,,scatalogic ,,rites ,,of ,,all ,,nations4 ,a ,dissertation upon the ,employment of ,excrementitious ,remedial ,agents in ,religion1 ,therapeutics1 ,divination1 ,witchcraft1 ,love-,philters1 etc41 in all ,parts of the ,globe4 ,,based ,,upon ,,original ,,notes ,,and ,,personal ,,observation1 ,,and ,,upon ,,compilation ,,from ,,over ,,one ,,thousand ,,authorities4 ,,by ,,captain ,,john ,g4 ,,bourke1 ,,third ,,cavalry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ,,fellow ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,association ,,for ,,the ,,advancement ,,of ,,science2 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,anthropological ,,society1 ,,of ,,washington1 ,d4,c42 ,,member ,,of ,,the 8,,congres ,,des ,,am,,ricanistes20 ,,associate ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,victoria ,,institute ,,and ,,philosophical ,,society ,,of ,,great ,,britain2 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,society ,,of ,,american ,,folk-,,lore2 ,,author ,,of ,,the 8,,snake ,,dance ,,of ,,the ,,moquis ,,of ,,arizona20 8,,an ,,apache ,,campaign20 8,,notes ,,on ,,the ,,theogony ,,and ,,cosmogony ,,of ,,the ,,mojaves02 8,,the ,,gentile ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,,apaches20 8,,mackenzie',s ,,last ,,fight ,,with ,,the ,,cheyennes10 ,,and ,,other ,,works4 ,,not ,,for ,,general ,,perusal4 ,,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,lowdermilk ,,co4 #ahia4 ,copyright1 #ahia1 ,,by ,,john ,g4 ,,bourke4 ,university ,press3 ,,john ,,wilson ,,and ,,son1 ,,cambridge1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface4 ,the subject of ,,scatalogic or ,,stercoraceous ,,rites ,,and ,,practices1 however repellent it may be under some of its aspects1 is none the less deserving of the profoundest consideration1--if for no other reason than that from the former universal dissemination of such aberrations of the intellect1 as well as of the religious impulses of the human race1 and their present curtailment or restriction1 the progress of humanity upward and onward may best be measured4 ,philosophical and erudite thinkers of past ages have published tomes of greater or less magnitude upon this subject2 among these authors1 it may be sufficient1 at this moment1 to mention ,schurig1 ,etmuller1 ,flemming1 ,paullini1 ,beckherius1 ,rosinus ,lentilius1 and ,levinus ,lemnius4 ,the historian ,buckle regarded the subject as one well worthy of examination and study1 as will appear in the text from the memoranda found in his scrap-books after his death4 ,the philosopher ,boyle is credited with the paternity of a work which appeared over the signature 8,b10 bearing upon the same topic4 ,the anonymous author or authors of the very learned pamphlet 8,bibliotheca ,scatalogica10 for the perusal of which ,i am indebted to the courtesy of ,surgeon ,john ,s4 ,billings1 collected a mass of most valuable bibliographical references4 ,quite recently there have appeared in the 8,mitterlungen ,gesselsch410 ,wien1 #ahhh1 two pages of the work of ,dr4 ,m4 ,hofler1 8,volksmedicin und ,aberglaube in ,oberbayern ,gegenwart und ,vergangenheit10 describing some of the excrementitious remedies still existing in the folk-medicine of ,bavaria4 ,but while treatises upon this subject are by no means rare1 they are not accessible1 except to those scholars who are within reach of the largest libraries2 and while all1 or nearly all1 indicate the association of these practices with sorcery and witchcraft1 as well as with folk-medicine1 no writer has hitherto ventured to suggest the distinctively religious derivation to be ascribed to them4 ,from the moment when the disgusting 8,urine ,dance of the ,zuis0 was performed in the author's presence down to the hour of concluding this work1 a careful examination has been made of more than one thousand treatises of various kinds and all sizes1 from the musty pig-skin covered black letter of the fifteenth century to the more modest but not less valuable pamphlet of later years4 ,these treatises have covered the field of primitive religion1 medicine1 and magic1 and have likewise included a most liberal portion of the best books of travel and observation among primitive peoples in every part of the world2 not only ,english authorities1 but also the writings of the best ,french1 ,spanish1 ,german1 ,latin1 ,greek1 ,arabic1 and ,celtic authors are here presented1 together with an examination of what has come down to us from leaders of ,eastern religious thought and from the monastic 8leeches0 of the ,anglo-,saxons4 ,a great number of examples of the use of stercoraceous remedies has been inserted under the head of 8,therapeutics10 for two excellent reasons3 first1 to show that the use of such remedies was most widely disseminated2 and secondly1 to demonstrate that this use had been handed down from century to century4 ,had any other course been followed1 objection might have been raised that unusual remedies1 or those of eccentric practitioners only1 had been sought for and quoted for the purpose of proving that ,filth ,pharmacy was a thoroughly consistent and fully developed school in the science of therapeutics1 from the most primitive times down to and even overlapping our own days4 ,a perusal of this volume cannot fail to convince the most critical that it has been written in a spirit of fairness as much as is possible to human nature1 and without prepossession or prejudice in any direction4 ,the fact that so many citations have been incorporated in this compilation without comment1 may be claimed as an additional proof of the unbiassed character of the work4 ,no collection of facts constitutes a science4 ,all that can properly be done with facts not positively known to be related1 is to place them1 as here placed1 in juxtaposition1 leaving the reader to frame his own conclusions2 by no other method can an author escape the imputation of distorting or perverting evidence4 ,the great number of letters received from distinguished scholars in all parts of the world1 from ,edinburgh to ,new ,south ,wales1 attests the interest felt in this treatise1 and at the same time places the author under obligations which words cannot express4 ,special acknowledgments are due to3-- ,professor ,w4 ,,robertson ,,smith1 ,editor of the ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,major-,general ,j4 ,g4 ,,forlong1 author of 8,the ,rivers of ,life10 ,edinburgh4 ,,havelock ,,ellis1 ,esq41 ,editor of the ,contemporary ,science ,series4 ,prof4 ,,tyrrell ,s4 ,,leith1 of ,bombay 7since dead74 ,,frank ,,rede ,,fowke1 ,esq41 ,south ,kensington ,museum1 ,london4 ,,james ,g4 ,,frazer1 ,esq41 ,m4 ,a41 author of 8,the ,golden ,bough10 ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,dr4 ,,gustav ,,jaeger1 of ,stuttgart4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,kingsley1 of ,cambridge4 ,prof4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,tylor1 ,oxford4 ,prof4 ,e4 ,n4 ,,horsford1 ,harvard ,university4 ,prof4 ,f4 ,w4 ,,putnam1 ,peabody ,archological ,museum1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,surgeon ,,washington ,,matthews1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,surgeon ,b4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,irwin1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,f4 ,b4 ,,kyngdon1 ,esq41 ,secretary ,royal ,society1 ,sydney1 ,new ,south ,wales4 ,j4 ,f4 ,,mann1 ,esq41 ,sydney1 ,new ,south ,wales4 ,,john ,,frazer1 ,esq41 ,,ll4,d41 ,sydney1 ,new ,south ,wales4 ,capt4 ,,henri ,,jouan1 ,french ,navy4 ,dr4 ,,bernard1 ,cannes1 ,france4 ,dr4 ,,robert ,,fletcher4 ,dr4 ,,franz ,,boas1 ,clark ,university1 ,worcester1 ,mass4 ,dr4 ,,henry ,,stricker1 ,frankfort1 ,germany4 ,chief ,engineer ,,melville1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy4 ,prof4 ,,otis ,t4 ,,mason1 ,national ,museum1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,william ,h4 ,,gilder1 the ,arctic explorer and writer4 ,dr4 ,,albert ,s4 ,,gatschet1 ,bureau of ,ethnology1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,rev4 ,,henry ,,clay ,,trumbull1 ,editor of 8,the ,sunday ,school ,times10 of ,philadelphia1 ,penn4 ,hon4 ,,lambert ,,tree1 ex-minister to ,russia4 ,,andrew ,,lang4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,hittel1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,m4 ,m4 ,h4 ,,gaidoz1 editor of 8,mlusine10 ,paris4 ,dr4 ,s4 ,b4 ,,evans1 ,ottumwa1 ,ia4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,,owen ,,dorsey1 ,bureau of ,ethnology1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,rockhill1 the distinguished ,oriental scholar and explorer4 ,hon4 ,h4 ,t4 ,,allen1 ,secretary ,corean ,legation4 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,d4 ,,bergen1 and many other correspondents4 ,last1 but not least1 to ,dr4 ,j4 ,,hampden ,,porter1 of the city of ,washington1 whose friendly offices amounted practically to a collaboration4 ,all papers of this series which relate to the manners and usages of the ,indians of the southwestern portion of our territory1 especially those concerning the urine dances1 phallic dances1 snake dances of the ,zuis1 ,mokis1 and other ,pueblos2 the ,navajoes of ,new ,mexico2 the sun dance of the ,sioux1 etc41 have been compiled from memoranda gathered under the direction of ,lieutenant-,general ,p4 ,h4 ,,sheridan1 in #ahha and #ahhb4 ,those referring to ,apaches1 etc41 of ,arizona2 to ,northern ,mexico2 to pueblo ruins and cliff and cave dwellings2 to ,sioux1 ,cheyennes1 ,crows1 ,arapahoes1 ,pawnees1 ,shoshones1 ,utes1 and other tribes1 extending back to #ahfi1 were mainly obtained while the author was serving as aide-de-camp upon the staff of ,brigadier-,general ,,george ,,crook1 during the campaigns conducted by that officer against hostile tribes west of the ,missouri1 from the ,british line down into ,mexico1 and to a considerable extent under ,general ,,crook',s direction1 and with his encouragement and assistance4 ,the translations from ,german texts were made by ,messrs4 ,smith1 ,pratz1 and ,bunnemeyer1 while for the analysis of the pills made out of the ordure of the ,grand ,lama of ,thibet1 the author desires to express his acknowledgments to ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,mew4 ,j4 ,g4 ,b4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,,preliminary ,,remarks #a ,,ii4 ,,the ,,urine ,,dance ,,of ,,the ,,zu,,is #d ,,iii4 ,,the ,,feast ,,of ,,fools ,,in ,,europe #aa ,comparison between the ,feast of ,fools and the ,urine ,dance4--,the ,feast of ,fools traced back to most ancient times4--,disappearance of the ,feast of ,fools4--,the 8,szombatiaks0 of ,transylvania4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,commemorative ,,character ,,of ,,religious ,,festivals #bd ,the generally sacred character of dancing4--,fray ,diego ,duran's account of the ,mexican festivals4--,the ,urine ,dance of the ,zuis may conserve a tradition of the time when vile aliment was in use4 ,v4 ,,human ,,excrement ,,used ,,in ,,food ,,by ,,the ,,insane ,,and ,,others #bi ,,vi4 ,,the ,,employment ,,of ,,excrement ,,in ,,food ,,by ,,savage ,,tribes #cc ,,vii4 ,,urine ,,in ,,human ,,food #ch ,chinook olives4--,urine in bread-making4--,human ordure eaten by ,east ,indian fanatics4 ,,viii4 ,,the ,,ordure ,,of ,,the ,,grand ,,lama ,,of ,,thibet #db ,huc and ,dubois compared4 ,,ix4 ,,the ,,stercoranistes #ed ,un ,dalai-,lamas ,irlandais4 ,x4 ,,the ,,bacchic ,,orgies ,,of ,,the ,,greeks #fb ,bacchic orgies in ,north ,america4--,the sacrifice of the dog a substitution for human sacrifice4 ,,xi4 ,,poisonous ,,mushrooms ,,used ,,in ,,ur-,,orgies #fe ,the mushroom drink of the ,borgie well4 ,,xii4 ,,the ,,mushroom ,,in ,,connection ,,with ,,the ,,fairies #he ,,xiii4 ,a ,,use ,,of ,,poisonous ,,fungi ,,quite ,,probably ,,existed ,,among ,,the ,,mexicans #hi ,mushrooms and toadstools worshipped by ,american ,indians4--,a former use of fungus indicated in the myths of ,ceylon1 and in the laws of the ,brahmins4 ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,onion ,,adored ,,by ,,the ,,egyptians #id ,,xv4 ,,sacred ,,intoxication ,,and ,,phallism #ig ,,xvi4 ,,an ,,inquiry ,,into ,,the ,,druidical ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,mistletoe #ii ,former employment of an infusion or decoction of mistletoe4--,the mistletoe alleged to have been held sacred by the ,mound-builders4--,the mistletoe festival of the ,mexicans4--,vestiges of ,druidical rites at the present day4--,the ,linguistics of the mistletoe4 ,,xvii4 ,,cow ,,dung ,,and ,,cow ,,urine ,,in ,,religion #aab ,cow dung also used by the ,israelites4 ,,xviii4 ,,ordure ,,alleged ,,to ,,have ,,been ,,used ,,in ,,food ,,by ,,the ,,israelites #aai ,the sacred cow's excreta a substitute for human sacrifice4--,human ordure and urine still used in ,india4 ,,xix4 ,,excrement ,,gods ,,of ,,romans ,,and ,,egyptians #abg ,the ,assyrian ,venus had offerings of dung placed upon her altars4--,the ,mexican goddess ,suchiquecal eats ordure4--,israelitish dung-gods4 ,,xx4 ,,latrines #acd ,posture in urination4 ,,xxi4 ,,an ,,inquiry ,,into ,,the ,,nature ,,of ,,the ,,rites ,,connected ,,with ,,the ,,worship ,,of ,,bel-,,phegor #aed ,,xxii4 ,,obscene ,,tenures #afe ,,xxiii4 ,,tolls ,,of ,,flatulence ,,exacted ,,of ,,prostitutes ,,in ,,france #afh ,the sacred character of bridge-building4 ,,xxiv4 ,,obscene ,,survivals ,,in ,,the ,,games ,,of ,,english ,,rustics #agc ,,xxv4 ,,urine ,,and ,,ordure ,,as ,,signs ,,of ,,mourning #agf ,,xxvi4 ,,urine ,,and ,,ordure ,,in ,,industries #agg ,tanning4--,bleaching4--,dyeing4--,plast er4--,as a cure for tobacco4--,to restore the odor of musk and the color of coral4--,cheese manufacture4--,opium adulteration4--,egg-hatching4--,taxes on urine4--,chrysocollon4--,for removing ink stains4--,as an article of jewelry4--,tattooing4--,agriculture4--,u rine used in the manufacture of salt4--,preparation of sal ammoniac1 phosphorus1 solution of indigo4--,manure employed as fuel4--,smudges4--,human and animal excreta to promote the growth of the hair and eradicate dandruff4--,as a means of washing vessels4--,filthy habits in cooking4 ,,xxvii4 ,,urine ,,in ,,ceremonial ,,ablutions #bja ,,xxviii4 ,,urine ,,in ,,ceremonial ,,observances #bjf ,stercoraceous chair of the ,popes4 ,,xxix4 ,,ordure ,,in ,,smoking #bad ,,xxx4 ,,courtship ,,and ,,marriage #baf ,ordure in love-philters4--,anti-philters4 ,,xxxi4 ,,siberian ,,hospitality #bbh ,,xxxii4 ,,parturition #bcc ,weaning4 ,,xxxiii4 ,,initiation ,,of ,,warriors4--,,confirmation #bcg ,fearful rite of the ,hottentots4--,war-customs4--,arms and armor4 ,,xxxiv4 ,,hunting ,,and ,,fishing #bdd ,,xxxv4 ,,divination4--,,omens4--,,dreams #bdf ,,xxxvi4 ,,ordeals ,,and ,,punishments1 ,,terrestrial ,,and ,,supernal #bdi ,,xxxvii4 ,,insults #bef ,,xxxviii4 ,,mortuary ,,ceremonies #bfa ,,xxxix4 ,,myths #bff ,,xl4 ,,urinoscopy1 ,,or ,,diagnosis ,,by ,,urine #bgb ,on the influence of the emotions upon the egest4 ,,xli4 ,,ordure ,,and ,,urine ,,in ,,medicine #bgg ,extracts from the writings of ,dioscorides4--,the views of ,galen4--,sextus ,placitus4--8,saxon ,leechdoms40--,avicenna4--,miscellaneous 4--,human ,ordure4--,schurig's ideas regarding the use in medicine of the egest of animals4--,ordure and urine in folk-medicine4--,occult influences ascribed to ordure and urine4--,other excrementitious remedies4--,hair4--,superstitions connected with the human saliva4--,cerumen or ear-wax4--,woman's milk4--,human sweat4--,superstitions connected with the catamenial fluid4--,after-birth and lochi4--,human semen4--,human blood4--,human skin1 flesh1 and tallow4--,human skull4--,brain4--,moss growing on human skull4--,moss growing on statue4--,lice4--,wool4--,bones and teeth4--,marrow4--,human teeth4--,tartar impurities from the teeth4--,renal and biliary calculi4--,human bile4--,bezoar stones4--,lyncurius4--,cosmetics4 ,,xlii4 ,,amulets ,,and ,,talismans #cgj ,,xliii4 ,,witchcraft4--,,sorcery4--,,charms4--,, spells4--,,incantations4--,,magic #cgc ,,xliv4 ,a ,,few ,,remarks ,,upon ,,temple ,,or ,,sacred ,,prostitution1 ,,and ,,upon ,,the ,,horns ,,of ,,cuckolds #dje ,,xlv4 ,,cures ,,by ,,transplantation #daa ,,xlvi4 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,lingam ,,in ,,india #dbh ,,xlvii4 ,,phallic ,,superstitions ,,in ,,france ,,and ,,elsewhere #dca ,,xlviii4 ,,burlesque ,,survivals #dcb ,the use of bladders in religious ceremonies4 ,,xlix4 ,,the ,,worship ,,of ,,cocks ,,and ,,hens #ddj ,the ,spanish-,american sport of 8,correr el ,gallo10 and the ,english pastime of 8,throwing at #8,shrove ,cocks4'0--,the scarabus of ,egypt4 ,l4 ,,the ,,persistence ,,of ,,filth ,,remedies #def ,epilepsy4 ,,li4 ,,an ,,explanation ,,of ,,the ,,reason ,,why ,,human ,,ordure ,,and ,,human ,,urine ,,were ,,employed ,,in ,,medicine ,,and ,,religious ,,ceremonies #dei ,,lii4 ,,easter ,,eggs #dfa ,,liii4 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,bladders ,,in ,,making ,,excrement ,,sausages #dfd ,,liv4 ,,conclusion #dfg ,,bibliography #dfi ,,index #dhe ,,scatalogic ,,rites ,,of ,,all ,,nations4 ,i4 ,,preliminary ,,remarks4 8,the proper study of mankind is man40 8,the study of man is the study of man's religion40--,,max ,m,,ller4 8,few who will give their minds to master the general principles of savage religion will ever again think it ridiculous4444 ,far from its beliefs and practices being a rubbish heap of miscellaneous folly1 they are consistent and logical in so high a degree as to begin1 as soon as even roughly classified1 to display the principles of their formation and development2 and these principles prove to be essentially rational1 though working in a mental condition of intense and inveterate ignorance40--,primitive ,culture1 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,new ,york1 #ahgd1 vol4 i4 p4 #ba4 ,the object of the present monograph is to arrange in a form for easy reference such allusions as have come under the author's notice bearing upon the use of human or animal ordure or urine or articles apparently intended as substitutes for them1 whether in rites of a clearly religious or 8medicine0 type1 or in those which1 while not pronouncedly such1 have about them suggestions that they may be survivals of former urine dances or ur-orgies among tribes and peoples from whose later mode of life and thought they have been eliminated4 ,the difficulties surrounding the elucidation of this topic will no doubt occur to every student of anthropology or ethnology4 ,the rites and practices herein spoken of are to be found only in communities isolated from the world1 and are such as even savages would shrink from revealing unnecessarily to strangers2 while1 too frequently1 observers of intelligence have failed to improve opportunities for noting the existence of rites of this nature1 or else1 restrained by a false modesty1 have clothed their remarks in vague and indefinite phraseology1 forgetting that as a physician1 to be skilful1 must study his patients both in sickness and in health1 so the anthropologist must study man1 not alone wherein he reflects the grandeur of his ,maker1 but likewise in his grosser and more animal propensities4 ,when the first edition of 8,notes and ,memoranda10 etc41 upon this subject1 was distributed by the ,smithsonian ,institution1 the author was prepared to believe that1 to a large and constantly increasing circle of scholars1 the subject would prove of unusual interest1 and that1 to repeat the words of a great emperor1 as quoted by a greater philosopher1 all belonging to primitive man was worthy of scrutiny and examination by those who would become familiar with his history and evolution4 8,we ought to be able to say1 like the ,emperor ,maximilian1 #8homo sum1 humani nihil a me alienum puto1' or translating his words literally1 #8,i am a man2 nothing pertaining to man ,i deem foreign to myself4'0--7,max ,mller1 8,chips from a ,german ,workshop40 ,maximilian was using a citation from ,terence47 ,the author also felt that to such a circle it would not be necessary for him to make an apology analogous to that with which ,pellegrini sought to defend the noble profession of medicine in the early days of printing4#a ,but it was with no inconsiderable amount of pride that he saw his pamphlet honored by the earnest attention of men eminent in the world of thought1 who by suggestion and criticism1 given in kindness and received with gratitude1 have contributed to the amplification of the original 8,notes and ,memoranda0 into the present treatise4 ,that these disgusting rites are distinctively religious in origin1 no one1 after a careful perusal of all that is to be presented upon that head1 will care to deny2 and that their examination will be productive of important results will be equally incontrovertible when that examination shall be conducted on the broad principle that the benefit or detriment mankind may have received from religion in general or from any particular form of religion1 can be ascertained only by a comparison between man's actions and principles of conduct in the earliest stages of culture1 and those observable while actuated by the religious sentiment of the present day4 ,hebrews and ,christians will discover a common ground of congratulation in the fact that believers in their systems are now absolutely free from any suggestion of this filth taint1 every example to the contrary being in direct opposition to the spirit and practice of those two great bodies to which the world's civilization is so deeply indebted4 ,but under another point of view1 the study of primitive man is an impossibility and an absurdity unless prosecuted as an investigation into his mode of religious thought1 since religion guided every thought and deed of his daily life4 ,rink1 after saying that the 8whole study of prehistoric man 444 which has hitherto almost exclusively been founded upon the study of the ornaments1 weapons1 and other remains of primitive peoples10 must in future be based upon an inquiry into their spiritual thought1 remarks that 8,the time will surely come when any relic of spiritual life brought down to us from prehistoric mankind1 which may still be found in the folk-lore of the more isolated and primitive nations1 will be valued as highly as those primitive remains40--78,tales and ,traditions of the ,eskimo10 ,rink1 ,edinburgh1 #ahge1 page #f of ,preface47 ,repugnant1 therefore1 as the subject is under most points of view1 the author has felt constrained to reproduce all that he has seen and read1 hoping that1 in the fuller consideration that all forms of primitive religion are now receiving1 this1 the most brutal1 possibly1 of all1 may claim some share of examination and discussion4 ,to serve as a nucleus for notes and memoranda since gleaned1 the author has reproduced his original monograph1 first published in the ,transactions of the ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 #ahhe1 and read by title at the ,ann ,arbor1 ,michigan1 meeting1 in the same year4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,urine ,,dance ,,of ,,the ,,zu,,is4 ,on the evening of ,november #ag1 #ahha1 during my stay in the village of ,zui1 ,new ,mexico1 the ,nehue-,cue1 one of the secret orders of the ,zuis1 sent word to ,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,cushing1#b whose guest ,i was1 that they would do us the unusual honor of coming to our house to give us one of their characteristic dances1 which1 ,cushing said1 was unprecedented4 ,the squaws of the governor's family put the long living-room to rights1 sweeping the floor and sprinkling it with water to lay the dust4 ,soon after dark the dancers entered2 they were twelve in number1 two being boys4 ,the centre men were naked1 with the exception of black breech-clouts of archaic style4 ,the hair was worn naturally1 with a bunch of wild-turkey feathers tied in front1 and one of corn husks over each ear4 ,white bands were painted across the face at eyes and mouth4 ,each wore a collar or neckcloth of black woollen stuff4 ,broad white bands1 one inch wide1 were painted around the body at the navel1 around the arms1 the legs at mid-thighs1 and knees4 ,tortoise-shell rattles hung from the right knee4 ,blue woollen footless leggings were worn with low-cut moccasins1 and in the right hand each waved a wand made of an ear of corn1 trimmed with the plumage of the wild turkey and macaw4 ,the others were arrayed in old1 cast-off ,american ,army clothing1 and all wore white cotton night-caps1 with corn-husks twisted into the hair at top of head and ears4 ,several wore1 in addition to the tortoise-shell rattles1 strings of brass sleigh-bells at knees4 ,one was more grotesquely attired than the rest1 in a long ,india-rubber gossamer 8overall10 and with a pair of goggles1 painted white1 over his eyes4 ,his general 8get-up0 was a spirited take-off upon a ,mexican priest4 ,another was a very good counterfeit of a young woman4 ,to the accompaniment of an oblong drum and of the rattles and bells spoken of they shuffled into the long room1 crammed with spectators of both sexes and of all sizes and ages4 ,their song was apparently a ludicrous reference to everything and everybody in sight1 ,cushing1 ,mindeleff1 and myself receiving special attention1 to the uncontrolled merriment of the red-skinned listeners4 ,i had taken my station at one side of the room1 seated upon the banquette1 and having in front of me a rude bench or table1 upon which was a small coal-oil lamp4 ,i suppose that in the halo diffused by the feeble light1 and in my 8stained-glass attitude10 ,i must have borne some resemblance to the pictures of saints hanging upon the walls of old ,mexican churches2 to such a fancied resemblance ,i at least attribute the performance which followed4 ,the dancers suddenly wheeled into line1 threw themselves on their knees before my table1 and with extravagant beatings of breast began an outlandish but faithful mockery of a ,mexican ,catholic congregation at vespers4 ,one bawled out a parody upon the pater-noster1 another mumbled along in the manner of an old man reciting the rosary1 while the fellow with the ,india-rubber coat jumped up and began a passionate exhortation or sermon1 which for mimetic fidelity was incomparable4 ,this kept the audience laughing with sore sides for some moments1 until1 at a signal from the leader1 the dancers suddenly countermarched out of the room in single file as they had entered4 ,an interlude followed of ten minutes1 during which the dusty floor was sprinkled by men who spat water forcibly from their mouths4 ,the ,nehue-,cue re-entered2 this time two of their number were stark naked4 ,their singing was very peculiar1 and sounded like a chorus of chimney-sweeps1 and their dance became a stiff-legged jump1 with heels kept twelve inches apart4 ,after they had ambled around the room two or three times1 ,cushing announced in the ,zui language that a 8feast0 was ready for them1 at which they loudly roared their approbation1 and advanced to strike hands with the munificent 8,americanos10 addressing us in a funny gibberish of broken ,spanish1 ,english1 and ,zui4 ,they then squatted upon the ground and consumed with zest large 8ollas0 full of tea1 and dishes of hard tack and sugar4 ,as they were about finishing this a squaw entered1 carrying an 8olla0 of urine1 of which the filthy brutes drank heartily4 ,i refused to believe the evidence of my senses1 and asked ,cushing if that were really human urine4 8,why1 certainly10 replied he1 8and here comes more of it40 ,this time it was a large tin pailful1 not less than two gallons4 ,i was standing by the squaw as she offered this strange and abominable refreshment4 ,she made a motion with her hand to indicate to me that it was urine1 and one of the old men repeated the ,spanish word mear 7to urinate71 while my sense of smell demonstrated the truth of their statements4 ,the dancers swallowed great draughts1 smacked their lips1 and1 amid the roaring merriment of the spectators1 remarked that it was very1 very good4 ,the clowns were now upon their mettle1 each trying to surpass his neighbors in feats of nastiness4 ,one swallowed a fragment of corn-husk1 saying he thought it very good and better than bread2 his vis--vis attempted to chew and gulp down a piece of filthy rag4 ,another expressed regret that the dance had not been held out of doors1 in one of the plazas2 there they could show what they could do4 ,there they always made it a point of honor to eat the excrement of men and dogs4 ,for my own part1 ,i felt satisfied with the omission1 particularly as the room1 stuffed with one hundred ,zuis1 had become so foul and filthy as to be almost unbearable4 ,the dance1 as good luck would have it1 did not last many minutes1 and we soon had a chance to run into the refreshing night air4 ,to this outline description of a disgusting rite1 ,i have little to add4 ,the ,zuis1 in explanation1 stated that the ,nehue-,cue were a ,medicine ,order1 which held these dances from time to time to inure the stomachs of members to any kind of food1 no matter how revolting4 ,this statement may seem plausible enough when we understand that religion and medicine1 among primitive races1 are almost always one and the same thing1 or at least so closely intertwined1 that it is a matter of difficulty to decide where one begins and the other ends4#c ,religion1 in its dramatic ceremonial1 preserves1 to some extent1 the history of the particular race in which it dwells4 ,among nations of high development1 miracles1 moralities1 and passion plays have taught1 down to our own day1 in object lessons1 the sacred history in which the spectators believed4 ,some analogous purpose may have been held in view by the first organizers of the urine dance4 ,in their early history1 the ,zuis and other ,pueblos suffered from constant warfare with savage antagonists and with each other4 ,from the position of their villages1 long sieges must of necessity have been sustained1 in which sieges famine and disease1 no doubt1 were the allies counted upon by the investing forces4 ,we may have in this abominable dance a tradition of the extremity to which the ,zuis of the long ago were reduced at some unknown period4 ,a similar catastrophe in the history of the ,jews is intimated in #b ,kings xviii4 #bg2 and again in ,isaiah xxxvi4 #ab3 8,but ,rab-shakeh said unto them3 hath my master sent me to thy master1 and to thee to speak these words8 hath he not sent me to the men which sit on the wall1 that they may eat their own dung and drink their own piss with you80 ,in the course of my studies ,i came across a reference to a very similar dance1 occurring among one of the fanatical sects of the ,arabian ,bedouins1 but the journal in which it was recorded1 the 8,london ,lancet10 ,i think1 was unfortunately mislaid4#d ,as illustrative of the tenacity with which such vile ceremonial1 once adopted by a sect1 will adhere to it and become ingrafted upon its life1 long after the motives which have suggested or commended it have vanished in oblivion1 let me quote a few lines from ,max ,mller's 8,chips from a ,german ,workshop10 8,essay upon the ,parsees10 pp4 #afc1 #afd1 ,scribner's edition1 #ahfi3 8,the nirang is the urine of a cow1 ox1 or she-goat1 and the rubbing of it over the face and hands is the second thing a ,parsee does after getting out of bed4 ,either before applying the nirang to the face and hands1 or while it remains on the hands after being applied1 he should not touch anything directly with his hands2 but1 in order to wash out the nirang1 he either asks somebody else to pour water on his hands1 or resorts to the device of taking hold of the pot through the intervention of a piece of cloth1 such as a handkerchief or his sudra1--that is1 his blouse4 ,he first pours water on his hand1 then takes the pot in that hand and washes his other hand1 face1 and feet40--7,quoting from ,dadabhai-,nadrosi's 8,description of the ,parsees407 ,continuing1 ,max ,mller says3 8,strange as this process of purification may appear1 it becomes perfectly disgusting when we are told that women1 after childbirth1 have not only to undergo this sacred ablution1 but actually to drink a little of the nirang1 and that the same rite is imposed on children at the time of their investiture with the ,sudra and ,koshti1--the badges of the ,zoroastrian faith40 ,before proceeding further it may be advisable to clinch the fact that the ,urine ,dance of the ,zuis was not a sporadic instance1 peculiar to that pueblo1 or to a particular portion of that pueblo2 it was a tribal rite1 recognized and commended by the whole community1 and entering into the ritual of all the pueblos of the ,southwest4 ,upon this point a few words from the author's personal journal of ,nov4 #bd1 #ahha1 may well be introduced to prove its existence among the ,moquis1--the informant1 ,nana-je1 being a young ,moqui of the strictest integrity and veracity3 8,in the circle ,i noticed ,nana-je and the young ,nehue-cue boy who was with us a few nights since4 ,during a pause in the conversation ,i asked the young ,nehue if he had been drinking any urine lately4 ,this occasioned some laughter among the ,indians2 but to my surprise ,nana-je spoke up and said3 #8,i am a ,nehue also4 ,the ,nehue of ,zui are nothing to the same order among the ,moquis4 ,there the ,nehue not only drink urine1 as you saw done the other night1 but also eat human and animal excrement4 ,they eat it here too2 but we eat all that is set before us4 ,we have a medicine which makes us drunk like whiskey2 we drink a lot of that before we commence2 it makes us drunk4 ,we don't care what happens2 and nothing of that kind that we eat or drink can ever do us any harm4' ,the ,nehue-cue are to be found in all the pueblos on the ,rio ,grande and close to it2 only there they don't do things openly40 ,in addition to the above1 we have the testimony of ,mr4 ,thomas ,v4 ,keam1 who has lived for many years among the ,moquis1 and who confirms from personal observation all that has been here said4 ,the extracts from personal correspondence with ,professor ,bandelier are of special value1 that gentleman having devoted years of painstaking investigation to the history of the ,pueblos1 and acquired a most intimate knowledge of them1 based upon constant personal observation and scholarship of the highest order4 ,in a personal letter1 dated ,santa ,f1 ,n4 ,m41 ,june #g1 #ahhh1 he tells1 among much other most interesting information1 that he saw at the ,pueblo of ,cochiti1 on ,nov4 #aj1 #ahhj1 8the ,koshare eating their own excrement40 ,the following description of the 8,club-house0 of the ,nehue-cue may be of interest3 8,it was twenty-one paces long1 nine paces wide1 with a banquette running round on three sides2 in front of the altar were sacred bowls of earthenware1 with paintings of tadpoles to typify water of summer1 frogs for perennial water1 and the sea-serpent for ocean water4 7,they describe the sea-serpent 7vibora del mar7 as very large1 with feathers 7spray87 on its head1 eating people who went into the water1 and when cut up with big knives yielding a great deal of oil47 ,in the first of the sacred dishes was a conch-shell from the sea1 wands made of ears of corn1 with hearts of chalchihuitl1 and exterior ornamentation of the plumage of the parrot and turkey4 ,bowls of sacred meal 7kunque7 were on the floor2 this sacred meal1 to be found in niches in the house of every ,zui1 or for that matter of almost every pueblo throughout ,new ,mexico and ,arizona1 is generally made of a mixture of blue corn-meal1 shells1 and chalchihuitl2 but for more solemn occasions1 as the old ,indian ,pedro ,pino assured me1 sea-sand is added4 ,around the room at intervals were pictographs of birds1--ducks and others1--nine in number on one side1 and nine of clown-gods on the other4 ,these pictures were fairly well delineated in black and in red and yellow ochre4 ,the god of 8,the ,winged ,knife0 was represented back of the altar4 ,in this room were also kept several of the painted oblong wooden drums seen in every sacred dance40--7,extract from personal notes of ,captain ,bourke1 ,nov4 #ag1 #ahha47 8,have you ever1 while in ,new ,mexico1 witnessed the dance of that cluster or order called the 8,ko-sha-re0 among the ,queres1 8,ko-sa-re0 among the ,tehuas1 and 8,shu-re0 among the ,tiguas8 ,i have witnessed it several times2 and these gentlemen1 many of whom belong to the circle of my warm personal friends1 display a peculiar appetite for what the human body commonly not only rejects1 but also ejects4 ,i am sorry that ,i did not know of your work any sooner1 as else ,i could have given you very full descriptions of these dances4 ,the cluster in question have a very peculiar task1 inasmuch as the ripening of all kinds of fruits is at their charge1 even the fruit in the mother's womb1 and their rites are therefore of sickening obscenity4 ,the swallowing of excrements is but a mild performance in comparison with what ,i have been obliged to see and witness40--7,letter from ,professor ,bandelier1 dated at ,santa ,f1 ,n4 ,m41 ,april #be1 #ahhh47 ,major ,ferry1 whom the author met in the office of ,general ,robert ,mc,feely1 ,acting ,secretary of ,war1 ,oct4 #e1 #ahhh1 stated that he was the son of the first ,protestant missionary to build a church at ,mackinaw1 and that the ,indians of the ,ojibway tribe who lived in the neighborhood of that post indulged from time to time in orgies in which the drinking of urine was a feature4 ,mr4 ,daniel ,w4 ,lord1 a gentleman who was for a time associated with ,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,cushing in his investigations among the ,zuis of ,new ,mexico1 makes the following statement3-- 8,in ,june1 #ahhh1 ,i was a spectator of an orgy at the ,zui pueblo in ,new ,mexico4 ,the ceremonial dance of that afternoon had been finished in the small plaza generally used for dances in the northwestern part of the pueblo when this supplementary rite took place4 ,one of the ,indians brought into the plaza the excrement to be employed1 and it was passed from hand to hand and eaten4 ,those taking part in the ceremony were few in number1 certainly not more than eight or ten4 ,they drank urine from a large shallow bowl1 and meanwhile kept up a running fire of comments and exclamations among themselves1 as if urging one another to drink heartily1 which indeed they did4 ,at last one of those taking part was made sick1 and vomited after the ceremony was over4 ,the inhabitants of the pueblo upon the housetops overlooking the plaza were interested spectators of the scene4 ,some of the sallies of the actors were received with laughter1 and others with signs of disgust and repugnance1 but not of disapprobation4 ,the ceremony was not repeated1 to my knowledge1 during my stay at the pueblo1 which continued till ,july1 #ahhi40--7,personal letter to ,captain ,bourke1 dated ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,may #bf1 #ahij47 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,feast ,,of ,,fools ,,in ,,europe4 ,closely corresponding to this urine dance of the ,zuis was the ,feast of ,fools in ,continental ,europe1 the description of which here given is quoted from ,dulaure3-- 8,la grand'messe commenait alors2 tous les ecclsiastiques y assistaient1 le visage barbouill de noir1 ou couvert d'un masque hideux ou ridicule4 ,pendant la clbration1 les uns1 vtus en baladins ou en femmes1 dansaient au milieu du chur et y chantaient des chansons bouffones ou obscnes4 ,les autres venaient manger sur l'autel des saucisses et des boudins1 jouer aux cartes ou aux dez1 devant le prtre clbrant1 l'encensaient avec un encensoir1 ou brlaient de vieilles savates1 et lui en faisaient respirer la fume4 8,aprs la messe1 nouveaux actes d'extravagance et d'impit4 ,les prtres1 confondus avec les habitants des deux sexes1 couraient1 dansaient dans l'glise1 s'excitaient toutes les folies1 toutes les actions licencieuses que leur inspirait une imagination effrne4 ,plus de honte1 plus de pudeur2 aucune digue n'arrtait le dbordement de la folie et des passions4444 8,au milieu du tumulte1 des blasphmes et des chants dissolus1 on voyait les uns se dpouiller entirement de leurs habits1 d'autres se livrer aux actes du plus honteux libertinage4 8 444 ,les acteurs1 monts sur des tombereaux pleins d'ordures1 s'amusaient en jeter la populace qui les entouraient4444 ,ces scnes taient toujours accompagnes de chansons ordurires et impies40--7,dulaure1 8,des ,divinits ,gnratrices10 chap4 xv4 p4 #cae et seq41 ,paris1 #ahbe47 ,,comparison ,,between ,,the ,,feast ,,of ,,fools ,,and ,,the ,,urine ,,dance4 ,in the above description may be seen that the principal actors 7taking possession of the church during high mass7 had their faces daubed and painted1 or masked in a harlequin manner2 that they were dressed as clowns or as women2 that they ate upon the altar itself sausages and blood-puddings4 ,now the word 8blood-pudding0 in ,french is boudin2 but boudin also meant 8excrement40#e ,add to this the feature that these clowns1 after leaving the church1 took their stand in dung-carts 7tombereaux71 and threw ordure upon the by-standers2 and finally that some of these actors appeared perfectly naked 78on voyait les uns se dpouiller entirement de leurs habits071 and it must be admitted that there is certainly a wonderful concatenation of resemblances between these filthy and inexplicable rites on different sides of a great ocean4 ,,the ,,feast ,,of ,,fools ,,traced ,,back ,,to ,,most ,,ancient ,,times4 ,dulaure makes no attempt to trace the origin of these ceremonies in ,france2 he contents himself with saying1 8,ces crmonies 444 ont subsist pendant douze ou quinze sicles10 or1 in other words1 that they were of ,pagan origin4 ,in twelve or fifteen hundred years the rite might have been well sublimed from the eating of pure excrement1 as among the ,zuis1 to the consumption of the boudin1 the excrement symbol4#f ,conceding for the moment that this suspicion is correct1 we have a proof of the antiquity of the urine dance among the ,zuis4 ,so great is the resemblance between the ,zui rite and that just described by ,dulaure that we should have reason for believing that the new country borrowed from the old some of the features transmitted to the present day2 and were there not evidence of a wider distribution of this observance1 it might be assumed that the ,catholic missionaries 7who worked among the ,zuis from #aehj1 or thereabout1 and excepting during intervals of revolt remained on duty in ,zui down to the period of ,american occupation7 found the obscene and disgusting orgy in full vigor1 and realizing the danger1 by unwise precipitancy1 of destroying all hopes of winning over this people1 shrewdly concluded to tacitly accept the religious abnormality and to engraft upon it the plant flourishing so bravely in the vicinity of their ,european homes4 ,,disappearance ,,of ,,the ,,feast ,,of ,,fools4 ,in ,france the ,feast of ,fools disappeared only with the ,french ,revolution2 in other parts of ,continental ,europe it began to wane about the time of the ,reformation4 ,in ,england1 8the abbot of unreason10 whose pranks are outlined by ,sir ,walter ,scott in his novel 8,the ,abbot10 the miracle plays which had once served a good purpose in teaching ,scriptural lessons to an illiterate peasantry1 and the 8moralities0 of the same general purport1 faded away under the stern antagonism of the ,puritan iconoclast4 ,the ,feast of ,fools1 as such1 was abolished by ,henry ,,viii4 ,a4,d4 #aeda4--7,see 8,the ,english ,reformation10 ,francis ,charles ,massingberd1 ,london1 #aheg1 p4 #abe47g ,picart's account of the ,feast of ,fools is similar to that given by ,dulaure4 ,he says that it took place in the church1 at ,christmas tide1 and was borrowed from the ,roman ,saturnalia2 was never approved of by the ,christian church as a body1 but fought against from the earliest times3-- 8,les uns toient masqus ou avec des visages barbouills qui faisoent peur ou qui faisoent rire2 les autres en habits de femmes ou de pantomimes1 tels que sont les ministres du thatre4 8,ils dansoient dans le chur1 en entrant1 et chantoient des chansons obscnes4 ,les ,diacres et les sou-diacres prenoient plaisir manger des boudins et des saucisses sur l'autel1 au nez du prtre clbrant2 ils jouoient des jeux aux cartes et aux ds2 ils mettoient dans l'encensoir quelques morceaux de vieilles savates pour lui faire respirer une mauvaise odeur4 8,aprs la messe1 chacun couroit1 sautoit et dansoit par l'glise avec tant d'impudence1 que quelques uns n'voient pas honte de se porter toutes sortes d'indcences et de se dpouillier entiremnt2 ensuite1 ils se faisoent trainer par les rues dans des tombereaux pleins d'ordures1 d'ou ils prenoient plaisir d'en jeter la populace qui s'assembloit autour d'eux4 8,ils s'arrtoient et faisoient de leurs corps des mouvements et des postures lascives qu'ils accompagnoient de paroles impudiques4 8,les plus impudiques d'entre les sculiers se mloient parmi le clerg1 pour faire aussi quelques personnages de ,foux en habits ecclsiastiques de ,moines et de ,religieuses40--7,picart1 8,cotumes et ,crmonies rligieuses de toutes les ,nations du ,monde10 ,amsterdam1 ,holland1 #agbi1 vol4 ix4 pp4 #e1 #f74 ,diderot and d',alembert use almost the same terms2 the officiating clergy were clad 8les uns comme des bouffons1 les autres en habits de femmes ou masqus d'une faon monstrueuse 444 ils mangeaient et jouaient aux ds sur l'autel ct du prtre qui clbroit la messe4 ,ils mettoient des ordures dans les encensoirs40 ,they say that the details would not bear repetition4 ,this feast prevailed generally in ,continental ,europe from ,christmas to ,epiphany1 and in ,england1 especially in ,york4--7,diderot and ,d',alembert1 ,encyclopdia1 8,fte des ,fous10 ,geneva1 ,switzerland1 #aggi47 ,markham discovers a resemblance between the 8,monk of ,misrule0 of ,christendom in the ,middle ,ages1 and 8,gylongs dressed in parti-colored habits 444 singing and dancing before the ,teshu ,lama in ,thibet40--7,see ,markham's 8,thibet10 ,london1 #ahgi1 page #ie1 footnote4 ,see also ,bogle's description of the ceremonies in connection with the ,new ,year1 in presence of the ,teshu ,lama1 in ,markham's 8,thibet10 p4 #ajf47 ,the ,mandans had an annual festival one of the features of which was 8the expulsion of the devil4444 ,he was chased from the village 444 the women pelting him with dirt40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 ,london1 #ahij1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahd1 quoting ,catlin's 8,north ,american ,indians10 page #aff47 ,the authors who have referred at greater or less length1 and with more or less preciseness1 to the ,feast of ,fools1 ,feast of ,asses1 and others of that kind1 are legion2 unfortunately1 without an exception1 they have contented themselves with a description of the obscene absurdities connected with these popular religious gatherings1 without attempting an analysis of the underlying motives which prompted them1 or even making an intelligent effort to trace their origin4 ,where the last has been alluded to at all1 it has almost invariably been with the assertion that the ,feast of ,fools was a survival from the ,roman ,saturnalia4 ,this can scarcely have been the case2 in the progress of this work it is purposed to make evident that the use of human and animal egest in religious ceremonial was common all over the world1 antedating the ,roman ,saturnalia1 or at least totally unconnected with it4 ,the correct interpretation of the ,feast of ,fools would1 therefore1 seem to be that which recognized it as a reversion to a pre-,christian type of thought dating back to the earliest appearance of the ,aryan race in ,europe4 ,the introduction of the ,christian religion was accompanied by many compromises2 wherever it was opposed by too great odds1 in point of numbers1 it permitted the retention of practices repugnant to its own teachings2 or1 if the term 8permitted0 be an objectionable one to some ears1 we may substitute the expression 8acquiesced in0 for 8permitted10 and then follow down the course of persistent antagonism1 which1 after a while1 modified permanent retention into a periodical1 perhaps an irregular1 resumption1 and this last into burlesque survival4 ,ducange1 in his 8,glossarium10 introduces the ,ritual of the ,mass at the ,feast of the ,ass1 familiar to most readers1--but he adds nothing to what has already been quoted in regard to the ,feast of ,fools itself4 ,this reference from ,ducange will also be found in ,schaff-,herzog1 8,religious ,encyclopdia10 ,new ,york1 #ahhb1 article 8,festival40 ,this ,ritual was written out in #acfi at ,viviers in ,france4 ,fosbroke gives no information on the subject of the ,feast of ,fools not already incorporated in this volume4 ,he simply says3 8,in the ,feast of ,fools they put on masks1 took the dress1 etc41 of women1 danced and sung in the choir1 ate fat cakes upon the horn of the altar1 where the celebrating priest played at dice1 put stinking stuff from the leather of old shoes in the censer1 jumped about the church1 with the addition of obscene jests1 songs1 and unseemly attitudes4 ,another part of this indecorous buffoonery was shaving the precentor of fools upon a stage1 erected before the church1 in the presence of the people2 and during the operation he amused them with lewd and vulgar discourses and gestures4 ,they also had carts full of ordure which they threw occasionally upon the populace4 ,this exhibition was always in ,christmas time or near it1 but was not confined to a particular day40--7,rev4 ,thomas ,dudley ,fosbroke1 8,cyclopdia of ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahdc1 vol4 #b1 article 8,festivals40 ,most of his information seems to be derived from ,ducange47 8,the ,feast of ,fools was celebrated as before in various masquerades of ,women1 ,lions1 ,players1 etc4 ,they danced and sung in the choir1 ate fat cakes upon the horn of the altar1 where the celebrating priest played at dice1 put stinking stuff from the leather of old shoes into the censer1 ran1 jumped1 etc41 through the church40#h ,in ,brand's 8,popular ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahgc1 vol4 #c1 pp4 #dig-eje1 will be found a pretty full description of the ,lords of ,misrule1 but the only reference of value for our purposes is one from ,polydorus ,virgil1 who recognized the derivation of these ,feasts from the ,roman ,saturnalia4 8,there is nothing10 says the author of the essay to retrieve the ,ancient ,celtic1 8that will bear a clearer demonstration than that the primitive ,christians1 by way of conciliating the ,pagans to a better worship1 humored their prejudices by yielding to a conformity of names and even of customs1 where they did not interfere with the fundamentals of the ,christian doctrine4444 ,among these1 in imitation of the ,roman ,saturnalia1 was the ,festum ,fatuorum1 when part of the jollity of the season was a burlesque election of a mock-pope1 mock-cardinals1 mock-bishops1 attended with a thousand ridiculous and indecent ceremonies1 gambols1 and antics1 such as singing and dancing in the churches1 in lewd attitudes1 to ludicrous anthems1 all allusively to the exploded pretensions of the ,druids whom these sports were calculated to expose to scorn and derision4 ,this ,feast of ,fools10 continues he1 8had its designed effect1 and contributed perhaps more to the extermination of these heathens than all the collateral aids of fire and sword1 neither of which were spared in the persecution of them40--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahgb1 vol4 i4 p4 #cf47 ,strutt's 8,sports and ,pastimes10 edition of ,london1 #ahee1 article 8,festival of ,fools10 in lib4 iv4 cap4 #c1 contains nothing not already learned4 ,jacob ,grimm1 8,teutonic ,mythology0 7,stallybrass71 ,london1 #ahhb1 vol4 i4 p4 #ib1 has the following3-- 8,the collection of the ,letters of ,boniface has a passage lamenting the confusion of ,christian and heathen rites into which foolish or reckless priests had suffered themselves to fall40 ,banier shows that on the ,first of ,january the people of ,france ran about the streets of their towns1 disguised as animals1 masked and playing all sorts of pranks4 ,this custom was derived from the ,druids and lasted in full vigor 8to the twelfth century of the ,christian era40--78,mythology10 ,banier1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bdg47 8,the heathen gods even1 though represented as feeble in comparison with the true ,god1 were not always pictured as powerless in themselves2 they were perverted into hostile1 malignant powers1 into demons1 sorcerers1 and giants1 who had to be put down1 but were nevertheless credited with a certain mischievous activity and influence4 ,here and there a heathen tradition or a superstitious custom lived on by merely changing the names and applying to ,christ1 ,mary1 and the saints what had formerly been related and believed of idols40--78,teutonic ,mythology10 ,jacob ,grimm 7,stallybrass71 ,london1 #ahhb1 vol4 i4 ,introduction1 page #e47 444 8,at the time when ,christianity began to press forward1 many of the heathen seem to have entertained the notion1 which the missionaries did all in their power to resist1 of combining the new doctrine with the ancient faith and even of fusing them into one4--7,idem1 p4 #g47 444 ,of ,norsemen1 as well as of ,anglo-,saxons1 we are told that some believed at the same time in ,christ and in heathen gods1 or at least continued to invoke the latter in particular cases in which they had formerly proved helpful to them4 ,so even by ,christians much later the old deities seem to have been named and their aid invoked in enchantments and spells4--7,idem1 pp4 #g and #h47 444 ,the ,teutonic races forsook the faith of their fathers very gradually and slowly from the fourth to the eleventh century40--7,idem1 p4 #h47 ,on the following pages1 #i1 #aj1 and #aa1 ,grimm shows us how little is really known of the religions of ancient ,europe1 whether of the ,latin or of the ,teutonic or ,celtic races2 he alludes to 8the gradual transformation of the gods into devils1 of the wise women into witches1 of the worship into superstitious customs4--7,idem1 p4 #aa47 ,heathen festivals and customs were transformed into ,christian4--7,idem1 p4 #ab47 444 ,private sacrifices1 intended for gods or spirits1 could not be eradicated among the people for a long time1 because they were bound up with customs and festivals1 and might at last become an unmeaning practice40--7,idem1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ajji47 8,it is a natural and well-known fact that the gods of one nation become the devils of their conquerors or successors40--7,folk-,medicine1 ,william ,george ,black1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #ab47 8,few things are so indestructible as a superstitious belief once implanted in human credulity4444 ,the sacred rites of the superseded faith become the forbidden magic of its successors40--78,history of the ,inquisition10 ,henry ,charles ,lea1 ,new ,york1 #ahhh1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cgi47 8,its gods become evil spirits40--7,idem1 p4 #cgi47 444 ,the same views are advanced in ,madame ,blavatsky's 8,isis ,unveiled40 ,,the 8,,szombatiaks0 ,,of ,,transylvania4 ,in further explanation of the tenacity with which older cults survive long after the newer religions seem to have gained predominance in countries and nations1 it is extremely appropriate to introduce a passage from an article in the 8,st4 ,james' ,gazette10 entitled 8,crypto-,jews10 reprinted in the ,sunday edition of the 8,sun10 ,new ,york1 sometime in ,october1 #ahhh4 ,the writer1 in speaking of the ,szombatiaks of ,transylvania1 remarks3 8,the crypto-,judaism of the ,szombatiaks was suspected for centuries1 but not until twenty years ago was it positively known4 ,then1 on the occasion of a ,jewish emancipation act for ,hungary1 the sturdy old peasants1 indistinguishable in dress1 manners1 and language from the native ,szeklers1 sent a deputation to ,pesth to ask that their names might be erased from the church rolls4 ,they explained that they were ,jews whose forefathers had settled in ,hungary at the time of the expedition of ,titus to ,dacia4 ,though baptized1 married1 and buried as ,christians1 maintaining ,christian pastors1 and attending ,christian churches1 they had always in secret observed their ancient religion40 ,it is a matter of surprise to find so little on the subject of the ,feast of ,fools in ,forlong's comprehensive work on ,religion4 ,all that he says is that 8the ,yule-tide ftes were noted for men disguising themselves as women1 and vice versa1 showing their connection with the old ,sigillaria of the ,saturnalia1 which1 formerly observed on the #adth of ,january1 were afterwards continued to three1 four1 five1 and some say seven days1 and by the common people even until ,candlemas ,day4 ,both were prohibited when their gross immoralities became apparent to better educated communities4 #8,in ,paris1' says ,trusler in his #8,chronology1' #8the ,first of ,january was observed as ,mask ,day for two hundred and forty years1 when all sorts of indecencies and obscene rites occurred4'0--78,rivers of ,life10 ,forlong1 ,london1 #ahhc1 vol4 i4 p4 #dcd47 ,in addition to the above1 there is evidence of its survival among the rustic population of ,germany4 ,brand enumerates many curious practices of the carnival just before ,ash ,wednesday1 and even on that day1 after the distribution of the ashes4 ,young maidens in ,germany were carried 8in a cart or tumbrel0 by the youths of the village to the nearest brook or pond1 and there thoroughly ducked1 the drawers of the cart throwing dust and ashes on all near them4 ,in ,oxfordshire it was the custom for bands of boys to stroll from house to house singing and demanding largess of eggs and bacon1 not receiving which1 8they commonly cut the latch of the door or stop the key-hole with dirt0 78,popular ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahgb1 vol4 i4 pp4 #id et seq41 article 8,ash ,wednesday071 8or leave some more nasty token of displeasure0 7idem74 ,this may have been a survival from the ,feast of ,fools4 ,brand refers to ,hospinian1 8,de ,origine ,festorum ,christianorum10 8for several curious customs and ceremonies observed abroad during the three first days of the ,quinquagesima week0 7p4 #ii74 ,turning from the ,teutonic race to the ,slav1 we find that the ,feast of ,fools seems still to linger among the ,russian peasantry4 8,at one time a custom prevailed of going about from one friend's house to another masked1 and committing every conceivable prank4 ,then the people feasted on blinnies1--a pancake similar to the ,english crumpet0 78,a ,hoosier in ,russia10 ,perry ,s4 ,heath1 ,new ,york1 #ahhh1 p4 #aji72 all this at ,christmas-tide4 ,something very much like it1 without any obscene features1 was noted by ,blunt in the early years of the present century4 ,see his 8,vestiges10 p4 #aai4 ,hone 78,ancient ,mysteries ,described10 ,london1 #ahbc1 pp4 #adh et seq47 thinks that a ,jewish imitation of the ,greek drama of the close of the second century1 whose plot1 characters1 etc41 were taken from the ,exodus1 was the first miracle play4 ,the author was one ,ezekiel1 who was believed to have written it with a patriotic purpose after the destruction of ,jerusalem4 ,the early ,fathers--,cyril1 ,tertullian1 ,cyprian1 ,basil1 ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 and ,augustine--inveighed against sacred dramas2 but the outside pressure was too great1 and the ,church was forced to yield to popular demand4 ,as late as the fifteenth century ,pius ,,ii4 said that the ,italian priests had probably never read the ,new ,testament2 and ,robert ,stephens made the same charge against the doctors of the ,sorbonne in the same age4 ,the necessity of dramatic representation would therefore soon outweigh objections made on the score of historical anachronism or doctrinal inaccuracy in these miracle plays4 ,theophylact1 ,patriarch of ,constantinople in the tenth century1 is credited by the ,byzantine historian ,cedranus with the introduction of the ,feast of ,fools and ,feast of the ,ass1 8thereby scandalizing ,god and the memory of his saints1 by admitting into the sacred service diabolical dances1 exclamations of ribaldry1 and ballads borrowed from the streets and brothels40--7,hone1 quoting ,wharton1 8,miscellaneous ,writings upon the ,drama and ,fiction10 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfi47 ,in #aeij1 at ,paris1 the mendicant orders1 led by the ,bishop of ,senlis1 paraded the streets with tucked up robes1 representing the ,church ,militant4 ,these processions were believed to be the legitimate offspring of heathen pageants1--that is1 that of ,saint ,peter in ,vinculis was believed to be the transformed spectacle in honor of ,augustus's victory at ,actium1 etc4 ,beletus describes the ,feast of ,fools as he saw it in the twelfth century4 ,his account1 given by ,hone 7p4 #aei71 agrees word for word with that of ,dulaure1 excepting that1 through an error of translation perhaps1 he is made to say that the participants 8ate rich puddings on the corners of the altar20 but as the word 8pudding0 meant even in the ,english language a meat pudding or sausage1 the error is an immaterial one4 ,victor ,hugo describes in brief the ,feast of ,fools as seen at ,paris in #adhb1 on the #fth of ,january4 ,he says that the 8,fte des ,rois and the ,fte des ,fous were united in a double holiday since time immemorial40 ,his description is very meagre1 but from it may be extracted the information that in these feasts of fools female actresses appeared masked2 that the noblest and greatest personages in the kingdom of ,france were among the prominent spectators2 but there is not much else4 7,see the opening chapters of 8,notre ,dame407 ,the ,festival of ,moharren in ,persia is a kind of miracle play1 or ,passion play1 commemorating the rise and progress of ,islamism4 8,among these occurrences are the deaths of ,hassein and ,hossein1 the birth of the prophet1 the martyrdom of the ,imam ,rezah1 and the death of ,fatimeh1 daughter of ,mahomet40--7,benjamin1 8,persia10 ,london1 #ahhg47 ,this reference to the use of pudding or sausage on the altar itself is the most persistent feature in the descriptions of the whole ceremony4 ,but little difficulty will be experienced in showing that it was originally an excrement sausage1 prepared and offered up1 perhaps eaten1 for a definite purpose4 ,this phase of the subject will be considered further on2 for the present only one citation need be introduced to show that in carnival time human excrement itself1 and not the symbol1 made its appearance3-- 8,the following extract from ,barnaby ,googe's translation of #8,naogeorgus' will show the extent of these festivities 7that is1 those of the carnival at ,shrove ,tuesday74 ,after describing the wanton behavior of men dressed as women and of women arrayed in the garb of men1 of clowns dressed as devils1 as animals1 or running about perfectly naked1 the account goes on to say3-- 8#8,but others bear a torde1 that on a cushion soft they lay2 ,and one there is that with a flap doth keep the flies away3 ,i would there might another be1 an officer of those1 ,whose room might serve to take away the scent from every nose4'0-- 7,quoted in ,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahgb1 vol4 i4 p4 #ff1 article 8,shrove ,tuesday407 ,the ,puritan's horror of heathenish rites and superstitious vestiges had for its basis something far above unreasoning fanaticism2 he realized1 if not through learned study1 by an intuition which had all the force of genius1 that every unmeaning practice1 every rustic observance1 which could not prove its title clear to a noble genealogy was a pagan survival1 which conscience required him to tear up and destroy1 root and branch4 ,the ,puritan may have made himself very much of a burden and a nuisance to his neighbors before his self-imposed task was completed1 yet it is worthy of remark and of praise that his mission was a most effectual one in wiping from the face of the earth innumerable vestiges of pre-,christian idolatry4 ,this being understood1 some importance attaches to the following otherwise vague couplet from 8,hudibras40 8,butler mentions the black pudding in his #8,hudibras1' speaking of the religious scruples of some of the fanatics of his time3-- 8#8,some for abolishing black pudding1 ,and eating nothing with the blood in4'0-- 7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahgb1 vol4 i4 p4 #djj1 article 8,martinmas407 ,these sausages1 made in links1 certainly suggest the boudins of the ,feast of ,fools4 ,they were made from the flesh1 blood1 and entrails of pork killed by several families in common on the #agth day of ,december1 known as 8,sow ,day40 ,in the early days of the ,reformation in ,germany1 in the ,may games1 the ,pope was 8portrayed in his pontificalibus riding on a great sow1 and holding before her taster a dirty pudding40--7,harington1 8,ajax10 p4 #ce47 ,the most sensible explanation of the ,feast of ,fools that has as yet appeared is to be found in ,frazer's 8,golden ,bough0 7,london1 #ahij1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bah et seq41 article 8,temporary ,kings074 ,he shows that the regal power was not in ancient times a life tenure1 but was either revoked under the direction of the priestly body when the incumbent began to show signs of increasing age and diminishing mental powers1 or at the expiration of a fixed period1--generally about twelve years4 ,in the lapse of time the king's abdication became an empty form1 and his renunciation of powers purely farcical1 his temporary successor a clown who amused the fickle populace during his ephemeral assumption of honors4 ,examples are drawn from ,babylonia1 ,cambodia1 ,siam1 ,egypt1 ,india1 etc41 the odd feature being that these festivals occur at dates ranging from our ,february to ,april4 ,during the festival in ,siam1 in the month of ,april1 8the dancing ,brahmans carry buffalo horns with which they draw water from a large copper caldron and sprinkle it on the people2 this is supposed to bring good luck40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,james ,g4 ,fraser1 ,m4,a41 ,london1 #ahij1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcj47 ,in the preceding paragraph we have a distinct survival4 ,the buffalo horns may represent phalli1 and the water may be a substitute for a liquid which to the present generation might be more objectionable4 ,but upon another matter stress should be laid2 in both the ,feast of ,fools and in the ,urine ,dance of the ,zuis1 it has been shown that some of the actors were naked or disguised as women4 ,no attempt is made to prove anything in regard to the ,european orgy1 because research has thrown no light upon the reasons for which the participants assumed the raiment of the opposite sex4 ,in the case of the ,zuis1 the author has had1 from the first1 a suspicion1 which he took occasion to communicate to ,professor ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam three years since1 that these individuals were of the class called by ,father ,lafitau 8hommes habills en femme10 and referred to with such frequency by the earliest ,french and ,spanish authorities4 ,this suspicion has been strengthened by correspondence lately received from ,professor ,bandelier which is1 however1 suppressed at the request of the latter4 ,in this connection1 the student should not fail to read the remarkable contribution of ,a4 ,b4 ,holder1 ,m4 ,d41 of ,memphis1 ,tennessee1 in the ,new ,york ,medical ,journal of ,dec4 #g1 #ahhi1 entitled 8,the ,bot3 description of a peculiar sexual perversion found among the ,north ,american ,indians40 ,an explanation of the 8hommes habills en femme10 may be suggested in the following from ,boas1 descriptive of certain religious dances of the ,eskimo3 8,those who were born in abnormal presentations1 wear women's dresses at this feast1 and must make their round in a direction opposite to the movement of the sun40--78,the ,central ,eskimo10 ,franz ,boas1 in ,sixth ,annual ,report1 ,bureau of ,ethnology1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahhh1 p4 #faa47 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,commemorative ,,character ,,of ,,religious ,,festivals4 ,the opinion expressed above concerning the commemorative character of religious festivals echoes that which ,godfrey ,higgins enunciated several generations ago4 ,the learned author of 8,anacalypsis0 says that festivals 8accompanied with dancing and music0 444 8were established to keep in recollection victories or other important events40 7,higgins' 8,anacalypsis10 ,london1 #ahaj1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbd47 ,he argues the subject at some length on pages #dbd-dbf1 but the above is sufficient for the present purpose4 8,in the religious rites of a people ,i should expect to find the earliest of their habits and customs40--7,idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #ae47 ,applying the above remark to the ,zui dance1 it may be interpreted as a dramatic pictograph of some half-forgotten episode in tribal history4 ,to strengthen this view by example1 let us recall the fact that the army of ,crusaders under ,peter the ,hermit was so closely beleaguered by the ,moslems in ,nicomedia in ,bithynia that they were compelled to drink their own urine4 ,we read the narrative set out in cold type4 ,the ,zuis would have transmitted a record of the event by a dramatic representation which time would incrust with all the veneration that religion could impart4 ,the authority for the above statement in regard to the ,crusaders is to be found in ,purchas1 8,pilgrims10 lib4 #h1 cap4 #a1 p4 #aaia4 ,neither ,gibbon nor ,michaud expresses this fact so clearly1 but each speaks of the terrible sufferings which decimated the undisciplined hordes of ,walter the ,penniless and ,peter1 and reduced the survivors to cannibalism4 ,the urine of horses was drunk by the people of ,crotta while besieged by ,metellus4--7,see1 in ,montaigne's ,essays1 8,on ,horses10 cap4 xlviii42 see also1 in ,harington1 8,ajax0--8,ulysses upon ,ajax10 p4 #db47 ,shipwrecked ,english seamen drank human urine for want of water4 7,see in ,purchas1 vol4 iv4 p4 #aahh47 ,in the year #ahgg ,captain ,nicholas ,nolan1 ,tenth ,cavalry1 while scouting with his troop after hostile ,indians on the ,staked ,plains of ,texas1 was lost2 and as supplies became exhausted1 the command was reduced to living for several days on the blood of their horses and their own urine1 water not being discovered in that vicinity4--7,see ,hammersley's ,record of ,living ,officers of the ,united ,states ,army47 ,history is replete with examples of the same general character2 witness the sieges of ,jerusalem1 ,numantia1 ,ghent1 the famine in ,france under ,louis ,,xiv41 and many others4 ,,the ,,generally ,,sacred ,,character ,,of ,,dancing4 8,dancing was originally merely religious1 intended to assist the memory in retaining the sacred learning which originated previous to the invention of letters4 ,indeed1 ,i believe that there were no parts of the rites and ceremonies of antiquity which were not adopted with a view to keep in recollection the ancient learning before letters were known40--7,higgins' 8,anacalypsis10 vol4 ii4 p4 #agi47 ,in one of the sieges of ,samaria1 it is recorded that 8,the fourth part of a cab of dove's dung sold for five pieces of silver40--7#b ,kings1 vi4 #be47 ,there is another interpretation of the meaning of this expression1 not so literal1 which it is well to insert at this point4 8,when ,samaria was besieged1 the town was a prey to all the horrors of famine2 hunger was so extreme that five pieces of silver was the price given for a small measure 7fourth part of a cab7 of dove's dung4 ,this seems1 at first sight1 ridiculous4 ,but ,bochart maintains very plausibly that this name was then and is now given by the ,arabs to a species of vetch 7pois chiches740--78,philosophy of ,magic10 ,eusebe ,salverte1 ,new ,york1 #ahfb1 vol4 i4 p4 #gj47 8,the pulse called garbansos is believed by certain authors to be the dove's dung mentioned at the siege of ,samaria2 444 they have likewise been taken for the pigeons' dung mentioned at the siege of ,samaria4 ,and1 indeed1 as the cicer is pointed at one end and acquires an ash color in parching1 the first of which circumstances answers to the figure1 the other to the usual color of pigeons' dung1 the supposition is by no means to be disregarded40--78,shaw's ,travels in ,barbary10 in 8,pinkerton's ,voyages10 ,london1 #ahad1 vol4 xv4 p4 #fjj47 ,,fray ,,diego ,,duran',s ,,account ,,of ,,the ,,mexican ,,festivals4 ,all that ,higgins believed was believed and asserted by the ,dominican missionary ,diego ,duran4 ,duran complains bitterly that the unwise destruction of the ancient ,mexican pictographs and all that explained the religion of the natives left the missionaries in ignorance as to what was religion and what was not4 ,the ,indians1 taking advantage of this1 mocked and ridiculed the dogmas and ceremonies of the new creed in the very face of its expounders1 who still lacked a complete mastery of the language of the conquered4 ,the ,indians never could be induced to admit that they still adhered to their old superstitions1 or that they were boldly indulging in their religious observances2 many times1 says the shrewd old chronicler1 it would appear that they were merely indulging in some pleasant pastime1 while they were really engaged in idolatry2 or that they were playing games1 when truly they were casting lots for future events before the priest's eyes2 or that they were subjecting themselves to penitential discipline1 when they were sacrificing to their gods4 ,this remark applied to all that they did4 ,in dances1 in baths1 in markets1 in singing their songs1 in their dramas 7the word is 8comedia10 a comedy1 but a note in the margin of the manuscript says that probably this ought to be 8comida10 food1 or dinner1 or feast71 in sowing1 in reaping1 in putting away the harvest in their granaries1 even in tilling the ground1 in building their houses1 in their funerals1 in their burials1 in marriages1 in the birth of children1 into everything they did entered idolatry and superstition4 8,parece muchas veces pensar que estan haciendo placer y estan idolatrando2 y pensar que estan jugando y estan echando suertes de los sucesos delante de nuestros ojos y no los entendemos y pensamos que se disciplinan y estanse sacrificando4 8,y asi erraron mucho los que con bueno celo 7pero no con mucha prudencia71 quemaron y destruyeron al principio todas las pinturas de antiguallas que tenian2 pues1 nos dejaron tan sin luz que delante de nuestros ojos idolatran y no los entendemos4 8,en los mitotes1 en los baos1 en los mercados1 y en los cantares que cantan lamentando sus ,dioses y sus ,seores ,antiguos1 en las comedias1 en los banquetes1 y en el diferenciar en el de ellas1 en todo se halla supersticion idoltria2 en el sembrar1 en el coger1 en el encerrar en los troges1 hasta en el labrar la tierra y edificar las casas2 pues en los mortuorios y entierros1 y en los casamientos y en los nacimientos de los nios1 especialmente si era hijo de algun ,seor2 eran estraas las ceremonias que se le hacian2 y donde todo se perfeccionaba era en la celebration de las fiestas2 finalmente1 en todo mezclaban supersticion idolatria2 hasta en irse baarse al rio los viejos1 puesto escrpulo la republica sino fuese habiendo precedido tales y tales ceremonias2 todo lo cual nos es encubierto por el gran secreto que tienen40--7,diego ,duran1 lib4 #b1 concluding remarks47 ,fray ,diego ,duran1 a ,fray ,predicador of the ,dominican order1 says1 at the end of his second volume1 that it was finished in #aeha4 ,the very same views were held by ,father ,geronimo ,boscna1 a ,franciscan1 who ministered for seventeen years to the ,indians of ,california4 ,every act of an ,indian's life was guided by religion4--7,see 8,chinigchinich10 included in ,a4 ,a4 ,robinson's 8,california10 ,new ,york1 #ahej47 ,the ,apaches have dances in which the prehistoric condition of the tribe is thus represented2 so have the ,mojaves and the ,zuis2 while in the snake dance of the ,moquis and the sun dance of the ,sioux the same faithful adherence to traditional costume and manners is apparent4 ,,the ,,urine ,,dance ,,of ,,the ,,zu,,is ,,may ,,conserve ,a ,,tradition ,,of ,,the ,,time ,,when ,,vile ,,aliment ,,was ,,in ,,use4 ,the ,zui dance may therefore not improperly be considered among other points of view1 under that which suggests a commemoration of the earliest life of this people1 when vile aliment of every kind may have been in use through necessity4 ,an examination of evidence will show that foods now justly regarded as noxious were once not unknown to nations of even greater development than any as yet attained by the ,rio ,grande ,pueblos4 ,necessity was not always the inciting motive2 frequently religious frenzy was responsible for orgies of which only vague accounts and still vaguer explanations have come down to us4 ,the religious examples will be adduced at a later moment1 as will those in which human or animal excreta have been employed in ordeals and punishments1 terrestrial and supernal4 ,so long as the lines of investigation are included within civilized limits1 the instances noticed very properly fall under the classification of mania and of abnormal appetite2 and the latter1 in turn1 may be subdivided into the two classes of the innate and the acquired1 the second of which has presented a constant decrease since physicians have rejected such disgusting remedial agents from the ,materia ,medica4 ,that both human ordure and urine have been1 and that they may still to a limited extent be1 added by the rustic population of portions of ,europe to the contents of love-philters is a fact established beyond peradventure2 and that the followers of the ,grand ,lama of ,thibet stand accused1 on what has the semblance of excellent authority1 of obtaining from their priests the egest of that potent hierarch and adopting them as condiments1 food1 charms1 amulets1 and talismans1 as well as internal medicines1 will be fully stated in the chapters devoted to that purpose4 ,schurig gives numerous examples of the eating of human and animal excrement by epileptics1 by maniacs1 by chlorotic young women1 or by women in pregnancy1 by children who had defiled their beds and dreading detection swallowed the evidences of their guilt1 and finally by men and women with abnormal appetites4--7,see ,schurig1 8,chylologia10 ,dresden1 #agbe1 pp4 #de1 #ha1 #hd1 #ghj-ghb47 ,burton relates the story of a young ,german girl1 ,catherine ,gualter1 in #aega1 as told by ,cornelius ,gemma1 who vomited1 8among other things1 pigeons' dung and goose-dung40 ,she was apparently a victim of hysteria1 and in her paroxysms had previously swallowed all manner of objectionable matter4--7,see 8,anatomy of ,melancholy10 edition of ,london1 #ahjf1 vol4 i4 p4 #gf47 8,on a vu1 surtout dans les hpitaux1 des femmes se faire un jeu d'avaler clandestinement leurs urines mesure qu'elles les rendaient1 et essayer faire croire qu'elles n'en rendaient point du tout40--7,personal letter to ,captain ,bourke from ,mr4 ,frank ,rede ,fowke1 dated ,department of ,science and ,art1 ,south ,kensington ,museum1 ,london1 ,s4 ,w41 ,june #ah1 #ahhh47 ,v4 ,,human ,,excrement ,,used ,,in ,,food ,,by ,,the ,,insane ,,and ,,others4 ,the subject of excrement-eating among insane persons has engaged the attention of medical experts4 ,h4 ,b4 ,obersteiner1 in a communication to the 8,psychiatrisches ,centralblatt10 ,wien1 #ahga1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ie1 informs that periodical that ,dr4 ,a4 ,erlenmeyer1 ,jr41 induced by a lecture delivered by ,professor ,lang in #ahgb1 had prepared a tabulated series of data embodying the results of his observations upon the existence of coprophagy among insane persons4 ,he found that one in a hundred of persons suffering from mental diseases indulged in this abnormal appetite2 the majority of these were men4 ,no particular relation could be established between excrement-eating and ,onanism2 and no deleterious effect upon the alimentary organs was detected4 8,in pathological reversion of type1 due to cerebral disease1 there are certain stages in some forms of mental disease in which some of the actions to which you refer are not uncommon40--7,personal letter to ,captain ,bourke from ,surgeon ,john ,s4 ,billings1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 in charge of the ,army ,medical ,museum1 dated ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,april #bc1 #ahhh47 8,a boy of four years old had fouled in bed2 but being much afraid of whipping1 he ate his own dung1 yet he could not blot the sign out of the sheets2 wherefore1 being asked by threatenings1 he at length tells the chance4 ,but being asked of its savor1 he said it was of a stinking and somewhat sweet one4444 ,a noble little virgin1 being very desirous of her salvation1 eats her own dung1 and was weak and sick4 ,she was asked of what savor it was1 and she answered it was of a stinking and a waterishly sweet one40 ,these examples ,von ,helmont says were personally known to him1 as was that of the painter of ,brussels who1 going mad1 subsisted for twenty-three days on his own excrements4--7,see ,von ,helmont's 8,oritrika0 7,english translation71 ,london1 #affb1 pp4 #baa1 #bab4 ,von ,helmont's work is a folio of #aafa pages47 ,a ,french lady was in the habit of carrying about her pulverized human excrements1 which she ate1 and would afterwards lick her fingers4 7,christian ,franz ,paullini1 8,dreck ,apothek10 ,frankfort1 #afif1 p4 #i47 ,paullini also gives the instance of the painter of ,brussels already cited on preceding page4 8,bouillon ,lagrange1 pharmacien ,paris1 que ses confrres appellaient ,bouillon ,pointu1 a publi un ouvrage1 intitul la ,chimie du ,got1 sur la fabrication des liqueurs de table1 et il donne la recette d'une prparation qu'il appelle ,eau de ,mille ,fleurs qui se compose de bouse de vache1 infuse dans l'eau de vie40--78,bibliotheca ,scatalogica10 pp4 #ic-if47 8,as to the excrements of the cow1 they are still used to form the so-called #8eau de mille fleurs1' recommended by several pharmacopias as a remedy for cachexy40--78,zoological ,mythology10 ,angelo de ,gubernatis1 ,london1 #ahgd1 vol4 i4 p4 #bge-bgg47 8,scatophagi4 ,ces gourmets d'un genre particulier1 ces ruminants de nouvelle espce1 ces picuriens blass ou raffins1 s'appellaient scatophages1 ou scybalophages4 7,de scybales1 scybala1 4 ,voyez dans ,dioscoride1 lib4 #e1 c4 #gg1 et ,gorreus1 ,def4 med4 p4 #egi1 les diverses acceptions de ce mot47 ,l'empereur ,commode tait de ceux-l2 #8,dicitur spe prtiosissimis cibis humana stercora miscuisse1 nec abstinuisse gustu1' dit ,lampride 7,vie de l'empereur ,commode1 p4 #afj74 ,riedlinus 7,linear4 ,medic41 an4 #afig1 mens4 nov4 obs4 #bc1 p4 #hjj7 rapporte le cas d'une femme qui affirmait #8nullum cibum in tota vita sua palato magis satisfecisse4' ,sauvage 7,nosologie mthodique7 dit qu'une fille lui a avou qu'elle avait mang jadis avec un plaisir infini la crote qui s'attache aux murailles des latrines4 ,zacutus ,lusitanus a connu une demoiselle qui1 ayant par hasard got ses excrments1 en fit dans la suite sa nourriture favorite1 au point qu'elle ne pouvait en passer sans tre malade4 8,j4 ,j4 ,wypffer1 ,dec4 ,,iii8 an4 #b1 obs4 #ace1 schol41 p4 #aii1 rapporte un fait du mme genre4 ,de mme3 ,ehrenfreid2 ,pagendornius 7,obs4 et hist4 phys4 med4 cent4 #c1 hist4 #ie72 ,daniel ,eremita 7,descript4 ,helvet4 oper4 p4 #djb72 ,p4 ,tollius 7,epist4 itinerar4 #fb1 p4 #bdg72 ,tob4 ,pfanner 7,diatrib4 de ,charismati1 seu miracul4 et antiq4 eccles41 c4 #b72 ,citations are also made from ,von ,helmont1 ,frommann1 ,posinus ,lentilius1 and ,paullini1 which have been quoted elsewhere direct from those authors4 ,p4 ,borellus 7,obs4 phys4 med4 cent4 #d1 obs4 #b72 ,j4 ,johnstonus 7,thaumagograph1 admirand4 homin4 c4 #b1 art4 #b72 ,george ,hanneous 7,dec4 ,,ii41 an4 #h1 obs4 #aae72 ,p4 ,romelius 7,dec4 ,,iii41 an4 #g and #h1 obs4 #dj72 ,mich4 ,bern4 ,valentin4 7,novell4 med4 log4 as4 ,,ii74 ,nous croyons nous rappeler qu'il existe des exemples du mme genre dans l'ouvrage de ,j4 ,b4 ,cardan1 intitul3 #8,de ,abstinentis ab usu ciborum fetidorum1' libellus imprim la suite du trait #8,de ,utilitate ex adversis capienda' de son pre4 ,on a connu ,paris un riche bourgeois1 nomm ,paperal1 qui1 par une trange dpravation de got1 avalait des excrments de petits enfants4 7,virey1 ,nouv4 ,dict4 d'hist4 nat4 ,deterville1 tom4 ,x47 ,la traduction mme rapporte qu'ils les mangeait avec une cuiller d'or4 ,ce n'est pas le seul exemple d'un got aussi bizarre4 ,bouillon portait toujours une bote d'or remplie non de tabac1 mais des excrments humains4 7,voy4 ,dulaure1 ,hist4 de ,paris1 edit4 de #ahbe1 t4 ,,vii4 p4 #bfb470--7;,bibliotheca ,scatalogica1 pages #ic to #if47 8,la fiente de bcasse1 dont les fines gourmets1 vritablement scatophages1 sont1 comme on sait1 trs friands40--7,bibliotheca ,scatalogica1 p4 #acc47 ,in this curious book1 full of learning and research1 there are citations from more than three hundred authorities1 some of them1 of course1 merely obscene and not coming within the purview of these notes1 but others1 as may be readily understood from reading the extracts taken from them1 of the highest value in a scientific sense4 ,schurig gives an instance of voracity in which a certain glutton1 after consuming all other food in sight1 was wont to satisfy himself with urine and excrement3 8,et si panes deerant1 sua ipse excrementa comedebat et lotium bibebat40 7,schurig1 8,chylologia10 ,dresden1 #agbe1 p4 #eb47 ,a case is given of a patient who having once experienced the beneficial effects of mouse-dung in some complaint1 became a confirmed mouse-dung eater1 and was in the habit of picking it up from the floor of his house before the servants could sweep it away4--7,see ,schurig1 8,chylologia10 ,dresden1 #agbe1 p4 #hbc et seq47 ,the enceinte wife of a farmer in the town of ,hassfort1 on the ,main1 ate the excrements of her husband1 warm and smoking4--7,see ,christian ,franz ,paullini1 8,dreck ,apothek10 edition of ,frankfort1 #afif1 page #h4 ,see also quotation from 8,ephemeridum ,physico-,medicorum10 ,leipsig4 #afid1 on page #bab of this volume47 8,chacun en fait1 en voit1 en sent1 en touche1 en parle1 souvent en crit1 quelquefois en lit1 et si chacun n'en mange pas1 c'est que nous ne sommes pas encore au temps o les bcasses tomberont toutes rties2 mais de celui-l en voudrait manger40--7,bibliotheca ,scatalogica1 p4 #ba1 8,oratio pro ,guano ,humano407 ,an extract is here given from a letter sent to ,charlotte ,elizabeth of ,bavaria1 ,princess-,palatine1 daughter of ,charles ,louis1 ,elector-,palatine of the ,rhine1 born at ,heidelberg1 in #afeb2 she married the brother of ,louis ,,xiv41 the widower of ,henrietta ,maria of ,england4 ,the letter in question was sent her by her aunt1 the wife of the ,elector of ,hanover1 and may serve to give an idea of the boldness of the opinions entertained by the ladies of high rank in that era1 and the coarseness with which they expressed them3-- 8,,hanovre1 #ca ,octobre1 #afid4 8,si la viande fait la merde1 il est vrai de dire que la merde fait la viande4444 ,est-ce que dans les tables les plus dlicates1 la merde n'y est pas servie en ragots8444 ,les boudins1 les andouilles1 les saucisses1 ne sont-ce pas des ragots dans des sacs merde80 ,the letters here spoken of are to be found almost complete in the ,bibliotheca ,scatalogica1 pages #ag-ba4 ,the following appeared in an article headed 8,the ,last ,cholera ,epidemic in ,paris10 in the 8,general ,homopathic ,journal10 vol4 cxiii41 page #ae1 #ahhf3 8,the neighbors of an establishment famous for its excellent bread1 pastry1 and similar products of luxury1 complained again and again of the disgusting smells which prevailed therein and which penetrated into their dwellings4 ,the appearance of cholera finally lent force to these complaints1 and the sanitary inspectors who were sent to investigate the matter found that there was a connection between the water-closets of these dwellings and the reservoir containing the water used in the preparation of the bread4 ,this connection was cut off at once1 but the immediate result thereof was a perceptible deterioration of the quality of the bread4 ,chemists have evidently no difficulty in demonstrating that water impregnated with #8extract of water-closet1' has the peculiar property of causing dough to rise particularly fine1 thereby imparting to bread the nice appearance and pleasant flavor which is the principal quality of luxurious bread40--7,personal letter from ,dr4 ,gustav ,jaeger1 ,stuttgart1 ,germany4 ,see page #ci47 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,employment ,,of ,,excrement ,,in ,,food ,,by ,,savage ,,tribes4 ,the very earliest accounts of the ,indians of ,florida and ,texas refer to the use of such aliment4 ,cabeza de ,vaca1 one of the survivors of the ill-fated expedition of ,panfilo de ,narvaez1 was a prisoner among various tribes for many years1 and finally1 accompanied by three comrades as wretched as himself1 succeeded in traversing the continent1 coming out at ,culiacan1 on the ,pacific ,coast1 in #aecf4 ,his narrative says that the 8,floridians10 8for food1 dug roots1 and that they ate spiders1 ants' eggs1 worms1 lizards1 salamanders1 snakes1 earth1 wood1 the dung of deer1 and many other things40#i ,the same account1 given in ,purchas's 8,pilgrims0 7vol4 iv4 lib4 #h1 cap4 #a1 sec4 #b1 p4 #aeab7 expresses it that 8they also eat earth1 wood1 and whatever they can get2 the dung of wild beasts40 ,these remarks may be understood as applying to all tribes seen by this early explorer east of the ,rocky mountains4 ,gmara identifies this loathsome diet with a particular tribe1 the 8,yaguaces0 of ,florida4 8,they eat spiders1 ants1 worms1 lizards of two kinds1 snakes1 earth1 wood1 and ordure of all kinds of wild animals40#aj ,the ,california ,indians were still viler4 ,the ,german ,jesuit1 ,father ,jacob ,baegert1 speaking of the ,lower ,californians 7among whom he resided continuously from #agdh to #agfe71 says3-- 8,they eat the seeds of the pitahaya 7giant cactus7 which have passed off undigested from their own stomachs2 they gather their own excrement1 separate the seeds from it1 roast1 grind1 and eat them1 making merry over the loathsome meal40 ,and again3 8,in the mission of ,saint ,ignatius1 444 there are persons who will attach a piece of meat to a string and swallow it and pull it out again a dozen times in succession1 for the sake of protracting the enjoyment of its taste40--7,translation of ,dr4 ,charles ,f4 ,rau1 in ,annual ,report1 ,smithsonian ,institution1 #ahff1 p4 #cfc47 ,a similar use of meat tied to a string is understood to have once been practised by ,european sailors for the purpose of teasing green comrades suffering from the agonies of sea-sickness4 7,fuegians47 8,one of them immediately coughed up a piece of blubber which he had been eating and gave it to another1 who swallowed it with much ceremony and with a peculiar guttural noise40--78,voyage of the ,adventure and ,beagle10 ,london1 #ahci1 vol4 i4 p4 #cae47 ,the same information is to be found in ,clavigero 78,historia de la ,baja ,california10 ,mexico1 #aheb1 p4 #bd71 and in ,h4 ,h4 ,bancroft's 8,native ,races of the ,pacific ,slope10 vol4 i4 p4 #efa2 both of whom derive from ,father ,baegert4 ,orozco y ,berra also has the story2 but he adds that oftentimes numbers of the ,californians would meet and pass the delicious tid-bit from mouth to mouth4#aa ,castaeda alludes to the ,californians as a race of naked savages1 who ate their own excrement4#ab ,the ,indians of ,north ,america1 according to ,harmon1 8boil the buffalo paunch with much of its dung adhering to it10--a filthy mode of cooking which in itself would mean little1 since it can be paralleled in almost all tribes4 ,but in another paragraph the same author says3 8,many consider a broth made by means of the dung of the cariboo and the hare to be a dainty dish0 7,harmon's 8,journal10 etc41 ,andover1 #ahbj1 p4 #cbd74ac ,the ,abb ,domenech asserts the same of the bands near ,lake ,superior3 8,in boiling their wild rice to eat1 they mix it with the excrement of rabbits1--a delicacy appreciated by the epicures among them0 7,domenech1 8,deserts10 vol4 ii4 p4 #caa74 ,of the negroes of ,guinea an old authority relates that they 8ate filthy1 stinking elephant's and buffalo's flesh1 wherein there is a thousand maggots1 and many times stinks like carrion4 ,they eat raw dogge guts1 and never seethe nor roast them0 7,de ,bry1 ,ind4 ,orient4 in ,purchas's 8,pilgrims10 vol4 ii4 p4 #ije74 ,and another says that the ,mosagueys make themselves a 8pottage with milk and fresh dung of kine1 which1 mixed together and heat at the fire1 they drinke1 saying it makes them strong0 7,purchas1 lib4 #i1 cap4 #ab1 sec4 #d1 p4 #aeee74 ,the ,peruvians ate their meat and fish raw2 but nothing further is said by ,gmara4 8,comen crudo la carne y el pescado0 7,gmara1 8,hist4 de las ,indias10 p4 #bcd47 ,the savages of ,australia 8make a sweet and luscious beverage by mixing taarp with water4 ,taarp is the excrement of a small green beetle1 wherein the larv thereof are deposited40--78,the ,aborigines of ,victoria and ,riverina10 ,p4 ,beveridge1 ,melbourne1 #ahhi1 p4 #abf2 received through the kindness of the ,royal ,society of ,sydney1 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,t4 ,b4 ,kyngdon1 ,secretary47 8,one of them 7,snakes71 who had seized about nine feet of the entrails1 was chewing it at one end1 while with his hand he was diligently clearing his way by discharging the contents of the other4 ,it was indeed impossible to see these wretches ravenously feeding on the filth of animals1 and the blood streaming from their mouths1 without deploring how nearly the condition of savages approaches that of the brute creation40--7,lewis and ,clark1 quoted by ,spencer1 8,descriptive ,sociology3 #8,snakes4'07 8,some authors have said that all the ,hottentots devour the entrails of beasts1 uncleansed of their filth and excrements1 and that1 whether sound or rotten1 they consider them as the greatest delicacies in the world2 but this is not true4 ,i have always found that when they had entrails to eat they turned and stripped them of their filth and washed them in clear water40--78,peter ,kolben's ,voyage to the ,cape of ,good ,hope10 in ,knox's 8,voyages and ,travels10 ,london1 #aggg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #che47 ,atkinson declined to dine with a party of ,kirghis who had killed a sheep1 8having seen the entrails put into the pan after undergoing but a very slight purification40--78,siberia10 ,t4 ,w4 ,atkinson1 ,new ,york1 #ahfe1 p4 #bai1 and again p4 #dcc47 8,the entrails of animals and other refuse matter thrown overboard from the ,english ships is eagerly collected and eaten by the ,cochi-,chinese1 whom ,mr4 ,white even accuses of having a predilection for filth40--78,encyc4 of ,geography10 ,philadelphia1 #ahde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cig1 article 8,farther ,india407 7,arabs of the ,red ,sea47 8,the water of ,dobelew and ,irwee tasted strongly of musk1 from the dung of the goats and antelopes1 and the smell before you drink it is more nauseous than the taste40--78,travels to discover the ,source of the ,nile10 ,james ,bruce1 ,dublin1 #agij1 vol4 i4 p4 #cfg47 ,from thus enduring water polluted with the excrements of animals to drinking beverages to which urine has been purposely added1 as ,sir ,samuel ,baker and ,colonel ,chaille ,long show to have been the custom of the negroes near ,gondokoro with their milk1 is but a very small step4 ,chaille ,long relates that in ,central ,africa he and his men were obliged to drink water which was a mixture of the excrements of the rhinoceros and the elephant 7see 8,central ,africa10 ,new ,york1 #ahgg1 p4 #hf74 ,livingston tells us that the ,africans living along the banks of the ,zambesi are careful not to drink except from springs or wells which they dig in the sand4 8,during nearly nine months in the year ordure is deposited around countless villages along the thousands of miles drained by the ,zambesi4 ,when the heavy rains come down and sweep the vast fetid accumulation into the torrents the water is polluted with filth0 78,zambesi10 ,london1 #ahfe1 p4 #aha74 ,rev4 ,j4 ,owen ,dorsey reports that he has seen1 while among the ,ponkas1 8a woman and a child devour the entrails of a beef1 with the contents0 7personal letter to ,captain ,bourke74 ,rclus says that the ,eastern ,inuit eat excrement4 8,ils ne reculent pas devant les intestins de l'ours1 pas mme devant ses excrments1 et se jettent avec avidit sur la nourriture mal digre qu'ils retirent du ventre des rennes0 78,les ,primitifs10 ,paris1 #ahhe1 pp4 #ca1 #cb74 8,les ,ygarrotes des ,philippines1 qui versent comme sauce leur viande crue le jus des fientes d'un buffle frachement abattu0 7idem1 p4 #ca74 ,the tribes of ,angola1 ,west ,africa1 cook the entrails of deer without removing the contents2 this is for the purpose of getting a flavor1 as the excrement itself is not eaten 78,muhongo10 interpretation by ,rev4 ,mr4 ,chatelain74 ,the ,thibetan monk was not to eat entrails4 8,ne pas manger des tripes0 78,pratimoksha ,sutra10 ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill1 ,soc4 ,asiatique1 ,paris1 #ahhe47 7,tunguses of ,siberia47 8,they eat up every part of the animal which they kill1 not throwing away even the impurities of the bowels1 with which they make a sort of black pudding by a mixture of blood and fat40--7,gavrila ,sarytschew1 in ,phillips's 8,voyages10 ,london1 #ahjg1 vol4 v47 ,natives of ,eastern ,siberia 8ate with avidity the entrails of the seal without cleaning in the least the partly digested food from the intestines1 the ordure of the seal being as offensive to civilized man as the fces of men or dogs40--7,personal letter from ,chief ,engineer ,melville1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy1 to ,captain ,bourke47 ,the ,aleuts and ,indians from the extreme northern coast of ,america with ,melville's party displayed the same appetite for the half-digested contents of the paunches of the seals killed by them4 ,this appetite was not due to lack of food1 as ,melville takes care to explain4 ,at another time he detected his 8natives0 in the act of eating 8plentifully1 though covertly1 of the droppings of the reindeer0 7idem74 ,,vii4 ,,urine ,,in ,,human ,,food4 ,,chinook ,,olives4 ,the addition of urine to human food is mentioned by various writers4 ,speaking of the ,chinooks1 ,paul ,kane describes a delicacy manufactured by some of the ,indians among whom he travelled1 and called by him 8,chinook ,olives40 ,they were nothing more nor less than acorns soaked for five months in human urine 7see ,kane1 8,artist's ,wanderings in ,north ,america10 ,london1 #ahei1 p4 #ahg74 ,spencer copies ,kane's story in his 8,descriptive ,sociology10 article 8,chinooks40 8,in ,queensland1 near ,darlington1 there is a tract of country covered with a peculiar species of pine1 yielding an edible nut of which the natives are extremely fond4444 ,the men would form large clay pans in the soil1 into which they would urinate2 they would then collect an abundance of these seeds and steep them in the urine4 ,a fermentation took place1 and all the seeds were devoured greedily1 the effect being to cause a temporary madness among the men1--in fact a perfect delirium tremens4 ,on these occasions it was dangerous for any one to approach them4 ,the liquid was not used in any way40--7,personal letter from ,john ,f4 ,mann1 ,esq41 ,neutral ,bay1 ,sydney1 ,new ,south ,wales47 ,this account not only recalls the story told by the artist ,kane in the preceding paragraph1 but establishes the fact that in ,australia there is something with a marvellous resemblance to the ,ur-,orgie of the people of ,siberia4 ,chief ,engineer ,george ,w4 ,melville1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy1 author of 8,in the ,lena ,delta10 has had much experience with the natives of ,northern ,siberia1 among whom it was his misfortune to be cast away4 ,in a personal letter to ,captain ,bourke he states that he observed several instances of ,siberian women drinking their own or their neighbor's freshly voided urine4 ,once1 in ,sutke ,harbor1 ,saint ,lawrence ,bay1 near ,east ,cape1 when he 8frowned at their unclean and unseemly act1 they seemed very much amused1 and after a moment's talk1 one of them voided her urine and another drank it1 both being very much diverted by my disgust40 ,he further relates that when his 8natives0 could not obtain from his limited supplies all the alcohol they wanted1 they made a mixture of alcohol and their own urine in equal parts and drank it down4 8,on the morning of the #hth of ,may1 while struggling with an attack of fever1 ,i received a visit from ,gilmoro1 who brought me a gourd of milk as an expression of gratitude for saving him at an opportune moment his position4 ,burning with fever1 ,i drained at one draught a goblet full of the foaming liquid ere the sense of taste could detect the nauseous mixture2 my stomach1 however1 quickly rebelled1 and rejected in violent retching the unsavory potion1 seven eighths of which were simply the urine of the cow6--a practice1 by the by1 common to all ,central ,africans1 who never drink milk unless thus mixed40 8,this fetish and superstition thereby insures protection for the cow here1 as on the ,bahr-el ,abiad1 mysteriously connected with the unknown1--a shadow possibly of the old ,egyptian worship40--78,central ,africa10 ,chaille ,long1 ,new ,york1 #ahgg1 p4 #gj47 ,,urine ,,in ,,bread-,,making4 ,a comparatively late writer says of the ,moquis of ,arizona3 8,they are not as clean in their housekeeping as the ,navajoes1 and it is hinted that they sometimes mix their meal with chamber-lye for these festive occasions2 but ,i did not know that until ,i talked with ,mormons who visited them0 7,j4 ,h4 ,beadle1 8,western ,wilds10 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 #ahgh1 p4 #bgi74 ,beadle lived and ate with the ,moquis for a number of days4 ,this story1 coming from the ,mormons1 may refer to some imperfectly understood ceremonial4 ,there is some ground for suspecting that urine may have been employed by bakers in ,europe prior to the introduction of the 8barm0 or ale yeast as a ferment4 ,ammonia is at the present time made use of by the ,germans in this industry 7see page #cb74 ,it is possible that the following account of the manner of eating blubber among the ,patagonians may mean that urine was poured over it3 8,he put the same piece on the fire again1 and after an addition to it too offensive to mention1 again sucked it0 78,voyage of the ,adventure and ,beagle10 ,london1 #ahci1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdc74 ,as bearing upon the ingestion of human excreta1 which would seem to excite a natural feeling of revulsion1 the following statement may have some significance3 ,spencer ,saint ,john1 in his 8,life in the ,far ,east10 ,london1 #ahdb1 after describing a head feast among the ,dyaks1 says that1 after certain preliminary rites and amusements1 8they commence eating and drinking 444 an extraordinary accumulation1--fowls roasted with their feathers on1 eggs black with age1 decayed fruit1 rice of all colors and kinds1 strong-smelling fish almost approaching a state of rottenness1 and their drink having the appearance and thickness of curds1 in which they mix pepper and other ingredients4 ,it has a sickening effect upon them1 and they swallow it more as a duty than because they relish it40 ,evidently nastiness is an object1 since 8before they have added any extraneous matter0 this drink 8is not unpleasant1 having something the taste of spruce-beer0 7p4 #ff74 ,if the ceremony in question partakes of the nature of a sacrifice1--which is not at all certain from the text1 in which it is described as an 8entertainment10 but which appears probable from its being connected with the organization and representation of the tribe and from its relation to head-hunting1--then it may be assumed that the spoiled food and nauseous drink are perfectly natural features1 which have their counterparts in many places4 ,as a rule1 the more painful1 costly1 unnatural1 and disgusting a rite is1 the more essentially sacrificial is its character1--for obvious reasons4 ,von ,stralenburg says of the ,koraks that they use the same tubs as urinals and for the purpose of holding drinking water 7see citation on page #aeb of this volume74 ,,human ,,ordure ,,eaten ,,by ,,east ,,indian ,,fanatics4 ,speaking of the remnants of the ,hindu sect of the ,aghozis1 an ,english writer observes3-- 8,in proof of their indifference to worldly objects they eat and drink whatever is given to them1 even ordure and carrion4 ,they smear their bodies also with excrement1 and carry it about with them in a wooden cup1 or skull1 either to swallow it1 if by so doing they can get a few pice1 or to throw it upon the persons or into the houses of those who refuse to comply with their demands40--78,religious ,sects of the ,hindus10 in 8,asiatic ,researches10 vol4 xvii4 p4 #bje1 ,calcutta1 ,india1 #ahcb47 ,another writer confirms the above4 ,the ,abb ,dubois says that the ,gurus1 or ,indian priests1 sometimes1 as a mark of favor1 present to their disciples 8the water in which they had washed their feet1 which is preserved and sometimes drunk by those who receive it0 7,dubois1 8,people of ,india10 ,london1 #ahag1 p4 #fd74 ,this practice1 he tells us1 is general among the sectaries of ,siva1 and is not uncommon with many of the ,vishnuites in regard to their vashtuma4 8,neither is it the most disgusting of the practices that prevail in that sect of fanatics1 as they are under the reproach of eating as a hallowed morsel the very ordure that proceeds from their ,gurus1 and swallowing the water with which they have rinsed their mouths or washed their faces1 with many other practices equally revolting to nature0 7idem1 p4 #ga74 ,again1 on page #cca1 ,dubois alludes to the ,gymnosophists 8or naked ,samyasis of ,india 444 eating human excrement1 without showing the slightest symptom of disgust40 ,as bearing not unremotely upon this point1 the author wishes to say that in his personal notes and memoranda can be found references to one of the medicine-men of the ,sioux who assured his admirers that everything about him was 8medicine10 even his excrement1 which could be transmuted into copper cartridges4 8,i was informed that vast numbers of ,shordrus drank the water in which a ,brahmin has dipped his foot1 and abstain from food in the morning till this ceremony be over4 ,some persons do this every day4444 ,persons may be seen carrying a small quantity of water in a cup and entreating the first ,brahmin they see to put his toe in it4444 ,some persons keep water thus sanctified in their houses40--7,ward1 quoted by ,southey in his 8,commonplace ,book10 ,london1 #ahdi1 #b;d series1 p4 #eba47 ,,viii4 ,,the ,,ordure ,,of ,,the ,,grand ,,lama ,,of ,,thibet4 ,that the same disgusting veneration was accorded the person of the ,grand ,lama of ,thibet1 was once generally believed4 ,maltebrun asserts it in positive terms3 8,it is a certain fact that the refuse excreted from his body is collected with sacred solicitude1 to be employed as amulets and infallible antidotes to disease40 ,and1 quoting from ,pallas1 book #a1 p4 #bab1 he adds3 8,il est hors de doute que le contenu de sa chaise perce est dvotement recueilli2 les parties solides sont distribues comme des amulettes qu'on porte au cou2 le liquide est pris intrieurement comme une mdcine infaillible40--7,maltebrun1 ,universal ,geography1 article 8,thibet10 vol4 ii4 lib4 #de1 ,american edition1 ,philadelphia1 #ahcb47 ,the ,abb ,huc denies this assertion3 8,the ,tal ,lama is venerated by the ,thibetans and the ,mongols like a divinity4 ,the influence he exercises over the ,buddhist population is truly astonishing2 but still it is going too far to say that his excrements are carefully collected and made into amulets1 which devotees inclose in pouches and carry around their necks40--7,huc1 8,travels in ,tartary1 ,thibet1 and ,china10 ,london1 #ahdi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aih47 ,,huc ,,and ,,dubois ,,compared4 ,huc was a keen and observing traveller2 he was well acquainted with the languages and customs of the ,mongolians2 his tour into ,thibet was replete with incident1 and his narrative never flags in interest4 ,still1 in ,thibet he was only a traveller2 the upper classes of the ,buddhist priesthood looked upon him with suspicion4 ,the lower orders of priesthood and people did seem to consider him as a ,lama from the far ,east1 but he did not succeed in gaining the confidence of the ,thibetans to the extent possessed by ,dubois among the ,brahminical sects4 ,the history of the latter author is a peculiar one3 ,a ,french priest1 driven from his native land by the excesses of the revolution1 he took refuge in ,india1 devoting himself for nearly twenty years to missionary labor among the people1 with whom he became so thoroughly identified that when his notes appeared they were published at the expense of the ,british ,east ,india ,company1 and distributed among its officials as a text-book4 ,while it is possible to consult earlier authorities1 the determination of this matter should not be allowed to remain in controversy4 ,the first ,europeans known to have penetrated to ,thibet 7or ,barantola1 as they called it7 were the ,jesuits ,grueber and ,dorville1 who1 returning from ,china to ,europe1 walked through ,thibet1 and down through ,india to the sea-coast4 ,this was in #affa2 another member of the same order1 ,father ,andrade1 claimed to have succeeded in the same perilous undertaking at an earlier date 7#afba71 but the names of the cities he visited proves that he did not get beyond what is now known as ,afghanistan1 at the foot of the mountains bordering on ,thibet4 ,while ,grueber and ,dorville were making their journey1 or not many years after1 ,father ,gerbillon1 also a ,jesuit1 had taken up his abode among the nomadic ,tartars1 acquiring an influence with them of which the ,emperor of ,china was glad to avail himself in emergencies4 ,none of these travellers claimed to have seen the ,grand ,lama in person4 8,grueber assures us that the grandees of the kingdom are very anxious to procure the excrements of this divinity 7i4 e41 the ,grand ,lama71 which they usually wear about their necks as relics4 ,in another place he says that the ,lamas make a great advantage by the large presents they receive for helping the grandees to some of his excrements1 or urine2 for1 by wearing the first about their necks1 and mixing the latter with their victuals1 they imagine themselves to be secure against all bodily infirmities4 ,in confirmation of this1 ,gerbillon informs us that the ,mongols wear his excrements1 pulverized1 in little bags about their necks1 as precious relics1 capable of preserving them from all misfortunes1 and curing them of all sorts of distempers4 ,when this ,jesuit was on his second journey into ,western ,tartary1 a deputy from one of the principal lamas offered the emperor's uncle a certain powder1 contained in a little packet of very white paper1 neatly wrapped up in a scarf of very white taffety2 but that prince told him that as it was not the custom of the ,manchews to make use of such things1 he durst not receive it4 ,the author took this powder to be either some of the ,great ,lama's excrements1 or the ashes of something that had been used by him40--78,a ,description of ,thibet10 in ,pinkerton's 8,voyages and ,travels10 ,london1 #ahad1 vol4 vii4 p4 #eei74 8,grueber1 in his late account of his return from ,china1 ,a4,d4 #affa1 by way of ,lassa1 or ,barantola1 as ,kircher calls it 7see ,kircher1 ,china ,illustrata1 part ii4 c4 #a71 but ,grueber himself ,barantaka 7where1 he saith1 no ,christian hath never been7 444 above all1 he wondered at their pope 7the ,grand ,lama of ,thibet71 to whom they give divine honors1 and worship his very excrements1 and put them up in golden boxes1 as a most excellent remedy against all mischiefs40--7,stillingfleet1 8,defence of ,discourse concerning ,idolatry in ,church of ,rome10 ,london1 #afgf1 pp4 #aaf-abj1 quoted by ,h4 ,t4 ,buckle1 in his 8,commonplace ,book10 p4 #gi1 vol4 ii4 of his ,works1 ,london1 #ahgb74 ,turner1 8,embassy to ,thibet10 ,london1 #ahjf1 makes no reference to the use of the excrements of the ,grand ,lama4 ,friar ,odoric1 of ,pordenone1 visited ,l'hassa1 ,thibet1 between ,a4,d4 #acaf and #accj 7see ,markham's edition of ,bogle's 8,thibet10 ,london1 #ahgi1 p4 #df74 ,markham believes that the ,jesuit ,antonio ,andrada1 8in #afbd10 whom he styles 8an undaunted missionary10 8found his way over the lofty passes to ,rudok10 8climbed the terrific passes to the source of the ,ganges1 and eventually1 after fearful sufferings1 reached the shores of the sacred lake of ,mansorewar1 the source of the ,sutlej40--7,introduction to ,bogle's 8,thibet10 ,london1 #ahgi74 ,warren ,hastings speaks of the ,thibetan priests of high degree1 the 8,ku-tchuck-tus10 who1 he says1 8admit a superiority in the ,dalai ,lama1 so that his excrements are sold as charms1 at great price1 among all the ,tartar tribes of this religion40--78,memorandum on ,thibet10 accompanying the instructions to ,mr4 ,bogle1 the first ,english embassador to that country4 ,see in ,markham's 8,thibet10 ,london1 #ahgi1 p4 #aa47 ,it is truly remarkable that neither in the report nor letters of ,bogle1 nor in the notes of ,manning1 nor in the fragments of ,grueber1 ,desideri1 nor ,horace ,della ,penna1 preserved in ,markham's 8,thibet10 can any allusion be found to the use of the excrements of the ,grand ,lama in religion or medicine4 8,les grands du royaume0 7i4 e41 of ,barantola71 8recherchent fort les excrments de cette divinit0 7i4 e41 ,lamacongiu74 8,ils les portent ordinairement leur col comme des reliques40--78,voyage de ,p4 ,grueber ,chine10 taken from ,conversations with ,p4 ,grueber4 ,see1 in ,thvenot1 vol4 ii41 8,relations de ,divers ,voyages curieux10 ,melchisdec ,thevenot1 ,paris1 #afif1 vol4 ii47 ,several authorities from whom much was expected are absolutely silent4 ,no mention is to be found in ,rubruquis of any use of human ordure or urine among the ,tartars among whom he travelled2 all that he says is that they baked their bread on cow-dung4 ,this monk1 a ,franciscan1 was sent by ,king ,louis ,,ix4 7,saint ,louis71 of ,france1 on a mission to the ,grand ,khan of ,tartary in #abec1 in the execution of which office he travelled for thousands of miles through their territory4 ,in ,pinkerton it is said3 8,the travels of ,rubruquis are equally astonishing in whatever light they are considered4 ,take them with respect to length1 and they extend upwards of five thousand miles one way and nearly six thousand another40--7,vol4 vii4 p4 #if47 ,during such a long journey he should have been able to notice much1 but we are to bear in mind that the manners of the ,tartars of the ,grand ,khan were at that time somewhat modified by contact with ,european civilization1 having among them many prisoners1 as ,rubruquis points out1 who officiated as artificers1 while1 on the other hand1 we know that the monk was thoroughly ignorant of all their dialects4 ,marco ,polo1 who lived among the ,tartars about the same time1 says3 8,but now the ,tartars are mixed and confounded1 and so are their fashions40--7,marco ,polo1 8,travels10 in ,pinkerton's 8,voyages10 ,london1 #ahad1 vol4 vii4 p4 #abd47 ,du ,halde1 although he gives an account of ,thibet in his fourth volume1 and seems to be familiar with all the works on that country1 mentioning ,fathers ,grueber and ,dorville1 yet makes no allusion to the use of the excrements of the ,grand ,lama as amulets or internally4 7,see ,du ,halde's 8,history of ,china10 ,london1 #agcf47 ,the fault may lie with his translator in his zeal to 8expurgate40 ,du ,halde1 a ,jesuit missionary1 had the assistance of all the members of his order on duty in ,china2 no less than a score or more aided him2 one of the number1 ,father ,constancin1 had a tour of service in the ,flowery ,kingdom1 as a missionary1 of over thirty-two consecutive years4 ,during the generation preceding the appearance of ,du ,halde's work1 the ,jesuits had traversed ,china1 ,tartary1 and ,thibet4 ,tavernier1 whose opportunities for observation were excellent1 asserted the fact without ambiguity4 ,the excrement of the ,grand ,lama was carefully collected1 dried1 and in various ways used as a condiment1 as a snuff1 and as a medicine4 8,the ,butan merchants assured ,tavernier that they strew his ordure1 powdered1 over their victuals40--7,tavernier1 8,travels10 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote to page #eei1 vol4 vii4 ,pinkerton's 8,voyages and ,travels10 ,london1 #ahad47 8,unde tantis venerationis indiciis ab omnibus colitur1 ut beatum ille se reputet1 cui ,lamarum 7quod summis et pretiosis muneribus eum in finem1 non sine magno eorum lucro corrumpere solent7 benignitate aliquid ex naturalis secessus sordibus aut urina ,magn ,lam obtigerit4 ,ex ejusmodi enim collo portatis1 urina quoque cibis commixta40--7,letter of ,father ,adam ,schall1 ,s4 ,j41 8,aul ,sino-,tartaric ,supremi ,concilii ,mandarinus10 in ,thevenot1 vol4 ii42 ,thevenot's second volume contains three short letters in ,latin from ,grueber to members of his order1 but in none is there any mention made of the ordure of the ,grand ,lama47 8,there is no king in the world more feared and respected by his subjects than the king of ,butan2 being in a manner adored by them4444 ,the merchants assured ,tavernier that those about the king preserve his ordure1 dry it1 and reduce it to powder like snuff2 that then putting it into boxes1 they go every market-day and present it to the chief traders and farmers1 who1 recompensing them for their great kindness1 carry it home as a great rarity1 and when they feast their friends1 strew it upon their meat4 ,the author adds that two of them showed him their boxes with the powder in them40--78,a ,description of ,thibet10 in ,pinkerton1 ,london1 #ahad1 vol4 vii4 #efg47 ,the expression 8king of ,butan10 as used by ,tavernier1 means the ,grand ,lama of ,thibet4 ,tavernier's statement has been accepted by the most careful writers4 8,indorum nonnullos1 incolas scilicet regni ,boutan ,homerda seu excrementis alvinis ,regis sui siccatis et pulverisatis cibos amicis et convivis suis appositos condire1 refert ,johannes ,baptista ,tavernier1 ,itinerar4 ,indic4 lib4 #c1 cap4 #ae1 fol4 m40 7,schurig1 8,chylologia10 ,dresden1 #agbe1 p4 #gge47 ,the same paragraph quoted in the ,bibliotheca ,scatalogica1 pages #bi1 #ic1 and #if1 to which the anonymous author adds1 8et les ,tartares et les ,japonais tenaient en pareille vnration la merde du grand lama et du ,dairi40 ,rosinus ,lentilius1 in the ,ephemeridum ,physico-,medicorum1 ,leipsig1 #afid1 speaks of the ,grand ,lama of ,thibet as held in such high veneration by the devotees of his faith that his excrements1 carefully collected1 dried1 powdered1 and sold at high prices by the priests1 were used as a sternutatory powder1 to induce sneezing1 and as a condiment for their food1 and as a remedy for all the graver forms of disease4 ,he quotes all this from ,tavernier1 and from ,erasmus ,franciscus1 p4 #affb4 ,there is also another citation from ,tavernier1 lib4 #d1 cap4 #g4 8,nec de rege in ,bantam1 et summo ,tangathani ,regni ,pontifice1 magno ,lama1 quos tanto in honore subditi habent ut merda eorum magno studio collectam1 et in pulverem comminutam 7quam ,brachmines re multo simplicibus divendunt7 illi quidem scil4 ,boutamenses1 loco pulvere nasalis utantur1 eoque lautius1 victuri cibos condiant hi vero scil4 ,tangat hani pro remedio longe presentissimo ad varios desperatissimosque morbos habeant1 aliisque medicamentis admisceant1 per spe memoratum0 ,tavernier1 ,itin4 lib4 #c1 cap4 #ae1 et ,franciscus1 loc4 cit4 p4 #affb4 ,references to 8amulets0 among the peoples of ,tartary and ,thibet are made by nearly all travellers2 but few seem to have considered it worth while to determine of what these amulets were composed4 ,fathers ,grueber and ,dorville say of the ,kalmuck ,tartar women1 8each with a charm about their necks to preserve them from dangers40 ,these may have been ordure amulets of the ,grand ,lama4 ,in his condensation of the travels into ,thibet of ,fathers ,grueber and ,dorville1 ,pinkerton omits what they had to say about these amulets1 although in another place1 already cited1 he refers to it4 7,burats of ,siberia47 8,i could observe no images among them except some relics given them by their priests which they had from the ,delay-,lama2 these are commonly hung up in a corner of their tents1 and sometimes about their necks1 by way of an amulet to preserve them from misfortunes40 7,bell1 8,travels in ,asia10 with the ,russian ,embassy to ,china1 in #agad1 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #cdg74 ,undoubtedly1 these were amulets of human ordure1 etc41 received from the ,grand ,lama4 7,kalmucks of ,siberia47 8,des pilules bnites qui viennent du ,tibet mritent attention2 on les appelle ,schalir4 ,les prtres ne les donnent qu'aux ,kalmouks riches ou de distinction2 ils les portent toujours sur eux1 et ils n'en font usage que dans les maladies graves o la mort leur parat presqu'invitable4 ,ils prtendent que ces pilules servent distraire l'ame des choses temporelles1 et la sanctifier3 elles sont noires et de la grosseur d'un pois4 ,je presumai qu'elles renfermaient de l'opium ou autre narcotique2 mais on m'assure au contraire que leur vertu tait purgatif40--7,voyages de ,pallas1 ,paris1 #agic1 vol4 i4 pp4 #efg1 #efh47 7,mongolia47 8,when famous lamas die and their bodies are burnt1 little white pills are reported as found among the ashes1 and sold for large sums to the devout1 as being the concentrated virtue of the man and possessing the power of insuring a happy future for him who swallows one near death4 ,this is quite common4 ,i heard of one man who improved on this by giving out that these little pills were in the habit of coming out through the skin of various parts of the body4 ,these pills1 called ,sharil1 met with a ready sale1 and then the man himself reaped the reward of his virtue and did not allow all the profit to go to his heir40--78,among the ,mongols10 ,rev4 ,james ,gilmour1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #bca47 ,this writer says that these sacred pills are white2 another one1 already noted1 describes them as black1 while those obtained by the author from ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill are red4 ,vambry instances one of the holy men of the ,turkomans who1 after reciting a number of sacred verses1 8used to place before him a cup of water into which he spat at the end of each poem1 and this composition 444 was sold to the best bidder as a wonder-working medicine40--78,travels in ,central ,asia10 ,new ,york1 #ahfe1 p4 #bgb47 ,such use of the excrement of ecclesiastical dignitaries was indicated in ,oriental literature4 ,in the 8,arabian ,nights0 ,king ,afrida says to the ,emirs1 among other things1 8#8,and ,i purpose this night to sacre you all with the ,holy ,incense4' ,when the ,emirs heard these words1 they kissed the ground before him4 ,now the incense which he designated was the excrement of the ,chief ,patriarch1 the denier1 the defiler of the truth1 and they sought for it with such instance1 and they so highly valued it1 that the high-priests of the ,greeks used to send it to all the countries of the ,christians in silken wraps1 after mixing it with musk and ambergris2 hearing of it1 kings would pay a thousand gold pieces for every dram1 and they sent for and sought it to fumigate brides withal2 and the ,chief ,priests and the ,great ,kings were wont to use a little of it as a ,collyrium for the eyes1 and as a remedy in sickness and colic2 and the ,patriarchs used to mix their own skite 7excrement7 with it1 for that the skite of the ,chief ,patriarch would not suffice for ten countries40--7,burton's edition1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bbb1 #bbc74 ,in ,burton's ,index this is called 8,holy ,merde40 ,burton also says1 8,the idea of the ,holy ,merde might have been suggested by the ,hindus2 see ,mandeville1 of the archiprotopapaton 7prelate7 carrying ox-dung and cow-urine to the king1 who therewith anoints his face and breast1 etc4 ,and1 incredible to relate1 this is still practised by the ,parsis1 one of the most progressive and sharpest-witted of the ,asiatic races40--7,idem47 ,rochefoucauld tells us that we ascribe to others the faults of which we ourselves would be guilty1 had we the opportunity4 ,the ,arabians no doubt were fully acquainted with just such customs2 possibly1 the ,greeks also4 ,the ,kalmucks believe in spirits or genii called 8,bourkans10 and in a maleficent one known as 8,erlik-khan40 ,they tell a story of three of these 8,bourkans10 one of them being ,sakya-,muni3 8tant un jour assis ensemble1 firent leurs prires dans la plus grande ferveur1 ayant les yeux ferms1 ainsi que cela se pratique chez les ,kalmouks1 le gnie infernal s'approche d'eux1 et fit ses ordures dans la coupe sacre que les prtres ont devant eux lorsqu'ils font la prire4 ,ds que les dieux s'en aperurent1 ils tinrent conseil4 ,ils conclurent que s'ils rpandoient cette matire venimeuse dans les airs1 ils froient prir tous les habitants de cet lment2 et que s'ils la jtoient sur la terre1 ils froient mourir tous les tres vivans qui l'occupent4 ,ils rsolurent donc1 pour le bien de l'humanit1 de l'avaler4 ,sakya-,muni eut pour sa part le fond de la coupe2 le levain toit si fort que son visage devint tout bleu4 ,c'est la raison pour laquelle on lui peint la figure en bleu dans les images2 ses idoles ont seulement le bonnet verniss en bleu40--7,voyages de ,pallas1 ,paris1 #agic1 vol4 i4 p4 #edh74 ,this is a lame explanation1 invented by the ,lamas after men had become somewhat refined1 and had begun to evince a repugnance to these diabolical usages4 ,compare with the notes presented by ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill1 the ,oriental scholar and ,thibetan explorer1 on p4 #cg4 ,the following is from a manuscript by ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill1 entitled 8,the ,lamaist ,ceremony called the ,making of the ,mani ,pills30-- 8,certain indestructible particles of the bodies of the ,buddhas and saints1 as well as certain other bodily remains1 have ever been considered by ,buddhists to enjoy certain properties1 such as that of emitting light1 and of having great curative properties4 ,the travels of ,huein-,tsang and of ,fa-hsien are filled with accounts of the discovery of such treasures1 and of the supernatural properties which they possessed4 ,among ,thibetans1 the first class of these relics is known as #8pedung' 7upel-gedung71 the second as #8dung-rus' 7gdung-rus74 ,they say the pedung are minute globules found in the bones of ,buddhas and saints1 that they possess wonderful brilliancy1 and that sometimes they may be seen on the exterior of some saintly person1 when they have the appearance of brilliant drops of sweat4 ,while these pedung have most potent curative properties1 they become also the palladium of the locality fortunate enough to have them4 ,by a natural extension of the idea of the power of pedung1 ,thibetans have come to think that if one preserves and carries about on one's person even a little of the excretions1 or of the hair or nail-trimmings of a saint who is known to have pedung1 such1 for instance1 as the ,tale-,lama1 or the ,panchan-,rimpoche1 they will shield him from gun or sword wounds1 sickness1 etc42 hence the extraordinary objects one so often finds in ,thibetan charm-boxes 7,ka-,wo74 8,the properties of pedung have also given rise to another belief1 with which this paper is more properly concerned1--that of manufacturing pills1 to which the god ,shourizog1 at the supplication of the officiating lamas1 imparts the properties of his own divine body1 and then imparts to them the curative and protective properties of real pedung4 ,these pills are known as mani-rilbu1 or #8precious pills1' and are in constant use as medicine among the people of ,thibet and ,mongolia4 ,large quantities of them are also sent by each tribute-bearing minion to the ,emperor of ,china4 ,in ,chinese1 they are called #8,tsu-mu-yas1' or #8thih-ma-yao1' and must not be confounded with a liliaceous plant of same name 7,hanbury's ,anemarhena asphodeloides71 the rhizome of which is used in medicine1 and which is also a product of ,thibet4 8,perhaps the better name for #8mani-rilbu' is #8tzu-sheng-wan1' #8dilated pills1' which ,i have heard used for them in ,pekin1 as will be better seen after reading the following account of the manner in which they are manufactured4 8,the greater part of the account here given of the process of making the pills is taken from a ,thibetan work containing a minute account of the ceremony1 together with the prayers to be recited1 etc41 the title of which is #8,ceremony of ,making ,mani ,pills' 7,mani ,rilbu grub gi choga71 in seven leaves4 8,verbal explanations from the lamas who explained the text to me are incorporated wherever necessary4 8,seven days prior to the commencement of the ceremony the lama who is to conduct it and the priests who are to take part in it commence to abstain from the use of meat1 spirits1 garlic1 tobacco1 and other articles of food held impure1 or which are bad-smelling1 and during the progress of the ceremony1 which is twenty-one1 forty-nine1 or one hundred days in length1 none of the above articles are allowed in the temple1 nor are unclean persons or those who are partaking of the above prohibited substances4 8,the ceremony begins by making the pills1 and the process is described1 in the work mentioned above1 as follows3 8,the ,lama1 his head clean-shaved1 and his vestments being as they should be1 grinds into fine flour some roasted grain1 then mixing it with pure and sweet-scented water1 he makes the necessary amount of paste2 the pills are then made and coated over with red4 ,when all this has been done1 a vase is taken which is dry and without any flaw or blemish1 and which is also perfectly clean1 and in it the pills are poured until it is two-thirds full4 ,the vase is then wrapped in a silk cover1 which is tied on with a silk thread1 and sealed4 ,the vase1 after this1 is put on a stand1 in a perfectly upright position1 and around the latter are arranged bowls of water and other offerings1 two by two4 ,the most revered image of ,tug-je-chon-po 7i4 e41 ,shouresig7 which the lamasery possesses is then clothed in its robes1 and placed on top of the vase2 then1 without shaking the vase1 a dorje 7a marginal note explains that this is the ,thunder-bolt or ,sadjra of ,indra3 it is in constant use in all the ,lamaist ceremonies1 and is generally held in the right hand1 between the thumb and index1 while prayers are being read4 ,in the left hand the lama usually holds a bell71 wrapped in a clean piece of cotton or woollen stuff1 is tied to the string around the neck of the vase4 ,after an interval of meditation and prayer1 offerings are made of #8water1 flowers1 incense1 lamps1 perfumes1 food1 etc41 444 while music plays4' ,then the help of the god is invoked #8to impart the necessary virtues to the pills1 444 for this world is sunk in sin and iniquity1 and ,shouresig alone can help it1 and drag it out of the mire4' ,as a means thereto he is now besought1 in his great mercifulness1 to bless these pills1 so that they may free from the orb of transmigration those who shall have attained maturity of mind1 to impart to them by absorption the peculiar flavor of his resplendent person1 so that they may become indistinguishable from it1 like water poured into water1 etc41 etc4 8,this ceremony1 which is a most expensive one1 and most trying on the ,lamas1 is not at all common in the ,lamaseries of ,china or ,mongolia1 and is confined to the larger one in ,thibet2 the only one at ,pekin1 where it is sometimes performed1 is the ,shih-fang-tang1 to the west of the ,hsi-huang-tsu1 outside of the north side of the city40 ,the above ceremony describes a symbolical alvine dejection1 and the most plausible explanation is1 that the lamas1 finding trade good and the ,buddhist laity willing to accept more 8amulets0 than the ,grand ,lama was able1 unaided1 to supply1 hit upon this truly miraculous mode of replenishing their stock4 ,mr4 ,rockhill explains that the word 8pedung10 used in the above description1 means 8remains40 ,taking into consideration the fact that these people1 although remotely1 are related to the ,aryan stock1 which is the ancestor of the ,english1 ,german1 ,irish1 ,latin1 and others1 from which we spring1 the meaning1 as here given1 is certainly not without significance4 8,dung10 in our own tongue1 means nothing more nor less than remains1 reliqui of a certain kind4 ,webster traces the word 8dung0 to the ,anglo-,saxon dung1 dyncg1 dincg1--excrement2 ,dyngan1 to dung2 ,n4 ,h4 ,german1 dung1 dunger2 ,o4 ,h4 ,german1 ,tunga2 ,sw4 ,dynga2 ,danish1 ,dynge and ,dyngd2 ,icelandic1 ,dyngia and ,dy4 ,this shows it to be essentially ,indo-,germanic in type1 and fairly to be compared with the words 8pedung0 and 8dung-rus0 of ,mr4 ,rockhill's manuscript4 ,in the country of ,ur of the ,chaldees1 which was the home of ,abraham 7,gen4 xi4 #b71 there reigned a king1 8the father of ,dungi40 ,the exact meaning of the name 8,dungi0 has not been made known4 ,the name of the king himself1 strangely enough1 was 8,urea10 or 8,uri10--it is read both ways4 ,his date has been fixed at #c1jjj years ,b4,c4 ,the information in preceding paragraph was furnished by ,prof4 ,otis ,t4 ,mason1 of the ,national ,museum1 ,washington1 ,d4,c4 ,lenormant makes him out as of high antiquity1--8the most ancient of the ,babylonian kings10 8kings who can vie in antiquity with the builders of the ,egyptian pyramids1--,dungi1 for instance40--78,chaldean ,magic10 p4 #ccc47 ,smith ascribes him to the date of at least #b1jjj ,b4,c4--78,assyrian ,discoveries10 ,new ,york1 #ahgf1 p4 #bcb47 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill1 for six years secretary of the ,legation of the ,united ,states1 in ,pekin1 is a member of the ,oriental ,society1 and a scholar of the highest attainments1 more particularly in all that relates to the languages1 customs1 and religions of ,china and ,thibet1 in which countries he has travelled extensively4 ,the sacred pills presented by him to the author were enclosed in a silver reliquary1 elaborately chased and ornamented2 in size they were about as large as quail-shot2 their color was almost orange1 or between that and an ochreous red4 ,through the kindness of ,surgeon-,general ,john ,moore1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 they were analyzed by ,dr4 ,mew1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 with the following results3-- 8,april #ah1 #ahhi4 8,i have at length found time to examine the ,grand ,lama's ordure1 and write to say that ,i find nothing at all remarkable in it4 ,he had been feeding on a farinaceous diet1 for ,i found by the microscope a large amount of undigested starch in the field1 the presence of which ,i verified by the usual iodine test1 which gave an abundant reaction4 8,there was also present much cellulose1 or what appeared to be cellulose1 from which ,i infer that the flour used 7which was that of wheat7 was of a coarse quality1 and probably not made in ,minnesota4 8,a slight reaction for biliary matter seemed to show that there was no obstruction of the bile ducts4 ,these tests about used up the four very small pills of the ,lama's ordure4 8,very respectfully and sincerely yours1 7,signed7 8,w4 ,m4 ,,mew40 ,,ix4 ,,the ,,stercoranistes4 ,that ,christian polemics have not been entirely free from such ideas may be shown satisfactorily to any one having the leisure to examine the various phases of the discussion upon the doctrine of the ,eucharist4 ,the word 8stercoranistes10 or 8stercorarians10 is not to be found in the last edition of the ,encyclopdia ,britannica2 but in the edition of #ahda the definition of the word is as follows3 8,stercorarians1 or ,stercoranistes1 formed from stercus1 #8dung1' a name which those of the ,romish church originally gave to such as held that the host was liable to digestion and all its consequences1 like other food40 ,this definition was copied verbatim in ,rees's ,cyclopdia of ,arts1 ,sciences1 and ,literature1 ,philadelphia4 ,the dispute upon 8,stercoranisme0 began in #hca1 upon the appearance of a theological treatise by a monk named ,paschasius ,radbert4--7,see the 8,institutes of ,ecclesiastical ,history10 ,john ,lawrence von ,mosheim1 translated by ,john ,murdock1 ,d4,d41 ,new ,haven1 #ahcb1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajd et seq47 ,the grossly sensual conception of the presence of the ,lord's body in the sacrament1 according to which that body is eaten1 digested1 and evacuated like ordinary food1 is of ancient standing1 though not found in ,origen1 nor perhaps in ,rhabanus ,maurus4 ,it certainly originated with a class of false teachers contemporary with or earlier than ,rhabanus ,maurus1 whom ,paschasius ,radbert condemns1--8,frivolum est ergo in hoc mysterio cogitare in stercore ne commisceatur in digestione alterius cibi0 7,de ,corp4 et ,sanguin4 ,domin4 cap4 #bj74 ,he does not1 however1 apply the term 8,stercoranistes0 to his opponents4 ,cardinal ,humbert is the first to so employ the word4 ,this use was in a polemic against ,nicetas ,pectoratus1 written in support of ,azymitism1 etc4 ,from this source the word was adopted into common usage4--7,schrockli ,kirchengesch4 ,,xxiii48 #dbi1 #dii2 ,herzog1 ,real ,encyclop41 s4 v42 ,mc,clintock and ,strong1 ,cyclop4 of ,biblical1 ,theological1 and ,ecclesiastical ,literature1 ,new ,york1 #ahhj2 see also ,schaff-,herzog1 8,cyclopdia of ,religious ,knowledge10 ,new ,york1 #ahha1 article 8,stercoranistes407 7,stercoranistes47 7,hist4 ,eccles47 8,nom que quelques crivains ont donn a ceux qui pensoient que les symboles eucharistiques toient sujets la digestion et toutes ses suites de mme que les autres nourritures corporelles4444 ,ce mot est driv du ,latin1 #8stercus1' excrement4 ,on ne convient pas gnralement de l'existence de cette erreur4 ,le prsident ,manguin l'attribue ,amalaire1 auteur du neuvime sicle4444 ,et le cardinal ,humbert dans sa rponse a ,nicetas ,pectoratus1 l'appelle nettement stercoraniste1 parceque celui-ci prtendoit que la perception de l'hostie rompoit le jene4 ,enfin1 ,alger attribue la mme erreur aux ,grecs4 ,mais ces accusations ne paroissent pas fondes1 car2 444 ,amalaire propose la vrit la question si les espces eucharistiques se consument comme les aliments ordinaires2 mais1 il ne la dcide pas4 ,nicetas prtend aussi que l',eucharistique rompt le jene1 soit qu'il reste dans les espces quelque vertu nutritive1 soit parce qu'aprs avoir rcu l',eucharistique1 ou peut prendre autres aliments2 mais1 il ne paroit pas avoir admis la consequence que lui impute le ,cardinal ,humbert4 ,il ne paroit pas non plus que les autres ,grecs soient tombs dans cette erreur4 ,s4 ,jean ,damascene les en disculpe4 ,mais1 soit que le ,stercoranisme ait exist ou non1 les protestans n'en peuvent tirer aucun avantage contre la prsence rele1 que cette erreur suppose plutt qu'elle ne l'branle40--7,voyez ,m4 ,wuitass1 trait de l',eucharistie1 premire partie1 quest4 #b1 art4 #a2 p4 #daf et suiv4 ,encyclop4 ou ,diction4 ,raisson4 des ,sciences1 des ,arts1 et des ,metiers1 tome quinzime1 ,neufchatel1 #agfe1 art4 8,stercoranistes407 8,si qui fuerunt1 fuere nonnulli nono sculo1 qui ,corpus ,christi quod in ,eucharistia continetur secessui1 ac defectioni obnoxium esse putabat ita ut corruptis speciebus et ipsum ,corpus ,christi corrumperatur40--78,dict4 of ,sects and ,heresies10 etc41 ,t4 ,h4 ,blunt1 ,oxford1 #ahgd1 where a number of references are given47 8,stercorantistarum1 nomen non sect1 sed convitii fuit40--7,baronius1 8,annales10 ,lucca1 #ageh47 ,stercoranisme4 ,stercoranistes4 ,stercus4 8,membre d'une secte qui soutnait que les espces de l',eucharistie taient digres et transformes en excrment comme les autres aliments0 7,encyclop474 8,on a dsign dans le ,,xix4 sicle sous le nom de ,stercoranistes1 les thologiens qui niaient que la substance du pain et du vin fut change dans l',eucharistie au corps et au sang de ,jesus ,christ40 8,tout ce qui entre dans la bouche1 descend le ventre et va au rtrait40 8,prtendirent que si le corps et le sang de ,jsus ,christ1 avaient pris la place de la substance du pain et du vin1 ils devraient subir les mmes accidents qui seraient arrivs cette substance si elle avait t reue par le communiant40--7,p4 ,larousse1 8,grand ,dictionnaire ,universel10 ,paris1 #ahge47 ,brand1 in his 8,encyclopdia of ,science1 ,literature1 and ,art10 article 8,stercoranism10 says3 8,a nickname which seems to have been applied in the ,western churches in the fifth and sixth centuries to those who held the opinion that a change took place in the consecrated elements1 so as to render the divine body subject to the act of digestion40 ,he refers to ,mosheim's 8,ecclesiastical ,history0 for a fuller account4 ,the same ideas obtained among the illiterate as a matter of course4 ,the ,first ,gospel of the ,infancy of ,jesus ,christ seems to have been received by the ,gnostics of the second century as canonical1 and accepted in the same sense by ,eusebius1 ,athanasius1 ,chrysostom1 and others of the ,fathers and writers of the ,church4 ,sozomen was told by travellers in ,egypt that they had heard in that country of the miracles performed by the water in which the infant ,jesus had been washed4 ,according to ,ahmed ben ,idris1 this gospel was used in parts of the ,east in common with the other gospels2 while ,ocobius de ,castro asserts that in many churches of ,asia and ,africa it was recited exclusively4 7,see ,introduction to the 8,apocryphal ,new ,testament10 ,william ,hone1 ,london1 #ahbj47 ,but1 on the other hand1 all the apocrypha were condemned by ,pope ,gelasius in the fifth century2 and this interdict was not repealed until the time of ,paul ,,iv4 in the sixteenth century4--7,see ,bunsen1 8,analecta10 ,hamburg1 #agjc47 ,in the following extracts it will be noted that the miracles recorded were wrought either by the swaddling-clothes themselves or by the water in which they had been cleansed2 and the inference is that the excreta of ,christ were believed1 as in many other instances1 to have the character of a panacea1 as well as generally miraculous properties4 ,the ,madonna gave one of the swaddling clothes of ,christ to the ,wise ,men of the ,east who visited him2 they took it home1 8and having1 according to the custom of their country1 made a fire1 they worshipped it4444 ,and casting the swaddling cloth into the fire1 the fire took it and kept it0 7#a ,inf4 iii4 #f1 #g74 ,we read of the ,finnish deity ,wainemoinen that 8the sweat which dropped from his body was a balm for all diseases40 ,the very same virtues were possessed by the sweat of the ,egyptian god ,ra 78,chaldean ,magic10 ,lenormant1 p4 #bdg1 quoting the ,kalewala1 part #b1 r4 #ad74 ,on arrival in ,egypt after the ,flight--8,when the ,lady ,saint ,mary had washed the swaddling clothes of the ,lord ,christ and hanged them out to dry upon a post 444 a certain boy 444 possessed with the devil1 took down one of them and put it upon his head4 ,and presently the devils began to come out of his mouth and fly away in the shape of crows and serpents4 ,and from this time the boy was healed by the power of the ,lord ,christ40--7#a ,inf4 iv4 #ae1 #af1 #ag47 8,on the return journey from ,egypt1 ,christ had healed by a kiss a lady whom cursed ,satan 444 had leaped upon 444 in the form of a serpent4 ,on the morrow1 the same woman brought perfumed water to wash the ,lord ,jesus2 when she had washed him1 she preserved the water4 ,and there was a girl whose body was white with leprosy1 who being sprinkled with this water was instantly cleansed from her leprosy40--7#a ,inf4 vi4 #af1 #ag74 ,there is another example of exactly the same kind in #a ,inf4 vi4 #cd4 ,see1 again1 #a ,inf4 ix4 #a1 #d1 #e1 #i2 x4 #b1 #c2 xii4 #d1 #e1 #f4 8,and in ,matarea the ,lord ,jesus caused a well to spring forth1 in which ,saint ,mary washed his coat4 ,and a balsam is produced or grown in that country from the sweat which ran down there from the ,lord ,jesus40--7,gospel of the ,infancy1 viii43 8,the ,apocryphal ,new ,testament10 ,william ,hone1 ,london1 #ahbj1 p4 #dg47 8,in ,ireland1 weakly children are taken to drink the ablution1 that is1 the water and wine with which the chalice is rinsed after the priest has taken the communion1--the efficacy arising from the cup having just before contained the body of our ,lord40 7,see 8,folk-,medicine10 ,black1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #hh47 ,the same cure was also in vogue in ,england1 and in each case for the whooping-cough4 ,this has all the appearance of a commingling of two separate streams of thought2 compare with it the notes on the expression from ,juvenal1 8,priapo ille bibit vitreo10 page #dbh1 as well as those in regard to the canons of ,beauvais on page #dbi4 8,an offshoot of the ,khlysti1 known as the 8,shakouni10 or ,jumpers1 openly professed debauchery and libertinism to excess4444 ,others of their rites are abject and disgusting2 their chief is the living ,christ1 and their communion consists in embracing his body1--ordinary disciples may kiss his hand or his foot2 to those of a more fervent piety1 he offers his tongue40--78,the ,russian ,church and ,russian ,dissent10 ,albert ,f4 ,heard1 ,new ,york and ,london1 #ahhg1 pp4 #bfa-bfb47 ,the subjoined extract is from 8,mlusine0 7,gaidoz71 ,paris1 ,may #e1 #ahhh4 ,,un ,,dalai-,,lama ,,irlandais4 8,a l'occasion des reliques journalires du ,dalai-,lama dont on fait des pilules pour les dvots1 histoire que les imprimeurs de cette ,revue n'avaient pas voulu #8avaler' 7voir plus haut1 col4 #bd7 ,mr4 ,wh4 ,stokes nous a signal un curieux passage des annales irlandaises4 ,nous croyons intressant de le traduire ici4 ,cet #8acte de foi' se passait en l'an #fje1 et le hros en est le roi ,aedh1 surnomm ,uairidhnach4#ad 8,un jour il passa1 n'tant encore que prince royal1 par le territoire d',othain-,muira2 il lava ses mains la rivire qui traversa le territoire de la ville4 ,othain est le nom de la rivire1 et c'est de l que la ville a son nom4 ,il prit de l'eau pour s'en laver la figure4 ,un de ses gens l'arrta4 #8,roi1 dit-il1 ne mets pas cette eau sur ton visage4' #8,quoi donc8' dit le roi4 #8,j'ai honte de le dire1' dit-il4 #8,quelle honte as-tu dire la vrit8 dit le roi4 #8,voici ce que c'est1' dit-il2 #8c'est sur cette eau que se trouve le water-closet des clercs4' #8,est-ce ici1 que vient le clerc lui-mme' 7c'est dire le chef des clercs7 #8pour se soulager8' 8#8,c'est ici mme1' dit le page4 #8,non seulement1' dit le roi1 #8je mettrai cette eau sur ma figure1 mais j'en mettrai dans ma bouche1 et j'en boirai' 7et il en but trois gorges72 #8car l'eau o il se soulage vaut pour moi l'eucharistie4' 8,cela fut racont ,muira 7le chef des clercs71 et il rendit grces ,dieu de ce que ,aedh avait une semblable foi2 et il appela auprs de lui ,aedh et il lui dit3 #8,cher fils1 en rcompense de ce respect que tu as montr l'glise1 je te promets1 en prsence de ,dieu1 que tu obtiendras bientt la royaut d',irlande1 que tu auras victoire et triomphe sur tes ennemis1 que tu ne mourras pas de mort subite1#ae que tu recevras le corps de ,christ de ma main1 et je prierai le ,seigneur pour toi1 pour que ce soit la vieillesse qui t'enlve de cette vie4' 8,ce fut peu de temps aprs cela qu',aedh obtint la royaut d',irlande et il donna des terres fertiles ,muira d',othain4#af 8,comme le lecteur ne manquera pas de le remarquer1 c'est par dification que l'annaliste1 clerc lui-mme1 raconte cette histoire4 ,en effet1 elle fait honneur la pit du roi et elle prouve que #8le respect montr l'glise 444 a obtenu sa rcompense4' ,ce qui vient des hommes de ,dieu participe en effet au caractre sacr de ,dieu qu'ils reprsentent4 8,si l'on cherchait tendre cette enqute de scatologie hiratique on trouverait sans doute bien des croyances et des pratiques rpugnantes notre got de civiliss1 mais raisonnables en un sens quand on accepte le point de dpart1 quand on ne condamne pas la logique1 et surtout quand on se rappelle que le dgot pour les rsidus de la digestion n'est devenu instinctif que pour la vie civilise et les habitudes sociales4 ,les peuples qui ne se lavent pas doivent certainement sentir autrement que nous1 et mme ne pas sentir du tout2 et nos anctres de l'ge des cavernes n'avaient certainement l'odorat plus difficile4 ,on assure que chez les ,namas1 tribu hottentote1 le shaman qui clbre un mariage asperge les conjoints de son urine4 ,cela remplace notre eau bnite4 ,le shaman est en effet 'un homme de ,dieu1' par excellence2 car1 lorsqu'il se livre ces danses dsordonnes qui sont une partie du culte1 on croit que le dieu descend en lui1 non en esprit1 mais en ralit4 8,c'est aussi le cas de rappeler un usage linguistique des habitants de ,samoa dans la ,polynsie4 ,lorsqu'une femme est sur le point d'accoucher1 on adresse des prires au dieu ou gnie de la famille du pre et celui de la famille de la mre4 ,quand l'enfant est n1 la mre demande quel dieu on tait en train de prier ce moment4 ,on en prend soigneusement note et ce dieu sera en quelque sorte le 8patron0 de l'enfant pendant le reste de sa vie4 8,par respect pour ce dieu1 l'enfant est appel son excrment et pendant son enfance on l'appelle rellement1 comme #8petit-nom1' #8m de ,tongo1' ou de ,satia1 ou de tout autre dieu1 suivant le cas4 ,la formule est grossire1 mais l'intention1 sous une apparence tout matrielle1 part d'un sentiment de respect et de pit l'gard de la divinit40 ,the last two paragraphs of the above are taken from the work of the missionary ,turner1 who lived for seventeen years in the islands of ,polynesia2 they appear in his 8,samoa10 ,london1 #ahhd1 p4 #gi4 ,but in the same book1 issued under the title 8,polynesia10 ,london1 #ahfa1 it has been expunged4 ,the mother of the ,king of ,uganda invited ,speke to visit her and drink pomb1 the native plantain wine2 when she happened to spill some of this the servants 8instantly fought over it1 dabbing their noses on the ground1 or grabbing it with their hands1 that not one atom of the queen's favor might be lost2 for everything must be adored that comes from royalty1 whether by design or accident40 7,speke1 8,nile10 ,london1 #ahfc1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cac47 ,this is the ,grand ,lama business over again and nothing else4 ,the people of ,madagascar have an annual feast of the greatest solemnity1 during which no cattle are allowed to be slaughtered2 8which means that none can be eaten1 as meat will not keep twenty-four hours in ,madagascar40 ,this festival is called 8,the ,queen's ,bath10 and is arranged with much parade4 8,when the water was warm the queen stepped down and entered the curtained space4 ,in a few moments salvos of artillery announced to the people that the queen was taking her bath4 ,in a few minutes more she reappeared1 sumptuously clothed with jewels4 ,she carried a horn filled with the bath-water1 with which she sprinkled the company40--78,evening ,star10 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 quoting from 8,transcript10 ,boston1 ,massachusetts47 ,that the ruler of a tribe or nation is in some manner connected with and representative of the deities adored by the tribe or nation1 is a form of man-worship presenting its most perfect manifestation in the reverence accorded the ,grand ,lama2 but no part of the world has been free from it1 and among our own forefathers it obstinately held its ground in the opinion so long prevalent all over ,europe that the touch of the king's hand would cure the scrofula4 ,this remedial potency was also ascribed to women in a certain condition4 8,scrofulous sores were believed by some to be cured by the touch of a menstruating woman40--7,pliny1 ,bohn's edition1 lib4 #bh1 cap4 #bd47 8,the ,hindu wife is in ,paradise compared to the ,hindu widow4 ,the condition of the wife is bad enough4 ,as the slave of her husband1 she eats after he is through1 and she eats what is left4 ,she has no education to speak of1 and her only hope of salvation is in him4 ,she stands while he sits in the household2 and she cannot1 if she lives in the interior1 go to the ,ganges and bathe herself in the sacred water4 ,i am told that in many cases she considers it a privilege to bathe her husband's feet after he returns1 and thinks that she gets some absolution from sin by drinking the water40--7,frank ,g4 ,carpenter1 in 8,world10 ,new ,york1 ,june #cj1 #ahhi47 8,pyrrhus1 king of ,epirus1 possessed the power of curing individuals attacked by enlarged spleen by simply pressing his right foot upon that viscera40--78,the ,physicians of the ,middle ,ages10 ,t4 ,c4 ,minor1 ,m4,d41 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 #ahhi1 p4 #e4 ,a translation of 8,le ,moyen ,age ,mdical10 of ,dr4 ,edmond ,dupouy47 ,x4 ,,the ,,bacchic ,,orgies ,,of ,,the ,,greeks4 ,the ,bacchic orgies of the ,greeks1 while not strictly assimilated to the ur-orgies1 can scarcely be overlooked in this connection4 ,montfaucon describes the ,omophagi of the ,greeks3 8,les ,omophagies toient une fte des ,grecs qui passoient la fureur ,bacchique2 ils s'entortilloient1 dit ,arnobe1 de serpens et mangeoient des entrailles de ,cabri crues1 dont ils avaient la bouche toute ensanglante2 cela est exprime par le nom ,omophage4 ,nous avons vu quelquefois des hommes tous entortillez de serpens et particulirement dans ,mithras40--7,montfaucon1 8,l',antiquit explique10 tome #b1 book #d1 p4 #bb47 ,the references to serpent-worship are curious1 in view of the fact that such ophic rites still are celebrated among the ,mokis1 the next-door neighbors of the ,zuis1 and once existed among the ,zuis themselves4 ,the allusion to ,mithras would seem to imply that these orgies must have been known to the ,persians as well as the ,greeks4 ,bryant1 speaking of the ,greek orgies1 uses this language3 8,both in the orgies of ,bacchus and in the rites of ,ceres1 as well as of other deities1 one part of the mysteries consisted in a ceremony 7omophagia71 at which time they ate the flesh quite crude with the blood4 ,in ,crete1 at the ,dionisiaca1 they used to tear the flesh with their teeth from the animal when alive40--7,bryant1 8,mythology10 ,london1 #agge1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ab47 ,and again1 on p4 #ac3 8,the ,mnules and ,bacch used to devour the raw limbs of animals which they had cut or torn asunder4444 ,in the island of ,chios it was a religious custom to tear a man limb from limb1 by way of sacrifice to ,dionysius4 ,from all which we may learn one sad truth1 that there is scarce anything so impious and unnatural as not1 at times1 to have prevailed40--7,idem47 ,faber tells us that3 8,the ,cretans had an annual festival 444 in their frenzy they tore a living bull with their teeth1 and brandished serpents in their hands40--7,faber1 8,pagan ,idolatry10 ,london1 #ahaf1 vol ii4 p4 #bfe47 ,,bacchic ,,orgies ,,in ,,north ,,america4 ,these orgies were duplicated among many of the tribes of ,north ,america4 ,paul ,kane describes the inauguration of ,clea-clach1 a ,clallum chief 7northwest coast of ,british ,america73 8,he seized a small dog and began devouring it alive40 ,he also bit pieces from the shoulders of the male by-standers4--7,see 8,artist's ,wanderings in ,north ,america10 ,london1 #ahei1 p4 #bab2 also1 the same thing quoted by ,herbert ,spencer in 8,descriptive ,sociology407 ,speaking of these ceremonies1 ,dr4 ,franz ,boas says3 8,members of tribes practising the ,hamatsa ceremonies show remarkable scars produced by biting4 ,at certain festivals it is the duty of the ,hamatsa to bite a piece of flesh out of the arms1 leg1 or breast of a man40 78,report on the ,north-,western ,indians of ,canada10 in 8,proceedings of the ,british ,association for the ,advancement of ,science10 ,newcastle-upon-,tyne ,meeting1 #ahhi1 p4 #ab47 ,doctor ,boas demonstrates that the actions of the ,hamatsa are an example of ,ritualistic ,cannibalism4 7,see idem1 p4 #ee47 ,and1 speaking of the secret societies observed among the ,indians of the ,british northwest coast1 he remarks that each has its own ceremonies4 8,the ,nutlematl must be as filthy as possible40--7,idem1 p4 #ed47 8,bernardin de ,saint ,pierre1 in his #8tudes de la ,nature' gives it as his opinion that to eat dog's-flesh is the first step towards cannibalism1 and certainly1 when ,i enumerate to myself the peoples whom ,i visited who actually1 more or less1 devoured human flesh1 and find that among them dogs were invariably considered a delicacy1 ,i cannot but believe that there is some truth in the hypothesis40 7,schweinfurth1 8,heart of ,africa10 ,london1 #ahgb1 vol4 i4 p4 #aia47 ,the ,clallums1 no doubt1 in their frenzies1 tore dogs to pieces as a substitute for the human victim of an earlier period in their culture4 ,bancroft describes like orgies among the ,chimsyans1 of ,british ,north ,america4 7,see in 8,native ,races of the ,pacific ,slope10 vol4 i4 p4 #aga47 ,while the ,nootkas medicine men are said to have an orgy in which 8live dogs and dead human bodies are seized and torn by their teeth2 but1 at least in later times1 they seem not to attack the living1 and their performances are somewhat less horrible and bloody than the wild orgies of the ,northern tribes40--7,idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjb47 ,the ,haidahs1 of the same coast1 indulge in an orgy in which the performer 8snatches up the first dog he can find1 kills him1 and tearing pieces of his flesh1 eats them40--7,dall1 quoting ,dawson1 in 8,masks and ,labrets10 ,annual ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahhf47 ,in describing the six secret soldier societies or bands of the ,mandans1 ,maximilian1 of ,wied1 calls attention to the three leaders of one band1 who were called dogs1 who are 8obliged1 if any one throws a piece of meat into the ashes or on the ground1 saying1 #8,there1 dog1 eat1' to fall upon it and devour it raw1 like dogs or beasts of prey40--7,maximilian1 ,prince of ,wied1 8,travels10 c41 ,london1 #ahdc1 pp4 #cef1 #ddf47 ,a further multiplication of references is unnecessary4 ,the above would appear to be enough to establish the existence of almost identical orgies in ,europe1 ,america1 and ,asia--orgies in which were perpetuated the ritualistic use of foods no longer employed by the populace1 and possibly commemorating a former condition of cannibalism4 ,,the ,,sacrifice ,,of ,,the ,,dog ,a ,,substitution ,,for ,,human ,,sacrifice4 ,it would add much to the bulk of this chapter to show that the dog has almost invariably been employed as a substitute for man in sacrifice4 ,other animals have performed the same vicarious office1 but none to the same extent1 especially among the more savage races4 ,to the ,american ,indians and other peoples of a corresponding stage of development1 the substitution presents no logical incongruity4 ,their religious conceptions are so strongly tinged with zoolatry that the assignment of animals to the rle of deities or of victims is the most natural thing in the world2 but their belief is not limited to the idea that the animal is sacred2 it comprehends1 additionally1 a settled appreciation of the fact that lycanthropy is possible1 and that the medicine-men possess the power of transforming men into animals or animals into men4 ,such a belief was expressed to the writer in the most forcible way1 in the village of ,zui1 in #ahha4 ,the ,indians were engaged in some one of their countless dances and ceremonies 7and possibly not very far from the time of the urine dance71 when the dancers seized a small dog and tore it limb from limb1 venting upon it every torture that savage spite and malignity could devise4 ,the explanation given was that the hapless cur was a 8,navajo10 a tribe to which the ,zuis have been spasmodically hostile for generations1 and from whose ranks the fortunes of war must have enabled them to drag an occasional captive to be put to the torture and sacrificed4 ,mrs4 ,eastman describes the 8,dog ,dance0 of the ,sioux1 in which the dogs represented ,chippewas1 and had their hearts eaten raw by the ,sioux4 ,,xi4 ,,poisonous ,,mushrooms ,,used ,,in ,,ur-,,orgies4 ,the ,indians in and around ,cape ,flattery1 on the ,pacific coast of ,british ,north ,america1 retain the urine dance in an unusually repulsive form4 ,as was learned from ,mr4 ,kennard1 ,u4,s4 ,coast ,survey1 whom the writer had the pleasure of meeting in ,washington1 ,d4,c41 in #ahhf1 the medicine men distil1 from potatoes and other ingredients1 a vile liquor1 which has an irritating and exciting effect upon the kidneys and bladder4 ,each one who has partaken of this dish immediately urinates and passes the result to his next neighbor1 who drinks4 ,the effect is as above1 and likewise a temporary insanity or delirium1 during which all sorts of mad capers are carried on4 ,the last man who quaffs the poison1 distilled through the persons of five or six comrades1 is so completely overcome that he falls in a dead stupor4 ,precisely the same use of a poisonous fungus has been described among the natives of the ,pacific coast of ,siberia1 according to the learned ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,kingsley 7of ,brome ,hall1 ,scole1 ,england74 ,such a rite is outlined by ,schultze4 8,the ,shamans of ,siberia drink a decoction of toad-stools or the urine of those who have become narcotized by that plant40--7,schultze1 8,fetichism10 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 p4 #eb47 ,the ,ur-,orgy of the natives of ,siberia should be found fully described by explorers in the employ of the ,russian ,government4 ,application was accordingly made by the author to the ,hon4 ,lambert ,tree1 the ,american ,minister at the ,court of ,st4 ,petersburgh1 who evinced a warm interest in the work of unearthing from the ,imperial archives all that bore upon the use of the mushroom as a urino-intoxicant4 ,unfortunately1 the official term of ,mr4 ,tree having expired1 no information was obtained from him in time for incorporation in these pages4 ,acknowledgment is due in this connection to ,mr4 ,wurtz1 the ,american ,charg d',affaires at ,st4 ,petersburgh1 as well as to his ,excellency the ,russian ,minister of ,public ,instruction1 for courteous interest manifested in the investigations made necessary by the amplification of the original pamphlet4 ,conferences were also had with his ,excellency the ,chinese ,minister and with ,dr4 ,h4 ,t4 ,allen1 ,secretary of the ,corean ,legation1 in ,washington1 but beyond developing the fact that in the minor medicine of those countries resort was still had to excrementitious curatives1 the information deduced was meagre and unimportant4 ,dependence was therefore necessarily placed upon the accounts of ,american or ,english explorers of undisputed authority4 ,george ,kennan describes a wedding which he saw in one of the villages of ,kamtchatka3 8,after the conclusion of the ceremony we removed to an adjacent tent1 and were surprised as we came out into the open air to see three or four ,koraks shouting and reeling in an advanced stage of intoxication1--celebrating1 ,i suppose1 the happy wedding which had just transpired4 ,i knew that there was not a drop of alcoholic liquor in all ,northern ,kamtchatka1 nor1 so far as ,i knew1 anything from which it could be made1 and it was a mystery to me how they had succeeded in becoming so suddenly1 thoroughly1 hopelessly1 undeniably drunk4 ,even ,ross ,browne's beloved ,washoe1 with its #8howling wilderness' saloons1 could not have turned out more creditable specimens of intoxicated humanity than those before us4 8,the exciting agent1 whatever it might be1 was certainly as quick in its operation and as effective in its results as any #8tanglefoot' or #8bottled lightning' known to modern civilization4 8,upon inquiry1 we learned to our astonishment that they had been eating a species of the plant vulgarly known as #8toadstool4' ,there is a peculiar fungus of this class in ,siberia1 known to the natives as #8muk-a-moor1' and as it possesses active intoxicating properties1 it is used as a stimulant by nearly all the ,siberian tribes4 8,taken in large doses1 it is a violent narcotic poison1 but in small doses it produces all the effects of alcoholic liquor4 8,its habitual use1 however1 completely shatters the nervous system1 and its sale by ,russian traders to the natives has consequently been made a penal offence by the ,russian law4 ,in spite of all prohibitions the trade is still secretly carried on1 and ,i have seen twenty dollars' worth of furs bought with a single fungus4 8,the ,koraks would gather it for themselves1 but it requires the shelter of timber for its growth1 and is not to be found on the barren steppes over which they wander2 so that they are obliged for the most part to buy it at enormous prices from the ,russian traders4 ,it may sound strangely to ,american ears1 but the invitation which a convivial ,korak extends to his passing friend is not #8,come in and have a drink1' but #8,won't you come in and take a toadstool8'--not a very alluring proposal perhaps to a civilized toper1 but one which has a magical effect upon a dissipated ,korak4 ,as the supply of these toadstools is by no means equal to the demand1 ,korak ingenuity has been greatly exercised in the endeavor to economize the precious stimulant and make it go as far as possible4 8,sometimes in the course of human events it becomes imperatively necessary that a whole band should get drunk together1 and they have only one toadstool to do it with4 ,for a description of the manner in which this band gets drunk collectively and individually upon one fungus1 and keeps drunk for a week1 the curious reader is referred to ,goldsmith's #8,a ,citizen of the ,world1' ,letter #cb4 8,it is but just to say1 however1 that this horrible practice is almost entirely confined to the settled ,koraks of ,penzshink ,gulf1--the lowest1 most degraded portion of the whole tribe4 ,it may prevail to a limited extent among the wandering natives1 but ,i never heard of more than one such instance outside the ,penzshink ,gulf settlements40--78,tent ,life in ,siberia10 ,george ,kennan1 ,new ,york and ,london1 #ahhg1 pp4 #bjb-bjd47 ,oliver ,goldsmith speaks of 8a curious custom0 among 8the ,tartars of ,koraki4444 ,the ,russians who trade with them carry thither a kind of mushroom4444 ,these mushrooms the rich ,tartars lay up in large quantities for the winter2 and when a nobleman makes a mushroom feast all the neighbors around are invited4 ,the mushrooms are prepared by boiling1 by which the water acquires an intoxicating quality1 and is a sort of drink which the ,tartars prize beyond all other4 ,when the nobility and ladies are assembled1 and the ceremonies usual between people of distinction over1 the mushroom broth goes freely round1 and they laugh1 talk double-entendres1 grow fuddled1 and become excellent company4 ,the poorer sort1 who love mushroom broth to distraction as well as the rich1 but cannot afford it at first hand1 post themselves on these occasions round the huts of the rich1 and watch the opportunity of the ladies and gentlemen as they come down to pass their liquor1 and holding a wooden bowl1 catch the delicious fluid1 very little altered by filtration1 being still strongly tinctured with the intoxicating quality4 ,of this they drink with the utmost satisfaction1 and thus they get as drunk and as jovial as their betters4 8#8,happy nobility6' cried my companion1 #8who can fear no diminution of respect unless seized with strangury1 and who when drunk are most useful6 ,though we have not this custom among us1 ,i foresee that if it were introduced1 we might have many a toad-eater in ,england ready to drink from the wooden bowl on these occasions1 and to praise the flavor of his lordship's liquor4 ,as we have different classes of gentry1 who knows but we may see a lord holding the bowl to the minister1 a knight holding it to his lordship1 and a simple squire drinking it double-distilled from the loins of knighthood8'0--7,oliver ,goldsmith1 8,letters from a ,citizen of the ,world10 ,no4 #cb4 ,this is based upon ,philip ,van ,stralenburgh's 8,histori-,geographical ,description of the ,north and ,eastern ,part of ,europe and ,asia10 ,london1 #agcf1 p4 #cig47 8,the ,amanita muscaria possesses an intoxicating property1 and is employed by ,northern nations as an inebriant4 ,the following is the account of ,langsdorf1 as given by ,greville3-- 8,this variety of ,amanita muscaria is used by the inhabitants of the northeastern parts of ,asia in the same manner as wine1 brandy1 arrack1 opium1 etc41 is by other nations4 ,such fungi are found most plentifully about ,wischna1 ,kamtchatka1 and ,willowa ,derecona1 and are very abundant in some seasons1 and scarce in others4 ,they are collected in the hottest months1 and hung up by a string to dry in the air2 some dry themselves on the ground1 and are said to be far more narcotic than those artificially preserved4 ,small1 deep-colored specimens1 deeply covered with warts1 are also said to be more powerful than those of a larger size and paler color4 8,the usual mode of taking the fungus is to roll it up like a bolus and swallow it without chewing1 which the ,kamtchkadales say would disorder the stomach4 8,it is sometimes eaten fresh in soups and sauces1 and then loses much of its intoxicating property4 ,when steeped in the juice of the berries of the ,vaccinum uliginosum1 its effects are those of a strong wine4 ,one large and two small fungi are a common dose to produce a pleasant intoxication for a whole day1 particularly if water be drunk after it1 which augments the narcotic principle4 8,the desired effect comes in from one to two hours after taking the fungus4 ,giddiness and drunkenness result in the same manner as from wine or spirits2 cheerful emotions of the mind are first produced1 the countenance becomes flushed1 involuntary words and actions follow1 and sometimes at last an entire loss of consciousness4 ,it renders some remarkably active1 and proves highly stimulating to muscular exertion4 ,by too large a dose violent spasmodic effects are produced4 ,so very exciting to the nervous system in some individuals is this fungus that the effects are often very ludicrous4 ,if a person under its influence wishes to step over a straw or a small stick1 he takes a stride or a jump sufficient to clear the trunk of a tree4 ,a talkative person cannot keep silence or secrets1 and one fond of music is perpetually singing4 8,the most singular effect of the ,amanita is the influence it possesses over the urine4 ,it is said that from time immemorial the inhabitants have known that the fungus imparts an intoxicating quality to that secretion1 which continues for a considerable time after taking it4 ,for instance1 a man moderately intoxicated to-day will by the next morning have slept himself sober2 but 7as is the custom7 by taking a cup of his urine he will be more powerfully intoxicated than he was the preceding day4 ,it is therefore not uncommon for confirmed drunkards to preserve their urine as a precious liquor against a scarcity of the fungus4 8,the intoxicating property of the urine is capable of being propagated1 for every one who partakes of it has his urine similarly affected4 ,thus with a very few ,amanit a party of drunkards may keep up their debauch for a week4 ,dr4 ,langsdorf mentions that by means of the second person taking the urine of the first1 the third of the second1 and so on1 the intoxication may be propagated through five individuals40--7,english ,cyclop41 ,london1 #ahed1 vol ii41 8,natural ,history10 article 8,fungi40 ,london3 ,bradbury and ,evans47 8,they make feasts when one village entertains another1 either upon account of a wedding1 or having had a plentiful fishing or hunting4 ,the landlords entertain their guests with great bowls of oponga1 till they are all set a-vomiting2 sometimes they use a liquor made of a large mushroom1 with which the ,russians kill flies4 ,this they prepare with the juice of epilobium or ,french willow4 ,the first symptom of a man being affected with this liquor is a trembling in all his joints1 and in half an hour he begins to rave as if in a fever2 and is either merry or melancholy mad according to his peculiar constitution4 ,some jump1 dance1 and sing2 others weep and are in terrible agonies1 a small hole appearing to them as a great pit1 and a spoonful of water as a lake2 but this is to be understood of those who take it to excess2 for1 taken in small quantity1 it raises their spirits1 and makes them brisk1 courageous1 and cheerful4 8,it is observed whenever they have eaten of this plant1 they maintain that whatever foolish things they did1 they only obeyed the commands of the mushroom2 however1 the use of it is so dangerous that unless they were well looked after1 it would be the destruction of numbers of them4 ,the ,kamtchadales do not much care to relate these drunken frolics1 and perhaps the continual use of it renders it less dangerous to them4 ,one of our ,cossacks resolved to eat of this mushroom in order to surprise his comrades1 and this he actually did2 but it was with great difficulty they preserved his life4 ,another of the inhabitants of ,kamtchatka1 by the use of this mushroom1 imagined that he was upon the brink of hell ready to be thrown in1 and that the mushroom ordered him to fall on his knees and make a full confession of all the sins he could remember1 which he did before a great number of his comrades1 to their no small diversion4 ,it is related that a soldier of the garrison1 having eaten a little of this mushroom1 walked a great way without any fatigue2 but at last1 having taken too great a quantity1 he died4 8,my interpreter drank some of this juice without knowing of it1 and became so mad that it was with difficulty we kept him from ripping open his belly1 being1 as he said1 ordered to do so by the mushroom4 8,the ,kamtchadales and the ,koreki eat of it when they resolve to murder anybody2 and it is in such esteem among the ,koreki that they do not allow any one that is drunk with it to make water upon the ground1 but they give him a vessel to save his urine in1 which they drink2 and it has the same effect as the mushroom itself4 8,none of this mushroom grows in their country1 so that they are obliged to purchase it of the ,kamtchadales4 ,three or four of them are a moderate dose1 but when they want to get drunk they take ten4 ,the women never use it1 so that all their merriment consists in jesting1 dancing1 and singing40--78,the ,history of ,kamtchatka and the ,kurile ,islands10 by ,james ,grieve1 ,m4,d41 ,gloucester1 ,england1 #agfd1 pp4 #bjg-bji47 8,i do not think that the urine would keep very long1 and decomposition would destroy the ,amanitine1 which ,i believe to be the intoxicating principle4 ,if ,i remember aright1 it has been obtained as an alkaloid40--7,personal letter from ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,kingsley1 ,cambridge1 ,england1 dated ,aug4 #ah1 #ahhh47 8,if the ,yakut was a good and loving spouse1 he would go directly home and eject the contents of his stomach into a vessel of water1 which then he placed out of doors to cool and collect2 and from the rich1 floating vomit his wife and children would afterwards enjoy a hearty meal4 ,the lucky possessor of a stomach full of ,vodki may1 in a benevolent mood1 similarly dispose of a part of his repletion1 minus the water1 and away to the ,eastward1 among the ,tchuchees1 families are often regaled even to inebriation with the natural fluid discharge from the bodies of fortunate tipplers4444 ,saving the natives themselves it is their most disgusting institution1 and if any ,christian missionary be earnestly seeking a fresh field to labor in1 ,i can assure him that no soil is more desperately in need of cultivation than the ,tchuchee ,country40--78,in the ,lena ,delta10 ,george ,w4 ,melville1 ,chief ,engineer1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy1 ,boston1 ,massachusetts1 #ahhe1 page #cah47 8,amanita muscaria has been employed as fly-poison1 whence its vulgar name4 ,m4 ,poquet states that climate does not modify its poisonous qualities4 ,the ,czar ,alexis died from eating it1 yet the ,kamtchatkans eat it1 or are said to do so1 as also the ,russians4 ,in ,siberia1 it is used as an intoxicating agent4 ,cook says it is taken as a bolus1 and that its effects combine those produced by alcohol and haschish4 ,the property is imparted to the fluid secretion 7urine7 of rendering it intoxicating1 which property it retains for a considerable time4 ,a man1 having been intoxicated on one day and slept himself sober the next1 will1 by drinking this liquor to the extent of about a cupful1 become as much intoxicated as he was before4444 ,urine is preserved in ,siberia to this end4444 ,the intoxicating property may be communicated to any person who partakes 444 to the third1 fourth1 and even fifth distillation40--7,m4 ,c4 ,cook1 8,british ,fungi10 ,london1 #ahhb1 pp4 #ba1 #bb47 ,henry ,lamsdell 78,through ,siberia10 ,london1 #ahhb1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fde7 describes the 8fly agaric40 ,he says that it is used by the ,koraks to produce intoxication4 8,so powerful is the fungus that the native who eats it remains drunk for several days2 and by a process too disgusting to be described1 half a dozen individuals may be successively intoxicated by the effects of a single mushroom1 each in a less degree than his predecessor40 8,the ,koraks prepare the #8muk-a-moor' by steeping it4 ,in a few minutes the fortunate ones get thoroughly intoxicated1 and imbibe to such an extent that they are forced to relieve themselves of the superfluity1 on which occasions the poorer people stand prepared with bowls to catch the liquid1 which they quaff1 and1 in turn1 become intoxicated4 ,in this manner1 a whole settlement will sometimes get drunk from liquor consumed by one individual40--7,richard ,j4 ,bush1 8,reindeer1 ,dogs and ,snow-,shoes10 ,london1 no date1 p4 #ceg47 ,salverte gives two pages to a description of the effects of the 8fly agaric0 or 8mucha-more0 of the ,russians2 he shows how it leads men to the commission of murder1 suicide1 and other excesses1 but makes no allusion to the drinking of urine1 although he quotes from ,gmelin1 ,krachenninikof and ,beniowski1 all of whom must have had some acquaintance with its peculiar properties4 ,according to ,salverte the use of this fungus might well be referred to the category of ,sacred ,intoxicants4--7,see 8,philosophy of ,magic10 ,eusbe ,salverte1 ,new ,york1 #ahfb1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ai1 #bj47 8,before the conquest1 they seldom used anything for drink but water1 but when they made merry they drank water which had stood for some time upon mushrooms2 but of this more hereafter40--78,history of ,kamtchatka and the ,kurile ,islands10 ,james ,grieve1 ,m4 ,d41 ,gloucester1 ,england1 #agfd1 p4 #aie47 ,see previous citation from the same author4 ,a mere reference to the trade carried on by the ,russians and ,kamtchadales with the ,koraks in ,agaricus muscarius is to be found in 8,langsdorf's ,voyages10 ,london1 #ahad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cah4 8,it is said that the sort of mushroom which they procure from ,kamtchadales is preferred by them as a means of exhilaration or intoxication to brandy40 7,idem1 p4 #cbj47 ,he adds3 8,some remarks of mine upon this subject will be found in the ,annals of the ,society for promoting the ,knowledge of ,natural ,history40--7,idem1 p4 #cba47 8,the use of the intoxicating fungus in ,siberia1 and that of the urine flavored by it1 is mentioned in ,steller's #8,history of ,kamtchatka1' which is1 ,i believe1 the earliest and best authority in reference to it40--7,personal letter from ,hon4 ,john ,s4 ,hittell1 ,san ,francisco1 ,april #bd1 #ahhh47 ,although ,grieve's account is1 in the main1 derived from ,steller1 every effort was made to find the latter author and examine his own language4 ,the copy belonging to the ,library of ,congress had been mislaid1 and it was not possible to find it2 but the extensive ,arctic ,library of ,general ,a4 ,w4 ,greely1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 the polar explorer1 was most kindly placed at the author's disposal1 and there the long-coveted volume was1 translated by ,mr4 ,bunnemeyer1 to whom the warmest acknowledgments are due4 ,george ,william ,steller was born ,march #aj1 #agji1 at ,winsheim4 ,in #agcd1 he went to ,russia1 where he became an adjunct and member of ,the ,imperial ,academy of ,sciences4 ,in #ageh1 he was delegated to explore ,kamtchatka1 especially its natural history4 ,after completing the task and making voyages to various other regions1 he attempted twice to return to ,st4 ,petersburgh1 but each time received orders to return to ,irkutsk to answer charges there brought against him4 ,he did not reach ,irkutsk the second time1 but was frozen to death while his guard entered a way-side inn1 and was buried at ,tumen1 in ,november1 #agdf4 ,the following are his remarks about poisonous mushrooms3 8,among the ,champignons1 the poisonous toadstool1 called mucha-moor in ,russian1 is held in greatest esteem4 ,at the ,russian ostrag it has long ago fallen into disfavor1 but is used so much the more in the vicinity of the ,tzil and towards the ,korakian boundary4 ,this mushroom is dried and swallowed in large pieces without mastication1 followed by large draughts of cold water4 ,in the course of half an hour1 raging drunkenness and strange hallucinations result4 ,the ,korakians and ,jukagiri are still more addicted to this vice1 and buy the fungus from the ,russians whenever they can4 ,those too poor to do so collect the urine of those under the influence of the drug and drink it1 which makes them equally as drunk and raging4 8,the urine is equally effective to the fourth and fifth man4 ,reindeer frequently devour these mushrooms with great avidity1 becoming drunk and wild1 and finally fall into a deep sleep4 ,when found in this state1 it is not killed until the effects of the drug have passed away1 as otherwise its meat when eaten will cause the same frenzied intoxication as the mushroom itself40 8,the dance and custom you describe as existing among the ,siberians ,i know nothing of4 ,i neither saw nor heard of it4 ,i do not think there is any of the mushroom species in the ,tchuktchi country4 ,the land is absolutely barren4 ,i lived in the tents of that people for seven or eight months1 and they never paid any attention to me as a stranger1 in the way of hiding their customs from me4 ,they would have their drumming and medicine performances before me1 just as though ,i was one of them4 ,the custom you allude to may prevail among the ,yakouts and ,tchuktchi1 nevertheless1 but ,i think it more probable that it exists with the ,northwest tribes1 such as the ,samoyeds or ,osjaks40--7,personal letter from the ,arctic explorer1 ,w4 ,h4 ,gilder1 author of 8,schwatka's ,search10 etc41 dated ,new ,york1 ,oct4 #ae1 #ahhi47 8,captain ,healey1 of the revenue cutter #8,bear1' brought to this place1 last autumn1 a shipwrecked seaman1 who had been rescued by the ,siberian ,tchuktchis1 with whom he remained some two years4 ,he described their mode of making an intoxicating liquor thus3 in the summer1 mushrooms or fungi were collected in large quantity1 and eaten by a man who1 like our ,indians1 prepared himself by fasting for the feast4 ,after eating enormous quantities of the fungi1 he vomited into a receptacle1 and again loaded up1 time and again1 and disgorged the stuff in a semi-fermented or half-digested condition4 ,it was swallowed by those who were waiting for the drink2 and his urine was also imbibed1 to aid in producing a debauch1 resulting in frenzied intoxication40--7,personal letter from ,surgeon ,b4 ,j4 ,d4 ,irwin1 ,u4 ,s4 army1 dated ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 ,april #bh1 #ahhh47 8,the seaman1 ,j4 ,b4 ,vincent1 whom ,i found with the ,tchuktchi last summer1 says that they collect in their tents a species of fungi1 and during their carnival season1 corresponding to about our ,christmas holidays1 one man is selected1 who masticates a quantity of it1 and drinks an enormous supply of water2 he then gets into his deer's team1 and is driven from camp to camp1 repeating the mastication and drinking at each camp1 where his urine is drunk by the people with an effect of intoxication4 ,the arrival of this man is hailed with much pomp and ceremony by the people4 ,the seaman1 ,vincent1 witnessed several of these ceremonies1 and was pressed to join in the orgies1 being called #8a boy1' when he declined to sustain his part40--7,personal letter from ,capt4 ,m4 ,a4 ,healey1 ,u4 ,s4 ,r4 ,m4 ,steamer 8,bear10 dated ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 ,may #ai1 #ahhh47 ,kamtchadales4--8,these people formerly had no other drink than water1 and to make themselves a little lively they used to drink an infusion of mushrooms40--78,from ,paris to ,pekin10 ,meignan1 ,london1 #ahhe1 p4 #bha47 ,d',auteroche1 who made a journey from ,st4 ,petersburgh to ,tobolsk in ,siberia1 in compliance with an invitation from the ,empress ,catherine1 in the middle of the last century1 to observe the transit of ,venus1 makes no mention of the mushroom-orgies of the natives4 ,his work was not of much value1 in an ethnological sense1 being largely restricted to descriptions of the mineral resources of the regions traversed1 and only to a slight degree attending to the ethnology of the country4 ,it is strange that ,maltebrun1 although familiar with ,steller1 does not refer to the mushroom orgy4 ,he does say of the ,kamtchadales3 8,in summer1 the women go into the woods to gather vegetables1 and during this occupation they give way to a libertine frenzy like that of the ancient ,bacchantes40--78,universal ,geography10 ,american edition1 ,boston1 ,mass41 #ahdg1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdg1 article 8,siberia407 ,stanley's 8,congo10 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 was examined carefully1 but no reference to any use of urine or ordure was found in it4 ,an identical experience was had with the 8,voyages0 of ,john ,struys1 translated out of the ,dutch1 by ,john ,morrison1 ,london1 #afhc1 and with ,nordjenskold's ,voyages1 translated by ,horgaard1 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,as the two latter travellers had entered ,siberia1 it seemed probable that they might have come upon traces of the ,ur-orgies of some of the wild tribes like the ,koraks1 ,tchuktchi1 and others4 ,salverte's opinion that this use of the mushroom may be included in the category of ,sacred ,intoxicants1 is shown to be accurate by a comparison with the statement made by the shipwrecked sailor1 ,vincent1 who undoubtedly may be accepted as the most competent witness who has ever presented himself4 ,according to him1 there was a man 8selected10 who 8prepared himself by fasting20 the 8feast0 took place 8during their carnival season10 8corresponding to about our ,christmas holidays0 7i4 e41 the winter solstice71 and there was much attendant 8pomp and ceremony40 ,add to this the statement made by ,grieve1 8they maintain that whatever foolish things they did1 they only obeyed the commands of the mushroom10 and we have the needed ,personification to prove that the fungus was reverenced as a deity1 much as on another page will be shown that certain ,african tribes apotheosized a member of the same vegetable family4 ,if not for ,sacred ,intoxication1 then the question may be asked1 ,for what reason did the ,siberians and others use the poisonous fungus8 ,the only answer possible is1 that1 in the absence of the cereals and under the pressure of a desire for stimulants1 the aborigines resorted to all kinds of vegetable substances1 as can be shown to have been the case from the history of many nations4 ,mythology is replete with examples of the occult virtues of plants1 such as the mandrake and many others4 ,certainly1 the religious veneration with which they were regarded was not more fully deserved than by this wonderful toxic1--the ,amanita muscaria4 ,the thirst for stimulants has been very generally diffused all over the world2 there is no reason to believe that any tribe has existed without an occasional use of something of the kind4 ,according to the ,chinese1 an alcoholic liquor called 8,tsew0 was invented by ,etoih1 in the reign of ,to-ke1 #baig before the ,christian era4 ,see 8,chinese ,repository10 ,canton1 #ahda1 vol4 x4 p4 #abf4 ,mr4 ,john ,mc,elhone1 the stenographer of the ,house of ,representatives and a scholar of no mean attainments1 stated to the author that he remembered having read in an old volume1 the name of which he could not recall1 of a feast given some centuries ago at the coronation of one of the kings of ,hungary1 at which the nobles were regaled with the rarest wines1 but the plebeians were content to drink the resulting urine4 ,there may be in ,hungary1 whether we regard it as peopled by the ,hun-oi1 or1 later1 by the ,turkish element1 an infusion of the same race-traits as are to be found at this day in ,kamtchatka and other portions of ,siberia4 ,salverte speaks of the intoxicating effects of the 8muk-a-moor10 but enters into no particulars4 7,see 8,philosophy of ,magic10 ,eusebe ,salverte1 ,new ,york1 #ahhb1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ai47 ,the people of ,kamtchatka make intoxicants out of certain herbs4 7,steller1 8,kamtchatka10 translated by ,mr4 ,bunnemeyer47 ,and we are further told that1 while the people are gathering these herbs1 much prostitution prevails1 and everywhere there are willing girls in the grass4 8,the settled ,koraks0 of ,kamtchatka1 8eat the intoxicating ,siberian toadstool in inordinate quantities2 and this habit alone will in time debase and brutalize any body of men to the last degree40--78,tent ,life in ,siberia10 ,george ,kennan1 twelfth edition1 ,new ,york1 #ahhg1 p4 #bcc47 ,no allusion to the use of mushrooms as an intoxicant can be found in ,sauer1 8,expedition to the ,north ,parts of ,russia10 ,london1 #ahfb4 ,henry ,seebohm 78,siberia in ,asia10 ,london1 #ahhb7 makes no mention of the urine-orgies of the inhabitants4 ,,the ,,mushroom ,,drink ,,of ,,the ,,borgie ,,well4 ,the following paragraph deserves more than a passing mention3-- 8,the ,borgie well1 at ,cambuslang1 near ,glasgow1 is credited with making mad those who drink from it2 according to the local rhyme1 #8,a drink of the ,borgie1 a bite of the weed1 ,sets a' the ,cam'slang folk wrang in the head4' ,the weed is the weedy fungi40--78,folk-,medicine10 ,black1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #ajd47 ,camden says that the ,irish 8delight in herbs1 444 especially cresses1 mushrooms1 and roots40--78,britannia10 edition of ,london1 #agec1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adbb47 ,other references to the ,siberian fungus are inserted to afford students the fullest possible opportunity to understand all that was available to the author himself on this point4 8,agaricus muscarius is one of the most injurious1 yet it is used as a means of intoxication by the ,kamtchadales4 ,one or two of them are sufficient to produce a slight intoxication1 which is peculiar in its character4 ,it stimulates the muscular powers and greatly excites the nervous system1 leading the partakers into the most ridiculous extravagances40--7,american ,cyclopdia1 ,new ,york1 #ahha1 article 8,fungi407 ,agaricus muscarius4 8,this is the #8mouche-more' of the ,russians1 ,kamtchadales1 and ,koriars1 who use it for intoxication4 ,they sometimes eat it dry1 and sometimes immerse it in a liquor made with the epilobium1 and when they drink this liquor they are seized with convulsions in all their limbs1 followed by that kind of raving which attends a burning fever4 ,they personify this mushroom1 and if they are urged by its effects to suicide or any dreadful crime1 they pretend to obey its commands4 ,to fit themselves for premeditated assassination they recur to the use of the #8mouche-more4' ,a powder of the root1 or of that part of the stem which is covered by the earth1 is recommended in epileptic cases1 and externally applied for dissipating hard1 globular swellings and for healing ulcers40--7,cyclopdia1 ,philadelphia1 no date1 ,samuel ,bradford1 vol4 i4 article 8,agaric407 8,one of the most poisonous species of the genus is the #8fly agaric1' so named because the fungus is often steeped and the solution used for the destruction of the house-fly4444 ,it is as attractive and as poisonous as it is beautiful4 ,in ,kamtchatka1 it is highly prized for its poisonous properties1 producing1 as it does1 in the eater a peculiar intoxication4 ,the fungus is gathered and dried2 and when a native wishes to engage in a debauch1 he has but to swallow a piece1 when in a few hours he will be in his glory40--7,johnson's ,new ,universal ,cyclopdia1 ,new ,york1 #ahgh1 article 8,mushroom407 ,poisonous fungi4 8,several of this natural order are poisonous1 especially those belonging to the genera ,amanita and ,agaricus4444 ,the sufferers are often relieved by vomiting40--7,encyclopdia ,britannica1 edition of #ahda1 article 8,medical ,jurisprudence10 vol4 xiv4 pp4 #ejf1 #ejg47 ,speaking of the poisonous fungi1 the same authority says3 8,the effects are singularly various1 444 among them being giddiness1 confusion1 delirium1 stupor1 coma1 and convulsions40--7,idem1 vol4 xviii4 p4 #agh1 article 8,poison407 8,the boletus mentioned by ,juvenal on account of the death of the ,emperor ,claudius40--7,cyclopdia1 ,philadelphia1 no date1 vol4 xxv4 article 8,mushroom407 ,there are several allusions to the custom of poisoning with mushrooms to be found in ,juvenal1--for example1 in the first and fifth satires4 ,tacitus says that when ,claudius was poisoned the poison 8was poured into a dish of mushrooms40--78,annals10 ,oxford translation1 ,bohn1 ,london1 #ahga1 lib4 #ab47 ,after the ,emperor ,claudius had been poisoned by mushrooms given by his wife ,messalina1 the ,emperor ,nero1 his successor1 was wont to call the boletus 8the food of the gods40 7,see footnote to ,rev4 ,lewis ,evans's translation of the sixth satire of ,juvenal1 p4 #fd1 edition of ,new ,york1 #ahfj1 citing ,suetonius's 8,nero10 ,tacitus's 8,annals10 and ,martial's 8,epigrams10 ,i4 epistle ,,xxi47 ,plutarch says that it was a common opinion that 8thunder engenders mushrooms40--78,morals10 ,goodwin's ,english edition1 ,boston1 #ahgj1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bih47 ,gilder1 who crossed over ,siberia from ,behring's ,straits to ,st4 ,petersburgh1 stopping en route with many of the wild tribes1 makes no allusion to the use of the 8muck-a-moor0 or to any ,ur-orgy4 7,see 8,ice-pack and ,tundra10 ,new ,york1 #ahhc47 8,the ,agaricus muscarius is used by the natives of ,kamtchatka and ,korea to produce intoxication40--7,ure's 8,dictionary of ,arts1 ,manufactures1 and ,mines10 ,london1 #ahgh1 vol4 ii4 article 8,fungi407 8,their reputation as aphrodisiacs is thought to be unfounded1 having its origin in the old doctrine of resemblances40 7,american ,cyclopdia1 ,new ,york1 #ahha1 article 8,fungi407 ,probably from the appearance of the 8phallus0 fungus4 ,there seems to have been some superstition attaching to the elder dating from very remote times4 ,it is said in ,gerrard's 8,herbal10 ,johnson's edition1 page #adbh1 8that the arbor ,jud is thought to be that whereon ,judas hanged himself1 and not upon the elder-tree1 as is vulgarly said40 ,i am clear that the mushrooms or excrescences of the elder-tree1 called auricul ,jud in ,latin1 and commonly rendered 8,jew's-ears10 ought to be translated 8,judas's-ears10 from the popular superstition above mentioned4 ,coles1 in his 8,adam in ,eden10 speaking of 8,jew's-ears10 says3 8,it is called in ,latin ,fungus ,sambucinum and ,auricul ,jud1 some having supposed the elder-tree to be that whereon ,judas hanged himself1 and that ever since these mushrooms like unto ears have grown thereon1 which ,i will not persuade you to believe40 ,in 8,paradoxical ,assertions10 is a silly question1--8why ,jews are said to stink naturally4 ,is it because the #8,jew's ears' grow on stinking elder1 which tree the fox-headed ,judas was supposed to have hanged himself on1 so that natural stink hath been entailed on them and their posterity as it were ex traduce8 ,the elder seems to have been given in the time of ,queen ,elizabeth as a token of disgrace4 ,it was credited with the power to cure epilepsy1 to strengthen the loins of men1 especially in riding1 as it prevented all gall and chafing1 etc41 and had additionally the property of making horses stale40--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahgb1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bhc1 article 8,physical ,charms407 ,sambucus 7elder7 is mentioned by ,frommann as a remedy for epilepsy4--78,tractatus de ,fascinatione10 ,nuremberg1 #afge1 p4 #bgj47 ,have we not a right to inquire why in primitive pharmacy certain remedies were employed8 ,the principle of similia similibus is very old and deeply rooted4 ,perhaps the fungus of the elder may have once been employed in inducing intoxication and frenzy4 8,the ,ostiaks1 the ,kamtchadales1 and other inhabitants of ,asiatic ,russia1 find in one of the gild-bearing family--the ,amanita muscaria--the exhilaration and madness that more civilized nations demand and receive of alcohol1 and enjoy a narcotism from its extracts as seductive as that of opium4 ,the ,fiji ,islanders are indebted to toadstools strung on a string for girdles which alone prevent them from being classed among the #8poor and naked1' and their sole sthetic occupation lies in ornamenting their limited wardrobe4 ,the ,fiji fishermen especially value them highly because they are water-proof4 ,cerdier tells us that the negroes on the west coast of ,africa exalt a certain kind of boletus to the sacredness of a god1 and bow down in worship before it2 for this reason ,afzeltus has named this variety boletus sacer4 ,a ,french chemist has extracted wax from the milk-giving kind1 but has not stated the price of candles made from it4 ,others of the delving fraternity have shown that toadstools may be used in the manufacture of ,prussian blue instead of blood1 for1 like certain animal matter1 they furnish prussic acid4 ,as fungi1 after the manner of all animal life1 breathe oxygen and throw off carbonic acid gas1 their flesh partakes of animal rather than of vegetable nature4 8,in their decomposition they are capital fertilizers of surrounding plants1 and in seasons when they are plentiful it will repay the agriculturist to make use of them as manure4 8,according to ,linnus1 the ,lapps delighted in the perfume of some species1 and carried them upon their persons so that they might be the more attractive4 ,linnus exclaims1 #8,o ,venus6 thou that scarcely sufficest thyself in other countries with jewels1 diamonds1 precious stones1 gold1 purple1 music1 and spectacle1 art here satisfied with a simple toadstool6' 8,a variety of boletus--a tube-bearing species--is powdered1 and used as a protector of clothing against insects4 ,the ,agaricus muscarius constitutes a well-known poison to the common house-fly4 ,it intoxicates them to such a degree that they can be swept up and destroyed4 8,certain polypori--those large1 dry1 corky growths found upon logs and trees--when properly seasoned1 sliced1 and beaten1 engage large manufactories in producing from them the punk of commerce1 used by the surgeon for the arrest of hemorrhage1 the artist for his shading stump1 and the ,fourth of ,july urchin for his pyrotechnic purposes4 ,a species of polyporus is used in ,italy as scrubbing brushes4 ,in countries where fire-producing is unknown or laborious1 and the luxury of lucifers denied1 the dried fungus enables the transportation of fire from one place to another over great distances4 8,the inhabitants of ,franconia use the hammered slices instead of chamois-skin for underclothing4 8,another polyporus takes its place among manufacturers as the highly necessary razor-strop4 ,northern nations make bottle-stoppers of them1 as their corky nature suggests4 ,the polyporus of the birch-tree 7,polyporus betulinus7 increases the delight of smokers by its delicious flavor when mixed with tobacco40--7,lippincott's ,magazine1 ,philadelphia1 ,penn41 #ahhh47 ,before going further we are confronted with the statement that the ,african negroes bow down in worship before a certain kind of boletus4 ,it is much to be regretted that ,cerdier did not discover for what toxic or other property it was thus apotheosized4 ,similarly1 scholars cannot remain satisfied with the assurance that the ,fiji ,islanders use toadstools for girdles only1 or that the ,lapps carried other varieties upon their persons to enhance their personal attractions4 ,some aphrodisiac potency is more likely to have been ascribed to them in each case1 which would account for the care displayed in their preservation1 and justify the suspicion that they were kept ready to hand as provocatives to lust4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,porter is authority for the statement that in one of the ,sagas mention is made of a man bewitched by a ,lapland witch1 who gave him an infusion of poisonous mushroom1 which set him crazy4 8,lichens10 says ,de ,candolle1 8present two classes of properties1 which are developed by different agents1 and especially by maceration in urine40--7,encyclopdia ,britannica1 vol4 v4 edition of #ahda47 ,there is an example of the employment of mushrooms in medicine for the stoppage of hemorrhages of various kinds1 which can be traced back to the writings of ,hippocrates4--7,see 8,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 iii4 p4 #adc47 8,some species of mushrooms1 notably the ,agaricus volvaceus contain sugar1 which can be extracted in crystals1 and is capable of undergoing the vinous fermentation40--7,encyclopdia ,britannica1 edition of #ahda1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #dgc1 #dgd1 article 8,chemistry407 ,no instance of anything resembling the ,ur-,orgy of the ,siberians has been described among the ,australians1 but there is no knowing what further investigation may discover of the life and mode of thought of the wild tribes inhabiting that great continent1 or island1 as the reader pleases4 8,the ,australians will not eat #8the common mushroom1' although they eat almost all other kinds of fungus40--78,the ,native ,tribes of ,south ,australia10 ,adelaide1 #ahgi1 received through the kindness of the ,royal ,society1 ,sydney1 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,t4 ,b4 ,kyngdon1 ,esq41 ,secretary47 8,fungi1 however1 were used for food4 ,the native truffle1--#8,mylitta ,australis1'--a subterranean fungus1--was much sought after by the natives4 ,when cut1 it is in appearance somewhat like unbaked brown bread4 ,i have seen large pieces1 weighing several pounds1 and1 in some localities1 occasionally a fungus weighing fifty pounds is found40--78,aborigines of ,victoria10 ,a4 ,brough ,smyth1 ,london1 #ahgh1 vol4 i4 p4 #bji47 8,mushrooms1 called by the ,chinese #8stones' ears1' are gathered by some for the table1 and form a part of the vegetable diet of the priests40--7,chinese ,repository1 ,canton1 #ahce1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dfb47 ,but why the diet of priests particularly8 ,may there not be some mythical precept involved8 7,monbottoes of ,africa47 8,mushrooms are also in common use for the preparation of their sauces40--7,schweinfurth's 8,heart of ,africa10 ,london1 #ahgh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #db47 8,there is a great variety of mushrooms1 most of which are eat4 ,some1 indeed1 are poisonous1 and unlucky accidents happen frequently40--7,kemper1 8,history of ,japan10 in 8,pinkerton's ,voyages10 ,london1 #ahad1 vol4 vii4 p4 #fih47 ,a4 ,brough ,smyth1 8,aborigines of ,australia10 p4 #acb1 speaks of the use by the ,australians of 8a dry1 white species of fungus1 to kindle fire with rapidly40 ,agaric4 8,it groweth in ,fraunce1 principally upon trees that bear mast1 in manner of a white mushroom2 of a sweet savour2 very effectual in ,physicke and used in many ,antidotes and sovereigne confections4 ,it groweth upon the head and top of trees1 it shineth in the night1 and by the light that it giveth in the dark men know when and how to gather it40--7,pliny1 lib4 xvi4 cap4 #h1 ,holland's translation47 8,on mange gnralement en ,russie toutes les espces de champignons20 but the 8champignon de mouche10 and two other kinds1 are excepted4--7,see 8,voyages10--,pallas1 ,paris1 #agic1 vol4 i4 p4 #fe47 8,the ,ostiaks of ,siberia make a #8moxa' of 'un morceau d'agaric du bouleau4'0--7,idem1 vol4 iv4 p4 #fh47 ,bogle enumerates mushrooms among the articles of diet of the ,lamas4--7,see ,markham's 8,thibet10 ,london1 #ahgi1 p4 #aje47 8,mushrooms and fungi of all kinds are eaten by the ,bongo of the ,upper ,nile region40--7,see 8,heart of ,africa10 ,schweinfurth1 ,london1 #ahgh1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aag-abb47 8,the ,niam-,niams of ,central ,africa use fungi for foods40--7,idem1 p4 #bha47 ,in a synopsis of the lecture delivered by the explorer ,stanley before the ,royal ,geographical ,society in ,london1 he is represented as referring to the skill of the ,niam-,niam in woodcraft1 and the ability with which they detected the edible fungi from the poisonous4--7,see 8,tribune10 ,chicago1 ,ill41 ,june #bh1 #ahij47 ,agaric4 ,avicenna believed that the white1 or 8feminine10 was good1 the black1 or 8masculine10 noxious2 it was prescribed for epilepsy1 fevers1 sciatica1 asthma1 pulmonary troubles1 etc4 7,avicenna1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgh1 improperly numbered in the book as p4 #bhg1 a #aj1 et seq47 ,it also entered into a number of panaceas1 such as 8,theriaca10 8,theodoricon ,magnum10 8,mithradatum10 and others4 ,it was a provocative of the menses1 according to ,avicenna1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhg1 a #ed4 ,thurnberg mentions a plant--8,bupleorum giganteum0--found in ,cape ,colony1 of which clothing was made1 and which was also used for tinder4--7,see ,pinkerton's ,voyages1 ,london1 #ahad1 vol4 xvi4 pp4 #ba1 #bb1 quoting ,thurnberg's 8,account of the ,cape of ,good ,hope407 8,toadstool1 or rotten fish and willow bark1 which are delicacies among the ,kamtchadals10--78,russian ,discoveries between ,asia and ,america10 ,william ,coxe1 ,london1 #ahjc1 p4 #fj1 quoting ,steller's account of the ,behring ,voyage47 ,there are some varieties of agaric1 notably that of the olive-tree1 which at times emit by night a phosphorescent light4 ,this peculiarity may well have caused them to be regarded with reverential awe by the ancients4 ,on the subject of this effulgence1 see 8,philosophy of ,magic10 ,eusbe ,salverte1 ,new ,york1 #ahfb1 vol4 i4 p4 #fc4 ,pope ,clement ,,vii4 died of eating too many mushrooms4 ,see ,schurig's 8,chylologia10 ,dresden1 #agbe1 vol4 i4 p4 #fj4 7,tierra del ,fuego47 8,there is one vegetable production in this country which is worthy of mention1 as it affords a staple article of food to the natives4 ,it is a globular fungus1 of a bright yellow color1 and of about the size of a small apple1 which adheres in vast numbers to the bark of the beech-trees4444 ,it is eaten by the ,fuegians in large quantities1 uncooked1 and when well chewed has a mucilaginous and slightly sweet taste1 together with a faint odor like that of a mushroom4 ,excepting a few berries of a dwarf arbutus1 which need hardly be taken into account1 these poor savages never eat any other vegetable food besides this fungus40--7,darwin1 in 8,voyage of ,adventure and ,beagle10 ,london1 #ahci1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bih1 #bii47 8,these ,fuegians appeared to think the excrescences which grow on the birch-trees1 like the gall-nuts on an oak1 an estimable dainty40--7,idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #ddj2 again1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahe47 ,agaric1 or toadstool1 employed in medicine 8to provoke to vomit0 7see 8,most ,excellent and ,approved ,medicines10 ,london1 #afed1 pp4 #c and #aj72 also given 8for provoking the courses0 7idem1 p4 #bc72 also 8to loosen the body0 7idem1 p4 #cf74 ,to insure conception1 the belief was that both man and woman should take a potion of hare's rennet in wine1--8then quickly she will be pregnant1 and for meat she shall for some while eat mushrooms40--78,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 i4 p4 #cdg47 ,the ,bannocks and ,shoshonees of the ,rocky ,mountains eat mushrooms1--8the kind that grows on a cottonwood stump2 they know that some kinds are bad40--7,interview with the ,bannocks and ,shoshonees1 through the interpreters1 ,joe and ,charlie ,rainey1 at ,fort ,hall1 ,idaho1 #ahha47 ,the ,indians above mentioned had no knowledge of any dance in connection with the mushroom or fungus4 ,,xii4 ,,the ,,mushroom ,,in ,,connection ,,with ,,the ,,fairies4 ,in the opinion of the folk of ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 possibly of the ,continent as well1 the mushroom was intimately connected with the dwellers in the realm of sprites and fairies1 as can be shown in a moment1 and by simple reference4 ,the lore of the peasantry of those countries is replete with the uncanniness of the 8,fairy ,circles10 which modern investigation has shown to be due to a species of fungus4 8,various theories were current among the peasantry to account for their existence4 ,some of them ascribed them to lightning2 others to moles or other animals2 and others again to the growth of a species of fungus4 ,this is the more educated class4 ,but the lower orders implicitly believed that they were the work of the fairies1 and used by them for their nocturnal dancing4 ,woe to the poor mortal who ventured near at such moments4 ,he was seized1 forced to dance1 soon lost all consciousness1 and was truly in luck if he ever again succeeded in rejoining his mortal relatives40 ,a very exhaustive account of these ,circles1 and the superstitions in reference to them1 is to be found in the third volume of ,brand's ,popular ,antiquities1 ,london1 #ahed1 article 8,fairy ,mythology10 p4 #dgf et seq4 8,the most clear and satisfactory remarks on the origin of fairy rings are probably those of ,dr4 ,wollaston1 ,sec4 ,r4 ,s41 printed in the second part of the 8,philosophical ,transactions0 for #ahjg4444 ,the cause of their appearance he ascribes to the growth of certain species of agaric1 which so entirely absorbs all nutriment from the soil beneath that the herbage is for a while destroyed40--7,idem1 p4 #dhc47 8,in ,northumberland1 the common people call a certain fungous excrescence1 sometimes found about the roots of old trees1 ,fairy ,butter4 ,after great rains1 and in a certain degree of putrefaction1 it is reduced to a consistency which1 together with its color1 makes it not unlike butter1 and hence the name40--7,idem1 p4 #dic47 ,lady ,wilde's work1 already quoted1 makes no reference to the employment of either mushrooms or mistletoe by the ,irish peasantry4 ,the mixing1 in the popular imagination1 of ,fairies and ,druids1 of ,fairy ,circles and the ,druid ,circles1 is noticed on p4 #eje1 ,brand1 art4 8,fairy ,mythology40 ,perhaps in all this there may be a vague reminiscence of a former use of the agaric in potions not very dissimilar to those still to be found among the ,koraks and ,tchuktchi4 ,we read that this ,witches' ,butter was associated with sorcery4 ,it was believed in ,sweden to have been 8spewed up0 by the cat which went with the witch4--7,see ,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahgb1 vol4 iii4 p4 #g1 article 8,sorcery407 8,no subject could be more interesting than an inquiry into the origin of the superstitions of uncivilized tribes40 78,philosophy of ,magic10 ,salverte1 vol4 i4 p4 #ach47 ,salverte remarks that the ,fairies 8were supposed to be diminutive1 aerial beings1 beautiful1 lively1 and beneficent in their intercourse with mortals1 inhabiting a region called ,fairy ,land1--,alf-,heiner1--commonly appearing on earth at intervals1 when they left traces of their visits in beautiful green rings1 where the dewy sward had been trodden in their moon-light dances4444 ,the investigations of science have traced these rings to a species of fungus1--,agaricus oreades1--but imagination still leads us willingly back to the traditional appearance of these diminutive beings in the train of their queen2 444 and we also behold her tiny followers dancing away the midnight hours to the sound of the most enchanting music40--7,idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #ach1 footnote47 ,there is the following memorandum in ,hazlitt's 8,fairy ,tales0 7,london1 #ahge1 p4 #ce73 8,mem41 that pigeon's-dung and nitre steeped in water will make the fayry circles2 it draws to it the nitre of the air1 and it will never weare out40 8,the mushroom has always been associated with fairy-lore4 ,it is mentioned as the fairy dining-table 7p4 #ejb72 while in the list of foods partaken of by ,oberon1 we read3-- 8 444 with a wine1 ,ne'er ravished with a clustered vine1 ,but gently strained from the side ,of a sweet and dainty bride2 ,brought in a daizy chalice1 which ,he fully quaffed up to bewitch ,his blood to height40 ,while ,robin ,goodfellow is represented as singing1-- 8,when lads and lasses merry be1 ,with possets and with juncates fine1 ,unseene of all the company1 ,i eat their cakes and sip their wine2 ,and to make sport1 ,i fart and snort1 ,and out the candles ,i do blow40 --7,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 ,london1 #ahgb1 pp4 #dgf et seq41 articles 8,fairy ,mythology10 and 8,robin ,goodfellow407 ,herrick describes the food of fairies3-- 8 444 with a wine ,ne'er ravished from the flattering vine1 ,but gentle prest from the soft side ,of the most sweet and dainty bride40 --7,herrick1 8,hesperides20 also quoted in ,hazlitt's 8,fairy ,tales10 ,london1 #ahge1 p4 #cjj47 ,the 8wine0 just described would seem to belong1 in all fairness1 to the classification of ,ur-,orgies4 ,a careful search of ,shakspeare shows that while perhaps he knew little directly to our purpose1 he still had a knowledge that we may utilize2 for example1 he speaks of the 8midnight mushroom10 showing that it was an element of midnight revels of the fairies2 he alludes to customs which certainly suggest that slaves and criminals were in early days buried beneath dung-heaps as a punishment2 and he can be adduced to prove that the epithet 8dunghill0 applied to a man1 was a most deadly insult2 but let the bard speak for himself1-- 8,prospero4 ,ye elves of hills1 brooks1 standing lakes and groves2 ,and ye that on the sands with printless feet1 ,do chase the ebbing ,neptune and do fly him1 ,when he comes back2 you demi-puppets that ,by moonshine do the green1 sour ringlets make1 ,whereof the ewe bites not2 and you whose pastime ,is to make midnight mushrooms40--7,tempest1 act v4 scene #a47 8,ajax4 ,thou stool for a witch40--7,troilus and ,cressida1 act ii4 scene #a47 ,the concordance consulted was that of the ,clarkes4 ,the association of 8toadstools0 with witchcraft may have been due to the belief that toads were the constant companions and servants of the witches and fairies4 ,gesner says that witches made use of toads as a charm1 8ut vim coeundi1 ni fallor1 in viris tollerunt40--7,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant4 ,london1 #ahgb1 vol4 ii4 page #agj1 art4 8,divination at ,weddings407 8,un crapaud noir de venin0 was to be employed by those seeking favor of the witches of 8,les ,bourbonnais10 8,la ,fascination40--7,j4 ,tuchmann1 in 8,mlusine10 ,paris1 ,july1 ,august1 #ahij47 ,may dew was considered a most beneficial application for the skin1 but young maidens while gathering it were careful not 8to put foot within the rings1 lest they should be liable to the fairies' power40--78,illustrations of ,shakspeare10 ,francis ,douce1 ,london1 #ahjg1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahj47 ,it would seem that the ,saxons in ,england1 at the time of the ,norman ,conquest1 were fully aware of the deadly effects producible by the mushroom3 8,the old woman came back to her1 ere she went to bed4 #8,i have found it all out and more4 ,i know where to get scarlet toadstools and ,i put the juice in his men's ale4 ,they are laughing and roaring now1 merry-mad every one of them4'0 ,the effects of the potion are thus described3 8,his men were grouped outside of the gate1 chattering like monkeys2 the porter and the monks from the inside entreating them1 vainly1 to come in and go to bed quietly4 8,but they would not4 ,they vowed and swore that a great gulf had opened all down the road1 and that one step more would tumble them in headlong4444 ,in vain ,hereward stormed2 assured them that the supposed abyss was nothing but the gutter2 proved the fact by kicking ,martin over it4 ,the men determined to believe their own eyes1 and after a while fell asleep in heaps in the roadside1 and lay there till morning1 when they woke1 declaring1 as did the monks1 that they had been bewitched4 ,they knew not--and happily1 the lower orders1 both in ,england and on the ,continent1 do not yet know--the potent virtues of that strange fungus with which ,lapps and ,samoieds have1 it is said1 practised wonders for centuries past40--78,hereward1 the last of the ,english10 ,charles ,kingsley1 ,new ,york1 #ahff1 p4 #aaa47 ,see also under 8,ordeals and ,punishments10 and 8,insults40 ,,xiii4 ,a ,,use ,,of ,,poisonous ,,fungi ,,quite ,,probably ,,existed ,,among ,,the ,,mexicans4 ,that some such use of poisonous fungi as has been shown exists among the tribes of ,siberia was made by other nations1 would be difficult to prove in the absence of direct testimony1 but many incidental references are encountered which the reflective mind must consider with care before rejecting them as absolutely irrelevant in this connection4 ,the ,mexicans1 as we learn from ,sahagun1 were not ignorant of the mushroom1 which is described as the basis of one of their festivals4 ,he says that they ate the nanacatl1 a poisonous fungus which intoxicated as much as wine2 after eating it1 they assembled in a plain1 where they danced and sang by night and by day to their fullest desire4 ,this was on the first day1 because on the following day they all wept bitterly1 and they said that they were cleaning themselves and washing their eyes and faces with their tears4#ag ,it is true that ,sahagun does not describe any specially revolting feature in this orgy1 but it is equally patent that he is describing from hearsay1 and1 probably1 he was not allowed to know too much4 ,in a second reference to this fungus1 which he now calls teo-nanacatl1 he alludes to the toxic properties1 which coincide closely with those of the mushrooms noted in ,siberia and on the northwest coast of ,america4 8,there are some mushrooms in this country which are called teo-nanacatl4 ,they grow under the grass in the fields and plains2 444 they are hurtful to the throat and intoxicate2 444 those who eat them see visions and feel flutterings in the heart2 those who eat many of them are excited to lust1 and even so if they eat but few40#ah ,the proof is not at all conclusive that this intoxication was produced as among the ,siberian and ,cape ,flattery tribes2 but it is very odd that the ,aztecs should eat mushrooms for the same purpose2 that they should hold their dance out in a plain and by night 7that is1 in a place as remote as possible from ,father ,sahagun's inspection74 ,on the second day1 to trust ,sahagun's explanation1 they would appear to have bewailed their behavior on the first2 although it should be remarked here that ceremonial weeping has not been unknown to the ,american aborigines1 and may1 in this case1 have been induced by causes not revealed to the stranger4 ,lastly1 it is important to note that this poisonous fungus was a violent excitant1 a nervous irritant1 and an aphrodisiac4 ,another early ,spanish observer1 also cited by ,kingsborough1 describes them in these terms3-- 8,they had another kind of drunkenness1 444 which was with small fungi or mushrooms1 444 which are eaten raw1 and1 on account of being bitter1 they drink after them or eat with them a little honey of bees1 and shortly after that they see a thousand visions1 especially snakes4 8,they went raving mad1 running about the streets in a wild state 7#8bestial embriaguez'74 ,they called these fungi #8teo-na-m-catl1' a word meaning #8bread of the gods4'0 ,this author does not allude to any effect upon the kidneys4#ai ,this account can be compared1 word for word1 with those previously quoted from the ,moqui ,indian and from the descriptions of the ,ur-,orgies of the ,siberians4 ,the list of quotations is not yet complete4 ,tezozomoc1 also an author of repute1 relates that at the coronation of ,montezuma the ,mexicans gave wild mushrooms to the strangers to eat2 that the strangers became drunk1 and thereupon began to dance4#bj ,all of which is a terse description of a drunken orgy induced by poisonous mushrooms1 but not represented with the disgusting sequences which would have served to establish a connection with urine dances4 ,diego ,duran also gives the particulars of the coronation of this ,montezuma 7the second of the name and the one on the throne at the date of the arrival of ,corts74 ,he says that1 after the usual human sacrifices had been offered up in the temples1 all went to eat raw mushrooms1 which caused them to lose their senses and affected them more than if they had drunk much wine4 ,so utterly beside themselves were they that many of them killed themselves with their own hands1 and by the potency of those mushrooms they saw visions and had revelations of the future1 the devil speaking to them in their drunkenness4#ba ,duran1 of course1 is not describing what he saw4 ,doubtless1 in that case1 his narrative would have been more animated and1 possibly1 more to our purpose4 ,,mushrooms ,,and ,,toadstools ,,worshipped ,,by ,,american ,,indians4 ,dorman is authority for the statement that mushrooms were worshipped by the ,indians of the ,antilles1 and toadstools by those in ,virginia1#bb but for what toxic or therapeutic qualities1 real or supposed1 he does not say4 ,the toxic properties of fungi would seem to have been known to the ,algonkins3-- 8,paused to rest beneath a pine tree1 ,from whose branches trail the mosses1 ,and whose trunk was coated over ,with the ,dead ,man's ,moccasin ,leather1 ,with the fungus white and yellow40 8,hiawatha10 ,henry ,w4 ,longfellow1 canto ix4 ,a ,,former ,,use ,,of ,,fungus ,,indicated ,,in ,,the ,,myths ,,of ,,ceylon1 ,,and ,,in ,,the ,,laws ,,of ,,the ,,brahmins4 ,on the west shore of the ,pacific ,ocean1 aside from the orgies of the ,siberian ,shamans1 no instance is on record of the use of the mushroom1 or other fungus in religious rites in the present day4 ,a former use of it is indicated in the ,cingalese myths1 which teach that 8,chance produced a species of mushroom called mattika#bc or jessathon1 on which they lived for sixty-five thousand years2 but being determined to make an equal division of this1 also1 they lost it4 ,luckily for them1 another creeping plant mistletoe8 called badrilata grew up1 on which they 7the ,brahmins7 fed for thirty-five thousand years1 but which they lost for the same reason as the former ones40--78,asiatic ,researches10 ,calcutta1 #ahjg1 vol4 vii4 p4 #dda47 ,among the ,brahmins of the main land no such myth is related2 but an ,english writer says3 8,the ancient ,hindus held the fungus in such detestation that ,yama1 a legislator1 supposed now to be the judge of departed spirits1 declares3 #8,those who eat mushrooms1 whether springing from the ground or growing on a tree1 fully equal in guilt to the slayers of ,brahmins and the most despicable of all deadly sinners4'0--78,asiatic ,researches10 ,calcutta1 #agie1 vol4 iv4 p4 #caa47 ,dubois refers to the same subject4 8,the ,brahmins10 he says1 8have also retrenched from their vegetable food1 which is the great fund of their subsistence1 all roots which form a head or bulb in the ground1 such as onions1#bd and those also which assume the same shape above ground1 like mushrooms and some others4444 ,are we to suppose that they had discovered something unwholesome in the one species and proscribed the other on account of its fetid smell8 ,this ,i cannot decide2 all the information ,i have ever obtained from those among those whom ,i have consulted on the reasons of their abstinence from them being that it is customary to avoid such articles40--7,abb ,dubois1 8,people of ,india10 ,london1 #ahag1 p4 #aag47 ,this inhibition1 under such dire penalties1 can have but one meaning4 ,in primitive times the people of ,india must have been so addicted to the debauchery induced by potions into the composition of which entered poisonous fungi and mistletoe 7the mushroom 8growing on a tree071 and the effects of such debauchery must have been found so debasing and pernicious1 that the priest-rulers were compelled to employ the same maledictions which ,moses proved of efficacy in withdrawing the children of ,israel from the worship of idols4#be ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,onion ,,adored ,,by ,,the ,,egyptians4 ,there are examples of the ideas surrounding onions1 leeks1 garlic1 and bulbous vegetables of different kinds1 in many countries4 8,the ,egyptians likened the whole firmament to an onion with its varied shells and radiations2 and this1 together with the aphrodisiacal and fertilizing properties which this vegetable is almost universally held to possess1 rendered it sacred40--78,rivers of ,life10 ,forlong1 ,london1 #ahhc1 vol4 i4 p4 #dgd47 8,the species of onion which the ,egyptians abhorred was the squill or red squill1 because consecrated to ,typhon2 the other kinds they ate indiscriminately40--7,fosbroke1 8,cyclopdia of ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahdc1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aji1 article 8,onion407 8,at ,babylon1 beside ,memphis1 they made an onion their god40--7,reginald ,scot1 8,discovery of ,witchcraft10 ,london1 #afea1 p4 #cgf47 8,beans the ,egyptians do not sow at all in their country2 neither do they eat those that happen to grow there1 nor taste them when dressed4 ,the priests indeed abhor the sight of that pulse1 accounting it impure40--7,herodotus1 8,euterpe10 p4 #cf47 ,among the ,romans1 8the ,flamen ,dialis might not ride1 or even touch1 beans or ivy40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,james ,g4 ,frazer1 ,m4,a41 ,london1 #ahij1 vol4 i4 p4 #aag47 ,pliny mentions the medicinal use of certain bulbs1 difficult of identification in our day4 8,the bulb of ,mgara acts as a strong aphrodisiac20 others 8aid delivery20 others were used 8for the cure of the sting of serpents40 ,the ancients used to give bulb-seeds 8to persons afflicted with madness1 in drink40--7,pliny1 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 #bj1 cap4 #dj47 ,martial has the following3 8,,xxxiv4 ,bulbs4 ,if your wife is old and your members languid1 bulbs can do no more for you than fill your belly0 7edition of ,london1 #ahga74 ,a footnote to the above says3 8,to what particular bulb provocative effects were attributed is unknown40 ,acosta says of the ,peruvians that before any of their great ceremonies1 8to prepare themselves1 all the people fasted two days1 during which they did neyther company with their wives nor eate any meate with salt or garlicke1 nor drink any chica40--7,acosta1 8,historie of the ,indies10 edition of ,london1 #afjd1 quoted by ,lang1 8,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion10 ,london1 #ahhg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhc47 ,according to ,avicenna1 garlic was a provocative of the menses 7vol4 i4 p4 #bgf a #eb74 ,when a priest of the state religion of ,china is about to offer a sacrifice he must abstain from cohabitation with his wives and 8from eating onions1 leeks1 or garlic40--78,chinese ,repository10 ,canton1 #ahce1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eb47 ,juvenal says of the ,egyptians3 8,it is an impious act to break with the teeth a leek or an onion40--7,satire ,,xv41 ,rev4 ,lewis ,evans's translation47 ,by the ,irish peasantry 8garlic is planted in the thatch0 to drive away fairies and witches4--78,medical ,mythology of ,ireland10 ,james ,mooney1 ,american ,philosophical ,society1 #ahhg47 ,the ,danes placed garlic in the cradle of the new-born child to avert the maleficence of witches4--7,see ,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 ii4 p4 #gc1 article 8,groaning ,cakes and ,cheese407 ,in rustic ,england many good folk still believe that the house upon which grows the leek will never be struck by lightning4--7,see ,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #cag1 article 8,rural ,charms407 ,speaking of the ,russian dissenters1 known as the ,raskol1 ,heard says3 8,they carried their resistance into all the details of daily life2 as matters of conscience1 they eschewed the use of tobacco1 for #8the things which come out of him1 those are they that defile the man' 7,mark vii4 #ae72 of the potato1 as being the fruit with which the serpent tempted ,eve40--78,the ,russian ,church and ,russian ,dissent10 ,albert ,f4 ,heard1 ,new ,york and ,london1 #ahhg1 p4 #aid47 ,the quotation from the ,new ,testament seems applicable to the subject of urine dances1 and the interdiction of the use of the potato may mean more than appears on the surface4 ,possibly1 the intention in ,russia was to wean the sectaries away from the use of bulbs or fungi not to the liking of the more thoughtful leaders of the new movement4 8,from the earliest times garlic has been an article of diet40--7,encyclopdia ,britannica1 mentioning ,israelites1 ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 and ,romans47 ,in the time of ,shakspeare1 8to smell of garlic was accounted a sign of vulgarity40--7,idem1 referring to 8,coriolanus10 iv4 #f1 and 8,measure for ,measure10 iii4 #b47 8,garlic was placed by the ancient ,greeks on the piles of stones at cross-roads as a supper for ,hecate40--7,idem47 8,according to ,pliny1 garlic and onions were invoked as deities by the ,egyptians at the taking of oaths4 ,the inhabitants of ,pelusium1 in ,lower ,egypt1 who worshipped the onion1 are said to have held both it and garlic in aversion as food40--7,encyc4 ,brit41 article 8,garlic407 ,garlic is 8fastened to the caps of children1 suspended from the sterns of vessels and from new houses1 in the ,levant1 as1 centuries ago1 it was hung over the door in the more civilized parts of ,europe40--78,superstitions of ,scotland10 ,john ,graham ,dalyell1 ,edinburgh1 #ahcd1 p4 #bai47 8,the onion was among the earliest cultivated vegetables1 and in ,egypt was a sort of divinity40--7,american ,encyclopdia1 ,new ,york1 #ahha1 article 8,onion407 8,a phallic importance seems to have attached to the onion4 ,burton1 in his #8,anatomy of ,melancholy1' edition of #affj1 p4 #ech1 speaks of #8cromnysmantia1'--a kind of divination with onions laid on the altar at ,christmas ,eve1 practised by girls to know when they shall be married and how many husbands they shall have4 ,this appears also to have been a ,german custom40--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 pp4 #cef1 #ceg47 ,sir ,thomas ,more wrote the following 7the original is in ,latin2 the translation is by ,harington73-- 8,if leeks you leek1 but do their smell disleek1 ,eat onions1 and you shall not smell the leek2 ,if you of onions would the scent expel1 ,eat garlic1 that shall drown the onion's smell2 ,but against garlic's savour1 at one word1 ,i know but one receipt4 ,what's that8 ,go look40 ,the last line is left untranslated2 in the original it reads1-- 8,aut nihil1 aut tantum1 tollere merda potest40 7,harington1 8,ajax10 quoting ,sir ,thomas ,more47 ,,xv4 ,,sacred ,,intoxication ,,and ,,phallism4 ,two fundamental principles underlie the structure of primordial religion1--,intoxication and ,phallism4 ,all perversion of the cerebral functions1 whether temporary estrangement or permanent alienation1 is classified as ,obsession2 and the pranks and gibberish of the maniac or the idiot are solemnly treasured as outbursts of inspiration4 ,where such temporary exaltation can be produced by an herb1 bulb1 liquid1 or food1 the knowledge of such excitant is kept as long as possible from the laity2 and even after the general diffusion of a more enlightened intelligence has broadened the mental horizon of the devotee1 these narcotics and irritants are 8sacred10 and the frenzies they induce are 8sacred0 also4 ,if the drug in question1 whatever it be1 possess the additional recommendation of acting upon the genito-urinary organs1 and by arousing the sexual energies appeals to the phallic element in the religious nature1 the apotheosis of the drug follows as a matter of course1 no matter under what expression or symbolism it may be veiled2 and as human nature feels the necessity of restraint upon the passions as well as a stimulus thereof1 it follows that there are to be noted many cases in which a veneration is paid to plants and drugs which have just the opposite effect1--that is to say that where an aphrodisiac is held among the sacred essences or agents its counter or antagonist is held in almost equal esteem4 ,mushroom1 mistletoe1 rue1 ivy1 mandrake1 hemp1 opium1 the stramonium of the medicine-man of the ,hualpai ,indians of ,arizona1--all may well be examined in the light of this proposition4 ,frazer says3 8,according to primitive notions1 all abnormal states--such as intoxication or madness--are caused by the entrance of a spirit into the person2 such mental states1 in other words1 are regarded as forms of possession or inspiration40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 vol4 i4 p4 #ahd47 8,women who were addicted to ,bacchanalian sports presently ran to the ivy and plucked it off1 tearing it to pieces with their hands and gnawing it with their mouths4444 ,it was reported 444 it hath a spirit that stirreth and moveth to madness1 transporting and bereaving of the senses1 and that alone by itself it introduceth drunkenness without wine to those that have an easy inclination to enthusiasm40--7,plutarch1 8,morals10 ,goodwin's ,english translation1 ,boston1 #ahgj1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfd47 ,an eternal drunkenness was the reward held out to the savage warrior in many regions of the world2 the ,scandinavians1 as well as the ,indians of the ,pampas1 had this belief4--7,see 8,les ,primitifs10 ,elie ,rclus1 ,paris1 #ahhe1 p4 #abc47 ,speaking of the ,ur-,orgy of the ,siberians1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,kingsley comments in the following terms3 8,i remember being shown this fungus by an ,englishman who was returning via the ,central ,pacific ,railway from ,siberia4 ,he fully confirmed all that ,i had heard on the subject1 having seen the orgy himself4444 ,nothing religious in this1 you may say2 but look at the question a little closer and you will see that these #8intoxicants1' which nowadays are used to produce mere excitement or brutal drunkenness1 were at first looked upon as media able to raise the mere man up to a level with his gods1 and enable him to communicate with them1 as was certainly the case with the #8soma' of the ,hindu ecstatics and the hashich ,i have seen used by some tribes of ,arabs4 ,it would be well worth while trying to ascertain whether the actors in the ,ur-,orgy had eaten any particular kind of herb before its commencement1 or whether they had any tradition of their ancestors having done so40--7,personal letter to ,captain ,bourke1 dated ,cambridge1 ,england1 ,may1 #ahhh47 ,for sacred intoxication among the ,finns1 see also 8,chaldean ,magic10 ,lenormant1 p4 #bee1 where there is a reference to 8intoxicating drugs40 ,,xvi4 ,,an ,,inquiry ,,into ,,the ,,druidical ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,mistletoe4 ,but the question at once presents itself1 ,for what reason did the ,celtic ,druids employ the much venerated mistletoe8 ,this question becomes of deep significance in the light of the learning shed by ,godfrey ,higgins and ,general ,vallencey upon the derivation of the ,druids from ,buddhistic or ,brahminical origin4 8,ajasson enumerates the following superstitions of ancient ,britain1 as bearing probable marks of an ,oriental origin3 444 the ceremonials used in cutting the plants40--78,mistletoe10 ,pliny1 ,bohn1 lib4 #cj1 cap4 #f1 footnote47 ,that the mistletoe was regarded as a medicine1 and a very potent one1 is easy enough to show4 ,all the encyclopdias admit that much2 but the accounts that have been preserved of the ideas associated with this worship are not complete or satisfactory4 8,the mistletoe1 which they 7the ,druids7 called #8all-heal1' used to cure disease40--7,mc,clintock and ,strong's ,encyclopdia1 quoting ,stukeley47 8,the ,british bards and ,druids had an extraordinary veneration for the number three4 #8,the mistletoe1' says ,vallencey1 in his #8,grammar of the ,irish ,language1' #8was sacred to the ,druids1 because not only its berries1 but its leaves also1 grow in clusters of three united to one stock4 ,the ,christian ,irish held the ,seamroy sacred in like manner1 because of three leaves united to one stock4'0--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahgb1 vol4 i1 p4 #aji1 article 8,st4 ,patrick's ,day407 8,within recent times the mistletoe has been regarded as a valuable remedy in epilepsy 7query1 on the principle of similia similibus87 and other diseases1 but at present is not employed4444 ,the leaves have been fed to sheep in time of scarcity of other forage 7which shows at least that it is edible740--7,appleton's ,american ,encyclopdia47 8,seems to possess no decided medical properties40--7,international ,encyclopdia47 8,it is now perhaps impossible to account for the veneration in which it was held and the wonderful qualities which it was supposed to possess40--78,the ,druids10 ,rev4 ,richard ,smiddy1 ,dublin1 #ahga1 p4 #ij47 ,pliny mentions three varieties4 ,of these 8the hyphar is useful for fattening cattle1 if they are hardy enough to withstand the purgative effect it produces at first2 the viscum is medicinally of value as an emollient1 and in cases of tumors1 ulcers1 and the like40 ,pliny is also quoted as saying that it was considered of benefit to women in childbirth1--8in conceptum feminarum adjuvare si omnino secum habeant40#bf ,pliny is also authority for the reverence in which the mistletoe growing on the robur 7,spanish roble1 or evergreen oak7 was held by the ,druids4 ,the robur1 he says1 is their sacred tree1 and whatever is found growing upon it1 they regard as sent from heaven and as the mark of a tree chosen by ,god4--7,encyclopdia ,britannica47 ,brand 78,popular ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 article 8,mistletoe07 cites the opinion of various old authors that mistletoe was regarded 8as a medicine very likely to subdue not only the epilepsy1 but all other convulsive disorders4444 ,the high veneration in which the ,druids were held by the people of all ranks proceeded in a great measure from the wonderful cures they wrought by means of the mistletoe of the oak4444 ,the mistletoe of the oak1 which is very rare1 is vulgarly said to be a cure for wind-ruptures in children2 the kind which is found upon the apple is said to be good for fits40 8,the ,persians and ,masaget thought the mistletoe something divine1 as well as the ,druids40--78,antiquities of ,cornwall10 #agif1 p4 #fc47 ,after telling of the use of this plant among the ,druids and their mode of gathering it1 ,fosbroke adds3 8,mistletoe was not unknown in the religious ceremonies of the ancients1 and was supposed to have magical and medicinal properties40--7,fosbroke1 ,cyclopdia of ,antiquities1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajdg1 article 8,mistletoe10 ,london1 #ahdc47 ,mr4 ,w4 ,winwood ,reade mentions1 in his 8,veil of ,isis0 7,london1 #ahfa71 at page #fi1 that the missolding or mistletoe of the oak1 still called in ,wales 8all-iach10 or 8all-heal10 was the sovereign remedy of the ,druids2 and at page #ga he adds that a powder from its berries was considered a cure for sterility4 ,he describes the effect of mistletoe as that of a strong purgative4--7,personal letter from ,frank ,rede ,fowke1 ,esq41 ,south ,kensington ,museum1 ,london1 ,england1 ,june #ah1 #ahhh47 8,the ,druids named it ,uil-loc or ,all-,heal1 because they said it promoted increase of species or prevented sterility40--78,rivers of ,life10 ,forlong1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cca47 8,we shall probably never hear the whole truth in regard to this ancient religion 7,druidism72 for1 as ,mr4 ,davies says1 #8most of the offensive ceremonies must have been either retrenched or concealed1' as the ,roman laws and edicts had for ages 7before the ,bardic writings7 restrained the more cruel and bloody sacrifices1 and at the time of the ,bards nothing remained but symbolic rites40--78,rivers of ,life10 ,forlong1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cca47 ,the plant 7mistletoe7 is one of world-wide fame4 ,masaget1 ,skythians1 and the most ancient ,persians called it the 8,healer10 and ,virgil calls it a 8branch of gold20 while ,charon was dumb in presence of such an augur of coming bliss2 it was 8the expectancy of all nations1 longe post tempore visum1 as betokening ,sol's return to earth40--78,rivers of ,life10 ,forlong1 vol4 i4 p4 #ha47 ,borlase sees much similarity between the ,magi and our ,druids1 and ,strabo did the same4 8,both carried in their hands1 during the celebration of their rites1 a bunch of plants2 that of the ,magi was of course the ,hom1 called ,barsom1--,assyrian and ,persepolis sculptures substantiate this4 ,the ,hom looks very much like the ,mistletoe1 and the learned ,dr4 ,stukeley thinks that this parasite is meant as being on the tree mentioned by ,isaiah1 vi4 #ac40--78,rivers of ,life10 ,forlong1 vol4 i4 p4 #dc47 8,but yet it shall be a tenth1 and it shall return and shall be eaten2 as a teil tree and as an oak1 whose substance is in them1 when they cast their leaves2 so the holy seed shall be the substance thereof40--7,isaiah1 vi4 #ac47 8,the mistletoe wreath marks in one sense ,venus's temple1 for any girl may be kissed if caught under its sprays1--a practice1 though modified1 which recalls to us that horrid one mentioned by ,herodotus1 where all women were for once at least the property of the man who sought them in ,mylitta's temple40--78,rivers of ,life10 ,forlong1 ,london1 #ahhc1 vol4 i4 p4 #ia47 ,the following are ,frazer's views on this subject3 8,the mistletoe was viewed as the seat of life of the oak4 ,the conception of the mistletoe as the seat of life of the oak would naturally be suggested to primitive people by the observation that while the oak is deciduous1 the mistletoe which grows on it is evergreen4 ,in winter1 the sight of its fresh foliage among the bare branches must have been hailed by the worshippers of the tree as a sign that the divine life which had ceased to animate the branches yet survived in the mistletoe1 as the heart of the sleeper still beats when his body is motionless4 ,hence1 when the god had to be killed1 when the sacred tree had to be burnt1 it was necessary to begin by breaking off the mistletoe1 for so long as the mistletoe remained intact1 the oak 7so people thought7 was invulnerable1--all the blows of their knives and axes would glance harmless from its surface4 ,but once tear from the oak its sacred heart1 the mistletoe1 and the tree nodded to its fall40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,james ,g4 ,frazer1 ,m4 ,a41 ,london1 #ahij1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bie1 #bif47 ,this train of reasoning would be irrefutable1 as it is most logical1 were we in a position to be able to say that the excision of the fungus was followed by the felling of the tree2 but1 unfortunately1 that is just what we are not able to determine4 ,as a surmise1 there is no impropriety in believing that such excision may have marked the oak for destruction at some future day2 but there is no authority that we can produce at this time to justify anything more than a surmise in the premises4 ,that the sacred character of the oak was due to the properties discovered in the mistletoe is quite likely in view of all the facts already presented4 ,o',curry1 who appears to have known all that was to be learned on the subject of ,druidism1 admits that the world is in possession of very little that is reliable2 he inclines to the view that ,druidism was of ,eastern origin4 7,see 8,manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,irish10 ,eugene ,o',curry1 ,london1 ,edinburgh1 ,dublin1 and ,new ,york1 #ahgc47 ,he contends that 8the ,sacred ,wand0 of the ,druids was made of the yew1 and not of the oak or mistletoe4--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aid47 ,vallencey did not believe that the ,persians were acquainted with the mistletoe2 at least1 he could not find any name for it in ,persian4--7,see ,major ,charles ,vallencey1 8,collectanea de ,rebus ,hibernicis10 ,dublin1 #aggd1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcc47 8,in ,cambodia1 when a man perceives a certain parasitic plant growing on a tamarind-tree1 he dresses in white and taking a new earthen pot climbs the tree at mid-day4 ,he puts the plant in the pot and lets the whole fall to the ground4 ,then in the pot he makes a decoction which renders him invulnerable40--7,aymonier1 8,notes sur les ,cotumes1 etc41 des ,cambodgiens10 quoted in 8,the ,golden ,bough10 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhf1 footnote47 8,it was that only which is found upon the oak which the ,druids employed2 and being a parasitic plant1 the seeds of which are not sown by the hand of man1 it was well adapted for the purposes of superstition40--78,philosophy of ,magic10 ,salverte1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbi47 ,much testimony may be adduced to show that the mistletoe was valued as an aphrodisiac1 as conducive to fertility1 as sacred to love1 and1 in general terms1 an excitant of the genito-urinary organs1 which is the very purpose for which the ,siberian and ,north ,american medicine-men employed the fungus1 and perhaps the very reason for which both fungus and mistletoe were excluded from the ,brahminical dietary4 ,brand shows that mistletoe 8was not unknown in the religious ceremonies of the ancients1 particularly the ,greeks10 and that the use of it1 savoring strongly of ,druidism1 prevailed at the ,christmas service of ,york ,cathedral down to our own day4--7,see in ,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahdi1 vol4 i4 p4 #ebd47 ,the merry pastime of kissing pretty girls under the ,christmas mistletoe seems to have a phallic derivation4 8,this very old custom has descended from feudal times1 but its real origin and significance are lost40 78,appleton's ,american ,encyclopdia407 ,brand shows that the young men observed the custom of 8plucking off a berry at each kiss40 7,vol4 i4 p4 #ebd47 ,perhaps1 in former times1 they were required to swallow the berry4 ,the deductions of a recent writer merit attention3-- 8,the mistletoe was dedicated to ,mylitta1 in whose worship every woman must once in her life submit to the sexual embrace of a stranger4 ,when she concluded to perform this religious duty in honor of her acknowledged deity1 she repaired to the temple and placed herself under the mistletoe1 thus offering herself to the first stranger who solicited her favors4 ,the modern modification of the ceremony is found in the practice among some people of hanging the mistletoe1 at certain seasons of the year1 in the parlor or over the door1 when the woman entering that door1 or found standing under the wreath1 must kiss the first man who approaches her and solicits the privilege40 78,phallic ,worship10 ,robert ,allen ,campbell1 ,c4 ,e41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo41 #ahhh1 p4 #bjb47 ,a writer in 8,notes and ,queries0 7,jan4 #c1 #aheb1 vol4 v4 p4 #ac7 quotes ,nares to the effect that 8the maid who was not kissed under it at ,christmas would not be married in that year40 ,but another writer 7,feb4 #bh1 #aheb1 same volume7 points out that 8we should refer the custom to the ,scandinavian mythology1 wherein the mistletoe is dedicated to ,friga1 the ,venus of the ,scandinavians40#bg ,grimm speaks of ,paltar 7,balder7 being killed by the stroke of a piece of mistletine1 but ventures upon no explanation4--78,teutonic ,mythology10 vol4 i4 p4 #bbj1 article 8,paltar407 8,within the sanctuary at ,nemi grew a certain tree of which no branch might be broken4 ,only a runaway slave was allowed to break off1 if he could1 one of its boughs4 ,success in the attempt entitled him to fight the priest in single combat1 and if he slew him he reigned in his stead with the title of ,king of the ,wood 7,rex ,nemorensis47 ,tradition averred that the fatal branch was that #8golden bough' which at the ,sibyl's bidding1 neas plucked before he essayed the perilous journey to the world of the dead40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 i4 p4 #d1 article 8,the ,arician ,grove407 8,a plant associated with the death of one of their greatest and best-beloved gods must have been supremely sacred to all of ,teutonic blood2 and yet this opinion of its sacredness was shared by the ,celtic nations40 7,grimm1 8,teutonic ,mythology10 vol4 iii4 p4 #abje47 8,our herbals divide mistletoe into those of the oak1 hazel1 and pear tree2 and none of them must be let touch the ground40--7,idem1 p4 #abjg47 ,another writer 78,notes and ,queries10 #b;d series1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ejf7 says3 8,as it was supposed to possess the mystic power of giving fertility and a power to preserve from poison1 the pleasant ceremony of kissing under the mistletoe may have some reference to this belief40 ,in vol4 iii4 p4 #cdc1 it is stated3 8,a ,worcestershire farmer was accustomed to take down his bough of mistletoe and give it to the cow that calved first after ,new ,year's ,day4 ,this was supposed to insure good luck to the whole dairy4 ,cows1 it may be remarked1 as well as sheep1 will devour mistletoe with avidity40 ,and still another 7in #b;d series1 vol4 vi4 p4 #ebc7 recognizes that 8the mistletoe was sacred to the heathen ,goddess of ,beauty10 and 8it is certain that the mistletoe1 though it formerly had a place among the evergreens employed in the ,christian decorations1 was subsequently excluded40 ,this exclusion he accounts for thus3 8,it is also certain that1 in the earlier ages of the church1 many festivities not at all tending to edification 7the practice of mutual kissing among the rest7 had gradually crept in and established themselves1 so that1 at a certain part of the service1 #8statim clerus1 ipseque populus per basia blande sese invicim oscularetur4'0 ,this author cites ,hone1 ,hook1 ,moroni1 ,bescherelle1 ,ducange1 and others4 ,finally 7in the #c;d series1 vol4 vii4 p4 #gf71 an inquirer asks1 8,how came it in ,shakspeare's time to be considered #8baleful1' and1 in our days1 the most mirth-provoking of plants80 ,and still another correspondent1 in the same series 7vol4 vii4 p4 #bcg71 claims that 8mistletoe will produce abortion in the female of the deer or dog40 8,sir ,john ,ollbach1 in his dissertation concerning mistletoe1 which he strongly recommends as a medicine very likely to subdue not only the epilepsy1 but all other convulsive disorders1 observes that this beautiful plant must have been designed by the ,almighty for other and more noble purposes than barely to feed thrushes or to be hung up superstitiously in houses to drive away evil spirits4 ,he tells 7p4 #ab7 that #8the high veneration in which the ,druids were anciently held by the people of all ranks proceeded in a great measure from the wonderful cures they wrought by means of the mistletoe of the oak2 this tree being sacred to them1 but none so that had not the mistletoe upon them4' ,mr4 ,f4 ,williams1 dating from ,pembroke1 ,jan4 #bh1 #agia1 tells us1 in the #8,gentleman's ,magazine' for ,february that year1 that #88,guidhel10 mistletoe1 a magical shrub1 appeared to be the forbidden tree in the middle of the trees of ,eden2 for1 in the ,edda1 the mistletoe is said to be ,balder's death1 who yet perished through blindness and a woman4'0--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahgb1 vol4 i4 p4 #eai1 article 8,evergreen-decking at ,christmas407 ,,former ,,employment ,,of ,,an ,,infusion ,,or ,,decoction ,,of ,,mistletoe4 ,that an infusion or decoction of the plant was once in use may be gathered from the fact narrated by ,john ,eliot ,howard3 8,water1 in which the sacred mistletoe had been immersed1 was given to or sprinkled upon the people40--78,the ,druids and their ,religion10 ,john ,eliot ,howard1 in 8,transactions of ,victoria ,institute10 vol4 xiv4 p4 #aah1 quoting 8,le gui de chne et les ,druides10 ,e4 ,magdaleine1 ,paris1 #ahgg47 ,montfaucon says of the ,druids3 8,ils croient que les animaux striles deviennent fconds en buvant de l'eau de gui40--78,l'antiquit ,explique1 ,paris1 #agbb1 tome #b1 part #b1 p4 #dcf1 quoting and translating ,pliny47 8,the misselto1 or #8,uil-ice1' was required to be taken1 if possible1 from the ,jovine tree when in its prime2 but it was rare to find it on any oak4 ,if obtained from one about thirty-five years old1 and taken in a potion1 it conferred fertility on men1 women1 and children40--78,rivers of ,life10 ,forlong1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cee47 ,eugene ,o',curry speaks of the ,irish ,druids having a 8drink of oblivion10 the composition of which has not1 however1 come down to us4 7,see 8,manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,irish10 vol4 ii4 p4 #aih47 ,o',curry calls this drink of oblivion a 8,druidical charm10 and a 8,druidical incantation40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbf47bh ,see notes in this monograph on the ,hindu ,lingam4 ,,the ,,mistletoe ,,alleged ,,to ,,have ,,been ,,held ,,sacred ,,by ,,the ,,mound-,,builders4 ,an ,american writer says that among the ,mound-builders the mistletoe was 8the holiest and most rare of evergreens10 and that when human sacrifices were offered to sun and moon the victim was covered with mistletoe1 which was burnt as an incense4 7,pidgeon1 8,dee-coo-dah10 ,new ,york1 #ahec1 p4 #ia et seq47 ,pidgeon claimed to receive his knowledge from ,indians versed in the traditions and lore of their tribes4#bi ,mrs4 ,eastman presents a drawing of what may be taken as the altar of ,haokah1 the anti-natural god of the ,sioux1 in which is a representation of a 8large fungus that grows on trees0 7query1 mistletoe871 which1 if eaten by an animal1 will cause its death4#cj ,,the ,,mistletoe ,,festival ,,of ,,the ,,mexicans4 ,that the ,mexicans had a reverence for the mistletoe would seem to be assured4 ,they had a mistletoe festival4 ,in ,october they celebrated the festival of the ,neypachtly1 or bad eye1 which was a plant growing on trees and hanging from them1 gray with the dampness of rain2 especially did it grow on the different kinds of oak4#ca ,the informant says he can give no explanation of this festival4 ,,vestiges ,,of ,,druidical ,,rites ,,at ,,the ,,present ,,day4 ,it may be interesting to detect vestiges of ,druidical rites tenaciously adhering to the altered life of modern civilization4 ,in the department of ,seine-et-,oise1 twelve leagues from ,paris 7says a recent writer71 when a child had a rupture 7hernia7 he was brought under a certain oak1 and some women1 who no doubt earned a living in that trade1 danced around the oak1 muttering spell-words till the child was cured1--that is1 dead4--78,notes and ,queries10 #eth series1 vol4 vii4 p4 #afc47 ,it has already been shown that the ,druids ascribed this very medical quality to the mistletoe of the oak4 8,in ,brittany a festival for the mistletoe is still kept4444 ,the people there call it #8touzon ar gros1'--#8the herb of the cross4'0--78,commonplace ,book10 ,buckle1 vol4 ii4 of his ,works1 p4 #ddj1 ,london1 #ahgb47 ,mistletoe has been burned in ,england in love divinations4--7,see ,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahgb1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ceh1 article 8,divination by ,flowers407 ,frommann enumerates mistletoe among 8,recentiorum ad fascinum remedia4444 ,viscum corylinum et tiliaceum0 7hazel or filbert and linden trees74 ,the genitalia of the bewitched person were anointed with an ointment prepared from the hazel mistletoe to untie 8ligatures40 7,see ,frommann1 8,tractatus de ,fascinatione10 ,nuremberg1 #afge1 pp4 #ich1 #ieg1 #ieh1 #ife47 8,we find that persons in ,sweden who are afflicted with the falling sickness carry with them a knife having a handle of oak mistletoe1 to ward off attacks4 ,a piece of mistletoe hung round the neck would ward off other sicknesses4 ,we have ,culpepper's authority for saying #8it is excellent good for the grief of the sinew1 itch1 sores1 and tooth-ache1 the biting of mad dogs1 and venemous beasts1 and that it purgeth choler very gently4' ,grimm notes that it was with a branch of mistletoe that ,balder was killed4444 ,the ,kadeir ,taliasin says that the mistletoe was one of the ingredients in the awen a gwybodeu1 or water of inspiration1 science1 and immortality1 which the goddess ,kod prepared in her cauldron4 ,witches were thought to have no power to hurt those who bore mistletoe round their neck4 ,sir ,thomas ,browne speaks of the virtues of mistletoe in cases of epilepsy40--78,folk-,medicine10 ,black1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #aif47 ,the same belief in ,waters of ,life1 science1 immortality1 etc41 seems to obtain among the ,slav nations1 who also speak in their myths of 8the crazy weed10 which may1 perhaps1 be classified with the weed of the ,borgie well1 which1 as we have seen1 8set a' the ,camerslang fo'k wrang i' th' head40--7,see 8,myths and ,folk-,tales of the ,russians1 ,western ,slavs1 and ,magyars10 ,jeremiah ,curtin1 ,boston1 ,mass41 #ahij47 ,the mistletoe1 especially that from the linden and the oak1 was enumerated by ,etmuller among the cures for epilepsy 78tiliaceum et quercinum072 others recommended that from the elder or willow4 ,for the same disease1 on the same page1 8zibethum0 was prescribed4 7,see ,etmuller1 8,opera ,omnia10 ,lyons1 #afij1 vol4 i4 p4 #aih3 8,comment4 ,ludovic407 ,the mistletoe of the juniper1 gathered in the month of ,may1 was good for eye-water4 8,maio mense instar musci adnascitur inservit aqu ophthalmic40--7,etmuller1 vol4 i4 p4 #hd1 8,schroderi ,dilucidati ,phytologia407 ,fungi of different kinds dried were used as styptics4--7,idem1 p4 #gj47 ,the fungus of the oak was especially good for this purpose4--7,idem1 p4 #abg47 ,the mistletoe of the oak was regarded as of special value in all uterine troubles1 hemorrhages1 suppression of the menses1 etc4--7,idem1 p4 #abg47 ,in the ,myth of ,kale-wala a young maiden is represented as becoming pregnant by eating a berry4 7,see 8,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion10 ,andrew ,lang1 ,london1 #ahhg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agi47 ,we may ask the question1 what kind of a berry this was4 ,reference may also be had to what ,lang has to say on the mythical conceptions alleged to have been induced by juniper and other berries4--7,idem1 p4 #ahj47 ,the 8mistletoe of the oake0 was administered internally against 8epilepsie40--78,most ,excellent and ,most ,approved ,remedies10 ,london1 #afed1 p4 #ad47 8,a ring made of mistletoe is esteemed in ,sweden as an amulet40--78,folk-,medicine10 ,black1 p4 #agc47 ,in ,murrayshire1 ,scotland1 8at the full moon in ,march1 the inhabitants cut withies of the mistletoe or ivy1 make circles of them1 keep them all the year1 and pretend to cure hectics and other troubles with them40--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #aea1 article 8,moon407 8,in ,north ,germany1 where the old ,teutonic cult still lingers1 the villagers run about on ,christmas1 striking the doors and windows with hammers1 and shouting1 #8,guthyl6 ,guthyl6'--plainly the ,druidical name for mistletoe used by ,pliny4 ,in ,holstein1 the people call the mistletoe #8the branch of spectres2' 444 they think it cures fresh wounds and ensures success in hunting40 ,stukeley is quoted to show that the veneration for the plant prevailed at the ,cathedral of ,york down to the most recent times4--7,encyclopdia ,metropolitana47 8,misseltoe of the oake drunk cureth certainly this disease0 7epilepsy74--78,the ,poor ,man's ,physician10 ,john ,moncrief1 ,edinburgh1 #agaf1 p4 #ga47 ,still another writer reckons it a specific in epilepsy2 also in apoplexy1 vertigo1 to prevent convulsions1 and to assist children in teething1 being worn round their necks4 8,we have accounts of strange superstitious customs used in gathering it1 and that if they are not complied with it loses its virtue4 ,this is by some conjectured to be the golden bough which neas made use of to introduce him to the ,elysian regions1 as is beautifully described in ,virgil's sixth neid40--78,complete ,english ,dispensatory10 ,john ,quincy1 ,m4,d41 ,london1 #agcj1 p4 #acd47 ,culpepper wrote that the mistletoe1 especially that growing upon the oak1 was beneficial in the falling sickness1 in apoplexy1 and in palsy2 also as a preventive of witchcraft2 in the last-named case it should be worn about the neck4 ,he did not seem to know anything of the origin of these ideas and practices4--7,see ,richard ,culpepper1 8,the ,english ,physician10 ,london1 #agfe1 p4 #bag47 ,pomet1 in his 8,history of ,drugs10 ,london1 #agcg1 describes agaric as an excrescence 8found on the larch1 oak1 etc4444 ,the best agaric is that from the ,levant20 only that 8which the antients used to call the female should be used in medicine40 ,it was prescribed in 8all distempers proceeding from gross humors and obstructions10--such as epilepsy1 vertigo1 mania1 etc42 and this partly on the sympathetic or similia similibus principle4 ,in one of the preparations for epilepsy1 said by ,beckherius to have been recommended by ,galen1 occurs 8,agaricus ,viscus ,querci40--7,see ,danielus ,beckherius1 8,medicus ,microcosmus10 ,london1 #affj1 p4 #bjh47 8,when found growing on the oak1 the mistletoe represented man40--7,opinion of the ,french writer ,reynaud1 in his article 8,druidism10 quoted in the ,encyclopdia ,britannica47 ,notwithstanding this abundant proof1 which might1 if necessary1 be swollen in volume1 of the survival in domestic medicine1 as well as in medical practice of a more pretentious character1 of the use of the mistletoe1 more particularly in cases of epilepsy1 there is no instance of its employment noticed in 8,saxon ,leechdoms40 ,the explanation may be found in the fact that that compilation was rather exponential of the knowledge still possessed by the monks of classical therapeutics than of the skill attained by the ,saxons themselves2 there are pages of quotations from ,sextus ,placitus and other authorities1 but scarcely anything to show that the ideas of the ,saxons themselves were represented4 ,,the ,,linguistics ,,of ,,the ,,mistletoe4 ,other curious instances of survival present themselves in the linguistics of the subject4 ,the ,french word 8gui10 meaning mistletoe1 is not of ,latin1 but of ,druidical derivation1 and so the ,spanish 8aguinaldo10 meaning ,christmas or ,new ,year's present1 conserves the cry1 slightly altered1 of the ,druid priest to the 8gui0 at the opening of the new year4 8,aguillanneuf1 et plus clairement1 #8au gui1 l'an neuf1' ou bien encore1 #8l'anguil l'an neuf4'0--7,le ,roux de ,lincy1 ,livre des ,proverbes ,franais1 #ahdh1 ,paris1 tome #a1 p4 #b1 quoted in ,buckle's 8,commonplace ,book10 vol4 ii4 p4 #ddj47 8,the next business was to arrange for the collection of the sacred plant1 and bards were sent forth in all directions to summon the people to the great religious ceremony4 ,the words of the proclamation are believed to survive in the custom which prevails1 especially at ,chartres1 the old metropolis of the ,druids1 of soliciting presents on the ,new ,year1 with the words #8au gui l'an neuf4'0--78,le ,gui de ,chne et les ,druides10 ,magdaleine1 quoted by ,john ,elliot ,howard1 in 8,victoria ,society ,transactions10 vol4 xiv47 8,the ,celtic name for the oak was #8gue1' or #8guy4'0--7,brand1 ,pop4 ,ant41 vol4 i4 p4 #deh47 ,a writer in 8,notes and ,queries0 shows 7vol4 ii4 p4 #afc7 that the word mistletoe is 8le gui0 in ,french2 the continental ,druid was called ,gui1 or a ,guy1 from 8cuidare10 whence 8,guide40 ,at the present day1 while the mistletoe itself is a charm1 the name is a term of opprobrium1--guy1 in ,english4 ,m4 ,c4 ,h4 ,gaidoz takes exception to this interpretation4 ,in his opinion1 the words 8aguinaldo0 and 8 gui l'an neuf0 are to be derived from the ,latin 8ad calendas40--7,personal letter1 dated ,paris1 ,france1 ,march #aa1 #ahhi47 ,,xvii4 ,,cow ,,dung ,,and ,,cow ,,urine ,,in ,,religion4 ,the sacrificial value of cow dung and cow urine throughout ,india and ,thibet is much greater than the reader might be led to infer from the brief citation already noted from ,max ,mller4 8,hindu merchants in ,bokhara now lament loudly at the sight of a piece of cow's flesh1 and at the same time mix with their food1 that it may do them good1 the urine of a sacred cow1 kept in that place40--7,erman1 8,siberia10 ,london1 #ahdh1 vol4 i4 p4 #chd47 ,picart narrates that the ,brahmins fed grain to a sacred cow1 and afterward searched in the ordure for the sacred grains1 which they picked out whole1 drying and administering them to the sick1 not merely as a medicine1 but as a sacred thing4#cb ,not only among the people of the lowlands1 but among those of the foot-hills of the ,himalayas as well1 do these rites find place2 8the very dung of the cow is eaten as an atonement for sin1 and its urine is used in worship40--7,notes on the ,hill ,tribes of the ,neilgherries1 ,short1 ,trans4 ,ethnol4 ,society1 ,london1 #ahfh1 p4 #bfh47 8,the greatest1 or1 at any rate1 the most convenient of all purifiers is the urine of a cow2 444 ,images are sprinkled with it4 ,no man of any pretensions to piety or cleanliness would pass a cow in the act of staling without receiving the holy stream in his hand and sipping a few drops4444 ,if the animal be retentive1 a pious expectant will impatiently apply his finger1 and by judicious tickling excite the grateful flow40--7,moor's 8,hindu ,pantheon10 ,london1 #ahaj1 p4 #adc47 ,see1 also1 note from ,forlong1 under 8,initiation10 p4 #afd4 8,it may be noted that1 according to ,lajarde1 #8cow's-water' originally meant rain-water1 the clouds being spoken of as cows4 ,i give this for what it is worth4 ,your collection of facts goes strongly against the explanation40--7,personal letter from ,prof4 ,w4 ,robertson ,smith1 dated ,christ ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,england1 ,august #aa1 #ahhh47 ,speaking of the sacrifice called ,poojah1 ,maurice says3 8,the ,brahman prepares a place1 which is purified with dried cow-dung1 with which the pavement is spread1 and the room is sprinkled with the urine of the same animal40--7,maurice1 8,indian ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahjj1 vol4 i4 p4 #gg47 8,as in ,india1 so in ,persia1 the urine of the cow is used in ceremonies of purification1 during which it is drunk40--78,zological ,mythology10 ,angelo de ,gubernatis1 ,london1 #ahgb1 vol4 i4 p4 #ie1 quoting from ,anqutil du ,prron1 8,zendavesta10 ii4 p4 #bde47 ,dubois1 in his chapter 8,restoration to the ,caste10 says that a ,hindu penitent 8must drink the panchakaryam1--a word which literally signifies the five things1 namely1 milk1 butter1 curd1 dung1 and urine1 all mixed together40 ,and he adds3-- 8,the urine of the cow is held to be the most efficacious of any for purifying all imaginable uncleanness4 ,i have often seen the superstitious ,hindu accompanying these animals when in the pasture1 and watching the moment for receiving the urine as it fell1 in vessels which he had brought for the purpose1 to carry it home in a fresh state2 or1 catching it in the hollow of his hand1 to bedew his face and all his body4 ,when so used it removes all external impurity1 and when taken internally1 which is very common1 it cleanses all within40--7,abb ,dubois1 8,people of ,india10 ,london1 #ahag1 p4 #bi47 ,very frequently the excrement is first reduced to ashes4 ,the monks of ,chivem1 called ,pandarones1 smear their faces1 breasts1 and arms with the ashes of cow dung2 they run through the streets demanding alms1 very much as the ,zui actors demanded a feast1 and chant the praises of ,chivem1 while they carry a bundle of peacock feathers in the hand1 and wear the lingam at the neck4#cc ,,cow ,,dung ,,also ,,used ,,by ,,the ,,israelites4 8,the tribes had not many feelings in common when they came to be writers and told us what they thought of each other4 ,as a rule1 they bitterly reviled each other's gods and temples4444 ,judeans called the ,samaritan temple1 where calves and bulls were holy1 in a word of ,greek derivation1 #8,pelethos ,naos1' #8the dung-hill temple4' 444 ,the ,samaritans1 in return1 called the temple of ,jerusalem #8the house of dung4'0--78,rivers of ,life10 ,forlong1 vol4 i4 p4 #afb47 ,commentators would be justified in believing that these terms preserve the fact of there having been in these places of worship the same veneration for dung that is to be found to this day among the peoples of the ,east ,indies4 ,in another place ,dulaure calls attention to the similar use among the ,hebrews of the ashes of the dung of the red heifer as an expiatory sacrifice4#cd ,in one of the ,hindu fasts the devotee adopts these disgusting excreta as his food4 ,on the fourth day1 8his disgusting beverage is the urine of the cow2 the fifth1 the excrement of that holy animal is his allotted food40--7,maurice1 8,indian ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahjj1 vol4 v4 p4 #bbb47 8,i do not think that you can lay weight on the fact that in ,israel1 when a victim was entirely burned1 the dung was not exempted from the fire4 ,i think this only means that the victim was not cleared of offal1 as in sacrifices that were eaten40--7,personal letter from ,prof4 ,w4 ,robertson ,smith1 ,christ ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,england47 8,refert etiam ,waltherus ,schulzius 78,oest-,indianische ,reise10 lib4 #c1 cap4 #aj1 #a1 m4 #ahh1 seq47 certam ,indorum sectam ,gioghi dictam nullum assumere cibum1 nisi fimo vaccino coctum2 capillos et faciem ,croco et ,stercore vaccino inungunt2 nemo etiam in hanc societatem admittitur nisi antea per longum temporis spatium ,corpus suum hoc stercore nutriverit1 etc40--7,schurig1 8,chylologia10 p4 #ghc1 quoted in 8,bibliotheca ,scatalogica10 pp4 #ic-if47 ,etmuller1 8,opera ,omnia10 ,commentar4 ,ludovic41 ,lyons1 #afij1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aga1 #agb1 says that the ,benjani1 an ,oriental sect1 believers in the ,transmigration of ,souls1 save the dung of their cows1 gathering it up in their hands4 ,rosinus ,lentilius1 in the 8,ephemeridum ,physico-,medicorum10 ,leipsig1 #afid1 quotes from the ,itinerary of ,tavernier1 lib4 #a1 cap4 #ah1 in regard to the ,scybolophagi ,indorum1 who1 in pursuance of vows to eat flesh only1 scrape up the droppings of horses1 bulls1 cows1 and sheep4 8,scybolophagi ,indorum1 de qua ,tavernier1 quod ,benjan alique mulieres voto semet obstringant soli manducationi quisquiliarum1 quas in pecorum1 equorum1 boum1 vaccarum1 stercoribus ruspatione sedula conquirunt4444 ,nec proprie de ,homerda seu humanis excrementis1 quibus ,indorum nonnulli cibos condire1 iisque ptarmici pulvere vice uti1 quin et medicamentis1 ceu panaceam1 commiscere1 non aversuntur40 ,no mention is made by ,marco ,polo of the use by the people of ,india of cow-dung or urine in any of their religious ceremonies1 excepting one example cited under the head of 8,industries40 ,but the antiquity of the rite is demonstrated by the fact that it is frequently alluded to in the oldest of the canonical books of the people of ,india4 8,regarding the installation of ,yudhisthira 7the oldest son of ,pandu and eldest brother of the ,pandavas71 who became ,maharajah after the defeat and death of the ,kauravas on the field of ,kuruk-shetra1 the ,brahminical authors of the ,maha-,bharata1 in its present form1 describe among the ceremonies used on the occasion the following one30 7,condensed from the text of ,j4 ,talboys ,wheeler1 8,history of ,india10 8,the ,vedic ,period and the ,maha-,bharata10 vol4 i4 p4 #cga47 8,after this1 the five purifying articles which are produced from the sacred cow--namely1 milk1 the curds1 ghee1 the urine1 and the ordure--were brought up by ,krishna and the ,maharaja and by the brothers of ,yudhisthira1 and poured by them over the heads of ,yudhisthira and ,draupadi40 8,the appearance of ,krishna here stamps the narrative with the characteristic cultus of a period far later than that in which the ,vedic ,aryans had used the cow as a religious symbol4 ,the animal was now sacred to ,vishnu1 who held no place in the ,vedic ,pantheon1 and his worship had been sufficiently developed to admit of his incarnation as ,krishna40--7,personal letter from ,dr4 ,j4 ,hampden ,porter1 dated ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,sept4 #bi1 #ahhh47 ,de ,gubernatis speaks of 8the superstitious ,hindoo custom of purifying one's self by means of the excrement of a cow4 ,the same custom passed into ,persia2 and the ,kharda ,avesta has preserved the formula to be recited by the devotee while he holds in his hand the urine of an ox or cow1 preparatory to washing his face with it3 #8,destroyed1 destroyed1 be the ,demon ,ahriman1 whose actions and works are cursed4'0--78,zological ,mythology10 ,de ,gubernatis1 pp4 #ii-ajj1 vol4 i47 8,we must complete the explanation of another myth1 that of the excrement of the cow considered as purifying4 ,the moon1 as aurora1 yields ambrosia4 ,it is considered to be a cow2 the urine of this cow is ambrosia or holy water2 he who drinks this water purifies himself1 as the ambrosia which rains from the lunar ray and the aurora purifies and makes clear the path of the sky1 which the shadows of night darken and contaminate4 8,the same virtue is attributed1 moreover1 to cow's dung1 a conception also derived from the cow1 and given to the moon as well as to the morning aurora4 ,these two cows are considered as making the earth fruitful by means of their ambrosial excrements2 these excrements being also luminous1 both those of the moon and those of the aurora are considered as purifiers4 ,the ashes of these cows which their friend the heroine preserves are not ashes1 but golden powder or golden flour 7the golden cake again occurs in that flour or powder of gold which the witch demands from the hero in ,russian stories7 which1 mixed with excrement1 brings good fortune to the cunning robber-hero4 8,the ashes of the sacrificed1 pregnant cow 7i4 e41 the cow which dies after having given birth to a calf7 were religiously preserved by the ,romans in the ,temple of ,vesta with bean-stalks1 which are used to fatten the earth sown with corn1 as a means of expiation4 ,ovid mentions this rite4 7,fasti1 iv4 #gba47 ,the ashes of a cow are preserved both as a symbol of resurrection and as a means of purification40--78,zol4 ,mythol410 ,de ,gubernatis1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bge-bgg47 ,the learned author overlooks in his argument that cows were sacrificed and worshipped in ,india before they were transferred to the ,zodiac and to the symbolism of the elements4#ce 8,religion1 at its base1 is the product of imagination working on early man's wants and fears1 and is in no sense supernatural or the result of any preconceived and deliberate thought or desire to work out a system of morals4 ,it arose in each case from what appeared to be the pressing needs of the day or season on the man or his tribe4 ,the codification and expansion of faiths would then be merely the slow outcome of the cogitations and teachings of reflective minds1 working usually with a refining tendency on the aforesaid primitive ,nature-worship1 and in elucidation of its ideas1 symbolism1 and legends4 ,early rude worshippers could not grasp abstractions1 nor follow sermons even if they had been preached1 and certainly not recondite theories on what the ,west designates #8,solar1' and other theories40--78,rivers of ,life10 ,forlong1 vol4 i4 p4 #cf47 8,in the ,shapast la ,shayast 7,sacred ,books of the ,east1 vol4 v4 part ,i47 much stress is laid on bull's urine as a purifier40--7,personal letter from ,professor ,r4 ,a4 ,oakes1 ,watertown1 ,new ,york1 ,april #bj1 #ahhh47 8,during the last few years we have been treated to a great deal of foolish gush about the beauty and nobility of ,eastern religions4 ,i don't deny that there are many commendable features about them1 and that they often get near to the heart of true religion1 as we understand it4 ,but in their practical results they cannot be compared with ,christianity4 ,take a concrete instance3-- 8,the ,rev4 ,t4 ,w4 ,jex-,blake has this to say about ,benares1 with its three thousand ,hindu temples3 #8,step into the city1' he says2 #8one temple swarms with ftid apes2 another is stercorous with cows4 ,the stench in the passages leading to the temples is frightful2 the filth beneath your feet is such that the keenest traveller would hardly care to face it twice4 ,everywhere1 in the temples1 in the little shrines in the street1 the emblem of the ,creator is phallic4 ,round one most picturesque temple1 built apparently long since ,british occupation began1 probably since the battle of ,waterloo1 runs an external frieze1 about ten feet from the ground1 too gross for the pen to describe1--scenes of vice1 natural and unnatural1 visible to all the world all day long1 worse than anything in the ,lupanar in ,pompeii4 ,nothing that ,i saw in ,india roused me more to a sense of the need of religious renovation by the ,gospel of ,christ than what met the eye openly1 right and left1 at ,benares40 78,tribune10 ,new ,york1 ,nov4 #aa1 #ahhh47 8,forty years ago1 during a stay of three months in ,bombay1 ,i saw frequently cows wandering in the streets1 and ,hindu devotees bowing1 and lifting up the tails of the cows1 rubbing the wombs of the aforesaid with the right hand1 and afterwards rubbing their own faces with it40--7,personal letter from ,captain ,henri ,jouan1 ,french ,navy1 dated ,cherbourg1 ,france1 ,july #bi1 #ahhh47 ,almost identical information was communicated by ,general ,j4 ,j4 ,dana1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 who1 in the neighborhood of ,calcutta1 over forty years ago1 had seen ,hindu devotees besmeared from head to foot with human excrement4 ,among the superstitious practices of the ,greeks1 ,plutarch mentions 8rolling themselves in dung-hills40 78,morals10 ,goodwin's trans41 ,boston1 #ahgj1 vol4 i4 p4 #aga1 art4 8,superstitions407 ,plutarch also mentions 8foul expiations10 8vile methods of purgation10 8bemirings at the temple10 and speaks of 8penitents wrapped up in foul and nasty rags10 or 8rolling naked in the mire10 8vile and abject adorations10--7pp4 #aga-ahj47 ,this veneration for the excrement of the cow is to be found among other races4 ,the ,hottentots 8besmear their bodies with fat and other greasy substances over which they rub cow-dung1 fat and similar substances40--7,thurnberg's 8,account of the ,cape of ,good ,hope10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 xvi4 pp4 #be1 #gc1 #aci47 8,every idea and thought of the ,dinka is how to acquire and maintain cattle2 a certain kind of reverence would seem to be paid them2 even their offal is considered of high importance4 ,the dung1 which is burnt to ashes for sleeping in and for smearing their persons1 and the urine1 which is used for washing and as a substitute for salt1 are their daily requisites40--7,schweinfurth1 8,heart of ,africa10 vol4 i4 p4 #eh47 ,in the religious ceremonies of the ,calmuck ,lamas1 8,les pauvres jettent au commencement de l'office1 qui dure toute la journe1 un peu d'encens sur de la bouse de vache allume et porte par un petit trpied de fer40--78,voy4 de ,pallas10 vol4 i4 p4 #efc47 ,,xviii4 ,,ordure ,,alleged ,,to ,,have ,,been ,,used ,,in ,,food ,,by ,,the ,,israelites4 ,among the ,banians of ,india1 proselytes are obliged by the ,brahmans to eat cow-dung for six months4 ,they begin with one pound daily1 and diminish from day to day4 ,a subtle commentator1 says ,picart1 might institute a comparison between the nourishment of these fanatics and the dung of cows which the ,lord ordered the prophet ,ezekiel to mingle with his food4#cf ,this was the opinion held by ,voltaire on this subject4 ,speaking of the prophet ,ezekiel1 he said3 8,he is to eat bread of barley1 wheat1 beans1 lentils1 and millet1 and to cover it with human excrement40#cg ,it is thus1 he says1 that the 8children of ,israel shall eat their bread defiled among the nations among which they shall be banished40 ,but 8after having eaten this bread of affliction1 ,god permits him to cover it with the excrement of cattle simply40 ,the view entertained by some biblical commentators is that the excrement was used for baking the bread2 but if this be true1 why should human fces be used for such a purpose8 7,consult ,lange's ,commentaries1 article 8,ezekiel10 and ,mc,clintock and ,strong's ,cyclopdia1 article 8,dung407 8,for mere filth1 what can be fouler than #b ,kings xviii4 #bg1 ,isaiah xxxvi4 #ab1 and ,ezekiel iv4 #ab-ae 7where the ,lord changes human ordure into #8cow chips'78 #8,ce qui excuse ,dieu1' said ,henri ,bayle1 #8ce qu'il n'existe pas4' ,i add1 as man has made him40--7,richard ,f4 ,burton1 8,terminal ,essay0 to his edition of the 8,arabian ,nights10 vol4 x4 p4 #aha1 foot-note1 ,london1 #ahhf47 ,bayle does not allude to the baking of bread with ordure in his brief article upon the prophet ,ezekiel2 neither does ,prof4 ,j4 ,stuart ,blaikie in his more comprehensive dissertation in the ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 article 8,ezekiel40 8,the use of dung by the ancient ,israelites is collected incidentally from the passage in which the prophet ,ezekiel1 being commanded1 as a symbolic action1 to bake his bread with dung1 excuses himself from the use of an unclean thing1 and is permitted to employ cow's dung instead40--7,strong and ,mc,clintock's 8,cyclopdia of ,biblical and ,classical ,literature10 ,new ,york1 #ahfh1 vol4 ii4 article 8,dung407 8,i fear that ,voltaire cannot be taken as an authority on ,hebrew matters4 ,i believe that the passage from ,ezekiel is correctly rendered in the revised edition1 where at verse #ae #8thereon' is substituted for #8therewith' of the old version4 ,the use of dried cow's-dung as fuel is common among the poorer classes in the ,east2 and in a siege1 fuel1 always scarce1 would be so scarce that a man's dung might have to be used4 ,i do not think that one need look further for the explanation of verses #ae-ag2 the words of verse #ae are not ambiguous1 and that used for dung is the same as the ,arabs still apply to the dried cakes of cow's dung used for fuel4 ,voltaire and ,picart both seem to have used the ,vulgate1 in which verse #ab is wrongly rendered40--7,personal letter from ,prof4 ,w4 ,robertson ,smith1 ,cambridge1 ,england47 8,les nombreux exemples qui prcdent rendent moins intressante la question de savoir an ,ezchias stercus comederit2 ce ne serait qu'un mangeur de plus4 ,pourtant on peut voir dans la ,bible le verset #ab du chap4 iv4 de ce prophte3 #8et quasi sub cinericium hordaceum comedes illud et stercore quod egreditur de homine operies illud in oculis eorum2' et les diverses interprtations donnes par les diffrents traducteurs et commentateurs40--7,bibliotheca ,scatalogica1 pp4 #ic-if47 ,schurig consacre un paragraphe discuter an ,ezechias stercus comederit4--7,idem1 p4 #ci47 ,just exactly what ,schurig thought on this subject may be stated in his own words4 ,although not positive1 he inclines to the opinion that ,ezekiel did eat excrement3-- 8,denique1 mandato divino1 ,propheta ,ezechiel1 cap4 iv4 ver4 #ab1 placentam hordeaceam cum stercore humano parasse atque comedisse primo intuitu videtur1 juxta versionem ,lutheri4444 ,juxta ,junium et ,tremellium allegata verba sic sonant3 ,comedes cibum ut placentam hordeaceam1 et ad orbes excrementi humani parabis placentam istam in oculis illorum4 ,juxta ,sebastianum ,schmidium3 ,sicut placentam hordeorum comedes eum2 quod ad ipsum tamen1 cum stercore fimi hominis facies in oculis eorum4 ,bene etiam hunc locum explicat ,textus ,gallicus me editionis3 ,tu mangeras de fouaces d'orge1 et les cuiras avec la fiente qui sort hors de l'homme eux le voyans40--78,chylologia10 ,dresden1 #agbe1 pp4 #ghb1 #ghc47 8,ezekiel says that his ,god told him to lie for three hundred and ninety days on his left side1 and then forty days on his right side1 when #8he would lay hands on him and turn him from one side to another2' also that during all this period he was only to eat barley bread baked in too disgusting a manner to be described40--78,rivers of ,life10 ,forlong1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eig47 8,this last command was1 however1 so strongly resented that his ,deity somewhat relaxed it40--7,idem47 ,the most rational explanation of this much-disputed and ambiguous passage must necessarily be such as can be deduced from a consideration of ,ezekiel's environment4 ,giving due weight to every doubt1 there remains this feature3 the prophet unquestionably was influenced and actuated by the ideas of his day and generation1 which looked upon the humiliations to which he subjected himself as the outward manifestations of an inward spirituality4 ,psychologically speaking1 there is no great difference between the consumption of human excrement and the act of lying on one's side for three hundred and ninety days2 both are indications of the same perverted cerebration1 mistaken with such frequency for piety and holiness4 8,isaiah had periods of indecent maniacal outbursts2 for we are told that he once went about stark naked for three years1 because so commanded by the ,lord40--78,rivers of ,life10 vol4 ii4 p4 #ecg1 quoting ,isaiah xx4 #b1 #c47 ,,the ,,sacred ,,cow',s ,,excreta ,a ,,substitute ,,for ,,human ,,sacrifice4 ,the foregoing testimony1 which could readily be swelled in volume1 proves the sacred character of these excreta1 which may be looked upon as substitutes for a more perfect sacrifice4 ,in the early life of the ,hindus it is more than likely that the cow or the heifer was slaughtered by the knife or burnt2 as population increased in density1 domestic cattle became too costly to be offered as a frequent oblation1 and on the principle that the part represents the whole1 hair1 milk1 butter1 urine1 and ordure superseded the slain carcass1 while the incinerated excrement was made to do duty as a burnt sacrifice4#ch ,it was hardly probable that such practices1 or an explanation of the causes which led to their adoption and perpetuation1 should have escaped the keen criticism of ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor4 8,for the means of some of his multifarious lustrations1 the ,hindu has recourse to the sacred cow4444 ,the ,parsi religion prescribes a system of lustration which well shows its common origin with that of ,hinduism by its similar use of cow's urine and water4444 ,applications of nirang1 washed off with water1 form part of the daily religious rites1 as well as of such special ceremonies as the naming of the new-born child1 the putting on of the sacred cord1 the purification of the mother after childbirth1 and the purification of him who has touched a corpse40--7,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 8,primitive ,culture10 ,london1 #ahga1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cif1 #cig47 8,it will help us to realize how the sacrifice of an animal may atone for a human life1 if we notice in ,south ,africa how a ,zulu will redeem a lost child from the finder by a bullock1 or a ,kimbunda will expiate the blood of a slave by the offering of an ox1 whose blood will wash away the other4 ,for instances of the animal substituted for man in sacrifice1 the following may serve3 ,among the ,khonds of ,orissa1 where ,colonel ,mac,pherson was engaged in putting down the sacrifice of human victims by the sect of the ,earth-goddess1 they at once began to discuss the plan of sacrificing cattle by way of substitutes4 ,now1 there is some reason to think that this same course of ceremonial change may account for the following sacrificial practice in the other ,khond sect4 ,it appears that those who worship the ,light-god hold a festival in his honor1 when they slaughter a buffalo in commemoration of the time when1 as they say1 the ,earth-goddess was prevailing on men to offer human sacrifices to her1 but the ,light-god sent a tribe-deity who crushed the bloody-minded ,earth-goddess under a mountain and dragged a buffalo out of the jungle1 saying1 #8,liberate the man1 and sacrifice the buffalo4' ,it looks as though this legend1 divested of its mythic garb1 may really record a historical substitution of animal for human sacrifice4 ,in ,ceylon1 the exorcist will demand the name of the demon possessing a demoniac1 and the patient in frenzy answers1 giving the demon's name1 #8,i am ,so-and-so2 ,i demand a human sacrifice1 and ,i will not go without4' ,the victim is promised1 the patient comes to from the fit1 and a few weeks later the sacrifice is made2 but instead of a man they offer a fowl4 ,classic examples of a substitution of this sort may be found in the sacrifice of a doe for a virgin to ,artemis in ,laodica1 a goat for a boy to ,dionysos at ,potni4 8,there appears to be a ,semitic connection here1 as there clearly is in the story of the olians of ,tenedos sacrificing to ,melikertes 7,melkarth7 instead of a new-born child a new-born calf1 shoeing it with buskins and tending the mother cow as if a human mother40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cff2 or in ,new ,york edition1 #ahgi1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #djc1 #djd47 8,o ,maker of the material world1 thou ,holy ,one6 which is the urine wherewith the corpse-bearers shall wash their hair and their bodies8 ,is it of sheep or of oxen8 ,is it of man or of woman8 8,ahura ,mazda answered3 ,it is of sheep or of oxen1 not of man nor of woman1 except these two1 the nearest kinsman 7of the dead7 or his nearest kinswoman4 ,the worshippers of ,mazda shall therefore procure the urine wherewith the corpse-bearers shall wash their hair and their bodies40--7,fargard vii41 ,avendidad1 ,zendavesta1 ,oxford1 #ahij1 p4 #if47 8,a prince may sacrifice his enemy1 having first invoked the axe with holy texts1 by substituting a buffalo or goat1 calling the victim by the name of the enemy throughout the whole ceremony40--78,the ,sanguinary ,chapter10 translated from the 8,calica ,purana10 in vol4 #e1 8,transactions ,asiatic ,society10 #dth edition1 ,london1 #ahjg1 p4 #chf47 8,an interesting chapter of the ,aitareya-brahmanam1 on the sacrifice of animals1 shows us how1 next to man1 the horse was the supreme sacrifice offered to the gods2 how the cow afterwards took the place of the horse1 the sheep of the cow1 the goat of the sheep2 and at last vegetable products were substituted for animals1--a substitution or cheating of the gods in the sacrifice1 which perhaps explains even more the fraud of which1 in popular stories1 the simpleton is always the victim2 the simpleton hero being the god himself1 and the cheater man1 who changes1 under a sacred pretext1 the noblest and most valued animals for common and less valued ones1 and finally for vegetables apparently of no value whatever4 ,in ,hindu codes of law we have the same fraudulent substitution of animals under a legal pretext4 #8,the killer of a cow1' says the code attributed to ,yagnavalkyas1 #8must stay a month in penitence1 drinking the panchakaryam' 7that is1 the five good productions of the cow1 which1 according to ,manus1 are milk1 curds1 butter1 urine1 and dung71 sleeping in a stable1 and following the cows4'0--78,zol4 ,mythol410 ,de ,gubernatis1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dd1 #de47 8,the sacred books of the ,hindus contain the most formal and detailed instructions about human sacrifices1 and on what occasions and with what ceremonies they are to be offered2 sometimes on an enormous scale1--as many as one hundred and fifty human victims at one sacrifice40--7,ragozin1 8,assyria10 ,new ,york1 #ahhg1 pp4 #abg-abh47 ,continuing1 ,ragozin says3 8,when bloody sacrifices1 even of animals1 were in great part abolished1 and offerings of cakes of rice and wheat were substituted1 the humane change was authorized by a parable which told how the sacrificial virtue had left the highest and most valuable victim1 man1 and descended into the horse1 from the horse into the steer1 from the steer into the goat1 from the goat into the sheep1 and from that at last passed into the earth1 where it was found abiding in the grains of rice and wheat laid in it for seed4 8,this was an ingenious way of intimating that henceforth harmless offerings of rice and wheat cakes would be as acceptable to the deity as the living victims1 human and animal1 formerly were40--7,idem1 p4 #abh47 ,as the animal victim became more and more valuable1 we have seen that its excreta were offered in its place4 ,the ,celtic stock1 it is now generally admitted1 represents a very early migration from ,india4 ,exactly when this migration began and was completed we have no means of determining2 but we may safely say1 judging from the prominence in ,celtic folk-lore of the chicken-dung1 that it did not occur until the cultus of ,india was beginning to cast about for some suitable substitute for human sacrifice4#ci ,inman takes the ground that the very same substitution occurred among the ,hebrews4 ,commenting upon #a ,kings xix4 #ah1 he says3 8,in the ,vulgate the passage is thus rendered3 #8,they say to these1 ,sacrifice the men who adore the calves2' while the ,septuagint renders the words1 #8,sacrifice men1 for the calves have come to an end1' indicating a reversion to human sacrifice40--7,inman1 8,ancient ,faiths ,embodied in ,ancient ,names10 ,london1 #ahgh1 article 8,hosea407 8,he that killeth an ox as if he slew a man2 he that sacrificeth a lamb as if he cut off a dog's neck2 he that offereth an oblation as if he offered swine's blood2 he that burneth incense as if he blessed an idol40--7,isaiah lxvi4 #c4 ,reference given to the above by ,prof4 ,w4 ,robertson ,smith47 8,in the earliest period the horse seems to have been the favorite animal for sacrifice40--78,teutonic ,mythology10 ,jacob ,grimm1 vol4 i4 p4 #dg47 8,the ,brahmans show how1 in ,hindostan1 the lower animals became vicarious substitutes for man in sacrifice40--78,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion10 ,andrew ,lang1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dj1 footnote47 ,if the cow have displaced a human victim1 may it not be within the limits of probability that the ordure and urine of the sacred bovine are substitutes1 not only for the complete carcass1 but that they symbolize a former use of human excreta8#dj ,the existence of ur-orgies has been indicated in ,siberia1 where the religion partakes of many of the characteristics of ,buddhism4#da ,the minatory phraseology of the ,brahminical inhibition of the use of the fungi which enter into these orgies has been given verbatim2 so that1 even did no better evidence exist1 enough has been presented to open up a wide range of discussion as to the former area of distribution of loathsome and disgusting ceremonials1 which are now happily restricted to small and constantly diminishing zones4 ,,human ,,ordure ,,and ,,urine ,,still ,,used ,,in ,,india4 ,it is well to remember1 however1 that in ,india the more generally recognized efficacy of cow urine and cow dung has not blinded the fanatical devotee to the necessity of occasionally having recourse to the human product4 8,at about ten leagues to the southward of ,seringapatam there is a village called ,nan-ja-na-gud1 in which there is a temple famous all over the ,mysore4 ,amongst the number of votaries of every caste who resort to it1 a great proportion consists of barren women1 who bring offerings to the god of the place1 and pray for the gift of fruitfulness in return4 ,but the object is not to be accomplished by the offerings and prayers alone1 the disgusting part of the ceremony being still to follow4 ,on retiring from the temple1 the woman and her husband repair to the common sewer to which all the pilgrims resort in obedience to the calls of nature4 ,there the husband and wife collect1 with their hands1 a quantity of the ordure1 which they set apart1 with a mark upon it1 that it may not be touched by any one else2 and with their fingers in this condition1 they take the water of the sewer in the hollow of their hands and drink it4 ,then they perform ablution and retire4 ,in two or three days they return to the place of filth to visit the mass of ordure which they left4 ,they turn it over with their hands1 break it1 and examine it in every possible way2 and1 if they find that any insects or vermin are engendered in it1 they consider it a favorable prognostic for the woman40--7,abb ,dubois1 8,people of ,india10 ,london1 #ahag1 p4 #daa47db ,,xix4 ,,excrement ,,gods ,,of ,,romans ,,and ,,egyptians4 ,the ,romans and ,egyptians went farther than this2 they had gods of excrement1 whose special function was the care of latrines and those who frequented them4 ,torquemada1 a ,spanish author of high repute1 expresses this in very plain language3-- 8,i assert that they used to adore 7as ,st4 ,clement writes to ,st4 ,james the ,less7 stinking and filthy privies and water-closets2 and1 what is viler and yet more abominable1 and an occasion for our tears and not to be borne with or so much as mentioned by name1 they adored the noise and wind of the stomach when it expels from itself any cold or flatulence2 and other things of the same kind1 which1 according to the same saint1 it would be a shame to name or describe40#dc ,in the preceding lines ,torquemada refers to the ,egyptians only1 but1 as will be seen by examining the ,spanish notes below1 his language is almost the same when speaking of the ,romans4#dd ,the ,roman goddess was called ,cloacina4 ,she was one of the first of the ,roman deities1 and is believed to have been named by ,romulus himself4 ,under her charge were the various cloac1 sewers1 privies1 etc41 of the ,eternal ,city4#de 8,les anciens avaient fait plusieurs divinits du ,stercus2 #a4 ,stercus ou ,sterces1 pre de ,picus1 inventeur de la mthode de fumer les terres 7,s4 ,august4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 lib4 xviii4 cap4 #ae74 #b4 ,sterculius 7,macrob41 ,saturn41 lib4 i4 cap4 #g72 #c4 ,stercutius 7,lactant4 de fal4 reb471 ,stercutus1 ,sterquilinus1 ,sterquiline1 divinits qui prsidaient aux engrais4 ,quelques personnes croient que c'tait un surnom de ,saturne comme inventeur de l'agriculture2 d'autres y reconnaissent la terre elle-mme4 ,pline dit que ce dieu tait fils du dieu ,faune et petit-fils de ,picus1 roi des ,latins4--7,pline1 lib4 xvii4 cap4 #i1 num4 #dj2 ,persius1 sat4 i4 ver4 #c47 8,on honore aussi ,faunus avec les deux derniers surnoms40--7,pline1 loc4 cit4 ,bib4 ,scat47 8,consultez sur cette desse en l'honneur de laquelle on a frapp des mdailles1 ,lactant4 ,instit4 lib4 i4 cap4 #bj1 p4 #aa2 ,st4 ,cyp4 ,van4 d4 id4 cap4 #b1 par4 #f2 ,minutius ,felix1 ,oct4 cap4 #be2 ,pline1 ,hist4 ,nat4 lib4 xiv4 cap4 #bi2 ,tite ,live1 #c1 #dh2 ,banier1 ,myth4 tome i4 #cdh2 iv4 #cbi1 #cch40--7;,bib4 ,scat4 p4 #dc1 footnote47 ,as far as possible1 the above citations were verified2 the edition of ,st4 ,augustine consulted was that of the ,reverend ,maurice ,dods1 ,edinburgh1 #ahga4 8,tatius both discovered and worshipped ,cloacina40--7,minutius ,felix1 8,octavius10 cap4 xxv41 edition of ,edinburgh1 #ahfi47 8,colatina1 alias ,clocina1 was goddess of the stools1 the jakes1 and the privy1 to whom1 as to every of the rest1 there was a peculiar temple edified40--7,reginald ,scot1 8,discovery of ,witchcraft108 lib4 #af1 cap4 #bb1 giving a list of the ,roman gods47 ,the following epigram is taken from ,harington's 8,ajax10 p4 xviii43 8,the ,romans1 ever counted superstitious1 ,adored with high titles of divinity1 ,dame ,cloacina and the ,lord ,stercutius1-- ,two persons1 in their state1 of great affinity40 ,for further references to ,cloacina1 see p4 #bfd4 8,stercus1 ,dieu particulier qui prsidait la garde-robe4 ,ce dernier nous rappelle qu' l'art4 ,scopetarius1 num4 #aaa1 nous avons dit quelques mots de ,cloacine1 desse des gouts4 8,on trouve encore dans ,arnobe un dieu ,latrinus duquel il dit3 #8,quis ,latrinus prsidem latrinis8'0--7,adv4 ,gent4 lib4 #d47 8,horace et tous les potes du temps d',auguste1 parlent de ,stercus et ses circonstances et dpendances en cent endroits de leurs ouvrages4 ,martial1 ,catulle1 ,ptrone1 ,macrobe1 ,lucrce1 en saupoudrent leurs posies2 ,homre1 ,pline1 ,lampride en parlent ciel et curs couverts2 ,saint ,jrome et ,saint ,augustin ne ddaignent pas d'en entretenir leurs lecteurs40--7,bibliotheca ,scatalogica1 pp4 #a1 #b47 8,dans ,plautus1 ,aristophane fait dire par ,carion que le dieu ,esculape aime et mange la merde3 il est merdivore1 comme crit le traducteur latin2 ,prave dieu1 comme ,sganarelle1 qui a dit ce mot sacramentel et profond1--#8,la matire est-elle louable8' ,il trouve dans les excrments le secret des souffrances humaines4 ,son trpied prophtique et mdical1 c'est une chaise perce4--7,idem1 p4 #ff47 8,sterculius4 7,myth47 surnom donn ,saturne1 parcequ'il fut le premier qui apprit aux hommes fumer les terres pour les rendre fertiles40--78,encyc4 ,raisonne des ,sciences10 etc41 ,neufchatel1 #agfe1 tome quinzime1 art4 8,sterculius407 ,the ,romans 8had a god of ordure named ,stercutius2 one for other conveniences1 ,crepitus2 a goddess for the common sewers1 ,cloacina40--7,banier1 8,mythology10 vol4 i4 p4 #aii47 8,sterculius was one of the surnames given to ,saturn because he was the first that had laid dung upon lands to make them fertile40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #edj47 ,,the ,,assyrian ,,venus ,,had ,,offerings ,,of ,,dung ,,placed ,,upon ,,her ,,altars4 ,another authority states that 8the zealous adorers of ,siva rub the forehead1 breast1 and shoulders with ashes of cow-dung10 and1 further1 he adds3 8,it is very remarkable that the ,assyrian ,venus1 according to ,lucian1 had also offerings of dung placed upon her altars40--7,maurice1 8,indian ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahjj1 vol4 i4 pp4 #agb1 #agc47df ,,the ,,mexican ,,goddess ,,suchiquecal ,,eats ,,ordure4 ,the ,mexicans had a goddess1 of whom we read the following3--,father ,fabreya says1 in his commentary on the ,codex ,borgianus1 that the mother of the human race is there represented in a state of humiliation1 eating cuitlatl 7kopros1 ,greek74 ,the vessel in the left hand of ,suchiquecal contains 8mierda10 according to the interpreter of these paintings4--7,see note to p4 #abj1 ,kingsborough's 8,mexican ,antiquities10 vol4 iv47 ,the ,spanish mierda1 like the ,greek kopros1 means ordure4 ,besides ,suchiquecal1 the mother of the gods1 who has been represented as eating excrement in token of humiliation1 the ,mexicans had other deities whose functions were more or less clearly complicated with alvine dejections4 ,the most prominent of these was ,ixcuina called1 also1 ,tlaolteotl1 of whom ,brasseur de ,bourbourg speaks in these terms3 ,the goddess of ordure1 or ,tlaolquani1 the eater of ordure1 because she presided over loves and carnal pleasures4#dg ,mendieta mentions her as masculine1 and in these terms3 ,the god of vices and dirtinesses1 whom they called ,tlazulteotl4#dh ,bancroft speaks of 8the ,mexican goddess of carnal love1 called ,tlazoltecotl1 ,ixcuina1 ,tlacloquani10 etc41 and says that she 8had in her service a crowd of dwarfs1 buffoons1 and hunchbacks1 who diverted her with their songs and dances and acted as messengers to such gods as she took a fancy to4 ,the last name of this goddess means 8eater of filthy things10 referring1 it is said1 to her function of hearing and pardoning the confessions of men and women guilty of unclean and carnal crimes4--7,bancroft1 ,h4 ,h4 8,native ,races of the ,pacific ,slope10 vol4 iii4 p4 #chj47 ,in the manuscript explaining the ,codex ,telleriano1 given in ,kingsborough's 8,mexican ,antiquities10 vol4 v4 p4 #aca1 occurs the name of the goddess ,ochpaniztli1 whose feast fell on the #abth of ,september of our calendar4 ,she was described as 8the one who sinned by eating the fruit of the tree40 ,the ,spanish monks styled her1 as well as another goddess1 ,tlaolteotl1--8,la diosa de basura pecado40 ,but 8basura0 is not the alternative of sin 7pecado72 it means 8dung1 manure1 ordure1 excrement40#di ,it is possible that1 in their zeal to discover analogies between the ,aztec and ,christian religions1 the early missionaries passed over a number of points now left to conjecture4 ,in the same volume of ,kingsborough1 p4 #acf1 there is an allusion to the offerings or sacrifices made ,tepeololtec1 8que1 en romance1 quiere decir sacrificios de mierda10 which1 8in plain language1 signifies sacrifices of excrement40 ,nothing further can be adduced upon the subject1 although a note at the foot of this page1 in ,kingsborough1 says that here several pages of the ,codex ,talleriano had been obliterated or mutilated1 probably by some over-zealous expurgator4 ,deities1 created in the ignorance or superstitious fears of devotees1 are essentially man-like in their attributes2 where they are depicted as cruel and sanguinary toward their enemies1 the nation adoring them1 no matter how pacific to-day1 was once cruel and sanguinary likewise4 ,anthropophagous gods are worshipped only by the descendants of cannibals1 and excrement-eaters only by the progeny of those who were not unacquainted with human ordure as an article of food4 ,,israelitish ,,dung ,,gods4 ,dulaure quotes from a number of authorities to show that the ,israelites and ,moabites had the same ridiculous and disgusting ceremonial in their worship of ,bel-phegor4 ,the devotee presented his naked posterior before the altar and relieved his entrails1 making an offering to the idol of the foul emanations4#ej ,dung gods are also mentioned as having been known to the chosen people during the time of their idolatry4#ea ,mr4 ,john ,frazer1 ,,ll4,d41 describing the ceremony of initiation1 known to the ,australians as the 8,bora10 and which he defines to be 8certain ceremonies of initiation through which a youth passes when he reaches the age of puberty to qualify him for a place among the men of the tribe and for the privileges of manhood4 ,by these ceremonies he is made acquainted with his father's gods1 the mythical lore of the tribe and the duties required of him as a man4444 ,the whole is under the tutelage of a high spirit called #8,dharamoolun4' 444 ,but1 present at these ceremonies1 although having no share in them1 is an evil spirit called #8,gunungdhukhya1' #8eater of excrement1' whom the blacks greatly dread40 ,compare this word 8,gunungdhukhya10 with the ,sanskrit root-word 8,gu10 8excrement20 8,dhuk0 is the ,australian 8to eat40--7,personal letter from ,john ,frazer1 ,esq41 ,,ll4,d41 dated ,sydney1 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,dec4 #bd1 #ahhi4 ,continuing his remarks upon the subject of the evil spirit 8,gunungdhukhya10 he says3 8,this being is certainly supposed to eat ordure2 and such is the meaning of his name407 ,king ,james gravely informs us that 8,witches ofttimes confesse that in their worship of the ,devil4444 ,their form of adoration to be the kissing of his hinder parts40--78,dmonologie10 ,london1 #afaf1 p4 #aac47 ,this book appeared with a commendatory preface from ,hinton1 one of the bishops of the ,english ,church4 8,witches paid homage to the devil who was present1 usually in the form of a goat1 dog1 or ape4 ,to him they offered themselves1 body and soul1 and kissed him under the tail1 holding a lighted candle40--78,history of the ,inquisition10 ,henry ,c4 ,lea1 ,new ,york1 #ahhh1 vol4 iii41 p4 #ejj47 ,knowing of the existence of 8dung gods0 among ,romans1 ,egyptians1 ,hebrews1 and ,moabites1 it is not unreasonable to insist1 in the present case1 upon a rigid adherence to the text1 and to assert that1 where it speaks of a sacrifice as a sacrifice of excrement and designates a deity as an eater of excrement1 it means what it says1 and should not be distorted1 under the plea of symbolism1 into a perversion of facts and ideas4 ,some writers made out the name of the god 8,belzebul0 to be identical with 8,beelzebub10 and to mean 8,lord of ,dung10 but this interpretation is disputed by ,schaff-,herzog4--78,encyclopdia of ,religious ,knowledge10 ,new ,york1 article 8,beelzebub407 ,,xx4 ,,latrines4 ,the mention of the ,roman goddess ,cloacina suggests an inquiry into the general history of latrines and urinals4 ,their introduction cannot be ascribed to purely hygienic considerations1 since many nations of comparatively high development have managed to get along without them2 while1 on the other hand1 tribes in low stages of culture have resorted to them4 ,in the chapter treating upon witchcraft and incantation enough testimony has been accumulated to convince the most sceptical that the belief was once widely diffused of the power possessed by sorcerers1 et id omne genus1 over the unfortunate wretches whose excreta1 solid or liquid1 fell into their hands2 terror may1 therefore1 have been the impelling motive for scattering1 secreting1 or preserving in suitable receptacles the alvine dejections of a community4 ,afterwards1 as experience taught men that in these egest were valuable fertilizers for the fields and vineyards1 or fluids for bleaching and tanning1 the political authorities made their preservation a matter of legal obligation4 ,the ,trojans defecated in the full light of day1 if we can credit the statement made to that effect in the 8,bibliotheca ,scatalogica10 p4 #h1 in which it is shown that a ,french author 7name not given7 wrote a facetious but erudite treatise upon this subject4 ,captain ,cook tells us that the ,new ,zealanders had privies to every three or four of their houses2 he also takes occasion to say that there were no privies in ,madrid until #agfj2 that the determination of the king to introduce them and sewers1 and to prohibit the throwing of human ordure out of windows after nightfall1 as had been the custom1 nearly precipitated a revolution4--7,see in ,hawkesworth's 8,voyages10 ,london1 #aggc1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cad47 8,these were more cleanly than most savages about excrements4 ,every house had a concealed 7if possible7 privy near1 and in large #8,pas' a pole was run out over the cliff to sit on sailor-fashion40--78,the ,maoris of ,new ,zealand10 ,e4 ,tregear1 in 8,journal of the ,anthropological ,institute10 ,london1 ,november1 #ahhi47 ,marquesas ,islands4 8,they are peculiarly cleanly in regard to the egest4 ,at the ,society ,islands the wanderer's eyes and nose are offended every morning in the midst of a path with the natural effects of a sound digestion2 but the natives of the ,marquesas are accustomed1 after the manner of our cats1 to bury the offensive objects in the earth4 ,at ,taheite1 indeed1 they depend on the friendly assistance of rats1 who greedily devour these odoriferous dainties2 nay1 they seem to be convinced that their custom is the most proper in the world2 for their witty countryman1 ,tupaya1 found fault with our want of delicacy when he saw a small building appropriated to the rites of ,cloacina1 in every house at ,batavia40--7,forster1 8,voyage round the ,world10 ,london1 #aggg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bh47 ,forster speaks of the traffic between the ,english sailors and the women of ,tahiti1 in which the latter parted with their personal favors in return for red feathers and fresh pork2 in consequence of a too free indulgence in this heavy food1 the ladies suffered from indigestion4 8,the goodness of their appetites and digestion1 exposed them1 however1 to inconveniences of restlessness1 and often disturbed those who wished to sleep after the fatigues of the day4 ,on certain urgent occasions they always required the attendance of their lovers2 but1 as they were frequently refused1 the decks were made to resemble the paths in the islands40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hc47 ,in ancient ,rome there were public latrines1 but no privies attached to houses4 ,there were basins and tubs1 which were emptied daily by servants detailed for the purpose4 ,no closet-paper was in use1 as may be imagined1 none having yet been invented or introduced in ,europe1 but in each public latrine1 there was a bucket filled with salt water1 and a stick having a sponge tied to one end1 with which the passer-by cleansed his person1 and then replaced the stick in the tub4#eb ,seneca1 in his ,epistle ,no4 #gj1 describes the suicide of a ,german slave who rammed one of these sticks down his throat4 ,the warning 8,commit no nuisance10 or in ,french 8,il est dfendu de faire ici des ordures10 is traceable back to the time of the ,romans1 who devoted to the wrath of the twelve great gods1 8and of ,jupiter and ,diana as well1 all who did any indecency in the neighborhood of the temples or monuments40 8,on nous saura gr de rapporter ici une inscription qui se lisait autrefois sur les thermes de ,titus2 #8,duodecim ,dios et ,dianam et ,jovem ,optimum ,maximum habeat iratos quisquis hic minxerit aut cacarit4'0 ,in ,genoa1 excommunication was threatened against all who infringed upon this same prohibition4 ,privies were ordered for each house in ,paris in #aeac1 whence we may infer that some house-builders had previously of their own impulse added such conveniences2 as early as #acgb1 and again in #acie1 there were royal ordinances forbidding the throwing of ordures out of the windows in ,paris1 which gives us the right to conclude that the custom must have been general and offensive2 the same dispositions were taken for the city of ,bordeaux in #aehe4 ,obscene poetry was known in latrines in ,rome as in our own day1 and some of the compositions have come down to us4--7,see 8,bibliotheca ,scatalogica10 pp4 #ac-ag47 ,the ,romans protected their walls 8against such as commit nuisances 444 by consecrating the walls so exposed with the picture of a deity or some other hallowed emblem1 and by denouncing the wrath of heaven against those who should be impious enough to pollute what it was their duty to reverence4 ,the figure of a snake1 it appears1 was sometimes employed for this purpose4444 ,the snake1 it is well known1 was reckoned among the gods of the heathens40--78,vestiges of ,ancient ,manners and ,customs10 ,rev4 ,john ,james ,blunt1 ,london1 #ahbc1 p4 #dc47 ,herodotus informs his readers that the ,egyptians 8ease themselves in their houses1 but eat out of doors1 alleging that whatever is indecent1 though necessary1 ought to be done in private1 but what is not indecent openly40--78,euterpe10 p4 #ce47 ,herodotus also speaks of the ,egyptian king ,amasis having made an idol out of a gold foot-pan1 8in which the ,egyptians formerly vomited1 made water1 and washed their feet0 78,euterpe074 ,minutius ,felix1 in his 8,octavius10 refers to this1 and takes umbrage that heathen idols made of such foul materials should be adored 7see his chapter xxv474 ,tournefort mentions latrines in ,marseilles4 8,they make advantage of the very excrements of the ,gally-,slaves by placing at one end of the ,gallies proper vessels for receiving a manure so necessary to the country40--78,a ,voyage to the ,levant10 edition of ,london1 #agah1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ac-ad47 ,there must have been latrines in ,scotland1 because ,james ,i4 of that kingdom was killed in one in the ,monastery of the ,black ,friars1 in ,perth1 in ,a4,d4 #adcg2 yet for many years later pedestrians in the streets of ,edinburgh1 after night-fall1 took their own risks of the filthy deluge which house-maids were wont to pour down from the windows of the lofty houses4 8,as in modern ,edinburgh so in ancient ,rome1 night was the time observed by the careful housekeeper for throwing her slops from the upper windows into the open drain that ran through the street beneath40--7,footnote to page #adf of ,edward ,walford's 7,m4,a4 of ,baliol1 ,oxford7 ed4 of ,juvenal1 in 8,ancient ,classics for ,english ,readers10 ,philadelphia1 #ahgb1 quoting from ,juvenal the line1 8,clattering the storm descends from heights unknown10 ,satire ,,iii41 line #bgd47 8',tis want of sense to sup abroad too late ,unless thou first hast settled thy estate2 ,as many fates attend thy steps to meet ,as there are waking windows in the street3 ,bless the good gods and think thy chance is rare ,to have a piss-pot only for thy share40 7,dryden's translation of the ,third ,satire of ,juvenal47 8,and behold1 there is nurra goaks in the whole kingdom 7,scotland71 nor anything for pore servants1 but a barrel with a pair of tongs thrown across1 and all the chairs of the family are emptied into this here barrel once a day2 and at ten o'clock at night the whole cargo is flung out of a back windere that looks into some street or lane1 and the maid calls1 #8,gardy loo6' to the passengers1 which signifies1 #8,lord have mercy upon you6' and this is done every night in every house in ,hadinborough40--78,humphrey ,clinker10 ,tobias ,smollett1 edition of ,london1 #ahgb1 p4 #edb47 ,the above seems to have been a ,french expression1--8,gare de l'eau40 8,the cry of all the ,south was that the public offices1 the army1 the navy1 were filled with high-cheeked ,drummonds and ,erskines and ,mc,gillvrays4444 ,all the old jokes on hills without trees1 girls without stockings1 men eating the food of horses1 pails emptied from the fourteenth story1 were pointed against these lucky adventurers40--7,t4 ,b4 ,macaulay1 8,the ,earl of ,chatham10 ,american edition1 ,appleton and ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahgd1 p4 #gbj47 ,the addition of privies to the homes of the gentry would appear to have been an innovation in the time of ,queen ,elizabeth1 else there would not have been so much comment made upon the action of ,sir ,john ,harington1 her distant cousin1 who erected one as a fitting convenience to his new house1 near ,bath1 and published a very ,rabelaisian volume upon the subject in ,london in #aeif4 ,the title of the book1 being quite long1--8,a ,discourse on a ,stale ,subject1 called the ,metamorphosis of ,ajax10--will in subsequent citations be given simply as ,harington's 8,ajax40 ,from the description of the latrine in question there is no doubt that ,harington anticipated nearly all the mechanism of modern days4 ,richard ,,iii4 is represented as having been seated in a latrine1 8sitting on a draught10 when he was 8devising with ,terril how to have his nephews privily murdered40--7,harington1 8,ajax10 p4 #df47 ,there is little reason to doubt that all houses in ,england1 and all ,continental ,europe as well1 were provided with receptacles for urine in the bed-chambers1 even if no regular latrines existed outside of the monasteries and other community-houses4 ,dr4 ,robert ,fletcher1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 who has contributed the following1 is of the opinion that these conveniences were provided for ladies only1 and submits the following passages in support of his conclusions3-- 8,hamjo1 in the #8,wanderer1' part #b1 by ,sir ,thomas ,killigrew1 describing to ,senilia the probable manners of a rude husband1 says that1 on retiring to bed1 #8the gyant stretches himself1 yawns1 and sighs a belch or two1 stales in your pot1 farts as loud as a musket for a jest1'0 etc4 ,in ,douce's 8,illustrations of ,shakspeare0 is a curious print of a bishop blessing a newly married pair in the bridal bed2 on the lady's side a chamber-pot is ostentatiously displayed4 ,douce quotes the following from a rare 8,morality10 entitled1 8,le ,condemnation des ,banquets30 8,pause pour pisser le fol4 ,il prengt un coffinet en lieu de orinal et pisse dedans et tout coule par bas40 ,hobbs1 the ,tanner of ,tamworth1 introduced by ,heywood in his play of 8,king ,edward the ,fourth10 the hero of the old ballad1 furnished his rooms with urinals suited to his trade4 ,he says to his guests1 the ,king and ,sellinger3 8,come1 take away1 and let's to bed4 ,ye shall have clean sheets1 ,ned2 but they be coarse1 good strong hemp1 of my daughter's own spinning4 ,and ,i tell thee your chamber-pot must be a fair horn1 a badge of our occupation2 for we buy no bending pewter nor breaking earth40--78#a ,king ,edward the ,fourth10 iii4 #b1 ,heywood1 #afjj47 ,additional references of the same tenor are to be found in the 8,pilgrims10 ,beaumont and ,fletcher1 ii4 #a3 8,the ,scourge of ,villanie10 ,marston1 #aeii1 satire #b2 and in the following1 which does not accord with ,dr4 ,fletcher's opinion that such utensils were provided solely for the female members of the household4 8,host4 ,hostlers1 you knaves and commanders1 take the horses of the knights and competitors2 your honorable hulks have put into harbor2 they'll take in fresh water here1 and ,i have provided clean chamber-pots40--78,the ,merry ,devil of ,edmonton10 #afjh47 ,such vessels were in use in ,ireland1 where they were called 8omar-fuail10 from omar1 a vessel1 and fuail1 urine4 ,they must have been employed from the earliest centuries4 8,and they 7the ,sybarites7 were the first people who introduced the custom of bringing chamber-pots into entertainments0 7,athenaus1 book xii4 cap4 #ag74 ,it is not easy to detect any essential difference between the manners of the people of ,iceland1 as described by ,bleekmans on another page1 and those of the more polished ,romans4 ,bed-pans were used in ,france in the earliest days of the fifteenth century4 ,they are noted in 8,the ,farce of ,master ,pathelin0 7,a4,d4 #adhj74--7,see 8,le ,moyen ,age ,mdical10 ,dupouy1 ,paris1 #ahhh1 p4 #bhj et seq41 and the translation of the same by ,minor1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 #ahij1 p4 #hb47 8,maids need no more their silver pisse-pots scour1 444 ,presumptuous pisse-pot1 how did'st thou offend8 ,compelling females on their hams to bend8 ,to kings and queens we humbly bend the knee1 ,but queens themselves are forced to stoop to thee40 78,on ,melting down the ,plate1 or the ,piss-,pot's ,farewell10 ,state ,poems1 vol4 i4 part #b1 p4 #bae1 ,a4,d4 #afig47 8,what need hath ,nature of silver dishes or gold chamber-pots80 78,the ,staple of ,news10 ,ben ,jonson1 iii4 #b2 ,london1 #afbh47 8,in the #8,chronicle of ,london1' written in the fifteenth century1 a curious anecdote is related1 to the effect that in ,a4,d4 #abeh-fj1 a ,jew1 on ,saturday1 fell into a #8privy' at ,tewksbury1 but out of reverence for his ,sabbath1 would not allow himself to be drawn out4 ,the next day being ,sunday1 the ,earl of ,gloucester would not let any one draw him out20 and so1 says the ,chronicle1 8the ,jew died in the privy40--78,a ,chronicle of ,london from #ajhi to #adhc10 ,london1 #ahbg1 p4 #bj1 quoted by ,buckle in 8,commonplace ,book10 p4 #ejg1 in vol4 ii4 of his ,works1 ,london1 #ahgb47 8,heliogabalus' body was thrown into a jakes1 as writeth ,suetonius40--7,harington's 8,ajax10 p4 #df47 ,heliogabalus was killed in one 7latrine72 ,arius1 the great heresiarch1 and ,pope ,leo1 his antagonist1 had the same fate4 ,charles the ,fifth1 ,emperor of ,germany and ,spain1 was born in one in the palace of ,ghent1 of ,jeanne of ,aragon1 in #aejj2 hence1 they must have been introduced in the localities named4--7,see ,biblioth4 ,scatal4 p4 #ag47 8,urinary reservoirs were erected in the streets of ,rome1 either for the purpose of public cleanliness1 or for the use of the fullers1 who were accustomed to purchase their contents of the ,roman government during the reign of ,vespasian1 and perhaps other emperors1 at a certain annual impost1 and which1 prior to the invention or general use of soap1 was the substance employed principally in their mills for cleansing cloths and stuffs previous to their being dyed40--7,john ,mason ,good1 translation of ,lucretius' 8,de ,natura ,rerum10 ,london1 #ahje1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aed1 footnote47 8,vases1 called ,gastra1 for the relief of passengers1 were placed by the ,romans upon the edges of roads and streets40--7,fosbroke1 8,encyc4 of ,ant410 ,london1 vol4 i4 p4 #ebf1 article 8,urine407 8,les ,chinois semblent manquer d'engrais1 car on trouve de tous cts des lieux d'aisance pour les besoins des voyageurs40--78,voyage ,pkin10 ,de ,guignes1 ,paris1 #ahjh1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhd2 and again1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cbb47 8,large vases of stone-ware are sunk in the ground at convenient places for the use of passing travellers40--78,chinese ,repository10 ,canton1 #ahce1 vol4 iii4 p4 #acd47 8,a traveller who lately returned from ,pekin asserts that there is plenty to smell in that city1 but very little to see4444 ,the houses are all very low and mean1 the streets are wholly unpaved1 and are always very muddy and very dusty1 and as there are no sewers or cess-pools1 the filthiness of the town is indescribable40--78,chicago ,news10 copied in the 8,press10 ,philadelphia1 ,penn41 ,may #ad1 #ahhi47 8,by the ,mahometan law1 the body becomes unclean after each evacuation 444 both greater and smaller 444 requires an ablution1 according to circumstances4444 ,if a drop of urine touches the clothes1 they must be washed40 ,for fear that their garments have been so defiled1 8the ,bokhariots frequently repeat their prayers stark naked40 444 ,the matter of cleaning the body after an evacuation of any kind is defined by religious ritual4 8,the law commands #8,istindjah' 7removal71 #8istinkah' 7ablution71 and #8istibra' 7drying170--i4 e41 a small clod of earth is first used for the local cleansing1 then water at least twice1 and finally a piece of linen a yard in length4444 ,in ,turkey1 ,arabia1 and ,persia all are necessary1 and pious men carry several clods of earth for the purpose in their turbans4 8,these acts of purification are also carried on quite publicly in the bazaars1 from a desire to make a parade of their consistent piety40 ,vambry saw 8a teacher give to his pupils1 boys and girls1 instruction in the handling of the clod of earth1 and so forth1 by way of experiment40--78,sketches of ,central ,asia10 ,arminius ,vambry1 ,london1 #ahfh1 pp4 #aij1 #aia47 ,moslems urinate sitting down on their heels2 8for a spray of urine would make hair and clothes ceremonially impure4444 ,after urining1 the ,moslem wipes the os penis with one to three bits of stone1 clay1 or a handful of earth1 and he must perform ,wuzu before he can pray40 ,tournefort 78,voyage au ,levant10 vol4 iii4 p4 #cee7 tells a pleasant story about certain ,christians at ,constantinople who powdered with poivre d',inde the stones in a wall where the ,moslems were in the habit of rubbing the os penis by way of wiping4--7,burton1 8,arabian ,nights10 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbf4 ,again1 in footnote to p4 #bbi1 vol4 iii41 he says1 8,scrupulous ,moslems scratch the ground in front of their feet with a stick1 to prevent spraying and consequent defilement407 ,marco ,polo1 in speaking of the ,brahmins1 says1 8,they ease themselves in the sands1 and then disperse it1 hither and thither1 lest it should breed worms1 which might die for want of food40--78,travels10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #afd1 #afe47 ,speaking of the ,mahometans1 ,tournefort says1 8,when they make water1 they squat down like women1 for fear some drops of urine should fall into their breeches4 ,to prevent this evil1 they squeeze the part very carefully1 and rub the head of it against the wall2 and one may see the stones worn in several places by this custom4 ,to make themselves sport1 the ,christians smear the stones sometimes with ,indian pepper and the root called #8,calf's-,foot1' or some other hot plants1 which frequently causes an inflammation in such as happen to use the ,stone4 ,as the pain is very smart1 the poor ,turks commonly run for a cure to those very ,christian surgeons who were the authors of all the mischief4 ,they never fail to tell them it is a very dangerous case1 and that they should be obliged1 perhaps1 to make an amputation4 ,the ,turks1 on the contrary1 protest and swear that they have had no communication with any sort of woman that could be suspected4 ,in short1 they wrap up the suffering part in a ,linen dipped in ,oxicrat tinctured with a little ,bole-,armenic2 and this they sell them as a great specifick for this kind of ,mischief40--7,tournefort1 8,a ,voyage to the ,levant10 ,london1 #agah1 vol4 ii4 p4 #di47 8,some of their doctors believe ,circumcision was not taken from the ,jews1 but only for the better observing the ,precept of ,cleanness1 by which they are forbidden to let any ,urine fall upon their flesh4 ,and it is certain that some drops are always apt to hang upon the ,prputium1 especially among the ,arabians1 with whom that skin is naturally much longer than in other men40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #df47 ,the ,mahometans have 8,two ablutions1 the great and small4444 ,the first is of the whole body1 but this is enjoined only to0 those 8who have let some urine drop upon their flesh when they have made water40 ,this he enumerates among 8,the ,three great ,defilements of the ,mussulmans40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dh47 ,john ,leo says of those 8,arabians which inhabit in ,barborie1 or upon the ,coast of the ,mediterranean ,sea4444 ,their churches they frequent very diligently1 to the end they may repeat certain prescript and formall ,praiers1 most sperstitiously perswading themselves that the same day wherein they make their praiers1 it is not lawfull for them to wash certaine of their members1 when1 as at other times1 they will wash their whole bodies40--78,observations of ,africa10 in ,purchas's 8,pilgrims10 vol4 ii4 p4 #gff47 8,les lieux destins la dcharge de la nature 444 sont toujours propres4444 ,les ,turcs ne sont point assis comme nous quand ils sont en ces lieux-l1 mais ils s'accroupissent sur le trou qui n'est relev de terre que d'un demy-pied ou d'un peu plus4444 ,les ,turcs et tous les ,mahomtans en gnral ne se servent point de papier de vils usages1 et quand ils vont ces sortes de lieux ils portent un pot plein d'eau pour se laver40--7,j4 ,b4 ,tavernier1 8,relation de l'intrieur du ,srail du ,grand ,seigneur10 ,paris1 #afge1 p4 #aid47 8,nunquam ,turcas seu papyro pro anistergio uti1 sed pro magno ipsis delicti habere1 et quidem ideo1 quia fortasse ,nomen ,dei ipsi inscriptum sit vel inscribi possit1 refert ,thevenot1 ,itinerar4 ,orient4 lib4 #a1 cap4 #cc1 p4 m4 #fj4 ,et juxta ,a4 ,bubeqv41 ,ep4 #c1 p4 m4 #ahd1 ,turc alvum excrementis non exonerant quin aquam secum portant1 qua partes obscenas lavent40--7,schurig1 8,chylologia10 ,dresden1 #agbe1 p4 #gif47 ,rabelais has written a characteristic chapter on the expedients to which men resorted before the general introduction of paper for use in latrines2 see his chapter xiii41 8,anisterges40 8,nothing could be more filthy than the state of the palace and all the lanes leading up to it4 ,it was well1 perhaps1 that we were never expected to go there2 for without stilts and respirators it would have been impracticable1 such is the filthy nature of the people4 ,the king's cows even are kept in his palace enclosure1 the calves actually entering the hut1 where1 like a farmer1 ,kamresi walks among them1 up to his ankles in filth1 and inspecting them1 issues his orders concerning them40--7,speke1 8,nile10 ,london1 #ahfc1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ebf1 describing the palace of ,king ,kamresi1 at the head of the ,nile47 8,shortly afterwards1 a disturbance arose between some of my people and the natives1 owing to one of my men who retired into a patch of cultivated ground having been discovered there by the owner4 ,he demanded compensation for his land having been defiled1 and had to be appeased by a present of cloth4 ,if they were only half as particular about their dwellings as their fields1 it would be a good thing1 for their villages are filthy in the extreme1 and would be even worse but for the presence of large numbers of pigs which act as scavengers40--78,across ,africa10 ,cameron1 ,london1 #ahgg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjj47 8,i was disgusted with the custom which prevailed in the houses like that in which ,i was lodged1 of using the terrace as a sort of closet2 and ,i had great difficulty in preventing my guide1 ,amer el ,walati1 who still stayed with me and made the terrace his usual residence1 from indulging in the filthy practice40--7,dr4 ,henry ,barth1 8,travels in ,north and ,central ,africa10 ,philadelphia1 #ahei1 p4 #dbi1 description of ,timbuctoo47 8,they 7the ,tartars7 hold it not good to abide long in one place1 for they will say when they will curse any of their children1 #8,i would thou mightest tarry so long in one place that thou mightest smell thine own dung as the ,christians do2' and this is the greatest curse they have40--78,notes of ,richard ,johnson1 servant to ,master ,richard ,chancellor10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 i4 p4 #fb4 8,voyages of ,sir ,hugh ,willoughby and others to the ,northern parts of ,siberia and ,russia407 ,the ,tungouses of ,siberia told ,sauer that 8they knew no greater curse than to live in one place like a ,russian or ,yakut1 where filth accumulates and fills the inhabitants with stench and disease40--7,sauer1 8,expedition to the ,north parts of ,russia10 ,london1 #ahjb1 p4 #di47 8,it is a common obloquy that the ,turks 7who still keep the order of ,deuteronomy for their ordure7 do object to ,christians that they are poisoned with their own dung40--7,harington1 8,ajax10 p4 #aae47 8,the aspect of the village itself is very neat1 the ground being often swept before the chief houses2 but very bad odors abound1 owing to there being under each house a stinking mud-hole1 formed by all waste liquids and refuse matter poured down through the floor above4 ,in most other things1 ,malays are tolerably clean--in some scrupulously so--and this peculiar and nasty custom1 which is almost universal1 arises1 ,i have little doubt1 from their having been originally a water-loving and maritime people1 who built their houses on posts in the water1 and only migrated gradually inland1 first up the rivers and streams1 and then into the dry interior4 8,habits which were once so convenient and cleanly1 and which had been so long practised as to become a part of the domestic life of the nation1 were of course continued when the first settlers built their houses inland2 and1 without a regular system of drainage1 the arrangement of the villages is such that any other system would be very inconvenient40--78,the ,malay ,archipelago10 ,alfred ,russell ,wallace1 ,london1 #ahfi1 vol4 i4 p4 #abf47 ,forster speaks of 8an intolerable stench which arises from the many tanks dispersed in the different quarters of the town1 whose waters and borders are appropriated to the common use of the inhabitants0 78,sketch of the ,mythology of the ,hindoos10 ,george ,forster1 ,london1 #aghe1 p4 #g72 but1 he adds1 8,the filth alone which is indiscriminately thrown into the street40 8,there are some ,guai1 which 444 dawbe ouer their houses with ,oxe-dung4444 ,they touch not their meat with the left hand1 but use that hand only to wipe and other unclean offices40--7,marco ,polo1 in ,purchas1 vol4 i4 p4 #aje47 8,having list at any time to ease themselves1 the filthy lousels had not the manners to withdraw themselves further from us than a ,beane can be cast4 ,yea1 like vile slouens1 they would lay their tails in our presence1 while they were yet talking with us40--7,friar ,william de ,rubruquis1 the ,franciscan1 sent by ,saint ,louis1 of ,france 7,king ,louis ,,ix471 as ambassador to the ,grand ,khan of ,tartary in ,a4,d4 #abce1--;in ,purchas1 vol4 i4 p4 #aa47 8,a great magnifico of ,venice1 being ambassador in ,france1 and hearing a noble person was come to speak with him1 made him stay till he had untied his points2 and when he was new set upon his stool1 sent for the nobleman to come to him at that time1 as a very special favor40--7,harington1 8,ajax10 p4 #cj47 8,the ,french courtesy ,i spake of before came from the ,romans2 since in ,martial's time1 they shunned not one another's company at ,monsieur ,ajax40 78,ajax0 as used by ,harington1 is a play upon the words 8a ,jakes407--7,see ,harington1 8,ajax10 p4 #ch47 ,carl ,lumholtz stated to the author that the ,australians urinate in the presence of strangers1 and while talking to them4 8,il n'est fonction physiologique ou besoin naturel qu'ils aient gne satisfaire en public4 #8,une coutume n'a rien d'indcent quand elle est universelle1' remarque philosophiquement un de nos voyageurs40--78,les ,primitifs10 ,elie ,rclus1 ,paris1 #ahhe1 p4 #ga1--8,les ,inoits ,occidentaux10 quoting ,dall47 ,padre ,gumilla says that the ,indians on the ,orinoco have the same custom as the ,jews and ,turks have of digging holes with a hoe and covering up their evacuations4 7,see 8,orinoco10 ,madrid1 #agda1 p4 #aji47 ,no such cleanliness can be attributed to the ,indians of the ,plains of ,north ,america or the nomadic tribes of the ,southwest4 8,and thou shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon2 and it shall be1 when thou wilt ease thyself abroad1 thou shalt dig therewith1 and shalt turn back and cover that which cometh from thee4 8,for the ,lord1 thy ,god1 walketh in the midst of thy camp1 to deliver thee and to give up thine enemies before thee2 therefore shall thy camp be holy2 that he see no unclean thing in thee1 and turn away from thee40--7,deuteronomy xxiii47 ,speaking of the ,essenes1 ,josephus informs us3 8,on the seventh day 444 they will not even remove any vessel out of its place1 nor perform the most pressing necessities of nature4 ,nay1 on other days they dig a small pit1 a foot deep1 with a paddle 7which kind of hatchet is given them when they first are admitted among them71 and1 covering themselves round with their garment1 that they may not affront the divine rays of light1 they ease themselves into that pit4 ,after which they put the earth that was dug out again into that pit4 8,and even this they do only in the most lonesome places1 which they choose for this purpose4 ,and it is a rule with them to wash themselves afterwards1 as if it were a defilement40--78,wars of the ,jews10 edition of ,new ,york1 #ahba1 p4 #bda47 8,the ,rabbinical ,jews believed that every privy was the abode of an unclean spirit of this kind0 7i4 e41 an excrement-eating god71 8which could be inhaled with the breath1 and descending into the lower parts of the body1 lodge there1 and thus like the ,bhutas of ,india1 bring suffering and disease40 7,personal letter from ,john ,frazer1 ,esq41 ,,ll4,d41 ,sydney1 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,dec4 #bd1 #ahhi47 ,in descriptions of ,jerusalem1 we read of the 8,dung ,gate10 by or through which1 all the fecal matter of the city had to be carried4--7,see ,harington1 8,ajax10 p4 #hg47 8,when an aborigine obeys a call of nature1 he always carries a pointed instrument with which to turn up the ground1 so that his fecal excreta may be hidden from the keen vision of the vagabond ,bangals40 78,bangals0 are the native witches or their parallels47--78,aborigines of ,victoria and ,riverina10 ,a4 ,brough-,smith1 vol4 i4 p4 #afe47 ,the same custom has been ascribed to the ,dyaks of ,borneo4 ,it is by no means certain that this custom had its origin in any suggestion of cleanliness2 on the contrary1 it is fully as probable that the idea was to avert the maleficence of witchcraft by putting out of sight material the possession of which would give witches so much power over the former owner4 ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,mann confirms from personal observation that the natives of ,australia observed the injunction given to the ,hebrews in ,deuteronomy4 8,from personal observation1 ,i can state that the natives1 all over the country1 as a rule1 are particular in this matter1 but it was many years before ,i ascertained the reasons for this care4 ,sorcery and witchcraft exist in every tribe2 each tribe has its #8,kooradgee' or medicine-man2 the natives imagine that any death1 accident1 or pain1 is caused by the evil influence of some enemy4 ,these #8,kooradgees' have the power not only of inflicting pain1 but of causing all kinds of trouble4 ,they are particular to always carry about with them1 in a net bag1 a #8charm' which is most ordinarily made of rock crystal1 human excrement1 and kidney fat4 ,if one of these medicine-men can obtain possession of some of the excrement of his intended victim1 or some of his hair1 in fact anything belonging to his person1 it is the most easy thing in the world to bewitch him40--7,personal letter from ,john ,f4 ,mann1 ,esq41 ,neutral ,bay1 ,new ,south ,wales47 8,the disposal of excreta is not so much for the sake of cleanliness as to prevent any human substance from falling into the hands of an enemy40--7,idem47 ,schurig devotes a long paragraph to an exposition of the views entertained by learned physicians in regard to the effects to be expected from the deposition of the fecal matter upon plants that were either noxious or beneficial to the human organism2 in the former case1 the worst results were to be dreaded from sympathy2 in the latter1 only the most salutary4 ,rustics1 in his opinion1 enjoyed better health than the inhabitants of cities for the very peculiar reason that the latter evacuated in latrines and in the act were compelled to inhale the deleterious gases emanating from the foul deposits already accumulated2 whereas the countryman could go out to a comfortable place in the fields and evacuate without the danger and inconvenience to which the urban population were subject4 ,but he takes occasion to warn his readers that they must be careful not to defecate upon certain malignant herbs which might be the cause of virulent dysentery4 8,prterea cavendum est ne feces supra herbas malignas exulcerantes sive violenter purgantes deponamus hinc enim causa latente dysenteria periculosa inducitur qu vix nisi herbis prorsus putrefactis ullis medicamentis cedit40--78,chylologia10 p4 #gib1 paragraph #ff47 ,colonel ,garrick ,mallery1 ,united ,states ,army1 reports having met with people of respectability and intelligence in the mountainous parts of ,virginia who hold the same views upon the subject of latrines4 8,ye great ones1 why will ye disdain ,to pay your tribute on the plain8 ,why will you place in lazy pride8 ,when from the homeliest earthenware ,are sent up offerings more sincere ,than where the haughty ,duchess locks ,her silver vase in cedar box40 7,dean ,swift47 8,si une bhikshuni jette des excrments sur l'herbe croissante1 c'est un pacittiya1 etc40--78,pratimoksha ,sutra10 translated by ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill1 ,paris1 #ahhd4 ,soc4 ,asiatique47 ,these bhikshuni are the nuns of ,thibet1 and the word 8pacittiya0 means a sin4 ,the following beastly practices are related of the ,capuchins3 8,tunica replicata1 absque impedimento cacat et mingit1 anum fune abstergit40--7,fosbroke1 8,british ,monachism10 quoting 8,specimen ,monchologi407 ,there are no latrines of any kind in ,angola1 ,west ,africa2 the negroes believe that it is very vile to frequent the same place for such purposes4 ,they do not cover up their excrements1 but deposit them out in the bushes4 ,sometimes it happens that a man will defecate inside the house1 in which case he will be laughed at all the rest of his life1 and be called 8,d',kombe10 which is a kind of leopard4--78,muhongo10 an ,african boy1 translation by ,rev4 ,mr4 ,chatelain47 ,the following is the epigram of ,martial 8ad ,furium03-- 8,a te sudor abest1 abest saliva1 ,mucusque et pituita mala nasi1 ,hunc ad munditiem adde mundiorem1 ,quod culus tibi purior salillo est1 ,nec toto decies cacas in anno2 ,atque id durius est faba et lapillis1 ,quod tu si manibus teras fricesque1 ,non unquam digitum inquinare possis40 ,the ,hon4 ,john ,f4 ,finerty called public attention to the fact that in the city of ,mexico1 ten years ago1 beggars of the vilest caste invariably made a practice of defecating upon the marble steps of the main entrance to the grand cathedral4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,porter states that in some parts of the ,mexican republic the women come out in front of their doors to urinate2 the author has seen them doing this1 and also defecating in the streets of ,tucson1 at that time the capital of ,arizona2 he has seen the same practice in several of the smaller hamlets of that territory and ,sonora and ,new ,mexico1 but always at night4 ,the ,mexicans living on our side of the border never constructed privies for their dwellings1 a custom perhaps derived from ,spain1 where we have seen that even in ,madrid the construction of such conveniences was unknown until after the middle of the last century4 ,,posture ,,in ,,urination4 ,the ,apache men in micturating always squat down1 while the women1 on the contrary1 always stand up4 ,giraldus ,cambrensis says of the ,irish3 8,prterea1 viri in hac gente sedendo1 mulieres stando1 urinas emittunt40--78,opera10 edited by ,james ,dimock1 and published under the direction of the ,master of the ,rolls1 ,london1 #ahfg1 vol4 v4 p4 #agb47 ,the author has seen an ,italian woman of the lower class urinating in this manner in the street near ,san ,pietro in ,vinculis1 ,rome1 in open daylight1 in #ahhc4 ,french women were to be seen in the streets of ,paris urinating while standing over gutters4--7,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill47 8,among the ,turks1 it is an heresy1 to p--s standing40--7,harington1 8,ajax10 in the chapter 8,ulysses upon ,ajax10 p4 #dc47 ,the ,egyptian 8women stand up when they make water1 but the men sit down40--7,herodotus1 8,euterpe10 p4 #ce47 ,mr4 ,carl ,lumholtz 7author of 8,among ,cannibals10 ,new ,york1 #ahhi7 also stated that the ,australian men squatted while urinating2 the women generally stood erect1 but upon this point he was not quite sure4 8,mantegazza1 in his #8,gli amori degli uomini1' describing the operation of splitting the male urethra1 practised among ,australian tribes1 remarks3 #8,to urinate1 they squat down like our women1 lifting the penis slightly4 ,it appears that1 on the contrary1 ,australian women urinate standing4' 7,he is apparently quoting from ,michluchs-,maclay47 ,among the ,kaffirs1 etc41 at the ,cape1 the usual practice1 ,i understand1 does not differ from ours40--7,personal letter from ,havelock ,ellis1 ,esq41 editor of the ,contemporary ,science series1 dated ,red ,hill1 ,surrey1 ,oct4 #h1 #ahhi4 ,from this gentleman there was also received much matter of a most valuable character1 from the early ,english dramatists1 travellers1 and others1 which has been already quoted from these sources direct47 8,behold the strutting ,amazonian whore6 ,she stands in guard1 with her right foot before3 ,her coat tucked up1 and all her motions just1 ,she stamps1 and then cries1 #8,hah6' at every thrust4 ,but laugh to see her1 tired from many a bout1 ,call for the pot1 and like a man piss out40 7,juvenal1 ,satire ,,vi41 ,dryden's translation47 ,the ,thibetan nuns are forbidden to adopt certain postures1 as are the monks4 8#aaj1 #aaa4 ,ne pas se soulager debout1 n'tant pas malade1 est une rgle qu'on doit apprendre40--78,pratimoksha ,sutra10 translated by ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill1 ,paris1 #ahhd1 ,soc4 ,asiatique47 8sop1 that great man1 saw his master make water as he walked4 #8,what6' said he2 #8must we1 then1 dung as we walk8'0--7,planudus1 quoted by ,montaigne1 8,essays10 ,hazlitt's translation1 ,new ,york1 #ahei1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dfg47 ,the lazzaroni of ,naples are more filthy in all these respects than the wildest ,maori1 ,bedouin1 or ,apache ,indian1 as the author can assert from disagreeable personal observation4 8,it can be justly said that the inhabitants of ,cadiack1 if we except the women during their monthly periods and their lying-in1 have not the least sense of cleanliness4 ,they will not go a step out of the way for the most necessary purposes of nature2 and vessels are placed at their very doors for the reception of the urinous fluid1 which are resorted to alike by both sexes40--7,lisiansky1 8,voyages10 p4 #bad1 quoted also in ,bancroft's 8,native ,races of the ,pacific ,slope10 vol4 i4 p4 #ha47 8,par suite des ordures et du manque d'air1 l'intrieur des huttes rpand une puanteur presque insupportable40--78,les ,primitifs10 ,elie ,rclus1 ,paris1 #ahhe1 8,les ,inoits ,orientaux407 ,old women in ,switzerland urinate standing1 especially in cold weather4--7,rev4 ,mr4 ,chatelain1 himself a native of ,switzerland1 and now a ,protestant missionary in ,angola1 ,western ,africa47 ,the men of ,angola1 ,africa1 urinate standing2 the women of the same tribes urinate standing1 as a general thing1 although there are some exceptions4 ,it should be remembered that the ,jesuits have had missions in that region for two hundred years1 and some effect upon the ideas of the people1 due to these ministrations as well as to the occupancy of the country by the ,portuguese1 should be perceptible4 ,gmara says of the ,indians of ,nicaragua3 8,mean todos do les toma la gana--ellos en cuclillas y ellas en pie40--78,historia de las ,indias10 p4 #bhc47 ,the ,mojaves of the ,rio ,colorado follow the same rule as the ,apaches4 ,in ,ounalashka1 the houses are divided by partitions4 8,each partition has a particular wooden reservoir for the urine1 which is used both for dyeing the grass and for washing the hands1 but after cleansing the latter in this manner1 they rince them in pure water40--7,sarytschew1 in 8,phillip's ,voyages10 ,london1 #ahjg1 vol4 vi4 p4 #gb47 ,dr4 ,porter communicates the information that he has often heard the ,arctic explorer ,dr4 ,hayes speak of the propensity of the ,eskimo of the east coast of ,greenland to use the trench to the hut as a latrine4 ,he tried in vain to prevent this practice among his ,eskimo attendants1 but believed that they had a pride among themselves in leaving conspicuous traces of their presence4 ,for urinals among the ,eskimo1 see also notes from ,egede1 ,egede ,saabye1 and ,richardson1 under 8,industries10 in this volume4 8,neither is it lawfull for any one to rise from the table to make water2 but for this purpose the daughter of the house1 or another maid or woman1 attendeth always at the table1 watchfull if any one beckon to them2 to him that beckoneth shee gives the chamber-pott under the table with her owne hands2 the rest in the meanwhile grunt like swine least any noise bee heard4 ,the water being poured out1 hee washeth the bason1 and offereth his services to him that is willing2 and he is accounteth uncivill who abhorreth this fashion40--7,dittmar ,bleecken's 8,voyage to ,iceland and ,greenland10 ,a4,d4 #aefe1 in ,purchas1 vol4 i4 pp4 #fcf-fdg47 ,steller's account shows that in his time the people of ,kamtchatka had no regular water-closets4 8,the dogs steal food whenever they can1 and even eat their straps4 ,in their presence no one is able to ease nature without the protection of a club for the purpose of keeping them at a distance4 ,as soon as he leaves1 the dogs rush to the spot1 and under much snarling and snapping each seeks to grasp the deposit40--7,steller1 translated by ,bunnemeyer47 ,in the ,eskimo myths there is the story of the ,eskimo boy1 an orphan1 who was abused by being made to carry out of the hut the large urine vessel4 ,this would indicate a certain antiquity for the employment of these vessels4--7,see 8,the ,central ,eskimo10 ,franz ,boas1 in 8,sixth ,annual ,report10 ,bureau of ,ethnology1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahhh1 p4 #fca47 ,in the city of ,bogota1 ,colombia1 ,south ,america1 the lower classes urinate openly in the streets2 in the city of ,mexico1 the same practice prevailed until recently4 ,in 8,the ,snake ,dance of the ,moquis of ,arizona10 the author had something to say touching the practice of the ,moquis1 ,zuis1 and others of the ,pueblo tribes1 of collecting urine in vessels of earthenware2 this was for the purpose of saving the fluid for use in dyeing the wool of which their blankets and other garments were to be made4 ,it was noticed1 however1 that a particular place was assigned for such emergencies as might arise when the ordinary receptacles might not be within reach4 ,thus1 in the town of ,hualpi 7on the eastern mesa in the northeast corner of the ,territory of ,arizona71 one of the corners had been in such constant use1 and for so long a time that the stream percolating down from the wall had eroded a channel for itself in the friable sandstone flooring1 which would serve to demonstrate that the place had been so dedicated for a very extended number of years4 ,latrines of some sort would seem to have been in use among the natives of ,australia1 if we are to interpret literally the expression employed by ,a4 ,brough ,smyth1 which see under 8,myths0 in this volume4 ,the ,tonga ,islanders1 in the mortuary ceremonies of their great chiefs1 are stated to have had them 7see under 8,mortuary ,ceremonies0 in this volume74 ,carl ,lumholtz did not observe latrines of any kind among such of the ,australians as he visited4 ,among the ,chinese 8it is usual for the princes1 and even the people1 to make water standing4 ,persons of dignity1 as well as the vice-kings1 and the principal officers1 have gilded canes1 a cubit long1 which are bored through1 and these they use as often as they make water1 standing upright all the time2 and by this means the tube carries the water to a good distance from them4#ec ,they are of opinion that all pains in the kidneys1 the strangury1 and even the stone1 are caused by making water in a sitting posture2 and that the reins cannot free themselves absolutely of these humors but by standing to evacuate2 and that thus this posture contributes exceedingly to the preservation of health40--78,the ,travels of ,two ,mahometans through ,india and ,china10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bae47 ,the ,persian 8must not pray before an overhanging wall1 or in a room where there is a pot de chambre40--7,benjamin1 8,persia10 ,london1 #ahhg1 p4 #ddd1 quoting from the ,shahr47 ,in the ,hawaiian ,islands1 if a man's shadow fall on a chief1 the man is put to death4--7,see 8,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 i4 p4 #aij47 8,these natives 7,east ,siberia7 always preserve for use in their domesticity the urine of the whole family2 it is preserved in a large tub or half-barrel1 procured from the whale-ships or found in the drift that comes upon their shores4 ,they use the warm water from their bodies for cleansing their bodies2 the rim that gathers round the high-water mark of their cess-pool is used for smearing their bodies to kill the vermin4444 ,the habits of these people are beastly in the extreme4444 ,they seemed to have no aversion whatever to close contact with the feces of men or animals40--7,personal letter of ,chief ,engineer ,melville1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy1 to ,captain ,bourke47 ,van ,stralenberg says of the 8,koriki0 7,koraks73 8,for their necessary occasions they make use of a tub1 which they have with them in the hut1 and when full they carry it out1 and make use of the same tub to bring in water for other occasions40--78,histori-,geographical ,description of the ,north and ,east ,parts of ,europe and ,asia10 p4 #cig47 ,by referring to page #cij of this volume1 it will be seen that the ,lapps1 upon breaking camp1 made it a point to burn the dung of their reindeer in cases where any of these animals had died of disease2 while it is also related that immigrants to ,california from the ,states of ,missouri and ,arkansas1 for some reason not understood1 had the singular custom of burning their own excrement in the camp-fire4 8,when they ease themselves1 they commonly go in the morning unto the ,towne's end1 where there is a place purposely made for them1 that they may not bee seene1 so also because men passing by should not be molested with the smell thereof4 ,they also esteeme it a bad thing that men should ease themselves upon the ground1 and therefore they make houses which are borne up above the ground1 wherein they ease themselves upon the ground1 and every time they do it they wipe2 or else they goe to the water's side to ease themselves in the sand2 and when the ,priuie houses are full1 they set fire to them1 and let them burn to ashes2 they pisse by jobs as dogs doe1 and not all at one time40--7,master ,richard ,jobson1 ,a4,d4 #afbj1 8,gold ,coast of ,africa10 in ,purchas1 vol4 ii4 p4 #icb47 ,,xxi4 ,,an ,,inquiry ,,into ,,the ,,nature ,,of ,,the ,,rites ,,connected ,,with ,,the ,,worship ,,of ,,bel-,,phegor4 ,precisely what ceremonial observances the ritual of ,bel-,phegor demanded of the suppliant at his shrine is not likely ever to be known4 ,it would be worse than useless to attempt in a treatise of this kind to affirm or deny the existence of the obscene usages alleged to have formed part of his worship2 sufficient1 at this moment1 to lay before reflecting minds testimony on both sides of the question1 with reasons for the belief that flatulence could be presented as an oblation1 with examples of quaint customs which may partake of the nature of 8survivals0 from religious ceremonies of a nature not far removed from those supposed to have been associated with the rites of ,bel-,phegor4 ,well has an old author remarked3 8,men have lost their reason in nothing so much as their religion1 wherein stones and clouts make martyrs2 and since the religion of one seems madness to another1 to afford an account or rational of old rites requires no rigid reader40--7,sir ,thomas ,browne1 8,religio ,medici10 edition of ,boston1 #ahfh1 p4 #cbi1 article 8,urn-,burial407 8,le ,pet tait une divinit des anciens gyptiens2 elle tait la personnification d'une fonction naturelle4 ,on la figurait par un enfant accroupi qui semble faire effort1 et on peut en voir la reprsentation dans les ouvrages d'antiquit4 ,le pome ,calotin1 intitul le ,conseil de ,momus 7voyez aux ,polygraphes7 donne1 contre la page #ai1 deux figures de ce dieu4 ,l'une tait en cornaline de trois couleurs2 l'autre en terre cuite1 se trouvait dans le cabinet du ,marquis de ,cospy1 et la figure en a t donne dans le ,museum ,cospianum4 ,l'auteur de la ,dissertation sur un ancien ,usage 7voyez le numro #ah7 conteste que ces figurines se rapportent au ,crepitus1 et croit qu'elles ont t inventes dans un but plus solide4 8,c'est de ,minutius ,felix que nous vient la reconnaissance du ,crepitus1 qui1 lors mme qu'il aurait t clbr rellement en gypte1 n'tait peut-tre qu'une caricature imagine par les plaisants du jour4 ,mnage cependant affirme que les ,plusiens adoraient le ,pet2 il dit que ,baudelot en a donn la preuve dans les ditions de son premier vol41 et qu'il en possdait une figure4 7,voy4 ,menagiana1 #afic1 no4 #cig4 ,st4 ,jerome dit la mme chose sur ,isaie1 xiii4 #df4 ,voy4 encore ,klotz1 act4 littr4 t4 v41 premire partie1 #a1 ,elmenhorst sur l',octavius de ,minutius ,felix2 ,mythol4 de ,banier1 t4 #a2 ,montfaucon1 #8l',antiquit explique1' t4 iii4 part #b1 p4 #ccf47 8,quelques antiquaires ont cru pouvoir identifier le dieu ,crepitus des ,romains avec ,bel-,phegor1 ,baal-,phegor ou ,baal-,peor1 dieu ,syrien1--,phegor1 assure-t-on1 ayant ce sens en ,hebreu4 7,origen contra ,celsus2 ,minutius ,felix47 ,mais1 sur cette dernire divinit les savants sont fort peu d'accord4 8,origne1 ,st4 ,jerome1 ,salomon ,ben ,jarchi1 lui donnent une signification qui la rendrait tout fait indigne de figurer dans notre catalogue2 mais ,maimonide 7,moge ,nevoch1 cap4 #df7 et ,salom4 ,ben ,jarchi 7,comment4 #c1 sur ,nomb4 ch4 #be7 prtendent que son culte tait plus sale que obscne1 et les traducteurs de ces rabbins pour exprimer le principal dtail des crmonies clbres en l'honneur du dieu de ,syrie1 disent3 #8,distendere coram eo foramen podicis et stercus offere4' 8,ajoutez que les pets taient de bon augure chez les ,grecs1 de mauvais augure chez les ,romains40--7,voy4 ,scaliger1 ,auson47 8,no one now supposes that the ,rabbins had anything but their imaginations to go on in what they say about ,baal-,peor2 they invented the story as a fanciful etymology of the name40#ed--7,personal letter from ,prof4 ,w4 ,robertson ,smith to ,captain ,bourke47 ,citations have already been made from the ,bibliotheca ,scatalogica1 a curious collection of learning1 no name and no place of publication of which can be found1 but which seems to have been printed by ,giraudet et ,jouaust1 #cae ,rue ,saint ,honor1 ,paris1 granting that this title be not fictitious4 ,in that work are to be seen the titles of no less than one hundred and thirty-three treatises upon ,flatulence1 some grotesque1 some coarse1 one or two of quaint erudition4 ,no4 #hh1 entitled 8loge du ,pet1 dissertation historique1 anatomique et philosophique sur son origine1 son antiquit1 ses vertus1 sa figure1 les honneurs qu'on lui a rendus chez les peuples anciens1 etc42 avec une figure reprsentant le dieu ,pet1 et cette inscription3 ,crepitui ventris conservatori deo propitio 7p4 #ch710 the stupendous work of ,sclopetarius1 ,no4 #aaa1 of the ,bibliotheca 7,frankfort1 #afbh7 seems to have been a monumental labor upon a subject not generally dissected4 ,the same remark may be applied to 8,physiologia crepitus ventris0 of ,rod4 ,goclenius1 ,frankfort and ,leipsic1 #afjg1 ,no4 #abc of the ,bibliotheca4 ,the earliest known work upon this curious topic is 8,le plaisant deuis du ,pet10 ,paris1 #aedj4 8,origen saith the name ,baal-,peor signifieth filthiness1 but what filthiness he knew not2 ,salomon ,ben ,jarchi writeth they offered to him ordure1 placing before his mouth the likeness of that place which ,nature hath made for egestion40--7,purchas1 vol4 v4 p4 #he47 ,a reference to the work of ,bel-,phegor is to be found in the following couplet from a book entitled 8,conseil de ,momus30-- 8,la deuxime moiti du premier chant est consacre #8,a certains vents coulis ,jadis adors ,memphis4'0--7,bib4 ,scat41 p4 #g47 8,the antient ,pelusins1 a people of lower ,egypt1 did 7amongst other whimsical1 chimerical objects of veneration and worship7 venerate a ,fart1 which they worshipped under the symbol of a swelled paunch40--78,a ,view of the ,levant10 ,charles ,perry1 ,m4 ,d41 sm4 fol41 ,london1 #agdc1 p4 #dai47 8,time has preserved to us a figure of this ridiculous ,divinity1 which represents a very young child in the posture of that indecent action whence this god has his name40--7,abb ,banier1 8,mythology10 ,english translation1 #agdj1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #eb et seq47#ee 8,their ,beetle-gods out of their privies2 yea1 their ,privies and ,farts had their unsavorie canonization and went for ,egyptian deities4444 ,so1 ,hierome derideth their dreadfull deitie1 the ,onion1 and a stinking ,fart1 ,crepitus ventris inflati que ,pelusiaco religio est1 which they worshipped at ,pelusium40--7,purchas1 vol4 v4 p4 #fda47 ,it may be well to bear in mind that the heathen idea of the power of a god was entirely different from our own4 ,the deities of the heathen were restricted in their powers and functions2 they were assigned to the care of certain countries1 districts1 valleys1 rivers1 fountains1 etc4 ,not only that1 they were capable of aiding only certain trades1 professions1 etc4 ,they were not able to cure all diseases1 only particular kinds1 each god being a specialist2 consequently1 each was supposed to take charge of a section of the human body4 ,this was the case with the ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,egyptians1 and others4 ,in medival times the same rule obtained1 only in place of gods1 we find saints assigned to these functions4 ,brand1 ,pop4 ,antiq4 vol4 i4 p4 #cef1 et seq41 gives a list of the saints1 and the functions ascribed to each4 ,on page #cff of the work just cited1 it will be seen that ,saint ,erasmus was in charge of 8the belly1 with the entrayles40 ,keeping this in view1 we can better understand the peculiar ceremonies connected with the worship of ,bel-,phegor2 he was1 no doubt1 the deity to whom the devotee resorted for the alleviation of ailments connected with the rectum and belly1 much as he would1 at a later date in the history of religion1 have invoked ,saint ,phiacre to relieve him 8of the phy or emeroids1 of those especially which grow in the fundament40 7,see in ,brand1 loc4 cit4 p4 #cfb47 ,on the same principle that the worshipper was wont to hang up in the temples of ,esculapius wax and earthen representations of the sore arms1 legs1 and other members which gave him pain1 the worshipper of ,bel-,phegor would offer him the sacrifice of the flatulence and excrement1 testimonies of the good health for which gratitude was due to the older deity4 8,the ,egyptians divided the human body into thirty-six parts1 each of which they believed to be under the particular government of one of the decans or aerial demons who presided over the triple divisions of the twelve signs2 and we have the authority of ,origen for saying that when any part of the body was diseased1 a cure was effected by invoking the demon to whose province it belonged40--78,medical ,superstitions10 ,pettigrew1 ,philadelphia1 #ahdd1 p4 #dg47 ,the ascription of particular signs of the ,zodiac to the care of different members of the human anatomy is in line with the same religious idea2 because the signs of the ,zodiac1 especially the ,animal signs1 were once ,animal ,gods4 ,hone1 in his 8,every-,day ,book10 has a therapeutical hagiology1 too long to be here repeated4 8,melton says1 #8,the saints of the ,romanists have usurped the place of the ,zodiacal constellations in their governance of the parts of man's body1' and that #8for every limb they have a saint4'0 ,thus ,saint 8,erasmus rules the belly with the entrayles in the place of ,libra and ,scorpius40--78,medical ,superstitions10 ,pettigrew1 ,philadelphia1 #ahdd1 p4 #ed47 ,next follows a long list of saints1 with the particular functions assigned to each1 beginning first with the list to be found in ,hone1 which ,pettigrew extends4--78,saint ,giles and ,saint ,hyacinth against ,sterility10 idem1 pp4 #ee1 #ef47 8,in later times1 according to ,herodotus1 a particular and minute division of labor characterized the ,egyptians2 the science of medicine was distributed into different parts2 every physician was for one disease1 not more2 so that every place was full of physicians1 for some were doctors for the eyes1 others for the head2 some for the teeth1 others for the belly2 and some for occult disorders4 ,there were also physicians for female disorders4 ,the sons followed the professions of their fathers1 so that their numbers must necessarily have been very great40--7,idem1 p4 #dd47 ,as the ,egyptian priests were the doctors of that country1 it is perfectly in accord with the eternal fitness of things that we should find them1 even after they had been differentiated into different professions1 restricted to the treatment of special diseases1 much as the gods whom the priests once represented had been restricted4#ef 8,the art of medicine is thus divided among them 7,egyptians74 ,each physician applies himself to one disease only and not more4 ,all places abound in physicians2 some physicians are for the eyes1 others for the teeth1 others for the parts about the belly1 and others for internal disorders40--7,herodotus1 8,euterpe10 p4 #hb47 ,hone shows that every joint of the fingers was dedicated to some saint4--7,see his 8,every-,day ,book10 vol4 ii4 p4 #dh47 8,but1 under the venerated name of ,hermes1 were issued books of astronomical forecasts of diseases1 setting forth the evil influence of malignant stars upon the unborn2 telling how the right eye is under the sun1 the left under the moon1 the hearing under ,saturn1 the brain under ,jupiter1 the tongue and throat under ,mercury1 smelling and tasting under ,venus1 the parts that have blood under ,mars4444 ,the early centuries next after the ,christian era produced a rank crop of literary forgeries40--7,see 8,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 iii4 pp4 #aa1 #ab47 8,the ,new ,zealanders gave a separate deity to each part of the body40--78,folk-,medicine10 ,black1 p4 #aa47 ,the interview between ,moses and ,jehovah1 where the latter refused to allow the prophet to see the glory of his face1 but made him content himself with a view of his posterior1 indicates that the sacred writers of the earlier periods were living in an atmosphere of thought which accepted all such ideas as those surrounding the ,bel-,phegorian ceremonials4 ,the ,hebrews believed that ,jehovah should be propitiated with sweet savors3#eg 8,offer up a sweet savor unto the ,lord40 ,bel-,phegor and other deities of the gentiles1 who were the gods of particular parts of the human body1 would1 in all probability1 be pleased with oblations coming especially from that particular part2 thus1 the god of ,hunting had offerings of game2 the gods of the ,seas had sacrifices of fish2 babies were offered to the deities of ,childbirth2 therefore the gods of the fundament should1 naturally1 be regaled with excrement and flatulence4 ,harington calls attention to ,david's prophecy in the #ggth ,psalm3 8,percussit inimicos suos in posteriores1 opprobrium sempiternum dedit illis40 8,he smote his enemies in the hinder parts and put them to a perpetual shame40--78,ajax10 p4 #be47 ,the absence of unity is the characteristic of all primitive forms of religious thought2 hence1 the various differentiations mentioned above occur as a matter of religious necessity4 ,among the practices prohibited by the ,taoist religion3 8,a man must not sing and dance on the last day of the moon4444 ,must not weep1 spit1 or be guilty of other indecency towards the ,north40--7,legge1 8,religions of ,china10 p4 #ahg47 ,the ,parsis have a curious idea suggestive of the ,hebrew antagonism to the worship of ,bel-,phegor3 8#ad4 ,the rule is that when one retains a prayer inwardly and wind shall come from below1 or wind shall come from the mouth1 it is all one40 7,shayast la ,shayast1 ,max ,mller's edition1 ,oxford1 #ahhj1 cp4 x4 verse #ad1 p4 #bba4 ,a footnote explains3 8,literally1 #8both are one1' that is1 in either case the spell of the vag or prayer is broken407 8,the ,bedawi1 who eructates as a matter of civility1 has a mortal hatred to a crepitus ventris2 and were a by-stander to laugh at its accidental occurrence1 he would be at once cut down as a #8pundonor4' ,the same is the custom among the ,highlanders of ,afghanistan4 ,and its artificial nature suggests direct derivation2 for the two regions are separated by a host of tribes1 ,persians and ,beloch1 who utterly ignore the pundoner and behave like ,europeans4 ,the raids of the pre-,ishmaelitish ,arabs over the lands lying to the northeast of them are almost forgotten2 still1 there are traces1 and this may be one of them40--7,burton1 8,arabian ,nights10 vol4 v4 p4 #acg47 ,according to ,niebuhr1 the voiding of wind is considered to be the gravest indecency among the ,arabs2 some tribes make a perpetual butt of the offender once guilty of such an infraction of decorum2 the ,belludjages1 upon the frontiers of ,persia1 expel the culprit from the tribe4 ,yet ,niebuhr himself relates that a sheik of the tribe 8,montesids0 once had a contest of this kind among his henchmen1 8avoit autoris un dfi dans ce genre entre ses domestiques et couronn le vainqueur40 7,niebuhr1 8,description de l',arabie10 ,amsterdam1 #aggd1 p4 #bg47 ,snoring and ,flatulence would seem to have been considered equally offensive by the ,tartars4 ,see ,marco ,polo's reference to the mode of selecting wives for the ,grand ,khan 7in ,purchas1 vol4 i4 p4 #hb74 ,he says that the ,grand ,khan puts those deemed to be eligible under the care of 8his ,barons' wives10 8to see if they snore not in their sleepe1 if in smell or behaviour they bee not offensive40 8,yet it is holden a shame with them to let a fart1 at which they wondered in the ,hollanders1 esteeming it a contempt40--78,negroes of ,guinea10 ,purchas1 vol4 v4 p4 #gah47 ,on the ,gold ,coast of ,africa1 the negroes 8are very careful not to let a fart1 if anybody be by them2 they wonder at our ,netherlanders that use it so commonly1 for they cannot abide that a man should fart before them1 esteeming it to be a great shame and contempt done unto them40--7,master ,richard ,jobson1 ,a4,d4 #afbj1 in ,purchas1 vol4 ii4 p4 #icf47 ,in the ,russian sect of dissenters called the 8,bezpopovtsi10 8during the service of ,holy ,thursday1 certain of them1 known as #8gapers' or #8yawners1' sit for hours with their mouths wide open1 waiting for ministering angels to quench their spiritual thirst from invisible chalices40--7,heard1 8,russian ,church and ,russian ,dissent10 pp4 #bjj1 #bja47 ,bastian1 in 8,allerlei aus ,volks- und ,menschenkunde0 7vol4 i4 p4 #i71 quotes from ,kubary1 8,religion of the ,pelew ,islands10 to the effect that in cases of death1 the vagina1 urethra1 rectum1 nostrils1 and all other orifices of the body are tightly closed with the fibres of certain roots or sponge1 to prevent the escape of any of the liquids of the body1 which seem to be of some use to the spirit of the deceased4--7,contributed in a ,personal letter from ,dr4 ,gatchett of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c47 ,in ,wallachia1 8,no mode of execution is more disgraceful than the gallows4 ,the reason alleged is that the soul of a man with a rope round his neck1 cannot escape from his mouth40--7,maltebrun1 8,universal ,geography10 ,boston1 #ahdg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #deh1 article 8,hungary407 8,the soul is commonly supposed to escape by the natural openings of the body1 especially the mouth and nostrils40--7,frazer1 8,the ,golden ,bough10 vol4 i4 p4 #abe47 8,caton appliquait l'objet d'un de nos chapitres2 #8,nullum mihi vitium facit4' 444 ,c'est ce que disait ,caton lorsqu'un de ses esclaves ptoit en sa presence40--7,bib4 ,scat41 8,oratio pro ,guano ,humano10 p4 #ba47 ,in ,angola1 ,west ,coast of ,africa1 flatulence is freely permitted among the natives1 but any license of this kind1 taken while strangers are in the vicinity1 is regarded as a most deadly insult4--78,muhongo10 an ,african boy from ,angola2 interpretation by ,rev4 ,mr4 ,chatelain47 ,the poet ,horace 8a consacr plusieurs vers au sujet qui nous occupe4 ,on peut voir particulirement la ,satire ,,viii4 qui contient le passage suivant3-- 8#8,mentior1 at si quid merdis caput inquiner albis ,corvorum1 atque in me veniat mictum atque cacatum ,julius1 et fragilis pedacia1 furque ,voranus4'0--7,bib4 ,scat4 p4 #gf47 ,the celebrated ,english orator1 ,charles ,james ,fox1 is credited with the authorship of 8,an ,essay upon ,wind10 published anonymously in ,london1 and numbered #ia in the ,bib4 ,scat4 7p4 #ci74 ,martin ,luther had many struggles and disputes with his ,satanic ,majesty1 in all of which the latter came off second best4 ,melanchthon is cited as describing one of these1 in which there were results worthy of incorporation in this work3 8,hoc dicto victus ,dmon1 indignabundus secumque murmurans abiit1 eliso crepitu1 non exiguo1 cujus fussimen tetri odoris dies aliquot redolebat hypocaustum40 ,vid4 ,joh4 ,wier1 de ,prstig4 ,dmon4 cap4 #g1 p4 m4 #ed1 in ,schurig1 8,chylologia10 p4 #gie1 article 8,de ,crepitu ,diaboli40 8,luther relates a story of a lady who #8,sathanum crepitu ventris fugavit4'0--78,les ,propos de ,table de ,luther10 par ,g4 ,brunet1 ,paris1 #ahdf1 p4 #bb1 quoted in ,buckle's 8,commonplace ,book10 p4 #dgb1 vol4 ii4 of his 8,works40 ,all the ,english editions of ,luther's 8,table ,talk10 so far as known to the author1 are 8expurgated407 8,ciceron1 considrant le ,peditus comme une victime innocente1 opprime par la civilisation de son temps1 poussait en sa faveur le cri de libert et formulait ses droits40 ,as a footnote to the foregoing we read the following extract from ,cicero3 8,crepitus que liberos ac ructus esse opportere40--7,lib4 #i1 ,epist4 #bb47 8,memento quia ventus est vita mea40--7,job4 vii4 #i47 8,pedere te mallem1 namque hoc nec inutile1 dicit ,symmachus1 et risum res movet ista simul40--7,martial1 vii4 #ag1 #i47 8#8,le ,tonnerre1 ce n'est qu'un ,pet2' c'est ,aristophane qui le dit40 1 --78,nues407 ,all the preceding from ,bib4 ,scat41 article1 8,oratio pro ,guano ,humano40 ,consult ,aristophanes1 8,the ,clouds10 act v4 scene #b4 8,dissertation sur le dieu ,pet10 par ,m4 ,claude ,terrin4--,this author is stated to have cited from ,clemens ,romanus and ,saint ,csar4--7,see ,bib4 ,scat41 p4 #cg47 ,suetonius has the following remarks upon the ,roman ,emperor ,claudius3 8,it is said too that he intended to publish an edict 444 allowing to all people the liberty of giving vent at table to any distension occasioned by flatulence40 ,this was upon 8hearing of a person whose modesty1 under such circumstances1 had nearly cost him his life40--78,claudius10 xxxii47 ,plutarch asks the question3 8,question #ie4 ,why was it ordained that they that were to live chaste should abstain from pulse8444 ,or rather was it because they should bring empty and slender bodies to their purifications and expiations8 ,for pulse are windy and cause a great deal of excrements that require purging off4 ,or is it because they excite lechery by reason of their flatulent and windy nature80 78,morals10 ,goodwin's ,english translation1 ,boston1 #ahgj1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bed47 8,the fact that in honor of the arrival of friends1 the house is swept and strewn with sand1 and that the people bathe at such occasions1 shows that cleanliness is appreciated4 ,the current expression is that the house is so cleaned that no bad smell remains to offend the guest4 ,for the same reason the ,indian takes repeated baths before praying1 #8that he may be agreeable to the ,deity4'0--78,report on the ,northwestern ,tribes of ,canada10 ,dr4 ,franz ,boas1 ,british ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 ,newcastle-upon-,tyne ,meeting1 #ahhi1 p4 #ai47 8,saul went into a cave #8ut purgaret ventrem4'0--7,harington1 8,ajax10 p4 #be47 ,,xxii4 ,,obscene ,,tenures4 ,in close connection with this worship of ,bel-,phegor1 if there ever was such a worship1 may be examined the obscene tenures by which certain estates in ,england were held in 8sergeantcy40 ,no less an authority than ,buckle1 the historian1 deemed an investigation of these not beneath the dignity of his intellect1 as may be ascertained by a glance at his article 8,contributions to the ,history of the ,pet10 in his 8,commonplace ,book10 p4 #dgb4 ,he refers to 8,miscellanea ,antica ,anglicana10 ,blount's 8,ancient ,tenures10 ,luther's 8,table ,talk0 7as above71 ,dulaure's 8,des ,divinits ,gnratrices10 ,niebuhr's 8,description of ,arabia10 ,gifford's edition of ,ben ,jonson1 8,the ,staple of ,news10 by ,ben ,jonson1 ,wright's 8,political ,ballads10 in vols4 iii4 and vii4 of the ,percy ,society's publications4 ,with the exception of the first named1 all the above have been examined1 and a transcription made of the notes1 which will be found inserted in their proper place4 8,the ,lord of the ,manor of ,essington holds tenure from the lord of the ,manor of ,hilton in this way4 ,he1 the first named1 must bring a goose each ,new ,year to the hall of the ,manor of ,hilton1 and drive it at least three times around the fire1 #8while ,jack of ,hilton is blowing the fire4' ,this ,jack of ,hilton is an image of brass1 of about twelve inches high1 kneeling on his left knee1 and holding his right hand upon his head1 and his left upon pego1 or his viretrum1 erected1 having a little hole at the mouth1 at which1 being filled with water1 and set to a strong fire1 which makes it evaporate like an aelopile1 it vents itself in constant blast1 so strongly that it is very audible1 and blows the fire fiercely40--7,blount1 8,tenures of ,land and ,customs of ,manors10 ,hazlitt's edition1 ,london1 #ahgd1 p4 #aah47 ,this recalls the 8mannikin0 of ,brussels1 which may have superseded some long since forgotten local deity2 it still serves political purposes occasionally4 ,blount's work was first issued under the title of 8,jocular ,tenures40 ,the prevalence of phallic worship all over ,flanders should be adverted to in mentioning the 8mannikin0 of ,brussels4 ,dulaure 78,des diffrens ,cultes10 ,paris1 #ahbe1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgb et seq47 describes the phallic shrines of ,saints ,foutin1 ,guerlichon et al4 8,anne d',autriche1 pouse de ,louis ,,xiii41 y alla en plerinage10--that is1 to the shrine of ,saint ,foutin4 ,he also shows that the use of the 8raclure0 of these phallic saints prevailed in ,france until the opening years of the present century4 8,rowland1 le ,sarcere1 holds one hundred and ten acres of land in ,hemington1 ,county of ,suffolk1 by serjeantcy1 for which on ,christmas ,day1 every year1 before our sovereign lord the ,king of ,england1 he should perform altogether and at once a leap1 a puff1 and a fart40--7,idem1 p4 #aed47 8,one ,baldwin also formerly held these lands by the same service1 and was called by the nickname of ,baldwin le ,peteur1 or ,baldwin the ,farter40--7,idem1 p4 #aed47 ,dr4 ,fletcher1 president of the ,anthropological ,society of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 called attention to the fact that reference to the above tenure of ,baldwin1 8per saltum1 sufflatum1 et pettum10 is given in the ,ingoldsby ,legends1 8,the ,spectre of ,tappington10 based upon ,blount4 ,ducange1 in his 8,glossarium10 proves the antiquity of these tenures1 which go back1 so far as known1 to the earliest years of the fourteenth century4--7,see ,ducange1 article 8,bombus407 ,ducange also describes the peculiar custom governing the admission of 8filia communis0 into the 8villa ,montis ,lucii10 of which more anon4 8,barrington1 in his #8,observations on the ,statutes1' speaking of the people1 says3 #8,they were also1 by the customs prevailing in particular districts1 subject to services not only of the most servile1 but the most ludicrous nature4' #8,utpote ,die ,nativitatis ,domini coram eo saltare1 buccas cum sonitu inflare1 et ventrum crepitum edere4' 7,struvii ,jurispr4 ,feud4 p4 #eda47 ,sir ,richard ,cox1 in his #8,history of ,ireland1' likewise mentions some very ridiculous customs which continued in the year #aefe40--7;,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 i4 p4 #eae1 article 8,fool-,plough and ,sword-,dance407 8,monstrelet1 en dcrivant une fte que donna en #adec le duc de ,bourgogne1 dit qu'on y voyait3 une pucelle qui1 de sa mamelle1 versait hypocras en grande largesse2 ct de la pucelle tait un jeune enfant qui1 de sa broquette1 rendait eau rose40--7,chroniq4 vol4 iii4 fol4 #ee v42 ,dulaure1 8,trait des ,diffrens ,cultes10 vol4 i4 p4 #cbd1 footnote47 ,that these customs1 absurd1 obscene1 irrational1 as they appear in the light of to-day1 had their origin in the mists of antiquity is not at all improbable2 neither is it a violent assumption to attribute a religious origin to them4 ,it is conceded that they had all the force of legalized customs2 and law was anciently part and parcel of religion's dower4 ,the remarks of ,ducange are inserted because they may not be readily accessible to every reader4 ,he quotes from ,camden and ,spellman4 ,baldwin 8,qui tenuit terras in ,comitatu ,suffolciensi1 per serjenciam pro qua debuit facere1 singulis annis 7die ,natali ,domini71 coram ,domino ,rege1 unum saltum1 unum sufflatum1 et unum bombulum40 8,hemingston1 wherein ,baldwin le ,petteur 7observe the name7 held land by serjeantcy 7thus an ancient book expresses it71 for which he was obliged every ,christmas ,day to perform before our lord the ,king of ,england one saltus1 one sufflatus1 and one bumbulus2 or as it is read in another place1 he held it by a saltus1 a sufflus1 and a pettus1--that is 7if ,i apprehend it aright71 he was to dance1 make a noise with his cheeks1 and let a fart4 ,such was the plain1 jolly mirth of those days40--7,camden1 8,brittania10 edition of ,london1 #agec1 vol4 i4 p4 #ddd47 ,grimm was impressed with the undeniable intermixture of the old religious doctrine with the system of law2 for the latter1 8even after the adoption of the new faith1 would not part with certain old forms and usages40 78,teutonic ,mythol410 introduc4 p4 #ab47 ,in another paragraph he says3 8,i shall try elsewhere to show in detail how a good deal in the gestures and attitudes prescribed for certain legal transactions savors of priestly ceremony at sacrifice and prayer40--7,idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #ib47 ,,xxiii4 ,,tolls ,,of ,,flatulence ,,exacted ,,of ,,prostitutes ,,in ,,france4 ,another odd usage of which no explanation has been transmitted is thus described by ,ducange1 ,dulaure1 and others3-- 8,en outre1 chaque fille publique qui se livre quelque homme que ce soit1 lorsqu'elle entre pour la premire fois dans la ville de ,montlucon1 doit payer sur le pont de cette ville quatre deniers1 ou y faire un pet40--7,dulaure1 8des ,divin4 ,gnrat40 p4 #bgi1 quoting from ,ducange1 8,glossarium10 article 8,bombus407 ,in a work by the ,abb ,roubaud1 entitled 8,la ,ptrade1 pome en quatre chants10 we are informed1 8,il renvoie ,ducange pour prouver qu'en ,france on admettait les pets comme monnaie de cours en paiement des pages4444 ,bombi pro scudis valebant40--78,bib4 ,scatalogica10 p4 #dh47 ,if we may believe ,victor ,hugo1 the custom of the 8page0 at the bridge of ,montluc was generally known to the people of ,france in the fifteenth century4 ,thus1 in the first chapter of 8,notre ,dame10 the populace of ,paris1 at the ,feast of ,fools1 are represented as indulging in much badinage1-- 8,dr4 ,claude ,choart1 are you seeking ,marie la ,giffards80 8,she's in the ,rue de ,glatigny40 8,she's paying her four deniers1--quatuor denarios40 8,aut unum bumbum40 ,dulaure again quotes ,ducange in regard to the tolls demanded of public women first crossing the bridge at ,montluc4 ,he finds description of this peculiar toll in registers dating back to #acih2 he also sees the resemblance between this toll and the tenure of the ,manor of ,essington4--7,see 8,trait des ,dif4 ,cultes10 vol4 ii4 p4 #cae1 footnote47 ,surgeon ,robert ,m4 ,o',reilly1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 states that among the ,irish settlers who came to the ,united ,states in the closing hours of the last century the expression was common1 in speaking of ,flatulence1 to term it 8,sir-,reverence40 8,sir-,reverence4 ,in old writers1 a common corruption of #8save reverence1' or #8saving your reverence1'--an apologetic phrase used when mentioning anything deemed improper or unseemly1 and especially a euphemism for stercus humanum40 8#8,cagada1' a surreverence40--7,stevens's 8,sp4 ,dict410 #agjf47 8,siege1 stool1 sir-reverence1 excrement40--7,bishop ,wilkins's 8,essay towards a ,philosophical ,language10 #afhh1 p4 #bda47 8,thoo grins like a dog eating sir-reverence40 7,holderness1 8,glossary1 ,english ,dialect ,society407 ,compare ,spanish salvanor1 anus4 7,stevens47--78,folk-,etymology10 ,rev4 ,a4 ,smith ,palmer1 ,london1 #ahhb47 ,,the ,,sacred ,,character ,,of ,,bridge-,,building4 ,it is quite within the bounds of argument and proof to show that the ,romans looked upon the building of a bridge as a sacred work4 ,upon no other hypothesis can we make clear why their chief priest was designated 8the ,greatest ,bridge-,builder0 7the ,pontifex ,maximus74 ,that this idea was transmitted to the barbarians who occupied ,continental and insular ,europe would be a most plausible presumption1 even were historical evidence lacking4 ,concerning the tolls exacted from the prostitutes who crossed certain bridges in ,france1 and the tenures by which certain estates were held in ,england1 we have to bear in mind that during the ,middle ,ages bridges were erected by bodies or associations of bridge-builders1 which seem to have been secret societies4 8,it seems not improbable that societies or lodges of bridge-builders existed at an early period1 and that they were relics of the policy of ,roman times2 but the history of such societies is involved in obscurity4 ,the ,church appears to have taken them up and encouraged them in the twelfth century1 and then they were endowed with a certain religious character4444 ,the order of bridge-builders at ,avignon1 with the peculiar love of punning which characterized the ,middle ,ages1 were called #8fratres pontificales1' and sometimes #8fratres pontis' and #8factores pontium4' 444 ,according to ,ducange 7,gloss4 v4 fratres pontis71 their dress was a white vest with a sign of a bridge and cross of cloth on the breast40 78,essays on ,archological ,subjects10 ,thomas ,wright1 ,london1 #ahfa1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acg et seq41 article 8,medival ,bridge-,builders407 ,in this connection it may be just as well to remember that the ,pope of ,rome is still the ,pontifex ,maximus4 ,knowing that bridges were constructed by secret societies1 we have fought out half our battle2 for these secret societies were undoubtedly under the patronage and protection of some god in heathen times1 or of some saint in later days1 reserving for the honor of the latter the same ritual which had been consecrated to the devotion of the heathen predecessor4 ,the following from ,fosbroke is pertinent3 8,plutarch derives the word #8,pontifex' from sacrifices made upon bridges1--a ceremony of the highest antiquity4 ,these priests are said to have been commissioned to keep the bridges in repair1 as an indispensable part of their office4 ,this custom no doubt gave birth to the chapel on ,london bridge1 and the offerings were of course for repairs40 ,in another place he mentions 8the annexation of chapels to almost all our bridges of note40--78,cyclopdia of ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahdc1 vol4 i4 pp4 #fb1 #adf1 article 8,bridges407 8,gottling 7,gesch4 d4 ,rom4 ,staatsv4 p4 #agc7 thinks that #8,pontifex' is only another form for #8pompifex1' which would characterize the pontiffs only as the managers and conductors of public processions and solemnities4 ,but it seems far more probable that the word is formed from pons and facere1 444 and that consequently it signifies the priest who offered sacrifices upon the bridge40--78,dictionary of ,greek and ,roman ,antiquities10 ,william ,smith1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,boston1 #ahdi1 article 8,pontifex407 8,les ,romains avaient runi en collge sacerdotal leurs constructeurs de ponts40--78,les ,primitifs10 ,elie ,rclus1 ,paris1 #ahhe1 p4 #aaf47 ,among the ,romans--who were the great architects of the ,european world1 and whose aqueducts1 baths1 roads1 and bridges have never been approached in strength or beauty by those of any other nation about them--it was to be expected that the title of the great priest should be ,pontifex ,maximus1 on the same principle that among the ,todas of the ,nilgherris1 who are pre-eminently a pastoral race1 the chief medicine man or priest is called ,palal1 8meaning the ,great ,milker40--7,see for these statements 8,les ,primitifs10 ,rclus1 p4 #bfj1 article 8,les ,monticules des ,nilgherris407 ,the legends of the ,middle ,ages1 all over ,europe1 from ,south ,germany to ,scandinavia1 are filled with references to bridges1 mills1 and churches1 but especially bridges1 built by the ,devil exclusively or by his assistance2 and in every case there is the suggestion of human sacrifice having been offered4 8,as a rule1 the victims were captive enemies1 purchased slaves or great criminals4444 ,hence1 in our own folk-tales1 the first to cross the bridge1 the first to enter the new building or the country1 pays with his life1 which meant falls a sacrifice4444 ,in folk-tales we find traces of the immolation of children2 they are killed as a cure for leprosy1 they are walled up in basements4444 ,extraordinary events might demand the death of kings' sons and daughters1 nay1 of kings themselves40--78,teutonic ,mythology10 ,grimm1 vol4 i4 p4 #df47 8,when the ,devil builds the bridge1 he is either under compulsion from men or is hunting for a soul2 but he has to put up with the cock or chamois1 which is purposely made to run first across the new bridge10 or 8they make a wolf scamper through the door0 of the new church1 or a goat4--7,idem1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ajb47 8,when the new bridge at ,halle1 finished in #ahdc1 was building the common people fancied a child was wanted to be walled into the foundations40--7,idem1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aadb47 8,in modern ,greece1 when the foundation of a new building is being laid1 it is the custom to kill a cock1 a ram1 or a lamb1 and to let its blood flow on the foundation-stone1 under which the animal is afterwards buried4 ,the object of the sacrifice is to give strength and stability to the building4 ,but sometimes1 instead of killing an animal1 the builder entices a man to the foundation-stone1 secretly measures his body or a part of it1 or his shadow1 and buries them under the foundation-stone1 or he lays the foundation-stone on the man's shadow4 ,it is believed that the man will die within a year40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 i4 p4 #add47 ,it is not our purpose to carry this part of the discussion farther4 ,the curious may consult ,grimm1 who shows the frequency with which human victims were walled up alive in new castles1 ramparts1 bridges1 and other structures4 ,as time passed on and man grew wiser1 there was a substitution of a coffin as a symbol of the human victim2 in stables a calf or a lamb was buried alive under the main door1 sometimes a cock or a goat2 under altars1 a live lamb2 in newly opened graveyards1 a live horse4 ,all this testimony points conclusively to the fact that every such structure was begun at least under auspices from which all traces and suggestions of heathenism had not yet been eliminated2 consequently we shall not be very much in error in deciding that there was some survival of a religious rite in the peculiar ceremony insisted upon at crossing the bridge of ,montluc1 or that it1 as all others1 was built by architects who still adhered to the old cultus1 and had influence enough with the rustic population to secure the incorporation of certain features of a sacred character belonging to the superseded ritual1 and which have come down to us1 or almost to us1 in a more or less mutilated and distorted condition4 ,a very interesting article is to be found in 8,mlusine10 ,paris1 ,may #e1 #ahhh1 which may be read with great profit at this moment2 it is entitled 8,les ,rites de la ,construction10 and relates the popular tradition of the failure to maintain a bridge at a place called ,resporden1 in ,cornwall1 as each was swept away by flood almost as soon as completed4 ,the good people of the vicinity suspected sorcery and witchcraft1 and consulted a witch1 whose directions were couched in these terms3 8,si les gens de ,resporden veulent avoir un pont qui ne fasse plus la culbute1 ils devront enterrer vivant dans les fondations un petit garon de quatre ans4444 ,on placera l'enfant dans une futaille dfonce1 tout nu1 et il tiendra d'une main une chandelle bnite1 de l'autre un morceau de pain40 ,an unnatural mother was found who gave her infant son for the sacrifice1 receiving some compensation1 and the poor victim was walled up alive as directed2 the bridge was completed1 and has since withstood all the ravages of storm and freshet2 but the tale still repeats the last words of the hapless babe1-- 8,ma chandelle est morte1 ma mre1 ,et de pain1 il ne me reste miette40 ,the unnatural mother very properly went insane in a few days after the sacrifice2 and the wail of the abandoned babe is still to be heard in the moaning of the winds and the sobs of the rains that fall upon ,resporden4 ,,xxiv4 ,,obscene ,,survivals ,,in ,,the ,,games ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,rustics4 ,the rough games of the ,english rustics are not altogether free from vestiges of the same nature as have been recorded of the ,arabian sheik in preceding pages4 ,for example1 in ,northumberland1 ,england1 there was a curious diversion called 8,fg for the pig40 ,brand gives no explanation of the custom1 which may be allied to the jocular tenures mentioned by ,blount1 and with them to the worship of ,bel-,phegor4 ,brand says3 8,the ancient grossiret of our manners would almost exceed belief4 ,in the stage directions to old ,moralites we often find1 #8,here ,satan letteth a f4'0--78,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 ii4 p4 #i1 article 8,country ,wakes407 ,in ,london itself such 8survivals0 lingered down to very recent periods4 8,in former times the porters that plyed at ,billingsgate used civilly to entreat and desire every man that passed that way to salute a post that stood there in a vacant place4 ,if he refused to do this1 they forthwith laid hold of him1 and by main force bouped his against the post2 but if he quietly submitted to kiss the same1 and paid down sixpence1 then they gave him a name1 and chose some one of the gang for his godfather4 ,i believe this was done in memory of some old image that formerly stood there1 perhaps of ,belius or ,belin40--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcc1 article 8,kissing the ,post407 ,all these customs1 absurd as they seem to us1 may have been parts of the ritual of deities of the same class as ,bel-,phegor1 who looked after the excreta perhaps1 and the organs connected therewith2 some kind of a tribute was demanded1 and none could be more appropriate than the offering of the parts or the submission to some pain inflicted upon them by those in charge of the shrine4 ,crossing the ,atlantic1 a custom suspiciously like the preceding1 was still to be heard of1 as a rough boyish prank1 in ,philadelphia1 ,penn41 thirty or more years ago4 ,whenever it happened that any boy was guilty of flatulence1 all the party of school-boys would cry1 8,touch wood60 and run to touch the nearest tree-box2 those who were slow in doing this were pounded by the more rapid ones4 8,then1 lads and lasses1 merry be1 444 ,and1 to make sport1 ,i ft and snort40 78,the ,pranks of ,robin ,goodfellow10 supposed to be by ,ben ,jonson1 quoted in ,hazlitt's 8,fairy ,tales10 ,london1 #ahge1 p4 #dbj47 ,the following memoranda from ,buckle1 8,commonplace ,book10 seem to have no value beyond merely filthy stories3-- 8,ludlow's f was a prophetique trump2 ,there never was anything so jump2 ',twas a very type of a vote of this rump1 ,which nobody can deny40 ,ludlow is a stanch ,republican4 ,the incident alluded to was a subject of much merriment1 and exercised the pen of some of the choicest poets of the latter half of the seventeenth century4--78,ballad3 ,a ,new ,year's ,gift for the ,rump10 ,jan4 #e1 #afei1 and footnote in ,percy ,society's 8,early ,english ,poetry10 ,london1 #ahda1 vol4 iii4 p4 #agf47 8,and then my poets1 ,the same that writ so subtly of the fart40 78,the ,alchemist10 ,ben ,jonson1 act ii4 scene #a47 8,who the author alluded to should be ,i cannot say4 ,in the collection of poems called #8,musarum ,delici2 or1 ,the ,muse's ,recreation1' by ,sir ,john ,ennis and ,dr4 ,smith1 there is a poem called #8,the ,fart censured in the ,parliament ,house4' ,it was occasioned by an escape of that kind in the ,house of ,commons4 ,i have seen part of this poem ascribed to an author in the time of ,elizabeth1 and possibly it may be the thing referred to by ,jonson40 7,whalley47 ,but ,gifford1 from whose later editions ,i have drawn my material1 comments to the effect that 8this escape1 as ,whalley calls it1 took place in #afjg1 long after the time of ,elizabeth4 ,the ballad is among the ,harleian ,manuscripts1 and is also printed in the ,state ,poems2 it contains about forty stanzas of the most wretched doggerel40--7,gifford's edition of ,jonson1 ,london1 #ahaf47 8,the ,fool of ,cornwalle40 8,i was told of a humorous knight dwelling in the same countrey 7that is1 ,cornwall71 who upon a time1 having gathered together in one open market-place a great assemblie of knights1 squires1 gentlemen1 and yeomen1 and whilst they stood expecting to heare some discourse or speech to proceed from him1 he1 in a foolish manner 7not without laughter71 began to use a thousand jestures1 turning his eyes this way and then that way1 seeming always as though presently he would have begun to speake1 and at last1 fetching a deepe sigh1 with a grunt like a hogge1 he let a beastly loud fart1 and tould them that the occasion of this calling them together was to no other end but that so noble a fart might be honoured with so noble a company as there was40--78,jack of ,dover's ,quest of ,inquiry10 in ,percy ,society1 vol4 vii4 p4 #cj1 ,london1 #aheb4 8,jack of ,dover10 ,a4,d4 #afjd47 8,the ,foole of ,lincoln40 8,there dwelleth of late a certaine poore labouring man in ,lincoln1 who1 upon a time1 after his wife had so reviled him with tongue nettle as the whole streete rung again for weariness thereof1 at last he went out of the house1 and sate him downe quietly upon a blocke before his owne doore2 his wife1 being more out of patience by his quietness and gentle sufferaunce1 went up into the chamber1 and out at the window powred downe a pisse-pot upon his head2 which when the poor man sawe1 in a merry moode he spake these words3 #8,now1 surely1' quoth he1 #8,i thought at last that after so great a thunder we should have some raine4'0--7,idem1 vol4 vii4 p4 #ae47 ,the preceding filthy pleasantry comes down from a very distinguished origin4 ,harington recalls the adventure of the 8good ,socrates1 who1 when ,xantippe had crowned him with a chamber-pot1 he bore it off single with his head and shoulders1 and said to such as laughed at it1-- 8,it never yet was deemed a wonder ,to see that rain should follow thunder40 78,ajax10 p4 #id47 8,nathaniel4 ,they write from ,libtzig 7reverence to your ears7 ,the art of drawing farts from out of dead bodies ,is by the brotherhood of the ,rosie ,cross ,produced unto perfection1 in so sweet ,and rich a tincture40 78,the ,staple of ,news10 ,ben ,jonson1 ,gifford's edition1 ,london1 #ahaf1 act iii4 scene #a1 p4 #bdj47 ,,xxv4 ,,urine ,,and ,,ordure ,,as ,,signs ,,of ,,mourning4 ,care should be taken to distinguish between the religious use of ordure and urine1 and that in which they figure as outward signs of mourning1 induced by a frenzy of grief1 or where they have been utilized in the arts4 ,lord ,kingsborough 7,mexican ,antiquities1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bcg7 briefly outlines such ritualistic defilement in the ,mortuary ,ceremonies of ,hebrews and ,aztecs1 giving as references for the latter ,diego ,duran1 and for the former the prophet ,zechariah1 chap4 iii43 8,now ,joshua was clothed with filthy garments1 and stood before the angel10 etc4 8,the nearest relations cut their hair and blacken their faces1 and the old women put human excrement on their heads1--the sign of the deepest mourning40--78,the ,native ,tribes of ,south ,australia10 ,adelaide1 #ahgi1 pp4 #bjj1 received through the kindness of the ,royal ,society1 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,t4 ,b4 ,kyngdon1 ,secretary47 ,,xxvi4 ,,urine ,,and ,,ordure ,,in ,,industries4 ,the economical value of human and animal excreta would seem to have obtained recognition among all races from the earliest ages4 ,it is not venturing beyond limits to assert that a book could be written upon this phase of the subject alone4 ,it is not essential to incorporate here all that could be compiled1 but enough is submitted to substantiate the statement just made1 and to cover every line of inquiry4 ,it might perhaps be well to consider whether or not the constant use of and familiarity with human urine and ordure in houses1 arts1 and industries of various kinds would have a tendency to blunt the sensibilities of rude races1 so that in their rites we could look for the introduction of these loathsome materials2 just as we find that all those races whose women are allowed to go naked place a very slight value upon chastity4 8,it certainly is not possible to separate the religious uses of urine from its industrial and medical uses4444 ,probably nearly everywhere it has been the first soap known4 ,does not this aspect of the matter need to be insisted on1 even from the religious point of view8444 ,in ,england and ,france1 and probably elsewhere1 the custom of washing the hands in urine1 with an idea of its softening and beautifying influence1 still subsists among ladies1 and ,i have known those who constantly made water on their hands with this idea40--7,havelock ,ellis1 8,contemporary ,science ,series10 ,london1 ,personal letter47 ,,tanning4 ,the inhabitants of ,kodiak employ urine in preparing the skins of birds1 according to ,lisiansky4--78,voyage round the ,world10 ,london1 #ahad1 p4 #bad47 8,les gants1 articles de grand luxe1 et de haute lgance1 faits pour recouvrir de blanches mains et des bras dodus1 sont imbibs d'un jaune d'uf largement additionn dudit liquide ambr40--78,les ,primitifs10 ,rclus1 p4 #gb47 ,by the ,eskimo urine is preserved for use in tanning skins1#eh while its employment in the preparation of leather1 in both ,europe and ,america1 is too well understood to require any reference to authorities4 ,the ,kioways of the ,great ,plains soaked their buffalo hides in urine to make them soft and flexible4#ei ,urine is employed by the ,tchuktchi of ,siberia 8in curing or tanning skins40--78,in the ,lena ,delta10 ,melville1 ,boston1 ,mass41 #ahhe1 p4 #cah47 ,sauer says that the ,yakuts tan deer and elk skins with cow-dung4--78,expedition to the ,north parts of ,russia10 ,london1 #ahjb1 p4 #aca47 ,dung is used in tanning by the ,bongo of the upper ,nile region4--7,see ,schweinfurth1 8,heart of ,africa10 ,london1 #ahgh1 vol4 i4 p4 #acd47 ,bernal ,diaz1 in his enumeration of the articles for sale in the 8tianguez0 or market-places of ,tenochtitlan1 uses this expression3 8,i must also mention human excrements1 which were exposed for sale in canoes lying in the canals near this square1 which is used for the tanning of leather2 for1 according to the assurances of the ,mexicans1 it is impossible to tan well without it40--7,bernal ,diaz1 8,conquest of ,mexico10 ,london1 #ahdd1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcf47 ,the same use of ordure in tanning bear-skins can be found among the nomadic ,apaches of ,arizona1 although1 preferentially1 they use the ordure of the animal itself4 ,gmara1 who also tabulated the articles sold in the ,mexican markets1 does not mention ordure in direct terms2 his words are more vague3 8,all these things which ,i speak of1 with many that ,i do not know1 and others about which ,i keep silent1 are sold in this market of the ,mexicans40#fj ,urine figures as the mordant for fixing the colors of blankets and other woollen fabrics woven by the ,navajoes of ,new ,mexico1 by the ,moquis of ,arizona1 by the ,zuis and other ,pueblos of the ,southwest1 by the ,araucanians of ,chili1 by ,mexicans1 ,peruvians1 by some of the tribes of ,afghanistan1 and other nations1 by all of whom it is carefully preserved4 ,,bleaching4 8,roman fullers used human urine in their business1 and ,pliny says it was noticed that they never suffered from gout40--7,pliny1 8,natural ,history10 lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #c3 ,bohn74 ,urine has also been employed as a detergent in cleaning wool4--7,encyclopdia ,britannica1 article 8,bleaching407 ,,dyeing4 ,urine is used in dyeing by the people of ,ounalashka1 according to ,langsdorff1 8,voyages0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #dg72 also1 according to ,sarytschew1 in 8,philip's ,voyages0 7vol4 vi4 p4 #gb74 ,the same use of it has been attributed to the ,irish by ,camden1 in 8,brittania10 edition of ,london1 #agec1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adai4 ,his statement is quoted by ,buckle3 8,in #aefb1 ,o',neal1 with some of his companions1 came to ,london and astonished the citizens by their hair flowing in locks on their shoulders1 on which were yellow surplices1 dyed with saffron or stained with urine40--78,commonplace ,book10 vol4 ii4 p4 #bcf47 8,as a substitute for alum1 urine was employed40--78,folk-,lore of the ,pennsylvania ,germans10 ,w4 ,j4 ,hoffman1 ,m4 ,d41 in 8,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore10 #ahhi47 8,the preparation of blue1 violet1 and bluish-red coloring matters from lichens by the action of the ammonia of stale urine1 seems to have been known at a very early period to the ,mediterranean peoples1 and the existence1 down almost to the present day1 of such a knowledge in the more remote parts of ,ireland1 ,scotland1 and ,scandinavia1 renders it not improbable that the art of making such dyes was not unknown to the northern nations of ,europe also40--78,the ,manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,irish10 ,eugene ,o',curry1 introduction by ,w4 ,k4 ,sullivan1 ,london1 ,dublin1 ,edinburgh1 and ,new ,york1 #ahgc1 p4 #dej47 ,,plaster4 ,as a plaster for the interior of dwellings1 cow-dung has been used with frequency2 that the employment of the ordure of an animal held sacred by so many peoples has a religious basis1 is perhaps too much to say1 but it will be shown1 further on1 that different ordures were kept about houses to ensure good luck or to avert the maleficence of witchcraft4 ,marco ,polo has the following3 7,in ,malabar7 8there are some called ,gaui1 who eat such oxen as die of themselves1 but may not kill them1 and daub over their houses with cow-dung40--7,marco ,polo1 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #afb47 ,the huts in ,senegal were plastered 8with cow-dung1 which stunk abominably40--7,adamson1 8,voyage to ,senegal10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #faa47 8,the cow-dung basements around the tents0 of the ,mongols are spoken of by ,rev4 ,james ,gilmour4--78,among the ,mongols10 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #agf47 8,a floor is next made of soft tufa and cow-dung40--7,livingston1 8,zambesi10 ,london1 #ahfe1 p4 #bic47 ,animal dung is used as a mortar by the inhabitants of ,turkey in ,asia living in the valley of the ,tigris4--7,see 8,assyrian ,discoveries10 ,george ,smith1 ,new ,york1 #ahgf1 p4 #hb47 ,the natives of the ,white ,nile1 the tribes of the ,bari1 make 8a cement of ashes1 cow-dung1 and sand10 with which 8they plaster the floors and enclosures about their houses40--78,the ,albert ,nyanza10 ,sir ,samuel ,baker1 ,philadelphia1 #ahfi1 p4 #eh4 ,see the same author for the ,latookas1 idem1 p4 #ace2 and for the statement that the ,obbos plaster enclosures1 walls1 and floors alike1 see pp4 #bjc1 #bfb47 ,pliny tells us that the threshing-floors of the ,roman farmers were paved with cow-dung2 in a footnote it is stated that the same rule obtains in ,france to this day4--7,pliny1 lib4 lxxviii4 cap4 #ga3 ,bohn74 ,horse-dung was considered very valuable as a luting for chemical stills and furnaces4--7,see ,schurig1 8,chylologia10 p4 #hae2 also1 as a 8,digesting medium10 idem47 ,of the ,yakuts of ,siberia it is related3 8,in dirtiness they yield to none2 for a grave author assures us that the mortars which they use for bruising their dried fish are made of cow-dung hardened by the frost40--7,maltebrun1 8,universal ,geography10 vol4 i4 p4 #cdg47 8,the people of ,jungeion 444 collected the dung of cows and sheep 444 dried it1 roasted it on the fire1 and afterwards used it for a bed40--7,mungo ,park1 8,travels in ,africa10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #hcd47 8,the vessels in which they 7the ,yakuts7 stamp their dried fish1 ,roots and ,berries1 are made of dried ,oxen and ,cow's dung40--7,van ,stralenberg1 p4 #chb47 ,the ,index to the first volume of ,purchas has 8,dung bought by sound of tabor1 p4 #bgj1 #a4 #dj20 and 8,dung of ,birds1 a strange report of it20 but neither of these could be found in the main portion of the volume4 ,,as ,a ,,cure ,,for ,,tobacco4 ,the best varieties of ,tobacco coming from ,america were arranged in bunches1 tied to stakes1 and suspended in privies1 in order that the fumes arising from the human ordure and urine might correct the corrupt and noxious principles in the plant in the crude state4--7,see ,schurig1 8,chylologia10 p4 #ggf4 8,ex paxillo aliquandiu suspendere in ,cloacis ,tabacum10 etc47 8,i heard lately from good authority that1 in ,havana1 the female urine is used in cigar-manufacturing as a good maceration40--7,personal letter from ,dr4 ,gustav ,jaeger1 ,stuttgart1 ,august #bi1 #ahhh47 ,,to ,,restore ,,the ,,odor ,,of ,,musk ,,and ,,the ,,color ,,of ,,coral4 ,the odor of musk and the color of coral could be restored by suspending them in a privy for a time4--7,see ,danielus ,beckherius1 8,medicus ,microcosmus10 ,london1 #afjj1 p4 #aac47 8,paracelsus scil4 mediante digestione stercus humanum ad odorem ,moschi redigere voluit40--7,etmuller1 8,opera ,omnia10 ,comment4 ,ludovic4 ,lyons1 #afij1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aga1 #agb47 8,moschi odorem deperditum restitui posse1 si in loco aliquo1 ubi urina et excrementa alvina putrescunt1 detineatur1 apud autores legimus40--7,schurig1 8,chylologia10 p4 #gfh47 8,fit1 ut ,moschus longo tempore mittat odorem1 quem tamen recuperat si irroretur cum pueri urina1 vel si suspendatur in latrina humana40--7,etmuller1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgf47 ,,cheese ,,manufacture4 8,a storekeeper in ,berlin was punished some years ago for having used the urine of young girls with a view to make his cheese richer and more piquant4 ,notwithstanding1 people went1 bought and ate his cheese with delight4 ,what may be the cause of all these foolish and mysterious things8 ,in human urine is the ,anthropin40--7,personal letter from ,dr4 ,gustav ,jaeger1 ,stuttgart1 ,august #bi1 #ahhh47 8,en certaines fermes de ,suisse on se sert1 m-a-t'on-dit1 de l'urine pour activer la frmentation de certaines fromages qu'on y plonge40--7,personal letter from ,dr4 ,bernard to ,captain ,bourke1 dated ,cannes1 ,france1 ,july #g1 #ahhh47 ,whether or not the use of human urine to ripen cheese originated in the ancient practice of employing excrementitious matter to preserve the products of the dairy from the maleficence of witches2 or1 on the other hand1 whether or not such an employment as an agent to defeat the efforts of the witches be traceable to the fact that stale urine was originally the active ferment to hasten the coagulation of the milk would scarcely be worth discussion4 ,,opium ,,adulteration4 ,the smoker of opium little imagines that1 in using his deadly drug1 he is often smoking an adulterated article1 the adulterant being hen manure2 he is thus placed on a par with the ,american ,indian smoking the dried dung of the buffalo1 and the ,african smoking that of the antelope or the rhinoceros4 ,,egg-,,hatching4 ,in the description of the province of ,quang-tong1 it is stated that the ,chinese hatch eggs 8in the ,oven1 or in ,dung40--7,du ,halde1 8,history of ,china10 ,london1 #agda1 vol4 i4 p4 #bch47 ,see the same statement made in ,purchas1 vol4 i4 #bgj4 ,in ,china 8their fish is chiefly nourished with the dung of ,oxen that greatly fatteth it40--7,perera1 in ,purchas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bje47 ,,taxes ,,on ,,urine4 ,the ,roman emperors imposed a tax and tolls upon urine because of its usefulness in many things4--78,dreck ,apotheke10 ,paullini1 p4 #h4 ,see previous statements in this volume and consult ,suetonius 8,vespasian407 ,,chrysocollon4 ,there was a cement for fixing the precious metals1 which cement was known as 8,chrysocollon10 and was made with much ceremony from the urine 8of an innocent boy40 ,there are various descriptions1 but the following1 while brief1 contain all the material points4 ,galen describes this ,chrysocollon1 or ,gold-,glue1 as prepared by some physicians from the urine of a boy1 who had to void it into a mortar of red copper while a pestle of the same material was in motion1 which urine carefully exposed to the sun until it had acquired the thickness of honey1 was considered capable of soldering gold and of curing obstinate diseases3 8,attamen medicamentum quod ex urina pueri conficetur quod quidam vocant chrysocollon1 quia eo ad auri glutinationem utuntur1 ad ulcera difficilia sanatu optimum esse assero fit autem id figura phiali confecto mortario ex re rubro habentem pistillum ejusdem materi in quod mejente puero pistillum circumages1 identidem1 ut non tantum a mortario deradedet1 etc40 78,opera ,omnia10 ,kuhn's edition1 vol4 xii4 pp4 #bhf1 #bhg47 ,dioscorides describes the manufacture thus3 8,quinetiam ex ea 7i4 e4 #8pueri innocentis urina'7 et re cyprio idoneum ferruminando glutea paratur40--78,materia ,medica10 ,kuhn's edition1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbg et seq47 ,if a boy's urine be rubbed up in a copper mortar with a copper pestle1 it makes a sort of mucilage which can be used to fasten articles of gold together1 as ,sextus ,placitus tells us3 8,si pueri lotium cuprino mortario et cuprino pistello contritum fuerit1 aurum solidat40--78,de ,medicamentis ex ,animalibus10 edition of ,lyons1 #aecg1 pages not numbered1 article1 8,de ,puello et ,puella ,virgine407 ,the definition given by ,avicenna1 the ,arabian authority1 is3 8,qu fit ex urina infantium mota in mortario ro cum aceto in sole40--7,vol4 i4 p4 #ccf1 a #cd et seq47 ,we also read of an 8,alchymical ,water10 called 8,diana10 for transmuting metals into gold and silver2 it was believed that this preparation was efficacious 8ad mutandum ,mercurium in ,solem vel ,lunam40 78,sol0 was gold1 8,luna0 was silver2 see notes from ,paracelsus below47 ,this 8,diana0 was employed in the preparation of 8,crocus ,martis10 as well as in that of 8,oleum ,martis10 for giving metals the color of gold1 for polishing gold plate1 for giving a fine temper to the best iron or steel implements1 and for making the 8,chrysocolla0 just described4--78,medicus ,microcosmus10 ,beckherius1 pp4 #ajc-ajh47 ,paracelsus1 speaking of the metals says3 8,sol1 that is ,gold2 ,luna1 that is silver2 ,venus1 that is ,copper2 ,mercury1 that is ,quicksilver2 ,saturnus1 that is ,lead2 ,jupiter1 that is ,tinne2 ,mars1 that is ,iron40--78,the ,secrets of ,physicke10 ,english translation1 ,london1 #afcc1 p4 #aag47 ,,for ,,removing ,,ink ,,stains4 ,human urine was considered efficacious in the removal of ink-spots4--7,see ,pliny1 ,bohn1 lib4 v4 and lib4 xxviii47 ,,as ,,an ,,article ,,of ,,jewelry4 ,fossilized excrement is used in the manufacture of jewelry1 under the name of 8,coprolite40 ,lapland women carry a little case made from the bark of the birch tree1 8which they usually carry under the girdle0 in which is to be found reindeer dung1 not as an amulet but to aid in weaning the young reindeer by smearing the udders of the dams4--7,see ,leems' 8,account of ,danish ,lapland10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 i4 p4 #dje47 ,but1 from other sources1 we have learned that the ,laps attached the most potent influences to ordure and urine believing that their reindeer could be bewitched1 that vessels could be hastened or retarded in their course1 etc41 by the use of such materials4 ,several examples of this belief are given in this volume2 see under 8,witchcraft40 ,,tattooing4 ,langsdorff noticed that urine entered into the domestic economy of the natives of ,ounalashka4 ,he tells us that the tattooing was performed with 8a sort of coal dust mixed with urine1 rubbed in0 the punctures made in the skin 78,voyages10 vol4 ii4 p4 #dj74 ,that the tattooing with which savages decorate their bodies has a significance beyond a simple personal ornamentation cannot be gainsaid1 although the degree of its degeneration from a primitive religious symbolism may now be impossible to determine4 ,even if regarded in no other light than as a means of clan-distinction1 there is the suggestion of obsolete ceremonial1 because the separation into castes and gentes is in every case described by the savages concerned as having been performed at the behest of some one of their innumerable deities1 who assigned to each clan its appropriate 8totem40 ,clan marks may be represented in the tattooing1 the conventional signs of primitive races not having yet been sufficiently investigated2 for example1 among the ,apaches three marks radiating out from a single stem represent a turkey1 that being the form of the bird's foot4 ,at the dances of the ,indians of the pueblo of ,santo ,domingo1 on the ,rio ,grande1 ,new ,mexico1 the bodily decorations were1 in nearly every case1 associated with the clan 8totem20 but this fact never would have been suspected unless explained by one of the initiated4 ,in one of the dances of the ,moquis the members of the ,tejon or ,badger clan appeared with white stripes down their faces2 that is one of the marks of the badger1 as they explained4 ,the author does not wish to say much on this topic1 since his attention was not called to it until a comparatively late period in his investigations2 but he was surprised to learn that the ,apaches1 among whom he then was1 although marking themselves very slightly1 almost invariably made use of an emblemism of a sacred character2 moreover1 it was very generally the work of some one of the 8medicine men40 ,the tattooing of the people of ,otaheite seen by ,cook was surmised by him to have a religious significance1 as it presented in many instances 8squares1 circles1 crescents1 and ill-designed representations of men and dogs40 7,in ,hawkesworth's 8,voyages10 ,london1 #aggc1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aij47 ,every one of these people was tattooed upon reaching majority4 7,idem1 p4 #aia47 ,it is stated that certain chiefs in ,new ,zealand1 unable to write their names to a document presented to them for signature drew lines like those tattooed upon their faces and noses4--7,see 8,voyage of ,adventure and ,beagle10 ,london1 #ahci1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ehf47 ,among the ,dyaks of ,borneo 8all the married women are tattooed on the hands and feet1 and sometimes on the thighs4 ,the decoration is one of the privileges of matrimony1 and is not permitted to unmarried girls40--78,head-,hunters of ,borneo10 ,carl ,bock1 ,london1 #ahha1 p4 #fg47 ,a recent writer has the following to say on this subject3 8,the tattoo marks make it possible to discover the remote connection between clans2 and this token has such a powerful influence upon the mind that there is no feud between tribes which are tattooed in the same way4 ,the type of the marks must be referred to the animal kingdom2 yet we cannot discover any tradition or myth which relates to the custom4 ,there is no reason for asserting that there is any connection between the tattoo marks and ,totemism1 although ,i am personally disposed to think that this is sometimes the case4 ,the tattooing1 which usually consists in the imitation of some animal forms1 may lead to the worship of such animals as religious objects40 78,the ,primitive ,family10 ,c4 ,n4 ,starcke1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,new ,york1 #ahhi1 p4 #db47 ,here is an example of putting the cart before the horse2 in all cases investigation will show that the animal was a god1 and for that reason was imprinted on the person of the worshipper as a vow of supplication or prayer4 ,in another place the same writer says that tattooing had 8to be performed by a priest40--7,idem1 p4 #bda47 ,the religious element in ,totemism has been plainly revealed by ,w4 ,robertson ,smith in ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 article 8,sacrifice10 and by ,james ,g4 ,frazer1 ,m4,a41 in his 8,totemism10 ,edinburgh1 #ahhg4 ,andrew ,lang devotes several chapters to the subject 78,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion10 ,london1 #ahhg1 vol4 i4 cap4 #c74 ,he says of the ,australian tribes3 8,there is some evidence that in certain tribes the wingong or totem of each man is indicated by a tattooed representation of it upon his flesh0 7p4 #fe74 ,on another page1 quoting from ,long's 8,voyages10 #agia1 he says3 8,the ceremony of adoption was painful1 beginning with a feast of dog's flesh1 followed by a ,turkish bath1 and a prolonged process of tattooing40--7,idem1 p4 #ga47 ,a traveller of considerable intelligence comments in these terms upon the bodily ornamentation of the ,burmese3-- 8,burmah is the land of the tattooed man4444 ,in my visit to the great prison here1 which contains more than three thousand men1 ,i saw six thousand tattooed legs4444 ,the origin of the custom ,i have not been able to find out4 ,it is here the ,burmese sign of manhood1 and there is as much ceremony about it as there is about the ear-piercing of girls which chronicles their entrance upon womanhood4 ,there are professional tattooers1 who go about with books of designs4444 ,the people are superstitious about it2 and certain kinds of tattooing are supposed to ward off disease4 ,one kind wards off the snake-bite1 and another prevents a man from drowning40--7,frank ,g4 ,carpenter1 in the 8,bee10 ,omaha1 ,nebraska1 ,may #ai1 #ahhi47 ,surgeon ,corbusier1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 says of the ,apache-,yumas of ,arizona ,territory1 that 8the married women are distinguished by seven narrow blue lines running from the lower lip down to the chin4444 ,tattooing is practised by the women1 rarely by the men4444 ,a young woman1 when anxious to become a mother1 tattooes the figure of a child on her forehead40--7,in the 8,american ,antiquarian10 ,november1 #ahhf47 ,the 8sectarial marks0 of the ,hindus are possibly vestiges of a former practice of tattooing4 ,coleman 78,mythology of the ,hindus10 ,london1 #ahcb1 p4 #afe7 has a reference to them4 ,squier1 in his monograph upon 8,manobosho10 in 8,american ,historical ,review10 #ahdh1 says that the ,mandans have a myth in which occurs the name of a god1 8,tattooed ,face40 ,alice ,oatman stated distinctly that 8she was tattooed by two of their 7,mojaves7 physicians10 and 8marked1 not as they marked their women1 but as they marked their captives40 ,be that as it may1 the four lines on her chin1 as well as can be discerned from the indifferent woodcut1 are the same as can be seen upon the chins of ,mojave women to-day4--7,see ,stratton's 8,captivity of the ,oatman ,girls10 ,san ,francisco1 #aheg1 pp4 #aea1 #aeb47 ,maltebrun says of the inhabitants of the ,island of ,formosa3 8,their skin is covered with indelible marks1 representing trees1 animals1 and flowers of grotesque forms40--78,universal ,geography10 ,american edition1 ,philadelphia1 #ahcb1 vol4 ii4 lib4 #dc1 p4 #gi1 article 8,china407 8,the practice of marking the skin with the figures of animals1 flowers1 or stars1 which was in existence before the time of ,mahomet1 has still left traces among the ,bedouin women40--7,idem1 vol4 i4 lib4 #cj1 p4 #cie47 ,speaking of the ,persian ladies1 the same authority says3 8,they stain their bodies with the figures of trees1 birds1 and beasts1 sun1 moon1 and stars40--7,idem1 vol4 i4 lib4 #cc1 p4 #dbh1 article 8,persia407 ,in the 8,transactions of the ,ethnological ,society of ,london10 vol4 vi41 it is stated that the 8,oraon boys 7,india7 are marked when children on the arms by a rather severe process of puncturation1 which they consider it manly to endure40 8,mojave girls1 after they marry1 tattoo the chin with vertical blue lines40--7,palmer1 quoted by ,h4 ,h4 ,bancroft in 8,native ,races10 vol4 i4 p4 #dhj47 ,in the cannibal feast of the ,tupis of the ,amazon1 ,southey says1 8,the chief of the clan scarified the arms of the ,matador above the elbow1 so as to leave a permanent mark there2 and this was the ,star and ,garter of their ambition1 the highest badge of honor4 ,there were some who cut gashes in their breast1 arms1 and thighs on these occasions1 and rubbed a black powder in1 which left an indelible stain40--7,quoted by ,herbert ,spencer in 8,descriptive ,sociology407 8,a savage man meets a savage maid4 ,she does not speak his language1 nor he hers4 ,how are they to know whether1 according to the marriage laws of their race1 they are lawful mates for each other8 ,this important question is settled by an inspection of their tattoo marks4 ,if a ,thlinkeet man1 of the ,swan stock1 meets an ,iroquois maid1 of the ,swan stock1 they cannot speak to each other1 and the #8gesture language' is cumbrous4 ,but if both are tattooed with the ,swan1 then the man knows that this daughter of the ,swan is not for him4444 ,the case of the ,thlinkeet man and the ,iroquois maid is extremely unlikely to occur1 but ,i give it as an example of the practical use among savages of representative art40--78,custom and ,myth10 ,andrew ,lang1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 p4 #bib47 8,tattooing is fetichistic in origin4 ,among all the tribes1 almost every ,indian has the image of an animal tattooed on his breast or arm1 which can charm away an evil spirit or prevent harm to them40--7,dorman1 8,primitive ,superstition10 ,new ,york1 #ahha1 p4 #aef47 8,the ,eskimo wife has her face tattooed with lamp-black1 and is regarded as a matron in society40--78,schwatka's ,search10 ,william ,h4 ,gilder1 ,new ,york1 #ahha1 p4 #bej47 8,i never saw any attempt at figure or animal drawing for personal ornamentation4 ,the forms are generally geometrical in design and symmetrical in arrangement4444 ,none of the men are tattooed40--7,idem1 p4 #bea47 8,the ,mojaves of the ,rio ,colorado tattoo1 but the explanation of the marks was exceedingly vague and unsatisfactory4 ,the women1 upon attaining puberty1 are tattooed upon the chin1 and there seem to be four different patterns followed1 probably representing as many different phratric or clan systems in former times40--7,see the author's article in the 8,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore10 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,july-,september1 #ahhh1 entitled 8,notes on the ,cosmogony and ,theogony of the ,mojaves407 ,swan1 in his notes upon the ,indians of ,cape ,flattery1 contents himself with observing that their tattooing is performed with coal and human urine4 8,in order that the ghost may travel the ghost road in safety1 it is necessary for each ,lakota during his life to be tattooed either in the middle of the forehead or on the wrists4 ,in that event1 his spirit will go directly to the #8,many ,lodges4' 444 ,an old woman sits in the road1 and she examines each ghost that passes4 ,if she cannot find the tattoo-marks on the forehead1 wrists1 or chin1 the unhappy ghost is pushed from a cloud or cliff1 and falls to this world40--7,dr4 ,j4 ,owen ,dorsey1 in the 8,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore10 ,april1 #ahhi47 ,of the islands of the ,south ,pacific1 ,kotzebue says1 8,i believe that tattooing in these islands is a religious custom2 at least1 they refused it to several of our gentlemen at ,otdia1 assuring them that it could only be done in ,egerup40--78,voyages10 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aac1 #ace1 ,london1 #ahba47 8,tattooing is by no means confined to the ,polynesians1 but this #8dermal art' is certainly carried by them to an extent which is unequalled by any other people4444 ,it is practised by all classes4444 ,by the vast number of them it is adopted simply as a personal ornament1 though there are some grounds for believing that the tattoo may1 in a few cases and to a small extent1 be looked upon as a badge of mourning or a memento of a departed friend4 ,like everything else in ,polynesia1 its origin is related in a legend which credits its invention to the gods1 and says it was first practised by the children of ,tharoa1 their principal deity4 ,the sons of ,tharoa and ,apouvarou were the gods of tattooing1 and their images were kept in the temples of those who practised the art as a profession1 and to them petitions are offered that the figures might be handsome1 attract attention1 and otherwise accomplish the purpose for which they submitted themselves to this painful operation4444 ,to show any signs of suffering under the operation is looked upon as disgraceful40--78,world10 ,new ,york1 ,may #aj1 #ahij1 quoting from 8,the ,peoples of the ,world407 8,in the ,tonga and ,samoan ,islands1 the young men were all tattooed upon reaching manhood2 before this1 they could not think of marriage4444 ,tattooing is still kept up to some extent1 and is a regular profession4444 ,there are two gods1 patrons of tattooing1--,taema and ,tilfanga40--7,see ,turner's 8,samoa407 8,one of the features of the ,initiation among the ,port ,lincoln tribe was the tattooing of the young man and the conferring of a new name upon him40--78,the ,native ,tribes of ,south ,australia10 ,adelaide1 #ahgi1 received through the kindness of the ,royal ,society1 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,t4 ,b4 ,kyngdon1 ,secretary47 ,it is well to observe that each tribe in a given section has not only its own pattern of tattooing1 but its own ideas of the parts of the person to which the tattooing should be applied4 ,thus1 among the ,indians of the northwest coast of ,british ,columbia1 8,tattooings are found on arms1 breast1 back1 legs1 and feet among the ,haidas2 on arms and feet among the ,tshimshian1 ,kwakiutl1 and ,bilqula2 on breast and arms among the ,nootka2 on the jaw among the coast ,salish women40--78,report on the ,northwestern ,tribes of ,canada10 ,franz ,boas1 in 8,trans4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,advancement of ,science10 ,newcastle-upon-,tyne meeting1 #ahhi1 p4 #ab47 ,sullivan states that the custom of tattooing continued in ,england and ,ireland down to the seventh century2 this was the tattooing with woad4--7,see his ,introduction to ,o',curry's 8,manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,irish10 p4 #dee47 ,the ,inuits believe that 8les femmes bien tatoues0 are sure of felicity in the world to come4--7,see 8,les ,primitifs10 ,rclus1 ,paris1 #ahhe1 p4 #abj47 8,although the practice of the art is so ancient that we have evidence of its existence in prehistoric times1 and that the earliest chronicles of our race contain references to it1 yet the term itself is comparatively modern4444 ,the universality as well as the great antiquity of the custom has been shown by a ,french author1 ,ernest ,berchon1 #8,histoire ,mdicale du ,tatouage1' ,paris1 #ahfi1 which begins with a quotation from ,leviticus xiv41 which in the ,english version reads thus3 #8,ye shall not make any cuttings in your flesh for the dead1 nor print any marks upon you4' ,don ,calmet1 in commenting upon this passage1 says that the ,hebrew literally means #8a writing of spots4' ,many ,italians have been tattooed at ,loretto4 ,around this famous shrine are seen professional tattooers1 #8,marcatori1' who charge from half to three quarters of a lire for producing a design commemorative of the pilgrim's visit to the shrine of ,our ,lady of ,loretto4 ,a like profitable industry is pursued at ,jerusalem4444 ,religion has some influence 7in the matter of tattooing7 from its tendency to preserve ancient customs4 ,at ,loretto and ,jerusalem tattooing is almost a sacred observance40--78,tattooing among ,civilized ,people10 ,dr4 ,robert ,fletcher1 ,anthropological ,society1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahhc1 pp4 #d1 #ab1 and #bf47 8,father ,mathias ,g4 says that in ,oceania every royal or princely family has a family of tattooers especially devoted to their service1 and that none other can be permitted to produce the necessary adornment40--7,idem1 p4 #bd47 8,tatowiren1 ,narbenzeichnen und ,korperbemalen0 7,tattooing1 ,cicatricial ,marking and ,body ,painting71 by ,wilhelm ,joest1 ,berlin1 #ahhg1 a superbly illustrated volume1 has been reviewed by ,surgeon ,washington ,matthews1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 in the 8,american ,anthropologist10 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ending in these words1 8,the author's opinion1 however1 that #8tattooing has nothing to do with the religion of savages1 but is only a sport or means of adornment1 which1 at most1 has connection with the attainment of maturity1' is one which will not be generally concurred in by those who have studied this practice as it exists among our ,american savages40 ,,agriculture4 ,in the interior of ,china1 travellers relate that copper receptacles along the roadsides rescue from loss a fertilizer whose value is fully recognized4 ,these copper receptacles recall the 8,gastra10 of the ,romans1 already referred to under the heading of 8,latrines40 8,les ,chinois fument leurs terres autant que cela est en leur pouvoir2 ils emploient cet usage toutes sortes d'engrais1 mais principalement les excrments humains1 qu'ils recueillent cet effet avec grand soin4 ,on trouve dans les villes1 dans les villages1 et sur les routes1 des endroits faits exprs pour la commodit des passans1 et dans les lieux o il n'y a pas de semblables facilits1 des hommes vont ramasser soir et matin les ordures et les mettent dans des panniers l'aide d'un croc de fer trois pointes4 8,on traffique dans ce pays de ce qu'on rejette ailleurs avec horreur et celui qui reoit d'argent en ,france pour nettoyer une fosse1 en donne au contraire en ,chine pour avoir la libert d'en faire autant4 ,les excrments sont ports dans de grands trous bien mastiqus1 faits en pleine campagne1 dans lesquels on les dlaye avec de l'eau et de l'urine et on les rpand dans les champs mesure qu'on a besoin4 ,on rencontre souvent sur la rivire ,quanton des bateaux d'une forme particulire destins au transport de ces ordures et ce n'est pas sans surprise qu'on en voit les conducteurs tre aussi peu affects qu'ils le paroissent de l'odeur agrable d'une pareille marchandise40--78,voyage ,pekin10 ,de ,guignes1 ,paris1 #ahjh1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cbb47 8,the dung of all animals is esteemed above any other kind of manure4 ,it often becomes an article of commerce in the shape of small cakes1 which are made by mixing it with a portion of loam and earth1 and then thoroughly drying them4 ,these cakes are even brought from ,siam1 and they also form an article of commerce between the provinces4 ,they are never applied dry1 but are diluted with as much animal water as can be procured40--78,chinese ,repository10 ,canton1 #ahce1 vol4 iii4 p4 #abd47 8,they even make sale of that which is sent privately to some distance in ,europe at midnight40 7,du ,halde1 8,history of ,china10 ,london1 #agcf1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abf47 ,this statement of ,father ,du ,halde can be compared with what ,bernal ,diaz says of the markets of the city of ,mexico at the time of ,corts3 8,there are in every province a great number of people who carry pails for this purpose2 in some places they go with their barks into the canals which run on the back side of the houses1 and fill them at almost every hour of the day40--7,du ,halde1 idem1 p4 #abf47 ,rosinus ,lentilius1 in 8,ephemeridum ,physico-,medicorum10 ,leipsig1 #afid1 states that the people of ,china and ,java buy human ordure in exchange for tobacco and nuts4 ,this was probably on account of its value in manuring their fields1 which1 he tells us 7p4 #agj71 was done three times a year with human ordure4 ,this leads him to make the reflection that man runs back to excrement1--8,unde stercus in alimentum et hoc rursum in stercus40 8,the ,japanese manure their fields with human ordure40--7,see ,kemper's 8,history of ,japan10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #fih47 8,yea1 the dung of men is there sold1 and not the worse merchandise1 that stink yielding sweet wealth to some who goe tabouring up and down the streetes to signifie what they woulde buy4 ,two or three hundred sayle are sometimes freighted with this lading in some ,port of the ,sea2 whence the fatted soyle yields three ,haruests in a yeare40--7,mendex ,pinto1 8,account of ,china10 in ,purchas1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgj47 8,heaps of manure in every field1 at proper distances1 ready to be scattered over the corn40--7,turner1 8,embassy to ,tibet10 ,london1 #ahjf1 p4 #fb47 ,the ,persians used pigeon's dung 8to smoak their melons40--7,john ,matthews ,eaton1 8,treatise on ,breeding ,pigeons10 ,london1 no date1 pp4 #ci1 #dj1 quoting from ,tavernier's first volume of 8,persian ,travels407 ,the finest variety of melon1 8the sugar melon10 8cultivated with the greatest care with the dung of pigeons kept for the purpose40--78,persia10 ,benjamin1 ,london1 #ahgg1 p4 #dbh47 ,fosbroke cites ,tavernier as saying that the ,king of ,persia draws a greater revenue from 8the dung than from the pigeons0 belonging to him in ,ispahan4 ,the ,persians are said to live on melons during the summer months1 and 8to use pigeons' dung in raising them40--78,cyclopdia of ,antiquities10 vol4 ii47 ,human manure was best for fields1 according to ,pliny 7,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 #ag1 cap4 #i74 ,homer relates that ,king ,laertes laid dung upon his fields4 ,augeas was the first king among the ,greeks so to use it1 and 8,hercules divulged the practice thereof among the ,italians40--7,pliny1 idem1 ,holland's translation47 ,urine was considered one of the best manures for vines4 8,wounds and incisions of trees are treated also with pigeon's dung and swine manure4444 ,if pomegranates are acid1 the roots of the tree are cleared1 and swine's dung is applied to them2 the result is that in the first year the fruit will have a vinous flavor1 but in the succeeding one it will be sweet4444 ,the pomegranates should be watered four times a year with a mixture of human urine and water4444 ,for the purpose of preventing animals from doing mischief by browsing upon the leaves1 they should be sprinkled with cow-dung each time after rain40--7,pliny1 lib4 #ag1 cap4 #dg47 ,schurig calls attention to the great value attached by farmers and viticulturists to human ordure1 either alone or mixed with that of animals1 in feeding hogs1 in fertilizing fields1 and in adding richness to the soil in which vines grow4 ,see 8,chylologia10 p4 #gie4 ,in ,germany and ,france1 during the past century1 farmers and gardeners were generally careful of this fertilizer4 8,in the valley of ,cuzco1 ,peru1 and1 indeed1 in almost all parts of the ,sierra1 they used human manure for the maize crops1 because they said it was the best40--7,garcillasso de la ,vega1 8,comentarios ,reales10 ,clement ,c4 ,markham's translation1 in ,hakluyt ,society1 vol4 xlv4 p4 #aa47 8,conocian tambien el uso de estercolar las tierras que ellos llamaban ,vunaltu40--78,historia ,civil del ,reyno de ,chile10 ,don ,juan ,ignacio ,molina1 edition of ,madrid1 #aghh1 p4 #ae47 ,amelie ,rives1 in her story 8,virginia of ,virginia10 relates that a certain family of ,virginia was taken down with the typhoid fever on account of 8making fertilizer in the cellar40 ,we may infer that this 8fertilizer0 was largely composed of manure4 ,this is the interview between ,mr4 ,scott and ,miss ,virginia ,herrick3 8#8,the tarryfied fever's a-ragin' up ter ,annesville1' he announced presently4 ,virginia faced about for the first time4 #8,is it8' she asked2 #8who's down8' #8,nigh all of them ,davises4 ,the doctor says as how it's 'count o' their makin' fertilizer in their cellar4'0--7,in 8,harper's ,magazine10 ,new ,york1 ,january1 #ahhh1 p4 #bbc47 ,animal manure was known as a fertilizer to the ,jews 7#b ,kings ix4 #cg2 ,jeremiah viii4 #b1 ix4 #bb1 xvi4 #d1 and xxv4 #cc74 ,human manure also4 7,consult ,mc,clintock and ,strong's ,encyclopdia1 article 8,dung407 ,,urine ,,used ,,in ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of ,,salt4 ,gmara explains that1 mixed with palm-scrapings1 human urine served as salt to the ,indians of ,bogota1--8,hacen sal de raspaduras de palma y orinas de hombre40--78,hist4 de las ,indias10 p4 #bjb47 ,salt is made by the ,latookas of the ,white ,nile from the ashes of goat's dung4--7,see 8,the ,albert ,nyanza10 ,sir ,samuel ,baker1 ,philadelphia1 #ahfi1 p4 #bbd47 ,pallas states that the ,buriats of ,siberia1 in collecting salts from the shores of certain lakes in their country1 are careful as to the taste of the same3 8,ils n'emploient que ceux qui ont un got d',urine et d'alkali40 78,voyages10 ,paris1 #agic1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bdf47 ,this shows that they must once have used urine for salt1 as so many other tribes have done4 ,the ,siberians gave human urine to their reindeer3 8,nothing is so acceptable to a reindeer as human urine1 and ,i have even seen them run to get it as occasion offered40--7,john ,dundas ,cochrane1 8,pedestrian ,journey ,through ,siberian ,tartary10 #ahbj-bc1 ,philadelphia1 #ahbd1 p4 #bce47 ,melville also relates that he saw the drivers urinate into the mouths of their reindeer in the ,lena ,delta4--7,personal letter to ,captain ,bourke47 ,here the intent was evident2 the animals needed salt1 and no other method of obtaining it was feasible during the winter months4 ,cochrane is speaking of the ,tchuktchi2 but he was also among ,yakuts and other tribes4 ,he walked from ,st4 ,petersburg to ,kamtschatka and from point to point in ,siberia for a total distance of over six thousand miles4 ,his pages are dark with censure of the filthy and disgusting habits of the savage nomads1 as1 of the ,yakuts1 8,their stench and filth are inconceivable4444 ,the large tents 7of the ,tchuktchi7 were disgustingly dirty and offensive1 exhibiting every species of grossness and indelicacy40 ,inside the tents men1 women1 and girls were absolutely naked4 8,they drink only snow-water during the winter1 to melt which1 when no wood can be had1 very disgusting and dirty means are resorted to10 etc4 ,but nowhere does he speak of the drinking of human urine1 which1 as has been learned from other sources1 does obtain among them4 7,tchuktchees of ,siberia47 8,it would be impossible1 with decency1 to describe their habits1 or explain how their very efforts towards cleanliness make them all the more disgusting4444 ,it requires considerable habitude or terrible experience in the open air to find any degree of comfort in such abodes4 ,the ,augean stables or the stump-tail cow-sheds appear like ,paradise in comparison40--78,ice-,pack and ,tundra10 ,gilder1 ,new ,york1 #ahhc1 p4 #aje47 ,,preparation ,,of ,,sal ,,ammoniac1 ,,phosphorus1 ,,solution ,,of ,,indigo4 ,diderot and ,d',alembert say that the sal ammoniac of the ancients was prepared with the urine of camels2 that phosphorus1 as then manufactured in ,england1 was made with human urine1 as was also saltpetre4--7,encyclopdia1 ,geneva1 #aghi1 article 8,urine407 ,sal ammoniac derives its name from having been first made in the vicinity of the temple of ,jupiter ,ammon2 it would be of consequence to us to know whether or not the priests of that temple had administered urine in disease before they learned how to extract from it the medicinal salt which has come down to our own times4 ,schurig devotes a chapter to the medicinal preparations made from human ordure4 ,in every case the ordure had to be that of a youth from twenty-five to thirty years old4 ,this manner of preparing chemicals from the human excreta1 including phosphorus from urine1 was carried to such a pitch that some philosophers believed the philosopher's stone was to be found by mixing the salts obtained from human urine with those obtained from human excrement4--7,see 8,chylologia10 pp4 #gci-gdb47 ,the method of obtaining sal ammoniac was not known to ,pliny2 he knew of gum ammoniac1 which he says distilled from a tree1 called metopia1 growing in the sands near the ,temple of ,jupiter ,ammon1 in ,ethiopia4--7,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 #ab1 cap4 #bb47 8,a notion has prevailed that sal ammoniac was made of the sand on which camels had staled1 and that a great number going to the temple of ,jupiter ,ammon gave occasion for the name of ammoniac1 corrupted to armoniac4 ,whether it ever could be made by taking up the sand and preparing it with fire1 as they do the dung at present1 those who are best acquainted with the nature of these things will be best able to judge4 ,i was informed that it was made of the soot which is caused by burning the dung of cows and other animals4 ,the hotter it is the better it produces2 and for that reason the dung of pigeons is the best2 that of camels is also much esteemed40 7,here follows a description of the method of distilling this soot47--7,pocock's 8,travels in ,egypt10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 xv4 p4 #cha47 8,purifie1 l',urine sert dans les arts pour dgraisser les laines1 dissoudre l'indigo1 prpare le sel ammoniac40--7,personal letter from ,prof4 ,frank ,rede ,fowke1 ,south ,kensington ,museum1 ,june #ah1 #ahhh47 ,,manure ,,employed ,,as ,,fuel4 ,the employment of manures as fuel for firing pottery among ,moquis1 ,zuis1 and other ,pueblos1 and for general heating in ,thibet1 has been pointed out by the author in a former work4 78,snake ,dance of the ,moquis10 ,london1 #ahhd47 ,it was used for the same purpose in ,africa1 according to ,mungo ,park4 78,travels10 etc41 p4 #aai47 ,the dung of the buffalo served the same purpose in the domestic economy of the ,plains ,indians4 ,camel dung is the fuel of the ,bedouins2 that of men and animals alike was saved and dried by the ,syrians1 ,arabians1 ,egyptians1 and people of ,west of ,england for fuel4 ,egyptians heated their lime-kilns with it4--7,mc,clintock and ,strong1 8,dung40 ,see1 also1 ,kitto's ,biblical ,encyclopdia1 article 8,dung407 ,pocock says of camel dung3 8,in order to make fuel of it1 they mix it1 if ,i mistake not1 with chopped straw1 and1 ,i think1 sometimes with earth1 and make it into cakes and dry it2 and it is burnt by the common people in ,egypt2 for the wood they burn at ,cairo is very dear1 as it is brought from ,asia ,minor40--7,pocock1 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 xv4 p4 #cha47 ,bruce does not allude to any of the filthy customs which are detailed by ,schweinfurth1 ,sir ,samuel ,baker1 and others2 he does say that the ,nuba of the villages called ,daher1 at the head of the ,white ,nile1 ,abyssinia1 8never eat their meat raw as in ,abyssinia2 but with the stalk of the dura or millet and the dung of camels they make ovens under ground1 in which they roast their hogs whole1 in a very cleanly and not disagreeable manner40--78,nile10 ,dublin1 #agia1 vol4 v4 p4 #agb47 8,argol1 the dried dung of camels1 is the common fuel of ,mongolia40--78,among the ,mongols10 ,rev4 ,james ,gilmour1 ,london1 #ahhc1 pp4 #hd1 #adf1 #aia1 #bif47 ,the dung of camels is the fuel of the ,kirghis4--7,see 8,oriental and ,western ,siberia10 ,t4 ,w4 ,atkinson1 ,new ,york1 #ahfe1 pp4 #bah1 #bba47 ,see also 8,from ,paris to ,pekin10 ,meignan1 ,london1 #ahhe1 pp4 #ahf1 #cjf1 #caj1 #ccc2 ,burton's edition of the 8,arabian ,nights10 vol4 iii4 p4 #ea2 ,father ,gerbillon's ,account of ,tartary1 in ,du ,halde1 vol4 iv4 p4 #aea4 8,asses' dung used for fuel and other purposes1 such as making ,joss sticks40--7,burton's edition of the 8,arabian ,nights10 vol4 ii4 p4 #adi1 footnote47 ,cow-dung fuel and sheep-dung fuel alluded to by ,huc1 as used in ,thibet4--7,see also ,manning1 ,bogle1 and ,della ,penna1 in ,markham's 8,thibet10 ,london1 #ahgi1 p4 #gj47 ,friar ,william de ,rubruquis1 the ,minorite1 sent as ambassador to the ,grand ,khan of ,tartary1 by ,saint ,louis1 ,king of ,france1 in #abec1 speaks of eating 8,unleavened bread baked in ,oxe-,dung or ,horse-dung0 7in ,purchas1 vol4 i4 p4 #cd74 ,cow dung used for the same purpose in ,thibet4--7,see ,turner's 8,embassy to ,thibet10 ,london1 #ahjf1 p4 #bjb47 8,cowe-dung fewell10 in ,malta1 mentioned by ,master ,george ,sandys1 ,a4,d4 #afaj 7in ,purchas1 vol4 ii4 p4 #iaf74--78,stercus bouinum10 in ,egypt1 idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hih47 ,yak manure used as fuel in ,eastern ,thibet1 according to ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill in 8,border ,land of ,china10 in 8,century0 ,magazine1 ,new ,york1 #ahij4 ,cow manure employed for the same purpose by the people of ,turkey in ,asia1 in the valley of the ,tigris1 near ,mosul1 according to ,george ,smith4--78,assyrian ,discoveries10 ,new ,york1 #ahgf1 p4 #abb47 ,the 8whole fuel0 of the ,mongols is 8cow or horse dung dried in the sun40--7,father ,gerbillon's ,account of ,tartary1 in ,du ,halde1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #bcd1 #bgj47 ,the use of cow-dung as fuel in certain parts of the world would seem not to be entirely divested of the religious idea4 8,firewood at ,seringapatam is a dear article1 and the fuel most commonly used is cow-dung made up into cakes4 ,this1 indeed1 is much used in every part of ,india1 especially by men of rank2 as1 from the veneration paid the cow1 it is considered as by far the most pure substance that can be employed4 ,every herd of cattle1 when at pasture1 is attended by women1 and these often of high caste1 who with their hands gather up the dung and carry it home in baskets4 8,they then form it into cakes1 about half an inch thick1 and nine inches in diameter1 and stick them on the walls to dry4 ,so different indeed are ,hindu notions of cleanliness from ours that the walls of their best houses are frequently bedaubed with these cakes2 and every morning numerous females1 from all parts of the neighborhood1 bring for sale into ,seringapatam baskets of this fuel4 ,many females who carry large baskets of cow-dung on their heads are well-dressed and elegantly formed girls40--78,a ,journey through ,mysore10 ,buchanan1 ,pinkerton1 vol4 viii4 p4 #fab47 ,,smudges4 ,dried ordure is generally used for smudges1 to drive away insects2 the ,indians of the ,great ,plains beyond the ,missouri burned the 8chips0 of the buffalo with this object4 ,the natives of the ,white ,nile 8make tumuli of dung which are constantly on fire1 fresh fuel being added constantly1 to drive away the mosquitoes40--78,the ,albert ,nyanza10 ,baker1 p4 #ec47 8,when they burn it 7the dung of a camel7 the smoke which proceeds from it destroys ,gnats and all kinds of vermin40--7,chinese recipes given in ,du ,halde's 8,history of ,china10 vol4 iv4 p4 #cd47 ,schweinfurth describes the ,shillooks of the west bank of the ,nile as 8burning heaps of cow-dung to keep off the flies40--78,heart of ,africa10 vol4 i4 p4 #af4 ,see also 8,central ,africa10 ,chaill ,long1 ,new ,york1 #ahgg1 p4 #bae47 ,such smudges were employed by the ,arabians to kill bed-bugs4 8,effugatione ,cimicum0 effected by a 8suffumigium0 of 8stercore vaccino40--78,avicenna10 vol4 ii4 p4 #bad1 a #dg47 ,rev4 ,james ,gilmour describes a mode of extinguishing a burning tent1 observed among the ,mongols1 the counterpart of which is to be found in 8,gulliver's ,travels40--7,see 8,among the ,mongols10 p4 #bc47 ,lucius ,cataline1 accused by ,marcus ,cicero of raising a flame in the city of ,rome1 8,i believe it10 said he1 8and1 if ,i cannot extinguish it with water1 ,i will with urine40--7,harington1 8,ajax10 cap4 8,ulysses upon ,ajax10 p4 #bb47 ,,human ,,and ,,animal ,,excreta ,,to ,,promote ,,the ,,growth ,,of ,,the ,,hair ,,and ,,eradicate ,,dandruff4 ,for shampooing the hair1 urine was the favorite medium among the ,eskimo4#fa ,sahagun1 gives in detail the formula of the preparation applied by the ,mexicans for the eradication of dandruff3 8,cut the hair close to the root1 wash head well with urine1 and afterward take amole 7soap-weed7 and coixochitl leaves--the amole is the wormwood of this country in this ,sahagun is mistaken--and then the kernels of aguacate ground up and mixed with the ashes already spoken of 7wood ashes from the fire-place71 and then rub on black mud with a quantity of the bark mentioned 7mesquite740#fb ,a similar method of dressing the hair1 but without urine1 prevails among the ,indians along the ,rio ,colorado and in ,sonora1 ,mexico4 ,first1 an application is made of a mixture of river mud 78blue mud10 as it is called in ,arizona7 and pounded mesquite bark4 ,after three days this is removed1 and the hair thoroughly washed with water in which the saponaceous roots of the amole have been steeped4 ,the hair is dyed a rich blue-black1 and remains soft1 smooth1 and glossy4 ,dove-dung was also applied externally in the treatment of baldness4--7,hippocrates1 ,kuhn1 lib4 #b1 p4 #hed47 ,the urine of the foal of an ass was supposed to thicken the hair4 7,see ,pliny1 lib4 xxviii4 cap #aa47 ,camel's dung1 reduced to ashes and mixed with oil1 was said to curl and frizzle the hair 7idem1 lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #h74 ,the natives of the ,nile above ,khartoum have 8their hair stained red by a plaster of ashes and cow's urine40--78,the ,albert ,nyanza10 ,sir ,samuel ,baker1 p4 #ci47 ,and the ,shillooks of the west bank make 8repeated applications of clay1 gum1 or dung10 to their hair4--78,heart of ,africa10 ,schweinfurth1 vol4 i4 p4 #ag2 idem1 the ,nueirs1 p4 #cb47 8,l'aqua ex stercore distillata fait pousser les cheveux0 7,bib4 ,scat4 p4 #bi71 while ,schurig 7,chylologia1 p4 #gfj7 says that the same preparation 8promotes the growth of the hair and prevents its falling out40 ,schurig further says that swallow-dung was of conceded efficacy as a hair-dye1 and was applied frequently as an ointment4 7,idem1 p4 #hag47 ,he recommends the use of mouse-dung for scald head and dandruff1 and even to excite the growth of the beard4 7,idem1 p4 #hbc et seq47 ,ammonia1 or1 more properly speaking1 8the ashes of hartshorn1 burnt and applied with wine10 was known to ,pliny as a remedy for dandruff4 7,pliny1 lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #aa47 ,possibly the use of hartshorn for this purpose sprang from the prior use of urine1 from which hartshorn or ammonia was gradually manufactured4 ,for loss of hair1 the dung of pigeons1 cats1 rats1 mice1 geese1 swallows1 rabbits1 or goats1 or human urine1 applied externally1 were highly recommended by ,paullini1 in his 8,dreck ,apothek10 ,frankfort1 #afif4 ,cat-dung was highly recommended by ,sextus ,placitus4 ,,as ,a ,,means ,,of ,,washing ,,vessels4 ,among the ,shillooks1 8ashes1 dung1 and the urine of cows are the indispensable requisites of the toilet4 ,the item last named affects the nose of the stranger rather unpleasantly when he makes use of any of their milk vessels1 as1 according to a regular ,african habit1 they are washed with it1 probably to compensate for a lack of salt40--78,heart of ,africa10 ,schweinfurth1 vol4 i4 p4 #af47 8,the ,obbo natives are similar to the ,bari in some of their habits4 ,i have had great difficulty in breaking my cow-keeper of his disgusting custom of washing the milk-bowl with cow's urine1 and even mixing some with the milk4 ,he declares that unless he washes his hands with such water before milking the cow will lose her milk4 ,this filthy custom is unaccountable40--78,the ,albert ,nyanza10 ,baker1 p4 #bdj47 ,a personal letter from ,chief ,engineer ,melville1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy1 states that the natives of ,eastern ,siberia use urine 8for cleansing their culinary materials40 ,by the tribes on ,lake ,albert ,nyanza1 the 8butter was invariably packed in a plantain leaf1 but frequently the package was plastered with cow-dung and clay40 78,the ,albert ,nyanza10 p4 #cfc4 ,see1 also1 extract from ,paullini1 on p4 #caf1 and from ,schurig1 p4 #aba1 of this volume47 ,there certainly seems to be a trace of superstition in the first case mentioned by ,sir ,samuel ,baker4 ,in the ,county ,cork1 ,ireland1 rusty tin dishes are scoured with cow manure2 the manure is blessed1 and so will benefit the dishes and bring good luck4 ,it is a not infrequent custom to bury 8keelars0 and other dishes for holding milk under a manure-heap during the winter and early spring 7when cows are apt to be dry1 and the milk-dishes empty71 to protect them 7the dishes7 from persons evilly disposed1 who might cast a spell on them1 and so bewitch either the cows or the milk4 ,such an evil-eyed person could not harm a dish unless empty4 8,the cow is believed to be a blessed animal1 and hence the manure is sacred40 7,personal letter from ,mrs4 ,fanny ,d4 ,bergen1 ,cambridge1 ,mass47 ,this belief of the ,celtic peasantry apparently connects itself with the religious veneration in which the cow is held by the people of ,india4 ,,filthy ,,habits ,,in ,,cooking4 ,the ,eskimo relate stories of a people who preceded them in the ,polar regions called the ,tornit4 ,of these predecessors1 they say1 8,their way of preparing meat was disgusting1 since they let it become putrid1 and placed it between the thigh and the belly to warm it40--78,the ,central ,eskimo10 ,dr4 ,franz ,boas1 in ,sixth ,annual ,report1 ,bureau of ,ethnology1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahhh1 p4 #fce47 ,this recalls the similar method of the ,tartars1 who used to seat themselves on their horses with their meat under them4 ,,xxvii4 ,,urine ,,in ,,ceremonial ,,ablutions4 ,where urine is applied in bodily ablutions1 the object sought is undoubtedly the procuring of ammonia by oxidation1 and in no case of that kind is it sought to ascribe an association of religious ideas4 ,but where the ablutions are attended with ceremonial observances1 are incorporated in a ritual1 or take place in chambers reserved for sacred purposes1 it is not unfair to suggest that everything made use of1 including the urine1 has a sacred or a semi-sacred significance4 ,no difficulty is experienced in assigning to their proper categories the urinal ablutions of the ,eskimo of ,greenland 7,hans ,egede ,saabye1 p4 #bef72 of the ,alaskans 7,sabytschew1 in ,phillips1 vol4 vi472 of the ,indians of the northwest coast of ,america 7,whymper's 8,alaska10 ,london1 #ahfh1 p4 #adb2 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancroft1 8,nat4 ,races10 vol4 i4 p4 #hc72 of the ,indians of ,cape ,flattery 7,swan1 in 8,smithsonian ,contrib4072 of the people of ,iceland 7see below72 of ,siberia 7see below72 and of the savages of ,lower ,california4 ,pericuis of ,lower ,california4 8,mothers1 to protect them against the weather1 cover the entire bodies of their children with a varnish of coal and urine40--7,bancroft1 vol4 i4 p4 #eei47 ,clavigero not only tells all that ,bancroft does1 but he adds that the women of ,california washed their own faces in urine4--78,hist4 de ,baja ,california10 ,mexico1 #aheb1 p4 #bh2 see1 also1 ,orozco y ,berra and ,baegert47 8,people of ,iceland are reported to wash their faces and hands in pisse40 7,hakluyt1 8,voyages10 vol4 i4 p4 #ffd47 ,this report was1 however1 indignantly denied of all but the common people by ,arugrianus ,jonas1 an ,icelandic writer4 ,the inhabitants of ,ounalashka 8wash themselves first with their own urine1 and afterwards with water40--78,russian ,discoveries10 ,william ,coxe1 ,london1 #ahjc1 quoting ,solovoof's 8,voyage10 #agfd1 p4 #bbf47 ,in the same volume is to be found the statement that in ,alaska and the ,fox ,islands1 the people 8washed themselves1 according to custom1 first with urine1 and then with water40--7p4 #bbe1 quoting 8,voyage of ,captain ,krenitzin10 #agfh47 ,when a child gets very dirty 8with soot and grease10 a ,vancouver squaw uses 8stale urine0 to cleanse it4 8,this species of alkali as a substitute for soap is the general accompaniment of the morning toilet of both sexes1 male and female4 ,during winter they periodically scrub themselves with sand and urine40--7,j4 ,g4 ,swan1 8,indians of ,cape ,flattery1 ,smithsonian ,contributions to ,knowledge10 ,no4 #bbj1 p4 #ai47 ,among the ,tchuktchees1 urine 8is a useful article in their household economy1 being preserved in a special vessel1 and employed as a soap or lye for cleansing bodies or clothing40--78,in the ,lena ,delta10 ,melville1 p4 #cah47 8,but they also wash themselves1 as well as their clothes1 with it2 and even in the hot bath1 of which men and women are alike fond1 because they love to perspire1 it is with this fluid they sometimes make their ablutions40--7,lisiansky1 8,voyage round the ,world10 ,london1 #ahaa1 p4 #bad47 ,used as 8a substitute for soap-lees1 according to ,langsdorff40--78,voyages10 ,london1 #ahad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dg47 8,by night1 the ,master of the house1 with all his family1 his wife and children1 lye in one room4444 ,all of them make water in one chamber-pot1 with which1 in the morning1 they wash their face1 mouth1 teeth1 and hands4 ,they allege many reasons thereof1 to wit1 that it makes a faire face1 maintaineth the strength1 confirmeth the sinewes in the hands1 and preserveth the teeth from putrefaction40--78,dittmar ,bleekens10 in ,purchas1 vol4 i4 p4 #fdg47 ,after describing the double tent of skins used by the ,tchuktchees1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,gilder1 author of 8,schwatka's ,search10 says all food is served in the 8yoronger10 or inner tent1 in which men and women sit1 in a state of nudity1 wearing only a small loin-cloth of seal-skin4 ,after finishing the meal1 8a small1 shallow pail or pan of wood is passed to any one who feels so inclined1 to furnish the warm urine with which the board and knife are washed by the housewife4 ,it is a matter of indifference who furnishes the fluid1 whether the men1 women1 or children2 and ,i have myself frequently supplied the landlady with the dish-water4 ,in nearly every tent there is kept from the summer season a small supply of dried grass4 ,a little bunch of this is dipped in the warm urine and serves as a dish-rag and a napkin4 ,these people are generally kind and hospitable1 and were very attentive to my wants as a stranger1 and regarded by them as more helpless than a native4 ,the women would1 therefore1 often turn to me after washing the board and knife1 and wash my fingers and wipe the grease from my mouth with the moistened grass4 ,any of the men or women in the tent who desired it would also ask for the wet grass1 and use it in the same way4 8,it was not done as a ceremony1 but merely as a matter of course or of necessity4 8,i do not think they would use urine for such purposes if they could get all the water1 and especially the warm water1 they needed4 ,but all the water they have in winter is obtained by melting snow or ice over an oil lamp1--a very slow process2 and the supply is therefore very limited1 being scarcely more than is required for drinking purposes1 or to boil such fresh meat as they may have4 8,the urine1 being warm and containing a small quantity of ammonia1 is particularly well adapted for removing grease from the board and utensils1 which would otherwise soon become foul1 and to their taste much more disagreeable4 8,the bottom of the #8yoronger' is generally carpeted with tanned seal-skins1 and they too are frequently washed with the same fluid4 ,the consequence is that there is ever a mingled odor of ammonia and rotten walrus-meat pervading a well-supplied and thrifty ,tchouktchi dwelling40--7,personal letter to ,captain ,bourke1 dated ,new ,york1 ,october #ae1 #ahhi47 8,vice-,admiral of the ,narrow ,seas40 8,a drunken man that pisses under the table into his companion's shoes40--7,grose1 8,dictionary of ,buckish ,slang10 ,london1 #ahaa1 article as above47 ,this use of urine as a tooth-wash has had a very extensive diffusion2 it is still to be found in many parts of ,europe and ,america1 of boasted enlightenment4 ,the ,celtiberii of ,spain1 8although they boasted of cleanliness both in their nourishment and in their dress1 it was not unusual for them to wash their teeth and bodies in urine1--a custom which they considered favorable to health40--7,maltebrun1 8,univ4 ,geog410 vol4 v4 book #acg1 p4 #ceg1 article 8,spain407 ,from ,strabo we learn that the ,iberians 8do not attend to ease or luxury1 unless any one considers it can add to the happiness of their lives to wash themselves and their wives in stale urine kept in tanks1 and to rinse their teeth with it1 which they say is the custom both with the ,cantabrians and their neighbors40 7,strabo1 8,geography10 ,bohn1 lib4 iii4 cap4 #d1 par4 #af1 ,london1 #ahed4 ,in a footnote it is stated that 8,apuleius1 ,catullus1 and ,diodorus ,siculus all speak of this singular custom407 ,the same practice is alluded to by ,percy1 and also by the 8,encyclopdie ou ,dictionnaire ,raisonn des ,sciences10 ,neufchatel1 #agde1 vol4 xvii4 p4 #dii2 and the practice is said to obtain among the modern ,spaniards as well4 8,les ,espagnols font grand usage de l'urine pour se nettoyer les dents4 ,les anciens ,celtibriens faisoient la mme chose40--7,received from ,prof4 ,frank ,rede ,fowke1 ,london1 ,june #ah1 #ahhh47 8,bien que soigneux de leurs personnes et propres dans leur manire de vivre1 les ,celtibres se lavent tout le corps d'urine1 s'en frottant mme les dents1 estimant cela un bon moyen pour entretenir la sant du corps40--7,diodore1 v4 #cc47 8,nunc ,celtiber1 in ,celtiberia terra ,quod quisque minxit1 hoc solet sibi mane ,dentem atque russam defricare ginginam40 7,catullus1 8,epigrams10 #ci47 ,the manners of the ,celtiberians1 as described by ,strabo and others1 have come down through many generations to their descendants in all parts of the world2 all that he related of the use of human urine as a mouth-wash1 as a means of ablution1 and as a dentifrice1 was transplanted to the shores of ,america by the ,spanish colonists2 and even in the present generation1 according to ,gen4 ,s4 ,v4 ,bnt1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 traces of such customs were to be found among some of the settlers in ,florida4 ,the same custom has been observed among the natives along the ,upper ,nile4 8,the ,obbo natives wash out their mouths with their own urine4 ,this habit may have originated in the total absence of salt in their country40--78,the ,albert ,nyanza10 ,sir ,samuel ,baker1 p4 #bdj47 ,in ,england likewise there was a former employment of the same fluid as a dentifrice4 8#8,nettoyer ses dents avec de l'urine1 mode espagnole1' dit ,erasme40--78,les ,primitifs10 ,elie ,rclus1 ,paris1 #ahhe1 quoting ,erasmus1 8,de ,civilitate407 ,urine was employed as a tooth-wash1 alone or mixed with orris powder4 8,farina orobi 7bitter vetch7 permisceatur cum urina40--78,medicus ,microcosmus10 ,danielus ,beckherius1 pp4 #fb-fd47 ,a paragraph in ,paullini's 8,dreck ,apothek10 p4 #gd1 would show that in ,germany the same usages were not unknown4 ,as a dentifrice he recommends urine as a wash2 or a powder made of pulverized gravel stone1 mixed with urine4 ,ivan ,petroff states that the peasants of ,portugal still wash their clothes in urine4--7,ivan ,petroff1 in 8,trans4 ,american ,anthropological ,society10 #ahhb1 vol4 i47 ,urine is used on whaling vessels1 when stale1 for washing flannel shirts1 which are then thrown overboard and towed after the ship4--7,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,porter47 ,dr4 ,v4 ,t4 ,mc,gillicuddy1 of ,rapid ,city1 ,dakota1 furnishes the information that ,irish1 ,german1 and ,scandinavian washerwomen who have immigrated to the ,united ,states persist in adding human urine to the water to be used for cleansing blankets4 8,i have observed somewhere that the ,basks and some ,hindus clean their mouths with urine1 but ,i do not remember the book40--7,dr4 ,alfred ,gatchett1 ,bureau of ,ethnology1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c47 ,dr4 ,carl ,lumholtz1 of ,christiania1 ,norway1 states that he had seen the savages of ,herbert ,river1 ,australia1 in #ah south latitude1 with whom he lived for some months1 use their own urine to clean their hands after they had been gathering wild honey4 ,the statement concerning the ,celtiberians may also be found in ,clavigero4--78,hist4 de ,baja ,california10 p4 #bh1 quoting ,diodorus ,siculus47 ,diderot and ,d',alembert assert unequivocally that in the latter years of the last century the people of the ,spanish ,peninsula still used urine as a dentifrice4--78,les ,espagnols10 etc41 reading as above given from 8,dict4 ,raisonn40 ,see ,encyclopdie1 ,geneva1 #aghi1 article 8,urine407 ,,xxviii4 ,,urine ,,in ,,ceremonial ,,observances4 ,but in the examples adduced from ,whymper concerning the people of the village of ,unlacheet1 on ,norton ,sound1 8the dancers of the ,malemutes of ,norton ,sound bathed themselves in urine40 7,whymper's 8,alaska10 ,london1 #ahfh1 pp4 #adb1 #aeb47 ,although1 on another page1 ,whymper says that this was for want of soap1 doubt may1 with some reason1 be entertained4 ,bathing is a frequent accompaniment1 an integral part of the religious ceremonial among all the ,indians of ,america1 and no doubt among the ,inuit or ,eskimo as well2 when this is performed by dancers1 there is further reason to examine carefully for a religious complication1 and especially if these dances be celebrated in sacred places1 as ,petroff relates they are4 8,they never bathe or wash their bodies1 but on certain occasions the men light a fire in the kashima1 strip themselves1 and dance and jump around until in a profuse perspiration4 ,they then apply urine to their oily bodies and rub themselves until a lather appears1 after which they plunge into the river40--7,ivan ,petroff in 8,transactions ,american ,anthropological ,society10 vol4 i4 #ahhb47 8,in each village of the ,kuskutchewak 7of ,alaska7 there is a public building named the kashim1 in which councils are held and festivals kept1 and which must be large enough to contain all the grown men of the village4 ,it has raised platforms around the walls1 and a place in the centre for a fire1 with an aperture in the roof for the admission of light40--7,richardson1 8,arctic ,searching ,expedition10 ,london1 #ahea1 p4 #cfe47 ,those kashima are identical with the estufas of ,zuis1 ,moquis1 and ,rio ,grande ,pueblos4 ,whymper himself describes them thus3 8,these buildings may be regarded as the natives' town hall2 orations are made1 festivals and feasts are held in them40 ,no room is left for doubt after reading the fuller description of these kashima1 contained in ,bancroft4 ,he says the ,eskimo dance in them1 8often in puris naturalibus10 and make 8burlesque imitations of birds and beasts40 ,dog or wolf tails hang to the rear of their garments4 ,a sacred feast of fish and berries accompanies these dances1 wherein the actors 8elevate the provisions successively to the four cardinal points1 and once to the skies above1 when all partake of the feast40--7,bancroft1 8,native ,races10 vol4 i4 p4 #gh47 ,there is a description of one of these dances by an ,american1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,gilder1 an eyewitness4 8,the kashine 7sic7 is a sort of town hall for the male members of the tribe4444 ,it is built almost entirely under ground1 and with a roof deeply covered with earth4 ,it is lighted through a skylight in the roof1 and entered by a passage-way and an opening which can only be passed by crawling on hands and knees4444 ,in the centre of the room is a deep pit1 where in winter a fire is built to heat the building1 after which it is closed1 and the heat retained for an entire day4 ,in this building the men live almost all the time4 ,here they sleep and eat1 and they seldom rest in the bosom of their families40 ,he further says that there was 8a shelf which extends all round the room against the wall4444 ,one young man prepared himself for the dance by stripping off all his clothing1 except his trousers1 and putting on a pair of reindeer mittens4444 ,the dance had more of the character of ,indian performances than any ,i had ever previously seen among the ,esquimaux40--78,ice-,pack and ,tundra10 pp4 #ef-eh47 ,the following information received from ,victor ,namoff1 a ,kadiak of mixed blood1 relates to a ceremonial dance which he observed among the ,aiga-lukamut ,eskimo of the southern coast of ,alaska4 ,the informant1 as his father had been before him1 had for a number of years been employed by the ,russians to visit the various tribes on the mainland to conduct trade for the collection of furs and peltries4 ,besides being perfectly familiar with the ,english and ,russian languages1 he had acquired considerable familiarity with quite a number of native dialects1 and was thus enabled to mingle with the various peoples among whom much of his time was spent4 ,the ceremony was conducted in a large partly underground chamber1 of oblong shape1 having a continuous platform or shelf1 constructed so as to be used either as seats or for sleeping4 ,the only light obtained was from native oil lamps4 ,the participants1 numbering about ten dozen1 were entirely naked1 and after being seated a short time several natives1 detailed as musicians1 began to sing4 ,then one of the natives arose1 and performed the disgusting operation of urinating over the back and shoulders of the person seated next him1 after which he jumped down upon the ground1 and began to dance1 keeping time with the music4 ,the one who had been subjected to the operation just mentioned1 then subjected his nearest neighbor to a similar douche1 and he in turn the next in order1 and so on until the last person on the bench had been similarly dealt with1 he in turn being obliged to accommodate the initiator of the movement1 who ceases dancing for that purpose4 ,in the meantime all those who have relieved themselves step down and join in the dance1 which is furious and violent1 inducing great perspiration and an intolerable stench4 ,no additional information was given further than that the structure may have been used in this instance as a sudatory1 the urine and violent movements being deemed sufficient to supply the necessary amount of moisture and heat to supply the participants with a sweat-bath4--7,personal letter from ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,hoffman1 ,bureau of ,ethnology1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,june #af1 #ahij47 ,elliott describes the 8,orgies0 in the 8,kashgas0 as he styles them4 8,the fire is usually drawn from the hot stones on the hearth4444 ,a kantog of chamber-lye poured over them1 which1 rising in dense clouds of vapor1 gives notice by its presence and its horrible ammoniacal odor to the delighted inmates that the bath is on4 ,the kashga is heated to suffocation2 it is full of smoke2 and the outside men run in from their huts with wisps of dry grass for towels and bunches of alder twigs to flog their naked bodies4 8,they throw off their garments2 they shout and dance and whip themselves into profuse perspiration as they caper in the hot vapor4 ,more of their disgusting substitute for soap is rubbed on1 and produces a lather1 which they rub off with cold water4444 ,this is the most enjoyable occasion of an ,indian's existence1 as he solemnly affirms4 ,nothing else affords a tithe of the infinite pleasure which this orgy gives him4 ,to us1 however1 there is nothing about him so offensive as that stench which such a performance arouses40--7,henry ,w4 ,elliott1 8,our ,arctic ,province10 ,new ,york1 #ahhg1 p4 #chg47 8,quoique gnralement malpropres1 ces gens ont1 comme les autres ,inoits et la plupart des ,indiens1 la passion des bains de vapeur1 pour lesquels le kachim a son installation toujours prte4 8,avec l'urine qu'ils recueillent prcieusement pour leurs oprations de tannage1 ils se frottent le corps2 l'alcali1 se mlangeant avec les transpirations et les huiles dont le corps est imprgn1 nettoie la peau comme le ferait du savon2 l'odeur cre de cette liqueur putrfie parat leur tre agrable1 mais elle saisit la gorge les trangers qui reculent suffoqus1 et ont grand'peine s'y faire4 ,horreur6 horreur6 oui1 pour ceux qui ont un pain de savon sur leur table toilette2 mais pour ceux qui ne possdent pas ce dtersif80--78,les ,primitifs10 ,rclus1 p4 #ga1 8,les ,inoits ,occidentaux407 8,nul s'tonnera que les ,ouhabites et les ,ougagos de l',afrique orientale en fassent toujours autant4 ,mais on a ses prfrences4 ,ainsi ,arabes et ,bedouines recherchent l'urine des chamelles4 ,les ,banianes de ,momba se lavent la figure avec de l',urine de vache1 parceque1 disent-ils1 la vache est leur mre4 ,cette dernire substance est aussi employe par les ,silsiennes contre les taches de rousseur4 ,les ,chowseures du ,caucase la trouvent excellente pour entretenir la sant et dvelopper la luxuriance de la chevelure4 ,a cette fin1 ils recueillent soigneusement le purin des tables1 mais le liquide encore imprgn de chaleur vitale passe pour le plus nergique4 ,les trayeuses flattent la bte1 lui sifflent un air1 chatouillent certain organe et au moment prcis1 avancent le crne pour recevoir le flot qui s'panche2 la mre industrieuse fait inonder la tte de son nourrisson en mme temps que la sienne40--7,idem1 p4 #gc47 ,the 8,estufa0 of the ,pueblos was no doubt1 in the earlier ages of the tribal life1 a communal dwelling similar to the 8yourts0 of the ,siberians1 like which it had but one large opening in the roof1 for the entrance of members of the family1 or clan1 and the egress of smoke4 ,an examination of the myths and folk-lore of ,siberia might reveal to us the birth and the meaning of the visits of our good old ,christmas friend1 ,santa ,claus1 who certainly never sprang from ,european soil4 ,a god1 loaded with gifts for good little children1 could descend the ladders placed in the chimneys of 8yourts0 and 8estufas10 but such a feat would be an impossibility in the widest chimneys ever constructed in ,germany or ,england for private houses4 ,the habitations of the natives of ,ounalashka1 according to ,langsdorff1 are made with the entrances through the roofs1 precisely like those of the people of ,kamtchatka4--78,voyages10 vol4 ii4 p4 #cb47 ,the 8,estufa0 model was perpetuated in the ,temples of ,india1 exactly as the ,imperial market-places of ,rome supplied the type of the 8,basilica0 of the ,christian ,church4 ,an article in 8,frazer's ,magazine10 signed ,f4 ,p4 ,c41 gives the dimensions of the great ,snake ,temple of ,nakhon-,vat in ,cambodia3 8,six hundred feet square at the base1 444 rises in the centre to the height of one hundred and eighty feet1 444 probably the grandest temple in the world4444 ,in the inner court of this temple are #8tanks' in which the living serpents dwelt and were adored4444 ,the difference between these #8tanks' and the #8,public ,estufas' is simply this3 the latter are partially or almost completely roofed40 ,some time after reaching the conclusion just expressed and much loss of study in a fruitless examination of ,encyclopdias1 which did not contain so much as the name of the patron of childhood1 the work of ,mr4 ,george ,kennan was perused in which the same views are anticipated by a number of years2 it is by no means the least important fact in an extremely interesting volume4 8,the houses1 if houses they could be called1 were about twenty feet in height1 rudely constructed of drift-wood which had been thrown up by the sea1 and could be compared in shape to nothing but hour-glasses4 ,they had no doors or windows of any kind1 and could only be entered by climbing up a pole on the outside1 and slipping down another pole through the chimney1--a mode of entrance whose practicability depended entirely upon the activity and intensity of the fire which burned underneath4 8,the smoke and sparks1 although sufficiently disagreeable1 were trifles of comparative insignificance4 ,i remember being told1 in early infancy1 that ,santa ,claus always came into a house through the chimney2 and1 although ,i accepted the statement with the unreasoning faith of childhood1 ,i could never understand how that singular feat of climbing down a chimney could be safely accomplished4444 ,my first entrance into a ,korak #8yourt1' however1 at ,kamenoi1 solved all my childish difficulties1 and proved the possibility of entering a house in the eccentric way which ,santa ,claus is supposed to adopt40--7,george ,kennan1 8,tent ,life in ,siberia10 #abth edition1 ,new ,york1 #ahhg1 p4 #bbb47 ,steller describes a ,festival of the ,kamtchatkans occurring at the end of ,november1 after the winter provisions are in2 in this1 one party1 on the outside of the house1 attempts to lower a birch branch down through the chimney2 the party on the inside attempts to capture it4--7,steller1 8,kamtchatka10 translated by ,mr4 ,bunnemeyer47 8,every time they make water1 or other unclean exercise of nature1 they wash those parts1 little regarding who stands by4 ,before prayer1 they wash both face and hands1 sometimes the head and privities40--7,blount1 8,voy4 into the ,levant10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 x4 p4 #bfa47 8,among the ,negroes of ,guinea1 when a wife is pregnant for the first time1 she must perform certain #8ceremonies1' among which is #8going to the sea-shore to be washed4' ,she is followed by a great number of boys and girls1 who fling all manner of dung and filth at her in her way to the sea1 where she is ducked and made clean40--7,bosman1 8,guinea10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #dbc47 8,in #ahdg1 ,i was then twenty-six years old1 once an old woman 7in ,cherbourg7 came to me with a washing-pan1 and asked me to piss into it1 as the urine of a stout1 healthy young man was required to wash the bosoms of a young woman who was just delivered of a child40--7,personal letter from ,captain ,henri ,jouan1 ,french ,navy1 to ,captain ,bourke1 dated ,cherbourg1 ,france1 ,july #bi1 #ahhh47 ,in ,scotland1 the breasts of a young mother were washed with salt and water to ensure a good flow of milk4 ,the practice is alluded to in the following couplet from 8,the ,fortunate ,shepherdess10 by ,alexander ,ross1 #aggh4 8,jean's paps wi' sa't and water washen clean1 ,reed that her milk get wrang1 fen it was green40 7,quoted in ,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant40 vol4 ii4 p4 #hj1 art4 8,christening ,customs407 ,this practice seems closely allied to the one immediately preceding4 ,we shall have occasion to show that salt and water1 holy water1 and other liquids superseded human urine in several localities1 ,scotland among others4 8,being to wean one of their children1 the father and mother lay him on the ground1 and whilst they do that which modesty will not permit me to name1 the father lifts him by the arm1 and so holds him for some time1 hanging in the air1 falsely believing that by these means he will become more strong and robust40--7,father ,merolla1 8,voyage to the ,congo10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #bcg1 ,a4,d4 #afhb47 ,in the ,bareshnun ceremony1 the ,parsee priest 8has to undergo certain ablutions wherein he has to apply to his body cow's urine1 and sand and clay1 which seem to have been the common and cheapest disinfectant known to the ancient ,iranians40--7,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,kingsley1 ,personal letter to ,captain ,bourke1 apparently citing 8,the ,history of the ,parsees10 by ,dosabhai ,framje ,karaka47 ,the ,manicheans bathed in urine4--7,picart1 8,cotumes10 etc42 8,dissertation sur les ,perses10 p4 #ah47 8,le lecteur le plus dgot s'en occupe presque son insu2 quand il demande son ami1 ,comment allez-vous8 s'il vous plat si ce n'est l--o se fait ce que nous disons8 ,dans un pays voisin on se salue en disant1 ,la matire est-elle louable8 ,et en ,angleterre1 c'est la mme pense qu'on exprime lorsqu'on dit1 en abordant quelqu'un1 ,how do you do8 ,comment faites-vous80--7,bib4 ,scat4 p4 #ba47 8,there is a place where whenever the ,king spits the greatest ladies of his court put out their hands to receive it2 and another nation where the most eminent persons about him stop to take up his ordure in a linen cloth40--7,montaigne1 ,essays1 8,on ,customs407 8,a few days after birth1 or according to the fancy of the parents1 an #8angekok1' who by relationship or long acquaintance with the family1 has attained terms of great friendship1 makes use of some vessel and with the urine of the mother washes the infant1 while all the gossips around pour forth their good wishes for the little one to prove an active man1 if a boy1 or1 if a girl1 the mother of plenty of children4 ,the ceremony1 ,i believe1 is never omitted1 and is called ,gogsinariva40--78,the ,central ,eskimo10 ,boas1 p4 #faj1 quoting ,g4 ,f4 ,lyon1 8,private ,journal of ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,hecla1 during the recent ,voyage of ,discovery under ,captain ,parry10 ,london1 #ahbd47 ,the same custom is practised by the ,eskimo of ,cumberland ,sound 7idem74 8,buffalo dung ,i have seen carefully arranged in 7,crow7 ,indian dance tepees1 having apparently some connection with the ceremonies40--7,personal letter from ,dr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,holder1 ,memphis1 ,tenn41 to ,captain ,bourke1 ,feb4 #f1 #ahij47 8,in one of the sacred dances of the ,cheyennes1 there is to be seen an altar surrounded by a semi-circle of buffalo chips4 ,this dance or ceremony is celebrated for the purpose of getting an abundance of ponies40--7,see the description in ,dodge's 8,wild ,indians10 pp4 #abg1 #abh47 ,the sacred pipes used in the ,sun ,dance of the ,sioux are so placed that the bowl rests upon a 8buffalo chip40--78,the ,sun ,dance of the ,ogallalla ,sioux10 ,alice ,fletcher1 in 8,proceed4 ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science10 #ahhb47 ,the drinking of the water in which a new-born babe had been bathed is intimated in the myths of the ,samoans4 ,when the first baby was born 8,salevao provided water for washing the child1 and made it ,saor1 sacred to ,moa4 ,the rocks and the earth said they wished to get some of that water to drink4 ,salevao replied that if they got a bamboo he would send them a streamlet through it1 and hence the origin of springs40--78,samoa10 ,turner1 ,london1 #ahhd1 p4 #aj47 ,although it is not so stated in the text1 yet from analogy with other cosmogonies we may entertain a suspicion as to how the god provided the water1--no doubt from his own person4 ,,stercoraceous ,,chair ,,of ,,the ,,popes4 8,stercoraire1 ,chaire 7,hist4 des ,papes72 c'est ainsi qu'on nommoit ,rome1 au rapport de ,m4 ,l',enfant1 une chaire qui toit autrefois devant le portique de la basilique1 sur laquelle on faisait asseoir le ,pape le jour de sa conscration4 ,le chur de musique lui chantoit alors ces paroles du ,psaume #aac1 selon l',hbreu1 et le #aab1 selon la ,vulgate1 v4 #f1 et suiv4 #8,il tire de la poussire celui qui est dans l'indigence et il lve le pauvre de son avilissement pour le placer avec les princes de son peuple2' c'toit pour insinuer au ,pape1 dit cardinal ,raspon1 la vertu de l'humilit1 qui doit tre la compagne de sa grandeur4 ,cet usage fut aboli par ,lon ,x1 qui n'toit pas n pour ces sortes de minuties40--78,encyc4 ou ,dict4 ,raison4 des ,sciences10 etc41 ,neufchatel1 #agfe1 tome quinzime1 article as above47 ,consult ,ducange also1 8,stercoraria ,sedes10 wherein it is stated that the use of this chair could be traced back to the tenth century4 8,stercoraria sedes1 in qua creati pontifices ad frangendos elatos spiritus considerent1 unde dicta40--7,baronius1 8,annales10 ,lucca1 #ageh47 ,read also the remarks upon the subject of ,ducking ,stools1 from which this seems to have been derived1 under 8,ordeals and ,punishments40 ,father ,le ,jeune relates1 among the ceremonies observed by the ,indians of ,canada upon capturing a bear1 that no women were allowed to remain in the lodge with the carcass1 and that special care was taken to prevent dogs from licking the blood1 gnawing the bones1 or eating the excrement4--7,see 8,relations10 #afcd1 vol4 i41 ,quebec1 #aheh47 ,,xxix4 ,,ordure ,,in ,,smoking4 ,among all the observances of the every-day life of the ,american aborigines1 none is so distinctly complicated with the religious idea as smoking2 therefore1 should the use of excrement1 human or animal1 be detected in this connection1 full play should be given to the suspicion that a hidden meaning attaches to the ceremony4 ,this would appear to be the view entertained by the indefatigable missionary1 ,de ,smet1 who records such a custom among the ,flatheads and ,crows in #ahdf3 8,to render the odor of the pacific incense agreeable to their gods it is necessary that the tobacco and the herb 7skwiltz71 the usual ingredients1 should be mixed with a small quantity of buffalo dung40#fc ,the ,sioux1 ,cheyennes1 ,arapahoes1 and others of the plains tribes1 to whom the buffalo is a god1 have the same or an almost similar custom4 ,the ,hottentots1 when in want of tobacco1 8smoke the dung of the two-horned rhinoceros or of elephants40--7,thurnberg's ,account of the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 quoted in ,pinkerton1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #ada47 ,the followers of the ,grand ,lama1 as already noted1 make use of his dried excrements as snuff1 and an analogous employment of the dried dung of swine retained a place in the medical practice of ,europe until the beginning of the present century1 and may1 perhaps1 still survive in the ,folk-medicine of isolated villages4 ,the people of ,achaia say 8that the smoke of dried cow dung1 that of the animal when grazing ,i mean1 is remarkably good for phthisis1 inhaled through a reed40--7,pliny1 ,nat4 ,hist4 lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #fg47 ,dung is also used in ,central ,africa4 8,a huge bowl is filled with tobacco and clay and sometimes with a questionable mixture1 the fumes are inhaled until the smoker falls stupefied or deadly sick--this effect alone being sought for40--78,central ,africa10 ,chaill ,long1 p4 #bff47 8,in ,algeria1 gazelle droppings are put in snuff and smoking tobacco2 the ,mongol ,tartars mix the ashes of yak manure with their snuff40--7,personal letter from ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill47 ,mr4 ,rudyard ,kipling shows in his 8,plain ,tales from the ,hills0 78,miss ,youghal's ,sais07 that the native population of ,india is accustomed to use a mixture of one part of tobacco to three of cow-dung4 ,,xxx4 ,,courtship ,,and ,,marriage4 8,to multiply and replenish the earth10 was the first command given to man2 to love1 and to desire to be loved in return1 is the strongest impulse of our nature1 and therefore it need surprise no student who sets about investigating the occult properties attributed to the human and animal egest to find them in very general use in the composition of love-philters1 as antidotes to such philters1 as aphrodisiacs1 as antiphrodisiacs1 and as aids to delivery4 ,,ordure ,,in ,,love-,,philters4 ,love-sick maidens in ,france stand accused of making as a philter a cake into whose composition entered 8nameless ingredients10 which confection1 being eaten by the refractory lover1 soon caused a revival of his waning affections4#fd ,this was considered to savor so strongly of witchcraft that it was interdicted by councils4 ,the witches and wizards of the ,apache tribe make a confection or philter1 one of the ingredients of which is generally human ordure1 as the author learned from some of them a few years since4 ,the ,navajoes1 of same blood and language as the ,apaches1 employ the dung of cows 7as related in the 8,snake ,dance of the ,moquis10 p4 #bg47 ,frommann gives an instance of a woman who made love-philters out of her own excrement4 ,as late as ,frommann's day1 the use of such philters was punishable with death4 ,the remedies for love-philters were composed of human skull1 coral1 verbena flowers1 secundines1 or after-birth1 and a copious flow of urine4 ,he says that ,paracelsus taught that when one person ate or drank anything given off by the skin of another1 he would fall desperately in love with that other4 8,quod illi1 qui ederunt aut biberunt aliquid a scorte datum1 in amorem alicujus conjiciantur et rapiantur40 7,frommann1 8,tractatus de ,fascinatione10 pp4 #hbj1 #hbf1 #igj1 quoting ,paracelsus1 ,tract4 #a1 de ,morbis ,amantium1 cap4 v47 ,he also cites ,beckherius to the effect that some philters were made of perspiration1 menses1 or semen4--7,idem1 quoting ,beckherius1 8,sapgyr4 ,microc410 p4 #hi47 ,john ,leo1 in ,purchas 7vol4 ii4 p4 #hej71 speaks of 8the roote ,surnay growing also upon the ,western part of ,mount ,atlas4444 ,the inhabitants of ,mount ,atlas doe commonly report that many of those damosels which keepe ,cattell upon the said ,mountaines1 lose their ,virginitie by no other occasion than by making water upon said ,roote4444 ,this roote is said to be comfortable and preseruatiue unto the priuie partes of man1 and being drunk in an ,electuary to stirre up ,venereal lust40 ,reginald ,scot mentions a 8,wolves yard0 among the ingredients in a love-philter4--78,discoverie of ,witchecraft10 ,london1 #afea1 p4 #fb47 ,human ordure was in constant use in the manufacture of these philters1 being administered both internally and externally4 ,on this point it may be proper to give the exact words of ,schurig1 who explains that it was sometimes put in porridge1 and in other cases in the shoes4 ,in the last example1 the man who made such use of the excrement of his lady love was completely cured of his infatuation1 after wearing the defiled shoes one hour4 8,contra ,philtr tam interne quam externe adhiberi solet amat puell stercus1 ab exsiccato enim atque in pulmento person philtrat exhibito amorem in maximam antipathiam mutatam annotavit ,eberhardus ,gockelius 444 etiam ,capitanei cujusdam meminit qui1 postquam amasi stercus novis calceis imposuerat1 posteaque iisdem per integram horam spatiatus fuerat ab illius amore liberabatur40--78,chylologia10 p4 #ggd47 ,leopard-dung was in repute as an aphrodisiac4--7,idem1 p4 #hbj47 8,the urine that has been voided by a bull immediately after covering 444 taken in drink10 as an aphrodisiac2 and 8the groin well rubbed with earth moistened with this urine40--7,pliny1 ,bohn1 lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #hj47 8,the wizard1 witch1 sorcerer1 druggist1 doctor1 or medicine man 444 played the part of an ochreous ,cupid4 ,instead of smiles and bright eyes1 his dealings were with some nasty stuff put into beer1 or spread slyly upon bread4444 ,in the ,shroft book of ,egbert1 ,archbishop of ,york1 one of their methods is censured2 and it is so filthy that ,i must leave it in the obscurity of the original old ,english40--78,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 i4 p4 #de47 ,an ointment of the gall of goats1 incense1 goat-dung1 and nettle-seeds was applied to the privy parts previous to copulation to increase the amorousness of women4--7,see 8,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 i4 p4 #cea1 quoting ,sextus ,placitus47 8,love-charms are made of ingredients too disgusting to mention1 and are given by the ,mussulmans to women to persuade them to love them40--78,indo-,mahomedan ,folk-,lore10 ,no4 #c1 ,h4 ,c41 p4 #ahj1 in 8,notes and ,queries10 #c;d series1 vol4 xi41 ,london1 #ahfg47 ,vambry has this obscure passage3 8,the good woman had the happy idea to prescribe to the sick ,khan five hundred doses of that medicine said to have worked such beneficial effects upon the renowned poet-monarch of ancient history4444 ,the ,khan of ,khiva took from fifty to sixty of these pills #8for impuissance4'0--78,travels in ,central ,asia10 ,new ,york1 #ahfe1 p4 #aff47 ,besides these elements there were employed others equally disgusting2 for example1 the catamenial fluid1 which seems to have been in high repute for such purposes3 8,qudam audit sunt jactantes se sua excrementa propinasse1 prcipue menstrua1 quibus cogant se amari40--78,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 i4 p4 #de1 quoting ,csalpinus1 8,dmonum ,investigatio10 fol4 #aed b4 ,csalpinus died in #afjc47 8,he has taken the enchanted philter1 and soiled my garment with it40--78,chaldean ,magic10 ,lenormant1 ,london1 #ahgg1 p4 #fa1 quoting an ,incantation of the ,chaldean sorcerers4 ,it is1 of course1 a matter of impossibility to tell of what this philter was composed47 8,they say that if a man takes a frog1 and transfixes it with a reed entering its body at the sexual parts1 and coming out at the mouth1 and then dips the reed in the menstrual discharge of his wife1 she will be sure to conceive an aversion for all paramours40--7,pliny1 lib4 xxxii4 cap4 #ac47 8,sanguis menstruus1 qui1 a ,paracelso vocatur ,zenith ,juvencularum2 hic primus virginis impollut multa in se habet arcana non semper revelanda4 ,ut autem pauca adducam1 extreme linteum a primo sanguine menstruo madidum et exsiccatum1 hanc denuo humectatum et applicatum pedi podagraci1 mirum quantum lenit dolores podagr4 ,idem linteum1 si applicetur parti ,erysipelate affect1 incontinenti erysipelas curat4 ,in affectibus ab incantationibus et veneficiis oriundis multa prstat sanguis menstruus2 nam et ipse sanguis menstruus ad veneficia adhibetur1 et sunt mulieres1 qu pro philtris utuntur sanguine suo menstruo40 ,he instances such a philter1 made with menstrual and a hare's blood1 which drove the recipient to mania and suicide4 ,it was further used to make people 8impenetrable0 to an enemy's weapon1 and to cure burning sores4 7,see ,michael ,etmuller1 8,opera ,omnia10 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgj1 art4 8,schrod4 ,dilucid4 ,zologia407 ,a medical student was frequently courted by his neighbor's daughter1 but he disregarded her advances4 ,at one time1 however1 he slept with the brother of the girl in her father's house1 and after that was so infatuated that he would rise at midnight to kiss the jambs of the door of her house4 ,some time afterwards1 he sent his clothes to a tailor to be mended1 and1 sewed up in his trousers1 was found a little bundle of hair from an unmentionable part of the girl's body1 containing the initials ,s4 ,t4 ,i4 ,a4 ,m41 which were by some interpreted to mean 8,sathanas te trahat in amorem mei40 ,as soon as this little bunch of hair was burned1 the poor fellow had rest4--7,paullini1 pp4 #beh1 #bei47 ,human semen was equally used for the very same purpose4 ,there is nothing to show whether male lovers used this ingredient1 and maidens the menstrual liquid1 or both indiscriminately2 but it seems plausible to believe that each sex adhered to its own excretion4 8,semen1 f4 ,sperma1 non modo comperimus per se a nonnullis ad veneris scilicet ligaturam maleficam dissolvendam1 sed et ,momiam magneticam inde fieri qu amoris concilietur fervor4 ,quin et homunculum suum inde meditatur ,paracelsus40--7,etmuller1 8,opera ,omnia10 vol4 ii4 p4 #bff47 ,semen1 ,beckherius informs us1 was used in breaking down 8,ligatures0 placed by witches or the devil1 and in restoring impaired virility4 ,but it was sometimes employed in a manner savoring so strongly of impiety that ,beckherius preferred not to speak further4--78,medicus ,microcosmus10 p4 #abb47 ,flemming tells us that we should not pass over in silence the fact that human seed has been employed by some persons as medicine4 ,they believed that its magnetic power could be used in philters1 and that by it a lover could feed the flame of his mistress's affections2 hence from it was prepared what was known as 8magnetic mummy10 which1 being given to a woman1 threw her into an inextinguishable frensy of love for the man or animal yielding it1--a suggestion of animal worship4 ,others credited it with a wonderful efficacy in relieving inveterate epilepsy1 or restoring virility impaired by incantation or witchcraft2 for which purpose it was used while still fresh1 before exposure to the air1 in pottage1 mixed with the powder of mace4 ,flemming alludes to a horrible use of relics1 good and bad1 upon which human semen had been ejaculated2 but this involved so much of the grossest impiety that he declined to enter into full details4--78,de ,remediis ex ,corpore ,humano desumtis10 ,samuel ,augustus ,flemming1 ,erfurt1 #agch1 p4 #bb47 ,the love-philter described in the preceding paragraph recalls a somewhat analogous practice among the ,manicheans1 whose eucharistic bread was incorporated or sprinkled with human semen1 possibly with the idea that the bread of life should be sprinkled with the life-giving excretion4#fe ,the ,albigenses1 or ,catharistes1 their descendants1 are alleged to have degenerated into or to have preserved the same vile superstition4#ff ,understanding that these allegations proceed from hostile sources1 their insertion in this category has been permitted only upon the theory that as the ,manichean ethics and ritual present resemblances to both the ,parsee and ,buddhist religions 7from which they may to some extent have originated71 there is reason for supposing that ritualistic ablutions1 aspersions1 and other practices analogous to those of the great sect farther to the east1 may have been transmitted to the younger religion in ,europe4 ,the following is taken from an episcopal letter of ,burchard1 ,bishop of ,worms3-- 8,n'avez vous pas fait ce que certaines femmes ont coutume de faire8 ,elles se dpouillent de leurs habits1 oignent leur corps nu avec du miel1 tendent terre un drap1 sur lequel elles rpandent du bld1 se roulent dessus plusieurs reprises2 puis elles recueillent avec soin tous les grains qui se sont attachs leur corps1 les mettent sur la meule qu'elles font tourner rebours4 ,quand ils sont rduits en farine1 elles en font un pain qu'elles donnent manger leurs maris afin qu'ils s'affaiblissent et qu'ils meurent4 ,si vous l'avez fait1 vous ferez pnitence pendant quarante jours au pain et l'eau4444 ,fecisti quod qudam mulieres facere solent8 ,tollunt menstruum suum sanguinem et immiscent cibo vel potui1 et dant viris suis ad manducandum vel ad bibendum1 ut plus diligantur ab eis4444 ,fecisti quod qudam mulieres facere solent8 ,prosternunt se in faciem1 et discoopertis natibus1 jubent ut supra nudas nates1 conficiatur panis1 et eo decocto tradunt maritis suis ad comedendum4 ,hoc ideo faciunt ut plus exardescant in amorem illarum4 ,si fecisti duos annos per legitimas ferias pnitias40--7,dulaure1 8,trait des ,diffrens ,cultes10 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfb et seq47 ,the method of divination by which maidens strove to rekindle the expiring flames of affection in the hearts of husbands and lovers by making cake from dough kneaded on the woman's posterior1 as given in preceding paragraph1 seems to have held on in ,england as a game among little girls1 in which one lies down on the floor1 on her back1 rolling backwards and forwards1 and repeating the following lines3-- 8,cockledy bread1 mistley cake1 ,when you do that for our sake40 ,while one of the party so lay down the rest of the party sat round2 they lay down and rolled in this manner by turns4 ,cockle ,bread4 ,this singular game is thus described by ,aubray and ,kennett3 8,young wenches have a wanton sport which they call #8moulding of cockle bread1' viz43 they get upon a table-board1 and then gather up their knees as high as they can1 and then they wobble to and fro1 as if they were kneading of dough1 and say these words3 #8,my dame is sick1 and gone to bed1 ,and ,i'll go mould my cockle bread1 ,up with my heels1 and down with my head6-- ,and this is the way to mould cockle bread4'0 --7,quoted in ,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 ii4 p4 #dad1 article 8,cockle ,bread407 ,these words 8mistley0 and 8cockledy0 were not to be found in any of the lexicons examined1 or in the 8,dictionary of ,obsolete and ,provincial ,english0 of ,thomas ,wright1 ,m4 ,a41 ,london1 #ahfi1 although in the last was the word 8mizzly0 meaning 8mouldy40 ,it may possibly mean mistletoe4 8,cockle is the unhappy #8lolium' of ,virgil1 thought1 if mixed with bread1 to produce vertigo and headache2 therefore1 at ,easter1 parties are made to pick it out from the wheat4 ,they take with them cake1 cider1 and toasted cheese4 ,the first person who picks the cockle from the wheat has the first kiss of the maid and the first slice of the cake40--7,fosbroke1 8,encyclopdia of ,antiquities10 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajdj47 ,vallencey describes a very curious ceremony among the ,irish in the month of ,september4 8,on the eve of the full moon of ,september 444 straw is burnt to embers1 and in the embers each swain in turn hides a grain1 crying out1 #8,i'll tear you to pieces if you find my grain4' ,his maiden lover seeks1 and great is her chagrin if she does not find it4 ,on producing it1 she is saluted by the company with shouts2 her lover lays her first on her back1 and draws her by the heels through the embers1 then turning her on her face repeats the ceremony until her nudities are much scorched4 ,this is called posadamin1 or the meal-wedding4444 ,when all the maidens have gone through this ceremony1 they sit down and devour the roasted wheat1 with which they are sometimes inebriated40--78,de ,rebus ,hibernicis10 vol4 ii4 p4 #eei47 ,he undoubtedly means ergot2 he himself says that it is 8a grain that is sometimes found growing amongst the wheat in ,ireland40 ,he also calls these 8weddings0 a 8,druidical custom40--7,idem1 p4 #eih47 ,a similar phallic dance is alluded to in ,john ,graham ,dalyell's 8,superstitions of ,scotland10 ,edinburgh1 #ahcd1 p4 #bai4 ,in ,sardinia 8the village swains go about in a group 444 to wait for the girls who assemble on the public square to celebrate the festival4 ,here a great bonfire is kindled1 round which they dance and make merry4 ,those who wish to be #8sweethearts of ,saint ,john' act as follows3 ,the young man stands on one side of the bonfire1 and the girl on the other2 and they1 in a manner1 join hands by each grasping a long stick1 which they pass three times backwards and forwards across the fire1 thus thrusting their hands thrice rapidly into the flames40 ,at this dance1 we read of 8a ,priapus-like figure1 made of paste2 but this custom1 rigorously forbidden by the ,church1 has fallen into disuse40 78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 i4 p4 #bia47 8,in some parts of ,germany young men and girls leap over midsummer bonfires for the express purpose of making the hemp or flax grow tall40--7,idem1 p4 #bic47 8,amongst the ,kara-,kirghis barren women roll themselves on the ground under a solitary apple-tree in order to obtain offspring40 7,idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #gc47 ,that this is a manifestation of tree worship1 the author leaves us no room to doubt2 and a consultation of his text will be rewarded by several examples of a still more definite character1--such as marriage with trees1 wearing the bark as a garment in the hope of progeny1 etc4 ,hoffman mentions a widow among the ,pennsylvania ,germans who 8became impressed with a boatman with whom she casually became acquainted1 and as he evinced no response to her numerous manifestations of regard1 she adopted the following method to compel him to love her1 even against his will4 ,with the blade of a penknife she scraped her knee until she had secured a small quantity of the cuticle1 baked it in a specially prepared cake1 and sent it to him1 though with what result is not known4 ,the woman was known to have the utmost faith in the charm40--78,folk-,medicine of ,pennsylvania ,germans10 ,american ,philosophical ,society1 #ahhi47 8,i was at ,madrid in #aghd4444 ,a beggar1 who generally took his stand at the door of a church1 had employed his leisure in inventing and selling a species of powder to which he attributed miraculous effects4 ,it was composed of ingredients the mention of which would make the reader blush4 ,the beggar had drawn up some singular formularies to be repeated at the time of taking the powder1 and required1 to give it its effect1 that those who took it should put themselves into certain postures more readily imagined than described4 ,his composition was one of those amorous philtres in which our ignorant ancestors had so much faith2 his1 he pretended1 had the power of restoring a disgusted lover and of softening the heart of a cruel fair one40--7,bourgoanne's 8,travels in ,spain10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 v4 p4 #dac47 8,when a young man is trying to win the love of a reluctant girl he consults the medicine-man1 who then tries to find some of the urine and saliva which the girl has voided1 as well as the sand upon which it has fallen4 ,he mixes these with a few twigs of certain woods1 and places them in a gourd1 and gives them to the young man1 who takes them home1 and adds a portion of tobacco4 ,in about an hour he takes out the tobacco and gives it to the girl to smoke2 this effects a complete transformation in her feelings40--78,conversation with ,muhongo10 an ,african boy from ,angola1 translated by ,rev4 ,mr4 ,chatelain47 ,lovers who wished to increase the affections of their mistresses were recommended to try a transfusion of their own blood into the loved one's veins4--7,flemming1 8,de ,remediis10 etc41 p4 #ae47 ,see notes taken from ,flemming1 under 8,perspiration20 also under 8,after-,birth and ,woman's ,milk10 and under 8,catamenial ,fluid40 ,beaumont and ,fletcher may have had such customs in mind when writing 8,wit without ,money40 8,ralph4 ,pray1 empty my right shoe1 that you made your chamber-pot1 and burn some rosemary in it40--7v4 i47 ,rosemary1 like juniper 7q4 v471 was extensively used for disinfecting sleeping apartments4 ,,anti-,,philters4 ,to protect the population from the baleful effects of the love-philter1 there was1 fortunately1 the anti-philter1 in which1 strangely enough1 we come upon the same ingredients4 ,thus mouse-dung1 applied in 8the form of a liniment1 acts as an antiphrodisiac10 according to ,pliny 7lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #hj74 8,a lizard drowned in urine has the effect of an antiphrodisiac upon the man whose urine it is40 7,idem1 lib4 xxx4 cap4 #di47 8,the same property is to be attributed to the excrement of snails and pigeon's dung1 taken with oil and wine40--7,idem47 ,a powerful antiphrodisiac was made of the urine of a bull and the ashes of a plant called 8brya40 8,the charcoal too of this wood is quenched in urine of a similar nature1 and kept in a shady spot4 ,when it is the intention of the party to rekindle the flames of desire1 it is set on fire again4 ,the magicians say that the urine of a eunuch will have a similar effect40--7,idem1 lib4 xxiv4 cap4 #db47 8,according to ,osthanes 444 a woman will forget her former love by taking a he-goat's urine in drink40--7,idem1 lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #gg47 ,hen-dung was an antidote against philters1 especially those made of menstrual blood4 8,contra ,philtra magica1 in specie ex sanguine menstruo femineo40 78,chylologia10 p4 #haf1 #hag47 ,dove-dung was also administered for the same purpose1 but was not quite so efficacious4 ,a journeyman cabinet-maker had been given a love-potion by a young woman1 so that he couldn't keep away from her4 ,his mother then bought a pair of new shoes for him1 put into them certain herbs1 and in them he had to run to a certain town4 ,a can of urine was then put into his right shoe1 out of which he drank1 whereupon he perfectly despised the object of his former affection4 ,a prostitute gave a love-potion to a captain in the army4 ,some of her ordure was placed in a new shoe1 and after he had walked therein an hour1 and had his fill of the smell1 the spell was broken4 ,paullini here quotes ,ovid1-- 8,ille tuas redolens ,phineu medicamina mensas ,non semel est stomacho nausea facta meo40 ,a man was given in his food some of the dried ordure of a woman whom he formerly loved1 and that created a terrible antipathy toward her4--7,paullini1 p4 #beh47 8,the seeds of the tamarisk mixed in a drink or meat with the urine of a castrated ox will put an end to ,venus40--78,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 i4 p4 #dc1 quoting ,pliny1 lib4 #ba1 c4 #ib47 8,galenos says that the priests eat rue and agnus castus1 it seems1 as a refrigerative40--7,idem1 p4 #dc47 ,the herb rue was used by the ,romans as an amulet against witchcraft1 and was also employed in the exorcisms of the ,roman ,catholic ,church4--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #cae1 article 8,rural ,charms407 ,an examination of the best available authorities upon the properties of this plant disclosed the following3 8,it was formerly called #8herb of grace' 7see ,hamlet1 act iv4 scene #e71 because it was used for sprinkling the people with holy water4 ,it was in great repute among the ancients1 having been hung about the neck as an amulet against witchcraft1 in the time of ,aristotle4444 ,it is a powerful stimulant40 7,chambers's ,encyclopdia1 article 8,rue407 8,rue is stimulant and anti-spasmodic2 444 occasionally increases the secretions4444 ,it appears to have a tendency to act upon the uterus2 444 in moderate doses proving emmenagogue1 and in larger producing a degree of irritation in the organ which sometimes determines abortion2 444 taken by pregnant women1 444 miscarriage resulted2 444 used in amenorrha and in uterine hemorrhages40 78,united ,states ,dispensatory10 ,philadelphia1 #ahhf1 article 8,ruta407 ,here are presented almost the same conditions as were found in the mistletoe1--the plant had a direct1 irritant action upon the genito-urinary organs1 and in all probability was employed to induce the sacred urination and to asperse the congregation with the fluid for which holy water was afterwards substituted4 ,rue and agnus castus are mentioned by ,avicenna as medicines which 8coitus desiderium sedant40 7,vol4 i4 pp4 #bff1 b #de1 #djf1 a #fj47 ,the same author 7vol4 i4 p4 #ijf1 a #fc7 mentions rue with the testicles of a fox as an ,aphrodisiac1 and the testicles of the goat are mentioned in the same connection4--7,idem1 p4 #ijg1 b #fg47 ,dulaure 78,des ,diffrens ,cultes10 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhh7 speaks of certain 8fasciniers0 or charlatans1 who vended secretly love-philters to barren women4 8,ils prononaient pour oprer leurs charmes des mots latins et avaient l'intention de fixer dans les alimens des poux une poudre provenant des parties sexuelles d'un loup40 ,beckherius repeats the antidote for a love-philter of placing some of the woman's ordure in the man's shoe3 8,si1 in amantis calceum1 stercus amat ponatur20 and he also cites the couplet from ,ovid already quoted1 p4 #bbe4 8,secundines0 were also employed to render abortive the effects of philters4 7,see ,etmuller1 8,opera ,omnia10 ,schroderi dilucidati ,zologia1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfe47 8,in philtris curandis spiritus secundin vel pulvis secundin mirabilis facit40 ,this was of great use in epilepsy1 but should be1 if possible1 8secundinam mulieris san1 si potest esse primipar et qu filium enixa fuit40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bga47 ,against philters1 as well as to counteract the efforts of witches attacking people just entering the married state1 by such maleficent means as 8ligatures10 and other obstacles1 ordure was facile princeps as a remedy4 ,likewise1 to break up a love affair1 nothing was superior to the simple charm of placing some of the ordure of the person seeking to break away from love's thraldom in the shoe of the one still faithful4 ,it is within the bounds of possibility that this remedy would be found potential even in our own times1 if faithfully applied4 8,contra philtra1 item pro ligatis et maleficiatis a mulieribus sequens ,johannes ,jacobus ,weckerus 444 pone de egestione seu alvi excremento ipsius mulieris mane in fotulari dextro maleficiati et statim cum ipse sentiet ftorum solvitur maleficium4444 ,quod si in amantis calceum stercus amat posueris1 ubi odorem senserit1 solvitur amor10 etc4 7several examples are given74--78,chylologia10 p4 #gia47 ,mr4 ,chrisfield1 of the ,library of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 imparts a fact which dovetails in with the foregoing item in a very interesting manner4 ,he says that1 in his youth1 which was passed on the ,eastern ,shore of ,maryland1 he learned that1 among the more ignorant classes of that section it was a rule that when a father observed the growing affection of his son for some young girl1 he should endeavor to obtain a little of her excrement1 and make the youth wear it under the left arm-pit2 if he remained constant in his devotion after being subjected to this test1 the father felt that it would be useless to interpose objection to the nuptials4 ,there is a case mentioned in ,scotland in which 8aversion was inspired on the part of the female40 ,to remedy this 8the man got a cake0 7ingredients not mentioned7 8to be put under his left arm1 betwixt his shirt and his skin1 observing silence1 until the nuptial couch was sprinkled with water and the mystical cake withdrawn40--78,superstitions of ,scotland10 ,dalyell1 p4 #cje47 ,one might safely wager guineas to shillings that1 in the above example the mystical cake was the legitimate descendant of one formerly compounded of very unsavory ingredients1 and that the water with which the nuptial couch was to be sprinkled1 had replaced a fluid closely related to the liquid employed by the ,hottentots on such occasions4 8,to procure the dissolving of bewitched and constrained love1 the party bewitched must make a jakes 7i4 e4 privy7 of the lover's shoe4 ,and to enforce a man1 how proper soever he be1 to love an old hag1 she gives unto him to eate 7among other meates7 her own dung40--7,scot's 8,discoverie10 p4 #fb47 ,this subject of 8,nouer l'aiguillette0 is referred to by ,dulaure4--78,trait des ,dif4 ,cultes10 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhh47 8,if a man makes water upon a dog's urine1 he will become disinclined to copulation1 they say40--7,pliny1 lib4 xxx4 c4 #di47 8,beware thee that thou mie not where the hound mied2 some men say that there a man's body changeth so that he may not1 when he cometh to bed with his wife1 bed along with her40--7,de ,med4 de ,quad4 of ,sextus ,placitus1 from 8,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 i4 p4 #cfe47 ,,xxxi4 ,,siberian ,,hospitality4 ,a curious manifestation of hospitality has been noticed among the ,tchuktchi of ,siberia3 8,les ,tschuktschi offrent leurs femmes aux voyageurs2 mais ceux-ci1 pour s'en rendre dignes1 doivent se soumettre une preuve dgotante4 ,la fille ou la femme qui doit passer la nuit avec son nouvel hte lui prsente une tasse pleine de son urine2 il faut qu'il s'en rince la bouche4 ,s'il a ce courage1 il est regard comme un ami sincre2 sinon1 il est trait comme un ennemi de la famille40--7,dulaure1 8,des ,divinits ,gnratrices10 ,paris1 #ahbe1 p4 #djj47 ,among the ,tchuktchees of ,siberia1 8it is a well known custom to use the urine of both parties as a libation in the ceremony2 and likewise between confederates and allies1 to pledge each other and swear eternal friendship40--78,in the ,lena ,delta10 ,melville1 p4 #cah47 ,the presentation of women to distinguished strangers is a mark of savage hospitality noted all over the world1 but never in any other place with the above peculiar accompaniment2 yet ,mungo ,park assures his readers that1 during his travels in the interior of ,africa1 a wedding occurred among the ,moors while he was asleep4 ,he was awakened from his doze by an old woman bearing a wooden bowl1 whose contents she discharged full in his face1 saying it was a present from the bride4 ,finding this to be the same sort of holy water with which a ,hottentot priest is said to sprinkle a newly married couple1 he supposed it to be a mischievous frolic1 but was informed that it was a nuptial benediction from the bride's own person1 and which1 on such occasions1 is always received by the young unmarried ,moors as a mark of distinguished favor4--7,quoted in ,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahdi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aeb1 article 8,bride-,ales40 ,see also ,mungo ,park's 8,travels in ,africa10 ,new ,york1 #ahac1 p4 #aji47 ,in ,hottentot marriages 8the priest1 who lives at the bride's kraal1 enters the circle of the men1 and coming up to the bridegroom1 pisses a little upon him4 ,the bridegroom receiving the stream with eagerness rubs it all over his body1 and makes furrows with his long nails that the urine may penetrate the farther4 ,the priest then goes to the outer circle and evacuates a little upon the bride1 who rubs it in with the same eagerness as the bridegroom4 ,to him the priest then returns1 and having streamed a little more1 goes again to the bride and again scatters his water upon her4 ,thus he proceeds from one to the other until he has exhausted his whole stock1 uttering from time to time to each of them the following wishes1 till he has pronounced the whole upon both3 #8,may you live long and happily together4 ,may you have a son before the end of the year4 ,may this son live to be a comfort to you in your old age4 ,may this son prove to be a man of courage and a good huntsman4'0--7,peter ,kolbein1 ,voy4 to the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 in ,knox1 8,voyages10 ,london1 #aggg1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cii1 #djj4 ,this statement of ,kolbein is cited by ,maltebrun1 ,univ4 ,geog4 vol4 ii4 article 8,cape of ,good ,hope10 but he also mentions ,thurnberg1 ,sparmann and ,foster as authorities4 ,pinkerton1 vol4 xvi4 pp4 #hi and #ada1 likewise quotes from ,thurnberg on this subject47 8,have ,i not drunk to your health1 swallowed flap-dragons1 eat glasses1 drank wine1 stabbed arms1 and done all the offices of protested gallantry for your sake80--7,marston's 8,dutch ,courtesan10 ,london1 #afje2 see also footnote on the same point in the 8,honest ,whore10 ,thomas ,dekkar1 #afjd1 edition of ,london1 #ahbe4 8,dutch flap-dragons10 8,healths in urine40 ,see also 8,a ,new ,way to ,catch the ,old ,one10 ,thomas ,middleton1 #afjh1 ed4 of ,rev4 ,alex4 ,dyce1 ,london1 #ahdj2 footnote to above3 8,drinking healths in urine was another and more disgusting feat of gallantry40 ,again1 for flap-dragons1 see in 8,ram ,alley10 by ,ludovick ,barry1 #afaa1 ed4 of ,london1 #ahbe47 ,in the 8,histoire ,secrte du ,prince ,croq' tron10 ,m'lle ,laubert1 ,paris1 #agij1 ,prince ,constipati is entertained by the ,princess ,clysterine2 8elle lui donna de la limonade1 de la faon d',urinette0 7p4 #ag74 ,brand has a very interesting chapter1 entitled 8,drinking ,wine in the ,church at ,marriages10 in which it appears that the custom prevailed very generally among nations of the highest civilization1 of having the bride1 groom1 and invited guests1 share in a cup or chalice1 filled with some intoxicant2 in ,england1 a country which has never raised the grape1 this drink is wine2 in ,ireland1 it was whiskey4 ,brand traces it back to a ,gothic origin1 but he himself calls attention to the breaking of wine-glasses at the marriage ceremony among ,hebrews1 from which circumstance a still greater antiquity may be inferred4 8,cobbler's punch10 urine with a cinder in it4--7,grose1 8,dictionary of ,buckish ,slang10 ,london1 #ahaa47 8,a beautiful lady1 bathing in a cold bath1 one of her admirers1 out of gallantry1 drank some of the water40--7,idem1 article 8,toast407 8,we were told that the priest 7of the ,hottentots7 certainly gives the nuptial benediction by sprinkling the bride and groom with his urine40--7,lieut4 ,cook1 ,r4 ,n41 in 8,hawkesworth's ,voyages10 ,london1 #aggc1 vol4 iii4 p4 #chg47 ,similar statements are to be found in the writings of ,hahn and others of the ,dutch missionaries to the natives of ,south ,africa4 ,the malevolence of witchcraft seems to have taken the greatest pleasure in subtle assaults upon those just entering the married state4 ,fortunately1 amulets1 talismans1 and counter-charms were within reach of all who needed them4 ,the best of all these was thought to be urination through the wedding-ring4--7,see ,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant410 vol4 iii4 p4 #cje47 ,the variants of this practice are innumerable1 and are referred to by nearly all the old writers4 ,beckherius tells his readers that to counteract the effects of witchcraft1 and especially of 8,nouer l',aiguillette0 444 8,si per nuptialem annulum sponsius mingat1 fascina et ,veneris impotentia solvetur1 qua a maleficiis ligatus fuit40--78,med4 ,microcos40 p4 #ff47 8,pisse through a wedding-ring if you would know who is hurt in his privities by witchcraft40--7,reg4 ,scot1 8,discoverie10 p4 #fd47 8,si quis aliquo veneficio impotens ad usum veneris factus fuerit at quam primum mingat per annulum conjugalem40--7,frommann1 8,tract4 de ,fascinat40 p4 #iig47 ,etmuller did not believe that witches could 8nouer l'aiguillette20 he attributed that effect to excessive modesty2 yet all the remedies mentioned by him1 by which the testes of the bridegroom were to be anointed1 contained 8,zibethum0 as an ingredient4--7,see his 8,opera ,omnia10 vol4 i4 p4 #dfa b1 and #dfb a47 ,for loss of virility1 ,paullini recommends drinking the urine of a bull1 immediately after he has covered a cow1 and smear the pubis with the bull's excrements2 also piss through the engagement ring 7pp4 #aeb1 #aec74 ,but when witches have been the occasion of such impotence1 the victim should urinate through the wedding ring immediately after discovering his misfortune2 he also advises urination upon a broom2 human ordure was also efficacious4 ,or1 take castor-oil plant1 put it into a pot1 add some of the patient's urine1 hermetically seal1 boil slowly1 and then bury in an unfrequented spot4 ,by this method1 the witches will either be made to piss blood1 or have other tormenting pains until they relieve the bewitched one4--7,idem1 pp4 #bfd1 #bfe47 ,etmuller describes another 8sympathetic0 cure for this infirmity3 ,this prescribed that the bridegroom should catch a fish 7the ,latin word is 8lucium10 meaning probably our pike71 forcibly open its mouth1 urinate therein1 and throw the fish back in the water1 upstream2 then try to copulate1 taking care to urinate through the wedding-ring1 both before and after4 8,si quis emat lucium piscem sexus masculini1 huic per vim aperiatur os1 et in os ejus immittatur urinam1 maleficiati4 ,hic lucius ita vivus immittatur in fluvium1 idque contra ejusdem cursum 444 subito namque tollitur maleficium si non sit nimis inveteratum1 etc4444 probatum etiam fuit si sponsus ante copulationem et etiam post eam mittat suam urinam per annulum sponsalitium quem accepit a sponsa40 ,he gives another cure1 of much the same kind1 which1 however1 required that the micturation through the ring should be done in a cemetery while the patient was lying on his back on a tombstone4 8,a vetula suppeditato dum scil4 in cementerio quodam missit urinam per annulum cujusdam lapidis sepulchro incumbentis40--7,etmuller1 vol4 i4 p4 #dfb a1 #dfb b47 ,this remedy is believed in and practised by the peasantry in some parts of ,germany to the present day4 8,a married man who has become impotent through evil influences can obtain relief by forming a ring with his thumb and forefinger1 and urinating through it secretly40--78,sagen-mrchen1 ,volkaberglauben1 aus ,schwaben10 ,drs4 ,birlinger and ,buck1 ,freiburg1 #ahfa1 p4 #dhf47 ,grimm1 in his 8,teutonic ,mythology0 7vol4 iii47 refers to 8,nouer l'aiguillette10 but adds nothing to what has been presented above4 ,there are certain quaint usages connected with weddings among the peasantry of ,russia1 as well as among the rustic population of ,england1 which might excite the curiosity of antiquarians4 ,in the first case1 there is a 8sprinkling0 with water once used by the bride for the purpose of bathing her person2 in the other1 there is a 8sale0 of a liquid by the bride1 this liquid being an intoxicant4 ,wedding ceremonies of the peasantry of ,samogitia3 8,the bride was led on the wedding-day three times round the fireplace of her future husband2 it was then customary to wash her feet1 and with the same water that had been used for that purpose the bridal bed1 the furniture1 and all the guests were sprinkled40--7,maltebrun1 8,univ4 ,geog410 vol4 ii4 p4 #edh1 art4 8,russia407 ,by a reference back to page #fj of this volume1 it will be seen that the ,queen of ,madagascar favored her subjects in the same way4 ,this sprinkling with the water used as above may be a survival of a former practice1 in which the aspersion was with the urine of the bride4 8,bride-,ale1 ,bride-,bush1 and ,bride-,stake are nearly synonymous terms1 and are all derived from the circumstance of the bride's selling ale on the wedding-day1 for which she received1 by way of contribution1 whatever handsome price the friends assembled on the occasion chose to pay her for it40 7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant410 vol4 ii4 p4 #adc1 art4 8,bride-,ales407 ,in this article he introduces the story from ,mungo ,park already given in these pages1 and seems to have a suspicion that the custom above described could be traced back to a rather unsavory origin4 ,the derivation of the ,english word 8bridal0 is very obscure2 ,fosbroke says that the word 8bride-ale0 comes from the bride's selling ale on her wedding-day1 and the friends contributing what they liked in payment of it4--78,cyclop4 of ,antiq410 vol4 ii4 p4 #hah1 under 8,marriage0 and 8,bride-,ales407 ,the ,latin name for beer or ale was 8cerevisia10 which would seem to be a derivative from the name of the goddess4 ,it may1 in earlier ages1 have been a beverage dedicated to that goddess1 employed in her libations1 and held sacred as the means of producing the condition of inebriation1 which in all nations has been looked upon as sacred4 ,rclus tells that there are still nations who regard their brewers as priests1 and there are others who exalt their milkmen to that office3 8,les ,chewsoures du ,caucase ont leurs prtres brasseurs2 les ,todas des ,neilgherries leurs divins fromagiers40--78,les ,primitifs10 p4 #aaf1 article 8,les ,inoits ,occidentaux407 ,hazlitt mentions the case where the ,fairies1 having a mock baptism and no water at hand1 made use of strong beer4--78,fairy ,tales10 ,london1 #ahge1 p4 #che47 ,beer would appear entitled to claim as old an origin as alcohol2 it is mentioned in the sacred books of the ,buddhists of ,tibet3 8,la ,bire d'hiver 7dguntchang740--78,pratimoksha ,sutra10 translated by ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill1 ,paris1 #ahhe1 ,socit ,asiatique47 ,,xxxii4 ,,parturition4 ,for the cure of sterility1 ,pliny says that 8authors of the very highest repute 444 recommend the application of a pessary made of the fresh excrement voided by an infant at the moment of its birth40 ,the urine of eunuchs was considered to be 8highly beneficial as a promoter of fruitfulness in females40--7,lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #ah47 8,a hawk's dung1 taken in honeyed wine1 would appear to render females fruitful40--7,idem1 lib4 xxx4 c4 #dd47 8,ut mulier concipiat1 infantis masculi stercus quod primum enatus emittet1 suppositum locis mulieris conceptionem facit et prstat40--7,sextus ,placitus1 8,de ,medicamentis ex ,animalibus10 ,lyons1 #aecg1 pages not numbered1 article 8,de ,puello et ,puella ,virgine407 ,schurig recommends an application of bull-dung to the genitalia of women to facilitate pregnancy4 78,chylologia10 vol4 ii4 p4 #fjb47 ,the woman drank her own urine to ease the pains of pregnancy4 7,idem1 p4 #ece47 ,there is a method of inducing conception outlined in vol4 ii4 p4 #gab1 by the use of a bath of urine poured over rusty old iron4 ,mouse-dung was applied as a pessary in pregnancy4 7,idem1 pp4 #gbh1 #gbi47 ,hawk-dung drunk by a woman before coitus insured conception4 7,idem1 p4 #gdh47 ,goose or fox dung rubbed upon the pudenda of a woman aided in bringing about conception4 7,idem1 p4 #gdh47 ,leopard-dung was also supposed to facilitate conception2 pastilles were made of it1 and the sexual parts fumigated therewith2 or a pessary was inserted and kept in place for three days and three nights3 8,ea quamvis antea sterilis fuit1 deinceps tamen concipiet40--7,idem1 p4 #hbj47 ,but ,schurig warns his readers that care must be exercised in the use of such remedies4 ,he gives an instance of a woman who applied the dung of a wolf to her private parts1 and soon after bearing a child1 found him possessed of a wolfish appetite4--7,idem1 lib4 i4 cap4 #a1 article 8,de ,bulimo ,brutorum10 p4 #bd47 8,when ladies desire to know whether or not they are enceinte1 ,paullini recommends that they urinate in an earthen vessel wherein a needle has been thrown4 ,let it stand over night2 should the needle become covered with small red spots1 the woman is enceinte2 but should it be black or rusty1 she is not4 ,to determine whether she is to have a son or daughter1 dig two small pits2 put barley in one1 and wheat in the other2 let the enceinte lady urinate into both2 then cover up the vessels with earth2 if the wheat sprout first1 it is to be a son2 if the barley sprout before the wheat1 it is to be a daughter40--7,paullini1 p4 #afc47 ,or1 throw a pea into each parcel of urine2 then the pea which germinates first1 etc41 etc4 8,aut injiciatur lens in unius cujusque urina et cujus efflorescit1 ille culpa caret10 is the method suggested by ,danielus ,beckherius4--78,med4 ,microcos4 aut ,spagyria ,microcosmi10 pp4 #fj1 #fa1 quoting from still older authorities47 ,he gives still another plan3 8,if you wish to determine whether a woman is to bear children1 pour some of her urine upon marsh-mallows2 if they be found dry on the third day1 she'll not conceive40 8,si explorare volueris1 utrum mulier ad concipiendam sit idonea1 tunc super malvam sylvestram urinam ejus funde2 si ille tertio die arida fuerit1 omnino minus idoneam illam habeto40--7,idem1 p4 #fa47 ,paullini urges that the excrements of goats1 hawks1 horses1 geese1 and the urine of camels be taken to remedy sterility 7p4 #afa74 ,and the very same remedies are given by ,beckherius and still older writers4 ,english women1 in some localities1 drank the urine of their husbands to assist them in the hour of labor4 8,in the collection entitled #8,sylon1 or the ,wood' 7p4 #acj7 we read that #8a few years ago1 in this same village1 the women in labor used to drinke the urine of their husbands1 who were all the while stationed1 as ,i have seen the cows in ,st4 ,james's ,park1 straining themselves to give as much as they can4'0--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahdi1 vol4 iii4 article1 8,lady in the ,straw407 8,mariti urina hausta partum difficilem facilitare dicitur40--7,etmuller1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfe1 ,schroderi1 8,dilucidati ,zologia407 ,an instance of the drinking of her own urine by a pregnant woman is to be read in ,schurig 7p4 #de71 art4 8,de ,pica40 ,the warm urine of the husband was drunk for the same purpose3 8,scil4 ,hartmannus commendat ut difficiliter pariens libat haustum urin mariti sui et ita si hic fuerit genuinus ftus parientam illam ex parti solvi putat2 ast si urin aliquid subest erit illud sali volatili ad morem aliorum omnium volatilium1 attribuendum40 7,etmuller1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aga1 #agb47 ,here we have the husband's urine employed not only as a medicine1 but as a test of the wife's fidelity4 ,john ,moncrief directs that1 to facilitate conception1 a pessary should be inserted in the vagina1 of which hare's dung was to be a component4 ,horse's dung1 drunk in water1 aided a woman in childbirth4--78,the ,poor ,man's ,physician10 ,edinburgh1 #agaf1 p4 #adi47 8,ut mulier post partum in secundis non laboret1 de lotio hominis subtiliter gustet et secund statim sequentur40--7,sextus ,placitus47 ,dioscorides prescribed both human ordure and the dung of the vulture to bring about the expulsion of the ftus4--7,materia ,medica1 edition of ,kuhn1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcb et seq47 ,goose-dung1 in internal doses1 was prescribed by ,pliny for the same purpose4--7,lib4 #cj1 c4 #d47 ,but the dung of the elephant or menstrual blood prevented conception1 according to ,avicenna3 8,impregnationem prohibent 444 stercus elephantis10 vol4 i4 p4 #cij1 b #aa2 8,impregnationem prohibent 444 sanguis menstruus1 si supponatus40--7,vol4 i4 pp4 #ccj1 a #ce1 #chh1 b #ej47 ,for accidents to pregnant women1 apply rabbit's dung externally2 for miscarriages1 man's urine1 internally2 the excreta of lionesses1 hawks1 and chickens1 internally2 of horses and geese1 externally and also internally2 and of pigeons and cows1 externally4 ,for after-birth pains1 the patient's own urine1 externally2 or the excrement of chickens1 internally4--7,paullini47 ,schurig recommended the use of lion-dung1 internally1 in cases of difficult parturition4--78,chylologia10 p4 #hai47 ,etmuller says of secundines3 8,in partu difficili nil est prstantius0 7p4 #bgj74 ,both ,pliny and ,hippocrates recommend hawk-dung in the treatment of sterility1 and to aid in the expulsion of the ftus in childbirth2 it was to be drunk in wine2 their prescription is copied by ,etmuller3 8,hippocrates et ,plinius ad sterilitatem emendandam propinant40--7vol4 ii4 p4 #bhe47 ,for the expulsion of the dead ftus1 ,pliny recommended a fumigation of horse-dung4--7,lib4 xxviii4 c4 #gg47 ,and ,sextus ,placitus says3 8,similiter1 mortuum etiam partum ejicit4 ,idem facit ut mulier facile pariat si totum corpus suffumigaveris claudit et ventrem40--7,cap4 8,de ,equo407 ,etmuller advises the use of these fumigations to aid in the expulsion of the ftus and after-birth2 a potion of the dung should also be administered in all such cases1 being1 in his opinion fully equal to the dung of dogs or swallows4--7,vol4 ii4 p4 #bfc47 ,a parturient woman in ,new ,hampshire1 drank the urine of her husband as a diuretic1 forty or fifty years ago4--7,mrs4 ,fanny ,d4 ,bergen1 ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts47 ,flemming is another who recommends a draught of the husband's urine to aid in delivery3 8,porro1 in partu difficili1 urinam mariti calidam calido haustam esse0 7p4 #bc74 8,a urine tub was held above the head of a woman in labor to ward off all manner of evil influences40--7,henry ,rink1 8,tales and ,traditions of the ,eskimo10 ,edinburgh1 #ahge1 p4 #ee47 8,gomez0 7which is the 8nirang0 or urine of the ox7 was prescribed to be drunk as a purifying libation by a woman who had miscarried4 7,see ,fargard ,v4 ,avendidad1 ,zendavesta 7,darmesteter's translation71 ,max ,mller's edition4 8,sacred ,books of the ,east10 ,oxford1 #ahhj1 p4 #fb47 8,she shall drink gomez mixed with ashes1 three cups of it1 or six or nine1 to wash over the grave within her womb4444 ,when three nights have passed1 she shall wash her body1 she shall wash her clothes1 with gomez and with water by the nine holes1 and thus shall she be clean40--7,idem1 pp4 #fc1 #ij47 8,avec une tendre sollicitude1 les bonnes amies versent sur la tte de la femme en travail le contenu d'un pot de chambre pour fortifier1 disent-elles40--78,les ,primitifs10 ,elie ,rclus1 p4 #dc2 8,les ,inoits ,orientaux407 8,the ,commentaires of ,bernard the ,provincial1 informs us0 says ,daremberg1 8that certain practices1 not only superstitious but disgusting1 were common among the doctrines of ,salerno2 one1 for instance1 was to eat themselves1 and also to oblige their husbands to eat1 the excrements of an ass fried in a stove in order to prevent sterility40--78,the ,physicians of the ,middle ,ages10 ,minor1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 p4 #f1 translated from ,dupouy's 8,le ,moyen ,age ,mdical407 ,mr4 ,havelock ,ellis calls attention to the use of cow's urine after confinement by the women of the ,cheosurs of the ,caucasus4 ,see also under 8,witchcraft10 8,therapeutics10 8,divination10 8,amulets and ,talismans10 8,cures by ,transplantation10 8,ceremonial ,observances40 ,,weaning4 ,for an example of ,urinal ,aspersion1 in connection with ,weaning1 see on page #baa4 ,,xxxiii4 ,,initiation ,,of ,,warriors4--,,confirmation4 ,the attainment by young men of the age of manhood is an event which among all primitive peoples has been signalized by peculiar ceremonies2 in a number of instances ordure and urine have been employed1 as for example3 ,the observances connected with this event in the lives of ,australian warriors are kept a profound secret1 but1 among the few learned is the fact that the neophyte is 8plastered with goat dung40--7,see 8,aborigines of ,australia10 ,a4 ,brough ,smyth1 ,london1 #ahgh1 vol4 i4 p4 #ei1 footnote47 ,in some parts of ,australia1 ,smyth says that the youth of fourteen or fifteen had to submit himself to the rite of 8,tid-but10 during which his head was shaved and plastered with mud 78the head is then daubed with clay07 8and his body is daubed with clay1 mud1 and charcoal-powder and filth of every kind40 7,smyth had previously specified goat-dung47 8,he carries a basket under his arm1 containing moist clay1 charcoal1 and filth4444 ,he gathers filth as he goes1 and places it in the basket40--7,idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #fj47 ,the young initiate throws this filth at all the men he meets1 but not at the women or children1 as these have been warned to keep out of his way4 ,this is the account given by ,smyth1 but ,featherman1 from whom ,smyth derived his information1 makes no such restriction in his text1 simply stating that the young man was considered to be 8excommunicated de facto40 7,see ,a4 ,featherman1 8,social ,history of the ,races of ,mankind10 #b;d ,division1 ,london1 #ahhg1 p4 #aeb47 ,but1 in either case1 it is surely remarkable to stumble upon the counterpart of one of the proceedings of the ,feast of ,fools in such a remote corner of the globe4 8,among many of the tribes1 the ceremony of introducing a native into manhood1 is said to be accompanied with some horrible and disgusting practices40--78,the ,nat4 ,tribes of ,s4 ,australia10 ,adelaide1 #ahgi1 ,introduction1 xxviii1 received through the kindness of the ,royal ,soc4 of ,sydney1 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 ,t4 ,b4 ,kyngdon1 ,secretary47 8,in order to infuse courage into boys1 a warrior1 ,kerketegerkai1 would take the eye and tongue of a dead man 7probably of a slain enemy71 and after mincing them and mixing with his urine1 would administer the compound in the following manner4 ,he would tell the boy to shut his eyes and not look1 adding3 #8,i give you proper kaikai' 7#8kaikai' is an introduced word1 being the jargon ,english for food74 ,the warrior then stood up behind the sitting youth1 and putting the latter's hand between his 7the man's7 legs1 would feed him4 ,after this dose1 #8heart along1 boy no fright4'0--7,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 8,the ,ethnography of the ,western ,tribes of ,torres ,straits10 in ,journal of the ,anthrop4 ,institute1 ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 xix4 no4 #c1 #ahij1 p4 #dbj4 ,received through the kindness of ,professor ,h4 ,c4 ,henshaw1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c47 8,some other customs are altogether so obscene and disgusting ,i must1 even at the risk of leaving my subject incomplete1 pass them over by only thus briefly referring to them40--78,nat4 ,tr4 of ,s4 ,australia10 p4 #bhj47 ,monier ,williams repeats almost what ,mller says about the ,parsis4 ,a young ,parsi undergoes a sort of confirmation1 during which 8he is made to drink a small quantity of the urine of a bull40--78,modern ,india10 ,london1 #ahgh1 p4 #agh47 ,,fearful ,,rite ,,of ,,the ,,hottentots4 ,a religious rite of still more fearful import occurs among the same people at the initiation of their young men into the rank of warriors--a ceremony which must be deferred until the postulant has attained his eighth or ninth year4 ,it consists1 principally1 in depriving him of the left testicle1 after which the medicine man voids his urine upon him4#fg 8,at eight or nine years of age1 the young ,hottentot is1 with great ceremony deprived of his left testicle40 7,kolbein1 p4 #djb47 ,he says nothing about an aspersion with urine in this instance1 but on the succeeding page he narrates that there is first a sermon from one of the old men1 who afterwards 8evacuates a smoking stream of urine all over him1 having before reserved his water for that purpose4 ,the youth receives the stream with eagerness and joy2 and making furrows with the long nails in the fat upon his body1 rubs in the briny fluid with the quickest action4 ,the old man1 having given him the last drop1 utters aloud the following benediction3 #8,good fortune attend thee2 live to old age4 ,increase and multiply4 ,may thy beard grow soon4'0--7,idem1 p4 #djc47 8,the young ,hottentot1 who has won the reputation of a hero by killing a lion1 tiger1 leopard1 elephant1 etc41 is entitled to wear a bladder in his hair2 he is formally congratulated by all his kraal4 ,one of the medicine-men marches up to the hero and pours a plentiful stream over him from head to foot1--pronouncing over him certain terms which ,i could never get explained4 ,the hero1 as in other cases1 rubs in the smoking stream upon his face and every other part with the greatest eagerness40--7,idem1 p4 #djd47 ,rev4 ,theophilus ,hahn cites ,kolbein in 8,beitrge fr ,kunde der ,hottentoten10 in ,jahrbuch fr ,erdkunde1 von ,dresden1 #ahgj1 p4 #i1 as communicated by ,dr4 ,gatchett of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,for further references to the ,hottentot ceremony of ,initiation1 by sprinkling the young warrior with urine1 consult ,pinkerton's 8,voyages10 vol4 xvi4 pp4 #hi and #ada1 where there is a quotation from ,thurnberg's 8,account of the ,cape of ,good ,hope40 ,see also ,maltebrun1 8,univ4 ,geog40 vol4 ii4 article 8,the ,cape of ,good ,hope40 ,the ,indians of ,california gave urine to newly-born children4 8,at time of childbirth1 many singular observances obtained2 for instance1 the old women washed the child as soon as it was born1 and drank of the water2 the unhappy infant was forced to take a draught of urine medicinally40--7,bancroft1 ,h4 ,h4 8,native ,races10 vol4 i4 p4 #dac47 ,forlong states that at the time of investiture of the ,indian boy with the sacred thread1 8the fire is kindled with the droppings of the sacred cow40--78,rivers of ,life10 ,london1 #ahhc1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbc47 ,valuable information was also received from ,mr4 ,edward ,palmer1 of ,brisbane1 ,queensland1 ,australia1 especially in regard to the ,kalkadoon tribe near ,cloncurry1 who are among those who split the urethra4 ,in order to bring up an ,eskimo child to be an 8,angerd-lartug-sick10--that is1 8a man brought up in a peculiar manner1 with a view to acquiring a certain faculty by means of which he might be called to life again and returned to land1 in case he should be drowned10--8for this purpose the mother had to keep a strict fast and the child to be accustomed to the smell of urine40--7,rink1 8,tales and ,traditions of the ,eskimo10 p4 #de47 ,rclus says of the ,inuit child selected to be trained as an ,angekok3 8,sitt ne1 la petite crature sera asperge d'urine de manire l'imprgner de son odeur caractristique2 c'est dcidment leur eau bnite4 ,ailleurs1 la barbe1 la chevelure1 l'entire personne des rois et sacrificateurs sont ointes d'huile prise dans de saintes ampoules2 ailleurs1 elles sont beurres et barbouilles de bouse soigneusement tendue40--78,les ,primitifs10 p4 #hd1 8,les ,inoits ,occidentaux407 ,for initiation in witchcraft1 8,dans la ,hesse1 le postulant se place sur du fumier en prononant des formules magiques1 et pique un crapaud avec un bton blanc qu'il jette ensuite l'eau40--78,la ,fascination10 ,j4 ,tuchmann1 in 8,mlusine10 ,paris1 ,july-,august1 #ahij1 p4 #ic47 8,i am strongly inclined to the belief that all these rites are survivals or debased vestiges of the blood-covenant practice1 by which the partaking of each other's selves 7by whatever is a portion of one's self7 is a form of covenanting by which two persons become as one4 ,are you aware of the fact that the habit of giving the urine of a healthy child to a new-born babe has prevailed down to the present day among rustic nurses in ,new ,england1 if not elsewhere1 in ,america8 ,i can bear personal testimony to this fact from absolute knowledge4 ,it is a noteworthy fact that the ,hebrew word chaneek1 which is translated #8trained' or #8initiated1' and which is used in the proverb1 #8,train up a child1' etc41 has as its root-idea 7as shown in the corresponding ,arabic word7 the #8opening of the gullet' in a new-born child1 the starting the child in its new life4 ,among some primitive peoples fresh blood1 as added life1 is thus given to a babe2 and in other cases it is urine40--7,personal letter from ,rev4 ,h4 ,k4 ,trumbull1 editor of the 8,sunday-,school ,times10 ,philadelphia1 ,april #ai1 #ahhh47 8,the priesthood of the false gods is hereditary in the family4444 ,others may be introduced into the corps of fetich priests1 but they have to pay dearly for the honor4444 ,every morning before sunrise and every evening at sunset the aspirants were heard singing in choir1 directed by an old fetich priestess40 ,these ceremonies of consecration 8last several days4444 ,the crinkled hair which is completely shaved off of some1 and only from the crown of the head of others1 the aspersion of lustral water1 the imposition of the new name40--78,fetichism10 ,rev4 ,p4 ,baudin1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 pp4 #gd1 #ge47 8,one observer of the customs of the blacks has stated in the journal of the ,anthropological ,society of ,london that in the ,hunter ,river ,district of ,new ,south ,wales1 the catechumens at some parts of the ,bora ceremonies are required to eat ordure2 but ,i have made diligent inquiries in the same locality and elsewhere1 but have found nothing to corroborate his statement4 ,similarly1 in one district in ,queensland1 it is said that the blacks1 whether at the ,bora or not ,i cannot say1 make cup-like holes in the clay soil1 collect their urine in them1 and drink it afterwards4 ,this latter statement may be true1 but ,i have never been able to substantiate it by information from those who know4 ,various considerations1 however1 lead me to think it possible that our blacks1 in some places at least 7for their observances are not everywhere the same71 may use ordure and urine in that way1 thinking that the evil spirit will be propitiated by their eating in his honor that which he himself delights to eat2 just as in ,northwestern ,india a devotee may be seen going about with his body plastered all over with human dung in honor of his god4 ,and our blacks have good reason to try to propitiate this unclean spirit 7,gunungdhukhya7 in every possible way1 for they believe that he can enter their bodies1 and effecting a lodgment in their abdomen1 feed there on the foulest of the contents1 and thus cause cramps1 fits1 madness1 and other serious disorders4 ,the non-,aryan population of ,india have similar beliefs2 for among the devil-worshippers of ,western ,india there are certain malignant spirits called ,bhutas2 and these in their habits are similar to ,gunungdhukhya4 ,they too cause mischief by taking possession of the body1 and they delight to devour human beings2 they too live in desert places1 especially among tall trees4 ,they take the forms of men and animals1 and prowl about in burial-grounds1 and eat the carcasses40--7,personal letter from ,john ,frazer1 ,,ll4,d41 dated ,sydney1 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,december #bd1 #ahhi47 ,this correspondent has struck the keynote of the curious behavior of the prophet ,ezekiel and others4 ,believing1 as was believed in their day1 that deities ate excrement1 why should not they1 the representatives of the gods1 eat it too8 ,and if a god enter into a man's body to eat excrement1 why should not the victim feed him on that which is so acceptable1 and by gorging him free himself from pain8 ,see1 under 8,war ,customs10 the use of the drink wysoccan by the ,indians of ,virginia1 in their ceremonies of initiation4 ,see1 under 8,ordeals and ,punishments10 page #bed1 in regard to the belief of the ,australians4 ,,war-,,customs4--,,arms ,,and ,,armor4 ,it is remarkable that we should be able to adduce any example of the employment of excrementitious matter in war customs2 not that we should not suspect their existence1 but because on occasions of such importance the medicine-men1 who arrogate to themselves so much consequence in all military affairs1 would naturally be more careful to conceal their performances from profane eyes4 ,there is very little reason to doubt that a fuller examination would be rewarded with new facts of additional interest and value4 ,when the ,dutch were besieging ,batavia1 in the ,island of ,java1 in #afbc1 the natives daubed themselves with human ordure1 in all likelihood for some vague religious purpose1--8a #afbi1 in obsidione ,batavos obsessos1 in defectu aliorum ad defensionem necessariorum requisitorum hostes suos ,indos stercore humano ex cloacis collecto1 ollisque in ipsorum nuda corpora conjecto1 fugasse40--78,chylologia10 p4 #gie47 8,les ,malais se servent de l'urine pour tremper leurs fameux criss4 ,ils enfoncent ces poignards dans la terre1 et pendant un certain temps1 ils viennent uriner de manire que cette terre soit toujours imbibe d'urine40--7,personal letter from ,dr4 ,bernard1 ,cannes1 ,france1 dated ,july #g1 #ahhh47 ,against what was known in the ,middle ,ages as 8magical impenetrability10 human ordure was in high repute4 ,the sword or 8machete0 of the person exposed to attack from such an enemy should be rubbed in pig-dung4 ,but let ,schurig tell his own story3 8,scilicet1 priusquam cum adversario hujus rei suspecto congrediaris1 cuspis machr vel gladii1 stercori suillo infigatur2 vel si eminus agendum1 globuli bomberdis infarciendi per sphincterem ani ducantur2 quod certissimum dicitur antidotum contra hanc non minus quam ,diaboli ,incantationes40--78,chylologia10 p4 #gia1 par4 #fd47 ,frommann states that arms may be bewitched so that they can do harm2 but he makes no mention of human or animal excreta in such connection4--78,tract4 de ,fascinat410 p4 #fed47 8,dum gladio quo vulnus fuit inflictum sive cruento sive non cruento applicatur unguentum quod vocant magneticum armarium quo curatur vulnus40 7,etmuller1 vol4 i4 p4 #fh47 ,this magnetic ointment was made of human ordure and human urine4 ,see also page #bih of this volume4 8,the ,scythians prefer mares for the purposes of war1 because they can pass their urine without stopping in their career40--7,pliny1 lib4 viii4 cap4 #ff47 ,the 8black drink0 of the ,creeks and ,seminoles was an emetic and cathartic of somewhat violent nature4 ,it was used by the warriors of those tribes when about to start out on the war-path or engage in any important deliberations4--7,see ,cornwallis ,clay's dissertation upon the ,seminoles of ,florida1 in 8,annual ,report of ,bureau of ,ethnology10 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahhh47 ,the 8black drink0 of the ,creeks was made from the ,iris ,versicolor 7,natural order1 ,iridaca71 8an active emeto-cathartic1 abundant in swampy grounds throughout the ,southern ,states40--7,see ,brinton1 8,myths of the ,new ,world10 ,new ,york1 #ahfh1 p4 #bgd47 ,beverly mentions 8a mad potion10 8the ,wysoccan10 used by the ,indians of ,virginia during 8an initiatory ceremony called ,huskansaw1 which took place every sixteen or twenty years10 which he calls 8the water of ,lethe10 and by the use of which they 8perfectly lose the remembrance of all former things1 even of their parents1 their treasure1 and their language40--78,golden ,bough10 vol4 ii4 p4 #cdi1 quoting ,beverly's 8,history of ,virginia10 ,london1 #agbb1 p4 #agg47 ,see1 under 8,insults10 p4 #bef1 for the war customs of the ,samoans4 ,see also 8,catamenia20 8,witchcraft40 ,,xxxiv4 ,,hunting ,,and ,,fishing4 ,the ,african hunter in pursuit of game1 such as elephants1 anoints himself 8all over with their dung40--7,father ,merolla1 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #bea1 8,voyage to ,congo407 ,this1 he says1 is merely to deceive the animal with the smell4 ,pliny relates that in ,heraklea the country-people poisoned panthers with aconite4 ,but the panthers had sense enough to know that human excrement was an antidote4 7,lib4 xxviii4 c4 #b47 ,again in lib4 viii4 c4 #da he tells of the aconite-poisoned panther curing itself by eating human excrement4 ,knowing this fact1 the peasants suspend human excrement in a pot so high in the air that the panther exhausts itself in jumping to reach it1 and dies all the sooner4 ,schurig 78,chylologia10 p4 #ggd7 has the above tale1 but has taken it from ,claudius milianus1 as well as ,pliny4 ,the reindeer ,tchuktchi feign to be passing urine in order to catch their animals which they want to use with their sleds4 ,the reindeer1 horses1 and cattle of the ,siberian tribes are very fond of urine1 probably on account of the salt it contains1 and when they see a man walking out from the hut1 as if for the purpose of relieving his bladder1 they follow him up1 and so closely that he finds the operation anything but pleasant4 8,the ,esquimaux of ,king ,william's ,land and the adjacent peninsula often catch the wild reindeer by digging a pit in the deep snow1 and covering it with thin blocks of snow1 that would break with the weight of an animal4 ,they then make a line of urine from several directions1 leading to the centre of the cover of the pitfall1 where an accumulation of snow1 saturated with the urine of the dog1 is deposited as bait4 ,one or more animals are thereby led to their destruction40--7,personal letter from the ,arctic explorer1 ,w4 ,h4 ,gilder1 dated ,new ,york1 ,october #ae1 #ahhi47 8,the dogs of the ,esquimaux are equally fond of excrement1 especially in cold weather1 and when a resident of the ,arctic desires to relieve himself1 he finds it necessary to take a whip or a stick to defend himself against the energy of the hungry dogs4 ,often1 when a man wants to urge his dog-team to greater exertion1 he sends his wife or one of the boys to run ahead1 and when at a distance1 to stoop down and make believe he is relieving himself4 ,the dogs are thus spurred to furious exertion1 and the boy runs on again1 to repeat the delusion4 ,this never fails of the desired effect1 no matter how often repeated40--7,idem47 8,i only know one superstitious use of excrement1--that wherein the hooks were placed round some before the fishing incantations began40 78,the ,maoris of ,new ,zealand10 ,e4 ,tregear1 in 8,journal of the ,anthrop4 ,institute10 ,london1 #ahhi47 ,this bears a very close resemblance to certain of the uses of cow-dung in ,india4 ,the people of ,angola1 west coast of ,africa1 when about to set out on a hunt1 are careful to collect the dung of the elephant1 antelope1 and other kinds of wild animals1 and hand them to the medicine-man1 who makes a magical compound out of them1 and places it in a horn4 ,it then serves as an amulet1 and will ensure success in the hunt4--78,muhongo10 an ,african boy from ,angola2 interpretation made by ,rev4 ,mr4 ,chatelain47 ,,xxxv4 ,,divination4--,,omens4--,,dreams4 ,among the ancients there was a method of divination by excrementitious materials4--7,see 8,scatomancie10 in ,bib4 ,scat4 p4 #bh47 8,gaule1 in his #8,mag-,astromancers ,posed and ,puzzled' 7p4 #afe71 enumerates as follows the several species of divination40 7,here follows a list of fifty-three kinds47 ,one of the kinds enumerated is 8,spatalomancy1 by skin1 bones1 excrement40--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant410 pp4 #cbi1 #ccj47 ,in the 8,rhudhiradhyaya1 or ,sanguinary ,chapter10 translated from the ,calica ,puran1 in the #dth vol4 8,asiatic ,researches10 #dth ed41 ,london1 #ahjg1 the following is stated in regard to human victims3 8,if1 at the time of presenting the blood1 the victim discharges fces or urine1 or turns about1 it indicates certain death to the sacrificer40 ,the ,peruvians had one class of wizards 7i4 e41 medicine-men7 who 8told fortunes by maize and the dung of sheep40--78,fables and ,rites of the ,yncas10 ,padre ,cristoval de ,molina1 translated by ,clement ,c4 ,markham1 ,hakluyt ,society ,transactions1 ,london1 #ahgc1 vol4 xlviii41 p4 #ad4 ,molina resided in ,cuzco1 as a missionary1 from #aegj to #aehd47 8,les ,hachus 7a division of the ,peruvian priesthood7 consultaient l'avenir au moyen de grains de mas ou des excrments des animaux40--7,balboa1 8,histoire de ,prou10 p4 #bi1 in ,ternaux1 vol4 xv47 ,see1 also1 ,d4 ,g4 ,brinton's 8,myths of the ,new ,world10 ,new ,york1 #ahfh1 pp4 #bgh1 #bgi4 ,ducange1 enumerating the pagan superstitions which still survived in ,europe in ,a4,d4 #gdc1 mentions divination or augury by the dung of horses1 cattle1 or birds3 8,de auguriis vel avium1 vel equorum1 vel boum stercoracibus40--7,ducange1 ,glossary1 article 8,stercoraces407 8,what wise man would think that ,god would commit his counsel to a dog1 an owle1 a swine1 or a toade2 or that he would hide his secret purposes in the dung or bowels of beastes80 ,reg4 ,scot 78,discoverie10 p4 #aej71 speaking of the omens consulted by ,spaniards1 ,english1 and others1 says3 8,among the rustics of ,france1 to dream of ordure was regarded as a sign of good luck2 in like manner1 to have a ball1 or anything that one carried in the hand1 fall in ordure1 was also a sign of good fortune40 8,to dream of ordure means that somebody is going to try to bewitch you40--78,muhongo10 a boy from ,angola1 ,eastern ,africa1 in conversation with ,captain ,bourke2 translation by ,rev4 ,mr4 ,chatelain47 ,this belief in the good or bad prognostications to be derived from dreams about ordure1 was very widely disseminated4 8,luck1 or ,good ,luck4 ,to tread in ,sir ,reverence2 to be bewrayed2 an allusion to the proverb1 #8,sh-tt-n luck is good luck4'0--78,grose1 ,dict4 of ,buckish ,slang10 ,london1 #ahaa47 8,inasmuch as the sun of morning1 or spring1 comes out of the dark-blue bird of night1 we can understand the popular ,italian and ,german superstition1 that when the excrement of a bird falls upon a man it is an omen of good luck4 ,the excrement of the mythical bird of night1 or winter1 is the sun40--78,zol4 ,mythol410 ,angelo de ,gubernatis1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agf1 ,london1 #ahgb47 8,when a ,hindu child's horoscope portends misfortune or crime1 he is born again from a cow1 thus3 being dressed in scarlet1 and tied on a new sieve1 he is passed between the hind legs of a cow1 forward through the fore legs to the mouth1 and again in the reverse direction1 to simulate birth2 the ordinary birth ceremonies 7aspersion1 etc47 are then gone through1 and the father smells his son as a cow smells her calf40--7,frazer1 8,totemism10 ,edinburgh1 #ahhg1 p4 #cc47 ,to put one's foot in dung is supposed by the ,french peasantry to imply the acquirement of wealth4--7,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill47 ,among the ,kamtchatkans1 if a child has been born in stormy weather1 they believe that to be a bad omen1 and that the child will cause storm and rain wherever it goes4 ,as soon as it is grown and can speak1 they purify it1 and appease heaven by the following method3 ,during a most violent storm of wind and rain1 the child is compelled to walk naked1 holding a cup or shell of ,mytues high above its head1 around the ostrag and all balagans and dog huts1 and to say the following prayer to ,billukai and his ,kamuli3 8,gsaulga1 set yourselves down and stop urinating or storming2 this shell is used to salty but not to sweet water2 you make me very wet1 and ,i almost freeze to death2 besides1 ,i have no clothing2 see how ,i tremble40--7,steller1 translated by ,bunnemeyer47 ,divination by urine seems to have been superseded by holy water in a 8chrystall40 ,scot1 speaking of the latter mode1 says3 8,they take a glass vial1 full of holy water1 444 on the mouth of the vial or urinall10 etc4--78,discoverie10 p4 #ahh47 ,there is among children in the ,united ,states and ,england1 and possibly on the continent of ,europe as well1 a superstition to the effect that the one who plucks the dandelion will become addicted to the habit of urinating in bed during sleep4 ,the author has been unable to trace the origin of the curious notion or to obtain any explanation of it4 8,leontodon4 ,dandelion4 ,children that eat it in the evening experience its diuretic effects in the night1 which is the reason that other ,european nations as well as the ,british vulgarly call it piss-a-bed40--7,encyclopdia1 ,philadelphia1 ,penn41 #agig1 article 8,leontodon407 8,the following compendious new way of magical divination1 which we find so humorously described in ,butler's #8,hudibras' as follows1 is affirmed by ,m4 ,le ,blanc1 in his #8,travels1' to be used in the ,east ,indies3-- 8#8,your modern ,indian magician ,makes but a hole in th' earth to pisse in1 ,and straight resolves all questions by it1 ,and seldom fails to be in th' right4'0 7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #cca1 article 8,divination407 ,cicero makes no mention of a method of divination by excrement1 although1 as shown by the references from the 8,bib4 ,scat40 and from ,ducange1 such methods must have been in vogue4 ,the ,kamtchatkans believe that 8if they ease nature during sleep1 it signifies guests of their nation40--7,steller1 translated by ,bunnemeyer47 ,montfaucon says that the ,roman ,haruspices 8observed in the beasts that were sacrificed not only the entrails in general1 but also the gall and bladder in particular40--78,l',antiquit explique10 lib4 i4 part #a1 cap4 #f47 ,see extract from ,gilder's 8,schwatka's ,search10 under 8,mortuary ,ceremonies10 p4 #bfb4 ,see 8,witchcraft10 8,amulets and ,talismans10 8,urinoscopy10 8,virginity10 8,sterility10 8,courtship and ,marriage10 8,childbirth40 ,,xxxvi4 ,,ordeals ,,and ,,punishments1 ,,terrestrial ,,and ,,supernal4 ,in beginning this chapter it is fair to say that oaths will herein be regarded as a modified form of the ancient ordeal1 in which the affiant invokes upon himself1 if proved to have sworn falsely1 the tortures of the ordeal1 mundane or celestial1 which in an older form of civilization he would have been obliged to undergo as a preliminary trial4 ,the author learned while campaigning against the ,sioux and ,cheyennes1 in #ahgf-ahgg1 that the ,sioux and ,assinaboines had a form of oath sworn to while the affiant held in each hand a piece of buffalo chip4 ,among the ,hindus1 8sometimes the trial was confined to swallowing the water in which the priest had bathed the image of one of the divinities4444 ,the negroes of ,issyny dare not drink the water into which the fetiches have been dipped when they affirm what is not the truth40--78,phil4 of ,magic10 ,eusbe ,salverte1 ,new ,york1 #ahfb1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abc47 ,they formerly may have drunk the urine of the god or priest4 ,in 8the #8,domesday ,survey1' in the account of the city of ,chester1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfb1 we read3 #8,vir sive mulier falsam mensuram in civitate faciens deprehensus1 ,,iiii solid4 emendab4 ,similiter malam cervisiam faciens1 aut in ,cathedra ponebatur stercoris1 aut ,,iiii solid4 de prepotis4'0--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #ajc1 article 8,ducking ,stool407 8,the ducking stool was a legal punishment4 ,roguish brewers and bakers were also liable to it1 and they were to be ducked in stercore in the town ditch40--7,southey1 8,commonplace ,book10 #ast series1 p4 #dja1 ,london1 #ahdi47 ,in ,loango1 ,africa1 8,when a man is suspected of an offence he is carried before the king10 and 8is compelled to drink an infusion of a kind of root called #8imbando4' 444 ,the virtue of this root is that1 if they put too much into the water1 the person that drinketh it cannot void urine4444 ,the ordeal consists in drinking and then in urinating as a proof of innocence40--7,see 8,adv4 of ,andrew ,battell10 in ,pinkerton's 8,voyages10 vol4 xvi4 p4 #ccd47 ,in ,sierra ,leone the natives have a curious custom to which they subject all of their tribe suspected of poisoning4 ,they make the culprit drink a certain 8red water2 after which for twenty-four hours he is not allowed to ease nature by any evacuation2 and should he not be able to restrain them1 it would be considered as strong a proof of his guilt as if he had fallen a victim to the first draught40--7,lieutenant ,john ,matthews1 ,r4 ,n41 8,voyage to ,sierra ,leone10 #aghe1 ,london1 #aghh1 p4 #abf47 ,in the ,hindu mythology1 8slanderers and calumniators1 stretched upon beds of red-hot iron1 shall be obliged to eat excrements40--7,southey1 8,commonplace ,book10 #ast series1 ,london1 #ahdi1 p4 #bdi4 ,he also refers to #b ,kings xviii4 #bg1 and to ,isaiah xxxvi4 #ab47 8,d'aprs le systme religieux de ,brahme1 la punition des calomniateurs dans l'enfer1 consiste tre nourris d'excrments40--7,majer4 ,dict4 ,mythol4 en ,allemagne1 t4 #b1 p4 #df2 ,bib4 ,scat41 p4 #ab47 ,herodotus relates that ,pheron1 the son of ,sesostris1 conqueror of ,egypt1 became blind1 and remained so for ten years4 8,but in the eleventh year an oracle reached him from the city of ,buto1 importing that the time of his punishment was expired1 and he should recover his sight by washing his eyes with the urine of a woman who had intercourse with her own husband only1 and had known no other man40 ,herodotus goes on to relate that ,pheron tried the urine of his own wife and that of many other women ineffectually2 finally he was cured by the urine of a woman whom he took to wife2 all the others he burnt to death4--78,euterpe10 part ii4 cap4 #c47 ,in the 8,histoire ,secrte du ,prince ,croq' tron10 par ,m'lle ,laubert1 ,paris1 #agij1 ,king ,petaud orders ,prince ,gadourd to be buried alive in ordure1--a punishment which would have suggested the author's acquaintance with ,brahminical literature even had she not confessed it in these terms3 8,genre de supplice qui n'tait pas nouveau puisque d'aprs le systme religieux de ,brahme1 la punition des calomniateurs dans l'enfer1 consiste tre nourri d'excrments40 ,the ,africans have an ordeal1--8a superstitious ordeal1 by drinking the poisonous ,muave10 which induces vomiting only1 according to ,livingston 78,zambesi10 ,london1 #ahfe1 p4 #abj74 ,this may or may not be the 8red drink0 of ,lieutenant ,matthews cited above4 ,under the head of 8,latrines10 allusion has been made to the prohibition1 in the laws of the ,thibetan ,buddhists1 against throwing ordure upon growing plants1 etc4 ,there is another case mentioned by ,rockhill1 which may as well be inserted here3 8,si une bhikshuni jette des excrments de l'autre ct d'un mur sans y avoir regard1 c'est un pacittiya40--78,pratimoksha ,sutra10 translated by ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill1 ,soc4 ,asiatique1 ,paris1 #ahhe47 ,in the words just quoted we find the definition of the offence as a 8pacittiya10 or sin4 ,the punishment for each sin or class of sins was carefully regulated and well understood in ,thibetan nunneries4 8,cock-stool40 8,a seat of ignominy 444 in which scolding or immoral women used to be placed formerly as a punishment2 444 same as #8sedes ,stercoraria4'0--78,folk-,etymology10 ,rev4 ,a4 ,smythe-,palmer1 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,see also ,chambers's 8,book of ,days10 vol4 i4 p4 #baa47 ,the ,chinese have a very curious and very horrible mode of punishment2 criminals of certain classes are enclosed in barrels or boxes filled with building lime1 and exposed in a public street to the rays of the noon-day sun2 food in plenty is within reach of the unfortunate wretches1 but it is salt fish1 or other salt provision1 with all the water needed to satisfy the thirst this food is certain to excite1 but in the very alleviation of which the poor criminals are only adding to the torments to overtake them when by a more copious discharge from the kidneys the lime shall 8quicken0 and burn them to death4 ,in the famous bull of ,ernulphus1 ,bishop of ,rochester1 cited in 8,tristram ,shandy10 the delinquent was to be cursed1 8mingendo1 cacando40--7,see 8,tristram ,shandy10 ,lawrence ,sterne1 ed4 of ,london1 #ahgc1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahh47 8,fasting on bread and drinking water defiled by the excrement of a fowl0 are among the disciplinary punishments cited in ,fosbroke's 8,monachism10 ,london1 #ahag1 p4 #cjh1 note4 ,this specimen of monastic discipline may be better understood when read between the lines4 ,the veneration surrounding chicken-dung in the religious system of the ,celts1 prior to the introduction of the ,christian religion1 could be uprooted in no more complete manner than by making its use a matter of scorn and contempt2 history is replete with examples wherein we are taught that the things which are held most sacred in one cult are the very ones upon which the fury and scorn of the superseding cultus are wreaked4 ,on this point read the notes taken from the pamphlet of ,mr4 ,james ,mooney1 in regard to the superstitions attaching to the uses of chicken-dung among the ,irish peasantry4 8,i have mentioned the sacrifice of cocks by ,kelts2 it was1 and still is1 all over ,asia1 the cheap1 common1 and very venial substitute for man40--78,rivers of ,life10 ,forlong1 ,london1 #ahhc1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgd47 ,we may reasonably infer that the dung of chickens as used by the ,irish is a representative of1 and a substitute for1 human ordure4 ,the ,easter season which has preserved and transmitted to our times so many pagan usages1 has among its superstitions one to the effect that 8every person must have some part of his dress new on ,easter day1 or he will have no good fortune that year4 ,another saying is that unless that condition be fulfilled1 the birds are likely to spoil your clothes40--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,antiq40 vol4 i4 p4 #afe1 art4 8,easter ,day407 ,the ,kalmucks believe in many places of future punishment1 one of them being 8un de ces sjours est couvert d'une nue d'ordures et de vidanges40 7,pallas1 ,paris1 #agic1 vol4 i4 p4 #eeb47 ,this is the belief inculcated by their ,lamas4 ,at the ,lithuanian festival called 8,sabarios10 fowls were killed and eaten4 8,the bones were then given to the dog to eat2 if he did not eat them all up1 the remains were buried under the dung in the cattle-stall40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 vol4 ii4 p4 #gj47 ,in cases of sickness 8the inhabitants of a village are forbidden to wash themselves for a number of days1 444 and to clean their chamber-pots before sun-rise40--78,the ,central ,eskimo10 ,dr4 ,franz ,boas1 in ,sixth ,an4 ,rep4 ,bur4 of ,ethnol4 ,wash4 ,d4 ,c4 #ahhh1 p4 #eic47 8,we have seen that in modern ,europe1 the person who cuts or binds or threshes the last sheaf is often exposed to rough treatment at the hands of his fellow-laborers4 ,for example1 he is bound up in the last sheaf and thus encased is carried or carted about1 beaten1 drenched with water1 thrown on a dunghill1 etc40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 i4 #cfg47 ,in several parts of ,germany1 the ,fool of the ,carnival was buried under a dung-heap4 7,idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #bef47 ,further on1 is given this explanation3 8,the burying of the representative of the ,carnival under a dung-heap is natural1 if he is supposed to possess a quickening and fertilizing influence like that ascribed to the effigy of ,death40--7,idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgj47 8,in ,siam it was formerly the custom1 on one day of the year1 to single out a woman broken down by debauchery1 and carry her on a litter through all the streets1 to the music of drums and hautboys4 ,the mob insulted her and pelted her with dirt2 and1 after having carried her through the whole city1 they threw her on a dunghill4444 ,they believed that the woman thus drew upon herself all the malign influences of the air and of evil spirits40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aif47 ,in ,suabia there is a rough harvest game in which one of the laborers takes the part of the sow2 he is pursued by his comrades and if they catch him 8they handle him roughly1 beating him1 blackening or dirtying his face1 throwing him into filth4444 ,at other times he is put in a wheelbarrow4444 ,after being wheeled round the village1 he is flung on a dunghill40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bg1 #bh47 ,the negroes of ,guinea are firm believers in the theory of ,obsession1 and have a god 8,abiku0 who 8takes up his abode in the human body40 ,he generally bothers little children1 who sometimes die4 8,if the child dies1 the body is thrown on the dirt-heap to be devoured by wild beasts40--78,fetichism10 ,baudin1 p4 #eg47 8,the ,iroquois inaugurated the new year in ,january0 with 8a festival of dreams4444 ,it was a time of general license4444 ,many seized the opportunity of paying off old scores by belaboring obnoxious persons1 444 covering them with filth and hot ashes40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 vol4 ii4 p4 #afe1 quoting ,charlevoix1 8,la ,nouvelle ,france407 8,during the madder harvest in the ,dutch province of ,zealand1 a stranger passing by a field where the people are digging the madder roots1 #8will sometimes call out to them1 ,koortspillers' 7a term of reproach74 ,upon this1 two of the fleetest runners make after him1 and if they catch him1 they bring him back to the madder field and bury him in the earth up to his middle at least1 jeering at him all the while2 they then ease nature before his face40--7,idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #cgi47 8,now1 it is an old superstition that by easing nature on the spot where a robbery is committed1 the robbers secure themselves for a certain time against interruption4444 ,the fact1 therefore1 that the madder-diggers resort to this proceeding in presence of the stranger proves that they consider themselves robbers and him as the person robbed40--7,idem1 p4 #chj47 ,in connection with the above1 the following deserves consideration3 8,reverence4 ,an ancient custom which obliges any person easing himself near the highway or footpath1 on the word #8reverence' being given him by a passenger1 to take off his hat with his teeth1 and1 without moving from his station1 to throw it over his head1 by which it frequently falls into the excrement4 ,this was considered as a punishment for the breach of delicacy4 ,a person refusing to obey this law might be pushed backwards4 ,hence1 perhaps1 the term #8sir-reverence4'0--7,grose1 8,dict4 of ,buckish ,slang407 ,it is more likely that the practice had some connection with the fear of witchcraft1 or the evil eye of the stranger2 we can hardly credit that peasantry living in an age when the highest classes received their guests at bedside receptions1 8ruelles10 or in their 8cabinets d'aisance10 would be squeamish in the trifling matter just alluded to4 ,in ,japan 8,when any of these panders die 444 their bodies are cast upon a dunghill40--7,john ,saris1 in ,purchas1 i4 #cfh1 ,a4,d4 #afaa47 8,the tricks of the fayry called ,pach40 8,i smurch her face if it be cleane1 but if it be durty1 ,i wash it in the next pisse-pot ,i can finde40--78,life of ,robin ,goodfellow10 ,black ,letter1 ,london1 #afbh1 in ,hazlitt's 8,fairy ,tales10 ,london1 #ahge1 p4 #bje47 ,but the 8women fayries10 under similar circumstances1 8wash their faces and hands with a gilded child's clout40--7,idem1 p4 #bjf47 8,their own spirits too will have nothing but excrement to eat1 if during life the rites of the ,bora 7,initiation7 have not been duly performed4 ,with this compare the declaration of the ,indian ,manes 7xii4 #ga7 that a ,kahatya who has not done his duty1 will1 after death1 have to live on ordure and carrion4 ,and in the ,melanesian ,hades the ghosts of the wicked have nothing to eat but vile refuse and excrement40--7,personal ,letter from ,john ,frazer1 ,,ll4,d41 to ,captain ,bourke1 dated ,sydney1 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,dec4 #bd1 #ahhi47 ,the ,australians believed that if a man did not allow the septum of the nose to be pierced1 he would suffer in the next world4 8,as soon as ever the spirit ,egowk left the body1 it would be required1 as a punishment1 to eat ,toorta-gwannang0 7filth not proper for translation74--78,aborigines of ,victoria10 ,smyth1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgd47 ,among some of the ,australian tribes is found a potent deity named 8,pund-jel10 whom ,mr4 ,andrew ,lang thinks may be the ,eagle-,hawk4 8,as a punisher of wicked people1 ,pund-jel was once moved to drown the world1 and this he did by a flood which he produced 7as ,dr4 ,brown says of another affair7 by a familiar ,gulliverian application of hydraulics40--78,myth1 ,rit41 and ,relig410 ,lang1 ,london1 #ahhg1 ii4 #e47 ,maurice cites five meritorious kinds of suicide1 in the second of which the ,hindu devotee is described as 8covering himself with cow-dung1 setting it on fire1 and consuming himself therein40--7,maurice1 8,indian ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahjj1 vol4 ii4 p4 #di47 8,throw this slave upon the dunghill40--7,king ,lear1 act iii4 sc4 #f47 ,when ,squire ,iden killed ,jack ,kade he exclaimed3-- 8,hence will ,i drag thee1 headlong by the heels1 ,unto a dunghill which shall be thy grave40--7#b ,k4 ,henry1 vi4 #aj47 8,steward4 ,out1 dunghill40--7,king ,lear1 act iv4 sc4 #f47 8,forbearance from meat and work are also prescribed to a single woman in case the sun or moon 7though we should rather call it a bird flying by7 should let any uncleanness drop upon her2 otherwise1 she might be unfortunate1 or even deprived of her life40--7,crantz1 8,history of ,greenland10 ,london1 #agfg1 vol4 i4 p4 #baf47 ,the 8bitter water0 of the ,hebrew ordeals by which the woman accused of unfaithfulness was either proved innocent1 or had her belly burst upon drinking1 presents itself in this connection4--7,see ,numbers v47 ,dante1 in his cap4 xiii4 speaks of those condemned for flattery3 8a crowd immersed in ordure40--7,cary's translation47 ,ducange alludes to what may have been an ordeal or a punishment3 8,aquam sordidam et stercoratem super sponsam jactare40--78,in ,lege ,longobardi10 lib4 i4 tit4 #af1 c4 #h47 ,the ,hebrew prophets sat on dungheaps while the recalcitrant people of ,israel were warned3 8,behold1 ,i will spread dung upon your faces1 even the dung of your solemn feasts1 and one shall take you away with it40--7,malachi ii4 #c47 ,by reference to another portion of this volume1 it will be seen that stercoraceous matter was deemed potent in frustrating witchcraft4 ,thus a mother was ordered to throw a 8changeling0 child upon a dunghill 7p4 #djc47 ,the prostitutes of ,amsterdam kept horse-dung in their houses for good luck1 etc4 ,consequently1 when we read of the corpses of criminals or witches having been thrown upon dunghills1 we may let fancy indulge the idea that it was to render nugatory any schemes the ghost might cherish of wreaking revenge4 ,the historian ,suetonius relates that the unfortunate ,roman emperor ,vitellius was pelted with excrement before being put to death4 ,among the unlawful acts for ,brahmans or ,kshatriyas who are compelled to support themselves by following the occupations of ,vaisyas1 is selling sesamum1 unless 8they themselves have produced it by tillage4444 ,if he applies sesamum to any other purpose but food1 anointing1 and charitable gifts1 he will be born again as a worm1 and together with his ancestors be plunged into his own ordure40--78,vasishtha10 cap4 ii4 #bg-cj4 8,sacred ,books of the ,east10 ,oxford1 #ahhb1 vol4 xiv41 edition of ,max ,mller4 ,this is one of the oldest of the ,sacred ,books4 ,the same prohibition is to be found in 8,prasna0 #aa1 8,adhyaya0 #a1 8,kandika0 #b47 ,,xxxvii4 ,,insults4 ,it is somewhat singular to find in the myths of the ,zuis--the very people among whom we have discovered the existence of this filthy rite of urine-drinking--an allusion to the fact that to throw urine upon persons or near their dwellings was to be looked upon as an insult of the gravest character4 ,during the early winter of #ahha the author was at the ,pueblo of ,zui1 ,new ,mexico1 while ,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,cushing was engaged in the researches which have since placed him at the head of ,american anthropologists1 and then heard recited by the old men the long myth of the young boy who went to the ,spirit ,land to seek his father4 ,one of the incidents upon which the story-tellers dwelt with much insistence was the degradation and ignominy in which the boy and his poor mother lived in their native village1 as was shown by the fact that their neighbors were in the habit of emptying their urine vessels upon their roof and in front of their door4 ,the threat made against the ,jews by ,sennacherib 7in ,isaiah xxxvi4 #ab7 deserves consideration in this connection2 and also the threat in the ,old ,testament1 8,there shall not be left one that pisses against the wall40 8,connected with the ,samoan wars1 several other things may be noted1 such as consulting the gods1 444 haranguing each other previous to a fight1 the very counterpart of ,abijah1 ,king of ,judah1 and even word for word with the filthy-tongued ,rabshakeh40--78,samoa10 ,turner1 p4 #aid47 ,the people of ,samoa have a myth relating a separation which occurred between the natives of several islands1 due to the fact that the men and women living on ,tutuaila 8began to make a dunghill of their floating island40--7,olosenga1 idem1 p4 #bbe47 8,nebuchadnezzar likewise gave ,zedekiah 7after he had made him dance and play before him a long while7 a laxative drink1 so that1 like a beastly old fellow 7as there are many such betwixt ,york and ,london71 totus deturpatus fuit1 he smelt as ill as your ,ajax40 ,in a marginal reference1 he adds3 8,according to an old ballad1-- #8,and all to bn was he1 was he4'0 --7,harington1 8,ajax10 p4 #ce47 ,this behavior1 disgusting as it appears to us in all its features1 had its parallel in the conduct of a prominent member of ,european aristocracy1 who was wont to indulge his anger in a manner strikingly similar to the above at such moments as seemed to be proper for the punishment of his servants4 ,his name is suppressed at the request of the correspondent furnishing the item4 ,niebuhr says that the grossest insult that can be offered to a man1 especially a ,mahometan1 in ,arabia1 is to spit upon his beard1 or to say 8,de l'ordure sur ta barbe40--78,desc4 de l',arabie10 ,amsterdam1 #aggd1 p4 #bf47 ,niebuhr's remarks in regard to the offence taken by the ,bedouins at such an infraction of their etiquette as flatulence are repeated in a vague and guarded form by ,maltebrun 78,univ4 ,geog410 vol4 ii4 part 8,arabia074 ,in ,angola1 ,africa1 the greatest insult is1 8,go and eat s--t40--7,muhongo47 8,dunghill4 ,a coward4 ,a cock-pit phrase1 all but gamecocks being styled dunghills40--7,grose1 8,dictionary of ,slang10 ,london1 #ahaa47 ,tailors who accepted the wages prescribed by law were styled 8,dung0 by the 8,flints10 who refused them4--7,idem47 ,among the rough games of ,english sailors was one1 8,the ,galley10 in which a mopful of excrement was thrust in a landsman's face4--7,idem47 ,in ,angola1 ,africa1 flatulence is freely permitted among the natives2 but any license of this kind taken while strangers are in the vicinity is regarded as a deadly insult4--78,muhongo10 translated by ,rev4 ,mr4 ,chatelain47 ,in the report of one of the early ,american explorations to the ,trans-,missouri region occurs the story that the ,republican ,pawnees1 ,nebraska1 once 7about #aghj-ij7 violated the laws of hospitality by seizing a calumet-bearer of the ,omahas who had entered their village1 and1 among other indignities1 making him 8drink urine mixed with bison gall40--78,long's ,expedition10 ,philadelphia1 #ahbc1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjj47 ,bison gall itself sprinkled upon raw liver1 just warm from the carcass1 was regarded as a delicacy4 ,the expression 8excrement eater0 is applied by the ,mandans and others on the ,upper ,missouri as a term of the vilest opprobrium1 according to ,surgeon ,washington ,matthews1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army 7author of 8,hidatsa10 and other ethnological works of authority71 whose remarks are based upon an unusually extended and intelligent experience4 8,they gave me the abuse of the ,punjabi1 444 pelting me with sticks and cow-dung till ,i fell down and cried for mercy40--78,gemini10 ,rudyard ,kipling1 in 8,soldiers ,three10 ,new ,york1 #ahij47 8,may the garbage of the foundations of the city be thy food2 may the drains of the city be thy drink40--78,the ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis10 ,george ,smith1 ,new ,york1 #ahhj47 ,among the ,cheyenne expressions of contempt is to be found one which recalls the objurgations of the ,bedouins2 namely1 natsi-viz1 or 8s--t-mouth40--7,personal notes of ,september #be1 #ahgh1 interview with the chiefs of the ,northern ,cheyennes1 ,ben ,clark1 interpreter47 ,rev4 ,j4 ,owen ,dorsey1 who has made such prolonged and careful studies of the manners and myths of the tribes of the ,siouan stock1 is authority for the statement that the worst insult that one ,ponca can give another is to say1 8,you are an eater of dog-dung20 and it is noticeable that the words of the expression are rarely used in the language of every-day life4 ,he gives other examples from myths1 etc41 and supplies a variant of the story narrated by ,captain ,long2 but as all this is to appear in one of the ,doctor's coming books1 it is omitted from these pages4 ,the ,kamtchatkans say1 8,may you have one hundred burning lamps in your podex10 8,eater of fces with his fish-spawn10 etc4--7,steller1 translated by ,bunnemeyer47 8,stercus40 ,as a term of abuse4--8,nolo stercus curi dici ,glauciam40--7,cicero1 8,de ,oratoribus10 #c1 #da1 #afd2 ,andrew's 8,latin ,dictionary10 ,new ,york1 #ahgi1 article 8,stercus407 ,caracalla put to death those who made water in front of his statues4 8,damnati sunt eo tempore 7that is1 the end of his wars with the ,germans7 qui urinam in eo loco ferrant in quo statu aut imagines erant principis40--7lius ,lampridius1 8,life of the ,emperor ,caracalla10 edition of ,frankfort1 #aehh1 p4 #ahf1 lines #dc and #dd47 ,there are some very singular laws of the ancient ,burgundians in regard to abusive words4 8,si quis alterum concagatum clamaverit1 #abj denariis mulctetur40--7,barrington1 8,obs4 on the ,statutes10 ,london1 #agge1 p4 #cae47 8,i'll pick thy head upon my sword1 ,and piss in thy very visonomy40 78,ram ,alley10 ,ludowick ,barry1 #afaa1 edition of ,london1 #ahbe47 8,the devil's dung in thy teeth40 78,the ,honest ,whore10 ,thomas ,dekkar1 #afjd1 edition of ,london1 #ahbe47 8,again the coarsest word1 khara4 ,the allusion is to the vulgar saying1 #8,thou eatest skitel' 7that is1 #8,thou talkest nonsense'74 ,decent ,english writers modify this to #8,thou eatest dirt2' and ,lord ,beaconsfield made it ridiculous by turning it into #8eating sand4'0--78,arabian ,nights10 ,burton's edition1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bbb1 #bbc47 ,readers of classical history will recall the incident of the outrage perpetrated by the mob of ,tarentum upon the person of the ,roman ambassador ,posthumus1 #bhb ,b4,c4 ,a buffoon in the street threw filth upon his toga4 ,the ambassador refused to be mollified1 and tersely telling his assailants that many a drop of ,tarentine blood would be required to wash out the stains1 took out his departure4 ,a cruel war followed1 and the ,tarentines were reduced to the rank of a conquered province4--7,see 8,history of ,rome10 ,victor ,duruy1 ,english translation1 ,boston1 #ahhg1 vol4 i4 p4 #dfb47 8,when the multitude had come to ,jerusalem1 to the feast of unleavened bread1 and the ,roman cohort stood over the temple1 444 one of the soldiers pulled back his garment1 and stooping down after an indecent manner1 turned his posteriors to the ,jews1 and spake such words as might be expected upon such a posture40 ,the narration describes the riot which followed as a result1 and ten thousand people were killed4--7,see ,josephus1 8,wars of the ,jews10 book ii4 edition of ,new ,york1 #ahba47 ,the dispute between ,richard the ,lion-,hearted and the ,arch-,duke of ,austria1 which resulted afterwards in the incarceration of the ,english king in a dungeon1 had its rise in the great insult of throwing the ,austrian standard down into a privy4 ,matthew of ,paris says distinctly that ,richard himself did this4 8,now he1 being over well disposed to the cause of the ,norman1 waxed wroth with the ,duke's train1 and gave a headstrong1 unseemly order for the ,duke's banner to be cast into a cesspool40--7,see 8,the ,third ,crusade and ,richard the ,first10 ,t4 ,a4 ,archer1 in 8,english ,history from ,contemporary ,writers10 ,new ,york1 #ahhi47 8,bigot4 ,out1 dunghill6 ,darest thou brave a nobleman80 78,king ,john10 iv4 #c47 8,gloster4 ,shall ,i be flouted thus by dunghill grooms80 78#a ,king ,henry ,,vi410 i4 #c47 8,york4 ,base dunghill villain and mechanical40 78#b ,king ,henry ,,vi410 i4 #c47 8#8,khara1' meaning dung1 is the lowest possible insult4 #8,ta-kara' is the commonest of insults1 used also by modest women4 ,i have heard a mother use it to her son40--7,burton1 8,arabian ,nights10 vol4 ii4 p4 #ei1 footnote47 ,,xxxviii4 ,,mortuary ,,ceremonies4 ,a ,parsi is defiled by touching a corpse4 8,and when he is in contact and does not move it1 he is to be washed with bull's urine and water40--78,shapast la ,shayast10 cap4 #b42 8,sacred ,books of the ,east10 ,max ,mller1 editor1 ,oxford1 #ahhj1 pp4 #bfb1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bhb1 #ccc1 #cdi47 ,in the cremation of a ,hindu corpse at ,bombay1 the ashes of the pyre were sprinkled with water1 a cake of cow-dung placed in the centre1 and around it a small stream of cow-urine2 upon this were placed plantain-leaves1 rice-cakes1 and flowers4--78,modern ,india10 ,monier ,williams1 p1 #fe47 8,they who return from the funeral must touch the stone of ,priapus1 a fire1 the excrement of a cow1 a grain of sesame1 and water1--all symbols of that fecundity which the contact with a corpse might have destroyed40--78,zol4 ,mythol410 ,de ,gubernatis1 p4 #di47 ,the followers of ,zoroaster were enjoined to pull a dead body out of the water4 8,no sin attaches to him for any bone1 hair1 grass1 flesh1 dung1 or blood that may drop back into the water40--7,fargard ,,vi41 ,vendidad1 ,zendavesta1 ,darmesteter's edition2 ,max ,mller's edition of the 8,sacred ,books of the ,east10 ,oxford1 #ahhj1 p4 #gj47 8,there dies a man in the depths of the vale2 a bird takes flight from the top of the mountain down into the depths of the vale1 and it eats up the corpse of the dead man there2 then up it flies from the depths of the vale to the top of the mountain2 it flies to some one of the trees there1--of the hard-wooded or the soft-wooded1 and upon that tree it vomits1 it deposits dung1 it drops pieces from the corpse4444 ,if a man chop any of that wood for a fire1 he is not regarded as defiled because 444 ,ahura-,mazda answered1 #8,there is no sin upon any man for any dead matter that has been brought by dogs1 by birds1 by wolves1 by winds1 or by flies4'0--7,fargard ,v41 of same work47 ,if a dog had died on a piece of ground1 the ground had to lie fallow for a year2 at the end of that time1 8they shall look on the ground for any bones1 hair1 flesh1 dung1 or blood that may be there40--7,fargard ,,vi47 ,if the clothing of the dead 8has not been defiled with seed or sweat or dirt or vomit1 then the worshippers of ,mazda shall wash it with gomez40--7,fargard ,,vii4 ,gomez 7bull-urine7 again alluded to as the great purifier on pp4 #gh-hj1 #ajd1 #aag1 #aah1 #abb1 #abc1 #abh1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #bab47 ,the sacred vessels that had been defiled by the touch of a corpse were to be cleaned with gomez4--7,idem1 pp4 #ia1 #ib47 ,the most efficacious gomez was that of 8an ungelded bull40--7,idem1 p4 #bab47 8,they shall cover the surface of the grave with ashes or cow-dung40--7,fargard ,,viii47 8,let the worshippers of ,mazda here bring the urine wherewith the corpse-bearers shall wash their hair and their bodies40--7,fargard ,,viii4 ,see1 also1 p4 #bja of this volume47 ,in describing the funerals of the ,eskimo1 ,gilder says3 8,the closing ceremony was a most touching one4 ,after #8,papa' had returned from the grave1 ,armow went out of doors and brought in a piece of frozen something that it is not polite to specify1 further than that the dogs had entirely done with it1 and with it he touched every block of snow on a level with the beds of the igloo4 ,the article was then taken out of doors and tossed up in the air1 to fall at his feet2 and by the manner in which it fell he could joyfully announce that there was no liability of further deaths in camp for some time to come40--78,schwatka's ,search10 ,gilder1 p4 #bcd47 8,the ,africans have an evil spirit called #8,abiku1' who takes up his abode in the human body40 ,this spirit is believed to cause the death of children4 8,if the child dies1 the body is thrown on the dirt-heap40--78,fetichism10 ,baudin1 p4 #eg47 ,there is also a purification of the soul of the dying by the same peculiar methods4 ,in ,coromandel1#fh the dying man is so placed that his face will come under the tail of a cow2 the tail is lifted1 and the cow excited to void her urine4 ,if the urine fall on the face of the sick man1 the people cry out with joy1 considering him to be one of the blessed2 but if the sacred animal be in no humor to gratify their wishes1 they are greatly afflicted4 8,the inhabitants of the coast of ,coromandel carried those of their sick who were on the point of death1 as a last resource1 to the back of a fat cow1 whose tail they twisted to make her urinate2 if the cow's urine spread over the whole face of the patient1 it was a very good sign to the dirty rascals40--7,paullini1 pp4 #hj1 #ha47 ,with equal solicitude does the ,hottentot medicine-man follow the remains of his kinsmen to the grave1 aspersing with the same sacred liquid the corpse of the dead and the persons of the mourners who bewail his fate4#fi ,at ,hottentot funerals1 8two old men1 the friends or relations of the deceased1 enter each circle and sparingly dispense their streams upon each person1 so that all may have some2 all the company receive their water with eagerness and veneration4 ,this being done1 each steps into the hut1 and taking up a handful of ashes from the hearth1 comes out by the passage made by the corpse1 and strews the ashes by little and little upon the whole company4 ,this1 they say1 is done to humble their pride40--7,kolbein1 p4 #dja47 8,it is a pity that men in a savage state should take delight in doing that which is nasty1 but such is the fact4 ,it is a very common custom for the tribe1 or that portion of it who are related to the one who has died1 to rub themselves with the moisture that comes from the dead friend4 ,they rub themselves with it until the whole of them have the same smell as the corpse40--78,aborigines of ,victoria10 ,smyth1 vol4 i4 p4 #aca47 ,but in a footnote he adds that some of the ,australians will not touch a dead body with the naked hand4 ,in the mortuary ceremonies of the ,encounter ,bay tribe 7,south ,australians71 8the old women put human excrement on their heads1--the sign of deepest mourning40--7,idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #aac47 ,the corpse of an ,australian chief was surrounded 8with wailing women1 smeared with filth and ashes40--78,native ,tribes of ,south ,australia10 ,adelaide1 #ahgi1 p4 #ge1 received through the kindness of the ,royal ,society1 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,sydney1 ,t4 ,b4 ,kyngdon1 ,secretary47 8,in the burial ceremonies1 the women of many tribes besmear or plaster their heads with excrement and pipe-clay40--7,personal letter from ,john ,f4 ,mann1 ,esq41 dated ,neutral ,bay1 ,sydney1 ,new ,south ,wales47 8,when a child dies1 women who carried it in their hands must throw their jackets away if the child has urinated on them4 ,this is part of the custom that everything that has come in contact with a dead person must be destroyed40--78,the ,central ,eskimo10 ,boas1 p4 #fab47 ,the ,kootenays of ,canada have a ceremonial aspersion after funerals4 8,when those who have buried the body return1 they take a thorn bush1 dip it into a kettle of water1 and sprinkle the doors of all lodges40--78,report on the ,northwest ,tribes of ,canada10 ,dr4 ,franz ,boas1 to the ,british ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 ,newcastle-upon-,tyne meeting1 #ahhi1 p4 #df47 ,describing ,italian funerals1 ,blunt says3 8,when the procession has reached the church1 the bier is set down in the nave1 and the officiating priest1 in the course of the appointed service1 sprinkles the body with holy water three times1--a rite in all probability ensuing from that practised by the ,romans1 of thrice sprinkling the bystanders with the same element40--78,vestiges10 p4 #ahc47 ,in the ,tonga ,islands1 there are two principal personages1--,tooitonga and ,veachi1--who are believed to be the living representatives of powerful gods4 ,upon the death of ,tooitonga1 certain ceremonies are practised1 among which3 8,the men now approach the mount1 i4 e41 the funeral mound1 it being dark1 and1 if the phrase be allowable1 perform the devotions to ,cloacina1 after which they retire4 ,as soon as it is daylight the following morning1 the women of the first rank1 wives and daughters of the greatest chiefs1 assemble with their female attendants1 bringing baskets1 one holding one side and one the other1 advancing two and two1 with large shells to clear up the depositions of the preceding night1 and in this ceremonious act of humiliation1 no female of the highest consequence refuses to take her part4 ,some of the mourners in the #8fytoca' generally come out to assist2 so that1 in a very little while1 the place is made perfectly clean4 ,this is repeated the fourteen following nights1 and as punctually cleaned away by sunrise every morning4 ,no persons but the agents are allowed to be witnesses of these extraordinary ceremonies2 at least1 it would be considered highly indecorous and irreligious to be so4 ,on the sixteenth day1 early in the morning1 the same females again assemble2 but now they are dressed up in the finest #8gnatoo1' and most beautiful ,hamao mats1 decorated with ribbons1 and with wreaths of flowers round their necks2 they also bring new baskets ornamented with flowers1 and little brooms1 very tastefully made4 ,thus equipped they approach1 and act as if they had the same task to do as before1 pretending to clear away the dirt1 though no dirt is now there1 and take it away in their blankets4444 ,the natives themselves used to regret that the filthy part of these ceremonies was necessary to be performed1 444 and that it was the duty of the most exalted nobles1 even of the most delicate females of rank1 to perform the meanest and most disgusting offices1 rather than that the sacred grounds in which he was buried should remain polluted40 7,dillon's 8,expedition in ,search of ,la ,perouse10 ,london1 #ahbi1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #eg-ei47 ,dillon says that this 8must be considered a religious rite1 standing upon the foundation of very ancient customs40--7,idem1 p4 #eg47 ,,xxxix4 ,,myths4 8,all peoples have invented myths to explain why they observed certain customs40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 vol4 ii4 p4 #abh47 8,myth changes while custom remains constant2 men continue to do what their fathers did before them1 though the reasons on which their fathers acted have long been forgotten4 ,the history of religion is a long attempt to reconcile old custom with new reason2 to find a sound theory for an absurd practice40--7,idem1 p4 #fb47 ,the ,australians have a myth of the ,creation of ,man2 it is given in ,latin3 8,ningorope ltiti plena in latrina lutum amne erubescens cernebat2 hoc in hominis figuram formabat1 qu tactu div motum vitalem sumebat et donc ridebat40--78,aborig4 of ,victoria10 ,smyth1 vol4 i4 p4 #dbe47 ,this myth is given in ,english from another authority1 on next page of this volume4 ,the ,creation ,myth of the ,australians relates that the god 8,bund-jil oceanum creavit minctione per plures dies in terrarum orbem4 ,bullarto ,bulgo magnam lotii copiam indicat40 7,idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #dbi47 7,bund-jil created the ocean by urinating for many days upon the orb of the earth47 ,the natives say that the god being angry 8,bullarto ,bulgo0 upon the earth4 ,bullarto ,bulgo indicates a great flow of urine4 ,the same myth has already been given from ,andrew ,lang1 under 8,ordeals and ,punishments40 ,in the cosmogonical myths of the islanders of ,kadiack1 it is related that the first woman1 8by making water1 produced seas40--7,lisiansky1 8,voy4 round the ,world10 ,london1 #ahad1 p4 #aig47 8,in the fourth story0 7i4 e41 stories told by the ,kalmucks and ,mongols7 8it is under the excrement of a cow that the enchanted gem1 lost by the daughter of the king1 is found40--78,zol4 ,mythol410 ,de ,gubernatis1 p4 #abi47 ,in the mythic lore of the ,hindus1 the god ,utanka sets out on a journey1 protected by ,indra4 8,on his way1 he meets a gigantic bull1 and a horseman who bids him1 if he would succeed1 eat the excrement of the bull2 he does so1 rinsing his mouth afterwards40--7,idem1 p4 #hj47 ,further on we learn that ,utanka was told 8the excrement of the bull was the ambrosia which made him immortal in the kingdom of the serpents40 7,idem1 pp4 #ha1 #ie47 ,here we have the analogue of the use of excrement and urine in ,europe to baffle witches1 and of the drinking of the ,siberian girl's urine1 which in all probability was proffered to the guest as an assurance that no witchcraft was in contemplation1 or else to baffle the witches1 much as1 in ,england1 bridal couples urinated through the wedding ring4 ,the ,chinese have a mythical animal which has been identified with the ,tapir2 it is called the ,mih2 to it they ascribe the power to eat iron and copper4 8,for this reason the urine of this animal is prescribed when a person has swallowed iron or copper2 it will1 in a short time1 change them into water40--78,chinese ,repository10 ,canton1 #ahci1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #df1 #dg47 8,the story of ,joa lo ,praube is repeated almost word for word in the adventures of the ,kamtchatkan god #8,kutka2' or1 to be more exact1 there is a myth in which it is narrated that that god had a great many tricks played upon him1 in one of which he runs sticks into his gluteal region40--7,steller1 translated by ,bunnemeyer47 ,this god ,kutka was a great sodomite1 and in some points1 resembled the anti-natural god of the ,sioux4 ,speaking of the god 8,aidowedo10 the serpent in the ,rainbow as believed by the ,negroes of ,guinea1 ,father ,baudin says3 8,he who finds the excrement of this serpent is rich forever1 for with this talisman he can change grains of corn into shells which pass for money40 78,fetichism10 ,rev4 ,f4 ,baudin1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 p4 #dg47 ,he goes on to narrate a very amusing tale to the effect that the negroes got the idea that a prism in his possession gave him the power to bring the ,rainbow down into his room at will1 and that he could obtain unlimited quantities of the precious excrement4 ,another myth of the foolish god 8,kutka0 represents him as falling in love with his own excrement and wooing it as his bride2 he takes it home in his sleigh1 puts it in his bed1 and is only restored to a sense of his absurd position by the vile smell4--7,steller1 translated by ,bunnemeyer47 ,possibly all this may be a myth to explain or to represent the state of mind into which those who indulged in the 8muck-a-moor0 were thrown1 but even this interpretation seems far-fetched4 ,sir ,john ,moore1 it is stated1 fell in love with his own urine1 and we have read from ,montaigne the story of the ,french gentleman who preserved his egest to show to his visitors4 ,the tribes of the ,narinyeri1 ,encounter ,bay1 ,south ,australia1 have a legend that difference in language was caused when certain of their ancestors 8ate the contents of the intestines of the goddess #8,wurruri4'0--78,nat4 tribes of ,south ,australia10 ,adelaide1 #ahgi1 p4 #fj1 received through the kindness of the ,roy4 ,soc41 ,sydney1 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 ,t4 ,b4 ,kyngdon1 ,secretary47 ,in the same chapter we are told of the omission of one or two ceremonies 8which were too indecent for general readers0 7p4 #fa74 ,in the 8,bachiller de ,salamanca10 ,le ,sage has a hero whose misfortunes would lead us to suspect that ,le ,sage had been reading of some of the doings of the ,kamtchatkan god 8,kutka10 who1 among the numerous pranks played upon him by his enemies1 the mice1 suffered the ignominy of having 8a bag made of fish-skin attached to his orificium ani while he lay sound asleep4 ,on his way home ,kutka desired to relieve nature1 but was much surprised1 on leaving1 at the insignificant deposit notwithstanding he had freed himself of so great a burden4 8,surprised at his cleanliness1 he narrated the circumstances to ,clachy 7his wife71 who soon discovered the true state of affairs1 and pulling off ,kutka's pantaloons1 detached the heavily laden bag with great laughters40--7,steller1 translated by ,bunnemeyer47 ,in the #adth century farce of 8,le ,muynier10 the ,miller has absorbed some of the popular ideas of his day1 professed by certain philosophers of the time4 ,he believes that1 at the moment of death1 the soul of a man escapes by the anus1 and warns the priest to absolve him from his sins1 saying3 8,mon ventre trop se dtermine4 ,helas6 ,je ne scay que je face2 ostez-vous40 ,the priest answers3 8,ha6 sauf vostre grace60 ,then the miller remarks3 8,ostez-vous1 car je me conchye40 ,the wife and the priest pull the sick man to the edge of the bed and place him in such a position that if the doctrine of soul-departure by the anus be true1 they may witness the miller's final performance4 ,the phenomenon of rectal flatulence is now observed1 when suddenly1 to the consternation of the wife and priest1 a demon appears and placing a sack over the dying miller's anus1 catches the rectal gas and flies off in sulphurous vapor4--78,med4 in the ,middle ,ages10 ,minor1 p4 #hd1 translated from 8,le ,moyen ,age ,mdical10 by ,dupouy47 ,it was generally believed in ,europe that the eggs of the ,basilisk or ,cockatrice could only be hatched by a toad or by the heat of a manure-pile4--7,see 8,mlusine10 ,paris1 ,january-,february1 #ahij1 p4 #bj47 ,ireland has been called the 8,urinal of the ,planets0 from the constant and copious rains which visit it4--7,see ,grose1 8,dict4 of ,buckish ,slang10 ,london1 #ahaa47 ,the ,apaches have a myth1 or story1 the analogue of the 8,fee-fo-,fum0 of our own childhood2 but the giant1 instead of smelling the blood of an ,englishman1 in the words given in ,spanish1 8huele la cagada40 ,the ,chinese myth concerning the wonderful digestive powers of the 8,mih0 has its counterpart in the ancient belief that the same power was possessed by the ,ostrich4 8,the ,wangwana and ,wanyumbo informed me 444 that if the elephant observes the excrement of the rhinoceros unscattered1 he waxes furious1 and proceeds instantly in search of the criminal1 when woe befall him if he is sulky1 and disposed to battle for the proud privilege of leaving his droppings as they fall4 ,the elephant1 in that case1 breaks off a heavy branch of a tree1 or uproots a stout sapling like a boat's mast1 and belabors the unfortunate beast until he is glad to save himself by hurried flight4 ,for this reason1 the natives say1 the rhinoceros always turns round and thoroughly scatters what he has dropped40--78,through the ,dark ,continent10 ,henry ,m4 ,stanley1 ,new ,york1 #ahgh1 vol4 i4 p4 #dgg47 8,in other myths1 in the ,brahmanas1 ,prajapati creates man from his body1 or rather the fluid of his body becomes a tortoise1 the tortoise becomes a man1 etc40--78,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion10 ,andrew ,lang1 ,london1 #ahhg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bdh4 ,see also under chapter on the ,mistletoe1 p4 #ii of this volume47 8,moffatt is astonished at the ,south ,african notion that the sea was accidentally created by a girl40 78,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion10 ,lang1 vol4 i4 p4 #ia47 ,perhaps this tale belongs to our series of myths4 8,the ,encounter ,bay people have another myth1 which might have been attributed by ,dean ,swift to the ,yahoos1 so foul an origin does it attribute to mankind40--7,idem1 ,lang1 vol4 i4 p4 #agj47 8,as the mythology and traditions of other heathen nations are more or less immoral and obscene1 so it is with these people40 78,nat4 ,trib4 of ,s4 ,australia10 p4 #bjj47 8,mingarope having retired upon a natural occasion was highly pleased with the red color of her excrement1 which she began to mould into the form of a man1 and tickling it1 it showed signs of life and began to laugh40--7,idem1 p4 #bja47 ,the myth relating that differences in language sprung up after certain of the tribes had eaten the excrement of the goddess 8,wurruri0 is given on p4 #bfh2 it has been recited in this volume on a previous page4 ,there was another god1 named ,nurunduri1 of whom the story is told that he once made water in a certain spot1 8from which circumstance the place is called ,kainjamin 7to make water470--7,idem1 p4 #bje47 ,among the ,bilgula of ,british ,columbia1 there is a myth which relates that a certain stump of a tree was a cannibal and had captured a girl4 ,once1 when he had gone out to fish for halibut1 8he ordered his urinary vessel to call him if the girl should make an attempt to escape4 ,when she did so1 the vessel cried1 #8,rota-gota1 ,rota-gota1 gota4'0--7,personal letter from ,dr4 ,franz ,boas1 ,clark ,university1 ,worcester1 ,mass47 ,there is a riddle among the ,kamtchatkans in regard to human feces3 8,my father has numerous forms and dresses2 my mother is warm and thin and bears every day4 ,before ,i am born1 ,i like cold and warmth1 but after ,i am born1 only cold4 ,in the cold ,i am strong1 and in the warmth1 weak2 if cold1 ,i am seen far2 if warm1 ,i am smelled far40--7,steller1 translated by ,bunnemeyer47 ,among some of the ,eskimo tribes the ,raven is represented as talking to its own excrement and consulting it2 excrement occurs frequently in their legends4--7,personal letter from ,dr4 ,boas1 as above47 ,from the preceding paragraph we see that the ,eskimo must have formerly1 even if they do not now1 consulted excrement in their ,divination2 the extract from ,gilder1 given under 8,mortuary ,ceremonies0 confirms this hypothesis4 ,the people of ,kamtchatka believed that rain was the urine of ,billutschi1 one of their gods1 and of his genii2 but1 after this god has urinated enough1 he puts on a new dress made in the form of a sack1 and provided with fringes of red seal hair1 and variously colored strips of leather4 ,these represent the origin of the ,rainbow4 ,the ,kamtchatkan god ,kutka was once pursued by enemies1 but saved himself 8by ejecting from his bowels all kinds of berries1 which detained his pursuers40 ,the myths of the ,kamtchatkans offer a parallel to the stories that the presents of the devil always turned into dross4 ,there is the story of the god ,kutka1 upon whom1 as we have seen1 many tricks were played4 ,in one the food with which he supplied himself 8turned into peat1 rotten wood1 and piss40--7,steller1 translated by ,bunnemeyer47 8,the ,central ,eskimo believe that rain is the urine of a deity40--7,see 8,the ,central ,eskimo10 ,boas1 p4 #fjj47 8,amber 7as some thinke7 is made of whale's dung40--7,john ,leo1 8,observ4 of ,africa10 in ,purchas1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ggb47 ,ambergris was anciently supposed to be the dung of the whale or other monster of the sea4--7,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill47 ,this view about the origin of amber was not credited by ,avicenna4 8,ambram non esse stercus animalis maris40--7,vol4 i4 p4 #bgc1 b#aj47 ,in the liturgy of the hill tribes of the ,nilgherris1 it is related-- 8,mada a urin dans le feu40 8,mada a fient la face du soleil40 --7,quoted in 8,les ,primitifs10 p4 #bde47 ,rclus1 in the same work1 gives a fragment of an ,orphic song3 8,glorieux ,jupiter1 le plus grand des ,olympiens1 toi qui te plais dans les crottins des brebis1 qui aimes t'enfoncer dans les fientes des chevaux et des mulets40--7p4 #bdf1 quoting from 8,fragmenta ,orphei10 edited by ,hermann47 8,the blessed ,apostle ,paul1 being rapt in contemplation of divine blissfulness1 compares all the chief felicities of the earth1 esteeming them 7to use his own words7 as #8stercora1' most filthy dung in regard of the joys he hoped for40--7,harington1 8,ajax10 p4 #bf47 8,he is truly wise that accounteth all earthly things as dung that he may win ,christ40--7,matt4 xvii4 #bc1 quoted in ,thomas ,kempis1 cap4 iv41 8,of the ,doctrine of ,truth407 8,it was current among the small boys at school some thirty-five years since1 that were a man to make water whilst in connection with a woman she would die40--7,personal letter from ,prof4 ,frank ,rede ,fowke1 ,south ,kensington ,museum1 ,london1 ,england47 ,the name of the city of ,chicago has been traced by some philologist to the ,indian word for skunk2 and it is said to be 8equal to bestiola fda mingens40 ,the urine of this little animal was believed by some of the ,indian tribes to be capable of blinding the man in whose eyes it entered2 the animal itself was deified by the ,aztecs under the name of ,tezcatlipoca4 ,for the interpretation given for the word 8,chicago10 see the work 8,indian ,names of ,places near the ,great ,lakes10 by ,captain ,dwight ,kelton1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 ,chicago1 ,illinois1 #ahhh4 ,,xl4 ,,urinoscopy1 ,,or ,,diagnosis ,,by ,,urine4 ,the examination of the urine and feces of the sick seems to have obtained in all parts of the world1 and among all sorts of people2 but in the earlier stages of human progress it was complicated with ideas of divination and forecast1 which would make it a religious observance4 ,the health of a patient was shown by the condition of his urine4--7,pliny1 lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #f47 ,the ,arabians used to bring to their doctors 8the water of their sick in phials40--7,burton1 8,arabian ,nights10 vol4 iv4 p4 #aa47 ,in the index to the ,works of ,avicenna there are two hundred and seventy-five references to the appearance1 etc41 of the urine of the sick4--7,translation of ,avicenna made by ,gerard of ,cremona1 edition of ,venice1 #aeie47 8,apothecaries used to carry the water of their patients to the physician40--7,fosbroke1 8,encyclopdia of ,antiquities10 vol4 i4 p4 #ebf1 article 8,urine407 ,to determine whether a man had an affection of the lungs or liver1 some of his urine was cast upon wheat bran1 which was then put aside in a cool place2 if worms appeared1 he was afflicted1 etc4--7,beckherius1 8,med4 ,microcosmus10 p4 #fb47 ,from an examination of the feces and urine of the patient to determine his present state of health1 and if possible to make a prognosis of his future condition1 was1 in the minds of ignorant or half-educated men merely the first step in the direction of determining the future of the commonwealth by an inspection of the viscera and the excrement of the victims whose blood smoked upon its altars4 ,the ,romans were addicted to this mode of divination1 which ,schurig incorrectly styles 8,anthropomancy40 ,he relates that ,heliogabalus was especially fond of this1 and1 indeed1 he credits that voluptuary with its introduction1 and expresses his gratification that he met his deserts in being killed in a privy and left to die in ordure4 ,the ,saxons also were given to this method of consulting the future4--7,see 8,chylologia10 pp4 #gdi1 #gej47 8,uromantie4 ff4 7,med4 et ,divin471 mot form de 8ouron10 urine1 et 8manteia10 divination1 qui signifie l'art de diviner par le moyen des urines l'tat prsent d'une maladie1 et d'en prdire les vnements futurs40--78,encyc4 ou ,dict4 ,rais4 des ,sciences10 etc41 fol4 ,neufchatel1 #agde1 vol4 xvii4 p4 #dii1 given in personal letter to ,captain ,bourke from ,professor ,frank ,rede ,fowke1 ,south ,kensington ,museum1 ,london1 ,england47 8,falstaff4 ,sirrah1 you giant1 what says the doctor to my water8 8,page4 ,he said1 sir1 the water itself was a good healthy water2 but for the party that owed it1 he might have more diseases than he knew for40--7,shakspeare1 8#b ,king ,henry ,,iv410 i4 #b47 ,sir ,thomas ,more was possessed of great wit and a fine flow of spirits1 which even the approach of death could not dispel4 ,upon receiving notification that he had been condemned to death by his master1 ,king ,henry ,,viii41 8he called for his urinal1 and having made water in it1 he cast it and viewed it 7as physicians do7 a pretty while2 at last he sware soberly that he saw nothing in that man's water but that he might live if it pleased the king40--78,ajax10 p4 #fa47 ,thibetan doctors examine the urine of the patient2 then churn it and listen to the noise made by the bubbles4--7,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill47 8,how to vex her1 ,and make her cry so much that the physician1 ,if she fall sick upon it1 shall want urine ,to find the same by1 and she1 remediless1 ,die in her heresy40 78,scornful ,lady10 v4 #a1 ,beaumont and ,fletcher47 ,the people of ,europe did not restrict their examinations to the egest of human beings2 they were equally careful to scrutinize every day the droppings of the hounds1 hawks1 and other animals used in the chase4--7,see 8,ajax407 ,in the farce of 8,master ,pathelin0 7,a4,d4 #adhj71 the hero1 8in his ravings abuses the doctors 444 for not understanding his urine4444 ,charlatans especially exploited in this field of medicine1 practising it illegally in the country under the name of #8water-jugglers' and #8water-judges4' ,such men still practise in ,normandy and in certain northern provinces of ,france40--78,med4 in the ,middle ,ages10 ,minor1 p4 #hb47 8,it is a common practice in these days1 by a colourable deriuation of supposed cunning from the vrine1 to foretell casualties1 and the ordinary euents of life1 conceptions of a woman with child1 and definite distinctions of the male and female in the womb40 7,cotta1 8,short ,discovery10 ,london1 #afab1 p4 #ajd4 ,he goes on to say that even as a mode of strict medical diagnosis1 urinoscopy is not a certain test1 the body1 in every disease1 being more or less disordered1 and this disorder acting upon the urine47 ,montaigne tells the story of a gentleman who always kept for seven or eight days his excrements1 in different basins1 in order to talk about and show them4 7,buckle1 8,commonplace ,book10 vol4 ii4 p4 #ceg1 quoting from ,montaigne's 8,essais10 lib4 iii4 cap4 #i1 p4 #fjj47 ,speaking of melancholy people1 ,burton says1 8,their urine is most part pale and low-colored1 #8urina pauca1 acris1 biliosa' 7,arctus71 and not much in quantity4444 ,their melancholy excrements1 in some very much1 in others little40--78,anatomy of ,melancholy10 vol4 i4 p4 #bfh47 ,,on ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,the ,,emotions ,,upon ,,the ,,egest4 ,reciprocally1 the influence exerted by the emotions over functional disturbances has been made the subject of investigation by learned commentators4 8,aristote1 dans les ,problmes ,physiques1 s'occupe des rapports qui lient les impressions de l'me aux fonctions intestinales4 ,il recherche pourquoi une frayeur subite et violente cause presque toujours et incontinent la diarrhe40 7,aule-,gele1 lib4 xix4 c4 #d1 8,bib4 ,scatalog40 p4 #ff47 ,schurig gives numbers of instances of the power of the mind over the act of alvine dejection2 evacuation may be caused by perturbation of mind1 by fear1 by insomnia1 by thunder1 by anger1 etc4 ,see 8,chylologia10 p4 #gja4 ,in a preceding chapter ,schurig narrates several examples of people1 principally women1 who were never able to excite nature to the act of evacuation except by artificial aids addressed to some faculty of the mind1--imagination1 laughing1 etc4 ,harington1 in 8,ajax10 mentions the case of the ,pope's ,legate1 8who brought the last jubilee into ,france2 who1 fearing the pages who by custom bustle about him to divide his canopie1 and suspecting treason among them1 suddenly laid you wot of in his breeches0 7p4 #af74 ,dr4 ,fletcher1 ,united ,states ,army1 has devoted considerable attention to this subject4 ,he has kindly placed the results of his wide range of reading at the disposal of the author of this volume4 8,the more you cry1 the less you piss10--a vulgar saying of considerable antiquity4 ,this saying is founded upon a correct physiological observation2 an excess of one secretion results in a proportionate diminution of others4 ,the great ,greek scholar1 ,porson1 indulged his wit by transliterating into ,hellenic characters the above homely saw1 and thereby mystified the learned pundits who were called upon to read it4#gj 8,if love demands weeping1 oh1 why should ,i spare ,those floods which1 of course1 must be lavished elsewhere80 8,and midst their bawling and their hissing1 ,they cried1 to keep themselves from pg4 ,finding their water would come out1 ,they thought it best1 without dispute1 ,rather than wet both breeks and thighs1 ,to let it bubble through their eyes40 7,homer ,burlesqued1 book xii47 8,i must call1 from between thy thighs1 ,the urine back into thine eyes1 ,and make thee1 when my tale thou hearest1 ,channel thy cheeks with launt reversed40 7,musarum ,delici1 i4 p4 #aaj47 8,launt0 is an obsolete word1 meaning urine4 ,see ,cotgrave's ,dictionary4 8,what if she whine1 shed tears1 and frown8 ,laugh at her folly1 she'll have done2 ,never dry up her tears with kisses1 ,the more she cries1 the less she ps40 7,reflections1 ,moral1 ,critical1 and ,cosmical1 part iii4 p4 #bc1 ,a4,d4 #agjg47 ,this expression is to be found also in old ,french1--perhaps is derived from it3 8,pleurez donc1 et chiez bien des yeux1 vous en pissez moins40--78,moyen de ,parvenir10 ,a4,d4 #afaj47 8,juletta1 how loath she was to talk1 too1 how she feared me6 ,i could now piss mine eyes out for mere anger40 78,the ,pilgrim10 iii4 #d1 ,beaumont and ,fletcher47 ,the converse of the adage is illustrated in the following epigram on a lady who shed her water at seeing the tragedy of 8,cato30 8,whilst maudlin chiefs deplore their ,cato's fate1 ,still1 with dry eyes1 the ,tory ,celia sate2 ,but1 though her pride forbade her eyes to flow1 ,the gushing waters found a vent below4 ,tho 'n secret1 yet with copious streams she mourns1 ,like twenty river-gods1 with all their urns4 ,let others screw on hypocritic face1 ,she shows her grief in a sincerer place2 ,here ,nature reigns1 and passion1 void of art1 ,for this road leads directly to the heart40 7,nick ,rowe47 8,but ,sandwich1 though with vast surprise1 ,he saw the monarch's weeping eyes1 ,told him it would not be amiss1-- ,the more he cryed1 the less he pissed40 7,from 8,the ,new ,foundling ,hospital of ,wit10 vol4 lv4 p4 #bjd47 8#8,boh1' said to be the name of a ,danish general1 who so terrified his opponent1 ,foh1 that he caused him to bewray himself40--7,grose1 ,dict4 of ,buckish ,slang1 art4 8,boh40 ,see1 also1 in same volume1 the account of the ,puritan preacher who met with the same accident in his pulpit upon hearing that the royal troops were approaching1--art4 8,sh--t ,sack407 ,,xli4 ,,ordure ,,and ,,urine ,,in ,,medicine4 ,the administration of urine as a curative opens the door to a flood of thought4 ,medicine1 both in theory and practice1 even among nations of the highest development and refinement1 has not1 until within the present century1 cleared its skirts of the superstitious hand-prints of the dark ages4 ,with tribes of a lower degree of culture it is still subordinate to the incantations and exorcisms of the 8medicine man40 ,it might not be going a step too far to assert that the science of therapeutics1 pure and simple1 has not yet taken form among savages2 but to shorten discussion and avoid controversy1 it will be assumed here that such a science does exist1 but in an extremely rude and embryotic state2 and to this can be referred all examples of the introduction of urine or ordure in the materia medica1 where the aid of the 8medicine man0 does not seem to have been invoked1 as in the method employed for the eradication of dandruff by ,mexicans1 ,eskimo1 and others1 the ,celtiberian dentifrice1 etc4#ga ,when the compilation and correlation of data bearing upon this subject was first begun1 the exceeding importance of the pharmaceutical division was manifest4 ,in the opinion of the author1 this part of the investigation should have been assumed by a student possessed of a preliminary training in medicine1 and it was not until urged on by friendly correspondents that he concluded1 upon resuming his labors1 to augment these references by citations from the more prominent writers of ancient and modern times1 who have demonstrated the importance of the subject by devoting to its consideration not passing sentences and scant allusions1 but pregnant chapters and bulky volumes4 ,by great good fortune he was enabled to make the fullest use of the library of the ,army ,medical ,museum1 which1 under the supervision of ,surgeon ,john ,s4 ,billings1 ,united ,states ,army1 has become the finest special bibliothque in the world4 ,from ,surgeon ,billings1 and his able assistants1 ,doctors ,fletcher and ,wise1 were received1 besides the courteous attentions which every student has the right to expect1 an intelligent and sympathetic co-operation which cannot be too gratefully acknowledged4 ,in such an embarrassment of riches as now confronted him1 he exercised the right of drawing only upon the authorities which would appeal to all critics as most entitled to prominence2 to have followed any other course1 and to have attempted to engraft all available material1 would have swollen this chapter to hundreds1 perhaps thousands of pages4 8,sprengel pense que ,asclpiade1 surnomm ,pharmacion1 est le premier qui ait conseill les excrments humains2 mais il est probable qu'il ne fit qu'riger en prceptes crits un usage dj consacr en ,orient1 particulirement en ,egypte40--78,bib4 ,scat410 pp4 #bi1 #cj47 ,the earliest writer whose works have been consulted was ,hippocrates1 termed the 8,father of ,medicine10 born #dfj ,b4,c4 8,he was a member of the family of the ,asclepiad1 444 and a descendant of both ,esculapius and ,hercules4 ,he was born of a family of priest-physicians1 and was the first to throw superstition aside1 and to base the practice of medicine on the principles of inductive philosophy40--78,encyclopdia ,britannica407 ,galen wrote a series of commentaries upon his writings4 ,medical commentators are not in accord as to how many of the works attributed to him are genuine2 but the editions of the accepted and the suspected to be spurious are almost innumerable1 and printed in every language of ,europe4 ,in the edition by ,francis ,adams 7,sydenham ,society1 ,london1 #ahdi71 there is no mention of the use of human or animal excreta in pharmacy4 ,but in another edition can be read that ass's dung was given to restrain excessive catamenial flow4--7,kuhn's edition1 ,leipsig1 #ahbi1 vol4 i4 p4 #dha47 ,etmuller says that ,hippocrates prescribed hawk-dung to aid in the expulsion of the ftus and as a remedy for sterility 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bhe74 ,the general use of excrementitious material in the medical practice of ,hippocrates' own day must be accepted from evidence deduced from outside sources4 ,for example1 ,aristophanes1 who was his contemporary 7born #ddf ,b4,c41 ,encyc4 ,britan471 stigmatized all the medical fraternity as 8excrement-eaters20 and ,xenocrates1 another practitioner of the same date1 of whose writings1 however1 nothing has come down to us beyond the meagre outline to be found in the commentaries of ,galen1 made constant employment not only of human and animal excreta1 but of all the secretions and excretions as well4 ,according to ,appleton's ,encyclopdia1 ,xenocrates was born #cif ,b4,c4 ,schurig relates of ,aristophanes that he called doctors 8fecivores 444 quod quidem adulatores fuerint quin excrementa ,magnorum degustare voluerint40 ,he also says3 8,quare de illo non inepte dixit quidam1 eum dignum fuisse ,xenocrates ,medico1 qui excrementis variis animalium omnes morbos curare solitus erat40--78,chylologia10 p4 #hb47 8,xenocrates1 who flourished sixty years before ,galen1 had also a good list of nasty prescriptions1 for which the veil of a dead language is required40 78,saxon ,leechdoms10 lib4 i4 p4 xviii47 ,these included the urine of women and their catamenia4 ,aristophanes called the physicians of his time 1 or excrement-eaters4 8,ce qui tait plus malin que vrai1 car les compres en faisaient manger leurs clients plus qu'ils n'en mangeaient eux-mmes40--78,bibliotheca ,scatalogica407 ,human excrements1 under the name of 8botryon10 were used by schines of ,athens1 for the cure of quinsy4 7,pliny1 lib4 xxviii4 c4 #aj47 schines lived between #chi-cag ,b4,c4 8,serapion of ,alexandria flourished ,b4,c4 #bgh1 forty years after the date of ,alexander the ,great1 and was one of the chiefs of the empiric school4444 ,he in epilepsy prescribed 444 dung of crocodiles40--78,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 i4 p4 xiv47 ,the next in chronological order would be ,pliny1 from whom can be extracted a veritable mine of information on this point2 then ,dioscorides1 who lived in the latter years of the first and the opening ones of the second centuries of the ,christian era2 and then ,galen1 born at ,pergamos1 in ,mysia1 #acj ,a4,d41 8the most celebrated of ancient medical writers10 and 8appointed by the ,emperor ,marcus ,aurelius to the position of medical guardian of his son1 the young prince1 and later on ,emperor1 ,commodus40--7,encyc4 ,brit47 ,the classical authorities will conclude with ,sextus ,placitus1 from whose works much of importance has been extracted4 ,each author will be allowed to speak in his own words1 and the necessary deductions will be made afterwards2 only the remarks bearing upon love-philters and child-birth have been assigned to the chapters devoted to the treatment of those subjects1 and this merely to reduce the chances of repetition4 ,the following remedies are taken from ,pliny1 from the books and chapters given opposite each case3-- 8,a plant that has been grown upon a dung-heap in a field is a very efficacious remedy1 taken in water1 for quinsy40--7,lib4 xxiv4 c4 #aaj47 8,a plant upon which a dog has watered1 torn up by the roots1 and not touched with iron1 is a very speedy cure for sprains40--7,idem1 c4 #aaa47 8,camel's dung1 reduced into ashes1 and incorporat with oile1 doth curle and frizzle the hair of the head1 and taken in drinke1 as much as a man may comprehend with three fingers1 cureth the dysenterie2 so doth it also the falling sickness4 ,camel's piss1 they say1 is passing good for ,fullers to scour their cloth withall2 and the same healeth any running sores which be bathed therein4 ,it is well known that the barbarous nations keep this stale of theirs until it be five years old1 and then a draught thereof to the quantity of one hermine is a good laxative potion40--7,lib4 xxviii4 c4 #h47 ,goat's dung good for sore eyes4--7,idem1 c4 #aa47 ,for 8,skals in the ,head0 the ,romans used 8,bul's ,urine40 ,stale chamber-lye was also considered good4 8,the gall of buck goats1 tempered with ,bul's stale1 killeth lice40 ,dog-dung and goat-dung also were prescribed4--7,idem1 c4 #aa47 ,wolf's dung is mentioned as good for cataract4--7,idem1 c4 #aa47 ,hen's dung1 the white part1 prescribed for the cure of poisonous mushrooms2 also to cure flatulence 7but in any living creature it causes flatulence1 says ,pliny74 ,ashes of horse-dung fresh made and burned1 the urine of a wild boar1 the green dung of an ass1 are among the medicaments mentioned for ear-ache 7idem1 c4 #aa72 also 8,urine of a ,bul or a ,goat1 or stale chamber lye made hotte20 also 8,calfe's ,pisse1 ,calfe's dung40 ,goat and horse dung were employed to drive away snakes4--7,idem1 c4 #aaj47 ,human urine used in curing the bites of mad dogs4--7,idem1 c4 #ah47 ,pliny notices that the ,greeks used the scrapings of the bodies of athletes for emmenagogues1 for uterine troubles1 for sprains1 muscular rheumatism1 etc4 8,we find authors of the very highest repute proclaiming aloud that the seminal fluid is a sovereign remedy for the sting of the scorpion4 ,in the case1 too1 of a woman afflicted with sterility they recommend the application of a pessary made of the fresh excrement voided by an infant at the moment of its birth4444 ,they have even gone so far1 too1 as to scrape the very filth from off the walls of the gymnasia1 and to assert that this is possessed of certain calorific properties4444 ,the urine has been the subject not only of numerous theories with authors1 but of various religious observances as well1 its properties being classified under several distinctive heads2 thus1 for instance1 the urine of eunuchs1 they say1 is highly beneficial as a promoter of fruitfulness in females40 ,he mentions the urine of children as a sovereign remedy for the poisonous secretion of the asp1 which 8spits its venom into the eyes of human beings40 ,human urine was used in eye troubles1 8albugo1 films1 and marks upon the eyes1 white specks upon the pupils1 and maladies of the eyelids40 ,it was also used in the cure of burns1 suppuration of the ears1 as an emmenagogue1 for sun-burn1 and for taking out ink-spots4 8,male urine cured ,gout40 ,urine cured 8eruptions on the bodies of infants1 corrosive sores1 running ulcers1 chaps upon the body1 stings inflicted by serpents1 ulcers of the head1 and cancerous sores of the generative organs4444 ,every person's urine is the best for his own case40--7,lib4 xxviii4 c4 #ah47 ,the ashes of camel's dung were administered internally in epilepsy1 and also for dysentery4--7,idem1 c4 #bg47 ,camel's urine applied to running sores2 barbarous nations kept it for five years1 and then used it as a purgative4--7,idem47 ,the dung of the hippopotamus was used in fumigations1 8for the cure of a cold ague40--7,idem1 c4 #ca47 ,the urine of the once 7ounce7 8helpeth the strangury20 it was also taken internally for sore throat4--7,idem47 ,hyena-urine 8is said to be useful in diseases of long standing0 7idem1 c4 #bg72 also given in drink for dysentery2 also applied in liniments4--7,idem47 ,crocodile-dung used for eye troubles and for epilepsy2 used in form of a pessary1 as an emmenagogue4--7,lib4 xxviii4 c4 #bi47 ,lynx-urine for strangury and pains in the chest4--7,idem1 c4 #cb47 ,goat-urine an antidote for bites of serpents4--7,idem1 c4 #db47 ,goat-dung an antidote for bites of serpents4--7,idem47 ,horse-dung1 taken from a horse on pasture1 an antidote for the bites of serpents4--7,idem47 ,goat-dung for scorpion bites4--7,idem47 ,calves' dung for scorpion bites4--7,idem47 ,she-goat's dung1 bite of mad dog4--7,idem47 ,badger-dung1 cuckoo-dung1 swallow-dung1 taken internally1 bite of mad dog4--7,idem47 ,bull-dung1 dandruff1 applied locally4--7,idem1 c4 #df47 ,goat's dung1 dandruff4--7,idem47 ,wolf-dung for cataract4--7,idem1 c4 #dg47 ,she-goat's dung for ophthalmia and eye-troubles generally2 internally4--7,idem47 ,wild-boar urine1 ear-troubles4--7,idem1 c4 #dh47 ,ass-dung1 deafness4--7,idem47 ,horse-dung1 deafness2 also used in liniments4--7,idem47 ,bull's urine1 deafness4--7,idem47 ,she-goat's urine1 deafness4--7,idem47 ,calf-dung1 deafness4--7,idem47 ,calf-urine1 deafness4--7,idem47 ,asses' urine1 internally1 in elephantiasis4--7,lib4 xxviii4 c4 #cj47 ,cat-dung1 rubbed on the neck1 to remove bones from the throat4--7,idem1 c4 #ea47 ,warm urine1 cow-dung1 and goat-dung applied to scrofulous sores4--7,idem47 ,goat urine and dung for cricks in neck4--7,idem1 c4 #eb47 ,hare-dung1 internally1 for cough4--7,idem1 c4 #ec47 ,boar's dung1 swine's dung1 internally1 pains in loins4--7,idem1 c4 #ef47 ,cow-dung1 externally1 sciatica4--7,idem1 c4 #ef47 ,asses' dung1 internally1 affections of spleen4--7,idem1 c4 #eg47 ,horse-dung1 internally1 bowel complaints4--7,idem1 c4 #eh47 ,boar's or swine's dung1 internally1 dysentery4--7,idem1 c4 #ei47 ,hare1 ass1 horse1 or goat dung1 internally1 dysentery4--7,idem47 ,calf-dung1 internally1 flatulence4--7,idem47 ,hare-dung1 internally1 hernia4--7,idem47 ,ass-dung1 internally1 diseases of colon4--7,idem47 ,swine-dung1 internally1 diseases of colon4--7,idem47 ,wild-boar's urine1 internally1 diseases of bladder2 also used internally in treatment of urinary calculi4--7,idem1 c4 #fj47 ,goat-dung1 internally1 urinary calculi4--7,idem47 ,goat-dung1 externally1 ulcers upon the generative organs4--7,idem47 ,wild-asses' urine1 diseases of the genitalia1 externally4--7,idem1 c4 #fa47 ,goat-urine1 diseases of the genitalia1 externally4--7,idem47 ,goat-dung1 diseases of the genitalia1 externally2 also1 internally1 for gout4--7,idem47 ,cow-dung1 internally1 gout4--7,idem47 ,calf-dung1 internally1 gout4--7,idem47 ,goat-dung1 sciatica1 externally4--7,idem47 ,wild-boar's dung1 swine's dung1 chaps1 corns1 callosities4--7,idem1 c4 #fb47 ,asses' urine1 applied to feet galled by travel4--7,idem47 ,calf-dung1 burnt1 applied to varicose veins4--7,idem47 ,wild-boar's urine1 drunk1 for epilepsy4--7,idem1 c4 #fc47 ,horse's urine1 drunk1 for epilepsy2 also for delirium4--7,idem47 ,asses' urine1 externally1 in paralysis4--7,idem47 ,dung of a new-born ass1 internally1 yellow jaundice4--7,idem1 c4 #fd47 ,dung of a colt1 internally1 yellow jaundice4--7,idem47 ,goat-dung1 externally1 for broken bones4--7,idem1 c4 #fe47 ,cow-dung1 burnt1 diluted with boys' urine1 was rubbed on the toes of the patient in quartan fevers4--7,idem1 c4 #ff47 ,calf-dung1 internally1 in melancholia4--7,idem1 c4 #fg47 ,swine's dung1 internally1 consumption4--7,idem47 ,wild-boar's urine1 internally1 dropsy4--7,idem1 c4 #fh47 ,cow-urine1 internally1 dropsy4--7,idem47 ,calf-urine1 internally1 dropsy4--7,idem47 ,bull-urine1 internally1 dropsy4#gb--7;,idem47 ,calf-dung1 cow-dung1 swine's dung1 asses' dung1 all applied externally for the cure of erysipelas and purulent eruptions4--7,idem1 c4 #fi47 ,wild-boar's dung1 swine's dung1 calf-dung1 goat-dung1 cow-dung1 externally1 for sprains1 indurations1 and boils4--7,idem1 c4 #gj47 ,wild-boar's dung1 swine's dung1 hare-dung1 goat-dung1 externally1 burns of all kinds4--7,idem1 c4 #ga47 ,goat-dung1 wild-boar's dung1 externally1 contusions1 bruises1 etc4--7,idem1 c4 #gb47 ,the ,emperor ,nero1 being of scrofulous tendency1 drank the ashes of wild-boar dung in water1 to refresh himself4--7,idem47 ,asses' dung1 burnt1 externally1 hemorrhages4--7,idem1 c4 #gc47 ,calf's dung1 burnt1 externally1 hemorrhages4--7,idem47 ,swine's dung1 externally1 to ulcers4--7,idem1 c4 #gd47 ,goat-dung1 externally1 to ulcers4--7,idem47 ,swine's dung1 fresh1 externally1 to wounds4--7,idem47 ,horse's dung1 cow-dung1 fresh1 externally1 to wounds4--7,idem47 ,asses' dung1 externally1 itch4--7,idem1 c4 #ge47 ,cow-dung1 externally1 itch4--7,idem47 ,cow-dung1 she-goat's dung1 applied externally to extract thorns4--7,idem1 c4 #gf47 ,wild-boar's dung1 or swine's dung1 internally1 in inflammation of the uterus4--7,idem1 c4 #gg47 ,asses' dung1 in plaster or powder1 or as a fumigation1 for all uterine troubles4--7,idem47 ,ox-dung as a fumigation1 for falling of the womb4--7,idem1 lib4 xxviii4 c4 #gg47 ,cat's dung1 as a pessary1 for uterine ulcerations4--7,idem47 8,she-goat's urine1 taken internally1 and the dung applied topically1 will arrest uterine discharges1 however much in excess40--7,idem47 ,swine's dung1 as an injection1 used to cure beasts of burden of voiding blood4--7,idem1 c4 #ha47 8,the oxen in the ,isle of ,cyprus cure themselves of gripings in the abdomen1 it is said1 by swallowing human excrement40--7,idem47 ,dung of mice and the ashes of sheep-dung prescribed for dandruff4 ,the dung of a peacock stated to be of great value in medicine1 but for what not stated4--7,idem1 c4 #f47 ,sheep-dung1 externally1 in serpent bites4--7,idem1 c4 #ae47 8,a most efficient remedy for wounds inflicted by the asp10 was for 8the person stung to drink his own urine40--7,idem1 c4 #ah47 8,for the bite of all spiders 444 sheep's-dung1 applied in vinegar40--7,idem1 c4 #bg47 ,poultry-dung1 good as an application for the sting of the scorpion4--7,idem1 c4 #bi47 8,the dung of poultry1 provided it is of a red color1 is very useful1 applied with vinegar40 ,also for bite of a mad dog4--7,idem1 c4 #cb47 ,the urine of a mad dog was believed to be injurious to those people who trod upon it1 especially those persons with scrofulous sores4--7,idem47 8,the proper remedy in such cases is to apply horse-dung40--7,idem47 8,whoever makes water where a dog has previously watered1 will be susceptible of numbness in the loins40--7,idem1 c4 #cb47 8,poultry-dung1 but the white part only1 444 is an excellent antidote to the poison of fungi and mushrooms2 it is a cure also for flatulence and suffocations1--a thing the more to be wondered at1 seeing that if any living creature only tastes this dung1 it is immediately attacked with griping pains and flatulency40--7,idem1 c4 #cc47 8,the dung of wood pigeons 444 an antidote to quicksilver40--7,idem47 ,sheep-dung1 mouse-dung1 poultry-dung1 applied externally in the treatment of baldness or 8alopcia10 so called from 8alopex10 a fox1 8an animal very subject to the loss of its hair40--7,idem1 c4 #cd47 ,mouse-dung1 externally1 8affections of the eyelids40--7,idem1 c4 #cg47 ,poultry-dung as a liniment for short-sighted persons4--7,idem1 c4 #ch47 8,peacocks swallow their dung1 it is said1 as though they envied man the various uses of it40--7,idem47 ,pigeon's dung1 externally1 fistula4--7,idem47 ,hawk-dung1 turtle-dove dung1 externally1 8albugo40--7,idem47 ,pigeon's dung1 externally1 imposthumes of the parotid gland4--7,lib4 #bi1 #ci47 ,mouse-dung1 raven's dung1 sparrow-dung4 ,the ashes of these were plugged into carious teeth1 and used externally for all tooth troubles4--7,lib4 #cj1 c4 #h47 ,mouse-dung1 good to impart sweetness to sour breath 7idem1 c4 #i72 also prescribed for the stone4--7,idem1 c4 #h47 8,the dung of lambs before they have begun to graze 444 alleviated 444 affections of the uvula and pains in the fauces4 ,it should be dried in the shade40--7,idem1 c4 #aa47 ,pigeon's dung used as a gargle for sore throat 7idem72 used internally for quinsy 7idem1 c4 #ab72 internally for dysentery 7idem1 c4 #ai72 and externally for the cure of 8iliac passion40--7,idem1 c4 #bj47 ,mouse-dung1 rubbed on the abdomen1 was considered to be a cure for urinary calculi4--7,idem1 c4 #ba47 ,the flesh of a hedge-hog1 killed before it had time to discharge its urine upon its body1 was a cure for strangury2 but1 it would cause strangury if able to urinate upon itself before death4--7,idem1 c4 #ba47 ,dove-dung1 internally1 for urinary calculi4--7,idem47 ,swallow-dung1 as a suppository and purgative4--7,idem47 ,dog-dung1 externally1 fissure in ano4--7,idem1 c4 #bb47 ,mouse-dung4--7,idem47 ,pigeon's dung1 externally1 in fissure in ano4--7,idem47 ,mouse-dung and pigeon's-dung1 externally1 for tumors4--7,idem47 ,sheep and poultry dung1 externally1 in gout4--7,idem47 ,ring-dove-dung1 liniment for pains in the joints4--7,idem1 c4 #bc47 ,the ashes of pigeon's or of poultry dung1 externally1 for excoriations of the feet4--7,idem1 c4 #be47 ,mule-urine1 sheep and poultry dung1 externally1 for corns on feet4--7,idem47 ,dog-urine1 sheep and poultry dung1 externally1 for warts of all kinds4--7,idem47 ,swallow-dung1 internally1 cure of fevers4--7,idem1 c4 #cj47 ,pigeon's1 poultry1 and sheep dung1 externally1 boils and carbuncles4--7,idem1 caps4 #cc1 #cd47 ,sheep-dung1 externally1 burns4--7,idem1 c4 #ce47 ,pigeon's dung1 snuff made of for brain hemorrhage4--7,idem1 c4 #ch47 ,horse-dung1 externally1 hemorrhages from wounds4--7,idem47 ,sheep-dung1 ashes of1 externally1 carcinoma4--7,idem1 c4 #ci47 ,sheep-dung1 externally1 wounds and fistulas4--7,idem47 ,mouse-dung1 cautery4--7,idem47 ,weasel's dung1 ashes of1 cautery4--7,idem47 ,pigeon's-dung1 ashes of1 cautery4--7,idem47 ,poultry-dung and pigeon's dung1 externally1 old cicatrices4--7,idem1 c4 #dj47 ,sheep's dung1 externally1 female complaints4--7,idem1 c4 #dc47 ,mouse-dung1 externally1 swelled breasts4--7,idem47 ,,extracts ,,from ,,the ,,writings ,,of ,,dioscorides4 ,dioscorides devotes a chapter to the medicinal values of different ordures2 a condensation only of the translation need be given1 since the original is inserted4 ,the fresh dung of domestic cattle was considered good for inflamed wounds2 for pains at extremity of spine2 and1 when made into a plaster with oil1 it dissolved glandular and scrofulous swellings and tumors4 ,the dung of bulls was a remedy for falling of the womb2 when drunk with wine1 was frequently given as a remedy in epilepsy2 used also in the cure of suppressed menstruation and to expel the ftus in retarded delivery2 administered in menstrual hemorrhages2 for the alleviation of gout in the feet1 serpent bites1 erysipelas1 etc4 ,goat and sheep dung was used for the same purposes4 ,dried goat-dung1 drunk in wine1 checked hemorrhages1 as did that of asses and horses4 ,the dung of grass-fed kine taken in wine for scorpion bites4 ,dove and poultry dung given to break up the old sores and scrofulous swellings4 ,hen-dung believed to be almost a specific against the effects of poisonous mushrooms2 it was to be drunk in wine4 ,stork-dung was another remedy for epilepsy2 it was also to be drunk in wine4 ,vulture-dung expelled the ftus2 mouse-dung expelled calculi4 ,hen-dung1 especially that laid during the dog-days1 was good for dysentery4 ,fresh human ordure was applied to inflamed wounds1 and as a plaster in angina2 dog-dung was also used in such cases4 ,crocodile-excrement was in high repute as a cosmetic4 7,see 8,cosmetics407 ,purchasers were warned that it was frequently adulterated with the excrement of starlings fed on rice4 ,the urine of the patient himself should be drunk in cases of serpent bites1 poisons from drugs1 bites of scorpions1 mad dogs1 etc4 ,for old ulcers1 cicatrices1 8lepras10 an excellent application2 also for ulcerations in the genitalia1 sores in the ears1 etc4 ,the urine of an undefiled boy was highly commended for various purposes1 especially when triturated with honey in a brass mortar4 ,the 8sediment of urine0 7see 8,mangeurs de ,blanc07 was regarded as of great value in erysipelas4 ,bull's urine was given for the cure of ulcerated ears4 ,goat urine expelled stone from the bladder2 likewise1 beneficial in dropsy1 if drunk daily4 ,asses' urine cured mania4 8,dioscoride1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #gc1 et ses commentateurs1 ,p4 ,andr4 ,mathicle1 fol4 #bch1 et ,j4 ,cornarius1 comment4 cap4 #fi1 fol4 m4 #acd1 permettent l'usage des stercoraria pour les paysans1 et quand on n'a rien de mieux sous la main1 mais ils l'interdisent pour les habitants des villes et les personnages honorati alicujus estimationis4 ,outre son grand ouvrage1 de matre mdical on attribue gnralement ,dioscoride un trait dsign sous le titre de ,euporista1 ou des remdes faciles procurer40 7,this was published at ,strasbourg and again at ,frankfort in #aefe and #aeih1 respectively1 from the original ,greek47 8,dans l',euporista1 ,dioscoride cherche tablir que les remdes indignes valent souvent mieux que ceux qu'on fait venir grands frais des pays loigns1 et1 ce titre1 il mentionne le stercus comme offrant de curieuses ressources40--78,bib4 ,scatalogica10 p4 #gd47 8,stercus bovis armentalis recens impositum1 inflammationem ex vulneribus lenit2 foliis autem involutum in cineris calentis calefit1 atque ita imponuntur4 ,simili modo fotu applicitum coxendicis cruciatus mitigat4 ,ex aceto vero cataplasmatis vice impositum duritias1 strumas et glandarum tumores discutit4 ,speciatim vero bovis masculi fimus prolapsum uterum suffitu restituit1 accensi quoque nidore culices abiguntur4 ,cuprarum prsertim in montibus degentium1 stercus ex vino bibitum regium morbum emendat1 cum aromatibus vero potum menses ciet et ftus ejiciet4 8,siccum1 tritumque et cum turre in veller appositum1 fluxum muliebrem cohibet aliasque sanguinis eruptiones ex aceto compescit4 ,ustum ac cum aceto aut oxymelite illitum calvitiei medetur4 ,cum axungia vero cataplasmata adhibitum podagracis opitulatur4 ,decoctum in aceto1 aut vino imponitur ad serpenti morsum1 herpetas1 erysipelata1 parotides4 ,quin et ischiadicis ustis eorum ope administratur utiliter hunc in modum2 in eo cavo1 quod est inter pollicem et indicem qua parte pollex committitur1 lana oleo imbuta prius substernitur1 ac dein singulatim imponuntur fimi caprini ferventes pilul1 donec sensus per brachium ad coxendicem perveniat doloremque mitiget atque adustis talis arabica appellatur4 8,at vero stercus ovillum ex aceto impositum sanat epinyctidas1 clavos1 verrucas1 qu thymi vocantur1 et qu pensiles sunt4444 ,aprinum autem aridum in aqua aut vino potum1 sanguinis rejectionem sistit ac diuturnum sedat lateris dolorem4 ,sed ad rapta convulsaque1 ex aceto bibitur2 luxatis vero exceptum curato rosaceo medetur4 ,porro tam asinorum quam equorum fimum1 sive crudum sive crematum1 addito aceto1 sanguinis eruptiones cohibet4 ,armentinorum vero1 qui herba pascuntur1 siccum stercus vino imbutum et bibitum a scorpione ictis magnopere auxiliatur4 8,columbinum quoniam vehementer calefacit ac urit1 farin crud admiscetur1 et ex aceto quidem strumas discutit4 ,carbunculos vero emarginat cum melle1 lini semin1 et oleo tritum1 nec non ambustis quoque medetur4 ,gallinaceum eadem1 sed malignis1 prstat4 ,speciatim tamen contra letales fongos et colicos dolores confert1 si ex aceto aut vino bibatur4 ,cicon vero fimium ex aqua potum comitialibus prodesse creditur4 ,vulturis suffumigatum ftum excutere traditur4 ,murium cum aceto tritum illitumque calvitiei medetur1 cum turre vero et mulso potum calculos expellit4 ,sed et subdit infantibus muscerd alvum ad dejectionem lacessunt4 ,caninum stercus1 quod per canicul ardores exceptum fuerit1 aridum cum vino aut aqua potum1 alvum cohibet4 ,ad humanum recens cataplasmatis vice impositum vulnera ab inflammatione vindicat1 simul vero glutinat4 ,siccum autem cum melle perunctum anginosos auxiliari traditur4 8,stercus crocodilis terrestris mulieribus confert ad colorem facei nitoremque producendum4 8,optimum vero quod candidissimum et friabile amyli modo leve in humore statim eliquiescit1 atque dum teritur1 subacidum est et fermentum redolet4 ,sunt qui id vendant adulterant fimo non dissimili sturnorum quos oryza paverunt4 ,alii amylum aut cimoliam subigunt1 et adescito1 colore1 per rarum cribrum1 paullatim percolant et siccant1 ut vermiculorum specie loco genuini vendant4 ,ceterum humanum stercus siccum melle subactum1 et gutturi impositum sicut et caninum1 anginosis opitulari in arcanis1 aut turpibus etiam inveniunt40--7,dioscorides1 8,materia ,medica10 ,latin-,greek edit4 of ,kuhn1 ,leipsig1 #ahbi1 vol4 i41 pp4 #bbb et seq47 8,humanam urinam suum cuique bibere prodest contra viper morsus et letalia pharmaca1 hydropemque incipientem2 prodest etiam ea fovere echinorum marinorum scorpionis itidem marini draconisque ictus4 ,canina rabidi canis morsibus perfundendis idonea est2 lepras quoque et pruritus1 nitro addito1 exterit4 ,vetus etiam achoras1 furfures1 scabiem1 fervidasque eruptiones potentius extergit1 quin et ulcera depascentia1 etiam genitalium coarcet4 ,purulentis quoque auribus infusa pus condensat1 et in malicordio cocta animalcula 7qu forte in aures irrepsirent7 ejicit4 ,pueri innocentis absorta urina anhelantibus confert1 cocta vero in reo vaso cum melle cicatrices albugines et caligines emendat4 8,quin etiam ex ea et re cyprio idoneum auro ferruminando glutea paratur4 ,sedimentum urin erysipelata illita mitigat4 ,fervefactum cum cyprino appositumque uteri dolorem demulcet ex utero1 strangulata levat1 palpebras deterget et oculorum cicatrices expurgat4 ,taurinum lotium cum myrrha tritum et instillatum dolores aurium lenit4 8,aprinum iisdem viribus prditum est sed peculiariter vesic calculos potu comminuit et expellit4 ,caprinum traditur ad hydropem inter cutem cum spica nardi binisque aqu cyathis quotidie bibiti urinas ducere et alvum instillatum1 vero aurium doloribus mederi4 ,asinino denique ferunt nephreticos sanari40--7,dioscorides1 idem1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bbg et seq47 ,on p4 #bbh ,dioscorides speaks of the use of a medicine known as 8lynx urine10 but which he says was a variety of amber4 ,,the ,,views ,,of ,,galen4 ,galen disapproved of the pharmaceutical use of human ordure on account of its abominable smell1 but he assented to the employment of that of domestic cattle1 goats1 crocodiles1 and dogs2 he makes known1 moreover1 that human ordure was taken internally1 as a medicine1 by very many persons4 8,de ,copro1 ,stercore1 ,copros1 sive ,copron1 sive ,apoptema1 apellari velis perinde est4 ,scito autem hanc substantiam vim habere vel maxime digerentem4 ,verum stercus humanum ob ftorem abominandum est1 at bubulum1 caprinum1 crocodilorum terrestrium1 et canum1 ubi in ossibus duntaxat vescuntur neque graviter olet1 et multa experientia non tantum nobis1 sed et aliis medicis me natu majoribus comprobatum est4 ,siquidem ,asclepiades cui cognomentum erat ,pharmaceon1 et alia omnia medicamenta collegit1 ut multos impleret libros1 et stercore ad multos spe affectus utitur non modo medicamentis1 qu focis imponuntur commiscens1 sed iis quoque qu intro in os sumuntur40--7,galeni ,claudii1 8,opera ,omnia10 edit4 of ,dr4 ,carl ,gottleib ,kuhn1 ,leipsig1 #ahbf1 vol4 xii41 pp4 #bij1 #bia47 ,dog-dung1 especially of an animal 8sola ossa cani edenda exhibens duobus continuo diebus1 ex quibus durum1 candidum1 ac minime ftorum stercus proveniebat40 ,such dog-dung was administered in angina1 dysentery1 inveterate ulcers1 etc41 in milk or other convenient menstruum4--7,idem1 vol4 xii4 p4 #bia47 ,the urine of boys was drunk by patients suffering from the plague in ,syria1 but the year is not given4--7,see idem1 vol4 xii4 p4 #bhe47 ,galen did not believe that calculi had the slightest value for effecting a reduction of calculi4--7,idem1 lib4 xii4 p4 #bij47 ,galen could not bring himself to agree with ,xenocrates1 who recommended the internal and external employment of sweat1 urine1 catamenial fluid1 and ear-wax in medicine4 7,idem1 lib4 xii4 p4 #bdi47 8,at potis sudoris aut urin aut mensium mulieris abominanda detestandaque est1 atque horum in primis stercus1 quod tamen scribit ,xenocrates1 si oris ac gutturis partibus inungatur et in ventrem devoretur1 quid prstare valeat4--,scripsit etiam de aurium sordis devorandis4 ,at ego ne has quidem morbo deinceps liber degerem4 ,atque his etiam magis abominandum puto stercus4 ,estque probrum gravius homini modesto audire stercorivorum quam fellatorum aut cindum40 ,he shows that it was used by some physicians in 8psoras10 and in 8lepras10 in the washing of ulcers1 affections of the ears and genitalia1 as an embrocation and a liniment for scald and scabby head1 and by rustics in the alleviation of the pains of sore feet4 7,galen1 lib4 xii4 p4 #bhe et seq47 ,galen instances the ordure of a boy1 dried1 mixed with ,attic honey1 given as a cure for consumption4 8,stercus pueri siccum cum melle ,attico ad lvorem tritum40 7,idem1 lib4 xii4 p4 #bid47 ,the boy was to be fed on vegetables and well-cooked bread1 leavened1 made with a little salt1 in a small oven 7,clibanus1 ,dutch oven874 ,the boy was also to be temperate in drink1 using only a small quantity of good wine4--7,idem1 lib4 xii4 p4 #bid47 ,wolf-dung was given in drink1 in the intervals between the paroxysms of colic2 the white excrement ejected after eating bones was regarded as the stronger1 and especially that which had not touched the ground1--a thing not difficult to find1 because he says the wolf has the same disposition as the dog2 that is1 to eject its urine and ordure upon rocks1 stones1 thorns1 and bushes1 whenever possible1 etc4--7,galen1 8,opera ,omnia10 ,kuhn's edition1 lib4 xii4 pp4 #bie-big47 ,goat-dung was useful in the reduction of inveterate hard tumors and boils4 ,galen used it with great success when made into a cataplasm with barley meal4 8,we also use it10 he adds1 8in dropsy0 78aquam inter cutem074 ,it was also employed in 8lepras10 8psoras10 and other skin affections4 ,it was applied as a plaster in tumors and other swellings and in abscesses of the ear2 also in bites of vipers and other wild beasts 78aliarum bestiarum074 ,it was drunk in wine as a cure for the yellow jaundice1 and applied as a suppository1 mixed with incense1 in uterine hemorrhages4 ,but ,galen thought that the internal employment at least of such disgusting curatives is of questionable expediency1 especially when more agreeable remedies may be available4 ,this objection would1 of course1 apply with special force in cities1 although he admits that travellers1 country people1 and those suffering from poison1 must use the first thing within reach 7vol4 xii4 p4 #bii74 ,bull-dung was regarded by ,galen as of value in the cure of the stings of bees and wasps 7see notes on the same subject taken in the ,state of ,new ,jersey74 ,in ,mysia1 a country near the ,hellespont1 physicians ordered it to be smeared on the skins of dropsical patients in the sun4 ,the same treatment was supposed to help consumptive patients1 if the dung was that of grass-fed stock2 but he repeats that such remedies are better adapted for rustics than for the inhabitants of cities 7lib4 xii4 p4 #cja74 ,sheep-dung was used for all kinds of warty and excrescential growths externally1 either raw or burnt1 and in the latter case was often mixed with1 or superseded by1 goat-dung 7lib4 xii4 p4 #cjb74 ,the dung of wild doves was preferred to the excrement of the domestic pigeon2 administered internally1 generally mixed with the seed of the nasturtium1 in all inveterate pains affecting sides1 shoulders1 skull1 loins1 kidneys1 in vertigo1 head-aches1 etc4 ,it was used just as frequently in cities as in rural communities 7lib4 xii4 p4 #cjb74 ,mouse-dung seems to have been extensively used in medical practice1 although ,galen ridicules the fact1 and does not mention the purposes of its employment 7lib4 xii4 p4 #cjg74 ,the dung of barn-yard fowl was used for the same purposes as dove-dung4 ,some people thought that the dung was more efficacious if dropped by a fowl that had been stuffed with mushrooms4 ,galen here takes occasion to remark that all animals must differ in the character of their excreta as they do in their food2 the same animal1 by a change of habitat1 and consequent change of food1 must cause a perceptible variation in the qualities of its excrement 7lib4 xii4 p4 #cjd74 ,galen flatly expresses his disbelief in the medicinal value of the excrement of the goose1 stork1 eagle1 or hawk1 although he admits that they were used internally by many practitioners of good standing1 in difficulties of the respiratory organs2 but he says these same authorities are wont to extol the merits1 in the treatment of the same diseases1 of such absurd remedies as night-owl's blood1 human urine1 etc4--7,galen1 lib4 #ab1 p4 #cje47 ,lucian1 in his treatise upon remedies for the cure of gout 78tragopodagra071 makes mention in several places of excrementitious remedies1--as1 for example1 8dung of mountain-goat and man10 8,and ,bones1 and ,skin1 and ,fat1 and ,blood1 and ,dung1 ,marrow1 ,milk1 ,urine1 to the fight are brought40 --7,edition of ,william ,tooke1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,london1 #ahbj1 vol4 i4 p4 #gda47 ,,sextus ,,placitus4 ,this author is supposed to have lived in the beginning of the fourth century after ,christ4 ,the edition of his work1 8,de ,medicamentis ex ,animalibus10 was printed in ,lyons1 in #aecg4 ,the pages are not numbered1 and the citations are consequently by chapter4 ,goat-urine was given as a drink to dropsical patients 78,de ,capro074 ,this urine was also drunk by women to relieve suppression of the menses4 ,for inflammation of the joints1 goat-dung was dried and applied as a fine powder2 for colic1 a fomentation of hot goat-dung was applied to the abdomen2 for serpent bites it was applied as a plaster1 and also drunk in some convenient liquor4 ,for tumors goat-dung was to be applied externally4 ,for ear troubles goat-urine was applied as a lotion4 8,ad aures nimus bene audientium1 ,apri lotium in nitro repositum tepefactum1 auribus instillatur audire facit0 78,de ,apro074 ,for burns1 whether by water or fire1 burnt cow-dung was to be sprinkled on4 8,ad combusturam sive ab aqua1 sive ab igne factam1 ,taurinus fimus combustus et aspersus sanat0 78,de ,tauro074 8,ad profluvium mulierum1 ,taurus ibicuncque pastus fuerit folia ulmi arboris de fimo ipsius facias siccari et terre in pollinem tenuissimum1 mitte ipsum in carbones in quodam testo1 et deponas in vaso et sedeat mulier qu patitur encatesma diligenter co-operta 7well covered up71 et sanabitur ut mireris0 78,de ,tauro074 ,testo means the 8lid of a pot20 encatesma means a 8sitting-bath20 and the sense seems to be that the woman was to take the dung of a bull which had been eating the leaves of an elm-tree1 dry1 reduce to fine powder1 throw on hot coals on the lid of a pot1 and let the woman sit on this1 well covered up1 and have a steam-bath4 ,for all kinds of tumors1 as well as for every kind of head-ache1 the dung of elephants was applied externally4 78,de ,elephantis407 ,he makes no mention of the use of asses' dung1 but strongly recommends the use of the excrement of the horse4 8,ad sanguinem e naribus profluentem1 equi stercus siccum et aspersum1 sanguinem fluentem retinet1 maxime naribus suffumigatum40 ,he also recommends the use of horse-dung externally in the treatment of ear-ache1 and for retention of the menses internally4 8,ad aurium dolorem1 stercus equi siccum et rosaceo succo liquefactum et collatum1 auribus instillatur aurium dolorem perfecte tollit4444 ,ad ventrem non fluentem1 nimiumque tumescentem1 ,equi stercus aqua liquefactum1 et percolatum1 postea bibitum1 mox faciet egressum40--78,de ,equo407 ,cat-dung was used in the eradication of dandruff and of scald in the head2 for excessive after-birth hemorrhages in the form of fumigation or bath4 ,for the relief of a person who had swallowed a bone or thorn1 his fauces were rubbed with cat-dung4 ,for the relief of the quartan ague1 hang cat-dung and cow horn or hoof to the patient's arm2 after the seventh attack the fever will leave him for good4--7,idem4 ,see under 8,witchcraft10 extract from ,etmuller1 p4 #bfg47 ,vulture-dung1 mixed with the white dung of dog1 cured dropsy and palsy1 especially if from a vulture which had lived on human flesh2 to be taken internally4--78,de ,vulture407 ,the urine of a virgin boy or girl was an invaluable application for affections of the eyes2 also for stings of bees1 wasps1 and other insects4 ,as a cure for elephantiasis1 the urine of boys was to be drunk freely4 8,ad elephantiam puerorum1 pueri lotium si puer biberit liberaliter40 ,the crust from human urine was useful in burns and in bites of mad dogs4 7,idem4 ,see notes on the ,parisian 8,mangeurs du blanc407 ,for cancers man's ordure was burnt and sprinkled over the sore places2 for tertian fevers1 it had to be that of the patient himself2 and to be held in the left hand while burning1 then placed in a rag1 and tied to his left arm before the hour of the recurrence of the fever4 8,ad tertianas1 ipsius gri stercus sinistra manu sublatum comburunt et in sinistro brachio ante horam accessionis suspendunt40--78,de ,puello et ,puella ,virgine407 ,hawk-dung1 boiled in oil1 made an excellent application for sore eyes4 78,de ,accipitro407 ,crow-dung was given to children to cure coughs1 and was placed in carious teeth to cure tooth-ache4--78,de ,corvi407 ,dove-dung was applied externally to tumors4--78,de ,columba407 8,,saxon ,,leechdoms40 ,in 8,saxon ,leechdoms10 is arranged the medical lore of the early centuries of the ,saxon occupancy and conquest of ,england4 8,alexander of ,tralles 7,a4,d4 #eej7 444 guarantees1 of his own experience and the approval of almost all the best doctors1 dung of a wolf with bits of bone in it0 for colic4--78,saxon ,leechdoms10 lib4 i4 c4 #ah47 8,bull's dung was good for dropsical men2 cow's dung for women0 7vol4 i4 c4 #ab1 quoting ,pliny1 lib4 xxviii4 c4 #fh74 ,swine-dung was applied to warts 7vol4 i4 p4 #aja74 8,for bite of any serpent1 melt goat's grease and her turd and wax1 and mingle together2 work it up1 so that a man may swallow it whole0 7vol4 i4 p4 #cee1 quoting ,sextus ,flacitus74 ,for dropsy1 8,let him drink buck's mie 444 best is the mie4444 ,for sore of ears1 apply goat's mie to the ear4444 ,against churnels1 mingle a goat's turd with honey 444 smear therewith40 8,for thigh pains10 8for sore joints10 8for cancer10 8against swellings10 8tugging of sinews10 8carbuncle10 8smear with goat's dung0 7vol4 i4 pp4 #cee1 #ceg74 8,for every sore 444 let one drink bull's urine in hot water2 soon it healeth4444 ,for a breach or fracture 444 lay bull's dung warm on the breach4444 ,for waters burning or fires1 burn bull's dung and shed thereon40 7,idem1 p4 #cfi47 ,the word 8shed0 as here employed means to urinate1 apparently4 8,for swerecothe or quinsy10 the ,saxons used an external application of the white 8thost0 or dung of a dog which had been gnawing a bone before defecation 7vol4 ii4 p4 #di74 8,against shoulder pains1 mingle a tord of an old swine40--7,idem1 p4 #fc47 8,if a sinew shrank 444 take a she-goat's tord0 7p4 #fi74 8,against swelling1 take goat's treadles sodden in sharp vinegar0 7p4 #gc74 ,for a leper1 boil in urine hornbeam1 elder1 and other barks and roots4--7,idem1 p4 #gi47 8,a wound salve for lung diseases10--of this the dung of goose was an important ingredient 7p4 #ic74 8,a salve for every wound4444 ,collect cow-dung1 cow-stale1 work up a large kettle full into a batter1 as a man worketh soap1 then take apple-tree rind0 and other rinds mentioned1 and make a lotion 7p4 #ii74 ,for felons1 leg diseases1 and erysipelas1 calf and bullock dungs were applied as a fomentation 7p4 #aja74 8,for a dew worm1 some take warm1 thin ordure of man1 they bind it on for the space of a night0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #abe74 8,against a burn1 work a salve2 take goate turd10 etc4--7,idem1 p4 #aca47 8,for a horse's leprosy 444 take piss1 heat it with stones1 wash the horse with the piss so hot40--7,idem1 p4 #aeg47 8,if there be mist before the eyes1 take a child's urine and virgin honey2 mingle together4444 ,smear the eyes therewith on the inside0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #cji74 8,for joint pain 444 take dove's dung and a goat's turd10 externally 7vol4 ii4 p4 #cbc74 8,for warts 444 take hound's mie and a mouse's blood10 externally4--7,idem1 p4 #cbc47 8,against cancer 444 take a man's dung1 dry it thoroughly1 rub to dust1 apply it4 ,if with this thou were not able to cure him1 thou mayst never do it by any means40--7,idem1 p4 #cbi47 8,si muliebra nimis fluunt 444 take a fresh horse's tord1 lay it on hot glades1 make it reek strongly between the thighs1 up under the raiment1 that the woman may sweat much40--7,idem1 pp4 #ccb1 #ccc47 8,a smearing for a penetrating worm0 was made with 8two buckets of bullock's mie10 among many other ingredients4--7,idem1 p4 #ccc47 8,if a thorn or a reed prick a man in the foot1 and will not be gone1 let him take a fresh goose tord and green yarrow 444 paste them on the wound40--7,idem1 p4 #ccg47 8,against a penetrating worm 444 smear with thy spittle 444 and bathe with hot cow-stale0 7vol4 iii4 p4 #aa74 8,against a warty eruption4444 ,warm and apply the sharn or dung of a calf or of an old ox40--7,idem1 p4 #de47 8,an asses tord was recommended to be applied to weak eyes40--7,idem1 p4 #ii47 ,,avicenna4 ,a careful examination of a ,latin edition of 8,averrhoes10 ,lyons1 #aecg1 discovered nothing in regard to the medicinal use of human or animal egest4 ,but1 on the contrary1 the works of ,avicenna teem with such references2 there is hardly a page of the index to his portly volumes that does not contain mention of stercoraceous remedies4 ,out of all this abundance these selections will show that the ,arabian physicians made of such medicaments the same free use as their older brethren of the subverted ,roman empire3 8,matricem mundant10 8,urina0 7vol4 i4 p4 #ccj1 a #ch72 8,sanguinem sistunt10 8,urina hominis cum cinere vitis0 7vol4 i4 p4 #dff1 a #bf72 8,scabei10 8,scabiei ulcerosa conferunt10 8,urina0 7vol4 i4 p4 #ccj1 a #h72 8,sciatica conferunt10 8,stercus vaccarum et ,caprarum cum adipe porci0 7vol4 i4 p4 #cij1 a #e72 for scrofula 8,stercus ,caprarum0 7vol4 i4 p4 #chh1 a #aa72 8,lentiginibus conferunt10 8stercus lupi0 7vol4 i4 p4 #chg1 b #ff72 8,erysipelati conferunt10 8fex urin hominis0 7vol4 i4 p4 #ccj1 a #aa72 while for the same disease1 as well as for 8excoriationi conferunt0 were prescribed 8stercus cameli et pecudis0 7vol4 i4 p4 #chh1 a #aa72 8,urin fex10 7idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #djh1 a #ci72 8,lapidi conferunt10 8,stercus muris cum thure0 7vol4 i4 p4 #cij1 b #b72 again 7vol4 i4 p4 #cfa1 a #fj72 8urina porci0 7vol4 i4 p4 #djh1 a #ff74 ,lizard-dung an ingredient in a collyrium 7vol4 ii4 p4 #cbb1 a #cd74 8,matricis dolores conferunt10 8urina hominis decocta cum porris0 7vol4 i4 p4 #djh1 b #a74 ,goat-dung 8,matrici fluxui conferunt10 8stercus caprarum siccum0 7vol4 i4 p4 #chh1 a #ae1 and vol4 i4 p4 #cij1 a #ej74 ,for epilepsy1 one of the remedies was 8stercus cameli0 7vol4 i4 p4 #cch1 a #f74 ,yellow jaundice1 8,icteritias conferunt10 8urina mulieris cum aqua mellis0 7vol4 i4 p4 #ccj1 a #ca72 for burns1 8,stercus caprarum et ovium cum aceto0 7vol4 i4 p4 #chi1 b #fb74 ,another remedy for burns was1 8,stercus columbarum cum melle et semine lini0 7vol4 i4 p4 #chi1 b #fe74 8,impetigine conferunt10 8urina0 7vol4 i4 p4 #ccj1 a #aj72 for ulcers1 8,stercus cameli et pecudis0 7vol4 i4 p4 #chh1 a #i72 also for the same1 8stercus canis ab ossibus cum mellis0 7vol4 i4 p4 #cij1 a #b72 also 8urina asini et hominis0 7vol4 i4 p4 #djh1 a #ca72 human urine again prescribed for ulcers1 in vol4 i4 p4 #bca1 #fdf4 8,stercoris muris decoctio0 alleviated difficulty in urination 7vol4 i4 p4 #cfa1 a #fc74 8,impetigine conferunt10 8stercus columbarum et turdorum0 7vol4 i4 p4 #cij1 a #a74 ,as a cure for the wounds of ,armenian arrows 7#i1 8,de sagittis ,armenis07 ,avicenna says3 8,jam parvenit ad me quod potus stercoris humani est theriaca ad illud0 7vol4 i4 p4 #cje1 a #e74 78,theriaca0 means literary a remedy for the bites of serpents and wild beasts1 but in the present case it is used to mean a panacea47 ,for poisonous bites1 8ad morsum viperarum et omnium venenosorum animalium0 8et iterum qu bon sunt0 78,medicin0 understood7 8est stercus caprinum commixtum in vino et detur in potu0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bbg1 b #cf72 8,urina hominis0 also prescribed for the same in the same paragraph4 ,the dung of goats1 mixed with pepper and cinnamon1 a provocative of the menses 7vol4 i4 p4 #cij1 a #di74 ,the dung of mice prescribed internally for the cure of running from the ears1 to aid in the expulsion of the after-birth1 calculus1 poison of venomous reptiles1 etc4 7vol4 i4 pp4 #cfa1 a #eh74 8,matrici fluxui conferunt10 8stercus caprarum siccum0 7vol4 i4 p4 #chh1 a #ae1 and vol4 i4 pp4 #cij1 a #ej74 8,spasma conferunt10 8,urina0 7vol4 i4 p4 #djh1 a #dj72 8,splenis duritiei conferunt10 8,stercus caprarum0 7vol4 i4 p4 #cj1 a #ej74 8,ano conferunt10 8,urina infantium lactentium0 7vol4 i4 p4 #djh1 a #ee74 8,stercus pecudis adustum cum aceto0 was prescribed for the bite of a mad dog 7vol4 i4 pp4 #chh1 a #ba72 8,urina cum nitro0 7idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #djh1 b #g72 8,canis stercus pro angin curatione0 7vol4 i4 p4 #faf1 a #ei74 ,,miscellaneous4 ,marco ,polo mentions that in the province of ,carazan 7,khorassan871 the common sort of people carried poison about their persons1 so that if taken prisoners by the ,tartars1 they might commit suicide2 but the ,tartars compelled them to swallow dog's dung as an antidote4--7,see ,marco ,polo1 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #adc47 8,in cases of sickness1 the ,eskimo of ,cumberland ,sound are not allowed to clean their chambers before sunrise40--78,the ,central ,eskimo10 ,boas1 p4 #eic47 ,the writings of the best medical authorities for the first two centuries after the discovery of the art of printing teem with copious dissertations upon the value of these medicaments in all diseases1 and as potent means of frustrating the maleficence of witches2 the best of these writings will be selected and arranged in chronological order4 8,a dram of a shepe's tyrdle1 ,and good ,saint ,francis gyrdle1 ,with the hamlet of a hyrdle1 ,are wholsom for the pyppe40 7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant40 vol4 iii4 p4 #caa1 art4 8,rural ,charms10 quoting ,bale1 8,interlude concerning the ,laws of ,nature1 ,moses1 and ,christ40 #dto4 #aefb47 8,an oyle drawne out of the excrements of ,chyldren0 and 8,an ,oyle drawne out of ,manne's ,ordure10 described as medicines in the 8,newe ,jewell of ,health10 by ,george ,baker1 ,chirurgeon1 ,london1 #aegf 7,black ,letter71 pp4 #aga1 #agb1 was prescribed for fistula and several other ailments4 8,water distilled from ,manne's ,ordure0 was given internally for the falling sickness1 dropsy1 etc4444 ,there was also an 8,oyle drawne out of the ,excrements of ,chyldren10 as well as one from 8,manne's ,ordure0 7see 8,doctor ,gesnerus1 faithfully ,englished10 p4 #gf74 ,in the same work we read of 8,water of ,doue's dung 444 which helpeth the stone0 when taken internally4--7,idem p4 #gg47 ,paracelsus seems to be entitled to more credit than is generally accorded him2 he was a chemist1 in the early stages of that science1 groping in the dark1 but he was not the mere quack so many are anxious to make him out to have been4 ,he condemns the old practice of medicine3--8,the olde ,physitians made very many medicines of most filthy things1 as of the filth of the eares1 sweat of the body1 of women's menstrues 7and that which it is horrible to be spoken71 of the ,dung of man and other beastes1 spittle1 urine1 flies1 mice1 the ashes of an owle's head1 etc4444 ,truly1 when ,i consider with myself the pride of these fooles which disdaine this metalline part of ,physicke 7which after their manner1 contumeliously they call ,chymerican1 and therefore can neither helpe their owne nor many other diseases71 ,i call to mind a storie 444 of ,herachio ,ephesio1 which being sick of a leprosie1 despising the help of ,physitians1 anoynting himself over with cow-dung1 set himselfe in the sun to drie1 and falling asleepe was torn to pieces by dogges40--7,paracelsus1 8,experiments10 translation of #aeif1 p4 #ei47 ,this last statement should be compared with the description of the suicides of the ,east ,indian fanatics1 given under 8,ordeals and ,punishments40 ,dr4 ,fletcher1 ,united ,states ,army1 states that in old medical practice in ,england1 from the time of ,queen ,elizabeth down to comparatively modern days1 consumptive patients were directed to inhale the fumes of ordure4 8,some physicians say that the smell of a jakes is good against the plague40--78,ajax10 p4 #gd47 ,urine was one of the ingredients from which ,paracelsus prepared his 8,crocus or ,tincture of ,metals40--7,see 8,archidoxes10 ,english translation1 ,london1 #affa1 p4 #ei47 ,further on he says1 8,the salt of man's urine hath an excellent quality to cleanse2 it is made thus10 etc4 7p4 #gd74 ,he also says3 8,man's dung1 or excrement1 hath very great virtues1 because it contains in it all the noble essences1 viz43 of the ,food and ,drink1 concerning which wonderful things might be written40--78,archidoxes10 lib4 v4 p4 #gd47 8,to distill ,oyle of a ,man's ,excrements1 444 ,take the ,doung of a young1 sanguine child1 or man1 as much as you will4444 ,this helpeth the ,canker and mollifieth fistulas2 comforteth those that are troubled with ,alopecea40--78,the ,secrets of ,physicke10 ,london1 #afcc1 p4 #ih47 8,for any manner of ,ache 444 a plaister of ,pigeon's dung0 7see 8,a ,rich ,storehouse or ,treasurie for the ,diseased10 ,ralph ,blower1 ,london1 #afaf1 black letter1 p4 #c72 also1 8,hen's ,dung0 7idem1 p4 #d72 to provoke urine1 a plaster of ,horse dung was applied to the patient 7p4 #be47 8,for spitting of blood 444 the dung of mice was drunk in wine0 7idem1 p4 #bi72 for sore breasts of women1 a plaster of ,goose dung 7p4 #cc72 8for ,burns and ,scalds 444 a ,plaster of ,sheepe's doung10 7p4 #ch72 also1 8the ,doung of ,geese0 7p4 #ci74 8,for deafe ears 444 the pisse of a pale ,goat0 was poured into them 7p4 #fg72 horse-dung was used as a face-lotion 7p4 #ajf72 for the bloody flux soak the feet in water in which 8,doue's ,doung has been seethed0 7p4 #aai74 ,for the gout1 8,stale pisse0 was an ingredient in a composition for external application 7p4 #aai74 ,for stitch in the side and back 8,pigeon's ,doung0 was used externally 7p4 #agb72 for sciatica1 8,oxe-,doung and ,pigeon's ,doung0 in equal parts1 were applied as a plaster 7p4 #agc74 ,cow-dung was used internally in hydrocele 78,the ,chyrurgeon's ,closet10 ,london1 #afcb1 p4 #ch72 the urine of boys was used as an application to ulcers in the legs 7idem1 p4 #bd72 again1 the urine of immaculate boys was employed for the cure of all inveterate ulcers 7p4 #bg72 goat-dung was applied externally for the cure of auricular abscesses and for ulcers 7pp4 #ce and #db72 cow-dung and dove-dung were used in the same manner 7idem p4 #db72 dove-dung was also used externally in the treatment of sciatica 7p4 #dh71 and for 8,shingles0 7idem p4 #ea74 ,goat-dung1 externally1 for tumors 7p4 #di72 goose-dung1 externally1 for canker in the breasts of women 7p4 #ej72 swallow-dung1 externally1 for angina2 chicken-dung for the same 7p4 #eh72 cow-dung1 externally1 for tumors in the feet 7p4 #ef72 cow and goat dung1 externally1 in dropsy 7p4 #bbb72 and many others throughout the volume4 ,in a black letter copy of 8,the ,englishman's ,treasure10 ,london1 #afda1 is given a cure for wounds1 in which it is directed 8,to wash the wounde very cleane with urine40--7,in ,toner ,collection1 ,library of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c47 ,to restrain excessive menstrual flow1 apply hot plasters of horse-dung1 between the navel and the privy parts4--7,see 8,the ,englishman's ,treasure10 by ,thomas ,vicary1 ,surgeon to ,king ,henry ,,viii41 ,queen ,mary1 and ,queen ,elizabeth2 ,london1 #afda1 p4 #ahd2 this little volume contains nothing else of value to this work47 ,horse-dung was used internally for pleurisy 78,secrets in ,physicke10 by the ,comtesse of ,kent1 ,london1 #afed1 pp4 #bf1 #bg72 goose-dung1 internally1 for yellow jaundice 7idem1 p4 #cg72 8,hound's ,turd10 externally1 8to cure the bleeding of a ,wound0 7idem1 p4 #df72 peacock's dung1 internally1 for the falling sickness or convulsions 7idem1 p4 #ef72 8,the patient's own water10 externally1 for pains in the breast 7p4 #fd72 pigeon's dung1 both internally and externally1 in child-birth pains 7p4 #fh72 goose-dung1 externally1 for burns 7p4 #if72 hen's dung1 externally1 for burns 7p4 #aeb72 and for sore eyes 7p4 #agd72 8stale urine10 externally1 for sore feet 7p4 #afc74 8,the stale of a cow and the furring of a chamber-pot0 to be given1 applied locally and externally1 for scald head 78,most excellent and most approved ,remedies10 ,london1 #afeb1 p4 #hj74 8,the ,urine of him that is sick10 externally1 for stitch in the side 7p4 #aae72 goose dung1 externally1 for canker in woman's breast 7p4 #abi72 8,urin of a ,man ,child 7he beeing not aboue #c years of age70 was a component in a salve for the king's evil 7p4 #acb74 ,for patients sick of the plague1 8,let them drink twice a day a draught of their own urin0 7p4 #adc74 8,a certain countryman at ,antwerp was an example of this1 who1 when he came into a shop of sweet smells1 he began to faint1 but one presently clapt some fresh smoking horse-dung under his nose and fetched him to again40--7,levinus ,lemnius1 8,the ,secret ,miracles of ,nature10 ,eng4 translation1 ,london1 #afeh1 p4 #ajg1 speaking of the effects of sweet and nasty smells upon different persons47 8,the urine of a ,lizard1 444 the dung of an elephant10 were in medical use1 according to ,montaigne 78,essays10 ,hazlitt's translation1 ,new ,york1 #ahei1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bc2 art4 8,on the ,resemblance of ,children to their ,parents074 ,also1 8the excrement of rats beaten to powder0 7idem74 ,the above remedies were for the stone4 ,doctor ,garrett mentions 8water of amber made by ,paracelsus out of cow-dung10 and gives the recipe for its distillation1 as well as for that of its near relative1 8water of dung10 the formula for which begins with the words1 8,take any kind of dung you please40#gc ,the work of ,daniel ,beckherius1 8,medicus ,microcosmus10 published in ,london1 in #affj1 is full of the value of excrementitious remedial agents4 ,urine alone was applied to eradicate lice from the human head2 but a secondary application of dove's dung was then plastered on 7p4 #fb74 ,urine was drunk as a remedy for epilepsy1 used as an eye-wash1 and various other ocular affections1 and dropped into the ears for various abscesses and for deafness 7pp4 #fc1 #fd74 ,a lotion of one's own urine was good for the palsy2 but where this had been occasioned by venery1 excessive drinking1 or mercury1 the urine of a boy was preferable 7p4 #fd74 ,a drink of one's own urine1 taken while fasting1 was commended in obstructions of the liver and spleen1 and in dropsy and yellow jaundice 7idem72 but some preferred the urine of a young boy 7p4 #fe74 ,for jaundice the remedy should be drunk every morning1 and the treatment continued for some time 7idem74 ,for retention of urine the remedy was to drink the urine of a young girl 7p4 #ff74 ,urine was drunk as a remedy for long-continued constipation 7idem72 for falling of the womb stale urine was applied as a fomentation 7idem72 for hysteria human ordure and stale urine were applied to the nostrils 7idem72 the urine of the patient was drunk as a cure for worms 7idem72 urine was used as a wash for chapped hands1 also for all cutaneous disorders 7idem72 also for 8ficus ani0 7p4 #fg74 ,for gout in the feet the patient should bathe them in his own urine1 also for travel sores1 as he would then be able to resume his journey next day 7idem74 ,one's own urine was drunk as a preservative from the plague4 ,beckherius says he knew of his own knowledge that it had been used with wonderful success between #afbj and #afcj for this purpose4 ,urine was recommended as a drink in lues veneris2 while a sufferer from cancer was bathed in his own urine and ,roman vitriol2 ulcers were likewise bathed with the patient's own urine 7p4 #fh74 ,urine was applied as a lotion to wounds1 bruises1 and contusions 7p4 #fi74 ,beckherius recites the case of a laborer who was buried under a falling mass of earth1 in #aebb1 but1 being protected by some obstruction1 nourished himself for seven days on his own urine4 ,besides being used alone in the above cases1 urine entered as an ingredient into medicines for old sores 7p4 #gb72 against the growth of 8wild hairs10 ocular affections1 throat troubles as gargle 7p4 #gc71 affections of the spleen 7p4 #gd74 ,the urine of a boy was to be employed in paralysis and in erysipelas 7idem72 the urine of a boy was also prescribed in suppression of the menses1 and the urine of a man in podagra 7#ge74 ,the urine of undefiled boys entered into the composition of aqua ophthalmica1 and was used externally in rheumatism of the legs 7p4 #gd74 ,the urine of boys was used as an ointment in some fevers2 also as a fomentation in tympanitis1 as a plaster in dropsy1 for gangrene and podagra1 in various clysters1 in the cure of calculi and cachexy 7pp4 #gh1 #gi72 in some of the plasters cow and dove dung also entered4 ,for the treatment of anasarca there was a 8spagyric preparation of urine40 ,to make the spirit of urine by distillation1 some took the urine of a healthy man1 some that of a wine-drinking boy of twelve years 7pp4 #ha1 #hb74 ,this spirit was administered in lung troubles1 in dropsy1 suppression of the menses1 all kinds of fevers1 retention of urine1 calculus1 etc4 7p4 #he72 also in eye troubles1 strangury1 diabetes1 podagra1 catarrh1 melancholia1 phrensy1 cardialgia1 syncope1 dysentery1 plague1 malignant fevers 7p4 #hf74 ,the 8spirit of urine0 was again distilled with vitriol to make an anti-podagric remedy 7#he74 ,salt of urine was made by distilling the urine of a boy and collecting the saline residuum2 it was administered in cardiac troubles and to aid in the expulsion of the dead ftus2 from it were made various empirical remedies1--moon salt1 the salt of ,jove1 salt of ,mercury1 spirit of ,orion1 mercurius microcosmicus1 which were used for all kinds of physical infirmities 7p4 #hg74 ,the quintessence of urine was distilled from the urine of a strong1 healthy1 chaste man of thirty years1 who had drunk heavily of wine for the occasion2 by another authority it is recommended that this happen while the sun and ,jupiter may be in 8,piscibus40 ,this was used in calculi of the kidneys and bladder and in all ulcerations of those parts2 externally1 as a lotion in gonorrha and external ulcers of the private parts1 for wounds and lesions of all sorts1 urinary troubles1 worms1 putrid fevers1 and as a preservative against the plague1 for hard tumors1 etc4 7p4 #ig74 ,an 8anti-epileptic spirit0 had the urine of boys as its main component 7p4 #ie72 there was an 8anti-epileptic extract of the moon0 7p4 #if72 an 8anti-podagric medicament0 of the same components almost4 ,a 8panacea solaris0 had for its principal ingredient the urine of a boy who had been drinking freely of wine 7p4 #ig74 ,,human ,,ordure4 ,beckherius cites a case where its use for three days cured a man of yellow jaundice2 dried1 powdered1 and drunk in wine1 it cured febrile paroxysms 7p4 #aab72 it was recommended to be that of a boy fed for some time on bread and beans4 ,to smell human ordure in the morning1 fasting1 protected from plague 7pp4 #aab1 #aac74 ,he also gives the mode of preparing 8zibethum10 or 8occidental sulphur0 7p4 #aaf74 ,as a cure for angina a mixture was prescribed containing the white dung of dogs2 also human ordure1 swallow-dung1 licorice1 and candy 7p4 #aac74 ,in cancer1 human ordure was applied as a plaster1 mixed with turpentine1 tobacco1 antimony1 powdered litharge1 powdered crabs1 etc4 7pp4 #aac1 #aad74 ,he also gives the formulas for preparing aqua and oleum ex stercore humano 7p4 #aad74 ,in other places the use of ordure and urine in medicine is mentioned as a matter of course4--7,see p4 #bgd2 also under the headings of 8,ass10 8,mouse10 8,horse10 etc42 again1 pp4 #aad1 #aib et seq47 ,beckherius gives a list of a number of preparations which to our more enlightened view of such things must appear trivial1 and need not be repeated here in detail1--such as one for 8extracting the vitriol of metals10 etc4 ,into the preparation of all these human urine entered4 ,potable gold was made with a menstruum of spirits of wine and human urine1 half and half 7pp4 #ajj-ajb72 there was an 8oil of sulphur0 prepared from human urine 7#ajc72 there was a 8precipitate of mercury and urine0 7idem72 there was finally a ludum urin1 the residuum after the distillation of the aqua or the spiritus respectively1 which was prescribed medicinally in the same way as these were 7pp4 #aji1 #aaj74 ,von ,helmont called the salt obtained by the distillation of human urine 8duelech40 7,see 8,oritrike1 or ,physicke ,refined10 ,john ,baptist von ,helmont1 ,english translation1 ,london1 #affb1 pp4 #hdg-hdi47 ,this was the name generally given by ,paracelsus to the stone in the bladder4 ,von ,helmont instances a cure of tympanitis or dropsy by a belly-plaster of hot cow-dung1 and adds1 8,neither1 therefore1 doth ,paracelsus vainly commend dungs1 seeing that they are the salts of putrefied meats0 7p4 #ebj74 ,petrus 7,henricus7 ,nosolog4 ,harmon4 lib4 i4 dissertat4 #ac1 p4 #beb1 et ,joh4 ,schderas1 pharmacop4 med4 chym4 lib4 v4 p4 #hbi1 8stercus siccatum tritum et cum melle illitum ad anguinam curandam magni usus esse dicunt40--78,bib4 ,scatalogica10 p4 #hd47 ,the ponderous tomes of ,michael ,etmuller contain all that was known or believed in on this subject at the time of their publication1 ,a4,d4 #afij4 ,he gives reasons for the employment of each excrement1 solid or liquid1 human or animal1 which need not be detailed at this moment4 ,human urine4 8,urina calif4 exsiccat1 resolvit1 abstergit1 discutit1 mundificat1 putredini resistit1 ideoque usus est prcipue intrinsecus in obstructione epatis1 lienis1 vesic1 biliar1 pestis preservatione1 hydrope1 ictero4444 ,exstrinsecus siccat scabiem1 resolvit tumores1 mundificat vulnera etiam venenata1 arcet gangrnam1 solvit alvum 7in clysmata7 abstergit furfures capitis4444 compescit febriles insullus 7pulsui applicata7 exulceratas aures sanat 7instillata pueri urina7 oculorum tubedine subvenit 7instillata7 artuum tremorem tollit 7lotione7 uvul tumorem discutit 7gargas71 lienis dolores sedat 7cum cinere cataplasmata740 ,from the urine of a wine-drinking boy1 8urina pueri 7ann4 #ab7 vinum bibentis10 distilled over human ordure1 was made 8spiritus urin0 of great value in the expulsion of calculi1 although it stunk abominably1 8sed valde ftet40 ,this was employed in the treatment of gout1 asthma1 calculi1 and diseases of the bladder4 7,etmuller1 8,schroderi ,diluc410 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfe47 ,there are several other methods given of obtaining this 8spiritus urin per distillationem40 ,then there was a 8spiritus urin per putrefactionem40 ,to make this1 the urine of a boy twelve years old1 who had been drinking wine1 was placed in a receptacle1 surrounded by horse-dung for forty days1 allowed to putrefy1 then decanted upon human ordure1 and distilled in an alembic1 etc4 ,there were other methods for making this also1 but this one will suffice4 ,the resulting fluid was looked upon as a great 8anodyne0 for all sorts of pains1 and given both internally and externally1 as well as in scurvy1 hypochondria1 cachexy1 yellow and black jaundice1 calculi of the kidneys and bladder1 epilepsy1 and mania4 8,potable gold0 was made from this spirit4 8,idem spiritus optime purificatus 7scil4 aliquoties7 in aqua pluvia solvendo et distillando cumque spiritus vini analytice unitus solvit aurum1 unde aurum potabile0 7vol ii4 p4 #bff74 ,a urine bath was good for gout in the feet4 ,a drink of one's own urine was highly praised as a preservative from the plague4 8,urin3 ,potus urin propri laudatur in preservanda et curanda peste40 ,such a draught was also used by women in labor4 8,urin hausta a mulieribus parturientibus partum facilitat40 ,clysters of urine were administered in tympanites1 or dropsy of the belly4 ,urine was applied in ulcerations of the ears4 ,saltpetre was formerly made from earth1 lime1 etc41 saturated with human urine1 ordure1 etc4 ,the 8spiritus urin0 obtained by the distillation of urine1 removed obstructions from the bladder1 meatus1 etc41 expelled calculi1 and was a diaphoretic and an anti-scorbutic2 it was likewise used in the cure of hypochondria1 cachexy1 chlorosis1 etc41 taken internally4 ,from the distillation of vitriol and urine an anti-epileptic medicine was obtained4--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bga47 ,from the above-mentioned 8spiritus urin per distillationem0 was prepared 8magisterium urin seu microcosmi10 useful in cases of atrophy2 it also prevented the pains of the stone1 if taken monthly before the new moon4--7,etmuller1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bff47 ,human ordure4 8,stercus 7carbon humanum ,paracelsi1 aliis sulph4 occiden47 emollit1 maturat1 anodynum est4 ,ea propter magni usus ad mitigandum dolores incantatione introductos 7impositum7 ad anthraces pestilentiales maturandos1 ad phlegmonem1 v4 g4 gutturis seu anginam curandam 7siccatum1 tritum et cum melle illitum7 ad inflammationem vulnerum arcendam4 ,quin et intrinsecus a nonnullis adhibetur in angina 7crematum et potui datum71 in febribus ad paroxysmos profligandos 7eodem modo propinatum dos4 #cb71 in epilepsia1 quam stercus primum infantuli siccatum et pulverisatum1 et ad complures dies exhibitum1 radicitus evellere aiunt0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bff74 ,he alludes to the 8aqua0 and the 8oleum0 8ex stercore distillatum10 both used in ophthalmic diseases1 as cosmetics to restore color to the face1 to restore and produce hair1 to cure tumors and fistulas1 and remove cicatrices1 and for the cure of epilepsy4 8,interne prodesse aiunt comitialibus et hydropicis1 lapidemque renum et vesic pellere1 morsibusque canis rabidi1 venenatorumque animalium subvenire40 ,the 8oleum ex stercore0 had to be prepared from the ordure of a young man1 not a boy1 8juvenis1 non pueri0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bff74 ,etmuller tells the same story we have already had from so many other sources1 in regard to the medicinal properties ascribed to human ordure4 ,it was looked upon as a valuable remedy1 applied as a poultice for all inflammations and suppurations1 carbuncles and pest buboes1 administered for the cure of bites of serpents1 and all venomous animals4 ,it should be taken raw1 dried1 or in drink4 ,it was the only specific against the bites of the serpents of ,india1 especially the 8napellus10 whose bite kills in four hours unless the patient adopts this method of cure4 ,it was considered a specific against the plague1 and of great use in effecting 8magico-magnetic0 or 8sympathetic or transplantation0 cures4 ,it was also in high repute for baffling the efforts of witches4 8,water distilled from ordure was good for sore eyes1 especially if the man whose ordure was used had been fed only on bread and wine4 ,this was administered internally for dropsy1 calculus1 epilepsy1 bites of mad dogs1 carbuncles1 etc40 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bgb74 8,zibetta occidentalis nihil est aliud quam stercus mediante digestione ad suavolentiam redactum1 qua ,zibettam mentitur2 vid4 ,agricola10 vol4 ii4 p4 #bff4 ,of the value of this 8zibethum0 ,etmuller quotes from an older authority3 8,rosencranzerus in ,astron4 inferior 7p4 #bcb71 dicit quod zibethum humanum 444 si illinatur parti genitali mulieris fmina attrahat ftum et precaveatur abortus0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bgb74 ,human ordure1 containing as it does 8an anodyne sulphur1 444 destructive of acids10 was supposed to be beneficial in burns1 inflammations1 and as a plaster for the dispersal of plague buboes4444 8,in insulis ,botiis dictis1 gens quoddam serpentis repiriri1 cujus morsum mors sequatur1 nisi stercus proprium demorsi mox assumatur4 ,tandem aqua stercoris humani cosmetica1 ab aliis ophthalmatica censetur sic ut et ejusdem oleum contra cancrum mammarum specifice commendatur0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #aga74 8,in stercoribus animalium magna latet vis medica1 ratione scilicet salis volatilis2 in specie stercus porcinum omnes hmorrhagias ad miraculum sistit1 sive in forma pulveris ad i41 sive in forma electuarii adhibens2 annus est quo rustica qudam post abortum insigne patiebatur mensium profluvium cui cum meo suasu maritus inscie propinasset stercus suillum1 fluxus cessavit et mulier pristin reddita sanitati4 ,stercus equinum summum est remedium in passione hysterica1 et doloribus colicis1 si succus expressus cum cerevisia vel vino propinetur2 sic quoque conducit in variolis et morbilis infantum1 propinatus cum cerevisia calida1 qui optime per sudorem expellit ut taceam de effectu quem prstat in pleuritide laudando4 8,ut ita licet volatilia in uno puncto convenire videantur1 diversis tamen1 ratione divers et specific cujuslibet craseus medeantur morbos40 7vol4 ii4 sect4 #c1 8,pyrotechnia ,rationalis10--8de ,animalibus10 ,etmuller1 8,opera ,omnia10 xx47 8,animalium omnium participant de natura salis ammoniaci constant quippe 7are certainly known7 ex acido et alcali oleoso volatili indeque1 aur beneficio alterantur in nitro1 prsertim avium excrementa quicquid igitur prstant1 operantur ex vi salis ammoniacali0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #aga74 ,the use of animal dungs was noted1 but not unqualifiedly commended by ,etmuller1 in the following cases3 dog-dung1 mixed with honey1 for inflammation of the throat2 wolf-dung1 in form of powder1 as an anti-colic4 ,dog-dung 7album ,grcum officinalis7 was regarded as useful in dysentery1 epilepsy1 colic2 was applied externally in angina1 malignant ulcers1 hard tumors1 warty growths1 etc4 ,especial value was attached to such dung gathered in the month of ,july1 from a bone-fed dog1 because it was whiter1 purer1 and less fetid4 ,dog-urine was employed as a lotion for warty growths1 ulcers on the head1 etc4 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bec74 8,dicitur in officinis semper album ,grcum1 nunquam stercus40 ,the dog 8debite nutriatur cum ossibus solis1 cum nullo vel pauco potu0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bed74 ,goat-dung was used in hard tumors of the spleen and other parts of the body2 in buboes1 ear-abscesses1 inveterate ulcers1 dropsy1 scabby head1 lichen1 etc4 7p4 #bed74 ,in all these its use was external1 but for other troubles of the spleen1 yellow jaundice1 retention of the menses1 and similar ailments1 it was given internally4 ,goat-urine was given internally in removal of calculi1 urinary troubles1 and 7after distillation7 for dropsy4 ,the egest of the wild goat were used for almost identically the same disorders 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bed74 ,the juice of horse-dung was used by the ,english in colic1 pleurisy1 and hysteria4--7,etmuller1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bed47 ,pig-dung1 dried1 snuffed up into the nostrils1 cured nasal hemorrhages4 ,compare this with the use made of the dried excrement of the ,grand ,lama as a sternutatory and general curative4 ,hyena-dung was used in medicine1 but the diseases are not mentioned4 ,sparrow-dung and mouse-dung1 if made into pills1 and taken to the number of nine1 would bring on the menses of women4 ,cow-dung was recommended as a fomentation in gout4 ,the use of cow-dung1 internally1 was highly commended for expelling calculi and for the cure of retention of urine1 on account of the 8volatile nitrous salts which ascended in the alembic1 and which had a good effect upon the kidneys40 ,the common people drank the juice expressed from this dung in all cases of colic and pleurisy1 for which they found it a beneficial medicine4 8,ulterius valde convenit ad pellendum calculum et ciendam urinam propter sal4 vol4 nitrosum qui ascendit per alembicam unde ad nephritidem et ciendam urinam valde commendatur a poterio4444 ,plebii in colico dolore succum ex stercore propinant1 quod verum est1 non solum in colico sed etiam in pleuritide prsentaneum remedium0 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #bdi1 #bej74 ,the juice of young geese1 gathered in the month of ,march1 was used in jaundice and cachexy4444 ,hen-dung was sometimes employed as a substitute for goose-dung4 ,peacock-dung was employed in all cases of vertigo4444 ,swallow-dung was used in cases of angina and inflammation of the tonsils 7vol4 ii4 p4 #aga74 ,hawk-dung was used for sore eyes4 ,duck-dung 8fimus morsui venenatorum animalium imponitur0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bhf74 ,goat-dung1 drunk in cases of hemorrhage4444 ,goat-urine considered a specific for the expulsion of calculi of the bladder4 ,asses' urine drunk for diseases of the kidneys1 atrophy1 paralysis1 consumption1 etc4 ,asses' dung taken internally in form of powder or potion1 and applied also externally in all cases of hemorrhage1 excessive uterine flow1 and troubles of that nature 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bdg74 ,it was thought by some to be best when gathered in the month of ,may2 others thought that dog-dung should be substituted4 ,cow-urine was a beneficial application to sore eyes4 ,cow-dung was used in all cases of burns1 inflammations1 rheumatism1 etc41 8apum ac vesparum morsibus40 7,we have already seen that it has been used for bee stings in the ,state of ,new ,jersey47 8,suffitu reprimit uterum prolapsum40 ,finally1 it was used as a plaster in dropsy4--7,etmuller1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bdh47 ,dove-dung was applied generally in cataplasms and rubefacient plasters for the cure of rheumatism1 headache1 vertigo1 colic pains1 apoplexy2 also in boils1 scorbutic swellings1 etc41 and drunk as a cure for dropsy4--7,etmuller1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhg47 ,quail-dung1 8fimum in vino potum1 dysenteriam sanare tradit ,kynarides0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bhh74 ,fresh calf-dung was rubbed on the skin for the cure of erysipelas4 ,fox-dung was applied externally for the cure of all cutaneous disorders 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #bhc-bhe74 ,kid-dung 7,capreolus or ,chevreuil7 was drunk as a cure for yellow jaundice 7vol4 ii4 p4 #beg74 ,cat-dung was applied as a poultice to scab in the head and to gout in the feet 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bei74 ,horse-dung1 fresh or burnt to ashes1 was applied externally as a styptic1 used as a fumigation to aid in the expulsion of the ftus and after-birth2 also drunk as a potion for colic pains1 strangulation of the uterus1 expulsion of the ftus and after-birth1 and for pleurisy4 8,stercus equinum est medicina magni et multi usus4444 ,interne succus ex stercore recenti expressus40 ,for the certain cure of pleurisy1 it should be the dung of a young stallion1 especially if oat-fed4 8,in ,angina certe stercus equinum non cedit stercori hirundinum 444 et canis0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bfc74 ,lion-dung1 taken internally1 was an anti-epileptic4 ,hare-dung was administered internally in calculus and dysentery1 and externally for burns4 ,hare-urine was applied in ear troubles4 ,wolf-dung was found efficacious1 taken internally1 in colic4 ,musk was frequently given1 mixed with zibethum1 as a carminative2 also as a nervine and a cardiac4 ,mouse-dung found its advocates as a remedy1 given internally1 in the constipation of children1 calculi1 used in enemata4 ,the internal administration of rat-dung removed catamenial obstructions4 ,mouse-dung was styled 8album nigrum20 dog-dung1 8album ,grcum40 ,sheep-dung was administered internally in yellow jaundice2 8maximi usus in aurigine1 sumptum cum petroselino0 7rock-parsley71--while1 externally1 it was applied to hard tumors1 swellings1 boils1 burns1 etc4 ,the urine of red or black sheep was given internally in dropsy4 8,urina 7nigr vel rubr ovis7 sumpta1 aquam inter cutem abigit40 ,the dose was from five to six ounces4 ,hog-dung1 externally1 in cutaneous disorders1 bites of venomous animals1 nasal hemorrhage1--for the cure of this last even the odor was sufficient2 8sufficit etiam odor40 ,michaelus ,etmuller1 8,opera ,omnia10 8,schroderi dilucidati ,zologia10 ,lyons1 #afij1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bfc-bgi1 inclusive4 ,quail-dung was administered for epilepsy when the bird had been fed on hellebore4--7,etmuller1 8,opera ,omnia10 8,schrod4 ,diluc4 ,zol40 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhh47 ,cuckoo-dung1 taken in drink1 cured the bites of mad dogs4--7,idem47 ,white hen-dung was preferred for medicinal purposes4 ,it was employed for the same ailments as dove-dung1 but was not believed to be so efficacious4 ,it was especially valuable in colic and uterine pains1 in yellow jaundice1 calculus1 abscesses in the side1 suppression of urine1 etc4 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bhi74 ,there was another cure for the bites of mad dogs1--the dung of the swallow taken internally4 ,it was also considered to be a cure for colic pains and kidney troubles1 and was made into a suppository in cases of irritation of the rectum 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bij74 ,kite-dung was sometimes applied externally in pains of the joints 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bia74 ,as a purgative1 starling dung is enumerated in this strange list of filthy medicaments 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bib74 ,the egest of wild oxen was used for the same therapeutical purposes as the excrement of the domesticated bovines 7vol4 ii4 p4 #beb74 ,peacock-dung4 8,stercus proprietate vertiginem et epilepsiam sanat 7in dies multos exhibitum740 ,it should be administered in wine1 and the treatment was to be persisted in from the new until the full moon1 or longer4 8,continuando a novilunio usque ad plenilunium1 aut amplius4444 ,in epilepsiam est specificum magno usu expertum40 ,it was likewise considered of great value in the cure of vertigo1 but the dung of the cock should be given to men2 that of the hen1 to women4 ,etmuller1 however1 did not think this distinction to be necessary 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #bib1 #bic74 ,the dung of geese1 old or young1 was employed in the treatment of yellow jaundice1 for which it was believed to be a specific4 ,the dose was one scruple4 ,the geese should have been fed on 8herba chelidonii40 ,next to the yellow jaundice1 it was of special value in scurvy1 taken either in the form of a powder or a decoction4 ,for the cure of dropsy it was the main ingredient in several of the remedies prescribed4 ,it was also the principal component in the manufacture of 8aqua ophthalmica ,imperatoris ,maximiliani10 to prepare which1 the dung of young geese was gathered in the months of ,april and ,may 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bhg74 ,stork-dung1 stercus ciconi4 ,believed to be potential in epilepsy and diseases of the same type4 8,stercus1 si ex aqua hauritur1 comitialibus aliisque morbis capitis prodesse credunt40--7,etmuller1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhg47 ,the laxative properties of mouse-dung were extolled by ,dr4 ,jacob ,augustine ,hunerwolf1 in 8,ephemeridum ,physico-,medicarum10 ,leipzig1 #afid1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahi4 ,rosinus ,lentilius relates that there was a certain old hypochondriac1 of fifty or more1 who1 in order to ease himself of an obstinate constipation1 for more than a month drank copious draughts of his own urine1 fresh and hot1 but with the worst results1 8,per mensem circiter urinam suam statim a mictu calentem ipsa matuta hauriret40--7,in 8,ephem4 ,physico-,medicarum10 ,leipzig1 #afid1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afi47 ,on the page just cited and those immediately following1 can be found some ten or twelve pages of fine print1 quarto1 elucidative of the uses of the human excreta1 medicinally1 and as a matter of morbid appetite4 ,to the ,ephemeridum1 ,dr4 ,lentilius also contributed a careful rsum of all that was at that time known of the medicinal or other form of the internal employment of the human excreta2 he premised his remarks by saying that while some persons sent to foreign countries and ransacked their woods and forests for medicines1 there were others who sought their remedies nearer home1 and did not disdain the employment of the vilest excrements4 8,i am not speaking now10 he remarks1 8of the excrements of animals1 but of human ordure and human urine4 ,we know10 he continues1 8that horse-dung is used for the cure of colic1 pig-dung for checking internal hemorrhages1 dog-dung or album ,grcum for angina1 goose-dung for yellow jaundice1 peacock-dung for vertigo1 and goat-dung1 in ,courland beer1 for malignant fevers40 ,the ,mexicans used human ordure as an antidote against serpent bites in two-scruple doses1 drunk in some convenient liquor3 8,de homerda contra venenatos ,mexicano--serpentis ictus--ad ii4 in convenienti liquore hausta0 7p4 #agj74 ,the same mixture was drunk by the ,japanese1 as a remedy against the wounds made by poisoned weapons3 8,de eadem mixtura sed e stercore proprio confusa contra telorum venena ,japonensibus pota40 ,observe that in this last case the ordure had to be that of the wounded man himself4 ,etmuller recommends its use in expelling from the system the virus of 8napelli0 whatever that may have been4 ,to cure the plague1 the patient was to consume a quantity equal in size to a filbert4 ,to frustrate the effects of incantation and witchcraft1 it had to be drunk in oil4 ,used in the same manner1 it was supposed to be of use in expelling worms3 8,de eadem mixtura1 sed a stercore proprio10 etc41 as already quoted4 8,de stercore humano1 seu recente seu arido1 adsunto ad expugnandum napelli virus1 etiam a nostratibus commendato1 de quo vid4 ,etmuller1 etc4444 ,in peste fuganda mane ad avellanas quantitatem devorando1 444 ad morbos e fascino ex aceto propinato 444 ad expellendos vermes eodem modo usurpato40 ,he alludes also to 8,oletum0 and the medicines made with it1 as an ingredient2 but says he will leave 8,zibethum0 and 8,occidental ,sulphur0 to ,paracelsus and the members of his school4 ,he quotes ,galen as recommending the drinking of the urine of a stout1 healthy boy1 as a preventive of the plague4 8,urina pueri sani bibita 444 preservans a peste10 quoting ,galen1 lib4 x4 8,de ,simp4 ,med4 ,fac40 ,a draught of her husband's urine was of great assistance to a woman in uterine troubles3 8,sic1 in urin maritalis haustum concelebrant alii40 ,the urine of a chaste boy was much commended by many writers for internal use in dropsy1 splenic inflammation1 etc4 8,sic urinam impolluti pueri quotidie potum1 esse medicamentum laudabile et prsentaneum1 ad lienis morbos et hydropem40 ,it would be useless to quote further in the words of the original4 ,lentilius goes on to say that a potion of one's own urine was extolled in the treatment of the bites of snakes1 wounds by deadly weapons1 incipient dropsy and consumption4 ,to drink one's own urine for the space of three days was a sure cure for the yellow jaundice1 also in preserving from the plague4 ,but ,von ,helmont was of the opinion that in this last case its virtues were derived from the fact that it was a stimulant and served to keep up the spirits4 ,by ,etmuller1 its use was strongly recommended in the treatment of the yellow jaundice1 etc4 7citing ,etmuller74 ,it was likewise highly extolled by ,avicenna4 ,we are next treated to a feast of big words1 in which we learn that on account of its 8nitrosity0 and 8volatility10 it was regarded as a 8detersive10 and 8penetrative10 while1 on account of the alkali it contained1 it was a neutralizer of the 8fermenting acids10 and therefore applicable in cardialgia1 anorexia1 gout1 toothache1 colic1 yellow jaundice1 and intermittent fevers1 either the urine 8of the patient himself or that of a wine-drinking boy40 ,boyle1 the eminent philosopher1 is quoted as saying that1 in his opinion1 the virtues of human urine1 as a medicine1 internally and externally1 would require a volume by themselves4 ,boyle is also credited with having published a tract on this subject1 in ,leipzig1 #afib1 over the signature 8,b40 ,lentilius devotes a number of pages of close1 logical reasoning to demonstrate the fallacy of supposing that human excreta can be of any possible utility in therapeutics4 ,according to his opinion1 ,nature voided them from the body because the body had no further use for them2 therefore1 their re-absorption could scarcely be other than deleterious2 this was all the more true in disease1 because the patient being in a morbid state1 that which he ejected could by no process of correct reasoning be regarded as healthy4 ,this argument1 although of great interest and value1 is very long and pertains rather to the history of medicine proper than to this essay4 ,lentilius concludes by saying that no more cruel threat could be made than that of ,sennacherib against the ,jews that he would make them eat their own excrement and drink the water which bathed his feet3 8,quam futurum esse1 ut quisquis sua stercora voraturus1 et aquam pedum suorum bibiturus sit40 ,esa4 #cf1 ver4 #ab4 8,v miseris grotis1 quo rumores ad urin potum rediit40--7,in 8,ephem4 ,phys4 ,medic40 ,leipzig1 #afid1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #afi to #agf1 inclusive2 the pages are quarto1 the number of words to the page about #cge47 ,lentilius has either stolen bodily from ,paullini1 or anticipated him2 he has all of ,paullini's facts1 but seems1 in addition1 to have been much of a philosopher1 which ,paullini was not4 ,christian ,franz ,paullini's 8,filth ,pharmacy10 ,frankfort1 #afif1 is better known than any other of the works cited1 being in ,german1 of small size1 and confining itself almost exclusively to a recapitulation of diseases1 with the appropriate excrementitious curative opposite each4 ,six different editions are contained in the ,library of the ,u4 ,s4 ,army ,medical ,museum1 in ,washington2 of these1 that of ,frankfort1 #afif 7#bfh pages1 duodecimo71 was selected1 and the work of translation entrusted to ,messrs4 ,smith and ,pratz2 being perfectly familiar with ,english and ,german1 their interpretation1 made slowly and carefully1 may be relied on as minutely correct4 ,paullini has done nothing beyond collecting his ample list of cases in which the human and animal excreta were employed in the treatment of diseases2 he has in no instance ventured upon an explanation of the reason for such use1 such as ,etmuller supplied4 ,he treats of the employment of human ordure and urine1 and animal excreta1 in the following diseases3 headache1 insomnia1 vertigo1 dementia1 melancholia1 mania1 gout1 convulsions1 palsy1 epilepsy1 sore eyes1 cataract1 ophthalmia1 ear troubles1 bleeding of the nose1 nasal polypi1 carious teeth1 dropsy of the head1 wens1 asthmatic troubles1 coughs1 spitting of blood1 consumption1 pleurisy1 fainting spells1 diseases of the mammary glands1 tumors1 colic1 abnormal appetite1 worms1 hernia1 sciatica1 ulceration of the bowels1 constipation1 diarrha1 dysentery1 obstructions of the liver1 dropsy1 jaundice1 kidney troubles1 gravel1 stone1 retention of urine1 excessive flow of urine1 impaired virility1 swelling of the testicles1 uterine displacements1 menstrual troubles1 sterility1 accidents to pregnant women1 miscarriages1 difficult labor1 pains after childbirth1 gout of feet1 rheumatism1 fevers of all kinds1 poisons1 plague1 syphilitic and venereal diseases1 abscesses1 sprains1 contusions1 bruises1 wounds1 ring-worm1 felons1 itch1 freckles1 as a cosmetic1 for rash1 tetter1 loss of hair1 lice1 gangrene1 colds1 warts1 fissure of the rectum1 fistulas1 corns1 bunions1 love-potions1 and to baffle witchcraft4 ,for headache1 pigeon-dung was used internally1 and the dung of a red cow and of the peacock1 externally4 ,insomnia1 donkey-dung1 internally2 gout and pigeon dung1 externally4 ,human urine was also used for the same purpose 7pp4 #bh1 #bi74 ,vertigo4 ,pigeon1 peacock1 and squirrel dung1 all used internally4 ,dementia4 ,donkey-dung1 externally4 ,melancholia4 ,calf or ox dung1 internally2 owl-dung1 externally4 ,mania4 ,human ordure1 internally2 boy's urine1 internally1 and also owl's and chicken's dung1 internally4 ,gout4 ,boy's urine1 externally1 and owl's1 jenny's1 horse's1 cow's1 deer's1 and sow's dung1 externally4 ,convulsions4 ,peacock and horse dung1 externally4 ,palsy4 ,let the patient wash with his own urine or that of a young boy 7pp4 #bh1 #bi72 administer peacock's or horse's dung internally4 ,for the cure of the dread disease1 epilepsy1 human ordure and the urine of boys were administered internally1 and there were likewise internal applications of the dung of horses1 peacocks1 mice1 dogs1 black cows1 lions1 storks1 and wild hogs2 no external applications are noted for this disease 7pp4 #bh1 #bi1 #db1 #dc74 ,another remedy for epilepsy was to take the excrements of a fine1 healthy youth1 dry them1 and extract the oil by means of heat2 rectify this oil and take inwardly 7pp4 #db1 #dc74 ,for inflamed and running eyes make a collyrium of the warm urine of young boys1 mingled with other ingredients4 ,make an external application of boys' urine1 or of the dung of swallows1 pigeons1 cows1 goats1 prairie hens1 horses1 lizards1 doves4 ,there was no internal administration of any of the above suggested4 ,for ophthalmic troubles1 the same treatment as the above4 ,cataract4 ,make an external application of human ordure1 of boy's urine1 or of the dung of wolves1 green lizards1 or geese4 ,earache or ringing in the ear1 or abscesses4 ,apply the urine of young boys mixed with honey1 or apply fresh human urine4 ,other ear troubles4 ,external application of boy's urine or of the patient's own urine2 external application of the dung of the white goat1 or pigeon's1 cat's1 deer's1 rabbit's1 jenny's1 wild hog's or wolf's dung4 ,bleeding at the nose4 ,external application of dog's urine1 of horse urine1 or of the dung of calf1 donkey1 hog1 cow1 horse1 camel1 or rabbit4 ,nasal polypi4 ,dung of dog or donkey1 externally4 ,toothache or carious teeth4 ,one's own ordure1 or the dung of wolf1 dog1 raven1 mouse1 or horse1 in all cases externally 7pp4 #eb1 #ec74 ,toothache4 ,apply a poultice of human excrement1 mixed with camomile-flowers1 to the cheek4 ,dropsy of the head4 ,take boy's urine internally4 ,croup and throat troubles generally4 ,boy's urine1 both internally and externally2 a gargle and a potion of one's own urine2 and both internal and external applications of the white dung of dogs1 gathered in ,july2 or the dung of geese1 pigeons1 eagles1 goats1 owls1 hens1 or wolves4 ,asthmatic troubles4 ,salts of urine or pigeon's dung1 externally4 ,coughs4 ,the dung of dogs1 internally1 or the dung of geese2 the dung of ravens1 deer1 or sparrows1 externally4 ,spitting of blood4 ,the excreta of wild sows1 doves1 sheep1 cows1 horses1 mice1 dogs1 or peacocks1 internally4 ,consumption4 ,the patient's ordure1 internally2 his own or a boy's urine1 or mice-dung1 internally 7pp4 #gd1 #ge74 ,another remedy for consumption was to let the patient drink a mixture of his own urine beaten up with fresh egg2 repeat for several successive mornings2 also1 let him eat his own excrement 7pp4 #gd1 #gf74 ,for pleurisy1 we read that there was an external application of the patient's own urine1 or that the dung of donkeys1 horses1 stallions1 mares1 hens1 pigeons1 and dogs was given internally4 ,fainting-spells4 ,human ordure1 externally2 one's own urine1 internally2 cow-urine or the dung of horses1 sheep1 or birds1 externally4 ,diseases of the mammary glands4 ,the dung of cows or mice1 internally1 and also an external application of that of oxen1 goats1 hogs1 dogs1 cows1 or pigeons4 ,cancer of the breast4 ,the patient's own ordure internally1 with external applications of the dung of geese1 cows1 goats1 or rabbits4 ,wens4 ,external applications of the dung of cows1 rats1 mice1 goats1 sheep1 geese1 pigeons1 or jennies4 ,colic4 ,human ordure1 internally2 8,eau de ,millefleurs10 internally 7we know that 8,eau de ,millefleurs0 was itself a composition of cow-dung72 take bees internally 7the only instance recorded of such a use of this insect71 or the dung of horses1 cats1 swallows1 or chickens1 externally4 ,a youth in ,leyden fell madly in love with a young girl1 but could not get the consent of his parents to marry her4 ,he was seized with a violent fever and constipation4 ,in this desperate condition he imagined that a drink of fresh urine from his beloved would benefit him2 he accordingly wrote to her1 begging her to satisfy his longing1 which she accordingly granted1 and after drinking of the beverage to his heart's content1 he found immediate relief 7whether from the constipation or the passion ,paullini neglects to state74--7,paullini1 pp4 #ajf1 #ajg47 ,abnormal appetite4 ,the same remedies as are enumerated for colic1 q4 v4 ,worms4 ,the patient's own urine1 internally2 the dung of horses or cows or hogs1 internally4 ,hernia4 ,rabbit-dung1 internally4 ,sciatica4 ,external application of the dung of goats1 pigeons1 horses1 or chickens4 ,constipation4 ,human ordure1 internally2 human urine1 internally2 or the excreta of sows1 mice1 chickens1 geese1 sparrows1 magpies1 or pigeons internally4 ,diarrha4 ,dog-dung1 internally2 sow1 donkey1 or cow dung1 externally4 ,dysentery4 ,the patient's own ordure or that of a boy1 internally2 human urine1 internally2 or the excreta of dogs1 horses1 hogs1 crows1 rabbits1 donkeys1 mules1 or elephants1 internally4 ,obstructions of the liver4 ,salts of urine1 internally2 or the dung of geese1 swallows1 or deer1 internally4 ,dropsy4 ,human ordure1 internally2 the patient's own urine or that of a boy1 internally2 or external applications of dung of geese1 chickens1 goats1 donkeys1 dogs1 deer1 horses1 or sheep1 internally4 ,kidney troubles4 ,human urine1 both internally and externally2 goose-dung1 internally2 sheep-dung1 externally2 donkey or deer dung1 internally4 ,kidney diseases1 stone in the bladder4 ,take internally human urine or water1 distilled over human ordure1 or the dried catamenia of women1 or the scrapings of chamber-pots taken in brandy4--7,paullini1 pp4 #adb1 #adc47 ,gravel4 ,the patient's own urine1 internally2 or the dung of pigeons1 rats1 chickens1 mice1 wild hogs1 or donkeys1 both internally and externally4 ,excessive urination4 ,the dung of goats1 mice1 or wild hog1 internally4 ,difficult urination4 ,the urine of a girl1 internally2 the urine of the patient1 both internally and externally2 the dung of sparrows1 internally2 or the dung of donkeys1 goats1 chickens1 geese1 roosters1 or pigeons1 externally4 ,impaired virility and swelling of the testicles4 ,the dung of prairie hens1 or that of sparrows1 internally2 or the dung of rabbits1 bulls1 cows1 or goats1 externally4 ,uterine displacements4 ,human ordure1 internally2 the dung of falcons1 horses1 or bulls1 internally1 or the dung of sows1 donkeys1 or sheep4 ,human excrement was applied outwardly in treatment of falling of the womb2 this was also considered a good method of treating inflammation of the vagina2 stale urine and the steam of old socks1 and asses' dung1 was applied outwardly4 ,the scrapings of chamber vessels was taken inwardly1 mixed with other ingredients 7pp4 #aed1 #aee74 ,for menstrual troubles menstrual blood was administered internally2 the urine of boys1 internally2 the excreta of donkeys and rabbits1 both internally and externally2 and those of hogs1 rats1 and horses1 externally4 ,for cessation of the menses4 ,take internally pulverized menses dried1 and wear a chemise smeared with human blood 7most probably the chemise of a woman who had been more fortunate in her purgation72 or boil boys' urine and garlic together1 and inhale the steam 7p4 #aeh74 ,gout1 rheumatism4 ,the patient's own urine1 both internally and externally2 the urine of boys1 externally2 the dung of mice or rabbits1 internally2 the excreta of cows1 bulls1 calves1 donkeys1 pigeons1 peacocks1 storks1 dogs1 goats1 or wild hogs1 externally4 ,another remedy for gout and rheumatism was the excreta of chickens1 dogs1 or cocks1 internally4 ,tertiary fever4 ,human ordure and urine1 internally2 the excreta of sows1 donkeys1 chickens1 and swallows1 and the white dung of dogs1 internally4 ,quaternary fever4 ,the ordure of infants1 internally2 the urine of an old woman1 mixed with donkey-dung1 externally2 the dung of geese gathered in ,may1 of dogs1 of sparrows1 chickens1 and sheep1 internally2 and cat-dung1 externally4 ,malignant fevers4 ,the urine of the patient1 internally2 the urine of a jenny1 internally2 the dung of a red cow1 of a reindeer1 horse1 sheep1 or goat1 internally2 no external applications in this case4 ,antidotes for poisons4 ,human ordure internally1 and human urine both internally and externally2 the excreta of hogs1 ducks1 swallows1 goats1 calves1 or chickens1 internally2 of pigeons1 cows1 sheep1 donkeys1 and horses1 externally4 ,plague4 ,human ordure and urine1 internally2 bull-dung1 internally2 the dung of cows1 chickens1 or pigeons1 externally4 ,syphilis and venereal diseases4 ,human urine1 internally1 also externally2 and the excreta of horses and dogs1 externally4 ,abscesses and sprains4 ,the urine of boys1 externally2 the excreta of cows1 goats1 dogs1 pigeons1 chickens1 camels1 geese1 externally2 or of the wild hog1 both internally and externally4 ,boils4 ,human ordure and urine1 externally2 the dung of chickens1 pigeons1 goats1 dogs1 cows1 bulls1 sheep1 or foxes1 externally4 ,wounds4 ,human ordure and urine1 externally2 the excreta of dogs and goats1 internally2 or of cows1 pigeons1 chickens1 donkeys1 and sheep1 externally4 ,ring-worm1 felons4 ,human ordure1 externally2 menstrual blood1 externally2 the excreta of geese1 cows1 sows1 cats1 sheep1 goats1 or chickens1 externally4 ,itch1 freckles1 rash1 tetter1 etc4 ,geese-dung1 internally2 the excreta of donkeys1 dogs1 chickens1 crocodiles1 foxes1 or pigeons1 externally4 ,loss of hair1 lice4 ,human urine1 externally2 the excreta of pigeons1 cats1 rats1 mice1 swallows1 geese1 rabbits1 or goats1 externally4 ,gangrene4 ,the urine of a virgin1 externally2 the white dung of chickens1 or horse-dung1 externally4 ,colds4 ,human ordure and urine1 externally2 the excreta of sheep1 cows1 bulls1 chickens1 hogs1 pigeons1 or horses1 externally4 ,warts4 ,the patient's own urine1 externally2 the excreta of dogs1 sheep1 camels1 goats1 cows1 calves1 or of a black dog1 externally4 ,fissure of the rectum1 bunions1 corns4 ,the excreta of dogs1 hogs1 sheep1 pigeons1 chickens1 goats1 mice1 or of cows1 gathered in ,may1 externally4 ,fistula4 ,human ordure1 externally2 the dung of dogs and mice1 internally4 ,yellow jaundice4 ,take internally the oil of human excrements1 or drink human urine for nine days 7pp4 #acb1 #acc74 ,bloody flux4 ,human excrements dried1 taken internally1 are of great benefit 7pp4 #ajh1 #aji74 ,insomnia4 ,take the 8,spiritus ,urin0 internally4 ,fits or spasms4 ,take the urine of young boys internally 7pp4 #bh and #bi47 8,take an old rusty piece of iron1 be it a horse-shoe or anything else2 lay it on the fire until it be red-hot2 then take it out of the fire and let the patient make water upon it and take the fume thereof at his nose and mouth1 using this three days together1 and it will cure him 7of yellow jaundice740--78,the ,poor ,man's ,physician10 ,john ,moncrief1 ,edinburgh1 #agaf1 p4 #agd47 8,for running ulcers of the head 444 bathe the whole head with old urine40--7,idem1 p4 #ff47 8,to provoke flow of urine 444 neat's dung1 mixt with honey1 made hot1 applied to the share bone40--7,idem1 p4 #acc47 ,for stone in bladder1 8mouce-dung drunk40--7,idem1 p4 #acd47 8,the dung1 flesh1 and haire of a hare drunk40--7,idem1 p4 #aca47 8,goat's-dung drunk 444 for the space of three days40 7,jaundice47--7,idem1 p4 #aaf47 8,goat's-dung1 if drunk1 brought back the catamenia40--7,idem1 p4 #ada47 8,goose and hen dung1 drunk with the best wine1 miraculously cureth sudden suffocations of the mother40--7,idem1 p4 #add47 8,for a perverse or froward mother 7i4 e41 womb71 apply stinking smells to the privities1 and sweet smells to the nose40--7,idem1 pp4 #add1 #aea47 8,for the squinsy 444 take the dung of a hog1 newly made and as hot as you can get it1 444 apply to the place1 and it cureth40--7,idem1 p4 #agb47 8,for all imposthemes 444 the dung of a goose which had first fasted three days1 and then fed on an eel before being killed10 was applied externally4--7,idem1 p4 #ahj47 8,for swellings behind the ears1 444 goat-dung1 boiled10 was applied as a plaster4--7,idem1 p4 #hd47 ,for boils1 carbuncles1 etc41 8an emplaister made of the dung of a peacock cureth faithfully40--7,idem1 p4 #afc47 8,for the cure of fistula1 #8man's-dung and pepper' were to be applied externally2 goat's-dung externally2 dove's-dung was to be drunk in goat's-milk2 the juice of cow-dung1 in wine1 was to be cast into the fistula1 and a plaster of the same was to be applied40--7,idem1 pp4 #afe1 #aff47 8,qui mane jejune1 per novem dies1 bibit propriam urinam non patietur epilepsiam1 paralysim1 nec colicam1 et qui bibit propriam urinam sanabitur a sumpto veneno40--7,idem1 pp4 #afi1 #agj47 8,d'aprs le tmoignage de ,charles ,lancilotti1 l'acqua di sterco humano pigliata in una calante por lo spation di nuove giorni sana quelli che patiscono il male caduco40 7,voyez ,guida alla ,chimica47--78,bib4 ,scatalogica10 p4 #bi47 ,schurig's 8,chylologia10 published in ,dresden1 #agbe1 contains citations from nearly seven hundred authorities4 ,as these are nearly all of very ancient date1 and only in a few cases accessible to scholars restricted to ,american libraries1 this learned work of ,schurig becomes all the more valuable to such as desire to study intelligently and profoundly this subject of the use of human and animal excreta in religious rites or in religious medicine4 ,some of the writers quoted by ,schurig favor1 others oppose the medical employment of the human excretions4 ,among those in favor of it1 according to him1 may be seen the names of ,galen and ,dioscorides4 ,in ,schurig's day there seems to have been much opposition developing1 especially when other remedies were available2 although ,schurig says that the ,dutch soldiers returning from the ,indies spoke in praise of what they had seen there of the use of such medicaments4 ,among ,european practitioners1 human ordure was employed alone1 mixed with water or other ingredients1 or a water and an oil were distilled from it4 ,it would be a useless task to repeat the names of all the authorities mentioned by this learned ,german1 or to give in detail all the prescriptions in which the alvine dejecta figure as components4 ,their insertion here would add nothing to the value of these notes1 as they are strictly pharmaceutical in their spirit2 it may1 however1 be of some interest to the student to learn just what diseases were supposed to be amenable to this course of treatment1 and just how the curatives were to be administered4 ,for angina pectoris1 the ordure passed by a young boy after eating lupines1 to be taken internally 7p4 #geh74 ,for the same disease there were other recipes for ordure in pills1 plasters1 and decoctions1 as well as for electuaries of ordure1 to be blended with honey 7p4 #gef74 ,for bringing boils1 ulcers1 etc41 to a head1 for sprains1 luxations1 etc41 a poultice of human ordure1 applied hot1 was considered the best specific 7p4 #geg74 ,for rheumatic gout1 a hot poultice of human ordure was considered of value 7p4 #geg74 ,renal calculi4 8,aqua ex stercore distillata0 was given internally 7p4 #geg74 ,for cancers and malign ulcers1 human ordure was used as a local poultice2 also given internally1 in pills or powders4 ,pope ,benedict was cured of a cancer by this treatment 7pp4 #geh1 #gei74 ,epilepsy4 ,peacock-dung was used internally in conjunction with human ordure 7p4 #gfb74 ,erysipelas was treated with a poultice of human ordure 7p4 #gfb74 8,oleum ex stercore distillatum0 was also given internally 7p4 #gfb74 ,cicatrices1 small-pox pustules4 ,bathe with 8aqua ex stercore distillata0 7p4 #gfj74 ,gangrene1 cured by application of warm ordure and urine 7p4 #gfc74 ,dropsy2 use 8aqua ex stercore distillata0 internally 7p4 #gfd74 ,yellow jaundice1 by human ordure drunk in wine 7p4 #gfd74 ,here he quotes ,paullini1 and others with whom we are already familiar4 ,piles4 ,plaster of human ordure 7p4 #gff74 ,the same method of treatment for tumors 7p4 #ggg74 ,ring-worm and other skin diseases4 ,use 8oleum ex stercore0 internally 7p4 #gff74 ,inflammation of the breasts of young mothers2 local application of human ordure 7p4 #gfg74 ,burns and scalds4 8,aqua ex stercore0 locally 7p4 #gfj74 ,inflammations1 ditto 7p4 #gff74 ,dysentery4 8,aqua ex stercore0 internally 7p4 #gfa71 quoting ,paullini4 ,empyematis4 8,oleum ex stercore10 internally 7p4 #gfa74 ,epilepsy4 8,cured and prevented by excrement4 infantis10 internally 7p4 #gfa74 ,for all fevers4 ,ordure1 mixed with honey1 internally1 quoting ,paullini 7pp4 #gfb1 #gfc74 ,fistula in ano or in lachryma4 ,local application of human ordure 7p4 #gfc74 ,birth-marks were effaced by a plaster of human ordure1 or of meconium 7p4 #gga74 ,ophthalmia1 cataract1 etc4 ,human ordure1 applied as a plaster4 ,also1 8aqua ex stercore distillata10 internally 7p4 #gga74 ,toothache4 ,plaster of human ordure1 mixed with powdered chamomile flowers1 quoting ,paullini 7p4 #ggb74 dema4 ,plaster of human ordure and of cow-dung 7p4 #ggb74 ,felons4 ,plaster of human ordure4 ,also1 one of the same1 mixed with assaftida1 quoting ,paullini 7p4 #ggb74 ,hysteria4 ,human ordure1 drunk in wine 7p4 #ggc74 ,bites of mad dogs1 serpents1 and all wild animals4 ,ordure1 or 8oleum ex stercore distillatum10 or 8aqua ex stercore distillata10 internally 7pp4 #gfg1 #gfh74 ,in the island of ,manilla1 human ordure was held in such high estimation as a remedy for the cure of the bites of all venomous animals1 that it was carried fresh1 or dessicated1 in little pyxes or pouches suspended from the neck1 ready for instant use4 ,an example is given1 on the authority of a ,franciscan friar1 for years a missionary in that country1 of a man so bitten1 and so near death that he could not open his mouth1 whose teeth were pried asunder1 and this remedy inserted4 ,he recovered immediately4 ,human ordure was also used internally1 in ,mexico1 for the cure of serpent bites1 as we have learned previously from other sources4 7p4 #gfg47 ,for worms in the head4 8,oleum ex stercore distillatum10 applied locally 7p4 #ggg74 ,poisons4 ,human ordure1 internally 7pp4 #ggg1 #ggh74 ,for wounds occasioned by poisoned weapons1 in the island of ,macassar1 human ordure was administered internally1 until vomiting was induced4 ,the same treatment was observed in ,armenia1 while in ,celebes it was the recognized antidote against vegetable poisons1 quoting ,paullini 7pp4 #ggh1 #ggi74 ,plague4 ,human ordure and human urine were mixed together1 and taken internally1 to cure or prevent the plague4 ,human ordure was also taken alone1 in the form of pills1 and applied to plague buboes as a plaster4 ,schurig says he personally knew a certain clergyman in ,dresden1 in #afhj1 who took such pills with good effect 7p4 #gge74 ,scabs and tetter1 local applications of 8oleum ex stercore distil40 7p4 #ggf74 ,pleurisy1 8,ol4 ex sterc4 dist410 internally 7p4 #ggd74 ,gout4 ,human ordure as a plaster1 and also internally 7p4 #gge72 here he again cites ,paullini1 among others not known to us4 ,,schurig',s ,,ideas ,,regarding ,,the ,,use ,,in ,,medicine ,,of ,,the ,,egest ,,of ,,animals4 ,schurig devotes the fourteenth chapter of his work to a treatise 8,de ,stercoribus ,brutorum40 ,it is unnecessary to enter much into detail upon this point2 it will be sufficient to give only a small number of the recipes1 with notes upon the manner of administering1 and1 where possible1 the opinions expressed in regard to their efficacy4 ,from these we may be enabled to form some idea of the line of medical thought of the ancient practitioners4 ,beginning with goose-dung1 we find it commended as warm and drying in its effects2 an aperient and endowed with power over the menses2 also over the after-birth and urine2 and hence of value in jaundice1 scurvy1 and dropsy4 ,it was also employed in many other diseases1 principally in fevers1 in whooping-cough1 in cachexy1 liver troubles1 and when applied externally as a plaster1 was of such value in the treatment of sore eyes that the ,emperor ,maximilian resorted to its use with the greatest advantage2 again1 applied as a plaster1 it was used in angina and in mammary cancer4 ,the dung of young geese was regarded as the best1 and it should be gathered when possible in the early spring1 preferably in the month of ,march1 while still 8green10 on the meadows2 most of the old prescriptions insist upon this1 as will be seen from the sample given in this paragraph4 ,the dose of the dried powder was from half a dram to a full dram1 and it was administered in wine1 or mixed with cinnamon and sugar4 ,it was frequently combined with hen-dung1 or diluted with the urine of she-goats or he-calves4 ,some practitioners doubted whether it was superior to dove-dung for the same diseases4 ,when used in whooping-cough or throat swellings1 it was placed under the tongue of the patient4 ,the following are the words with which ,schurig begins his panegyric upon its virtues3-- 8,calefacit et siccat vehementer2 incidit1 aperit2 menses1 secundinas1 et urinas potenter movet2 hinc maximi usus est in morbo regio1 scorbuto1 et hydrope40 3 ,stercor4 ,anserin4 vern4 temp4 collect4 et in ,sole exsic4 ,pull4 ,gallin4--ana4 i4 ,absinth4 ii4 ,cinnamoni4 i4 ,sacchar4 i4 --,m4 ft4 ,pulv4 subtiliss4 ,asses' dung was considered by ,schurig to be an especially good remedy in all diseases of hemorrhage4 8,singulare remedium contra quamvis hmorrhagias0 7p4 #hjj72 but it had to be collected in the month of ,may2 8,stercus asininum in ,majo collectum40 ,it was to be taken in doses of one or more drachms1 or only the juice squeezed from it into some medicinal water4 ,dried in the sun1 or in a warm place1 it was good for bleeding at the nose2 8ad solem vel in loco calido exsiccetur et fiat pulvis qui per nares attractus subito illarum hmorrhagias compescit40 ,it was regarded as an infallible remedy for restraining an excessive menstrual flow4 8,infallibile remedium ad constringendum fluxum menstruum esse stercus asininum 444 asserit ,johannes ,petrus ,albrechtus40 ,this dung was also in great vogue in all cases of uterine inflammation1 applied locally as a plaster4 ,it was administered both internally and externally for gout of the feet1 and used as a component of a plaster for dropsy4 ,it was given internally for colic4 ,collected in the month of ,may1 it was administered internally to dissolve calculi4 8,stercus bubulum mense ,majo collectum miram prbet aquam adversus ,calculos1 quos solvit et una urinam movet1 quam nigram prima die pellit1 calculis vehementer attritis4 ,hc aqua in officinis vocatur omnium florum40 ,this water1 known officinally as 8water of all-flowers10 was used in attacks of plague1 and in cases of gangrene1 inflammation1 rheumatism1 etc42 also in dropsy and in cancerous ulcers 7p4 #hjj et seq474 ,schurig devotes considerable space to the dung of dogs1 called by some 8,flowers of ,melampius10 and by others by the 8more honest name of album ,grcum40 8,stercus caninum1 quod nonnulli flores ,melampi1 pharmacopi autem honestiore nomine album ,grcum vocant 7to differentiate it from the black1 which was the dung of mice71 ad differentiam nigri1 quod est muscerda0 7p4 #hjc74 ,he believed that it was in its effects 8drying1 cleansing1 solvent1 an aperient1 a dissipater of swellings1 such as carbuncles1 a solver of ulcers1--hence useful in dysentery1 in epilepsy1 colic1 and such complaints1 as well as in angina1 gutt1 malignant ulcers1 hard tumors1 dropsy1 warts1 etc40 8,siccat1 abstergit1 discutit1 aperit1 apostemata rumpit1 exulceratione abstergit1 hinc utile est in ,dysenteria1 quin etiam in ,epilepsia1 dolore colico1 et similibus20 also 8in angin1 gutturi1 ulceribus malignis1 tumores duros1 hydropicas1 verrucas1 etc40 ,also in fistulas1 inflammation of the tonsils1 etc4 ,it was applied externally to malignant ulcers by being sprinkled upon them1 or as a plaster2 applied also as a plaster in dropsy4 ,it was used in combination with the dung of swallows 78stercus hirundinum071 or of owls 78noctu074 ,used as a gargle in throat trouble 7pp4 #hjc-hjg74 8,album ,grcum0 was considered best when obtained from 8white0 dogs1 as they were supposed to have the soundest constitutions4 ,this was especially the case in the treatment of epilepsy 7p4 #hj74 ,here we have a very decided trace of 8,color ,symbolism40 8,album ,grcum0 was taken1 preferentially1 from dogs which1 for at least three days previously1 had been nourished on hard bones1 with the least possible amount of water to drink2 such dung was hard1 white1 and of faint odor1 8durum1 album1 nec graviter olet40 ,some of the prescriptions call for the dung of a fasting dog2 8stercum canis per jejunium emaciati0 7p4 #hjf74 ,schurig tells us that the dung of the goat was used both internally and externally in medicine4 ,it was believed to be efficacious in the expulsion of calculi1 in the reduction of hard tumors1 in the dissipation of tetter1 ring-worm1 scald1 leprosy1 abscesses behind the ears1 bites of serpents and other wild animals1 in the restriction of excessive catamenial flow1 etc4 ,it was applied as a plaster in the treatment of tumors in the limbs1 swellings of the testicles1 in gout1 dema1 cancer1 inflammatory rheumatism1 carbuncles1 atrophy of the muscles1 tumors in the mamm1 etc4 ,but when made into a plaster1 was frequently mixed with the patient's own urine 7p4 #hji74 ,schurig pronounces it a rubefacient2 it was of use in alleviating rheumatic pains1 headache1 vertigo1 pains in side1 shoulders1 brain1 and loins1 colic1 apoplexy1 lethargy2 it was supposed to be able to dissolve scrofulous and all other tumors1 and was beneficial in the treatment of gout2 used internally1 it expelled dropsical water through the urine and also dissolved calculi2 as a plaster1 it was used in the cure of the bites of mad dogs2 likewise for scald head2 internally1 the ,austrian midwives employed it in the treatment of hysteria2 while1 throughout ,germany1 it was administered in cases of suppression of the menses 7p4 #hji et seq474 ,as to horse-dung1 ,schurig has to say that either it or the juice extracted from it was drunk to aid in easing the pains of colic1 to assist in the expulsion of the placenta1 or of a dead ftus1 or in cases of strangulation of the uterus2 externally1 it was believed to be serviceable in restraining eruptions of the blood4 ,to be of the greatest medicinal value1 this dung should be taken from a stallion fed on oats4 ,it was regarded as of great value in developing small-pox pustules upon women and children 7p4 #hab et seq474 ,a rustic remedy which seems to have had a wide dissemination1 for the alleviation of the cramp-colic1 was composed of the juice expressed from horse-dung1 mixed with warm beer1 taken internally1 while at the same time there was applied to the region of the umbilicus a plaster of warm horse-dung and hot ashes2 such a plaster was employed in the cure of pleurisy among the ,english4 ,in the same disease a mixture of warm horse-dung and beer was taken both internally and externally4 ,cat-dung1 in wine1 formed the remedy in cases of vertigo and epilepsy4 ,while its use was recommended principally in external applications1 there were not wanting those who relied upon it mainly in internal application4 ,it was reputed to possess especial efficacy in loss of hair1 and supposed to be serviceable in preventing baldness1 applied as an unguent4 ,administered internally1 it suppressed immoderate menstrual flow4 ,for the cure of felons1 which so many in those days believed to be occasioned by a small worm1 it was of certain efficacy1 if bound round the afflicted thumb or finger4 ,paullini is quoted as having had personal experience with felons thus cured4 ,but ,paullini himself was of opinion that the dung of the goose was of equal value with that of the cat in this case 7p4 #hae74 ,hen-dung was recommended for use in burns4 ,it was regarded as beneficial against magic philters1 8in specie ex sanguine menstruo fmineo40 ,it was considered good for all those ailments for which dove-dung was prescribed1 but was not quite so efficacious4 ,it was excellent for colic1 for uterine pangs1 yellow jaundice1 calculus1 suppression of urine1 for all pains in the bowels1 for strangling of the womb and pains therein1 for poison1 witchcraft1 for seat-worms1 etc4 ,externally1 it was applied for all sores in the eyes1 ulcers1 warts1 cicatrices1 piles1 pains in the feet and arms 7pp4 #haf1 #hag74 ,swallow-dung is mentioned as of internal and external application4 ,it was regarded of great efficacy in the treatment of mad-dog bites1 quaternary fevers1 colic1 inflammation of the kidneys1 etc4 ,it was applied as a plaster in cases of headache1 angina1 inflammation of the tonsils1 and as a suppository in relaxation of the rectum4 ,its efficacy was conceded in dyeing the hair1 being invaluable when used frequently as an unguent4 ,etmuller is quoted as expressing the opinion that they owe their action to the presence of 8,armoniacal0 salts4 ,the swallow's nest1 with all its contents1 was also sometimes ground up into a plaster1 and swallow-dung itself was occasionally substituted for 8album ,grcum0 7pp4 #hag et seq474 ,lion-dung exerted its potency in cases of difficult labor1 and it was the panacea against epilepsy and apoplexy4 ,one of the ,grand ,dukes of ,austria was cured of epilepsy by its use4 ,preference was given to the excrement of a female lion1 except where she had just brought forth young4 ,an anti-epileptic remedy of great repute was composed of burnt crow's-nest1 burnt tortoise1 burnt human skulls1 linden-tree bark1 and lion-dung1 made into an infusion by long digestion in spirits of wine 7pp4 #hai1 #hbj74 ,leopard's dung dissolved calculi2 was taken as a potion for the cure of dysentery2 applied as a plaster for the cure of burns2 hernia was cured by a bolus composed of leopard's dung1 human mummy1 burnt worms1 syrup1 and other ingredients4 ,the ashes of the dung1 skin1 and hair of the leopard1 in combination1 expelled calculi4 ,this remedy should be drunk1 dissolved in wine2 it was also a sure remedy for the most obstinate cases of colic4 ,it was applied externally in sciatica1 also in constriction of the vulva1 and was employed to facilitate conception4 ,in the last-named instance pastilles 7trochisci7 were likewise made and the parts fumigated4 ,or a pessary was inserted and kept in place for three days and nights2 8et quamvis antea sterilis fuerit1 deinceps tamen concipiet40 ,to prevent falling out of eye-lashes and eye-brows1 an ointment was prepared of which the dung of the leopard was an ingredient4 ,finally1 it was in esteem as an aphrodisiac1 and to expel wind from the womb 7p4 #hbj74 ,wolf-dung1 drunk in wine1 or taken as a powder1 in doses of one scruple or more1 was used in the treatment of the colic4 ,paullini is quoted as recommending its use in fevers4 ,the dung of wolves1 as of dogs1 should1 if possible1 be that which is white in color1 dejected by animals which have been feeding upon bones1 and deposited upon rocks1 thorns1 bushes1 or the lower branches of trees1 but not on the ground4 ,it was employed internally in pains in the limbs1 and administered1 also internally1 in form of powder1 in attacks of vertigo4 ,desiccated1 it was blown into eyes afflicted with cataract4 ,the cavities of carious teeth were filled with wolf-dung1 to ease the pains of tooth-ache4 ,for nasal hemorrhage1 the smoke of burning wolf-dung was snuffed up into the nostrils2 but another prescription was to drink an infusion of wolf-dung in red wine4 ,if sheep detected the odor of wolf-dung about their paddocks1 or folds1 they would behave as if bewitched1 running from side to side1 bleating and showing as much terror as if their arch-enemy1 the wolf1 was himself at hand4 ,knowing this fact1 rascally mountebanks were wont to perpetrate tricks upon the ignorant and unsuspecting rustics1 by secreting some of this dung in the stable with the ewes and lambs1 frightening them out of their wits1 and then persuading their masters that their flocks were suffering from some hidden ailment for the cure of which they would demand a big fee in money or fat sheep4 ,schurig recommends the use of mouse-dung1 both internally and externally1 for various disorders1 for constipation in children1 for scald head1 and dandruff1 in which cases it was applied as an ointment1 for the elimination of calculi in kidneys and bladder1 for all swellings in the fundament1 piles1 warts1 tumors in ano1 hemorrhages of the lungs1 for the suppression of the menses1 and even to excite the growth of the beard4 ,when taken internally1 it was administered in broth1 milk1 or panada2 externally1 it was made into a plaster with butter and such ingredients4 ,it was at times mixed with the dung of sparrows 7p4 #hbc et seq474 ,sheep-dung figures in medicinal preparations1 to be used either internally or externally4 ,internally1 as a decoction1 in yellow jaundice1 obstructions and constipation of the bowels1 and in small pox4 ,also as a specific in the cure of gonorrha1 when given in form of pills4 ,for pains in the intestines1 for swellings1 burns1 and ingrowing toe-nails1 it was applied as a plaster 7p4 #hbf et seq474 ,peacock-dung1 the great specific in all cases of epilepsy and vertigo1 was administered in doses of one dram1 and in ,france was held in high repute for such purposes4 ,it should be used from the new to the full moon1 and be taken in white wine 7p4 #hbh74 ,this paragraph about the medicinal value of the droppings of the peacock deserves more than a cursory glance2 in it we have a strong suggestion of the former association of this bird with moon worship4 ,the peacock1 we know1 was the bird that drew the car of ,juno1 and that goddess was as much a lunar deity as ,diana4 ,pig-dung or swine-dung appears as one of the remedies1 of both internal and external application1 for nasal hemorrhage1 and uterine flux4 ,for nasal hemorrhages1 it was dried and reduced to powder1 and drawn up into the nostrils as a sort of snuff4 ,applied1 externally1 warm1 to the vulva1 it was regarded as an aid in hemorrhage of the uterus2 it was also given internally for the same purpose4 ,it was not used exclusively for such hemorrhages1 but had a great repute as a styptic in general1 and was applied to wounds of all descriptions4 ,it was therefore used both externally and internally for the suppression of excessive menstrual flow1 and taken internally to restrain spitting of blood4 ,it was of general use in the treatment of felons1 and was also regarded as an invaluable febrifuge4 ,for nasal hemorrhage1 it was occasionally bound round the temples4 ,oddly enough1 it was believed to be a remedy for fetor of breath4 8,alii miscent stercus porcinum exsiccatum1 cum pulvere rosarum pro corrigendo ftore0 7p4 #hcj et seq474 ,as an external application for tumors of all kinds1 cow-dung had a host of advocates1 who likewise extended its use to the cure of scrofulous sores4 ,for scrofulous wens1 there was a cataplasm made of a composition of various dungs1--those of the cow1 goat1 and doves1 among others4 ,this was also to be taken internally1 in white wine4 ,a plaster of cow-dung was used in gout of the feet4 ,the dung of grass-fed cows was considered excellent for tumors1 etc42 but its efficacy was increased when mixed with cow-urine or the urine of the patient himself2 this was also in request for the treatment of dema4 ,for the stings of bees and wasps1 a plaster of cow-dung was frequently used3 8,contra apum et vesparum ictus1 stercus vaccinum cum aceto utiliter adhibetur0 7p4 #hcg74 ,the dung of a black cow1 burned and given in scruple doses to a newly born child1 preserved it from epilepsy and consumption2 it was also employed to mitigate the pains of dentition4 ,the dung of bulls and cows1 collected in the month of ,may1 distilled with water1 made a panacea for kidney diseases2 it also expelled calculi and induced a flow of urine4 8,hc aqua vocatur aqua omnium florum10 was employed both internally and externally in gangrene1 inflammations1 rheumatism1 spasms1 dropsy1 suppression of urine1 etc41 and was used externally to remove freckles and as a general cosmetic4--78,chylologia10 p4 #hce et seq47 ,in the 8,complete ,english ,physician10 ,london1 #agcj1 there are recipes which include the dung of geese1 dogs1 doves1 horses1 peacocks1 hogs1 and cows4 ,in the 8,complete ,english ,dispensatory0 of ,john ,quincy1 ,london1 #agcj1 p4 #cjg1 under the head 8,distillation of ,urine10 it is alleged that the salts obtained from the urine 8of a sound young man1 newly made10 was beneficial in rheumatism and arthritis4 8,urina hominis1--urine of a man4 ,some have got a notion of this being good for the scurvy1 and drink their own water for that end1 but ,i cannot see with what reason4 ,some commend it boiled into the consistence of honey1 for rheumatic pain1 rubbing it onto the part affected2 in which case it may do good1 because it cannot but be very penetrating4444 ,urina vacc1--cow piss4 ,some drink this as a purge4 ,it will operate violently1 but it is practised only among the ordinary people1 and has nothing in its virtues to prefer it to more convenient and cleanly medicines1 any more than the former0 7pp4 #bdh1 #bdi74 ,father ,du ,halde says of camel's dung3 8,when it is dried and reduced to a powder1 it will stop bleeding of the nose by being blown into it40--7,chinese recipes given in ,du ,halde's 8,history of ,china10 ,london1 #agcf1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cd47 8,the dung 7of sheep7 is a prevalent medicine against the jaundice1 dropsy1 cholick1 pleurisy1 spleen1 stone1 gravel1 scurvy1 etc41 taken either in powder1 tincture1 or decoction4 ,the dung1 made into a cataplasm with camphire1 sal armoniack1 and a little wine1 opens1 digests1 attenuates and eases pain4 ,it is excellent in abscesses about the ears and other emunctories1 swellings in women's breasts1 pain of the spleen1 and gout40--7,pomet1 8,history of ,drugs10 ,english translation1 ,london1 #agch1 p4 #bef47 ,the rare and erudite pamphlet of ,samuel ,augustus ,flemming1 8,de ,remediis ex ,corpore ,humano desumtis10 ,erfurt1 #agch1 although containing not more than thirty-two pages1 is filled with a mass of curious information upon subjects generally disregarded4 ,flemming remarks that those who could use urine1 calculi1 and things of that kind in medical practice1 should not shrink from the employment of ordure as well4 8,and it is truly wonderful10 he says1 8that a substance1 the very aspect and odor of which are sufficient to induce an inevitable nausea1 should be regarded not merely as a matter of curiosity and study1 but held in the highest repute as a unique and most precious treasure for the preservation of health40 ,yet ,paracelsus1 and others of his school1 knowing the natural repugnance to the acceptance of such medicines1 prepared it under the name of 8,zibethum ,occidentalis10 and administered it in doses of from one to two drams1 given in honey or wine1 to ward off attacks of fever2 by others1 it was employed as a plaster in cases of throat-inflammation1 being then called 8,aureum40 ,others again were of the opinion1 from an examination of its chemical nature1 that it was fairly entitled to a place in the ,materia ,medica4 ,an oil and water were distilled from it1 and used in ocular sores1 corrosive ulcers1 and all sorts of fistulas2 for affections of the scalp1 for the ulcers of erysipelas1 for ring-worm and tetter1 and especially the pains of gout4 ,finally1 it was believed by many to be of exceptional efficacy in the cure of the plague1 being taken internally4 8,qui urina1 calculi et aliis delectantur1 non a stercore ipso abhorrebunt10 etc4 ,the full citation in ,latin need not be repeated1 as it is expressed in much the same manner as the views of ,schurig1 ,paullini1 ,etmuller1 ,beckherius1 and others on the same subject4 ,he cites ,zacutus ,lusitanus ,poterus and ,johannes ,anglicanus1 neither of whose writings are to be found in ,america4 ,speaking of human urine1 ,flemming says that physicians boasted not only of their ability to diagnose disease from urine1 but to use the fluid itself in the treatment of disease4 ,it was employed in two ways3 either in the raw state1 as emitted from the person in due course of nature1 or in chemical preparations extracted from it4 ,it was often administered with beneficial results in dropsy as an enema4 ,in difficult labor1 a draught of the husband's urine taken warm brought easy and safe delivery4 ,a drink of the patient's own urine was highly commended in hysteria4 ,as an external application for the eradication of dandruff1 scab1 and other scalp troubles1 it was held in high esteem among the common people4 ,a salt and a spirit were prepared from urine by distillation1 and highly spoken of in the treatment of frenzy1 mania1 and kindred mental infirmities of a grave type4 ,flemming quotes from ,beckherius1 whose writings have already been presented1 and from ,quercetanus1 in 8,pharmac4 dogmat410 p4 #aai4 78,de ,remediis ex ,corpore ,humano desumtis10 ,samuel ,augustus ,flemming1 ,erfurt1 p4 #bd et seq47 ,in the 8,physiological ,memoirs of ,surgeon-,general ,hammond1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army10 ,new ,york1 #ahfc1 a chapter is devoted to urmic intoxication1 or the exhilaration produced by the entrance into the blood of urine1 either injected or abnormally absorbed4 ,this part of the subject should be carefully scrutinized by medical experts1 whose determinations may make known whether or not the drunken frenzy of the ,zui dancers could be attributed to the unnatural beverage exclusively or to that in combination with other intoxicants4 ,dunglison says3 8,human urine was at one time considered aperient2 and was given in jaundice in the dose of one or two ounces4 ,cow's urine1 urina vacc1 all-flower water1 was once used1 warm from the cow1 as a purge40--78,dunglison's ,medical ,dictionary10 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 #ahfj1 article 8,urine407 ,in the 8,lancet10 ,october1 #ahhj1 p4 #ef1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,masterman draws attention to the chemical analysis of beef tea1 and shows that it is analogous to urine1 excepting that it contains less urea and uric acid4 8,many writers have endeavored to impress the public and the profession with the true value of beef tea1 viz41 that it is not a nutrient but a stimulant1 and that it mainly contains excrementitious materials40--78,beef ,tea1 ,liebig's ,extract1 ,extractum ,carnis1 and ,urine10 ,richard ,neale1 ,m4 ,d41 in the 8,practitioner10 ,london1 ,november1 #ahha1 p4 #cdc et seq47 8,in ,south ,america urine is a common vehicle for medicine1 and the urine of little boys is spoken highly of as a stimulant in malignant small-pox4 ,among the ,chinese and ,malays of ,batavia urine is very freely used4 ,one of the worst cases of epistaxis ceased after a pint of fresh urine was drunk1 although it had for thirty-six hours or more resisted every form of ,european medicine4 ,this was by no means an unusual result of the use of urine1 as ,i was informed by many of the natives4444 ,as a stimulant and general pick-up1 ,i have frequently seen a glass of child's or a young girl's urine tossed off with great gusto and apparent benefit4 ,the use of urate of ammonia and guano was noticed by ,bauer in #aheb1 who found their external use of value in phthisis1 lepra1 morpho1 and other obstinate skin diseases4 ,dr4 ,hasting's report of the value of the excreta of reptiles in #ahfb1 in the treatment of phthisis1 will also be fresh in the recollection of the older members of the profession40--7,idem47 ,some of the tribes of ,central ,africa use human urine as an invigorant during the fever season1 much as ,europeans employ quinine4--7,rev4 ,mr4 ,chatelain1 missionary in ,angola1 ,africa47 8,the people of ,angola apply fresh urine to all cuts and bruises40--78,muhongo10 ,african boy from ,angola1 ,west ,africa1 in personal interview with ,captain ,bourke1 translated by ,rev4 ,mr4 ,chatelain1 missionary47 ,,ordure ,,and ,,urine ,,in ,,folk-,,medicine4 ,excrementitious remedies are still to be met with in the folk-medicine of various countries2 indeed1 the problem would be to determine in what country of the world at the present day the more ignorant classes do not still use them4 ,the extracts to be now given will show that folk-medicine still retains a hold upon medicaments the use of which is generally believed to have passed away with the centuries4 8,i never had an opportunity of seeing the following deed1 but it was many times asserted to me by serious persons3 ,in our province1 ,brittany1 when somebody in the peasantry has a cheek swollen by the effects of toothache1 a very good remedy is to apply upon the swollen cheek1 as a poultice1 freshly expelled cow-dung1 and even human dung1 just expelled and still smoking1 which is considered as much more efficient40--7,personal letter from ,captain ,henri ,jouan1 ,french ,navy1 ,cherbourg1 ,france1 ,july #bi1 #ahhh47 8,dans nos pays1 on ne connat pas1 contre les piqres1 de gupes et autres insectes1 venimeux1 et contre les brlures caustiques1 de l',urtica ,ureus1 de meilleur remde que l'application de l'urine40--7,personal letter from ,dr4 ,bernard1 ,cannes1 ,france1 ,august1 #ahhh47 ,in describing the medicine of the ,samoans1 ,turner says3 8,on some occasions mud and even the most unmentionable filth was mixed up and taken as an emetic draught40--7,london1 #ahhd1 p4 #aci1 8,samoa407 8,maw-wallop4 ,a filthy composition1 sufficient to provoke vomiting40--7,grose1 8,dict4 of ,buckish ,slang10 ,london1 #ahaa47 8,in ,fayette ,county an emetic for croup is made by mixing urine and goose-grease1 and administering internally1 and also rubbing some of the mixture over the throat and breast40--78,folk-,lore of the ,pennsylvania ,germans10 ,hoffman1 in 8,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore10 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,january-,march1 #ahhi1 p4 #bh47 ,for incised wounds use human urine as a lotion2 for lacerated wounds apply human excrement4--7,sagen-,mrchen1 ,volksaberglauben1 aus ,schwaben1 ,freiburg1 #ahfa1 p4 #dhg47 8,horse-dung and beer0 are mentioned as the remedy used in ,england and ,france for the cure of 8exceeding faintness40--7,see ,black1 8,folk-,medicine10 ,london1 #ahhc1 pp4 #aeb1 #aec1 quoting ,floyer and ,de ,la ,pryne47 ,among the many quaint recipes preserved in the ,materia ,medica of ,english physicians down almost to our own day we find that pigeon's dung was used 8to make a cataplasm against scrophulous and other like hard tumors2 444 for an ointment against baldness2 444 for a cataplasm to ripen a plague sore2 444 to make a powder against the stone40--7,john ,mathews ,eaton1 8,treatise on ,breeding ,pigeons10 ,london1 pp4 #ci1 #dj1 quoting ,dr4 ,salmon47 ,wolf-dung recommended in the treatment of colic4--7,black1 8,folk-,medicine10 p4 #ed47 8,a decoction of sheep's dung and water was used in recent times in ,scotland for whooping-cough and in cases of jaundice40--7,idem1 p4 #afg47 ,on the same page ,black shows that the same remedy was extensively employed in ,ireland in the treatment of the measles4 8,in the south of ,hampshire a plaster of warm cow-dung is applied to open wounds40--7,idem1 p4 #afa47 8,water of cow-dung10 collected in ,may and ,june1 used as a purge by people in ,england4--7,southey1 8,commonplace ,book10 p4 #eed47 ,on the same page he says that 8man's excrement which had been some days discharged1 thinned with so much ale10 was given to horses with the blind staggers1--8a common experiment40--7,idem47 ,a poultice of pigeon's dung and pounded rose-leaves was in use for a stitch in the side4--7,southey1 8,the ,doctor10 ,london1 #ahdh1 p4 #ei47 ,swine's dung as a remedy for dysentery in ,ireland1 alluded to in terms of high approval by ,borlase1 quoted by ,southey in 8,commonplace ,book10 p4 #adi4 ,hon4 ,e4 ,w4 ,p4 ,smith1 secretary of the ,united ,states ,legation in the ,republic of ,colombia1 ,south ,america1 states that among the ,san ,blas ,indians of that country1 and the lower classes generally1 the patient's own urine is applied warm for sore eyes4 ,mrs4 ,fanny ,d4 ,bergen1 of ,cambridge1 ,mass41 has for some years devoted time and intelligent study to the acquisition of data bearing upon the superstitions connected with the human saliva4 ,while making this valuable and curious collection she has also been fortunate enough to encounter much relating to kindred superstitions1 and has very generously placed at the disposal of the author of this volume all that related to the employment of human and animal egest4 ,urine a cure for chapped hands1 on ,deer ,isle4 ,urinate into your shoe to keep it from squeaking1 on ,deer ,isle4 ,sheep-dung tea1 a cure for measles1 is extensively used on ,deer ,isle4 ,boys urinate on their legs to prevent cramp4 ,this practice was common in eastern ,maine twenty to thirty years ago4 ,water standing in the depressions of cow-dung was formerly recommended as a certain cure for pulmonary consumption1 in ,new ,york4 ,oil tried from the penis of the hog and applied to the loins of a child suffering from weakness of kidneys or bladder cured such diseases1 in northern parts of the ,united ,states and in parts of ,nova ,scotia4 ,one's own urine was administered for gravel in ,staffordshire1 ,england1 within the past ten years4 ,a woman in ,england was given her own urine to drink1 after a severe illness1 to prevent 8fits10 in the present generation4 ,a poultice of fresh1 warm cow-dung cured a man of rheumatism in ,new ,york4 ,measles were cured by giving the patient a decoction of lamb's excrements 7locally called 8nanny-beads071 in ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,y41 about #ahbe4 ,a newly born child was given a spoonful of woman's urine as a laxative1 in #ahad1 in ,st4 ,albans1 ,vt4 ,the white1 limy part of hen-manure was used for canker-sores in mouth1 in ,abingdon1 ,ill4 ,cow-manure was used for swelled breasts in ,county ,cork1 ,ireland4 ,sheep-manure tea was used for measles in ,county ,cork1 ,ireland1 and by the negroes of ,chestertown1 ,md4 ,sheep-dung tea for measles all over ,new ,england1 ,ohio1 and ,cape ,breton4 ,cow-dung1 as fresh as possible1 plastered on inflamed breasts1 commonly known as 8bealed0 breasts1 within the last twenty-five years1 on ,cape ,breton4 ,similar excrementitious remedies are in use among the ,pennsylvania ,germans4 ,cow-dung poultices are applied in the treatment of diphtheria1 or as lenitives in cases of sore or gathered breasts4 8,tea made of sheep-cherries 7,gen4 et spec487 is given for measles40--78,folk-,medicine of the ,pennsylvania ,germans10 in 8,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc410 #ahhi47 ,for reasons not ascertained1 the use of these revolting medicaments has nearly always been veiled under the language of euphemism4 ,sheep-dung is rarely called by its own name1 but always1 as has been shown in the preceding remarks1 8sheep-nanny tea10 etc4 ,in the same manner1 the use of human excreta was veiled under the high-sounding designations of 8zibethum10 8oriental sulphur10 etc4 ,this use of sheep-dung in the treatment of measles must be very ancient and wide-spread4 ,surgeon ,washington ,matthews notes its existence among the ,navajoes1 who learned it from the ,spaniards4 8,slight wounds are cured0 by the application of dirt to the part affected4--78,nat4 trib4 of ,s4 ,australia10 p4 #bhd1 received through the kindness of the ,roy4 ,soc4 ,sydney1 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 ,t4 ,b4 ,kyngdon1 ,secretary47 ,mr4 ,chrisfield1 of the ,library of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 states that urine was a remedy for earache among people on eastern shore of ,maryland and ,virginia2 while for the cure of jaundice1 in ,new ,england1 8the spider1 and even a more disagreeable remedy1 is administered in a spoonful of molasses40--78,folk-,medicine10 ,black1 ,london1 #ahhc1 p4 #fa1 quoting ,napier1 8,folk-,lore10 p4 #ie1 and 8,folk-,lore ,record10 vol4 i4 p4 #de47 8,i am impressed to tell you of a custom that prevailed to some extent among the people of this ,state 7,iowa72 this was the use of sheep-dung for measles4 ,the dung was made into what the old women denominated #8tea1' and was familiarly known as #8sheep-nanny tea4' ,it was believed to be singularly efficacious in bringing out the eruption4 ,the mixture was sweetened with sugar1 and thus disguised was given to children4 ,this practice was kept up among certain classes until about twenty years ago2 ,i have not heard of it1 at least in recent years4 ,i can trace the custom through the origin of the families in which it was practised here to ,indiana and ,north ,carolina40--7,personal letter from ,prof4 ,s4 ,b4 ,evans1 ,ottumwa1 ,iowa1 to ,captain ,bourke1 ,april #af1 #ahhh47 8,i was told by an old person1 now dead1 that some fifty years since the urine of a cow was given internally as a remedy for chlorosis1 in the counties of ,norfolk and ,suffolk40--7,personal letter from ,prof4 ,frank ,rede ,fowke to ,captain ,bourke1 dated ,london1 ,england1 ,june #ah1 #ahhh47 8,in the country where ,i was born ,i have seen several times1 when a cow or an ox had one of its horns knocked away by a shock or any other cause1 people pissing into the horn before putting it again over its root4 ,this was supposed necessary to cause the horn to stick firmly against the root40--7,personal letter from ,captain ,henri ,jouan1 ,french ,navy1 ,cherbourg1 ,july #bi1 #ahhh47 8,the presence of ammonia in the secretions 7whose power of neutralizing acids may have been accidentally discovered7 may have had something to do with the repute of the excretions of the kidneys4 ,i remember to have been told as a little boy of the virtues of urine as a relief to chapped hands1 also as a counter-irritant for inflamed eyes4 ,in the former case the ammonia would soften as an alkali2 in the latter1 the salts present would act to reduce congestion1 like common salt1 by endosmosis40--7,personal letter from ,prof4 ,e4 ,n4 ,horsford1 ,harvard ,university1 to ,captain ,bourke1 ,april #ai1 #ahhh47 8,i have been recently informed1 by a man who is acquainted with the peculiarities of ,parisian life1 that there are men who are in the habit of swallowing the scum which they obtain from the street urinals1 and that they are known as #8,les mangeurs du blanc4'0 7,prof4 ,frank ,rede ,fowke47 ,according to ,parent du ,chatelet1 a 8mangeur du blanc0 meant in ,paris1 until #ahaj1 8a man who lived off the earnings of a strumpet40 ,the name has since been changed to 8paillasson40 7,see 8,la ,prostitution10 ,paris1 #aheg1 vol4 i4 p4 #ach47 8,when ,i was a boy we had in my father's house a gang of cats1 and ,i remember that frequently the people of ,cherbourg came and asked permission to search in our garrets for cat's dung1 which1 they said1 mixed and infused in white wine1 produced a very efficient drink against periodical fits of fever40--7,captain ,henri ,jouan1 ,french ,navy47 8,lye-tea1 made of human urine and lime-water1 was used for colds by the #8old people' in the rural parts of ,central ,new ,york40--7,conversation with ,colonel ,pierce1 ,dr4 ,pangborn1 and ,lieutenant ,w4 ,g4 ,elliott1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 at ,san ,carlos ,agency1 ,arizona47 ,the savages of ,australia apply to wounds the resin of the eucalyptus1 and also the bark of the same tree1 previously steeped in human urine4 7,personal letter from ,john ,mathew1 ,esq41 ,m4 ,a41 to ,captain ,bourke1 dated 8,the ,manse10 ,coburg1 ,victoria1 ,november1 #ahhi47 ,the same thing is referred to in 8,the ,australian ,race10 ,e4 ,m4 ,curr1 ,melbourne1 #ahhf1 vol4 i4 p4 #bef4 ,in regard to the uses of the crust of latrines1 in connection with 8mangeurs du blanc10 see other pages of this volume4 8,philos42 hermet42 urine du vin1 le vinaigre4 ,urine des jeunes colriques ,le ,mercure ,philosophe40 ,dict4 ,national1 par ,m4 ,bescherelle1 an1 ,paris1 #aheg1 sub voc4 ,urine 7p4 #aegc74 ,we have already been informed from ,marco ,polo that the prisoners taken by the ,tartars often poisoned themselves2 8for which reason the great lords haue dogs' dung ready1 which they force them to swallow1 and that forceth them to vomit the poyson0 7in ,purchas1 vol4 i4 p4 #ib72 and we have also learned1 from many sources1--,etmuller1 ,schurig1 ,levinus ,lemnius1 ,flemming1 ,paullini1 ,beckherius1 ,lentilius1--of the antidotal powers of the excreta4 ,the existence of the very same belief was detected among the natives of ,america4 ,padre ,inamma1 whose interesting researches upon rattlesnake bites and their remedies 7made in ,lower ,california1 some time before the expulsion of the ,jesuits1 in #agfg7 are published in ,clavigero1#gd says that the most usual and most efficacious antidote was human ordure1 fresh and dissolved in water1 drunk by the person bitten4 ,along the ,isthmus of ,darien the belief was prevalent among the aborigines that the most efficacious remedy for poisoned arrows was that which required the wounded man to swallow pills of his own excrement4#ge ,so in ,peru1 8when sucking infants were taken ill1 especially if their ailment was of a feverish nature1 they washed them in urine in the mornings1 and when they could get some of the urine of the child1 they gave it a drink40#gf ,,occult ,,influences ,,ascribed ,,to ,,ordure ,,and ,,urine4 ,in ,canada1 human urine was drunk as a medicine4 ,father ,sagard witnessed a dance of the ,hurons in which the young men1 women1 and girls danced naked around a sick woman1 into whose mouth one of the young men urinated1 she swallowing the disgusting draught in the hope of being cured4#gg ,analogous medicaments may be hinted at in ,smith's account of the ,araucanians of ,chili3 8,their remedies are principally if not entirely1 vegetable matter1 though they administer many disgusting compounds of animal matter1 which they pretend are endowed with miraculous powers40--7,smith1 8,araucanians10 ,new ,york1 #ahee1 p4 #bcd47 ,brand enumerates obsolete recipes1 one of which 7disease not mentioned7 directed the patient to take 8five spoonfuls of knave child urine of an innocent40--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant410 ,london1 #ahdi1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bhb47 ,the ,crees apply the dung of animals lately killed to sprains4--7,see 8,mackenzie's ,voyages10 etc41 to the ,arctic ,circle1 ,london1 #ahjj1 introd4 p4 #ajf47 ,henry ,m4 ,stanley says that1 for the cure of certain ulcers due to fly-blow1 from which his men suffered1 8,safeni1 my coxswain on the ,victoria ,nyanza1 444 adopted a very singular treatment1 which ,i must confess was also wonderfully successful4444 ,this medicine consisted of a powder of copper and child's urine1 painted over the wound with a feather twice a day40--78,through the ,dark ,continent10 ,new ,york1 #ahgh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfi47 8,it appeared that the dung of the donkey1 rubbed on the skin1 was supposed to be a cure for rheumatism1 and that this rare specific was brought from a distant country in the ,east1 where such animals exist40--78,the ,albert ,nyanza10 ,sir ,samuel ,baker1 ,philadelphia1 #ahfi1 p4 #cgb47 8,the ,mandingoes of ,africa dress abscesses with cow's dung40--7,see ,mungo ,park's 8,travels in ,africa10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 xvii4 p4 #hgg4 ,see1 also1 the edition of his works1 8,travels in ,africa10 ,new ,york1 etc47 ,the author has seen cow-manure plastered with soothing effect upon bee-stings in ,new ,jersey4 8,pro remedio1 in pluribus morbis urina fmin externe applicata1 in eximia estimatione habetur40--78,the ,native ,tribes of ,south ,australia10 ,adelaide1 #ahgi1 introduction1 xvi4 ,see1 also1 ,eyre1 8,expedition into ,central ,australia10 ,london1 #ahde1 ii4 #cjj47 8,pilgrim's ,salve4 ,a ,sir-,reverence2 human excrement40--7,grose1 8,dictionary of ,buckish ,slang10 ,london1 #ahaa47 8,the medicine-men of the ,ove-herero1 who live south of ,angola 7which is on the west coast of ,africa71 urinate over the sick1 in order to cure them40--78,muhongo10 interpretation by ,rev4 ,mr4 ,chatelain47 ,the ,inuit medicine-man asperses the sick with human urine1 8le goupillonne avec de vieilles urines1 l'instar des docteurs poison bochimans 444 les ,cambodgiens aspergent galement le dmon de la petite-vrole avec de l'urine1 mais cette urine est celle d'un cheval blanc40--7,rclus1 8,les ,primitifs10 p4 #ih47 8,there are few complaints that the natives do not attempt to cure1 either by charms or by specific applications4 ,of the latter1 a very singular one is the application personally of the urine from a female1--a very general remedy1 and considered a sovereign one for most disorders40--7,eyre1 8,expedition into ,central ,australia10 ,london1 #ahde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cjj2 contributed by ,prof4 ,h4 ,c4 ,henshaw1 ,bureau of ,ethnology1 ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c47 7,see previous references to the therapeutics of the native ,australians in this volume47 8,plasters of mixed grass1 butter1 and cow-dung were placed on the wounds0 of sore-backed animals in ,abyssinia4--78,a ,visit to ,abyssinia10 ,w4 ,winstanley1 ,london1 #ahha1 vol4 ii4 p4 #c47 ,cameron employed a native medicine-man1 near ,lake ,tanganyika1 to treat one of his men who had injured his eye4 8,his treatment consisted of a plaster of mud and dirt1 and his fee was forty strings of beads40--78,across ,africa10 ,london1 #ahgg1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbb4 ,the word 8dirt10 as used by ,cameron in the above sentence1 no doubt means ordure47 ,mr4 ,stewart ,culin1 of ,philadelphia1 ,penn41 who has been making careful investigations into the ,chinese materia medica1 states that 8frequent directions for the use of urine0 are to be seen 8among the official remedies in the herbal40 ,only a few pages back1 reference was had to the use by the ,chinese in ,batavia of all kinds of excrementitious remedies4#gh ,the ,reverend ,maurice ,j4 ,bywater writes from ,nassau1 ,bahamas1 that during the seven years he was on missionary duty in the island of ,borneo1 he witnessed several very curious and remarkable instances of the restorative and stimulating effects of human urine1 as used by the ,chinese immigrants in cases of accident4 ,the ,coreans use the same system of medicine as the ,chinese4 ,both employ plasters of human excrement for bites1 erysipelas1 inflammations1 etc4 ,they use the urine of a healthy boy as a tonic4--7,dr4 ,h4 ,t4 ,allen1 ,secretary of ,legation1 ,corean ,embassy1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahhh47gi ,our knowledge of the ,thibetans is still so limited that we must not attach too much importance to the little we have so far gained2 there is still much to be learned concerning that singular1 isolated race4 ,the strange veneration accorded the excrement of the ,grand ,lama has been fully discussed1 but their sacred books do not show that the employment of stercoraceous medicaments is carried any farther4 ,according to the translation of the 8,pratimoksha ,sutra0 made by ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill1 sick ,buddhist monks were ordered to employ the following remedies3 8,le beurre fondu1 l'huile1 la mlasse1 le miel1 l'cume de mlasse40--78,asiatic ,society10 ,paris1 #ahhe1 p4 #bb47 ,dr4 ,francis ,parkman1 in his 8,jesuits in ,north ,america10 ,boston1 #ahfg1 introduction1 p4 xl41 speaks of the 8revolting remedies0 employed by the ,huron1 ,iroquois1 and ,algonquin tribes4 ,the following are among many of the curious recipes given in the 8,tragedy of the ,gout10 written by ,blambeauseant1 in #afjj3-- 8,ther's the odorous sheep's dung1 given always on the sly40 8,a little blue ointment1 mixed with man's ordure40 8,virgin's urine1 as a cure for all the men in town40 78,medicine in the ,middle ,ages10 ,minor1 p4 #hh47 ,further references can be found in the following list1 taken from the 8,bibliotheca ,scatalogica10 which likewise contains several of those from which citations have already been made4 8,cet emploi des stercora1 et en particulier1 de ceux de l'homme1 pour les usages pharmaceutiques1 est trs rel4 ,on nommait mdecins stercoraires ceux qui les prescrivaient1 et on dissimulait l'origine de la substance sous diverses dnominations bizarres ou ridicules 7carbon humanum1 oletum1 sulphur occidentale74 ,suivant ,paracelse1 les excrments humains pouvaient par une certaine prparation1 acqurir l'odeur du musc et de la civette2 de l le nom qu'on leur donnait de civette ou musc occidental40--78,bib4 ,scat410 p4 #bi47 ,ganin1 ,de ,simplic4 ,medicament4 facultat4 lib4 x4 fol4 m4 #ge1 seq4 8,an stercoris usus licitur8 ,conceditur40--7,no4 #bjj of the 8,bib4 ,scat410 p4 #gg47 8#bjb4 ,gufer1 ,joh4 ,medicin4 domest4 tab4 #c1 p4 #aa1 et ,joh4 phil4 ,gieswein1 ,de ,mater4 ,medic4 p4 #bib1 imprimis laudant stercus hominis qui lupinos comedit40--7,idem1 p4 #gh47 8#bjc4 ,helvetius1 ,joh4 ,freder1 ,diribitor4 med4 p4 #aab1 seq41 recommande le stercus humanum recens et adhuc calidum40--7,idem47 ,hrodote1 lib4 ii42 ,hsode1 8,opera et ,dies40 ,sheep-dung1 boiled in milk1 recommended for the cure of the whooping cough by the ,swedish physician ,hjoort1 as well as by the ,french doctor ,baumer4--78,bib4 ,scat40 p4 #gh47 ,hoffmann1 ,fred4 annot4 in ,petr4 poter1 ,pharmacop4 ,spagyric 7lib4 i4 p4 #dde71 dit que excrementa alvina magnam vim possident4 ,homre1 ,odysse1 lib4 vi4--78,bib4 ,scat40 p4 #gh47 ,kircher1 ,podronus gypticus1 cap4 ult4 ,laerce 7,diogne7 in ,pythagor4 ,langius 7,christ471 ,oper4 ,medic41 8regarde les mdicaments stercoraux ut res indigna et execrabilis1 cependant il en permet l'usage contra desperatissimos morbos0 7p4 #gi74 ,lotichus1 ,johan4 ,de casei nequiti1 ,francof4 #afdj1 8sordidi medicastri et excrementis frui solent2 sed homo vero cordatus et bon mentis se abstinet0 7p4 #ha74 8,m4 ,gustave ,brunet a insr dans sa traduction des propos de table de ,martin ,luther0 7,paris1 #ahdd1 p4 #cgg71 8quelques penses du clbre rformateur qui appartiennent notre sujet4 ,l'une roule sur la transformation des excrments en nouveaux aliments2 l'autre sur les proprits de la fiente10 etc4 7p4 #ha74 ,macrobii ,saturnal4 lib4 iii42 ,martialis1 ,epigrammata1 iv4 #hh2 vii4 #ah2 xii4 #dj1 #gg1 et ailleurs 7p4 #ha74 ,mayern1 ,theodor4 de ,prax4 ,medic4 syntagm4 alter mle le stercus la poudre d'illets 7gilly-flowers74 ,menangiana4 ,paris1 #agae1 #d vols4 in #ab ,on trouve dans ce livre divers passages relatifs notre sujet4 ,voy4 t4 #a1 pp4 #i1 #ahj1 #bbb2 t4 #b1 p4 #aih2 t4 #c1 p4 #bci4 ,clemens d',alexandrie1 ,recogn4 lib4 v4 p4 #ga4 ,denne1 ,ludovic4 ,pharmac4 dissert4 l4 p4 m4 #daa1 seq4 8,il blme l'usage mdical des excrments humains0 7p4 #gc74 ,diodore de ,sicile1 lib4 i4 cap4 #h1 p4 #gc4 ,damian1 ,p4 ,opuscula1 c4 #b1 p4 #gc4 8,praterius1 ,praxis1 lib4 iii4 p4 #ccj1 recommande surtout l'huile et l'eau extraite de stercore humano4 ,suivant ,belleste1 ,chirurg4 d'hpital1 part #c1 p4 #bdh1 chap4 #d1 le sel extrait des excrments du malade atteint de dysenterie le gurit40 ,plutarque1 ,apoph4 ,laconic41 p4 #bcb4 ,petrus ,pharmacop4 ,spagiric4 p4 m4 #dde1 regarde le stercus comme pouvant fournir rara et perfecta remedia4 ,reference is had to the thirteenth chapter of ,rabelais 8sur les anisterges40 ,rivinus 7,augustus ,quirinus7 ,censur4 ,medicament4 officinal4 cap4 #b1 p4 #aj1 et seq4 et #ae et seq41 8strenue contra stercorum usum pugnat40 ,there are other old medical authorities cited1 some fully1 others only partially in favor of the medicinal use of the excreta2 and one or two in antagonism thereto4--78,bib4 ,scat40 p4 #ch et seq474 8,on a appel album nigrum les crottes des souris et des rats1 jadis employs comme purgatif par les mdecins stercoraires4 ,merde du diable1 stercus diaboli1 c'est l'assaftida1 espce de gomme40 78,bib4 ,scat40 p4 #abh4 ,see also ,grose1 ,dict4 of ,buckish ,slang1 ,lond4 #ahaa1 ,assaft47 ,on the principle of 8lucus a non lucendo10 the works of ,swieten1 8,commentariorum10 etc41 ,lyons1 #aggf1 are worthy of special mention2 careful examination fails to discover any allusion to the use of excreta1 human or animal1 in pharmacy or therapeutics1 and no mention is made of witchcraft4 ,therefore the works of this author mark a new stage in the development of scientific and religious thought4 ,in ,warner's 8,topographical ,remarks relating to the southwestern parts of ,hampshire10 #agic 7vol4 ii4 p4 #aca71 speaking of the old register of ,christ ,church1 that author tells us1 8,the same register affords1 also1 several very curious receipts1 or modes of cure in some singular cases of indisposition2 they are1 apparently1 of the beginning of the seventeenth century1 and couched in the uncouth phraseology of that time40 ,i forbear1 however1 to insert them1 from motives of delicacy4--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant40 vol4 iii4 p4 #cjf1 article 8,physical ,charms407 8,a new-born babe was not considered fully prepared for life's journey until its stomach had been filled and emptied by a potation of molasses diluted with the vesical secretions of the first youngster that could be secured for the purpose40--78,professional ,reminiscences10 ,benjamin ,eddy ,cutting1 ,m4 ,d41 ,curator of the ,lowell ,institute1 ,boston1 ,mass41 #ahhh1 p4 #dj47 ,,other ,,excrementitious ,,remedies4 ,it was not enough that the urine and ordure of men and animals should be employed in pharmacy2 everything that could be taken from the bodies of men or animals1 wild or domesticated1 living or dead1 was enlisted to swell the dread list of filth remedies4 ,etmuller supplies the following list of remedies2 8sumuntur ex corpore vivente30 ,hair1 nails1 saliva1 ear-wax1 sweat1 milk1 menses1 after-birth1 urine1 ordure1 semen1 blood1 calculi1 worms1 lice1 caul 7of infant71 444 and these 8ex partibus corporis demortui40 444 ,the whole corpse1 flesh1 skin1 fat1 bones1 skull1 moss growing on a skull1 brain1 gall1 heart4 ,gall of animals has been used by the ,indians of ,north ,america as a stimulant4 7,see ,etmuller1 ,michaelus1 8,opera ,omnia10 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfe1 ,schrod4 8,dil4 ,zol407 ,he also recites that the following parts of domestic kine were used in medical practice3 horns1 bile1 liver1 spleen1 blood1 marrow1 tallow1 fat1 hoofs1 urine1 ordure1 testicles1 milk1 butter1 cheese1 phallus1 and bones4--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bdh et seq47 ,,hair4 8,the first hair cut from an infant's head will modify the attacks of gout4444 ,the hair of a man torn down from the cross is good for quartan fevers40--7,pliny1 lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #g47 8,the smell of a woman's hair1 burnt1 will drive away serpents1 and hysterical suffocations1 it is said1 may be dispelled thereby4 ,the ashes of a woman's hair1 burnt in an earthen vessel1 will cure eruptions and porrigo of the eyes 444 warts and ulcers upon infants 444 wounds upon the head 444 corrosive ulcers 444 inflammatory tumors and gout 444 erysipelas and hemorrhages1 and itching pimples40--7,pliny1 lib4 xxviii4 c4 #bj47 ,schurig commends the use of human hair in cases of baldness1 applied externally in salve1 chopped fine or in ashes2 for the cure of yellow jaundice1 it was powdered and drunk in some suitable menstruum2 it was employed in luxation of the joints1 for hemorrhage from wounds3 8,ad canis morsuum1 infantis capilli cum aceto impositu morsum sine tumore sanant et capitis ulcera emendant40--7,sextus ,placitus1 art4 8,de ,puello et ,puella ,virgine407 ,flemming advised that it be powdered and drunk in wine as a cure for yellow jaundice2 woman's hair1 powdered and made into a salve1 with lard1 was of general efficacy2 men's hair was burned under the nostrils of those suffering from lethargy2 and was drunk for 8suffocation of the womb40--78,de ,remediis10 etc4 p4 #h47 ,a medicinal oil was distilled from the hair of a full beard1 and an ointment made from the same4 ,powdered human hair was drunk as a potion in a cure for yellow jaundice2 the ashes of burnt hair were made into an unguent with mutton tallow1 and applied to the nostrils of people in a state of lethargy2 in 8suffocation of the uterus10 this ointment was applied to the pudenda4 ,the hair of a patient was frequently used in affecting 8sympathetic cures10 or in what were called 8,cures by ,transplantation10 but the names of the diseases are not given by ,flemming 7p4 #ba74 7,but see under 8,cures by ,transplantation0 in this volume47 ,in ,china1 the shavings of the hair1 which must amount to a considerable quantity1 since hundreds of millions of people shave the head close daily1 are preserved for manuring the land4--7,see 8,bingham's ,exped4 to ,china10 ,london1 #ahdb1 vol4 ii4 p4 #g47 ,in ,china1 everything connected with the tilling of the fields is still a religious rite4 ,probably no country in the world of equal advancement has adhered with more tenacity to old usages in all that pertains to the turning-up of the soil2 there are ceremonies in which the ,emperor himself must lead with a plough4 ,how much all this may have to do with the utilization of a refuse which has been so generally regarded as possessed of 8magical0 or 8medicinal0 properties1 is1 in all likelihood1 never to be ascertained2 but attention should be attracted to the fact1 in the same manner that it was found worth while to make an examination into the history of latrines4 8,among ourselves1 it is a ,devonshire belief that you can give a neighbor ague by burying a dead man's hair under his threshold40--78,folk-,medicine10 ,black1 p4 #bg47 8,in ,devonshire and in ,scotland alike1 when a child has whooping-cough1 a hair is taken from its head1 put between slices of bread and butter1 and given to a dog1 and if in eating it the dog cough1 as naturally he will1 the whooping-cough will be transferred to the animal1 and the child will go free40 ,the same method of cure is practised in ,ireland1 but the animal selected is an ass4--7,idem1 p4 #ce47 8,certain oak-trees at ,berkhampstead1 in ,hertfordshire1 were long famous for the cure of ague4 ,the transference was simple1 but painful4 ,a lock of hair was pegged into an oak1 and then1 by a sudden wrench1 transferred from the head of the patient to the tree40--7,idem1 p4 #ci47 ,clippings of hair and rags are offered to holy wells in ,ireland1 ,borneo1 ,malabar1 etc41 not merely as offerings to deities1 but in order to effect a 8transference0 of diseases to the people who may take hold of them4--7,idem1 pp4 #ci1 #dj2 quoting from ,tylor1 8,primitive ,culture10 vol4 ii41 and others47 8,in ,new ,england1 to cure a child of the rickets1 a lock of its hair is buried at cross-roads1 and if at full moon1 so much the better40--7,idem1 p4 #ef47 ,it is believed in parts of ,england that the hairs from a donkey's back1 wrapped up in bread1 and given to a sick child1 will cure the whooping-cough2 another remedy of the same kind is to take clippings from the child's own head1 mix them in butter1 and give to a dog1 which will take the disease from the child2 still another was to mount the sufferer upon the back of an ass1 and lead him nine times round an oak-tree4--7,see ,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant40 vol4 iii4 p4 #bhh1 art4 8,physical ,charms407 ,the ,romans attached certain omens to the manner1 time1 and place of cutting the nails and hair4--7,see ,pliny1 lib4 xxviii4 c4 #e47 ,the ancients believed that 8no person in a ship must pare his nails1 or cut his hair except in a storm40--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant410 vol4 iii4 p4 #bci1 art4 8,omens ,among ,sailors10 quoting ,petronius ,arbiter47 8,when a man has his hair cut1 he is careful to burn it1 or bury it secretly1 lest falling into the hands of some one who has an evil eye1 or is a witch1 it should be used as a charm to afflict him with a headache40--7,livingston1 8,zambesi10 ,london1 #ahfe1 p4 #dg47 ,etmuller relates that in his time women suffering from retention of the menses were in the habit of plucking the hair growing on the pubis1 which would promptly cause their reappearance1 but whether by the irritation or by taking the hair internally1 is not clear3--8,mulieres suffocat ex utero soleant vellicare in pilis pubis1 ut citius et felicius ad se redeant40 ,finger-nail clippings were drunk as an emetic1 especially by soldiers while on campaign3--8,ungues infusi in vinum vel potum cum vehementia cient vomitum et purgant per fecessum 444 propinavit pro vomitorio et purgante militibus ungues proprios infusos per noctem in vinum calidum40--7,etmuller1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfi47 8,the hair and nails are cut at the full moon40--7,grimm1 8,teutonic ,mythology10 ,stallybrass1 ,london1 #ahhb1 vol4 ii1 p4 #gab et seq47 ,the ,patagonians 8all believe that the witches and wizards can injure whom they choose1 even to deprivation of life1 if they can possess themselves of some part of their intended victim's body1 or that which has proceeded thence1 such as hair1 pieces of nails1 etc4444 ,and this superstition is the more curious from its exact accordance with that so prevalent in ,polynesia40--78,voyage of the ,adventure and ,beagle10 ,london1 #ahci1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afc1 quoting the ,jesuit ,faulkner47 8,which is the most deadly deed whereby a man increases most the baleful strength of the ,dvas1 as he would by offering them a sacrifice80 8,ahura ,mazda answered3--#8,it is when a man here below combing his hair or shaving it off1 or paring off his nails1 drops them in a hole or in a crack4'0--7,fargard ,,xvii4 ,avendidad1 ,zendavesta1 ,oxford1 #ahhj1 p4 #ahf47 ,beckherius states that the clippings of the finger-nails made an excellent emetic4 8,vomitorium non inelegans ex iis paratur40--78,med4 ,mic407 ,flemming goes more into detail2 he says that the finely ground clippings of the hoof of the elk1 stag1 goat1 hull1 etc41 were employed as a vomitory1 but in their absence1 human finger-nails were substituted2 8istam ungulorum speciem qu ab homine desumitur1 substitui40 ,human finger-nail clippings were also recommended in 8sympathetic0 cures4--7,flemming1 8,de ,remediis10 p4 #ba47 8,he who trims his nails and buries the parings is a pious man2 he who burns them is a righteous man2 but he who throws them away is a wicked man1 for mischance might follow should a female step over them40--7,paul ,isaac ,hershon1 8,talmudic ,miscellany10 ,boston1 #ahhj1 p4 #di2 footnote to above1 8,the orthodox ,jews in ,poland are to this day careful to bury away or burn their nail-parings407 ,on a fragment of a ,chaldean tablet occurs this curious passage3-- 8,a son to his mother1 7if7 he has said to her1 ,thou art not my mother ,his hair and nails shall be cut off1 ,in the town he shall be banished from land and water40 78,chaldean ,magic10 ,franois ,lenormant1 ,london1 #ahgc1 p4 #chb47 ,in the province of ,moray1 ,scotland1 8,in hectic fevers and consumptive diseases they pare the nails of the fingers and toes of the patient1 put these in a bag made of a rag from his clothes1 444 then wave their hand with the rag thrice round his head1 crying #8,deas ,soil1' after which they bury the rag in some unknown place40 ,pliny1 in his ,natural ,history1 mentions it as practised by the magicians or ,druids of his time4--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant410 vol4 iii4 p4 #bhf1 art4 8,physical ,charms407 ,,superstitions ,,connected ,,with ,,the ,,human ,,saliva4 ,the most recent work on this subject is the extended monograph of ,mrs4 ,fanny ,d4 ,bergen1 of ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1 now in press1 and to the pages of which the author of this volume has contributed his own collection of data4 ,reference may also be had1 with advantage1 to ,brand's ,popular ,antiquities1 ,reginald ,scot's 8,discoverie of ,witchcraft10 ,black's 8,folk-,medicine10 ,samuel ,augustus ,flemming's 8,de ,remediis ex ,corpore ,humano desumtis10 ,lenormant's 8,la ,magie chez les ,chaldens10 and to the works of ,pliny1 ,galen1 8,saxon ,leechdoms10 ,levinus ,lemnius1 ,beckherius1 ,etmuller1 and many others4 ,john ,graham ,dalyell1 8,superstitions of ,scotland10 ,edinburgh1 #ahcd1 has a chapter on the occult influences attributed to human saliva4 ,when the ,khonds of ,orissa were about to sacrifice a human victim1 they were wont to solicit the favor of having him spit in their faces2 8sollicitent un crachat qu'ils s'tendront soigneusement40--78,les ,primitifs10 ,rclus1 p4 #cfh47 ,in the ritual of the ,hill ,tribes of the ,nilgherris1 it is related3-- 8,mada a crach dans les fontaines40 7,quoted in 8,les ,primitifs10 p4 #bdd47 ,frommann1 in his 8,tractatus de ,fascinatione10 ,nuremburg1 #afge1 speaks of the anointing of eyes with saliva1 to cure blindness2 this he compares to the use made by our ,saviour of the same 7p4 #aif74 8,the ,kirghis tribes apply to their sorcerers1 or ,baksy1 to chase away demons1 and thus to cure the diseases they are supposed to produce4 ,to this end they whip the invalid until the blood comes1 and then spit in his face40--78,chaldean ,magic10 ,franois ,lenormant1 ,london1 #ahgc1 p4 #bab47 ,many interesting practices connected with the human saliva1 are given in ,lady ,wilde's 8,ancient ,legends and ,superstitions of ,ireland10 ,boston1 #ahhh4 ,see also 8,the ,golden ,bough10 ,james ,g4 ,frazer1 ,m4,a41 ,london1 #ahij1 vol4 i4 pp4 #che1 #chf4 ,,cerumen ,,or ,,ear-,,wax4 ,pliny speaks of its use in medicine 7lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #g72 ,galen does also4 ,flemming recommended its internal use in colic and cramps2 and externally as an application to wounds4--78,de ,remediis10 etc41 p4 #bb47 ,paullini was of the opinion that a good salve for sore eyes could be prepared from cerumen 7pp4 #db1 #dc74 8,the excrement of the ears1 like unto a yellow oyntment1 is a great comfort in the pricking of the sinews40--7,von ,helmont1 8,oritrika10 ,english translation1 ,london1 #affb1 p4 #bdg47 ,galen thought that ear-wax was efficacious in the cure of whit-nails2 the other 8sordes0 were also employed1 but he would not write about them1 on account of the difficulty of obtaining them1--such as the perspiration flowing in the bath1 or scraped from the body after severe exercise2 and1 finally1 the fatty matter of wool was of medicinal value1 and seemed to have the same properties as butter4--7,galen1 8,opera ,omnia10 lib4 xii4 p4 #cji1 ,kuhn's edition1 ,leipzig1 #ahbi47 ,,woman',s ,,milk4 ,woman's milk mitigated redness of eyes and inflammation of the lachrymal glands2 it should be used with vitriol4 ,for 8gutta serena0 it was applied as an ointment2 in cases of atrophy it was regarded by many as of commendable utility1 especially if drawn from the woman's breast2 the same treatment was a specific in obstinate hiccough4 ,a butter prepared from woman's milk was used in diseases of children1 especially colic1 and in ocular affections4 7,see ,flemming1 8,de ,remediis10 etc41 p4 #ah47 ,its remedial efficacy forms the basis of ,pliny's c4 #ba1 lib4 xxviii42 if possible1 it should be that of a woman who had just borne male twins4 8,if a person is rubbed at the same time with the milk of both mother and daughter1 he will be proof for all the rest of his life against all affections of the eyes4444 ,mixed with the urine of a youth who has not yet arrived at puberty1 it removes ringing in the ears40--7,idem47 8,matricis vulneribus confert 444 lac mulieris40--7,avicenna1 vol4 i4 p4 #ccg1 a #cf47 ,the ,empress of ,china took the milk of sixty wet nurses to keep herself alive1 according to ,mr4 ,frank ,g4 ,carpenter4 ,woman's milk is still used in the rude trephining of the ,african ,kabyles as a dressing4--7,see 8,prehistoric ,trephining10 by ,dr4 ,robert ,fletcher1 in vol4 v4 8,contributions to ,north ,american ,ethnology10 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahhb47 ,,human ,,sweat4 ,human perspiration was believed to be valuable not only as a means of prognosis in some diseases1 but its appearance was dreaded in others4 ,if the perspiration of a fever-stricken patient was mixed with dough1 baked into bread1 and given to a dog1 the dog would catch the fever1 and the man recover4 ,it was efficacious in driving away scrofulous wens1 and in rendering philters abortive4 ,it was narrated that if a man1 who under the influence of a philter1 was forced to love a girl against his will1 would put on a pair of new shoes1 and wear them out by walking in them1 and then drink wine out of the right shoe1 where it could mingle with the perspiration already there1 he would promptly be cured of his love1 and hate take its place4 ,this corresponds closely to the urine case already noted2 and it is proper to repeat ,flemming's own words on the matter3 8,narrant quod1 si quis philtro fascinatus era fuerit1 ad amandam prter voluntatem virginem1 ut is noves induat calces1 miliareque unum obambulando conficiat1 quo sudor animadvertatur postque vinum e calceo dextri pedis sudore madido1 hauriat1 sic ab illicito amore liberari amoremque in odium converti dicunt40--78,de ,remediis10 p4 #ai47 ,see ,etmuller1 who used it in scrofula1 lib4 ii4 p4 #bfe2 ,pliny1 lib4 #bh2 ,galen and ,avicenna 7sweat of gladiators71 vol4 i4 p4 #cih1 a #ag1 and elsewhere4 ,,superstitions ,,connected ,,with ,,the ,,catamenial ,,fluid4 ,for the opinions entertained by the ancients regarding its occult powers1 read ,pliny 7,bohn's edition71 lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #bc1 and again lib4 viii4 cap4 #ac4 8,on the approach of a woman in this state1 must will become sour1 seeds which are touched by her become sterile1 grafts wither away1 garden-plants are parched up1 and the fruit will fall from the tree beneath which she sits2 444 a swarm of bees if looked upon by her will die immediately1 brass and iron will immediately become rusty4444 ,dogs tasting the catamenial fluid will go mad4444 ,in addition to this1 the bitumen which is found at certain periods of the year floating on the ,lake of ,judea1 known as ,asphaltites1--a substance which is peculiarly tenacious1 and adheres to everything it touches1--can only be divided into separate pieces by a thread which has been dipped into this virulent matter40 7,lib4 vii4 cap4 #ac1 and again lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #bc47 ,in a footnote it is stated that both ,josephus 78,bell4 ,jud410 lib4 iv4 cap4 #i7 and ,tacitus 7lib4 v4 cap4 #f7 give an account of this supposed action of this fluid on the bitumen of ,lake ,asphaltites4 8,hail-storms1 they say1 whirl-winds1 and lightning even1 will be scared away by a woman uncovering her body merely1 even though menstruating at the time40 7,lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #bc47 ,menstruating women1 in ,cappadocia1 perambulated the fields of grain to preserve them from worms and caterpillars4 7,idem47 8,young vines1 too1 it is said1 are injured irremediably by the touch of a woman in this state2 and both rue and ivy plants1 possessed of highly medicinal virtues1 will die instantly upon being touched by her4444 ,the edge of a razor will become blunted on coming in contact with her40--7,idem47 8,all plants will turn pale upon the approach of a woman who has the menstrual discharge upon her40 7,pliny1 lib4 xix4 cap4 #eg47 ,the same opinion prevailed in ,france down to our own times4 7,idem1 footnote47 8,expiations were made with the menstrual discharge1 444 not only by midwives1 but even by harlots as well0 7lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #bj74 ,frommann cites ,aristotle and ,pliny in reference to the maleficent effects of the menses and of the uncanniness of a menstruating woman4 ,aristotle said her glance took the polish out of a mirror1 and the next person looking into it would be bewitched4 ,frommann quotes a man who said he saw a tree in ,goa which had withered because a catamenial napkin had been hung in it4--78,tractatus de ,fascinatione10 ,nuremburg1 #afge1 pp4 #ag1 #ah47 8,stains upon a garment made with the catamenial fluid can only be removed by the agency of the urine of the same female40--7,pliny1 lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #bd47 8,an ,australian black fellow who discovered that his wife had lain on his blanket at her menstrual period1 killed her1 and died of terror himself within a fortnight4 ,hence ,australian women at these times are forbidden under pain of death to touch anything that men use40 78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 i4 p4 #agj4 ,he supplies other examples from the ,eskimo and the ,indians of ,north ,america4 8,tinneh10 etc41 p4 #agj47 ,in the following example we are not certain that the young women selected were undergoing purgation1 but there is some reason for believing that such was the case1 especially in view of the general dissemination of the ideas connected with the catamenia4 8,in a district of ,transylvania1 when the ground is parched with drought1 some girls strip themselves naked1 and1 led by an older woman1 who is also naked1 they steal a harrow and carry it across the field to a brook1 where they set it afloat4 ,next they sit on the harrow1 and keep a tiny flame burning on each corner of it for an hour2 then they leave the harrow and go home4 ,a similar rain-charm is resorted to in ,india2 naked women drag a plough across the field by night40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 i4 p4 #ag47 ,for all bites of centipedes the people of ,angola1 ,portuguese and negroes1 apply the catamenial fluid4 ,this remedy is implicitly believed in by all concerned4--7,rev4 ,mr4 ,chatelain1 missionary to ,angola1 ,africa47 ,for the ,inuit1 see 8,les ,primitifs10 ,rclus1 ,paris1 #ahhe4 ,the dread felt by the ,american ,indians on this subject is too well known to need much attention in these pages2 it corresponds in every respect to the particulars recited by ,pliny4 ,squaws1 at the time of menstrual purgation1 are obliged to seclude themselves2 in most tribes they are compelled to occupy isolated lodges2 and in all are forbidden to prepare food for any one but themselves4 ,it is believed that were a menstruating woman to step astride of a rifle or a bow or a lance1 the weapon would have no further utility4 ,medicine-men are in the habit of making a saving clause1 whenever they proceed to make 8medicine20 this is to the effect that the 8medicine0 will be all right provided no woman in this peculiar condition be allowed to approach the tent or lodge of the officiating charlatan4 ,among the ,navajoes of ,arizona it is customary for the women to wear a strip of sheep-skin1 called a 8chogan20 when the necessity for its use has disappeared1 the woman goes outside of the village and conceals it in the forks of one of the cedar or juniper trees so numerous in the mountains4 ,the author once found one of these2 but the people with him were impressed with the idea that no good would come from being near it4 ,at another time he knew of a young boy who had been hit by a 8chogan0 which had been dislodged by a wind-storm4 ,he was almost frantic with terror1 and devoted three or four days to singing and to washing in a 8sweat-bath40 ,the ,ostiaks of ,siberia would seem to have the same ideas on this subject as the ,apaches and ,navajoes have4--7,see ,pallas1 8,voyages10 vol4 iv4 p4 #ie47 ,danielus ,beckherius informs his readers that menstrual blood was used in medicine 7pp4 #bc et seq472 philters were prepared from it 7idem1 p4 #cda74 8,zenith juvencarum sc4 sanguines menstruum0 were given for epilepsy1--that is1 the first menses of a girl 7idem1 p4 #db74 ,the lint of the napkin itself was thus given also 7idem71--8litura pannorum menstruorum datur patienti sanari morbum comitialium40 ,the first napkin used by a healthy virgin was preserved for use in cases of plague1 malignant carbuncles1 etc41 dampened with water and laid on the part affected2 also used in erysipelas 7idem1 p4 #dc1 8,med4 ,microcosmus074 ,dried catamenia were given internally for calculi1 epilepsy1 etc41 and externally for podagra2 they were also used in treatment of the plague1 for carbuncles1 aposthumes1 being placed thereon with a rag wet with rosewater or oil1 into which menstrual fluid had been poured2 it was good as a cosmetic to drive away pimples 7p4 #bfe74 ,to restrain an immoderate flow of the menses a napkin was saturated with menstrual blood1 and then kept for a certain time in an aperture made in the bark of a cherry-tree4 8,ad immodicum menstruorum fluxum cohibendum sunt qui pannum menstruum sanguine imbutum certo tempore cerasi radice in cortice apert indunt1 incisuramque iterum operiunt40--7,etmuller1 8,op4 ,omnia20 ,schrod4 8,dil4 ,zol410 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfe47 ,paullini prescribes the 8dried catamenia of women0 for the cure of kidney diseases 7pp4 #adb1 #adc71 also for ring-worm1 felons1 menstrual troubles4 ,frommann gives the same cure for immoderate menses1 by placing the napkin in a cherry-tree4--7,see 8,tract4 de ,fascinatione10 p4 #ajjf47 8,excoriationi conferunt 444 sanguis menstruus40--7,avicenna1 vol4 i4 p4 #chh47 ,according to ,flemming1 menstrual blood was believed to be so powerful that the mere touch of a menstruating woman would render vines and all kinds of fruit-trees sterile 7herein he seems to be following ,pliny74 ,it was believed to be valuable medicinally in relieving obstructions to the menstrual flow of other women2 even the soiled smock of a woman who had menstruated happily was efficacious in assisting another woman whose menses for any cause were retarded4 ,a small portion of the menses1 dried and taken internally1 mitigated the ailment known as dysmenorrha4 ,flemming states that1 while in his time this remedy had been gradually superseded1 its use was still kept up among the poor and ignorant1 in erysipelas1 face-blotches1 and as an ingredient in an ointment for podagra or gout4--78,de ,remediis10 pp4 #af1 #ag47 ,the ,laplanders 8say that they can stop a vessel in the middle of its course1 and that the only remedy against the power of this charm is the sprinkling of female purgations1 the odor of which is insupportable to evil spirits40--78,regnard's ,journey to ,lapland10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahj47 8,to cure a young woman of consumption she was given monthly discharges to drink40--78,dutchess ,county1 ,new ,york10 #ahcb1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,y4 ,bergen1 ,jr41 ,cambridge1 ,mass47 ,isaiah compareth our justice 8panno menstruat40--7,harington1 8,ajax10 p4 #bd47 8,crines fmin menstruos1 the haires of a menstruous woman are turned into serpents within short space40--7,scot1 8,discoverie10 p4 #bba47 8,men have a special objection to see the blood of women at certain times2 they say that if they were to see it they would not be able to fight against their enemies and would be killed40 7,mrs4 ,james ,smith1 8,the ,roandik ,tribes10 p4 #e47 ,hence1 although bleeding is a common ,australian cure among men1 women are not allowed to be bled4 7,angas1 vol4 i4 p4 #c47 8,this aversion is perhaps the explanation of that seclusion of women at puberty1 childbirth1 etc41 which has assumed different forms in many parts of the world40--78,totemism10 ,frazer1 p4 #ed1 footnote47 ,old women were suspected of using the first menstrual flow of a young girl in love-philters4--7,samuel ,augustus ,flemming1 8,de ,remediis407 8,for colic take the scrapings of the nails of a catamenial virgin1 mix with water1 and take40--7,sagen-,mrchen1 ,volksaberglauben aus ,schwaben1 ,freiburg1 #ahfa1 p4 #dhg47 ,there were many curious ideas prevalent in olden times as to the manner in which the basilisk or cockatrice could be engendered4 8,si l'on place dans une gourde de verre du sang menstruel1 et si l'on fait putrfier celui-ci dans le ventre d'un cheval1 il en nat un basilic40--78,mlusine10 ,paris1 ,january-,february1 #ahij1 p4 #ai47 ,although the ,israelites had many notions in common with the ,american ,indians on the subject of the catamenial fluid1 and the seclusion of women undergoing purgation1 there does not seem to have been any effort made to preserve or to hide the cloths used on such occasions4 ,thus the ,prophet ,isaiah 7lxiv4 #f7 says of the idols of the ,gentiles that they must be cast aside as the napkins soiled with the menses4 8,hoc est disperges ea 7de idolis loquitur7 sicut immunditionem menstruat40--7,contributed by ,doctor ,robert ,fletcher47 ,references to use of the catamenial fluid in witchcraft will be found in ,beckherius1 quoting ,josephus3 8,hiawatha1 wise and thoughtful1 ,you shall bless to-night the corn-fields1 ,draw a magic circle round them1 ,to protect them from destruction4 8,rise up from your bed in silence1 ,lay aside your garments wholly1 ,walk around the fields you planted1 8,covered with your tresses only1 ,robed with darkness as a garment40 78,hiawatha10 ,longfellow1 canto xiii41 8,blessing the ,corn-,fields407 ,menstruating women were excluded from the ,jewish synagogues and from the communion table of the early ,christian ,church3 8,menstruat mulieres superstitiose exclus ab ecclesia40--7,baronius1 8,annales10 ,lucca1 #ageh1 tome #c1 #bff1 xi47 ,,after-,,birth ,,and ,,lochi4 ,both of these were used medicinally2 the lochi were useful in restraining uterine hemorrhages2 after-birth1 dried and powdered1 deprived love-philters of their power2 it was used as an anti-epileptic1 to relieve retention of the menses1 etc4 7,see ,flemming1 8,de ,remediis10 p4 #ag47 ,secundines were used in the treatment of epilepsy4--7,see ,etmuller1 vol ii4 p4 #bfe74 ,,human ,,semen4 ,etmuller knew nothing of the remedial value of human semen beyond the fact that ,paracelsus had recommended its use in some cases 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bgb74 ,pliny mentions the use of human semen as a medicine 7lib4 xxviii4 c4 #aj74 ,the savage ,australians have 8a last and most disgusting remedy 444 deemed infallible in the most extreme cases4444 #8,mulierem ob juventutem firmitatemque corporis lectam sex vel plures viri in locum haud procul a castris remotum deducant4 ,ibique omnes deinceps in illa libidinem explent4 ,tum mulier ad pedes surgere jubetur quo facilius id quod maribus excepit effluere possit4 ,quod in vase collectum grotanti ebibendum prbent4' ,the aborigines have unbounded faith in this truly horrible dose1 and enumerate many1 many instances where it has effected marvellous cures4 ,we1 however1 have known of its having been administered in several cases without the remotest revivifying result4 ,it may be that this fluid is--in fact some savants positively assert that it is so--the very essence of life1 as well as containing the germs thereof1 and that administering a draught thereof to a patient slowly but surely dying from exhaustion1 consequent upon a long fit of illness 7the illness itself having died out or been cured7 might have the wonderful effect detailed so positively by the natives2 but this is a question for physicians to decide40--78,the ,abor4 of ,victoria and ,riverina10 ,melbourne1 #ahhi1 p4 #ee1 ,p4 ,beveridge1 received through the kindness of the ,royal ,soc41 ,sydney1 ,n4 ,s4 ,wales1 ,f4 ,b4 ,kyngdon1 ,secretary47 8,impetigine conferunt 444 sperma40--7,avicenna1 vol4 i4 p4 #ccj1 a #aj47 ,for gout ,avicenna prescribed 8,sanguis menstruus10 8,sperma hominis0 7vol4 i4 p4 #ccj1 a #ab2 idem1 a #ac72 8,sanguis menstruus calidus0 7vol4 i4 p4 #chh1 b #i72 also 8,stercus caprarum0 7vol4 i4 p4 #cij1 a #ac74 ,consult also what has been said of this secretion under 8,love-philters40 ,,human ,,blood4 ,the medicinal employment of human blood is described by ,pliny 7lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #aje74 ,beckherius says that human blood was employed in the treatment of epilepsy4 ,faustina1 the wife of the philosophical emperor1 ,marcus ,antoninus1 anxious to have a child1 drank the warm blood of a dying gladiator1 and then shared her husband's bed1 and at once became pregnant1 and brought forth the cruel ,commodus4 ,human blood was also used in effecting 8sympathetic cures40--78,medic4 ,microcos40 pp4 #abb1 #abh47 ,but it was essential that the human blood so employed should be pure and undefiled2 lovers who wished to increase the affection of their mistresses1 were recommended to try an infusion of their own blood into the loved one's veins4 ,the blood of man and also that of some animals1 notably the dog1 sheep1 etc41 were employed in mania1 delirium1 cancer1 etc4 ,the method of transfusion was preferred4 ,epileptics would sometimes drink a draught of the warm blood caught gushing from the neck of a decapitated criminal2 the blood of a man1 just decapitated1 drunk warm1 cured epilepsy and restrained uterine hemorrhage4--7,etmuller1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgb47 ,grimm alludes to the fact that the blood of innocent maids and boys was used as a remedy for leprosy2 that of malefactors1 in epilepsy4--78,teut4 ,mythol40 vol4 iii4 p4 #aagc47 ,see the discussion of this matter under the caption of 8,human ,skulls40 ,consult the work 8,blood-,covenant10 by ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,trumbull4 ,in regard to the conduct of the empress ,faustina1 see 8,history of the ,inquisition10 ,henry ,c4 ,lea1 ,n4 ,y4 #ahhi1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cia4 ,,human ,,skin1 ,,flesh1 ,,and ,,tallow4 ,girdles of human skin were regarded as efficacious in helping women in labor2 ,etmuller1 in his 8,comment4 ,ludovic40 disapproves of their use1 but1 in another part of his works1 describes how and for what purposes they were to be employed4 8,corium humanum et ex inde paratum cingulum magni est usu in suffocatione uterina arcenda1 uti etiam in pellendo fto mortuo1 item in partu difficile0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bgb74 ,references to such girdles or belts1 called 8cingul0 or 8chirothec0 are to be found in the writings of ,samuel ,augustus ,flemming and others4 ,human flesh1 of corpses1 was administered under the name of 8,mummy40 7,see ,beckherius1 8,med4 ,microcos40 p4 #bfc et seq47 ,he enumerates no less than fifty prescriptions for all sorts of ailments4 ,the 8mummy0 should be from a malefactor1 hanged on a gibbet1 never buried1 and the age should have been between #be and #dj1 of good constitution1 without organic or other diseases1 and gathered in clear weather4 ,human flesh occurs in recipes in 8,the ,chyrurgeon's ,closet10 ,london1 #afcb1 pp4 #f1 #ec4 ,andrew ,lang refers to the use of 8mummy powder0 by the physicians of the ,court of ,charles ,,ii4--78,myth10 etc4 vol4 i4 p4 #if47 ,human tallow was employed in medicine1 rendered from the skin and other parts4 ,it was regarded as efficacious in eradicating small-pox pustules1 while an 8oleum ,philosophorum0 was distilled from it and held in high repute for tumors1 catarrhal troubles1 affections of the ear1 etc4--7,flemming1 8,de ,remediis10 p4 #i47 ,human flesh 8mumia10 was recommended in the preparation of the best 8,paracelsus salve4444 ,recommended for cure of bruises and against congealed blood4444 ,most excellent and most approved medicines40 ,,human ,,skull4--,,brain4--,,moss ,,growing ,,on ,,human ,,skull4--,,moss ,,growing ,,on ,,statue4--,,lice4 ,democritus thought1 in his ,memoirs1 quoted by ,pliny1 that 8the skull of a malefactor is most efficacious4444 ,while1 for the treatment of others1 that of one who has been a friend or guest is required40 7,pliny1 lib4 xxviii4 c4 #b47 444 8,skull of a man who has been slain10 and 8whose body remains unburnt4444 ,skull of a man who has been hanged40--7,idem47 8,xenocrates1 who1 says ,galen1 flourished two generations or sixty years before him1 writes with an air of confidence on the good effects to be obtained by eating of the human brain1 flesh1 or liver2 by swallowing in drink the burnt or unburnt bones of the head1 shin1 or fingers of a man1 or the blood40--78,saxon ,leechdoms10 lib4 i4 p4 #ah47 8,against a boring worm 444 burn to ashes a man's head-bone or skull2 put it on with a pipe40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abg1 article 8,leech ,book407 ,paracelsus gives the recipe for distilling 8,the ,oyle of the ,skull of a ,man4444 ,take the skull of a man that was never buried1 and beate it into powder40 78,the ,secrets of ,physicke10 ,theophrastus ,paracelsus1 ,eng4 transl4 ,london1 #afcc1 p4 #ig47 8,the dose is three grains against the falling sickness40--7,idem47 ,schurig notes that the human skull is a remedy for the falling sickness4--7,see 8,chylologia407 ,the skull of a man was used for diseases of men2 that of a woman1 for diseases of women4--7,see 8,rare ,secrets in ,physicke10 collected by the ,comtesse of ,kent1 ,london1 #afed1 p4 #c47 ,beckherius prescribed it in cephalic affections1 epilepsy1 paralysis1 apoplexy1 vertigo1 etc41 taken in powder1 or raw1 simply or in combination4--78,medicus ,microcosmus10 p4 #aii et seq47 ,but the skull was1 preferentially1 8,cranii humani nunquam sepulti0 7p4 #bag72 or1 8,cranii humani violenter mortui0 7p4 #bff74 ,moss from such a skull was also used medicinally 7idem1 p4 #bcg74 ,if possible1 it should be that of a man who had been executed on a scaffold1 8patibula40 8,powder of a man's bones1 burnt1 chiefly of the skull that is found in the earth1 given1 cureth the epilepsy4 ,the bones of a man cureth a man1 the bones of a woman1 cureth a woman40 ,but the patient had to abstain from wine for nine days4--78,the ,poor ,man's ,physician10 ,john ,moncrief1 ,edin4 #agaf1 p4 #gj47 8,os hominis adustum10 a cure for epilepsy 7,avicenna1 vol4 i4 p4 #ccj a #ah72 8,mumia0 7idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #ceg1 a #ee72 8,ossa hominis in potu data0 7idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #cga1 a #f74 ,epilepsie4 8,take pilles made of the skull of one that is hanged40--7,reg4 ,scot4 8,discoverie10 p4 #age47 ,the skulls of ancestors were used as drinking cups by the ,tibetans1 according to ,rubruquis1 in ,purchas 7vol4 i4 p4 #bc74 8,among primitive people the head is peculiarly sacred40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahg47 ,dr4 ,bernard ,schaff gives the following formula for the cure of fevers3 8,take a human skull from among those not enclosed in tombs1 and calcine it in a crucible or in the open fire2 administer in doses of from one scruple to half a dram an hour or two before the paroxysm of the fever40 ,he adds that among the common people the belief prevailed that the skull should be obtained at the early dawn of day1 about the time of the winter solstice1 and with the ceremonies 7sacris7 peculiar to that season1 that it should be picked up in silence2 but for his part he does not believe in such things4 8,recipitur cranium humanum ex ipsis quoque sepulchrorum claustris depromptum 7vulgus addit tempore matutino ante ,solis ortum sub sacris angeron1 hoc est1 ore tacito1 aufferatur1 quod tamen1 cum aliquam sapere videatur superstitionem1 imitari nolui7 et vel igne aperto1 vel in crucibulo1 calcinatur1 usquedem colorem acquirat cineritium pulverisatum hocce cranium adhibetur a i4 ad 2 i4 vel ii4 horas ante paroxysmi principio40--78,ephem4 ,phys4 ,medic410 ,leipzig1 #afid1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ic47 ,the skull of a malefactor who had died on the scaffold or wheel1 and which had been exposed in the open air long enough to make it perfectly dry and white1 was considered a specific in epilepsy1 being much superior for that purpose to the skulls obtained from graveyards4 ,soldiers thought that if they drank from a human skull before going into battle they would secure immunity from the weapons of the enemy4 ,this belief undoubtedly came into ,europe with the ,scythians4 8,milites putant1 si quis ex cranio humano hauriat potum fore ut sit immunis ab insultis armorum40--7,etmuller1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfh1 #bfi47 ,etmuller also shows that these skulls were ground up and administered to epileptic patients1 many modes of preparation and administration being given4 ,flemming wrote that human skull was considered a potent remedy in all ailments for which practitioners would administer human brain1--that is1 in nerve troubles and in epilepsy4 ,preferably1 the skull should be taken from a corpse which had died a violent death1--8,qu e cadavere violenta morte extincto est desumta40 ,it was an ingredient in many preparations bearing the high-sounding titles of 8majesterium epilepticum10 8specificum cephalicum10 etc4 ,as a powder1 ground raw or calcined1 it was sometimes administered as a febrifuge and in paralysis4--78,de ,remediis10 p4 #aj47 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill states that the ,lamas of ,thibet use skulls in their religious ceremonies1 but reject those which smell like human urine4 8,blood of a dead man's skull0 used to check hemorrhage4--7,pettigrew1 8,med4 ,superst410 p4 #aac47 8,there is a divination-bowl1--an uncanny object1 made of the inverted cranium of a ,buddhist priest40--78,tidbits from ,tibet10 in the 8,evening ,star10 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,nov4 #c1 #ahhh1 describing the ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill collection in the ,national ,museum47 ,before the coming of the whites the savages of ,australia employed human skulls as drinking-vessels1--8human skulls with the sutures stopped up with a resinous gum40--78,native ,tribes of ,s4 ,australia10 ,adelaide1 #ahgi1 received through the kindness of the ,royal ,society1 ,sydney1 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,f4 ,b4 ,kyngdon1 ,secretary47 8,the powder of a man's bones1 and particularly that made from a skull found in the earth1 was esteemed in ,scotland as a cure for epilepsy4 ,as usual1 the form runs that the bones of a man will cure a man1 and the bones of a woman will cure a woman4 ,grose notes the merits of the moss found growing upon a human skull1 if dried and powdered and taken as snuff1 in cases of headache40 7,black1 8,folk-,medicine10 p4 #if47 ,he also informs us that the same beliefs and the same remedy obtained in ,england and ,ireland4 8,among the articles which may be regarded more as household furniture 444 are the dried human skulls1 which are found wrapped in banana-leaves in the habitation of nearly every well-regulated ,dyak family4 ,they are hung up on the wall1 or depend from the roof4 ,the lower jaw is always wanting1 as the ,dyak finds it more convenient to decapitate his victim below the occiput1 leaving the lower jaw attached to his body40--78,head-,hunters of ,borneo10 ,carl ,bock1 ,london1 #ahha1 p4 #aii47 ,the careful manner in which the ,mandans preserved the skulls of their dead1 as narrated by ,catlin1 is recalled to mind4 ,,moss ,,growing ,,on ,,human ,,skulls4 ,the medicinal use of the moss growing on the skulls of those who had died violent deaths is mentioned by ,von ,helmont4--78,oritrika10 p4 #gfh47 ,etmuller speaks of the usnea1 or moss1 growing on the skull of a malefactor1 which was given in cases of epilepsy 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bgc74 ,flemming regarded such moss1 if taken from the skull of a malefactor1 who had been hanged or broken on the wheel1 as of great efficacy in epilepsy1 in brain troubles1 and as a styptic for hemorrhages 7p4 #aa74 8,such a moss1 if dried1 powdered1 and taken as snuff1 will cure the headache40--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #bgg1 article 8,physical ,charms10 quoting ,grose4 ,the same reference is given by ,pettigrew1 8,medical ,superstitions10 p4 #hf47 ,,human ,,brain4 ,the human brain1 dissolved or distilled in spirits of wine1 was employed in nerve troubles and as an anti-epileptic4--7,flemming1 8,de ,remediis ex ,corpore ,humano desumtis10 p4 #aj47 ,,lice4 ,one might infer that habits of personal cleanliness did not prevail in ,england two centuries ago1 judging from the terms of the following prescription1 which seemingly takes as a matter of course that the patient could at any time obtain the insects needed3-- 8,for the cure of sore eyes 444 take two or three lice out of one's head2 put them under the lid40--78,rare ,secrets in ,physicke10 collected by the ,comtesse of ,kent1 ,london1 #afed1 p4 #ge47 ,the author of this work knows1 from disagreeable personal experience and observation1 that the ,indians of ,north ,america very generally were addicted to the disgusting practice of cleaning each other's heads and putting all captured prey in their mouths4 ,such an office was considered a very delicate attention to be paid by a woman to her husband or lover1 or from male friend to male friend1 while on a campaign4 ,no instance was noted of the use in a medical sense of these troublesome parasites4 ,,moss ,,growing ,,on ,,the ,,head ,,of ,a ,,statue4 8,it is asserted that a plant growing on the head of a statue gathered in the lappet of any one of the garments1 and then attached with a red string to the neck1 is an instantaneous cure for the headache40 7,pliny1 lib4 xxiv4 c4 #ajf47 ,this would seem to be germane to the idea of moss growing on the human skull4 ,,wool4 8,the ancient ,romans attributed to wool a degree of religious importance even2 and it was in this spirit that they enjoined that the bride should touch the door-posts of her husband's house with wool40--7,pliny1 lib4 xxix4 cap4 #aj47 ,in ,cumberland1 ,england1 a reputed cure for earache is the application of a bit of wool from a black sheep1 moistened in cow's urine4 ,possibly it is a modified form of this latter notion that is found at ,mount ,desert1 where it is said that the wool must be wet in new milk2 while in ,vermont1 to be efficacious1 it is thought that the wool must be gathered from the left side of the neck of a perfectly black sheep4 ,in other localities1 negro's wool is a reputed cure for the same pain4 ,it seems almost incredible1 whatever their origin1 that remedies of so offensive a character as many of those above given can still retain a place even in the rudest traditional pharmacopia2 but there seems to be in the uneducated human mind a sort of reverence for or faith in that which is in itself disagreeable or repulsive4 ,this idea apparently rules instead of rational judgment in the selection of many popular remedies in the shape of oils of the most loathsome description1 such as 8skunk-oil10 8angle-worm oil0 7made by slowly rendering earth-worms in the sun71 8snake-oil0 of various kinds1 etc4--78,animal and ,plant ,lore10 ,mrs4 ,fanny ,d4 ,bergen1 in 8,popular ,science ,monthly10 ,new ,york1 ,september1 #ahhh1 p4 #feh47 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the application of human blood and human skulls just presented1 one feature must be patent to the most superficial student2 in the treatment of epilepsy1 the blood or the skull was1 preferentially1 to be that of a dying gladiator or a criminal4 ,there was evidently a reason for this1 beyond mere expediency4 ,gladiatorial games were instituted as sacred games1 in which the victims to be offered in sacrifice were determined by the destiny of the combat4 ,long after man's better reason and better nature had revolted against the loathsome rites of human sacrifice1 religion and custom still held him in their clutches4 ,he would not offer up his own progeny1 as of yore1 but he still continued to immolate captives taken in war1 as so many gladiators had been1 or offenders against the laws4 ,the victim generally shared with the sacrificing priest the honor of representing the deity in whose name his life was to be taken4 ,consequently he became holy2 everything belonging to him became 8medicine10 and in no disease could it be administered more efficaciously than in epilepsy1--the essentially 8sacred disease0 7morbus sacer7 sent direct from the gods4 ,moreover1 criminals executed for violations of the laws of conquering nations1 or for infractions of the discipline1 or contempt of the doctrines of a triumphant religion1 might1 by the conquered rustics1 who still cherished a half-concealed veneration for the old rulers and supplanted rites1 be looked upon as martyrs1 whose bones1 blood1 and crania would relieve disease and drive away misfortune4 ,the idea of sanctity1 too1 attached to 8innocent maids and boys10 whose undefiled blood might rectify the polluted fluid that coursed languidly through the veins of the leper4 ,the belief that the gods are to be gratified and propitiated by the spectacle of human suffering1 especially when self-inflicted1 has been current from the first ages of the world1 and will most probably last1 in one form or another1 as long as the world shall last4 ,it has cropped out in every shape1 from the rigorous abstinence of the ascetic to the brutal flagellation of the fanatical devotee1 and from that to the emasculation of the ,galli1 the ,khlysthi1 and the ,hottentot1 and the self-immolation of the servant of ,juggernath4 ,maurice enumerates five different kinds of meritorious suicide yet recognized in ,hindostan1 and we have no reason for refusing to believe that our own ancestors were saturated with the same false notions1 which1 retaining their hold upon the minds of an illiterate peasantry1 would surround with the mystery of holiness any act of self-destruction attributable to mania or other impulse supposed to be from on high4 ,,bones ,,and ,,teeth4--,,marrow4 8,if a circle is traced round an ulcer with a human bone1 it will be effectually prevented from spreading40--7,pliny1 lib4 xxviii4 c4 #aa47 ,etmuller believed that by the use of an unbroken human bone it was possible to induce as copious a purgation as might be desired4 8,beneficio ossis humani integri potest fieri purgatio artificialis tanta quantum volumus10 etc4--7,etmuller1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgc47 8#8,holy oyle of dead men's bones1' good for the #8falling sickness4'0--78,the ,newe ,jewell of ,health10 ,george ,baker1 ,chirurgeon1 ,london1 #aegf1 black letter1 p4 #agj47 ,beckherius prescribed human bones in medicine4--7,see 8,med4 ,microcos410 p4 #beb et seq47 ,etmuller1 not content with prescribing the bones ground into powder1 also directed the administration of human marrow 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bfh74 ,,human ,,teeth4 8,a tooth taken from a body before burial10 worn as an amulet1 cured toothache4--7,pliny1 lib4 xxviii4 c4 #ab47 8,the first tooth that a child has shed10 worn as an amulet1 protects from pain in the uterus4--7,idem1 lib4 xxviii4 c4 #g47 ,pounded dead men's teeth were used in fumigating the genitalia of persons 8ligated0 by witchcraft4--7,see ,frommann1 8,tract4 de ,fascin410 p4 #ife47 ,etmuller taught that the teeth were similar to the bones1 and used in the alleviation of the same infirmities4 ,those drawn from the jaws of a man who had died a violent death were highly commended for all sickness brought on by witchcraft1 as well as for loss of virility4 8,ossibus similes sunt dentes1 qui ipsi ex homine imprimis violenta morte interempto commendatur ad morbos per veneficium1 si nimium et illis fiat suffitus2 item in impotentia0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bgc74 8,si dentes pueri1 imprimis cum cadunt1 suspendantur antequam ad terram deveniant et ponantur in lamina argenti et suspendantur supra mulieres eas prohibent impregnari et parere0 7idem1 p4 #bfc74 ,teeth are worn as amulets by pregnant women or ground into powder1 and taken in a potion2 in both forms1 believed to be useful in averting the plague4 ,powdered teeth1 drunk in wine1 cured epilepsy1 and restored impaired virility4--7,flemming1 8,de ,remediis10 p4 #ac47 8,knock a tooth that is pulled out into the bark of a young tree40--7,grimm1 8,teutonic ,mythology10 vol4 iii4 p4 #aagc47 ,human teeth1 bones1 and other parts of dead bodies are still used by the negroes in our ,southern ,states in their 8voudoo0 ceremonies1 and as charms1 in the old-time belief that their possession secures a man invisibility4 ,see an article on this subject in the 8,evening ,star10 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,january #a1 #ahhi4 8,in ,north ,hants1 a tooth taken from the mouth of a corpse is often enveloped in a little bag and worn around the neck to secure the wearer against headache4444 ,in the northeast of ,scotland1 the sufferer was required to pull with his own teeth a tooth from the skull40--78,folk-,medicine10 ,black1 p4 #ih47 ,the use of human teeth and fingers as 8charms10 8amulets10 and 8medicine10 will be treated of in another work1 at greater length4 ,at present it will be sufficient to call attention to the great potency associated in the minds of the ,american aborigines with such relics4 ,the author obtained1 in one of ,general ,crook's campaigns1 in a battle with the ,northern ,cheyennes1 in northern ,wyoming1 in the winter of #ahgf1 a necklace of human fingers1 the prized adornment and 8medicine0 of the chief medicine-man4 ,this curious link between the savagery of ,america and the superstitions of ,europe is now in the ,national ,museum1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,flemming prescribed the ground bones of criminals 7raw or burnt71 as an internal medicine for gout1 dysentery1 etc42 but he did not limit himself to human bones1 as he expressly states that1 as a substitute1 the bones of horses1 asses1 or other beasts could be employed4 78,de ,remediis10 p4 #ab47 ,,tartar ,,impurities ,,from ,,the ,,teeth4 ,paullini goes so far as to recommend the use of the tartar impurities from the teeth1 and the dirt from soiled stockings1 as a remedy for nose-bleed4 7,paullini1 p4 #eb47 ,in this he most probably follows an ancient line of practice1 of which other authors have neglected to give a detailed account4 ,galen and others have shown that the scrapings from the body1 and all other 8sordes0 were used medicinally1 and there was no reason why dental tartar should not be added to the materia medica4 ,,renal ,,and ,,biliary ,,calculi4--,,human ,,bile4 ,calculi were used in the treatment of calculary troubles and in childbirth4--7,pliny1 lib4 xxvii4 cap4 #i4 ,see also ,galen47 ,prescribed for stone in the bladder or kidneys by ,beckherius4--78,med4 ,microcosmus10 pp4 #afg-agj47 ,flemming advocates the same use of them4--78,de ,remediis10 p4 #bc47 8,a man's stone1 drunk fasting1 is most powerful of any to break the stone and expel it with the urine40--78,the ,poor ,man's ,physician10 ,moncrief1 p4 #aca47 ,flemming also used biliary calculi in the cure of yellow jaundice4--78,de ,remediis10 p4 #ad47 ,human bile was used internally in epilepsy1 and externally in deafness and ulcerations of the ear4--7,idem47 ,,bezoar ,,stones4--,,lyncurius4 ,from the most ancient times there were used in the medical practice of ,europe certain stones1 known as belemnites1 thunder-stones1 lyncurius1 etc41 believed to be efficacious in treatment of stone in the bladder4 ,this lyncurius was regarded as the coagulated urine of the lynx1 and under that phase of the case properly comes within the scope of this volume4--7,see 8,pomet on ,drugs10 ,english translation1 ,london1 #agch1 p4 #djh47 ,the 8bezoar0 stone1 so frequently alluded to by old writers1 was simply excrementitious matter hardened in an animal's stomach4 ,,cosmetics4 ,pigeon's dung was applied externally for all spots and blemishes on the face4 7,pliny1 lib4 xxx4 cap4 #i47 ,mouse-dung1 externally1 for lichens4 7,idem47 8,brand ,marks0 7stigmata7 were removed by using pigeon's dung diluted in vinegar4 7,idem1 lib4 xxx4 cap #aj47 ,crocodile-dung1 or 8crocodilea10 removed blemishes from the face4 7,idem1 lib4 xxxviii4 caps4 #bi1 #ej47 ,it also removed freckles4 8,an application of bull-dung1 they say1 will impart a rosy tint to the cheeks1 and not even crocodilea is better for the purpose40--7,idem1 lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #ej47 ,galen alludes to the extensive use as a cosmetic1 by the ,greek and ,roman ladies1 of the dung of the crocodile2 in the same manner1 the dung of starlings that had been fed on rice alone was employed4--7,galen1 8,opera ,omnia10 ,kuhn's edition1 lib4 xxx4 p4 #cjh47 ,dioscorides prescribed crocodile-dung as a beautifier of the faces of women4--78,mat4 ,med410 vol4 i4 p4 #bbb et seq47 ,bull-dung was used by women as a cosmetic to remove all facial blemishes4--7,sextus ,placitus1 8,de ,med4 ex ,animal410 article 8,de ,tauro407 ,the urine of a boy took away freckles from a face washed with it4 8,ad profluvium mulieris1 si locum spe lotio viri laverit40 ,for birthmarks on children take the crust which gathers on urine standing in chamber-pots1 break up and bake2 place the child in the bath1 and rub the marks well4 8,ad maculas infantium1 matell qu crustem ex lotio duxerint1 fract et coct1 in balneo infantem1 si ex eo unxeris omnia supra-scripta emendat40--7,idem1 8,de ,puello et ,puella ,virgine407 ,beckherius approved of the use of the meconium of infants to erase birthmarks4--78,med4 ,microcos410 p4 #aac47 ,etmuller states that from cow-dung1 as well as from human ordure1 by repeated digestion and distillation and sublimation1 was prepared 8,zibethum ,occidentale10 so named by ,paracelsus4 ,from this was distilled the 8water of all flowers10 so termed because the cattle had eaten so many flowers in their pasturage4 ,this was passing good as a cosmetic to remove pimples and all kinds of blotches4 ,human ordure itself was made use of for the same purpose 7vol4 ii4 p4 #aga74 8',tis stale to have a coxcomb kiss your hands ,while yet the chamber-lye is scarce wiped off40 78,ram ,alley10 ,ludowick ,barry1 ,london1 #afaa1 edition of ,london1 #ahbe47 ,dog-urine was prescribed to restore the color of the hair4--7,avicenna1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ccc1 a #ej47 8,alopecia0 7baldness7 was cured by mouse-dung 7idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #cfj1 b #ej71 and by 8stercus caprarum40--7,idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #chi1 b #ec47 8,urina canis putrefacta conservat nigredinem capillorum40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ccc1 a #ej47 ,rclus says that even now1 in ,paris1 many people who have within reach the best of toilet waters prefer to use urine as a detersive4--7,see 8,les ,primitifs10 p4 #gb1 8,les ,inoits ,occidentaux407 ,the ,ove-herero1 living south of ,angola1 ,west ,africa1 rub their bodies with dry cow-dung to impart lustre4--78,muhongo10 interpreted by ,rev4 ,mr4 ,chatelain47 8,aqua omnium florum0 was distilled from the dung of cows dropped in the month of ,may4 8,verno seu ,maiali tempore 444 ex stercore recenti vacc herbas depascentis40 7,etmuller1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bdi47 8,ex hoc ipso stercore1 eodem modo atque ex stercore humano per digestionem et sublimationem1 repetitam potest preparari ,zibethum ,occidentale1 sic dictum a ,paracelso1 quoniam suavem spirat instar ,zibethi4 ,destillatur aqua ex hoc stercore qu vocatur aqua omnium florum1 quia bos innumeris floribus vescitur2 hc aqua omnium florum est singulare cosmeticum applicatum externe delendis nvis et maculis in facie40--7,etmuller1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bdi1 #bej47 ,some people added to this a 8water distilled from the sperm of frogs40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aga1 #agb47 ,catamenial blood was supposed to be a remedy for pimples on the face4 7,idem1 p4 #bfe47 ,in portions of ,northern ,mexico the women apply it to their faces as a beautifier4 ,cow-dung was very generally relied upon in this sense4 ,the dung of a black cow entered into the composition of the celebrated 8,eau de ,mille ,fleurs40 ,the ordure of small lizards was also used to smooth out the wrinkles from the faces of old women4 ,fox-dung and the dung of sparrows and starlings were in use for softening the hands4 ,arabian women use as a cosmetic a mixture of saffron and chicken-dung4 ,cow-dung is sometimes as aromatic as musk4 ,it used to be employed to restore the odor to old and faded musk1 or to hang the latter in a privy1 where it would re-acquire its former strength2 but would not retain it long 7see under 8,latrines074 ,to improve the complexion ,paullini recommended a water distilled from human excrements2 also the worms that grow therein distilled to a water4 ,the cosmetic of country wenches is their own urine4 ,human excrements have peculiar salts more strengthening and useful than soap4 ,a young girl improved her complexion wonderfully by washing her face in cow-dung and drinking her brother's urine fresh and warm1 while fasting 7pp4 #bfc1 #bfd74 ,other cosmetics commended by ,paullini were human ordure1 externally2 the ordure of a young boy1 internally2 8,eau de ,millefleurs10 the excreta of lizards1 crocodiles1 foxes1 sparrows1 starlings1 chickens1 or of cows gathered in ,may1 externally4 ,see also pages #agb1 #bjg4 ,for the eradication of freckles ,paullini also recommended the external application of the excrement of donkeys1 dogs1 chickens1 crocodiles1 foxes1 or pigeons4 ,schurig was a champion of 8,aqua ex stercore distillata10 for all facial embellishment4--78,chylologia10 p4 #gfb47 8,il y a plus2 les femmes les plus belles s'en sont barbouill le visage1 et ,saint ,jrome le reproche durement aux dames de son temps40 ,in a footnote is added this explanation3 8,on a employ des excrmens de quelques lzards d',egypte comme cosmtique1 cause de leur odeur musque40 78,bib4 ,scat410 p4 #ba47 8,merde de ,lzard c'est le cordilea1 excrment du stellion du ,levant1 employ comme cosmtique40--7,idem1 p4 #abc47 8,wash the face with the diaper on which a new-born babe has urinated for the first time1 it will remove freckles40--7,cape ,breton1 ,mrs4 ,fanny ,d4 ,bergen1 ,cambridge1 ,mass47 ,this belief in the cosmetic power of the first renal discharge of a child is generally diffused all over the ,united ,states4 8,enfin1 les nourrices entre nous1 ont l'habitude de frotter la figure de leurs nourrissons avec les langes imbibs de leur urine4 ,cela les fait venir beau1 disent-elles1 cela combat en tout cas1 certaines efflorescences cutanes chez les enfants1 par l'ammoniaque40--7,personal letter from ,doctor ,bernard1 ,cannes1 ,france47 ,prof4 ,patrice de ,janon states that the ladies of his native place1 ,carthagena1 ,south ,america1 to his personal knowledge1 were in the habit of using their own urine as a face lotion1 and to beautify and soften the skin4 ,horse-dung was another face lotion4--78,a ,rich ,storehouse or ,treasurie for the ,diseased10 ,ralph ,blower1 ,london1 #afaf1 p4 #ajf47 ,goose-dung is in repute in the ,state of ,indiana for removing pimples4--7,mrs4 ,bergen47 ,mr4 ,sylvester ,baxter says that young women in ,massachusetts1 at least until very recently1 have employed human urine as a wash for the preservation of the complexion4 8,water that stands in the concavity of a patch of cow-dung0 is the belief in ,walden1 ,mass41 according to ,mrs4 ,bergen1 who thus shows a transplantation of the same belief which has lingered in ,europe from remote ages4 ,,xlii4 ,,amulets ,,and ,,talismans4 ,as a connecting link between pharmacy proper and the antidotes to the effects of witchcraft1 and at the same time fully deserving of a separate place on its own merits1 may be inserted a chapter upon talismans and amulets made of excrementitious materials4 8,from the cradle1 modern ,englishmen are taught to fight an angry battle against superstition1 and they treat a talisman or charm with some disdain and contempt4 ,but let us reflect that those playthings tended to quiet and reassure the patient1 to calm his temper1 and soothe his nerves1--objects1 which1 if we are not misinformed1 the best practitioners of our own day willingly obtain by such means as are left them4 8,whether a wise physician will deprive a humble patient of his roll of magic words or take from his neck the fairy stone1 ,i do not know2 but this is certain1 that the ,christian church of that early day1 and the medical science of the empire by no means refused the employment of these arts of healing1 these balms of superstitious origin4 8,the reader may enjoy his laugh at such devices1 but let him remember that dread of death and wakeful anxiety must be hushed by some means1 for they are very unfriendly to recovery from disease40--78,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 i4 p4 #aa47 ,cat-dung1 8to be attached to the body with the toe of a horned owl0 and 8not to be removed until the seventh paroxysm is passed10 was the amulet recommended by ,pliny for the cure of the quartan fever4--7,lib4 xxviii4 c4 #ff47 ,sextus ,placitus1 8,de ,puello et ,puella ,virgine10 recommends the use of calculi to aid in the expulsion of calculi1 either ground into a powder or hung about the patient's neck as an amulet2 in the latter case1 he says1 the cure is more gradual4 ,roman matrons used a small stone found in the excrement of a hind 8attached to the body as an amulet10 as 8a preventive of abortion40--7,pliny1 lib4 xxviii4 c4 #gg47 ,in retarded dentition1 there was a bag suspended from the infant's neck1 in which was a powder1 made of equal parts of the dung of hares1 wolves1 and crows4--7,schurig1 8,chylologia10 p4 #hbj74 8,wolf's dung1 borne with one1 helps the colic40--7,burton1 8,anatomy of ,melancholy10 vol4 ii4 p4 #acd47 ,burton1 in his 8,anatomy of ,melancholy10 #afba1 p4 #dgf1 has the following passage on this subject3 8,amulets ,i find prescribed2 taxed by some1 approved by others40--7,quoted by ,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant40 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbd1 article 8,amulets407 ,no explanation can be ventured upon for the following charm1 which had a very extended dissemination throughout ,europe1 and can be traced back to 8,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 x4 p4 #cc4 8,many magic writings are simply invocations of the devil4444 ,a woman obtained an amulet to cure sore eyes4 ,she refrained from shedding tears and her eyes recovered4 ,on a zealous friend opening the paper1 these words were found3 8,der teufel kratze dir die augen aus1 und scheisse dir in die lcher10 and1 naturally1 when the woman saw that it was in this she had trusted1 she lost faith1 began to weep again1 and in due time found her eyes as bad as ever4 78,folk ,medicine10 ,black1 p4 #aga47 ,the same charm was also1 in other places1 written in ,latin1 in this form3 8,diabolus effodiat tibi oculos1 impleat foramina stercoribus40 ,it is quoted by ,pettigrew1 in 0,medical ,superstitions10 p4 #ajb2 also by ,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant40 vol4 iii4 p4 #cbd1 article 8,characts40 ,translated into ,english it is thus rendered by ,reginald ,scot3-- 8,the devil pull out both thine eyes1 ,and etihs in the holes likewise40 8,spell the word backward and you shall see this charm40--78,discoverie of witchcraft10 ,london1 #afea1 p4 #agh47 8,for diphtheria1 a poultice consisting of the fresh excrement of the hog1 is worn about the neck for one night40 7,fayette ,county47--78,folk-,lore of the ,penn'a ,germans10 in 8,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore10 #ahhi1 p4 #bi1 ,w4 ,j4 ,hoffman1 ,m4 ,d47 ,for diseases in the kidneys1 as an amulet 1 which means 8viscera0 in ,hebrew3 8,in cubili canis urinam faciat qui urinam non potest continere1 dicatque dum facit1 ne in cubili suo urinam ut canis faciat40--78,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 i4 p4 #ca4 ,see also under ,grand ,lama1 love-philters1 mistletoe1 witchcraft47 ,each and every one of the remedies inserted here under the title of 8,witchcraft10 might with perfect propriety have been comprehended under the caption of 8,pharmacy10 but the intention was to differentiate the two in the hope of attaining greater clearness in treatment4 ,under 8,pharmacy10 therefore1 have been retained all remedies for the alleviation of known disorders1 while under 8,witchcraft0 are tabulated all that were to be administered or applied for the amelioration of ailments of an obscure type1 the origin of which the ignorant sufferer would unhesitatingly seek in the malevolence of supernatural beings or in the machinations of human foes possessed of occult influences4 ,side by side with these1 very properly go all such aids as were believed to insure better fortune in money-making1 travelling1 etc4 8,a mixture of ape's-dung and chameleon-dung was applied to the doors of one's enemy4444 ,he will1 through its agency1 become the object of universal hatred40--7,pliny1 lib4 xxviii4 c4 #bi47 8,the excrements 7i4 e4 of the hyena7 which have been voided by the animal at the moment when killed1 are looked upon as counter-charms to magic spells40--7,idem1 c4 #bg47 8,for young girls they 7i4 e4 the magicians7 prescribe nine pellets of hare's dung to ensure a durable firmness to the breasts40--7,idem1 c4 #gg47 ,doctor ,dupouy believes that when the ,druids 8were forced to take refuge in dense forests far removed from the people1 persecuted by the ,romans1 barbarians1 and ,christians1 they progressively became magicians1 enchanters1 prophets1 and charmers1 condemned by the ,councils and banished by the civil authority4 ,it is at this epoch that evil spirits were noticed prowling around in the shadows of night and indulging in acts of obscene depravity4444 ,in the seventh century ,druidism disappeared1 but the practice of magic1 occult art1 and the mysterious science of spirits were transmitted from generation to generation but lessened in losing the philosophical character of ancient times40--78,le ,moyen ,age ,mdical10 or its translation1 8,physicians in the ,middle ,ages10 ,t4 ,c4 ,minor1 ,m4 ,d41 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 p4 #ch47 ,,xliii4 ,,witchcraft4--,,sorcery4--,,charms4--,, spells4--,,incantations4--,,magic4 ,there is but one method of arriving at a correct understanding of what witchcraft was1 as known to civilized communities1 and that is by placing it under the lens of investigation as a mutilated and distorted survival of a displaced religion4 ,the very earliest records of man's thought1 the alabaster and earthen tablets of ,chaldea and ,assyria1 allude to the evil eye1 to incantations1 and to the fear of evil spirits1 witches1 and sorcerers4 8,nevertheless1 the ,chaldean tablets do not leave us without any insight into witchcraft1 as their formul were destined to counteract the effects of the sorceries of this impious art1 as well as the spontaneous action of demons40--78,chaldean ,magic10 ,franois ,lenormant1 ,london1 #ahgg1 p4 #ei2 for the ,chaldean's dread of the ,evil ,eye1 see the same work1 p4 #fa47 8,one fine series 7i4 e4 of ,chaldean tablets7 deals with remedies against witchcraft40--78,the ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis10 ,george ,smith1 ,new ,york1 #ahhj1 p4 #bh47 8,there is finally a third species of magic1 thoroughly diabolical in character1 and openly acknowledging itself as such4 ,this kind helps to perpetuate 444 by still believing in their power and transforming them into dark practices1 the rites of adoration of the ancient gods1 considered as demons after the triumph of the new religion1 the exclusive spirit of which repudiates all association with the remains of the old worship4 ,the enchanter in this case1 far from considering himself an inspired and divine personage1 consents1 provided he reaps all the benefit of his magic practices1 to be nothing more than the tool of the bad and infernal powers4 ,he himself sees devils in the ancient gods evoked by his spells1 but he nevertheless remains confident of their protection2 he engages himself in their service by compacts1 and fancies himself going to a witch-dance in their company4 ,the greater part of the magic of the ,middle ,ages bears this character and perpetuates the popular and superstitious rites of paganism in the mysterious and diabolical operations of sorcery4 ,it is the same with the magic of most ,mussulman countries4 ,in ,ceylon1 since the complete conversion of the island to ,buddhism1 the ancient gods of ,sivaism have become demons1 and their worship a guilty sorcery practised only by enchanters40--78,chaldean ,magic10 ,lenormant1 p4 #gg47 ,human and animal filth are mentioned in nearly every treatise upon witchcraft1 under three different heads3-- ,firstly1 as the means by which the sorcery is accomplished4 ,secondly1 as the antidote by which such machinations are frustrated4 ,thirdly1 as the means of detecting the witch's personality4 ,much that might have been included within this chapter has been arranged under the caption of 8,love-,philters0 and 8,child-,birth10 and should be examined under those heads4 ,the subject of amulets and talismans is another that is so closely connected with the matter of which we are now treating1 that it must be included in any investigation made in reference to it4 ,exactly where the science of medicine ended1 and the science of witchcraft began1 there is no means of knowing2 like ,astrology and ,astronomy1 they were twin sisters1 issuing from the same womb1 and travelling amicably hand in hand for many years down the trail of civilization's development2 long after medicine had won for herself a proud position in the world of thought and felt compelled through shame to repudiate her less-favored comrade in public1 the strictest and closest relations were maintained in the seclusion of private life4 8,among the counter-charms too are reckoned the practice of spitting into the urine the moment it is voided40--7,pliny1 lib1 xxviii4 cap4 #g47 8,goat's dung attached to infants1 in a piece of cloth1 prevents them from being restless1 female infants in particular40 7,idem1 cap4 #gh47 ,this was probably a survival from times still more ancient1 when infants were sometimes suckled by goats1 and it was a good plan to have them thoroughly familiarized with the smell1--the hircine or caprine odor4 8,in cases of fire1 if some of the dung can be brought away from the stalls1 both sheep and oxen may be got out all the more easily1 and will make no attempt to return40--7,idem1 cap4 #ha47 ,the adepts in magic expressly forbid a person1 when about to make water1 to uncover the body in the face of the sun or moon1 or to sprinkle with his urine the shadow of any object whatsoever4 ,hesiod gives a precept recommending persons to make water against an object standing full before them1 that no divinity may be offended by their nakedness being uncovered4 ,osthanes maintains that every one who drops some urine upon his foot in the morning will be proof against all noxious medicaments4--7,idem1 lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #ai47 ,the adepts in the magical art also believed that 8it is improper to spit into the sea1 or to profane that element by any other of the evacuations that are inseparable from the infirmities of human nature40--7,idem1 lib4 xxx4 cap4 #f1 speaking of the disinclination of the ,armenian magician1 ,tiridates1 to visit the ,emperor ,nero by sea47 ,the ,thibetans share these scruples4 ,among the things prohibited to their 8,bhikshuni10 or monks and nuns1 are3 8,ne pas se soulager dans de l'eau quand on n'est pas malade1 n'y cracher1 n'y moucher1 y vomir1 ni y jeter quoi que soit de sale40--78,pratimoksha ,sutra10 translated by ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill1 ,paris1 #ahhd1 ,soc4 ,asiatique47 ,it was believed that a dog would not bark at a man who carried hare's dung about his person4--7,see ,pliny1 lib4 xxx4 cap4 #ec47 8,the therionaca 444 has the effect of striking wild beasts of all kinds with a torpor which can only be dispelled by sprinkling them with the urine of the hyena40 7,idem1 lib4 xxiv4 cap4 #ajb47 ,the hyena was regarded as an especially 8magical0 animal4--7,idem1 lib4 xxviii47 8,the magicians tell us that1 after taking the ashes of a wild-boar's genitals in urine1 the patient must make water in a dog-kennel1 and repeat the following formula3 #8,this ,i do that ,i may not wet my bed1 as a dog does4'0--7,idem1 lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #fj47 ,some of these ideas would appear to have crossed the ,atlantic4 ,in the ,united ,states1 a generation or less ago1 boys were wont to urinate 8criss-cross0 for good luck1 and were careful not to let any of their urine fall on their own shadows4--7,col4 ,f4 ,a4 ,seelye1 ,anthropological ,society1 and others1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c47 ,in ,minden1 ,westphalia1 ,germany1 boys will urinate criss-cross1 and say1 8,kreuspissen1 morgenstirbstein-,jude0 78,let us piss criss-cross1 a ,jew will die to-morrow074--7,personal letter from ,dr4 ,franz ,boas1 ,clark ,university1 ,worcester1 ,mass47 8,nor ever defile the currents of rivers flowing seaward1 nor fountains1 but specially avoid it40--78,opera et ,dies10 ,rev4 ,j4 ,banks1 ,london1 #ahef1 p4 #aae47 8,sorcerers try to procure some of a man's excrement1 and put it in his food in order to kill him40--78,muhongo10 a boy from ,angola1 ,africa1 personal interview1 interpretation by ,rev4 ,mr4 ,chatelain47 8,muhongo0 also said that to 8add one's urine1 even unintentionally1 to the food of another bewitches that other1 and does him grievous harm40 ,democritus says of the stone 8aspisatis30 8,patients should wear it attached to the body with camel's dung40 7,quoted in ,pliny1 lib4 xxvii4 cap4 #ed47 ,the same book tells us that stones of this kind were worn generally by gladiators1 ,milo of ,crotona being mentioned as one4 ,what 8aspisatis0 was cannot be learned4 8,another thing universally acknowledged1 and one which ,i am ready to believe with the greatest pleasure1 is the fact that if the door-posts are only touched with the menstruous fluid1 all spells of the magicians will be neutralized40--7,pliny1 lib4 xxviii4 cap4 #bd47 8,osthanes1 who accompanied ,xerxes1 the ,persian king1 in his expedition against ,greece1 444 the first person1 so far as ,i can ascertain1 who wrote upon magic40 7,idem1 lib4 xxx4 cap4 #c47 ,he adds1 speaking of magic3 8,britannia still cultivates this art1 and that with ceremonials so august that she might almost seem to have been the first to communicate them to ,persia40--7,idem1 lib4 xxx4 cap4 #d47 ,for the relief of infants from phantasm1 wrap some goat-dung in a cloth and hang it about the child's neck4 8,ad infantes qui fantasmatibus vexantur1 capr stercus in panno involutum1 et collo suspensum remedium est infantibus qui fantasmata patiuntur40--7,sextus ,placitus1 8,de ,capro407 8,with ,plinius was contemporary ,joseph or ,josephus4 ,the tales about the mandrake1 much later on1 and found in the ,saxon herbarium1 are traceable to what he says of the ,baaras1--an herb that runs away from the man that wants to gather it1 and won't stop until one throws on it 1 for nastiness is often an element of mysteries2 and even then it kills the dog that draws it out4 ,it is not certain that mandrake berries are meant in ,genesis1 xxx4 #ad40--78,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 i4 p4 #af47 ,dulaure says that the repute in which mandrake was held was due to its resemblance to the human form1 and to the lies told to the superstitious about it1 one being that 8ils disent qu'il est engendr dessous un gibet de l'urine d'un larron pendu40--78,des ,diffrens ,cultes10 ,paris1 #ahbe1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bee1 footnote47 8,for a man haunted by apparitions work a drink of a white hound's thost or dung in bitter ley2 wonderfully it healeth40 78,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 i4 p4 #cfe47 ,this same 8thost10 or dung1 was recommended in the treatment of nits and other insects on children1 for dropsy 7internally71 and to drive away the 8,dwarves10 who were believed to have seized upon the patient afflicted with convulsions4 8,doors of houses are smeared with cow-dung and nimba-leaves1 as a preservative from poisonous reptiles40--7,moor's 8,hindu ,pantheon10 ,london1 #ahaj1 p4 #bc47 8,in some parts of ,western ,africa1 when a man returns home after a long absence1 before he is allowed to visit his wife he must wash his person with a particular fluid1 and receive from the sorcerer a certain mark on his forehead1 in order to counteract any magic spell which a stranger woman may have cast upon him in his absence1 and which might be communicated through him to the women of his village40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 i4 p4 #aeg47 ,we are not informed what this 8particular fluid0 was1 but enough has been adduced concerning the ,african's belief in the potency of human urine in cases similar to the above to warrant the insertion at this point4 8,on returning from an attempted ascent of the great ,african mountain1 ,kilimanjaro1 which is believed by the neighboring tribes to be tenanted by dangerous demons1 ,mr4 ,new and his party1 as soon as they reached the borders of the inhabited country1 were disenchanted by the inhabitants1 being sprinkled with #8a professionally prepared liquor1 supposed to possess the potency of neutralizing evil influences1 and removing the spell of wicked spirits4'0--7,idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #aea1 quoting ,charles ,new1 8,life1 ,wanderings1 and ,labors in ,eastern ,africa407 ,that the ,eskimo believed in the power of human ordure to baffle witchcraft would seem to be intimated in the following from ,boas3 8,though the ,angekok understood the schemes of the old hag1 he followed the boy1 and sat down with her4 ,she feigned to be very glad to see him and gave him a dishful of soup1 which he began to eat4 ,but by the help of his tornaq that is1 the magical influence which aided him the food fell right through him into a vessel which he had put between his feet on the floor of the hut4 ,this he gave to the old witch1 and compelled her to eat it4 ,she died as soon as she had brought the first spoonful to her mouth40--78,the ,central ,eskimo10 ,franz ,boas1 in 8,sixth ,annual ,report0 ,bureau of ,ethnology1 ,washington47 8,osthanes1 the magician1 prescribed the dipping of our feet1 in the morning1 in human urine1 as a preventative against charms40--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant410 vol4 iii4 p4 #bhf47 ,frommann writes that human ordure1 menses1 and semen were mixed in the food of the person to be bewitched4--78,tractatus de ,fascinatione10 p4 #fhc47 ,on another page this list is increased to read that human ordure1 urine1 blood1 hair1 nails1 bones1 skulls1 and the moss growing on the last-named1 as well as animal excrement1 were among the materials employed in witchcraft4--7,idem1 p4 #fhd47 ,if fried beans be thrown into excrement1 for each bean thus wasted a pustule will appear on the fundament of the thrower4 8,pisa frixa injecta excrementis tot pustulas in podice excitant quot pisa40 7,idem1 p4 #ajbc47 ,the following passage is not fully understood3 8,vesicatorio excrementis adhuc calentibus imposito intestina corrosione afficiuntur40 ,it seems to mean that the entrails will be affected with corrosion when hot excrement is placed in a bladder1 probably after the manner of some of the sausages of which we have elsewhere taken notes4 ,hot ashes or cinders thrown upon recently voided excrement will cause inflammation and pustules in ano4 ,for the same reason we can cause those who are absent to purge without using medicine upon them4 8,cineres calidi1 vel prun candentes scybalis recentibus injecta inflammationem et pustulas in ano excitant4444 ,eadem ratione absentes sine medicamentis purgari posse1 scribit ,tilemannus de ,mater4 ,medic4 p4 #bea4 7,idem1 p4 #afbc47 ,frommann also adds that this fact was well known to the ,english and ,french1 as well as to the ,germans40--7,idem1 p4 #ajcg47 ,human ordure and urine were burned with live coals as a potent charm4 ,the person whose excreta had been burned would suffer terrible pains in the rectum4 ,but this could be used in two ways1 for love as well as hatred could be induced by this means1 between married people and between old friends4--7,paullini1 pp4 #bfd1 #bfe47 ,for the use of urine by the ,eskimo to ward off the maleficence of witches1 turn back to citations taken from ,rink's 8,tales and ,traditions of the ,eskimo10 where it is shown that they still use it with this object in cases of childbirth4 ,see1 also1 the notes taken from the writings of ,dr4 ,franz ,boas4 ,a bone from the leg or thigh of a man who had died a violent death1 emptied of its marrow1 and then filled with human ordure1 closed up with wax1 and placed in boiling water1 compelled the unfortunate ejector of the excrement to evacuate just as long as the bone was kept in the water1 and it could even be so used that he would be compelled to defile his bed every night4 8,os ex pede1 vel brachio1 vel femore hominis violenta morte interempti1 et hoc exempta medulla impletur cum stercore alicujus hominis1 foramina obturantur cum cera et sic in aquam calidam immittitur1 hoc quamdiu jacet in aqua calida1 tamdiu expurgatur iste1 cujus stercus fuit inclusum1 adeo ut sic aliquem usque ad mortem purgare possimus1 potest etiam fieri alio modo ut quis omni nocte lectum suum maculet1 sed est ludicrum40--7,etmuller1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bgb1 #bgc47 ,the small bones of the human leg are used in the sorcery of the ,australians4 7,see 8,native ,tribes of ,south ,australia10 ,adelaide1 #ahgi1 p4 #bgf2 received through the kindness of the ,royal ,society1 ,sydney1 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,f4 ,b4 ,kyngdon1 ,secretary47 8,in order to produce a flux in the belly1 it was only necessary to put a patient's excrement into a human bone1 and throw it into a stream of water40 ,the above is quoted from the medical writings of 8,peter of ,spain1 who was archbishop1 and afterwards pope1 under the name of ,john ,,xxi40--78,physicians of the ,middle ,ages10 ,t4 ,c4 ,minor1 p4 #f47 ,schurig names many authors to show that in cases of 8incivility10 such as the placing of excrement at the door of one's neighbor1 the person offended had a sure remedy in his own hands4 ,he was to take some of the excrement of the offending party1 mix it with live coals or hot ashes1 and throw it out in the street2 or he could burn pepper and wine together1 with such fecal matter2 or he could heat an iron to white heat1 insert it in the excrement1 and as fast as it cooled repeat the operation2 as often as this was done1 so often would the guilty one suffer pains in the anus4 ,other remedies were1 to mix spirits of wine and salt together1 sprinkle upon the offensive matter1 then place a red-hot iron above it1 and confer the same pains1 which would not leave the offending person's anus during the whole of that day1 unless he cured himself with new milk4 ,or small peas could be heated in a frying-pan1 and then thrown out with fresh excrement2 as many as there were peas1 so many would be the pains endured by the delinquent4 ,the following are some of the paragraphs in the original from ,schurig3 8,contra incivilitatem quorundam qui loca consueta et fores aliorum stercoribus suis commaculant1 pro correctione inservire potest1 si fimus eorundem simpliciter prunis aut cineribus calidis injectus vel etiam vino adusto et pipere simul insperso uratur vel cremetur2 aut si vero vel aliud ferrum in ignem ut ignescat1 immittatur1 ac dein ferrum illud candens in excrementa illa infigatur2 frigefactum denuom calefiat eademque opera spe repetatur2 tunc tantis cruciatibus nates depositoris illius incivilito vexabit1 quantas vix prun ips partibus iisdem admot inussissent4444 ,excrementis hominis recentibus prunas candentes vel cineres calidos injectos inflammationem1 tenesimum1 et pustulas excitare1 non ,anglis et ,gallis tantum sed et ,germanis atque ex his nostratibus etiam est notissimum10 etc4 ,the names of the authorities cited by ,schurig are not repeated4--78,chylologia10 pp4 #gij1 #gia47 8,the ,australians believe that their magicians #8possess the power' to create disease and death by burning what is called #8nahak4' ,nahak means rubbish1 but principally1 refuse of food4 ,everything of the kind they bury or throw into the sea1 lest the disease-makers should get hold of it40 78,native ,tribes of ,south ,australia10 ,adelaide1 #ahgi1 p4 #bc47 ,reference to 8,nahak0 is to be found in 8,samoa10 ,turner1 p4 #cbj4 ,the old home of the ,cheyennes of ,dakota was in the ,black ,hills2 and there the ,sioux believed that the ,cheyennes were invincible1 because their medicine-men could make everything out of buffalo manure4--7,personal ,notes of ,captain ,bourke47 ,although ,livingston's 8,zambesi0 is filled with allusions to witchcraft1 there is no instance given of the employment of any of the remedies herein described4 8,the belief in witchcraft1 and in the efficacy of charms and incantations1 was strong among the middle and lower classes of ,germany about forty years ago4444 ,in the winter of #ahde-df1 ,i attended a night-school in my native town1 ,schorndorf1 in the little kingdom of ,wurtemburg4 ,there was a blacksmith-shop in the near neighborhood of the school1 where work was kept up until a late hour of the night4 ,the miniature fireworks created by the sparks flying from the blows of the immense hammers wielded by the dusky and weird-like forms of the sons of ,vulcan1 were one of the principal amusements of the schoolboys1 and we used to stand at a distance in the dark1 before school opened1 gazing with awe and wonderment at the brilliant and noisy scene before us4 ,the master blacksmith1 on account of his irascible disposition1 was not much in favor with us1 and it was agreed upon to play him a trick4 ,so one evening while the smiths were at their supper and the smithy unattended1 two of the boys smeared the hammer-handles with excrement4 ,the indignation of the smiths was of course great1 and with curses and imprecations on the guilty parties they commenced to clean their implements1 when suddenly stopped by the master1 who1 with a fiendish smile on his face1 declared that he had concluded to make an example of the offenders4 ,he bade the apprentice to work at the bellows1 and then1 one after the other1 he held the smeared hammer-handles over the forge fire1 turning and twisting them the while1 and uttering some unintelligible incantations in a low and solemn voice1 the workmen standing round him with awe and terror on their sooty countenances4 ,when the ceremony was over1 the master declared that it was rather hard on the culprits1 whose rectums must be in a frightful condition1 but that1 unless an example were made1 such dirty tricks might be repeated1 and this would serve as a warning to the boys in general4 ,we boys had been tremblingly watching the whole proceedings1 expecting that some fearful catastrophe would befall us1 and ,i need not state that we were somewhat disappointed when we found ourselves unscathed1 although it upset our belief in humbugs of this kind40--7,personal letter from ,mr4 ,charles ,smith1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c47 8,amongst some of the ,brazilian ,indians1 when a girl attains puberty1 444 if she have a call of nature1 a female relative takes the girl on her back and carries her out1 taking with her a live coal1 to prevent evil influences from entering the girl's body40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bca47 8,to unbewitch the bewitched1 you must spit into the pisse-pot where you have made water40--7,reg4 ,scot1 8,disc4 of ,witchcraft10 p4 #fb47 8,the ,shamans of the ,thlinkeets of ,alaska keep their urine until its smell is so strong that the spirits cannot endure it40--7,franz ,boas1 in 8,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore10 vol4 i4 p4 #bah47 ,in the third volume of the 8,history of the ,inquisition10 by ,henry ,c4 ,lea1 ,new ,york1 #ahhh1 there is a chapter on 8,sorcery and ,occult ,arts10 but there is no allusion to the use of excrement in any form4 ,neither is there anything to be found in ,dalyell's 8,superstitions of ,scotland10 ,edinburgh1 #ahcd4 ,the sacred drink1 8hum10 of the ,parsis1 has 8the urine of a young1 pure cow0 as one of the ingredients4 7,see ,max ,mller's 8,biographies of ,words10 ,london1 #ahhh1 p4 #bcg47 ,this sacred drink is also used 8as an offering during incantations40--7,idem47 ,schurig 78,chylologia10 p4 #hae7 states that horse-dung was sometimes used in 8sympathetic magic30 8,interdum etiam ad ,sympathiam magicam adhibetur20 and he recites an instance wherein a certain farmer1 whose meadows were overrun by the horses of his neighbors1 was enabled by taking a portion of the dung they had dropped and hanging it up in his chimney1 to drive them all into a consumption4 ,the following seems to have been in the nature of an incantation closely allied to the above4 8,two ,yakut chiefs contended for supremacy2 one1 named ,onagai1 defeated and banished his rival1 who escaped with only his wife and two mares4 ,this second chief1 ,aley1 collected carefully the dung of his mares1 and when the wind blew towards ,onagai's dwelling1 made fires of the dung1 the smell of which allured the strayed cattle to his dwelling40--7,sauer1 8,exped4 to the ,n4 parts of ,russia10 ,london1 #ahjb1 p4 #acc4 ,this 8,aley10 according to ,tartar tradition1 was skilled in magic art4 ,see idem1 p4 #ace47 8,he who wishes to revenge himself by witchcraft endeavors to procure either the saliva1 urine1 or excrements of his enemy1 and after mixing them with a powder1 and putting them into a bag woven in a particular form1 he buries them40--7,krusenstern's 8,voy4 round the ,world10 ,eng4 trans41 ,london1 #ahac1 vol4 i4 p4 #agd1 speaking of the island of ,nukahiva47 ,langsdorff says that in the ,washington islands1 when a man desires to bewitch an enemy1 he endeavors to procure 8some of his hair1 the remains of something he has been eating1 and some earth on which he has spit or made water40--78,voyages10 ,london1 #ahac1 p4 #aef47 ,the ,rev4 ,w4 ,ellis1 speaking of the ,tahitians1 says3 8,the parings of nails1 a lock of the hair1 the saliva from the mouth1 or other secretions from the body1 or else a portion of the food which the person was to eat1 this was considered as the vehicle by which the demon entered the person who afterwards became possessed4444 ,the sorcerer took the hair1 saliva1 or other substance1 which had belonged to his victim1 to his house1 or marae1 performed his incantations over it1 and offered his prayers2 the demon was then supposed to enter the substance 7called tubu71 and through it to the individual who had suffered from the enchantment40--78,polynesian ,researches10 vol4 ii4 p4 #bbh1 quoted in 8,the ,nat4 ,trib4 of ,s4 ,australia10 p4 #be47 8,if the death of any obnoxious person is desired to be procured by sorcery1 the malevolent native secures a portion of his enemy's hair1 refuse of food1 or excrement2 these substances are carried in a bag specially reserved for the artillery of witchcraft1 a little wallet which is slung over the shoulders4 ,the refuse of food is subjected to special treatment1 part of which is scorching and melting before a fire2 but1 in the case of excrement1 my information is to the effect that it is just allowed to moulder away1 and as it decays the health and strength of the enemy is supposed to decline contemporaneously4 ,excrement is thus employed in the south of ,queensland40--7,personal letter from ,john ,matthew1 ,esq41 ,m4 ,a41 dated 8,the ,manse10 ,coburg1 ,victoria1 ,nov4 #bi1 #ahhi4 ,this correspondent has had a great deal of experience with the savages of ,australia47 ,the ,patagonians have the belief that their witches can do harm to those from whom they obtain any exuvi or excrement1--8if they can possess themselves of some part of their intended victim's body1 or that which has proceeded from it1 such as hair1 pieces of nails1 etc42 and this superstition is the more curious from its exact accordance with that so prevalent in ,polynesia40--78,voyage of the ,adventure and ,beagle10 quoting the ,jesuit ,falkner1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afc47 ,there was some ill-defined relation between the power of urination and virginity4 ,burton speaks of 8such strange1 absurd trials in ,albertus ,magnus 444 by stones1 perfumes1 to make them piss and confess ,i know not what in their sleep40--78,anat4 of ,melancholy10 vol4 ii4 p4 #dea47 ,speaking of the ,australians1 ,smith says3 8,the only remarkable custom 7differing from other savages7 in their fighting expeditions1 is the adoption of the custom commanded to the ,israelites on going out to war4 7,deut4 c4 #bc1 ver4 #ab-ad1--;about hiding excrement47 ,the natives believe that if the enemy discovered it1 they would burn it in the fire1 and thus ensure their collective destruction1 or that1 individually1 they would pine away and die40--78,aborigines of ,victoria10 vol4 i4 p4 #afe47 8,in the middle of the hall 444 was a vase1 of which the contents were at least as varied as those of the caldron of ,macbeth2 a mixture1 in part1 composed of nameless ingredients40--78,dictionnaire ,universel du ,x,i,xme ,sicle10 by ,p4 ,larousse1 quoted in 8,reports of ,voudoo ,worship in ,hayti and ,louisiana10 by ,w4 ,w4 ,newell1 in 8,jour4 of ,amer4 ,folk-,lore10 ,jan4-,march1 #ahhi1 p4 #dc47 ,there is on record the confession of a young ,french witch1 ,jeanne ,bosdean1 at ,bordeaux1 #aeid1 wherein is described a witches' mass1 at which the devil appeared in the disguise of a black buck1 with a candle between his horns4 ,when holy water was needed1 the buck urinated in a hole in the ground and the officiating witch aspersed it upon the congregation with a black sprinkler4 ,jeanne ,bosdean adhered to her story even when in the flames4#hj ,one of the ceremonies of the initiation of the neophytes into witchcraft was 8kissing the devil's bare buttocks40 7,reg4 ,scot4 8,discoverie10 pp4 #cf1 #cg47 ,pope ,gregory ,,ix41 in a letter addressed to several ,german bishops in #abcd1 describes the initiation of sorcerers as follows3 ,the novices1 on being introduced into the assembly1 8see a toad of enormous size4444 ,some kiss its mouth1 others its rear40 ,next1 8a black cat is presented4444 ,the novice kisses the rear anatomy of the cat1 after which he salutes in a similar manner those who preside at the feast1 and others worthy of the honor40 78,med4 in ,middle ,ages10 ,minor1 p4 #da47 ,again1 8,at witches' reunions1 the possessed kissed the devil's rear1 kissing it goat fashion1 in a butting attitude40 7,idem1 p4 #ej47 8,le baiser d'hommage est donn au derrire du ,diable parce qu'il n'a t permis ,mose1 selon l',exode1 de voir que le derrire de ,dieu40--7,mlusine1 ,paris1 ,july-,august1 #ahij1 p4 #ij1 art4 8,la ,fascination10 by ,j4 ,tuchmann47 ,the devil hates nothing more than human ordure4 7,on this point1 see ,luther's ,table ,talk47 ,the devil cannot be more completely frustrated than by placing upon some of his works human ordure1 or hanging it in the smoke of the chimney4 ,the ,laplanders were reputed to be able to detain a ship in full sail2 yet when such a vessel had been besmeared along its seams in the interior with the ordure of virgins1 then the efforts of the witches were of no avail4 7,paullini1 p4 #bfj47 8,a certain man bewitched a boy1 nine years old1 by placing the boy's ordure in a hog's bladder and hanging the #8sausage' in the chimney4 7,idem1 p4 #bfa47 ,but some believed that by this smoking of ordure the evil often became worse2 that the diseased person gradually dried up until at last he died1 as he experienced in the case of his own father-in-law4444 ,farmers' wives1 to make the butter come in spite of the witches1 poured fresh cow's milk upon human ordure1 or down into the privy1 and the witches were thereupon rendered powerless40--7,idem1 p4 #bfc4 ,see also citation from ,schurig1 8,chylologia407 ,the ,magi also taught to drink the ashes of a pig's pizzle in sweet wine1 and so to make water into a dog's kennel1 adding the words1 8,lest he1 like a hound1 should make urine in his own bed40 ,if a man1 in the morning1 made water a little on his own foot1 it would be a preservative against mala medicamenta1 doses meant to do him harm4--78,saxon ,leechdoms10 lib4 i4 p4 #ab1 quoting ,pliny4 ,see citations already made from that author47 ,beckherius 7,med4 ,microcosmus1 p4 #aad7 tells the story of the ,lapland witches being able to hold a ship in its course1 except when the inner seams of the vessel had been calked with the ordure of a virgin2 see extract already entered4 ,again1 ,beckherius quotes ,josephus as narrating that a certain lake1 near ,jericho1 ejected asphalt which adhered so tenaciously to a ship that it was in danger of wreck1 had not the asphalt been loosened by an application of menstrual blood and human urine4--7,idem1 p4 #dc1 quoting ,josephus1 8,de ,bello ,judaico10 lib4 iv4 c4 #dg47 ,beckherius1 8,med4 ,microcosmus10 p4 #dc1 cites ,josephus in regard to a certain plant to which magical properties were ascribed1 but only to be brought out by watering it with menstrual blood and the urine of a woman4--7,josephus1 8,de ,bell4 ,jud40 lib4 vii4 c4 #bc1 p4 #adf47 ,dittmar ,bleekens1 speaking of the 8,islanders0 7,icelanders71 says3 8,and truly1 it is a wonder that ,satan so sporteth with them1 for hee hath shewed them a remedie in staying of their ships1 to wit1 the excrements of a maide being a ,virgin2 if they anoynt the ,prow and certaine plancks of the ship hee hath taught them that the spirit is put to flight and driven away with this stinke40--7,in ,purchas1 vol4 i4 p4 #fdf47 ,josephus says 7his remarks have already been given in quotation1 but are repeated to show exactly what he did say73 ,the bitumen of ,lake ,asphaltites 8is so tenacious as to make the ship hang upon the clods till they set it loose with blood and with urine1 to which alone it yields40--78,wars of the ,jews10 ,eng4 trans41 ,new ,york1 #ahba1 book #d1 c4 #g47 ,the people of the ,island of ,mota1 or ,banks ,island1 8have a kind of individual totem1 called tamaniu4 ,it is some object1 generally an animal1 as a lizard or snake1 but sometimes a stone1 with which the person imagines that his life is bound up2 if it dies or is broken or lost1 he will die4 ,fancy dictates the choice of a tamaniu2 or it may be found by drinking an infusion of certain kinds of herbs and heaping together the dregs4 ,whatever living thing is first seen in or upon the heap is the tamaniu4 ,it is watched1 but not fed or worshipped40--7,frazer1 8,totemism10 ,edinburgh1 #ahhg1 p4 #ef47 ,compare the preceding paragraph with the practice1 elsewhere noted1 of determining whether or not a woman is pregnant by pouring some of her urine upon bran and allowing it to ferment and then watching the appearance of animal life4 ,also1 the method of determining whether or not a man was stricken with leprosy4 ,to determine whether a woman be pregnant of a boy or a girl1 make two small holes in the ground2 in one1 put wheat2 in the other1 barley2 let her urinate on both2 if the wheat sprout first1 she will have a boy2 if the barley1 a girl4 ,to determine whether a man had been attacked by leprosy 7elephantiasis71 the ashes of burnt lead 7plumbi usti cineres7 were thrown into his urine2 if they fell to the bottom1 he was well2 if they floated on top1 he was in danger4 ,to tell whether a man had been bewitched1 8,coque in olla nova1 ad ignem1 urinam hominis qu si ebullierit1 liber erit a veneficio40--7,beckherius1 8,med4 ,microcosmus10 pp4 #fa1 #fb47 ,to determine whether a sick man was to die during the current month1 some of his urine was shaken up in a glass vessel until it foamed2 then the observer took some of his own earwax 7cerumen7 and placed it in this foam2 if it separated1 the man was to recover2 if not1 not4--7,idem1 p4 #fb47 8,it is said that ,king ,louis ,philippe before mounting on horseback never failed to urinate against the left hind leg of his horse1 according to an old tradition in cavalry that such a proceeding had the effect of strengthening the leg of the beast and rendering the animal more apt to sustain the effort made by the rider when jumping upon the saddle4 ,i tell you the fact as ,i heard it reported by one of the king's sons1 ,prince of ,joinville1 forty-five years ago when ,i was sailing in a frigate--#8,la ,belle ,poule'--under his command40--7,personal letter from ,captain ,henri ,jouan1 ,french ,navy47 ,the people of ,lake ,ubidjwi1 near ,lake ,tanganyika1 are thus described3 8,both sexes of all classes carry little carved images round their necks or tied to the upper part of their arms as a charm against evil spirits4 ,they are usually hollow1 and filled with filth by the medicine-men40--78,across ,africa10 ,cameron1 ,london1 #ahgg1 vol4 i4 p4 #ccf47 ,in the incantations made by the medicine-men to avert disaster from fire and preserve his expedition1 ,cameron notes1 among other features1 8a ball made of shreds of bark1 mud1 and filth40 7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aah47 ,the term 8filth10 as here employed1 can have but one meaning4 8,poor ,robin1 in his ,almanac for #afie 444 ridicules the following indelicate fooleries then in use1 which must surely have been either of ,dutch or ,flemish extraction4 ,they who when they make water go streaking the walls with their urine1 as if they were planning some antic figures or making some curious delineations1 or shall piss in the dust1 making ,i know not what scattering angles and circles1 or some chink in a wall1 or a little hole in the ground1 to be brought in1 after two or three admonitions1 as incurable fools40 7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #age1 article 8,nose and ,mouth ,omens407 ,this was possibly a survival from some old method of divining4 ,cameron1 describing the dance of a medicine-man in the village of ,kwinhata1 near the head of the ,congo1 and the humble deference shown to these ,mganga by the women1 says of one of the women3 8,she soon went away quite happy1 the chief ,mganga having honored her by spitting in her face and giving her a ball of beastliness as a charm4 ,this she hastened to place in safety in her hut40--78,across ,africa10 vol4 ii4 p4 #hb47 ,an article in 8,table ,talk10 copied in the 8,evening ,star10 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 of ,dec4 #ag1 #ahhh1 entitled 8,christmas under the ,polar ,star10 says that 8in ,southern ,lapland1 should the householder neglect to provide an ample store of fuel for the season's needs1 in popular belief1 the disgusted ,yule-swains or ,christmas goblins would so befoul the wood-pile that there would be no getting at its contents40 ,frommann devotes a long article to a refutation of the popular idea of his day that from the urine or seed of a man innocently hanged for theft1 could be generated 8homunculi40 8,anile istud placitum1 ex urina vel semine hominis innocenter ad suspendium furti crimine damnati homunculum generari40--78,tract4 de ,fascinat410 p4 #fgb47 8,butler's description in his #8,hudibras' of #8a cunning man or fortune-teller1' is fraught with a great deal of his usual pleasantry1-- 8#8,to him1 with questions and with urine1 ,they for discovery flock1 or curing4'0 --7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #fb1 article 8,sorcerer407 8,there were ,etruscan wizards who made rain or discovered springs of water1 it is not certain which4 ,they were thought to bring the rain or water out of their bellies40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 i4 p4 #bb47 ,the bed-chamber of ,munza1 ,king of the ,mombottoes1 was 8painted with many geometrical designs 444 the white from dog's dung 7album ,grcum740--78,heart of ,africa10 ,schweinfurth1 ,london1 #ahgh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cf47 ,it is quite safe to assert that these 8geometrical designs0 were 8magical40 8,witches are supposed to acquire influence over any one by becoming possessed of anything belonging to the intended victim1--such as a hair1 a piece of wearing apparel1 or a pin4 ,the influence acquired by the witch is greater if such an article be voluntarily or unconsciously handed to her by the person asked for it4444 ,a witch can be disabled by securing a hair of her head1 wrapping it in a piece of paper1 and placing it against a tree as a target into which a silver bullet is to be fired from a gun4444 ,when the patient reaches the age of adolescence1 the alleged relief 7from incontinence of urine7 is obtained by urinating into a newly-made grave2 the corpse must be of the opposite sex to that of the experimenter40--78,folk-,lore of the ,pennsylvania ,germans10 ,hoffman1 in 8,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore10 ,january-,march1 #ahhi1 pp4 #bh-cb47 ,black alludes to the same ideas4 ,see his 8,folk-,medicine10 p4 #af4 ,to frustrate the effects of witchcraft1 ,dr4 ,rosinus ,lentilius recommended that the patient take a quantity of his own ordure1 the size of a filbert1 and drink it in oil4 7,see 8,ephem4 ,medic410 ,leipsig1 #afid1 p4 #agj47 ,according to ,paullini1 the antidotes were to take human ordure both internally and externally1 and human urine externally4 ,schurig1 for the same purpose1 recommended the human urine and ordure1 but both to be taken internally1 mixed with hyoscyamus4--78,chylologia10 pp4 #gfe1 #gff47 ,in ,france witches were transformed into animals1 and vice versa1 8by washing their hands in a certain water which they kept in a pot40 ,reference is also made to 8a basin of anything but holy water with which the initiated were sprinkled40--78,sorcery and ,magic10 ,thomas ,wright1 ,london1 #ahea1 vol4 i4 pp4 #caj1 #caa1 #cbh1 #cbi47 ,reginald ,scot tells the story of 8a mass-priest0 who was tormented by an incubus2 after all other remedies had failed1 he was advised by 8a cunning witch 444 that the next morning1 about the dawning of the day1 ,i should pisse1 and immediately should cover the pisse-pot1 or stop it with my right nether-stock40--78,discoverie10 p4 #fe47 ,the ,thlinkeet of the northwest coast of ,america believe that a drowned man can be restored to life by cutting his skin and applying a medicine made of certain roots infused in the urine of a child1 which has been kept for three moons4 ,drowned men1 according to their medicine-men1 are turned into otters4--7,see ,franz ,boas1 in 8,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore10 vol4 i4 p4 #bah47 8,it was a supposed remedy against witchcraft to put some of the bewitched person's water1 with a quantity of pins1 needles1 and nails1 into a bottle1 cork them up1 and set them before the fire1 in order to confine the spirit2 but this sometimes did not prove sufficient1 as it would often force the cork out with a loud noise1 like that of a pistol1 and cast the contents to a considerable height40--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #ac1 article 8,sorcerers407 ,where the limbs of a man had been bewitched1 he should bathe them with his own urine2 some recommended an addition of garlic or assaftida4--7,frommann1 8,tract4 de ,fascinat410 pp4 #ifa1 #ifb47 8,jorden1 in his curious treatise1 #8,of the ,suffocation of the ,mother1' #afjc1 p4 #bd1 says3 #8,another policie ,marcellus ,donatus tells us of1 which a physitian used toward the ,countesse of ,mantua1 who1 being in that disease which we call melancholia hypochondriaca1 did verily believe that she was bewitched1 and was cured by conveying of nayles1 needles1 feathers1 and such like things1 into her close-stool when she took physicke1 making her believe that they came out of her bodie4'0--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #ac1 article 8,sorcerers407 ,schurig prescribed hen and dove dung for the cure of the bewitched4--78,chylologia10 p4 #hag47 ,beckherius highly extolled human ordure for the same purpose4--78,med4 ,microcosmus10 p4 #aac47 8,the catamenial blood of women was looked upon as efficacious in chasing away demons40--7,black1 8,folk-,medicine10 p4 #aed1 quoting ,sinistrari47 ,in ,scotland1 8they put a small quantity of salt into the first milk of a cow1 after calving1 that is given to any person to drink4 ,this is done with a view to prevent skaith 7harm71 if it should happen that the person is not canny40--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant410 vol4 iii4 p4 #afe1 art4 8,salt-,falling40 ,compare the foregoing with what ,sir ,samuel ,baker tells us about ,african superstitions on the same subject47 8,on line #afj1 ,reinerstein's and ,retz's edition of ,lucian's #8,dea ,syra1' #dvo1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fed1 you will find human dung mentioned as a medicine or charm1 and urine some lines lower40--7,personal letter from ,prof4 ,w4 ,robertson ,smith1 dated ,christ ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,england1 ,august #aa1 #ahhh47 ,one of the most curious features about ,grimm's 8,teutonic ,mythology0 7,stallybrass' translation1 ,london1 #ahhb71 is the absence of any mention of the use of human or animal ordure or urine in any manner1 either medicinally or religiously1 or to baffle witchcraft4 ,he may have issued a supplement1 in which all this may have been corrected2 but if he did not1 then his work is most singularly defective4 ,mr4 ,sylvester ,baxter states that in a recent conversation with ,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,cushing1 near ,tempe1 ,arizona1 he learned that in ,mr4 ,cushing's youth1 people in ,central and ,western ,new ,york were still using charms against witchcraft1 and that ,mr4 ,cushing was personally acquainted with a family which had prepared a decoction1 one of whose ingredients was human urine2 this as a preventive of witchcraft4 ,the locality referred to was about eighteen miles from ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 8,spitting into recently voided urine prevents one from getting #8warrle' on his eyes40 7,mrs4 ,fanny ,d4 ,bergen1 ,cambridge1 ,mass47 ,this remedy goes back to ,pliny4 8,to unbewitch the bewitched1 you must spit in the pot where you have made water40--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant410 vol4 iii4 p4 #bfc1 art4 8,saliva10 quoting from ,reginald ,scot's 8,discoverie407 8,several fetid and stinking matters1 such as old urine1 are excellent means for keeping away all kinds of evil-intentioned spirits and ghosts40--7,rink1 8,tales and ,traditions of the ,eskimo10 ,edinburgh1 #ahge1 pp4 #ej1 #deb47 8,the ,manxmen still place a vessel full of water outside their doors at night1 to enable the fairies 7who1 they say1 were the first inhabitants of their island17 to wash themselves1 and prevent them from doing harm40--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant40 vol4 ii4 p4 #did1 art4 8,fairy ,mythology407 ,it is certainly singular to find here a trace of the custom noted as existing among the ,laplanders and the people of ,siberia1 who placed tubs of urine for the same purpose1 urine being used in ordinary ablutions4 ,in ,england1 there was a superstition that the woman who made water upon nettles would be 8peevish for a whole day40--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant410 vol4 iii4 p4 #cei1 art4 8,divination by ,flowers407 ,fosbroke 78,encyclopdia of ,antiquities10 vol4 ii47 says that this proverb is ancient4 8,nettles were in ancient times regarded as an aphrodisiac40 ,schurig 78,chylologia10 p4 #gie7 repeats the story to the effect that the ,laplanders calked the inner seams of their ships with the ordure of virgins to increase their speed4 ,the ,laplanders1 when any of their reindeer die of disease1 abandon their camp1 being careful 8to burn all the excrement of the animal before they depart40--7,leem's 8,account of ,danish ,lapland10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhd4 ,see previous citations from ,sauer in regard to the ,yakuts of ,siberia47 ,the story was current in ,california1 about twenty years since1 that the immigrants to that state from ,missouri and ,arkansas1 in the gold-mining days1 had the custom of depositing their evacuations1 before starting on the march of the day1 in the camp-fires of the preceding night4 ,nothing was learned of the meaning1 if any1 of the custom4 ,nursing women sprinkled a few drops of their milk on the burning coals in the fireplace1 to ensure an abundant flow4--7,etmuller1 vol4 i4 p4 #fh47 ,the author has been fortunate in obtaining a copy of the address of ,mr4 ,james ,mooney1 of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 upon the 8,medical ,mythology of ,ireland40 ,this interesting and extremely valuable contribution1 which can be found in the 8,transactions of the ,american ,philosophical ,society for #ahhg10 leaves no uncertainty in regard to the mystic powers ascribed by the ,celtic peasantry to both urine and ordure4 ,urine and chicken-dung are shown to be potent in frustrating the mischief of fairies2 8fire1 iron1 and dung0 are spoken of as the 8three great safeguards against the influence of fairies and the infernal spirits40 ,dung is carried about the person1 as part of the contents of amulets2 and children suffering from convulsions are1 as a last resort1 bathed from head to foot in urine1 to rescue them from the clutches of their fairy persecutors4 ,see also p4 #cgg1 in regard to the 8dwarves10 who1 in ,england1 seem to be the same as fairies4 ,du ,chaillu1 in his 8,land of the ,midnight ,sun10 makes no reference to the use1 in any manner1 by the inhabitants of that region1 of excrementitious materials for any purposes4 ,his stay was of such an extremely short duration1 that his observations cannot be compared with those made by ,leems and others1 from whom information has already been extracted4 ,a curious survival1 in ,france1 of the ,parsi custom of the 8,nirang0 is demonstrated in the ,may number of 8,mlusine10 ,paris1 #ahhh1 entitled 8,le ,nirang des ,parsis1 en ,basse ,bretagne40 8,j'ai pass mon enfance1 jusqu' l'ge de quatorze ans1 dans un vieux manoir breton1 du nom de ,keramborgne1 dans la commune de ,plouarte1 arrondissement de ,lannion4 ,le manoir paternel tait bien connu des malheureux et des mendiants errants 444 qui venaient demander le vivre et le couvert pour la nuit4444 ,parmi les pauvres errants qui taient les htes les plus assidus de ,keramborgne 444 se trouvait une vieille femme nomme ,gillette ,kerlohiou1 qui connaissait toutes les nouvelles du pays 444 et1 de plus1 avait la rputation d'tre quelque peu sorcire1 et de gurir certaines maladies par des oraisons et des herbes dont elle seule avait le secret4444 ,un matin que ,gillette avait pass la nuit l'table 444 elle marmottait des prires4444 ,une vache s'tant mise uriner1 la vieille mendiante se prcipita vers elle1 reut de l'urine dans le creux de sa main et s'en frotta la figure plusieurs reprises4444 ,ce que voyant le vacher1 il la traita de salope et de vieille folle4 ,mais ,gillette lui dit1 sans s'mouvoir3 #8,rien n'est meilleur1 mon fils1 que de se laver la figure1 le matin1 en se levant1 avec de l'urine de la vache1 et mme avec sa propre urine si l'on ne peut se procurer de celle de vache4 ,quand vous avez fait cette ablution1 le matin1 vous tes1 pour toute la journe1 l'abri des embches et des mchancets du diable1 car vous devenez invisible pour lui4'0 ,the writer of the above1 ,m4 ,f4-,m4 ,luzel1 learned from the other peasants and beggars standing about that the belief expressed by the old woman was fully concurred in by her comrades4 8,nos paysannes de ,france se lavaient les mains dans leur urine ou dans celle de leurs maris1 ou de leurs enfants1 pour dtourner les malfices ou en empcher l'effet40--7,rclus1 8,les ,primitifs10 p4 #ih47 ,father ,le ,jeune must have been on the track of something corresponding to an ur-orgy among the ,hurons when he learned that the devil imposed upon the sick1 in dreams1 the duty of wallowing in ordure if they hoped for restoration to health4#ha ,this penitential wallowing was retained by nations of a high order of advancement1 the ordure of primitive times being generally superseded by clay and other less filthy matter4 8,let it suffice to display the points where ,greek found itself in harmony with ,australian and ,american and ,african practice4444 #c4 ,the habit of daubing persons about to be initiated with clay1 444 or anything else that is sordid1 and of washing this off1 apparently by way of showing that old guilt is removed1 and a new life entered upon40--78,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion10 ,andrew ,lang1 ,london1 #ahhg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhb47 8,plutarch1 in his essay on superstition1 represents the guilty man who would be purified actually rolling in clay40--7,idem1 p4 #bhf47 ,the following is described as the ,abyssinian method of exorcising a woman3 ,the exorcist 8lays an amulet on the patient's heaving bosom1 makes her smell of some vile compound1 and the moment her madness is somewhat abated begins a dialogue with the ,bouda 7demon71 who answers in a woman's voice4 ,the devil is invited to come out in the name of all the saints2 but a threat to treat him with some red-hot coals is usually more potent1 and after he has promised to obey1 he seeks to delay his exit by asking for something to eat4 ,filth and dirt are mixed and hidden under a bush1 when the woman crawls to the sickening repast and gulps it down with avidity40--7,from an article entitled 8,abyssinian ,women10 in the 8,evening ,star10 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,october #ag1 #ahhe47 8,a ,pretty ,charme or ,conclusion for one ,possessed4444 ,the possessed body must go upon his or her knees to church1 444 and so must creep without going out of the way1 being the common highway1 in that sort how foul and dirty soever the same may be1 or whatsoever lie in the way1 not shunning anything whatsoever1 untill he come to the church1 where he must heare masse devoutly40--7,scot1 8,discoverie10 p4 #agh47 ,by the ,irish peasantry urine was sprinkled upon sick children4#hb ,american boys urinate upon their legs to prevent cramp while swimming4 ,in ,stirling1 ,scotland1 8a certain quantity of cow-dung is forced into the mouth of a calf immediately after it is calved1 or at least before it has received any meat2 owing to this1 the vulgar believe that witches and fairies can have no power ever after to injure the calf40--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #beg1 article 8,rural ,charms407 ,frommann gives a preparation of twenty-five ingredients for freeing infants from witchcraft 7fascinatio72 but neither human nor animal egest are mentioned4--78,tract4 de ,fascinat410 p4 #ddi1 #dej47 ,cox1 in his history of ,ireland1 gives a description of the trial of ,lady ,alice ,kettle1 of ,ossory1 charged with being a witch1 and with sacrificing to a familiar spirit at night1 at cross-roads1 nine red cocks and nine peacock's eyes1 and with sweeping the streets of ,kilkenny1 8raking all the filth towards the doors of her son1 ,william ,outlaw1 murmuring and muttering secretly with herself these words3-- 8#8,to the ,house of ,william1 my son1 ,hie all the ,wealth of ,kilkenny town4'0 --78,history of ,ireland10 ,london1 #afci1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajb4 ,the date of the above was about #acbe47 ,this story is quoted by ,vallencey1 8,collect4 de ,rebus ,hibernicis10 ,dublin1 #aggd1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfi1 and by ,henry ,c4 ,lea1 8,history of the ,inquisition10 ,new ,york1 #ahhh1 vol4 iii4 p4 #deg2 it is originally to be found in ,camden4 ,in the ,island of ,guernsey1 within the present generation1 8,john ,lane1 of ,anneville1 ,lane ,parish10 has been tried on the charge of 8having practised necromancy10 and 8induced many persons in the country parishes to believe that they were bewitched10 and that he could drive away the devil and other bad spirits 8by boiling herbs to produce a certain perfume not at all grateful to the olfactory nerves of demons1 444 and the sprinkling of celestial water40--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #ff1 article 8,sorcerers407 ,in the valuable compilation of superstitious practices interdicted by ,roman ,catholic councils ,thiers includes the persons who bathe their hands with urine in the morning to avert witchcraft or nullify its effect4 ,he says1 too1 that ,saint ,lucy was reputed to be a witch1 for which reason the ,roman ,judge1 ,paschasius1 at her trial sprinkled her with urine4#hc ,see the extract just quoted from 8,mlusine40 ,the ,romans had a feast to the mother of all the gods1 ,berecinthia1 in which the matrons took their idol and sprinkled it with their urine4#hd ,berecinthia was one of the names under which ,cybele or ,rhea1 the primal earth goddess1 was worshipped by the ,romans and by many nations in the ,east4 ,her priests1 the ,galli1 emasculated themselves in orgies whose frenzy was of the same general type as the ,omophagi of the ,greeks1 previously described4 ,the emasculation of the priests of ,cybele was performed with a piece of ,samian pottery4--7,see footnote to ,rev4 ,lewis ,evans' translation of the ,satires of ,lucilius1 lib4 vii41 edition of ,new ,york1 #ahfj47 ,the priests of ,cybele were by some supposed to have received the name of ,galli from the ,river ,gallus1 8near which these priests inflicted upon themselves the punishment we are speaking of4444 ,the effect of the water of that river was to throw them into fits of enthusiasm1--#8qui bibit1 inde furit1' as ,ovid has it40--7,abb ,banier1 8,mythology10 ,english translation1 ,london1 #agdj1 vol4 ii4 p4 #efc47 8,here they set down their litters at night and bedew the very image of the goddess with copious irrigations1 while the chaste moon witnesses their abominations40--7,juvenal1 ,sixth ,satire1 describing the rites of ,bona ,dea1 translated by ,rev4 ,lewis ,evans1 ,m4,a41 ,wadhams ,college1 ,oxford1 ,new ,york1 #ahfj47 ,father ,baudin speaks of the secret society called the 8,ogbuni30 8,from what ,i have been able to learn1 this society is simply an institution similar to the secret societies of the pagan people of ancient times1 where the members were initiated into the infamous mysteries of the great goddess40 7,negroes of ,guinea47--78,fetichism and ,fetich-worshippers10 ,baudin1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 p4 #fd47 ,the ,eskimo living near ,point ,barrow have a yearly ceremony for driving out an evil spirit which they call ,tuna4 ,among the ceremonies incident to the occasion is this3 ,one of the performers 8brought a vessel of urine and flung it on the fire40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afd1 quoting 8,report of the ,international ,polar ,expedition to ,point ,barrow10 ,washington1 #ahhe1 p4 #db47 ,it is strange to encounter in races so diverse apparently as the ,greeks and the ,hottentots the same rites of emasculation and urine sprinkling4 ,the sect of the 8,skoptsi0 or the 8,eunuchs10 in ,russia1 8base their peculiar tenets on ,christ's saying1 #8,there are some eunuchs which were born so from their mother's womb1 and there are some eunuchs which were made eunuchs of men1 and there be eunuchs which have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake4 ,he that is able to receive it let him receive it' 7,matt4 xix4 #ab740--7;,heard1 8,russian ,creed and ,russian ,dissent10 p4 #bfe47 8,this heresy1 which is the most modern of all1 probably owes its origin to influences from the ,east slowly filtering through the lower ranks of the population40--7,idem1 p4 #bfg47 ,reginald ,scot tells the story of a quack who preyed upon the fears of patients suffering from tympanitis1 telling them they had vipers in their bellies1 which vipers he would try to smuggle into the patient's 8ordure or excrement1 after his purgations40--78,discoverie10 p4 #aih47 ,schurig relates that the countrywomen in ,germany1 if after milking their cows for a long time they were unable to bring the proper quantity of butter1 suspected that they were under the spell of a witch2 to undo this spell it was only necessary to mix some fresh milk with human ordure and throw the mixture down the privy2 or human ordure was applied to the teats of the cows1 much as ,sir ,samuel ,baker has shown the ,africans will do in our day4 8,quippe qu1 siquando in conficiendo butyro1 per tempus frustra laborarunt1 suspicione veneficii cujusdam seduct lac vaccinum recens emulsum stercori humano commixtum cloac simul infundunt1 atque sic illico a ,veneficio liberantur4444 ,si ferrum ignitum una stercore humano lacte vaccino consperso inseras1 venefic pustulas inducet4444 ,contra magicam lactis vaccarum ablationem1 ipsarum ubera stercore humano aliquamdiu inungi solent40 ,and he ends his paragraph by quoting the dictum of ,johannis ,michaelis1 8,sine omni fascinatione et superstitione proprio stercore efficere possit40--7,schurig1 8,chylologia10 pp4 #ghh1 #ghi1 par4 #fb47 ,compare with the information derived from ,paullini4 ,the above practice seems to have been transplanted to ,pennsylvania1 with its more objectionable features omitted4 8,the housewife sometimes finds difficulty in butter-making1 the spell being believed to be the work of a witch4444 ,the remedy was to plunge a red-hot poker into the contents of the churn1 when the spell was broken1 and the butter immediately began to form40--78,folk-,lore of the ,penn'a ,germans407--7,hoffman1 in 8,jour4 of ,amer4 ,folk-,lore10 #ahhi47 ,from all this it would appear plausible to assume that the 8ripening of cheese0 in human urine was originally induced by a desire to avert the evils of witchcraft4 ,refer also to the notes from ,sir ,samuel ,baker4 ,in 8,south ,mountain ,magic10 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,v4 ,dahlgren1 ,boston1 ,mass41 #ahhb1 may be found references to the bewitching of milk and cream1 and to the remedy employed of putting in hot stones or 8a wedge of hot iron0 7pp4 #afe-afg74 ,in this partial 8survival10 we see the disappearance of the more objectionable features of the practices of the old country4 ,mrs4 ,dahlgren's book treats of the superstitions of the ,pennsylvania ,germans living close to the ,maryland border4 8,the urine casters1 a set of quacks almost within our own recollection1 had a peculiar jargon1 which it is not necessary to attend to40--78,medical ,dictionary10 ,bartholomew ,parr1 ,m4 ,d41 ,philadelphia1 ,penn'a1 #ahai1 art4 8,urine407 ,when cattle had been killed by witchcraft1 ,reginald ,scot gave a long formula for detecting the culprit2 among other things1 the farmer was directed to 8traile the bowels of the beast unto your house 444 into the kitchen1 and there make a fire1 and set ouer the same a grediron1 and thereupon lay the inwards or bowels1 and as they wax hot1 so shall the witches' entrails be molested with extreme heat and pain40--78,discoverie10 p4 #aih4 ,it should be observed that there are no directions about 8cleaning0 the bowels of the animal47 ,among the modes of detecting witches in ,england1 were 8by shaving off every hair of the witch's body4 ,they were also detected by putting hair1 parings of the nails1 and urine of any person bewitched into a stone bottle1 and hanging it up in the chimney40--7,cotta1 in his 8,short ,discovery of the ,unobserved ,dangers10 p4 #ed1 speaks of 8the burning of the dung or urine of such as are bewitched407 ,in 8,a ,pleasant ,grove of ,new ,fancies10 by ,h4 ,r4 #hvo1 ,london1 #aheg1 p4 #gf1 we have3-- 8,a charm to bring in the witch1 ,to house the hag you must do this3 ,commix with meal1 a little p-- ,of him bewitched2 then forthwith make ,a little wafer or a cake2 ,and this rarely baked1 will bring ,the old hag in2 no surer thing40 ,among other methods given for baffling witches and making their evil deeds turn upon themselves1 we find3 8taking some of the thatch from over the door2 or a tyle1 if the house be tyled 444 sprinkle it over with the patient's water4444 ,put salt into the patient's water and dash it upon the red hot tyle40 ,another3 heat a horse-shoe red hot and 8quench him in the patient's urine4444 ,having the patient's urine1 set it over the fire4444 ,put into it three horse-nails and a little salt4444 ,or1 heat a horse-shoe red hot0 and 8quench him several times in the urine40 ,still another3 8stop the urine of the patient close up in a bottle1 and put into it three nails1 pins1 or needles1 with a little white salt1 keeping the urine always warm40--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant40 vol4 iii4 pp4 #agj et seq41 art4 8,sorcery and ,witchcraft407 8,to ascertain if one be bewitched1 take his urine and boil it in a new1 unused pot2 if it foam up1 he is not bewitched2 if not1 it is uncertain4 ,or1 take clean ashes1 put them in a new pot1 let the patient urinate thereon4 ,tie up the pot1 and let it stand in the sun2 then break the ashes apart2 if the person be bewitched1 hairs will be found therein40--7,paullini1 pp4 #bfj1 #bfa47 8,neither can ,i belieue 7,i speak it with reuerence unto graue judgments7 that 444 the burning of the dung or vrine of such as are bewitched1 or floating bodies aboue the water1 or the like1 are any trial of a witch40--78,a ,short ,discouerie of the ,unobserued ,dangers of ,seuerall sorts of ,ignorant and ,vnconsiderate ,practisers of ,physicke in ,england10 ,john ,cotta1 ,london1 #afab1 p4 #ed47 ,beckherius inclined to believe that human teeth1 taken medicinally1 would break down witchcraft3 8,contra maleficia et veneficia prodesse scribit40--78,med4 ,microcosmus10 p4 #bfe47 8,on ,new ,year's ,day they 7the ,highlanders7 burn juniper before their cattle1 and on the first ,monday in every quarter1 sprinkle them with urine40--78,pennant's ,tour in ,scotland10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ij47 8,les rustres slaves secouaient sur leur btail des herbes de la ,saint ,jean1 bouillies dans de l'urine pour le prserver des mauvais sorts40--78,les ,primitifs10 ,rclus1 p4 #ih47 ,we should not forget that from the earliest recorded times the cedar and juniper have been devoted to sacred offices4 8,the god of the cedar1 to which tree was ascribed a peculiar power to avert fatal influences and sorcery40 7,this1 among the ,accadians1 the earliest known inhabitants of ,mesopotamia47--7,see 8,chaldean ,magic10 ,lenormant1 p4 #agh47 ,from a very early date1 urine seems to have been symbolized or superseded by holy water1 salt and water1 8celestial water10 8fore-spoken water10 juniper water1 or wine or water1 according to circumstances4 8,for lung disorders in cattle 444 take fennel and hassock1 etc4444 make five crosses of hassuck-grass1 set them on four sides of the cattle1 and one in the middle2 sing about the cattle ,benedicam1 etc4444 ,sprinkle holy water upon them1 burn about them incense40--78,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 iii4 p4 #eg2 the same remedy for diseased sheep1 idem1 p4 #eg47 8,if a horse or other beast be shot 7elf-shot7 take seed of dock and ,scotch wax1 let a mass priest sing twelve masses over them1 and put holy water on the horse40--7,idem1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dg2 again1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aeg47 8,when a contagious disease enters among cattle1 the fire is extinguished in some villages round2 then they force fire with a wheel1 or by rubbing a piece of dry wood upon another1 and therewith burn juniper in the stalls of the cattle that the smoke may purify the air about them2 they likewise boil juniper in water which they sprinkle upon the cattle40--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant40 vol4 iii4 p4 #bhf1 art4 8,physical ,charms10 quoting ,shaw's 8,history of the ,province of ,moray in ,scotland40 ,brand thinks that 8this is1 no doubt1 a ,druid custom407 ,scot1 in his 8,discoverie0 7p4 #aeg71 says3 8,men are preserved from witchcraft by sprinkling of holy water10 etc4 7,idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #ai1 art4 8,sorcery407 8,for the devils are observed to have delicate nostrils1 abominating and flying some kind of stinks2 witness the flight of the evil spirit into the remote parts of ,egypt1 driven by the smell of the fish's liver1 burnt by ,tobit40 ,conjurors are reported as always careful to 8first exorcise the wine and water which they sprinkle on their circle40--7,idem1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ee1 #eg1 art4 8,sorcery407 ,the foul condition of the atmosphere of sleeping-apartments was supposed to be rectified by the burning of juniper1 sometimes of rosemary4 8,he doth sacrifice two pence in juniper to her every morning40 78,every ,man out of his ,humor10 ,ben ,jonson7 8,then put fresh water into both the bough-pots1 and burn a little juniper in the hall chimney4 ,like a beast1 as ,i was1 ,i pissed out the fire last night40 78,mayor of ,tumborough10 ,beaumont and ,fletcher47 8,burn a little juniper in my murrin2 the maid made it in her chamber-pot40--78,cupid's ,rev40 ,beaumont and ,fletcher1 iv4 #c2 contributed by ,dr4 ,fletcher47 ,the diuretic effects of juniper berries are well known2 we may conjecture that the 8water of juniper0 superseded another fluid induced by the use of the berries4 ,the 8fore-spoken water0 with which sick cattle are sprinkled in the ,orkneys1 is still to be noted in places in the ,highlands4--7,see ,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant40 vol4 iii4 p4 #bgd1 art4 8,physical ,charms407 ,the following spell is from ,herrick's 8,hesperides10 p4 #cjd3-- 8,holy water come and bring2 ,cast in salt for seasoning2 ,set the brush for sprinkling40 7,idem1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eh1 art4 8,sorcerer407 8,the charmer muttered some words over water1 in imitation of ,catholic priests consecrating holy water40--78,phil4 of ,magic10 ,salverte1 p4 #eb4 ,shetland ,islands47 ,according to ,dalyell1 this 8fore-spoken water0 was made of water1 salt1 and the saliva of the conjurer4--7,see 8,superstitions of ,scotland10 p4 #ih47 8,for information of a cherished relative and his fate1 in the other world1 they apply to the fetich-priest1 who takes a little child and bathes his face with lustral-water40--78,fetichism10 ,baudin1 p4 #fe47 ,the 8lustral water0 of the foregoing paragraph1 is made of 8snails and vegetable butter40--7,idem1 p4 #hh47 ,reginald ,scot gives a 8cure0 for one 8possessed10 one point of which is that the victim 8must mingle holy water with his meate and his drink1 and holy salt also must be a portion of the mixture40 78,discoverie10 p4 #agh47 ,witches were required to drink holy water at their trials4--7,idem1 p4 #ba47 ,salt was called 8divine0 by the ancients4--7,see 8,morals10 ,plutarch1 ,goodwin's ,english edit41 ,boston1 #ahgj1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cch47 8,both ,greeks and ,romans mixed salt with their sacrificial cakes2 in their lustrations1 also1 they made use of salt and water1 which gave rise1 in after times1 to the superstition of holy water40--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant40 vol4 iii4 p4 #afa1 art4 8,salt ,falling407 ,the ,scottish use of salt and water1 as already noted1 is described by ,black 78,folk ,medicine10 p4 #bc72 and by ,napier 78,folk-,lore10 pp4 #cf1 #cg47 ,salt is put in the cradle of a new-born babe in ,holland4--78,times10 ,new ,york1 ,nov4 #aj1 #ahhi47 8,no one will go out on any material affairs without putting some salt in their pockets2 much less remove from one house to another1 marry1 put out a child1 or take one to nurse1 without salt being interchanged40 7,dalyell1 8,superst4 of ,scotland10 p4 #if47 ,salt is not used by the ,eastern ,inuit3 8,le sel leur rpugne1 peut-tre parceque l'atmosphre et les poissons crus en sont dj saturs40--78,les ,primitifs10 ,rclus1 p4 #cc47 ,having shown that witches were exorcised in ,france1 ,england1 ,scotland1 etc41 by sprinkling with urine1 we have reason to claim the following treatment to be at least cousin-german to our subject4 ,in the west of ,scotland1 a peasant suffering from a mysterious and obstinate disease1 was reputed to be under the influence of the 8evil eye40 ,the following remedy was then resorted to3 8,an old sixpence is borrowed from some neighbor1 without telling the object to which it is to be applied2 as much salt as can be lifted upon the sixpence is put into a tablespoonful of water and melted2 the sixpence is then put into the solution1 and the soles of the feet and palms of the hands of the patient are moistened three times with the salt water2 it is then tasted three times1 and the patient #8scored aboun the breath1' that is1 by the operator dipping the fore finger into the salt water and drawing it along the brow4 ,when this is done1 the contents of the spoon are thrown behind and right over the fire1 the throwers at the same time saying3 #8,lord preserve us from all scathe4'0--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant40 vol4 iii4 p4 #dg1 art4 8,fascination of ,witches407 ,wright calls attention to the fact that at the meetings of witches1 8at times1 every article of luxury was placed before them1 and they feasted in the most sumptuous manner4 ,often1 however1 the meats served on the table were nothing but toads and rats1 and other articles of a revolting nature4 ,in general they had no salt1 and but seldom bread40 ,after these feasts came 8wild and uproarious dancing and revelry4444 ,their backs1 instead of their faces1 were turned inwards4444 ,it may be observed1 as a curious circumstance1 that the modern waltz is first traced among the meetings of the witches and their imps4444 ,the songs were generally obscene or vulgar1 or ridiculous40--78,sorcery and ,magic10 ,thomas ,wright1 ,london1 #ahea1 pp4 #caj1 #caa1 #cbh1 #cbi47 ,reginald ,scot also states that the waltz was derived from the dance of the witches4--7,see 8,discoverie10 p4 #cf47 ,the presents which the devil gave to witches all turned into filth the next morning4--7,see ,grimm1 8,teut4 ,mythol410 vol4 iii4 p4 #ajgj47 ,for a specimen of the filthy in literature1 read the dream of ,zador of ,vera ,cruz1 who wished to sell his soul to the devil1 in 8,el ,bachiller de ,salamanca10 ,le ,sage1 ,paris1 #ahdg1 part iv4 cap4 #b1 p4 #abi4 ,the best explanation of the above story--which represents ,zador as making a compact with his satanic majesty whereby in exchange for ,zador's soul the devil discloses a gold mine in a graveyard1 from which the poor dupe extracts enough for his present needs1 and then marks the locality by an ingenious method1 only to be awakened by his angry wife to the mortifying consciousness that he has defiled his own bed--is that it reflects the current opinion of the ,spaniards of ,le ,sage's era in regard to the transmutability of the gifts received from the evil one4 ,see the story of the god 8,kutka40 8,popular tales1 which most frequently arise from traditions 444 are remnants of olden times1 and illustrate them4444 ,when a vicious or evil spirit is mentioned in any tale or popular tradition1 ,i consider it always implies a reminiscence of some being who formerly1 during the supremacy of a religion now rejected1 was worshipped as a god4 ,he is considered to benefit his worshippers1 but to molest those who hold another belief4 ,mankind1 when in a rude state1 often attribute their own intolerance to their gods4 ,thus mankind creates his own god after his own image40--7,sven ,nilson1 8,the ,primitive ,inhabitants of ,scandinavia10 edited by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 ,london1 #ahfh1 ,preface1 liii47 ,speculation would lead to no profitable result were we to endeavor by its aid--the only means now left us--to fathom the obscurity surrounding the rites and dances1 and especially the foods of those witches' gatherings4 ,doctor ,dupouy1 in 8,le ,moyen ,age ,mdical10 to which special attention is due1 advances an opinion which seems to cover much of the ground in a logical manner4 ,this in one word1 amounts to the belief that the witches' gatherings of ,europe were not figments of the imagination1 but really existed1 and were the conventions of votaries of the cults stamped out of existence1 and only traceable in the distorted and outlandish features which would most naturally commend themselves to an ignorant peasantry4 8,among these sorcerers there were old panderers1 who knew from personal experience all practices of debauchery1 and who gave the name of #8vigils' to the saturnalia indulged in among villagers on certain nights1--gatherings composed of bawds and pimps1 to which were invited numerous novices in libidinousness4 ,these sorcerers and witches also knew the remedies that young girls must take when they wish to destroy the physiological results of their own imprudence1 and what old men needed to restore their virility4 ,they knew the medicinal qualities of plants1 especially those that stupefied40--7,translated by ,t4 ,c4 ,minor1 ,m4,d41 under title of 8,medicine in the ,middle ,ages10 p4 #dj47 ,the initiates in witchcraft may have been compelled to adopt loathsome foods as a test of the sincerity of their purposes1 or they may have taken them to induce an intoxication such as that of the ,zuis of ,new ,mexico and the wild tribes of ,siberia4 ,there is still another hypothesis to be considered before relinquishing this topic4 ,the best food1 we know1 was always offered to the deities of the ruling sect1 and the use of any of the appurtenants of the rites of the ruling religion in the ceremonial of a superseded cult was looked upon as the veriest sacrilege and blasphemy4 ,for example1 the use of holy water at the witches' sabbath was considered a worse crime than that of being a witch4 ,therefore we may conclude that1 as the votaries of the superseded religion did not dare to employ the best1 they necessarily had to fall back upon inferior material out of which to construct their oblations2 and as they assembled generally in mountain recesses1 in caves1 etc41 where nothing better could be had1 they offered themselves in sacrifice1--that is1 they recurred to the old practices of human sacrifice1 if indeed they had ever abandoned them1 and gave the pledges of their own hair1 saliva1 urine1 and egest4 8,pure prayer ascends to ,him that ,high doth sit1 ,down falls the filth for fiends of ,hell more fit40 ,such was the answer made to the father of lies by a venerable monk1-- 8,a godly father sitting on a draught1 ,to do as need and nature hath us taught40 ,the devil had reproached him for saying his prayers at such a moment4--7,harington1 8,ajax10 pp4 #cc1 #cd47 ,mooney relates an instance of the abduction of an ,irishwoman by fairies4 ,she managed to impart to her husband the knowledge of the means by which her rescue could be accomplished3 8,he must be ready with some urine and some chicken-dung1 which he must throw upon her1 and then seize her4444 ,soon he heard the fairies approaching1 and when the noise came in front of him he threw the dung and urine in the direction of the sound1 and saw his wife fall from her horse40 78,the ,medical ,mythology of ,ireland10 ,james ,mooney1 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,society1 #ahhg47 ,the ,irish peasantry firmly believe in the power of the fairies to carry off their children2 to effect a restoration1 8a wise woman0 is summoned1 whose method is to 8heat the shovel in the fireplace1 place the changeling upon it1 and put it out upon the dung-hill40 7,idem47 8,fire1 iron1 and dung1 the three great safeguards against the influence of fairies and the infernal spirits40--7,idem47 ,the peasantry of ,ireland carry about the person 8medicine bags0 very much like those in use among the ,north ,american ,indians4 ,among the contents of these bags 8are usually found tobacco1 garlic1 salt1 chicken-dung1 lus-crea1 and some dust from the roadside40 7,idem47 ,this is 8carried as a protection against the fairies2 444 also as a protection against the evil eye2 and something of the same nature is sewed into the clothing of the bride when her friends are preparing her for the marriage ceremony40--7,idem47 8,a charm to be said each morning by a witch fasting1 or at least before she goes abroad3 #8,the fire bite1 the fire bite2 hog's turd over it1 hog's turd over it1 hog's turd over it6 ,the ,father with thee2 the ,son with thee2 the ,holy ,ghost between us both to be6' ,this last refrain three times2 then spit over one shoulder1 and then over the other1 and then three times right forward40--7,scot1 8,discoverie10 p4 #agg47 8,item4 ,they hang 444 garlicke in the roof of the house for to keep away witches and spirits1 444 and so they do alicium likewise40--7,idem1 p4 #aib47 ,garlic was put in the cradle of a new-born babe in ,holland4--78,times10 ,new ,york1 ,nov4 #aj1 #ahhi47 ,garlic could not be eaten by the monks or nuns of ,thibet 7,bhikshuni72 to eat it was considered a sin4 8#adj4 ,si une ,bhikshuni mange de l'ail10 etc4 ,but in a footnote it is stated that it might be eaten when it was the only remedy for some disease or infirmity2 but even then the patient should not enter a dormitory1 a latrine1 could not expound the law1 mingle with brahmins1 enter a park1 a market1 or a temple until he had undergone a three days' purification1 been bathed and fumigated4--7,see 8,pratimoksha ,sutra10 translated by ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill1 ,paris1 #ahhe1 ,socit ,asiatique47 ,,xliv4 ,a ,,few ,,remarks ,,upon ,,temple ,,or ,,sacred ,,prostitution1 ,,and ,,upon ,,the ,,horns ,,of ,,cuckolds4 8,the bawds of ,amsterdam believed 7in #afcg7 that horse's dung dropped before the house and put fresh behind the door 444 would bring good luck to their houses40--78,le ,putanisme d',amsterdam10 p4 #ef1 quoted in ,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #ah1 article 8,sorcery407 ,while a sacred origin cannot be claimed for prostitution in general1 all1 or nearly all1 temples must in the early ages of mankind have been provided with prostitutes4 ,the necessity for such a provision is obvious4 ,man's superstition and ignorance invested certain localities1 or the guardian spirits of those localities1 with the power to work him weal or woe1 unless kept in good humor by oblations and sacrifices4 ,temples were erected on such foundations1 tended by priests1 who waxed fat and enriched themselves1 because the right of asylum attached to their position1 although such a right did not absolutely attach to the little communities which insensibly grew up around these temples4 ,the necessities of national administration and of international or inter-tribal arbitration1 would naturally attract periodically to those temples the law-makers1 the great chiefs and their followers1 perhaps to settle their disputes or arrange their treaties by personal discussion1 perhaps by the decision of the arch-priest4 ,at such gatherings1 no inconsiderable amount of barter and traffic would spring up1 and many1 of a mercantile turn of mind1 would realize the advantages of a permanent residence4 ,the sailors and merchants from foreign parts could not always be expected to behave with propriety2 they might1 at times1 be as anxious to 8paint the town red0 as the western cowboy is whenever he is paid off4 ,the women of the city would be in constant danger of insult2 hence1 as a wise precaution1 a certain class of young and attractive females were reserved for the service of the temples1--that is1 for the gratification of the sexual passions of strangers and the enrichment of the priests4 ,indeed1 until some such mode of detail had been devised and carried into effect1 and perhaps long after that1 it seems to have been the custom for all the women of the city to share in this duty2 we read that1 at the temple of ,mylitta1 it was incumbent upon each woman to prostitute herself with a stranger at least once in her life1 at the temple of that goddess4 ,the priests would impart to the prostitutes a knowledge of charms intended to secure good fortune2 these charms would1 in course of time1 be adopted by prostitutes in general1 who had no connection with the temple at all4 ,similar survivals can be traced among gamblers4 ,gambling was at one time a sacred method of divination4 ,those who cast omens were always on the lookout for good signs and bad4 ,one of the best signs was to meet a man with a hump-back4 ,gamblers to-day consider themselves fortunate when they can rub the hump of a cripple4 ,this sacred prostitution was by no means confined to the ,babylonians4 ,the ,hebrews had1 attached to their temples1 a class of persons of both sexes termed 8,kadeshim10 to whom the opprobrious office of public prostitution has been attributed2 and in numerous other parts of the world the same sort of personal degradation has been reported4 ,the women devoted to this service wore a certain uniform4 7,see ,dulaure1 8,des ,diffrents ,cultes10 vol4 ii4 p4 #ge1 speaking of the 8,kadeshoth40 ,see also ,smith's 8,dictionary of the ,bible10 ,new ,york1 #ahga1 articles1 8,harlot0 and 8,sodomite407 8,the sons of ,eli lay with the women that assembled at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation40--7#a ,samuel ii4 #bb47 8,throughout ,india1 and also through the densely inhabited parts of ,asia and modern ,turkey1 there is a class of females who dedicate themselves to the service of the ,deity whom they adore1 and the rewards accruing from their prostitution are devoted to the service of the temple and the priests officiating therein4 ,the temples of the ,hindus in the ,dekkan possessed these establishments4 ,they had bands of consecrated dancing-girls1 called 8women of the idol10 selected in their infancy by the priests for the beauty of their persons1 and trained up with every elegant accomplishment that could render them attractive40--78,the ,masculine ,cross10 privately printed1 #ahhf1 p4 #ca47 ,rclus has a dissertation upon this subject1 which concludes in these words3 8,aussi ,juvnal se permettait de demander1 444 ,quel est le temple o les femmes ne se prostituent pas80--78,les ,primitifs10 p4 #gi47 ,lenormant speaks of 8the sacred prostitution1 which was imposed once1 at least1 in a lifetime1 upon all women1 even those who were free40--78,chaldean ,magic10 ,franois ,lenormant1 p4 #chf47 8,caindu is an heathenish nation1 where1 in honor of their idols1 they prostitute their wives1 sisters1 and daughters to the lust of travellers40--7,purchas1 vol4 v4 p4 #dcj4 ,caindu seems to have been a territory adjacent to ,thibet47 8,sometimes1 at the command of a wizard1 a man orders his wife to go to an appointed place1 usually a wood1 and abandon herself to the first person she meets4 ,yet there are women who refuse to comply with such orders40--7,patagonia1 8,voyage of ,adventure and ,beagle10 vol4 ii4 p4 #aed47 8,the people of ,khasrowan1 a ,christian province in the ,libanus1 inhabited by a peculiarly prurient race1 also hold high festival under the far-famed cedars1 and their women sacrifice to ,venus1 like the #8,kadeshah' of the ,phnicians4 ,this survival of old superstition is unknown to missionary #8hand-books1' but amply deserves the study of the anthropologist40--7,burton1 8,arabian ,nights10 terminal essay1 vol4 x4 #bcj47 ,the religious prostitution of the ancient ,babylonians seems also to survive1 in a small degree1 in the petty hamlets of ,kesfin and ,martaouan1 near ,aleppo1 in ,syria4 8,the women carry their hospitality as far as those of ,babylon of old4 ,this authorized prostitution seems to be a remnant of the old ,asiatic superstitions40--7,maltebrun1 8,universal ,geography10 vol4 i4 p4 #cec1 lib4 #bh47 ,dulaure cites the case of ,martaouan1 and also quotes ,marco ,polo in evidence of the existence of the same practices in ,kamul1 near ,tanguth4--78,des ,dif4 ,cultes10 vol4 ii4 pp4 #eih1 #eii47 8,most eastern temples1 and especially those connected with the solar cult1 had1 and for the most part still have1 #8,deva-,dasis' temple1 or #8,god's women1' the followers of ,mylitta1 though generally not seated so confessedly nor so prominently as those whom ,herodotus describes4 ,they were doubtless the women with mirrors 7,ezek4 viii4 #ad7 who wept for ,tamuz1 the sun-god40 78,rivers of ,life10 ,forlong1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbi47 ,the ,african goddess ,odudua promised protection 8to all those who would establish themselves in this place1 and erect to her a temple in place of the cabin4 ,many persons came and established themselves here1 and thus was founded ,ado1 which means prostitution in memory of the goddess40--78,fetichism10 ,baudin1 p4 #ag47 8,the temple erected in this city is celebrated among the blacks4 ,the neighboring kings offer an ox to the goddess on her feast-day1 and1 in accordance with the legend1 impure games are celebrated in her honor40--7,idem47 8,in the ,babylonian worship of the goddess ,mylitta1 the women who offered themselves for a price to the stranger at the door of the temple were distinguished by a peculiar apparel1 according to ,baruch4444 ,the women sit in the ways1 girded with cordes of rushes and burnt straw10 and 8their resting-places distinguished with cords40--7,purchas's 8,pilgrims10 vol4 v4 p4 #ef1 art4 8,hondius' ,babylonia407 ,in ,ireland1 at the present day1 the peasantry make use1 in divination and witchcraft1 of 8,saint ,bridget's cord10 made of rushes1 and corresponding closely to the cord of the goddess ,mylitta4 ,we are not informed that horns were assumed as a distinctive feature of such uniform1 but we are constantly kept in mind of the fact that many1 if not all1 of the deities of the countries adjacent to the ,mediterranean were at one time or another represented with horns as symbols of power4 ,what1 therefore1 is more reasonable than to suppose that the woman thus employed was decked with a head-dress of horns8 ,or that her husband1 without whose permission such prostitution would have been impossible1 and for whom it must have been an act of equal religious importance1 was similarly decorated8 ,when new religions had succeeded in trampling into the dust the sacred usages of the past1 the fierce intolerance of the fanatic would have had no greater delight than in ridiculing that which had been the distinctive feature1 perhaps1 of the cult so recently overthrown4 ,therefore the association of horns1 formerly the typical attribute of the heathen gods1 would be transferred to the betrayed husband1 and what had been the outward sign of the most devout self-negation would be turned into ridicule and opprobrium4 ,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant410 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aha et seq4 gives a perfect flood of information on this subject1 but nothing very satisfactory or definite1--art4 8,cornutes40 8,acton1 a cuckold2 from the horns placed on the head of ,acton by ,diana40 7,grose1 8,dict4 of ,buckish ,slang10 ,london1 #ahaa47 ,this myth may conceal the story of the intrusion of ,acton upon sacred ceremonies of prostitution or his personal association therewith4 8,highgate2 sworn at ,highgate4 ,a ridiculous custom formerly prevailed at the public houses in ,highgate1 to administer a ludicrous oath to all travellers of the middling class who stopped there4 ,the party was sworn on a pair of horns1 fastened on a stick2 the substance of the oath was never to kiss the maid when he could kiss the mistress2 never to drink small beer when he could get strong2 with many other injunctions of the same kind1 to all of which was added the saving clause1--#8unless you like it best4' ,the person administering the oath was always to be called father by the juror1 and he1 in return1 was to style him son1 under penalty of a bottle40--7,grose1 8,dictionary of ,buckish ,slang407 8,horn ,fair2 an annual fair1 held at ,carlton1 in ,kent1 on ,saint ,luke's day1 the #ahth of ,october4 ,it consists of a riotous mob1 who1 after a printed summons1 dispersed through the adjacent towns1 meet at ,cuckold's ,point1 near ,deptford1 and march from thence in procession through that town and ,greenwich to ,charlton1 with horns of different kinds upon their heads2 and at the fair there are sold rams' horns and every sort of toy made of horn2 even the gingerbread figures have horns4 ,the vulgar tradition gives the following history of the origin of this fair4 ,king ,john1 or some other of our ancient kings1 being at the palace of ,eltham in this neighborhood1 and having been out hunting one day1 rambled from his company to this place1 then a mean hamlet1 when1 entering a cottage to inquire his way1 he was struck with the beauty of the mistress1 whom he found alone2 and having prevailed over her modesty1 the husband1 returning suddenly1 surprised them together1 and threatening to kill them both1 the king was obliged to discover himself1 and to compound for his safety with a purse of gold1 and a grant of the land from this place to ,cuckold's ,point1 besides making the husband master of the hamlet4 ,it is added that1 in memory of this1 the fair was established for the sale of horns1 and all sorts of goods made of that material40--7,grose1 idem47 8,in ,minorca1 the inhabitants have as much hatred of the word #8cuerno' as they have of #8diablo4'0 7,see ,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant410 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahf1 art4 8,cornutes407 ,possibly we have here an example of the influence of the early ,christian church exerted to make detestable everything connected with the deposed religion of the ,mediterranean4 ,the horn still figures among the ,african tribes4 ,whenever one of the petty kings at the head of the ,nile 8wishes to communicate with another1 he sends on the messenger's neck a horn1 444 which serves both for credentials and security4444 ,no one dare touch a ,mbakka with one of these horns upon his neck40--7,speke1 8,nile10 ,london1 #ahfc1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #eji1 #eba47 ,bruce says that1 after a victory1 the ,abyssinian commanders wear a head-dress1 surmounted by a horn1--a conical piece of silver1--gilt1 about four inches long1 much in the shape of our common candle-extinguishers4 ,this is called kern1 or horn1 and is only worn in parades or reviews after victory4 ,this1 ,i apprehend1 like all other of their usages1 is taken from the ,hebrews1 and the several allusions made in ,scripture to arise from this practice4 8,i said unto fools1 ,deal not foolishly1 and to the wicked1 ,lift not up the horn40 ,and so in many other places throughout the ,psalms4--7,bruce1 8,nile10 ,dublin1 #agia1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eea4 ,see also 8,encyclopdia of ,geography10 ,philadelphia1 #ahde1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ehh1 art4 8,abyssinia40 ,see also under 8,mistletoe20 8,milk10 and 8,semen10 under 8,pharmacy20 extract from ,pliny2 extract from ,lentilius2 extract from ,etmuller2 8,perspiration10 under 8,pharmacy10 and others47 ,a 8black letter0 copy of 8,malleus ,maleficarum10 one of the 8incunabula0 from the press of ,peter ,schffer1 ,mayence1 #adhg1 was carefully examined2 but besides being very dim and extremely hard to decipher1 it contained nothing not already given from other authorities4 ,,xlv4 ,,cures ,,by ,,transplantation4 ,the most curious method of alleviating physical and mental disorders was that termed by various writers3 8,cures by ,transplantation10 by 8,translation10 by 8,sympathy10 and by 8,magnetic ,transference40 ,there is a perfect embarrassment of riches on this division of our subject1 and the difficulty has been not to select1 but to know what to reject4 ,etmuller enumerates five different kinds of cures by transplantation3 #a4 ,insemenation1 wherein 8magnes mumia0 7the spirit distilled from mummy flesh7 was used to water the rich earth in which certain seed had been planted2 but care must be taken in the selection of the plant1 some being beneficial1 others noxious2 #b4 ,implantatio1 where a plant1 already growing1 or the root only of such a plant is selected1 and watered as above described2 #c4 ,impositio1 where some of the skin of the diseased member1 or some of the patient's excrement1 or anything else intimately connected with him1 8aut ejus excrementum aut utrumque10 is inserted between the bark and body of a tree1 and the opening then tamped with mud4 ,but in every case bear in mind that if a slow1 gradual cure is to be brought about1 a slow-growing tree must be selected2 but for a speedy recovery1 a quick-growing tree2 #d4 ,inoratio1 in which daily certain trees or plants1 until cure results1 are to be watered with the 8urina1 sudore1 fecibus alvi vel lotura membri aut totius corporis20 but it is recommended that each irrigation be covered up with earth1 to keep out the air2 #e4 ,inescatio1 where 8mummy0 is given to an animal to eat2 the animal will die1 the patient recover4 ,human ordure was a frequent addition to the 8spiritus mumi40 ,frommann opens the way to a clearer understanding of the principles upon which these cures depended4 ,he states that not all diseases were thus curable2 only those which in themselves were 8movable40 ,poison could not be so cured1 because its lethal action was effected too quickly for the slow-moving remedial agency of transplantation4 ,injuries to the 8vital faculties10 such as 8aneurisms of the aorta10 etc41 were not transplantable4 ,worms ditto1 although they were able to move of their own will4 8,lipothymia0 or syncope1 was not transferable4 ,all 8transplantable0 diseases were called 8saline0 diseases1 because1 according to the medical theories prevailing in those days1 they originated in some defect of the 8salts0 of the body4--7,see ,frommann1 8,tract4 de ,fascinatione10 pp4 #ajag1 #ajah47 ,among the strongest 8magnetic0 medicines1 according to ,paracelsus1 was the one 8ex stercore humano40--7,see ,etmuller1 vol4 i4 p4 #fi47 ,there was another3 8,take a sufficient quantity of the ordure of a healthy man1 and make it into a poultice with human urine1 to which add sweat gathered from the body with a sponge2 place this in a clean place in the shade until it dries1 and when needed for use1 moisten with human blood40 8,recipe copiosum stercus hominis sani1 et hoc cum urina ejusdem misce1 redige in consistentiam pultis1 adde quantum habere potes sudoris ex hominibus sanis a linteo aut spongia collecti1 ponantur simul in loco mundo in umbra donec siccentur1 hinc adde sanguinem recentem1 misce1 sicca1 et ad usum reserva40 ,etmuller also mentions a 8sympathetic0 cure for quartan ague1 in which the hair of the patient was to be mixed with food and thrown to birds1 which1 swallowing the food1 took away the fever4 ,another method was to take the clippings of the toe and finger nails of the sick person1 place them in an egg and throw them to the birds2 others again wrap them up in wax and early in the morning1 before the rising of the sun1 affix the parcel to the door of a neighbor's house1 or else tie it to the back of a living crab1 and throw the crab back into the stream3 8,sunt cui ad curandam febrem segmenta e manibus et pedibus ovo includunt1 avibusque devoranda objiciunt2 alii eadem cer involvunt1 matutinoque tempore ante solis ortum janu affigunt1 aliii dorso cancri vivi alligant1 cancrumque fluenti committunt40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfe47 ,the first excrement of a man sick with dysentery was mixed with salt as a 8magnetic0 cure2 to this1 some people added the powder of eel-skins 7,frommann1 8,tractatus10 p4 #ajab1 et seq474 ,yellow jaundice patients urinated upon clean linen sheets2 if they succeeded in dyeing them yellow they would recover soon2 if not1 not 7p4 #ajab72 roots wet with the patient's urine were burned as a cure for the yellow jaundice 7p4 #ajac72 all the clothing of an epileptic patient was burned1 and the ashes thrown in a stream1 down-stream 7p4 #ajac72 especially was this the case if any of it had been defiled by alvine dejections voided in one of the paroxysms2 and the same care was taken to burn this excrement 7p4 #ajac74 7,note that epilepsy was always regarded as the sacred disease2 here we have a suggestion of human sacrifice47 ,the method of curing by digging up the ground1 depositing some plant and enriching the surrounding soil with the patient's egest is given by ,frommann 7p4 #ajaf72 but the trees or plants to be selected for this purpose were to be those of forests or those which bore edible fruits1 8ut fraxinus1 quercus1 betula1 tilia1 fagus1 alnus10 etc4 7,ash1 oak1 birch1 linden1 beech1 alder1 etc47 ,the animals had to be such as did not eat human flesh1 as 8canes1 feles1 equi1 lupi1 vulpes20 others could be used on occasion1 but the results were not so sure 7idem1 p4 #ajag74 ,there were two general methods3 one1 in which the 8sanguis1 pili1 excrementa0 of the patient himself were offered2 the other1 in which crabs1 meat1 eggs1 lard1 apples1 and other things1 were rubbed to the affected parts and then offered 7idem47 ,beckherius gives the recipe for effecting a 8sympathetic cure0 of fever by clipping the finger and toe-nails of the patient and tying these clippings in a rag to the door of a neighbor's house4 8,si resegmine unguium e manibus et pedibus deprompta1 cera involvantur1 matutininoque tempore ante solis exortum alien janu affiguntur40 ,and wicked people were in the habit of preparing a draught composed of equal parts of their dirty finger-nails and cantharides1 and whoever drank that in his liquor fell into a condition of atrophy 7,med4 mic4 pp4 #ae1 #af74 ,when the patient's own hair was used in these cures1 it was placed in an egg and thrown to chickens4--7,idem1 p4 #h47 ,frommann speaks of enclosing fragments of the patient's nails and clippings of his hair in knots and throwing these in the road to be untied by some curious person who would catch the disease4--78,tract4 de ,fascinatione10 p4 #ajjc47 ,the blood1 urine1 or excrement of the patient was to be placed in an egg-shell and fed to barn-yard fowl4--7,idem47 8,id quod alio modo per urinam gri quoque fieri valet2 qua ratione cum sanguine1 urina1 excrementis1 grotantis mult sympathetic cur fieri possunt20 and to this class belong such remedies as cutting an apple or a piece of bacon in half1 then hanging the piece up in the chimney to melt or rot2 as fast as this was effected1 the disease disappeared4 ,speaking of transplantation1 he says3 8,prioris exemplum est dum applicato stercore humano ad certam aliquam partem transplantatur eo ipso morbo in plantam cujus semen in terram hoc stercore mistam inferitur40 ,the first example is where the ordure of the patient is applied to a certain plant1 and thus transfers the disease from the patient to the plant4--7,etmuller1 8,opera ,omnia10 vol4 i4 p4 #fi1 ,lyons1 #afif47 ,etmuller teaches that clippings of the toe and finger nails tied to the back of a living crab1 which was then to be thrown into a stream by a man who would perform the duty and return home without speaking would effect cures2 similarly1 for the alleviation of gout1 he recommends that these clippings be buried in a hole made in the bark of an oak which should then be closed with a wedge3 8,abscinduntur ungues manuum et pedum1 alligantur dorso cancri viventis1 et cancer istis unguibus oneratus1 immittitur in flumen retrofaciem redeundo sine loquela1 donec in domum facta fuerit reversio4 ,instituuntur qq4 transplantationes pro viribus recuperandis per ungues4 ,sic in podagr4444 ,r42 ,ungues pedis1 atque immittuntur in foramen excavatum in quercum et super foramen ponunt cuneum ex quo subito fit1 ut remittat dolor ac desinat ,podagra0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bgj47 ,etmuller mentions the cure by tying the fragments of finger and toe nails to a crab1 in another place in his works4 ,for the recovery of impaired strength1 these clippings should be buried in the bark of a cherry-tree1 which should then be closed with ordure3 8,ad recuperandos vires abscissos ungues et capillos cerasi radici incis imponunt1 vulnusque fimo co-operiunt40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfe47 8,denique si quid aliud singulare est si quis accipiat ovum recens1 hoc coquat cum urina propria ad assumptionem medietatis1 quo facto urina superstes projiciatur in flumen secundum ejusdem cursum1 ovum vel ita coctum leviter apertur immittatur in acervum formicarum4 ,unde quando formic assumpserunt ovum solutem erit fascinum0 7idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #dfb74 8,finally1 there is this singular method of taking a fresh egg and putting it in some of the patient's own urine1 which is boiled down one half2 the supernatant urine is then to be thrown into a stream 7down current7 and the egg itself buried in an ant-heap2 as fast as the ants consume the egg1 the effects of the witchcraft vanish40 ,again1 for the cure of gout1 toe and finger nails were to be cut and placed in an aperture in the bark of an oak-tree3 8,vel dum ungues pedum abscissi et in quercum terebratam inclusi1 hominem liberum reddunt a podagra40--7,idem1 p4 #fi1 vol4 i47 ,urine was of great use in curing people bitten by serpents4 8,per urinam solent fieri curationes magico-magnetic morborum1 si scillicet lardum vel potius caro porcina coquatur ter in urina gri et caro ista incoctionis urin postmodum propinetur cani vel porco devoranda1 sic enim sit1 ut quam plurimi morbi curentur per transplantationem in animalia qu devorant carnem et urinam40--7,etmuller1 p4 #bga47 ,hog-lard or a lardy hog-skin1 rubbed on warts and then suspended in the chimney or buried in horse-dung1 caused the warts to disappear as fast as it decayed4 8,suspendatur in camino furni1 vel in fimo equino sepeliatur4444 ,sicut exsiccatur in fumo1 vel putrescit in fimo lardum ita exsiccetur et putrescat verruca40 7,idem47 ,half a dozen methods of employing hog-dung are given4 ,frommann quotes ,ratray as saying from his own observation that there was a 8sympathy0 between the patient's urine when enclosed in a glass vial and the condition of the patient himself1--a sort of 8barometrical0 sympathy1 as we would term it4 ,at an earlier period of culture the urine would have been placed in the horn of a goat1 or in the bladder of a hog4 ,the methods of effecting these cures by placing the patient's urine in an ants' nest1 in any manner1 are all given by ,johannes ,christianus ,frommann 78,tract4 de ,fascinat410 pp4 #ajjd et seq472 also the method by boiling an egg in the urine and placing the egg in the nest of ants 7p4 #ajje72 also the method of making bread with the patient's urine1 and giving the bread to a dog to eat 7p4 #ajje74 ,in ,italy there was a variant of this custom1 consisting in giving bread made with the urine of a male patient to a male dog1 and that made with the urine of a sick woman to a bitch 7idem74 ,yellow jaundice was cured by boiling a piece of meat in the patient's urine and giving said meat to a dog 7idem72 for the cure of rupture the patient should soak some barley in his urine1 and then bury the barley in the bark of a tree 7p4 #ajjg74 ,another mode of cure by transplantation was for the patient to urinate in a vial of glass1 stop it up with a linen rag or a paper wad1 and bury it in the earth 7p4 #ajaj74 ,for the cure of yellow jaundice1 the patient dug a hole in the ground and urinated therein before sunrise 7pp4 #ajaj1 #ajaa72 for the cure of dysentery the patient deposited his excrement on a piece of ash and left it in a hole 7p4 #ajaa72 fever patients threw their excrement in a stream 7idem74 ,other modes were to make a mixture of the urine of the sick man1 mixed with ashes1 let the mass dry in the sun1 and then put it by the embers of the kitchen fire to bake 7p4 #ajab72 the ordure of a man sick from 8incantation0 was applied to the place of the spell1 and then hung up 7enclosed in a hog's bladder7 for three days in the smoke of the chimney 7idem74 ,in his long and most interesting chapter upon the cure of diseases by the use of human ordure1 8magically or sympathetically10 ,schurig relates many quaint and curious methods of employment of the alvine dejections of those supposed to be almost in articulo mortis4 ,for example1 the ordure of the patient was taken1 placed in the hollow of a dead man's bone1 which was then thrown into boiling water4 ,this remedy1 if we can trust ,schurig1 seems to have been of the highest efficacy4 ,another mode was to mix the ordure with the lees of wine and the pounce of cherries1 and let the mass ferment together2 or the ordure was collected and thrown into running water4--7,see ,schurig1 8,chylologia10 pp4 #ghc1 #ghd4 ,the whole chapter 8,de ,stercoris ,humani ,usu ,magico seu ,sympathetico10 ,no4 xiii4 should be read47 ,goat-urine was applied to sore eyes2 but a more certain cure in grave cases was additionally effected by hanging some of it in a goat's horn for twenty days4 8,si cum cornu capr suspenditur diebus viginti40--7,sextus ,placitus1 8,de ,med4 ex ,animal410 article 8,de ,capro407 ,beckherius has a 8sympathetic0 cure for the yellow jaundice4 ,make a poultice of horse-dung and the patient's own urine1 and hang it up in the chimney4 8,fimum equinum cum urina gri sic misce1 ut pultis referat consistentiam1 hc linteolo excipe1 et in camino suspende ut fumo semper sunt exposita40 78,med4 ,microcos410 p4 #fe47 ,another was to hang the urine of the patient in a bladder in the chimney2 as the urine evaporated the patient was to recover4 8,propriam urinam vesica suilla excerpisse et hanc in fumo exposuisse seque observasse ad exsiccationem4 ,urina in vesica ipsum quoque icteritiam evanuisse40 7,idem1 p4 #fe47 ,another cure of yellow jaundice was a dose1 morning and evening1 of a mixture of human urine and horse-radish4 7,idem1 p4 #ff47 ,there was still another 8sympathetic0 cure3 the patient urinated in a vessel1 which was allowed to evaporate by the fire1 and this was continued for nine days4--7,idem1 p4 #ff47 ,for consumption ,beckherius gives a 8sympathetic0 cure 7already noted from other sources7 of boiling an egg in the patient's urine until it hardens1 and then burying it in an ant-hill4 7,idem1 p4 #ge47 ,the same cure was employed in fevers4 7,idem47 ,a pinch of salt1 the size of a big bean1 was wrapped in a linen rag1 and dipped in the urine of the patient for a whole day2 then heated in the fire until it became reddish in color2 some of this was sprinkled on bread1 and the patient rubbed with it morning and evening4--78,medicus ,microcosmus10 pp4 #ge1 #gf47 ,a fresh egg was boiled in the sick person's urine1 and then thrown to the fishes4 8,recens ovum in urina gri quod in piscinam ubi pisces sunt conjiciatur1 et momento febrem cessare dicunt40--7,idem1 p4 #gh47 ,still another was to make a cake out of flour moistened with the urine of the sick2 throw this to the fishes4 ,the fishes who ate it would take the disease1 and the patient recover4 8,subige farinam cum urina gri ad formam placentul2 coque hc in forno1 instar panis objice piscibus1 ut ab iis devoretur2 abit febris1 maxime quartana40--7,idem47 ,frommann devotes a long chapter to cures by 8transplantation40 ,he cites from ,pliny the method of curing a bad cough by spitting into the mouth of a toad 7tree-toad2 see notes already taken71 and also gives another in which the urine of the patient made into a dough with flour1 was given to a dog or hog4--78,tract4 de ,fascinat40 p4 #ajjb47 ,frommann believed with ,von ,helmont that there was nothing superstitious about such cures1 because there were no rites and no incantations used4 7,idem1 p4 #ajcc47 ,but later on1 he mentions having heard a woman 7who was trying one of these cures by rolling some of her son's hair in wax and burying the wax ball in an incision in an apple-tree7 recite certain words1 which she declined to repeat for him when asked2 hence he was in some doubt about her particular case 7p4 #ajcd74 ,he quotes the ,english ,count of ,digby as stating that he knew of a nurse who carelessly allowed some of a baby's excrement to be burned up in a fire2 the result was the child suffered terribly from excoriation of the fundament 7p4 #ajch74 ,the way in which a cure was effected in this case was the 8sympathetic0 one of placing the baby's excrements for three days in a basin filled with cold water1 and exposing in a cold place 7p4 #ajci74 ,dropsy was cured by hanging the patient's urine 7enclosed in a pig's bladder7 up in a chimney1 and neglecting all other remedies4 8,urinam ejus recentem vesica suilla conclusam in camino suspendi1 curavi40 7,idem1 p4 #ajdg47 ,a young virgin was cured of a tertian fever by giving to a hen bread made with the urine voided during the paroxysms4 ,the girl recovered2 the hen died4 8,virginis cujusdam febre intermittente tertiana laborantis urinam calidam in paroxysmo redditam gallin familic cum pane mistam exhiberi curavi0 7p4 #ajdg74 ,see also notes from ,samuel ,augustus ,flemming1 under 8,perspiration40 ,dr4 ,joseph ,lanzoni did not believe that any good results followed the suspension above the earth1 in a sow's bladder1 of human urine in cases of suppression of urine1 as was often to be noticed among ,jews and some of the religious orders4 8,urin suppressionem minime referare vesicam suis suspensam1 qu non tetigit terram1 quod nonnulli volunt1 observavi in quodam ,religioso et ,hebro40--78,phemer4 ,physic-,medic410 ,leipsig1 #afid1 vol4 i4 p4 #di47 ,paullini taught that fevers of all kinds could be cured by pouring the patient's urine into a fish-pond4 8,such of the fish as drink of that water10 he says1 8will receive the fever1 which will leave the sick man40 ,for the 8sympathetic0 cure of epilepsy1 all the clothing worn by the patient during the paroxysm1 even his shoes1 were to be carefully burned1 and the ashes cast into flowing water4 ,more than this2 if1 during the attack1 the patient had defecated1 the ordure was collected1 and with everything touched by it1 burned up with the same care4 8,hominis epilepticum insultum primum patientis sive junior sit1 sive senior indumenta omnia et vestes indusium1 calcei1 tibialis1 et similia sub dio comburantur1 et in cinerem redigantur2 cinis vero in aquam fluvialem secundum flumen projiciatur4 ,si autem jam ante homo epilepsia laboravit1 ad alvi excrementa in ipso paroxysmo reddita attendatur2 qu si adest res commaculata cum ipsis excrementis modo jam dicto comburatur40--7,schurig1 8,chylologia10 p4 #ajac1 quoting ,frommann47 ,schurig gives the recipe of ,johannes ,philippus ab ,hertodt for the preparation of a 8sympathetic0 powder1 which serves to inform us as to the incoherent ideas of the practitioners of a couple of centuries ago4 ,freely translated1 it reads1 8,take of a healthy human mummy1 moistened with a little urine2 let it be dried in a place exposed to an east wind1 but not to the sun1 until it shall be reduced to powder2 this is to be mixed with an equal weight of cream of tartar1 and the #8sympathetic powder of vitriol1' prepared according to formula1 in the dog-days2 or of the salt of ,hungarian vitriol1 heated to whiteness in a furnace40 ,a pinch of this sympathetic powder should be sprinkled upon the feces of the sick person1 or upon a cloth dipped in his urine1 and then preserved in a cool place4 ,its efficacy was vouched for in the highest terms3 8,effective curat omnia vulnera1 ulcera1 febres petechiales1 et urina fabulum1 periculosissimas hmorrhagias puerperarum1 arthriditem quamcunque1 podagram et illam vagam dictam1 pulmonis apostemata1 hmorrhoides nimias1 narium fluxus immodicos1 capitis dolores1 catarrhos1 fluxos albos mulierum1 menstrua copiosa1 morsus canis rabidi1 vel alterium cujuscunque animalis1 item mammas ulceratas40--7,schurig1 pp4 #gge1 #ggf47 ,schurig adds a number of these cures for dysentery1 such as placing the dejecta in the retort used for the distillation of vitriol1 444 sprinkling such dejecta with salt1 or with vitriol1 or mixing them with hot ashes and live coals2 preferably1 the excrement to be thus employed should be the first ejected having a bloody tinge4 8,the various modes of application of these remedies are too long for insertion here1 but are valuable to the student as showing how deep-seated was the belief in the occult properties of the excreta themselves40--78,chylologia10 pp4 #ghe1 #ghf47 ,the following is an old ,french 8sympathetic0 recipe for the cure of all kinds of colic3 8,pour la colique ce sera ici la recette d'un vilain remde1 mais pourtant sympathique en ceux qui sont tourments de la colique1 car s'ils mettent sous la selle perce bien ferme de la fiente de vache fraichement recueillie1 et qu'ils pissent et dchargent les excrments de leur ventre dessus1 par sympathie sans difficult ils auront du soulagement40--7,lazarus ,neyssonier1 quoted by ,schurig1 8,chylologia10 pp4 #ghd1 #ghe47 ,for the 8sympathetic0 cure of hernia1 the root of the herb 8wall-wort0 was smeared with the ordure of the patient1 and then buried in the ground4 8,radicem ,symphti ,oleto ,proprio delibutam et in terram defossam40--7,idem1 p4 #ghg47 ,to stop hemorrhage 8sympathetically10 whether from wounds or other injuries1 some of the flowing blood was taken1 and mixed with the ordure of the patient1 and the mixture then exposed in a jar to the action of the air4 8,contra hmorrhagias1 sive in lsonibus et vulneribus1 ut sanguis sistatur1 misce sanguinem ex sanguine profluentem cum proprio stercore et in olla ad desiccandum ri libero expone40--7,idem1 p4 #ghg47 ,a patient suffering from yellow jaundice should urinate upon horse-dung while warm4 ,this same remedy seems to have been in vogue in helping women in the expulsion of the placenta4 ,one of the prescriptions given by ,schurig states that the horse-dung must be from an animal that was not tired at the time of the evacuation1--8non defatigati40--7,idem1 p4 #hab et seq47 ,a 8sympathetic0 cure by the use of the dung of horses seems to be implied in the case of infants' small-pox1 where we find it suspended in beer2 8pendatur in cerevisiam 444 propterea ne fauces affligantur a variolis quod alias solet esse casus periculosissimus40--7,etmuller1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfd47 8,there is no doubt that the practice was at one time very general1 but it would now be a waste of time to go into particulars respecting the various compositions of the sympathetical curers2 the manner in which their vitriol was to be prepared by exposure for three hundred and sixty-five days to the sun1 the unguents of human fat and blood1 mummy1 moss of dead man's skull1 bull's blood and fat1 and other disgusting ingredients40--78,medical ,superstitions10 ,pettigrew1 ,philadelphia1 #ahdd1 p4 #bjf47 ,for ague1 8let the urine of the sick body1 made early in the morning1 be softly heated nine daies continually untill all be consumed into vapour40--7,reginald ,scot1 8,discoverie10 p4 #aif47 ,in ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 8ague in a boy is cured by a cake made of barley-meal and his urine1 and given to a dog to eat2 the dog1 in the case cited1 had a shaking fit1 and the boy was cured40 78,folk-,medicine10 ,black1 p4 #ce4 ,in a footnote there is added1 8,pettigrew1 #8,superstitions connected with the practice of ,medicine and ,surgery1' p4 #gg407 ,madame de ,scudery mentions a similar cure for fever in a letter of date #bjth of ,october1 #afgg1 to the ,comte de ,bussy4 ,speaking of an abb of fame1 8,on dit qu'il ne fait que prendre pour toutes les fivres de l'urine des malades dans laquelle il fait durcir un uf hors de sa coque1 aprs quoi il le donne manger un chien qui prend en mme temps la fivre du malade qui par ce moien en gurit4 ,c'est une question de fait que je n'ay pas prouve40--78,notes and ,queries10 #eth series1 vol4 viii4 p4 #abf47 ,the following are given as cures by 8transplantation40 8,seven or nine--it must be an odd number--cakes1 made of the newly emitted urine of the patient1 with the ashes of ash wood1 and buried for some days in a dunghill1 will1 according to ,paracelsus1 cure the yellow jaundice40 ,in the journal of ,dr4 ,edward ,browne1 transmitted to his father1 ,sir ,thomas ,browne1 we read of 8a magical cure for the jaundice3 ,burn wood under a laden vessel filled with water2 take the ashes of that wood1 and boyle it with the patient's urine2 then lay nine long heaps of the boyld ashes upon a board in a rank1 and upon every heap lay nine spears of crocus40--78,medical ,superstitions10 ,pettigrew1 ,philadelphia1 ,penn41 #ahdd1 p4 #ajc47 ,we are likewise informed of 8the cure of jaundice by the burying in a dunghill a cake made of ashes and the patient's urine4 ,ague in a boy was cured by a similar cake made of barley-meal and his urine1 and given to a dog to eat2 the dog had a shaking fit1 and the boy was cured40 8,boys were cured of warts by taking an elder-stick and cutting as many notches in it as there were warts1 and then rubbing it upon the warts1 and burying it in a dunghill40--7,idem1 p4 #ajd47 8,blisters on the tongue are caused by telling fibs4 ,when they show no disposition to leave1 the following process is adopted4 ,three small sticks are cut from a tree1 each about the length of a finger1 and as thick as a pencil2 these are inserted in the mouth1 and buried in a dung-hill2 the next day the operation is repeated1 as well as on the third day2 after which the three sets of sticks are allowed to remain in the manure1 and as they decay the complaint will disappear40--78,folk-,lore of the ,pennsylvania ,germans10 ,hoffman1 p4 #bh47 8,the following procedure for the cure of bronchitis is still practised in ,berks ,county4 ,make a gimlet hole in the door-frame1 at the exact height of the patient's head1 into which insert a small tuft of his hair1 and close the hole with a peg of wood2 then cut off the projecting portion of the peg4 ,as the patient grows in height beyond the peg1 so will the disease be outgrown40--7,idem1 p4 #bh47 8,gout may be transferred from a man to a tree1 thus3 ,pare the nails of the sufferer's fingers1 and clip some hair from his legs4 ,bore a hole in an oak1 stuff the nails and hair in the hole1 stop up the hole again1 and smear it with cow's dung40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aec1 quoting ,grimm4 ,bavaria47 ,a curious method of relieving and eradicating all kinds of colic by 8transplantation0 is related and described by ,schurig4 ,the excrement voided during one of the paroxysms should be buried in an unfrequented spot4 ,the grass growing on the soil where the ordure had been deposited would be eaten by domestic cattle1 which would acquire the disease1 relieving the sufferer4 8,excrementa tempore paroxysmi reddita sepeliantur in locum a viatorum frequentia separatum4 ,gramen quod enascitur super terram cui stercora commissa fuerint1 bovi vel agno pabuli loco offertur1 quod ubi comederit1 colica transplantatur ab homine in brutum1 et nunquam ipsum reaffliget40 7,schurig1 8,chylologia10 p4 #ghe47 ,other people took the patient's excrement1 dried it in the open air1 mixed it with sweet wine1 and gave it to the sick man to drink4 8,sunt qui illud idem exceptum in re exsiccant1 cum vino edulcorant et patienti propinant40--7,idem1 p4 #ghe47 ,nurses were cautioned not to let the excrement of the babies under their care touch the hot coals or cinders of the fire2 they should throw all the excrement in at once1 or not at all4 ,if we are to understand that this excrement was to be habitually thrown into the kitchen fire1 a most charming idea is conveyed of the ,arcadian simplicity of ,european life several centuries back4 8,hoc loco monend quoque sunt nutrices vel ali muliercul infantulis administrantes ne infantum excrementibus contegat1 aut post modum omnia simul in ignem projiciunt4 ,exinde enim plurima symptomata exoriri solent40--7,schurig1 p4 #iie47 ,the case is cited of a physician suffering from marasmus1 or emaciation4 8,he took an egg and boiled it hard in his own urine2 he then with a bodkin perforated the shell in many places and buried it in an ant-hill1 where it was to be kept to be devoured by the emmets2 and as they wasted the egg he found his distemper to abate40--7,pettigrew1 8,med4 ,superstitions10 p4 #ajb47 8,among medical men 444 the ,galenist of much repute1 of whom ,boyle writes1 was induced1 when other means of cure failed1 to boil an egg in his own urine4 ,the egg was afterwards buried in an ant-hill1 and as the egg wasted the physician found his distemper go and his strength increase4 ,in ,staffordshire a correspondent says that to cure jaundice a bladder is often filled with the patient's urine and placed near the fire2 as the water dries up the jaundice goes1 and1 were it necessary1 other instances could be given of this superstition40--7,black1 8,folk-,medicine10 p4 #ef47 ,the following 8sympathetic0 cure is from ,steller's 8,kamtchatka0 7pp4 #cfb and #cfg73 ,when a man is suffering from incontinence of urine1 a wreath is made of the soft herb 8eheu20 in the centre of this some fish-spawn is placed1 and then the sufferer makes his water upon it4--7,translated by ,mr4 ,bunnemeyer47 ,ordure alone or mixed with urine1 made into a sausage by being put into a hog's bladder1 and hung up in the chimney1 was of 8magical use0 in the treatment of yellow jaundice4 ,christian ,franz ,paullini's own son was cured by mixing his own ordure with asses' urine in this manner4 ,the following are some of the extracts from ,schurig referred to in this paragraph3 8,ab ,incantatione introductis doloribus externe impositum sulphur hoc occidentale magni usus esse dicitur4444 ,alii addunt allium1 atque elapsis post impositionem viginti quatuor horis fumo culinari hc committunt4444 ,contra ejusmodi dolores a veneficio alliis placent cataplasmata ex stercore maleficiati in vesicam porcinam injecto et in ,caminum ad suffumigandum suspenso4444 ,in veneficio arcendo notum est1 quod stercus humanum sit magni usus si scilicet parti ex veneficio dolenti applicetur stercus humanum vel solum1 vel cum allio1 vel asaftida2 sic enim est ut alii qui perpetravit veneficium sapiant omnia stercus humanum et allium1 adeo ut necessum habeant solvere veneficium4444 ,pro icteri cura magica stercus1 vel perse1 vel cum urina mixtum1 vesic suill indunt atque in camino suspendunt1 ,christianus ,franciscus ,paullini cujusdam meminit1 qui filii sui icterici stercus cum urina asini commixtum modo tractavit40--7,schurig1 8,chylologia10 pp4 #ghg1 #ghh47 ,when cures were to be effected by the method called by some authors 8insemination0 each disease seemed to require its special plant4 ,thus yellow jaundice required swallow-wort and juniper berries2 dropsy1 absinthe 7worm-wood7 and box-elder2 pleurisy1 the poppy2 the plague1 the plant known as scordium 7this plant smells like garlic71 etc4--7,frommann1 8,tract4 de ,fascinat410 p4 #ajcj47 ,the following problem is presented for solution or for such explanation as competent scholars may find it possible to give4 ,we know that every disease was looked upon as an infliction from some angry god2 on the other hand1 we know also that for each disease there was some god1 in later days some saint1 to whom the afflicted might appeal2 we know also that certain plants were sacred to certain divinities4 ,therefore the question to be answered is1 ,were the plants hereinbefore specified those which were sacred to those gods who had charge of those diseases respectively8 ,the examination to be complete should include all that may now survive among ,european peasantry of the worship of ,roman1 ,phnician1 ,celtic1 ,teutonic1 or even ,egyptian or ,etruscan1 deities4 ,grimm recites the names of the trees employed for the cure of different diseases1--epilepsy1 peach-blossoms2 ague1 elder-tree2 gout1 fir-tree2 ague1 willow2 gout1 young pine-tree4--78,teut4 ,mythology407 ,why was ,apollo supposed to love the laurel and the cornel cherry1 8,pluto the cypress and the maiden-hair1--a moisture-loving fern1 which we may take for granted could not be very plentiful in his chosen realm1--,luna the dittany1 ,ceres the daffodil1 ,jupiter the oak1 ,minerva the olive1 ,bacchus the vine1 and ,venus the myrtle-shade80--7,extract from an article entitled 8,flowers as ,emblems10 in 8,standard10 ,london1 copied in 8,sun10 ,new ,york1 ,may #ab1 #ahhi47 8,a sick man's perspiration from the brow wiped off with bread1 and given to a dog1 will cure the patient40--7,sagen-,mrchen1 8,volksaberglauben aus ,schwaben10 ,freiburg1 #ahfa1 p4 #did47 ,as a certain cure for witchcraft take the excrement of the patient1 put it in a pig's bladder1 and hang it up in the chimney2 or let him take some of his own excrement1 inwardly1 dissolved in vinegar2 or apply human excrement to the bewitched part1 then put that excrement in a pig's bladder1 and hang it up in the chimney to smoke for three or four days4--7,paullini1 pp4 #bfj1 #bfa47 ,by the ,french1 urine was considered a certain cure for fever4 ,such an amount of superstition attached to the panacea that the prescription may well be given in full3-- 8,knead a small loaf with urine voided in the worst stage of his fever by a person having the quaternary ague4 ,bake the loaf1 let it cool1 and give it to be eaten by another person4 ,repeat the same during three different attacks1 and the fever will leave the patient and go to the person who has eaten the bread40 ,another one runs in these terms3-- 8,take an egg1 boil it hard1 and break off the shell4 ,prick the egg in different places with a needle1 steep it in the urine of a person afflicted with fever1 and then give it to a man if the patient be a man1 to a woman if a woman1 and the recipient will acquire the fever1 which will abandon the patient40#he ,this remedy ,thiers traces back to the ,romans1 quoting from ,horace in support of his assertion4 ,the second recipe finds its parallel in the 8,chinook olives10 described in the first pages of this work4 ,the fact that human ordure was the panacea by which all the effects of witchcraft could be undone1 and all charms and incantations frustrated1 can easily be shown from the citations to be found in ,schurig4 8,occidental sulphur10 applied externally to the pains occasioned by incantations was said to be very efficacious4 ,others added garlic1 and twenty-four hours after exposed the mixture to the smoke of the kitchen-fire4 ,others again took the ordure of the bewitched person1 made sausage of it1 and hung it up to be smoked in the kitchen-fire4 ,various instances are given of the efficacy of human ordure in undoing the work of witches2 it was to be applied alone or mixed with garlic or assaftida4 ,take a liver1 cut in pieces1 and secretly place in the urinal of the patient2 if the patient unconsciously use the chamber for defecation he will recover--78,sagen-,mrchen1 ,volksaberglauben10 etc41 ,drs4 ,birlinger and ,buck1 p4 #dha47 ,the method of curing fevers by imbedding clippings of the finger and toe nails of the patient in wax and affixing to another person's door-post1 is mentioned by ,pliny 7lib4 xxxviii4 c4 #bd74 ,the same are given1 with the others already noted1 by ,frommann4--78,tractatus de ,fascinatione10 p4 #ajjc et seq47 ,etmuller says that the oak was the tree most highly commended2 to secure a good set of teeth1 one of the milk teeth was buried in an oak2 to restore falling hair1 some of the patient's hair2 to cure gout1 some of his toe-nail clippings1 etc4--7,etmuller1 vol4 i4 p4 #abg47 8,in ,donegal1 the sufferer should seek a straw with nine knees1 and cut the knots that form the joints of every one of them1 any superfluous knots being thrown away2 then bury the knot in a midden or dung-heap2 and as the joints rot1 so will the warts40--78,folk-,medicine10 p4 #eg47 ,grose says1 8,to cure warts1 steal a piece of beef from a butcher's shop and rub your warts with it2 then throw it down the necessary-house1 or bury it2 and as the beef rots1 your warts will decay40--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,ant40 vol4 iii4 p4 #bgf1 art4 8,physical ,charms407 ,the ,american cures for warts in which the sufferer is enjoined to steal a piece of meat1 etc41 are a perfect 8survival0 from the above1 while the 8cure0 given by ,mark ,twain1 in his story of 8,huckleberry ,finn0-- 8,barley-corn1 barley-corn1 ,indian meal shorts1 ,spunk water1 spunk water1 swallow these warts10 may be classed as a 8distorted survival40 8,a piece of meat is cut from one of the arms of the menaced man 7i4 e4 menaced with death71 and a lock of hair from the opposite side of his head1 and cast into the fire2 and he is rubbed with artemisia1 dipped in water1 as this plant is the food of the ghosts4 ,these rites1 omitting the cutting of the flesh and hair1 must be performed on four successive nights40--78,death and ,funeral ,customs among the ,omahas10 ,francis ,la ,flesche1 in 8,jour4 of ,amer4 ,folk-,lore10 ,jan4-,march1 #ahhi1 p4 #d47 8,the ,orkney islanders will wash a sick person and then throw the water down a gateway in the belief that the sickness will leave the patient and be transferred to the first person who passes through the gate40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aec47 ,these cures by 8transplantation0 are still to be found in full vigor among the descendants of the immigrants from ,westphalia and the ,palatinate who made their homes in the ,state of ,pennsylvania4 ,for the cure of jaundice3 8,hollow out a carrot1 fill it with the patient's urine1 and hang it1 by means of a string1 in the fireplace4 ,as the urine is evaporated1 and the carrot becomes shrivelled1 the disease will leave the patient4 ,in this there is an evident belief in the connection between the properties and color of the carrot and the yellow skin of the patient having jaundice4 ,to this class may belong the belief respecting the use of a band of red flannel for diphtheria1 and yellow or amber beads for purulent discharges from the ears40--78,folk-,med4 of the ,penn'a ,germans10 ,hoffman1 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,society1 #ahhi47 ,reference should be had to ,black's notes upon a similar custom in ,staffordshire1 where1 instead of a carrot1 a bladder is filled4--78,folk-,medicine10 p4 #ef47 8,convulsions in a child are sometimes due to the influence of the fairies40 ,mooney describes a cure effected by a mother who 8picked from the roadside ten small white pebbles1 known as #8fairy stones4' ,on reaching home1 she put nine of these stones into a vessel of urine and threw the tenth into the fire4 ,she also put into the vessel some chicken-dung and three sprigs of a plant 7probably ivy or garlic7 which grew on the roof above the door4 ,she then stripped the child and threw into the fire the shirt and other garments which were worn next the skin4 ,the child was then washed from head to foot1 wrapped in a blanket and put to bed4 ,there were nine hens and a rooster on the rafters above the door4 ,in a short time the child had a violent fit and the nine hens dropped dead upon the floor4 ,the rooster dropped down from his perch1 crew three times1 and then flew again to the rafters4 ,if the woman had put the tenth stone with the others1 he would have dropped dead with the hens4 ,the child was cured40--78,med4 ,mythol4 of ,ireland10 ,james ,mooney1 8,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc40 #ahhg47 ,mooney remarks upon the above3 8,this single instance combines in itself a number of important features in connection with the popular mythology2 the dung1 the urine1 the plant above the door1 the chickens1 the fire and the garment worn next the skin1 and introduces also a new element into the popular theory of disease1 viz43 the idea of vicarious cure1 or rather of vicarious sacrifice4 ,this belief1 which is general1 is that no one can be cured of a dangerous illness1 unless1 as the people express it1 #8something is left in its place' to suffer the sickness and death40--7,idem47 ,in the case of a 8changeling child10 the mother was ordered to leave it 8on the dung-hill to cry and not to pity it40--7,hazlitt's edition of 8,fairy ,tales10 ,london1 #ahge1 p4 #cgb47 8,at ,sucla-,tirtha1 in ,india1 an earthen pot containing the accumulated sins of the people1 is annually set adrift on the river40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 p4 #aib1 vol4 ii47 ,see notes under 8,catamenial ,fluid10 from ,etmuller4 ,,xlvi4 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,lingam ,,in ,,india4 ,in connection with the ,lingamic ritual in ,india1 there remain usages now degenerated into symbolism1 which cannot be interpreted in any other sense than as 8survivals0 of very obscene and disgusting practices in the primitive life of that region4 ,in describing the sacrifice called ,poojah1 ,maurice says3 8,the ,abichegam makes a part of the ,poojah4 ,this ceremony consists in pouring milk upon the lingam4 ,this liquor is afterwards kept with great care1 and some drops are given to dying people that they may merit the delights of the ,calaison40 ,the 8salagram of the ,vishnuites is the same as the lingam of the ,seevites40 8,happy are those favored devotees who can quaff the sanctified water in which either has been bathed40--78,ind4 ,ant40 vol4 v4 pp4 #adf1 #agi47 ,dulaure describes the rites of the ,cochi-couris1 in which the sacred water of the ,ganges is first poured upon the lingam2 it is then preserved to be dealt out in drops to the faithful2 it is specially serviceable in soothing the last hours of the dying4 ,the ,lingam is the ,phallic symbol4 ,the water or milk sanctified by it may represent a former employment of urine1 such1 as will be shown1 as prevailed all over ,europe4 ,the use of lingam water is perhaps analogous to that of mistletoe water1 previously noted4 ,in speaking of the 8mysteries0 of the goddess 8,cotitta10 a popular ,venus of the isle of ,chios1 ,dulaure says3 8,les initis1 qui se livraient tous les excs de la dbauche1 y employaient le ,phallus d'une manire particulire2 ils taient de verre et servaient de vases boire40 ,he quotes ,juvenal1 satire #b1 verse #ie1 as saying of the extreme license of these mysteries3 8vitreo bibit ille ,priapo40--78,des ,divinits ,gnratrices407 ,does not the preceding paragraph1 in the lines from the ,roman satirist1 conceal under a very gauzy veil1 a dirty proceeding akin to the urine dance of the ,zuis8 ,frommann quotes the above lines from ,juvenal1 without attempting to enter upon an explanation of them4 7,see 8,tract4 de ,fascinatione10 p4 #ccc47 ,rev4 ,lewis ,evans1 a ,fellow of ,wadham's ,college1 ,oxford1 translates them as follows in his edition of 8,juvenal30-- 8,another drains a ,priapus-shaped glass40 ,but ,gifford renders it3-- 8,swill from huge glasses of immodest mould40 ,montfaucon says that in the ,festivals of ,priapus 8celebrated by the women 444 the priestess sprinkles ,priapus with water40--78l',antiquit explique10 lib4 i4 part #b1 c4 xxviii42 in the first volume is a representation of a phallic vase with human ears attached47 8,verser quelques gouttes sur la tte dans la bouche des agonisants40--7,dulaure1 8,des4 ,div4 ,generat410 ,paris1 #ahbe1 pp4 #aje1 #ajf1 #aaa47 8,in a manuscript of the church of ,beauvais about the year #ejj1 it is said that the chanter and canons shall stand before the gates of the church1 which were shut1 holding each of them urns full of wine with glass cups1 of whom one canon shall begin the ,kalends of ,january40--7,fosbroke1 8,british ,monachism10 p4 #ha47 ,in out of the way nooks and corners in ,europe1 intelligent observers may still stumble upon traces of the religious observances alluded to in ,juvenal2 ,mr4 ,macaulay1 of ,philadelphia1 ,penn'a1 who lived for a time near ,monaco1 in the ,riviera1 imparts the information that1 in that section of ,italy he had personally noticed such a peculiar custom2 i4 e4 that of assembling each family on ,christmas eve1 in a semicircle1 round the fire2 the youngest boy urinated on the blazing log2 then the father took a glass goblet1 filled with white wine1 and sprinkled the log with an olive branch2 finally1 all sipped from the goblet1 the contents of which ,mr4 ,macaulay said he had been told were undoubtedly symbolical of urine4 ,among people farther to the north1 the same worship of fire by offering food and drinking a libation still obtains without any offensive features4 ,in ,sweden and ,norway 8early in the morning1 the good wife has been up1 making her fire and baking2 she now assembles her servants in a half-circle before the oven door1 they all bend the knee1 take one bit of cake1 and drink the fire's health2 what is left of cake or drink is cast into the flame40--7,grimm1 8,teut4 ,mythol40 vol4 ii4 p4 #fbi47 8,our ,german sagen and mrchen have retained the feature of kneeling before the oven and praying to it4444 ,the unfortunate1 the persecuted1 resort to the oven and bewail their woe1 they reveal to it some secret which they dare not confess to the world40--7,idem1 p4 #fbi47 8,a leur ,coleda1 les ,serbes font brler une bche de chne1 l'arrosent de vin1 la frappent en faisant voler les tincelles1 et crient3 #8,autant d'tincelles1 autant de chvres et de brebis4'0--78,les ,primitifs10 ,rclus1 p4 #aaa47 ,the resemblance to the customs of the ,east ,indies was1 in places1 even closer than as above indicated4 ,inman tells of sterile women who drank 8priapic wine10 i4 e4 wine poured upon an upright conical stone representing the lingam1 and then collected and allowed to turn sour4--7,inman1 8,ancient ,faiths10 etc41 vol4 i4 p4 #cje1 article 8,asher407 ,the same statement is to be found in ,hargrave ,jennings' work1 8,phallicism10 ,london1 #ahhd1 p4 #bef1 but it seems to be repeated from ,inman and ,dulaure4 ,campbell reports that 8among the principal relics of the ,church at ,embrun was the statue of ,saint ,foutin4 ,the worshippers of this idol poured libations of wine upon its extremity1 which was reddened by the practice4 ,this wine was caught in a jar and allowed to turn sour4 ,it was then called #8holy vinegar1' and was used by the women as a lotion to anoint the yoni40--78,phallic ,worship10 ,robert ,allen ,campbell1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo41 #ahhh1 p4 #aig47 ,among the ,apache ,indians of ,arizona1 the ,zuis1 ,moquis1 and ,pueblos1 the author has seen large arrow or spear shaped pieces of flint which had been obtained under peculiar circumstances1 were regarded as possessed of great virtues1 and were worn round the necks by the women1 generally by those who professed 8medicine0 powers4 ,fragments of these flints were ground to fine powder1 and administered to women while pregnant1 to ensure safe delivery2 all that was learned of these stones will be presented in another work2 the veneration paid them seems to be closely associated with the worship of lightning4 ,vallencey1 in his 8,collectanea de ,rebus ,hibernicis10 ,no4 xiii4 #ag1 says3 8,in the ,highlands of ,scotland1 a large chrystal1 of a figure somewhat oval1 was kept by the priests to work charms by2 water poured upon it at this day is given to cattle against diseases2 these stones are now preserved by the oldest and most superstitious in the country40--7,brand1 8,pop4 ,antiq40 vol4 iii4 p4 #fj1 art4 8,sorcerer407 ,,xlvii4 ,,phallic ,,superstitions ,,in ,,france ,,and ,,other ,,parts ,,of ,,europe4 ,among the peasantry of ,ireland there are in use certain prehistoric arrow-heads1 believed by them to be fairy darts4 8,when an illness is supposed to be due to the influence of the fairies1 444 this #8fairy dart' 444 is put into a tumbler and covered with water1 which the patient then drinks1 and if the fairies are responsible for his sickness1 he at once recovers40--78,medical ,mythology of ,ireland10 ,mooney1 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahhg47 ,and in like manner1--as has already been shown of the sacred character attaching1 among the people of the far ,east1 to water1 wine1 or milk which had been poured over the lingam1--the women of ,france solaced themselves with the hope that children would come to those who drank an infusion containing scrapings from the phalli1 existing until the outbreak of the ,french revolution1 at ,puy en ,velay1 in the church of ,saint ,foutin1 in the shrine of ,saint ,guerlichon1 near ,bruges1 in the shrine of ,guignolles1 near ,brest2 and in that of an ancient statue of ,priapus1 at ,antwerp4#hf ,,xlviii4 ,,burlesque ,,survivals4 ,a new task now presents itself1 the examination into burlesque survivals of rites and usages no longer countenanced as matters of religious importance4 ,religion is not content with being tenacious of its ceremonial2 it often goes so far as to sanctify reversions to usages and modes of thought which have passed out of the recollection of the people2 in doing this1 it is frequently necessary that some explanation be invented1 as the hierophants themselves are generally ignorant of the true reasons for their conduct2 but more ordinarily mankind accepts and complies with ritualistic precepts without inquiry1 and even with a vague belief that the more archaic a practice may be1 the more efficacy it must necessarily have in securing protection and good fortune4 ,the ,hindu festival of ,holi1 ,huli1 or ,hulica1 familiar to most readers1 has thus been outlined by a recent witness as celebrated in the provinces near ,oudeypore4#hg ,the proceedings are characterized as saturnalia1 attended with much freedom and excessive drunkenness3 8,the importance of the study of popular traditions1 though recognized by men of science1 is not yet understood by the general public4 ,it is evident1 however1 that the mental tokens which belong to one intellectual stock1 which bear the stamp of successive ages1 which connect the intelligence of our day with all periods of human activity1 are worthy of serious consideration4 ,much of this time-honored currency is rude and shapeless1 it may be ore scarcely marked by the die2 but among the treasures silver and gold are not wanting4 ,an ,american superstition may require for its explanation reference to ,teutonic mythology1 or may be directly associated with the philosophy1 monuments1 and arts of ,hellas4444 ,it is1 however1 now a recognized principle that higher forms can only be comprehended by the help of the lower forms out of which they grew4444 ,the only truly scientific habit of mind is that wide and generous spirit of modern research which1 without disdain and without indifference1 embraces all aspects of human thought1 and endeavors in all to find a whole40--7,prof4 ,w4 ,w4 ,newell1 in 8,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore10 ,jan4-,march1 #ahhi47 8,it is not too much to assert1 once for all1 that meaningless customs must be survivals2 that they had a practical1 or at least ceremonial intention when and where they first arose2 but are now fallen into absurdity from having been carried on in a new state of society1 where their original sense has been discarded40--78,primitive ,culture10 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,new ,york1 #ahgd1 vol4 i4 p4 #he47 8,i believe that no custom which we find among early races was initiated without some very good reason why1 though those who practise it may long have lost it1 and even have been obliged to invent a new one1 utterly different from the original1 to explain the rite which they ignorantly practise40--7,personal letter from ,j4 ,w4 ,kingsley1 ,esq41 ,m4 ,d41 ,brome ,hall1 ,scole1 ,england47 8,the serious business of ancient society may be seen to sink into the sport of later generations1 and its serious belief to linger on in nursery folk-lore1 while superseded habits of old-world life may be modified into new-world forms1 still powerful for good and evil40--78,primitive ,culture10 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,london1 #ahga1 vol4 i4 p4 #ae47 ,and again3 8,religion holds on1 with the tenacity of superstition1 to all that has ever been practised40--78,custom and ,myth10 ,andrew ,lang1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 p4 #bda47 ,a brighter light will be thrown upon future investigations by regarding folk-lore and folk-usage1 especially folk-medicine1 as the crystalization of primordial religious thought and practice4 8,it can hardly be too often repeated1 since it is not yet generally recognized1 that1 in spite of their fragmentary character1 the popular superstitions and customs of the peasantry are by far the fullest and most trustworthy evidence we possess as to the primitive religion of the ,aryans4 ,indeed1 the primitive ,aryan1 in all that regards his mental fibre and texture1 is not extinct4 ,he is amongst us to this day4 ,the great intellectual and moral forces which have revolutionized the educated world1 have scarcely affected the peasant4 ,in his inmost beliefs1 he is what his forefathers were in the days when forest trees still grew1 and squirrels played on the ground where ,rome and ,london now stand4 8,hence every inquiry into the primitive religion of the ,aryans should either start from the superstitious beliefs and observances of the peasantry1 or should at least be constantly checked and controlled by reference to them4 ,compared with the evidence afforded by living tradition1 the testimony of ancient books on the subject of ancient religion is worth very little4 ,for literature accelerates the advance of thought at a rate which leaves the slow progress of opinion by word of mouth at an immeasurable distance behind4 ,two or three generations of literature may do more to change thought than two or three thousand years of traditional life4 ,but the mass of the people1 who do not read books1 remain unaffected by the mental revolution wrought by literature2 and so it has come about that in ,europe1 at the present day1 the superstitious beliefs and practices which have been handed down by word of mouth are generally of a far more archaic type than the religion depicted in the most ancient literature of the ,aryan race40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,james ,g4 ,frazer1 ,m4 ,a41 ,london1 #ahij1 ,preface1 viii1 ix47 ,the people of ,rangoon1 ,siam1 observe a peculiar usage at the time of their ,new ,year4 ,every man1 woman1 boy1 or girl is armed with a 8squirt-gun10 with which all people on the street are drenched4#hh ,elliott1 apparently quoting from ,zagoskin 7a ,russian explorer1 temp4 #ahdc71 says that the ,alaskans have 8entertainments0 in the 8kashga40 8,it sometimes happens1 on these occasions1 that lovers of fun sprinkle the women with oil1 or with that fluid which they use in place of soap1 squirted from small bladders concealed about their persons1 and such jokes are never resented40--78,our ,arctic ,province10 ,henry ,w4 ,elliott1 ,new ,york1 #ahhg1 p4 #cib47 8,from the very beginning effigies of the most revolting indecency are set up in the gates of the town and in the principal thoroughfares4 8,troops of men and women1 wreathed with flowers and drunk with bang1 crowd the streets1 carrying sacks full of a bright red vegetable powder4 ,with this they assail the passers-by1 covering them with clouds of dust1 which soon dyes their clothes a startling color4 ,groups of people standing at the windows retaliate with the same projectile1 or squirt with wooden syringes red and yellow streams of water into the streets below40 ,the ,nautch dances reach the acme of voluptuousness1 and the accompanying chants are filled with suggestiveness4 ,the author here quoted says that ,holica was the ,indian ,venus4 ,an eminent authority says that 8this red powder 7gull7 is a sign of a bad design of an adulterous character4 ,during the holi holidays the ,maharaj throws gull on the breasts of female and male devotees1 and directs the current of some water of a yellow color from a syringe upon the breasts of females40--7,inman1 8,ancient ,faiths embodied in ,ancient ,names10 p4 #cic47 ,this 8yellow water0 may be a survival of and a refinement upon urine4 ,the ,apaches and ,navajoes1 close neighbors of the ,zuis1 have had until very recently 7and may still celebrate7 the dance of the ,joshkn1 in which clowns scatter upon the spectators1 from bladders wound round their bodies1 water1 said to be representative of urine4 ,among the ,aztecs there was a festival allowing the fullest license to clowns1 armed with bladders filled with red powder or fine pieces of maguey paper attached by strings to short poles4 ,with these bladders all persons caught in the streets1 especially women and girls1 were mercilessly buffeted4--7,sahagun1 vol4 ii4 in ,kingsborough's 8,mexican ,antiquities10 vol4 vi4 p4 #cc1 and again vol4 vii4 p4 #hc47 ,his account says that in the seventeenth month1 which was called 8,tititl10 and corresponded almost to our winter solstice1 the ,mexican year being divided into eighteen months of twenty days each1 beginning with our ,february1 the ,aztec populace played a game called 8nechichiquavilo40 ,all the men and boys who wished to play this game made little bags or nets1 filled with the pollen of the rush1 called 8espadaa10 or with paper cut in fine pieces4 ,these were attached to cords or ribbons half a yard long1 in such a manner that a blow could be struck with them4 ,others made these bags like gloves1 which they stuffed as above stated1 or with leaves of green maize4 ,no one was allowed1 under penalty1 to put into these bags any stones1 or anything else which could hurt4 ,the boys at once began to play this game1 in the way of a sham-battle1 hitting each other on the head1 or wherever else they could4 ,as the fun increased the more mischievous of the boys began to beat the young maidens passing along the street4 ,at times three or four young boys would attack one girl1 and beat her so hard as to weary her and make her cry4 ,the more prudent of the young girls1 in going from point to point1 carried a club with which to defend themselves4 ,some of the boys concealed the bag1 and when any old women carelessly approached they would suddenly begin to beat them1 crying out1 8,chichiquatzinte mantze60--which means1 8,our mother1 this is the bag of the game60#hi ,the following is ,torquemada's description3-- 8,in the festival in honor of the goddess ,yamatecuhtli1 or 8principal old woman10 in the seventeenth month of the ,mexican calendar1 all the people of the city made bags after the manner of purses1 and stuffed them full of hay and straw and other things1 which would have no weight and do no harm1 and1 attaching them to a cord1 carried them hidden under their cloaks4 ,with these bags they buffeted all the women they met on the street40#ij--7,torquemada1 8,monarchia ,indiana10 lib4 x4 cap4 #bi47 ,he recognizes the similarity between this and the blind-man's-buff games of other countries4 ,a contributor to 8,asiatic ,researches0 calls this powder of the ,huli festival a 8purple powder10 and claims that the idea is to represent the return of spring1 which the ,romans call 8purple40#ia ,in some parts of ,north ,america the #ast of ,april is observed like ,saint ,valentine's ,day1 with this difference1 that the boys are allowed to chastise the girls1 if they think fit1 either with words or blows4--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 i4 p4 #ada1 article 8,april ,fool's ,day407 ,a ,,few ,,remarks ,,upon ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,bladders ,,in ,,religious ,,ceremonies4 ,whether or not primitive man1 excited by his insatiate1 omnivorous appetite for gods1 under the impulses of which he deified winds1 waters1 trees1 and stones1 and looked with a veneration not far removed from devotion itself1 upon the holy graals1 chalices1 and other paraphernalia of his ritual1 should have associated a mysterious power with the bladders he employed to hold his urine and ordure is a question which no one can to-day determine4 ,for our own cow-worshipping ,aryan ancestry bladders were a natural means of transporting liquids1 exactly as they remain among the ,apaches and other ,indian tribes of ,america4 ,introduced of necessity into religious ceremonial1 they would1 with the advance of years1 and in spite of the improvement which might be brought about in the domestic comfort of the people at large1 gain a certain 8medicine0 value1 strictly parallel to that which we know has been gained by the gourd-rattle1 which1 in not a few cases1 has been consulted as an oracle1 and adored as a god4#ib ,the author has observed a number of instances of the use by ,sioux1 ,apache1 and other ,indians1 of bladders tied in the hair as an 8ornament0 long after traders had placed within reach glass beads1 feathers1 and other means of decoration4 ,the ,hottentots kept drinking-water in 8the intestines of animals40--7,thurnberg1 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 xvi4 pp4 #ch1 #gc1 #ada47 ,of the ,patagonians we are informed that 8the only vessels they use for carrying water are bladders40--78,adventure and ,beagle10 vol4 i4 p4 #ic47 ,we are informed that the ,shamans of ,alaska throw into the sea inflated bladders and watch them sink1 as a means of divination4--78,our ,arctic ,province10 ,elliott1 p4 #cic47 ,in some parts of rural ,england there were kept up even to our own day certain feasts or ceremonies1 connected with the ploughing of the land4 ,these 8fool-plough0 days varied in different sections from early in ,january to ,shrove ,tuesday4 ,they partook of the nature of a frolic1 the plough being driven by a clown armed with a bladder1 with which he urged his team4 ,there were certain peculiarities connected with this custom indicative of a ,pagan origin4 ,the clown was attired as a woman1 there was music1 the plough was drawn three times round a fire1 the blacksmith received 8sharping corn0 for sharpening the plough-irons1 and the whole ended with feasting1 in which the cock figured as one of the articles of food4 ,all this suggested to the writer in ,brand a relationship with the 8,compitalia0 of the ,romans and 8the three sacred ploughings0 of the ,athenians2 also the sacred ceremonial ploughing of the ,chinese4--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 i4 pp4 #eje et seq41 article 8,fool-,ploughs407 ,bruce describes the commander-in-chief of the ,abyssinian army on an expedition against the ,gallas while in the act of making his toilet4 8,a man was then finishing his head-dress by plaiting it with some of the long and small guts of an ox1 which ,i did not perceive had ever been cleaned40--7,bruce1 8,nile10 vol4 iv4 p4 #bab47 ,the ,gallas of ,abyssinia1 upon slaughtering an ox1 8hang the entrails round their necks1 or interweave them with their hair40--7,maltebrun1 8,un4 ,geography10 ,boston1 #ahdg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dg1 article 8,abyssinia407 ,bruce describes a chief of the ,gallas as having 8his long hair plaited and interwoven with the bowels of oxen1 and so knotted and twisted together as to render it impossible to distinguish the hair from the bowels4444 ,he had likewise a wreath of guts hung about his neck1 and several rounds of the same about his middle40--78,nile10 vol4 iv4 p4 #efj47 8,their favorite ornament is composed of the entrails of their oxen1 which1 without superfluous care in cleansing them1 are plaited in the hair and tied as girdles round the waist40--78,encyc4 of ,geog410 ,philadelphia1 #ahee1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ehh1 article 8,abyssinia407 8,a ,norwegian witch has boasted of sinking a ship by opening a bag in which she had shut up a wind4 ,ulysses received the winds in a leather bag from olus1 king of the winds40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 i4 p4 #bg47 ,an examination of the examples just adduced1 as well as of those introduced under 8,cures by ,transplantation10 would seem to show that bladders were used in preference to material just as available and convenient1 and that when a substitution was made it was always by a horn or a glass1 clear as the entrail which it no doubt was supposed to resemble4 ,the god ,crepitus1 as we have shown1 was symbolized as a swollen paunch4 ,the clowns of the circuses of the present day are armed with bladders2 but why no antiquarian has yet arisen to explain to us4 ,brand 78,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 i4 p4 #bfa et seq41 article 8,fools07 contains no information on this point4 ,the use of the bladder is to be noted in the festivals of the ,inuits4 8,aprs un superbe vacarme1 ils suspendent des cordes une centaine des vessies1 prises des animaux tous tus coups de flche40--78,les ,primitifs10 ,rclus1 p4 #aaj1 8,les ,inoits ,occidentaux407 ,the explanation given by ,rclus is as follows3 8,faut-il expliquer que les vessies1 chauffes par la flamme1 symbolisent les souffles du printemps8444 ,qu'elles symbolisent l'esprit de vie qui entre dans les narines80--7,idem47 ,it may be enough to point out the care with which these bladders must be selected2 not every bladder will do1--only those from animals killed with arrows4 ,,xlix4 ,,the ,,worship ,,of ,,cocks ,,and ,,hens4 ,only such matter has been admitted into this volume as could prima facie be considered as having the right of entry2 the greatest care has been taken to avoid distortion or mutilation of authorities1 and much has been excluded that might have been presented without running a risk of being accused of unfairness4 ,for example1 as old an authority as ,john de ,laet calls attention to the great prevalence of intoxication and debauchery among the ,indians of ,vextipa1 near ,mexico1 who on feast days had the ancient custom of becoming drunk as beasts and committing enormous excesses4#ic ,and in like manner the first missionaries in ,canada complained of the brutal orgies of the natives1 in which1 under cover of darkness and the cloak of their superstitions1 deeds were committed which the pen dared not describe4 ,ample reference to these has been preserved in the ,jesuit relations1 and in the exact and interesting ,american treatises dependent so largely upon them4#id ,it is more likely1 however1 that the ,huron and ,algonkin saturnalia were1 in general terms1 scenes of promiscuous licentiousness4 ,only two authorities can be cited1 ,fathers ,le ,jeune and ,sagard1 who instance the use of human urine or ordure under spiritual direction2 all others leave the inference that the bacchanalia of which they were the reluctant and disgusted observers had no other peculiarity than that of unrestrained sexual intercourse4 ,it would be hard to find a better example of the tenacity of superstition than that which the subjoined extract from the 8,evening ,star10 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 shows as existing under our own noses4 8,a ,,curious ,,hungarian ,,superstition4 8,a correspondent of the #8,philadelphia ,press1' at ,pottsville1 ,pa41 tells of a curious scene he witnessed in the ,hungarian quarter4 ,a number of children were running round barefooted1 beating tin pans and boxes4 ,in the midst of the circle they were describing was a live baby buried up to the neck in the cold ground with a shawl wound round its throat for protection4 ,it was learned that the object of putting the baby in this peculiar position was to cure it of a skin disease1 the ,huns having the same faith in the curative properties of mother earth that is characteristic of many savage tribes4 8,while the child was thus experiencing the medicinal virtues of the earth packed round its body1 the boys beat upon the pans in order to frighten away the evil spirit that had caused the disease40 ,a retrospective glance at the long list of excrementitious remedies collected shows that both the disease to be treated and the remedy by which the cure was to be effected were regarded as entirely beyond the domain of human science4 ,even in these cases1 where medicines1 pure and simple1 as we should now recognize them1 were to be administered1 there was a complication of mysterious mummery and ceremony1 the first vestige of the former power of the medicine-man4 ,thus felons could be treated by tracing a circle round them with a dead man's bone2 but the circle1 we should remember1 was pre-eminently the line of magic4#ie ,teeth were worn as amulets1 or given as medicine in disease1 but it was essential that they should be drawn from the jaw before the burial of the body2 or that they should be the first shed by a child2 that they should be those of a man who had died a violent death2 or that they should be caught before they touched the ground4 ,if they were not to be used immediately1 they were not to be carried about1 but were to be buried in the bark of a tree4 ,the skull of a man was a remedy for the diseases of men only2 that of a woman1 for those of the female sex4 ,there were combinations of numbers2 no medicine was to be administered an even number of times2 of color#if based upon the doctrine of signatures which taught among other things1 that red medicines cured red diseases1 and saffron-tinted ones1 those of the jaundice type4 ,there were iron-clad formul for gathering medicinal plants in which the hour of the day1 the season of the year1 the age of the moon1 the position of the planets1 the hand to be used in plucking1 the silence to be observed1 were all sedulously inculcated and enjoined4 ,there were charms and counter-charms1 such as the ,dea-soil and the ,badershin of the ,druids1 in which the same magical incantation1 used in different manners1 i4 e4 going with or against the sun1 induced contrary results4 ,traces of all these superstitious ideas are to be looked for in#ig close association with the administration of excrementitious remedial agents1 or the incantations in which such agents appear4 ,the method of curing incontinence of urine by micturating into a dog kennel probably belongs to the class of the ,druidic ,badershin or ,widershin1 to which also we might be able to refer1 did we know more about it1 the very ancient and widely-disseminated charact or charm1 8,diabolus effodiat10 etc4 ,thus1 in making use of lion-dung1 it was recommended that it should be that of a lioness which had brought forth young2 and1 to continue the subject1 we find the dung of black cows1 the dung of bulls and cows 8collected in the month of ,may10 8water of cow-dung collected in ,may and ,june10 etc41 specially enjoined in the compounding of prescriptions4 ,questions of the deepest interest spring up like weeds as we re-examine our text4 ,of these1 it is impossible to enumerate all1 or to elaborate these remarks into a disquisition upon religio-medical botany2 one or two1 however1 will be named4 ,why was hyoscyamus 7henbane7 added to human ordure and human urine for the frustration of witchcraft8 ,was it because this plant was able to kill the chicken-god sacred to so many ,european peoples1 and still to be detected upon the spires of our churches8 ,was the chicken-god1 or to adopt modern language1 was the god of whom the chicken was the symbol1 friendly to witches8 ,being one of the principal deities of a supplanted cultus1 he must necessarily have been the power1 or one of the powers1 invoked by the witches who were the secret adherents of the old order of things spiritual4 ,again1 we read that in treating the bewitched1 their limbs were bathed in their own urine2 to which1 ,frommann says1 some added assaftida and others garlic2 but assaftida was called 8merde du ,diable40 78,bib4 ,scat40 p4 #abh47 ,was this fetid gum sacred to some god1 and was this dung-god1 or were dung-gods in general1 the powers to be invoked for rendering nugatory the assaults of witches8 ,in our quotations we have shown that1 in the opinion of old authors nothing equalled human ordure for baffling witches1 and ,luther has been cited as expressing the belief that ,satan fled in dismay from human flatulence4 ,this belief has been transplanted to ,american soil with the ,german immigrants settled in the ,state of ,pennsylvania4 ,hoffman speaks of a 8quack0 who gave a credulous dupe 8some charms and vile-smelling herbs1 which he was directed to burn in his house so as to drive out the evil and remove the visitor0 7i4 e4 the spirit which was troubling the dupe74--78,folk-,med4 of the ,penn'a ,germans10 in ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc4 #ahhi47 ,a marked peculiarity of the list of animals is the absence of those belonging to the fauna of the ,new ,world2 there is no reference to the excrement of the turkey1 a bird unknown to the nations migrating into ,europe2 but there are to be found the names of nearly all the birds and beasts known to ,egyptian1 ,greek1 ,roman1 ,celtic1 or ,teutonic races1 with1 however1 some notable exceptions2 there is no mention of the excreta of the bear1 the swan1 the wren1 the parrot1 and a few others2 the complete list contained in this work is repeated for convenience3 ,hare1 camel1 goat1 wild goat1 bull1 cow and calf1 wolf1 hen1 chickens and cock1 boar1 wild and tame1 horse1 ass1 hippopotamus1 lynx1 badger1 cuckoo1 swallow1 cat1 hawk1 mouse1 peacock1 pigeon1 domestic1 wood-pigeon1 turtle dove1 raven1 sparrow1 hedge-hog1 dog1 ring-dove1 mule1 weasel1 stork1 vulture1 crocodile1 starling1 eagle1 owl1 elephant1 goose1 lizard1 rat1 duck1 kid1 chameleon1 quail1 kite1 rabbit1 deer1 magpie1 crow1 ape1 hyena1 reindeer1 fox1 lion1 leopard4 ,a closer examination will discover that the ordure and urine so prescribed were not to be taken indiscriminately from each and every animal1 but that each was assigned as a remedy appropriate for some special physical disturbance4 ,unfortunately1 modern knowledge of the medical lore1 of the botanical1 mineralogical1 and chemical attainments and hagiology of the ancients is not so thorough that we can venture1 with the positiveness warranted by the suspicion to which a close study of this subject gives rise1 to assert that the dung or urine of a given animal was most suitable to palliate the pangs of the disease traceable to the offended dignity of the deity of which the particular animal was the representative or symbol2 but it is a fact deserving of scrutiny that such an association is unmistakably indicated in a number of cases4 ,pliny says that goat-dung could be applied with benefit to ulcers upon the generative organs4 ,was not the goat sacred to ,pan 7i4 e41 was not ,pan himself1 in primitive days1 the deified goat78 ,and was not ,pan the god to whose care the generative organs were1 under certain circumstances1 confided8 ,when the feet of travellers became blistered1 they were bathed with the urine of asses4 ,was the ass1 the burden-bearer1 at any time1 or in any place under the domination of the ,romans1 regarded as the god of travellers8 ,fosbroke says1 8,an ass carried the utensils and statues in the sacrifices of ,cybele and at the birth of ,bacchus1 the god newly born1 but he was only sacrificed to ,mars or ,priapus40--78,encyclopdia of ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahdc1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajji47 ,pliny also prescribed asses' dung for uterine troubles1--a clear recognition of the animal's priapic association4 ,hippopotamus-dung was given as a remedy for fever and ague4 ,this monster pachyderm lives in swamps1 which are the hotbeds of malaria4 ,by a mistaken analogy1 the animal would have been credited with the origin of the disease always to be dreaded by intruders upon its lair4 ,without desiring to enter into unnecessary controversy upon the meaning of terms1 it would seem to be perfectly reasonable to assert that the majority of the deities of paganism had been zomorphic before man's increasing intellectuality anthropomorphized them1 and relegated the animal first to the subordinate position of being the head or limbs of the god1 and then to the still more ancillary one of being simply the companion or symbol4 ,to consider an animal a god1 the messenger1 attendant1 companion1 or representative of that god2 to offer it up as the most delectable sacrifice to that deity1 and afterwards restrict the oblation to a part only of the animal1 such as its horns1 hoofs1 excreta1--are all links in the same psycho-religious chain of reasoning4 ,mrs4 ,fanny ,d4 ,bergen shrewdly observes1 8,there seems to be the best of reason for believing that1 to seek the origin of the popular delusion concerning the curative properties of certain animal excreta1 we must study the mythology of our long-ago ,aryan ancestors40 ,and again3 8,it has often happened that substances1 as well as ceremonies1 which originally had a religious signification1 in later ages degenerated into fancied cures for diseases2 so it is more than probable that the employment of animal excreta as remedies among the less intelligent classes of ,europe1 in both earlier and later times1 as well as in our own newest offshoot from the ,indo-,european stem1 is a survival of early ,aryan religious observance40--78,animal and ,plant ,lore10 in ,popular ,science ,monthly1 ,new ,york1 ,september1 #ahhh47 8,car1 dans la conception vraiment orthodoxe du sacrifice1 l'hostie1 qu'elle soit homme1 femme ou vierge1 agneau ou gnisse1 coq ou colombe1 reprsente la divinit elle-mme40--78,les ,primitifs10 ,rclus1 p4 #cff47 8,our general ignorance of the popular superstitions and customs of the ancients has already been confessed40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 i4 p4 #cfc47 8,frazer's remarks make very interesting reading in support of the theory of ,zotheistic pharmacy4 ,he not only shows that the animals enumerated in this chapter were the deities in charge of the corn1 rye1 and other cereals1 but that to them recourse was had for the cure of wounds1 hurts1 and aches happening to the reapers during harvest4 ,in one example the cat which is introduced into the field is made to lick the laborer's wounds2 in another1 the goat--which is decked with ribbons1 and afterwards killed with much ceremony1 and eaten at the end of the harvest--has its skin converted into a cloak1 which the farmer is required to put over his shoulders during the coming harvest 444 but if a reaper gets pains in his back1 the farmer gives him the goat-skin to wear40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #af47 8,amongst the animals whose forms the corn-spirit is supposed to take1 are the wolf1 dog1 hare1 cock1 goose1 cat1 goat1 cow 7ox71 bull1 pig1 and horse40 7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #a47 8,other animal forms assumed by the corn-spirit are the stag1 roe1 sheep1 bear1 ass1 fox1 mouse1 stork1 swan1 and kite40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cc47 ,here we have pretty nearly all our list of animals1 and the excrement of every one here mentioned has been and is used in the prescriptions of folk-medicine1 excepting the excreta of the bear and swan4 8,remembering that in ,european folk-lore the pig is a common embodiment of the corn-spirit1 we may now ask1 ,may not the pig1 which was so closely associated with ,demeter1 be nothing but the goddess herself in animal form8 ,the pig was sacred to her2 in art she was represented carrying or accompanied by a pig2 and the pig was regularly sacrificed in her mysteries1 the reason assigned being that the pig injures the corn1 and is therefore an enemy of the goddess4 ,but after an animal has been conceived as a god1 or a god as an animal1 it sometimes happens1 as we have seen1 that the god sloughs off his animal form1 and becomes purely anthropomorphic2 and that then the animal1 which at first had been slain in the character of the god1 comes to be the victim offered to the god1 on the ground of its hostility to the deity2 in short1 that the god is sacrificed to himself1 on the ground that he is his own enemy4444 ,as men emerge from savagery1 the tendency to anthropomorphize or humanize their divinities gains strength40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 i4 p4 #cfj47 8,a man would eat freely of what was regarded as the incarnation of the god of another man1 but the incarnation of his own particular god he would consider it death to injure or eat4 ,the god was supposed to avenge the insult by taking up his abode in that person's body1 and causing to generate there the very thing which he had eaten1 until it produced death40--78,samoa10 ,turner1 p4 #ag47 8,the ram was ,ammon himself4 ,on the monuments1 it is true1 ,ammon appears in semi-human form1 with the body of a man1 and the head of a ram4 ,but this only shows that he was in the usual chrysalis state through which beast-gods regularly pass before they emerge as full-fledged anthropomorphic gods40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ic47 8,each god has his favorite animal1 which is dedicated to him1 and serves him as messenger40--78,fetichism10 ,baudin1 p4 #fh47 ,to write what may be designated the hagiology of animal life1 as known to the ancients1 would be impossible4 ,our knowledge is too fragmentary and too confused1 from the inextricable blending of the ideas of different races and cults1 due to the conquests by and the subversion of the ,roman empire1 when victor and vanquished reciprocally exchanged gods1 or added to the attributes of the victorious deities those of the defeated4 ,religion1 in the last years of the ,roman empire1 was a kaleidoscopic jumble of the tenets and rituals of many races1 adopting without caring to fully understand1 whatever struck the fancy in the religion of their neighbors4 ,hence it is impossible to demonstrate1 what at first sight seemed to be an easy task1 that the excreta of any particular animal was applied in the treatment of the diseases over which the god to whom the animal was assigned stood guard4 ,we are not absolutely without light upon the subject1--just enough to discover that no animal was insignificant enough to be absolutely without adoration1 but not sufficiently clear to define exactly what functions each quadruped or bird god exercised4 8,the representation of the devil in the shape of a he-goat goes back to a remote antiquity4 ,what can have given it such a vigorous growth among heretics and witches8 ,the witches all imagine their master as a black he-goat1 to whom1 at festival-gatherings1 they pay divine honors2 conversely1 the white goat atoned for and defeated diabolic influence4444 ,in oaths and curses of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries1 the he-goat apes the true god40 7,grimm1 8,teutonic ,mythology10 vol4 iii4 p4 #cie47 8,the devil1 in retiring1 is compelled unawares to let his foot be seen40 7,idem1 p4 #iid47 8,a kobold 7horse-sprite7 is also horse-footed4444 ,to the water-sprite1 the whole or half of a horse's figure is attributed4444 ,that is why horses are sacrificed to rivers4444 ,a ,british demon1 ,grant1 444 shewed himself as a foal4444 ,loki changed himself into a mare4444 ,the devil appears as a horse in the stories of ,zeno and ,brother ,rausch4444 ,in legends1 black steeds fetch away the damned4444 ,next to the goat1 444 the boar is a devil's animal40 7,idem1 pp4 #iid-iif47 8,a soul-snatching wolf1 the devil was already to the fathers40 7,idem1 p4 #iif47 8,a canine conformation of the devil is supported by many authorities40 7,idem1 p4 #iif47 8,foremost among birds comes the raven1 whose form the devil is fond of assuming40 7,idem1 p4 #iig47 8,within the last few centuries only ,i find the vulture put for the devil4444 ,still more frequently the cuckoo40 7,idem1 p4 #iig47 8,another bird whose figure is assumed is the cock40 7,idem1 p4 #iig71 8,when stag-beetles and dung-beetles are taken as devils1 444 it gives assurance of a heathen point of view40--7p4 #iii47 8,in ,norway1 lambs and kids1 mostly black ones1 were offered to the water-sprite40--7,idem1 p4 #ajji47 8,it is a natural and well-known fact1 that the gods of one nation become the devils of their conquerors or successors40--7,black1 8,folk-,medicine10 p4 #ab47 ,gladiators wore camel's dung as a charm2 it is not at all unlikely that to the ,bedouin nomad the 8ship of the desert0 was the god of fortitude4 ,fosbroke says that it was the 8symbol of ,arabia40--78,antiquities10 p4 #ajaa47 ,the sacredness of the domestic cattle in ,india and elsewhere is too well known to require remark2 so is that of the crocodile in parts of ancient ,egypt4 ,the hare was sacred in ,china1 and is as sacred to-day to certain tribes of ,american ,indians as it was to the ,britons when ,boadicea drew one from her bosom to consult as an omen before joining battle with the ,roman legions4 ,the rabbit and hare figured upon ancient ,spanish coins4--7,fosbroke1 8,antiquities10 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajbb47 ,the dung of hawks1 eagles1 and vultures was administered to expel the ftus from the womb4 ,this may have been on the principle of similia similibus1 because these rapacious birds tore the young of other birds from their nests and devoured them4 ,however1 the eagle was worshipped by the ,romans1 ,persians1 and ,babylonians1 upon whose standards it perched4--7,see ,fosbroke1 8,antiquities10 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ajbd1 #ajbe1 article 8,eagle407 8,it was the common symbol of ,jupiter40--7,idem47 ,the cat was a moon-goddess symbol to the ,egyptians1 as well as to many others4--7,idem1 p4 #ajaa47 ,the dog was sacred to ,mercury as being the protector of shepherds4--7,idem1 p4 #ajab47 ,the dove1 as well known1 was one of the symbols of ,venus4 ,the dove was also worshipped by the ,assyrians4--7,idem1 p4 #ajbd47 ,the stork 8accompanies filial piety 444 upon coins40--7,idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #bae47 ,the swallow was the emblem of ,isis4--7,idem1 p4 #baf47 ,the ancient ,britons1 the ,english down to modern days1 the ancient ,romans1 the ,hungarians1 the ,scotch1 and many other nations1 drew omens from the crossing of a man's path by a hare4 ,it is related of ,queen ,boadicea that before joining battle with the ,romans she drew from her bosom a hare1 which she released1 and from its gambols the priests drew the augury that success was to rest with her4--7,see in ,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bja et seq41 article 8,hare1 ,wolf1 or ,sow407 ,says ,plinius3 8,there must be something in the general persuasion that after seeing a hare a man is good-looking for nine days40--78,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 i4 p4 #ad47 8,the sun was represented by the ,persians under the form of a lion1 which they called ,mithra2 and his priests were called lions1 and the priestesses hyenas40--7,fosbroke1 8,antiquities10 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajbj47 ,the hyena1 according to ,pliny1 was an especially 8magic0 animal4--7,lib4 xxviii47 ,the ape was 8worshipped in ,egypt1 and is now in ,india40--7,fosbroke1 8,antiquities10 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajjh47 8,the ,greeks of ,pythsecusa worshipped this animal0 7monkey74--7,idem1 p4 #ajbj47 ,the wolf4 8,the ,hebrews venerated this animal40--7,idem1 p4 #ajbc47 ,the wolf was 8consecrated to ,apollo40--7,idem47 ,the ancient belief all over ,europe was that it was lucky to have one's path crossed by a wolf4 ,this corresponds to the idea of the ,apache in regard to the bear4--7,see ,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #bjb1 article 8,hare1 ,wolf1 or ,sow407 ,the ,irish veneration for the wolf is well known4 ,the lynx 8accompanied ,bacchus40--7,fosbroke1 8,antiquities10 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajbj47 ,the pig was 8sacrificed in the ,eleusinian mysteries40--7,idem1 p4 #ajba47 ,the cow1 among the ,egyptians1 8was the symbol of ,venus40--7,idem1 p4 #ajaa47 ,the elephant was 8peculiar to the cars of ,bacchus40--7,idem1 p4 #ajad47 ,the goat4 8,maimonides says 444 that the ,zabii worshipped demons under the figure of goats40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajae47 8,steeds were consecrated to the sun40--7,idem1 p4 #ajaf47 ,the crow1 8anciently the symbol of ,venus10 was 8superseded by the owl40--7,idem1 p4 #ajbd47 ,the cock was 8the symbol of courage1 444 consecrated to ,mars2 also to ,minerva1 to ,bellona1 to ,mercury1 to ,esculapius40--7,idem1 p4 #ajbi47 ,a flock of geese was kept on the ,capitoline ,hill in memory of the story that they had saved ,rome1--a story which it is safe to say had no foundation in fact4 ,the raven 8was the ensign of the ,danes40--7,idem1 p4 #ajcj47 8,so revered is he 7the fox7 that no place in a ,mantchurian temple is too high for him40--7,h4 ,e4 ,m4 ,james1 8,the ,long ,white ,mountain10 ,london1 #ahhh1 p4 #aij47 8,the serpent also is greatly feared and worshipped2 so is the hare40--7,idem1 p4 #aib47 ,the peacock was sacred to ,juno1 whose car was drawn by those birds4 ,pliny says that the peacock was reported to swallow its own excrement1 as if envying man the possession of a treasure so precious4 ,when the dung of the peacock was administered in epilepsy1 vertigo1 etc41 the medicine was to be taken from the new moon to the full4 ,juno was a lunar deity4 8,it was an ancient and wide-spread custom in ,europe to bestow names of honor on these three0 7bear1 wolf1 and fox74--7,grimm1 8,teutonic ,mythology10 vol4 ii4 p4 #ffg47 8,the ,gypsies call the bear #8vieux1' or #8grand-pre4'0--7,idem1 foot-note1 quoting ,victor ,hugo's 8,notre ,dame de ,paris407 ,the blood of a hare was regarded as one of the finest remedies for erysipelas and bloody flux1 and this by a certain 8sympathetic power40 ,a towel dipped in hare's blood and allowed to dry was kept to be touched to an epileptic patient4--7,see ,von ,helmont1 8,orotrika10 ,english translation1 ,london1 #affb1 pp4 #aad1 #dge47 ,the ,ostaiks of ,siberia 8regardent comme sacr l'arbre o un aigle a fait sa ponte plusieurs annes de suite2 et ils ont aussi beaucoup d'gards pour cette aigle4 ,on ne peut les offenser plus cruellement qu'en tuant cette aigle ou en dtruisant son nid40--78,voyages de ,pallas10 vol4 iv4 pp4 #ha1 #hb47 ,the very name of owl 7googue7 was considered unlucky by the ,abyssinians for use as the watchword1 although we are told that it was so used4--7,see ,bruce1 8,nile10 vol4 iv4 p4 #fih47 ,that a belief in the sinister character of the hooting of the owl by night prevailed all over ,europe1 especially among the ,romans1 in the period of their greatest civilization1 and that this credulity was transmitted down almost to our own times1 see in ,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #bjf et seq41 article 8,owl40 ,he quotes from ,suetonius1 ,pliny1 ,ovid1 ,lucan1 ,claudia1 and from various old ,english authors1--8,the cryinge of the owle by night betokeneth deathe1 as divinours conjecte and deme10 and 8,then screech-owls croak upon the chimney-tops ,it's certain then you of a corse shall hear40 ,in ,egypt1 8it is said that in whatever house a cat died all the family shaved the eyebrows40--7,idem1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ch1 article 8,sorcery407 8,in the earliest period the horse seems to have been the favorite animal for sacrifice40--78,teut4 ,mythol410 ,grimm1 vol4 i4 p4 #dg47 ,the crow was always a bird of bad omen among the ,romans4--7,see ,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #bac1 article 8,the ,crow407 ,roman magicians asserted 8that the heart of a horned owl applied to the left breast of a woman1 while asleep1 will make her disclose all her secret thoughts4444 ,persons who have it about them in battle will be sure to display valor20 but 8it was ominous to see the bird itself40--7,pliny1 lib4 xxix1 c4 #bf47 ,the crocodile seems to take in ,borneo the place occupied so generally elsewhere by the serpent2 although we know that in ,central ,america the alligator was revered1 and along the ,nile in many districts the crocodile4--7,see ,bock's 8,head-,hunters of ,borneo10 ,london1 #ahha1 passim47 8,the hare1 which shares with the cat the reputation of being the familiar of witches1 has naturally some virtues attributed to it4 ,thus that the right forefoot worn in the pocket will infallibly ward off rheumatism is a common belief in ,northamptonshire1 and generally over ,england40 78,folk-,medicine10 ,black1 p4 #aed47 ,the ,chinese say that a hare sits at the foot of the cassia-tree in the moon pounding out the drugs of which the elixir of immortality is compounded4 ,in a poem of ,tu-fu1 a bard of the ,t'ang dynasty1 the fame of this hare is sung1-- 8,the frog is not drowned in the river2 ,the medicine hare lives forever40 8,the devil's mark was said to sometimes resemble the impression of a hare's foot4444 ,seeing a hare was thought in ,ireland to produce a hare-lip in the child to be born2 and1 as a charm1 the woman who unfortunately saw the hare was recommended to make a small rent immediately in some part of her dress40--7,idem1 p4 #aee47 8,it is held extremely unlucky1 says ,grose1 to kill a cricket1 a ladybug1 a swallow1 martin1 robin red-breast1 or wren1--perhaps from the idea of its being a breach of hospitality1 all these birds and insects alike taking refuge in our houses4444 ,persons killing any of the above-mentioned birds or insects1 or destroying their nests1 will infallibly1 within the course of the year1 break a bone1 or meet with some other dreadful misfortune4444 ,on the contrary1 it was deemed lucky to have martins or swallows build their nests in the eaves of a house or in the chimneys4444 ,its being accounted unlucky to destroy swallows is probably a pagan relic4 ,we read in lian that these birds were sacred to the penates or household gods of the ancients1 and therefore were preserved4 ,they were honored anciently as the nuncios of the spring4 ,the ,rhodians are said to have had a solemn anniversary song to welcome in the swallow4 ,anacreon's ode to that bird is well known40 ,brand also alludes to the still surviving omens attaching to the swallow1--such as 8the swallow falling down the chimney10 and others4--78,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #aic47 ,,the ,,spanish-,,american ,,sport ,,of 8,,correr ,,el ,,gallo0 ,,and ,,the ,,english ,,pastime ,,of 8,,throwing ,,at #8,,shrove-,,cocks4'0 ,the ,spaniards brought with them to the ,new ,world a cruel form of sport1 which consisted in burying a cock or hen in the earth up to its neck1 and then allowing the young men of the village to mount their horses1 and charging down at full speed upon the hapless bird1 reach down from their saddles and endeavor to seize it and wring its neck4 ,this sport 7as seen by the author in the ,indian ,pueblo of ,santo ,domingo1 ,new ,mexico1 in #ahha1 and described by him in 8,the ,snake ,dance of the ,moquis07 is evidently a distorted form of the sacrifice of the chicken deity1 which is to be discovered in many parts of ,europe1 always under the guise of brutal sport4 ,in ,england there was a modification4 ,a goose was hung up by the feet1 and then the villagers ran and attempted to seize its head1 which was finally pulled off4 ,there was still another of the same series in which a cat was put in a barrel1 and the barrel was then beaten to pieces4--7,see ,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 vol4 iii4 p4 #dj1 article 8,sorcery407 ,there was another ,english pastime1 8,throwing at ,shrove-,cocks10 much of the same nature4--7,see idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #aja1 article 8,ash-,wednesday10 and p4 #gb1 article 8,shrove-,tuesday407 ,grimm describes the 8heathen custom of tying cocks to the tops of holy-trees10 which prevailed very generally over ,europe in ,pagan times4 8,the ,wends erected cross-trees1 but still secretly heathen at heart1 they contrived to fix at the very top of the poles a weather-cock40--7,grimm1 8,teutonic ,mythology10 ,london1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fgb47 8,in parts of ,germany1 ,hungary1 ,poland1 and ,picardy1 the reapers place a live cock in the corn which is to be cut last1 and chase it over the field1 or bury it up to the neck in the ground2 afterwards they strike off its neck with a sickle or a scythe40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 ii4 p4 #i4 ,he gives still other examples from ,westphalia1 ,transylvania1 etc47 ,see also ,grose1 8,dictionary of ,buckish ,slang10 ,london1 #ahaa1 article 8,goose ,riding10 in which it is stated that this game was practised 8in ,derbyshire within the memory of persons now living40 ,,the ,,scarab,,us ,,of ,,egypt4 ,the radical divergence of opinion among scholars as to the basis of the veneration accorded by the inhabitants of the ,nile delta to the scarabus has been an occasion of much perplexity2 no two authors can be found to agree upon the subject4 ,in the absence of anything which can be considered conclusive1 it is not worth while to more than allude to the fact that it was the dung-beetle to which this adoration was manifested1 and possibly because it associated itself with material so intimately connected with the living organism4 ,the dung-beetle 8scarabus 444 worn as an amulet for the cure of fever40--7,pliny1 lib4 xxx4 cap4 #cj47 ,see also 8,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 i4 p4 #af1 in which the preceding paragraph from ,pliny is quoted4 8,to the ,egyptians the beetle 7scarabus7 was sacred1 being an emblem of inmost life and mysterious self-generation4 ,they believed that he proceeded out of matter which he rolled into globules and buried in manure40--7,grimm1 8,teut4 ,mythol410 vol4 ii4 p4 #fib47 8,the ,thebaic beetle1 the first animal that is seen alive after the ,nile retires from the land40 ,bruce thinks that the scarabus was the symbol of 8the land which had been overflowed and from which the water had soon retired1 and has nothing to do with the resurrection or immortality1 neither of which were at that time in contemplation40--78,nile10 ,bruce1 ,dublin1 #agij1 vol4 i4 p4 #abi47 ,sir ,samuel ,baker says3 8,it appears shortly after the commencement of the wet season1 its labors continuing until the cessation of the rains1 at which time it disappears4 ,was it not worshipped by the ancients as the harbinger of the high ,nile80--78,the ,albert ,nyanza10 pp4 #bdj1 #bda47 8,on sait que l'escarbot ou fouille-merde1 qui nait dedans et qui s'en nourrit1 tait pour les gyptiens l'image du monde1 du soleil1 d',isis1 d',osiris40--78,bib4 ,scat410 pp4 #a and #b1 quoting ,pliny1 lib4 xxx4 cap4 #aa2 lib4 ii4 cap4 #cj2 ,kircher1 ,prodrom4 ,egypt4 cap4 ult47 ,the beetle was not killed by the peasantry of ,ireland1 according to ,lady ,wilde4 ,see her book1 page #age4 ,scholars will understand that the remarks submitted upon the veneration attaching to all these animals have been introduced merely as aids to memory in the consideration of this matter1 and not as completely covering all that could be advanced on the subject4 ,l4 ,,the ,,persistence ,,of ,,filth ,,remedies ,another feature deserving of attention is the persistence with which the same remedies have been perpetuated through the centuries2 from ,hippocrates1 perhaps1 certainly from ,pliny to ,sextus ,placitus1 then to 8,saxon ,leechdoms10 and thence to the authorities prepared immediately after the discovery of printing1 there is a transmittal of the same prescriptions for the same diseases4 ,avicenna1 the ,arabian1 has unmistakably drawn the inspiration of his knowledge from the broken fountains of ,latin-,christian civilization4 ,,epilepsy4 ,the dung of the peacock was one of the favorite prescriptions for the alleviation of epilepsy1 the disease so pre-eminently of divine origin that by the ,romans it was termed the ,divine ,disease#ih 7,morbus sacer74 ,epilepsy was likewise called the 8comitial disease10 because1 according to the different authorities consulted upon the subject1 the moment a ,roman was attacked by it1 the 8comitia10 if in session1 were dissolved4 ,the 8comitia 444 were the assemblies of the clans for deliberating upon such important matters as the appointment of judges1 etc40#ii ,of exactly what transpired afterwards we have no knowledge2 it is most likely that the assembled clans devoted themselves to supplicating the gods to take mercy upon an afflicted kinsman4 ,it is not at all beyond the limits of probability that the patient was1 in early days1 sacrificed to appease the wrath of the deity inflicting the punishment1 or disease as we should designate it4 ,this1 at least1 is the only rational inference to be drawn from the action taken with the clothing worn during the fit1 and the excrement voided at the same time1 both of which1 as we have seen1 were burned1--a reminiscence of the earlier practice when such a fate was meted out to the victim himself4 ,but we do find that the belief in transference or transplantation was one of the underlying principles of all medical practice in ancient and medival times2 and1 by a reference to the examples cited1 it will be noted that special stress was laid upon the employment of clippings of the hair or nails of the patient1 or his urine1 ordure1 or1 in rarer instances1 his saliva or perspiration2 these were to be placed in egg-shells and then buried in ant-hills1 thrown into fish-ponds1 given to dogs or chickens1 or thrown out in the cross-roads1 in the hope that some traveller1 impelled by curiosity1 would pick up the strange package and with it take the disease from the original sufferer4 ,all diseases were believed to be punishments inflicted by angry gods2 therefore1 all medicines were originally charms1 i4 e4 oblations or sacrifices to propitiate the offended spirits or to secure the interposition of still more powerful gods who should render nugatory the malevolent work of the minor4 ,sometimes1 the charms employed suggest unmistakably the prior existence of human sacrifice2 the trembling victim was ordered to sacrifice himself or one of his household4 ,but1 on the principle that the part represents the whole1 in other words1 that the actual sacrifice could be deferred in consideration of the presentation of a pledge1 such a pledge was offered in the shape of hair1 nails1 skin1 blood1 excrements1 saliva1 or shreds of the clothing belonging to the interested devotee1 the supposition1 of course1 being that the propitiated ,deity could1 at a future time1 insist upon the execution of the contract1 or the consummation of the sacrifice the pledge guaranteed4 ,therefore1 when we find in 8sympathetic0 cures1 that human exuvi1 excrements1 etc41 are thrown into ponds1 we may without difficulty infer that the fishes or water gods1 in accepting the oblation1 accepted the sacrifice as symbolized1 and1 being appeased1 took back to themselves the disease they had in their wrath inflicted4 ,the same is the underlying principle when such 8charms10 as we very properly call them1 were hung upon trees1 or stones1 or around holy wells2 it was the guardian spirits of those localities which had been offended and must be mollified by the 8carmen0 or ode of incantation which was an inseparable adjunct of all such votive offerings1--from which comes our own word 8charm40#ajj ,when the 8charm0 was thrown to a dog1 or placed in a field1 where cattle1 horses1 or sheep1 or wild beasts might pasture upon it1 an animal god had to be propitiated2 and where it was simply thrown out on the road1 or1 better still1 at a cross-roads1 the 8earth-spirits10 or some goblins not definitely determined upon1 in the mind of the sacrificer1 were believed to be the authors of his infirmity4 ,hanging these charms up in the chimney of one's own house was clearly an invocation to clan or family spirits to withdraw their wrath from an afflicted kinsman1 or hasten to his assistance4 ,viewed in this light1 the 8charms0 that to us seem so trivial1 the rags1 tufts of hair1 etc41 may1 in the mind of the person offering them1 have been oblations of the most sacred character4 ,,li4 ,,an ,,explanation ,,of ,,the ,,reason ,,why ,,human ,,ordure ,,and ,,human ,,urine ,,were ,,employed ,,in ,,medicine ,,and ,,religious ,,ceremonies4 ,,ancestor-,,worship4--,,man-,,worship4- -,,the ,,grand ,,lama4 8,homo est medicus1 et ex homine medicina paratur10 said ,flemming1 in his 8,de ,remediis ex corpore humano desumtis10 that is to say1 man being a doctor1 from man medicine is prepared4 ,the savage1 with all his fear of the vague and indefinable1 had still a wonderful belief in himself as the greatest of nature's works2 all his great gods he created in his own image and likeness2 he went even further1 and ascribed to the priests or representatives of the gods1 the same respect and veneration as were supposed to be due to the gods themselves2 hence arose man-worship1 still existing in ,thibet in its most pronounced form1 and surviving in ,europe down to the present generation almost1 in the modification known as 8touching for the king's evil10 which touching derived its efficacy from the double belief that all ailments were sent from some supernatural1 and1 generally1 maleficent1 source1 and could1 therefore1 best be cured by the imposition of the hands of an individual whom the inunction of a little consecrated fat had bound more closely to the ,omnipotent4#aja ,this belief cropped out in charms and talismans1 which were nothing more nor less than medicines to avert bad luck and remedy disease1 itself a manifestation of bad luck2 or1 to express the idea still more clearly1 medicines themselves were nothing but charms originally1 in the application of which our forefathers paid less attention to pharmaceutical properties than they did to those of an occult or 8sympathetic0 nature which their own ignorance attributed to them4 ,animals and plants and stones1 being objects of worship1 were naturally enough called upon to furnish remedies for all ailments1 and palliatives for every misfortune4 ,the grandest animal of all1 man1 could not well be omitted from the ,materia ,medica2 every thing that pertains to either sex1 either in structure or in function1 must have impressed the untutored mind with a sense of awe2 all excretions1 solid or fluid1 were invested with mystic properties1 and called into requisition upon occasions of special import4 ,on the subject of man-worship1 consult ,frazer1 8,the ,golden ,bough10 vol4 i4 c4 #b1 pp4 #h1 #i4 8,among the negroes1 royalty is deified2 kings are supposed to be of the race of gods1 and1 after death1 become demi-gods40--78,fetichism10 ,baudin1 p4 #bd47 ,saliva1 the ordure1 urine1 catamenial fluid1 blood1 bile1 calculi1 bones1 skulls1--all were mysterious1 and therefore were 8medicine10 especially when obtained from a saint or lama4 ,this belief subsisted among tribes and communities long after civilization of a high type had been attained1 and is probably what ,saint ,mark alludes to in an ambiguous passage1 when he says1 8,it is not the things which enter a man's body1 but those which come out of it1 which defile him40 ,again1 it is not from the bodies of the living alone1 but from the corpses of the dead likewise1 that medicinal preparations were derived2 but in the latter case there enters into the question another expression of thought1 shared by primitive man in all countries and in all ages2 i4 e41 that the part is ever the representative of the whole1 and that when the whole cannot be obtained1 the part will be equally efficacious4 ,hence the precious care with which1 in all communities in a low state of culture1 the bones1 teeth1 rags of clothing1 and other exuvi of the sacred dead have been treasured4 ,,lii4 ,,easter ,,eggs4 ,the constant use of the egg in effecting these cures by transplantation awakens a suspicion that the origin of the pretty custom of giving away ,easter eggs1 beautifully colored1 was induced by something more than charitable impulse4 ,nearly every usage that remains among us as a game or a play derives from a serious ancestry4 ,easter was pre-eminently the festival of the ,christian church which most tenaciously preserved the rites of paganism4 ,it was1 for some reason1 looked upon as the season when the human body1 as well as the house occupied by that body1 should undergo a thorough cleansing1 and get rid of all its ailments4 ,the coloring of the eggs suggests color-symbolism1 an essentially heathen idea1 still retained among ourselves in full vigor1 under many ,protean disguises4 ,when the ,puritans gained control of the government of ,great ,britain1 the coloring of eggs1 as we may imagine1 was temporarily discontinued4 ,the 8picking0 of the eggs is a survival from one of the innumerable forms of divination by lot in which the pagan mind of ,rome and elsewhere delighted4 ,therefore we may reasonably conclude that the custom1 as transmitted to us1 is a 8survival0 from a religious usage intended to effect the transference by lot of the diseases with which the egg-players were afflicted4 8,the oldest1 most familiar1 and most universal of all ,easter customs are those associated with eggs4 ,hundreds of years before ,christ1 eggs held an important place in the theology and philosophy of the ,egyptians1 ,persians1 ,gauls1 ,greeks1 and ,romans1 among all of whom an egg was the emblem of the universe1 and the art of coloring it was profoundly studied4 ,the sight of street boys striking their eggs together to see which is the stronger and shall win the other1 was as common in the streets of ,rome and ,athens1 two thousand years ago1 if we are to believe antiquarians1 as it is in any of our ,american cities to-day4 ,these eggs1 now called ,easter eggs1 were originally known as ,pasche eggs1 corrupted to paste eggs1 because connected with the ,paschal or ,passover feast4 ,one reason for associating the egg with the day on which our ,saviour rose from the dead may be1 that the little chicks entombed1 so to speak1 in the egg1 rising from it into life1 was regarded as typical of an ascension from the grave4 8,in the north of ,england it is customary to exchange presents of ,easter eggs among the children of families who are on intimate terms1 a custom which also prevailed largely among the ancients1 and to which the sending of ,easter cards and other offerings1 which has become so popular here of late years1 may be traced40--7,from the 8,press10 ,philadelphia1 ,penn41 ,april #ba1 #ahhi47 8,thirty years ago1 it was a common practice for all elderly people to be bled or cupped each spring40--78,folk-,medicine of the ,pennsylvania ,germans10 ,hoffman1 in ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahhi47 8,to hang an egg laid on ,ascension ,day in the roof of the house1 preserveth the same from all hurt40--7,scot1 8,discoverie10 p4 #aic47 8,the modern custom1 practised in ,tripoli1 of a widow transferring her misfortunes from herself by delivering four eggs to the first stranger she meets40--7,dalyell1 8,superstitions of ,scotland10 p4 #aaj47 8,it comes to be thought desirable to have a general riddance of evil spirits at fixed times1 usually once a year1 in order that the people may make a fresh start in life1 freed from all the malign influences which have been long accumulating among them40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afc47 8,modern ,jews sacrifice a white cock on the eve of the ,festival of ,expiation1 nine days after the beginning of their new year4 ,the father of the family knocks the cock thrice against his own head1 saying1 #8,let this cock be a substitute for me1' etc40--7,idem1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aie47 ,the negroes of ,guinea seem to entertain notions on this subject worthy of incorporation in this chapter3 8,the sending of the parrot's egg signifies1 ,choose the kind of death which would be easiest to you2 otherwise1 we will choose for you40--78,fetichism10 ,baudin1 p4 #bc47 ,in many portions of ,europe there are still in existence rustic observances which1 under the mask of games1 preserve to the mind of the anthropologist the former rite of human sacrifice4 ,among these may be mentioned one from ,sweden1 in which a boy--who in the past ages was evidently the victim selected for sacrifice1 and to bear to the gods the messages of the community1--goes about from house to house1 carrying a basket1 in which he collects gifts of eggs and the like4 7,frazer1 8,the ,golden ,bough10 vol4 i4 p4 #gh47 ,it seems to be logical to imagine that these gifts1 sent to the deities to propitiate them1 also served the purpose of carrying away from the donors any ailments with which they were afflicted1--the same purpose for which ,easter eggs were broken1 and the transfer of illness brought about by lot4 ,the insignificance of the egg as an offering1 in comparison with the benefits to be expected1 offers no argument in rebuttal of the opinions just expressed4 ,we should bear in mind the proneness of the devotee to reduce the money value of his sacrifice or oblations to the minimum4 ,this is peculiar to no cultus1 confined to no latitude4 ,the worship of the chicken-god was apparently very widely ramified1 especially among the divisions and subdivisions of what we have chosen to call the ,aryan family4 ,to several of these branches1 notably the ,wendish and the ,celtic1 the chicken was1 perhaps1 the principal god2 and he remains to this day in his proud position1 whence the first missionaries were unable to dislodge him1 at the summit of the sacred tree or spire of the village church4 ,naturally enough1 what we should expect to see upon the recurrence among these tribes of a festival in which their principal spiritual powers were to be invoked to expel all forms of disease and evil from among their worshippers1 would be the sacrifice of chickens2 but the poverty or the niggardliness of the suppliant in many cases suggested a substitution of the cheaper offering1 the egg1 which may1 in its turn1 have been replaced by the feathers of the bird4 ,in parts of ,india1 to this day1 the scapegoat of the community is a cock4 8,in southern ,konkan1 on the appearance of cholera1 the villagers went in procession from the temple to the extreme boundaries of the village1 carrying a basket of cooked rice1 covered with red powder1 a wooden doll1 representing the pestilence1 and a cock4 ,the head of the cock was cut off at the village boundary1 and the body was thrown away4 ,when cholera was thus transferred from one village to another1 the second village observed the same ceremony1 and passed the scourge on to its neighbors40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aia47 8,when spring comes10 said ,pantagruel to ,panurge1 8,i will take a purge40 8,les ufs sont partout fatidiques40--78,les ,primitifs10 ,rclus1 p4 #cef1 art4 8,les ,kolariens du ,bengalou407 ,,liii4 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,bladders ,,in ,,making ,,excrement ,,sausages4 ,it was believed to be peculiarly necessary that the urine or ordure of those suffering from epilepsy1 yellow jaundice1 quartan fevers1 etc41 should be placed in a pig's bladder1 and hung up in the chimney2 in other words1 they were made into an excrement sausage4 ,traces of the employment of these sausages appear from the most remote times4 ,galen has a paragraph which reads as if he had some such practice in mind4 ,speaking of human ordure1 he says3 8,utitur non modo medicamenti qu focis imponuntur commiscens1 sed iis quoque qu intro in os sumuntur40 ,it would seem that he was alluding to mixtures in domestic medicine when some such preparations were placed on the hearths 7focis74 ,for the potency of these excrement sausages in rescuing victims from the clutches of witches1 from the yellow jaundice1 from fevers1 and other troubles we have the assurances of such grave and reputable writers as ,schurig1 ,paullini1 ,etmuller1 ,frommann1 and others of ages past2 while ,black certifies to their use in ,staffordshire2 and ,hoffman tells us of customs among the ,germans of ,pennsylvania which are distinctly and undeniably modifications of those transmitted from the mother-country4 ,reference to the words of these authorities1 as herein quoted1 is recommended2 among them the following may be found worthy of remark4 8,the entrails will be affected with corrosion when hot excrement is placed in a bladder40--7,frommann1 p4 #ajbc47 ,schurig instances a farmer who by hanging up in his chimney the dung of his neighbor's horses drove them all into a consumption4--78,chylologia10 p4 #hae47 ,in the ,island of ,nukahiva the witch wasn't content with getting the excrement of the victim2 it had to be put in a 8bag woven in a particular manner10 and buried4--7,krusenstern47 ,the devil cannot be more completely frustrated than by placing upon some of his works human ordure1 or by hanging human ordure in the smoke of the chimney4--7,paullini1 p4 #bfj47 8,a certain man bewitched a boy nine years old by placing the boy's ordure in a hog's bladder and hanging the sausage in a chimney40--7,idem1 p4 #bfa47 ,in ,staffordshire1 to cure the yellow jaundice1 a bladder was often filled with the urine of the patient and placed near the fire4 7,black1 8,folk-,medicine407 ,it is strange to encounter among the ,australians the very same ideas1 expressed in identical terms1 in regard to effecting enchantments by means of the victim's ordure1 wrapped in a roll or bundle not altogether unlike the sausages of ,european occult art4 8,should a ,bangal in the course of his wanderings drop across an old encampment of ,bukeens1 he searches about for some dbris 7such as bones7 of the food they have eaten2 but should his search for bones or some other kindred dbris be unsuccessful1 as frequently happens 7from the fact of its being a habit common to all the aboriginal tribes to consume by fire the bones of the game upon which they have fed before they abandon a camp71 he anxiously scans the ground all round the abandoned camp for feculent excrement2 and should any of the ,bukeens1 from laziness or other cause1 have omitted to use his paddle1 or to have used it carelessly1 the vigilant ,bangal pounces upon the unhidden feces as a miser would upon a treasure4 8,after he has secured his savory find1 he lubricates a piece of opossum-skin with the kidney-fat of some of his victims1 and carefully wraps it round his treasure1 after which yards of twine are wound round and round1 each wind being what sailors term a #8half-hitch4' 444 ,at night1 when all in camp are quiet1 the ,bangal carefully takes his prize from the bag1 beginning a low1 monotonous chant1 while he thrusts one end of the prepared roll into the fire 7the fire is small by design72 during the process of gradual combustion the chant is continued4444 ,should it be his wish to kill the ,bukeen outright in one night1 he keeps up the chant1 and pushes the burning roll forward into the glowing embers as it consumes1 and when the last vestige of it has dispersed in unsavory smoke the life of the ,bangal's victim has ceased4444 ,should the ,bangal1 however1 wish to prolong the dying agonies of his foe1 he merely burns a small portion of the roll nightly1 chanting his incantation during the process1 and should months pass before the roll is totally consumed so long will the torture of his victim continue40--78,the ,aborig4 of ,vict4 and ,riverina10 ,beveridge1 ,adelaide1 #ahhi1 p4 #afi1 received through the kindness of the ,royal ,society1 ,sydney1 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,f4 ,b4 ,kyngdon1 secretary47 8,in ,thuringia a sausage is stuck in the last sheaf at threshing1 and thrown with the sheaf on the threshing-floor4 ,it is called the 8barrenwurst10 and is eaten by all the threshers4 ,after they have eaten it1 a man is encased in pease straw1 and thus attired is led through the village40--78,the ,golden ,bough10 ,frazer1 vol4 i4 p4 #cga47 ,attaching to this array of facts the value which properly belongs to each and every one of them1 and no more1 it seems that the ,feast of ,fools may be better understood by regarding it as the burlesque and distorted 8survival0 of a sacred1 comitial gathering of the gens or community1 in which the excrement sausage served a now completely forgotten purpose in eliminating from the people the baleful curse of witchcraft1 epilepsy1 jaundice1 fevers1 and other disorders which would not yield promptly to the simple medicaments of primitive therapeutics4 ,,liv4 ,,conclusion4 ,lastly1 it may be urged that the thoughtful consideration of this subject will not be without results of importance to science4 ,it shows us1 if we may employ a mathematical expression1 that by integrating the equation of man's development between the limits zero1 in which these disgusting practices had full sway1 and the limit of ,a4,d4 #ahia1 the precise extent of his advancement in all that we call civilization can better be understood4 ,the biologist and psychologist may find material to demonstrate to what extent primitive man1 in corresponding environment in different regions of the world1 will display the same instincts and act under identical impulses4 ,the student of comparative mythology will certainly discover much to interest and instruct him4 ,the student of folk-lore should find here a field promising the most prolific results4 ,folk-usage1 especially in folk-medicine1--which is simply the crystallization of the mythology and religious medicine of the most primitive ages1--should respond most generously to any demands that may be made upon this and other points which the ordinary writer believes to be too unclean for his pen4 ,to the author it has been a work involving apparently endless research1 much of it barren of result1 and a correspondence with scholars in all countries1 whose contributions have been of the first importance in determining that the filthy rite of urine-drinking as seen among the ,zuis of the ,united ,states was paralleled by the orgies of other savages1 and had its counterparts and imitations in the 8survivals10 often distorted into burlesque1 of nations of high enlightenment4 ,verily1 it may be said in concluding1 as in beginning this volume1 the proper study of mankind is man2 the study of man is the study of man's religion4 ,,footnotes4 #a ,john ,baptist ,pellegrini1 who wrote an 8,apologia 444 adversus ,philosophi et ,medicin calumniatores10 at ,bononiae 7,bologna71 #aehb1 uses only this expression1 8,quamvis humanis corporis excrementa conspicienda considerandaque esse prcipiat non tamen propter hoc aliquid su nobilitati et proestanti detrahitur10 p4 #aij4 ,he means that the nobility of the medical profession is in no manner impaired by the fact that the good physician examines the egest of his patient4 8,however disgusting the subject may appear to such readers who do not consider it in the light of science1 the article is a fair specimen of the maxim that1 for a scientific mind1 nothing is too abject or insignificant for consideration2 and it also illustrates the other principle1 that to the pure everything is pure4 ,many of the rites described in these pages show how deeply engraved in the human mind is the tendency of symbolizing1 anthromorphizing1 and deifying abstract ideas and phenomena of nature40--7,extract from review by ,dr4 ,alfred ,gatchett1 ,bureau of ,ethnology1 in 8,folk-,lore ,journal10 ,boston1 ,mass47 #b ,mr4 ,cushing's reputation as an ethnologist is now so firmly established in two continents that no further reference to his self-sacrificing and invaluable labors in the cause of science seems to be necessary4 #c 8,there are three secret orders in ,zui1--the 8,zui10 the 8,knife10 and the 8,nehue-,cue40 ,the object of the latter is said to be to teach fortitude to its members1 as well as to teach them the therapeutics of stomachic disorders1 etc4 ,in their dances they resort to the horrible practice of drinking human urine1 eating human excrement1 animal excrement1 and other nastiness which can only be believed by seeing it40--7,extract from the ,personal ,notes of ,captain ,bourke1 ,november #af1 #ahha47 #d 8,there must1 ,i think1 be some mistake about the fanatical dance of ,arabian ,bedouins2 probably one of the wild practices of ,moslem ,dervishes was described in the source you have mislaid4 ,these practices are ,turkish or ,persian1 not ,arabian1 in origin4 ,the ,rifar ,dervishes eat live serpents and scorpions1 and1 ,i dare say1 perform still more disgusting acts40--7,personal letter from ,professor ,w4 ,robertson ,smith1 ,christ's ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,england47 #e ,see in ,dictionary of ,french and ,english ,language1 by ,ferdinand ,e4 ,a4 ,gasc1 ,london1 ,bell and ,daldy1 ,york ,street1 ,covent ,garden1 #ahgc4 ,littr1 whose work appeared in #ahfc1 gives as one of his definitions1 8anything that is shaped like a sausage40 ,bescherelle1 ,spiers and ,surenne1 and ,boyer1 do not give ,gasc's definition4 #f ,and very probably a phallic symbol also4 #g ,faber advances the opinion that the 8mummers0 or clowns who figured in the pastimes of 8the abbot of unreason10 etc41 bear a strong resemblance to the animal-headed ,egyptian priests in the sacred dances represented on the ,bembine or ,isiac table4 7,see ,faber's 8,pagan ,idolatry10 ,london1 #ahaf1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dgi47 #h 8,however horrible was this profanation1 ,i could quote a passage where in part of a curious penance actions most indecent were to be publicly performed upon the altar-table2 and therefore our ancestors had plainly not the same ludicrous ideas of these mummeries as ourselves4 ,they were the mere coarse festivities of the age which delighted in low humor40--7,fosbroke1 8,british ,monachism10 #b;d edition1 ,london1 #ahag1 quoted principally from ,ducange47 #i 8,ils mangent des araignes1 des ufs de fourmis1 des vers1 des lzards1 des salamandres1 des couleuvres1 de la terre1 du bois1 de la fiente de cerfs1 et bien d'autres choses40--7,alvar ,nuez ,cabeza de ,vaca1 in 8,ternaux10 vol4 vii4 p4 #add47 #aj 8,comen araas1 hormigas1 gusanos1 salamanquesas1 lagartijas1 culebras1 palos1 tierra1 y cagajones y cagarrutas40--7,gmara1 8,historia de las ,indias10 p4 #ahb47 ,he derives his information from the narrative of ,vaca4 ,the word 8cagajon0 means horse-dung1 the dung of mules and asses2 8cagarruta10 the dung of sheep1 goats1 and mice4 #aa 8,algunas veces se juntan varios ,indios y la redonda va corriendo el bocado de uno en otro40--7,orozco y ,berra1 8,geografia de las lenguas de ,mejico10 ,mexico1 #ahed1 p4 #cei47 #ab 8,peupl de sauvages qui vont tous nus1 et qui mangent leurs propres ordures40--7,castaeda1 in ,ternaux1 vol4 ix4 p4 #aef47 ,castaeda de ,nagera accompanied the expedition of ,francisco ,vasquez de ,coronado1 which entered ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 and the buffalo country in #aedj-aedb4 ,part of this expedition1 under ,don ,garcia ,lope de ,cardena1 went down the ,colorado ,river1 which separates ,california from ,arizona2 while another detachment1 under ,melchior ,diaz1 struck the river closer to its mouth1 and crossed into what is now ,california4 #ac ,harmon's notes are of special interest at this point because he is speaking of the ,ta-cully or ,carriers1 who belong to the same ,tinneh stock as the ,apaches and ,navajoes of ,arizona and ,new ,mexico1 ,lipans of ,texas1 ,umpquas of ,washington ,territory1 ,hoopahs of ,california1 and ,slocuss of the head-waters of the ,columbia ,river4 #ad ,lit4 8de la maladie froide20 voy4 ,o',donovan1 8,annals of the ,four ,masters10 note l'anne #fja1 t4 #a4 p4 #bbh4 #ae ,la mort subite est regarde comme le plus grand malheur1 parce qu'elle ne laisse pas le temps de se confesser et de recevoir l'absolution de ses pchs4 #af ,o',donovan1 8,three ,fragments of ,irish ,annals10 ,dublin1 #ahfj1 pp4 #aj-ab4 ,the bodies of ,indian chiefs in ,venezuela were incinerated1 the ashes drunk in native liquor4 8,tuestanlo1 muelenlo1 y echado en vino lo beben y esto es gran honra40--,gmara1 8,historia de las ,indias10 p4 #bjc4 #ag ,nanacatl1 que son los hongos malos que emborrachan tan bien como el vino2 y se juntaban en un llano despues de haberlo comido1 donde bailaban y cantaban de noche y de dia su placer2 y esto el primer dia porque al dia siguiente lloraban todos mucho y decian que se limpiaban y lavaban los ojos y caras con sus lgrimas4--7,sahagun1 in ,kingsborough's 8,mexican ,antiquities10 vol4 vii4 p4 #cjh47 #ah ,hay unos honguillos en esta tierra que se llaman teo-nanacatl2 crianse debajo del heno en los campos pramos 444 daan la garganta y emborrachan 444 los que los comen ven visiones y sienten buscas en el corazon2 los que comen muchos de ellos provocan luxuria1 y aunque sean pocos4--7,sahagun1 in ,kingsborough's 8,mexican ,antiquities10 vol4 vii4 p4 #cfi47 #ai ,tenian otra manera de embriaguez 444 era con unos hongos setas pequeas 444 que comidos crudos y por ser amargos1 beben tras ellos comen con ellos un poco de miel de abejas1 y de alli poco rato1 veian mil visiones y en especial culebras4--7,by the author of 8,ritos ,antiguos1 ,sacrificios idolatrias de los ,indios en ,nueva ,espaa10 ,kingsborough1 vol4 ix4 p4 #ag47 ,this author seems to have been the ,franciscan ,fray ,toribio de ,benvento1 commonly called by his ,aztec nickname of 8,motolinia1 the ,beggar40 ,he is designated by ,kingsborough 8the ,unknown ,franciscan10 because1 through motives of humility1 he declined to subscribe his name to his valuable writings4 #bj ,a los estranjeros1 les diron comer hongos montesinos que se embriagaban con ellos y con esto entrron la danza4--7,tezozomoc1 8,crnica ,mexicana10 in ,kingsborough1 8,mexican ,antiquities10 vol4 ix4 p4 #aec47 #ba ,ivan todos comer hongos crudos1 con la cual comida salian todos de juicio y quedaban peores que si hubieran bebido mucho vino2 tan embriagados y fuera de sentido que muchos de ellos se mataban con propria mano2 y con la fuerza de aquellos hongos vian visiones y tenian rebelaciones de lo porvenir hablandoles el ,demonio en aquella embriaguez4--7,diego ,duran1 lib4 #b1 cap4 #ed1 p4 #efd47 #bb ,rushton ,m4 ,dorman1 8,primitive ,superstitions10 ,new ,york1 #ahha1 p4 #bie4 #bc ,the word 8mattika0 cannot be found in ,forbes' ,english-,hindustani ,dictionary 7,london1 #ahdh74 ,it may1 perhaps1 belong to an extinct dialect4 ,the word 8matt10 meaning 8drunk10 would serve a good purpose for this article could a relationship be shown to exist between it and 8mattika40 ,this the author is of course unable to do1 being totally ignorant of ,hindustani4 ,neither does 8badrilata0 occur in ,forbes1 who interprets 8mistletoe0 as 8banda40 ,the contributor to the ,asiatic ,researches1 who used the word1 thought it meant 8agaric40 #bd ,higgins believes that the ancient ,egyptians had discovered a similarity between the coats of an onion and the planetary spheres1 and says that 8it was called 7by the ,greeks71 from being sacred to the father of ages1 oionoon--onion4444 ,the onion was adored 7as the black stone in ,westminster ,abbey is by us7 by the ,egyptians for this property as a type of the eternal renewal of ages4444 ,the onion is adored in ,india1 and forbidden to be eaten40--7,quoting 8,forster's ,sketches of ,hindoos10 p4 #ce4 ,higgins' 8,anacalypsis10 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbg47 #be ,but on the sixth day of the moon's age 8women walk in the forests with a fan in one hand1 and eat certain vegetables1 in hope of beautiful children4 ,see the account given by ,pliny of the ,druidical mistletoe or viscum1 which was to be gathered when the moon was six days old1 as a preservative from sterility40--7,sir ,william ,jones in 8,asiatic ,researches10 ,calcutta1 #agij1 vol4 iii4 art4 #ab1 p4 #bhd1 quoted by ,edward ,moor1 8,hindu ,pantheon10 ,london1 #ahaj1 p4 #acd47 #bf ,as has already been shown on page #ic1 the sacrificial mistletoe was gathered by the ,druids when the moon was six days old1 that day being the first of the month1 year1 and cycle among the ,druids4 #bg ,it was the only plant in the world which could harm ,baldur1 the son of ,odin and ,friga4 ,when a branch of it struck him he fell dead4--7,see in 8,bulfinch's ,mythology10 revised by ,rev4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale1 ,boston1 #ahhc1 p4 #dbh47 #bh ,lenormant speaks of 8certain enchanted drinks1 444 which doubtless contained medicinal drugs1 as a cure for diseases40--78,chaldean ,magic10 ,london1 #ahgg1 p4 #da47 #bi ,see also ,ellen ,russell ,emerson1 8,indian ,myths10 ,boston1 #ahhd1 p4 #cca1 wherein ,pidgeon is quoted4 #cj 8,legends of the ,sioux10 ,eastman1 ,new ,york1 #ahdi1 p4 #baj4 ,readers interested in the subject of ,indian altars will find descriptions1 with colored plates1 in 8,the ,snake ,dance of the ,moquis0 7,london and ,new ,york1 #ahhd71 by the author of this volume2 and in the elaborate monograph by ,surgeon ,washington ,matthews1 in the ,annual ,report of the ,bureau of ,ethnology1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahhh4 #ca 8,neypachtly quiere decir #8mal ojo2' es una yerva que nace en los arboles y cuelga de ellos1 parda con la humedad de las aguas1 especialmente se cria en los encinales y robles40--7,diego ,duran1 vol4 iii4 cap4 #af1 p4 #cia1 manuscript copy in the ,library of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c47 #cb ,aprs avoir donn du riz en pot1 manger aux vaches ils vont fouiller dans la bouze et en retirent les grains qu'ils trouvent entiers4 ,ils font scher ces grains et les donnent leurs malades1 non seulement comme un remde mais encore comme une chose sainte4--7,picart1 8,cotumes et ,crmonies religieuses10 etc41 ,amsterdam1 #agbi1 vol4 vii4 p4 #ah47 ,this is neither better nor worse than the custom of the ,indians of ,texas1 ,florida1 and ,california1 herein before described4 ,chez les ,indiens1 la bouze de la vache est trs-sainte4--7,picart1 idem1 vol4 vi4 part #b1 pp4 #aia-aic47 ,picart also discloses that the ,banians swear by a cow4--7,idem1 vol4 vii4 p4 #af47 ,a small quantity of the urine 7of the cow7 is daily sipped by some 7of the ,hindus47--7,asiatic ,researches1 ,calcutta1 #ahje1 vol4 viii4 p4 #ha47 #cc 8,les moines de ,chivem sont nomms ,pandarones4 ,ils se barbouillent le visage1 la poitrine1 et les bras avec des cendres de bouse de vache2 ils parcourent les rues1 demandent l'aumne et chantent les louanges de ,chivem1 en portant un paquet de plumes de paon la main et le lingam pendu au cou40--7,dulaure1 8,des ,divinits ,gnratrices10 ,paris1 #ahbe1 p4 #aje47 #cd 8,les ,hbreux sacrifiaient et faisaient brler la vache rousse1 dont les cendres mles avec de l'eau servaient aux expiations40--7,idem1 cap4 i4 pp4 #bc1 #bd47 8,they shall burn in the fire their dung40--7,levit4 xvi4 #bg47 8,her blood with her dung shall he burn40--7,numbers xix4 #e47 #ce ,after the publication of his original pamphlet1 the author became acquainted with the views of ,mr4 ,lang upon this subject4 ,an examination of them1 as given in his 8,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion10 vol4 ii4 p4 #acg1 will show that he perceives the defect in the explanation given by ,de ,gubernatis in much the same manner as here expressed4 8,the clouds in the atmosphere being often viewed as a herd of cows40--7,introduction to vol4 iv4 of 8,zendavesta10 p4 #fd1 ,james ,darmesteter1 edition of ,oxford1 #ahhj3 8,sacred ,books of the ,east10 edited by ,max ,mller47 ,a personal letter received from ,w4 ,s4 ,wyndham1 ,esq41 ,boyne ,island1 ,queensland1 ,australia1 relates that the tribes of ,australia 8have the stars laid out the same as we have1 only1 instead of the ,great ,bear1 etc41 they have the ,emu1 ,kangaroo1 ,dog1 and other things and men introduced40 #cf ,disons un mot de la manire dont les ,proselytes des ,banians sont obligs de vivre les premiers mois de leur conversion4 ,les ,brahmines leur ordonnent de mler de la fiente de la vache dans tout ce qu'ils mangent pendant ce tems de rgneration4444 ,que ne diroit pas ici un commentateur subtil qui voudrait comparer la nourriture de ces proselytes avec les ordres que ,dieu donna autrefois ,ezechiel de mler de la fiente de vache dans ses alimens4 ,ezekiel iv4--7,picart1 8,cotumes et crmonies religieuses10 etc41 ,amsterdam1 #agbi1 vol4 vii4 p4 #ae47 #cg 8,il doit manger du pain1 de froment1 d'orge1 de fves1 de millet1 et de couvrir d'excrmens humains10 etc4--7,voltaire1 8,essais sur les ,murs10 vol4 i4 p4 #aie1 ,paris1 #agie74 8,and thou shalt eat it as barley cakes1 and thou shalt bake it with dung that cometh out of man in their sight40--7,ezekiel iv4 #ab47 #ch ,such an economic tendency in the sacrificial practices of the ,parsis is shown by ,tylor4 ,the ,vedic sacrifice1 ,agnishtoma1 required that animals should be slain and their flesh partly committed to the gods by fire1 partly eaten by sacrificers and priests4 ,the ,parsi ceremony1 ,izeshne1 formal successor of this bloody rite1 requires no animal to be killed1 but it suffices to place the hair of an ox in a vessel1 and show it to the fire4--78,primitive ,culture10 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,new ,york1 #ahgd1 vol4 ii4 p4 #djj47 #ci ,dubois declares that in the ,atharvana ,veda 8bloody sacrifices of victims 7human not excepted7 are there prescribed40 78,people of ,india10 ,london1 #ahag1 p4 #cda47 ,and in those parts of ,india where human sacrifice had been abolished a substitutive ceremony was practised 8by forming a human figure of flour paste or clay1 which they carry into the temple1 and there cut off its head and mutilate it in various ways1 in presence of the idols40--7,idem1 p4 #dij47 #dj ,after the ,jews had been humbled by the ,lord1 and made to mingle human ordure with their bread1 the punishment was mitigated by substitution4 8,then he said unto me1 ,lo6 ,i have given thee cow's dung for man's dung1 and thou shalt prepare thy bread therewith40--7,ezekiel iv4 #ae47 #da ,pallas believed 8que le lamaisme des ,kalmouks ,mongols est originaire des ,indes40--7,voy4 de ,pallas1 vol4 i4 p4 #ece47 #db ,previous notes upon the ,grand ,lama of ,thibet1 and upon the abominable practices of the ,agozis and ,gurus seem to be pertinent in this connection4 ,see pp4 #dj-db4 #dc ,digo que adoraban 7segun ,san ,clemente escrive ,santiago el menor71 las hediondas y sucias necesarias y latrinas2 y lo que es peor y mas abominable y digno de llorar y no de sufrir1 ni nombrarle por su nombre1 que adoraban1 el estruendo y crugimiento1 que hace el vientre quando despide de si alguna frialdad ventosidad y otras semejantes1 que segun el mismo santo es vergunza nombrarlas y decirlas4--7,torquemada1 ,monarchia ,indiana1 lib4 vi4 chap4 #ac1 ,madrid1 #agbc47 #dd ,los ,romanos 444 constituieron ,diosa los hediondas necesarias latrinas y la adoraban y consagraban y ofrecian sacrificios4--7,idem1 lib4 vi4 chap4 #af1 ,madrid1 #agbc47 #de ,there is another opinion concerning ,cloacina--that she was one of the names given to a statue of ,venus found in the ,cloaca ,maxima4 ,smith1 in his ,dictionary of ,antiquities1 ,london1 #ahej1 expresses this view1 and seems to be followed by the ,american and ,britannic ,encyclopdias4 ,lemprire defines ,cloacina3 8,a goddess of ,rome1 who presided over the ,cloac--some suppose her to be ,venus--whose statue was found in the ,cloac1 whence the name40--7,see1 also1 in ,anthon's ,classical ,dictionary47 ,higgins says that 8the famous statue of ,venus ,cloacina was found in them 7the ,cloac ,maxim7 by ,romulus40--7,anacalypsis1 footnote to p4 #fbd1 ,london1 #ahcf47 ,torquemada insists that the ,romans borrowed this goddess from the ,egyptians3 8,a esta diosa llamaron ,cloacina1 ,diosa que presidia en sus albanares y los guardaba1 que son los lugares donde van parar todas las suciedades1 inmundicias1 y vascosidades de una ,republica40--7,torquemada1 lib4 vi4 chap4 #ag47 ,torquemada1 who makes manifest in his writings an intimate acquaintance with ,greek and ,roman mythology1 fortifies his position by references from ,st4 ,clement1 ,itinerar41 lib4 #e2 ,lactantius1 ,divinas ,ejus1 lib4 #a1 chap4 #bj2 ,epistle of ,st4 ,clement to ,st4 ,james the ,less1 ,eusebius1 de ,preparatione ,evangel41 chap4 #a2 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,civ4 ,dei1 lib4 #b1 chap4 #bb2 ,diod4 ,sic41 lib4 #a1 chap4 #b1 and lib4 #b1 chap4 #d2 ,lucian1 ,dialogues1 ,cicero1 de ,nat4 ,deorum1 ,pliny1 lib4 #aj1 chap4 #bg1 and lib4 #aa1 chap4 #ba2 ,theodoret1 lib4 #c1 de ,evangelii veritatis cognitione4 #df 8,is ,maurice's reference to ,lucian correct8 ,there is nothing of the kind in the ,de ,syr1 nor can ,i find it elsewhere in his works1 though the ,index by ,rentz is practically a ,concordance4 ,still1 ,i do not affirm that it is not there40--7,personal letter from ,professor ,w4 ,robertson ,smith1 ,christ ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,england47 ,by a reference to page #cf1 it will be seen that ,sakya-muni eats his own excrement1 and one of the ,bourkans or gods of the ,kalmucks is represented as addicted to the same filthy habit4 #dg ,tlaolteotl1 la desse de l'ordure1 ou ,tlaolquani1 la mangeuse d'ordure1 parcequ'elle prsidait aux amours et aux plaisirs lubriques4--7,brasseur de ,bourbourg1 introduction to ,landa1 ,french edition1 ,paris1 #ahfd1 p4 #hg47 #dh ,el dios de los vicios y suciedades que le decian ,tlazulteotl4--7,mendieta1 in ,icazbalceta1 ,mexico1 #ahgj1 vol4 i4 p4 #ha47 #di ,according to ,neumann and ,baretti's ,velasquez1 while1 according to the ,dictionary of the ,spanish ,academy1 the meaning is 8the dirt and refuse collected in sweeping1--the sweepings and dung of stables40 ,the same idea has since been found in an extract from an ancient writer1 given in 8,mlusine10 ,may #e1 #ahhh4--7,paris1 ,gaidoz47 8,les ,esprits forts de l',antiquit ,classique4 ,eusbe1 dans sa #8,prparation vanglique' 7,,xiii4 #ac71 cite quelques vers de ,xnophane de ,colophone sur l'unit et l'immortalit de ,dieu qui ne peut ressembler aux hommes ni en forme ni en esprit4 ,ces vers se terminent ainsi3 8#8,mais si les bufs et les lions avaient des mains1--s'ils savaient dessiner avec ces mains1 et produire les mmes uvres que les hommes1--ils 7les dieux7 seraient semblables aux bufs pour les bufs et semblables aux chevaux pour les chevaux4 ,et ceux-ci dessineraient les figures des dieux et ils leur feraient des corps semblables ceux qu'ils ont eux-mmes4'--,patrologie ,grecque de ,migne1 t4 xxi4 col4 #aaba1 ,h4 ,g4--,voir aussi ,j4 ,bizouard1 8,rapports de l'homme avec le dmon10 ,paris1 #ahfd1 conus dans le mme esprit40 ,andrew ,lang regards ,tlazolteotl as the 8,aphrodite of ,mexico40--78,myth1 ,rit41 and ,relig40 vol4 ii4 p4 #db47 #ej ,l'adorateur prsentait devant l'autel son postrieur nu1 soulageait ses entrailles et faisait l'idole une offrande de sa puante djection4--7,dulaure1 8,des ,divinits ,gnratrices10 ,paris1 #ahbe1 p4 #gf47 ,philo says the devotee of ,baal-,peor presented to the idol all the outward orifices of the body4 ,another authority says that the worshipper not only presented all these to the idol1 but that the emanations or excretions were also presented1--tears from the eyes1 wax from the ears1 pus from the nose1 saliva from the mouth1 and urine and dejecta from the lower openings4 ,this was the god to which the ,jews joined themselves2 and these1 in all probability1 were the ceremonies they practised in his worship4--7,robert ,allen ,campbell1 ,phallic ,worship1 ,st4 ,louis1 #ahhh1 p4 #aga47 ,still another authority says the worshipper1 presenting his bare posterior to the altar1 relieved his bowels1 and offered the result to the idol3 8,eo quod distendebant coram illo foramen podicis et stercus offerebant40--7,hargrave ,jennings1 ,phallicism1 ,london1 #ahhd1 quoting ,rabbi ,solomon ,jarchi1 in his ,commentary on ,numbers xxv47 ,these two citations go to show that the worshipper intended making not a merely ceremonial offering of flatulence1 but an actual oblation of excrement1 such as has been stated1 was placed upon the altars of their near neighbors1 the ,assyrians1 in the devotions tendered their ,venus4 #ea ,ye have seen dung gods1 wood and stone4--7,deut4 xxix4 #ag4 ,see ,cruden's ,concordance1 ,articles 8,dung0 and 8,dungy10 but no light is thrown upon the expression47 ,and ye have seen their abominations and their idols 7detestable things71 wood and stone1 silver and gold1 which were among them4--7,lange's ,commentary on ,deuteronomy1 edited by ,dr4 ,philip ,schaff1 ,new ,york1 #ahgi4 ,but in footnote one reads3 8,margin--dungy gods from the shape of the ordure1 literally thin clods or balls1 or that which can be rolled about4--,a4 ,g407 #eb ,there is a reference in ,martial to this use of the sponge and stick 7see ,epigram ,,xlviii41 in ,english translation1 edition of ,london1 #ahga74 ,martial also speaks of a ,roman lady whose close-stool was of gold1 but her drinking-cup of glass1-- 8,ventris onus puro1 nec te pudet excipis auro2 ,sed bibis in vitreo1 chareus1 ergo cacas40-- 7,epigram ,,xxxvi41 quoted by ,harington1 8,ajax10 p4 #cg47 ,high officials of ,corea urinate in public into brass bowls1 which are carried by attendants in a sort of net or fillet and presented when required4--7,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill47 ,the monasteries and nunneries of ,thibet were provided with latrines4 ,among the sins against which the nuns 7,bhikshuni7 were warned were1 8,si une bhikshuni va seule aux lieux1 et est10 etc4--78,pratimoksha ,sutra10 ,thibetan version1 translated by ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill1 ,paris1 #ahhd1 p4 #dd1 8cole des langues ,orientales vivantes407 #ec ,this recalls the repugnance of the ,mahometans to the spray of urine touching their persons or clothing1 as already indicated4 #ed ,bel-,peor4 8,very little is really known of the nature of his worship1 but it is an almost universal opinion1 which appears to be sustained by ,numbers xxv41 that it was licentious in its character4 ,human sacrifice appears to have been offered to him2 and it is conjectured1 from ,psalms cvi4 #bh1 that the worshippers ate of the victims that had been offered to him40--78,dictionary of ,religious ,knowledge10 ,abbott and ,conant1 ,new ,york1 #ahge1 article 8,baal and ,baal-,peor407 8,in a story of ,armagnac1 ,joan lou ,pec runs after a man whom he believes to be a sage1 and asks him when he will die4 ,the man answers3 #8,joan lou ,pec mouriras au troisime pet de toun ase1'--,the ass breaks wind twice1 and the fool endeavors to prevent the third flatus4 #8,cop sec s'en angone cerca un pau 7stake7 bien pounchut et l'enfouncee das un martet dans lou cou de l'ase4 ,mes l'ase s'enflee tant1 e hasconc tant gran effort que lou pau sourtisconc commo no balo e tuec lou praube ,joan lou ,pec4'0--78,contes et ,proverbes ,populaires10 recueillis en ,armagnac1 par ,j4 ,f4 ,blad1 ,paris1 quoted by ,angelo de ,gubernatis1 8,zol4 ,mythol410 vol4 i4 pp4 #cig1 #cih47 ,the reader will please look under the heading of 8,myths0 in this volume1 and will there see a similar adventure related of the ,eskimo1 or rather the ,kamtchatkan1 god ,kutka4 8,wherefore my bowels shall sound like a harp for ,moab1 and mine inward parts for ,kir-haresh40--7,isaiah xvi4 #aa47 #ee 8,the ,eskimo call the better being #8,torngarsuk4' ,they don't all agree about his form or aspect4 ,some say he has no form at all2 others describe him as a great bear1 or as a great man with one arm1 or as small as a finger4 ,he is immortal1 but might be killed by the intervention of the god ,crepitus40--78,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion10 ,andrew ,lang1 ,london1 #ahhg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dh47 ,a footnote to the above adds1 8,the circumstances in which this is possible may be sought for in ,crantz1 #8,history of ,greenland1' ,london1 #agfg1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjf40 ,crantz says of ,torngarsuk3 8,he is immortal1 and yet might be killed1 if any one breaks wind in a house where witchcraft is carrying on40--7,crantz1 as above47 #ef ,among the ,chinese and ,hindus an identical partition of responsibility will be found ascribed to the deities4 ,it would require a special disquisition to enumerate these gods and their functions1 so far as known to us1 but such an enumeration would do no good1 because the accuracy of the statement will be admitted without dispute4 ,a clipping from the 8,times10 of ,india1 copied in the 8,sunday ,herald10 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,june #b1 #ahhi1 bears upon this point3 8,the general public are not aware of a ludicrous custom still followed in ,hindu households of ,bengal4 ,the last day of ,falgoon1 that fell on the #abth ultimo1 was observed in worshipping ,ghantoo1 the god of itches and the diseases of the skin which afflict the natives4 ,very early in the morning of the day the mistresses of the families1 changing their nocturnal attire1 put a useless1 black earthen vessel outside the threshold of their back doors1 with a handful of rice and masoor dal1 four cowries1 with a piece of rag smeared with turmeric4 ,wild flowers appearing in this season are offered in worship4 7,these flowers are called ,ghantoo fool47 ,the young boys of the family stand in a semicircle before the mistress1 with cudgels in their hands4 ,when the conches are sounded by the female worshippers1 as the signal of the poojah being over1 the boys break the vessels into atoms4 ,the mirthful children1 in their anxiety to strike the first blow1 sometimes break the fingers and hands of the matrons4 ,the piece of rag is preserved over the doors of houses in the zenana4 ,in the evening of the day1 the boys of the lower order of the villages sing the songs of the occasion from door to door for pice40 ,although the adoration of ,flatulence cannot be found among the ,chinese1 religious customs equally revolting have been ascribed to them4 8,the ,chinese are addicted to the abominable vice of ,sodomy1 and the filthy practice of it they number among the indifferent things they perform in honor of their idols40--78,the ,travels of ,two ,mahomedans through ,india and ,china10 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 vii4 p4 #aie47 ,these ,mahomedans travelled in the ninth century4 8,the negroes of ,guinea have a god of the small-pox40 ,see 8,fetichism10 by ,father ,p4 ,baudin1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 p4 #gd4 ,according to the ,guinea negroes1 8,every man has three genii1 or protecting spirits4 ,the first is ,eleda1 who dwells in the head1 which he guides4444 ,this second genius 7,ojehun7 has his habitation in the region of the stomach4444 ,ipori1 the third protecting genius1 takes up his abode in the great toe40--7,idem1 p4 #dc47 8,the ,samoans supposed disease to be occasioned by the wrath of some particular deity4444 ,the friends of the sick went to the high priest of the village4444 ,each disease had its particular physician40--7,turner1 8,samoa10 ,london1 #ahhd1 p4 #adj47 ,see1 in this connection1 ,banier's 8,mythology10 ,english translation1 vol4 i4 p4 #aif1 et seq4 8,they 7the ancients7 had gods and goddesses for all the necessaries of our life1 from our cradles to our graves2 viz41 #a4 for sucking2 #b4 for swathing2 #c4 for eating2 #d4 for drinking2 #e4 for sleeping2 #f4 for husbandry2 #g4 for venery2 #h4 for fighting2 #i4 for physic2 #aj4 for marriage2 #aa4 for child-bed2 #ab4 for fire2 #ac4 for water2 #ad4 for the thresholds2 #ae4 for the chimneys40--7,harington1 8,ajax10 p4 #bg47 ,consult1 for the ,chaldeans1 8,the ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis10 ,george ,smith1 ,new ,york1 #ahhj1 pages #aa and #abe4 ,dibbara1 the god of pestilence1 has the title of 8,the ,darkening ,one10 which recalls the passage in ,psalm xci4 #f1 8,the pestilence that walketh in darkness40 444 8,each of the ,babylonian gods had a particular city40 7,idem1 p4 #df47 8,the ,chaldeans had twelve great gods40 7,idem1 p4 #dg47 ,see1 also1 8,chaldean ,magic10 ,lenormant1 #ce4 ,it was written of the deceased 7,egyptian71 8,there is not a limb of him without a god40 78,ritual of the ,dead10 cap4 xliii41 idem47 ,see 8,le ,moyen ,age ,mdical10 ,dupouy1 for the list of saints and shrines to cure all afflictions1 in ,europe1 ,minor's translation1 p4 #hc4 ,those possessed claimed to be in the power of a demon1 who entered their body by one of the natural passages1 sporting with their persons4 7,idem1 p4 #ej47 ,the ,church recognized the truth of these beliefs 7idem1 p4 #dj72 see1 also1 notes taken from ,turner's 8,samoa40 #eg ,these ideas remained among the early ,christians3 8an odor of a sweet smell2 a sacrifice1 acceptable1 well-pleasing to ,god40--7,phil4 iv4 #ah47 ,so1 among the ,chaldeans3 8,the gods smelt the savor1 the gods smelt the good savor40--78,chaldean ,account of ,genesis10 ,smith1 p4 #bhf47 #eh ,they also keep urine in tubs in their huts for use in dressing deer and seal skins4 7,hans ,egede2 also quoted in ,richardson's 8,polar ,regions10 ,edinburgh1 #ahfa1 p4 #cjd47 ,the same custom has been noted in ,alaska4 ,the same thing mentioned by ,egede's grand-nephew1 ,hans ,egede ,saabye4 78,greenland10 ,london1 #ahaf1 p4 #f47 #ei ,the whole process was carefully observed by ,captain ,robert ,g4 ,carter1 #dth ,cavalry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 #fj 8,todas estas cosas que digo y muchas que no s y otras que callo se venden en este mercado destos de ,mejico40--7,gmara1 8,historia de la ,conquista de ,mejico10 p4 #cdi47 #fa ,see ,graah1 8,greenland10 ,london1 #ahcg1 p4 #aaa1 and ,hans ,egede ,saabye1 8,greenland10 ,london1 #ahah1 p4 #bef4 #fb ,contra la caspa ser necesario cortar muy raiz los cabellos y lavarse la cabeza con orinas y despues tomar las hojas de ciertas yerbas que en indio se llaman coioxochitl y amolli iztahuatl que es el agenjo de esta tierra1 y con el cuesco del aguacate molido y mezclado con el cisco que est dicho arriba2 y sobre esto se ha de poner1 el barro negro que est referido1 con cantidad de la corteza de lo dicho4--7,sahagun1 in ,kingsborough1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bid47 #fc ,father ,de ,smet1 8,oregon ,missions10 ,new ,york1 #ahdg1 p4 #chc4 #fd 8,le malfice amoureux ou le philtre0 is defined as follows3 8,telle est la pratique de certaines femmes et de certaines filles1 qui1 pour obliger leurs galans 444 de les aimer comme auparavant 444 les font manger du gteau o elles out mis des ordures que je ne veux pas nommer40--7,jean ,baptiste ,thiers1 8,trait des ,superstitions10 ,paris1 #agda1 p4 #aej47 #fe ,qu occasione vel potius execrabilis superstitionis quadam necessitate coguntur electi eorum velut eucharistiam conspersam cum semine humano sumere4--7,saint ,augustine1 quoted by ,bayle1 8,philosophical ,dictionary10 ,english edition1 ,london1 #agcg1 article 8,manicheans407 #ff ,les ,catharistes qui toient une espce choisie de ,manichens1 ptrissoient le pain ,eucharistique avec la semence humaine4--7,thiers1 8,superstitions10 etc41 ,paris1 #agda1 vol4 ii4 lib4 #b1 chap4 i4 p4 #baf2 and ,picart1 8,coutumes et ,crmonies10 etc41 ,amsterdam1 #agbi1 vol4 viii4 p4 #gi47 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor says that 8about ,a4,d4 #gjj ,john of ,osun1 patriarch of ,armenia1 wrote a diatribe against the sect of ,paulicians0 7who were believed to be the descendants of the ,manicheans1 and in turn to have transmitted their doctrines to the ,albigenses74 ,in the course of the diatribe the patriarch declares that 8they mix wheaten flour with the blood of infants1 and therewith celebrate their communion40--7,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 8,primitive ,culture10 ,london1 #ahga1 vol4 i4 p4 #fi47 #fg ,see in ,picart1 ,coutumes et ,crmonies ,religieuses1 vol4 vii4 p4 #dg4 #fh ,au ,coromandel1 ils mettent le visage du mourant sur le derrire d'une vache1 lvent la queue de l'animal et l'excitent lacher son urine sur le visage 444 si l'urine coule sur la face du malade1 l'assemble s'crie de joye et le compte parmi les bienheureux1 mais 444 si la vache n'est pas d'humeur d'uriner1 on s'en afflige4--7,picart1 8,coutumes et crmonies religieuses10 etc41 ,amsterdam1 #agbi1 vol4 vii4 p4 #bh47 #fi ,picart1 ,coutumes et crmonies religieuses1 etc41 ,amsterdam1 #agbi1 vol4 vii41 pp4 #eb1 #eg4 #gj ,eloise seems here to allude to the well-known ,greek inscription on an ancient marble1 still to be seen in the ,medicean gardens3 8 40 ,above it is an elegant figure in alto-relievo1 supposed to be the representation of the melting ,niobe1--,eloise1 en dshabill4 #ga 8,we have in the folk-medicine1 which still exists1 the unwritten record of the beginning of the practice of medicine and surgery4444 ,the early history of medical science1 as of all other developments of culture1 can be studied more narrowly and more accurately in the folk-lore of this and other countries than some students of modern science and exact modern records may think possible40--78,folk-,medicine10 ,william ,george ,black1 ,london1 #ahhc1 pp4 #b1 #c47 #gb ,bull-urine was given to men1 cow-urine to women4 #gc ,garrett1 ,myths in ,medicine1 ,new ,york1 #ahhd1 pp4 #adh1 #adi4 #gd ,el remedio mas usual y eficaz es el de la triaca humana1 as llamada1 para mayor decencia1 el excremento humano1 fresco y disuelto en agua que hacen beber al mordido4--7,clavigero1 8,historia de la ,baja ,california10 ,mexico1 #aheb47 #ge ,decian que era el antidoto de esta ponona el ,fuego i el agua del mar1 la dieta y continencia4 ,y otra dicen que la hez del herido tomada en pildoras o en otra forma4 7,herrera1 8,decades10 #b1 lib4 i4 pp4 #c1 #i1 #aj47 ,they used to say that the antidotes for this poison were fire1 sea-water1 fasting1 and continence4 ,another of which they speak was the excrement of the wounded man1 taken in form of pill or otherwise4 #gf ,garcilasso de la ,vega1 8,comentarios ,reales10 ,markham's translation1 ,hakluyt ,society1 vol4 xli4 p4 #ahf4 #gg ,il se fit un jour une dance de tous les jeunes hommes1 femmes et filles toutes nues1 en la prsence d'une malade la quelle il fallut 7traict que je ne say comment excuser ou passer sous silence71 qu'un de ces jeunes hommes luy pissast dans la bouche et qu'elle auallast et beust cette eau1 ce qu'elle fit avec un grand courage1 esperant en receuoir gurison4--7,sagard1 8,histoire du ,canada10 edition of ,paris1 #ahhe1 p4 #ajg47 #gh 8,the urine of young children1 mixed with lime and evaporated until a solid is formed1 cures general debility1 and1 made into a liquid1 is most usefully applied as a lotion for the eyes40 7,china47--78,evening ,star10 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,oct4 #aa1 #ahij47 #gi ,this is confirmed by ,mr4 ,frank ,g4 ,carpenter1 who has visited ,corea4 #hj ,pour faire de l'eau bnite le ,bouc pissoit dans un trou terre et celui qui faisoit l'office en arrosoit les assistants avec un asperge noir4--7,thiers1 ,superstitions1 etc41 vol4 ii4 book #d1 cap4 #a1 p4 #cfg4 ,see the same story in ,picart1 vol4 viii4 p4 #fi47 #ha ,leur faisant voir en songe1 qu'ils ne sauroient gurir qu'en se veautrant dans toutes sortes d'ordures4--7,pre ,le ,jeune1 8,jesuit ,relations10 #afcf1 published by ,canadian ,government1 ,quebec1 #aheh47 #hb ,brand quotes ,camden as relating of the ,irish that1 8if a child is at any time out of order1 they sprinkle it with the stalest urine they can get40--7,brand1 8,popular ,antiquities10 article 8,christening ,customs10 ,london1 #ahdi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hf47 #hc ,ceux qui lavent leurs mains le matin avec de l'urine pour dtourner les malfices ou pour en empcher l'effet4 ,c'est pour cela que le juge ,paschase fit arroser d'urine ,sainte ,luce1 parce qu'il s'imaginoit qu'elle toit sorcire4--7,thiers1 8,trait des ,superstitions10 ,paris1 #agda1 vol4 i4 cap4 #e1 p4 #dga47 ,this statement is repeated verbatim by ,picart 78,coutumes et ,crmonies10 etc41 ,amsterdam1 #agbi1 p4 #ce71 and he adds that the judge believed that he would by this precaution disable her from evading the torments in store for her4 ,john of ,saulsbury1 bishop of ,chartres1 with good reason cast ridicule upon this charm4 #hd ,la rociaba con sus orinas4--7,torquemada1 8,monarchia ,indiana10 lib4 x4 cap4 #bc47 #he ,ptrir un petit pain avec l'urine qu'une personne malade de la fivre quarte aura rendue dans le fort de son accs1 le faire cuire1 le laisser froidir1 le donner manger un 444 et faire trois fois la mme chose pendant trois accs1 le 444 prendra la fivre quarte et elle quittera la personne malade4 ,faire durcir un uf1 le peler1 le piquer de divers coups d'aiguille1 le tremper dans l'urine d'une personne qui a la fivre 444 puis le donner un 444 si le malade est un mle1 ou une 444 si le malade est une femelle et la fivre s'en ira4--7,thiers1 8,trait des ,superstitions10 ,paris1 #agde1 vol4 i4 lib4 v4 cap4 iv4 p4 #chf1 copied in ,picart1 8,coutumes et ,crmonies10 etc41 ,amsterdam1 #agbi1 vol4 x4 p4 #hj47 #hf ,see ,dulaure's 8,des ,divinits ,gnratrices10 ,paris1 #ahbe1 pp4 #bga1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bhc4 ,he says that this vestige of phallic worship was discernible in ,france 8 une poque trs-rapproche de la ntre10 and that women 8raclaient une norme branche phallique que prsentait la statue du saint2 elles croyaient que la raclure enfuse dans un boisson1 les rendrait fcondes40 ,but ,davenport1 who has probed deeply into the question of phallic worship1 contends that such vestiges existed in some of the communities of ,france1 ,sicily1 and ,belgium1 not only down to the ,reformation1 but even to the opening decades of the nineteenth century4--7,see ,davenport1 8,on the ,powers of ,reproduction10 ,london 7privately printed71 #ahfi1 pp4 #aj-bj47 ,e4 ,payne ,knight speaks of this same instance of survival at ,isernia1 in ,sicily4 ,it was known at that place as late as #ahje4 ,see also 8,the ,masculine ,cross and ancient ,sex ,worship10 ,sha ,rocco1 ,new ,york1 #ahgd1 etc4 ,dulaure1 however1 admits that he knew of no example in antiquity of scraping the phallus and drinking an infusion of the powder4 8,l'usage de racler le phallus et d'avaler de cette raclure avec de l'eau1 usage dont je ne connais point d'exemple dans l'antiquit40 ,dulaure1 as above1 p4 #cjj4 #hg ,see1 in ,rousselet's 8,india10 ,london1 #ahgf1 pp4 #agc1 #cdc4 ,it has been identified as our ,april ,fool's ,day4 ,see in 8,asiatic ,researches10 ,calcutta1 #agij1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ccd2 also1 in ,moor's 8,hindu ,pantheon10 ,london1 #ahaj1 pp4 #aef1 #aeg2 also1 the ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 and ,appleton's ,encyclopdia1 article 8,april40 ,on the ,sunday and ,monday preceding ,lent people are privileged at ,lisbon to play the fool2 it is thought very jocose to pour water on any person who passes1 or throw powder in his face2 but to do both is the perfection of wit4--7,southey1 quoted in ,hone's 8,every-,day ,book10 vol4 i4 p4 #bjf1 ,london1 #ahbe4 ,see ,brand's 8,popular ,antiquities10 ,london1 #ahdi1 vol4 i41 p4 #aca1 article 8,april ,fool's ,day407 #hh ,the authority for this statement will be found in 8,the ,press10 of ,philadelphia1 ,penn41 copied in the 8,evening ,star10 of ,washington1 ,july #bf1 #ahij4 #hi ,para este juego1 todos los hombres y muchachos que querian jugar hacian taleguillas redecillos llenos de flor de las espadaas de algunos papeles rotos2 ataban estos con unos cordelejos cintas de media vara de largo1 de tal manera que pudiese hacer golpe2 otros hacian manera de guantes las taleguillas hinchabanlos de lo arriba dicho de ojas de maiz verde2 ponian pena todos estos que nadie echase piedra cosa que pudiese lastimar dentro las taleguillos4 ,comenzaban luego los muchachos jugar este juego manera de escaramuza y dabanse de talegazos en la cabeza y por donde acertaban y de poco en poco se iban multiplicando de los muchachos y los mas traviesos daban de talegazos las muchachas que pasaban por la calle2 las veces1 se juntaban tres quatro para dar una de tal manera que la fatigaban y la hacian llorar4 ,algunas muchachas que eran mas discretas1 si habian de ir alguna parte1 entonces llevaban un palo otra cosa que hiciese temer para defenderse4 ,algunos muchachos escondian la talega y quando pasaba alguna mujer descuidadamente1 dabanla de talegazos y quando la daban un golpe1 decian ,chichiquatzinte mantze1 que quiere decir1 8,madre ,nuestra1 s la talega de este juego40 ,las mugeres andaban muy recatadas quando ivan alguna parte4--7,sahagun1 in 8,kingsborough10 vol4 vii4 p4 #hc47 ,at the feast of the goddess ,tona the same game was played4--7,see idem1 vol4 vi4 p4 #cc47 #ij ,hacia toda la gente de el ,pueblo unas talegas1 manera de bolsas1 y henchianles de heno y paja y otras cosas que no hacen golpe ni tienen peso y colgavanlas de un cordel y traianlas escondidas debajo de los mantos que les servian de capas4 ,con estas talegas daban de ,talegaos todas las mugeres que encontraban por las calles4 #ia ,r4 ,patterson1 in 8,asiatic ,researches10 ,calcutta1 #ahje1 vol4 viii4 p4 #gh4 #ib ,the ,african deity1 ,obatala1 is symbolized by a whitened gourd provided with a cover1 which is placed in the temples4--78,fetichism10 ,rev4 ,p4 ,baudin1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 p4 #ad47 #ic ,john de ,laet1 lib4 vi4 chap4 vii4 p4 #bjb4 #id ,see ,francis ,parkman's 8,jesuits in ,north ,america10 the works of ,john ,gilmary ,shea1 and ,kipp's 8,jesuit ,missions40 #ie ,pliny contains a number of references to plants to which mystic properties were attached1 which could only be dug up after a circle had been traced about them with a sword1 prayers recited in certain postures1 etc4--7,see among others1 the 8,mandragora10 in lib4 xxv4 c4 #id47 #if ,copious references to color-symbolism will be found in the works of ,von ,helmont 7p4 #ajfj72 ,frazer1 8,totemism20 ,j4 ,owen ,dorsey2 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,hoffman2 ,black1 8,folk-,medicine20 ,pettigrew1 8,medical ,superstitions20 ,andrew ,lang1 8,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion20 ,garrick ,mallery1 and many others2 also in an article entitled 8,notes on the ,cosmogony and ,theogony of the ,mojaves of the ,colorado ,river10 published in the 8,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore10 ,july-,september1 #ahhi1 by the author of this volume4 ,in the last it is shown that the idea in the aboriginal mind is that each color is a medicine1 and that the rainbow1 being a combination of them all1 is a panacea2 but it should be pointed out that1 even in the days of ,dr4 ,joseph ,lanzoni 7#afid7 there were some bold medical scholars who openly derided such notions as absurd and irrational4 #ig ,there can scarcely be a doubt that pharmacy was1 in its incipiency1 distinctly and unequivocally religious in character4 ,grimm is full of the matter4 ,he tells us that 8the culling and fetching of herbs had to be done at particular times and according to long-established forms4444 ,shortly before sunrise when the day is young4444 ,the viscum was gathered at new moon1 ,prima ,luna4444 ,some had to be gathered in darkness1 others plucked by the light of the moon1 generally the new moon2 others by a person fasting2 others before hearing thunder that year4444 ,in digging up an herb1 the ,roman custom was first to pour mead and honey round it1 as if to propitiate the earth1 then cut round the root with a sword1 looking towards the east 7or west71 and the moment it is pulled out1 to lift it on high without letting it touch the ground4444 ,a great point was to guard against cold iron touching the root2 hence gold or red-hot iron was used in cutting4444 ,in picking or pulling up1 the operator used the left hand in certain cases2 he had to do it unbelted and unshod1 and to state for whom and for what purpose it was done40 ,grimm complains of the scantiness of ,german tradition on this point2 yet1 he finds that the 8hyoscyamus10 or henbane1 had to be taken from the ground by a naked virgin1 using the little finger of the right hand and standing on the right foot4 ,the ,french formul for such purposes require3 8,quelques uns pour se garantir de malfices ou de charmes vont cueillir de grand matin1 jeun1 sans avoir lav leurs mains1 sans avoir pri ,dieu1 sans parler personne1 et sans saluer personne en leur chemin1 une certaine plante1 et la mettent ensuite sur la personne malficie ou ensorcele4 ,ils portent sur eux une racine de chicore1 qu'ils ont touch genoux avec de l'or et de l'argent le jour de la ,nativit de ,saint ,jean ,baptiste un peu avant le soleil lev1 et qu'ils ont ensuite arrache de terre avec un ferrement et beaucoup de crmonies1 aprs l'avoir exorcise avec l'pe de ,judas ,machabe40 ,the herb was to be 8neither fretted nor squashed40 8,the ,romans had a strange custom of laying a sieve in the road1 and using the stalks of grass that grew up through it for medical purposes40 7,grimm1 8,teut4 ,mythol40 vol4 iii4 p4 #aaie et seq47 ,he fully describes the ceremony for gathering the mandrake1 and also refers to the mistletoe1 but adds nothing to the information in these pages4 ,in many of the prescriptions given by ,marcellus1 which prescriptions were generally of a magical character 7tempus1 ,a4,d4 #chj71 there are injunctions to 8observe chastity40--7,see 8,saxon ,leechdoms10 lib4 i4 pp4 #bj1 #bi47 ,again1 in 8,saxon ,leechdoms10 vol4 i4 p4 #aa1 we learn that certain medicinal plants were to be pulled in a prescribed manner1 the name of the patient to be murmured at the same moment 7quoting from ,pliny1 lib4 xxi41 xxii42 again1 idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #ad1 quoting ,pliny1 lib4 xii4 c4 #af47 ,the herb mandrake could not be pulled for medicinal purposes except by a pure man4 8,its virtue is so mickle and famous that it will immediately flee from an unclean man0 7idem1 vol4 i4 p4 #bde72 again1 in gathering the periwinkle1 8when thou shalt pluck this wort1 thou shalt be free from every uncleanness0 7vol4 i4 p4 #cac74 ,the belief in regard to the manner of pulling the mandrake exists among the ,turks3 8,the pacha told me of a curiosity to be seen at ,orfa4444 ,this curiosity consisted of two small figures1 made of a peculiar shrub1 partly trained and partly twisted and partly cut into the form of a man and woman1 very rudely done1 and stained over to give them the appearance of having grown in that shape4444 ,the inhabitants1 in order to obtain them1 tied a dog by a string to each figure1 and then went a long distance off4 ,as soon as the dog pulled the string1 and drew the creature out of the ground1 the noise it made killed the dog40--78,assyrian ,discoveries10 ,george ,smith1 ,new ,york1 #ahgf1 p4 #afa47 #ih ,hippocrates did not believe that epilepsy was a 8divine0 disease1 sent by the gods2 such an idea was1 in his opinion1 fostered by quacks for personal advantage4--7,see the edition of his work by ,francis ,adams1 ,sydenham ,society1 ,london1 #ahdi47 8,nothing could tend more to retard the progress of medicine1 and paralyze all efforts for its improvement1 than the opinion1 once so generally entertained1 of the celestial origin of disease1 which1 if admitted1 appears necessarily to demand divine interposition for its relief4 ,religion and medicine were both brought into contempt by the adoption of sacrifices and incantations and the mercenary practices of the priests to insure intercession with the gods40--78,medic4 ,superstitions10 ,pettigrew1 p4 #de47 #ii ,epilepsy was called the comitial disease 8because the comitia were prorogued in the event of any ominous case of this disorder40--7,white-,ridley1 ,latin-,english ,dict4 ,see also ,lemprire's 8,classical ,dictionary10 article 8,comitia407 #ajj ,the word 8carmen0 shown to be the origin of 8charm10 by ,grimm4--78,teut4 ,mythology10 vol4 iii4 p4 #ajce47 ,the same derivation is given by ,webster and other authorities4 ,in the ,samoan islands 8,when offerings were eaten in the night by dogs or rats1 it was supposed that the god chose to become incarnate for the time being in the form of such living creatures40--78,samoa10 ,g4 ,turner1 ,london1 #ahhd1 p4 #be47 #aja ,the anointing of kings is a survival of ,pagan usages2 anointed monarchs are alluded to in the sacred books of ,thibet3 8du monarque oint 444 ,pratimoksha ,sutra40--7,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill1 ,socit ,asiatique1 ,paris1 #ahhe47 ,,addenda4 ,dr4 ,thomas ,g4 ,morton1 of ,philadelphia1 imparts the information that not only is the use of human urine still general among ignorant women during pregnancy1 but that it has been learned that female abortionists have been in the habit of vending a nostrum for defeating pregnancy1 one of the components of which was the catamenial discharge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,referring to previous remarks1 on page #afb1 it may be noticed that a curious instance of survival by contrariety is to be detected in what ,picart relates of the ,hebrew ceremonial of the present day4 ,he says of the behavior of the ,hebrew while praying1 that he should carefully avoid gaping1 spitting1 blowing his nose1 or emitting any exhalations3 8,il doit viter autant qu'il se peut de bailler1 de cracher1 de se moucher1 de laisser aller des vents40 7,picart1 8,coutumes et ,crmonies10 c41 vol4 i4 p4 #abf74 ,all this information seems to be taken from the work of the ,rabbi ,leon1 of ,modena4 ,in the above are seen the antipodes of the practices characteristic of the worship of ,baal-,peor which the prophets had so much trouble in eradicating from the minds of the chosen people4 ,,bibliography ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,authorities ,,consulted4 ,abbot1 ,the1 ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,aborigines of ,victoria and ,riverina1 ,beveridge1 ,adelaide4 ,abyssinia1 ,a ,visit to1 ,w4 ,winstanley1 ,london1 #ahha4 ,abyssinian ,women 7in ,evening ,star1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c474 ,acosta1 ,historie of the ,indies1 edition of ,london1 #afjd4 ,adanson1 ,voyage to ,senegal1 in ,pinkerton4 ,adventure and ,beagle1 ,voyage of1 ,london1 #ahcj4 schines of ,athens 7#chi-cag ,b4,c474 ,africa1 ,across1 ,cameron1 ,london1 #ahgg4 ,africa1 ,observations of1 ,john ,leo1 in ,purchas4 ,afrida1 ,king1 in ,arabian ,nights4 ,ajax1 ,sir ,john ,harington4 ,alaska1 ,whymper1 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,allen1 ,h4 ,t41 ,doctor1 ,secretary of the ,corean ,legation4 ,american ,anthropological ,society1 ,transactions1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,american ,anthropologist1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science4 ,american ,historical ,review4 ,american ,philosophical ,society's ,transactions4 ,anacalypsis1 ,godfrey ,higgins1 ,london4 ,anatomy of ,melancholy1 ,burton1 edition of ,london1 #ahjf4 ,ancient ,classics for ,english ,readers1 ,philadelphia1 #ahgb4 ,ancient ,faiths1 ,inman1 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,ancient ,mysteries ,described1 ,hone1 ,london1 #ahbc4 ,andrews1 ,latin ,dictionary4 ,animal and ,plant ,lore1 ,mrs4 ,fanny ,d4 ,bergen1 in ,popular ,science ,monthly4 ,anthropological ,institute of ,g4 ,britain4 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in the ,practitioner1 ,london4 ,linnus4 ,lippincott's ,magazine1 ,philadelphia1 ,penn4 ,lisiansky1 ,voyages around the ,world1 ,london1 #ahad4 ,littr1 ,french ,dictionary4 ,livingston1 ,zambesi1 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,long1 ,chaill1 ,central ,africa1 ,new ,york1 #ahgg4 ,long1 ,voyages2 ,expedition1 ,philadelphia1 #ahbc4 ,lucian1 ,dialogues1 quoted2 ,de ,dea ,syra1 quoted2 ,tragopodagra1 quoted1 7edition of ,william ,tooke1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s471 ,london1 #ahbj4 ,lucian1 ,tragopodagra1 edition of ,william ,tooke1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,london1 #ahbj4 ,lucilius1 ,satires1 translated by ,rev4 ,lewis ,evans1 edition of ,new ,york1 #ahfj4 ,lucretius1 ,de ,natura ,rerum1 translation of ,john ,mason ,goode4 ,lumholtz1 ,carl4 ,lyon1 ,g4 ,f41 ,journal4 ,macaulay1 ,mr41 7of ,philadelphia1 ,penn471 his description of a ,phallic survival in the ,riviera1 ,italy4 ,macaulay1 ,t4 ,b41 ,essays4 ,mc,clintock and ,strong1 ,cyclopdia of ,biblical1 ,theological1 and ,ecclesiastical ,literature1 ,new ,york1 #ahhj4 ,mc,elhone1 ,mr41 stenographer of the ,house of ,representatives1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mc,feely1 ,robert4 ,mc,gillicuddy1 ,v4 ,t41 ,doctor1 ,dakota4 ,magdeleine1 ,e41 ,le ,gui de ,chne et les ,druides1 ,paris1 #ahgg4 ,magic1 ,chaldean1 ,lenormant1 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,magic1 ,south ,mountain1 ,mrs ,m4 ,v4 ,dahlgren1 ,boston1 #ahhb4 ,mallery1 ,garrick1 ,colonel4 ,malleus ,maleficarum 7,incunabula71 ,press of ,peter ,schffer1 ,mayence1 #adhg4 ,maltebrun1 ,universal ,geography1 ,american edition1 ,philadelphia1 ,penn41 #ahcb4 ,mandeville1 ,sir ,john1 ,travels4 ,mann1 ,john ,f41 ,australia4 ,manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,irish1 ,eugene ,o',curry1 ,london1 ,new ,york1 ,dublin1 and ,edinburgh1 #ahgc4 ,manning1 ,letters on ,thibet4 ,see in ,markham4 ,mantegazza1 ,gli amori degli uomini4 ,maoris of ,new ,zealand1 ,e4 ,t4 ,tregear1 in ,journal of ,anthropological ,institute1 ,london4 ,marco ,polo4 ,markham1 ,clements ,c41 translation of the ,commentaries of ,garcilasso de la ,vega2 his work on ,thibet1 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,marston1 ,dutch ,courtesan1 ,london4 ,martial1 ,epigrams1 edition of1 ,london1 #ahga4 ,masculine ,cross1 #ahhf4 ,masks and ,labrets1 ,dall4 ,massingberd1 ,francis ,charles4 ,matthew of ,paris1 ,chronicles4 ,matthews1 ,john1 ,esq41 ,victoria1 ,australia4 ,matthews1 ,john1 ,lieutenant1 ,royal ,navy1 ,voyage to ,sierra ,leone in #aghe1 ,london1 #aghh4 ,matthews1 ,washington1 ,surgeon1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 ,hidatasa4 ,maurice1 ,indian ,antiquities1 ,london1 #ahjj4 ,maximilian1 ,prince of ,wied1 ,travels1 etc41 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,max ,mller1 ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 ,oxford1 #ahhj4 ,mayor of ,tamborough1 ,beaumont and ,fletcher4 ,medical ,journal1 ,new ,york4 ,medical ,writings of ,pope ,john ,,xxi41 quoted4 ,medicines1 ,most ,exalted and most ,approved1 ,london1 #afeb4 ,meignan1 ,paris to ,pekin1 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,melusine 7,gaidoz71 ,paris4 ,melville1 ,george ,w41 ,chief ,engineer1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy4 ,mendieta1 in ,icazbalceta1 ,mexico1 #ahgj4 ,merolla1 ,father1 ,voyage to the ,congo1 in ,pinkerton4 ,mew1 ,w4 ,m41 ,surgeon1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 ,analysis of ordure pills4 ,mexican ,antiquities1 ,lord ,kingsborough1 ,london4 ,mexico1 ,conquest of1 ,bernal ,diaz1 ,london1 #ahdd4 ,michaud1 the historian4 ,michluchs-,maclay4 ,middle ,ages1 ,the ,physicians of1 ,t4 ,c4 ,minor1 ,m4 ,d41 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 #ahhi4 ,middleton1 ,thomas1 ,a ,new ,way to catch the ,old ,one1 ,london1 #afjh4 ,mindeleff1 ,victor4 ,minor1 ,t4 ,c41 ,m4 ,d41 ,physicians of the ,middle ,ages1 ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 #ahhi4 ,minutius ,felix1 ,octavius4 ,miscellanea ,antica ,anglicana1 quoted4 ,miscellaneous ,writings upon ,drama and ,fiction1 ,wharton4 ,molina ,don ,juan ,ignacio1 ,historia ,civil de ,chile1 edition of ,madrid1 #aghh4 ,molina1 ,padre ,cristoval de1 ,fables and ,rites of the ,yncas 7translation by ,clements ,c4 ,markham71 ,hakluyt ,society ,transactions1 ,london4 ,monarchia ,indiana1 ,torquemada1 ,madrid1 #agbc4 ,mongols1 ,among the1 ,rev4 ,james ,gilmour1 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,montaigne1 ,michel1 ,essays4 ,montfaucon4 ,l',antiquit explique1 ,bernard ,montfaucon1 ,benedictine ,monk1 called the 8,learned ,benedictine40 ,mooney1 ,james1 ,bureau of ,ethnology1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,moor1 ,edward1 ,hindu ,pantheon1 ,london1 #ahaj4 ,moore1 ,john1 ,surgeon-,general4 ,moore1 ,sir ,john4 ,moore1 ,sturtevant1 ,past ,assistant ,engineer1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy4 ,morals1 ,plutarch1 ,goodwin's ,english translation1 ,boston4 ,more1 ,sir ,thomas4 ,mosheim1 ,ecclesiastical ,history4 ,motolinia1 ,fray ,toribio de ,benvento1 ,the unknown ,franciscan4 ,moyen ,age ,mdical1 ,le1 ,dupouy1 ,paris1 #ahhh4 ,see ,physicians of the ,middle ,ages1 ,minor4 ,moyen de ,parvenir 7,a4,d4 #afaj74 ,mller1 ,max4 ,musarum ,delici4 ,museum1 ,army ,medical1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,museum1 ,national1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,muynier1 ,le1 a ,farce of the #adth century4 ,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion1 ,andrew ,lang1 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,mythology1 ,banier4 ,see ,banier4 ,mythology1 ,bryant1 ,jacob1 ,london1 #agge4 ,mythology1 ,bulfinch 7revised by the ,rev4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale71 ,boston1 #ahhc4 ,myths in ,medicine1 ,garrett1 ,new ,york1 #ahhd4 ,myths of the ,new ,world1 ,d4 ,g4 ,brinton1 ,new ,york1 #ahfh4 ,nannoff1 ,victor1 ,alaska4 ,nares1 quoted4 ,national ,museum1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,native ,races of the ,pacific ,slope1 ,h4 ,h4 ,bancroft4 ,native ,tribes of ,south ,australia4 ,neale1 ,richard1 ,m4 ,d41 ,beef ,tea1 ,liebig's ,extract1 and ,urine1 in the ,practitioner1 ,london4 ,neilgherries1 ,hill ,tribes of the1 ,short1 in ,ethnol4 ,soc4 ,transactions1 ,london1 #ahha4 ,new1 ,charles1 ,life and ,wanderings in ,east ,africa1 quoted4 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,royal ,society1 ,sydney4 ,new ,zealand1 ,maoris of1 ,tregear1 in ,journal of the ,anthropological ,institute of ,great ,britain4 ,newell1 ,w4 ,w41 ,voudoo ,worship in ,hayti and ,louisiana4 ,news1 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 ,niebuhr1 ,description of ,arabia1 ,amsterdam1 #aggd4 ,nile1 ,speke1 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,nolan1 ,nicholas1 ,major1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,nordenskjld1 ,voyages1 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,notes and ,queries1 ,london1 #ahej4 ,notre ,dame1 ,victor ,hugo4 ,nouvelle ,france1 ,la1 ,charlevoix4 ,nyanza1 ,the ,albert1 ,sir ,samuel ,baker1 ,philadelphia1 ,penn41 #ahfi4 ,oakes1 ,r4 ,a41 ,professor4 ,oatman1 ,alice1 ,captivity of the ,oatman ,girls1 ,san ,francisco4 ,obersteiner1 ,h4 ,b41 ,doctor4 ,o',curry1 ,eugene1 ,manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,irish1 ,new ,york1 ,london1 ,dublin1 and ,edinburgh1 #ahgc4 ,o',donovan1 ,three ,fragments of ,irish ,annals1 quoted4 ,omahas1 ,death and ,funeral ,customs among the1 ,francis ,la ,flesche1 in ,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore4 ,o',reilly1 ,robert ,m4 ,origen1 early ,christian writer4 ,orinoco1 ,padre ,gumilla1 ,madrid1 #agda4 ,oritrika1 ,von ,helmont1 ,london1 #affb1 ,english translation4 ,orozca y ,berra1 ,geografia de las ,lenguas de ,mejico1 ,mexico1 #ahed4 ,orphei ,fragmenta1 ,hermann's edition4 ,o',sullivan1 ,introductory to ,o',curry4 ,see ,o',curry4 ,ovid1 ,fasti1 quoted4 ,ovid1 quoted4 ,pagan ,idolatry1 ,faber1 ,london1 #ahaf4 ,pallas1 ,voyages4 ,palmer1 ,smythe1 ,rev4 ,a41 ,dictionary of ,folk-,etymology1 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,palmer1 ,edward1 ,esq41 ,brisbane1 ,queensland4 ,palmer1 ,w4 ,j41 quoted by ,h4 ,h4 ,bancroft4 ,pangborn1 ,dr41 ,san ,carlos ,agency1 ,arizona4 ,paracelsus1 ,experiments1 etc41 ,english translation1 ,london1 #aeif2 ,archidoxes1 ,english edition of1 ,london1 #affa2 ,secrets of ,physicke1 ,english edition1 ,london1 #afcc4 ,paris to ,pekin1 ,meignan1 ,london1 #ahhe4 ,park1 ,mungo1 ,travels in ,africa1 in ,pinkerton4 ,parkman1 ,francis1 ,jesuits in ,north ,america1 edition of ,boston1 #ahfg4 ,parry1 ,captain1 ,r4 ,n4 ,pathelin1 ,master1 the ,farce of 7,a4,d4 #dhj74 ,paullini1 ,franz ,christian1 ,dreck ,apotheke 7,filth ,pharmacy71 edition of ,frankfort1 #afif4 ,peirce1 ,colonel4 ,pennant's ,tour in ,scotland1 in ,pinkerton4 ,pennsylvania ,germans1 ,folk-,lore of the1 ,hoffman2 ,folk-,medicine of the1 ,hoffman4 ,percy1 ,charles1 ,m4 ,d41 ,a ,view of the ,levant1 ,london1 #agdc4 ,percy ,society ,publications4 ,persia1 ,benjamin1 ,london1 #ahhg4 ,peru1 ,histoire de1 ,balboa1 in ,ternaux4 ,petrus1 ,henricus1 ,nosolog4 ,harmon4 ,petroff1 ,ivan4 ,pettigrew1 ,medical ,superstitions1 ,philadelphia1 ,penn41 #ahdd4 ,pfanner1 ,tob41 quoted4 ,phallic ,worship1 ,robert ,allen ,campbell1 ,saint ,louis1 #ahhh4 ,phallicism1 ,hargrave ,jennings1 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,phillips' ,voyages1 ,london1 #ahjg4 ,philosophy of ,magic1 ,salverte1 ,new ,york4 ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,physicians of the ,middle ,ages1 ,t4 ,c4 ,minor1 ,m4 ,d4 ,see under ,minor and ,dupouy4 ,picart1 ,cotumes et ,crmonies ,religieuses1 etc4 ,pidgeon1 ,dee-coo-dah1 ,new ,york1 #ahec4 ,pigeons1 ,treatise on ,breeding4 ,john ,matthews ,eaton1 ,london 7no date74 ,pinkerton's ,voyages1 #ahad4 ,pliny1 ,natural ,history 7,bohn's translation74 ,plutarch1 ,essays on ,superstition1 ,morals4 ,plutarch1 ,morals1 ,goodwin's edition4 ,pocock1 ,travels in ,egypt1 in ,pinkerton4 ,polo1 ,marco1 the ,venetian traveller1 lived among the ,tartars in the #acth century4 ,polydorus1 ,virgil4 ,polynesian ,researches1 ,ellis1 quoted4 ,pomet1 ,history of ,drugs1 ,london1 #agcg4 ,poor ,man's ,physician1 ,john ,moncrief1 ,edinburgh1 #agaf4 ,pope ,gregory ,,ix4 ,pope ,john ,,xx41 medical writings quoted4 ,popular ,antiquities1 ,brand1 ,london1 #ahgc4 ,popular ,science ,monthly4 ,porson1 the ,greek scholar4 ,porter1 ,j4 ,h4 ,doctor1 notes on ,witchcraft1 on ,mushrooms1 on the ,mah-,bhrata and the ,vedas1 on the lack of ,latrines in ,mexico1 on ,latrines in ,alaska1 on washing ,clothes with ,human ,urine4 ,practitioner1 ,the1 ,london1 #ahha4 ,pratimoksha ,sutra1 translation of ,w4 ,w4 ,rockhill 7,soc4 ,asiatique74 ,pratz1 ,mr41 translations of ,german works referred to in this volume4 ,press1 ,philadelphia1 ,penn4 ,primitifs1 ,les1 ,elie ,rclus1 ,paris1 #ahhe4 ,primitive ,culture1 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor4 ,prostitution1 ,la1 ,parent du ,chatelet1 #aheg4 ,psychiatrisches ,centralblatt1 ,vienna4 ,purchas1 ,pilgrims4 ,putnam1 ,f4 ,w41 ,professor4 ,rabelais4 ,rabelais1 ,thirteenth ,chapter1 ,anisterges4 ,ragozin1 ,assyria1 ,new ,york1 #ahhg4 ,rainey1 ,charles and ,joe1 ,bannock ,indians4 ,ram ,alley1 ,ludowick ,barry1 ,london1 #afaa4 ,rau1 ,charles ,f41 ,dr41 ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,reade1 ,w4 ,winwood1 ,veil of ,isis1 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,rclus1 ,elie1 ,les ,primitifs1 ,paris1 #ahhe4 ,record of ,living ,officers of the ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 ,hamersley4 ,rees' ,cyclopdia of ,arts1 ,sciences1 and ,literature1 ,philadelphia1 no date4 ,reflections1 ,moral and ,cosmical1 ,a4,d4 #agjg4 ,regnard1 ,journey to ,lapland1 in ,pinkerton4 ,religious ,sects of the ,hindus1 in ,asiatic ,researches1 vol4 xvii4 ,report of the ,international ,polar ,expedition to ,barrow ,point1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,march1 #ahhe4 ,reports of the ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau of ,ethnology4 ,see ,ethnology4 ,report on the ,north ,west ,tribes of ,canada1 ,franz ,boas4 ,rhabanus ,maurus1 a theological writer4 ,richardson1 ,dr41 ,arctic explorer1 ,polar ,regions1 ,edinburgh2 ,arctic ,searching ,expedition1 ,london1 #ahea4 ,riedlinius1 ,linear4 ,medic41 #afig1 quoted4 ,rink1 ,henry1 ,tales and ,traditions of the ,eskimo1 ,edinburgh1 #ahge4 ,ritos antiguos1 etc41 ,motolinia1 in ,kingsborough4 ,ritual of the ,dead 7,egypt74 ,rivers of ,life1 ,major ,general ,forlong4 ,rives1 ,amelie1 ,virginia of ,virginians1 ,new ,york1 #ahhh4 ,rochefoucauld1 ,maxims4 ,rockhill1 ,w4 ,w41 ,oriental scholar and ,thibetan explorer4 ,rockhill1 ,w4 ,w41 translator of the ,pratimoksha ,sutra1 which see4 ,rome1 ,history of1 ,victor ,duruy 7,english translation71 ,boston1 #ahhg4 ,romelius1 ,p41 quoted4 ,rosinus1 ,lentilius1 ,doctor1 #afid4 ,roubaud1 ,abb1 ,le ,ptrade1 quoted4 ,royal ,society1 ,sydney1 ,new ,south ,wales4 ,rubruquis1 ,william de1 a ,franciscan monk1 sent by ,king ,louis on a mission to the ,grand ,khan of ,tartary1 in #abec4 ,russian ,church and ,russian ,dissent1 ,albert ,f4 ,heard1 ,new ,york and ,london1 #ahhg4 ,russian ,discoveries1 ,william ,coxe1 ,london1 #ahjc4 ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 ,max ,mller1 ,oxford1 #ahhj4 ,sacrifice1 ,w4 ,robertson ,smith1 in ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,sagen-,mrchen1 ,volksaberglauben aus ,schwaben1 ,drs4 ,birlinger and ,buck1 ,freiburg1 #ahfa4 ,sahagun1 ,bernardo1 ,fray1 in ,kingsborough4 ,saint ,james ,gazette1 ,london4 ,saint ,john1 ,spencer1 ,life in the ,east1 ,london1 #ahdb4 ,saint ,pierre1 ,bernardin1 tudes de la ,nature4 ,salamanca1 ,bachiller de1 ,le ,sage4 ,salverte1 ,eusebe1 ,philosophy of ,magic1 ,new ,york1 #ahfb4 ,samoa1 ,turner1 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,sarytschew1 ,gavrila1 in ,phillips' ,voyages4 ,satires of ,juvenal4 ,see ,juvenal4 ,sauer1 ,expedition to the ,north ,parts of ,russia1 ,london1 #ahjb4 ,saul1 ,hebrew ,king4 ,sauvage1 ,nosologie ,mthodique1 quoted4 ,saxon ,leechdoms4 ,scandinavia1 the ,primitive ,inhabitants of1 ,sven ,nilson1 edited by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,schderas1 ,john1 ,pharmacop4 ,med4 ,chym41 quoted4 ,schaff-,herzogg1 ,encyclopdia of ,religious ,knowledge1 ,new ,york4 ,scharf1 ,benjamin1 ,doctor 7,a4,d4 #afid74 ,schultze1 ,fetichism1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe4 ,schurig1 ,chylologia1 ,dresden1 #agbe4 ,schwatka's ,search1 ,william ,h4 ,gilder1 ,new ,york1 #ahha4 ,schweinfurth1 ,heart of ,africa1 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,science1 ,american ,association for the ,advancement of4 ,sclopetarius1 quoted4 ,scot1 ,reginald1 ,discoverie of ,witchcraft4 ,scott1 ,sir ,walter4 ,secrets1 ,rare1 in ,physicke1 by the ,comtesse of ,kent1 ,london1 #afed4 ,seebohm1 ,henry1 ,siberia in ,russia1 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,seelye1 ,f4 ,a41 ,anthropological ,society1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,seneca1 ,roman author4 ,sesostris4 ,sextus ,placitus1 a medical writer of #bej-cjj ,a4,d41 ,de ,medicamentis ex ,animalibus1 edition of ,lyons1 #aecg4 ,shakespeare4 ,shakespeare1 ,illustrations of1 ,francis ,donce1 ,london1 #ahjg4 ,shapast la ,shayast 7,sacred ,books of the ,east7 ,max ,mller's edition1 ,oxford1 #ahhj4 ,sha ,rocco1 ,the ,masculine ,cross and ,ancient ,sex ,worship1 ,new ,york1 #ahgd4 ,shea1 ,john ,gilmary4 ,siberia1 ,erman1 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,siberia1 ,t4 ,w4 ,atkinson1 ,new ,york1 #ahfe4 ,siberia1 ,tent ,life in1 ,george ,kennon1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 #abth edition4 ,siberia1 ,through1 ,henry ,lansdell1 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,sioux1 ,legends of the1 ,mrs4 ,eastman1 ,new ,york1 #ahdi4 ,sioux1 ,sun ,dance of the ,ogallalla1 ,alice ,fletcher4 ,smiddy1 ,rev4 ,richard1 ,the ,druids1 ,dublin1 #ahga4 ,smith1 ,charles1 ,mr41 translated many of the ,german works cited in this volume4 ,smith1 ,honorable ,e4 ,w4 ,p4 ,smith1 ,george1 ,assyrian ,discoveries1 ,new ,york1 #ahgf2 ,chaldean ,account of ,genesis4 ,smith1 ,mrs4 ,james1 ,the ,roandik ,tribes 7,australia71 quoted4 ,smith1 ,w4 ,robertson1 editor ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,smithsonian ,contributions4 ,smollett1 ,tobias1 ,humphrey ,clinker4 ,smyth1 ,brough1 ,aborigines of ,australia1 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,snake ,dance1 ,the1 of the ,moquis1 ,bourke1 ,london and ,new ,york1 #ahhd4 ,socit ,asiatique4 ,see ,pratimoksha ,sutra4 ,socrates4 ,soldiers ,three1 ,kipling4 ,solovof1 ,voyages1 quoted in ,coxe's ,russian ,discoveries4 ,solomon ,ben ,jarchi4 ,south ,mountain ,magic1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,v4 ,dahlgren1 ,boston1 #ahhb4 ,sorcery and ,magic1 ,thomas ,wright1 ,london1 #ahca4 ,southey1 ,robert1 ,commonplace ,book1 ,london1 #ahdi4 ,the ,doctor1 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,spain1 ,travels in1 ,bourganne1 in ,pinkerton4 ,sparrmann1 ,account of ,africa1 in ,maltebrun1 and in ,pinkerton4 ,speke1 ,nile4 ,spellman1 quoted4 ,spencer1 ,herbert4 ,spiers and ,surenne1 ,french and ,english ,dictionary4 ,squier1 ,e4 ,g4 ,standard1 of ,london4 ,stanley1 ,henry ,m41 ,congo1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe2 ,through the ,dark ,continent1 ,n4 ,y41 #ahgh4 ,staple of ,news1 ,ben ,jonson4 ,star1 ,evening1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,steller1 ,history of ,kamtchatka4 ,steller1 ,kamtchatka1 ,bunnemeyer's translation4 ,stephens1 ,robert4 ,sterne1 ,laurence1 ,tristram ,shandy1 edition of ,london1 #ahgc4 ,stillingfleet1 ,defence of ,discourse concerning ,idolatry in ,church of ,rome1 quoted4 ,strabo1 believed the ,magi and the ,druids were the same2 his account of the ,celtiberii4 ,stratton1 ,captivity of the ,oatman ,girls1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 #aheg4 ,strutt1 ,sports and ,pastimes of the ,english ,people1 ,london1 #ahee4 ,struys1 ,john1 ,voyages1 etc41 ,london1 #afcc4 ,stukeley1 ,account of ,druidical remains1 quoted4 ,suetonius4 ,sun1 ,new ,york4 ,sun ,dance of the ,ogallalla ,sioux1 ,alice ,fletcher4 ,superstitions of ,scotland1 ,john ,graham ,dalyell4 ,swan1 ,j4 ,g41 ,indians of ,cape ,flattery1 in ,smithsonian ,contributions4 ,swietwn1 ,commentariorum1 ,lyons1 #aggf4 ,swift1 ,jonathan1 ,dean1 ,works4 ,tacitus1 ,annals 7,oxford trans41 ,london1 #ahga74 ,tales and ,traditions of the ,eskimo1 ,rink4 ,talmud4 ,talmudic ,miscellany1 ,paul ,isaac ,hershon1 ,boston1 #ahhj4 ,tattooing among civilized ,people1 ,dr4 ,robert ,fletcher4 ,tavernier1 ,j4 ,b41 ,travels1 ,nouvelle relation de l'intrieur du ,srail du ,grand ,seigneur1 ,paris1 #afge4 ,terence1 ,latin ,poet4 ,ternaux ,campan1 ,voyages1 etc41 ,paris4 ,tertullian1 ,christian ,father4 ,teutonic ,mythology1 ,jacob ,grimm 7,stallybrass translation71 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,tezozomoc1 ,cronica ,mexicana1 in ,kingsborough4 ,theodoret1 ,de ,evangelii veritatis cognitione1 quoted4 ,thevenot1 ,itinerar4 ,orient4 ,thibet1 a ,description of1 in ,pinkerton1 vol4 vii41 ,london1 #ahad4 ,thibet1 ,clements ,c4 ,markham1 ,london4 ,thiers1 ,j4 ,b41 ,trait des ,superstitions1 ,paris1 #agda4 ,thurnberg1 ,account of the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 in ,pinkerton4 ,times of ,india1 quoted4 ,times1 of ,new ,york4 ,titus ,livius1 quoted4 ,tollius1 ,p41 quoted4 ,tooke1 ,william1 edition of ,lucian's ,tragopodagra1 ,london1 #ahbj4 ,torquemada1 ,monarchia ,indiana1 ,madrid1 #agbc4 ,totemism4 ,totemism1 ,james ,g4 ,frazer1 ,m4,a41 ,edinburgh1 #ahhg4 ,tournefort1 ,voyage to the ,levant1 ed4 of ,london1 #agah4 ,tragedy of the ,gout1 ,blambeauseant 7,a4,d4 #afjj74 ,tree1 ,lambert1 ,honorable1 ,u4 ,s4 ,minister to ,russia4 ,tregear1 ,e4 ,t41 ,maoris of ,new ,zealand4 ,tribune1 ,new ,york4 ,trumbull1 ,henry ,clay1 editor of ,sunday ,school ,times1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 his views on ,initiation by ,urine1 ,the ,blood ,covenant1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhe4 ,tuchmann1 ,j41 ,la ,fascination1 in ,mlusine1 ,paris4 ,turnbull1 ,reverend ,h4 ,clay4 ,turner's ,embassy to ,thibet1 ,london1 #ahjf4 ,turner1 ,samoa4 ,tylor1 ,e4 ,b41 ,primitive ,culture1 ,london1 #ahga4 ,ure's ,dictionary of ,arts1 ,manufactures and ,mines1 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,urine ,dances and ,ur-,orgies1 ,john ,g4 ,bourke1 ,pamphlet distributed by ,smithsonian ,institution1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #ahhh4 ,valentin1 ,mich41 quoted4 ,vallencey1 ,general1 ,grammar of the ,irish ,language1 ,collectanea de ,rebus ,hibernicis4 ,vambry1 ,arminius1 ,sketches of ,central ,asia1 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,van ,stralenburgh1 ,historico-,geographical ,description of the ,northern and ,eastern parts of ,europe and ,asia1 ,london1 #agcf4 ,vega1 ,garcilaso de la1 ,comentarios ,reales 7,markham's ,translation in the ,proceedings of ,hakluyt ,society74 ,vestiges1 ,blunt4 ,victoria1 ,aborigines of1 ,brough ,smyth1 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,victoria and ,riverina1 ,aborigines of1 ,beveridge1 ,adelaide1 #ahhi4 ,victoria ,institute1 ,transactions of4 ,vincent1 ,j4 ,b41 seaman1 describes the ,ur-,orgies of the ,tchuktchi4 ,virey1 ,nouvelle ,dictionnaire d',histoire ,naturelle1 quoted4 ,virginia of ,virginians1 ,amlie ,rives1 ,new ,york1 #ahhh4 ,voltaire1 ,essais sur les ,murs1 ,paris1 #aghe4 ,voudoo ,worship in ,hayti and ,louisiana1 ,w4 ,w4 ,newell1 in ,journal of ,american ,folk-,lore4 ,voyage of the ,adventure and ,beagle4 ,vulgate4 ,see ,bible4 ,wars of the ,jews1 ,josephus4 ,see ,josephus4 ,washoe1 ,j4 ,ross ,browne4 ,webster1 ,noah1 ,english ,dictionary4 ,welford1 ,edward 7,m4 ,a4 of ,baliol1 ,oxford71 edition of ,juvenal4 ,wepffer1 ,j4 ,j41 a medical writer1 quoted4 ,wharton1 ,miscellaneous ,writings4 ,wheeler1 ,j4 ,talboys1 ,history of ,india4 ,whymper1 ,frederick1 ,alaska1 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,wied1 ,maximilian1 ,prince of1 ,travels1 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,wilde1 ,lady 7,speranza71 ,ancient ,legends and ,superstitions of ,ireland1 ,boston1 #ahhh4 ,willoughby1 ,sir ,hugh and others1 ,voyage to ,siberia1 in ,pinkerton4 ,wilson1 ,posey1 ,mr4 ,winstanley1 ,w41 ,a ,visit to ,abyssinia1 ,london1 #ahha4 ,wise1 ,dr4 ,wit1 ,new ,foundling ,hospital of4 ,wit without ,money1 ,beaumont and ,fletcher4 ,witchcraft1 ,discoverie of1 ,reginald ,scot4 ,wollaston1 ,dr41 his theory of the ,origin of ,fairy ,circles4 ,words1 ,biography of1 ,max ,mller1 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,world1 ,new ,york4 ,wright's ,political ,ballads1 in ,percy ,society ,publications4 ,wright1 ,thomas1 ,essays on ,archological ,subjects1 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,dictionary of ,obsolete and ,provincial ,english1 ,london4 ,sorcery and ,magic1 ,london1 #ahea4 ,wurtz1 ,mr41 charg d'affaires of the ,united ,states at ,saint ,petersburg4 ,xenocrates1 born #cif ,b4,c42 he employed human and animal ordure and urine1 as well as all human and animal secretions and excretions in ,medicine4 ,zacutus ,lusitanus1 a medical writer1 quoted4 ,zagoskin1 ,russian explorer4 ,zambesi1 ,livingston1 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,zendavesta4 ,see ,fargards4 ,zological ,mythology1 ,angelo de ,gubernatis1 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,,index4 ,abbot of ,unreason1 #ac4 ,abnormal ,appetite1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #bcc1 #caa1 #cad1 #caf4 ,abortion1 #aje2 produced by mistletoe1 #aje4 ,see also under ,parturition4 ,aconite1 used to poison panthers2 human ordure the antidote1 #bdd4 ,afghans1 flatulence regarded as a deadly insult by1 #afa4 ,after-birth1 #baf1 #bbd1 #bbf1 #bce1 #bcf1 #cdc1 #ced1 #cee2 a remedy for witchcraft1 #bae2 in philters1 #bbd2 as an anti-philter1 #ced1 #cee4 ,see also ,therapeutics4 ,agaric1 #ga1 #gg1 #ha1 #hb1 #hc2 the cause of fairy circles1 #hb1 #hc2 excluded from ,brahminical dietary1 #ib1 #aji4 ,see also ,mushrooms4 ,aghozis1 a ,hindu sect who eat human ordure1 #dj1 #abf4 ,agnus ,castus1 #bbe4 ,agriculture1 #bf1 #hj1 #abh1 #abi1 #adj1 #ahj1 #aij1 #aia1 #aib1 #aic1 #cde1 #cej1 #cea1 #cec1 #dch2 taught to men by ,saturn1 #abi2 urine and ordure in1 #abi2 cow dung used to make threshing-floors in ,france and ,italy1 #ahj2 religious rites in connection with1 in ,china1 #cde2 catamenial women marched round the ,roman fields1 #dej1--see also the description from 8,hiawatha20 the touch of a catamenial woman ruined vines1 fruit trees1 etc41 #cec2 8fool ploughs10 #dch4 ,see also under ,latrines4 8,aiguilette1 nouer l'40 ,see ,witchcraft1 ,ligatures4 ,album ,grcum4 ,see ,dog ,dung4 ,alcohol1 #ci2 mixed with urine in drink1 #ci2 abstained from by ,lamas while making sacred pills1 #ej2 invented by the ,chinese1 #baig ,b4,c4 #ge1 #gf2 obtained from mushrooms1 #ha4 ,see ,intoxicants1 #cgi4 ,alder4 ,see ,tree and ,plant ,worship2 ,cures by ,transplantation4 ,ale1 #ci1 #bcb4 ,see ,bride-ale1 ,intoxicants4 ,amanita ,muscaria4 ,see ,mushrooms4 ,amber1 #bhi2 believed to be whale's dung1 #bga4 ,ambergris1 #dh4 ,ammonia1 #ci1 #aii1 #bja2 probably suggested by a prior use of urine1 #aii4 ,ammonia1 urate of1 and guano1 used in phthisis4 ,amulets and talismans1 #bh1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ea1 #eb1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bcg1 #cfc1 #cfd1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cia1 #djc1 #dda1 #ded1 #deh2 mistletoe used as an amulet1 in ,sweden1 #ajh2 in ,england1 #ajh1 #aaa2 cow ordure and urine1 as1 #aab2 the first tooth dropped by a child an amulet1 #cfc4 ,see ,excrement1 ,grand ,lama1 ,patriarch of ,constantinople4 ,amulets and talismans1 #bbe1 #bde1 #bfg4 ,analysis of the mani or sacred pills of the ,buddhists1 #ec4 ,ancestor worship1 #dei1 #dfj4 ,see ,spirits1 ,gods4 ,ancestors1 skulls of1 used as drinking-cups1 in ,thibet1 #bej4 ,animal ,worship4 ,see under ,therapeutics1 ,philters1 ,aphrodisiacs1 ,parturition1 ,ordeals and ,punishments1 ,monasticism1 ,cosmetics1 ,amulets and ,talismans1 ,cures by ,transplantation1 ,tattooing4 ,anthropomancy4 ,see ,divination4 ,anti-natural god of the ,sioux1 #bfg4 ,aphrodisiacs1 #gh2 mushrooms regarded as1 #gh1 #hj1 #ij1 #id2 onions and garlic regarded as1 #ic1 #id2 mistletoe regarded as1 #ajc1 #ajd2 ordure and urine regarded as1 #baf1 #bag2 leopard's dung regarded as1 #bag2 nettles regarded as1 #baf1 #bag1 #cij2 antiphrodisiacs1 #bbd2 the testes of the fox used as an1 #bbe4 ,april ,fool's ,day1 #dcb1 #dcg4 ,see ,festival of ,huli4 ,aqua ex stercore4 ,see ,excrement4 ,aristophanes says that ,esculapius ate excrement1 #abi2 calls thunder flatulence1 #afc2 calls doctors 8excrement eaters10 #bgh1 #bgi4 ,arms and armor1 #bai4 ,arms and armor1 #bda1 #bdb1 #cab1 #cac1 #cbc4 ,see ,war ,customs4 ,asclepius1 surnamed ,pharmacion 7the druggist71 believed to have been the first writer who counselled the use of human excrement in ,therapeutics1 #bgh4 ,aspersions1 #aje 7see ,mistletoe1 ,holy ,water1 ,lustration1 ,courtship and ,marriage71 #aac1 #bbj1 #bbe1 #bcf1 #bdg1 #bfa1 #cjj1 #cic1 #cih1 #cii1 #dbh2 urine of ,hottentot priest used in aspersions at weddings1 funerals1 etc41 #bbi2 upon young warriors at time of initiation1 #bch1 #bci2 urine of ,moorish bride at time of initiation1 #bbi1--see ,queen of ,madagascar2 the water in which ,russian bride had been bathed at time of initiation1 #bca1--see ,bride-,ale4 ,aspersions with urine in 8,witches' ,mass10 #bgd1 #chc1 #chh2 urine used by the ,highlanders for aspersing their cattle1 #cih1 #cij4 ,see ,lingams4 ,aspersions1 #aac1 #bbe1 #bfd4 ,see ,rue4 ,aspersions1 by the ,queen of ,madagascar1 #fj4 ,see ,lustrations1 ,hottentot ,marriages1 ,courtship and ,marriage1 ,holy ,water4 ,asphalt dissolved by the catamenial fluid1 #cej1 #che2 also by human urine1 #che4 ,assaftida1 #cbb1 #cdc1 #chi1 #dbe1 #ddd2 called 8,merde du ,diable10 #cdc1 #ddd4 ,see under ,garlic1 ,stench1 ,perfume4 ,assyria1 dung gods of1 #acj1 #acb4 ,aztecs used poisonous mushrooms in their sacred dances1 #hi1 #ij4 ,bacchanalia1 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #ge1 #hi1 #ij1 #cid1 #ddj4 ,bang4 ,see ,intoxicants4 ,banians of ,india swear by cow dung1 #aab2 eat cow-dung1 #aai4 ,baptism1 #bcb2 mock baptism1 #bcb4 ,barrington1 8,observations on the ,statutes10 comments on tenures of land by flatulence1 #aff4 ,basilisk1 eggs of1 would hatch only in dung1 or under a toad1 #bfh4 ,bathing4 ,see ,lustration4 ,bedouins eructate as a matter of civility1 #afa2 consider flatulence a deadly insult1 #afa1 #beg1 #beh4 ,beds and bedding1 urination in bed1 how prevented1 #bga1 #cge1 #chd2 defilement of1 how occasioned1 #cgi4 ,beer1 #bcb4 ,beer4 ,see ,intoxicants4 ,belgium1 the mannikin of ,brussels1 #afe4 ,bel-phegor1 filthy rites connected with his worship1 #acb1 #aed1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afj1 #afa1 #agc2 interview between ,moses and ,jehovah1 #afj2 analogous rites among the ,hebrews and ,parsis1 #afa4 ,bembino1 or ,isaic table1 #ac4 ,benet1 ,s4 ,v41 notes on urine as a dentrifice1 #bjd4 ,bhikshuni of ,thibet1 #adg4 ,bile1 ,human4 ,see ,therapeutics4 ,bitumen4 ,see ,asphalt4 8,black drink0 of ,creeks and ,seminoles1 #bdb2 of ,imbando1 ,africa1 #bdj1 #bej4 ,bladders1 #bci1 #dcd4 ,bladders1 #bci1 #cgh1 #chd1 #dae1 #daf1 #dag1 #dbb1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dcd1 #dcg1 #dch1 #dci1 #dfd1 #dfe2 mark of distinction for gallantry among ,hottentots1 #bci2 use by ,apache and other ,american savages1 #dcd4 ,see ,sausage4 ,bleaching4 ,see ,industries4 ,blood-covenant1 #bdj4 ,boletus1 variety of mushroom1 is worshipped in ,africa1 #hj1 #ia4 8,bona ,dea10 one of the names of the goddess ,rhea or ,cybele1 had urinal aspersions in her rites1 #cid4 ,bones1 in medicine4 ,see ,therapeutics1 ,cures by ,transplantation4 8,bora40 ,see ,initiation1 #bdj1 #bda4 8,borgie ,well10 near ,glasgow1 made mad all who drank of its waters1 #gf4 ,borneo1 ,dyaks of1 have the ,hebrew custom in regard to the covering up of the evacuations1 #adf4 ,bourkans1 or spirits of the ,kalmucks1--one of them eats his own excrement1 #di4 ,boutan1 merchants of1 strewed ordure over their food1 #de4 ,brahmins of ,india1 use of cow ordure and urine in religion1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #aah1 #aai1 #abb1 #abd4 ,brain1 in ,medicine4 ,see ,therapeutics1 ,marriage1 ,aspersions4 ,bread1 urine and excrement1 in making1 #cb1 #ch4 8,bread of the ,gods0 7,mexicans71 #hi1 #ij1 #ia2 8,cockle ,bread10 a ,phallic game in ,england1 #bba1 #bbb4 ,bride1 8,bride-,ale10 #bcb4 ,see ,courtship4 ,bridges1 a toll of flatulence exacted from prostitutes crossing the bridge of ,montluc1 in ,france1 #aff1 #afh1 #afi4 ,brussels1 the mannikin of1 a ,phallic idol1 #afe4 ,buddhism1 the god 8,sakya-,muni0 eats his own excrement1 #di4 ,buddhists1 #adg1 #bea4 ,buddhists supposed to be related to the ,druids1 #ii4 ,see ,lamas1 ,grand ,lama4 ,bull of ,ernulphus1 bishop of ,rochester1 #bea4 ,burial4 ,see ,mortuary ,ceremonies4 ,calculus1 in medicine4 ,see ,therapeutics4 ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,see ,hottentots1 etc4 ,capuchins1 their beastly customs1 #adg1 #adh4 ,castes of ,india1 restoration to the1 #aac4 ,see also ,clans4 ,casting urine1 #cif4 ,catamenia1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbd1 #bif1 #cah1 #cib1 #cic1 #cid4 ,catamenia1 a catamenial woman could cure 8,king's ,evil10 #fj2 mushrooms used as emmenagogues1 #hc1 #ajh2 mistletoe used as an emmenagogue1 especially that of the oak1 #ajh2 seclusion during the duration of the catamenia1 in ,alaska1 #ajd1 #aej2 catamenia used in making love-philters1 #bag1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbd1--see ,philters2 to preserve chastity1 #bai2 in diseases1 #bai1--see ,therapeutics2 in witchcraft1 #baj1--see also ,witchcraft1 #cgg to #djd2 philters made of catamenia were rendered abortive by hen-dung1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbf2 asses' dung restrained excessive catamenia1 #bgh2 superstitions connected with the catamenia1 #cej1--see ,cosmetics1 #cfg2 catamenial fluid had to be sprinkled upon mandrake before it could be pulled out of the ground1 #bga1 #cgf1 #che4 ,cemetery1 urinating through the wedding ring while in a cemetery baffled witchcraft1 #bca4 ,see also under ,mortuary ,ceremonies4 ,cerdier states that the ,africans worship the mushroom1 #hj4 ,ceremonial observances1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #baa2 on ,holy ,thursday among ,russian dissenters1 #afb2 urine drunk in the marriage ceremonies of the ,siberians1 #bbh4 ,see also ,initiation4 ,ceremonial1 tenacity of4 ,see ,survivals4 ,ceremonies in connection with agriculture in ,china1 #cde2 in pulling medicinal herbs1 etc4 ,see ,mandrake1 ,therapeutics2 see also ,weeping1 ,kissing1 ,spitting1 ,saliva1 ,shaving1 ,flatulence1 ,urination1 ,oblations of ,urine and ,excrement4 ,chaise perce of the ,grand ,lama1 #db2 the tripod of ,esculapius a chaise perce1 #abi4 ,chamber-pots1 #age1 #bea4 ,charlotte ,elizabeth1 ,princess of ,bavaria1 a coarse letter from1 #cb4 ,charms1 #ahh1 #bcj1 #cgj1 #cga1 #cgc1 #dje1 #dbd1 #dcj1 #ddb1 #ddc1 #deg1 #deh1 #dfa1 #dfb4 ,see also ,magic1 ,amulets and ,talismans1 ,witchcraft1 ,cures by ,transplantation4 ,chastity4 ,see ,continence1 ,anti-,philters4 ,cheese1 curds1 human urine used in making cheese in ,germany1 #aha2 and in ,switzerland1 #aha2 a 8survival0 of the preceding practice among the ,pennsylvania ,germans1 #cif4 ,childbirth4 ,see ,parturition4 8,chinook ,olives10 #ch1 #dbd4 ,chrysocollon1 a cement made of urine1 etc41 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,clallums of ,b4 ,north ,america1 ,orgies of1 #fc4 ,clans1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #def1 #deg1 #dff2 the ,roman clans were convened upon the appearance of a case of epilepsy1 #def1 #deg1 #dff4 ,see ,castes1 ,totemism1 ,tattooing4 ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 his account of excrement gods1 #abg1 #abh4 ,cloacina1 ,roman goddess of privies1 #abg1 #acd1 #bfd4 ,club-houses of secret orders1 #i4 ,cockatrice4 ,see ,basilisk4 8,cockle-,bread10 a ,phallic game in ,england1 #bba1 #bbb4 ,collyrium4 ,see ,eye ,troubles4 8,comitialia0 7see under ,epilepsy2 also under ,clans71 #def1 #deg1 #dff4 ,commodus1 the ,roman ,emperor1 ate excrement1 #cj4 ,coral1 #aha1 #baf2 color of1 restored by hanging in a privy1 #aha2 coral a remedy for witchcraft1 #baf4 ,cord1 sacred1 #abb4 ,see ,initiation1 ,girdle4 ,cosmetics1 #hh1 #bhg1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cad1 #ccj1 #ceb1 #cec1 #cff1 #cfg1 #cfh1 #cfi2 the dung of pigeons1 mice1 crocodiles1 bulls1 starlings1 cows1 men1 lizards1 foxes1 dogs1 sparrows1 chickens1 donkeys1 geese1 etc41 used as2 also the meconium of infants1 sperm of frogs1 catamenia1 8,aqua ,omnium ,florum10 #cfi4 ,courtship and marriage1 #ai1 #dh1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #if1 #ajg1 #ahe1 #baf to #bcc2 brides fumigated with incense made from the excrement of the ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 according to ,arabian writers1 #dh2 bride and groom sprinkled with the urine of the ,hottentot shamans1 #ei1 #bba2 divination in regard to courtship and marriage1 #if2 the maiden who was not kissed under the mistletoe would not be married within the year1 #ajc2 8ligatures10 #ajg1 #bba2 wives in ,borneo tattooed on the thighs1 #ahe2 ,apache-,yuma matrons tattoo1 #ahf2 urine drunk at marriages in ,siberia1 #bbh4 ,see ,philters1 ,aphrodisiacs1 ,ligatures1 ,ring1 ,wedding1 ,bride1 ,wool4 ,coprolite1 #ahd4 8,cry1 the more you1 the less you piss10 #ahb4 ,crepitus1 the ,god of ,flatulence4 ,see ,flatulence4 ,crypto-,jews1 #ah4 ,cures by transplantation1 #cdi4 ,cybele4 ,see 8,bona ,dea10 #dde4 ,dandelion1 superstitions in connection with1 #bdh4 ,dandruff1 #cjd1 #cjf1 #cbh1 #cca4 ,dandruff4 ,see ,hair4 ,dentrifice1 urine used as a1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje4 ,devil's posterior kissed1 #chd4 ,devil's presents all turned to filth and dross1 #bgj4 ,diseases1 all cured by mistletoe1 #ii1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajg2 catamenia1 used in cure of1--see ,catamenia1 ,therapeutics2 ordure and urine used in the cure of1--see ,therapeutics1 ,transference of2 see 8,cures by ,transplantation20 sacred diseases1--see ,epilepsy2 the heathen theory of disease1 #dbc1 #dda1 #ddb1 #ddc1 #ddd1 #dde1 #ddf1 #def1 #deh1 #deg1 #dfb4 ,divination1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ij1 #if1 #ajg1 #abf1 #aee1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,see 8,cockle-,bread10 ,urinoscopy1 ,gambling1 ,dice1 ,visions1 ,onions1 ,omens1 ,courtship and ,marriage1 ,parturition4 ,dreams1 #bec4 8,drink of ,oblivion0 of the ,druids1 #ajf4 ,drink1 the 8,mad ,potion10 ,wysoccan1 #bdb4 ,drinks1 #chj4 ,drinks4 ,see ,foods1 ,urine as a ,beverage1 ,intoxicants1 ,eau de ,mille ,fleurs1 ,table ,liqueurs4 ,druidism1 #cgb4 ,druids4 ,see ,mistletoe4 ,ducking-stool4 ,see ,ordeals and ,punishments4 ,dung1 all earthly joys compared to1 by the ,apostle ,paul1 by ,saint ,matthew1 and by ,thomas ,kempis1 #bga4 ,dung1 definition of1 #eb1--see ,pedung1 ,excrement1 ,dung-carts1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae2 dung-heaps used in punishment1 #hg2 dung-gods1 #abg1 #abh1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb1 #acc1--see ,excrement ,gods2 dung thrown by ,australian neophytes1 #bcg1--see ,parturition2 thrown at ,guinea negresses in their first pregnancy1 #bcg4 ,dung of whales1 amber was believed to be1 #bga4 ,dung1 the eggs of the basilisk would hatch only in1 #bfi4 ,dungi1 king of ,chaldea1 ,b4,c4 #b1jjj1 #eb4 ,dyaks of ,borneo1 cover up their evacuations1 #adf4 ,dyeing4 ,see ,industries4 ,dyeing of ,hair4 ,see ,hair4 ,ear-,wax4 ,see ,therapeutics4 ,easter eggs1 #cbc4 ,see ,eggs4 ,eau de ,mille ,fleurs1 made of cow dung1 #cj1 #ccj2 in medicine1 see ,therapeutics4 ,eggs1 in 8,cures by ,transplantation0 7q4 v472 a plausible explanation of the meaning of the custom of exchanging ,easter eggs1 #dfe4 ,emetics4 ,see ,therapeutics4 ,enchantment4 ,see ,magic4 ,esculapius ate excrement1 #abi4 ,eucharist1 errors in connection with the doctrine of the1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef4 ,eucharistic bread sprinkled with human semen by the ,manicheans and ,albigenses1 #bbj4 ,eunuch1 the urine of1 used as an aphrodisiac1 #bbd2 also as an antiphrodisiac1 #bbd2 and as a remedy for sterility1 #bcc1 #bha2 emasculation1 a religious rite among ,hottentots1 #bch1 #bci2 also among the ,galli1 priests of ,cybele1 #cid4 ,evergreens at ,christmas4 ,see ,mistletoe4 ,excrement1 ,animal4 ,see ,therapeutics1 ,ordeals1 ,myths1 ,insults1 ,sacrifice1 ,industries1 ,agriculture1 ,commerce1 ,fuel1 ,hair1 ,smoking1 ,philters1 ,witchcraft1 ,virility4 ,excrement eaten1 #bdj4 ,excrement gods1 of ,romans1 of ,egyptians1 of ,assyrians1 of ,hebrews1 of ,mexicans2 ,esculapius an excrement god2 the excrement gods of the ,moabites2 ,bel-,phegor an excrement god1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi1 #acj1 #aca1 #acb4 ,excrement1 ,human1 see ,grand ,lama of ,thibet2 in ,medicine1 see ,therapeutics2 in ,punishments1 see ,ordeals and ,punishments2 in ,initiation1 see ,initiation2 in ,industries1 see ,industries2 in ,witchcraft1 see ,witchcraft2 was believed to be the greatest panacea against ,witchcraft2 see ,cures by ,transplantation4 ,see also ,agriculture1 ,commerce1 ,fuel1 ,hair ,dye1 ,hair1 ,philters1 ,courtship and ,marriage1 ,virility1 ,ligatures1 ,war ,customs1 ,divination1 ,ordeals1 ,myths1 ,insults1 ,cosmetics1 ,amulets and ,talismans4 ,excrement1 in jewelry1 #ahd4 ,exorcism4 ,see ,incantation4 ,ezekiel1 ,hebrew prophet1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba2 eats human ordure in his food2 eats cow-dung in his food2 lies for #cij days on one side and #dj days on the other1 #abj2 an explanation of his behavior1 #bda4 ,fairies1 #bcb4 ,festivals1 religious1 their commemorative character1 #bd4 ,fetiches4 ,see ,idols1 ,gods1 ,amulets1 and ,talismans4 ,fingers1 human1 necklace of1 deposited by the author in the ,national ,museum1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #cfd4 ,flap-,dragons4 ,see 8,healths in ,urine10 #bbi4 ,flattery1 ,cape 7,b4 ,north ,america71 ,indians of1 have an orgy induced by poisonous mushrooms1 #dh1 #fe4 ,flatulence1 of fairies1 #hg2 flatulence would kill the ,eskimo god 8,torngarsuk10 if witchcraft were going on in a house1 #aeg2 the ,devil put to flight by flatulence1 #afc1 #ddd2 flatulence avoided by the ,hebrews while at prayer1 also by the ,parsis2 considered a deadly insult by ,bedouins and ,afghans1 #afa1 #beg2 a contest for championship among the ,arabs1 #afa2 adored by the ,romans1 by the ,egyptians1 by the ,hebrews1 by the ,moabites1 by the ,assyrians1 in the worship of ,bel-peor1 #abg to #afc2 the bibliography of the subject1 #afb2 tenures of land in ,england by flatulence1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg2 a toll of flatulence exacted of prostitutes who for the first time crossed the bridge of ,montluc in ,france1 #afh2 called 8,sir ,reverence10 by the ,irish immigrants to the ,united ,states1 #afi2 in games in ,england1 #agc2 ,satan 8lets a f--t10 in the old ,moralities1 #agc2 the punishment for1 among small boys in ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 #agd1 #age1 #agf2 in obscene tales1 #aai1 #abj4 ,flesh1 ,human4 ,see ,mummy1 ,corpse1 ,therapeutics4 8,flowers as ,emblems0 7,standard1 ,london71 #bih4 ,fly ,agaric4 ,see ,mushroom4 ,fly ,poison4 ,see ,mushroom1 ,amanita1 ,agaric1 #eh4 ,fox1 ,charles ,james1 the ,english orator1 his essay upon flatulence2 essay upon wind1 #aab4 ,fuel1 human excrement said to have been used as1 #abj2 the excrement of animals known to have been used as1 #abj1 #aie1 #aif1 #aig1 #aih2 among ,israelites1 #abj4 ,fullers4 ,see ,industries1 ,bleaching4 ,fungus4 ,see ,mushroom1 ,mistletoe4 ,games1 #beb1 #bec1 #bed2 sailors'1 #bed2 harvest1 #bec4 ,garlic1 ,lamas abstain from it while making mani pills1 #fj2 ,chinese priests abstain from it while sacrificing1 #ie2 used by the ,scandinavians to frustrate witchcraft1 #if2 an article of diet from the earliest ages1 #if2 the smell of garlic accounted a sign of vulgarity in the time of ,shakespeare1 #if2 offered to the manes of the dead by the ,greeks1 #if2 invoked as a ,god by the ,egyptians1 #if2 not eaten by the ,pelusians1 #if2 ,peruvian priests abstained from it while engaged in sacrifice1 #ie4 ,gods believed to become incarnate in the medicine men1 #ei1--see ,lamas2 children in the ,samoan ,islands are called the 8excrement of such and such a god10 #fi2 ,bacchus or ,dionysius1 #fb2 ,mithras1 #fb2 8,bread of the ,gods0 7,mexico71 #ij2 ,egyptian gods1 #id2 onions and garlic adored as gods1 #id4 ,see also ,mushrooms and ,mistletoe1 ,dung-,gods1 ,cloacina1 ,crepitus4 ,gods1 heathen1 idea of1 #aeg4 ,golden ,bough1 ,the1 ,james ,g4 ,frazer1 ,m4 ,a41 ,london1 #ahij4 ,see ,frazer4 ,gomez4 ,see ,nirang4 ,grace1 ,herb of1 ,rue so called4 ,grand ,lama of ,thibet1 his excrements made into amulets1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #eb2 his urine mixed in food1 #dd2 the same ideas in ,ireland1 #eg1 #fh1 #fj2 and in ,uganda1 ,africa1 #fj2 the excrement of the ,grand ,lama made into snuff1 #bad4 ,guerlichon1 ,saint1 ,phallic statue near ,bruges1 #dcj4 ,hair1 #bdj2 in medicine1--see ,therapeutics1 #cdc1 #cde4 ,see also 8,cures by ,transplantation10 #cde1 #dab4 ,see ,witchcraft4 ,hair1 urine used in eradicating dandruff from1 #aih1 #aii1 #bhj1 #cad2 excrement of different kinds used as a dye for1 #aii2 camel's dung and urine good for1 #bhj2 bull's urine good for1 #bhj4 ,ha-o-kah1 the anti-,natural god of the ,sioux1 #ajf4 ,harvest ,games4 ,see ,games4 ,haschish4 ,see ,intoxicants4 8,healths in urine10 #bbi4 ,see ,flap-,dragons4 ,helmont1 ,von4 ,see ,oritrika4 ,herb of ,grace1 ,rue so-called4 ,see ,rue1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,holi1 huli1 hulica1 festival of1 #dcb1 #dcd4 ,holy water1 #ea1 #fj1 #fa1 #aje1 #ajh1 #aaf1 #baa1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bdg1 #bfa1 #bfd1 #chc1 #chh1 #cid1 #cih1 #cii1 #dbh1 #dca2 sweet-scented water used in sacred rites by ,lamas1 #ea2 the urine of the ,hottentot medicine men was looked upon as holy water1 #fj1 #bbi2 the water of the mistletoe used as1 #aje1 #ajh4 ,see also 8,water of ,immortality40 ,cow urine regarded as holy water by ,parsees and ,hindus1 #aaf2 holy water superseded a former use of urine1 #baa1 #bfa2 urine used instead of1 in 8,witches' ,mass10 #chc1 #chh1 #cid1 #cig1 #cih2 the water of the river ,ganges held to be holy1 #dbh2 lingam1 #cjd1 #cje1 #dca2 8yellow water10 #dca4 ,hom1 the sacred plant of the ,magi2 its resemblance to mistletoe1 #aja4 8,hommes habills en ,femme10 #bb1 #bc4 ,horns1 as symbols of power1 #djh2 in witchcraft1 #bde4 ,hospitality4 ,in ,siberia1 women are presented to distinguished guests who must drink their urine1 #bbh1 #caf4 ,hugo1 ,victor1 refers to the tax of flatulence imposed upon prostitutes in ,france1 #afh4 8,hum10 the sacred drink of the ,parsis1 #chj4 ,hunting and fishing1 mistletoe ensured success in1 #aji2 sacrifices offered to the god of1 #afa2 bladders worn by distinguished ,hottentot hunters1 #bdd4 ,idols1 #ced2 women of the1 #djf4 8,impenetrability of ,weapons10 #bai4 ,incantation4 ,see under ,witchcraft2 see also ,singing1 ,music4 ,incantations1 #bah4 ,industries1 #agg to #aie4 ,initiation1 #ahi1 #bdj1 #bdc1 #chc1 #chd2 ,indians compelled to eat cow-dung before1 #aad1 #aai2 tattooing upon1 #ahe2 ,parsis drink bull urine1 #bch2 ,hottentot young men emasculated and sprinkled with urine at time of1 #bch1 #bci2 ,eskimo candidate for the honor of medicine men1 had to be accustomed to the smell of urine from babyhood1 #bci2 initiation of witches1 #djb4 ,see also ,confirmation4 ,insanity4 ,see ,mania4 ,insults1 #hg1 #aad1 #bec1 #bed1 #bee1 #bef1 #beg1 #cgi2 ordure and urine in1 #hg2 the ,hebrews revile each other's temples1 calling them 8,houses of ,dung10 #aad4 ,intoxicants1 sacred character of1 #ge1 #hi1 #ij1 #ia2 at weddings1 #bbi4 ,see ,mushrooms1 ,mistletoe1 ,haschish1 ,wine1 ,urine4 ,intoxication1 sacred1 #chj4 ,ireland1 called the 8,urinal of the ,planets10 #bfi4 ,isaiah1 ,hebrew prophet1 supposed to refer to the mistletoe1 #aja2 had attacks of mania1 #aba2 compared human justice 8panno menstruat10 #bec4 ,jewelry1 excrement as1 #ahd4 ,jews' ,ears4 ,see ,mushrooms4 ,kadeshim1 #djf4 ,kashima1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #dcd4 ,kempis1 ,thomas 1 compared all human joys to dung1 #bga4 ,king's ,evil1 could be cured by the touch of the king1 #fj1 #fa2 or by that of a menstruating woman1 #fj1 #fa3 the first of these beliefs is evidently a 8survival0 of man worship1 #fj1 #fa2 could be cured by the urine of a male child1 #cjj4 ,kingsley1 ,j4 ,w41 ,m4,d41 his views on ,ur-orgies1 #fe1 #gj4 ,kissing4 ,see under ,phallism1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #agc1 #bbb2 under ,mistletoe1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,as a religious rite in the ,christian church1 #ajd2 kissing the post of ,billingsgate1 ,london1 #agc4 8,knife1 ,the10 a secret order of the ,zuis1 #f2 8,knife1 the ,winged10 a god of the ,zuis of ,new ,mexico1 #i4 ,kutka1 a god of the ,kamtchatkans1 falls in love with his own excrement1 #bfg4 ,lajarde1 his definition of 8,cow's ,water10 #aac4 ,lamas1 #db1 #dc1 #dd1 #dg1 #dh1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #eb1 #ec1 #eh1 #ei1 #hb1 #aah1 #abf2 among the ,irish1 #eh1 #fi1 #hb4 ,see ,grand ,lama of ,thibet1 ,priests1 ,buddhists4 ,lamas of ,thibet1 #ceh4 ,see ,bhikshunis1 ,buddhists4 ,latrines1 #aca-aec4 ,loretto1 shrine of1 tattooing practised at1 #aij4 ,love-,philters1 #bbc4 ,see ,philters1 ,divination1 ,courtship and ,marriage4 ,lustral ,water1 #bdj1 #djj4 ,lustration4 ,see ,aspersion1 ,baptism4 8,mad ,potion10 ,wysoccan1 #bdc4 ,magic1 mistletoe believed to have magical powers1 #ajj2 ,osthanes1 the ,persian1 the first writer upon magic1 according to ,pliny1 #cgf4 ,see under ,eunuch1 ,aphrodisiacs1 ,witchcraft1 ,amulets and ,talismans1 ,charms1 ,incantations4 ,magical ,impenetrability4 ,see under ,war ,customs4 ,mandrake1 #cgf4 ,mandrake1 before pulling it out of the ground1 it was anointed with the urine of a woman and the catamenia of a virgin1 #cgf4 8,mangeurs de ,blanc10 #bhg4 ,mania1 induced by drinking the water of the 8,borgie well0 of ,glasgow1 #gf2 induced by poisonous mushrooms1 #gi2 human ordure and urine a cure for1 #cad1 #cci2 ,ezekiel and ,isaiah had attacks of1 #aba4 ,manicheans1 bathed in urine1 #baa2 sprinkled the ,eucharistic bread with semen1 #bbi4 ,man worship1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa1 #dei1 #dfj1-- see ,grand ,lama of ,thibet2 see ,gurus2 see ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 #cf2 see ,excrement1 ,pedung2 the same ideas in ,ireland1 #fj2 and in ,uganda1 ,africa1 #fj2 the existence of man worship in ,europe1 #fa2 connected with the belief in the power of the king's touch1 to cure the ,king's ,evil1 #fa4 ,marriage4 ,see ,courtship and ,marriage4 ,marrow1 human1 in medicine1 see ,therapeutics2 in witchcraft1 see ,witchcraft4 ,matthew1 ,saint1 compares all human joys to dung1 #bga4 ,meconium1--see ,therapeutics2 a cosmetic1 see ,cosmetics4 ,medicine-men of the ,ove-hereros1 ,africa urinate on the sick in order to effect cures1 #cci4 ,menstruation4 ,see ,catamenia4 8,merde du ,diable10 assaftida so called1 #ddd4 ,merde1 ,holy4 ,see ,excrement4 ,metals1 transmutation of4 ,see ,potable ,gold4 ,human urine used in effecting1 #ahc4 ,milk vessels in ,africa1 washed out with human urine1 #aii2 a good flow of milk assured by washing the cow's udders with urine1 #baa2 a good flow of milk assured in a woman's breasts1 by washing them with urine1 #baa2 in medicine1--see ,therapeutics2 sprinkled by nursing women upon a fire1 #cia2 milk of cow sprinkled upon the lingam1 #dbh1 #dca4 ,mistletoe1 #gd1 #ge1 #ib1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aed1 #cja2 spoken of in ,cingalese ,myths1 #ib1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf2 why venerated by the ,druids1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja2 adored by the ,massaget and the ,persians1 #aja1 #ajb2 and by the ancients generally1 #ajj2 a cure for sterility1 #aja1 #ajb2 ,virgil called it 8,branch of ,gold10 #aja2 ,charon dumb in the presence of1 #aja2 a ,phallic symbol1 #aja1 #ajb2 a berry plucked off with every kiss1 #ajc2 kissing under1 #ajc2 dedicated to ,mylitta1 #ajc2 mistletoe of the oak1 pear1 and hazel1 will produce abortion1 #ajd2 alleged to have been held sacred by the mound-builders1 #ajg4 ,mistletoe1 when found growing on the oak1 represented man1 #aaj4 ,mock baptism1 #bcb4 ,mortuary ceremonies1 #aej1 #aeb1 #afb1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfc2 purification in1 #aej2 the vagina1 urethra1 nostrils1 rectum1 etc41 of corpses closed by the ,pelew islanders1 #afb2 defilement from touching a corpse1 #bfa4 ,mound-builders1 alleged to have held mistletoe sacred1 #gf4 ,mourning1 #bfb2 urine and ordure as signs of1 #bfb2 ,australians in mourning rub themselves with the moisture from the corpse1 #bfa4 ,see ,mortuary ,ceremonies4 ,muhongo1 an ,african boy from ,angola4 ,muk-a-,moor4 ,see ,mushrooms4 ,mummy1 in medicine1 see ,therapeutics2 in love-philters1 see ,philters4 ,museum1 ,national4 ,see ,national ,museum4 ,museum1 ,washington1 ,d4,c41 #cfd4 ,mushrooms1 poisonous mushrooms used in ,ur-orgies1 #fe to #ia2 obeyed as a god by the ,siberians1 #gj1 #ge2 at the 8,holy ,well of the ,borgie10 ,glasgow1 #gf2 adored as a god by the ,africans1 #gi2 detested by ,hindus1 #ib4 ,musk1 odor of1 restored by hanging it in a privy1 #aha2 in medicine1--see ,therapeutics2 human excrement was called musk by ,paracelsus1 #cda4 ,mylitta1 ,babylonian goddess of venery2 prostitution in her temples1 #aja1 #ajc1 #djd1 #dje1 #djf1 #djg1 #djh4 ,myths1 #aea1 #bbf1 #bef1 #bff-bga4 ,nails1 in medicine1--see ,therapeutics2 see ,witchcraft2 ,cures by ,transplantation4 ,names1 #ei1 #abc1 #abd1 #ddb2 in ,samoa1 children are named the 8excrement of ,tongo10 or some other god1 #ei2 in ,india1 and among the ,parsis1 children are sprinkled with cow urine1 when named1 #aec2 the name of the victim had to be invoked in a substitutive sacrifice1 #abd2 the name of the patient had to be mentioned when medicinal herbs were gathered1 #ddb4 ,nanacatl1 the poisonous mushroom used in ,mexican orgies1 #hi1 #ij4 ,necklace of human fingers1 deposited by the author in the ,national ,museum1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 #cfd4 ,necromancy4 ,see ,witchcraft4 8,nehue-cue10 a secret order of the ,zuis1 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,nirang1 #h1 #abb1 #cia4 ,see ,urine1 ,gomez1 ,cow ,urine1 ,lustrations4 ,omens4 ,see ,divination4 ,ordeals and ,punishments1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bea1 #beb1 #bec4 ,ordure4 ,see ,excrement4 ,origen1 #ajh4 ,osthanes1 the magician1 accompanied the army of ,xerxes into ,greece1 and1 according to ,pliny1 was the first writer on magic2 his views on the magical effects of human urine1 #cgf4 ,ove-hereros1 of ,africa1 their medicine-men urinate on the sick in order to effect cures1 #cci4 ,parsis1 anoint themselves with the ordure and urine of the cow1 #g1 #h1 #dh2 drink cow urine1 #g1 #h1 #dh1 #aac1 #abb1 #baa2 asperse themselves with cow urine1 #aac1 #abb2 use of bull urine at time of confirmation1 #bch4 ,parturition1 mushrooms given to bring about pregnancy1 #hc2 the ,hindu women's method for aiding pregnancy1 #ic2 mistletoe given to aid childbirth1 #ajj2 and to cure sterility1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajd2 human ordure and urine drunk to remedy sterility1 #abf2 ,apache-,yuma women tattoo themselves when anxious to become mothers1 #ahf2 ceremonies connected with the first pregnancy of ,guinea negresses1 #baj1 #baa2 the breasts of ,scotch women bathed with human urine1 #baj1 #baa2 the breasts of the women of the ,french peasantry bathed with human urine1 #baj1 #baa2 a pessary of meconium to cure sterility1 #bcc2 ,english women drank the urine of husband to aid them in labor1 #bcd2 idem1 ,france1 #bce2 ,germany1 etc4 #cje2 teeth worn as amulets during pregnancy1 #cfd2 in the ,kala-,vala1 it is narrated that a maiden became pregnant after swallowing a berry1 #ajh4 ,paschasius1 a ,roman judge1 sprinkled ,saint ,lucy with urine because she was a witch1 #cid4 ,pastimes4 ,see ,games4 ,paul1 the apostle1 compares all human joys to dung1 #bga4 ,pelusium1 onion was worshipped as a god in1 #if2 the people did not eat onions or garlic1 #if2 they adored flatulence1 #aee4 ,penance4 ,see ,ordeals and ,punishments4 ,perspiration1 a component of love-philters2 in medicine1 #bij1 #dab4 ,see ,therapeutics1 ,cures by ,transplantation4 ,phallic dances1 the ,phallus fungus1 #gi2 a ,phallic importance seems to have attached to the onion1 #if2 likewise to the mistletoe1 #ajc2 8,jack of ,hilton10 apparently a ,phallic idol1 #afe1 #aff2 the 8,mannikin0 of ,brussels1 another1 #afe1 #aff2 the ,phallic game of 8,cockle ,bread10 #bba1 #bbb4 ,see under ,lingam4 ,phallism1 #g1 #ab1 #gi1 #ajc1 #aag1 #afe1 #aff1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bfa1 #dbh1 #dbi1 #dcj1 #dca4 ,pharmacy1 among savages1 is always a matter of religion1 #bgg4 ,see ,therapeutics4 ,philosopher's stone1 #bbf1 #cjd1 #cje4 ,see ,transmutation of ,metals2 see 8,potable ,gold40 ,philters1 ordure and urine in1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah1 #bbc2 death the punishment for making them of ordure and urine1 #baf2 philters were also made of perspiration1 semen1 and catamenia1 #baf1 #bag1 #bah1 #bai2 made by transfusion of blood1 #bai2 anti-philters1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,phosphorus4 ,see ,industries4 8,piss1 the more you1 the less you cry10 #bge4 ,placenta1 see ,after-,birth2 in philters1 see ,philters4 ,plaster1 see ,industries4 ,pledges1 #bbh1 #bdj1 #dbg1 #deg1 #deh2 human urine drunk as a pledge of friendship in ,siberia1 #bbh4 ,see under ,blood ,covenant1 #bdj2 see under ,human ,sacrifice1 #deg4 ,poison1 #eh1 #bcd1--see ,mushrooms2 see 8,imbando20 human ordure an antidote for1 #caa1 #cab1 #cac1 #cbb1 #cbc2 human ordure also used by the ,japanese as a cure for the wounds of poisonous weapons1 #caa1 #cab2 also for the same purpose by other nations1 #cab1 #cac2 the patient's own urine an antidote for1 #cbj1 #cbb2 the bites of venomous animals1 mad dogs1 and snakes1 cured by human ordure1 #cab2 and by urine1 #dad2 but there was no 8,cure by ,transplantation0 for poison1 #dab4 8,potable ,gold10 #cjc1 #cje4 ,see ,transmutation of ,metals1 #ahc4 ,pregnancy4 ,see ,parturition4 ,presents1 those received from the devil always turned into filth1 #dja4 ,priests1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ae1 #ai1 #bj1 #be1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #fj1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #hi1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aae1 #aaf1 #abh1 #abi1 #ace1 #aef2 the water in which they defecated1 drunk by pious ,irish kings1 #eh2 the ,chinese priests have mushrooms as part of their diet1 #ha2 the chief priest of the ,romans was called the greatest bridge builder1 #afi1 #agj1 #aga2 priests tattooed the young men1 #ahe1 #ahf2 the priests of ,jupiter ,ammon made sal ammoniac1 #aie2 ,hottentot priests sprinkled their urine upon wedding guests1 young warriors1 and mourners1 #bbi2 priests were the earthly representatives of their deities1 #cbb1 #cfb2 the skulls of ,buddhist priests used in divination1 #cei4 ,prostitution1 sacred prostitution1 #aja1 #ajc1 #afh1 #djd1 #dje1 #djf1 #djg2 a toll of flatulence exacted of prostitutes crossing bridge of ,montluc in ,france1 #afh1 #afi2 in the ,south ,sea ,islands1 #ace2 in ,paris1 #ccg2 prostitutes in ,rome offered expiations of catamenia1 #cej2 the prostitutes of ,amsterdam believed that horse-dung brought them luck1 #dje2 the prostitutes of ,babylon1 #djd1 #dje1 #djf2 of ,patagonia1 #djg4 ,purification4 ,see ,lustration1 ,mortuary ,ceremonies1 ,aspersion1 ,holy ,water4 ,queen of ,madagascar asperses her subjects with the water in which she has bathed1 #fj4 ,rain1 the urine of the gods1 #bgj4 ,rainbow1 #ahj1 #bfg1 #ddb2 regarded generally by the savage mind as a panacea1 #ddb1 and by the ,africans as a serpent1 #bfg4 ,rattles1 #f1 #dcg2 sometimes consulted as oracles1 #dcg2 and adored as a god1 #dcg4 ,raven talked to its own excrement1 #bgj4 ,reverence1 ,sir ,reverence1 #agj1 #bdg1 #bec4 ,ring1 urination through the wedding ring baffled witchcraft1 #bcj1 #bca2 rings were formerly exchanged by bridal couple1 #bcj4 ,see ,amulets and ,talismans1 ,courtship and ,marriage1 ,circle4 ,ritual of the ,feast of the ,ass1 #ae2 of the ,lamas for making mani pills1 #di1 #ej1 #ea2 of the ,moslems for urinating1 #ada2 of bridge-builders in the ,middle ,ages1 #afi1 #agj1 #aga2 of ,bel-,phegor1 #agc1--see under ,bel-,phegor2 see also ,kissing the ,post of ,billingsgate2 of the ,manicheans and ,albigenses1 #bbj4 ,ritualistic cannibalism1 #fd1 #aee2 among ,hebrews1 #aee4 ,roman ,catholic ,church1 councils interdict the use of ordure and urine in witchcraft1 #baf1 #cid2 also interdict love-philters1 #bbj1 #bba2 used rue in exorcism1 #bbe4 ,rosemary1 #cii4 ,rue1 #bbe2 called 8,herb of ,grace10 #bbe2 an urino-genital irritant1 #bbe2 used to asperse congregations1 #bbe1 #bde2 died if touched by a menstruating woman1 #cej2 used in the manufacture of anti-philters1 #bbe4 ,see ,tree and ,plant ,worship4 ,sacred intoxication1 #cha4 ,sacrifice1--see also ,oblations1 ,votive ,offerings1 see ,human ,sacrifice1 see ,substitutive ,sacrifice1 ,abstinence2 ,chinese priests abstain from garlic while offering sacrifice1 #ie2 garlic was offered in sacrifice by ,greeks and ,egyptians1 #ie2 cow dung and urine in sacrifice in ,india and ,thibet1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag2 ashes of cow dung used by the ,hindus and ,hebrews1 #aac1 #aad2 of ordure placed on the altars of the ,assyrian ,venus1 #abi1 #acj2 ditto of ,mexican dung gods1 #aca2 of ordure and urine on the altars of ,bel-,phegor1 #acb1 #acc2 sacrifices of ear-wax1 saliva1 mucus1 tears1 #acb1 #acc4 ,see ,ceremonial ,observances4 ,sagard1 ,pre1 #bcd2 ,histoire du ,canada1 edition of ,paris1 #ahhe4 ,sakya-,muni4 ,see ,buddha4 ,salagram4 ,see ,lingam4 ,sal ,ammoniac4 ,see ,industries4 ,saliva1 #bjb1 #dag1--see also ,spitting2 as an oblation to ,bel-peor1 #acb1 #acc2 in medicine1--see ,therapeutics2 see 8,cures by ,transplantation40 ,salt1 urine employed as a substitute for1 #aah1 #aii1 #bjd2 and in the manufacture of1 #aic2 salt and water as a substitute for urine1 #baa2 in witchcraft1 #cgi1 #djc1--see ,witchcraft2 not generally eaten by witches1 #djb2 used by the ,irish to drive away witches1 #djd4 ,saltpetre4 ,see ,industries4 ,samoan ,islands1 filthy names given to children1 as a matter of religion1 #ei4 ,santa ,claus1 his derivation from polar countries1 #bji4 ,saturnalia4 ,see ,bacchanalia1 ,huli4 ,scatomancy1 or ,divination by ,excrement4 ,see ,divination4 ,scatophagi 7excrement eaters74 ,see ,excrement4 ,scybalaophagi4 ,see ,scatophagi1 ,excrement4 ,sectarial ,marks of the ,hindus4 ,see ,tattooing4 ,secundines1 an anti-philter1 #bbf-bce4 ,see ,after-,birth4 ,semen in love-philters1 #bag1 #bai1--see ,philters2 in medicine1 see ,therapeutics2 in witchcraft1 see ,witchcraft4 ,semen lini1 #big4 ,shamrock4 ,see ,druids4 ,shampooing4 ,see ,hair4 ,signatures1 ,doctrine of4 ,see ,cures by ,transplantation4 ,silence1 in ceremonial observances1 #dad1 #ddb2 in gathering medicinal plants1 #ddb4 ,skin1 #bib4 ,skin1 ,human1 in ,therapeutics4 ,see ,therapeutics4 ,skull1 human1 in medicine4--see ,therapeutics2 a remedy for witchcraft2 moss growing on skull2 in medicine2 in the religious ceremonies of the ,lamas1 #cei4 ,smoking1 buffalo dung smoked1 #ahb1 #bad2 hen dung smoked in adulterated opium1 #ahb2 the excrement of the ,grand ,lama used as snuff1 #bad2 pig dung used as snuff1 #bad2 the people of ,achaia smoked cow dung1 #bad4 ,see also ,incense4 ,smudges4 ,see also ,fuel4 ,snake1 #cc2 as food1 #cc2 snake dances1 #bg4 ,snuff1 the excrement of the ,grand ,lama made into snuff1 #bad2 pig dung used as1 #bad1 #cbi2 powdered skulls used as1 #beb2 moss growing on skull used as1 #cfj4 ,see ,smoking1 ,tobacco1 ,excrement1 ,grand ,lama4 ,soap1 antedated by urine1 #adj1 #bjb1 #bjc4 ,sorcery4 ,see ,witchcraft1 ,enchantment4 ,spatalomancy1 divination by ,skin1 ,bones and ,excrement4 ,see ,divination1 ,scatomancy4 ,spells4 ,see ,magic4 ,stercoraceous chair of the ,popes1 #bac4 8,stercoranistes10 or 8,stercorarians10 a sect charged with believing that the sacred elements in the ,eucharist were subject to digestion1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef4 8,stercoraire1--,chaise des ,papes10 #bac4 ,stercus1 ,sterculius1 ,stercutus1 ,sterquilinus4 ,see ,dung ,gods4 ,sterility1 #bbf1 #bcf4 ,sterility4 ,see ,therapeutics4 ,substitutive sacrifice1 ,ezekiel substitutes cow dung for human ordure in his food1 #aai1 #abj1 #aba2 the cow1 a substitute for human sacrifice1 #abb2 ox1 buffalo1 and goat1 ditto1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf2 cock and chamois1 ditto1 #aga2 wolf or goat1 ditto1 #aga2 chicken1 ditto1 #beb4 ,see ,survivals4 ,sulphur1 8,occidental ,sulphur10 a name for human ordure when administered in medicine1 #dbd4 ,sun ,dance1 #bg4 ,superstition4 ,see ,survivals1 ,religion4 ,survivals1 burlesque survivals1 #cjf1 #cjg1 #cjh1 #dcb1 #dcc1 #dcd1 #dce1 #dcf1 #dcg4 ,see ,substitutive ,sacrifice4 ,sweat-,bath4 ,see ,purification1 ,lustration4 ,sympathetic ,cures4 ,see ,cures by ,transplantation1 ,color ,symbolism1 ,doctrine of ,signatures4 ,sympathies1 the ,doctrine of4 ,see ,color ,symbolism1 ,cures by ,transplantation2 ,similia ,similibus4 8,szombatiaks10 of ,transylvania1 #ah1 #ai4 ,tallow1 ,human1 in medicine4 ,see ,therapeutics4 ,tanning4 ,see ,industries4 ,tartar1 the impurities from human teeth1 used in medicine4 ,see ,therapeutics4 ,tattooing1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #aij2 in ,australia1 #ahg2 among ,american ,indians1 #ahe1 #ahf2 among ,burmese1 #ahf2 the sectarial marks of the ,hindus1 #ahf2 8,tattooed ,face10 a god of the ,mandans1 #ahf2 tattooing of captives1 #ahf4 ,teeth1--see ,dentrifice2 in medicine1 #bee1--see ,therapeutics2 to frustrate witchcraft1 #bha1--see ,witchcraft4 ,tenacity of ,ceremonial4 ,see ,survivals4 ,tenures of land1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg2 obscene tenures in ,england1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg2 8,ancient0 ,blount1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg2 of land by flatulence1 in ,england1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg2 the antiquity of these tenures1 #afg4 ,testes1 testicles1 #bcj2 of bridegroom anointed with 8,zibethum10 #bcj4 ,see1 also1 ,eunuchs4 ,testicles1 #bbe1 #bcj2 of goat and fox1 used as aphrodisiacs1 #bbe2 of bridegroom anointed1 #bcj4 ,therapeutic ,hagiology1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj1 #dbc1 #dde1 #ddf4 ,therapeutics1 #bgg to #cdc inclusive2 #cdd to #cfe inclusive4--see ,parturition1 ,courtship and ,marriage1 ,sterility1 ,virility1 ,ligatures1 ,amulets and ,talismans1 ,cosmetics1 ,witchcraft1 etc42 the ,heathen theory of therapeutics1 #dbc4 ,thibetan doctors churn the patient's urine before making a diagnosis of disease1 #bgc4 ,toasts1 urine drunk in1 #bbi1 #bch4 ,tobacco1 cured by hanging in privies1 #aha2 mixed with buffalo or rhinoceros dung for smoking1 #bad2 used by the ,irish to drive away fairies1 #djc4 ,tolls1 on bridges1 roads1 etc41 #aff1 #afg1 #afh1 #afi2 of flatulence1 exacted from prostitutes1 #aff1 #afg1 #afh1 #afi4 8,torngarsuk10 an ,eskimo god1 could be killed by flatulence1 #aeg4 ,totem4 ,see ,clan1 ,tattooing4 8,transplantation1 ,cures by10 #cgh to #dbg inclusive1 #dci1 #dda1 #ddb1 #ddc1 #ddd1 #deg1 #deh1 #dfj4 ,see ,animal ,worship1 ,tree and ,plant ,worship4 ,tree and plant worship1 #dbg1--see ,rue2 ,mistletoe1 #ef1 #eg2 ,aconite1 #aej2 ,dandelion1 #aej2 ,mushroom1 #ef4 ,see ,oak4 ,urinals4 ,see ,latrines4 ,urination in bed1 charm to prevent1 #cge4 ,urination1 posture in1 #ada1 #aea1 #aeb2 ,mahometans1 #ada2 ,apaches1 men and women1 #aea2 ancient ,irish1 #aeb2 ,italians1 #aeb2 ,chinese1 #aeb2 ,greeks1 ,romans1 etc41 #cge4 ,see ,ceremonial ,observances4 ,urine1 #bcf1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda2 used as a stimulant in ,south ,america1 ,malacca1 ,bavaria1 and ,central ,africa1 #ccb1 #ccc2 given to new-born babes in ,england1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda2 urine drinking1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bda2 poured upon the head of a woman in labor by ,eskimo1 #bcf4 ,urine of medicine men sprinkled upon ,hottentot bride and groom1 #ei1 #bbh1 #bbi2 the ,queen of ,madagascar sprinkled her subjects with the water in which she had bathed1 #fj2 a similar custom at ,russian weddings1 #bca2 a remedy for witchcraft1 #baf1--see ,witchcraft2 in conjunction with the lizard is an antiphrodisiac1 #bbd1--see ,ligature1 ,virility1 ,wedding1 ,wedding ,ring2 the ,eskimo boy who aspires to become a medicine man must accustom himself to the smell of urine from boyhood1 #bci2 urine in sacrifice1--see ,sacrifice1 ,lustration1 ,aspersions1 ,oblations1 ,war ,customs1 ,divination2 urine in cosmetics1--see ,cosmetics2 urine in witchcraft1--see ,witchcraft1 ,initiation2 urine in bread-making1 #cb1 #ci2 urine in industries1--see ,agriculture1 ,industries1 ,tanning1 ,bleaching1 ,dyeing2 urine as a dentrifrice1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje2 urine in medicine1--see ,therapeutics2 in love-philters1--see ,love-,philters2 8urine-casting10 #cif2 urine as a beverage1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #bb1 #cj1 #cf1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #eh1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge1 #hf1 #hg2 probably used as such by the fairies1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah2 also by ,hindu and ,hebrew fanatics1 #aai1 #abj1 #abf2 was drunk to ease the pains of pregnancy1 #bcc2 ,english women in labor drank their husband's urine1 #bcd2 this seems to have been a very ancient practice1 #bce1 #bcf2 urine in such cases among the ,eskimo1 #bcf2 ,parsis drink bull's urine at ,confirmation1 #bch2 children1 at birth1 forced to drink urine1 #bci1 #bdj2 water in which babe has just been bathed drunk by ,indians of ,california1 midwives1 #bci2 the ,ponca ,indians made an ,omaha calumet-bearer drink urine1 #beg2 urine in 8cures by transplantation10--see 8,cures by ,transplantation10 ,lingam2 the urine of the ,grand ,lama of ,thibet mixed in food1 #dd4 ,see ,insults1 ,myths1 ,tolls4 ,urine formerly thrown out of windows in ,paris1 ,bordeaux1 ,madrid1 ,edinburgh1 and many other cities of ,europe1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach2 urine dances1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #bb1 #cj1 #fe1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge1 #gf1 #hg4 ,see also under ,feast of ,fools4 ,urinoscopy1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #cca1 #che1 #chf1 #dae2 complicated with divination1 7q4 v47 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgd2 seems to have prevailed in all parts of the world1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgd2 among the ,romans1 #bgb1 #bgc2 ,arabians1 #bgb1 #bgc2 in ,england1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgd2 in ,germany1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgd2 ,france1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgd2 among the ,greeks1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgd4 ,virgil calls mistletoe the 8,branch of ,gold10 #gb1 #gh4 ,vitriol4 ,see ,cures by ,transplantation4 ,vodka4 ,see ,intoxicants4 ,voudooism4 ,see ,witchcraft4 ,waltz1 #dja4 ,war customs1 #bcg1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bef2 captive girls tattooed by the ,mojaves1 #acj2 young ,hottentot warriors emasculated1 #bch2 human ordure an antidote for poisoned weapons1 #cab1 #cbc2 the custom of drinking from human skulls1 #cei4 ,see ,sacrifice4 8,water1 ,alchymical10 made of urine1 #ahc4 8,water1 ,bitter10 of the ,hebrews1 #bee4 8,water1 ,celestial10 #cid1 #cih4 8,water1 ,fore-spoken10 #cih1 #cii4 8,water1 ,lustral10 #bdj1 #djj4 8,water of ,all ,flowers10 #cff1 #cfg4 ,see ,millefleurs4 8,water of ,dung10 #aii4 ,see ,excrement4 8,water of ,juniper10 #cih1 #cii4 8,water of ,immortality10 made of mistletoe1 #ajh4 ,water worship1--see ,holy ,water1 ,lustration2 water used ceremonially by ,moslems for ablutions after evacuation1 #ada1 #adb1 #adc2 by the ,romans1--see ,latrines2 negresses of ,guinea1 pregnant for the first time1 must bathe in the sea1 #baj1 #baa2 water in which a baby had been bathed for the first time1 was drunk by the ,california ,indian midwives1 #bci2 8yellow water0 of the ,feast of ,holica1 #dcb1 #dcc1 #dcd4 ,see also ,religion4 ,weaning of children in ,guinea1 #baa1 #bcf4 ,weddings1--see ,courtship and ,marriage1 #dh2 ,ur-orgies at ,korak weddings1 #fe1 #ff1 #fg2 urine drunk at the weddings of the ,tchuktchi1 in ,siberia1 #bbh2 urine of the bride sprinkled upon guests at ,moorish weddings1 #bbh2 water in which the ,russian bride has bathed1 ditto1 #bca2 wine drunk at weddings may have superseded urine of the bride1 in ,england1 ,ireland1 etc41 #bbh2 wine glasses broken at ,jewish weddings1 #bbh2 the urine of the medicine men was sprinkled upon the wedded couple among ,hottentots1 #bbh1 #bbi2 urination through the wedding ring baffled witches1 #bcj1 #bca4 ,wells1 ,holy4 ,see ,water ,worship4 ,whale dung1 amber believed to be1 #bga2 ambergris1 ditto1 #bga4 ,wine1 that used by fairies seems to have been urine1 #hg2 possibly superseded urine at weddings1 #bbi2 wine-glasses broken at ,hebrew weddings1 #bbi1 #bcj2 in witchcraft1 #cih2 in 8cures by transplantation10--see ,cures by ,transplantation2 see under ,lingam1 #dbi1 #dcj1 #dca2 8,priapic ,wine10 #dbi4 ,witchcraft1 #adf1 #bjj1 #cgc to #dcd inclusive4 ,lapland witches used poisonous fungi1 #ha1 #hf1--see ,fairies1 8,fairy ,butter20 garlic used by the ,scandinavians to frustrate witches1 #ie2 and also by the ,irish1 #ie2 mistletoe used for the same purpose1 #ajg1 #ajh2 witches could not hurt those who wore mistletoe or carried knives with handles made of it1 #ajh1 #aji2 sacred powder frustrates witchcraft1 #aaf2 witchcraft in connection with the building of the bridge of ,respoden1 #aaf2 ,laps believe in the potency of human ordure and urine in1 #ahd4 ,see ,cures by ,transplantation1 ,concluding ,remarks1 ,amulets and ,talismans4 ,wysoccan1 the 8,mad ,potion10 #bdc4 ,zolatry4 ,see ,animal ,worship4