tly occurr$ )9 ! writ]'s exp]i5ce1 & few read]s c h escap$ notic+ "o or o!r ( !m4 ,! breakage 9 ^! in/ances is always caus$ because a /ra9 is set up some:]e 9 ! glass--!re is m pressure at "o po9t ?an ano!r1 & ! glass1 unable to resi/ ?is unequal pressure1 gives way4 ,illu/ration3 ,/]eo ,copyright1 ,und]wood ,u4 ,london & ,new ,york ,! ,track ( an ,e>? ,wave ,%[+ portion ( a /reet 9 ,san ,francisco aft] ! t]rible e>?quake ( #aijf4 ,! resemblance ( ! break 9 ! gr\nd to ! appe>ance ( a /ation>y wave %\ld be not$4 ,:at happ5s :5 x gives way8 ,to answ] ?is "q we _h bett] c>ry our m9ds to ! example ( ! pill-box lid4 ,if ! top ( ! box 7 ( v brittle mat]ial1 l pott]y or glass1 !n aft] ! breakage we "k t mo/ likely "o ( ! brok5 pieces w\ld be a little high] ?an ! o!r--w\ld p]haps ov]lap x4 ,t is :at we (t5 see :5 exam9+ ! geological e>? /rata4 ,"o /ratum1 in/ead ( ly+ ev5ly ) ano!r :]e a crack has occurr$1 re/s a little above x or bel[ x4 ,?is inequality or unev5ness geologi/s call a fault4 ,n[ we c easily see t :5ev]1 & by :atev] causes1 a fault is produc$1 !re is probably at ! same "t an e>?quake4 ,! fault _c be produc$ )\t a great & %ak+ di/urbance4 ,mr4 ,john ,milne1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ,briti% au?orities on e>?quakes1 says t all l>ge e>?quakes orig9ate f ! =mation or ext5sion ( ^! faults or great cracks 9 ! /rata4 ,! occurr5ces ( ^! faults are mo/ frequ5t :5 ! process ( m\nta9 build+ has be5 go+ on ov] ! e>?4 ,9 o!r words1 if we imag9e a p]iod 9 :i* "s great cont95tal area ( ! _w's surface 0 sl[ly ris+ above ! oceans1 !n at t "t we %\ld expect t !re w\ld h be5 great faults occurr+ 9 ! /rata1 & great e>?quakes foll[+ !m4 ,to quote 8 words3 ,if !re=e we wi% to "k :5 e>?quakes 7 greate/ & mo/ frequ5t1 we mu/ turn to ^? p]iods 9 geological hi/ory :5 m\nta9 ranges 7 built1 :5 volcanic activity 0 pron\nc$1 & :5 great 'faults' 7 made4 ,! fir/ ( ^! p]iods w\ld be co9cid5t ) ! creation ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 ! ,grampians1 & o!r m\nta9 ranges4 ,?is took place 9 ! e>lie/ geologic times4 ,ano!r p]iod ( m\nta9 =mation 0 :5 ! ,himalayas & ! ,alps 7 sl[ly b int]mitt5tly br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,9 bo? ^! p]iods volcanic activity 0 pron\nc$1 & b$s ( coal 7 =m$4 ,:5 ! cru/ ( ! e>? 0 crumbl+1 m\nta9s grew spasmodically--7!y sprang up1 z x 71 f out ( ! giant =ces :i* we h describ$ e>li] 9 ?is book7--'faults' gave rise to e>?quakes1 volcanic =ces f\nd _! v5ts1 & conditions exi/$ :i* gave rise to ! accumulation ( mat]ials to =m coal4 ,b1 ! read] w naturally inquire1 if faults gave rise to e>?quakes1 & faults are ! result ( pressure1 :at produces ! pressure8 ,& :at produces ! m\nta9s8 ,be=e we answ] t we mu/ aga9 h rec\rse to examples tak5 f common exp]i5ce4 ,a %eet ( glass or ( m>ble we usually reg>d z a ?+ t may break b does n b5d4 ,b all ( u h se5 glass /rips1 if !y are long en\gh1 b5d "u _! own weight2 & !re are ev5 m>ble mantelpieces :i*1 if exam9$1 %[ t ! slab ( m>ble has b5t4 ,?us we c readily imag9e t sometimes ! /rata ( ! e>? w b5d by reason ( ! weight put ^u !m4 ,if t weight is n put on !m q ev5ly ! /rata w be /ill m likely to b5d2 x w g f b5d+ to buckl+1 & f buckl+ to break+4 ,z soon z x breaks !re w be a fault =m$4 ,^? :o recollect :at we h said ab\t ! enorm\s weight ( ! rocks "o above ! o!r w n h to se>* f> = ! cause ( weight suffici5t to b5d or buckle ! rock /rata ( ! e>?4 ,& ^? :o h foll[$ c>efully all t has be5 writt5 ab\t ! %ift+ ( mat]ials f ! l& to ! sea by ! processes ( d5udation & erosion set up by ra9 & w9d & c>ri$ out by /reams & riv]s1 w easily discov] :]e & h[ ! %ift+ ( great weights ( ! e>?'s surface goes on4 ,little by little great weights are tak5 f "o place on ! e>?'s surface to ano!r1 z we might %ift ! weights 9 balanc$ scale-pans gra9 by gra91 till at la/ ! heavi] scale-pan goes d[n quickly1 or x may be ) a cra%1 & ! fault occurs1 :ile ! e>?quake foll[s4 ,!re rema9s ano!r "q1 h[ev]1 to be answ]$1 & x is1 ,h[ 7 ! m\nta9s =m$8 ,m\nta9s are v closely connect$ ) e>?quakes1 = ne>ly all ! regions ( ! e>? :]e ! great di/urbances take place are 9 ! neighb\rhood ( great m\nta9 ranges2 & _m1 inde$ mo/1 ( ! /ud5ts ( e>?quakes believe ?is to be ! case1 because ! great weight ( ! m\nta9s1 especially :5 ne> ! deep sea1 induces pressure on ! rocks1 & consequ5tly slipp+ & faults4 ,b ! causes ( m\nta9 =mation are v difficult to %[ ) c]ta9ty4 ,"o su* explanation1 t ( ! cont9ual %ift+ ( portions by weight ( ! e>?1 we h already giv54 ,!re is ano!r "o :i* may p]haps supply an additional cause4 ,x is t j z faults produce e>?quakes1 p]haps 9 "s cases e>?quakes produce faults4 ,9 ! illu/ration we gave ( ! bottle-neck be+ brok5 by cont9ual pressure1 or ! slide ( a microscope sudd5ly break+ ) a cra%1 because ! increas+ pressure ( a screw 0 great] ?an x c\ld be>1 we h consid]$ cases :]e ! pressure 0 sl[ly appli$4 ,b a tap ) a hamm] or any sudd5 %ock w\ld also produce a breakage--& faults1 & an e>?quake on a small scale--& x is possible t "s ( ! convulsions ( nature & "s ( _! p]man5t effects are caus$ by sudd5 & viol5t causes4 ,"o su* cause might be ! viol5t & sudd5 =mation ( /eam by ! contact ( wat] ) rock at a v high temp]ature4 ,ev]ybody kn[s :at happ5s to ! kit*5 boil] aft] a sev]e fro/4 ,! fro/ clogs ! pipes ) ice1 s t ! kit*5 boil] becomes dry because no wat] is rea*+ x2 b x cont9ues to gr[ hott] & hott] till ! iron plates or iron l9+ become r$-hot4 ,!n ! fro/ p]haps gives way & a small am\nt ( wat] f9ds its way into ! r$-hot boil]4 ,! wat] is conv]t$ in/antly into /eam2 &1 z a result1 ! boil]1 if x is a weak "o1 is bl[n out into ! kit*51 caus+ grave p]sonal inconv5i5ce to ! cook4 ,if ! boil] is a /rong "o1 x may m]ely crack4 ,n[1 apply ^! consid]ations to ! in/ance ( ! e>?1 its oceans1 its ?9 cru/1 & its hot rocks situat$ at a dep? ( n m ?an ?irty miles1 & p]haps at a good deal less dep? ?an t4 ,:at w\ld happ5 if ! ocean leak$ ?r\gh into ! /rata ( r$-hot or molt5 rocks8 ,!re w\ld be enorm\s quantities ( /eam =m$2 & if1 ow+ to ! va/ pressure ( /rata & wat] above1 ^! quantities ( /eam did n in/antly produce viol5t explosions1 yet und]nea? !re w\ld be imprison$1 peak1 =ces ( trem5d\s p[] :i* w\ld only await a fav\rable opportunity 9 ord] to manife/ !mselves4 ,! hot /eam until ?is fav\rable opportunity arose w\ld be absorb$ by ! rocks1 j z hot /eel c be %[n to absorb gases4 ,illu/ration3 ,/]eo ,copyright1 ,und]wood ,u4 ,london & ,new ,york ,a ,geys] at ,re/ 9 ,yell[/one ,p>k1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,! encru/$ deposits ( m9]al salts %\ld be obs]v$4 ,we are ?us face to face ) ! foll[+ situation1 z x is express$ by ,dr4 ,t4 ,j4 ,j4 ,see1 ! ,am]ican physici/3--,! int]nal temp]ature ( ! e>? is extremely high ) heat$ rocks q ne> ! surface1 :ile ! cru/ is fractur$ & leaky ev]y:]e1 & especially :]e ! dep? ( ! sea is greate/4 ,! sea cov]s ?ree-f\r?s ( ! e>?'s surface1 & e>?quakes are f\nd to be mo/ viol5t :]e ! sea is deepe/1 & volcanoes mo/ num]\s on ! adjac5t %ores4 ,c we !n suppose t bo? e>?quakes & volcanoes dep5d on ! explosive p[] ( /eam :i* has develop$ 9 ! heat$ rocks ( ! e>?'s cru/8 ,we h said t e>?quakes & volcanoes are mo/ common 9 regions :]e high m\nta9s are ne> deep oceans--z on ! we/w>d ( ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 ! ,kurile ,isl&s1 ,japan1 ,sumatra1 ,java1 & o!r isl&s ( ! ,ea/ ,indies bord]+ on ! deep wat]s ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 ,new ,zeal&1 & ! ,less] ,antilles 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,icel&1 ,italy1 & ,greece4 ,^! are also ! regions :]e1 ow+ to ! exi/5ce ( high m\nta9s1 ! weight1 ! pressure1 ! te> & /ress on ! und]ly+ /rata are greate/1 & :]e consequ5tly !re is ! great] *ance ( /rata slipp+ or b5d+ or giv+ way4 ,mr4 ,john ,milne divides ! _w into elev5 su* great _w-e>?quake di/ricts2 & he has endeav\r$ to %[ t all ! great convulsions ( ! e>? h _! orig9 9 "o or o!r ( ^! areas--:]e usually a great m\nta9 range slopes /eeply d[n to ! sea4 ,!re are elev5 su* _w-e>?quake di/ricts4 ,!re is ! ,alaskan region1 :]e on ! %ore ,m\nt ,elias rises to a height ( #ah1jjj feet & :]e ! wat] is #gjjj feet deep sixty miles f ! %ore--altoge!r a drop ( #be1jjj feet f ! top ( ! m\nta9 to ! b$ ( ! ocean 9 #bjj miles4 ,?is drop1 )\t go+ into measurem5ts1 may be tak5 z typical ( ! re/1 :i* are classifi$ z ! ,cordill]ean region1 ! ,antillean region 79 ! e>?quake di/rict ( :i* ,m\nt ,pele at ,m>t9ique & ! ,s\frire 9 ,/4 ,v9c5t are situat$72 ! ,&ean di/rict2 ! ,japan di/rict2 ! ,javan di/rict2 ! ,mauritius di/rict2 ! ,ant>ctic di/rict2 ?ree subm>9e di/ricts ( sunk5 ridges 9 ! ,nor?-,ea/]n ,atlantic1 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,atlantic1 & ! ,nor!rn ,atlantic2 & "o great l& di/rict1 di/ant f ! sea1 :i* lumps toge!r all ! m\nta9s ( ! ,alps1 ! ,balkans1 ! ,caucasus1 & ! ,himalayas4 ,9 ?irte5 ye>s1 f ! "t 9 :i* e>?quake inve/igation has become a sci5ce1 #gej great e>?quakes orig9at$ 9 ^! di/ricts4 ,on ! av]age1 ab\t sixty great e>?quakes occur e ye>1 or a little m ?an "o a week4 ,9 addition to ^! _w-%ak+ effects !re are ab\t #cj1jjj small e>?quakes e ye>1 ,engl&'s annual contribution to ?is numb] be+ ab\t half a doz54 ,:at is ! mean+ ( a great e>?quake1 & h[ d we def9e small e>?quakes8 ,a small e>?quake is "o su* z we h describ$ z tak+ place 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi1 & :i*1 ev5 ?\gh x may produce consid]able di/urbance 9 its neighb\rhood1 is n p]ceptible at any great di/ance away4 ,a great e>?quake is "o :i* s5ds its vibrations ?\s&s ( miles4 ,a v l>ge e>?quake1 orig9at+ 9 any "p ( ! _w1 may be record$ 9 any o!r "p ( ! globe4 ,al?\gh only a few p 9 ,great ,brita9 h be5 privileg$ to feel a home-made e>? tremor1 e "o ( u is v _m times a ye> mov$ by e>?quakes4 ,we d n p]ceive !m because ! back-&-=? motion ( ! gr\nd is p]=m$ too sl[ly1 :ile if !re is a movem5t ( ! gr\nd ! undulations are s v flat t !y _c be p]ceiv$4 ,b at sev]al places 9 ,engl& & at e>?quake obs]vatories 7seismological /ations7 all ov] ! _w1 f ,japan to ,au/ralia & f ,s\? ,africa to ,gre5l&1 in/rum5ts are set up :i* are s5sitive en\gh to record ^! tremors1 ?\gh n always to locate !m4 ,sometimes :5 ,pr(essor ,beh> 9 ,g]many1 or ,mr4 ,milne f 8 obs]vatory 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 telegraphs to ! newspap]s t signs ( a great e>?quake h appe>$ on _! in/rum5ts1 ! _w he>s no m ( ^! di/urbances4 ,!y h occurr$ we are c]ta91 b ! place :]e ! great cataclysm :i* has ?us %ak5 ! :ole r\nd _w took place has be5 =tunately remote f inhabit$ portions ( ! e>?1 & has v likely be5 b5ea? ! wat]s ( "s ocean4 ,e>?quake waves />t out f ! great area :]e ! cataclysm took place1 & beg9 to di/urb ! e>? 9 all directions1 j z if we 7 to put a r[ ( m>bles on a table & 7 to /rike ! end m>ble ( ! r[4 ,! m>ble f>!/ f x w\ld pres5tly receive ! %ock z x travell$ along ! r[ ( m>bles4 ,any "o ( our read]s :o has ev] se5 a tra9 ( luggage wagons be+ %unt$ is famili> ) ! way 9 :i* ! %ock ( a sudd5 pull or pu% on ! "p ( ! eng9e travels all d[n ! l9e ( wagons1 & we may ?9k ( ! %ock ( an e>?quake z travell+ along & ?r\gh ! e>? 9 ! same way4 ,obs]vation1 h[ev]1 %[s t ^! waves are propagat$ f>!/ 9 "o p>ticul> direction4 ,= example1 ! *ief movem5t foll[+ ! ,san ,francisco e>?quake1 :i* orig9at$ f fault l9es runn+ p>allel to ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia1 0 mu* m m>k$ 9 c\ntries ly+ to ! ea/ or we/ ( ,cali=nia ?an 9 c\ntries ly+ t[>ds ! s\?4 ,engl& & ,japan obta9$ l>ge records ( ! di/urbance1 :ile 9 ,arg5t9a ! records 7 extremely small4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,jamaica e>?quake1 :]e ! l9es ( orig9 ran ea/ & we/1 ! ph5om5on 0 rev]s$4 ,toronto receiv$ a l>ge quantity ( motion1 & ,engl& a v little4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ( ?is phase ( e>?quake motion is t x may be propagat$ 9 "o direction r\nd ! _w to a great] di/ance ?an 9 an opposite direction4 ,! sugge/ion is t ! initial impulse 0 deliv]$ 9 ! direction t[>ds :i* motion 0 propagat$ f>!/4 ,t :i* happ5s corresponds to :at we see if we dip ! blade ( a spade 9 wat] & sudd5ly pu% ! blade 9 "s p>ticul> direction4 ,! wat] waves ?us creat$ travel f>!/ 9 ! direction ( ! impulse4 ,ano!r curi\s ph5om5on connect$ ) ! l>ge waves ( c]ta9 e>?quakes is t !y may be v m>k$ = "o ?\s& miles r\nd _! orig91 & may be p]ceiv$ on ! exactly opposite side ( ! e>? 7?\gh1 ( c\rse1 mu* r$uc$ 9 size71 b _c be record$ on ! e>?quake in/rum5ts ( ! regions 9 betwe54 ,= example1 an e>?quake orig9at+ ne> ,new ,zeal& may be record$ 9 t c\ntry1 b n 9 ,india1 ,egypt1 ,we/ ,asia1 or ea/ ( ,europe1 ?\gh 9 ,brita9 x may make itself evid5t on ! seismomet]'s record4 ,! ph5om5on may be comp>$ to a wat] wave runn+ d[n an exp&+ e/u>y4 ,at ! m\? ( su* an e/u>y x may h become s flat t x is no long] recognisable4 ,%\ld x1 h[ev]1 run up a second e/u>y1 we c imag9e conc5tration tak+ place1 s t ne> ! top ( ! second e/u>y x w\ld ev5tually become recordable on in/rum5ts4 ,9 ^! antipodean survivors we see ! f9al ef=ts ( a dy+ e>?quake4 ,x is only occasionally t ! precursors & ! foll[]s ( ^! l>ge waves h suffici5t en]gy to rea* _! antipodes4 ,!y die en r\te4 ,f ! e>lie/ times philosoph]s h held t ! causes ( e>?quakes 7 associat$ ) ! contact betwe5 fire & wat]4 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,/rabo1 & ,pl9y all held t wat] & air p5etrate into ! e>? ?r\gh holl[s1 fissures1 & crevices1 ?us develop+ 9 ! heat$ int]ior great vap\r1 a "p ( :i* is expell$ f volcanoes4 ,ari/otle correctly associat$ seismic sea waves ) e>?quakes1 & ev5 ,hom] assign$ ^! great di/urbances ( ! sea to ,poseidon's trid5t1 :i* 0 also ! means employ$ = rais+ up isl&s f ! sea bottom4 ,! )drawal ( ! wat] f ! %ore aft] an e>?quake & its return z a great wave 7 famili> to ,ari/otle1 & are impli$ 9 8 description ( ! s9k+ ( ,helike 9 #cgc ,b4,c4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( e>?quakes we may quote "s passages f ,mr4 ,john ,milne on ! influ5ce :i* ^! great disa/]s h ex]cis$ on ! emotions4 ,imm$iately aft] ! ,k+/on e>?quake we read ( ! daz$ & almo/ insane condition ( ! p4 ,_m 7 affect$ ) an outbur/ ( religi\s ec/asy1 ?9k+ ! la/ day _h come4 ,! negro population camp$ on ! racec\rse & sp5t _! "t 9 s++ hymns4 ,some:at simil> sc5es took place 9 ,*ili2 m5 & wom5 ran hi!r & ?i!r1 mad ) t]ror & devoid ( reason4 ,amid %rieks & sobs & ! wail+ ( a multitude an ,ora pro nobis or a ,pat] no/] might n[ & !n be he>d4 ,9 e>ly civilisations und]gr\nd ?und]+s h s f> excit$ ! imag9ation t subt]ranean mon/]s or p]sonages h be5 conjur$ into exi/5ce1 & ^! 9 _m in/ances h play$ a "p 9 primitive religions4 ,at ! "t ( an e>?quake 9 ,japan ! *ildr5 are told t ! %ak+ is due to ! movem5t ( a fi% :i* is buri$ b5ea? _! c\ntry1 & 9 ,japan we f9d ref]5ces to ?is fi% 9 ! pictorial art1 pott]y & c>v+1 lit]ature1 & ev]yday conv]sation1 all ( :i* w\ld be un9telligible if we did n "k ! /ory ( ! e>?quake fi%4 ,9 o!r c\ntries ! subt]ranean creature w be a pig1 a tortoise1 an elephant1 or "s o!r animal4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ my?s1 h[ev]1 relate to und]gr\nd p]sonages4 ,! =ty-five ,grecian ,titans1 :o 7 ( gigantic /ature & ( proportionate /r5g?1 7 conf9$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,accord+ to ! poets1 ! flames ( ,etna proce$$ f ! brea? ( ,enceladus1 & :5 he turn$ 8 we>y body ! :ole isl& ( ,sicily 0 %ak5 to its f\ndations4 ,neptune 0 n only a god ( ! oceans1 riv]s1 & f\nta9s1 b ) a bl[ ( 8 trid5t he c\ld create e>?quakes at pleasure4 ,! wor%ip ( ,neptune 0 e/abli%$ 9 almo/ e "p ( ! ,grecian _w4 ,! ,livians1 9 p>ticul>1 v5]at$ him1 & look$ ^u him z ! fir/ & greate/ ( ! gods4 ,! ,palici 7 born 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & 7 wor%ipp$ ) great c]emonies by ! ,sicilians4 ,9 a sup]/iti\s age ! alt>s ( ! ,palici 7 /a9$ ) ! blood ( human sacrifices4 ,9 ,roman my?ology two v famili> deities are ,pluto & ,vulcan4 ,^! & a ho/ ( o!r deities1 ! outcome ( imag9ation1 excit$ by displays ( seismic & volcanic activity1 we meet ) e day 9 picture gall]ies1 9 museums1 9 lit]ature1 & 9 our daily pap]s4 ,e>?quakes h l$ to ! abolition ( oppressive taxation1 ! abolition ( masqu]ades1 ! clos+ ( !atres1 & ev5 to ! alt]ation 9 fa%ions4 ,a ,new ,engl& pap]1 ( #agbg1 tells u t a consid]able t[n 9 ?is prov9ce has be5 s f> awak5$ by ! awful provid5ce 9 ! e>?quake t ! wom5 h g5]ally laid aside _! hoop$ petticoats4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all consid] m p>ticul>ly ! t]rible effects ( e>?quakes on geological hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,volcanoes ,,& ,,m\nta9 ,,=mation ,! great prom95ce :i* we h giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages to e>?quakes is ow+ to ! gr[+ belief 9 ! influ5ce ( e>?quakes on ! appe>ance & /ructure ( ^? portions ( ! _w's cru/ :i* are kn[n to u4 ,!re are two views :i* we c take ( e>?quakes4 ,"o is to reg>d ! l>g] numb] ( !m z be+ caus$ by slipp+ movem5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,look+ at ?+s 9 ?is way we %\ld say t :5ev] !re 0 a sudd5 break 9 ! e>?'s /rata1 su* z might occur 79 accordance ) an illu/ration giv5 9 a previ\s *apt]7 if all ! level /rata 7 brok5 up l a crumpl$ page ( type--!n t an e>?quake w\ld result4 ,s t :5ev] we saw :at geologi/s call a fault 9 /rata we %\ld "k t an e>?quake _h occurr$ !re4 ,& :y did x occur8 ,well1 if we _h a massive column ( /eel or ( granite five miles high1 ! /eel or granite at ! bottom ( ! column w\ld h to su/a9 su* an enorm\s weight ( mat]ial above x t x w\ld beg9 to spread4 ,if we _h a pyramid ( ! same mat]ials five miles high1 ! t5d5cy to spread w\ld n be s great1 b /ill x w\ld be !re4 ,consequ5tly1 :]ev] !re are high m\nta9s !re is a t5d5cy ( ! e>? /rata b5ea? !m to spread1 p]haps sl[ly1 b inevitably2 & if !re is any weakness 9 ! /ructure ( ! rocks ne> ! base ( ! m\nta91 !n ^! w give way ) a cra%4 ,a great fault w be produc$1 & ) x an e>?quake4 ,p liv+ on ! e>? w only see ! results ( ! e>?quake on ! gr\nd j imm$iately bel[ _! feet2 & !re ^! results are (t5 v de/ructive to life & prop]ty2 yet if !y 7 all t happ5$1 we %\ld expect !m to be cov]$ up 9 "t1 & ! geological record ( an e>?quake w\ld n be a v important or ev5 disc]nible ?+ a million ye>s aft] x _h happ5$4 ,b are ^! ?+s1 :i* ! eye ( man c p]ceive1 ! only ?+s t are happ5+ dur+ an e>?quake8 ,is no?+ happ5+ und]nea? ! e>? :i* w leave its m>k ?\s&s ( ye>s aft] man has left ! spot :]e ! e>?quake took place8 ,may x n be t ! e>?quake is ! outcome ( "s mighty =ce deep d[n 9 ! e>?2 & may n ?is =ce cause bo? ! e>?quake & ! geological fault :i* rema9s z ! witness ( its occurr5ce8 ,if ?is be ! case !n ! e>?quake may be ( enorm\s importance 9 geology4 ,we reg>d an e>?quake1 z we see x1 z a de/ructive =ce4 ,t is because x de/roys ! works ( man4 ,b e>?quakes are do+ con/ructive "w z well2 or1 at any rate1 !y are usually pres5t :5 con/ructive "w is be+ done4 ,de/ructive =ces1 su* z erosion1 are we>+ d[n ! /ructure ( ! globe1 :ile e>?quakes are ! only kn[n =ces t are build+ x up4 ,x is true t :5 an e>?quake occurs rocks (t5 fall1 loose s$im5t is %ak5 d[n1 & o!r settlem5ts occur1 b ! real con/ructive "w consi/s 9 upheavals1 little by little1 z x may be1 ( bea*es1 isl&s1 coa/s1 plateaux1 & p]haps l>g] areas4 ,^! elevations are actually witness$ 9 c]ta9 e>?quakes4 ,_m isl&s 9 ! sea h be5 rais$ f "t to "t )9 ev5 liv+ memory4 ,! s\?-we/]n "p ( ! isl& ( ,crete has be5 elevat$ )9 ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,! region ab\t ,pozzuoli & ! ,bay ( ,naples has suff]$ bo? elevation & depression4 ,!re is ! fam\s in/ance cit$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell ne>ly eighty ye>s ago ( ! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,s]apis4 ,?is temple _h _m columns2 & !y are n[ situat$ on dry l&4 ,! pill>s are =ty-two feet 9 height1 & = twelve feet upw>ds !y are ( smoo? undisfigur$ m>ble4 ,!n = ano!r twelve feet !y are pitt$ ) ! holes made by a m>9e %ell-fi% call$ ,li?odomus1 ! /one-dwell]4 ,:at are we to judge f ?is8 ,! temple 0 fir/ built on dry l&4 ,!n ! l& sank tak+ ! temple ) x1 & ! columns 7 subm]g$ 9 sea s$im5t to a dep? ( "s ?irty feet above _! p$e/als4 ,! l[] portions ( ^! p$e/als 7 pres]v$ intact1 b ! m>9e %ell-fi% f\nd a home 9 ! upp] "p ( ! m>ble columns1 & pi]c$ !m ) ! *annels & grooves4 ,aft] ?is _h gone on = a numb] ( ye>s ! elevation ( ! l& lift$ ! temple & its columns clean out ( ! sea aga91 & ! m>9e %ell-fi% c\ld no long] live 9 ! columns4 ,b ! traces ( _! habitation rema94 ,! elevation ( ?is coa/ 0 actually witness$ at ! "t ( ! eruption ( ,monte ,nuovo 9 #aech4 ,moreov]1 ! rais+ ( ! l& 0 p]ceiv$ on a l>g] scale r\nd ! :ole ( ! ,bay ( ,naples dur+ ! eruption ( ,vesuvius 9 ,april1 #agjf4 ,pr(essor ,lor5zo f\nd ! elevation ( ! l& at ,pozzuoli to be six in*es1 & at ,portici "o foot4#ad ,! f\ndations ( bo? ,etna & ,vesuvius 7 ages ago laid 9 ! sea4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! coa/ ab\t ,pozzuoli is n[ s9k+ aga94 ,9 almo/ e "p ( ! _w !re are rais$ bea*es1 su* z we h already m5tion$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,valp>aiso1 on ! ,*ilian coa/4 ,! idea has be5 put =w>d by ,dr4 ,t4 ,j4 ,see t ! same cause :i* produces e>?quakes produces ^! elevations ( ! l& & produces also volcanoes4 ,!re are _m circum/ances :i* fav\r ?is idea4 ,let u consid] :at is happ5+ at ! b$ ( ! sea4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 c]ta9 (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy 7 mak+ ocean surveys1 x 0 f\nd t if holl[ balls ( ?ick glass 7 sunk to great dep?s 9 ! ocean1 !y came up m & m completely fill$ ) wat] 9 proportion z ! dep? increas$1 ?\gh no breakage or crack+ ( ! glass _h occurr$1 & no holes 9 x c\ld be discov]$ ev5 by ! be/ microscopes4 ,9 o!r words1 x became evid5t t ! wat] _h be5 sl[ly b bodily =c$ ?r\gh ! ?ick walls ( ! glass 7"u a pressure ( less ?an #ae1jjj lb4 to ! squ>e in*7 9 less ?an an h\r's "t4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 ev5 su* a sub/ance z glass w be p5etrat$ by wat] if ! pressure is great en\gh4 ,to make a practical application ( ^! pr9ciples1 :at %all we n[ say ) respect to ! ocean bottoms8 ,9 deep places ! pressure ( ! sea-wat] on !m is v great1 suffici5t to =ce wat] ?r\gh glass4 ,obvi\sly mo/ ( ^! bottoms w leak1 & leak at a rapid rate "u ! enorm\s pressure op]at+ 9 ! greate/ dep?s ( ! sea4 ,! b$ ( ! ocean w n leak ) equal rapidity 9 all places2 b almo/ univ]sal leakage w c]ta9ly develop1 & ! wat] w be driv5 back into ! e>? at v>i\s rates4 ,:]e ! rock is volcanic & badly fractur$1 or s&y1 ! leakage w be mo/ rapid2 & :]e ! b$ is made ( clay or unbrok5 granite ! leakage w be mu* m gradual4 ,x w also dep5d on ! dep? ( ! sea1 & w be greate/ :]e ! ocean is deepe/1 & q insignificant 9 %all[ wat]4 ,a rapid rate ( leakage w\ld mean t l>ge quantities ( wat] quickly come 9 contact ) ! heat$ rock1 & develop correspond+ly great /eam pressure 9 ! cru/ :i* und]lies t "p ( ! ocean4 ,"o case 9 :i* we may suppose a rapid leakage to be tak+ place is 9 ! case ( volcanoes ne> ! sea4 ,9 ! case ( lava p\r+ f a volcano1 x is obs]v$ t ! molt5 rock emits va/ quantities ( vap\r1 ( :i*1 accord+ to ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie1 #iii p>ts 9 #ajjj are /eam4 ,! enorm\s volume ( ^! has be5 br\ght home to u 9 rec5t ye>s by ! behavi\r ( ! volcano ,m\nt ,pele1 f :i* = sev]al ye>s aft] ! great eruption :i* deva/at$ ,port au ,pr9ce ! vap\rs rose 9 cl\ds t 7 to be measur$ 9 cubic miles4 ,simil> obs]vations ab\t ! quantities ( vap\r eject$ by volcanoes h be5 made 9 ,japan4 ,:ile speak+ ( ,m\nt ,pele we may recall ano!r ph5om5on connect$ ) x1 :i* also appe>s to be> out ! supposition t 9 ! volcano's activity ! action ( /eam takes a v l>ge %>e4 ,aft] its fir/ outbur/ ,m\nt ,pele cont9u$ to p\r out lava & great quantities ( vap\r1 z if l "s gigantic cauldron x 7 be+ f$ ) fre% supplies ( wat]2 & !re 9 ! e>ly ,m>* ( ! foll[+ ye> a mo/ amaz+ ?+ took place1 "u ! v eyes ( a celebrat$ inve/igator ( volcanoes1 n[ dead1 ,pr(essor ,angelo ,heilpr91 :o 0 rema9+ on ! isl&4 ,a great obelisk ( &esite 7a /one n unlike basalt7 0 =c$ up f ! crat]4 ,x rose rapidly1 z mu* z five feet a day2 & x rea*$ altoge!r a height ( #hdj feet above ! crat]'s lip4 ,x 0 calculat$ to be ab\t #cjj feet 9 diamet] at its base4 ,x cont9u$ to pu% itself up = "s mon?s1 sometimes s9k+ a little1 sometimes ris+ l a colossal pi/on above a /eam boil]4 ,its greate/ height 0 #aajj feet above ! height ( ,m\nt ,pele1 & !re=e at a height ( #eadc feet above ! sea-level4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,new ,sp9e ( ,mont ,pele1 %[+ ,fissures & ,v]tical ,grooves ,photograph$ on ,m>* #ae?1 #aijc4 ,! sp9e 0 !n #hb feet l[] ?an x became t5 days lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,new ,sp9e ( ,mont ,pele1 view$ f ! ,bas9 ( ! ,lac des ,palmi/es ,! apex1 #aagd feet above ! rim directly 9 front2 ! rema9s ( ,morne la ,croix on ! edge ( ! crat] at ! "r4 ,a viol5t eruption w\ld r$uce its mass & its /eeple-l p9nacle2 b aft] its losses x g5]ally pu%$ up aga94 ,pr(essor ,heilpr9 at la/ got ne> en\gh to obs]ve x1 & ! obelisk 0 f\nd to be n ( pumice /one1 z _h at fir/ be5 suspect$1 b ( ! h>d rock we h m5tion$4 ,x _h1 9 fact1 be5 comp>able to a ,titanic cork ( rock :i* _h clos$ up "s v5t f> d[n 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 & :i* _h at la/ be5 lift$ by ! /eam pressure b5ea? x4 ,x f9ally sank back into ! crat]1 b x 0 replac$ by a dome ( rock :i* und]w5t simil> *anges 9 height1 ?\gh on a small] scale1 to ^? ( ! obelisk4 ,! dome ( rock 01 h[ev]1 on a m massive scale ev5 ?an ! obelisk1 & at "o p]iod ( its c>e] a sp9e1 #ajj feet 9 height1 l a small] obelisk1 0 pu%$ up ?r\gh its middle4 ,?is dome 0 exam9$ by ! explor]s1 ! ,abb ,yvon & ,m4 ,beaufroy1 :o f\nd t ! dome 0 a great mass ( &esite1 :ile ab\t x 7 fragm5ts ( ! rock ( :i* ! obelisk _h be5 compos$4 ,!y wrote at ! "t3-- ,x is an error to suppose t !re exi/s 9 ! bottom ( ,m\nt ,pele a hole f :i* lava & gases h come out4 ,at pres5t !re is a trem5d\s cork ( &esite1 :i* is call$ ! ',dome1' & :i* mu/ h z its dim5sions a diamet] half a mile across at its base & a height ( ab\t #abjj feet4 ,on all sides ( ! dome !re are fum>oles 7small cone-l crat]s71 "s ( :i* ?r[ out a r$di% smoke1 o!rs ( :i* dis*>ge :ite smoke1 & o!rs are /ill surr\nd$ ) a c>pet ( sulphur sev]al y>ds 9 dep?4 ,aft] ! great eruption ( ,m\nt ,pele 9 #aijb x 0 f\nd by measurem5t t a consid]able portion ( ! adjac5t sea bottom _h sunk d[n _m fa?oms4 ,x is impossible to believe t ?is s9k+ _h be5 caus$ by ! m]e %ak+ ( ! e>?quakes accompany+ t eruption4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 suppose t aft] ! dreadful explosions :i* de/roy$ ,/4 ,pi]re & deva/at$ ,m>t9ique a subsid5ce ne> ! roots ( ! m\nta9 7:i* is j by ! sea7 took place4 ,:at we %\ld judge to h happ5$ is t by "s means an explosion took place bel[ ! sea bottom2 t p>ts ( ! molt5 rock1 mov$ by ! =ces ( ! explosion1 7 mov$ t[>ds ! m\nta9 7,m\nt ,pele71 :i* !reupon broke into eruption1 act+ z an outlet = ! imprison$ rocks4 ,:5 ^! molt5 rocks 7 ?us remov$ a great cavity 0 =m$ 9 ! b$ ( ! sea1 :i* accord+ly cav$ 94 ,a simil> explanation w\ld acc\nt = ! rais+ ( ! ,*ilian coa/-l9e aft] ! great e>?quakes ( #ahce1 ( :i* we h already spok54 ,! coa/ &1 inde$1 ! :ole c\ntry back to ! ,&es 0 slightly rais$4 ,?is c\ld only be expla9$ by ! pu%+ 9 or =c+ 9 ( a correspond+ bulk ( lava "u ! l&2 & ?is lava c\ld come f n[h]e except f "u ! b$ ( ! great tr\gh 9 ! adjac5t sea4 ,aft] an explosion 7:i* is caus$ by ! sea p5etrat+ ?r\gh to ! molt5 rocks7 ! tr\gh1 :]e ! accid5t fir/ took place1 w\ld naturally deep54 ,illu/ration3 ,/]eo ,copyright1 ,und]wood ,u4 ,london & ,new ,york ,! ,dead ,city ( ,/4 ,pi]re1 ,m>t9ique ,! t[n ( ,/4 ,pi]re 0 p]haps ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! volcano ( ,mont ,pele1 :i* is se5 9 ! backgr\nd1 & :i* is five miles away1 sudd5ly bel*$ out deadly gases1 du/1 /eam1 & boil+ mud1 :i* ov]:elm$ ! t[n & completely de/roy$ x4 ,! h\ses 7 r$uc$ to ru9s1 & ! p 7 kill$ by ! wave ( hot gases sweep+ d[n f ! volcano4 ,moreov]1 if we suppose t aft] a "t ! wat] aga9 p5etrates1 & aga9 comes into contact ) rocks t h aga9 become heat$ up1 !re w be ano!r explosion1 & yet o!rs4 ,ea* ( ^! explosions w pu% along ! eject$ /reams ( lava1 /ep by /ep1 till !y rea* ! l&1 & ev5 till !y rea* ! m\nta9s bord]+ ! sea4 ,! =ces ?us aris+ w\ld cause upheavals1 ev5 if !y did n cause e>?quakes4 ,su* =ces might b5d /rata1 contort ! rocks1 & cause faults4 ,b :y1 ! read] may ask1 d y suppose t all ^! explosions ( lava are direct$ to ! l&8 ,we d n suppose t !y are4 ,! lava may be =c$ away f ! l&4 ,!n if t occurs a ridge may be upheav$1 or possibly a subm>9e volcano4 ,at ! ,hawaii ,isl&s on #be? ,febru>y1 #ahgg1 writes ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie1 masses ( pumice dur+ a subm>9e volcanic explosion 7 eject$ to ! surface1 "o ( :i* /ruck ! bottom ( ! boat ) consid]able viol5ce & !n float$4 ,at ! same "t1 :5 we reflect to :at a consid]able ext5t ! bottom ( ! great ocean bas9 is dott$ ov] ) volcanic cones1 ris+ (t5 solit>y f pr(\nd dep?s1 we c und]/& h[ l>ge a proportion ( ! actual eruptions may take place "u ! sea4 ,! f\ndations ( ^! volcanic isl&s d\btless consi/ ( subm>9e lavas & fragm5t>y mat]ials1 :i* 9 ea* case cont9ue to accumulate to a height ( two or ?ree miles1 till ! pile rea*es ! surface ( ! wat] & appe>s above x4 ,! imm5se abundance & wide diffusion ( volcanic a%1 pumice1 etc41 ov] ! bottom ( ! ,pacific & ,atlantic oceans1 ev5 at di/ances remote f l&1 z has be5 made kn[n by ! voyage ( ! ,*all5g]1 may indicate ! preval5ce & p]si/5ce ( subm>9e volcanic action4 ,x is fairly cle>1 !re=e1 t ! sea bottom is leaky1 & t volcanoes :i* are a consequ5ce ( x are scatt]$ freely ov] ! deep ocean floor4 ,9 "s places1 ( c\rse1 v few eruptions occur1 ei!r because ! und]ly+ rocks are less leaky or ! sea is too %all[ = pressure4 ,we h pictur$ ! wat] ( ! oceans ?us s9k+ d[n into ! hot rocks4 ,x w n always cause an explosion at once4 ,! /eam may n imm$iately become free1 b w become absorb$ 9 ! hot rocks till ! lava gr[s s fully saturat$ by ! hot vap\r t x swells & requires m space4 ,:5 ! t5sion becomes great en\gh ! cru/ beg9s to %ake & ! p>oxysm cont9ues till ! /eam-saturat$ lava moves along ! ne>e/ break or fault or v5t4 ,:5 ! und]ly+ molt5 rock has ?us obta9$ m space ! agitation ceases till ! t5sion aga9 becomes too p[]ful = ! cru/ to )/&1 :5 ano!r readju/m5t takes place4 ,a famili> illu/ration ( ?is process is se5 9 ! lid ( a tea-kettle :5 ! /eam pressure accumulates till x sets ! lid quiv]+4 ,z ! /eam escapes at ! sides ! agitation sl[ly dies d[n & ! lid !n rema9s quiet till ! accumulat+ pressure aga9 requires relief1 :5 ! %ak+ is r5ew$4 ,?us ! process is p]iodic1 & ! p]iod dep5ds on ! rapidity ) :i* ! /eam is develop$4 ,9 ! case ( e>?quakes1 z already rem>k$1 ! /eam is n free1 b absorb$ 9 ! molt5 rock1 & :5 ! agitation beg9s ?is gives a simil> quiv]+ motion to ! block ( ! e>?'s cru/ ov]ly+ x1 & ceases only :5 readju/m5t occurs--usually by ! neighb\r+ fault slipp+ 9 "s way s z to give m space to ! swell+ lava b5ea?4 ,( c\rse1 _m ( ! cracks caus$ by ?is swell+ are nev] se52 & ! molt5 lava seldom rea*es ! surface except :5 ?r\gh volcano v5ts or cracks 9 m\nta9s t are ne> ! sea-%ore2 b su* outbreaks are probably m common 9 ! deep sea4 ,to see h[ effective ! pressure aris+ f ! dep?s ( ! ocean may be 9 driv+ wat] into ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 we may obs]ve t ! t5d5cy to p5etrate is ev]y:]e proportional to ! dep? ( ! sea4 ,n[ ev]ybody kn[s t if a ci/]n be plac$ at ! top ( a h\se & connect$ ) a f\nta9 9 ! g>d5 ! f\nta9 ought to ?r[ a jet z high z ! ci/]n because wat]1 z ! say+ goes1 always rises to its own level4 ,z a matt] ( practice ! wat] does n rise s high because ( ! resi/ance ( ! air4 ,b = !oretical purposes we may consid] ! proportion true1 & we might simil>ly say t ! pressure 9 a sea "o mile deep w\ld ?us ?r[ a /ream a mile high2 9 a sea two miles deep1 two miles high2 & s on4 ,n[ "s ( ! ocean dep?s exce$ five miles1 ! greate/1 ne> ,guam1 be+ #ebfi fa?oms1 almo/ exactly six miles4 ,is x !re=e any wond] t ! deeps ea/ ( ,japan1 ne> ! ,aleutian ,isl&1 we/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ne> ,guam1 betwe5 ,samoa & ,new ,zeal&1 give rise to enorm\s leakage ( ! sea bottom1 & consequ5tly _m _w-%ak+ e>?quakes8 ,a comp>atively feeble pressure ( wat]1 su* z hydraulic eng9e]s use 9 m9+1 rapidly cuts away hills & wa%es out all _! gold2 9 ! same way ! wat]s ( ,niag>a1 fall+ ?r\gh only #afj feet1 sl[ly we> away ! solid rock ov] :i* !y p\r4 ,:at1 !n1 may be expect$ ( a con/ant wat] pressure :i* w ?r[ a jet five miles high8 ,su* is ! pressure all ov] ! b$ ( ! ,tusc>ora ,deep1 & x cont9ues f ye> to ye>1 c5tury to c5tury4 ,x is ?is pressure :i* =ces ! wat] s rapidly into ! e>?1 & gives rise to all ! great e>?quakes & sea-waves ) :i* ,japan is afflict$4 ,no /one on e>?1 h[ev] ?ick its lay]s1 c\ld )/& su* a pressure2 nay1 "u x ! wat] w\ld g ?r\gh ! h>de/ metals1 & s9k d[n deep] & deep] into ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,?us subt]ranean /eam w\ld arise b5ea? ! cru/ & accumulate till relief 0 af=d$ by a %ak+ ( ! e>?4 ,?us we see h[ imm5sely important ! same causes t give rise to e>?quakes may be 9 m\ld+ ! outl9es & cont\rs ( ! rocks & ! ev]la/+ hills4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( geological k we _c say t ^! /eam explosions are ! sole causes ( m\nta9 build+1 b x is evid5t t !y mu/ play a great "p 9 !m4 ,! action ( ! subm>9e explosions may be comp>$ to a man digg+ out a tr5*4 ,z he digs along ! tr5*1 ! e>? t he excavates he ?r[s on to ei!r side ( ! tr5*1 s t a ridge appe>s on ea* side ( ! excavation4 ,! result is ! same 9 ! case ( ! cont9u\s lava explosions 9 deep seas1 especially 9 ^? deep seas l ! wat]s (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e a great range ( m\nta9s runs p>allel to an ocean t is ( great dep? only a %ort di/ance f ! l&4 ,a tr\gh or tr5* is cut d[nw>ds by successive explosions & expulsions ( lava4 ,z ! tr\gh is ar*$ d[nw>ds l a broad lett] ,u1 ! /eam pressure f b5ea? _c easily =ce x upw>ds4 ,:at w !re=e happ58 ,imag9e :at w\ld happ5 9 a /eam saucepan or kettle if ! vap\r c\ld n get out at ! top or lid4 ,x w\ld t5d to bl[ out at ! sides4 ,or if y ?9k ( a slab ( d\gh ris+ "u ! effect ( yea/4 ,suppose ! bak] presses a flat bo>d on ! top ( ! ris+ d\gh1 & presses d[n on x s t x _c =ce its way upw>ds4 ,x w !n naturally spread out to ! sides4 ,simil>ly ! ris+ yea/y lava "u ! curv$ ocean b$ has to =ce its way sideways "u ! cru/4 ,x =ces its way p>tly t[>ds ! l&--:]e ! m\nta9s run along ! coa/ z 9 ! case ( ! ,&es--or f>!r out und]nea? ! ocean4 ,g5]ally ! movem5t ( ! lava w be t[>ds ! m\nta9s till ! tr\gh gets broad & deep & ! m\nta9s v f> away1 & s high t _! weight (f]s unexpect$ly great resi/ance to ! und]gr\nd /ream ( lava4 ,!n ! release w at l5g? become easi] t[>ds ! ocean by ! =c+ up ( ridges or volcanoes along ! o!r m>g9 ( ! tr\gh4 ,ridges ) peaks 9 !m w usually result1 & ?is is ! beg9n+ ( a new range ( m\nta9s 9 ! sea1 :i* are de/9$ to rise sl[ly f x p>allel to ! great range ( m\nta9s on ! %ore4 ,!re may ?us be two p>allel ridges1 p]haps hundr$s ( miles ap>t1 ) a valley betwe5 !m4 ,?is valley may be dra9$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 or fill$ 9 by ! processes ( erosion :i* we h describ$ 9 ! e>lie/ *apt]s ( ?is volume4 ,x w be ( int]e/ to quote at ?is po9t :at ,pl9y ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ago said 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory 7,book ,,ii7 on isl&s :i* h be5 uplift$ f ! ,m$it]ranean1 evid5tly z ! result ( volcanic causes3-- ,l& is sometimes =m$ 9 a diff]5t mann]1 ris+ sudd5ly out ( ! sea1 z if nature 0 comp5sat+ ! e>? = its losses1 re/or+ 9 "o place :at %e _h swall[$ up 9 ano!r4 ,delos & ,rhodes1 isl&s :i* h n[ be5 long fam\s1 are record$ to h ris5 up 9 ?is way4 ,m lately !re h be5 "s small] isl&s =m$3 ,anapha1 :i* is beyond ,melos2 ,nea1 betwe5 ,lemnos & ! ,hellespont2 ,halone1 betwe5 ,leb$os & ,teos2 ,!ra & ,!rasia1 among ! ,cyclades1 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ! #ace? ,olympiad4 ,& among ! same isl&s1 #acj ye>s aft]w>ds1 ,hi]a1 also call$ ,automate1 made its appe>ance2 also ,?ia1 at ! di/ance ( two /adia f ! =m]1 #aaj ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 our own times1 :5 ,m4 ,junius ,silanus & ,l4 ,balbus 7 consuls1 on ! #h? ( ! ,ides ( ,july4 ,opposite to u1 & ne> to ,italy1 among ! olian ,isles1 an isl& em]g$ f ! sea2 & likewise "o ne> ,crete1 #bejj paces 9 ext5t1 & ) w>m spr+s 9 x2 ano!r made its appe>ance 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ! #afcrd ,olympiad1 9 ! ,tuscan ,gulf1 burn+ ) a viol5t explosion4 ,!re is a tradition1 too1 t a great numb] ( fi%es 7 float+ ab\t ! spot1 & t ^? :o employ$ !m = food imm$iately expir$4 ,x is said t ! ,pi!cusan ,isles rose up 9 ! same way 9 ! ,bay ( ,campania1 & t %ortly aft]w>ds ! m\nta9 ,epopos1 f :i* flame _h sudd5ly bur/ =?1 0 r$uc$ to ! level ( ! neighb\r+ pla94 ,9 ! same isl& x is said t a t[n 0 sunk 9 ! sea2 t1 9 consequ5ce ( ano!r %ock1 a lake bur/ out1 & t1 by a ?ird1 ,pro*ytas 0 =m$ into an isl&1 ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s be+ roll$ away f x4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 o!r causes :i* w>p & b5d /rata4 ,we h comp>$ ! e>? to ! core ( a tightly w\nd golf ball--always 9 a /ate ( /ra94 ,! /ra9 at great dep?s bel[ ! surface might am\nt to sev]al tons to ! squ>e in*1 & x c easily be und]/ood t breaks might occur 9 consequ5ce1 especially if "s slight additional %ock set ! rocks into vibration4 ,9 ! deep copp] m9es ( ! nor!rn p59sula ( ,mi*igan ! behavi\r ( ! :ole e>?1 ) respect to e>?quakes & /resses due to o!r causes1 is well illu/rat$ on a small scale4 ,at c]ta9 times dur+ ea* day bla/s are set (f 9 ! solid rock at v>i\s places 9 ea* m9e4 ,ea* batt]y ( bla/s is a m9iature e>?quake4 ,9 t p>ticul> spot1 ! e>?quake c5tre1 ! rock is fractur$ )9 a space limit$ by a radius ( a few feet4 ,)9 a l>ge space1 limit$ by a radius ( a few hundr$ feet1 ela/ic vibrations are set up 9 ! solid rock :i* are suffici5tly viol5t to be p]ceptible to ! t\* & to ! he>+4 ,)9 ?is l>g] space no fracture ( ! rock occurs4 ,feebl] vibrations d\btless ext5d out = miles f ! po9t ( fracture1 j z vibrations ext5d ov] ! :ole e>? f an e>?quake c5tre4 ,n[ x also happ5s t 9 ! l[] levels ( ^! deep m9es1 at a mile bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! solid rock is sl[ly yield+1 9 a non-ela/ic mann]1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! great weight above x1 s t ! l>g] op5+s are gradually clos+ up4 ,?is is s cle>ly recognis$ & progresses s rapidly t x is propos$ z r\t9e practice1 at ! deep levels 9 ^! m9es1 to take out ! ore at ! di/ant end ( ea* drift fir/4 ,! m9]s w !n "w back sl[ly t[>d ! %aft f :i* ! drift is ent]$1 :ile ! spaces 9 :i* !y h rec5tly lab\r$ gradually close up beh9d !m4 ,! gradual collapse kn[n to be 9 progress occurs app>5tly by imp]ceptible fl[ & by m9or fractur+1 b n1 z a rule1 by cata/rophes :i* close up any op5+ sudd5ly4 ,9 ?is respect x is an epitome ( :at is tak+ place e ye> 9 ! fail+ e>? z x yields "u su* /resses4 ,!re may be local tremors due to causes :i* are less imm5se & _w-wide4 ,"o su* cause might be ! collapse ( cavities 9 ! e>?4 ,we are well acqua9t$ ) "s su* caves ne> ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,^! caves1 especially 9 lime/one1 are commonly caus$ by ! action ( spr+s4 ,ev5 pure wat] w dissolve a m9ute quantity ( ! sub/ance ( _m rocks1 & ra9 wat] is f> f be+ *emically pure wat]4 ,x takes oxyg5 & c>bonic acid out ( ! air z x falls1 & x ab/racts acids out ( ! soil ?r\gh :i* x s9ks4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is acid gives ! wat] a greatly increas$ p[] ( attack+ c>bonate ( lime4 ,n[ lime/one is a rock almo/ entirely compos$ ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,x occurs 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w1 cov]+ sometimes tracts ( hundr$s or ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 & (t5 ris+ into gr\ps ( hills & ranges ( m\nta9s4 ,! abundance ( ?is rock (f]s ample opportunity = ! display ( ! dissolv+ action ( subt]ranean wat]4 ,! wat] trickles d[n ! v]tical fissures along ! planes bel[ ! lime/one b$s4 ,z x fl[s on x dissolves & removes ! /one till 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies ^! passages are gradually enl>g$ into clefts1 tunnels1 & cav]ns4 ,! gr\nd becomes honeycomb$ ) d>k subt]ranean *amb]s1 & runn+ /reams fall into ^! *amb]s & cont9ue _! c\rse und]gr\nd4 ,9 ,engl& !re are fam\s pot-hole cav]ns 9 ,york%ire & ! we/ ( ,engl&4 ,! ,peak ,cav]n 9 ,d]by%ire is believ$ to be #abjj feet long1 & 9 "s places #abj feet high4 ,! cav]ns ( ,adelsb]g ne> ,trie/e h be5 explor$ to a di/ance ( sev]al miles4 ,! ,riv] ,poik has brok5 into "o "p ( ! labyr9? ( *amb]s ?r\gh :i* x ru%es be=e em]g+ aga9 to ! light4 ,n>r[ tunnels1 says ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie1 exp& into spaci\s halls1 beyond :i* egress is aga9 af=d$ by l[ passages into o!r l(ty recesses4 ,! mo/ /up5d\s *amb] measures #ffi feet 9 l5g?1 #fcj feet 9 bread?1 & #aaa feet 9 height4 ,f ! ro( hang :ite /alactites :i* unit+ ) ! floor =m pill>s %[+ endless v>ieties ( =m & size4 ,/ill m gigantic is ! sy/em ( subt]ranean passages 9 ! ,mammo? ,cave ( ,k5tucky1 ! accessible p>ts ( :i* are believ$ to h a comb9$ l5g? ( ab\t #aej miles4 ,! cav]ns ( ,luray1 9 ,virg9ia1 are sc>cely less wond]ful2 & 9 _! case ,am]ican +5uity has hit on ! idea ( suck+ ! pure1 du/less air out ( ^! cav]ns 9 ord] to v5tilate a sanatorium4 ,inde$1 a book might easily be writt5 on ! wond]s ( ! lime/one cav]ns ( ! _w1 b our only purpose 9 m5tion+ !m 9 ?is *apt] is to indicate h[ ! rocks ( ! e>? may be made un/able1 s t a slight %ock may precipitate a cata/rophe 9 !m--a k9d ( subt]ranean l&slip :i* 9 its turn may give rise to "s ( ! symptoms ( e>? tremors4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,york%ire ,pot-,hole3 %[+ ! ,effects :i* c be ,produc$ 9 ,lime/one by ,und]gr\nd ,wat] ,! imm5se dep? may be bett] realis$ by comp>+ ! pot-hole ) ! ,nelson ,monum5t1 :i* is #afb feet 9 height4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,families ,,( ,,rocks ,,& ,,_! ,,desc5dants ,?us f>1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ! great geologi/s f ,sir ,*>les ,lyell onw>ds1 we h tri$ to disclose ! hi/ory ( ! e>?'s cru/ by obs]v+ ! processes :i* are go+ on to-day "u our eyes4 ,t is n1 h[ev]1 ! only way 9 :i* hi/ory has to be writt54 ,! docum5ts on :i* hi/ory re/s are (t5 lam5tably incomplete4 ,! records h great gaps 9 !m1 & v (t5 ! gaps h to be fill$ by t ex]cise ( ! imag9ation :i* ,bi%op ,creighton once describ$ z ! re>rangem5t ( facts4 ,we %all lat] 9 ?is book %[ h[ naturali/s c recon/ruct ! skeleton & ev5 ! g5]al appe>ance ( an animal :i* = ages has n be5 se5 alive on ! e>?1 f a consid]ation ( fragm5ts ( ! bony /ructure4 ,simil>ly ! ar*ologi/s :o inquire into ! hi/ory ( =gott5 peoples c picture to u _! lives & habits & mann]s f a consid]ation ( ! fragm5t>y weapons & pott]y & ar*itecture :i* !y left 9 _! buri$ cities2 & simil>ly ! geologi/1 kn[+1 or p>tly kn[+1 h[ ! =ces ( nature are at "w to-day1 c attempt to describe ! conditions "u :i* rocks 7 laid d[n be=e man ev] trod !m4 ,9 speak+ or writ+ ( ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! _w's hi/ory we h to adopt :at seems to be ! mo/ likely hi/ory1 mode/ly qualify+ :at we say by add+ t ^! speculations are only ! fruits ( an inquiry t man has pu%$ beyond ! asc]ta9$ facts4 ,b we are on firm] foot+ :5 we come to deal ) t portion ( ! globe :i* we c exam9e4 ,! cru/ ( ! e>? has be5 f\nd to consi/ ( successive lay]s ( rock :i*1 ?\gh f> f con/ant 9 _! occurr5ce1 & ?\gh (t5 brok5 & crumpl$ by subsequ5t di/urbances1 h be5 recognis$ ov] a l>ge portion ( ! globe4 ,!y are ! e>?'s own *ronicle ( its hi/ory4 ,_h ^! rocks ( ! ,geological ,record rema9$ 9 _! orig9al positions we %\ld h kn[n little ( !m1 because only ! mo/ rec5t w\ld h be5 visible4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! way 9 :i* ! e>?'s cru/ has be5 twi/$ & crack$ & brok51 portions ( ! bottom lay]s h be5 pu%$ up to ! surface1 & ! l[] rocks h be5 incl9$ s t we c exam9e _! upturn$ edges4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( be+ re/rict$ to exam9+ a few hundr$ feet ( e>? cru/ we c exam9e _m ?\s& feet4 ,! total ?ickness ( ! rocks ( ,europe :i* conta9 fossil rema9s has be5 e/imat$ at #ge1jjj feet1 or f\rte5 miles4 ,?is va/ dep? ( rock has be5 laid op5 to our obs]vation by di/urbances1 twi/s1 contortions1 upsett+s ( ! cru/4 ,we %all n press on ! read] 9 a volume ( ?is k9d any detail$ classification ( ! /rata1 b he w l to "k ! names ( ! five great p]iods into :i* geologic "t is divid$4 ,! fir/ p]iod 0 ! ,ar*an1 embrac+ ! p]iods ( ! e>lie/ rocks :]e9 few or no traces ( life occur4 ,! second p]iod 0 ! ,palozoic 7anci5t life7 or ,prim>y1 :i* includes ! long succession ( ages dur+ :i* ! e>lie/ types ( life exi/$4 ,! ?ird p]iod 0 ! ,mesozoic 7middle life71 compris+ a s]ies ( ages :5 m advanc$ types ( life fl\ri%$4 ,! f\r? p]iod 0 ! ,ca9ozoic 7rec5t life7 or ,t]ti>y p]iod1 :5 su* types ( life z we "k & see n[ appe>$4 ,?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 does n include man4 ,! fif? p]iod is ! ,quat]n>y or ,po/-,t]ti>y & ,rec5t1 & includes ! "t s9ce man appe>$ on ! e>?4 ,^! divisions 7 n ( ! same l5g?4 ,! ,palozoic ages 7 probably f>1 f> long] ?an ^? ( any o!r division1 :ile ! ,quat]n>y p]iod is %ort] ?an any ( ^? :i* prec$$ x4 ,ea* ( ^! ma9 divisions is divid$ fur!r into sy/ems or %ort] p]iods 7j z ! dyna/ies ( anci5t ,egypt c\ld be subdivid$ into reigns74 ,?\gh ! broad outl9es ( ! sequ5ce ( ! liv+ ?+s :i* exi/$ 9 ^? p]iods has be5 ! same all ov] ! _w1 _m local diff]5ces may be trac$ 9 ! nature & gr\p+ ( ! s$im5t>y mat]ials 9 :i* ! rema9s ( ! liv+ ?+s ( ^! epo*s h be5 pres]v$4 ,to f9d ! olde/ rocks1 we mu/ seek ^? :i* lie at ! bottom or und]nea? all ! o!rs4 ,judg$ by ?is te/1 ! olde/ rocks 9 ,great ,brita9 are c]ta9 h>d rocks 7l gneiss1 or ! mat]ial ( :i* volcanic ve9s are compos$7 :i* crop out 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,scotl&1 & :i* =m ! out] ,hebrides4 ,!y are also kn[n 9 ,anglesea1 & 9 ! extreme we/ ( ,wales1 at ,/4 ,david's4 ,simil> /rata =m ! ,malv]n ,hills ( ,worce/]%ire1 ! ,longmynd ,hills1 ,ca] ,c>adoc & ! ,wrek9 ,hills ( ,%rop%ire1 & ! hilly di/rict ( ,*>nwood ,=e/ 9 ,leice/]%ire4 ,= a long "t ! ,cambrian rocks ( ,wales1 s call$ f ,nor? ,wales's anci5t "n ( ,cambria1 7 believ$ to be ! olde/ on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,up to ! ye> #ahcj ev5 ^! rocks _h no "n or recognition1 = geologi/s believ$ t x 0 impossible to classify !m4 ,b 9 #ahca ,pr(essor ,adam ,s$gwick1 ( ,cambridge1 began ! dilig5t /udy ( ! rocks 9 ,nor? ,wales1 & aft] five ye>s' "w he 0 able to ann\nce 9 #ahcf t he _h det]m9$ ! g5]al ord] ( succession 9 t di/rict ( a c]ta9 anci5t gr\p ( slaty1 gritty1 & flaggy /rata4 ,h[ev]1 eighte5 ye>s lat]1 9 #ahed1 ,sir ,william ,logan1 :o 0 !n engag$ 9 mapp+ ! rocks ( ,canada1 f\nd along ! ,riv] ,/4 ,lawr5ce an enorm\s ?ickness 7#cj1jjj feet or m7 ( gneiss1 qu>tzite1 s*i/1#ae lime/one1 etc41 ^! rocks und]ly+--& be+1 !re=e1 old] ?an--! ,cambrian /rata1 :i* are also well develop$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,to ^! bottom rocks ,logan gave ! "n ( ,laur5tian4 ,= "s "t aft]w>ds ! same "n 0 also appli$ to ! some:at simil> rocks :i* 7 f\nd to und]lie ! ,cambrian =mation 9 ,brita91 b x 0 felt saf] to give ! ,engli% rocks a m g5]al "n4 ,!y are !re=e n[ usually call$ ,pre-,cambrian1 :i* simply means old] ?an ! ,cambrian /rata1 or ,ar*an4 ,footnote #ae3 ,h>d rocks are sometimes compos$ ( diff]5t m9]als1 :i* are arrang$ 9 a way t rem9ds u ( a b$ ( fall5 leaves1 & are call$ foliat$1 f ! ,lat9 ^w folium1 a leaf4 ,gneiss is a good example ( a foliat$ rock4 ,x is compos$ ( ! ?ree m9]als1 qu>tz1 felsp>1 & mica1 arrang$ 9 ?is foliat$ mann]4 ,mica s*i/1 talc s*i/1 & o!r rocks h a simil> /ructure1 & are sometimes briefly call$ s*i/s4 ,9 ,canada ! total ?ickness ( ! ,laur5tian1 ,pre-,cambrian1 or ,ar*an rocks is n[ e/imat$ at #ej1jjj feet4 ,9 ,brita9 x is no?+ l s great z ?is 7?\gh /ill consid]able72 b ! ?ickness ( ^! extremely old & alt]$ rocks is a v difficult matt] to det]m9e1 = all signs ( ! orig9al /ratification 9 !m h (t5 be5 de/roy$1 & ! rocks h be5 s b5t & fold$ t x is possible ! same b$s may h be5 measur$ m ?an once 9 ! same section4 ,x w be und]/ood f "s ( ! =ego+ s5t5ces t ! task ( dat+ or classify+ ^! e>ly rocks is "o :i* is f> f simple1 & :i* has giv5 rise to _m diff]5t op9ions4 ,we may "h give ano!r example4 ,dur+ ! ye>s betwe5 #ahca & :ile ,s$gwick 0 occupi$ 9 /udy+ ! rocks ( ,nor? ,wales1 writes ,mr4 ,w4 ,j]ome ,h>rison1 ano!r geologi/1 ,mr4 7aft]w>ds ,sir7 ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 0 engag$ 9 ! exam9ation ( ! /rata :i* occupy ! s\?-ea/ ( ,wales & ! adjo9+ bord] c\nties ( ,engl&4 ,to ^! rocks ,mur*ison gave1 9 #ahce1 ! "n ( ,silurian1 f ! anci5t ,briti% tribe ( ! ,silures1 :o inhabit$ t "p ( ! c\ntry :5 ! ,romans invad$ ,brita94 ,lat] 9 la/ c5tury1 9 ord] to di/+ui% m cle>ly ! p]iods ( ! rocks :i* began or end$ 9 ^! areas1 ! "n ( ano!r anci5t ,briti% tribe 0 call$ into requisition--! ,ordovics2 & ?us = c]ta9 /rata :i* 7 nei!r ,silurian nor ,cambrian ,pr(essor ,lapwor? propos$ ! "n ,ordovician4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 n[ leave ^! geological controv]sies1 en?rall+ z !y are to ^? :o h tak5 "p 9 !m1 to consid] briefly :at 0 ! aspect ( ! e>? dur+ ! ages :5 ^! rocks 7 be+ laid d[n4 ,! e>lie/ rocks d n g5]ally conta9 fossils1 ?\gh !re is no d\bt t life exi/$ dur+ ! lat] "p ( ! "t :5 !y 7 laid d[n4 ,! few fossils t h be5 pres]v$ are ^? ( cru/acea 7! species f :i* %rimps1 = example1 are d]iv$71 & !re are c]ta9 tracks ( two k9ds ( burr[+ worms4 ,x is noticeable t cru/acea1 ! olde/ def9ite fossils yet f\nd1 belong to a family :i* is well up 9 ! animal k+dom1 & !re=e we "k t l[] =ms ( life mu/ h be5 long 9 exi/5ce4 ,s9ce we c only draw conclusions ( ! climate ( a p]iod f its fossil rema9s1 & z ^! fossil rema9s are s sc>ce1 we _c say really any?+ ( value ab\t ! _w's climate 9 ! e>lie/ eras4 ,:5 we come to ! ,cambrian1 h[ev]1 we are on firm] gr\nd4 ,9 ! ,cambrian rocks !re is1 = ! fir/ "t1 a fair pres]vation 9 fossil =m ( ! life ( ! p]iod4 ,ev5 "h ! record is f> f complete1 b x is an immeasurable advance on ! records ( previ\s p]iods4 ,! mo/ /rik+ ?+ ab\t ?is comp>atively pl5tiful appe>ance ( life is t :ile ! animal k+dom is fairly well repres5t$ ! plant rema9s are h>dly to be recognis$ at all4 ,yet !re mu/ h be5 plants if only to fe$ ! animals1 & we h v good reasons = believ+ t ! surface ( ! l& 0 clo!d ) "s =m ( vegetation4 ,n a few ( ! ,cambrian animals 7 fix$ to ! bottom ( ! sea1 & !re=e !re mu/ h be5 en\gh matt] ( "s organic k9d float+ 9 ! wat] to br+ !m _! daily food4 ,possibly _m ( ! plants 7 ( ! m9ute k9d :i* =ms scum on riv]s & ponds1 & s w\ld n readily leave fossil impressions4 ,turn+ to ! record ( animal life1 x appe>s t ne>ly e division ( ! animal k+dom1 except su* z _h backbones1 _h "s k9d ( a repres5tative 9 ,cambrian times4 ,cru/aceans1 molluscs1 worms1 corals1 jelly fi%1 sponges1 q a l>ge v>iety ( sea-animals1 sudd5ly make _! appe>ance1 & al?\gh no traces ( l& animals h yet be5 f\nd1 we h reason to believe t "s l& animals may h exi/$4 ,our reason is t 9 ! next era b "o 7,silurian7 scorpions & insects appe>1 & ^! are su* highly develop$ =ms ( l&-life t !y probably _h "s primitive ance/ors 9 ! ,cambrian4 ,no real fi% h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,cambrian rocks1 b !y appe>$ 9 ! next era 7,ordovician74 ,x is ! trilobite :i* is ! *>act]i/ic animal ( ! ,cambrian times4 ,!y 7 cru/aceans2 !y _h eyes2 & !y gave ! promise ( developm5t2 b !re is no reason = believ+ t !y 7 z high 9 ! ord] ( creation z ! commone/ lob/] ( ! sea-%ore4 ,no?+ rema9s to u ( !m except _! bony /ructure1 b we believe t !y c\ld bo? swim & walk on ! sea-bottom2 t "s 7 swift ( movem5t1 & t !y acquir$ ! habit ( m\lt+ _! %ell4 ,!y may h be5 sociable animals1 = ! %ells ( trilobites are sometimes f\nd toge!r 9 l>ge numb]s1 occasionally closely pack$1 spoon fa%ion1 & ?\gh ^! may be m\lt$ %ells1 we are w>rant$ 9 suppos+ t ! e>ly trilobites liv$ 9 colonies1 hunt$ = food1 & made w> l _! desc5dants millions ( ye>s aft]4 ,:at 7 ! actual conditions ( life 9 ?is _w ( ,cambrian days we d n "k positively4 ,! fir/ beg9n+s ( life1 ! simple "o-cell$ plants1 may h fir/ dwelt 9 ! deep ocean4 ,! l& 0 b>r51 its lakes unfitt$ to support life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is equally likely t ! fir/ beg9n+s ( life may h be5 ! simple plants gr[+ 9 inl& wat]s & gradually spread+ d[n to ! sea4 ,we d n "k1 b x is mo/ probable t life began 9 "s great body ( wat]1 :]e plants & insignificant animals grew toge!r1 p]haps f\ght toge!r1 & c]ta9ly 9 ?is environm5t became m & m fitt$ = ! bus9ess ( liv+4 ,9 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,r4 ,knipe's s*ol>ly & well-in=m$ volume1 ,nebula to ,man 7,j4 ,m4 ,d5t ,co471 to :i* we are indebt$ n only = sev]al ( our illu/rations b = _m extremely valuable sugge/ions1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 ! e>ly ocean is well summ$ up3-- ,?us ?r\gh ! br9e life manifold proce$s1 ,impell$ to high] /ates by gr[+ ne$s2 ,& all ^! e>ly life-types 9 ! seas ,w bran* 9 "t to _m species2 ,& "s amid conditions too sev]e1 ,mu/1 aft] /ress & /ruggle1 disappe>4 ,& :5 a species falls f ,life's doma9 ,x nev] ga9s a place on ,e>? aga94 ,we may speculate ) "s approa* to c]ta9ty on ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! e>? 9 ^? days4 ,!re 0 f> m wat] on ! surface ( ! globe2 ! l& surfaces 7 small & infrequ5t4 ,! seas may h be5 %all[] ?an ^? :i* we "k1 b !y 7 f> great] 9 ext5t4 ,!re mu/ h be5 f> m ra9 & a v mu* great] numb] ( viol5t /orms aris+ f ! con/ant cond5sation ( ! wat]s by ! rays ( ! sun4 ,! sun 0 probably se5 f> less (t5 9 ^? days1 & !re are "s geologi/s :o believe ! e>? to h be5 p]petually cov]$ ) cl\d1 z ! planet ,v5us is n[4 ,europe z a cont95t did n exi/4 ,a few isl&s %[$ _! heads above ! waves :]e ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 ,ea/]n ,france & ,spa9 n[ /&4 ,scotl&'s rocky islets 7 probably visible1 on ! extreme we/1 ?\gh ^! isl&s 7 de/9$ to s9k aga9 bel[ ! waves4 ,!nce ! ocean /ret*$ )\t a break1 z at pres5t1 to ,canada4 ,a great "p ( ,canada's bleak l&s 0 above ! wat]s2 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except = a few great isl&s1 7 subm]g$4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ,s\? ,am]ica1 split into num]\s long reefs & isl&s1 gave promise ( ! cont95t to be2 & !re 7 great /ret*es ( l& ov] ,brazil1 ext5d+ to ! we/ :]e ! great *a9s ( m\nta9s n[ rise4 ,asia 0 l>gely cov]$ ) %all[ wat]s1 & ! :ole ext5t ( ! nor!rn pla9s ( ,africa 0 sea4 ,s f> z we are able to judge ! di/9ctions ( climates 7 less m>k$ !n ?an n[1 & ! conditions seem to h be5 mu* m uni=m ov] all ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,?is equality ( climate la/$ into ! next or ,ordovician p]iod4 ,! ,ordovician p]iod glides ins5sibly into ! ,cambrian4 ,!re 0 no di/9ct break 9 ! succession ( life4 ,! species seem to h sl[ly ext5d$ & develop$ f "o ( ^! great p]iods into ano!r4 ,b ! life ( ! ,ordovician era1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ = u1 is mu* m abundant4 ,l& 0 beg9n+ to em]ge f ! sea 9 great] bulk2 life 0 spr++ up on ! l& & 0 em]g+ f ! sea1 p]haps to take up its habitation !re4 ,! fir/ insect life appe>s 9 ! ,ordovician4 ,x is n an impos+ relic except :5 se5 ?r\gh ! eye ( imag9ation4 ,x is j an obscure w+ ( an insect :i* 0 f\nd impress$ on "s %ales f\nd 9 ! upp] ,ordovician rocks ( ,sw$51 & all we c say ( x is t x belong$ to ! same class ( insects z lady-birds4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is insect %[s t !re mu/ h be5 l& vegetation & an atmosph]e :i* 0 suit$ to active air-brea?+ ?+s4 ,! o!r appe>ance ( great int]e/ 9 ! ,ordovician rocks is t ( ! fir/ fi%4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 ,colorado1 b !y are v mu* %att]$ & tell u v little ab\t ! animals !y repres5t4 ,^! fi% 7 cov]$ ) plates1 & 7 evid5tly ?us def5d$ aga9/ attack1 s t we may surmise ! exi/5ce ( "s o!r animal t prey$ on fi%es4 ,:e!r ^! fi%es 7 !mselves f]oci\s we _c1 h[ev]1 say4 ,b t :i* 0 ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ordovician era 0 ! climax ( ! trilobite4 ,m ?an half ( all ! kn[n trilobites 7 pres5t 9 ,ordovician times4 ,only a few ( ^! came ov] f ! ,cambrian1 :ile ! o!rs make _! fir/ appe>ance 9 ?is p]iod4 ,9 ! next p]iod 7,silurian7 _! numb]s fell to "o half1 & 9 lat] p]iods decl9$ /ill fur!r1 till !y disappe>$ altoge!r at ! close ( ! ,palozoic era4 ,"s ( ^! curi\s animals appe> to h be5 able to move v quickly2 o!rs w\ld roll !mselves up l h$gehogs to def5d !mselves aga9/ attack2 & "s ( ! l>g] ones 7 f eighte5 in*es to two feet 9 l5g?4 ,next to ^! 9 int]e/ 7 ! cephalopod types1 m>9e animals1 t may h resembl$ ! swimm+ nautilus ( to-day 9 "s ( _! developm5ts4 ,!y atta9$ to enorm\s sizes1 "s ( ! %ells be+ twelve to fifte5 feet 9 l5g? & a foot 9 greate/ diamet]4 ,f ?is maximum !y rang$ d[n to =ms small] ?an a pipe-/em4 ,_! habits are to be ga!r$ only f _! /ructure & f ! habits ( _! relations 9 ! pres5t seas4 ,p]haps !y float$1 %ell upp]mo/1 or crawl$ ^u ! bottom & prey$ on a v>iety ( ! weak] =ms ( life4 ,!re appe> to h be5 few] worms1 p]haps because ! muddy & *alky sea bottoms ( ! ,ordovician p]iod 7 less cong5ial to !m ?an ! ,cambrian s&s4 ,! *anges 9 ! /ructure ( ! e>?'s cru/ :i* br\ght ! ,ordovician p]iod to an end m>k$ also ! beg9n+ ( ! ,silurian p]iod4 ,^! *anges affect$ sometimes small areas & 7 v int5se2 sometimes !y affect$ l>g] areas m slightly4 ,x mu/ n be assum$1 h[ev]1 t ^! *anges 7 necess>ily sudd5 or viol5t4 ,9 exam9+ ! rocks n[1 we see m]ely ! effects1 & ( ^! effects x is ! m rem>kable alone :i* h surviv$ ! m>* ( ages4 ,!re 0 m wat] on ! e>?'s surface !n ?an n[2 & side by side ) cont9u\s /orms ( tropical viol5ce1 x is extremely likely t volcanoes & e>?quake movem5ts 7 m frequ5t & m consid]able 9 _! effects4 ,! tide ( movem5t by mat]ial ?+s may h be5 fa/]2 & c]ta9 x is t ! l& 0 n[ lift+ itself up above ! %all[ seas4 ,m\nta9s 7 be+ built along ! coa/-l9es2 beh9d ! coa/-l9es ! cont95ts 7 %\ld]+ _! way upw>ds 9 l>ge l& areas4 ,nor? ,am]ica began to %[ 9 ?is p]iod ! fir/ signs ( becom+ a cont95t2 ,europe's c\ntries1 or "s ( !m1 assum$ a di/9ct exi/5ce4 ,) ! adv5t ( m\nta9s came /reams & riv]s2 & ! /reams1 f$ by ! abundant ra9falls1 ru%$ d[n to ! seas 9 torr5ts t p]=m$ ! "w ( erosion ) a rapidity p]haps unequall$ by ev5 ! greate/ riv]s ( our pres5t-day k--?\gh at fir/ ! l& areas 7 n l>ge en\gh to give rise to /reams z long z great riv]s l ! ,amazon or ,mississippi4 ,we _c say exactly :at ! areas & localities ( ! wat] & ! l& 72 b x is safe to assume t at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,silurian p]iod b$s ( s$im5t br\ght d[n by ! riv]s & ! ra9 7 accumulat+ ab\t ! bord]s ( ! l&1 & z f> out z ! waves & curr5ts 7 able to convey ! e>? mat]ials4 ,! climate 0 /ill equable & 0 mu* ! same ov] great areas ( ! _w's surface1 = ! =e/s ( w>m temp]ate latitude are1 9 "p1 ! same z ^? 9 ,arctic regions4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ! l& appe> to h be5 des]t4 ,life began to *ange a great deal 9 ,silurian times4 ,! ext5sive )drawal ( ! sea f great /ret*es ( subm]g$ surface r$uc$ ! area ( %all[ wat] available = ! =ms ( life t _h s ri*ly peopl$ x dur+ ! ,ordovician p]iod4 ,!n !re came an age dur+ :i* ! sea invad$ "s ( ! regions ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & aga9 )drew1 leav+ beh9d x great /ret*es ( wat] :i* gradually grew m int5sely salt4 ,all ^! ?+s _h naturally a great effect on ! developm5t ( ! plants & animals ( ,silurian times4 ,we _c 9 a brief summ>y ( ?is k9d d m ?an indicate "s ( ! m conspicu\s features4 ,corals began to spread ?r\gh ! cle>] seas3 & reef build+ on a great scale took place1 g5]ally "s di/ance f ! %ores ( ! l&4 ,o!r life 9 great abundance & v>iety ga!r$ ^u or ab\t ^! reefs1 & !y became ri* depositories ( ! animals ( _! day4 ,! ,cr9oids1 :i*1 ?\gh animals1 are sometimes call$ ! lilies ( ! sea1 develop$ /rongly2 sea ur*9s appe>$1 & =ms ak9 to b>nacles4 ,! ance/ors ( ! pe>l oy/] & ! mussel date f ,silurian times2 & s d ! fir/ ,ammonites1 ^? creatures kn[n to ! y\nge/ collectors ( fossils1 & d]iv+ _! names f ! ,canaaniti% god ,ammon1 :i* _h a ram's head4 ,sea scorpions1 s& fleas1 k+ crabs1 sea squirts1 & worms & fi%es ( v>i\s k9ds haunt$ ! ,silurian seas4 ,! ,silurian fi% 7 mo/ ( !m arm$ = def5ce1 "s ) plates ( bone2 "s ( !m _h _! tails /iffly jo9$ to _! backbones2 "s _h sk9 l a prickly pe>2 "s 7 n unlike ! mod]n %>k4 ,! plants h left u _m records--liv]worts1 f]ns1 & club-l mosses4 ,! gr[+ vegetation gave a new impulse to insect life--plant-lice & cock*af]s & ! scorpions we h nam$3 & ! va/ness ( _! numb]s is %[n by ! fact t !y h outla/$ ! *anges & vicissitudes ( a myriad g5]ations4 ,we may conclude ?is *apt] by say+ :at we imag9e ( ! g5]al appe>ance ( our own isl&s to h be54 ,at ! close ( ! ,silurian p]iod ,brita9 0 probably an ar*ipelago1 rang+ ov] t5 degrees ( latitude1 l _m ( ! isl& gr\ps n[ f\nd 9 ! great ,pacific ,ocean2 ! old gneissic hills ( ! we/]n coa/ ( ,scotl&1 culm9at+ 9 ! granite range ( ,b5 ,nevis1 & /ret*+ to ! ,s\!rn ,grampians1 =m+ ! nucleus ( "o isl& gr\p2 ! ,s\? ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 rang+ f ! ,lamm]muir ,hills1 ano!r2 ! ,p5n9e *a9 & ! ,malv]n ,hills1 ! ?ird & mo/ ea/]ly gr\p2 ! ,%rop%ire & ,wel% m\nta9s1 a f\r?2 & ,devon & ,cornwall /ret*+ f> to ! s\? & we/4 ,e spot ( ! isl& ly+ n[ at a l[] elevation ?an #hjj feet above ! sea 0 "u wat] at ! close ( ! ,silurian p]iod1 except 9 ^? in/ances :]e depression by subsid5ce has s9ce occurr$4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,h[ ,,! ,,coal ,,b$s ,,7 ,,laid ,,d[n ,9 foll[+ ! hi/ory ( ! rocks1 we %all h pres5tly to speak ( t p]iod :i* embraces ! /rata :i* conta9 coal4 ,! geologi/s :o liv$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( la/ c5tury--,william ,smi? & o!rs--notic$ t b5ea? ! coal-be>+ /rata !re lay a consid]able ?ickness ( r$ s&y b$s conta9+ ! rema9s ( fre%-wat] fi%es1 %ells1 & plants1 :ile above ! coaly /rata !y f\nd ano!r ?ick mass ( r$ s&/one4 ,to ! l[] & old] r$ rocks !y consequ5tly gave ! "n ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & to ! upp] & new] ones ! "n ( ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one =mation1 !re=e1 lies betwe5 ! ,silurian rocks bel[ & ! rocks ( ! coal p]iod above4 ,b 9 ,devon%ire we f9d a consid]able ?ickness ( %ales1 slates1 & lime/ones conta9+ m>9e fossils1 & ^! also lie betwe5 ^! two =mations1 & mu/ !re=e be some:]e ab\t ! same p]iod1 or geological age1 z ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,! "n ,devonian has !re=e be5 giv5 to ^! %ales1 slates1 & lime/ones1 :i* 7 evid5tly be+ deposit$ 9 an op5 sea at or ab\t ! same "t at :i* ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one /rata 7 be+ laid d[n on ! floors ( inl& fre%-wat] lakes4 ,9 ! we/ ( ,engl& ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one /ret*es f ,h]e=d & ,monm\? into ! neighb\r+ ,wel% c\nties ( ,brecknock & ,glamorgan4 ,x is "h at its greate/ ?ickness ( ne>ly two miles4 ,! l[] "p consi/s ( r$ & yell[ s&/ones1 m>ls1 & %ales1 ) a c]ta9 k9d ( lime/one concrete4 ,! r$ col\r is due to iron1 & :]ev] ?is is abundant fossils are sc>ce1 ?\gh rema9s ( fi%es h be5 f\nd 9 x4 ,scotl& is ! classic gr\nd ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 = x 0 "h t ,hugh ,mill]1 :5 a work+ mason at ,crom>ty1 fir/ collect$ its wond]ful fossil fi%es4 ,hugh ,mill]'s discov]y is "o ( ! romances ( geological annals4 ,let any "o picture to himself1 wrote ! late ,mr4 ,bri/[1 ! surprise he w\ld feel %\ld he1 on tak+ 8 fir/ lesson 9 geology1 & on fir/ break+ a /one--a pebble1 = in/ance1 exhibit+ e ext]nal sign ( a wat]-worn surface--f9d1 to appropriate ,ar*deacon ,paley's illu/ration1 a wat*1 or any o!r delicate piece ( me*anism1 9 its c5tre4 ,n[ ?is1 _m ye>s ago1 is exactly ! k9d ( surprise t ,hugh ,mill] exp]i5c$ 9 ! s&/one qu>ry op5$ 9 a l(ty wall ( cliff ov]hang+ ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,moray ,fri?4 ,he _h pick$ up a nodul> mass ( blue ,lias lime/one1 :i* he laid op5 by a /roke ( ! hamm]1 :51 behold6 an exquisitely %ap$ ,ammonite 0 display$ be=e him4 ,x is no surpris+ t h5ce=? ! half mason1 half sailor1 & poet1 became a geologi/4 ,he s\ght = in=mation1 & f\nd x2 he f\nd t ! rocks among :i* he lab\r$ sw>m$ ) ! relics ( a =m] age4 ,he pursu$ 8 inve/igations1 & f\nd1 :ile work+ 9 ?is zone ( /rata all ar\nd ! coa/1 t a c]ta9 class ( fossils ab\nd$2 b t 9 a high] zone ^! famili> =ms disappe>$1 & o!rs made _! appe>ance4 ,he read & le>n$ t 9 o!r l&s--l&s ( m rec5t =mation--/range =ms ( animal life _h be5 discov]$2 =ms :i* 9 _! turn _h disappe>$1 to be succe$$ by o!rs1 m 9 accordance ) be+s n[ liv+4 ,he came to "k t he 0 surr\nd$1 9 8 native m\nta9s1 by ! s$im5t>y deposits ( o!r ages2 he became alive to ! fact t ^! gr& m\nta9 ranges _h be5 built up gra9 by gra9 9 ! b$ ( ! ocean1 & ! m\nta9s _h be5 subsequ5tly rais$ to _! pres5t level by ! upheaval ( "o "p ( its b$1 or by ! subsid5ce ( ano!r4444 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 a book :i* 0 ! result ( ,hugh ,mill]'s rese>*es1 is a geological classic4 ,!re are ?ree o!r regions 9 ,engl& & ,scotl& :]e ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one is conspicu\s1 & all ( !m 7 probably old fre%-wat] lakes ( great ext5t 9 :i* s&s accumulat$4 ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie has nam$ !m ! ,wel% ,lake1 ,lake ,*eviot1 ,lake ,cal$onia1 ,lake ,arcadie1 ,lake ,lorne4 ,!re are simil> s&y deposits 9 ,russia1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ne> ! ,catskill ,m\nta9s1 & 9 _m p>ts ( ,canada2 & !re is little d\bt t 9 all ^! places !re 7 great lakes :i* gradually became ! depositories ( riv]s & develop$ a life ( _! own4 ,! mo/ rem>kable fossils ( ^! deposits 7 ! fi%es4 ,! fi%es began to appe> 9 ! lat] ,silurian3 !y are /rik+ly abundant 9 ,devonian times4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( !m are fi%es :i* are only j l fi%es aft] hav+ be5 develop$ out (1 or p]haps desc5d+ f1 "s o!r =m ( life4 ,^! fi%es are n[ call$ ! ,o/racod]m gr\p1 & !y be> /range resemblance to "s ( ! trilobites & ! k+ crabs ( previ\s eras4 ,! ,pt]aspis is "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! /range creatures1 & its f9s1 v mu* develop$1 7 us$ z o>s4 ,p]haps ! mo/ curi\s ( all ^! /range creatures 7 ! ,pt]i*?yds or w+$ fi%2 ?\gh x is n at all likely t ! app5dages we call w+s 7 us$ = a]ial flight4 ,^! fi%es 7 all small2 _! =ms 7 clumsy & _! p[]s ( mov+ ab\t small4 ,!y _h poor m\?s & eyes1 & !y probably pl\gh$ ! s(t bottoms ( ! sluggi% wat]s1 above :i* little besides _! peculi>ly plac$ eyes & ! backs ( _! plat$ buckl]s 7 habitually expos$4 ,ano!r /range class ( fi%-l creatures 0 repres5t$ by a little creature :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,scotl& & is sometimes suppos$ to be ! ance/or ( ! lamprey4 ,besides ! fre%-wat] fi%es !re 7 "s :i* dwelt 9 ! sea2 b 9 ! ,devonian era ! fre%-wat] fi%es 7 f> m num]\s4 ,we _c m5tion !m all4 ,! fi% call$ ,cocco/eus & its allies _h great bony plates ( consid]able ?ickness on its head & %\ld]s 7"s f9e examples are to be se5 at ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ,cromwell ,road1 ,london71 b its tail & middle body 7 left unprotect$4 ,! %>ks ( to-day _h _! repres5tatives among ! ,devonian fi%es4 ,%>ks h ?r\gh\t geological "t ne>ly always be5 sea-dwell]s1 ?\gh !y /ill occasionally live 9 fre% wat]1 z 9 ,lake ,baikal 9 ,sib]ia & ,lake ,nic>agua4 ,x seems cle>1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! ,devonian p]iod !y liv$ 9 ! op5 sea4 ,b _! rema9s are f\nd 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & !re=e x is likely t !y liv$ 9 fre% & bracki% wat]s also4 ,9 ! same /rata z ^! rem>kable fi%es !re are f\nd "s l>ge & peculi> cru/aceans1 some?+ l our mod]n k+ crabs1 b rea*+ ! enorm\s l5g? ( six feet4 ,!re h also be5 mussels f\nd & a few wat] plants1 b n _m4 ,9 ! ,devonian relics ! l& vegetation has = ! fir/ "t be5 fairly well pres]v$4 ,! huge club mosses made good _! t5ure on ! l&2 & along ! flats & l[-ly+ l&s by ! riv]s !re 7 d5se brakes ( re$y calamites & masses ( true f]ns4 ,! club mosses & ! calamites dim9i%$ f _! giant size ev5tually1 b ! f]ns w5t on increas+1 & ance/ral types ( ! p9es & ! yews began to appe>4 ,! vegetation ( ,devonian times 0 sombre2 !re c\ld h be5 no fl[]s1 & ! insects 7 n ( ! k9d t spe$ f bloom to bloom4 ,insects !re 71 gigantic dragon-flies & insects ak9 to ! _m flies t haunt ! wat]2 b ! myriad buzz ( insect life z we "k x 9 field & =e/ 0 n yet he>d4 ,x is r an int]e/+ fact t unmi/akable evid5ce has be5 collect$ ( ! exi/5ce 9 ,devonian times ( ^? smalle/ ( liv+ ?+s1 ! bact]ia4 ,( ! g5]al di/ribution ( ! l& we _c speak ) great c]ta9ty4 ,! viol5t di/urbances ( ,silurian times seem to h ceas$1 b movem5ts ( ! l& did n cease4 ,great p>ts ( ,engl& 7 ris+ f ! wat]1 & /ret*+ out above ! waves to ,belgium & ,nor!rn ,france4 ,!re 0 no ,g]man ,ocean & no ,/4 ,george's ,*annel at ! end ( ! p]iod2 & ,scotl&1 also ris+ above ! waves1 0 accumulat+ deposits ( volcanic a% & lava4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! ,briti% ,isles & great p>ts ( ,belgium1 ,d5m>k1 ,sc&9avia1 & ,we/]n ,russia1 & small] areas 9 mid-,france1 mid-,g]many1 & ! ,balkans 7 ris+ ! re/ ( ,europe 0 subm]g$ b5ea? ! wat]s4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re 7 simil> ris+s & s9k+s ( ! l&1 b1 on ! :ole1 ! c\rse ( geological hi/ory seems to h be5 m peaceful across ! ,atlantic4 ,9 ,europe1 z 9 ,am]ica1 !re d n seem to h be5 notable *anges at ! end ( ! ,devonian1 ?\gh !re 0 "s alt]ation 9 level 9 ,russia1 ,bohemia1 & ,great ,brita94 ,! roll+ wa/e ( wat]s s\? ( ! ,bri/ol ,*annel began to deep54 ,! cont95tal area 9 :i* ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one lakes lay 7a k9d ( f> ,we/]n ,europe )\t a ,russia7 began n[ to s9k 9 its turn4 ,all ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 except a v ?9 slice j cut across ! ,midl&s f ,nor? ,wales to ,norfolk1 0 sunk b5ea? ! sea4 ,! lakes disappe>$1 & above _! deposits1 z above ! re/ ( ,engl& & ne>ly all ,europe except ,sc&9avia & pat*es ( ,spa91 ,italy1 & ! ,balkans1 a deep ocean roll$1 & = _m ?\s&s ( ye>s deposit$ a grey ooze ( lime/one4 ,?is lime/one is call$ ! ,c>bonif]\s or ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,b z "t w5t on ?is old sea floor began to be sl[ly rais$1 & 9 ! %all[] wat]s a great quantity ( co>se s& & /ones & conglom]ate--! ,mill/one ,grit1 z x is call$--0 deposit$4 ,lime/one d5otes cle> seas2 b ! bord]s ( cle> seas are (t5 ! sites ( accumulation ( l& rocks1 & ! cle> wat]s ( ! e>ly ,c>bonif]\s sea :i* /ret*$ f ,irel& to ! nor? ( ,europe 7 bord]$ by %ores along :i* mud & %ale1 gravel & s& 7 deposit$4 ,! end ( ?is p]iod 0 m>k$ 9 ,europe by great di/urbances ( ! e>?'s cru/--?\gh p]haps ^! di/urbances1 z we h %[n 9 a previ\s *apt]1 7 n sudd5 or viol5t1 b 7 sl[ upheavals1 la/+ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t a great sy/em ( m\nta9s1 sometimes ref]r$ to z ! ,palozoic ,alps1 began to rise4 ,?is sy/em ( m\nta9s cross$ ! c5tral "p ( ,europe f ! ,we/]n ,isl&s to ! ,sudetes ,m\nta9s 9 ! ea/4 ,_! remnants are se5 9 ! ,vosges ,m\nta9s1 ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s1 & ! ,black ,=e/ at ! pres5t "t2 & ! developm5t ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s 0 contemporane\s ) !m4 ,dur+ ?is "t a mild climate spread all ov] ,europe1 & z f> nor? z ,spitzb]g5 ! wat]s 7 w>m en\gh to support coral reefs & plants :i* we associate ) ! seas ( g5ial latitudes4 ,9 "t ! ,c>bonif]\s sea became q fill$ up2 & its floor 0 rais$ up to or a little above ! wat]s4 ,!n 9 great swamps1 m>%es1 & l[ l&s1 ! burgeon+ vegetable life ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e ent]$ on its long-def]r$ reign4 ,x 0 !n t ! coal :i* we burn 9 our grates to-day 0 laid d[n4 ,let u consid] ! circum/ances 9 :i* coal is to be f\nd4 ,! coal =mations1 z we "k !m1 are f\nd 9 ! same /ate1 & evid5tly laid d[n 9 ! same era1 f ! ,equator up to ,melville ,isl& 9 ! ,arctic regions1 :]e 9 our day x is always freez+4 ,!y /ret* f ,nova ,zembla to ! middle ( ,*9a2 & !y are mu* ! same 9 ,new ,zeal& & ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,!re=e ! fir/ conclusion we draw 0 t ne>ly all ov] ! globe ! climate 0 ! same--hot1 close1 moi/1 muggy4 ,:atev] ! climate 0 ! gr[? ( vegetation 0 trem5d\s4 ,we %all h pres5tly to say a little m ab\t ! vegetation2 b = ! pres5t we ne$ only say t x 0 v diff]5t f ! vegetation ) :i* mo/ ( u are famili>4 ,imag9e a hot1 damp atmosph]e1 a k9d ( p]petual w>m fog ?r\gh :i* ! rays ( ! sun /ruggl$ ) difficulty1 & :]e ra9 fell on mo/ days ( ! ye>--a p]petual /eam+ ho?\se4 ,!re 0 little v>iety 9 ! appe>ance ( ! va/ =e/ swamps4 ,x c]ta9ly possess$1 wrote ,l\is ,figui]1 ! advantage ( size & rapid gr[?2 b h[ poor x 0 9 species--h[ uni=m 9 appe>ance6 ,no fl[]s yet adorn$ ! foliage or v>i$ ! t9ts ( ! =e/s4 ,et]nal v]dure clo!d ! bran*es ( ! ,f]ns1 ! ,lycopods 7club mosses71 & ,equiseta1 :i* compos$ to a great ext5t ! vegetation ( ! age4 ,! =e/s pres5t$ an innum]able collection ( individuals1 b v few species1 & all belong+ to ! l[] types ( vegetation4 ,no fruit appe>$ fit = n\ri%m5t2 none w\ld seem to h be5 on ! bran*es4 ,suffice x to say t few l& animals seem to h exi/$ yet2 :ile ! vegetable k+dom occupi$ ! l&1 :i* at a lat] p]iod 0 m ?ickly inhabit$ by air-brea?+ animals4 ,a few w+$ insects gave animation to ! air :ile exhibit+ _! v>iegat$ col\rs2 & _m mollusca 7su* z l&-snails7 liv$ at ! same "t4 ,ultimately all ?is ri*ness ( vegetation became by decay1 by compression1 by subm]g5ce1 p]haps by be+ buri$ "u e>?quake movem5ts & volcanic outbreaks1 conv]t$ into coal2 & we may n[ ask h[ long did ?is process take4 ,a vigor\s gr[? ( vegetation has be5 e/imat$ to yield annually ab\t "o ton ( dri$ vegetable matt] p] acre1 or #fdj tons to ! squ>e mile4 ,if ?is annual gr[? ( vegetable matt] 7 all pres]v$ = #ajjj ye>s1 & compress$ till x 0 z d5se & heavy z coal1 x w\ld =m a lay] ab\t sev5 in*es ?ick4 ,b a l>ge portion ( ! vegetable matt] ev5 9 peat bogs escapes z gas 9 ! mak+ ( coal4 ,f\r-fif?s ( x escapes 9 ?is way4 ,if ?is be true ! sev5-in* lay] w\ld be r$uc$ to less ?an "o & a half in*es1 & a lay] a foot 9 ?ickness w\ld require betwe5 #hjjj & #ijjj ye>s4 ,! aggregate ?ickness ( coal is frequ5tly z mu* z #ajj feet 7:5 all ! ?icknesses ( ! seams are add$ toge!r71 & sometimes z mu* z #bej feet4 ,at ! =ego+ rate ( accumulation p]iods rang+ f #a1jjj1jjj to #b1ejj1jjj ye>s w\ld be ne$$ = ! accumulation ( su* ?icknesses ( coal4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t mu* dep5ds on ! rate ( gr[? ( ,c>bonif]\s vegetation1 :i* may h be51 & probably 01 mu* m rapid ?an any we "k outside tropical =e/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h be5 speak+ ( ! aggregate ?ickness ( ! coal b$s only4 ,! great] "p ( ! coal-be>+ /rata consi/s ( %ale & s&/one ) lay]s or seams ( coal l /reaky bacon4 ,( ! %ale & s&/one !re are ?\s&s ( feet1 ev5 :]e ! s$im5ts are f9e & _! accumulations !re=e probably sl[4 ,=1 z we h said1 ?is 0 a p]iod ( great *ange1 9 :i* ! =e/s 7 always s9k+ & ris+ aga91 be+ subm]g$ by lakes1 be+ cov]$ by ! sea1 & aga9 em]g+ z isl&s1 to be ov]run by vegetation4 ,z s9ks "s sylvan sc5e 9 all its pride ,*ang$ to lagoons ( ov]fl[+ tide1 ,assidu\s lab\rs ,l& to w9 aga9 ,h] leafy bread?s1 invad$ by ! ma94 ,d[n br+ ! riv]s to ! flood$ %ore ,c>goes ( %ale & silt t sl[ re/ore ,! sunk5 glebes1 till !y aga9 c hold ,?ick f]ny brakes1 & =e/s z ( old4 7,h4 ,r4 ,knipe47 ,x w\ld h>dly seem unreasonable to suppose t ^! depositions1 & ! *anges t br\ght !m ab\t1 might h occupi$ z mu* "t z ! =mation ( ! coal b$s4 ,?is w\ld d\ble ! figures1 & make ?is p]iod la/ some?+ betwe5 two million & five million ye>s4 ,9 ! coal z we "k x are ! rema9s ( great =e/ trees2 gigantic tree-f]ns = ! mo/ "p1 & ( _m small plants =m+ a close ?ick sod1 p>tially buri$ 9 :ole c\ntries ( m>% l&4 ,e "o kn[s ^? m>% plants1 :i* be> ! vulg> "n ( m>e's-tail4 ,^! humble plants 7 repres5t$ dur+ ! coal p]iod by trees f tw5ty to ?irty feet high & f\r to six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,_! trunks h be5 pres]v$ to u3 !y be> ! "n ( ,calamites4 ,! ,lycopods ( our age are humble plants1 sc>cely a y>d 9 height1 & mo/ commonly creep]s2 b ^? ( ! anci5t _w 7 trees ( eighty or n9ety feet 9 height4 ,_! leaves 7 sometimes tw5ty in*es long1 & _! trunks a y>d 9 diamet]4 ,su* are ! dim5sions ( "s specim5s :i* h be5 f\nd4 ,ano!r ,lycopod ( ?is p]iod atta9$ dim5sions /ill m colossal4 ,! ,sigill>ias sometimes exce$$ #ajj feet 9 height4 ,h]bace\s ,f]ns 7 also exce$+ly abundant & grew b5ea? ! %ade ( ^! gigantic trees4 ,x 0 ! comb9ation ( ^! l(ty trees ) ! und]gr[? ( small] vegetation :i* =m$ ! =e/s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,:at c\ld be m surpris+1 exclaims ,figui]1 ?an ! aspect ( ?is exub]ant vegetation1 ^! imm5se trees1 ^! elegant arboresc5t f]ns ) airy foliage1 f9e cut1 l delicate lace4 ,no?+ at ! pres5t day c convey to u an idea ( ! prodigi\s & imm5se ext5t ( nev]-*ang+ v]dure :i* clo!d ! e>?1 f pole to pole1 "u ! high temp]ature :i* ev]y:]e prevail$ ov] ! :ole t]re/rial globe4 ,9 ! dep?s ( ^! inextricable =e/s p>asitic plants 7 susp5d$ f ! trunks ( ! great trees1 9 tufts or g>l&s1 l ! wild v9es ( our tropical =e/s4 ,!y 7 ne>ly all pretty1 f]n-l plants1 !y atta*$ !mselves to ! /ems ( ! great trees1 l ! or*ids ( our times4 ,! m>g9 ( ! wat]s w\ld also be cov]$ ) v>i\s plants ) light & :orl$ leaves1 belong+1 p]haps1 to ! ,dicotyl$ons4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( ! plants ( ! coal measures1 we %\ld p]haps m5tion z "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ discov]ies ( ! pres5t g5]ation t :]eas ! l9ks betwe5 ! f]n-l trees ( ^? days & ! cycads1 or e>ly gr\p ( se$-be>+ plants1 7 = long miss+1 !y h be5 f\nd by ! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,oliv]1 ,f4,r4,s41 :o has id5tifi$ 9 ! ,lyg9od5dron a se$-be>+ f]n f ! coal measures4 ,we mu/ n[ turn to ! less int]e/+ b n less important topic ( ! animal life ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! p]iod :5 only a small portion ( ! ,briti% ,isles 0 above ! wat]s1 & an ocean roll$ f ,irel& to ,*9a1 ! life ( :i* ! mo/ important relics 7 left 0 t ( ! sea4 ,9 ! e>ly ,c>bonif]\s seas ! rhizopods1 "s small z du/1 laid d[n ) _! t9y %ells ! f\ndations ( m\nta9s yet to be2 ! sea lilies 7 at ! height ( _! pride1 occupy+ va/ areas 9 ! fl[+ tide2 =ms l ! pres5t-day nautilus began to appe>1 & ! lamp-%ells atta9$ _! greate/ size4 ,! trilobites1 hi!rto ! mo/ conspicu\s & noticeable animals ( ! e>?'s *ildhood1 7 beg9n+ to die out1 vanqui%$ 9 ! /ruggle = life by m adaptable =ms1 & ! big sea scorpions 7 wan+ fa/4 ,! k+ crabs & ! wat] fleas /ill ?rove1 & ! fi%es1 ?\gh mo/ ( !m n v l>ge1 7 gr[+ l>g]1 "s ( !m tak+ ! appe>ance ( ! dog-fi%1 "s ( ! ray1 "s ( ! %>k2 &1 :at is m important ?an ! fact ( size1 ! fi%es 7 gr[+ spe$i] & m capable ( attack+ weak] creatures4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! ages ! sea invad$ ! l&2 & %ores :]e l&-snails & millip$es & c5tip$es1 beetles & scorpions1 spid]s & cockroa*es _h f\nd a home became entirely *ang$1 n only 9 _! appe>ance & "*1 b 9 ! type :i* subsi/$ on !m4 ,x is possible 7= some?+ ( ! k9d has be5 notic$ 9 our own days 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e a sea-crab species is %[+ signs ( becom+ a l& animal7 t "s ( ! =ms ( wat] animals became us$ to liv+ 9 %all[] & %all[] wat] z ! g5]ations w5t on till !y became p>tly l& & p>tly wat] animals--amphibians1 z !y are call$4 ,?us small newt-l be+s1 mov+ clumsily ?r\gh ! swamps1 made _! appe>ance1 & o!rs ) /rong] limbs pu%$ onw>ds ?r\gh ! =e/4 ,o!rs 9 =m resembl+ snakes crept ?r\gh ! mud & liv$ among ! swamps by ! side ( ! sea4 ,n mu* is kn[n ( ! food & life-habits ( any ( ^! amphibians4 ,f _! tee? we may p]haps judge t !y liv$ on fi%1 cru/aceans1 insects1 & on "o ano!r1 & _! pr$atory life sometimes l$ !m to climb trees 9 se>* ( food4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 is mo/ important ab\t ! amphibian is t !y 7 ! pione]s ( ! m>* ( ^? creatures :i* _h backbones--! v]tebrates--f ! sea to ! l&4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,reptiles ,we h already said t 9 ! _m hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s :i* w5t by dur+ ,c>bonif]\s times ! sea sometimes advanc$ & sometimes rec$$1 & no?+ %[s ?is bett] ?an ! great ?ickness ( ! deposits 9 :i* ! coal lies 9 seams4 ,9 ,am]ica1 z 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,zeal&1 ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em is f\nd4 ,9 ,arkansas1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! coal measures atta9 ! rem>kable ?ickness ( #ah1jjj feet2 9 ! ,wasat* ,m\nta9s ! ,c>bonif]\s /rata h be5 e/imat$ to be #ac1jjj feet ?ick1 & 9 silv]-be>+ ,nevada #aj1jjj feet4 ,! =mations ( ! ,we/]n ,european coal measures1 l ^? ( ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 consi/ pr9cipally ( %ales & clays1 ) small] am\nts ( s&/one & lime/one4 ,!y atta9 great ?ickness1 &1 includ+ #eejj feet ( ! ,mill/one ,grit1 are #ac1ejj feet ?ick 9 ,lanca%ire & sev]al ?\s& feet ?ick 9 _m p>ts ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,! extraord9>y ?icknesses %[ t ne> our isl&s mu/ h be5 a v ext5sive & l(ty area ( l&4 ,9 ,g]many ! same /rata1 ?ickly seam$ ) coal1 are #aj1jjj feet ?ick4 ,!re mu/ also h be5 consid]able volcanic or e>?quake action z we "k1 because 9 ,g]many1 ne> ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s & else:]e1 !re are _m igne\s rocks ?ru/ into ! /rata1 & also because 9 ,belgium & 9 ,france ! coal /rata are v mu* twi/$ & contort$4 ,! same or simil> b$s are f\nd 9 ,sib]ia1 9 ,japan1 & 9 ,*9a1 :]e ! coal b$s are said to be ?ick] ?an any:]e else 9 ! _w4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em is also f\nd 9 ,africa1 9 ! nor?1 s\?-ea/1 & s\? ( ! cont95t2 & 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal& ,c>bonif]\s /rata to ! ?ickness ( #aj1jjj feet are indicat$4 ,at ! close ( ?is p]iod ! *anges ev] tak+ place trans=m$ ! conditions ( life 9 a way ! rev]se ( t :i* we h hi!rto be5 exam9+4 ,s f> ea* age has %[n an increase ( life on ! age prec$+ x4 ,b :5 ! great outbur/ ( c>bonif]\s activity began to wane x 0 foll[$ by a less5+ ( ! wave ( life4 ,z we said 9 ! la/ *apt]1 !re lie on ! top ( ! coal-be>+ /rata b$s to :i* ! old] geologi/s gave ! "n ( ,new ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,b 9 #ahda ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one 0 divid$ into two di/9ct geological =mations4 ,to ! l[] & old] "p ,mur*ison gave 9 #ahda ! "n ( ,p]mian 7f ,p]m or ,p]mia1 an anci5t k+dom 9 ,russia1 :]e r$ s&y rocks ( ?is age =m ne>ly all ! surface71 b 9 ,g]many x is m frequ5tly call$ ! ,dyas 7f ,lat4 duo1 two71 because 9 t c\ntry x is compos$ ( two well-m>k$ divisions--r$ s&/ones bel[ & magnesian lime/ones above4 ,?us !re are two types ( ?is ,p]mian =mation3 ! ,p]mian type prop]--a mix$ s]ies ( r$ s&/ones1 m>ls1 %ales1 & lime/ones1 ) "s ?9 b$s ( coal1 z f\nd 9 ,russia2 & ! ,dyassic type1 z se5 9 ,g]many4 ,we d n "k :at br\ght ab\t ! *ange3 ?\gh we d "k t dur+ x !re 0 great volcanic activity ov] ,europe & t ! wan+ =e/s ( vegetation & ! /eam+ swamps gave place to des]t pla9s4 ,vegetation sank l[] & l[]4 ,! =e/s disappe>$ or dwelt only 9 clu/]s4 ,! s(t sappy trees gave place to h>dy p9es :i* clung to ! pla9s & ! m\nta9s1 & o!r /]n] types began to appe>1 alli$ to ! spruces1 yews1 & g9kgo4 ,! g9kgo tree is "o ( ! olde/ ( ! tree type :i* n[ has a liv+ repres5tative4 ,any read] int]e/$ en\gh 9 ! matt] to walk along ,royal ,hospital ,road1 ,*elsea1 w f9d a g9kgo tree j outside ! ,old ,physic ,g>d52 & ( c\rse a good _m o!r examples are pres]v$ 9 botanic g>d5s4 ,! cycads1 (f%oots ( ! f]ns1 ?r\gh ! /range gr\p ( trees kn[n z ! cycado-filices1 spread ?r\gh ! woods4 ,! trilobites1 to turn to animal life1 all b disappe>$1 ?\gh "o elegant example rema9$2 ! corals 7 *ang+2 & ! lamp-%ells 7 dropp+ out4 ,!re 7 a few new species ( fi%es1 b none ( any great /r5g? or capacity1 & all pres]v+ /ill ! tail :i* is "p ( ! backbone4 ,!re 0 an all-r\nd impov]i%m5t ( life--s great1 inde$1 t ! e>ly geologi/s us$ to believe t a complete de/ruction ( all life foll[$ ?is1 ! clos+ /age ( ! ,palozoic era1 & t a re-creation foll[$4 ,!y w\ld h be5 confirm$ 9 ?is belief _h !y b kn[n t int5se cold & glaciation 7 sett+ 9 :]e ! tropics 7 situat$ & t ! dryness ( va/ des]ts 0 sweep+ away life else:]e4 ,b we n[ "k t life 0 n entirely lo/2 t _m species surviv$1 & t o!rs1 alt]+ to suit alt]+ conditions1 became /rong] 9 ! process4 ,nev]!less1 life 0 greatly impov]i%$4 ,a c5sus made a few ye>s ago gave ! kn[n animal species ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod z #aj1jjj1 :ile ^? ( ! ,p]mian p]iod 7 only #cjj1 or ?ree p] c5t4 ,possibly ! p]c5tage 0 l>g] ?an t1 b /ill x 0 small4 ,b if ! ,p]mian 0 poor 9 life x 0 v int]e/+4 ,! amphibians _h be5 gr[+ 9 /r5g? dur+ ! lat] /ages ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age1 & may possibly h be5 m num]\s !n ?an at any o!r "t1 = ! va/ swamps 7 v fav\rable = !m4 ,!y dim9i%$ 9 ! ,p]mian1 ?\gh ! ,p]mian amphibians %[$ "s advances1 & began to assume a lik5ess to reptiles4 ,p]haps ! reptiles may h fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 b !y decl>$ !mselves 9 ! ,p]mian age4 ,two great bran*es ( reptiles seem already to h def9$ !mselves2 p]haps !y _h nev] =m$ a common gr\p z reptiles1 b _h sep>at$ :ile /ill amphibians4 ,! "o bore resemblance to1 & 7 p]haps ! =]unn]s (1 ! great ho/s ( liz>ds1 crocodiles1 d9osaurs1 i*?yosaurs1 & fly+ saurians1 :i* are ! mo/ pron\nc$ ( ! reptiles1 & ( :i* we %all h a great deal to say pres5tly4 ,! o!r gr\p 7 p]haps ! ance/ors ( ! turtles & plesiosaurs :i* appe>$ lat]1 & possibly l$ ! way to ! mammals4 ,?is rapid & div]se spread+ out ( ! reptiles 9 a p]iod :5 life z a :ole 0 at a l[ ebb is n a little rem>kable4 ,^! creatures seem to %[ ! arrival ( a m pron\nc$ =m ( air-brea?+ animal2 & t may h be5 ! consequ5ce ( ! pres5ce ( m oxyg5 9 ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,( ! ,p]mian amphibians1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ 0 l ! ,sph5odon1 :i* /ill creeps ab\t ! nor!rn isl&s ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,! mo/ /rik+ ( ! reptiles 0 ! ,naosaurus1 a bea/-l creature ) a high back ( sp9es webb$ toge!r l a solid porcup9e4 ,x 0 f ?ree to t5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,all ^! *anges 7 br\ght ab\t by ! g5]al )drawal ( ! sea1 bo? 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t & 9 ,europe4 ,9 bo? cont95ts !re are b$s :i* accumulat$ fre% wat]2 9 bo? b$s :i* 7 laid d[n 9 salt lakes or inl& seas2 & 9 bo? b$s :i* 7 laid d[n on ! floor ( seas wa%+ ! cont95ts4 ,great areas seem to h be5 sometimes dry & sometimes subm]g$2 o!r & great] areas1 bord]$ by ice & sometimes swept by icy bla/s1 or subject to burn+ sun 9 summ]1 7 des]ts su* z we are aw>e ( n[ 9 ,asia or ,nor? ,africa or mid-,au/ralia1 b mu* l>g] 9 ext5t ?an any ( ^!4 ,x 0 9 conditions su* z ^! t ! anci5t or ,palozoic rocks came to an end & ! ,mesozoic or ,middle ,p]iod began4 ,! ,middle p]iod ( /rata & ( ! life :i* ^? /rata h pres]v$ has usually be5 sep>at$ f ! old] rocks because1 ow+ to ! great p]iod ( arid des]t conditions1 ! "* ( life *ang$ a great deal2 b full] k %[s t ! l9ks 7 /ill !re1 & t ceaseless adaptation ( animals to _! surr\nd+s 0 ceaselessly go+ on4 ,we ne$ n foll[ closely all ! *anges & relation%ips1 & only mu* great] k ?an geologi/s yet possess w enable !m to trace all ! alt]ations ( ! l& & sea4 ,b we may trace ! alt]ations 9 ! appe>ance ( ! cont95ts 9 broad outl9e4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,briti% ,isles 0 n[ above ! sea1 & 0 enjoy+ a climate p]haps z cold z pres5t-day ,icel&4 ,to ! s\? & ea/ ( ,scotl& 0 a great %all[ inl& lake1 :ile nor? ( ,great ,brita9 a huge pla9 /ret*$ across ,europe4 ,to ! s\? ( ! lake 0 a belt ( l&1 & f>!r s\? /ill ! sea _h invad$ ,italy & rea*$ to ,s\!rn ,g]many1 & 9 ?is sea 0 be+ laid d[n ! lime/one :i* 9 lat] eras 0 to be elevat$ into ! m\nta9s ( ! ,ap5n9es1 ! ,alps1 & ! ,pyr5ees4 ,nor? ,africa 0 "u wat]1 b f>!r s\? ! uplift$ l&s 7 jo9+ h&s ) ,india4 ,sea swept "p ( ,asia1 b ,nor? ,am]ica 0 l>g] & broad] ?an x is n[1 h] we/]n coa/ /ret*+ f>!r out into ! ocean4 ,9 ?is p]iod1 :i* is call$ ! ,triassic 7! "n giv5 to x by ! ,g]man geologi/ ,bronn because ( ! ?ree di/9ct b$s he f\nd 9 x1 ?\gh ! middle ( ^!1 a %elly lime/one1 does n exi/ 9 ,great ,brita971 !re 0 a wide developm5t ( l>ge reptiles & amphibians4 ,we _c enum]ate !m all1 = n "o *apt] nor "o volume w\ld suffice to deal adequately ) ! reptiles ( ! ,trias =mations & ( ! ,jurassic rocks :i* foll[$ !m1 & ( ! ,p]mian :i* prec$$ !m4 ,b we may speak ( "s ( !m4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ 0 ! ,p>eiasaurus1 :i* has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,jurassic s&/ones & lime/ones ( ,s\? ,africa1 ( ,russia1 ( ,india & ,scotl&1 & ( middle ,engl&4 ,! skeleton ( ! ,p>eiasaurus looks l t ( a gigantic pug dog eight feet long2 b x 0 a comp>atively h>mless animal1 ! tee? ( :i* %[ t x l>gely f$ on vegetable food4 ,9 ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]'s lectures on ,ext9ct ,animals he describ$ ! f9d+ ( a great _m ( ^! fossil reptiles by ,pr(essor ,amalitzky on ! banks ( ! ,riv] ,dw9a1 ne> ,ar*angel4 ,!re is a cliff ( ,p]mian /rata on ! banks ( ! ,dw9a1 & 9 ?is cliff !re is a peculi> pocket or accumulation ( s&y matt] ) l>ge h>d nodules emb$d$ 9 x4 ,^! nodules are remov$ & brok5 up = m5d+ ! roads4 ,! pocket seems to be 9 a fissure & ( ,triassic age1 lat]1 t is to say1 ?an ! ,p]mian rocks on ei!r side ( x4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ! nodules are usually remov$ = road-m5d+1 & f\r or five ye>s ago ,pr(essor ,amalitzky on visit+ ! spot 0 a/\nd$ & delight$ to f9d t :5 brok5 ea* nodule 0 se5 to conta9 ! skeleton or skull ( a great reptile4 ,! ,russian geologi/ det]m9$ to make a mo/ ?or\gh inve/igation ( ?is wond]ful deposit1 & = ye>s sp5t sev]al ?\s& p\nds 9 hav+ ! nodules dug out by ! peasants aft] ! ye>'s f>m+ "w 0 ov]1 & 9 remov+ !m to ! ,univ]sity ( ,w>saw1 :]e ) ! f9e/ in/rum5ts & greate/ c>e ! nodules are op5$1 & ea* bone remov$ 9 fragm5ts is put toge!r f its m or less brok5 p>ts1 & firmly cem5t$ & set up 9 its natural position z a complete skeleton4 ,^! ,p>eiasaurs recon/ruct$ by ,pr(essor ,amalitzky 7 ab\t z big z well-gr[n cattle1 b n s high on ! legs4 ,liv+ at ! same "t1 & its skeleton n[ f\nd ne> !m1 0 an enorm\s & truly t]rible fle%-eat+ animal1 ) a skull two feet long & enorm\s tig]-l tee?4 ,?is creature 0 nam$ ,ino/ransevia4 ,no d\bt ! veget>ian h]ds ( ,p>eiasaurus1 ^: small peg-l tee? indicate _! h>mlessness1 7 prey$ on by ! t]rible ,ino/ransevia1 z 7 _! bre?r5 9 ,s\? ,africa dev\r$ by o!r c>nivor\s reptiles ( t remote ,triassic age4 ,s we see ! co-exi/5ce ( blood-suck] & victim--( ! de/ructive oppressor & ! helpless oppress$--=c$ on our att5tion 9 ^! two localities1 ,russia & ,s\? ,africa1 9 days long be=e man 04 ,o!r l& =ms 7 grotesque & curi\s 9 %ape1 ! ,*elonians = example1 big birds & crocodiles roll$ into "o1 & clo!d 9 liz>d-l sk9--que] pe>-%ap$ brutes ) huge h9d limbs1 %ort =e limbs1 n>r[ *e/s1 & pigmy skulls4 ,bo? bran*es ( ! reptilian horde1 ^? repres5t+ ! saurians & ^? :i* 7 ! =]unn]s ( ! mammals1 s5t delegations to ! sea be=e ! close ( ! ,triassic p]iod4 ,! ,i*?yosaurs repres5t$ ! m pron\nc$ reptilian l9e2 ! ,plesiosaurs 7 ! repres5tatives ( ! com+ mammals4 ,x is n difficult to f9d good reason = ?is movem5t to ! sea4 ,besides ! inevitable t5d5cy ( e ma/]ful race to invade all accessible realms1 ! r5ew$ ext5sion ( ! sea t set 9 dur+ ! ,triassic p]iod & became pron\nc$ be=e its close1 especially invit$ ?is1 = ! %all[ wat]s creep+ out ^u ! l& ) _! n[ prolific life set tempt+ morsels be=e ! voraci\s reptiles1 on ! "o h&1 :ile on ! o!r1 ! r$uction ( ! l& area & ! re/riction ( _! fe$+-gr\nds1 int5sifi$ by ! multiplication ( ! reptiles !mselves1 =c$ a resort to ! sea4 ,"o ( ! reptiles ( ?is p]iod1 ! ,l>iosaurus1 %[s by its developm5t h[ ! *ange affect$ ! reptiles4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! ,trias x resembl$ a r swoll5 alligator ) f\r limbs symmetrically situat$ & us$ = crawl+4 ,9 ! lat] =ms ( ^! reptiles ! limbs 7 modifi$ ) paddles1 & all p[] to move ab\t on l& 0 lo/4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,reptiles 7,cont9u$47 ,! ,triassic p]iod 9 its lat] /ages 0 v l ! e>li] p]iod ( ! era :i* foll[$ x1 & ! reptiles :i* 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! close ( ! fir/ 7 cont9u$ 9 "s cases ) only slight diff]5tiation 9 ! second4 ,! ,plesiosaurs & ,i*?yosaurs are associat$ ) ! ,trias1 & we may !re=e describe !m n[4 ,?\gh "s ( ^! l>ge aquatic creatures mu/ h measur$ ?irty feet f sn\t to tail1 !y d n equal 9 size ! great aquatic mammals ( to-day--! :ales4 ,9 life ! ,plesiosaur _h a body l ! hull ( a subm>9e ) f\r great paddles atta*$--! =e & ! h9d legs4 ,x _h a long neck l a gigantic swan1 & an elongat$ head provid$ ) p[]ful jaws arm$ ) num]\s po9t$ tee?4 ,x probably c\ld swim "u wat] z well z on ! surface1 & :5 float+ c\ld snap small liz>ds f ! l&4 ,! paddles h a def9ite /ructure l legs1 ) five toes1 wri/ or ankle1 =e>m or =eleg1 & upp] arm or ?igh4 ,a great numb] ( ^! ,plesiosaurs h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,lias =mation ( ! s\? ( ,engl&2 & slabs conta9+ :ole skeletons h frequ5tly be5 obta9$4 ,!y & two simil>ly emb$d$ & flatt5$ skeletons ( diff]5t k9ds ( ,i*?yosaurs may be se5 9 quantity on ! wall ( ! gall]y ( fossil reptiles 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! ,i*?yosaurs 7 mu* m fi%-l or :ale-l 9 =m ?an ! ,plesiosaurs4 ,!y 71 inde$1 says ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]1 s+ul>ly l ! porpoises & grampuses among liv+ :ales & /& 9 ! same relation to l&-liv+ reptiles t ! porpoises d to l&-liv+ mammals4 ,_! fi%-l appe>ance & f9s are n primitive *>act]s & d n indicate any clos] blood relation%ip to fi%es ?an t possess$ by o!r reptiles4 ,!y are ! (fspr+ ( f\r-legg$ t]re/rial reptiles :i* h become specially modifi$ & adapt$ to subm>9e life4 ,l _m :ales1 !y _h a f9 on ! back devoid ( bony support4 ,! ,i*?yosaur _h a r+ ( bony plates support+ ! eyeball 7z birds also h71 & ^! are (t5 pres]v$ 9 ! fossil specim5s4 ,at ! end ( ! ,triassic p]iod "s /rata 7 laid d[n :i* h be5 call$ ,b$s ( passage4 ,we h se5 t ! ,triassic /rata 7 probably deposit$1 altoge!r or 9 "p1 9 ext5sive salt lakes or inl& seas4 ,at ! close ( ! ,triassic p]iod ! wat]s ( ! ocean 7 admitt$ to ^! areas by ! s9k+ ( ! l& at "s po9t or o!r ( _! m>g9s4 ,) ! sea-wat] came _m liv+ ?+s--fi%es1 %ells1 etc4--& ! v scanty life ( ! ,triassic lake 0 replac$ by an abundance ( m>9e life4 ,^! b$s 7 call$ ! ,rhtic b$s because !y 7 fir/ f\nd 9 ! old ,roman prov9ce ( ,rhtia1 :i* occupi$ an ,alp9e di/rict betwe5 ,bav>ia & ,lomb>dy4 ,"h !y 7 ?icke/1 #cjjj feet ( lime/ones & %ales2 b !y h s9ce be5 f\nd ei!r ?ick] or ?9n] ev]y:]e 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z well z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe :]ev] we c f9d ! ,lias ly+ on ! ,trias4 ,!y are especially int]e/+1 because !y conta9 ! tee? ( ! e>lie/ kn[n traces ( ! highe/ division ( ! animal k+dom--! mammals4 ,^! e>ly mammals belong$ to ! l[e/ ( all ! mammalian tribes--! ,m>supials1 or p\*$ animals1 n[ s common 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! little b&$ ant-eat] ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* lives ^u insects & is ab\t ! size ( a rat1 is probably some?+ l ! fir/ mammal1 ! ,microle/es1 9 habit & appe>ance4 ,let u n[ return1 h[ev]1 to ! reptiles ( ! ,jurassic p]iod4 ,x is s call$ f ! ,jura ,m\nta9s :i* occupy ! nor?-we/ ( ,switz]l&1 sep>at+ t c\ntry f ,france4 ,!y are compos$ ( a ?ick s]ies ( clays1 %ales1 & lime/ones1 to :i*1 9 #ahbi1 ! "n ,jurassic 0 giv5 by ! ,fr5* geologi/ ,brogni>t4 ,x 0 soon f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! l[] rocks ( ?is p]iod 7 v diff]5t f ! upp]4 ,! l[] rocks 7 v %aly & clayey ) ?9ni% lay]s ( lime/one4 ,^! 7 call$ ,lias4 ,! "n ,lias is d]iv$ f lay]s--pron\nc$ broadly by ! ,som]set qu>rym5 z ly]s--a v suitable "n = ! l[] b$s ( ! ,lias especially1 s9ce ! alt]nation ( ?9 b$s ( lime/one & ( %ale gives to ! rock a b&$ or ribbon-l appe>ance1 :i* may well cause ! workm5 to describe x z occurr+ 9 ly]s4 ,to ! upp] ,jurassic b$s1 :i* conta9$ mu* m lime/one & also occasional b$s ( s&/one1 ! "n ( ,oolite 0 giv54 ,! ,oolitic /rata h a special int]e/ = ,engli% geologi/s1 = x 0 9 !m t ,william ,smi?1 ! we/ ( ,engl& surveyor1 fir/ made out 7ab\t ! ye> #agij7 ! ord] ( succession ( ! /rata1 & by ?is 0 l$ to 8 great discov]y t /rata c\ld be id5tifi$ by _! organic rema9s1 t is by _! fossils4 ,he notic$ t "s ( ! lime/one b$s ( ! /rata we are ab\t to describe consi/$ ( small r\nd$ gra9s1 :i* made !m resemble ! roe ( a fi%--inde$1 !y 7 call$ roe/one by ! workm54 ,h5ce ,smi?--:5 seek+ a "n = ?is set ( /rata--be?\ght himself ( ! t]m ,oolite1 :i* means egg-/one 7,gr4 oon1 an egg1 & li?os1 a /one74 ,:]e ! gra9s are v l>ge ! lime/one is call$ pea-grit or pisolite 7,lat4 pisum1 a pea74 ,"s b$s :i* conta9 num]\s & irregul>ly %ap$ fragm5ts ( %ells1 corals1 etc41 are call$ rag-/ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,plesiosaurs ,diff]5t species rang$ f t5 to =ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,! ,jurassic /rata ( ,great ,brita9 7 s$im5ts laid d[n 9 w>m seas surr\nd+ an ar*ipelago ( :i* ,d>tmoor1 ,wales1 & ,cumb]l& =m$ "s ( ! isl&s4 ,! :ole ( ,we/]n ,europe 0 s9k+ & _h sunk2 & ! wat]s ( ! op5 ocean 7 admitt$ into & m+l$ ) ! salt m9]al wat]s ( ! great ,triassic lakes4 ,! *ange 0 at fir/ v l :at w\ld happ5 at ! pres5t day if ! coa/ ( ,pale/9e 7 depress$1 s t ! wat]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean fl[$ into ! ,dead ,sea4 ,! few fi% ( ! salt lakes 7 kill$2 & z ! l& cont9u$ to s9k1 ! sea at la/ fl[$ all ov] ,c5tral & ,we/ ,engl&1 br++ ) x an abundance ( m>9e life4 ,b ! reptiles 7 f> f be+ f9i%$ )2 & ! progress ( ! small mammals 0 extremely sl[4 ,fir/1 z to ! reptiles4 ,! :ale-%ap$ ,i*?yosaurs cont9u$ to develop 9 ! seas1 & grew l>g] & l>g] till "s ( :i* we h f\nd traces rea*$ a l5g? ( =ty feet4 ,! long-neck$ ,plesiosaurs also advanc$ f /r5g? to /r5g?1 & "s types grew l>g]4 ,b by ?is "t new bre$s 7 develop+1 ) %ort] necks & l>g] heads 7& consequ5tly l>g] bra9-p[]71 :i* _h a bett] *ance ( surviv+ 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ?an ! unwieldy & sl[-witt$ reptiles :i* prec$$ !m4 ,! ,i*?yosaurs became m & m fi%-l1 & "s ( !m develop$ ! habit ( bre$+ at sea in/ead ( hav+ to return to ! l& to deposit _! eggs1 z d ! sea-go+ turtles & crocodiles4 ,desc5d$ f q a diff]5t /ock1 ! ,plesiosaurs adapt$ !mselves to sea life 9 _! own fa%ion4 ,in/ead ( adopt+ ! fl[+ l9es ( a fi%1 ! body took on a =m m l t ( a turtle1 :ile ! l5g!n$ neck gave rise to ! description appli$ to him s9ce t !y _h ! body ( a turtle /rung on a snake4 ,at _! longe/ _! necks _h z _m z sev5ty-six bones1 or v]tebr1 :i* is m ?an any o!r animal liv+ or ext9ct ev] possess$4 ,a small] ord] ( crocodiles appe>$ & fl\ri%$ = a "t2 & ! ance/ors ( ! sea turtles1 :i* 7 to enjoy s long a reign1 began to make _! fir/ appe>ance4 ,among ! l& animals ! ,d9osaurs#af 7or ! fe>ful saurians7 atta9$ rem>kable size & div]sity1 & _! dom9ant species 7 easily lords ( ! reptile horde4 ,!y develop$ n only z fle%-eat+ mon/]s1 b also 9 vegetable-eat+ species4 ,( ! fle%-eat]s ! ,c]atosaurus 0 ! mo/ t]rific4 ,x 0 only sev5te5 feet long1 b :5 /&+ on its p[]ful h9d legs x c\ld h look$ 9 at mo/ fir/-floor w9d[s1 & x us$ its cruel =e limbs = seiz+ & hold+ prey4 ,imag9e a kang>oo ) ! tee? ( a crocodile1 ! size ( an elephant1 & ! f]ocity ( a tig] & y w h a fair idea ( :at y w\ld h met 9 a ,c]atosaurus4 ,footnote #af3 ,f ,gr4 de9os1 fe>ful4 ,! veget>ian ,d9osaurs fir/ became kn[n 9 ?is sy/em1 b _! developm5t 0 s extraord9>y t !y soon outrank$ ! fle%-eat]s bo? 9 size & div]sity4 ,among ^! ! ,brontosaurus atta9$ ! extraord9>y l5g? ( sixty feet1 & possibly m4 ,x walk$ on its f\r legs1 & is "o ( ! l>ge/ kn[n ( all l& animals4 ,?is enorm\s creature 9 spite ( all its size & bulk 0 yet r weak ?an /rong4 ,its g5]al organisation 0 unwieldy2 ! head 0 v small1 & ! bra9 h>dly bigg] ?an a walnut4 ,! task ( provid+ food = su* a body mu/ h be5 a sev]e tax on s small a head4 ,! inconv5i5ce ( its bulk9ess 0 p]haps r$uc$ by liv+ 9 & ab\t wat]2 b f ! excell5t pres]vation ( "s ( ! skeletons x has be5 ?\ght t its life 0 (t5 end$ by s9k+ 9 "s quicks& or %oal1 f :i* its own massiv5ess =bade t ! ,brontosaurus %\ld extricate itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,orni?ole/es ,diplodoci ,c>negiei ,f skeletons f\nd 9 ,jurassic /rata 9 ,wyom+1 ,u4,s4,a4 7,^! reptiles atta9$ a l5g? ( ab\t #hj feet47 ,n greatly remov$ 9 habit or appe>ance f ! ,brontosaurus 0 ! ,diplodocus1 a magnific5t specim5 ( :i* has be5 set up 9 ,pittsburg1 & a f9e replica1 ow+ to ! g5]osity ( ,mr4 ,&rew ,c>negie1 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,! ,diplodocus1 a h>mless placid bea/1 0 ov] eighty feet f ! tip ( 8 sn\t to ! end ( 8 enorm\s tail4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t impulses travel along ! n]ves to ! bra9 at ! rate ( ab\t twelve y>ds a second4 ,! rate may h be5 less 9 ! case ( ! sluggi% ,diplodocus1 b 9 any case x w\ld evid5tly take at lea/ two seconds = a n]ve impulse to travel ! l5g? ( ?is reptile2 s t if any enemy attack$ him at ! end ( 8 tail x w\ld be two seconds be=e ! ,diplodocus w\ld realise ! fact1 & p]haps f\r seconds be=e he c\ld beg9 to turn r\nd to def5d himself4 ,ev5 l>g] ?an ^! 0 ! trem5d\s ,bra*iosaurus1 :o weigh$ z mu* z a /eam-eng9e & ^: ?igh-bone 0 ne>ly eight feet high4 ,^! 7 ! l>ge/ reptiles ev] kn[n1 & may be tak5 z rea*+ ! po9t :5 bulk becomes a burd51 & z signalis+ an approa* to ! limit ( evolution 9 ! l9e ( size4 ,less bulky ?an ^! 7 ! ,/egosaurs1 :i* 7 also f\r-foot$4 ,!y 7 curi\sly arm\r$1 & =m$ a gr\p ( v rem>kable creatures f\nd 9 ,engl& & ,we/]n ,am]ica4 ,:ile !y 7 less gigantic ?an "s ( ^? we h j describ$1 !y f\nd comp5sation 9 protective plates1 sp9es1 & simil> modes ( def5ce4 ,a ,/egosaurus f\nd 9 ,wyom+ 0 probably ! mo/ hide\s to look ^u2 b l 8 relatives he _h an extraord9>ily small head & bra91 & 0 a sluggi% creature dep5d+ on 8 ugl9ess & arm\r = protection4 ,v likely ?is small size ( ! bra9 ( great ext9ct reptiles _h to d ) ! fact ( _! ceas+ to exi/4 ,animals ) bigg] & ev]-increas+ bra9s outdid !m 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,x has already be5 not$ t ! cr[d+ ( ! l& may h l$ "s reptiles to take to ! sea4 ,! same influ5ce may h l$ o!rs to take to ! air & !reby escape ! mon/]s ( ! swamps1 jungles1 & =e/s4 ,:atev] ! cause1 ! mo/ /rik+ & wond]ful feature ( ?is p]iod 0 ! developm5t ( fly+ reptiles4 ,!y _h j be5 se5 9 ! ,trias4 ,9 ! ,jurassic !y appe>$ fully develop$4 ,!y d\btless sprang f "s agile holl[-bon$ saurian1 m or less ak9 to ! sl5d] leap+ ,d9osaurs4 ,betwe5 ! pond]\s ,brontosaurs & ! airy ,pt]odactyls 0 ! mo/ /rik+ ( contra/s4 ,at fir/ ^! bird-l reptiles 7 small1 b lat] _! w+s _h a spread ( z mu* z tw5ty feet1 v]itable fly+ dragons4 ,!y 7 n adorn$ ) fea!rs1 b l bats _h lea!ry membranes /ret*$ f ! =e limbs to ! body & to ! h9d limbs4 ,_! heads 7 bird-l1 & _! jaws at fir/ 7 set ) tee?4 ,!y _h true p[]s ( flight1 z is %[n by ! discov]y ( _! rema9s 9 places :]e !y mu/ h be5 f> out at sea :5 !y sank & 7 buri$4 ,lat] ,pt]odactyls _h no tee?1 & 71 p]haps1 mild] 9 habits4 ,illu/ration3 ,ar*opt]yx 7! e>lie/ kn[n fossil bird71 & ,compsogna?us 7a small ,d9osaur7 ,x seems natural to pass f ! fossil reptiles to ! birds4 ,b z a matt] ( fact ! birds are n v closely relat$ to ! ,pt]odactyls1 & seem to h be5 desc5d$ f "s o!r v special =m ( reptiles1 s peculi> z to be consid]$ a di/9ct class4 ,x may actually h be5 desc5d$ f ^? reptiles among ! ,d9osaurs :i* walk$ on _! h9d legs & _h only ?ree toes to ! foot4 ,! fir/ bird f\nd belongs to ,jurassic times2 & its skeleton1 f\nd 9 "s slate rema9s at ,sol5h(5 9 ,bav>ia1 is n[ to be se5 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,!re is ano!r "o 9 ,b]l94 ,?is bird1 call$ ! ,ar*opt]yx1 0 ( ! size ( a l>ge pigeon1 _h a %ort head app>5tly )\t a beak1 & its jaws 7 arm$ ) tee?4 ,:]eas liv+ birds h ! f+]s ( _! h&s ti$ toge!r 9 _! w+s1 ?is bird has ?ree di/9ct f+]s at ! corn] ( its w+s1 ea* arm$ ) a claw4 ,its legs 7 l ^? ( liv+ birds1 & x _h f\r toes4 ,its tail 0 unlike t ( any liv+ bird1 & l t ( a liz>d4 ,:]eas ! bony "p ( ! tail ( liv+ birds is v %ort & be>s ! tail fea!rs set across x fanwise1 ! ,ar*opt]yx _h a long bony tail made up ( _m bones1 & ! fea!rs 7 set 9 a s]ies "o beh9d ! o!r till ! tail look$ l ! leaf ( a date palm 9 %ape4 ,/range z ?is little creature appe>s x 0 a g5u9e bird1 = x _h ^! fea!rs well develop$1 z ! two fossil specim5s %[$4 ,!re are two sets ( fea!rs =m+ ! w+s1 & ! ?ighs 7 also cov]$ ) fea!rs4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,*alk ,,p]iod ,once aga9 ! ,european cont95t & ) x ,great ,brita9 began to s9k4 ,great ,brita9 at ! beg9n+ ( ! era :i* foll[$ ! ,jurassic sy/em1 0 jo9$ to ,france1 b s\? ( ?is b>ri] 0 a great fre%-wat] lake1 into :i* riv]s & /reams p\r$ f ! nor? & ! ea/4 ,great =e/s grew on its bord]s1 =e/s /ill cr[d$ ) f]ns & cycads z 9 previ\s ages1 b af=d+ scope = p9e trees to gr[ z well4 ,on its bord]s fl\ri%$ ! giant ,iguanodon1 a great liz>d-l animal :i* c\ld raise itself on its h9d legs & lift a fifte5-foot body s z to fe$ on ! bran*es ( ! trees4 ,! ,iguanodon is a specially int]e/+ fossil reptile1 because x 0 "o ( ! fir/ to be discov]$4 ,! fir/ bones & tee? ( ! ,iguanodon 7 f\nd sev5ty ye>s ago by a celebrat$ & mo/ delightful explor] ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ,dr4 ,gideon ,mantell1 9 ! /rata kn[n z ! ,weald51 9 ,sussex1 j bel[ ! *alk4 ,dr4 ,mantell 0 only a c\ntry practition]1 & :5 he fir/ produc$ be=e ! ,geological ,society 8 ,iguanodon rema9s1 & sugge/$ t !y 7 ^? ( a reptile1 "s d\bt 0 ?r[n on ?is conclusion1 because geologi/s believ$ f ! appe>ance ( ! tee? t ! animal mu/ be ( "s o!r animal family4 ,b ,dr4 ,mantell f\nd t a little liz>d liv+ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica _h tee? l ^? he _h discov]$ 9 8 reptile rema9s1 & he p]si/$ 9 8 view4 ,_m ye>s lat] a wond]ful f9d 0 made ne> ,brussels 9 a coal m9e ne> ,b]niss>t1 ! skeletons ( no few] ?an tw5ty-two huge ,iguanodons 7 f\nd complete & emb$d$ 9 a fairly s(t clay-l rock4 ,! au?orities ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,museum took *>ge ( ! place & mo/ c>efully remov$ ! skeletons to ,brussels1 :]e ! complete skeletons ( sev5 7 ) enorm\s difficulty & c>e remov$ bit by bit f ! rock & set up z entire skeletons 9 ! ,brussels ,museum1 :]e !y may be se54 ,a replica ( "o ( !m is at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! =e feet ( ! ,iguanodon _h five f+]s1 b ! h9d foot 0 v mu* l t ( a bird1 & _h only ?ree toes1 & ! bones ( ! pelvis or hip girdle 7 extraord9>ily l ^? ( a bird4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,huxley exam9$ ! fir/ fragm5ts ( ! ,iguanodon's rema9s he 0 incl9$ to believe !m to be ^? ( a gigantic bird2 & x is g5]ally believ$ n[ t x is f ?is extraord9>y reptile /ock t ! birds 7 d]iv$4 ,b ! great lake ) all its v>i$ /ores 0 doom$ to s9k l[] & l[]1 till ! great sea ov]:elm$ ,engl&4 ,ano!r ocean jo9+ x to ! ea/ ov]:elm$ ,g]many2 & ! :ole ( ,europe1 s\? ( a l9e drawn ?r\gh ,scotl&1 ,*ri/iania1 & ,mosc[1 became sunk "u salt wat]4 ,!re 7 pat*es /&+ up "h & !re--,irel&1 ,brittany1 ,cornwall1 ,spa9 or a good "p ( x1 ,switz]l&1 "p ( ,italy 7& also "p ( :at is n[ ! ,we/]n ,m$it]ranean71 & mo/ ( ,turkey & ,hung>y4 ,b else:]e m>9e animals succe$$ ! reptiles1 & ! f\ndations ( all ! *alk hills & cliffs ( mod]n ,europe 7 laid4 ,( :at 7 !y made8 ,we may borr[ a capital sugge/ion f ,mr4 ,j]ome ,h>rison1 ( ,birm+ham ,univ]sity4 ,take1 he says1 a piece ( *alk & bru% x vigor\sly ) a too?-bru% 9 a glass ( wat] until ! liquid looks q milky4 ,all[ ! great] "p ( ! s$im5t to subside1 & !n p\r away ! wat] & wa% ! mat]ial :i* has sunk to ! bottom ( ! glass by p\r+ wat] on x two or ?ree times4 ,put ! :iti% p[d] :i* f9ally rema9s "u a microscope2 & exam9e x )1 say1 ! qu>t]-in* p[]1 :i* w magnify ab\t #cjj diamet]s4 ,! great] "p ( ! :ite p[d] w !n be se5 to be compos$ ( ! m9ute %ells ( creatures call$ ,=am9if]a--little specks ( jelly-l matt] :i* secrete = !mselves a %ell or cov]+ f ! c>bonate ( lime dissolv$ 9 ! sea-wat] 9 :i* !y live4 ,c\ntless millions ( =am9if]a inhabit ! wat]s ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic 7& ( o!r deep seas7 at ! pres5t day2 & ( ^! at lea/ "o species--,globig]9a bulloides--_c be di/+ui%$ f "o ( ! commone/ species f\nd 9 ! ,:ite ,*alk4 ,:5 ^! t9y animals die _! s(t p>ts soon decay & disappe>1 & _! skeletons 7or %ells7 fall on ! sea floor1 :]e !y =m a :iti% mud or 'ooze4' ,! "t requir$ = ! accumulation ( s ?ick a deposit compos$ ( ! rema9s ( organis$ be+s--! ,:ite ,*alk is 9 ,norfolk q #abjj feet ?ick--mu/ h be5 v great4 ,if we all[ t ! t9y %ells ( ! =am9if]a may h accumulat$ at ! rate ( two feet 9 ?ickness 9 a c5tury1 !n x w\ld h requir$ #ej1jjj ye>s to =m ! *alk ( ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&1 ^: ?ickness we h e/imat$ at #ajjj feet4 ,e "o :o has be5 on a *alk cliff or hill has f\nd1 & p]haps ?r[n1 *alk fl9ts4 ,fl9ts are made ( m9]al call$ silica1 & v (t5 ^! fl9ts1 or nodules ( silica1 surr\nd "s organism l a sponge or a %ell4 ,dur+ ! =mation ( ! *alk ! sea floor appe>s to h be5 cov]$ at int]vals by a gr[? ( sponges1 :i* 7 compos$ ( silice\s matt]1 & _! dea? & decay produc$ mo/ ( ! fl9t4 ,sometimes fl9t is f\nd 9 b&s1 9 :i* case x may h be5 deposit$ by silice\s wat] trickl+ ?r\gh fissures or cracks 9 ! *alk4 ,9 ! sea :i* ?us exi/$ ! ,plesiosaurs & ,i*?yosaurs /ill pursu$ ! ev5 t5or ( _! way1 gr[+ l>g] & l>g]4 ,!y 7 ( _m %apes1 & probably ( _m habits4 ,"s 7 c]ta9ly fi%-eat]s1 & ) _! enorm\s jaws mu/ h be5 mo/ undesirable neighb\rs4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 !y _h pl5ty ( div]sity 9 _! lives1 & may h _h _m a bitt] /ruggle ) equally f]oci\s sea animals ( o!r types4 ,! scaly saurians1 = example1 7 beg9n+ to come on2 & began 9 ?is era to assume ! size & appe>ance t h occasionally s9ce be5 attribut$ to sea s]p5ts4 ,^! reptiles1 kn[n z ,doli*osaurs1 7 long-neck$1 liz>d-l reptiles 9 ! beg9n+ ( _! c>e]1 & grew long] & long] 9 succe$+ g5]ations1 till at la/ _! desc5dants 7 s long & snaky t geologi/s h call$ ! lat] specim5s s]p5ts4 ,^! sea s]p5ts 7 f fifte5 to =ty-five feet 9 l5g?1 & _! rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ! valley ( ! ,meuse4 ,!y d n seem to h _h a v long c>e]1 = !y d n appe> aft] ! ,*alk ,age1 & no direct desc5dants are kn[n2 b :ile !y liv$ !y rang$ f ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica to ,europe & ,new ,zeal&4 ,! fir/ true sea turtles appe>$ & liv$ & ext5d$ _! families 9 great v>iety4 ,!y _h broad flat =ms1 _! %ells only j cov]+ _! ribs l a %ort ,eton jacket2 b !y 7 v l>ge4 ,! greate/ ( !m1 ,ar*elon1 _h a skull l>g] ?an t ( a horse1 & mu/ h measur$ fully twelve feet across ! %ell4 ,we may consid] ! birds at ! same "t z ! sea animals or sea reptiles1 s9ce !y1 p]haps1 7 relations4 ,moreov]1 :ile ! birds ( ,jurassic times 7 l& birds1 ^? ( ! ,*alk p]iod 7 aquatic4 ,^! birds belong$ to two widely diff]5t classes1 "o consi/+ ( l>ge birds :i* did n fly1 ! o!r ( small birds ) great /r5g? ( w+ & great p[]s ( flight4 ,( ! fir/ k9d 0 ! ,hesp]ornis4 ,?is 0 a l>ge flightless bird1 specially adapt$ to div+4 ,its w+s h>dly exi/$1 = !y _h only "o bone left2 & t implies ! passage ( a v long flight ( "t1 dur+ :i* ! w+s once 9 exi/5ce _h become m & m useless1 till !y _h dw9dl$ to a m]e no?+4 ,b ! ,hesp]ornis _h enorm\sly /rong legs1 :i* 7 us$ z paddles1 & _! effici5cy 0 increas$ by ! bones ( ! foot be+ s jo9$ to ! leg z to turn edgewise 9 ! wat] :5 br\ght =w>d4 ,any "o :o has ev] paddl$ a ,canadian canoe w appreciate ! advantage ( ?is4 ,b ?is 0 n all1 = ! legs 7 s jo9$ to ! body-frame z to /& out ne>ly at "r angles 7l a pair ( o>s71 in/ead ( /&+ "u ! body z walk+ legs d4 ,app>5tly walk+ z well z fly+ _h be5 ab&on$1 & ?is bird _h become a div] & swimm] m]ely4 ,! head1 neck1 & body 7 long1 & admirably %ap$ = plung+ ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,fav\r$ by ! p[]ful h9d limbs1 ! ,hesp]ornis mu/ h be5 v swift bo? on & "u ! wat]1 & a =midable enemy to ! fi%es on :i* x pref]r$ to fe$4 ,its jaws 7 arm$ ) tee? set 9 a groove1 &1 l ! jaws ( snakes1 7 sep>able s z to admit l>ge prey4 ,z ^! /range birds 7 sometimes six feet long1 !y mu/ h be5 able to acc\nt = fi% & reptiles ( consid]able size4 ,!y probably liv$ ne>ly altoge!r on & 9 ! wat]4 ,! second type ( bird1 ,i*?yornis1 7 small birds1 sc>cely l>g] ?an pigeons & a little l t]ns 9 appe>ance4 ,!y 7 spl5did fli]s1 & 7 arm$ ) tee? set 9 sockets4 ,_! legs & feet 7 small & sl5d]1 b _! w+s v /rongly develop$4 ,!y frequ5t$ ! same seas & places z ! ,hesp]ornis1 & yet ! two 7 f>!r ap>t 9 /ructure ?an any two types ( birds n[ liv+4 ,comp>$ ) ! ,ar*opt]yx1 bo? ^! types ( birds %[ progress 9 ! %ort5+ ( ! long1 curi\sly fea!r$ tail & ! loss ( ! f+]s & claws2 b bo? reta9$ ! tee? ( primitive birds4 ,we may p]haps be all[$ to dep>t f ! /rict adh]5ce to geologic *ronology by trac+ "h1 in/ead ( 9 ! next *apt]1 ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! e>ly birds4 ,9 ! /rata ( ! next era rema9s ( v>i\s birds 7 f\nd4 ,"o ( great int]e/1 on acc\nt ( its enorm\s size1 0 ! ,ph>ora*us ( ,am]ica4 ,x 0 r l1 9 type1 a liv+ bird kn[n z ! ,c>iama or ,scream]4 ,b if ! ext9ct bird 7( :i* ! skull only has be5 f\nd7 _h ! g5]al proportions & habits ( ! ,c>iama x mu/ h be5 a t]rible mon/]1 /&+ "s twelve feet high1 & f> exce$+ ! mo/ p[]ful eagles & vultures 9 /r5g? & ! size ( its beak & claws4 ,great ext9ct w+less birds are f\nd 9 ! q rec5t alluvial deposits 9 ,new ,zeal& & ,madagasc>4 ,some?+ m ?an half a c5tury ago a piece ( bone 0 s5t to ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow5 by a visitor to ,new ,zeal& :o _h j arriv$ !re1 & :o _h f\nd x 9 8 g>d54 ,pr(essor ,ow51 on exam9ation1 0 able to say1 f ! g5]al make & /ructure ( ! bone1 t x 0 ! bone ( a bird4 ,x 0 ab\t sev5 or eight in*es long4 ,on exam9+ ! ridges & v>i\s m>ks on ! bones1 ,ow5 0 able to say t x 0 id5tical ) ! middle ( ! ?igh-bone ( an o/ri*4 ,he v5tur$ !n to publi% t ?is bone 0 a pro( t !re exi/$ =m]ly 9 ,new ,zeal& a huge l& bird l ! o/ri*1 only bigg]4 ,aft] a few ye>s m bones 7 s5t to ,ow5 f ,new ,zeal&1 :i* entirely confirm$ :at he said2 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s he 0 able to put toge!r f ! bones s5t a skeleton ) enorm\s legs & neck--! skeleton ( ! o/ri*-l bird ! ,moa ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,s9ce t "t a great numb] ( ^! birds h be5 f\nd buri$ 9 ! morasses & swamps ( t c\ntry4 ,! ,moa is alli$ to ! o/ri*es ( ,africa1 ! emus & cass[>ies ( ,au/ralia1 & ! rheas ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ,moa ( ,madagasc> 0 small]1 & is kn[n z ! pyornis4 ,b x lays ! l>ge/ egg kn[n1 a trem5d\s ?+ z big z a ,rugby football4 ,x 0 ?is v l>ge egg :i* inflam$ ! imag9ation ( anci5t navigators1 & l$ to ! va/ exagg]ation 9 describ+ ! s-call$ ,roc1 :i* ,s9dbad met ) 9 ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,9 conclud+ ^! brief notes on ext9ct birds we mu/ also m5tion ! pres5t-day kiwi 9 ,new ,zeal&1 :i* resembles 9 "s respects ! ,apt]yx1 or mo/ anci5t ( birds4 ,let u n[ return to ! l& reptiles ( ! ,*alk p]iod4 ,^! are *iefly f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 :i* 0 n subm]g$1 z ! great] "p ( ,europe 01 b5ea? ! ocean4 ,! incursion ( ! sea 0 m limit$ 9 ! we/]n hemisph]e1 & ! l& area 0 l>ge en\gh to all[ ! cont9u$ progress ( ! l& reptiles1 ?\gh ev5 "h ! sea reptiles seem to h done be/4 ,! great ,d9osaurs /ill kept 9 ! =efront1 b !y 7 n q s pre-em95t z h]et(ore4 ,! fle%-eat+ =ms 7 less abundant1 ?\gh among !m an enorm\s kang>oo-l reptile1 fifte5 feet long1 made its appe>ance4 ,! ,dryptosaurus mu/ h be5 spe$y1 v p[]ful1 & its habits mu/ h made x appe> l an ogre 9 sev5-league boots to its small] in(f5sive neighb\rs4 ,! ,spoonbill ,d9osaurs 7,hadrosaurus7 7 v curi\s creatures1 :o also fa9tly resembl$ a kang>oo1 b _h enorm\s l[] p>ts & crocodile-l tails4 ,b ! mo/ s+ul> developm5t appe>$ 9 ! ,c]atops family ( ! veget>ian reptiles1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! g5us call$ ,tric]atops4 ,^! 7 v l>ge quadrup$s ) enorm\s skulls :i* /ret*$ back ov] ! neck & %\ld]s 9 an enorm\s cape or hood ( bone4 ,add$ to ?is 0 a %>p p>rot-l beak1 a /\t horn on ! nose1 a pair ( l>ge po9t$ horns on ! top ( ! head1 & a r[ ( projections r\nd ! edge ( ! cape4 ,! ,tric]atops want$ all ! protection x c\ld get1 = x _h no intellig5ce wor? m5tion+4 ,pr(essor ,m>% rem>ks t !y _h ! l>ge/ heads & ! smalle/ bra9s ( ! reptile race4 ,! heavy arm\r ( ! head ( ! ,tric]atops mu/ h be5 develop$ = purposes ( attack & def5ce1 b we d n "k :e!r x 0 = fight+ _! own species or = protection aga9/ ! c>nivor\s reptiles4 ,s long1 says ,pr(essor ,f4 ,a4 ,lucas1 z ,tric]atops fac$ an adv]s>y he mu/ h be5 practically invuln]able1 b1 z he 0 ! l>ge/ animal ( 8 "t1 x is probable t 8 combats 7 ma9ly ) ^? ( 8 own k9d1 & ! subject ( dispute "s fair female ^u :om rival suitors _h ca/ covet\s eyes4 ,:at a sight x w\ld h be5 to h se5 two ( ^! big brutes 9 mortal combat1 z !y *>g$ ^u ea* o!r ) all ! impetus to be d]iv$ f t5 tons ( infuriate fle%6 ,we may picture to ourselves horn cla%+ ^u horn1 or glanc+ f ea* bony %ield until "s skilful /roke or unlucky slip plac$ "o combatant at ! m]cy ( 8 adv]s>y4444 ,a pair ( ,tric]atops's horns 9 ! ,national ,museum 7at ,wa%+ton7 be>s witness to su* enc\nt]s1 = "o is brok5 midway betwe5 tip & base2 & t x 0 brok5 dur+ life is evid5t f ! fact t ! /ump is heal$ & r\nd$ ov]1 :ile ! size ( ! horns %[s t _! own] rea*$ a ripe old age4 ,9 connection ) ! conclud+ "p ( ! la/ s5t5ce x %\ld be m5tion$ t reptiles1 l fi%es1 b unlike birds & mammals1 cont9ue to gr[ ?r\gh\t _! entire span ( life1 s t unusually l>ge bodily size is1 at all ev5ts z a rule1 an indication ( advanc$ age4 ,z reg>ds g5]al appe>ance ,tric]atops may1 p]haps1 be be/ describ$ z a reptilian rh9oc]os1 ) ! proviso t ! tail 0 mu* l>g] & ?ick] ?an 9 t gr\p ( animals1 & pass$ ins5sibly into ! body1 z 9 reptiles g5]ally1 :ile ! numb] & arrangem5t ( ! horns 7 diff]5t4 ,! ,pt]osaurs1 or fly+ reptiles1 made1 z we h said else:]e1 a great advance4 ,willi/on reg>ds !m z hav+ come to excel all o!r fly+ v]tebrate animals4 ,"s atta9$ a w+-spread ( tw5ty feet1 & !y c\ld fly f> & fa/4 ,!y 7 all %ort-tail$2 "s ( !m probably c\ld sc>cely walk1 & ! l>g] ( !m _h no tee?4 ,_! bills resembl$ ^? ( mod]n birds1 & !y h be5 /yl$ ! k+fi%]s ( ! ,cretace\s seas4 ,t]rific to look ^u1 !y 7 probably n v deadly animals except to small fi%es4 ,! liz>ds did n make mu* progress2 b ! snakes made _! fir/ appe>ance1 ?\gh !y rema9$ small2 & ! mammals %[$ little progress f ! =ms :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! previ\s era ( ! ,jurassic4 ,at ! close ( ! geological p]iod ^: natural physiognomy we h ?us trac$1 ,europe 0 /ill f> f display+ ! configuration :i* x n[ pres5ts4 ,a map ( ! p]iod w\ld repres5t ! great bas9 ( ,p>is 7) ! exception ( a zone ( ,*alk71 ! :ole ( ,switz]l&1 ! great] "p ( ,spa9 & ,italy1 ! :ole ( ,belgium1 ,holl&1 ,prussia1 ,hung>y1 ,walla*ia1 & ,nor!rn ,russia z "o va/ %eet ( wat]4 ,a b& ( ,jurassic rocks /ill connect$ ,france & ,engl& at ,*]b\rg--:i* disappe>$ at a lat] p]iod1 & caus$ ! sep>ation ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s f :at is n[ ,france4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,mammals ,! ,geological ,record is n p]fect4 ,!re are breaks 9 x su* z h n & may nev] be fill$ up2 & x is because ( ^! breaks t "s ( ! divisions are made 9 geologic "t4 ,at pres5t ! e>?'s cru/ has only be5 scrat*$ = fossils4 ,great p>ts ( ,asia & ( ,africa & ( ,s\? ,am]ica rema9 to be explor$1 & !y may 9 "s future g5]ation fill ! gaps ( our k & r5d] sup]flu\s "s ( ! divisions :i* geologi/s n[ place 9 ! eras ( ! rocks & ( ! fossils4 ,b s f> z we "k at pres5t !re 7 real breaks 9 ! hi/ory ( ! cont95ts1 p]haps n swift or sudd51 b :olly *ang+ ! appe>ance & ! life1 vegetable & animal1 ( half a _w1 p]haps ! :ole _w at a "t4 ,_m geologi/s believe t ! secret ( ^! *anges lies 9 ! core ( ! e>?2 & t1 to use our old simile ( ! golf ball1 :5 ! t5sion & pressures inside ! e>? gr[ too mu* = its /r5g? some?+ gives way1 & ! :ole _w beg9s to *ange1 ! cont95ts s9k+ "u ! oceans & new l&s aris+4 ,we %all n aga9 consid] ?is idea 9 all its be>+s1 or ask :e!r !re is any simpl] explanation to be f\nd 9 ! nev]-ceas+ explosive tremors ( ! cru/2 b we %all only say t ! la/ ( ^! great *anges set 9 at ! end ( ! ,*alk age4 ,aft] t era we arrive at ! p]iod among ! rocks :i*1 ) all its subdivisions1 ,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 ,plioc5e1 ,quat]n>y1 is class$ z ,ca9ozoic or ,mod]n4 ,let u sum up ! *anges broadly4 ,! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 :i* n[ beg9s1 has be5 call$ ! ,age ( ,lakes3 b ?is m]ely means t !re 7 great lake deposits1 & x is true to say t z contra/$ ) a p]iod ( great wat]s1 ! ,t]ti>y is to be consid]$ z ! p]iod ( l&4 ,t does n mean t !re 7 9 all ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s :i* x embraces no advances & retreats ( ! sea1 no subm]g+s & upris+s ( ! l&4 ,!re c]ta9ly 74 ,b ! l& 0 dom9ant1 & x is ! l& animals & ! l& vegetation t are ! mo/ important & progress mo/4 ,aft] ! e>? movem5ts :i* occurr$ at ! end ( ! ,mesozoic or ,second>y p]iod !re appe>s to h foll[$ a p]iod ( quiet4 ,!re 0 a consid]able area ( l& /&+ high above ! wat]s2 & !re began "o ( ! m9or b consid]able encroa*m5ts ( ! sea 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x is probable t ! ,pacific & ! ,atlantic jo9$ betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,at ! end ( ?is fir/ p]iod ! sea )drew aga91 & :at is call$ ! ,mioc5e p]iod began ) a l[]+ ( ! temp]ature ( ! wat]s ( ! ,atlantic2 & la/ly foll[$ ! great ext5sion ( ! l& t[>ds ! nor?1 ! great )drawal ( ! sea ( ,plioc5e times1 & ! gr[+ cold :i* l$ to ! glacial era ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,9 ,europe & 9 ,asia we may note t ! great areas :i* are n[ cov]$ by ! ,alps & ! ,himalayas 7 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod /ill "u wat] & only a few signs 79 ! =m ( isl&s7 ( ^! mighty ranges 7 beg9n+ to appe>4 ,pre-em95tly ! age :i* comprises all ^! p]iods is ! ,age ( ,mammals4 ,b "o ( ! *anges :i* ,european geologi/s fir/ notic$ 0 ! surpris+ *ange :i* took place 9 ! m>9e fossils4 ,! animals ( ! sea :i* 7 famili> dur+ ! ,*alk p]iod ne>ly all disappe>$ & 7 replac$ by new ones4 ,! great saurian reptiles1 f ! mon/]s ( ! l& to ! mososaurus s]p5ts ( ! sea1 disappe>$1 & mo/ o!r reptiles %[$ pr(\nd *anges1 %[+ a revolution 9 ! animals ( ! l& correspond+ to t ( ! sea4 ,la/ly1 9 ?is fir/ p]iod1 ! ,eoc5e1 mammals sudd5ly appe> 9 =ce & occupy ! fir/ place among ! animals4 ,! vegetation did n *ange s mu* z might h be5 expect$4 ,:5ce came ! mammals8 ,t1 aga91 is "o ( ! que/ions :i* "t alone c completely answ]4 ,b ! op9ion ( mo/ geologi/s is t !y arose & develop$ 9 ,asia fir/ ( all1 & !n spread to o!r cont95ts4 ,! rise ( ! mammals1 :i*1 unlike ! reptiles1 br+ =? _! "y relatively mature & n\ri% & protect !m1 0 contribut+ to ! d[nfall ( ! reptiles1 ?\gh x _c be consid]$ an actual cause4 ,! mammals' "y _h a bett] *ance ( liv+ & surviv+ ?an _h ! eggs ( reptiles4 ,moreov]1 ! mammals began ) sup]ior agility & high] bra9-p[]4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! invasion ( ! mammals result$ 9 ! clumsy1 affectionless1 small-bra9$ reptiles be+ driv5 ei!r into ext9ction1 or into ! s$ges & ru%es1 ! swamps & lagoons1 ! cov]ts ( ! jungles1 ! crevices ( ! rocks1 & ! v>i\s by-ways :i* ! mammals c>$ lea/ to frequ5t1 & t !y h be5 kept !re to ?is day4 ,at fir/ ! mammals 7 n v diff]5t 9 habit or type f "o ano!r4 ,small animals1 :i*1 l ! %rews1 moles1 & h$gehogs liv$ on insects 7 among ! e>lie/4 ,!re 7 o!rs ^: toes 7 turn+ to ho(s 9 ord] to fit !m = fleetness2 & !re 7 "s curi\s creatures call$ ,coryphodons1 :i* 7 l ! mod]n tapir1 ?\gh !y 7 tusk$ l bo>s4 ,! ,coryphodon 0 a sl[ bea/1 ) toes l ^? ( an elephant1 ?\gh x 0 mu* small]4 ,9 ,am]ica appe>$ a small animal n mu* bigg] ?an a fox-t]ri]1 :i* 0 ! ance/or ( ! horse1 & ( :i* we %all h m to say4 ,! birds increas$1 & =ms l ^? ( ! h]on m+l$ 9 ! swamps ) o!r goose-l birds t kept 9 _! s]rat$ bills "s traces ( ! tee? ( _! e>ly ance/ors4 ,o!rs1 l k+fi%]s1 flitt$ ov] ! /reams2 & ! emu1 o/ri*1 & moa1 z well z ! albatross1 f9d _! e>lie/ repres5tatives 9 ! ,eoc5e times4 ,x is impossible = u to foll[1 or ev5 to enum]ate1 all ! v>i$ ance/ral l9es :i* sprang up1 "s ( !m already vigor\s1 9 ! e>ly ,t]ti>y times1 & :i* develop$ s mightily 9 ! successive ages4 ,we c only trace ! c>e]s ( a few su* z are bett] & m popul>ly kn[n1 :ile admitt+ t !re are _m o!rs equally int]e/+ f a sci5tific or f any o!r po9t ( view4 ,f a geologi/'s po9t ( view ! mo/ important1 p]haps1 ( all ! mammal developm5ts 0 t ( ! elephant4 ,! fir/ mammal :i* geologi/s discov]$ t 0 l ! elephant 0 ! ,ma/odon1 ! ,am]ican v>iety ( :i* is call$ ,tetrabelodon4 ,b ?is ,ma/odon _h no prop] trunk z has ! elephant4 ,in/ead ( t he _h a v long upp] lip :i* app>5tly re/$ on 8 project+ upp] tusks4 ,mr4 ,kipl+ once sugge/$ t ! elephant's trunk 0 orig9ally =m$ by an accid5t--an un=tunate "y elephant be=e ! days ( trunks hav+ /opp$ to dr9k at a pool1 & 8 nose be+ seiz$ by a crocodile1 :o pull$ & pull$ till ! nose l5g!n$ out a trunk4 ,!re c]ta9ly 0 "s reason = ! elephant's trunk1 :i* has develop$1 we d n q "k h[1 f a long nose4 ,b a great deal has be5 f\nd out ab\t ! e>ly developm5t ( ! elephant by ,dr4 ,&rews ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,evolution ( ! ,head1 ,proboscis1 ,no/rils1 & ,tusks ( ! ,elephant ,! draw+s are to ! same scale2 ! no/rils indicat$ by ! lett] ,n1 ! upp] lips by ,l1 & ! tusks by ,t4 #a4 ,mri!rium ( ,eoc5e ,libya1 ) a flexible upp] lip & ! small incisor tusks4 #b4 ,paloma/odon ( ,eoc5e ,libya1 ) a %ort proboscis & p[]ful upp] & l[] tusks4 #c4 ,mammo? 7,elephas ,columbi7 f ! ,/ate ( ,indiana1 ) gigantic upp] tusks or ivories1 & long proboscis ) no/rils at ! tip4 ,dr4 ,&rews 0 travell+ 9 ,egypt "s ye>s ago1 & jo9$ a p>ty ( (fic]s ( ! great survey ( ,egypt 9 a visit to ! ,great ,we/]n ,des]t1 ! ra9less1 s&y wa/e we/ ( ! ,nile1 n v f> f :at is n[ call$ ! ,fay\m1 & :]e 9 ,roman days 0 ! great ,lake ,mris1 n[ dri$ up to a m]e br9e pool1 9 ! salt wat] ( :i* ! fre%-wat] fi%es ( ! ,nile /ill live4 ,! survey+ p>ty int5d$ to det]m9e ! geological age ( ^! s&s1 :i* /ret* = hundr$s ( miles1 (t5 ris+ into cliffs :i* are cut %>p by ! w9d & %[ horizontal /ratification4 ,! geologi/s det]m9$ t ! s&s ( ?is region 7 ( ,eoc5e & ,mioc5e ,age1 & f !m ,dr4 ,&rews br\ght home "s v int]e/+ bones4 ,^! includ$ ! rema9s ( a m primitive ,ma/odon ?an any z yet kn[n1 & ( an animal :i* he call$ ,m]i!rium1 :i* is a connect+ l9k betwe5 elephants & o!r mammals4 ,! collection includ$ also rema9s ( great fle%-eat+ bea/s1 & ( sea c[s1 ( tortoises1 & ( a snake sixty feet long6 ,h[ev]1 9 reg>d to ! hi/ory ( elephants1 ! up%ot ( ,dr4 ,&rews' mo/ important discov]ies is t we f9d liv+ "h 9 ! ,upp] ,eoc5e p]iod 7:i* is old] ?an ! age 9 :i* ! ,tetrabelodon ,ma/odon 0 f\nd7 an elephant ance/or ( ! k9d to :i* ,dr4 ,&rews gave ! "n ( ,paloma/odon or anci5t ma/odon4 ,we ?us arrive at an ance/ral elephant-l creature :i* s]ves to jo9 ! elephant /ock on to m ord9>y mammals4 ,?is bea/ 0 n s v big1 p]haps ab\t ! same size z an ord9>y c>t-horse4 ,dr4 ,&rews' fur!r triumph 0 ! additional discov]y ( ! r small] animal :i* he call$ ! ,m]i!rium1 & :i* 0 und\bt$ly an elephant ( sorts1 ?\gh at fir/ sight x has no resemblance to "o1 & probably _h no trunk at all4 ,x c]ta9ly _h no big tusks2 b its tee? make u c]ta9 t x belong$ to ! elephant family4 ,"h1 !n1 says ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]1 we h arriv$ at a =m :i* und\bt$ly 0 closely relat$ to ! ance/ors ( all ! elephants1 if n actually itself t ance/or1 & 9 x we see ! orig9 ( ! elephants peculi> /ructure4 ,f ?is comp>atively normal pig-l ,m]i!rium1 ! wond]ful elephant1 ) 8 upright face1 8 dep5d5t trunk1 & 8 huge spread+ tusks has be5 gradually1 /ep by /ep1 produc$4 ,& we h se5 "s1 at lea/1 ( ! int]m$iate /eps--! l5g!n+ ( ! jaws & ! increase 9 ! size ( ! tee? 9 ! ,paloma/odon--c>ri$ /ill fur!r on by ! ,tetrabelodon1 & !n foll[$ by a %r9kage ( ! l[] jaw & f9al evolution ( ! middle "p ( ! face & upp] jaw into ! droop+1 wond]ful1 preh5sile trunk4 ,! long-*9n$ elephant requires1 h[ev]1 a few mom5ts' consid]ation f an altoge!r diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,?is species appe>s to h _h ! wide/ geographical di/ribution ( any memb] ( ! family1 ( :i* x may be reg>d$ z ! great colonis+ or emigrant repres5tative4 ,fir/ develop$ 9 ,nor? ,africa1 :]e its rema9s occur 9 ! e>ly ,mioc5e /rata ( ,mog>a & ,tunisia1 ?is species rang$ "r across ,europe to ! conf9es ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,india1 hav+ probably rea*$ ,italy f ,africa by means ( a l&-bridge by way ( ,sicily1 & !nce travell+ ?r\gh ,greece into ,asia4 ,on ! latt] cont95t x appe>s to h giv5 rise to ! mod]n elephants1 z rema9s ( ! =m] are unkn[n 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,if ?is be true1 x foll[s t elephants ( ! mod]n type subsequ5tly migrat$ into ,europe & !nce to ,africa1 :ile 9 ! o!r direction !y w&]$ by way ( ,behr+ ,/rait to ,am]ica4 ,h5ce we are l$ to ! rem>kable conclusion t :ile ! fir/ elephants appe>$ 9 ,africa1 ! mod]n ,african elephant is ( ,asiatic p>5tage1 & a comp>atively rec5t immigrant into ! l& ( its =efa!rs4 ,next to man & ! c>nivora1 elephants appe> to h be5 ! greate/ travell]s ! _w has ev] produc$1 =1 />t+ f _! ,nor? ,african bir?place1 !y rea*$ by ! ,behr+ ,/rait r\te ne>ly to ! extremity ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :ile to ! nor? !y p5etrat$ ! ,arctic circle1 & to ! s\?1 on _! return j\rney1 rea*$ ! coa/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cape ,t[n4 ,ano!r great travell] 0 ! horse4 ,! fir/ und\bt$ horse-l animal 0 ,eohippus1 a little creature ab\t elev5 in*es 9 height at ! %\ld]1 & 9 g5]al r m l ! fle%-eat]s ?an ! horses ( ! pres5t day4 ,! back 0 ar*$1 ! head & neck 7 %ort1 & ! limbs ( mod]ate l5g?1 %[+ no rem>kable adaptation = spe$4 ,?is g5us _h a rem>kable range1 hav+ app>5tly orig9at$ 9 ,engl& 7!n a "p ( ,we/]n ,europe71 & migrat$ by way ( ,europe & ,asia1 & :at is n[ ,behr+ ,/rait1 to ,am]ica1 :]e x got z f> ea/ z ,new ,mexico4 ,?is migration ( ,eohippus %ift$ ! sc5e ( evolution to ! we/]n hemisph]e1 = :ile examples ( x are cont9ually & cont9u\sly f\nd !re 9 succe$+ /rata x only appe>s occasionally 9 ,europe1 z if ! rema9s !re _h be5 ^? ( m]e emigrants4 ,lat] on ! horse develop$ 9 ,am]ica1 gr[+ l>g] till x 0 fir/ z big z a collie-dog1 ) signs ( be+ m adapt$ = spe$4 ,x !n _h f\r toes on its foot4 ,x cont9u$1 ?\gh v gradually1 to gr[ l>g]1 & ev5 m gradually its unnecess>y toes grew few] & few] till at la/ !y disappe>$4 ,at l5g? appe>$ ! horse :i* _h only "o toe4 ,?is type1 t ( ! mod]n horse1 fir/ becomes kn[n 9 ! ,upp] ,plioc5e b$s ( ,europe1 & repres5ts ! culm9ation ( ! race4 ,! complet5ess ( ! record ( ! evolution ( ! horse tells u some?+ ( ! enorm\s numb]s ( ance/ral =ms :i* mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! m ?an two million ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce ! fir/ dim9utive horse appe>$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,:ile n /rongly giv5 to migration1 9 ! c\rse ( "t ^! animals w&]$ ov] ! entire _w1 ) ! exception ( su* inaccessible places z ,au/ralia & ! ,oceanic ,isl&s4444 ,x w\ld seem t ! orig9al /ock 0 ( ,eurasian d]ivation1 ?\gh ! great !atre ( ! evolution>y drama 0 soon transf]r$ to ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,eurasian1 ,african1 & ,s\? ,am]ican horses :i* appe> f "t to "t be+ 9 all probability ( ,nor? ,am]ican orig94 ,! ultimate fate ( ! horses 9 bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica 0 ext9ction1 all wild horses ( our own "t1 includ+ ! asses & zebras1 be+ conf9$ to ,asia & ,africa4 ,! app>5tly wild b&s ( ! ,am]ican we/]n pla9s1 & ^? :i* roam ov] ! pampas ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 are ! desc5dants ( dome/ic horses t h escap$ f human bondage1 l>gely f ! e>ly ,spani% explor]s4 ,! rh9oc]oses ( to-day1 ! "o-horn$ ,indian v>iety & ! two-horn$ ,african rh9oc]os1 7 prec$$ by a :ole regim5t ( rh9oc]oses 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,"o su* 0 dug out 9 ,fleet ,/reet dur+ ! excavation = ! ,daily ,*ronicle (fice4 ,?is rh9oc]os _h a hairy coat l ! ,mammo? :i* liv$ mu* lat]1 & 9 ,sib]ia is f\nd sometimes side by side ) ! lat] quadrup$4 ,_m ( ! ext9ct rh9oc]oses _h two horns l ! ,african squ>e-m\!d rh9oc]os1 :i* is sometimes mislead+ly call$ ! :ite rh9oc]os4 ,"o great ext9ct bea/1 ! ,elasmo!rium1 alli$ to !m1 _h a great horn c>ri$ on a huge boss 9 ! middle ( its head in/ead ( on ! nose1 :ile ano!r /ill hug] animal call$ ! ,titano!rium & f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica _h a pair ( horns p]*$ on ei!r side ( its nose4 ,z l>ge z ! rh9oc]os b hav+ a v diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! bones ( its ankles & wri/s & v diff]5t tee? & horns are ! extraord9>y creatures kn[n z ,d9oc]as1 :ole skeletons ( :i* h be5 dis9t]r$ f ! ,eoc5e /rata ( ,wyom+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ,pr(essor ,m>%4 ,^! creatures _h ?ree pairs ( horns on ! top ( ! head & a pair ( great tusks z well4 ,ne>ly all ^! animals1 ?\gh !y 7 m bra9y ?an ! reptiles1 _h mu* small] bra9s 9 proportion to _! size ?an ! bulk ( ! animals :i* n[ roam ! e>?1 f :i* we may surmise t ?\gh a small bra9 suffices to guide a great animal ma*9e 9 e/abli%$ ways1 yet 9 ord] to le>n new ?+s 9 its lifetime an animal mu/ h a big bra94 ,! la/ great mammal we mu/ m5tion 9 ?is s]ies is ! ,ars9oi!rium1 :i* 0 f\nd only a few ye>s ago by ,dr4 ,&rews 9 ,egypt1 9 ! same /rata :5ce he obta9$ ! fossil ance/ors ( ! elephant4 ,x 0 s call$ because x 0 f\nd ne> ! palace ( ,ars9o1 ! "n ( ! ,egyptian que5 ( ,greek race4 ,b ,ars9oi!rium 0 f> f be+ a graceful ladylike creature1 &1 resembl+ 9 g5]al appe>ance a rh9oc]os1 _h two enorm\s bones1 :i* grew out ( its nose on ei!r side ( x4 ,! bones 7 holl[ & 7 probably cov]$ ) sk9 9 life2 & ,ars9oi!rium _h a wond]ful & wond]fully ev5 set ( tee?4 ,to conclude1 we mu/ add a repres5tative mammal ( ?is p]iod1 ! ,siva!rium1 f\nd 9 ,india1 & ! ,samo!rium1 f\nd 9 ! ,isle ( ,samos1 :i* 7 l giraffes1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! slo?-l animals1 ^: appe>ance we mu/1 h[ev]1 deal ) 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,two ,ars9oi!riums 7,prehi/oric ,rh9oc]os7 at ,bay be=e a ,pack ( ,hynodons ,! ,ars9oi!rium /ood #e feet #i in*es at ! )]s1 & measur$ #i feet #i in*es f sn\t to rump4 ,! hynodons 7hyna too!d7 7 no relation ( ! mod]n hyna4 ,!y _h bodies l ! ,tasmanian wolf1 & 7 wond]fully adapt$ to capture bo? l& & wat] liv+ prey4 7,drawn "u ! direction ( ,pr(4 ,osborn47 ,! :ales ^: rema9s are f\nd 9 ! ,plioc5e rocks diff] little f ^? n[ liv+2 b ! obs]vations geologi/s h be5 able to make ^u ^! gigantic rema9s ( ! anci5t _w are too few to all[ ( any v precise conclusion4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! fossil diff]s f ! exi/+ :ale 9 c]ta9 *>act]i/ics p]ceptible 9 ! bones ( ! skull4 ,! discov]y ( an enorm\s fragm5t ( a fossil :ale1 made at ,p>is 9 #aggi1 9 ! cell> ( a w9e m]*ant 9 ! ,rue ,dauph9e1 creat$ a great s5sation4 ,sci5ce pron\nc$1 )\t mu* hesitation1 on ! true orig9 ( ^! rema9s2 b ! public _h "s difficulty 9 compreh5d+ ! exi/5ce ( a :ale 9 ! ,rue ,dauph9e4 ,x 0 9 digg+ "s holes 9 8 cell>s t ! w9e m]*ant made ?is int]e/+ discov]y4 ,8 workm5 f\nd1 "u ! pick1 an enorm\s piece ( bone buri$ 9 a yell[ clay4 ,its complete extraction caus$ him a great deal ( lab\r1 & pres5t$ _m difficulties4 ,little int]e/$ 9 mak+ fur!r discov]ies1 our w9e m]*ant cont5t$ himself ) rais+1 ) ! help ( a *isel1 a portion ( ! mon/r\s bone4 ,! piece ?us deta*$ weigh$ #bbg lbs4 ,x 0 exhibit$ 9 ! w9e-%op1 :]e l>ge numb]s ( ! curi\s w5t to see x4 ,lamanon1 a naturali/ ( t day1 :o exam9$ x1 conjectur$ t ! bone belong$ to ! head ( a :ale4 ,z to ! bone itself1 x 0 pur*as$ = ! ,teyl] ,museum1 at ,ha>lem4 ,la/ly1 we mu/ n omit to m5tion t 9 ! ,old ,_w ! fir/ true apes1 ,oreopi!cus & ,dryopi!cus1 appe>$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! unit$ "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( apes & monkeys2 ! second1 ab\t ! same size1 0 m closely relat$ to ! *impanzee & gorilla4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,! ,,ice ,,age ,= "s reason or reasons conc]n+ :i* !re has be5 a great deal ( speculation b n a l>ge am\nt ( agreem5t1 ! clos+ /ages ( ! la/ geologic era :i* prec$es our own & :i* l9ks ! great pa/ to ! pres5t1 7 di/+ui%$ by great cold & by widespread fields ( ice4 ,ice-%eets spread ov] six or eight million squ>e miles ( ! e>?'s surface :]e n long be=e mild climates _h prevail$4 ,7 x n = ?is great ,ice ,age & = its f>-rea*+ effects on ! conditions "u :i* ,man has develop$1 ?is p]iod1 :i* is sometimes call$ ! ,plei/oc5e1 7f ,greek words mean+ ! mo/ rec5t71 w\ld be m prop]ly jo9$ to ! era :i* we h j be5 discuss+1 ! two p]iods con/itut+ a s+le p]iod ( great l& elevation & ( ocean-%r9k+4 ,?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 is n[ ?\ght to be mu* m important ?an x 0 =m]ly1 & p]haps long] 9 duration4 ,m ?an half ! ice-cov]$ l& lay 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & m ?an half ! re/ 9 ,europe4 ,! glaciation1 !re=e1 0 probably conf9$ to c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w & did n /ret* all ov] ! planet4 ,b ! :ole _w felt its effects2 ev5 9 tropical regions ice & glaci]s occurr$ on m\nta9s :]e !y did n exi/ be=e & d n exi/ n[1 & on m\nta9s :i* n[ h glaci]s ! ice desc5d$ to levels #ejjj feet bel[ ! po9t :]e x n[ /ops4 ,! s\!rn hemisph]e 0 affect$ z well z ! nor!rn1 b to a mu* less degree4 ,9 ,patagonia & ,new ,zeal& glaci]s crept d[n f ! m\nta9s & spread out on ! pla9s4 ,glaci]s =m$ on ! m\nta9\s tracts ( ,tasmania & ,au/ralia :]e none exi/ n[4 ,mo/ ( ! high] m\nta9s ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e bore glaci]s4 ,! ,ant>ctic regions 7 presumably buri$ b5ea? ice & sn[ z !y are at pres5t1 b ( t we are n c]ta94 ,9 ,asia ice-fields f> great] ?an ^? exi/+ to-day affect$ ! high] m\nta9s1 & f ! ,lebanon to ! ,caucasus & f ! ,himalayas to ,sib]ia & ,*9a traces ( glaci]s are f\nd :]e !y are n to be se5 n[4 ,yet on ! plateaux & l[l&s ( ,asia ice-%eets 7 f> less ext5sive ?an 9 ,europe & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 ,europe !re 7 l>ge glaci]s 9 ! s\!rn m\nta9s & ext5sive ice-%eets on ! s\!rn pla9s4 ,radiat+ f ! ,sc&9avian highl&s a succession ( great ice-%eets crept =? on ! l[l&s ( ,russia1 ,g]many1 ,d5m>k1 ,holl&1 & ,belgium1 & cross+ ! %all[ bas9 ( ! ,nor? ,sea t\*$ ! %ores ( ,great ,brita91 :]e !y 7 met by ice radiat+ f ! m\nta9s ( ^! isles4 ,f ! ,alps gigantic glaci]s desc5d$ to ! l[l&s 9 all directions4 ,!n ! ,rh9e glaci] mov$ out f> beyond ! m\nta9s & jo9$ ) ! glaci]s ( ,savoy & ,dauph9y on ! pla9s ( ,france1 :ile f ! ,s\!rn ,alps glaci]s invad$ ! f]tile pla9s ( ,italy4 ,glaci]s ( simil> size & ext5t desc5d$ into ! valleys ( ! ,rh9e & ,danube4 ,! ,pyr5ees1 "s ( ! high] m\nta9s ( ! ,spani% plateau1 ! high] m\nta9s ( ,france1 ! ,ap5n9es1 ! ,c>pa?ians1 ! ,balkans1 ! ,urals1 all _h _! ice-%eets4 ,icel& & ! ,f>oe ,isl&s 7 buri$ "u ice1 & ev5 ,corsica _h sn[fields & glaci]s1 "s ( :i* 7 n small4 ,ne>ly "o half ( ,nor? ,am]ica 0 buri$ 9 ice4 ,/rangely en\gh1 x 0 n ! :ole nor!rn half1 b ! nor?-ea/]n half t 0 specially ice-invad$1 &1 m /rangely /ill1 n s mu* ! m\nta9\s portions1 ?\gh ^! 7 affect$1 z ! pla9s4 ,alaska 0 l>gely free f ice except on or ab\t ! m\nta9s3 & !re 0 less ice on ! we/]n pla9s ?an 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi4 ,mu* ! great] "p ( ! f\r million squ>e miles ( ice-field lay on ! pla9s ( ,canada & 9 ! upp] ,mississippi valley4 ,! ,miss\ri & ,ohio riv]s l two great arms embrac$ ! bord]s ( ! ice-fields to :i* !y owe _! orig94 ,we d n propose to exam9e ! sev]al !ories :i* h be5 propos$ to acc\nt = ?is extraord9>y cold1 = none is completely acceptable or accept$1 b we may j m5tion !m4 ,dr4 ,croll a c5tury ago sugge/$ t ! cold may h be5 due to ! alt]ations 9 ! %ape ( ! e>?'s orbit1 alt]ations :i* a/ronom]s tell u take place regul>ly1 ?\gh v sl[ly & at int]vals ( millions ( ye>s4 ,if s1 ?is glacial p]iod 0 only ! la/ ( _m glacial p]iods2 ! traces ( ! e>li] ones hav+1 h[ev]1 be5 = ! mo/ "p oblit]at$ & de/roy$4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has urg$ t geographical *anges 7elevations & subsid5ces7 w\ld ( !mselves be suffici5t to br+ ab\t a glacial p]iod1 :i* 7he says7 w\ld be ! result ( a great cont95t be+ =m$ r\nd ! ,nor? ,pole :ile oceanic conditions prevail$ at ! ,equator4 ,ano!r !ory is t ! heat giv5 out by ! sun is n always equal1 be+ sometimes m 7:5 ev5 pol> c\ntries enjoy a w>m climate7 & sometimes less 7:5 only ! equatorial regions are habitable74 ,! objection to ?is !ory is1 ( c\rse1 t we h no pro( t our sun is ( greatly v>iable heat4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! cause ( ! glacial p]iod1 we "k z a prov$ fact t a long "t ago 7z measur$ by ye>s1 al?\gh ! ev5t itself is among ! late/ ( ! _m *anges record$ 9 ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>?7 ! climate ( ! ,briti% ,isles 0 s int5sely cold t ! great] "p ( ?is c\ntry 0 cov]$ ) ice & sn[1 & we "k also t ?is int5se cold 0 suffici5t to *ange 9 _m respects ! habits & appe>ance ( ! animals & vegetation ( ! e>?4 ,h[ mu* ?is 0 ! case c be ga!r$ f ! fact t 9 ! p]iod :i* prec$$ x animals :i* n[ live 9 ! tropics roam$ 9 ! ,arctic circle1 & figs & magnolias grew 9 ,gre5l&4 ,! la/ ^w we %all h to say on ! climatic conditions ( ?is p]iod is t ! ,ice ,age _h its sub-p]iods & divisions l all o!r epo*s & 9 !m ! ice sometimes retreat$1 & consequ5tly 9 p>ts ( ! e>? :]e !re _h be5 sn[ & ice1 & :]e !re 7 to be ice & sn[ aga91 ! w9try conditions retreat$ 7= c5turies1 p]haps1 at a "t71 & ! valleys & pla9s bask$ dur+ ^! int]vals 9 sun & ra9 & w>m?4 ,^! epo*s are call$ int]-glacial epo*s4 ,! life ( ! regions n mu* affect$ by ! rig\rs ( sn[ & ice is gradually be+ asc]ta9$ by geologi/s n[4 ,"o ( its mo/ m>k$ features 0 ! retreat ( ! nor!rn & ,asiatic animals be=e ! advanc+ ice t[>ds ! w>m] tropics & ,equator2 ^! animals j\rney$ back nor?w>d aga9 :5ev] ! retreat+ ice w\ld let !m4 ,! great ,proboscideans1 ! ,ma/odon & ! ,mammo? 7 memb]s ( ?is gr\p1 & s 7 ! be>1 ! bison1 ! musk ox4 ,) ^! m+l$ t[>ds ! s\? sev]al types 7:i* 7 gradually becom+ ext9ct 9 ,nor? ,am]ica7 su* z ! horse1 tapir1 llama1 & ! sabre-too? cat4 ,a second prom95t feature 0 a s\!rn gr\p 9 ! we/]n hemisph]e1 consi/+ ( gigantic slo?s1 armadillos1 & wat]-hogs2 & n[ = ! fir/ "t ! int]e/ ( animal life %ifts to ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,!re are _m in/ances1 says ,sir ,edw>d ,ray ,lanke/] 9 8 book on ,ext9ct ,animals1 9 :i* small liv+ animals 7 repres5t$ 9 ! pa/ by gigantic =ms v close 9 /ructure to ! little liv+ bea/s1 b ( mu* great] size4 ,h5ce x is conclud$ t ^! p>ticul> liv+ animals are ! r$uc$ & dw9dl$ repres5tatives ( a race ( primeval mon/]s4 ,!re is "s tru? 9 ?is1 z may be se5 f ! hi/ory ( ! liv+ slo?s & armadillos ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 z comp>$ ) ! ext9ct gigantic slo?s & armadillos dug up 9 t c\ntry4 ,b x is a great mi/ake to conclude f ?is t x is a law ( nature t rec5t animals are all small & insignificant z comp>$ ) _! repres5tatives 9 ! pa/4 ,t is simply n true4 ,rec5t horses are bigg] ?an ext9ct ones2 rec5t elephants are mu* bigg] ?an _! e>li] elephant9e ance/ors4 ,!re nev] has be5 any creature ( any k9d--mammal1 reptile1 bird1 or fi%--9 any geological p]iod we "k (1 s big z "s ( ! exi/+ :ales1 ! ,sp]m ,:ale1 ! great ,rorqual1 & ! :alebone :ales4 ,x is true t !re 7 enorm\s reptiles 9 ! pa/1 f> l>g] ?an any liv+ crocodiles1 /&+ f\rte5 feet at ! lo9s1 & measur+ eighty feet f ! tip ( ! sn\t to ! end ( ! tail2 b _! bodies did n weigh mu* m ?an a big ,african elephant1 & 7 small comp>$ ) :ales4 ,s let u be "u no illusions z to ext9ct mon/]s1 & proce$ to look at ^? ( ,s\? ,am]ica ) simple c\rage & confid5ce 9 our own day4 ,! peculi> productions ( ,s\? ,am]ica 9 ! way ( animals appe> to be ! memb]s ( ! gr\p ( mammals call$ ,ed5tata f\nd n[h]e else4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* once 0 an isl&1 jo9$ on to ,nor? ,am]ica1 numb]s ( animals1 ma/odons1 horses1 tig]s1 & tapirs1 emigrat$ f nor? to s\?1 & p]haps prov$ too mu* = ! aborig9al or native bea/s4 ,at any rate1 all ! big ,s\? ,am]ican mammals di$ out1 & n[ !re are left only ! small tree slo?s1 ! small armadillos1 & ! /range-look+ ant-eat]s4 ,b 9 q late geological deposits ( ,s\? ,am]ica we f9d ! bones ( gigantic armadillos & ( gigantic gr\nd slo?s1 :i* la/$ on till ! "t :5 man appe>$ on ! sc5e4 ,! ,glyptodon1 ( :i* !re 7 sev]al diff]5t k9ds1 0 an enorm\s armadillo z big z an ox4 ,l _! small1 puny1 mod]n desc5dants1 !y c>ri$ on _! backs a h>d case ( bones1 some?+ l ! %ell ( a tortoise4 ,! mod]n armadillo's %ell1 h[ev]1 is jo9t$ s t ! little animal c roll itself up into a ball1 & 9 ?is direction1 !re=e1 ! armadillo1 ?\gh x has decreas$ s mu* 9 size1 has advanc$ 9 adaptability4 ,! ,mega!rium 0 ne>ly z big z an elephant1 & its skeleton1 ?\gh s mu* l>g]1 is v simil> to ^? ( ! small slo?s ( pres5t-day ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,its tee? also are v mu* l !irs4 ,b :]eas ! liv+ slo?s climb trees1 z !y h le>nt to d1 ! ,mega!rium's me?od 0 m primitive ?\gh q z effective4 ,x /ood on ! gr\nd & pull$ ! trees d[n 9 ord] to eat ! "y bran*es4 ,! ,mylodon1 :i* liv$ at ! same "t1 0 n s big1 & its habits 7 simil>4 ,x _h a numb] ( little bony pieces scatt]$ 9 its sk9 9 ! region ( ! back1 l ! pieces =m+ ! bony case ( ! anci5t armadillos2 b ! pieces 9 ?is case 7 n closely fitt$ toge!r4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ! ,mylodon1 l all ! peculi> gigantic animals ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 _h become ext9ct z long ago z ! ,mammo? 7( :i* we %all say m pres5tly7 or ( ! woolly rh9oc]os :i* us$ to haunt ,fleet ,/reet4 ,all ^! ext9ct ,s\? ,am]ican animals 7 di/+ui%$ by peculi>ly %ap$ tee?1 & _h no tee? at all 9 front4 ,!y are call$1 !re=e1 ,ed5tata1 & _! repres5tatives to-day are mu* small]4 ,b "s ye>s ago ,dr4 ,nord5skjold1 a ,sc&9avian travell]1 :ile explor+ 9 ,patagonia1 f\nd a va/ cav]n call$ ! ,ultima ,sp]anza cave1 on ! we/]n coa/4 ,f ?is cav]n ! settl]s :o liv$ close by _h remov$ an enorm\s piece ( sk9 cov]$ ) gre5i%-br[n hair1 & /udd$ on its inn] side ) little knobs ( bone4 ,! sk9 0 dry b s\nd4 ,:5 x 0 plac$ 9 wat] x gave out a smell :i*1 ?\gh unpleasant1 0 v int]e/+1 = x %[$ t ! animal :i* _h worn x c\ld n h be5 dead ?\s&s or ev5 _m hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,x 01 9 fact1 evid5tly a piece ( ! sk9 ( a ,mylodon1 :i* _h surviv$ 9 ?is region until mod]n times4 ,fur!r explorations 7 made 9 ! cav]n by ,dr4 ,mor5o1 ( ,la ,plata1 & o!r naturali/s1 & an imm5se quantity ( bones 0 obta9$1 & m portions ( ! sk9 ( ,mylodon ) ! hair on4 ,! cav]n _h be5 inhabit$ probably sev]al c5turies ago by ,indians1 = human bones & weapons 7 obta9$4 ,! rema9s ( z _m z tw5ty ,mylodons h be5 obta9$ f ! cav]n1 & _m ( ! bones are cut or brok5 9 a way :i* leads u to suspect t ! human inhabitants ( ! cave cut up ! dead ,mylodons = food1 & split _! bones to obta9 ! m>r[6 ,"s ( ! ,mylodon bones1 skulls1 jaw-bones1 leg-bones1 etc41 are sme>$ ) blood & h pieces ( c>tilage & t5don atta*$4 ,!re are o!r evid5ces :i* g to %[ t ! ,indians may h kept ! ,mylodons alive 9 ! cave & f$ !m ) hay br\ght f ! outside4 ,anybody :o w\ld c>e to see ! la/ ( ! great ext9ct animals c inspect "s ( ^! rema9s at ! museum 9 ,cromwell ,road1 ,london4 ,besides ! relics ( ! ,mylodon & ( ,man ! cav]n has yield$ bones & tee?1 & _m horny ho(s belong+ to a k9d ( ext9ct horses2 & ?is con/itutes "o ( ! puzzl+ ?+s ab\t ?is cave treasure4 ,! cave is 9 a "p ( ! c\ntry v difficult to rea*1 & ?\gh ,sir ,?omas ,holdi* & ,mr4 ,heske? ,pri*>d made ef=ts to rea* x aga9 & explore x sy/ematically & sci5tifically1 !re is a great deal ab\t x t seems likely to rema9 unexpla9$4 ,! bones t 7 f\nd are n buri$ 9 lime or any pres]v+ /one2 b lie 9 s& :]e "o w\ld expect !m to h p]i%$ long ago if !y _h be5 ( any great age4 ,yet side by side ) !m are ! bones ( a long-ext9ct horse2 & !re is no tradition among ! ,indians to-day ( any huge bea/ correspond+ to ! ,mylodon4 ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/] has po9t$ out t ! :ole ( ,s\? ,am]ica has be5 subm]g$ & has ris5 7& is ris+ /ill7 = _m c5turies4 ,possibly ! rocks & high l&s :]e ! ,mylodon cav]n occurs =m$ an isl& dur+ ! subm]g5ce1 :]e a numb] ( e>ly animals took refuge & surviv$ until ! re-elevation ( ! l&--& s liv$ on 9 ! pres5t condition ( ! l& surface until fifty or a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! great l& tortoises 7l ! ,galapagan#ag tortoise7 h simil>ly surviv$ on a few equatorial isl&s4 ,possibly1 ?\gh x does n seem v likely1 ! ,mylodon is /ill liv+ 9 simil> cav]ns 9 ?is region1 z yet unvisit$ by man4 ,footnote #ag3 ,( ! ,galapagos ,isl&s4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 ! l& ( ! m>supials or mammals ) p\*es1 ! bones ( _m gigantic creatures belong+ to t tribe ( animal h be5 f\nd4 ,giant kang>oos1 twice z tall z ! bigge/ liv+ kang>oo1 wombats & voles z big z a rh9oc]os1 h be5 discov]$4 ,"o ( ^! is ! ,diprotodon1 :i* ,sir ,ri*>d ,ow5 recon/ruct$ mu* 9 ! same way t he recon/ruct$ ! ,moa1 & ( :i* ,dr4 ,/irl+ has s9ce f\nd complete specim5s 9 a morass 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,diprotodon ,equal 9 size to a l>ge rh9oc]os4 7,rema9s f\nd 9 ,au/ralia47 ,la/ ( all ( ! great ext9ct mammals :i* we %all m5tion is ! ,mammo?1 :i* has a peculi> int]e/ because1 l ! ,mylodon1 x c]ta9ly surviv$ until man 0 on ! e>?1 z !re are _m m evid5ces to prove4 ,9 "o ( ! caves ( ,france inhabit$ by prehi/oric m5 & ?ickly /rewn ) ! *ipp$ fl9ts :i* !y us$ z tools & weapons1 z well z ) ! bones ( ext9ct animals :i* !y ate1 a piece ( ,mammo?'s tusk has be5 f\nd on :i* is rudely b clev]ly c>v$1 evid5tly by ! m5 :o liv$ !re1 ! picture ( a ,mammo?4 7,!re are besides1 antl]s on :i* a re9de] is v clev]ly & arti/ically outl9$4 ,ev5 ! tuft ( hair bel[ ! *9 is %[n1 & ! great feet & ! extra toes are correctly pictur$4 ,cle>ly ! m5 :o drew ?is re9de] liv$ ) ! re9de]2 & besides ! re9de]1 liv+ ne> ^! m5 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 0 ! great ,mammo?47 ,! ,mammo? 0 l an ,indian elephant1 b ) a co>se hairy pelt4 ,x 0 r bigg] ?an ! big ,indian elephant1 & its tusks _h a diff]5t curvature2 b we may dispose ( ! popul> idea t x 0 bigg] ?an any elephant4 ,no ,sib]ian ,mammo? has yet be5 f\nd high] at ! %\ld]s ?an n9e feet six in*es1 :]eas ! ,african elephant /&s elev5 feet & sometimes m at ! %\ld]s4 ,among ! fossil elephants ( ,s\!rn ,europe & ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7,elephas imp]ator7 !re are two :i* /ood f twelve to ?irte5 feet high4 ,! rema9s ( ! ,mammo? are left all ov] ! nor? ( ,europe & ,asia & ( ! c\ntries :i* 7 subject$ to glacial influ5ces4 ,ev5 9 ,engl& its tee? & tusks are con/antly f\nd1 & 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum !re is a :ole skull ) enorm\s tusks1 :i* 0 dug up 9 a brickfield at ,il=d4 ,probably ?is animal cont9u$ to exi/ long] 9 ,asia & ,sib]ia ?an 9 our own "p ( ! _w3 & ! cold & ice pres]v$ _! rema9s s well t :ole c>cases h be5 dug up4 ,"o su* in/ance is hi/oric4 ,9 #agii a native *ief ne> ,lake ,onk\l1 9 ,sib]ia1 :ile seek+ = ,mammo? tee?1 p]ceiv$ a great %apeless mass among ! ice4 ,he wat*$ x = "s ye>s1 till at ! end ( ! fif? ye> ! ice melt$ & disclos$ ! c>case ( a :ole ,mammo?4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 #ahjd1 ,s*umakh(f cut (f ! horns 7! tusks71 :i* he ex*ang$ ) ! m]*ant ,bultun( = goods ( ! value ( fifty r\bles 7n q eight p\nds /]l+74 ,x 0 n till two ye>s aft] ?is t ,mr4 ,adams1 ( ! ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,academy1 :o 0 travell+ ) ,c\nt ,golovk91 s5t by ! ,cz> ( ,russia on an embassy to ,*9a1 hav+ be5 told at ,yakutsk ( ! discov]y ( an animal ( extraord9>y magnitude on ! %ores ( ! ,froz5 ,ocean1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,riv] ,l5a1 betook himself to ! place4 ,he f\nd ! ,mammo? /ill 9 ! same place1 b v mu* mutilat$4 ,! ,yakuts ( ! neighb\rhood _h cut (f ! fle%1 ) :i* !y f$ _! dogs2 wild bea/s1 su* z :ite be>s1 wolves1 wolv]5es1 & foxes1 _h also f$ ^u x1 & traces ( _! foot/eps 7 se5 ar\nd4 ,! skeleton1 almo/ entirely cle>$ ( its fle%1 rema9$ :ole1 ) ! exception ( "o =eleg4 ,! sp9e ( ! back1 "o scapula1 ! pelvis1 & ! o!r ?ree limbs 7 /ill held toge!r by ! ligam5ts & by p>ts ( ! sk92 ! o!r scapula 0 f\nd n f> (f4 ,! head 0 cov]$ ) a dry sk92 "o ( ! e>s 0 furni%$ ) a tuft ( hairs2 ! balls ( ! eyes 7 /ill di/+ui%able2 ! bra9 /ill occupi$ ! cranium1 b seem$ dri$ up2 ! po9t ( ! l[] lip _h be5 gnaw$ & ! upp] lip _h be5 de/roy$ s z to expose ! tee?2 ! neck 0 furni%$ ) a long fl[+ mane2 ! sk91 ( a d>k-grey col\r1 cov]$ ) black hairs & a r$di% wool1 0 s heavy t t5 p]sons f\nd great difficulty 9 transport+ x to ! %ore4 ,!re 0 collect$1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,adams1 m ?an ?irty-six p\nds weight ( hair & wool :i* ! :ite be>s _h trod into ! gr\nd :ile dev\r+ ! fle%4 ,?is ,mammo? 0 a male1 s fat & well f$1 accord+ to ! ass]tion ( ! ,tungusian *ief1 t its belly hung d[n bel[ ! jo9ts ( its knees4 ,its tusks 7 n9e feet six in*es 9 l5g?1 measur$ along ! curve1 & its head )\t ! tusks weigh$ f\r hundr$ & f\rte5 p\nds avoirdupois4 ,mr4 ,adams took e c>e to collect all t rema9$ ( ?is unique specim5 ( an anci5t creation1 & =w>d$ ! p>ts to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 a di/ance ( #aa1jjj v]/s 7#gccj miles74 ,he succe$$ 9 repur*as+ :at he believ$ to be ! tusks at ,yakutsk1 & ! ,emp]or ( ,russia1 :o became ! own] ( ?is preci\s relic1 paid him #hjjj r\bles4 ,! skeleton is deposit$ 9 ! museum ( ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & ! sk9 /ill rema9s atta*$ to ! head & ! feet4 ,a v curi\s example ( ! ,sib]ian ,mammo? 0 discov]$ only a few ye>s ago by a ,lamut ( "o ( ! ,arctic villages1 & ?r\gh ! en]gy ( ,dr4 ,h]z 0 ev5tually remov$ 9 pieces to ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,9 ! ,zoological ,museum !re ! recon/ruct$ ,mammo? n[ crawls out ( a huge pit1 = x 0 by fall+ into a pit t ?is f9e bea/ met 8 dea? hundr$s ( g5]ations ago4 ,x 0 sunk 9 froz5 gr\nd1 & ?is cold-/orage treatm5t _h pres]v$ x 9 an extraord9>y mann]4 ,if ! ,sib]ian natives :o discov]$ x p>tially buri$ 9 alluvial deposit _h n uncov]$ x1 s t ! sun 0 able to play on ! c>case & produc$ decay1 ?is wond]ful primeval mon/] might almo/ h be5 got out :ole4 ,z x 0 ! froz5 gr\nd _h s kept ! rema9s t ,dr4 ,h]z f\nd well-pres]v$ fragm5ts ( food betwe5 ! tee?1 & ! rema9s ( a he>ty meal 9 ! /oma*4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,mammo? fell into ! crevice or pit & damag$ himself s mu* 9 ! fall t he c\ld n crawl out4 ,"o _c help feel+ "s relief t he di$ aft] a %ort dea?-/ruggle4 ,a good deal ( ! v old meat ( ?is body 0 eag]ly eat5 by ! native dogs4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,man ,! greate/ zoologi/ ( 8 "t1 ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]1 has said t man has diff]$ f all o!r inhabitants ( ! animal k+dom 9 be+ able to resi/ ! pressure ( circum/ances :i* h alt]$ & de/roy$ !m4 ,9 all ! cases ( ! animals :i* we h be5 consid]+1 ^! creatures h be5 limit$ by ! conditions ( geography2 !y h be5 kill$ by extremes ( heat & cold2 !y h be5 subject to />vation if "o k9d ( diet 7 unobta9able2 & !y h con/antly alt]$ 9 %ape1 /ructure1 & appe>ance1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! new conditions 9 :i* !y f\nd !mselves4 ,b man's m9d & w h enabl$ him to cross riv]s & oceans by rafts & boats1 to clo! himself aga9/ cold1 to %elt] himself f heat & ra91 to prep>e an endless v>iety ( food by fire1 & to increase & multiply z no o!r animal )\t *ange ( =m1 & )\t submitt+ to ! t]rible axe ( selection wield$ by ru?less circum/ance ov] all o!r liv+ ?+s on ?is globe4 ,& z he has m & m obta9$ ?is control ov] 8 surr\nd+s1 he has exp&$ t unconsci\s protective attitude t[>ds 8 mature (fspr+ :i* natural selection _h already fav\r$ & e/abli%$ among ! mammals into a consci\s & l>g] love = 8 tribe1 8 race1 8 nationality1 & 8 k9d4 ,he has develop$ spee*1 ! p[] ( communicat+1 &1 above all1 ( record+ f g5]ation to g5]ation 8 ?\ght & k4 ,he has =m$ communities1 built cities1 & set up empires2 & at e /ep ( 8 progress man has rec$$ f>!r & f>!r f ! anci5t rule ex]cis$ by nature ov] ! l[] animals4 ,:5ce comes ?is p[]8 ,:5 & h[ did x arrive8 ,t we d n "k4 ,= ! e>ly beg9n+s ( man we c only grope among ! relics ( 8 progress :i* he has left = ! speculation ( 8 m intellig5t desc5dants1 9 ! %ape ( ! rude implem5ts & dwell+s :i* he us$ 9 ! *ildhood ( ! race4 ,f "t to "t actual rema9s ( e>ly man are f\nd buri$ among ! upp]mo/ /rata1 & f !m we c make "s guesses at 8 age4 ,virtually ?ree l9ks h be5 f\nd 9 ! *a9 ( human ance/ry4 ,! e>lie/ is repres5t$ by ! ,tr9il ,man ( ,java1 f\nd by ,dubois 9 #ahij1 & nam$ ! ,pi!can?ropos erectus1 9 ref]5ce to its lik5ess bo? to man z we "k him & to ! great an?ropoid apes1 al?\gh x _h a mu* m erect c>riage ?an any ( !m4 ,?is relic1 man or "s o!r creature z x may h be51 /&s midway betwe5 ! *impanzee & ! m typical ,ne&>?al ,man1 ! skull ( :i* 0 f\nd 9 a cave ( ! ,ne&] ,valley1 ne> ,dusseldorf1 9 #ahef4 ,?irty ye>s lat] ! skulls ( ! ,spy m5 ( ! same type z ?is 7 f\nd 9 ,belgium4 ,?is type liv$ 9 :at we call ! e>ly ,/one ,age1 & 0 a l[ type ( meat-eat+ hunt]4 ,! next high] type1 ! ?ird type ( man1 is t id5tifi$ ) :at geologi/s & an?ropologi/s call ! ,gibralt> skull1 f ! place :]e ! skull 0 f\nd4 ,b all we "k ( ^! types ( man we mu/ judge f _! skulls & f ! /one implem5ts & ! animals f\nd ne> !m4 ,! skulls ( primitive m5 & ( mod]n m5 %[ a c]ta9 diff]5ce 9 %ape4 ,if we take two skulls1 t ( a man & a monkey1 & draw a l9e f ! region j ov] ! nose to ! place at ! back ( ! skull j above :]e x jo9s ! backbone1 !re is left above ! l9e a great dome 9 ! human skull1 :]eas 9 ! monkey ! place left above is mu* flatt] & mu* %all[]4 ,n[ ! skull ( ! ,pi!can?ropos erectus f\nd 9 ,java resembles ! monkey's skull 9 ?is %all[ness2 & ! skulls ( ! ,ne&>?al & ! ,spy m5 also _h %all[] bra9-pans ?an ! m5 ( to-day4 ,!y may1 !re=e1 be ei!r diff]5t creatures or !y may m]ely h _h small] bra9s4 ,we c only say t ! creature call$ ,man sudd5ly appe>s among ! l[] animals ) a bra9 "s five or six times ! bulk 79 proportion to 8 size & weight7 ( t ( any surviv+ ape4 ,great z is ! diff]5ce1 x is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s facts 9 ! hi/ory ( man's developm5t t ! bulk ( 8 bra9 does n seem to h cont9u$ to increase 9 any v m>k$ degree s9ce ! e>ly ,ages ( ,/one4 ,:at 7 ! ,/one ,ages8 ,9 ! long ye>s be=e primitive man le>n$ to weld iron or bronze he =m$ 8 weapons & 8 tools f /one & fl9t2 & geologi/s & antiqu>ians h discov]$ sev]al ( ^! ,ages ( ,/one ( diff]5t p]iods4 ,= example1 ! ,/one ,age :i* our gr&fa!rs spoke ( is n[ call$ ! ,neoli?ic ,age2 & 9 ! second qu>t] ( ! la/ c5tury x became gradually admitt$ t man _h exi/$ e>li] ?an t & _h swung hamm]s & *ipp$ edges 9 :at we n[ call ,paloli?ic times4 ,t w\ld put man back to ! age ( ! ,mammo?4 ,b 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( la/ c5tury a new claim arose4 ,! ,paloli?ic /one weapons & tools 7 made #aej1jjj ye>s ago1 & 7 manufactur$ ) great skill & ev5 arti/ic feel+4 ,)9 ! la/ t5 ye>s mu* r\gh] fl9t implem5ts ( peculi> types h be5 f\nd 9 gravels :i* are #ejj to #gjj feet above ! level ( ! exi/+ riv]s--9 ! drift ( :i* ,paloli?ic implem5ts 7 f\nd4 ,to ^! old]1 clumsi] weapons & tools--if1 inde$1 implem5ts !y be--! "n ,eoli?s 0 giv5 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,all5 ,br[n4 ,^! ,eoli?s ( ! s\? ( ,engl& & ( ,belgium indicate a race ( m5 ( less develop$ skill ?an ! mak]s ( ! ,paloli?s1 & c>ry ! antiquity ( man at lea/ z f> back beyond ! ,paloli?s z ^! are f ! pres5t day4 ,s mu* = speculation4 ,b are ! ,eoli?s truly implem5ts1 or are !y1 z a det]m9$ s*ool ( an?ropologi/s ass]t1 m]ely fl9ts :i* =tuit\sly resemble ! r\gh] v>iety ( true ,paloli?8 ,! /ronge/ attack made on _! au!nticity comes f ,pr(essor ,b\le & ,m4 ,laville1 ( ! ,fr5* ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 :o say t 9 ! fl9t wa/e ( a cem5t factory at ,mantes !y h discov]$ pseudo-,eoli?s :i* are made by ! action ( ! wat] ( ! mill1 & :i* resemble e kn[n v>iety ( ! s-call$ ,eoli?4 ,_! sugge/ion is t ,eoli?s 7 n made by man at all b 7 produc$ by ! action ( runn+ wat]4 ,to :i* ! ,eoli?ic an?ropologi/s retort t ,eoli?s ought surely to be produc$ by runn+ wat] n[1 & t "s ,se9e-made ,eoli?s w\ld be m conv9c+4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,mantes specim5s & ! true ,eoli? _c be detect$ by ! untra9$ eye2 b1 spite ( ! ,fr5* sceptics1 ! s*ool ( believ]s 9 ! g5u95ess ( ! ,eoli? is gr[+4 ,we ne$ n ent] fur!r into ^! controv]sies1 & we ne$ only say t fl9t implem5ts ( v>i\s k9ds are f\nd all ov] ! _w1 9 ,egypt be=e ! ,ph>aohs1 9 ,au/ralia1 9 ,s\? ,africa1 & inde$ 9 e cont95t4 ,!y are be+ made ev5 to-day by aborig9es 9 ,au/ralasia1 & !re is ev5 a fl9t knapp+ indu/ry :i* survives to-day at ,br&on1 9 ,suffolk1 ?\gh ^! fl9ts are n int5d$ = use z spe>-heads or arr[-heads or any?+ s primitive4 ,!re is little geological evid5ce to %[ ! place :]e man fir/ appe>$2 b :at we "k ( 8 frame & con/itution induces u to believe t some:]e 9 ! w>m climate ( ,s\!rn ,asia 0 8 fir/ habitation4 ,f ?is1 or f "s simil> tract 9 t qu>t] ( ! globe1 !re seems to h be5 f\r great migratory movem5ts4 ,^! 7 complicat$ by rev]se movem5ts1 by cross migrations1 & by w&]+s1 :i* we %all probably nev] altoge!r und]/&2 & s we c only sum up briefly ! *ief features ( !m4 ,! greate/ movem5t appe>s to h be5 nor?-ea/w>d betwe5 ! great des]t & m\nta9 tract ( ,c5tral ,asia on ! "o h&1 & ! ,pacific on ! o!r1 att5d$ by div]g5ces ea/w>d to _m isl&s 7z !y are n[7 ( ! ,pacific4 ,:5 ! emigrants got too f> nor? to wi% to explore fur!r1 !y spread out to ea/ & we/1 =m+ a belt bel[ ! ,arctic regions & s5d+ a bran* d[n ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,am]ican ,cont95t4 ,?is movem5t embrac$ ! ,mongoloid races1 & includ$ ! old ,am]ican ,indians & ! ,malayan races4 ,be=e ! di/urb+ influ5ces ( man's lat] developm5t1 ?is bran* _h ?ree notable c5tres ( civilisation3 ! ,*9ese 9 ,asia1 ! ,mexican 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! ,p]uvian 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,a second & mu* less num]\s b& ( emigrants /ruck out to ! s\?-ea/1 & rea*+ ! s\!rn hemisph]e gave rise to ! ,au/ralian & ,new ,zeal& aborig9al races--all peoples :o nev] rose v mu* or develop$ notable p[]4 ,to a ?ird movem5t to ! s\?-we/ is assign$ ! peopl+ ( ,africa s\? ( ! ,sah>a ) ! negro & simil> races1 :i* h become v num]\s b nev] v p[]ful or intellig5t4 ,! f\r? movem5t 0 nor?-we/w>d across or ar\nd ! b>ri]s ( des]t & m\nta9 to ,we/]n ,asia1 ,europe1 & ,nor? ,africa4 ,^! emigrants 7 ! true adv5tur]s1 h>dy1 progressive1 & en]getic2 & _! desc5dants h develop$ into ! /ronge/ & mo/ vigor\s ( ! human family4 ,! less progressive ( !m rema9 /ill on ! fur!r side ( ! m\nta9s ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! ?ree passage-ways us$ by ! orig9al emigrants seem to h be5 7#a7 ! ,r$ ,sea ,nile-,valley pa?1 9 :i* ! dusky :ite & ! ,e?iopian races m+l$2 7#b7 ! ,euphrates ,valley1 d[n :i* ! ,semitic races mov$2 & 7#c7 ! tracts ( ! m nor!rly plateau1 across :i* mov$ ! ance/ral ,aryan races4 ,x is also q c]ta9 t "s races mov$ backw>ds by ?is r\te & return$ to ,india to give rise to ! ,brahm9s1 ! mo/ le>n$ race ( t c\ntry4 ,we h ?us trac$1 s f> z our limit$ k w all[ u1 ! geographical spread ( man's dom9ance4 ,b we _c associate him ) ! hi/ory t 9 previ\s *apt]s we h r\ghly trac$1 ( ! developm5t ( ! l[] memb]s ( ! animal k+dom4 ,! qualities :i* h develop$ 9 ,man are ( su* an unprec$5t$ p[] & s f> dom9ate ev]y?+ else 9 8 *>act]i/ics & surr\nd+s t !y ju/ify ! view t he =ms a new dep>ture 9 ! gradual unfold+ ( ?is _w's pr$e/9$ s*eme4 ,k1 ,reason1 ,self-consci\sness1 ,w1 are ! attributes ( ,man4 ,he goes on f /r5g? to /r5g?1 & 9 ! ,div9e purpose :i* creat$ him may lie ! possibility t 9 ! future he may atta9 a full] k ?an any he yet possesses4 ,! great poet ( ! ,victorian ,age wrote ( ,k3-- ,fl[] 9 ! cranni$ wall ,i pluck y out ( ! crannies2 ,i hold y !re1 root & all1 9 my h&1 ,little fl[]--b if ,i c\ld und]/& ,:at y are1 root & all1 & all 9 all1 ,i %\ld "k :at ,god & man is4 ,! ne>] approa* to t und]/&+ is ! greate/ & true/ aim ( sci5tific inve/igation4 ,! ,end ,,index ,adelsb]g1 ,cav]ns (1 #aie pyornis1 ,!1 #beb ,age ( ,lakes1 ,!1 #beg ,air1 h[ x may become solid1 #hd ,aleutian ,isl&s1 ,volcanoes ( !1 #ig ,alg1 #ajc ,alluvium1 #ed ,am]ica 9 ! ,devonian ,p]iod1 #bag2 9 ! ,glacial ,p]iod1 #bga ,ammonites1 #baj ,amba1 ,!1 #ajj ,&es1 ,volcanoes ( !1 #ig ,&esite1 #ahd ,&rom$a1 #ib ,animal ,life1 ,! fir/1 #ajd ,animal ,species ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod1 #bbi ,ant1 ,:ite1 ,! "w ( !1 #dd ,an?racite1 #acc ,apes1 ,! fir/1 #bfh ,apt]yx1 ,!1 #beb ,ar*an ,era1 #abi1 #aii ,ar*opt]yx1 ,!1 #bdc ,ar*elon1 ,!1 #bdi ,ar*es1 ,! /ra9 on1 #be ,ari/otle & ,e>?quakes1 #agf ,armadillos1 #bge ,arrh5ius1 ,pr(41 ,!ory (1 #hh ,ars9oi!rium1 ,!1 #bff ,assam1 ,e>?quake 91 #aee ,atmosph]e1 has ! ,moon "o8 #abc2 ( ,m>s1 #abf ,atmosph]ic pressure1 #hj1 #aja ,attraction ( bodies1 #ajb ,au/51 ,sir ,w4 ,r41 8 exp]im5t1 #he ,avalan*es1 #fi ,babylon1 #de ,bact]ia 9 ,devonian ,p]iod1 #bag ,baikal1 ,lake1 effects ( e>?quake1 #adj ,baltic1 ,ice 9 !1 #gd ,b>omet]1 ,! use ( !1 #bd ,basalt ,rocks1 #acb ,b$s ( ,passage1 #bcf ,birds ( ! ,jurassic ,p]iod1 #bdc ,bogosl( ,isl&s1 #afb ,bor+s1 ,deep1 #gi ,b\ld]-clay deposit$ by glaci]s1 #gc ,bra*iosaurus1 ,!1 #bda ,brahmaputra1 ,! delta ( !1 #fj ,brita9 9 ! ,silurian ,p]iod1 #baa2 9 ! ,mesozoic ,p]iod1 #bca ,briti% ,isles1 ,ice 9 !1 #ge ,brontosaurus1 ,!1 #bdj ,ca9ozoic ,p]iod1 ,!1 #aii ,calabria1 ,e>?quake 91 #adi ,calamites1 #bbb ,calumet & ,hecla ,m9e1 ,temp]ature (1 #hb ,cambrian ,hills1 ,!1 #bjj ,cambrian ,p]iod1 #aag2 life 9 !1 #bjb2 surface ( ! globe 91 #bje ,c>bonate ( ,lime1 #dj1 #dh ,c>bonic ,acid1 ,! action (1 #dg ,c>bonif]\s or ,m\nta9 ,lime/one1 #bah ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod1 ,! atmosph]e (1 #bai2 insects1 mollusca1 vegetation1 #bbj2 fi%1 #bbd2 /rata1 #bbf2 animal species1 #bbi ,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em1 ,ext5t ( !1 #bbg ,c>iama1 ,!1 or ,scream]1 #bea ,c>9?ia1 ,e>?quake 91 #ada ,c>r>a m>ble1 #acd ,cephalopod types1 #bjg ,c]atosaurus1 ,!1 #bdj ,*alk1 :at x is1 #ba1 #bdh ,*elonians1 ,!1 #bcc ,climate1 ,! *anges (1 #cc ,coal1 #bai ,cocco/eus1 ,!1 #bae ,collision ( planets1 ,a1 #ic ,con/ructive "w ( e>?quakes1 #aha ,coral ,isl&s1 #ff ,coral reefs1 #fc ,coral reefs 9 ! ,silurian ,age1 #baj ,coryphodon1 ,!1 #bei ,cracks 9 ! cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 #ig ,crat] ,lakes1 #aji ,cr9oids1 ,!1 #baj ,cru/acea1 #aca1 #bjb ,cru/ ( ! ,e>?1 ,! /udy ( !1 #aih ,cyclones1 #db ,dead ,sea1 ,!1 #eh ,deltas ( riv]s1 #bj ,deposits1 h[ !y are made1 #bj1 #de ,dep?s ( ! sea1 #ahi ,devonian ,p]iod1 #bab2 fi%es ( !1 #baf2 vegetation1 #baf2 insects1 #baf2 ,europe & ,am]ica1 #bag ,diamonds1 h[ !y are produc$1 #acb ,d9oc]as1 ,!1 #bff ,d9osaurus1 ,!1 #bdj ,diplodocus1 ,!1 #bda ,doli*osaurs1 #bdi ,dov]1 ,! *alk cliffs (1 #ba ,dr$g+1 ,! necessity =1 #bj ,dryopi!cus1 ,!1 #bfh ,dryptosaurus1 ,!1 #bec ,dw9a1 ,fossils 9 ! banks ( !1 #bcb ,dykes1 #aje ,e>?1 ,!1 n s solid z x looks1 #bc2 its resemblance to a golf ball1 #be2 its unev5 surface1 #ca ,e>?1 ,weigh+ !1 #hh ,e>?quake di/ricts1 #aga ,e>?quake1 ,! s5sation ( an1 #acg2 ! cause ( an1 #aff1 #agj ,e>?quake waves1 #agd ,e>?quakes1 #bc2 ,san ,francisco1 #adj2 ,new ,madrid1 #adj2 ,lake ,baikal1 #adj2 ,icel&1 #ada2 ,c>9?ia1 #ada2 ,japan1 #ada2 ,ocean1 #adc2 ,lisbon1 #adh2 ,sicily1 #adi2 ,*ili1 #aej2 ,assam1 #aef2 ,jamaica1 #aeg2 ! ,mississippi1 #aeh2 ,sonora1 #afj2 ,yakutat ,bay1 #afj ,e>?quakes1 ,great & ,small1 #agb2 _! con/ructive & de/ructive "w1 #aha ,e>?worm1 ,! "w ( !1 #dd ,ed5tata1 ,!1 #bge ,egg-/one1 #bcf ,eifel ,di/rict1 ,crat] ,lakes ( !1 #aji ,elasmo!rium1 ,!1 #bfe ,elephant1 ,!1 #bfj ,elephas ,imp]ator1 #bhj ,emu1 ,!1 #bfj ,encroa*m5t ( ! sea on ! %ores ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 #ag ,eoc5e ,p]iod1 ,!1 #beg ,eohippus1 ,!1 #bfc ,eoli?s1 #bhg ,era ( ! ,fir/ ,plants1 #ajc ,erosion1 ,sea1 #ai ,erratic blocks deposit$ by glaci]s1 #gb ,eulalie1 ,lake1 effect ( e>?quake on1 #adb ,europe 9 ! ,devonian ,p]iod1 #bag ,evolution1 #aae ,excavations & :at !y reveal1 #cd ,faults1 #afg ,fi% 9 ! c>bonif]\s p]iod1 #bbd ,fl9t1 #bdh ,fl9t implem5ts1 #bhh ,florida1 ,encroa*m5t ( ! sea on ! coa/ (1 #ah ,fly+ ,reptiles1 #bdb ,foliat$ rocks1 #bjj ,=am9if]a1 #bdg ,=e/s cov]$ by ! sea1 #ai ,fossils1 #aca2 9 ! banks ( ! ,dw9a1 #bcb ,fossil records1 #ef ,fum>oles1 #ahe ,ganges1 ,! ,delta ( !1 #bj ,gases1 ,h[ metals may be conv]t$ into1 #hd ,g5]al ,metamorphism1 #acc ,geologi/1 ,! "w ( !1 #cg ,geology1 #cg ,g]many1 ,s&-dunes 91 #df2 ,ice 91 #gd ,geys]s1 #ada ,giant's ,causeway1 #acb ,gibralt> ,skull1 ,!1 #bhf ,g9kgo ,tree1 #bbh ,glacial ,p]iod1 ,!1 !ories conc]n+1 #bgb ,glaci]s1 #fi1 #bgj ,globig]9a bulloides1 #bdg ,glyptodon1 ,!1 #bge ,gneiss1 #bjj ,gr& ,caon ( ! ,colorado1 #ed ,graphite1 #acc ,great ,b>ri] ,reef1 #ff ,great ,salt ,lake1 #eg ,hadrosaurus1 ,!1 #bec ,h>wi*1 ,encroa*m5t ( ! sea at1 #ag ,hawaii1 ,lava eruptions 91 #aje1 #ahg ,heat & ,cold1 #fh ,heligol&1 ,encroa*m5t ( ! sea on1 #ah ,hesp]ornis1 ,!1 #bdi ,horse1 ,!1 #bei1 #bfd ,hurricanes1 #dc ,ice 9 ,sc&9avia1 ,scotl&1 ,g]many1 #gd1 #bgj ,icel&1 ,eruptions 91 #ajf2 ,e>?quakes 91 #ada1 #aed ,i*?yornis1 ,!1 #bej ,i*?yosaurs1 ,!1 #bcd1 #bci ,igne\s rocks1 #ajd ,iguanodon1 ,!1 #bde ,ino/ransevia1 ,!1 #bcc ,insect life 9 ! ,ordovician ,p]iod1 #bjf2 9 ! ,devonian ,p]iod1 #baf ,int]-glacial epo*s1 #bgc ,int]ior ( ! ,e>?1 ,!ories conc]n+ !1 #hg ,isle ( ,wight1 ,encroa*m5t ( ! sea 91 #ag ,jamaica1 ,e>?quake 91 #aeg ,japan1 ,e>?quake 91 #ada1 #aec ,jupit]1 #ia2 z an abode ( life1 #aai ,jupit] ,s]apis1 ,! ,temple (1 #aha ,jurassic ,p]iod1 ,reptiles ( !1 #bcg ,kelv91 ,"l1 ,!ory (1 #hg2 conc]n+ ,life1 #aac ,k]n1 ,riv]1 ,effect ( e>?quake on1 #ada ,k+/on1 ,jamaica1 ,e>?quake at1 #agf ,kipl+1 ,rudy>d1 #fb ,kiwi1 ,!1 #beb ,krakatoa1 ,! eruption (1 #de ,lago di ,tolfilo1 #aeb ,lakes1 ,deposits 91 #ef ,lakes produc$ by e>?quakes1 #aeb1 #aei ,l& & ,wat]1 ,! di/ribution (1 #ca ,l>iosaurus1 ,!1 #bcd ,laur5tian ,rocks1 #acc1 #bja ,lava eruptions1 #aje2 9 ,n4 ,am]ica1 #ajf2 pla9s1 #ajg ,lay]s ( /rata :i* %[ ! hi/ory ( a place1 #cg ,leakage ( ! sea bottom1 #aij ,leonids1 ,lyrids1 or ,p]seids1 #ii ,lias =mation1 ,!1 #bce1 #bcg ,life1 ,! simple/ =ms (1 #aaa2 !ories conc]n+ its orig91 #aac2 e>ly =ms1 #aad2 9 ! ,cambrian ,p]iod1 #bjb2 9 ! ,silurian ,p]iod1 #bjc2 9 ! ,ordovician ,p]iod1 #bjd ,lisbon1 ,e>?quake at1 #adh ,llama1 ,!1 #bgc ,london1 ,:at excavations h reveal$ conc]n+ ! site (1 #ce ,luray1 ,cav]ns (1 #aif ,lycopods1 #bbb ,lyg9od5drons1 #bbc ,mammals1 ,! developm5t (1 #bcd1 #beh ,mammo?1 ,!1 #bgi ,mammo? ,cave ( ,k5tucky1 #aif ,man1 #bhd ,m>ble1 h[ x is produc$1 #acc ,m>l 9 lakes1 #eg ,m>s1 #ia2 z an abode ( life1 #aai2 atmosph]e1 #abf ,m>supials1 #bcg ,m>t9ique1 ,deva/ation (1 by volcano1 #ahf ,ma/odon1 ,!1 #bfj ,mega!rium1 ,!1 #bge ,m]cury z an abode ( life1 #aah ,m]i!rium1 ,!1 #bfa ,mesozoic ,p]iod1 ,!1 #aii1 #bca ,metals may be conv]t$ into gases1 #hd ,meteorites1 #if ,microbes & ,bact]ia1 #aaa ,microle/es1 #bcg ,migrations ( ! human race1 #bij ,mill]1 ,hugh1 #bac ,mill/one ,grit1 #bah ,mioc5e ,p]iod1 ,!1 #beg ,mississippi1 ,! ,delta ( !1 #bj2 s$im5t deposit$1 #ea2 e>?quake 9 region (1 #aei ,moa1 ,!1 #beb1 #bfj ,monsoons1 #db ,moon1 ,!1 #ij2 its bir?1 #ajj1 #abj2 volcanoes 91 #ajf2 z an abode ( life1 #aai2 weight1 #abj2 temp]ature1 #abd ,mora9es1 #gj ,mora9e-/uff1 #gj ,m\nta9 =mation1 #afg ,mud-banks1 h[ !y are made1 #ai ,mussels1 #baj ,mylodon1 ,!1 #bgf ,my?s conc]n+ e>?quakes1 #agg ,naosaurus1 ,!1 #bcj ,ne&>?al man1 #bhe ,nebul1 #ib ,negroes1 ,nature's reason = ! d>k pigm5tation (1 #aaf ,neoli?ic ,age1 ,!1 #bhg ,neptune1 #aai ,new ,*um ,m9e1 ,temp]ature (1 #hc ,new ,madrid1 ,e>?quake at1 #adj ,niag>a ,falls1 ,! "w ( !1 #eb ,nile1 ,! ,delta ( !1 #bj ,n9eveh1 #de ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,ice 91 #gf ,nor? ,g>d5 ,gully ,m9e1 ,temp]ature (1 #hc ,nor? ,sea1 ,!1 h[ x 0 =m$1 #ai ,nor? ,sea1 ,ice 9 !1 #ge ,ocean deposits1 #fa2 life1 #aad ,oceanic ,era1 ,!1 #aja ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 #bab ,oolite1 #ff1 #bch ,ordovician ,p]iod1 ,life 9 !1 #bjd2 surface ( ! e>? 9 !1 #bjf2 insect life 9 !1 #bjf2 fi% 9 !1 #bjg2 ! ,trilobite1 #bjg ,ordovician rocks1 #bjb ,oreopi!cus1 ,!1 #bfh ,organisms1 ,multicellul> & ,unicellul>1 #aaa ,orion1 #ib ,o/racod]m gr\p1 ,!1 #bae ,o/ri*1 ,!1 #bfj ,oxyg51 ,! action (1 #dg ,paloli?ic ,age1 ,!1 #bhg ,paloma/odon1 ,!1 #bfa ,palozoic ,p]iod1 ,!1 #aii ,palozoic ,alps1 ,!1 #bai ,p>eiasaurus1 ,!1 #bcb ,p>sons1 ,hon4 ,*>les1 on ! difficulties ( deep bor+1 #gi ,pea-grit1 #bch ,peak ,cav]n 9 ,d]by%ire1 #aie ,pe>l-oy/]1 ,!1 #baj ,peat-wat]1 ,! action (1 #dh ,pele1 ,m\nt1 #hf1 #ajh2 ! obelisk1 #ahd ,p]mian or ,dyas =mation1 #bbg ,p]oxide ( ,iron1 #dj ,p]seids1 #ii ,ph>ora*us1 ,!1 #bea ,pi!can?ropos erectus1 #bhe ,planetismals or ,meteorites1 #ii ,plant life 9 ! ,silurian ,p]iod1 #baj ,plants1 ,era ( ! fir/1 #ajc ,pleiades1 ,!1 #ia ,plei/oc5e ,p]iod1 ,!1 #bfi ,plesiosaurus1 ,!1 #bcd1 #bci ,pl9y on ! upheaval ( l&1 #aib ,plioc5e ,p]iod1 ,!1 #beg ,po1 ,s$im5t deposit$ by ! ,riv]1 #bj ,polyps1 ,coral1 #fe ,pot-holes 9 ,york%ire1 #aie ,pre-,cambrian1 #bja ,pressure1 ( air1 #hj2 ( ! ocean1 #aij ,pressure & weight ( rocks1 #he2 a/\nd+ effects (1 #acd ,pribyl( ,isl&s1 #afd ,proboscideans1 ,!1 #bgc ,prot]ozoic era1 ,! #acj ,pt]aspes1 ,!1 #bae ,pt]i*?yds1 ,!1 #bae ,pt]odactyls1 #bdb ,pt]osaurs1 ,!1 #bee ,qu>tzite1 #bjj ,quat]n>y ,p]iod1 ,!1 #aii ,quebec1 ,collapse ( ! bridge (1 #be ,rag-/one1 #bch ,ra91 ,! influ5ce (1 #dg ,ra9fall on ! ,briti% ,isles1 #abh ,rais$ ,bea*es1 #aea ,r$ clay deposit 9 ! ocean1 #fa ,r$ ,s&/one ,=mation1 #bab ,reptiles & ,amphibians ( ! ,triassic ,p]iod1 #bcb2 ( ! ,jurassic ,p]iod1 #bcg ,reptiles 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod1 #bbi ,rh9oc]os1 ,!1 #bfe ,rhizopods1 ,!1 #bbd ,rhtic b$s1 #bcg ,riv]s & ,/reams 9 ! ,silurian ,age1 #bji ,riv] ,t]races1 #ee ,riv]s1 ,"w done by1 #bj2 records left by1 #ej ,rocks1 h[ !y are made1 #gi2 igne\s & s$im5t>y1 #ajd1 #abi2 foliat$1 #bjj ,rocks1 ,pressure & weight (1 #he ,roe/one1 #bch ,romney ,m>%1 #fj ,rorqual1 ,!1 #bge ,royal ,commission on ,sea ,erosion1 #ai ,sabre-too!d ,cat1 ,!1 #bgc ,sah>an des]t1 ,!1 #bb ,/4 ,pi]re1 ,de/ruction (1 by volcano1 #ahf ,salt ,lakes1 #eg ,sambon1 ,dr41 #aaf ,samo!rium1 ,!1 #bff ,san ,francisco1 ,e>?quake at1 #adj1 #afa ,san ,gabriel ,riv]1 effect ( e>?quake on1 #ada ,s&-banks & mud-banks1 h[ !y are made1 #bj ,s&-dunes1 h[ !y are made1 #de ,saturn z an abode ( life1 #aai ,scaly ,saurians1 #bdh ,sc&9avia1 ,ice 91 #gd ,s*i/1 #bjj ,scotl&1 ,ice 91 #gd ,sea1 dep?s ( !1 #ahi2 9 ! ,silurian ,age1 #baj ,sea1 ,!1 encroa*m5t on l&1 #ag2 ,isle ( ,wight1 #ag2 ,briti% ,isles1 #ag2 ,florida1 #ah2 ,heligol&1 #ah2 ,erosion1 #ai2 its "w1 #ai ,seaquakes1 #adc2 ,*ilian coa/1 #add2 ! ,flor5ce ,night+ale1 #ade2 s5sation (1 #ade2 orig9 (1 #adg ,sea-wat]1 ,! action (1 #fe ,s$im5t deposit$ by riv]s1 #bj1 #ea ,s$im5t>y rocks1 #ajd1 #abi ,see1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,j41 8 !ory conc]n+ ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 #hh ,seismology1 #bc2 9 ,japan1 #aec ,seismomet]s1 #bd1 #aec ,%ape ( ! ,e>?1 ,!1 #ca ,%>ks1 #baf ,%+le1 h[ x accumulat$1 #fj ,%ells f\nd on dry l&1 #ai2 =e/s cov]$ by1 #ai ,%ells 9 lakes1 ,deposit (1 #eg2 9 ! ocean1 #fc ,%etl& ,isl&s1 ,action ( ! sea on !1 #ei ,sigill>ias1 #bbb ,sil*e/]1 #de ,silica1 #dj ,silurian ,p]iod1 ,scorpions & insects 9 !1 #bjc2 surface ( ! e>? 9 !1 #bjh2 riv]s & /reams1 #bji2 coral reefs1 #baj2 fi%1 #baj2 plant life1 #baj2 ,brita91 #baa ,silurian rocks1 #bjb ,siva!rium1 ,!1 #bff ,snail-%ells 9 lakes1 #eg ,snakes1 ,fir/ appe>ance (1 #bee ,sn[ & ,ice ,age1 #fh ,sonora1 ,e>?quake at1 #afj ,sp]m ,:ale1 ,!1 #bgd ,sph5odon1 ,!1 #bcj ,spy m51 #bhf ,/>s1 ,!1 #ia ,/eam a cause ( e>?quakes ,/egosaurus1 ,!1 #bdb ,/one ,age1 ,!1 #bhg ,/ones smoo!d by wat]1 #ee ,/rata1 ,! e>?'s1 #gh ,/rokkur geys] 9 ,icel&1 #ada ,subm>9e volcanoes1 #ahg ,subt]ranean caves1 h[ caus$1 #aie ,sun1 ,!1 #ij2 z an abode ( life1 #aah ,tapir1 ,!1 #bgc ,temp]ature ( bor+s1 ,!1 #hc2 ( ! ,moon1 #abd2 ( ,m>s1 #abf ,temp]ature1 ,*anges (1 #cc ,t]m9al mora9es1 #gf ,t]ti>y ,p]iod1 ,!1 #beg ,tetrabelodon ,ma/odon1 ,!1 #bfj ,?ames1 ,s$im5t deposit$ by !1 #ba ,tides1 #hg1 #ajb ,titano!rium1 ,!1 #bfe ,tornadoes1 #dc ,torr5ts1 ,! action (1 #eb ,torridonian ,s&/ones1 #acj ,trade ,w9ds1 #db ,triassic ,p]iod1 ,!1 #bca ,tric]atops1 ,!1 #bec ,trilobite1 ,!1 #bjd2 9 ! ,ordovician ,p]iod1 #bjg ,tr9il ,man1 ,!1 #bhe ,typhoons1 #dc ,ultima ,sp]anza ,cave1 ,!1 #bgf ,upheaval ( l&1 #aea1 #aha ,uranus1 #aai ,valais ,m\nta9s glaci]1 #gb ,valp>aiso1 ,e>?quake at1 #afj ,vegetation on ! ,moon1 #abd2 ( ! ,devonian ,p]iod1 #baf2 ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod1 #bbj2 ( ! ,jurassic ,p]iod1 #bde ,v5us z an abode ( life1 #aah ,v]tebrates1 ,evolution ( !1 #bbe ,volcanoes ( ! ,&es1 #ig2 9 ! ,moon1 #ajf ,wat]1 ,! action (1 #dg2 its p[]1 #ea ,wat]1 ,! =mation (1 #aji ,wat]ee1 ,!1 c>ri$ inl& by a va/ wave1 #add ,wat]sp\ts3 h[ !y are caus$1 #dd ,waves caus$ by e>?quakes1 #adc1 #add1 #ade2 ! ,*ilian coa/1 #add2 ,hakodate1 #add2 ! %ip ,wat]ee1 #add2 ,arica1 #add2 ,samoa1 #ade2 ,n4 ,zeal&1 #ade2 ,japan1 #ade2 spe$ (1 #ade2 ,lisbon1 #adh ,wea!r1 ,! influ5ce ( !1 #dj ,:ales1 #bfg ,weigh+ ! e>?1 #hh ,w9d-/akes = /opp+ s&1 #df ,w9d1 ,! "w ( !1 #dj ,,william ,,br5don ,,& ,,son1 ,,ltd4 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,plym\? 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,romance ,lavi%ly ,illu/rat$4 ,ex4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #e_/- ea* volume ,spl5did volumes4--,! ,outlook ,gift ,books ^: value x w\ld be difficult to ov]-e/imate4--,! ,/&>d ,^! popul> ,natural ,hi/ory ,publications are writt5 by compet5t au?orities1 & besides be+ ent]ta9+ are in/ructive & educative4 ,liv]pool ,c\ri] ,?is s]ies has n[ won a consid]able & well-des]v$ reputation4 ,! ,gu>dian ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,me*anism ,,animal ,,arts ,,crafts by by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams ,h4 ,,c\p91 ,d4,sc1 ,j4 ,,lea1 ,b4,a4 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) tw5ty-sev5 illu/rations ,) ?irty illu/rations ,a *>m+ subject well set ,a g5u9ely fasc9at+ book4 =?4 ,liv]pool ,c\ri] ,a!num ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,exploration ,,e>ly ,,exploration by by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams ,,ar*ibald ,,williams ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) tw5ty-six illu/rations ,) sixte5 illu/rations ,a m9e ( in=mation & ,vivid & vigor\s4 /irr+ incid5t4--,scotsman ,glasg[ ,h]ald ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,electricity ,,mission>y ,,h]oism by by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,a4,i4,e4,e4 ,,john ,c4 ,,lamb]t1 ,b4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,) =ty-five illu/rations ,) ?irty-n9e illu/rations ,admirable 444 cle> & concise4 ,a mo/ entranc+ volume4 ,! ,graphic ,expository ,times ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,insect ,,life ,,plant ,,life by by ,,edmund ,,sel\s ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc4 ,) tw5ty illu/rations ,) ?irty-f\r illu/rations ,well m]its its allur+ title4 ,int5sely int]e/+4 ,daily ,telegraph ,le$s ,m]cury ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,e>ly ,,briti% ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,_w by ,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc4 ,) sixte5 full-page illu/rations ,) ?irty illu/rations ,a v fasc9at+ book4 ,graphic ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,bird ,,life ,,( ,,mod]n ,,geology by by ,,john ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 ,e4 ,s4 ,,grew1 ,m4,a4 ,) ?irty illu/rations ,) tw5ty-five illu/rations ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,seeley ,,company ,,limit$ ,ea* volume pr(usely ,illu/rat$4 ,ex4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,savage ,,life ,,! ,,_w',s ,,fi%]ies ,describ+ ! ,habits1 ,cu/oms1 ,) descriptions ( ! ,_m & ,ev]yday ,life1 ,arts1 ,crafts1 ,curi\s ,me?ods ( ,fi%+ 9 all ,games1 ,adv5tures & ,sports ( p>ts ( ! _w ,primitive ,man ,by ,,sidney ,,wright ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot ,) tw5ty-f\r illu/rations ,m4,a4 7,,cantab471 ,b4,,sc4 7,,ed9471 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,c4 ,) =ty illu/rations ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,sieges ,,mod]n ,,photography ,describ+ ! ,p]sonal ,its ,discov]y & its ,applications ,adv5tures1 ,res\rce & ,d>+ ( ,besieg]s & ,besieg$ 9 all ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,a4,i4,e4,e4 p>ts ( ! _w ,au?or ( ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,by ! ,rev4 ,,edw>d ,,gilliat ,electricity c41 c4 ,sometime ,ma/] at ,h>r[ ,s*ool1 ,) sixty-?ree illu/rations ,au?or ( ,9 ,l9coln ,gre51 c4 ,) sixte5 illu/rations ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,inv5tion ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+ ,conta9+ int]e/+ ,conta9+ int]e/+ descriptions 9 non-te*nical descriptions 9 non-te*nical language ( ,wireless ,telegraphy1 language ( ! ,nile ,dam1 ! ,liquid ,air1 ,mod]n ,artill]y1 ,panama ,canal1 ! ,t[] ,bridge1 ,subm>9es1 ,dirigible ,torp$oes1 ! ,brooklyn ,bridge1 ! ,trans- ,sol> ,motors1 ,air%ips1 etc4 etc4 ,sib]ian ,railway1 ! ,niag>a ,falls ,p[] ,co41 ,b]muda ,float+ ,dock1 etc4 etc4 ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) tw5ty-five illu/rations ,) _m illu/rations ,!re is no boy b w ke5ly ,graphic & absorb+ enjoy ?is admirable volume4 descriptions ( ! wond]ful ,/&>d inv5tions ( our day4 ,graphic ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,locomotion ,,m9+ ,conta9+ int]e/+ ,conta9+ int]e/+ descriptions ( ! rise & descriptions ( ! ,me?ods ( developm5t ( ! railroad ,m9+ = ,m9]als 9 all p>ts sy/ems 9 all p>ts ( ! _w ( ! ,_w ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) tw5ty-five ,illu/rations ,) tw5ty-f\r illu/rations ,crisply writt51 brimful ( ,we _c praise ?is book too incid5t4 ,to intellig5t lads highly4--,briti% ,weekly %\ld be z welcome z a ,ballantyne /ory4 ,glasg[ ,h]ald ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,pol> ,,exploration ,,! ,,mighty ,,deep ,adv5tures ,arctic & ,ant>ctic1 ,a popul> acc\nt ( ! ,ocean1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ! ,laws by :i* x is rul$1 ,voyage ( ! ,discov]y its wond]ful p[]s & /range inhabitants ,by ,g4 ,,fir? ,,scott ,by ,,agnes ,,gib]ne ,) tw5ty-f\r illu/rations ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,) illu/rations ,?rill+ly int]e/+4 ,mo/ fasc9at+2 admirably ,liv]pool ,c\ri] adapt$ = ! "y4 ,daily ,news ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,seeley ,,company ,,limit$ ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,savage ,,life ,,describ+ ,,! ,,habits1 ,,cu/oms1 ,,ev]yday ,,life1 c41 ,,( ,,primitive ,,man ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 c4 ,) ,?irty ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,mr4 ,scott ,elliot has hit ^u a good idea 9 ?is attempt to set =? ! life ( ! primitive savage4 ,on ! :ole1 too1 he has c>ri$ x out well & fai?fully4444 ,we c recomm5d ! book z fill+ a gap4--,a!num4 ,a readable contribution to ! excell5t s]ies ( :i* x =ms a "p4 ,mr4 ,scott ,elliot writes pleasantly444he possesses a suffici5tly vivid imag9ation to grasp ! relation ( a savage to 8 environm5t4--,nature4 ,!re are ?+s ( rem>kable int]e/ 9 ?is volume1 & x makes excell5t read+ & repres5ts mu* rese>*4--,spectator4 ,,! ,,romance ,,plant ,,life ,,describ+ ,,! ,,curi\s ,,& ,,int]e/+ ,,9 ,,! ,,plant ,,_w ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc1 c4 ,) ,?irty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,! au?or has work$ skilfully into 8 book details ( ! facts & inf]5ces :i* =m ! gr\ndwork ( mod]n ,botany4 ,! illu/rations are /rik+1 & cov] a wide field ( int]e/1 & ! /yle is lively4--,a!num4 ,9 tw5ty-n9e fasc9at+1 well-pr9t$1 & well-illu/rat$ *apt]s1 ,pr(4 ,scott ,elliot describes a few ( ! wond]s ( plant life4 ,a v *>m+ & int]e/+ volume4--,daily ,telegraph4 ,mr4 ,scott ,elliot is ( c\rse a well-kn[n au?ority on all t conc]ns plants1 & ! numb] ( facts he has br\ght toge!r w n only surprise b fasc9ate all 8 read]s4--,we/m9/] ,gazette4 ,,seeley ,,co41 ,ltd41 #ch ,great ,russell ,/reet ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,_w ,,describ+ ,,! ,,curi\s ,,& ,,int]e/+ ,,9 ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s ,) ,sixte5 full-page ,illu/rations ,mr4 ,sel\s takes a wide range 9 ,nature1 he has se5 _m wond]s :i* he relates4 ,op5 ! book :]e we w we f9d some?+ a/oni%+4--,spectator4 ,x is 9 tru? a mo/ fasc9at+ book1 z full ( incid5ts & z v>i\s 9 int]e/ z any o!r "w ( imag9ation1 &1 beyond ! pleasure 9 ! read+ !re is ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t "o is 9 ! h&s ( a g5u9e au?ority on "s ( ! mo/ picturesque subjects t natural hi/ory af=ds4 ,mr4 ,sel\s me?od is /rong1 safe1 & s\nd4 ,! volume has num]\s illu/rations ( a high ord] ( workman%ip & a h&some b9d+ ( /rik+ design4--,s*ool ,gov]nm5t ,*ronicle4 ,?is is a v fasc9at+ volume1 full ( picturesquely writt5 descriptions ( ! life1 habits1 & cu/oms ( a numb] ( birds & bea/s1 includ+ beav]s1 seals1 be>s1 p5gu9s1 crocodiles1 & a ho/ ( o!r creatures4--,graphic4 ,a fund ( in=mation & amusem5t w be f\nd 9 ! pages ( ?is h&somely b\nd book4 ,f ! l[e/ animals ( all1 ! ,infusoria1 to ! lion & ! elephant1 all come )9 ! range ( ,mr4 ,sel\s' obs]vation1 & he builds up out ( ! va/ mat]ial at 8 disposal a v readable n>rative4 ,! illu/rations are c>efully drawn1 & are v true to nature4--,education4 ,! volume w\ld make an excell5t pres5t = an intellig5t boy1 be+ full ( int]e/+ & sometimes ?rill+ /ories f ! wide field ( natural hi/ory4 ,x is well writt5 9 a cle>1 easy /yle :i* is to be comm5d$4 ,mr4 ,edmund ,sel\s has made a mo/ int]e/+ collection ( /rik+ facts1 & ! book has "o ( ! prettie/ cov]s t ,i h se54--,daily ,news4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,exploration ,,) ,,descriptions ,,( ,,curi\s ,,cu/oms1 ,,?rill+ ,,adv5tures1 ,,& ,,int]e/+ ,,discov]ies ,,( ,,explor]s ,,9 ,,all ,,p>ts ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon471 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) ,tw5ty-six ,illu/rations ,a m9e ( in=mation & /irr+ incid5t4--,scotsman4 ,mr4 ,williams is mo/ ca?olic 9 8 *oice1 tak+ 8 read]s to so> 9 a balloon ) ! luckless ,&ree1 to w&] 9 ,african =e/s & ,au/ralian des]ts1 to seek = ! ,nor? ,pole ) ,nans51 & ev5 to note su* an up-to-date exp$ition z t ( ! ',discov]y' 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,regions1 to cite b ! mo/ prom95t4 ,mr4 ,williams has done ?is "w mo/ judici\sly1444a book :i* w delight bo? "y & old alike4--,graphic4 ,! book unites /rong natural attractiv5ess ) valuable geographical in=mation to a degree probably unequall$ by any o!r t might be (f]$ z appropriate = ! purpose ( a gift book or ! recreative libr>y4--,s*ool ,gov]nm5t ,*ronicle4 ,x is a k9d ( epitome ( ! be/ travel books ( our "t1 & is exce$+ly well done4--,academy4 ,,seeley ,,co41 ,ltd41 #ch ,great ,russell ,/reet ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,insect ,,life ,,describ+ ,,! ,,curi\s ,,int]e/+ ,,9 ,,! ,,insect ,,_w ,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,_w1 ,,etc4 ,) ,sixte5 ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,an ent]ta9+ volume1 "o m ( a s]ies :i* seeks ) mu* success to describe ! wond]s ( nature & sci5ce 9 simple1 attractive =m4--,graphic4 ,(f]s mo/ int]e/+ descriptions ( ! /range & curi\s inhabitants ( ! insect _w1 sure to excite inquiry & to fo/] obs]vation4 ,!re are ants :ite & yell[1 locu/s & cicadas1 bees & butt]flies1 spid]s & beetles1 scorpions & cockroa*es--& especially ants--) a really sci5tific inve/igation ( _! wond]ful habits1 n 9 dry detail1 b 9 free & *>m+ exposition & n>rative4 ,an admirable book to put 9 ! h&s ( a boy or girl ) a turn = natural sci5ce--& :e!r or n4--,educational ,times4 ,bo? int]e/+ & in/ructive4 ,su* a "w z ?is is g5u9ely educative4 ,!re are num]\s illu/rations4--,liv]pool ,c\ri]4 ,) beautiful orig9al draw+s by ,c>ton ,moore ,p>k & ,lancelot ,spe$1 & effectively b\nd 9 d>k blue clo?1 blazon$ ) sc>let & gold4--,lady4 ,admirably writt5 & h&somely produc$4 ,mr4 ,sel\s's volume %[s c>eful rese>*1 & ! illu/rations ( insects & ! results ( _! p[]s are well done4--,_w4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,me*anism ,,int]e/+ ,,descriptions ,,9 ,,non-,,te*nical ,,language ,,( ,,wond]ful ,,ma*9]y1 ,,me*anical ,,devices1 ,,m>vell\sly ,,delicate ,,sci5tific ,,in/rum5ts ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon471 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,exploration1 ,,etc4 ,) ,tw5ty-six ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,no boy w be able to resi/ ! delights ( ?is book1 full to ! brim ( in/ructive & wond]ful matt]4--,briti% ,weekly4 ,?is book has kept y\r review] awake :5 he reasonably expect$ to be o!rwise engag$4 ,we d n rememb] com+ across a m fasc9at+ volume1 ev5 to a some:at blas read] ^: bus9ess x is to read all t comes 9 8 way4 ,! m>vels1 miracles !y %\ld be call$1 ( ! mod]n work%op are "h exploit$ by ,mr4 ,williams = ! b5efit ( read]s :o h n ! opportunity ( see+ ^! wond]s or ! necess>y ma!matical k to und]/& a sci5tific treatise on _! work+4 ,only ! simple/ language is us$ & e ef=t is made1 by illu/ration or by analogy1 to make suffici5tly cle> to ! non-sci5tific read] h[ ! p>ticul> bit ( ma*9]y works & :at its "w really is4 ,delicate in/rum5ts1 calculat+ ma*9es1 work%op ma*9]y1 portable tools1 ! p$rail1 motors a%ore & afloat1 fire eng9es1 automatic ma*9es1 sculptur+ ma*9es--^! are a few ( ! *apt]s :i* cr[d ?is spl5did volume4--,educational ,news4 ,x is difficult to make descriptions ( ma*9]y & me*anism int]e/+1 b ,mr4 ,williams has ! enviable knack ( do+ s1 & x is h>dly possible to op5 ?is book at any page )\t turn+ up some?+ :i* y feel y mu/ read2 & !n y _c /op till y come to ! end ( ! *apt]4--,electricity4 ,?is book is full ( int]e/ & in/ruction1 & is a welcome addition to ,messrs4 ,seeley & ,company's ,romance ,s]ies4--,le$s ,m]cury4 ,a book ( absorb+ int]e/ = ! boy ) a me*anical turn1 & inde$ = ! g5]al read]4--,educational ,times4 ,an in/ructive & well-writt5 volume4--,hobbies4 ,,seeley ,,co41 ,ltd41 #ch ,great ,russell ,/reet ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,electricity ,,describ+ ,,9 ,,non-,,te*nical ,,language ,,:at ,,is ,,kn[n ,,ab\t ,,electricity ,,_m ,,( ,,its ,,int]e/+ ,,applications ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,a4,i4,e4,e4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,electricity ,,( ,,to-,,day1 ,,etc4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) #cd ,illu/rations & #aa ,diagrams4 #es4 ,ev]y:]e ,mr4 ,*>les ,r4 ,gibson makes admirable use ( simple analogies :i* bespeak ! practis$ lectur]1 & br+ ! matt] home )\t te*nical detail4 ,! att5tion is fur!r su/a9$ by a s]ies ( surprises4 ,! description ( electric units1 ! volt1 ! ohm1 & especially ! amp]e1 is bett] ?an we h f\nd 9 m pret5ti\s works4--,academy4 ,mr4 ,gibson's /yle is v unlike ! ord9>y text-book4 ,x is fre%1 & is non-te*nical4 ,its facts are /rictly sci5tific1 h[ev]1 & ?or\ghly up to date4 ,if we wi% to ga9 a ?or\gh k ( electricity pleasantly & )\t too mu* tr\ble on our own "p1 we w read ,mr4 ,gibson's ',romance4'--,expository ,times4 ,a book :i* ! m]e/ tyro totally unacqua9t$ ) elem5t>y electrical pr9ciples c und]/&1 & %\ld !re=e especially appeal to ! lay read]4 ,especial int]e/ atta*es to ! *apt] on wireless telegraphy1 a subject :i* is apt to 'floor' ! un9itiat$4 ,! au?or r$uces ! subject to its simple/ aspect1 & describes ! fundam5tal pr9ciples und]ly+ ! action ( ! coh]] 9 language s simple t anyone c grasp !m4--,electricity4 ,conta9s a cle> & concise acc\nt ( ! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* electricity is us$ at ! pres5t day1 & ! work+ ( ! telephone1 wireless telegraphy1 tramc>s1 & dynamos is expla9$ ) ! greate/ possible lucidity1 :ile ! m>vels ( ! ,x-rays & ( radium receive _! due notice4 ,n[ t electricity plays su* an all-important "p 9 our daily life1 su* a book z ?is %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e boy4 ,inde$1 old] p w\ld le>n mu* f its pages4 ,= in/ance1 h[ few p c\ld expla9 ! pr9ciples ( wireless telegraphy 9 a few words if sudd5ly que/ion$ on ! subject4 ,! book is well & appropriately illu/rat$4--,graphic4 ,mr4 ,gibson sets out to describe 9 non-te*nical language ! m>vell\s discov]ies & adaptation ( ?is p]vasive & p[]ful ess5ce1 & be+ a mo/ ?or\gh ma/] ( ! subject1 he leads ! read] ?r\gh its mazes ) a sure h&4 ,?r\gh\t he pres]ves a cle> & au?oritative /yle ( exposition :i* w be und]/ood by any intellig5t read]4--,york%ire ,obs]v]4 ,a popul> & em95tly readable manual = ^? int]e/$ 9 electrical appliances4 ,x describes 9 simple & non-te*nical language :at is kn[n ab\t electricity & _m ( its int]e/+ applications4 ,!re are a numb] ( capital illu/rations & diagrams :i* w help ! read] greatly 9 ! /udy ( ! book4--,record4 ,,seeley ,,co41 ,ltd41 #ch ,great ,russell ,/reet ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,adv5ture4 ,) #af ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 ,ea* #es4 ,delightful books ( adv5ture1 beautifully pr9t$ & ta/efully got up4--,educational ,times4 ,among ! m int]e/+ ( gift-books--! k9d ( mat]ial t suits ! manly boy4--,a!num4 ,,adv5tures ,,on ,,! ,,high ,,m\nta9s4 ,by ,ri*>d ,/ead1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,hi/4,s41 au?or ( ,adv5tures on ! ,great ,riv]s1 c4 ,,adv5tures ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,=e/s4 ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,f4 ,hyr/1 au?or ( ,adv5tures 9 ! ,great ,des]ts1 c4 ,,adv5tures ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,des]ts4 ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,f4 ,hyr/4 ,mr4 ,hyr/ writes vigor\sly & well 9 ?is admirable book4 ,?or\ghly absorb+ & extremely readable4--,liv]pool ,c\ri]4 ,,adv5tures ,,on ,,! ,,great ,,riv]s4 ,by ,ri*>d ,/ead1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,hi/4,s4 ,attractive & fasc9at+4 ,f beg9n+ to end ! volume is cr[d$ ) extraord9>y /ories ( h]oism & adv5ture4 ,x is capitally illu/rat$4--,we/]n ,daily ,press4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,libr>y ,ea* volume fully illu/rat$4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,mission>y ,,ent]prise4 ,true /ories ( ! intrepid brav]y & /irr+ adv5tures ( ,mission>ies 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,claud ,field1 ,m4,a41 sometime ,c4,m4,s4 ,mission>y 9 ! ,punjaub4 ,) #bd illu/rations4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,pione]+4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,edg> ,s&]son1 ,m4,a41 ,s*ol> ( ,cl>e ,college1 ,cambridge1 au?or ( ,outl9es ( ! ,_w's ,hi/ory1 c4 ,,seeley ,,co41 ,ltd41 #ch ,great ,russell ,/reet4 ,,ev5ts ,,( ,,our ,,own ,,"t4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,volumes on ! mo/ ,important ,ev5ts ( ! la/ ,half-,c5tury1 ea* conta9+ #cbj pages or m1 ) ,plans1 ,portraits1 or o!r ,illu/rations1 9 extra ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #es4 ,,! ,,w> ,,9 ,,! ,,crimea4 ,by ,g5]al ,sir ,edw>d ,hamley1 ,k4,c4,b4 ,) ,five ,maps & ,plans1 & ,f\r ,portraits on ,copp]4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,,! ,,indian ,,mut9y ,,( #aheg4 ,by ,colonel ,malleson1 ,c4,s4,i4 ,) ,?ree ,plans1 & ,f\r ,portraits on ,copp]4 ,sev5? ,edition4 ,,! ,,afghan ,,w>s ,,( #ahci-ahdb ,,& #ahgh-ahhj4 ,by ,ar*ibald ,=bes4 ,) ,five ,maps & ,plans1 & ,f\r ,portraits on ,copp]4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,,! ,,ref\nd+ ,,( ,,! ,,g]man ,,empire4 ,by ,colonel ,malleson1 ,c4,s4,i4 ,) ,five ,maps & ,plans1 & ,f\r ,portraits on ,copp]4 ,,! ,,lib]ation ,,( ,,italy1 #ahae-ahgj4 ,by ! ,c\ntess ,m>t95go ,ces>esco4 ,) ,portraits on ,copp]4 ,second ,edition4 ,,our ,,fleet ,,to-,,day ,,& ,,its ,,developm5t ,,dur+ ,,! ,,la/ ,,half-,,c5tury4 ,by ,re>-,admiral ,s4 ,e>dley ,wilmot4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,new ,edition4 ,uni=m ) ! above4 ,,! ,,w> ,,9 ,,! ,,p59sula4 ,by ,alex&] ,innes ,%&4 ,) ,f\r ,portraits on ,copp]1 & ,six ,plans4 #es4 ,admirably lucid & well proportion$4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,africa4 ,by ,edg> ,s&]son1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,f\r ,portraits on ,copp]1 & a ,map4 #es4 ,und\bt$ly ! be/ summ>y ( mod]n ,african hi/ory t we h _h4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,,seeley ,,co41 ,ltd41 #ch ,great ,russell ,/reet4 ,,popul> ,,sci5ce4 ,,! ,,great ,,_w',s ,,f>m4 ,"s ,acc\nt ( ,nature's ,crops & ,h[ !y are ,gr[n4 ,by ,sel9a ,gaye4 ,) a ,preface by ,pr(essor ,b\lg]4 ,) ,sixte5 ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition4 #es4 ,a fasc9at+ volume ( popul> sci5ce4--,times4 ,,sun1 ,,moon1 ,,& ,,/>s4 ,a ,book on ,a/ronomy = ,beg9n]s4 ,by ,agnes ,gib]ne4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,tw5ty-fif? ,?\s&4 #es4 ,,! ,,_w',s ,,f\ndations4 ,geology = ,beg9n]s4 ,by ,agnes ,gib]ne4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,sev5? ,?\s&4 #es4 ,! exposition is cle>2 ! /yle simple & attractive4--,spectator4 ,,! ,,ocean ,,( ,,air4 ,meteorology = ,beg9n]s4 ,by ,agnes ,gib]ne4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,fif? ,?\s&4 #es4 ,miss ,gib]ne c be accurate )\t be+ =midable1 & unites a ke5 s5se ( ! difficulties ( beg9n]s to a full compreh5sion ( ! matt] 9 h&4--,saturday ,review4 ,,among ,,! ,,/>s2 or1 ,wond]ful ,?+s 9 ! ,sky4 ,by ,agnes ,gib]ne4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,sev5? ,?\s&4 #es4 ,an attempt to tea* a/ronomy to small *ildr5 444 x is v well done4--,saturday ,review4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,hills3 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ,m\nta9s & ,h[ !y 7 ,made4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,n4 ,hut*9son1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,a *>m+ly writt5 & beautifully illu/rat$ acc\nt ( ! mak+ ( ! m\nta9s4--,york%ire ,po/4 ,,wireless ,,telegraphy4 ,popul>ly ,expla9$4 ,by ,ri*>d ,k]r1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,) ,preface by ,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,preece1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 & _m ,illu/rations4 ,six? ,edition1 ,revis$4 #as4 #f;d4 ,! au?or has a*iev$ conspicu\s success 9 8 attempt to give ! g5]al public a good und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! v>i\s sy/ems ( wireless telegraphy4 ,capitally illu/rat$4--,a!num4 ,,seeley ,,co41 ,ltd41 #ch ,great ,russell ,/reet4 ,,works ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,corni%4 ,,! ,,naturali/ ,,on ,,! ,,?ames4 ,) ,?irty-eight ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,w give great delight to any lov] ( natural hi/ory4444 ,x is a mo/ fasc9at+ volume1 & is illu/rat$ 9 a mann] wor?y ( ! text4--,scotsman4 ,,animals ,,( ,,to-,,day3 ,_! ,life & ,conv]sation4 ,) ,illu/rations f ,photographs by ,c4 ,reid1 ( ,wi%aw4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,q "o ( ! brighte/ books ( popul> natural hi/ory :i* h appe>$ 9 rec5t ye>s is ,mr4 ,corni%'s fasc9at+ /udies ( ',animals ( ,to-day4'--,le$s ,m]cury4 ,,nights ,,) ,,an ,,old ,,gunn]1 & o!r ,/udies ( ,wild ,life4 ,) ,sixte5 ,illu/rations4 #fs4 ,_c fail to be int]e/+ to any lov] ( wild nature4 ,! illu/rations are num]\s & excell5t4--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,,animals ,,at ,,"w ,,& ,,play3 ,_! ,emotions & ,activities4 ,illu/rat$ f ,photographs by ,gambi] ,bolton1 ,f4,z4,s41 & o!rs1 & f ,draw+s4 ,?ird ,edition4 #fs4 ,su* a book z ,mr4 ,corni%'s %[s h[ mu* !re is to repay ! intellig5t obs]v] ( ,nature4--,times4 ,,wild ,,engl& ,,( ,,to-,,day1 & ! ,wild ,life 9 ,x4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,orig9al ,draw+s by ,lancelot ,spe$1 & f ,photographs4 ,?ird ,edition4 #fs4 ,^? ( u :o are left 9 t[n 9 ! dull days w seem1 9 read+ ^! pages1 to sniff ! fre% sea-breezes1 to he> ! cries ( ! sea-bird & ! songs ( ! wood-bird1 to be consci\s ( ! murmur+ /ream & wav+ =e/s1 & all ! wild life t is !re94--,/4 ,james's ,gazette4 ,,life ,,at ,,! ,,zoo4 ,notes & ,traditions ( ! ,reg5t's ,p>k ,g>d5s4 ,illu/rat$ f ,photographs by ,gambi] ,bolton1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,fif? ,edition4 #fs4 ,e lov] ( animals w f9d abundance ( attraction & ent]ta9m5t 9 ,mr4 ,corni%'s delightful volume4--,times4 ,,! ,,new ,,=e/4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,new ,edition4 #afmo4 ,clo?1 #bs4 net2 or lea!r1 #cs4 net4 ,also sup] royal #hvo4 ,) ,f\r ,copp]-plates4 ,half-l954 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,! ,,isle ,,( ,,wight4 ,) ,f\r ,copp]-plates & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,sup] royal #hvo4 ,half-l954 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,seeley ,,co41 ,ltd41 #ch ,great ,russell ,/reet4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur*4 ,,helmet ,,& ,,spe>3 ,/ories f ! ,w>s ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations by ,g4 ,morr[4 #es4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,*>lemagne1 ,,& ,,! ,,twelve ,,pe]s ,,( ,,france4 ,f ! ,old ,romances4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations 9 ,col\r by ,g4 ,morr[4 #es4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,*ivalry ,,& ,,romance4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,g4 ,morr[4 ,second ,edition4 #es4 ,,) ,,! ,,k+ ,,at ,,ox=d3 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,great ,rebellion4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,six? ,?\s&4 #es4 ,,! ,,c\nt ,,( ,,! ,,saxon ,,%ore3 ,a ,tale ( ! ,dep>ture ( ! ,romans f ,brita94 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,f\r? ,?\s&4 #es4 ,,! ,,hamm]3 ,a ,/ory ( ,maccabean ,times4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,*ur* & ,ri*mond ,seeley4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,! ,,crusad]s4 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,w> = ! ,holy ,sepul*re4 ,) ,eight ,col\r$ ,illu/rations by ,george ,morr[4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,an en?rall+ romance4--,a!num4 ,,to ,,! ,,lions3 ,a ,tale ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,six? ,?\s&4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,/ories ,,f ,,engli% ,,hi/ory4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,*eap] ,edition1 ,revis$1 #cs4 ,gd4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,la/ ,,days ,,( ,,j]usalem ,,f ,,josephus4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,n9? ,?\s&4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,?ree ,,greek ,,*ildr54 ,a ,/ory ( ,home 9 ,old ,"t4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,n9? ,?\s&4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,/ories ,,( ,,! ,,iliad ,,& ,,! ,,neid4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #as4 #f;d4 ,a ,,travell]',s ,,true ,,tale4 ,f ,lucian4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,h]oes ,,& ,,k+s4 ,/ories f ! ,greek4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,seeley ,,co41 ,ltd41 #ch ,great ,russell ,/reet4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur*4 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,neid4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,odyssey4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,iliad4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,/ories ,,f ,,hom]4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,tw5ty-sev5? ,?\s&4 #es4 ,,/ories ,,f ,,virgil4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,n9ete5? ,?\s&4 #es4 ,,/ories ,,f ,,! ,,greek ,,trag$ians4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,twelf? ,?\s&4 #es4 ,,/ories ,,f ,,! ,,greek ,,com$ians4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,! ,,ea/ ,,f ,,h]odotus4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,t5? ,?\s&4 #es4 ,a v qua9t & delightful book4--,spectator4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,p]sian ,,w> ,,f ,,h]odotus4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,six? ,?\s&4 #es4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,iliad4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,odyssey4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful pieces ( prose 9 ! ,engli% language4--,spectator4 ,,/ories ,,f ,,livy4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,sev5? ,?\s&4 #es4 ,a g5u9e classical treasure4--,scotsman4 ,,roman ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,cic]o4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,sev5? ,?\s&4 #es4 ,,! ,,burn+ ,,( ,,rome4 ,a ,/ory ( ,n]o's ,days4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,*eap] ,edition1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,seeley ,,co41 ,ltd41 #ch ,great ,russell ,/reet4 ,,hi/orical ,,/ories4 ,,ca$walla3 or1 ,! ,saxons 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,by ,frank ,c[p]4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,?ird ,edition4 #es4 ,a p]usal ( ! book w give boys a tru] idea ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( _! r\gh =efa!rs ?an any o!r ) :i* we are acqua9t$4--,/&>d4 ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,! ,,engli%3 ,a ,/ory ( ,napoleon's ,days4 ,by ,frank ,c[p]4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,george ,morr[4 ,*eap] ,edition1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a rattl+ /ory ( old seaf>+ & naval days4--,academy4 ,,= ,,! ,,hon\r ,,( ,,! ,,flag4 ,a ,/ory ( our ,sea ,fights ) ! ,dut*4 ,by ,comm&] ,rob9son1 ,r4,n41 & ,john ,leyl&4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,lancelot ,spe$4 #es4 ,z reliable 9 its "* ( hi/orical novel z x is int]e/+ & excit+ z a /ory ( adv5ture4--,spectator4 ,,! ,,siege ,,( ,,norwi* ,,ca/le3 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,la/ ,/ruggle aga9/ ! ,conqu]or4 ,by ,m4 ,m4 ,blake4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,! ,,city ,,9 ,,! ,,sea4 ,/ories ( ! ,de$s ( ! ,old ,v5etians1 f ! ,*ronicles4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,belt & ,spur4 #es4 ,a beautiful volume1 in/ructive z well z ent]ta9+4--,graphic4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,e4 ,,gilliat4 ,,=e/ ,,outlaws2 or1 ,/4 ,hugh & ! ,k+4 ,) ,sixte5 ,illu/rations4 ,?ird ,edition4 #es4 ,we _c too /rongly recomm5d ?is book4 ,x is int]e/+ f ! fir/ page to ! la/4--,s*ool ,gu>dian4 ,,wolf',s ,,head3 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,outlaws4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,bright1 *e]y1 & always ent]ta9+1 ,mr4 ,gilliat's clev] tale c be ?or\ghly recomm5d$4--,_w4 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,reeve & ,h[ ,he ,supp$ ) 8 ,ma/]4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,sydney ,hall4 #es4 ,we h read no o!r hi/orical /ory s fasc9at+ s9ce we clos$ ',9 ,l9coln ,gre54'--,/4 ,james's ,gazette4 ,,9 ,,l9coln ,,gre53 ,a ,m]rie ,tale ( ,rob9 ,hood4 ,illu/rat$ by ,ralph ,cleav]4 ,second ,edition4 #es4 ,"o ( ! v be/ boy' books we h tak5 up = _m a ye>4 ,"h is a /ory ( ! outlaws :i* positively r+s ) ! m]rim5t ( gre5s4--,daily ,*ronicle4 ,,seeley ,,co41 ,ltd41 #ch ,great ,russell ,/reet4 ,,seeley',s ,,illu/rat$ ,,pocket ,,libr>y4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 gilt top1 #bs4 net2 also 9 lambsk91 #cs4 net1 buff$ lea!r yapp1 9 box1 #es4 ea*4 ,,c\ntry ,,/ories4 ,by ,m>y ,russell ,mit=d4 ,) ,sixty-eight ,illu/rations by ,george ,morr[4 ,,! ,,spectator ,,9 ,,london4 ,essays by ,addison & ,/eele4 ,) ,fifty-six ,illu/rations by ,ralph ,cleav]1 & ,headpieces by ,w4 ,a4 ,atk9 ,b]ry1 ,cl\gh ,bromley1 etc4 ,,/rat=d-,,on-,,avon4 ,f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,dea? ( ,%akespe>e4 ,by ,sidney ,lee4 ,) ,fifty-two ,illu/rations by ,h]b]t ,railton & ,e4 ,hull4 ,,! ,,temple4 ,sacr$ ,poems & ,ejaculations by ,george ,h]b]t4 ,! ,text repr9t$ f ! ,fir/ ,edition4 ,) ,sev5ty-six ,illu/rations aft] ,alb]t ,dr]1 ,holbe91 & o!r ,ma/]s4 ,,! ,,briti% ,,seas4 ,by ,w4 ,cl>k ,russell & o!r writ]s4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,,ox=d4 ,by ,&rew ,lang4 ,) _m ,illu/rations by ,a4 ,brunett ,deba9es & ,h4 ,t\ssa9t4 ,,! ,,inns ,,( ,,c\rt4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,l(tie4 ,) _m ,illu/rations by ,h]b]t ,railton4 ,,cambridge4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,cl>k4 ,regi/r>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,,p>is4 ,by ,p4 ,g4 ,ham]ton1 ,au?or ( ,r\nd my ,h\se1 etc4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,,seeley ,,co4 ,ltd41 #ch ,great ,russell ,/reet4 ,books = ,"y ,p ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,seeley ,,co4 ,,limit$ ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,romance ,) v num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ea* ,spl5did volumes4--,! ,outlook ,?is s]ies has n[ won a consid]able & well-des]v$ reputation4--,! ,gu>dian ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,photography ,its ,discov]y & its ,applications ,) #fc ,illu/rations ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,a4,i4,e4,e4 ,q an excell5t book4--,we/]n ,press ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,sieges ,by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,,gilliat1 sometime ,ma/] at ,h>r[ ,s*ool ,) #af ,illu/rations ,we h come across few m fasc9at+ books ?an ?is4--,nor!rn ,:ig ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,savage ,,life ,by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a4 7,cantab471 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) #de ,illu/rations ,a p]fect pres5t = a boy4--,daily ,mirror ,illu/ration3 ,,rat ,,kang>oos ,,build+ ,,_! ,,home ,f ,romance ( ,animal ,arts ,crafts ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,fi%]ies ,by ,,sidney ,,wright ,) #bd ,illu/rations ,teems ) int]e/+ descriptions4--,dundee ,c\ri] ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,animal ,,arts ,,& ,,crafts ,by ,h4 ,,c\p91 ,d4,sc41 ,j4 ,,lea1 ,b4,a4 ,) #bg ,illu/rations ,extremely fasc9at+4--,liv]pool ,c\ri] ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mission>y ,,h]oism ,by ,,john ,c4 ,,lamb]t1 ,b4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,) #ci ,illu/rations ,ab\t #cej pages ( ! mo/ ?rill+ mission>y lives ev] collect$ 9 "o volume4--,me?odi/ ,times ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,plant ,,life ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a4 7,cantab71 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) #cd ,illu/rations ,besides be+ ent]ta9+1 in/ructive & educative4--,liv]pool ,c\ri] ,cont9u$ on next page ,,seeley ,,co41 ,,limit$1 #cc ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,,gift ,,books ,,= ,,"y ,,p ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,romance--cont9u$ ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ea* ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,me*anism ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon47 ,) #cj ,illu/rations ,a spl5did gift book4--,scotsman ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,insect ,,life ,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s ,) #bj ,illu/rations ,mr4 ,sel\s1 ! well-kn[n naturali/1 writes 9 purely in=mal /yle1 & w be lik$ all ! bett] = x4--,globe ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,electricity ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,a4,i4,e4,e4 ,) #cd ,illu/rations ,admirable 444 cle> & concise4444 ,! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* electricity is us$ are expla9$ ) ! greate/ possible lucidity4--,! ,graphic ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,_w ,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s ,) #af ,illu/rations ,mr4 ,sel\s takes a wide range 9 nature1 & he has se5 _m wond]s :i* he relates4 ,op5 ! book :]e we w1 we f9d some?+ a/oni%+4--,spectator ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,exploration ,specim5 ( ,romance ,libr>y ,b9d+1 :i* is 9 crimson1 :ite1 & gold1 on a ri* blue clo? ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,mighty ,,deep ,by ,,agnes ,,gib]ne ,) ,illu/rations ,mo/ fasc9at+2 admirably adapt$ = ! "y4--,daily ,news ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,exploration ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon471 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) #bf ,illu/rations ,a k9d ( epitome ( ! be/ travel books ( our "t1 & exce$+ly well done4--,academy ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,e>ly ,,exploration ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) #af ,illu/rations ,a companion volume to ',! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,exploration1' & if possible1 m full ( ,romance4--,ev5+ ,/&>d ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,pol> ,,exploration ,by ,g4 ,,fir? ,,scott ,) #bd ,illu/rations ,?rill+ly int]e/+1 excell5tly illu/rat$4--,liv]pool ,c\ri] ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,inv5tion ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon47 ,) #bj ,illu/rations ,!re is no boy b w ke5ly enjoy ?is admirable volume4--,/&>d ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+ ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon47 ,) #bd ,illu/rations ,graphic & absorb+ descriptions ( ! wond]ful inv5tions ( our day4--,graphic ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,locomotion ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon47 ,) #bf ,illu/rations ,crisply writt51 brimful ( incid5t4 ,to intellig5t lads %\ld be z welcome z a ,ballantyne /ory4--,glasg[ ,h]ald ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,m9+ ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon47 ,we _c praise ?is book too highly4--,briti% ,weekly ,,seeley ,,co4 ,,limit$1 #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,,gift ,,books ,,= ,,"y ,,p ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,adv5ture ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ea* ,delightful books ( adv5ture1 beautifully pr9t$ & ta/efully got up4--,educational ,times ,,adv5tures ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,des]ts ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hyr/4 ,) #af ,illu/rations ,z /irr+ z any /ory ( fictiti\s adv5ture4--,glasg[ ,h]ald ,illu/ration3 ,,he ,,nev] ,,knew ,,h[ ,,he ,,escap$ ,,its ,,feet ,f ,adv5tures on ! ,great ,riv]s ,,adv5tures ,,on ,,! ,,great ,,riv]s ,by ,,ri*>d ,,/ead1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,hi/4,s4 ,) #af ,illu/rations ,a weal? ( heal?y excitem5t & g5u9e enjoym5t4--,nor!rn ,:ig ,,adv5tures ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,=e/s ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hyr/4 ,) #af ,illu/rations ,,adv5tures ,,on ,,! ,,high ,,m\nta9s ,by ,r4 ,,/ead1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,hi/4,s4 ,) #af ,illu/rations ,h]oes ( ! ,_w ,libr>y ,ea* volume fully ,illu/rat$4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fight ,,) ,a ,,s]p5t ,f ,h]oes ( ,mission>y ,ent]prise ,,h]oes ,,( ,,mission>y ,,ent]prise ,by ! ,rev4 ,,claud ,,field1 ,m4,a4 ,sometime ,c4,m4,s4 ,mission>y 9 ! ,punjaub ,true /ories ( ! intrepid brav]y & /irr+ adv5tures ( ,mission>ies ) unciviliz$ p1 wild bea/s1 & ! =ces ( nature 9 all p>ts ( ! _w ,) #bd ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,e *apt] is an inspiration4--,nor!rn ,:ig ,,h]oes ,,( ,,pione]+ ,by ! ,rev4 ,,edg> ,,s&]son1 ,m4,a4 ,s*ol> ( ,cl>e ,college1 ,cambridge ,true ,/ories ( ! brav]y & d>+ adv5tures ( pione]s ) unciviliz$ man1 wild bea/s1 & ! =ces ( nature ! _w ov] ,) #af ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,a spl5did collection ( true /ories4--,dundee ,c\ri] ,,seeley ,,co4 ,,limit$1 #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,,gift ,,books ,,= ,,"y ,,p ,by ,,rev4 ,,alfr$ ,j4 ,,*ur* ,=m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,lat9 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london ,pr(essor ,*ur*'s skill1 8 ov]fl[+ k1 & above all1 t cultur$ simplicity ( /yle1 9 respect ( :i* he has absolutely no rival among contempor>y writ]s = boys1 enable him to ov]come all ob/acles4--,spectator ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ea*4 ,) _m ,illu/rations ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,iliad4 ,told = ,little ,*ildr54 ,) #ab ,illu/rations 9 ,col\rs ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,odyssey4 ,told = ,little ,*ildr54 ,) #ab ,illu/rations 9 ,col\rs ,,! ,,cr[n ,,( ,,p9e4 ,a ,/ory ( ,cor9? & ! ,i/hmian ,games ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cyclops ,f ,! ,*ildr5's ,odyssey ,! illu/rations 9 ! book are pr9t$ 9 ?ree col\rs ( delicate tone ,,! ,,c\nt ,,( ,,! ,,saxon ,,%ore ,,/ories ,,( ,,*>lemagne ,,& ,,! ,,twelve ,,pe]s ,,( ,,france ,,! ,,crusad]s ,,/ories ,,f ,,! ,,greek ,,trag$ians ,,/ories ,,( ,,! ,,ea/ ,,/ories ,,f ,,! ,,greek ,,com$ians ,,! ,,hamm]4 ,a ,/ory ( ,maccabean ,times ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,p]sian ,,w> ,,h]oes ,,( ,,*ivalry ,,& ,,romance ,,greek ,,/ory ,,helmet ,,& ,,spe> ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,iliad4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,also ?9 ,pap] ,edition1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett4 ,*eap ,edition1 #f;d4 nett2 also clo?1 #as4 ,,roman ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,cic]o4 ,) ,illu/rations ,,/ories ,,f ,,hom] ,,/ories ,,f ,,livy ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,odyssey4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,also ?9 ,pap] ,edition1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett4 ,*eap ,edition1 #f;d4 nett4 ,also clo?1 #as4 ,,/ories ,,f ,,virgil4 ,also ,*eap ,edition1 sew$1 #f;d4 nett ,,) ,,! ,,k+ ,,at ,,ox=d4 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,great ,rebellion ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,) _m ,illu/rations ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,a!ns ,,! ,,burn+ ,,( ,,rome4 ,also ,*eap] ,edition ,,?ree ,,greek ,,*ildr5 ,,! ,,la/ ,,days ,,( ,,j]usalem4 ,also a ,*eap ,edition1 sew$1 #f;d4 ,,/ories ,,f ,,engli% ,,hi/ory ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,) _m ,illu/rations ,,to ,,! ,,lions4 ,a ,tale ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,& at #as4 #f;d4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,romance ,a ,,"y ,,mac$onian ,,9 ,,! ,,army ,,( ,,alex&] ,,! ,,great ,,! ,,*antry ,,prie/4 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,w>s ( ! ,two ,roses ,,seeley ,,co4 ,,limit$1 #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,,gift ,,books ,,= ,,"y ,,p ,,by ,,emma ,,m>%all ,mrs4 ,m>%all's imag9ative pictures ( ! ,engl& ( o!r days are 9 reality prose poems4--,lit]ature ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,) _m ,illu/rations ,,9 ,,f\r ,,reigns4 ,! ,recollections ( ,al!a ,all+ham1 #aghe-ahdb ,,9 ,,! ,,*oir ,,( ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey4 ,a ,/ory ( ,h5ry ,purcell's ,days ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/ ,,c\ntry ,,) ,,sir ,,?omas ,,br[ne1 ,knight ,,9 ,,col/on',s ,,days4 ,a ,/ory ( ,old ,bri/ol ,,9 ,,! ,,s]vice ,,( ,,ra*el1 ,,lady ,,russell4 ,a ,/ory ( #afhb-id ,a ,,haunt ,,( ,,anci5t ,,peace4 ,memories ( ,little ,gidd+ ,,k5s+ton ,,palace4 ,9 ! ,days ( ,m>y ,,ii ,,! ,,ma/] ,,( ,,! ,,musicians4 ,a ,/ory ( ,h&el's ,day ,,! ,,p>son',s ,,daught]1 & ,h[ ,%e 0 ,pa9t$ by ,mr4 ,romney ,,p5%ur/ ,,ca/le4 ,9 ! ,days ( ,sir ,philip ,sidney4 ,also a ,*eap ,edition4 ,demy #hvo1 #f;d4 ,,w9*e/] ,,meads4 ,9 ! ,days ( ,bi%op ,k54 ,also a ,*eap ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 #f;d4 ,,"u ,,salisbury ,,spire4 ,9 ! ,days ( ,george ,h]b]t4 ,also a ,*eap ,edition4 #f;d4 ,,"u ,,! ,,dome ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul',s4 ,9 ! ,days ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 ,,"u ,,! ,,m5dips4 ,a ,tale ( ! ,times ( ,hannah ,m ,,con/antia ,,c>ew ,illu/ration3 ,,temple ,,b> ,f ,"u ! ,dome ( ,/4 ,paul's ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea* ,,ca/le ,,mead[4 ,a ,/ory ( ,norwi* ,,edw>d',s ,,wife ,,an ,,escape ,,f ,,! ,,t[] ,,joanna',s ,,inh]itance ,,n[-,a-,,days ,,life',s ,,aft]ma?4 ,also a ,*eap ,edition1 ,demy #hvo1 #f;d4 ,,on ,,! ,,banks ,,( ,,! ,,ouse ,,! ,,:ite ,,k+s ,,daught] ,,w9ifr$e',s ,,j\rnal ,,by ,,beatrice ,,m>%all ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,) _m ,illu/rations ,,8 ,,mo/ ,,de> ,,ladye4 ,a ,/ory ( ,sir ,philip ,sidney's ,si/] ,,! ,,siege ,,( ,,york ,,an ,,old ,,london ,,nosegay ,,old ,,blackfri>s4 ,9 ! ,days ( ,van ,dyck ,,! ,,que5',s ,,knight-,,errant4 ,a ,/ory ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh4 ,,seeley ,,co4 ,,limit$1 #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,,gift ,,books ,,= ,,"y ,,p ,,! ,,pr9ce',s ,,libr>y ,a ,s]ies ( p>ticul>ly h&some ,gift ,books = ,"y ,p4 ,) a h&some b9d+ design$ by ! ,c>lton ,/udio ,) a ,col\r$ ,frontispiece & _m o!r ,illu/rations ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,diana ,,sank ,,d[n ,,beside ,,! ,,sp9n+-,,:eel ,f ,diana ,polw>?1 ,royali/ ,,! ,,la/ ,,( ,,! ,,:ite ,,coats4 ,a ,/ory ( ,cavali]s & ,r\ndheads4 ,by ,g4 ,i4 ,:i?am ,,diana ,,polw>?1 ,,royali/4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,m4 ,c>t] ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,a!ns4 ,by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,*ur*1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,reeve4 ,by ,edw>d ,gilliat1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,cab9 ,,on ,,! ,,bea*4 ,by ,m4 ,e4 ,w9*e/] ,,! ,,capta9 ,,( ,,! ,,wight4 ,by ,,frank ,c[p] ,,! ,,gold5 ,,recit]4 ,recitations ,read+s 9 ,prose ,v]se f ,rudy>d ,kipl+1 ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son1 ,conan ,doyle1 ,maurice ,hewlett1 ,*ri/9a ,rossetti1 ,?omas ,h>dy1 ,au/9 ,dobson1 ,a4 ,w4 ,p9]o1 c4 c4 ,) an ,introduction by ,cairns ,james1 ,pr(essor ( ,elocution at ! ,royal ,college ( ,music & ! ,guildhall ,s*ool ( ,music4 ,also ,?9 ,pap] ,edition = ! ,pocket1 ) gilt edges & silk m>k]4 ,small ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,an admirable collection 9 prose & v]se4--,! ,spectator ,,! ,,olive ,,libr>y ,a ,s]ies ( ,/ory ,books = ,boys & ,girls ,) ,?ree-col\r ,frontispieces & _m o!r ,illu/rations ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ea* ,volume #a4 ,a ,,"y ,,mac$onian4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,*ur* #b4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,romance4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,*ur* #c4 ,,violet ,,d\glas4 ,by ,mrs4 ,m>%all #d4 ,,! ,,old ,,gateway4 ,by ,mrs4 ,m>%all #e4 ,,lionhe>t$4 ,! ,/ory ( ,bi%op ,hann+ton's ,life4 ,by ,rev4 ,e4 ,c4 ,dawson #f4 ,,oliv] ,,( ,,! ,,mill4 ,by ,miss ,*>leswor? #g4 ,,engl&',s ,,yeom54 ,by ,miss ,*>leswor? #h4 ,,! ,,*antry ,,prie/ ,,( ,,b>net4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,*ur*1 ,m4,a4 #i4 ,,m9i/]+ ,,*ildr54 ,by ,miss ,*>leswor? #aj4 ,,! ,,sequel ,,to ,,m9i/]+ ,,*ildr5 #aa4 ,,to ,,! ,,lions4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,*ur*4 #ab4 ,,millic5t ,,legh4 ,by ,mrs4 ,m>%all #ac4 ,,hel5',s ,,di>y4 ,by ,mrs4 ,m>%all ,?is s]ies has prov$ v popul> 9 its exceptionally h&some & /rik+ b9d+4 ,all ! volumes are ( out/&+ m]it & ! au?ors ( ! fir/ rank4 ,,seeley ,,co4 ,,limit$1 #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,,gift ,,books ,,= ,,"y ,,p ,,! ,,p9k ,,libr>y ,a ,s]ies ( ,books = ,boys & ,girls ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 ea* volume #a4 ,,lionhe>t$4 ,! ,/ory ( ,bi%op ,hann+ton's ,life told = ,boys & ,girls4 ,by ,rev4 ,e4 ,c4 ,dawson #b4 ,,! ,,old ,,look+-,,glass ,,& ,,! ,,brok5 ,,look+-,,glass4 ,by ,m4 ,l4 ,*>leswor?4 ,9 "o volume #c4 ,,to ,,! ,,lions4 ,a ,tale ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,*ur* ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,*ild ,f1 ,! ,_w be=e ! ,flood #d4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,a ,,be>4 ,) #af ,illu/rations #e4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,an ,,elephant4 ,) #af ,illu/rations #f4 ,,only ,a ,,dog4 ,by a ,humble ,fri5d4 ,) #h ,illu/rations #g4 ,,aga?os1 ,,! ,,rocky ,,isl&1 ,,o!r ,,sunday ,,/ories4 ,by ,bi%op ,wilb]=ce #h4 ,,dame ,,wynton',s ,,home4 ,a ,tale illu/rative ( ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,by ,mrs4 ,c>ey ,brock #i4 ,,bro!rs ,,& ,,si/]s4 ,by ,emma ,m>%all #aj4 ,a ,,greek ,,gulliv]4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,*ur* #aa4 ,,! ,,_w ,,be=e ,,! ,,flood4 ,simple ,bible ,/ories = ! ,"y4 ,by ,e4 ,seeley #ab4 ,,! ,,wild ,,man ,,( ,,! ,,woods4 ,by ,e4 ,b]!t #ac4 ,,brook ,,silv]tone4 ,by ,mrs4 ,m>%all ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,*ild ,f1 ,! ,_w be=e ! ,flood ,,by ,,agnes ,,gib]ne ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,mighty ,,deep4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,mo/ fasc9at+4--,daily ,news ,,among ,,! ,,/>s2 or1 ,wond]ful ,?+s 9 ! ,sky4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,eigh? ,?\s&4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,! ,,ocean ,,( ,,air4 ,meteorology = ,beg9n]s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,! ,,/>ry ,,skies4 ,fir/ ,lessons on ,a/ronomy4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,sun1 ,,moon1 ,,& ,,/>s4 ,a/ronomy = ,beg9n]s4 ,) a ,preface by ,pr(essor ,prit*>d4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,tw5ty-six? ,?\s&4 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,_w',s ,,f\ndations4 ,geology = ,beg9n]s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,duties ,,& ,,duties4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,fa!r ,,aldur4 ,a ,wat] ,/ory4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,curate',s ,,home4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,seeley ,,co4 ,,limit$1 #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,,gift ,,books ,,= ,,"y ,,p ,! ,illu/rat$ ,sc>let ,libr>y ,l>ge ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 gilt4 ,ea* volume ) ,eight ,orig9al ,illu/rations by ,h4 ,m4 ,brock1 ,lancelot ,spe$1 & o!r lead+ ,arti/s ,price #bs4 p] volume ,,! ,,pilgrim',s ,,progress4 ,by ,john ,bunyan ,,! ,,wide1 ,,wide ,,_w4 ,by ,susan ,w>n] ,,uncle ,,tom',s ,,cab94 ,by ,h4 ,bee*] ,/[e ,,b5 ,,hur4 ,by ,g5]al ,lew ,wallace ,,little ,,wom5 ,,& ,,good ,,wives4 ,by ,l4 ,m4 ,alcott ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,h5ry ,,esmond4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,?ack]ay ,,we/w>d ,,ho6 ,by ,*>les ,k+sley ,,john ,,halifax4 ,by ,mrs4 ,craik ,,rob9son ,,crusoe4 ,by ,daniel ,defoe ,,! ,,swiss ,,family ,,rob9son ,,hans ,,&]s5',s ,,fairy ,,tales ,,don ,,quixote4 ,by ,c]vantes ,,grimm',s ,,fairy ,,tales ,a ,new ,translation ,,gulliv]',s ,,travels ,by ,jona?an ,swift ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,bruce ,by ,grace ,aguil> ,,poe',s ,,tales ,,( ,,my/]y ,,imag9ation ,,tom ,,br[n',s ,,s*ooldays4 ,by ,?omas ,hughes ,,tales ,,f ,,%akespe>e4 ,by ,*>les ,lamb ,,! ,,arabian ,,nights' ,,ent]ta9m5ts ,,! ,,scalp ,,hunt]s4 ,by ,capta9 ,mayne ,reid ,,m9i/]+ ,,*ildr54 ,by ,miss ,*>leswor? ,illu/ration3 ,,*ri/ian',s ,,conflict ,,) ,,apollyon ,f ,! ,pilgrim ,progress ,,seeley ,,co4 ,,limit$1 #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,m9or typos h be5 correct$4 ,to prev5t illu/rations f splitt+ p>agraphs1 !y 7 mov$4 ,?ree v long p>agraphs 7pp4 #aeh1 #agj & #ahe7 7 split to accommodate placem5t ( anillu/ration4 ,! two pages ( adv]tis+ :i* 7 plac$ at ! front ( ! pr9t$ volume h be5 mov$ j bel[ ! end ( ! text ) ! rema9+ adv]tisem5ts4 ,=matt+ )9 ! adv]tisem5ts has be5 /&>diz$4