,,music ,,& ,,life    ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,! 
,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,ourselves ,,&    
,,music    ,,by    ,,?omas ,,:itney     
,,surette    ,,au?or ,,( 8,! ,developm5t
 ( ,symphonic ,music0 ,,& 7,,) ,d4 ,g4  
,,mason7  ,,( 8,! ,appreciation (       
,music0    ,illu/ration3 ,decoration    
,,bo/on ,,& ,,new ,,york ,,h\ghton      
,,miffl9 ,,company ,! ,riv]side ,press  
,cambridge #aiag          ,,copyright1  
#aiaf1 ,,by ,,! ,,atlantic ,,mon?ly     
,,company  ,,copyright1 #aiag1 ,,by     
,,?omas ,,:itney ,,surette    ,,all     
,,rights ,,res]v$    ,publi%$ ,m>* #aiag
          ,,ackn[l$gm5t      ,! au?or   
desires to express 8 ?anks to ! ,editor 
( ! ,atlantic  ,mon?ly = p]mission to   
use1 z a "p ( ?is book1 mat]ial f a     
s]ies ( articles t appe>$ 9 8 magaz9e4  
,,cont5ts    ,illu/ration3 ,decoration  
,,introduction      ,,*apt] ,i    ,,:at 
,,is ,,music8      ,i4 ,,di/9ction      
,,betwe5 ,,music ,,& ,,! ,,o!r ,,arts   
#a     ,,ii4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,music  
#f    ,,iii4 ,,! ,,significance ,,(     

,,music                          #ac    
,,iv4 8,,beauty ,,is ,,tru?1 ,,tru?     
,,beauty0                    #ah        
,,*apt] ,,ii    ,,music ,,= ,,*ildr5    
,i4 ,,tra9+ ,,! ,,s5se ,,= ,,beauty     
#bf     ,,ii4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,s++     
#cf    ,,iii4 ,,curr5t ,,me?ods ,,(     
,,tea*+                        #da      
,,iv4 ,,:at ,,%\ld ,,*ildr5 ,,s+8       
#de      ,v4 ,,! ,,fallacy ,,( ,,!      
,,inevitable ,,pian(orte ,,lesson    #ej
     ,,vi4 ,,! ,,real ,,goal            
#ef      ,,*apt] ,,iii    ,,public      
,,s*ool ,,music      ,i4 ,,ideals ,,(   
,,public ,,s*ool ,,education            
#fa     ,,ii4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,music   
,,9 ,,public ,,s*ool ,,education        
#fh    ,,iii4 ,,false ,,me?ods ,,(      
,,tea*+                          #gd    
,,iv4 ,,good ,,or ,,bad ,,music         
#hc      ,v4 ,,attempts ,,at ,,re=m     
#ia     ,,vi4 ,,o!r ,,activities ,,9    
,,s*ool ,,music                   #ig   
,,*apt] ,,iv    ,,community ,,music     
,i4 ,,music ,,by ,,proxy                

#ajc     ,,ii4 ,,our ,,musical          
,,activities                            
#ajh    ,,iii4 ,,:at ,,we ,,might ,,d   
#aag     ,,iv4 ,,an ,,exp]im5t          
#abi      ,v4 ,,music ,,z ,a ,,social   
,,=ce                           #acd    
,,*apt] ,v    ,,! ,,op]a      ,i4 ,,:at 
,,is ,,op]a8                            
#ade     ,,ii4 ,,op]a ,,9 ,,! ,,old     
,,/yle                            #adi  
,,iii4 ,,wagn] ,,& ,,aft]               
#aeh     ,,iv4 ,,:5 ,,music ,,& ,,drama 
,,are ,,fitly ,,jo9$             #aff   
,v4 ,,op]a ,,z ,a ,,human ,,in/itution  
#age      ,,*apt] ,,vi    ,,! ,,symphony
      ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,symphony8     
#agi     ,,ii4 ,,h[ ,,%all ,,we ,,und]/&
 ,,x8                       #ahg        
,,iii4 ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,( ,,! ,,symphony
                     #aif     ,,iv4     
,,tone ,,color ,,& ,,design             
#baj      ,,*apt] ,,vii    ,,!          
,,symphony 7,cont9u$7      ,i4 ,,!      
,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,symphony              
#baf     ,,ii4 ,,/ages ,,( ,,its        

,,developm5t                            
#bbf    ,,iii4 ,,*amb] ,,music ,,z ,,an 
,,introduction ,,to ,,symphonies    #bcd
     ,,iv4 ,,! ,,p]=m] ,,& ,,! ,,public 
#bcg      ,*apt] ,,viii    ,,conclusion 
#bda          ,,introduction      ,dur+ 
! la/ tw5ty or ?irty ye>s !re has be5 an
 enorm\s  increase 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates (  
:at may be call$ 8in/itutional0  music4 
,we h built op]a h\ses1 we h =m$ _m new 
or*e/ras1  & we h e/abli%$ ! tea*+ (    
music 9 ne>ly all our public  & private 
s*ools & colleges1 s t a casual p]son   
obs]v+ all  ?is1 he>+ f boa/ful lips h[ 
_m millions p] annum we sp5d  on music1 
& add+ up ! v>i\s columns into "o gr&   
total1 might  arrive at ! conclusion t  
we are really a musical p4    ,b "o :o  
looks b5ea? ! surface--:o reflects t !  
?+  we believe1 & ! ?+ we love1 t we    
d--w\ld h to d a  sum 9 subtraction     
also2 w\ld h to ask :at music !re is 9  
our own h\seholds4 ,he w\ld f9d t 9 our 
cities & t[ns only  an inf9itesimal     
p]c5tage ( ! inhabitants s+ toge!r = !  

pleasure ( do+ s1 & t ! task ( keep+    
*oral societies  toge!r is z difficult z
 ev]2 t ! music we take no "p 91  b     
m]ely li/5 to1 is ! music t fl\ri%es2 t 
our op]atic  s+]s1 ! mo/ highly paid 9 !
 _w1 come to u annually f  abroad & s+  
to u 9 languages t we _c und]/&2 t1  9  
%ort1 :ile music fl\ri%es1 mu* ( x is   
b\ght & little (  x is home-made4 ,!    
d$uction is obvi\s4 ,?is in/itutional   
music  is a sort ( l>gess ( our         
prosp]ity4 ,we are ri* en\gh to buy !   
be/ ! _w af=ds4 ,we in/itute music 9 our
 public s*ools &  display our int]e/ 9 x
 once a ye>--at graduation "t4 ,we see  
t our *ildr5 take 8music lessons0 &     
judge ! result likewise  by _! capacity 
to play u occasionally a v nice little  
piece4  ,m51 9 p>ticul>1--all pot5tial  
s+]s1 & v mu* ne$+ to  s+1--look ^u x z 
a slightly effem9ate or sc>cely natural 
&  manly ?+ to d4 ,music is1 9 %ort1 too
 mu* our div]sion1 & too  little our    
salvation4    ,& to =m a correct e/imate
 ( ! value ( our musical activities  we 

%\ld ne$ also to consid] ! quality ( !  
music we he>2 &  ?is1 9 relation to !   
sums we h be5 do+1 might make complete  
havoc ( our figures1 because x w\ld     
*ange _! basic significance4  ,= if x is
 bad music1 ! m we he> ( x ! worse (f we
 are4  ,if a city sp5ds ?irty ?\s&      
doll>s a ye> on bad public-s*ool  music1
 x is a los] to ! ext5t ( "s sixty ?\s& 
doll>s4 ,if  y\r *ild is pa9fully       
acquir+ a me*anical dext]ity 7or acquir+
  a pa9ful me*anical dext]ity7 9        
pian(orte play+ & is le>n+  almo/ no?+  
ab\t music1 y lose twice :at y pay & y\r
 *ild  pays twice = h] suff]+4 ,:at is  
call$ 8be+ musical0 _c  be pass$ on to  
"s "o else or to some?+ else2 y _c be   
musical vic>i\sly--?r\gh ano!r p]son1   
?r\gh s _m ?\s&  doll>s1 ?r\gh civic    
pride1 ?r\gh any o!r ( ! _m means we    
employ4 ,be+ musical does n necess>ily  
lie 9 p]=m+ music2 x  is r a /ate ( be+ 
:i* e individual :o c he> is  entitl$ by
 nature to atta9 to 9 a great] or less  
degree4    ,su* are ! musical conditions

 confront+ u1 & su* are !  possibilities
 op5 to u4 ,my purpose is1 !re=e1 to    
sugge/ ways  ( improv+ ?is situation1 & 
( realiz+ ^! possibilities2  &1 z a     
necess>y basis = any su* sugge/ions1 to 
consid] fir/  ! nature ( music itself4  
,is x m]ely a titillation ( ! e>8  ,are 
,moz>t1 ,bee?ov51 & ,s*ub]t m]ely       
purveyors ( sweetmeats8  ,does music    
consi/ 9 an a/oni%+ dext]ity 9 p]=mance8
 ,is  x1 z ,:itman says1 8:at awakes 9 y
 :5 y are rem9d$ by  ! in/rum5ts08 ,or  
has x a life ( its own1 self-conta9$1   
self-expressive1 & complete8 ,^!        
que/ions ne$ to be ask$--&  answ]$--be=e
 we c =mulate any me?od ( improv+ our   
musical  situation4    ,!y are n ask$4  
,we bl9dly foll[ conv5tional practices2 
we  make little ef=t to fa?om ! _m      
delightful problems :i*  e he>+ ( music 
pres5ts to u2 we submit to be+ baffl$  e
 "t we he> an or*e/ra play2 we take no  
=w>d /ep on !  road to und]/&+4 ,bee?ov5
 0 a he>t1 a m9d1 a w1 & an  imag9ation2
 we1 9 li/5+1 absorb 8 emotion & h>dly  

any?+  else4 ,8 grotesque outbur/s make 
u uncom=table1 z w\ld a  solecism (     
behavior4 ,8 /range1 biz>re1 unc\?1 &   
extraord9>y  !mes1 e "o ( :i* fits      
p]fectly into 8 plan1 leave u  wond]+   
:at he int5ds4 ,8 s5tim5t1 :i* is always
 relative to  8 humor or 8 r\ghness1 we 
und]/& only by itself4    ,our *ildr51  
aft] ye>s ( conv5tional music /udy1 are 
f9ally  tak5 to he> an or*e/ral conc]t4 
,a great man is to speak to !m4  ,he    
does n use words4 ,:at he has to say    
issues =? 9 a myriad (  s\nds1 n[ s(t1  
n[ l\d1 n[ fa/1 n[ sl[4 ,?is t ! *ild   
he>s is :at is call$ music1 seem+ly a   
m]e succession ( s\nds1  really a vision
 ( :at a great man has se5 ( all ^? inn]
 ?+s  ( life :i* only he c truly see4   
,^! s\nds are =m$ into a  p]fect ord]4  
,_! v s\l may hide 9 ! peculi> tone ( ! 
oboe or horn2 !y *ange _! significance a
 doz5 times 9 z _m  mom5ts2 sl5d]       
filam5ts ( !m run ?r\gh & ?r\gh z 9 a   
fairy web4 ,! *ild gapes4 8,is ?is      
music80 x says2 8,i ?\ght music  0 !    

black & :ite keys1 or hold+ my h& "r1 or
 scales1 or  ! key ( ,f or ,g1 or       
sonat9as1 or some?+40 ,no "o has ev]    
told  h] :at music really is4 ,%e has   
only h] delicate1 t5d]1 *ildlike  feel+s
 z a guide ,:at %e has be5 do+ may h be5
 z little  l music z gramm> is l        
lit]ature4    ,bo? ! *ild & ! adult mu/ 
be br\ght into contact ) music2  )      
rhy?mic movem5t 9 all its delightful    
div]sity2 ) great  musical !mes & ! uses
 to :i* !y are put by compos]s2 )       
musical =ms by means ( :i* pieces (     
music are made coh]5t2  ) h>monies 9 _! 
prim>y /ates1 or bl5d$ into a ?\s&      
hues4 ,!y mu/ le>n to li/51 s t1 z !    
music unfolds1 !re  takes place )9 !m an
 unfold+ :i* is ! exact answ] to !      
processes go+ on 9 ! music4 ,all ?is _c 
be br\ght ab\t save  by int5tion4    ,x 
is ! purpose ( ?is book1 !n1 to lead !  
read] by :at  capacity he possesses to  
su* an und]/&+ ( ! art ( music z  %all  
make e "p ( x intelligible to him4 ,&   
s9ce "s read]s  may h little k ( music1 

?is book also attempts to set  =? !     
common gr\nds ^u :i* all art re/s1 & to 
tempt ^?  :o are int]e/$ 9 ! o!r arts to
 become inquisitive ab\t music4         
,curiosity is a necess>y elem5t 9 human 
intellig5ce4          ,,music ,,& ,,life
          ,,*apt] ,i    ,,:at ,,is      
,,music8      ,i4 ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5  
,,music ,,& ,,! ,,o!r ,,arts    ,any    
discussion ( ! art ( music1--( its      
significance 9 relation  to ourselves1 (
 its /hetic qualities1 or ( me?ods (    
tea*+  x1--to be compreh5sive1 mu/ be   
bas$ on a cle> recognition ( !  "o      
important quality :i* is inh]5t 9 x1 :i*
 di/+ui%es x  f ! o!r arts & :i* gives x
 its peculi> p[]4 ,pa9t+  & sculpture   
are def9itive4 ,x is n possible to      
create a great  "w 9 ei!r ( ^! m$iums   
)\t a subject tak5 f life2  =1 h[ev]    
imag9ative ! "w may be1 x mu/ depict    
some?+4 ,9  pa9t+1 = example1 ! v s\l ( 
a religi\s belief may %9e  f !          
canvas1--z 9 ! ,si/9e ,madonna1--b t    
belief _c  be !re pres5t$ )\t physical  

embodim5t4 ,& :5 ! physical  embodim5t  
is r$uc$ to its simple/ t]ms1 z 9 "s (  
,manet's  pa9t+s1 !re is /ill !         
necessity ( portrayal2 ,manet's wond]ful
  light & opalesc5t color mu/ fall on an
 object4 ,turn] pa9ts a  my/ical        
l&scape1 a my?ological vale1 su* z      
haunts ! dreams  ( poets1 b x is        
impossible = him to produce ! illusion  
by  itself2 ! vale is a vale1 human be+s
 are !re4 ,sculpture1 :i*  makes its    
effects by ! p]fection ( its rhy?ms     
ar\nd an axis1 &  by its %ad[s1--effects
 ( ! mo/ subtle &1 at ! same "t1  ( !   
mo/ elem5tal k9d1--x1 too1 mu/ portray2 
! emotion mu/  take =m & sub/ance1 & t  
=m mu/ be drawn f ! outw>d1  visible _w4
    ,9 poetry ! same limitations exi/4  
,x1 too1 mu/ deal 9 human life  ) a     
c]ta9 def9it5ess4 ,b ! greate/ poetry is
 cont9ually  /ruggl+ to sl\gh (f ! g>m5t
 ( reality & free ! s\l f  its trammels4
 ,x trembles on ! v]ge ( music1 seek+ to
 f9d words  = :at _c be said1 & atta9+ a
 great "p ( its mean+ by a  sublime     

euphony4 ,! didactic is its grave4      
,be=e ,i attempt to describe ! peculi>  
quality :i* di/+ui%es  music1 x w be    
well to /ate q cle>ly :at x _c d4 ,?is  
c be/ be und]/ood by a comp>ison betwe5 
x & poetry1 :i*  ( all ! arts is ne>e/  
to music1 because x exi/s 9 ! elem5t  ( 
"t1 :]eas pa9t+ & sculpture exi/ 9      
space4 ,poetry is  made up ( words      
arrang$ 9 mean+ & euphony4 ,ea* ( ^!    
words  signifies an object1 idea1 or    
feel+2 ! ^w 8*air10 = example1  has come
 to mean an object to sit ^u4 ,n[1 :ile 
notes 9 music are  giv5 c]ta9           
alphabetical names indicat+ a pit*      
det]m9$ by s\nd  waves1 ! use ( ^!      
lett]s is arbitr>y & has no connection )
  _! orig9al hi]oglyphic & hi]atic      
significance4 ,! musical  s\nd we call  
a1 = example1 means no?+ z a s\nd1 has  
no common  or agre$-^u or ar*ological   
significance4 ,comb9e ! note a  ) c & e 
9 :at is kn[n z ! common *ord & y /ill  
h no mean+2 comb9e a ) o!r notes & =m a 
melody f  !m1 & y h p]haps beauty &     

coh]5ce ( =m1--a pleas+  sequ5ce (      
s\nds1--b /ill no mean+ su* z y get f ! 
comb9ation ( lett]s 9 a ^w l 8*air40    
,comb9e a ) a great  _m o!r notes into a
 symphony1 & ?is coh]5ce & beauty may   
become q wond]ful 9 effect1 b x /ill    
rema9s untranslatable  into o!r t]ms1 & 
)\t su* def9ite significance z is atta9$
  by comb9+ words 9 poems4 ,s we say t  
notes h no significance  9 !mselves2 t  
musical phrases h no mean+ z h phrases 9
  language2 t melodies are n s5t5ces1 & 
symphonies n poems4    ,if we comp>e    
music ) pa9t+ or sculpture we f9d mu* ! 
same  contra/4 ,j z music does n mean   
any?+ 9 ! s5se t words  d1 s x has no   
8subject0 9 ! s5se t ,turn]'s ,! ,fight+
  ,tmraire has1 or ,donatello's ,david4 
,x does n deal ) objects4 ,x  _c portray
 a %ip or a />4 ,x may seem to float1 x 
may fla%  = a mom5t1 b x does n describe
 or set =?4 ,fur!rmore1 x  _c1 /rictly  
speak+1 give expression to ideas4 ,x may
 be s  s]i\s1 s ord]$1 s equable--z 9   
,ba*--t we say its compos]  0 a         

philosoph]1 b no item ( 8 philosophy    
appe>s4 ,above all  x is unmoral1#a &   
)\t belief or dogma4 ,too mu* /ress c   
h>dly be laid on ?is negative quality 9 
music1 = x is 9 ?is  v disability t its 
greate/ virtue lies4 ,i %all ref] lat]  
to  ! frequ5t t5d5cy among li/5]s to    
avoid fac+ ?is problem by  atta*+ mean+s
 ( _! own to ! music !y he>4 ,i ne$ only
  note 9 pass+ t ^! s-call$ 8mean+s0    
seldom agree1 & t  ! habit is ! result  
ei!r ( ignorance ( ! true (fice (       
music1 or ( m5tal lassitude t[>d x4 8,x 
is n en\gh to enjoy  y\rself ov] a "w ( 
art10 says ,j\b]t2 8y mu/ enjoy x40     
,n[ ! "o di/+ui%+ quality ( music is    
?is3 x f9ds its  p]fection 9 itself )\t 
relation to o!r objects4 ,x is :at x  is
 9 itself alone4 ,x is non-def9itive2 x 
does n use symbols (  some?+ else2 x _c 
be translat$ into o!r t]ms4 ,! poet     
seeks always a complete union ( ! ?+    
said & ! me?od (  say+ x4 ,flaub]t seeks
 pati5tly & p]si/5tly = ! "o ^w  :i*    
%all n only be ! exact symbol ( 8 ?\ght1

 b :i*  %all fit 8 euphony4 ,! pa9t] s  
draws 8 objects1 s di/ributes  8 colors1
 & s arranges 8 composition z to make ( 
!m pla/ic  m$iums = ! expression ( 8    
?\ght1 & ! greatness ( 8  picture dep5ds
 fir/ ( all & inevitably on 8 p[] ( fus+
 8  subjects ) 8 te*nique4 ,9 sculpture 
precisely ! same process  takes place4  
,nei!r ( ^! arts actually copies nature2
 ea*  8arranges0 x = its own purpose4   
,9 music ?is mu*-s\ght union ( matt] &  
mann] is complete2 !  ?+ said & ! me?od 
( say+ x are "o & indivisible4 ,x is1  z
 ,pat] says1 8! ideal ( all art :atev]1 
precisely because 9  music x is         
impossible to di/+ui% ! =m f ! sub/ance 
or  matt]1 ! subject f ! expression40   
,,ii4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,music    ,!   
primal elem5t 9 music is vibration4     
,s\nd-waves 9 "s ord]$  sequ5ce--sil5t  
till !y /rike our e>s--are =m$ by our   
+5uity  & s5se ( ord] into patt]ns (    
beauty4 ,!y exi/ 9 "t1 n 9  space4 ,!y  
are motion4 ,& ^! vibrations are ! v    
sub/ance (  all life2 ( />s 9 _! c\rses1

 ( ! pulse-beats ( ! he>t1  ( ! my/]i\s 
communications f ! n]ves to ! bra91 (   
light1 ( heat1 ( color4 ,! pla/ic arts  
are /atic4 ,pa9t+ has !  p[]            
8to give       ,to "o ble/ mom5t snat*$ 
f fleet+ "t       ,! appropriate calm ( 
ble/ et]nity40      ,sculpture is motion
 caught 9 a mom5t ( p]fection4 ,music is
 motion  always 9 p]fection4 ,?is rhy?m 
exi/s also 9 lit]ature & !  o!r arts4   
,poe w\ld be no?+ )\t x2 ,:itman uses x 
9 long  swell+ undulations :i* are      
sometimes almo/ indi/+ui%able2 !        
composition 9 a great pa9t+ is a rhy?m2 
! ,apollo ,belv$]e is  all rhy?m4 ,b 9  
music rhy?m is a physical1 mov+ prop]ty2
 rhy?m  9 be+1 n rhy?m caught 9 a poise4
 ,! possibilities ( rhy?mic  play 9     
music f> exce$ ^? 9 poetry1 = 9 ! latt] 
! s5se  or mean+ w\ld be cl\d$ by too   
mu* rhy?mic complication4 ,x  w\ld be   
impossible to d 9 poetry1 = example1 :at
 ,bee?ov5 does  at ! beg9n+ ( a movem5t 
9 "o ( 8 /r+ qu>tettes1#b  :]e ! 'cello1
 entirely alone1 repeats "o note fifte5 

times 9  two rhy?mic gr\ps2 !re is no   
melody & no h>mony--m]ely "o  reit]at$  
rhy?mic s\nd4 ,x is also impossible =   
poetry to pres5t  ?ree or f\r diff]5t   
rhy?ms simultane\sly1 z music (t5 does2 
nor c poetic rhy?ms c>ry across a       
complete rhy?mic disruption  ^: :ole    
/hetic s5se lies 9 its relations to a   
p]man5t rhy?m  :i* x mom5t>ily violates1
 z is ! case 9 ! fir/ movem5t (         
,bee?ov5's ,?ird ,symphony4 ,9 %ort1    
rhy?m 9 music has a div]sity1  a        
flexibility1 & a physical vigor q       
unp>allel$ 9 any o!r art4    ,melody 9  
music consi/s 9 a sequ5ce ( s+le s\nds  
curv$ to "s  l9e ( beauty4 ,:]eas rhy?m 
is conceivable )\t any intellectual     
quality1--z a purely physical           
manife/ation1--melody implies "s  s5se (
 design1 s9ce x progresses f "o po9t 9  
"t to ano!r1  & )\t design w\ld be m]ely
 a s]ies ( incoh]5t s\nds4 ,9  ?is      
design rhy?m plays a lead+ "p1 & ! !mes 
hav+ !  mo/ p]fect balance ( rhy?ms are 
! mo/ int]e/+4 ,examples  ( div]se b    

highly cord9at$ melodies may be f\nd 9 !
 sl[  movem5t ( ,bee?ov5's pian(orte    
sonata1 ,opus #ac1 & 9 ,brahms's        
pian(orte qu>tette1 ,opus #fj1 ! syn!tic
 quality ( :i* is l  t ( a f9ely        
con/ruct$ s5t5ce4 ,melody1 be+ design1  
gives  consci\s evid5ce ( ! p]sonality (
 its creator4 ,s*ub]t1 =  example1 is l 
,keats & repres5ts ! type ( pure lyric  
utt]ance4  ,ba*1 on ! contr>y1 is       
ess5tially a ?9k]1 & 8 melodies are     
full ( vigor\s & div]sifi$ rhy?ms4      
,folk-song 0 ! beg9n+ ( :at we call     
8melody10 & ! be/  specim5s ( folk-songs
 are q z p]fect )9 _! small range  z are
 ! greate/ works ( ! ma/]s4 ,_! cont\r &
 rhy?m are  sometimes z delicately      
balanc$ z ! me*anism ( a f9e in/rum5t4  
,& :5 we rememb] t ^! melodies 7 !      
spontane\s utt]ance  ( simple1 untutor$ 
peoples :o1 9 =m+ !m1 dep5d$ almo/      
entirely on in/9ct1 we realize h[       
intimate a m$ium music is =  !          
expression ( feel+4 ,p :o c\ld nei!r    
read nor write &  :o _h little k or     

exp]i5ce ( arti/ic objects c\ld1        
nev]!less1 create p]fect works ( beauty 
9 ! m$ium ( s\nd4    ,h>mony is an      
adjunct to ! o!r two elem5ts4 ,x is 9   
music  some?+ ( :at color is 9 pa9t+4 ,z
 contra/$ ) ! long  l9e ( melody & !    
regul> impulses 9 "t ( rhy?m1 h>mony    
deals 9 masses4 ,melody c>ries ! m9d f  
"o po9t to ano!r2  h>mony /rikes        
simultane\sly & produces an imm$iate    
s5sation4  ,its effect ^u u is probably 
due to a subtle physical correspond5ce  
)9 ourselves to comb9ations ( s\nds t   
spr+ direct f  nature4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( 
music %[s a gradual assimilation by     
human be+s ( new comb9ations ( s\nds1 & 
x is probable t  only ! fir/ *apt]s ( t 
hi/ory h be5 writt54    ,we h spok5 ( ! 
syn!tic quality ( melody1 & x is obvi\s 
t ! l>g] ! scope ( music ! m important  
?is quality  becomes4 ,:5 a compos]     
creates a sonata or symphony he mu/ s   
dispose all 8 mat]ial--rhy?ms1 melodies1
 & h>monies--z to give  to ! "w p]fect  
coh]5ce4 ,a "w ( art express$ 9 ! elem5t

  ( "t ne$s ?is syn!sis m ?an "o        
express$ 9 space4 ,=  al?\gh !re is 9   
music no 8subject10 yet beauty is be+   
unfold$  & ! ne$ ( a cumulative &       
cord9at$ expression ( x is q  z great z 
x w\ld be 7 ! music 8ab\t0 some?+4 ,!re 
are  v>i\s ways ( arrang+ musical       
mat]ial s z to atta9 ?is end4  ,! *ief  
pr9ciple ( its syn!sis is d]iv$ f !     
volatile  nature ( s\nd itself4 ,x is   
?is3 t no "o s]ies ( s\nds =m$  into a  
melody c long survive ! sub/itution (   
o!r s]ies1  unless !re be giv5 "s       
re/atem5t1 or at lea/ "s rem9d]1  ( !   
fir/4 ,! result ( ?is is t 9 ! e>ly     
music !re  0 an alt]nation ( "o phrase  
or "o tune ) ano!r2 & ?is  9 turn 0     
foll[$ by all sorts ( exp]im5ts t5d+ to 
br+  ab\t v>iety 9 unity4 7,^! simple   
=ms some:at resemble :at  is kn[n 9     
poetry z ! triolet47 ,! mo/ common =m 9 
music is  ?reefold4 ,x is f\nd 9        
folk-songs1 m>*es1 m9uets1 nocturnes1 & 
s =?1 &--exp&$ to huge proportions--9   
symphonic movem5ts4  ,9 folk-songs ?is  

=m consi/s 9 repeat+ a fir/ phrase aft] 
a  second contra/+ "o4 ,9 m9uets1       
nocturnes1 romances1 & ! l1  ea* "p is a
 complete melody 9 itself4 ,9 a         
symphonic movem5t !  fir/ "p--save 9 su*
 notable exceptions z ! fir/ movem5t (  
! 8,eroica0 ( ,bee?ov5--conta9s all !   
!matic mat]ial1 !  second conta9s :at is
 call$ ! 8developm5t0 ( ! mat]ial /at$  
9 ! fir/1 & ! ?ird "p re/ates ! fir/ )  
su* *anges  z %all give x new           
significance4    ,x is 9 ?is syn!tic    
quality t mu* ( ! greatness ( symphonic 
music lies4 ,no o!r quality1 h[ev] f9e 9
 itself1 c take its  place4 ,s*umann1 = 
example1 creat$ int]e/+ & beautiful     
!mes 9 pr(usion1 b 8 compositions 9 !   
l>g] =ms lack a  complete syn!sis4 ,ba* 
0 ! greate/ ma/] 9 ?is respect4 ,s      
p]fect is ! ord]+ ( 8 mat]ial t x gives 
t impression  ( inevitability :i*       
di/+ui%es all great art ev]y:]e4 ,x is  
obvi\s en\gh t p>allels to ?is =m w be  
f\nd 9 lit]ature1  = x is a "p ( life & 
nature4 ,x is y\?1 manhood1 & old age2  

x is sunrise1 noon1 & sunset2 x is spr+1
 summ]1 & w9t]4  ,s x mu/ be2 = art is  
only life 9 t]ms ( beauty1 & human  life
 is only nature express+ itself 9 t]ms (
 man & woman4 ,?is  !n is ! ?+ we call  
music3 rhy?m1 melody1 & h>mony arrang$  
into =ms ( beauty1 exi/+ 9 "t4 ,x is )\t
 mean+1 x is  )\t 8subject10 x is )\t   
idea4 ,x creates a _w ( its own1        
fictiti\s1 fabul\s1 & irrelevant--a _w (
 s\nd1 evanesc5t yet  inde/ructible4    
,,iii4 ,,! ,,significance ,,( ,,music   
,music deals fir/ ( all ) feel+ or      
emotion4 ,b s9ce emotion  may be guid$  
by ! m9d & transfus$ by !               
imag9ation1--s9ce  emotion is n a       
sep>ate & isolat$ "p ( our be+1--s music
  may be s ord]$ by ! m9d & s transfus$ 
by ! imag9ation z  to become            
intellectual & imag9ative4 ,x is true t 
! great]  "p ( ! music produc$ & p]=m$  
deals only ) emotion1 b  ?is is equally 
true ( lit]ature4 ,! popul> novel is n9e
 t5?s  emotion1 "o t5? m9d1 & ! re/     
imag9ation4 ,s x is ) music1  ?\gh su*  

illogical inv5tion z "o con/antly f9ds 9
 _m popul>  novels w\ld be intol]able 9 
any music4 ,s9ce !re seems to be an     
incongruity betwe5 ! /atem5t t music has
 no def9ite mean+  & ! /atem5t t x is   
intellectual1 let u take a specific     
illu/ration & see if we _c reconcile !  
app>5t confliction4    ,we mu/ fir/ (   
all di/+ui% betwe5 ! quality itself & ! 
expression ( ! quality4 ,a p]son may h a
 m9d /or$ ) wisdom  & be completely :at 
we call 8intellectual10 )\t ev] express+
  himself by a spok5 or writt5 ^w4 ,8   
wisdom exi/s by itself &  = itself1     
entirely sep>at$ f its expression4 ,if  
he expresses  himself1 & ) skill1 we    
call t expression lit]ature1 b1 9  any  
case1 x rema9s wisdom4 ,& :at is wisdom8
 ,x is :at ,mr4 ,eliot  describes a     
lib]al education to be--8a /ate ( m9d02 
x is !  fusion ( k ) exp]i5ce1 ) feel+1 
& ) imag9ation4    ,n[ words are symbols
 :i* dim9i% 9 _! efficacy z !y try  to  
compass feel+ & imag9ation4 ,if ! wise  
man is cold1 he c  say1 8,i am cold02 b 

if he wi%es to tell y ( 8 idea ( ,god1  
he has no words adequate = ! purpose1   
because he is deal+ )  some?+ :i* is n 9
 ! doma9 ( k alone--:i* he c  feel1 or  
p]haps imag9e1 b _c def9e4 ,! reason    
alone nev]  ev5 t\*es ! f>-away circle (
 t p]fection :i* we believe  to exi/1 & 
! subtle inn] relations betwe5 man & !  
visible  & invisible _w refuse to be    
h>ness$ to language4 ,= ^! he  f9ds     
expression 9 "s =m ( beauty4 8,!        
beautiful10 says ,goe!1  8is a          
manife/ation ( ! secret laws ( nature   
:i*1 b = ?is  appe>ance1 _h be5 =ev]    
conceal$ f u40    ,s we say t 9 wisdom !
 qualities we call insight1 feel+1  &   
imag9ation mu/ f9d = !mselves "s m      
pla/ic m$ium  ( expression ?an language4
 ,& :5 t pla/ic m$ium1 ?\gh             
non-def9itive1 has ^? qualities (       
coh]5ce1 cont9uity1 &  =m :i* are       
ess5tial to all intellectual expression1
 we are  ju/ifi$ 9 call+ x              
8intellectual40 ,let u take = our       
specific  illu/ration ! fir/ movem5t ( !

 ,n9? ,symphony ( ,bee?ov54  ,x is      
impossible to imag9e ?is z an expression
 ( feel+ only1  unt\*$ by ?\ght or by   
imag9ation4 ,! inevitable conclusion    
arriv$ at by any p]son :o und]/&s x is t
 ! feel+ is  absolutely controll$ by !  
m9d1 & t x is imag9ation t  gives x its 
extraord9>y effect4 ,comp>e x ) ! fir/  
movem5t  ( ,ts*aikovsky's 8,pa?tique    
,symphony0 :]e emotion runs riot2 !     
diff]5ce is z great z t betwe5          
8,victory0 & 8,! ,deem/]40  ,comp>e x ) 
a symphony by ,m5delssohn1 & ! contra/  
is z  vivid z t betwe5 a novel by ,m]$i?
 & "o by ,miss ,braddon4  ,bee?ov5's    
music conta9s1 9 ! fir/ place1 !mes ^:  
import all  completely receptive p]sons 
feel to be pr(\nd4 7,t ^! !mes d  n s   
impress o!rs is due ei!r to atrophy ( ! 
musical faculty1  to m5tal lassitude1 or
 to lack ( exp]i5ce ( great music47 ,^! 
!mes are pres5t$ 9 su* design z n only  
to make ! :ole  movem5t entirely coh]5t1
 b to give x a s5se ( ru%+ onw>d to  an 
inevitable conclusion4 ,s int5sive is _!

 treatm5t t almo/  ! :ole five hundr$ or
 m measures gr[ out ( ! orig9al !me  or 
!sis1 "s fifte5 measures long4 ,s       
imag9ative is x t x  seems to ga!r to   
itself all relat$ ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? &   
fuse !m into "o4 ,9 %ort1 we mu/ say t  
?is music emanates  f ! m9d ( a great   
man1 :o has subject$ emotion to !       
control  ( ! w & :o has ex]cis$ t highe/
 function ( ! m9d  t we call imag9ation4
    ,may we n say1 !n1 t ?is is wisdom8 
,%all we d5y x because  x _c be spell$  
out ^w by ^w8 ,%all we n r say t  music 
is a means ( express+ ! deepe/ wisdom1 t
 :i* defies  categorical expression8    
,may we n accept ,s*op5hau]'s say+3     
8,music  is an image ( ! w08 ,are we n  
ju/ifi$ 9 /at+ t music  is ev5 an       
expression ( ! deepe/ relation ) !      
visible &  invisible _w :i* ! s\l ( man 
is capable ( exp]i5c+1 &  t ^!          
relations1 inexpressible 9 m concrete   
manife/ations1  are expressible 9 music8
 ,! pa?os & resignation & c\rage 9 !    
fir/ movem5t ( ! ,n9? ,symphony (       

,bee?ov5 are n 8 or y\rs  or m9e2 !y are
 ! qualities !mselves 9 _! inf9ite be+1 
m true1 m noble1 m pure ?an 8 or y\rs or
 m9e4 ,may we n1  !n1 ev5 g s f> z to   
say t music tells u ! deepe/ tru?s  (   
human life2 t 8x comes10 z ,symonds     
says1 8speak+ ! highe/  wisdom 9 a      
language our reason does n und]/&       
because x is old]  & deep] & clos] ?an  
reason80      ,,iv4 8,,beauty ,,is      
,,tru?1 ,,tru? ,,beauty0    ,i h already
 /at$ t ! o!r arts h = _! ideal t  fus+ 
( subject & expression :i* 9 music is   
complete1 &  ,i h fur!r /at$ t ! purpose
 or object ( music is to  pres5t emotion
 ord]$ & guid$ by ! m9d & illum9$ by !  
imag9ation4 ,9 ?is latt] respect all !  
arts are alike4 ,x is 9  ! v nature ( _!
 be+ t !y seek to f9d ! he>t (  ! great 
secret4 ,! purpose ( pa9t+ & sculpture  
is n to  pres5t objects z objects1 b to 
set !m =? 9 su* h>moni\s  p]fection (   
l9e & color & rhy?m z w reveal _! deepe/
  significance4 ,! greate/ examples ( ! 
pla/ic arts _c be  und]/ood ?r\gh       

s5se-p]ception ( objects4 ,rembr&t is a 
great]  pa9t] ?an ,b\g]eau1 n only      
because he has sup]ior te*nique1 b      
because he has deep] insight4 ,?is is :y
 ! 8subject0 9 pa9t+ is  comp>atively   
unimportant4    ,x is ! same )          
lit]ature4 ,9 8,jane ,eyre0 ! 8subject0 
is m  tangible & vivid ?an 9            
8,villette10 b ! latt] is ! f9]  book1  
because ! te*nical skill is great]1 !   
insight deep]4  8,!re are no good       
subjects or bad subjects10 says ,hugo2  
8!re are  only good poets & bad poets40 
,any subject is int]e/+ :5 a  ma/]-m9d  
pres5ts x 9 full significance4 ,a       
cu/om-h\se is  a prosaic ?+1 & a        
cu/om-h\se t has nei!r exports nor      
imports1 b only a few sleepy old        
p5sion]s doz+ 9 ! sun1 might  be ?\ght a
 dull subject = a writ]2 b ,haw?orne's  
imag9ation  & subtlety ( lit]>y         
expression clo! x ) bo? beauty &        
significance4 ,ev5 ! noble/ & mo/ tragic
 de$s f9d _! be/  ju/ification 9 a      
sublime h>mony ( beauty4 ,! ,greeks knew

 ?is  well4 ,euripides1 9 8,! ,trojan   
,wom510 puts on ! lips ( ,hecuba  ^!    
words3--           8,_h ,he n turn$ u 9 
8 h&1 & ?ru/       ,our high ?+s l[ &   
%ook our hills z du/1       ,we _h n be5
 ?is spl5dor1 & our wrong       ,an     
ev]la/+ music = ! song       ,( e>? &   
heav560#c      ,de$s1 monum5ts1 cities1 
& civilizations fade into no?+ness1 b  a
 few words1 or a /ra9 ( music turn$ by  
an arti/1 w live on  =ev]4 ,! battle (  
,gettysburg w become m]ely a p>agraph ( 
hi/ory1 ! causes = :i* x 0 f\ght w be z 
no?+1 b !  words spok5 by ,l9coln w be  
pres]v$ = all "t1 n because  !y 7 wise1 
b because !y 7 wise & beautiful4    ,!re
 is no escape f ?is condition4 ,an      
occasional great writ]  has rail$ at    
beauty1 only to prove f9ally t 8 own    
p]man5ce  dep5d$ on x4 ,c>lyle1 =       
example1 0 m cau/ic ?an usual :5  he    
discuss$ poetry4 ,8 comm5t on ,br[n+'s  
8,! ,r+ & ! ,book0  ran ?us3 8,a        
wond]ful book1 "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ev]  
writt54  ,i re-read x all ?r\gh--all    

made out ( an #8,old ,bailey' /ory t    
might h be5 told 9 t5 l9es1 & only wants
 =gett+40 ,yet !  be/ "p ( 8,s>tor      
,res>tus0 is its beauty1 & !re are 9 8,!
  ,fr5* ,revolution0 _m passages ( q    
p]fect poetic imag]y &  *>act]ization   
)\t :i* x w\ld lose mu* ( its value4    
,:at  we call 8,c>lyle0 is no long] a   
man2 nor is x a philosophy1 or a        
hi/ory2 x is no?+ b a /yle1 a mann] (   
say+ ?+s--an  individual1 *>act]i/ic1 & 
/range bl5d ( h>d & s(t1 (  high & l[1 (
 rugg$ & t5d]1 all /ruggl+ ) a          
,puritanical  consci5ce4 ,s we say t    
beauty is ! lode/one by :i* all life is 
te/$4    ,no game c be p]fectly play$   
unless ! physical motions are tim$  9   
beauty2 no ma*9e w act save 9 p]fect    
syn!sis2 no "*  is /rong until x atta9s 
a h>mony )9 itself4 ,beauty is !  matrix
 9 :i* life %all be f9ally m\ld$4       
,all =ms ( arti/ic expression1 !n1      
require t we %all see  ! object n z fact
 b z art4 ,if x is fact--t is1 m]ely an 
isolat$ object or ev5t--x rema9s        

insignificant until "s arti/  cat*es x  
up into ! wid] realm 9 :i* x belongs &  
sets x  =? 9 "s =m ( beauty4 ,if we     
accept ?is conception ( all !  arts z   
seek+ ! inn] s5se ( ?+s1 z portray+ life
 9 its  ess5ce r ?an 9 its outw>d       
manife/ations1 we %all be able to       
und]/& ! peculi> p[] ( music4 ,x becomes
 !n1 n m]ely  a s]ies ( s\nds arrang$ s 
z to be euphoni\s & pleas+ to  ! e>1 b a
 book ( life :i* conta9s ! ultimate     
expression (  our in/9ct & ( our wisdom4
 ,! ,?ird ,symphony ( ,bee?ov51 =       
example1 gives u a m conv9c+ pres5tm5t (
 h]oic /ruggle  ?an is to be f\nd 9 !   
o!r arts or 9 lit]ature1 fir/1 because  
x has ! p[] to pres5t x 9 ! elem5t ( "t1
 :i* is an  ess5tial "p ( any h]oic de$2
 second1 because x pres5ts x z a        
quality disassociat$ f a p>ticul> h]oism
 & !re=e elevat$  into a type & made    
et]nal2 & ?ird1 because x pres5ts x 9   
conjunction ) ^? o!r qualities )\t :i*  
!re c be no  h]oism at all4 7,= no      
quality 9 life or elem5t 9 nature exi/s 

= u save z ! opposite or rev]se ( some?+
 else4 ,:at we call  light is           
compreh5sible only z ! opposite (       
d>kness2 love is !  opposite ( hate1    
cold ( heat1 & s =?47    ,ea* ( ! o!r   
arts has "o or two ( ^! qualities2 none 
has all  ( !m4 ,! noveli/1 = example1 c 
use ! fir/ & la/ b  n ! second4 ,m]$i?'s
 8,vittoria0 is an ideal pres5tm5t ( !  
/ruggle = ,italian unity1 b ! h]oism :i*
 con/itutes !  ess5ce ( ! book has to   
f9d expression ?r\gh actual p]sons4  ,s 
! greate/ virtue ( music lies n alone 9 
its peculi>  unification ( matt] &      
mann]1 its arti/ic p]fection1 b 9 !  p[]
 :i* t gives x to create a _w n bas$ on 
! outw>d  & ! visible1 b on t invisible 
realm ( ?\ght1 feel+1 &  aspiration :i* 
is our real _w4 ,= if !re is any "o     
c]ta9  hi/orical fact1 x is t f ! e>lie/
 times until n[ man  has cont9ually     
s\ght "s escape f reality1 "s build+ up 
( a p]fect _w ( ideal beauty :i* %\ld   
/ill 8 et]nal  dissatisfaction ) !      
imp]fections & inconsi/5cies ( 8 own    

life4 ,x is 9 ! v nature ( 8 situation t
 he %\ld seek  "s p]fection some:]e4 ,s 
he has tri$ to pa9t ?is p]fection on    
canvas1 idealiz+ life & nature into a   
satisfy+ =m ( beauty2  or he has c>v$ a 
physical p]fection 9 m>ble to deify     
himself &  give himself a place 9       
nature2 or he has built up = himself a  
_w  ( magical words 9 :i* all 8 noble/  
dreams /rive = expression4  ,ev]y:]e &  
always he has _h ?is dream1 :i* has sav$
 him :5  all else fail$4 ,& ! noble/ ( 8
 dream]s h be5 ^? ^:  imag9ations h     
transc5d$ ! limitations ( ! actual &    
br\ght  x into relation ) ! unkn[n4     
,music1 obey+ ! great laws t und]lie all
 life & to :i*  all ! arts are subject1 
hav+ = its means ( expression !  mo/    
pla/ic ( all m$ia1 dep5d+ on intuitive  
p]ception (  tru?1 n compell$ to        
p]petuate objects1 deal+ ) t l>g]  "p ( 
man's be+ :i* lies hidd5 b5ea? bo? 8    
acts & 8  ?\ghts1--t :i* ,c>lyle calls  
8! deep fa?omless doma9 (  !            
,unconsci\s10--music is ! "o p]fect     

m$ium = ?is dream (  humanity4 ,9 its   
expression ( human emotions x enjoys !  
ine/imable  advantage ( entire          
irrelevance4 ,x does n h to develop a   
"* or p]son1 b only an attribute or     
quality4 ,! 8,eroica0  symphony1 =      
example1 has all ! =ce ( a my?ological  
epic 9  :i* ! h]oes are pure _s-types ( 
humanity1 ( no age or  "t--gods1 if y w1
 & above human limitations4    ,?is is !
 quality ( music t makes x preci\s to u4
 ,x builds  = u an immat]ial _w--n made 
( objects1 or !ories1 or  dogmas1 or    
philosophies1 b ( pure _s--a means (    
escape f !  ?ralldom ( e day4           
,,footnotes3    #a ,x may1 ( c\rse1 be  
us$ ) molds ( def9ite mean+2 b we  are  
speak+ ( pure music4    #b ,! ,s*]zo (  
,opus #ei1 no4 #a4    #c ,gilb]t ,murray
 translation4          ,,*apt] ,,ii     
,,music ,,= ,,*ildr5      ,i4 ,,tra9+   
,,! ,,s5se ,,= ,,beauty    ,9 :at ,i h  
to say ab\t music = *ildr5 ,i am n      
unm9dful  ( ! div]sity ( ,am]ican life1 
& ( ! preval5t idea t  ,am]icans d n pay

 mu* att5tion to music 7or to any o!r =m
 (  beauty7 because !y live 9 a new     
c\ntry 9 :i* ! great] "p (  _! en]gy is 
devot$ to subdu+ nature & c>v+ _!       
=tunes4  ,z a nation we are said to be  
too div]se to h evolv$ any def9ite      
/hetic practice1 & we suppose ourselves 
too busy ) ! practical  ?+s 9 life to   
pay mu* att5tion to x4    ,:ile x is    
d\btless true t !re are numb]less       
prosp]\s  ,am]ican families 9 :i* !     
words 8art0 & 8lit]ature0 mean  no?+    
:atev]1 ?is condition is due1 9 mo/     
cases1 n to lack (  "t1 b to lack (     
incl9ation4 ,we1 l o!r p1 d :at we  l to
 d4 ,no real att5tion is paid 9 *ildhood
 to ! cultivation  ( a love ( !         
beautiful2 v little att5tion is paid to 
x 9 !  educational in/itutions :]e we   
are tra9$2 s we gr[ up & ent]  ^u life )
 a desultory lik+ = music1 ) a di/9ct   
lack (  appreciation = poetry1 & ) almo/
 no int]e/ 9 pa9t+ or  sculpture4    ,& 
?is condition is likely to increase r   
?an dim9i% z "t  goes on1 until1 hav+   

f9ally arriv$ at mom5ts ( leisure &     
f9d+ t nei!r our money nor any o!r      
mat]ial possession gives  u any deep or 
p]man5t satisfaction1 we turn to beauty 
only to be  confront$ ) ! old w>n+3     
8,too late1 ye _c ent] n[40 ,=  we h    
arriv$ at ! "t :51 9 ,m]$i?'s phrase1   
8,nature /ops1  & says to u1 #8,?\ art  
n[ :at ?\ wilt be4'0 ,= ?is capacity  = 
und]/&+ & lov+ great books & pa9t+s &   
music has to  gr[ ) our own gr[? & _c be
 po/pon$ to ano!r season4 ,!  av]age    
,am]ican man is suppos$ to h no "t = ^! 
?+s4 ,he  has "t1 b he refuses to turn x
 into leisure1--leisure :i* means       
contemplation & ?\ghtfulness1--?\gh he v
 likely kn[s t  ?is has be5 accompli%$  
ov] & ov] aga9 by m5 :o h sav$  out ( a 
busy life = t purpose a little "t e day4
    ,"o recalls ,d>w9's pa!tic /atem5t  
:]e9 he describes 8  e>ly love = poetry 
& music1 & ! f9al complete loss (  ^?   
8capabilities0 ?r\gh neglect4 8,! loss (
 ^! ta/es10 he  says1 8is a loss (      
happ9ess1 & may possibly be injuri\s to 

!  intellect1 & m probably to ! moral "*
 by enfeebl+ !  emotional "p ( our      
nature40    ,! intellect ( man1 9       
itself1 is nev] supreme or suffici5t4   
,feel+ or in/9ct is half ( k4 8,:oev]   
walks a furlong  )\t sympa?y10 says     
,:itman1 8walks to 8 own fun]al dre/ 9  
8 %r\d40 ,( any man1 ,am]ican or        
o!rwise1 :o lives 8 life  unm9dful ( all
 beauty we may ju/ly say1 z ,c>lyle said
 ( ,did]ot1  8,he dwelt all 8 days 9 a  
?9 r9d ( ! ,consci\s2 ! deep  fa?omless 
doma9 ( ! ,unconsci\s :]eon ! o!r re/s &
 has  its mean+ 0 n "u any %ape surmis$ 
by him40    ,mu/ n ! education ( *ildr5 
9 beauty beg91 !n1 ) _!  p>5ts8 ,mu/ !y 
n be ar\s$1 at lea/1 to an intellectual 
conviction ( its value1 ev5 ?\gh !y h   
miss$ its joy8  ,c ! matt] be safely    
left to ! jurisdiction ( ! s*ools       
!mselves ^: curricula are already       
ov]cr[d$ ) me?ods (  escape f ?is v ?+8 
,does n ! s*ool answ] ! g5]al           
conception ( education obta9+ among !   
fa!rs & mo!rs ( !  s*ool-*ildr58 ,c x be

 expect$--is x possible = x--to rise  f>
 above t conception8 ,my object is !re=e
 to sugge/1 fir/1  t ! p]ception (      
beauty is1 9 ! highe/ s5se1 education2  
second1 t music is especially s1 because
 x is ! pure/ =m (  beauty2 &1 ?ird1 t  
music is ! only =m ( beauty by means (  
:i* v "y *ildr5 c be educat$1 because x 
is ! only =m  accessible to !m4    ,ne$ 
,i po9t out t !re has nev] be5 a "t 9 ! 
hi/ory (  mank9d :5 human be+s h n paid 
tribute to beauty8 ,9 _!  attempt to    
escape :at may be call$ ! traffic ( life
 & to rise  above its sordid            
limitations1 h !y n always & ev]y:]e    
creat$ = !mselves "s sort ( deta*$ ideal
 by means ( :i*  !y ju/ifi$ !mselves 9  
an o!rwise un9telligible _w8 ,?is  ideal
 may h be5 a god ( /one1 b x figur$ = !m
 a p]fect  absolution4 ,surr\nd$ by     
brutal =ces ab\t :i* !y knew no?+1      
subject to pe/il5ce1 to w>1 to />vation1
 to ! fury ( !  elem5ts1 unable safely  
to %elt] _! bodies1 !y built = _!  s\ls 
a safe elysium4 ,?is ideal 0 always "o (

 ord] & beauty2  e civilization has     
possess$ x1 & x 0 to ea* civilization  n
 only religion1 b also :at we call      
8art40    ,i ref]r$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] to t 
quality 9 art :i* consi/s  9 its 8hold+ 
a mirror up to nature10 & ?us focus+ our
  att5tion4 ,br[n+ expresses ?is 9 8,fra
 ,lippo ,lippi10 :]e he  says1--        
8,=1 don't y m>k1 we're made s t we love
       ,fir/ :5 we see !m pa9t$1 ?+s we 
h pass$       ,p]haps a hundr$ times nor
 c>$ to see40      ,b ! highe/ (fice (  
art is n s mu* to attract our att5tion  
to beautiful objects z to make u realize
 ?r\gh ! arti/'s skill  :at ! objects   
signify4 ,x is ! arti/ :o s depicts life
 z  to make x intelligible to u2 x is he
 :o sees all ^? deep]  relations :i*    
und]lie all ?+s2 he1 & he only1 c s     
pres5t  human aspirations & human       
actions z to lift !m out ( ! maze  &    
give !m ord] & sequ5ce4 ,?r\gh all !    
welt] ( political  !ories1 (            
philosophies1 ( dogmas insi/$ on at !   
po9t (  excommunication2 amid !         

discov]ies ( sci5ce & ! t5d5cy to  make 
life into a me*anically op]at$ ?+1 !    
/ill small voice (  ! poet rises always 
supreme--supreme 9 wisdom1 supreme 9    
insight1  ! se]1 ! prophet1 !           
philosoph]2 :5 all else has pass$ he    
rema9s1 = beauty is ! only p]man5ce4 ,to
 elim9ate beauty f  education is to     
de/roy its v s\l4    ,f ! law ( gravity 
to ,%elley's 8,to a ,skyl>k10 beauty is 
! c5tral elem5t4 ,9 physics1 9          
ma!matics1 9 a/ronomy1 9  *emi/ry1 !re  
is ! same p]fection ( ord] & sequ5ce1 ! 
same  correlation ( =ces1 ! same        
attraction ( matt] :i*1 op]at+  9 ! f9e 
arts1 br+s ab\t :at we call 8pa9t+10    
8sculpture10  8poetry10 & 8music40 ,!   
:ole ( nature is a po/ulate ( ?is       
doctr9e1 & !re is no subject taught f   
k9d]g>t5 to college  :i* may n be taught
 z 9 accord ) x4 ,!re is a rhy?m (      
beauty 9 all ?+s animate & inanimate--an
 endless v>iety ar\nd  a c5tral unity4  
,! individuality 9 nature & 9 human life
 is z  a rhy?mic div]sity to a div9e &  

c5tral unity4 ,! leaves ( a  maple tree 
are all alike & all diff]5t2 ! diff]5ce 
betwe5  ! me*anical arts & ! f9e arts is
 a diff]5ce ( rhy?mic  flexibility3 "o  
is fix$ 9 rhy?m 9 accordance ) physical 
laws1  & acts 9 p]fect sequ5ce &        
regul>ity2 ! o!r is a free              
individualiz$ rhy?mic play ar\nd a fix$ 
c5t]4 ,! pa9t] may  n dispose ! objects 
on 8 canvas z he pleases--nature all[s  
him  only a c]ta9 fre$om2 ! sculptor may
 di/ribute 8 weights &  8 rhy?ms ar\nd !
 axis ) only s mu* fre$om f ! dem&s  (  
nature z 8 p>ticul> purpose ju/ifies2   
ev5 ! /ra9 (  music1 :i* seems to w&] s 
mu* at w t x is (t5 call$ a             
8rhapsody10--x1 too1 is m]ely a play (  
rhy?ms & cont\rs ar\nd  a fix$ c5t]1 &  
con=ms to a common purpose j z a maple  
leaf  does4 ,a ma*9e acts 9 me*anical   
syn!sis1 a melody acts 9 /hetic         
syn!sis2 nei!r is free4 ,s we say !re is
 no su* ?+ z an  isolat$ fact1 or       
subject1 or idea4    ,?us ev]y?+ taught 
to *ildr5 c be taught z beauty1 & if x  

is n s taught1 its v ess5ce mu/ dissolve
 & disappe>4 8,!  mean di/ance f ! e>?  
to ! moon is ab\t two hundr$ & =ty  ?\s&
 miles02 8two & two make f\r02 8an isl& 
is a body ( l&  entirely surr\nd$ by    
wat]02--s a *ild le>ns 8 lesson 9 :at   
are call$ facts 7! mo/ deceptive &      
s\lless ?+s 9 ! _w74  ,to him 8! moon0 &
 8a mile0 are little m ?an words2 #b  #b
 are  tr\blesome hi]oglyphics2 8an isl&0
 is1 p]haps1 m]ely a ^w 9 a  physical   
geography book2 b to y all ^! objects & 
quantities  are1 p]haps1 beautiful2 = y 
8,! moon do? ) delight       ,look ar\nd
 h] :5 ! heav5s are b>e02      = y      
numb]s h come to h t significance :i*   
makes !m  beautiful2 an isl& may h t\*$ 
y\r imag9ation z x has  ,conrad's1 :o   
calls x 8a great %ip an*or$ 9 ! op5     
sea02 y  h se5 t beauty :i* lies beh9d  
facts :5 !y fall1 z )  a click1 into !  
me*anism ( ?+s4 ,s mu/ *ildr5 be taught 
to  realize at ! v beg9n+ some?+ ( t    
great unity :i*  p]vades ! _w ( ?\ght & 
( matt]4 ,"s compreh5sion  mu/ be giv5  

to !m ( t m>vel\s s5se ( fitt+ toge!r1  
( p]fect correspond5ce1 :i* all nature  
reveals & :i* is  ultimately beauty4 ,x 
is ?is quality1 resid+ 9 e subject1 :i* 
con/itutes ! ju/ification = our insi/5ce
 on beauty z a "p (  education4    ,)   
our pres5t sy/ems ( education all       
ideality is cru%$1 =  ?is ideality is a 
p]sonal quality1 :]eas all we are1 we   
are 9  mass4 8,y are try+ to make t boy 
into ano!r y10 said ,em]son1  "s fifty  
ye>s ago2 8"o's en\gh40 ,mod]n          
education1 subject to  con/ant :ims1 has
 become a capaci\s maw into :i* our     
*ildr5 are  ?r[n4 ,ev]y?+ = use1 no?+ = 
beauty2 = use means money1  :ile        
beauty--:at is beauty good =8--7a "q :i*
 ,l[ell1 9  "o ( 8 essays1 says 8w\ld be
 dea? to ! rose & be answ]$             
triumphantly by ! cabbage074 ,?is is    
inde$ an old !sis1 b nev]  has x m ne$$ 
/at+ ?an n[4 ,x applies ev]y:]e4        
,lit]ature  taught z beauty is uplift+ &
 joyful2 taught z syntax x is dead  &   
*e]less4 ,all o!r =ms ( in/ruction lose 

_! =ce if  !y are deta*$ f t poetic     
h>mony ( :i* !y are a "p4  ,numb]s1     
cities1 ma*9es1 symphonies1 ! objects on
 y\r table1 y  y\rself1--all ^! are to  
be se5 z belong+ to ?is h>mony1  )\t :i*
 ! _w is ,b$lam4    ,am]ican *ildr5 are 
musical1 ,am]ican adults are n1 & ! *ief
  reason lies 9 ! wa/$ opportunities (  
*ildhood4 ,if ! natural  ta/e ( our     
*ildr5 = music 7 prop]ly develop$1 !y   
w\ld  cont9ue to practice x & to f9d    
pleasure 9 do+ s1 & ?us  w\ld avoid !   
fatal error ( po/pon+ _! heav5 to ano!r 
"t--! great mi/ake ( life & ( !ology4   
,i desire !re=e to deal "h ) !          
possibilities :i* music  (f]s to *ildr51
 n to a few *ildr5 9 play+ ! pian(orte1 
b to all *ildr5 9 love & und]/&+4 ,x is 
obvi\sly  desirable to make !m all love 
music1 &1 s9ce few ( !m ev]  atta9      
satisfactory pr(ici5cy 9 play+          
in/rum5ts1 our *ief  problem lies 9 try+
 to develop _! ta/e & !reby keep+ _!    
allegiance4      ,,ii4 ,,! ,,value ,,(  
,,s++    ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ,i discuss$ !  

qualities & prop]ties ( music  z        
su*--music1 t is1 9 its pure e/ate1     
unconnect$ ) words z  9 songs1 or )     
words1 action1 co/ume1 & sc5]y1 z 9     
op]a4  ,& n[1 9 writ+ ab\t *ildr5's     
music1 x is /ill necess>y to  keep 9 m9d
 t1 ev5 :5 music is alli$ to words1 x   
has !  necessities ( its own nature to  
fulfill1 & t ! use ( suitable  or ev5   
f9e words 9 a *ild's song does n *ange  
?is condition4    ,9 beg9n+ ?is         
discussion ,i propose to ignore = !     
mom5t !  effect 9 aft] life ( :at we    
advocate = *ildr51 & ,i also  disc>d 7) 
a c]ta9 contempt7 ! common notion--true 
en\gh 9 its  way--t music is = !m a re/ 
& a *ange aft] burd5some tasks4  ,= we  
mu/ see music1 9 relation to *ildr51 z x
 really is4 ,i g  beh9d ! psy*ologi/#d  
:o says1 8 444 ! prime end ( musical    
education 444 is to tra9 ! s5tim5ts1 to 
make *ildr5 feel nature1  religion1     
c\ntry1 home1 duty1 444 to gu>antee     
sanity ( ! he>t out  ( :i* are ! issues 
( life02 = ,i say t music1 by itself1   

_c make *ildr5 feel nature1 religion1   
c\ntry1 home1 or duty1 &  t ^! s5tim5ts 
are ar\s$ by ! height5$ effect ( words  
set to music1 & n by ! music itself4 ,! 
prime end ( music--&  ( ! o!r arts--is  
beauty4 ,song is n /ory1 melodies h no?+
  to d ) morals1 & all ! !ories ab\t    
music--su* z ^? (  ,d>w9 & ,sp5c]--are  
wrong :5 !y attribute to x any ult]ior  
purpose or orig9 :atev]4 ,music is an   
end1 n a means4    ,n[ ?is beauty :i* ! 
s\l ( man craves1 & always has crav$1   
_c be br\ght to little *ildr5 9 lit]>y  
=m1 because !y  _c read or because _! k 
( words is too limit$2 nor c  x be      
br\ght to !m 9 ! =m ( pa9t+1 because !y 
are n  suffici5tly s5sitive to          
color-vibrations2 nor ( sculpture1 = _! 
s5se ( =m is n suffici5tly develop$4 ,9 
fact1 _! p[] (  response is exce$+ly    
limit$ 9 mo/ directions4 ,!y c nei!r    
draw nor pa9t nor write nor read1 s t   
?is beauty :i* we value  s highly seems 
%ut out f !m4 ,?is 7 s b = music4    ,by
 s++1 & by s++ only1 a little *ild (    

five may come 9  contact ) a pure &     
p]fect =m ( beauty4 ,n only t1 b  ! *ild
 c reproduce ?is beauty entirely unaid$1
 & 9 !  process ( do+ s its :ole        
be+--body1 m9d1 he>t1 & s\l--is  engag$4
 ,! song1 = ! mom5t1 is ! *ild4 ,!re is 
no possible  realization ( ! little     
p]sonality comp>able to ?is4 ,"h1 9     
s\nds1 is t correlation ( impulses 9 :i*
 ! />s move2 "h  is ! _w ( ord] & beauty
 9 m9iature2 "h is a microcosm  ( life2 
"h is a talisman aga9/ ! cold1 unmean+  
facts :i*  are driv5 into *ildr5's bra9s
 to jo/le "o ano!r 9 unfri5dly          
companion%ip4 ,?r\gh ?is !y c feel a    
beauty & ord] :i*  _! m9ds are incapable
 ( grasp+4 ,! joy :i* a *ild gets 9     
reproduc+ beautiful melodies is l no o!r
 exp]i5ce 9 life4 ,x  is absolutely a   
p]sonal act1 = ! music l5ds itself to ! 
*ild's  individuality z no?+ else does4 
,music1 9 ?is s5se1 pres]ves 9  *ildr5 t
 ideality :i* is "o ( ! mo/ preci\s     
possessions  ( *ildhood1 & :i* we w\ld  
fa9 keep 9 aft] life2 :i* loves  fl[]s &

 animals1 :i* sees ! tru? 9 fairy       
/ories1 :i*  believes ev]y?+ to be good 
& is ali5 to ev]y?+ s9i/]1  :i* sees !  
moon & />s1 n z objects s _m millions ( 
miles  f ! e>?1 & p>ts ( a great sol>   
sy/em1 b z lant]ns hung  9 ! heav5s4    
,! prime object1 !n1 ( musical education
 = *ildr5 is s to  develop _! musical   
s5sibilities z to make !m love & und]/& 
! be/ music4 ,does ?is br+ up ! "q1     
8,:at is ! be/  music80 ,by ! 8be/0     
music ,i mean exactly :at ,i %\ld mean  
if ,i  7 to sub/itute ! ^w 8lit]ature0 =
 8music0--,i mean !  compositions ( !   
great ma/]s4 ,& if y say t ! great      
ma/]s did n write music suitable =      
little *ildr51 ,i reply  t su* music has
 nev]!less be5 produc$ by all races 9 _!
  *ildhood1 t x exi/s 9 pr(usion1 t x is
 commonly kn[n z  8folk-song10 t x is ! 
basis ^u :i* mu* ( ! greate/ music  9 ! 
_w re/s1 &1 f9ally1 t x is ! natural &1 
inde$1  ! inevitable means ( approa* to 
su* great music4    ,?is basis1 to :i*  
,i ref]1 is bo? actual & ideal4 ,_m     

great  compos]s h us$ actual            
folk-melodies4 ,! *orales 9 ,ba*'s 8,/4 
,mat!w ,passion10 = example1 are bas$ on
 traditional melodies4  ,9 ,haydn's     
in/rum5tal compositions folk-songs are  
(t5 us$  v]batim1 & ! total numb] ( !m  
to be f\nd 9 8 works is  v great4       
,notable examples may be f\nd 9         
,bee?ov5--z 9 !  8,ras\m(fsky0          
qu>tettes1 & ! ,sev5? ,symphony--:ile   
,s*ub]t1  ,brahms1 & ,ts*aikovsky us$   
folk-melodies freely4 ,dvok & ,grieg    
are ess5tially national 9 _! idiom &    
/yle1 & folk-music may  be said to be ! 
basis ( ! music ( ea*4 ,ideally ! debt (
 music  to folk-song is great] /ill4    
,any typical1 ,adagio ( ,bee?ov5 7su*  z
 t 9 ! s-call$ 8,pa?tique ,sonata07     
spr+s f folk-song1  &1 9 spite ( ! long 
process ( developm5t ?r\gh :i* music  _h
 pass$1 reflects--9 a m mature =m--!    
same s5tim5t "o  f9ds 9 ! orig9al4 ,h[  
c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,is !re any art1 or  
any o!r intellectual activity ( man1 (  
:i* ! same ?+ _c  be said8 ,7 n ,keats &

 ,%elley wait+ to be born ( ,col]idge  &
 ,wordswor?8 ,is !re su* a ?+ z a fruit 
)\t a v9e2 a  blossom )\t a /em2 an end 
)\t a beg9n+8 ,!re h be5  compos]s1     
poets1 & pa9t]s :o h liv$ deta*$ f !    
common  consci\sness--l ^? /range       
organisms 9 nature t float 9  sea or air
 & draw no?+ f ! e>?'s native soil2 b   
all  ! greate/ m9ds h be5 root$ 9 ! pa/ 
& h drawn _!  inspiration f common human
 exp]i5ce4 ,keep+ 9 m9d1 !n1 t  our     
object is to tra9 ! ta/e ( *ildr5 s t !y
 w love  ! be/ music1 let u exam9e :at  
is actually tak+ place 9 !  tea*+ (     
music to *ildr54      ,,iii4 ,,curr5t   
,,me?ods ,,( ,,tea*+    ,! mo/ common   
fallacy 9 our tea*+ consi/s 9 putt+ k   
be=e exp]i5ce1 or !ory be=e practice4   
,*ildr5 are taught  ab\t music be=e !y h
 _h suffici5t exp]i5ce ( x4 ,!y  are    
taught1 = example1 to p9 pa/ebo>d notes 
on a make-belief  /aff2 !y are told t "o
 note is ! fa!r-note & ano!r !  "m-note 
7"o supposes ! *romatics to be irascible
 old-maid  aunts72 all sorts (          

subt]fuges are resort$ to 9 an attempt  
to tea*  !m :at !y are too "y to le>n & 
:at1 9 any case1 c h  no significance   
:atev] except :5 bas$ on a long process 
( actual  exp]i5ce4 ,"o might z well try
 to satisfy a hungry *ild ) a  picture (
 an apple z to %[ a *ild notes be=e x   
has dealt )  s\nds4    ,?is1 !n1 is our 
great fallacy4 ,x is impossible to      
expect *ildr5  to be musical if !y beg9 
) symbols ( any k9d4 ,fur!rmore1 9  !   
tea*+ ( songs )\t notation1 ! :ole /ress
 c be laid on  fundam5tal ?+s4 ,:at are 
^!8 ,fir/1 a s5se ( rhy?m4 ,9 !         
developm5t ( music rhy?m came be=e      
melody1 z melody came be=e  h>mony4     
,rhy?mic fre$om & accuracy are ess5tial1
 n only to a  *ild's musical education1 
b to 8 physical well-be+4 ,n[ !re  is "o
 ?+ c]ta91--namely1 t fre$om & accuracy 
9 rhy?m c  be br\ght ab\t only by actual
 bodily movem5t4 7,x is unnecess>y  to  
dwell on ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5   
actual rhy?mic  movem5t & any symbol (  
x1 su* z a half or qu>t] note47 ,&  !   

beg9n+ ( ! musical tra9+ ( *ildr5 %\ld  
consi/ 9  m>*+1 or clapp+ h&s to music  
play$ by ! tea*]4 ,foll[+  ?is ! actual 
notes ( simple folk-song may be express$
 9 bodily  motion--z 9 runn+ or danc+--!
 *ief po9t be+ to engage !  :ole body4  
,! beg9n+s ( ,eurhy?mics z evolv$ by    
,dalcroze  s]ve ?is purpose excell5tly1 
! met] ( ! song 7#d_/d or #c_/d7  be+   
express$ ) ! arms1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 !
 rhy?ms 7or  actual notes7 are express$ 
by ! movem5t ( ! feet ) ! body  9       
motion4 ,x mu/ always be kept 9 m9d1    
h[ev]1 t ?is tra9+  is = ! m9d & !      
/hetic s5se1 & t ! bodily motions are  =
 ! purpose ( giv+ *ildr5 an exact s5se (
 rhy?m4 ,too great  /ress _c be laid on 
! necessity ( always us+ good music4    
,fur!rmore1 ,i wi% to avoid ! pitfalls t
 are spread at e h&  9 ! =m ( s*ools =  
self-expression 9 :i* *ildr5 &  adults  
are taught s-call$ 8/hetic0 movem5ts to 
music4 /hetic  danc+ is "o ?+2 a musical
 education is ano!r4 ,! cry =           
self-expression is *>act]i/ic ( out     

attitude t[>d education4 ,a  *ild or an 
adult is ask$ to li/5 to a piece ( music
 & !n to  express 9 motion or pose :at x
 feels4 ,undiscipl9$ by exp]i5ce1       
incapable--z we all are--( fa?om+ !     
my/]y ( great music1  un$ucat$ 9 ^?     
immutable laws t und]lie all /hetics1   
:at c su* a p]son express--save t       
idiosyncrasy :i* he at  t mom5t is8 ,s1 
ultimately1 "o expresses a ,bee?ov5     
sonata or  symphony by poses &          
movem5ts--9 a ,greek dress1 aga9/ a     
curta9$  backgr\nd & "u a calcium light6
 ,?is delicate1 transitory1  elusive1 & 
imp5etrable ?+ we call music is some?+ m
 ?an  motion2 yes1 m ev5 ?an motion1    
melody1 & h>mony toge!r1 =  !y are b its
 body2 its _s c nei!r be fa?om$ nor     
express$  save 9 t]ms ( itself4    ,on e
 side ?is sort ( in/ruction goes on4 ,"o
 he>s glib  /atem5ts on ! lips (        
un9/ruct$ p]sons ab\t *ild psy*ology1   
8second0 bra91 & s =?4 ,a pupil is ask$ 
to li/5 to a phrase (  music & !n tell !
 tea*] :at 8comes ?r\gh40 ,we mu/       

rememb]  t art is discipl9e & t !re is  
no real lib]ty except "u  law4 ,we want 
*ildr5 to use _! m9ds accurately & to h 
control  ( _! bodies1 b ?is use & ?is   
control c only come ?r\gh  def9ite &    
regulat$ ef=t4 ,grop+s 9 ! d>k1 deta*$ &
  illusive pursuits ( ! w-o'-!-wisps (  
education w nev]  accompli% our purpose4
      ,,iv4 ,,:at ,,%\ld ,,*ildr5 ,,s+8 
,b ev5 ^! artificial & false me?ods are 
less h>mful to  *ildr5 ?an are ! poor1  
vapid1 & false songs by means ( :i*  _! 
ta/e is sl[ly & surely dis9tegrat$4 ,n[ 
! nature ( music  is su* t _m p are     
unable to see :y "o *ild's song is      
bett] ?an ano!r4 ,!re is a consid]able  
numb] ( p hav+  to d ) *ildr5's music :o
 seem q incapable ( di/+ui%+  betwe5 a  
really beautiful folk-song & a trivial  
copy ( "o4 ,long  association ) ! latt] 
has produc$ ! inevitable result4 ,only  
"o argum5t c be br\ght to be> on su*    
p]sons1 an argum5t hav+  no?+ to d )    
/hetics--namely1 t ! curr5t music =     
*ildr5 ( "o g5]ation is inevitably      

displac$ by t ( ! next1  :]eas ! same   
folk-songs are cont9ually reproduc$1 &  
are sung  by increas+ g5]ations ( *ildr5
 ! _w ov]4 ,any musician c  /r+ toge!r 9
 logical sequ5ce a s]ies ( notes to fit 
a v]se  ( simple poetry--almo/ e        
musician has2 any poet c put toge!r     
simple & easily und]/ood v]ses2 b ! h& (
 "t sweeps !m  away to oblivion4 ,out ( 
! dep?s ( simple he>ts1 9 joy or sorr[  
or privation1 z a balm to toil & labor1 
z a cry f a "m's  he>t1 9 battle1 9     
mom5ts ( religi\s exaltation--:]ev] &   
:5ev] ! dep?s are /irr$1 song spr+s =?4 
,a compos] c  express only :at is 9 him2
 8 limitations are z conf9+ z are  ^? ( 
e o!r arti/4 ,dick5s c\ld no m create a 
,cl>a  ,middleton ?an c\ld ,ts*aikovsky 
a !me l t at ! op5+ (  ! ,n9? ,symphony2
 & to suppose t ! creation ( a *ild's   
song  is a simple matt] ( putt+ notes   
toge!r 9 a correct & agreeable  sequ5ce1
 is to misconceive ! :ole creative      
process4    ,x is our c>d9al error t we 
?9k any tune good en\gh :i*  is         

attractive at fir/ he>+4 ,9 !           
music-books provid$ =  k9d]g>t5 & = home
 s++ !re is an endless s]ies ( poor1    
vapid1 ov]-sweet melodies :i* *ildr51   
hungry = any music1 w  s+ readily en\gh 
= lack ( bett]4 ,"s ( ^! tunes smack    
unmi/akably ( a ,broadway musical com$y2
 _m ( !m are full (  mawki% s5tim5t &   
affect$ simplicity4 ,no real progress c 
be made  until we rea* def9ite          
conclusions on ?is po9t & act on !m4    
,our  ta/e & t ( our *ildr5 is nev]     
/ation>y1--we cont9ually  advance or g  
backw>ds1--& ! subtle dis9tegration ( ! 
ta/e (  *ildr5 by bad songs results     
inevitably 9 indiff]5ce to good music  9
 lat] life4 ,! road bran*es "h2 "o leads
 ! way we "k too  well1 ! o!r leads to a
 real love ( f9e music1 to a real       
happ9ess  9 x1 & to a real respect = x4 
,let me say1 also1 t *ildr5  love good  
songs1 & t1 z a "p ( _! natural or      
normal  end[m5t1 !y possess 9 ?is       
respect1 & to a rem>kable degree1  t    
quality :i* we ignobly call 8ta/e40 7,i 

recall an old ,egyptian  manuscript 9 ! 
,bodleian ,libr>y conta9+ a lett] :i*   
ran ?us3  8,!on to 8 fa!r1              
,!on--,greet+4 ,x 0 a f9e ?+ t y did  n 
take me to ,alex&ria ) y4 ,s5d me a     
lyre1 ,i implore y6 ,if  y don't1 ,i    
won't eat any?+4 ,i won't dr9k any?+4   
,!re607    ,! numb] ( musical no/rums = 
*ildr5 is legion1 & ,i h no  desire to  
enum]ate !m4 ,_! effects are 9 inv]se   
relation to  _! ext5sive                
&--sometimes--exp5sive p>aph]nalia4 ,b  
,i w  quote a s+le s5t5ce f a popul>    
song-book = *ildr5 z an  illu/ration ( !
 t5d5cy :i* !y repres5t3 8,und]/&+ z we 
d ! innate fondness ( *ildr5 = ri*      
h>monies1 we h giv5  special att5tion to
 ! h>monization ( ! melodies2 & al?\gh x
  is occasionally necess>y = *ildr5 to  
s+ )\t accompanim5t1  yet su* a lack is 
to be deplor$1 z ! accompanim5t (t5     
s]ves z  ! rhy?mic expression ( !       
?\ght40    ,! =ego+ specim5 is almo/ a  
comp5dium ( :at *ildr5's  songs & !     
tea*+ ( !m %\ld n be4 ,if *ildr5 are    

fond  ( 8ri*0 h>monies1 ! fact is to be 
regrett$4 7,i d n believe  t ! av]age   
*ild is47 ,! be/ possible ?+ = !m1 9 t  
case1 w\ld be to he> no h>monies at all 
= "s "t1 b to s+  entirely unaccompani$ 
7j z y w\ld deprive !m ( sweetmeats  if 
!y _h be5 made ill by !m72 special      
att5tion giv5 to !  h>monization (      
*ildr5's songs is giv5 9 an entire      
misconception  ( _! "* & _! uses2 = !   
ess5ce ( a *ild's song  lies 9 its own  
rhy?mic & melodic indep5d5ce1 & if x    
dep5ds  on an accompanim5t = its rhy?m1 
x is by j s mu* a poor song4  ,!re is no
 h>m 9 a simple accompanim5t to a       
folk-song1 b 9  tea*+ !m to *ildr5 an   
accompanim5t does = !m precisely :at  we
 want !m to d = !mselves1 namely1       
reproduce correctly !  metre & ! rhy?m1 
! pit* & ! cont\r ( ! melody4    ,su*   
tra9+ z ,i h advocat$1 if c>ri$ on ?r\gh
 e>ly  *ildhood1 br+s ) x a natural     
desire to cont9ue s++ &  makes le>n+ to 
s+ f notes mu* easi] ?an x w\ld o!rwise 
be4 ,! capacity to s+ music at sight is 

a valuable acquisition  = *ildr51 = x   
enables !m to take "p 9 *oral s++ &     
provides !m 9 aft] ye>s ) a delightful  
means ( access to "s  ( ! f9e/ music4 ,!
 advantage to ! individual ( ?is acquir$
  te*nique is t x is ( ! m9d & n ( !    
muscles2 x does  n des]t its possessor z
 f+] te*nique des]ts ! play] :o  ceases 
to practice4 ,to s+ "p songs ) fri5ds1  
or to be "o (  a l>g] numb] s++ a       
composition by ,ba* or "s o!r great     
compos]1 9 :i* ea* s+] is contribut+ to 
reproduce a noble  "w ( art--?is1 9     
itself1 is a highly desirable exp]i5ce4 
,b  ! process ( le>n+ to s+ at sight has
 sometimes l$ f> away  f true /hetics & 
has result$ 9 a c]ta9 debas+ ( ! ta/e   
?r\gh s++ inf]ior music4 ,vocal ex]cises
 = sight s++  are necess>y1 & we c      
accept !m z su*1 = !y d n evoke  !      
/hetic s5se2 b bad songs taught to      
illu/rate "s po9t (  te*nique are       
unnecess>y & inexcusable4      ,v4 ,,!  
,,fallacy ,,( ,,! ,,inevitable          
,,pian(orte ,,lesson    ,b ! majority ( 

! *ildr5 :o h private in/ruction 9      
music take lessons 9 pian(orte-play+4 ,x
 has become a cu/om2 !  pian(orte is an 
article ( dome/ic furniture 7& a v ugly 
"o72  pian(orte-play+ is a sort ( poli% 
to a cursory education4 ,b !  reason is 
*iefly f\nd 9 ! fact t ?is is ! l9e (   
lea/  resi/ance3 !re are pl5ty ( tea*]s 
( pian(orte-play+ b few  tea*]s ( music1
 s p>5ts accept t :i* is available4     
,!re is "h a confusion betwe5 p]=m+     
music & und]/&+  x4 ,le>n+ to p]=m seems
 7& is7 a tangible asset--some?+        
def9itely accompli%$2 :ile m]ely le>n+  
to und]/& music  seems to p>5ts a vague 
process likely to h some:at indef9ite   
results4 ,!y want _! *ildr5 to produce  
tangible results 9  ! =m ( 8pieces0 well
 play$4 ,"h aga9 we f9d ! same          
misconception4 ,music 9 ?is s5se is half
 titillation ( ! e>1  & half            
f+]-gymna/ics4 ,su* music in/ruction    
consi/s 9  f9d+ ! "r key1 black or :ite1
 hold+ ! h& 9 a correct                 
position1--pat5t$ & exploit$ z ! only   

correct me?od1--putt+  ! ?umb "u1 &     
f9ally1 aft] go+ ?r\gh an almo/ endless 
s]ies ( evolutions cov]+ _m ye>s & c>ri$
 on at fe>ful  co/ ( pati5ce to e "o )9 
he>+1 9 da%+ ab\t ov]  ! glitt]+ keys ) 
an ab&onm5t ( dext]ity positively       
bewild]+4 ,n9e t5?s ( ! aspirants1      
h[ev]1 fall by !  wayside & "s "t lat]  
look back grimly on a long procession ( 
endless h\rs almo/ wa/$4 ,"o pictures to
 "o's self a little girl  ( sev5 or     
eight seat$ be=e t pond]\s & port5t\s   
mass (  iron1 /eel1 wood1 wires1 &      
hamm]s :i* we call a 8pian(orte0  7sixty
 p\nds ( t5d]1 delicate humanity try+ to
 express itself  ?r\gh a solid ton71 h] 
legs dangl+ uncom=tably 9 space1 h]     
little f+]s try+ pa9fully to f9d ! "r   
key1 & at ! same  "t to keep 9 a correct
 position1 /ruggl+ h>d ! :ile to relate 
toge!r two /range ?+s1 a curi\s black   
dot on a page & an ivory  key two feet  
bel[ x1 = nei!r ( :i* %e feels mu*      
affection4  ,& !n "o pictures to "o's   
self ! same *ild at its "m's  knee1 or )

 o!r *ildr51 s++ ) joy & delight a      
beautiful  song4    ,i d n advocate !   
aboli%m5t ( pian(orte-tea*+ to *ildr51  
b ,i d advocate ! ex]cise ( "s          
discrim9ation 9 reg>d to x1  &          
p>ticul>ly ,i insi/ t x %\ld n be begun 
until ! *ild  has sung beautiful songs =
 sev]al ye>s & has develop$ !reby  its  
musical in/9cts1--& ev5 !n only :5 a    
*ild possesses  a c]ta9 am\nt ( t       
physical cord9ation :i* is absolutely   
ess5tial to play+ ! pian(orte4 ,=       
pian(orte-play+ is by no  means a sure  
me?od ( develop+ ! musical in/9ct 9     
*ildr54  ,9 ! fir/ place x lacks !      
intimacy ( s++1 & 9 !  second place !   
play+ itself dem&s ! great] "p ( a      
*ild's  att5tion1 s t (t5 x h>dly he>s !
 music at all4 ,any me?od  ( tea*+ music
 is1 ( c\rse1 wrong :i* attempts to     
sub/itute  te*nical dext]ity = music    
itself4    ,! =ego+ is n typical ( ! mo/
 intellig5t in/ruction 9                
pian(orte-play+1 = !re are _m tea*]s :o 
reason ^!  matt]s out1 & !re are "s     

p>5ts :o see !m cle>ly en\gh  to all[   
su* tea*]s a reasonable latitude4 ,b x  
is true (  pian(orte-tea*+ 9 g5]al1 z   
d\btless almo/ e "o (  our read]s has _h
 "s evid5ce4 ,x is obvi\s t ev5 a slight
  capacity to play ! pian(orte is useful
 & delightful provid$ "o  plays ) ta/e &
 und]/&+1 = "o gets f x a c]ta9         
satisfaction :i* m]e li/5+ does n give4 
,i deplore only an  insi/5ce ^u play+ z 
! only means ( approa* to music2 ,i  "q 
! wisdom ( =c+ *ildr5 to play :o are n  
qualifi$  to d s2 & ,i ?9k play+ %\ld1 9
 any case1 be po/pon$ until  ! musical  
faculties are awak5$ by s++4    ,x is   
d\btless ! conv5tional & dome/ic "* ( ! 
pian(orte t leads u to tra9 our *ildr5  
to play ^u x r  ?an ^u ! viol94 ,!      
pian(orte is available = casual music1  
= accompanim5ts to songs1 = dance music1
 & s =?4 ,! viol9  is1 p]haps1 only     
useful to "o p]son4 ,b h[ mu* m intimate
 x  is6 ,tuck$ "u ! *9 x becomes almo/ a
 "p ( ! play]--z  ! sculls us$ to be to 
! ,autocrat :5 he w5t r[+4 ,! tones  ( !

 viol9 are y\rs & h to be evok$ ?r\gh   
y\r own  pati5t ef=t2 ! pian(orte /&s   
gli/5+ & repell5t1 almo/  imp]vi\s to   
y\r p]sonality4 ,i w\ld h *ildr5 taught 
to play  ! viol91 or violoncello 9      
pref]5ce to ! pian(orte1 & ,i look  =w>d
 to ! "t :5 we %all tra9 our "y p to    
play o!r  or*e/ral in/rum5ts z well4    
,?is is be+ successfully done ev5  n[ 9 
! public s*ools4 ,my own obs]vation     
leads me to believe t  tal5t =          
pian(orte-play+ is q r>e1 & t ! av]age  
*ild  is m likely to be able to play !  
viol94 ,:at m delightful ?an  a quiet   
ev5+ ( *amb] music 9 a small room1 "y & 
old play+  toge!r8 ,ea* p]son has 8 own 
int]e/+ "p to play4 ,ea*  expresses     
himself & at ! same "t con=ms to !      
ensemble4 ,?is  w\ld be true            
self-expression "u ! be/ k9d (          
discipl9e4    ,x is p]haps too mu* to   
expect to /em ! tide ( bad pian(orte    
music4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ! home influ5ce  
c\nts = mu*4 ,is x  n ! duty ( p>5ts to 
satisfy !mselves t ! tea*] ( music  is  

giv+ _! *ildr5 ! be/ & no?+ else8 ,!    
tea*+ (  music 9 ?is c\ntry has suff]$  
enorm\sly ?r\gh be+ deta*$  f ! highe/  
pr(essional /&>ds1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !    
pr(essional /&>d suff]s 9 be+           
disconnect$ f ! common  life & ?\ght4 ,9
 o!r words1 anybody :o plays ! pian(orte
  a little c set up 9 bus9ess z a tea*]1
 :ile1 at ! same  "t1 ! highly qualifi$ 
pr(essional tea*] (t5 =gets t  he is    
deal+ ) a human be+ :o wants to und]/&  
music &  ^: happ9ess 9 deal+ ) x mu/    
ultimately dep5d on t  und]/&+4    ,:5  
*ildr5 %[ an aptitude = play+ !         
pian(orte !re exi/s  /ill ! important "q
 ( develop+ _! ta/e4 ,play+ loses  mu* (
 its value if !re is any lack ( musical 
ta/e & judgm5t  on ! "p ( ! tea*]4 ,an  
exam9ation ( ! programmes ( :at  are    
call$ 8pupils' recitals0 w reveal h[ lax
 "s tea*]s are  9 ?is respect4 ,!re is  
no excuse :atev] = giv+ *ildr5 poor     
music to play1 = !re is pl5ty ( good    
music to be _h & !y c  be taught to l   
x--b ! tea*] mu/ l x also4 ,*ildr5  are 

quick to discov] a pret5se ( lik+1 & x  
is difficult to  /imulate 9 !m a love = 
some?+ :i* y d n love y\rself4          
,,vi4 ,,! ,,real ,,goal    ,^! que/ions 
n[ inevitably arise3 8,h[ c *ildr5 be   
taught music  itself80 8,by :at process 
is x possible = !m to become musical80  
,obvi\sly ?r\gh p]sonal exp]i5ce &      
contact ) good music1 &  ) good music   
only1 fir/ by s++ beautiful songs to    
tra9 ! e>  & awak5 ! ta/e1 second by    
le>n+ h[ to li/5 intellig5tly1  & ?ird  
7if qualifi$ to d s7 by le>n+ to play   
good music on  "s in/rum5t4 ,intellig5t 
li/5+ to music is obvi\sly su*  li/5+ z 
comprises a complete absorption ( all ! 
elem5ts 9  ! music itself4 ,x is n en\gh
 to enjoy ! 8tune0 alone1 =  melody is  
only "o means ( expression4 ,! li/5] mu/
 be alive  to metric & rhy?mic =ms1 to  
melodies comb9$ 9 :at is call$          
8c\nt]po9t10 to t disposition ( ! v>i\s 
!mes1 h>monies1  & s =?1 :i* con/itutes 
=m 9 music4 ,! gr\ps ( fives1 =         
example1 :i* p]si/ ?r\gh\t ! second     

movem5t ( ,ts*aikovsky's  8,pa?tique    
,symphony0 con/itute its sali5t quality2
 ! /eady1  solemn tread 9 ! rhy?m ( !   
sl[ movem5t ( ,bee?ov5's ,sev5?         
,symphony def9es ! "* ( t piece2 ! weav+
 ( !  sep>ate1 individual p>ts 9 a      
composition by ,ba* is 8 *ief  means (  
expression1 & 8 music is un9telligible  
to _m p  because !y are incapable (     
answ]+ to s complex an idiom2 !         
latitude 9 melody itself is1 also1 v    
great1 & "o ne$s con/ant  exp]i5ce ( !  
melodic l9e be=e "o c see ! beauty 9 !  
m pr(\nd melodies ( ,ba*1 ,bee?ov51 &   
,brahms4    ,:at we are seek+ to d is to
 make ourselves complem5t>y to !  music4
 ,we ne$ to see t /hetic pleasure is n  
by any means  entirely ( ! s5ses1 b r ( 
! imag9ation ?r\gh tra9+  ( ! feel+s & !
 m9d4 ,we want our li/5]s to assimilate 
all ! elem5ts 9 a piece ( music & !n to 
re-create x 9 !  imag9ation4 ,x is !    
(fice ( art to create beauty 9 su*      
p]fect  =m z %all make u reflect ^u x4  
,?is pr9ciple applies1 ( c\rse1 to !    

appreciation ( any arti/ic  object      
:atsoev]4 ,"o _c appreciate ,:i/l]'s    
portrait ( 8  "m by m]ely realiz+ t !   
subject looks l a typical  ,victorian   
dame1 any m ?an "o c appreciate         
,:itman's 8,to !  ,man-(-,w>-,bird0 by  
locat+ ,s5egal4 ,:i/l]'s idea is        
express$  ?r\gh composition1 draw+1 &   
color1 & ea* ( ^! qualities  has a      
subtlety ( its own2 ! pose ( ! figure is
 a ?+ ( beauty  9 itself2 ! edge ( !    
picture-frame j %[+ on ! wall1 !        
arrangem5t ( curves & spots on ! curta91
 ! tone ( ! :ole  canvas--all ^! make ! 
picture :at x is1 & all ^! we mu/       
compreh5d & take delight 94 ,:itman's   
poem is a ?+ ( space &  fre$om2 ! sky is
 ! wild bird's cradle1 man is 8a speck1 
a po9t on  ! _w's float+ va/02 ! poet's 
imag9ation ranges ?r\gh !  :ole creat$  
univ]se & fla%es back ov] va/ rea*es (  
"t z if  to inc>nate aga9 man 9 ! bird4 
,s ?is music1 :i* rea*es our            
consci\sness ?r\gh rhy?ms1 melodies1 &  
h>monies1 ?r\gh =m  & /yle1 ?r\gh !     

delicate filigree ( viol9s1 or !        
triumphant  bl>e ( horns2 :i* says      
unutt]able ?+s by means ( sil5ce2  :i*  
means no?+ & yet means ev]y?+1--?is     
,ariel ( !  arts1--?is1 9 all its       
quality1mu/ f9d e*o )9 u4               
,obs]vation1 discrim9ation1 reflection2 
cultivat+ ! memory =  musical phrases & 
melodies1 discipl9+ ! s5ses1 enl>g+ !   
scope ( ! imag9ation1 nurtur+ ! s5se (  
beauty--^! are !  means & ! objects (   
musical education = *ildr54 ,by su* a   
process we atta9 9 "s measure to t joy  
:i* is "o ( ! *ief  objects ( art1 & (  
:i* our pres5t situation almo/          
completely  deprives u4    ,s let me say
 f9ally t ,i wage w> "h aga9/ pat5t     
no/rums1  aga9/ en=c$ & joyless         
music-tea*+1 aga9/ ! developm5t (       
te*nical pr(ici5cy )\t ta/e or und]/&+2 
& t ,i uphold  "h a process ( musical   
education :i* has = its object 8be+     
musical10 & :i* takes into its fold e   
*ild1 boy or girl1 &  keeps !m !re z man
 & woman4    ,,footnote3    #d ,g4      

,/anley ,hall4          ,,*apt] ,,iii   
,,public ,,s*ool ,,music      ,i4       
,,ideals ,,( ,,public ,,s*ool           
,,education    ,x is *>act]i/ic ( our   
compliance 9 matt]s educational t (     
late ye>s we h se5 subject aft] subject 
add$ to ! curricula (  our public       
s*ools1 & h *e]fully vot$ money = !m1   
)\t  hav+ mu* conception ( _! value or (
 ! results atta9$  by introduc+ !m4     
,education is our %ibbole?1 our =mula4  
,!  s*ool diploma & ! college degree    
con/itute our new baptism (  con=mity4  
,we d n "q _! au?ority or _! efficacy4  
,!y absolve u4 ,our public s*ools h     
become exp]im5tal /ations  = ! te/+ (   
!ories1 until ! dem& = m & m            
specialization has result$ 9 an ov]cr[d+
 ( ! curricula &  a consequ5t           
sup]ficiality 9 ! tea*+4 8,t any man    
%\ld  die ignorant :o is capable ( k1 t 
,i call a trag$y10  says ,c>lyle4 ,b !re
 is a great] trag$y /ill1 :i* is t  our 
capability = k may be s ov]burd5$ by    
irrelevant  in=mation t x becomes       

wor?less to u4 ,we /udy ev]y?+ & we  "k 
no?+4 ,our s*ools become deta*$ f !     
realities ( life  because we pursue s   
dilig5tly ! semblance ( ^? realities4   
,our objective is def9itely practical4  
,we expect education to fit boys  &     
girls to cope successfully ) ! ev]yday  
affairs ( life1 we  fr[n on any?+ t     
savors ( ! unpractical1 & we in/9ctively
  di/ru/ ! ^w 8beauty40 ,we are l ,mime 
:o ?\ght t c\rage  lay 9 ! sword itself4
 ,we1 too1 h ! pieces ( ! brok5 blade1  
& !y are z useless to u z !y 7 to him4  
,( :at avail all  ?is in=mation :i* we s
 sl[ly & pa9fully acquire8 ,c x be  put 
toge!r ,mime-fa%ion8 ,or is !re some?+ t
 c fuse x8 ,has  x n all a common s\rce1
 & is n t s\rce 9 nature8 8,e  object   
has its roots 9 c5tral nature & may be  
exhibit$ to u s z  to repres5t ! _w40   
,?is unity 9 ?+s1 to :i* ,em]son ref]s1 
gives ord] & sequ5ce to all objects1    
p]sons1 & ideas2 !y  become significant 
& pot5t1 = we see !m z !y really are4   
,no  "o c be said to be educat$ :o fails

 to appreh5d t unification  ( all matt]1
 ( all ?\ght1 ( all s5sation--t h>mony 9
 ?+s  :i* br+s into relation a speck (  
du/ & a />1 ! individual  & ! cosmos4 ,!
 v ?+ we fe> mo/ 9 education is ! "o  ?+
 t temp]s all ! o!rs--namely1 beauty4 ,=
 9 education1 z  9 ev]y?+ else1 beauty  
means sequ5ce1 ord]1 & h>mony2 beauty   
relates ?+s to ea* o!r1 multiplies      
ari?metic by geography1  objects by     
s\nds1 acts by feel+s4 ,if !re 7 a _w ) 
"o  human be+ 9 x1 & only "o1 8 sweete/1
 g5tle/1 & mo/  inevitably p]fect act   
w\ld be to leap-into ! "m sea & rejo9   
nature4 ,an isolat$ fact or an unrelat$ 
piece ( in=mation only  diff]s 9 ?is    
respect f ! human be+ 9 t x nev] 0      
alive4    ,we pay lip s]vice to beauty4 
,we /udy poetry1 b we deal *iefly )     
poets--) _! be+ born & _! dy+1 ) ! %ell 
( !m1  :]eas ! poet is only valuable =  
:at beauty he br+s u4 ,we ev5  try to   
extract morals f him1 or to f9d 9 him   
codes ( conduct1  philosophies1 & ! l1  
=gett+ ,sw9burne's f9e say+ t  8,!re are

 pulpits en\gh = all prea*]s 9 prose2 ! 
bus9ess (  v]se writ+ is h>dly to       
express convictions2 & if "s poetry1 n  
)\t m]it ( its k9d1 has at times dealt )
 dogmatic morality1  x is all ! worse & 
all ! weak] = t40 ,"o ( ! prime  objects
 ( ! /udy ( ,engli% %\ld be to in/ill 9 
! /ud5t a  love ( ,engli% poetry4 ,b we 
are afraid ( x2 we di/ru/ x1 or we  ?9k 
x effem9ate4 7,x means no?+ t we are n[ 
prais+ 8free  v]se10 = we are only      
int]e/$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! t]m1 &  t is n
 applicable to poetry1 s9ce no v]se wor?
 hav+ ev] has  be5 or c be free4 ,we    
nibble47    ,b poetry does1 at lea/1    
express itself 9 words1 & words c be    
punctuat$1 & spell$1 & p>s$ & scann$1 &1
 above all1 words  provide mat]ial =    
exam9ations4 ,y _c d any ( ^! ?+s  )    
music1 = x consi/s 9 m]e s\nds mean+    
no?+ t any "o  c f9d out4 ,we d all[    
music to ent] a corn] ( our educational 
sanctu>y1 & !n we slam ! door on h] &   
leave h] !re until  ,june :5 we expect  
h] to come =? g>l&$ = ! graduation      

ex]cises4 ,! taxpay] att5ds ^! ex]cises 
& li/5s to !  s++ ( ! *ildr5 9 t        
complac5t mood :i* he commonly  assumes 
:5 he ?9ks he is gett+ 8 money's wor?1  
al?\gh he  v likely kn[s t 8 own public 
s*ool education 9 music did  no?+ :atev]
 = him4    ,:at are ! claims ( music z a
 means ( educat+ ! "y8 ,to "s           
educational adm9i/rators x seems to h   
almo/ no ju/ification4  8,:at c be      
accompli%$ by x80 !y ask4 8,s++ is n    
necess>y  z a factor 9 life40 8,music is
 ( little importance 9 a "w-a-day  _w40 
,s argue ! s*ool m5 :o want 8results0 z 
!y call !m4  ,b ! real object (         
education %\ld be fir/ to make human    
be+s  capable ( he>+ & see+             
intellig5tly1 & ( us+ _! h&s            
skillfully1 & !n to tra9 ! m9d s t x c  
receive &  assimilate k & turn x into   
wisdom4 ,!re are a few s*ool  au?orities
 :o see music z an important "p ( su*   
education1 b  mo/ ( !m--be+ 9 !mselves  
unconsci\s ( its p[] & ( its            
value--only accept x because o!r p      

simil>ly plac$ h done  s1 or z a relief 
f o!r /udies1 or z a means ( enliv5+    
public s*ool exhibitions4 ,t !re is     
some?+ 9 our natures :i*  music fulfills
 & satisfies2 t great m5 h giv5         
expression  to _! ideas ?r\gh x2 t !    
und]/&+ & appreciation  ( _! utt]ances  
dep5ds on ! tra9+ ( ! e> & ( !          
imag9ation1 & t1 :5 ?is tra9+ has be5   
complet$1 a man  or woman has access to 
a :ole _w ( beauty--all ?is ! av]age    
s*ool man does n see4 ,nor c he be      
expect$ to see x1 = he  has nev]        
exp]i5c$ x 9 himself4 ,b he %\ld be     
conv9c$ by  ! ph5om5a2 by ! l>ge numb] (
 p :o d]ive enjoym5t  & /imulation f    
great music2 by ! p]si/5ce ( ! love =   
x2 ev51 p]haps1 by ! colossal sums sp5t 
on x4 ,b he _c  dispel 8 di/ru/ ( a /udy
 ^: results are illusive2 he (t5  sees x
 badly adm9i/]$1 & is unable to rem$y ! 
condition1 s  he leaves x to its fate4  
,! "o m$ium ( human expression t is     
univ]sal1 t transc5ds language1 t kn[s  
no di/9ctions save  su* z x seeks out   

itself 9 our own s\ls2 t speaks to !    
t9ie/ *ild & to 8 gr&fa!r 9 common t]ms2
 t does n  deal 9 beliefs1 or 9 dogma1  
or 9 ev5ts1 or ?+s1 or p]sons1 or       
localities--?is he suspects6 ,put all   
?is on 8 educational scales2 a  few     
lessons 9 ari?metic w outweigh x4 ,!    
passion = categorical  facts1 arrang$ 9 
me?odical sequ5ce t]m by t]m1 ye> by    
ye>1 &  culm9at+ 9 a sky-rocket bur/1 e 
fact blaz+ up sep>ately =  an in/ant z  
?\gh x really 7 alive1 & !n go+ out :ile
  ! *>r$ emb]s fall f> ap>t on a pati5t 
e>?--?is is call$  ,education6 ,b ?is   
passion is almo/ in]adicable--is1 inde$1
 "o (  ! mo/ common ( human fail+s4 ,x  
is :at is call$ 9 ^! days  8effici5cy03 
t is1 a sort ( nose-on-!-gr9d/one       
p]si/5cy 9  detail entirely oblivi\s (  
^? l>g] aspects ( any case :i*  really  
decide its de/9y4 ,sy/ems1 categories1  
prec$5ts2 ^! are  safe4 ,:y w&] f beat5 
pa?s8 ,individual aspiration1 a desire =
  beauty--^! are dang]\s4 ,we h ceas$   
memoriz+ ! names (  riv]s1 or ! capitals

 ( ,patagonia & ,bolivia1 b we /ill cl+ 
tightly to 8useful0 subjects1 & we /ill 
te/ our education by  weigh+ x 9 ,june4 
,i propose1 !n1 fir/1 to exam9e ! claims
 ( music z a subject to  be taught 9 our
 public s*ools2 second1 to exam9e into  
prevail+  me?ods ( tea*+ x2 ?ird1 to    
inve/igate ! results n[ obta9$2  &      
f9ally1 to sugge/ ways ( bett]+ our     
situation4      ,,ii4 ,,! ,,value ,,(   
,,music ,,9 ,,public ,,s*ool ,,education
    ,9 ! la/ *apt] ,i ref]r$ to !       
qualities 9 music :i* make x  especially
 valuable = *ildr51 & :at ,i said !re   
applies )  equal or ev5 great] =ce "h4  
,any "o :o has comp>$ t[n or  city life 
9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 & has se5 :at 
a pleasure1  & :at a civiliz+ influ5ce  
music may become :5 x is prop]ly  taught
 9 *ildhood1 mu/ realize h[ great a loss
 our p su/a9  by ! neglect ( s++4 ,we   
are only n[ beg9n+ to realize  h[ long x
 takes to weld a div]se p into "o by    
means ( an  intellectual conception (   
nationality4 ,! ?9 bond ( self-int]e/1  

! advantage ( 8gett+ on0 9 ! _w--^! keep
 u toge!r 9  ord9>y times1 b 9 a great  
crisis ^! bonds break4 ,! leav5 (       
s5tim5t is ne$$4 ,we want a common      
sympa?y2 we want above all "s  means (  
expression = t sympa?y4 ,!re h be5 (    
late num]\s  great meet+s at :i* !      
feel+s ( m5 & wom5 h exp5d$  !mselves 9 
%\ts1 9 *e]s1 9 ! clapp+ ( h&s1 & 9 o!r 
in>ticulate me?ods ( express+ emotions4 
,:at w\ld n a song  h done = ^! ?\s&s--a
 song !y all knew & lov$8 ,are we  =ev] 
to be dumb8    ,our hope is 9 ! *ildr51 
to :om music is ( ine/imable value4  ,9 
! fir/ place 7z ,i h already po9t$ out7 
music supplies !  only means ( br++ "y  
*ildr5 into actual & intimate contact  )
 beauty4 ,9 ! k9d]g>t5 or 9 ! e>ly      
grades ( our public  s*ools *ildr5 are  
capable ( s++1 & love to s+1 simple     
songs :i*1 )9 _! limit$ scope1 are q    
p]fect1 :]eas  _! capacity = draw+1 or =
 appreciat+ =ms & colors  is            
comp>atively slight4 ,9 music *ildr5 f9d
 a natural means (  expression = t      

inh]5t quality ( idealism :i* is a "p ( 
_! nature4 ,:5 *ildr5 s+ toge!r _!      
natures are discipl9$  :ile ea* *ild at 
! same "t expresses its own             
individuality4  ,activity ( e>1 eye1 &  
m9d toge!r t5ds to cultivate quickness  
( decision & accuracy ( ?9k+4 ,9 ! matt]
 ( rhy?mic  cord9ation alone music      
ju/ifies itself4 ,rhy?mic movem5ts to   
music  h long s9ce come to be recogniz$ 
z a means ( m5tal & physical            
developm5t4 ,all sorts ( int]e/+ &      
/imulat+ ex]cises c be  us$ 9 connection
 ) ! tea*+ ( songs to little *ildr51 &  
any "o :o has ev] wat*$ a *ild's        
developm5t ?r\gh intellig5t  in/ruction 
9 s++ & 9 rhy?mic ex]cises mu/ h realiz$
  h[ ke5 its p]ception becomes & h[     
valuable to its g5]al  intellig5ce !    
tra9+ is4 ,s important is tra9+ 9       
rhy?mic  movem5t t x %\ld be a "p1 n    
only ( all musical education1  b ( all  
prim>y education ev]y:]e4    ,s++       
beautiful songs prep>es *ildr5 by ! be/ 
possible means  = an intellig5t und]/&+ 

( ! compositions ( ! great  ma/]s :i*1 =
 lack ( ?is prep>ation1 _m adults nev]  
compreh5d4 ,! educational adm9i/rator :o
 d5ies a great compos]  ! di/9ction he  
gives to a great writ] is go+ aga9/ !   
te/imony ( g5]ations ( cultivat$ &      
educat$ p all ov]  ! _w1 &1 moreov]1 is 
tacitly ackn[l$g+ t he believes         
greatness to be a matt] ( m]e outw>d    
expression4 ,! elem5t 9  ,%akespe>e's   
writ+s1 = example1 :i* reveals 8        
greatness is  ! same elem5t t reveals   
,bee?ov5's--namely1 an imag9ative1      
beautiful & true concept or idea ( human
 life4 ,bee?ov5 is z true  z ,%akespe>e4
 ,! same fancy1 ! same d>+1 ! same      
gr&eur1 !  same extravagance (          
imag9ation1 & ! same fidelity to life   
are  f\nd 9 ea*4 ,t "o uses words & !   
o!r m]e s\nds affects  ! case n at all1 
or if at all1 9 favor ( music1 s9ce ^!  
elem5ts or qualities ( life are express$
 m directly & m  int5sely 9 music ?an 9 
words4    ,yes1 !re is e reason = giv+  
music a real place 9 !  curriculum save 

"o1 & t is ?is3 y _c give an exam9ation 
9 x4 ,fatal defect6 ,no ,a  or ,a - = ! 
*ild to take home pr\dly  to its p>5ts2 
on a c]ta9 day at a c]ta9 h\r y _c f9d  
out  by a set te/ :at1 ( ! beautiful ?+ 
we call music1 a *ild has  9 its he>t & 
s\l4 ,! result y hope to ga9 consi/s    
*iefly 9  a love ( good music1 & a joy 9
 s++ x--a result t is likely  to affect 
! happ9ess ( ! *ild all its life long2 !
 :ole  t5d5cy ( s++ 9 s*ools has be5 to 
civilize ! *ild1 to make  x happy1 & to 
help its physical & m5tal cord9ation2   
yet y  d5y ! value ( su* tra9+1 y refuse
 to give x a real place 9  y\r          
curriculum1 y call x a fad or a frill4  
,:at an extraord9>y  attitude = an      
educational adm9i/ration to assume6 ,!  
_w is1  !n1 m]ely a place ( eat+ &      
dr9k+1 ( me*anical r\t9e1 (  facts4 ,!re
 are to be no dreams2 ! fl[]s & brooks &
 m\nta9s1  ! sky1 birds' songs & ! :ole 
fantasy ( life--^! are no?+4  ,beautiful
 objects 9 :i* ! eye delights1 beautiful
 s\nds t  fill ! s\l ) happ9ess & create

 = u a p]fect _w ( our  own1 ^! are     
useless because !y won't submit to an   
exam9ation 9  ,june & c't be made to    
figure 9 a diploma4 ,h[ _m "y p1  ,i    
wond]1 graduate f our in/itutions (     
le>n+ ) no?+  b a diploma8 ,w\ld x n be 
( great value to ! *ildr5 if !y  7      
taught to see & to he> vividly &        
intellig5tly1 to be alive  to all       
beautiful objects1 to love a few        
beautiful poems1 to h !  beg9n+s ( a    
ta/e = lit]ature1 to be able to s+ f9e  
songs1 to  take "p 9 *oral s++1 & to "k 
well a few pieces by ,moz>t  or ,s*ub]t8
 ,d n all great ?+s e/abli% relation%ip 
& d n  all little ?+s acc5tuate         
diff]5ces8 ,:at education is bett] ?an  
t :i* unifies ! individual ) ! univ]sal8
 ,is n ?is :ole  _w ( f9e lit]ature1    
pa9t+1 sculpture1 & music 9 ! v  highe/ 
s5se1 !n1 an education to ! individual8 
,we m>* 9 endless file along a h>d-pav$ 
way out ( ! sun1 our  goal a place :]e  
use holds sway4 ,to rea* ! goal & beg9  
our  labors "u ! la%1 cat*+ a glimpse   

only n[ & !n ( />s1  ( fl[]s1 ( brooks1 
( gre5 fields--only a glimpse1 = use    
holds  u fa/4 ,aft] a "t we =get !m     
altoge!r z use fa/5s its  grip ^u u m   
securely4 ,we plod onw>d1 ma*9e-l1 until
 all  s5se ( beauty is dead1 & ! _w is a
 treadmill ( money-gett+  & ( trivial   
pleasures4 ,!n our bl9dness reacts on   
our *ildr54  ,we h =gott5 ! impulse (   
our *ildhood4 ,! love = beautiful  ?+s  
has left u1 & we h no long] a s5se ( _! 
value4 ,mu/  our *ildr5 cont9ue to suff]
 = ?is8 ,mu/ !y1 too1 become !  slaves (
 use8      ,,iii4 ,,false ,,me?ods ,,(  
,,tea*+    ,t compliance ( ours to :i*  
,i h ref]r$ is n[h]e m  evid5t ?an 9 !  
l>ge sums we sp5d on ! tea*+ ( music1  &
 9 our ignorance ( ! results4 ,s*ool    
bo>ds & s*ool  sup]9t5d5ts usually      
possess little k ( ! subject &  h no    
means ( kn[+ ! quality & ! effect (     
music tea*+  save by su* evid5ces z are 
suppli$ by ! s++ ( ! *ildr5  at ! end ( 
! s*ool ye>4 ,no "o asks :at ! "o ?\s&  
or !  fifty ?\s& doll>s sp5t by ! s*ool 

bo>d e>ns4 ,! money is  appropriat$ &   
exp5d$ on sal>ies1 music books1 etc41 & 
!re !  matt] is left hang+1 z x 71 9 !  
air1 & n to be he>d  f aga9 until ! end 
( ! s*ool ye>4 ,no committee sup]vises  
! selection ( ! books or ! me?ods (     
tea*+4 ,! sup]visor  is 9 autocratic    
control4 ,! sy/em is l an inv]t$ pyramid
  propp$ up by an occasional %[ ( s++1  
by ! fallaci\s excuse  t s++ is a       
relaxation aft] burd5some tasks         
7fallaci\s because  su* relaxation by   
s++ c\ld be c>ri$ on )\t ! exp5sive     
p>aph]nalia ( a s*ool music sy/em71 b   
mo/ ( all support$  & fo/]$ by ! equally
 fallaci\s belief t read+ music 8at     
sight10 s call$1 is an end 9 itself4 ,s 
completely divorc$ is x  f su* control z
 is ex]cis$ ov] o!r subjects t x has    
become ! prey ( !ori/s :o h accumulat$  
ar\nd x a mass (  p$agogical p>aph]nalia
 q unkn[n 9 any o!r =m ( music  tea*+1 &
 ess5tially artificial & encumb]+4    ,i
 h att5d$ conv5tions ( tea*]s :]e all ! 
int]e/ c5t]$  9 p$agogical me?ods1 & 9 !

 discussions ( artificial t]ms &        
!ories4 ,i h met tea*]s :o say !y       
disc\rage ! *ildr5  f s++--because x    
ru9s _! voices6 & :o conf9e _!          
in/ruction to ! !ory ( music4 ,! feti% (
 sight-s++ has  ca/ its blight ov] !    
tea*+ ( little *ildr5 s t in/ead  (     
lett+ !m s+ by e> simple & beautiful    
songs1--:i* ne>ly  e *ild loves to      
d1--!y are taught at ! age ( five or six
  ye>s ! my/]ies ( int]vals1 etc4 ,&    
s9ce ! "t divisions  ( music pres5t     
difficulties too great = _! "y m9ds1 !  
v]tical measure l9es are disc>d$1 ?us   
oblit]at+ ! acc5ts &  tak+ away f music 
"o ( its mo/ fundam5tal elem5ts4 ,?is   
makes  necess>y ! sub/itution ( purely  
empirical t]ms to describe !  "t values 
( qu>t] notes1 eigh? notes1 & s =?1 su* 
z 8type  "o10 8type two02 or artificial 
syllabic t]ms are pil$ up "o ^u  ano!r  
until su* a mon/rosity z tafate-fetifi  
results4    ,x is obvi\s t a long       
exp]i5ce ( music ?r\gh s++ %\ld  prec$e 
any in/ruction z to ! "t values ( notes1

 & t if  a *ild has sung _m times by e> 
! s\nds repres5t$ by ^!  artificial     
t]ms1 & has cont9u$ to s+ by e> = two   
ye>s  or m1 & has /or$ up a s]ies (     
musical impressions t  h develop$ its   
musical ta/e & in/9ct1 & has ma/]$  !   
rudim5ts ( numb]s1 ! tea*+ ( ! notes    
becomes a mu*  simpl] & m natural       
process1 involv+ no o!r t]ms ?an ^?     
ord9>ily 9 use 9 music4 ,y c !n call a  
note by its g5]ally  accept$ "n--8half10
 8qu>t]10 8eigh?10 etc4    ,h[ did ?is  
all come ab\t8 ,prim>ily ?r\gh !        
indiff]5ce (  ! public1 & ?r\gh !       
incapability ( ! s*ool au?orities to    
control ! tea*+4 ,nev] hav+ be5 s       
educat$ 9 music z to  realize t x       
conta9s ! highe/ k9d ( educational      
possibilities1  p>5ts take little int]e/
 9 ! music _! *ildr5 le>n 9  s*ool4 ,!  
connection betwe5 music & life is lo/4  
,! sup]visor  may1 or may n be a good   
musician2 he may be entirely indiff]5t  
to  ! high] possibilities ( music z a   
factor 9 education2 8 ta/e  may nev] h  

be5 prop]ly =m$4 ,he is likely to be    
helpless ev5  ?\gh he feels ! ne$ ( re=m
 because he ne$s music books1 &  has to 
take :at he c buy4 ,! mak+ ( music books
 = s*ools has  become too mu* a matt] ( 
comm]cial competition1 & p>ticul>ly  (  
comm]cial propag&a1 & ?is latt]         
condition is fo/]$ by  ! summ] s*ools = 
sup]visors controll$ & op]at$ by !      
publi%]s ( s*ool music books4 ,! result 
( all ?is is t a  cumb]some p$agogical  
sy/em has become firmly entr5*$ 9 _m    
,am]ican t[ns & cities4    ,"o ( !      
greate/ difficulties connect$ ) public  
s*ool music  tea*+ is ! inability ( "s (
 ! grade tea*]s to tea* music4  ,! daily
 lesson is giv5 by h]4 ,! music tea*]   
visits ea* room  once 9 two1 ?ree1 or   
ev5 f\r weeks4 ,x is n necess>ily !     
grade  tea*]'s fault if %e _c tea* music
 well1 because ! tra9+  giv5 h] 9 !     
grade s*ools & normal s*ool may h be5 q 
inadequate4 ,b tea* music %e mu/--z a "p
 ( h] regul> duties4  ,my own obs]vation
 leads me to believe t a good _m grade  

tea*]s  are capable ( do+ ?is "w well1 t
 few d x z well z !y  might d if !y 7   
giv5 m tra9+1 & t "s tea* s badly  t x  
results 9 m h>m ?an good4 ,9 any case ,i
 am oppos$ to  any transf]5ce ( ! daily 
lesson f ! grade tea*]s to an  exp]t1 n 
because ,i ?9k ! exp]t w\ld n d x 9 "s  
ways  bett]1 b because x w\ld mean a v  
l>ge increase 9 ! exp5se  ( our s*ools &
 because ,i believe t only a few grade  
tea*]s  are incapable "u prop] tra9+ (  
giv+ a satisfactory music  lesson4      
,fur!rmore1 ,i believe 9 keep+ ! music  
lesson z a bond  ( sympa?y betwe5 !     
grade tea*] & ! *ildr54 ,s++ is an      
entirely natural art = any human be+ :o 
beg9s x 9 *ildhood  & pursues x ?r\gh   
y\?4 ,i look =w>d to ! day :5 we %all   
all s+4 ,i object to ! displacem5t ( !  
grade tea*] 9 !  "o function ( s*ool    
life :i* is intimate1 free1 & beautiful1
  9 :i* facts1 memb]s1 places1 ev5ts1   
names are =gott51 & 9  :i* ! _s ( ea*   
*ild issues =? "u ! discipl9e (  beauty4
 7,i place ^! words 9 italics because ,i

 am con/antly be+  told t ! great ?+ 9 !
 education ( *ildr5 is to give  !m      
self-expression2 to :i* ,i reply t      
self-expression except  "u              
discipl9e--us+ ! ^w 9 its l>g] s5se--has
 nev] help$  ei!r ! individual or !     
race47 ,we mu/ look to ! normal s*ools  
= ?is improvem5t 9 ! ability ( our      
tea*]s to tea* music1  & ! normal       
s*ools1 9 turn1 mu/ expect our high     
s*ools to s5d  =? _! graduates1 prop]ly 
taught 9 music1 s t normal s*ools  w n h
 to sp5d "t 7z !y (t5 d n[7 supplem5t+ !
  imp]fections ( ! e>li] tra9+4    ,at  
pres5t we are mov+ 9 a vici\s circle4   
,_m ( our normal  s*ools /ill pres]ve   
some?+ ( t artificial p$agogy to :i* ,i 
h ref]r$1 & /ill s5d out tea*]s :o are1 
humanly speak+1  ill-fitt$ to lead !    
*ildr5 9 music4 7,i ref] to ! human     
elem5t  9 ! matt] because x is          
impossible to tea* music prop]ly if y  h
 n _h exp]i5ce ) ! be/ ( x1 & if y d n  
love !  be/ m ?an any o!r4 ,s long z our
 normal s*ools lay too great  /ress on !

 te*nique ( tea*+ music at ! exp5se ( ! 
great]  ?+1 j s long w our s*ools suff]4
 ,& x is easily possible  = ! normal    
s*ool au?orities to be deceiv$ z to :at 
is ! be/  music1 z well z by a brave %[+
 ( musical p]=mance47 ,! real  failure 9
 ! adm9i/ration ( music is due to a     
false ideal4 ,&  x is 9 ?is mi/ak5 ideal
 or purpose t ! crux ( ! :ole  matt]    
lies4 ,ne>ly ! :ole /ress ( tea*+ is    
laid on exp]t  sight-read+ ( music4 ,g  
into a s*oolroom ) a sup]visor to he>  8
 class s+ & he w almo/ inv>iably exhibit
 to y ) pride  ! capacity ( ! *ildr5 to 
s+ at sight4 ,he w ask y to put  some?+ 
impromptu on ! blackbo>d z a te/ ( _!   
pr(ici5cy4  ,he w exhibit to y classes (
 v "y *ildr5 :o h already  le>n$ to read
 notes & :o c s+ all sorts ( simple     
ex]cises  f ! /aff4    ,:at is meant by 
! t]m 8sight-s++08 ,x means1 if x means 
any?+1 t a p]son %all be able to s+     
correctly at ! fir/  trial 8 "p 9 any   
piece ( vocal music :i* he has nev] se5 
or  he>d be=e4 ,& ?is1 :i* we sp5d our  

money =1 is an entirely  artificial     
atta9m5t1 s9ce 9 real life we are almo/ 
nev] requir$  to d x4 8,sight-s++0 has  
become a %ibbole?4 ,:at we want is a    
reasonable capacity = read+ music1 = t  
is all we are call$  ^u to d 9 actual   
life4 ,9 *oral societies & *oirs all ov]
  ?is c\ntry ! numb] ( s+]s :o c read   
music at sight is  negligible1 & !re is 
probably n "o ( !m :o c\ld ma/]  at once
 ! intricacies ( mod]n *oral writ+4 ,let
 u !n tea*  *ildr5 to read music by giv+
 !m z _m trials z is necess>y1  & let !m
 gradually acquire su* a famili>ity )   
int]vals  & ) rhy?mic figures z w make x
 possible = !m to s+  ) o!r p1 & enjoy  
do+ s4 ,we %all !n get rid ( an         
artificial ideal & h j s mu* m "t 9 :i* 
to cultivate  music = its own sake4 ,x  
goes )\t say+ t ! va/ majority  ( !     
*ildr5 9 our public s*ools nev] atta9 to
 t exp]tness  :i* is ! pres5t objective 
( ! tea*+4 ,s we h a d\ble  failure--9  
ideal & 9 practice4 7,?is is n ! place =
 a  discussion ( ! v>i\s me?ods ( tea*+ 

sight-s++4 ,! me?od  commonly us$ 9 ?is 
c\ntry is d]iv$ f ,engli% practice & we 
h ignor$ ! mu* m accurate & sci5tific   
sy/ems ( ,france  & ,g]many47    ,!     
sup]visor1 :o takes s mu* pride 9 !     
capacity ( 8 pupils  to s+ at sight1    
ought to be *iefly int]e/$ 9 some?+ mu* 
m  important--namely1 _! ability to s+ a
 beautiful piece ( music  & p>ticul>ly  
_! joy 9 do+ s1 = t is ! only real      
ju/ification = 8 pres5ce !re4 ,_m       
sup]visors seem to h  almo/ =gott5 t    
music is a ?+ ( beauty & t ! only  way  
to keep x alive 9 a *ild's he>t is to   
tea* ! *ild to s+  beautiful songs4     
,con/ant contact ) inf]ior songs =      
*ildr5 may1  inde$1 h s affect$ !       
sup]visor's ta/e t he himself c no      
long] detect ! diff]5ce betwe5 good &   
bad4      ,,iv4 ,,good ,,or ,,bad       
,,music8    ,= eight ye>s1 !n1 9 our    
public s*ools *ildr5 are taught--z  f> z
 may be--to s+ at sight4 ,is !re a f9e  
song :i* pres5ts  a c]ta9 difficulty1 x 
is plac$ 9 ! book at ! po9t :]e  t      

difficulty arises1 & is treat$ z a      
sight-read+ te/4 ,x is  subject$ to     
analysis z to its melodic progressions1 
ea* ( :i* is  tak5 up z a te*nical      
problem4 ,?is is precisely ! me?od s (t5
  & s fatally us$ 9 connection ) poetry4
 ,! ,skyl>k's w+s are  clipp$2 !        
,grecian ,urn becomes an ar*ological    
specim52 ! ,eve (  ,sa9t ,agnes a date 9
 ! almanac4    ,?is br+s me to ! mo/    
important "p ( ! :ole matt]4 ,if  exp]t 
sight-s++ is n only a false ideal1 b "o 
impossible (  g5]al atta9m5t 9 public   
s*ools "u ! conditions at pres5t  exi/+1
 :at does ju/ify our exp5diture ( su*   
l>ge sums (  money8 ,! sole ju/ification
 = x is to br+ *ildr5 to love !  be/    
music1 & s to tra9 _! ta/e = x z to make
 !m capable  ( discrim9at+ betwe5 good &
 bad4 ,n[ a ?or\gh te/ ( !  *ildr5 9 !  
k9d]g>t5 or ! l[] prim>y grades ( any   
public  s*ool any:]e w surely reveal t  
su* *ildr5 />t life )  ! mak+s ( good   
ta/e 9 music4 ,nature is prodigal       
"h--prodigal  & fai?ful4 ,9 ! mo/ remote

 villages 9 ?is c\ntry1 9 purely        
indu/rial communities1 among ! poor &   
among ! ri* 7bo? hav+  =gott571 *ildr5  
love good songs4 ,x is _! natural       
inh]itance4  ,no excess ( mat]ialism 9 !
 g5]ations affects x 9 ! lea/4  ,?is is 
! primitive end[m5t2 deep d[n 9 human "*
 !re  lies a h>mony ( adju/m5t ) nature4
 ,ov]lay x z y may )  cu/om or habit2   
sully x ) luxury2 x /ill p]si/s1 = )\t  
x human life _c be4 ,?is ideali/ic basis
 ( human life1 :i* is  nev] de/roy$1    
appe>s fre% & un/a9$ 9 *ildr51 & 9 _!   
song x bubbles up z f a pure spr+4#e    
,x has be5 a matt] ( frequ5t comm5t t   
!re has be5 no su*  increase 9 *oral s++
 ei!r 9 t[n or city z our public  s*ool 
music tea*+ %\ld lead u to expect4 ,9   
fact ! c\ntless  "y p :o graduate f our 
s*ools seem to make almo/ no  impression
 on *oral s++4 ,x /ill rema9s ! lea/ (  
our musical  activities4 ,x is z        
difficult z ev] to secure p :o c>e en\gh
  = ! practice ( s++ to come to         
rehe>sals4 ,volunt>y *oir  s++1 = !     

pleasure to be d]iv$ f x1 is r>e4 ,are n
 our  public s*ools p>tly responsible = 
?is condition8 ,is n t  natural ta/e &  
love = good music1 to :i* ,i h j ref]r$1
  all[$ to lapse & f9ally almo/ to      
disappe>8 ,& is n ?is  l>gely ! result (
 too mu* te*nical in/ruction1 & too     
little  good music8 ,i "k t !re are _m m
 di/ractions = *ildr5  ?an =m]ly2 ,i "k 
t ! home influ5ce 9 music is slight1 &  
t p>5ts assume less responsibility = _! 
*ildr5 ?an !y  us$ to d4 ,b1 grant+ all 
?is1 ! musical in/ruction 9 public      
s*ools does n fulfill its prop]         
function1 nor c x hope to d s  until x  
*anges its ideals4    ,!re is no d\bt   
:atev] t1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! be/ music  )
 :i* to tra9 ! ta/e ( "y *ildr5 is t    
kn[n z  8folk-song40 ,! supposition t   
any musician is capable ( compos+  a f9e
 endur+ song suitable = *ildr5 is false 
9 its v  ess5ce4 ,! con/ant appe>ance ( 
new songs = *ildr5 & _!  inevitable     
disappe>ance 9 ! next g5]ation is       
evid5ce en\gh  t ?is is s1 ap>t f !     

unmi/akable evid5ce 9 ! songs  !mselves4
 ,9 reality ! good tune is "r1 ! poor   
tune wrong2  ! good tune con=ms to1 is a
 "p ( nature2 ! poor tune is false  9   
quantity & 9 s5tim5t1 & n a "p ( nature4
 ,! f9e tune  is /raight=w>d1 hone/1 &  
g5u9e 9 s5tim5t2 ! inf]ior  tune        
pr(esses to be s1 b x is n4 ,f9e simple 
tunes ( ! k9d  suitable = *ildr5 to s+ h
 be5 compos$1--8,way ,d[n ^u !  ,suwanee
 ,riv]0 is an example1--b !y are v few 9
 numb]4 ,!  only safegu>d is to keep    
*iefly to ! old melodies ^: quality  has
 be5 prov$4 ,& s9ce ! numb] ( f9e       
folk-tunes is m ?an  suffici5t = our    
purpose1 & s9ce mo/ ( !m are n          
copyright$1  !re w\ld seem to be no     
reason :atev] :y !y %\ld n  con/itute ! 
l>g] "p ( ! music we give our *ildr5 to 
s+ 9  _! e>ly ye>s ( s*ool life4    ,i h
 said t *ildr5 l real tunes 9 pref]5ce  
to false ones4  ,we h !re=e a p]fectly  
s\nd basis ^u :i* to build4 ,b x  mu/ n 
be =gott5 t s++ is 9 itself an agreeable
 pa/ime  to *ildr5 & t _! ta/e c be l[]$

 z well z rais$4  ,) _! fundam5tal good 
ta/e to build on1 we c be reasonably    
sure ( accompli%+ our purpose if we     
provide !m all ?r\gh _!  s*ool life ) ! 
be/ music & no o!r4 ,?is is n done & !  
failure ( our s*ool music to ju/ify     
itself c be attribut$ *iefly  to ?is4   
,n[h]e is ?is m evid5t ?an 9 ! v place  
:]e x w  d ! mo/ h>m--namely1 9 !       
k9d]g>t54 ,& ?is is true (  k9d]g>t5s   
g5]ally4 ,9 ! process ( provid+ v "y    
*ildr5 ) suitable words = _! songs--:i* 
9 ! k9d]g>t5  are consid]$ ( fir/       
importance--! effect ( inf]ior music    
seems  to h be5 entirely ignor$4 ,9 o!r 
words1 ! "o s5se ?r\gh  :i* "y *ildr5   
receive _! mo/ vivid impressions has be5
  sy/ematically & p]si/5tly violat$4 ,i 
h exam9$ a great _m  song books us$ 9   
,am]ican k9d]g>t5s & ,i h nev] f\nd "o  
t 0 really suitable = ! purpose ( tra9+ 
! musical ta/e  ( "y *ildr54 ,our crav+ 
= a complete p$agogical sy/em is        
*>act]i/ic2 x is our refuge1 our bulw>k4
 ,in/ead ( fac+ actual  problems z !y   

are1 we take "s ready-made sy/em--:i* "s
 o!r  p]plex$ p]son has made = a        
%elt]--& proce$ to adopt x 9  toto4 ,i  
mean by ?is t ! cu/om ( k9d]g>t5        
au?orities is  to buy a book 9 ! op5    
m>ket--a book ^: sole gu>antee is t  x  
is = sale4 ,x probably conta9s inf]ior  
music1 b ! pur*as]  asks no que/ions4   
,n[ an ent]pris+ & well-equipp$ tea*]   
c\ld  ga!r toge!r dur+ a summ] holiday  
tw5ty-five simple folk-songs1  c\ld h   
suitable words writt5 = !m1 & c\ld h !m 
mimeograph$ 7if m copies 7 ne$$71 & put 
into use 9 h]  s*ool4 ,i say no?+ ( !   
b5efit to h] ( do+ ?is4    ,x is obvi\s1
 !n1 t our public s*ool music labors "u 
great  difficulties4 ,! classes are too 
l>ge1--sometimes =ty-five *ildr5  9 a   
room1--! music lesson p]iod is too %ort2
 ! music tea*]  visits ea* room at too  
great int]vals2 ! grade tea*] is p]haps 
n prop]ly qualifi$ to tea* music & !    
head ma/]'s int]e/  9 x may be          
p]functory4 ,! /udy itself is1 !re=e1   
irregul>1  z mu/ be ! case :5 su*       

conditions z ^! exi/4 ,yet we are  try+ 
to produce exp]t results4 ,:y n say to  
ourselves t s9ce  our population z a    
:ole is n yet actively int]e/$ 9 ! be/  
music1 & s9ce ! *ildr5 are unlikely to  
he> mu* ( x outside  ! s*ool1 & s9ce by 
nature & habit & association !re is     
really no?+ 9 our musical life to ju/ify
 sp5d+ our money on  tea*+ exp]t        
sight-s++ to *ildr5--! und]tak+ be+ 9  a
 s5se anomal\s & deta*$2 :y n say to    
ourselves3 8,we mu/  fir/ ( all tea* our
 *ildr5 to love ! be/ music1 & !n we    
mu/ tra9 !m to read x1 n necess>ily #8at
 sight1' b to read  x well en\gh to     
satisfy all ! dem&s likely to be made 9 
t  direction 9 aft] life40#f ,i w\ld    
sweep away half ! p$agogical            
p>aph]nalia ( our public s*ool music    
tea*+4 ,i believe mu* m  valuable       
results c\ld be secur$ by con/ant       
contact ) ! be/  music1 & cont9u$       
obs]vation ( x1 ) a m9imum ( te*nical   
ex]cises4 ,i believe ! processes ( music
 to h no significance  :atev] except z  

!y appe> 9 great compositions1 & t      
con/ant contact ) & obs]vation ( f9e    
music is m valuable  ?an ! /udy ( !     
rules by :i* x is made1 or ! te*nique by
  :i* x is produc$4 ,9 music z 9 poetry 
we d$uce ! rules &  laws f ! arti/ic    
objects !mselves4 ,! compos] & ! poet   
are to u :at nature is to !m4      ,v4  
,,attempts ,,at ,,re=m    ,i h drawn !  
=ego+ conclusions f an ext5d$ obs]vation
  & exp]i5ce ( public s*ool music1 & ,i 
ought to add--le/ !  record seem too    
despair+--t 9 a consid]able numb] (     
places  intellig5t & op5-m9d$ m5 & wom5 
h be5 do+ _! be/ to  /em ! tide (       
inf]ior music & ( artificial me?ods (   
tea*+4  ,dur+ ! la/ two ye>s ,i h be5   
s]v+ on an unpaid advisory  committee   
appo9t$ by ! ,s*ool ,committee ( ! ,city
 ( ,bo/on  to improve ! tea*+ ( music 9 
! public s*ools4 ,! ,s*ool  ,committee (
 ,bo/on consi/s ( five p elect$ by ! p4 
,!y  became aw>e ( ! ineffici5cy ( !    
tea*+ ?r\gh an indep5d5t  inve/igation  
c>ri$ on by ,dr4 ,a4 ,t4 ,davison1 (    

,h>v>d ,univ]sity  7:o is *airman ( our 
committee71 & !y ask$ him to =m a       
committee to help !m4 ,bo/on 0 sp5d+ "s 
=ty ?\s& doll>s  = public s*ool music4  
,dur+ "o s*ool ye> ! memb]s ( our       
committee visit$ s*ools1 tak+ note ( :at
 !y he>d & saw1 &  f9ally ea* memb]     
submitt$ a writt5 report to ! *airman4  
,^!  7 made ! basis = a g5]al report to 
! ,s*ool ,committee by  :om x 0 accept$4
    ,! ,bo/on tea*+ 0 especially weak 9 
deal+ ) rhy?m1 &  = a p]fectly simple   
reason4 ,rhy?m 0 taught1 n z action1 :i*
  x is1 b z symbol1 :i* x is n4 ,! v>i\s
 rhy?mic figures  7 taught1 9 o!r words1
 ?r\gh ! m9d in/ead ( ?r\gh !  body4 ,^!
 rhy?mic figures 7 giv5 arbitr>y names  
7to :i* ,i  h already ref]r$71 & !      
*ildr51 look+ at ! symbols1  7 told !   
/range "n giv5 to !m1 &1 sitt+ q /ill1  
produc$ ! requir$ s\nds4 ,! tea*]s did n
 ev5 beat ! "t4  ,! usual answ] we got  
:5 ask+ ab\t rhy?m 01 8,oh1 !y feel  !  
rhy?m40 ,?is may h be5 true1 b1 if x 71 
! *ildr5  7 extreme individuali/s6 ,?is 

sort ( rhy?mic tea*+ is common  9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates & ! defect is a grave "o4 
,! ari?metical  complications ( rhy?m 9 
music %\ld nev] be taught to little     
*ildr5 at all4 ,j z !y %\ld s+ ! melody 
by imitat+ !  tea*]1 s !y %\ld be taught
 ! rhy?m by imitat+1 9 action1  ! "t    
value ( ! notes4 ,a *ild :o has sung a  
simple folk-song  _m times1 & has danc$1
 or m>*$1 or clapp$ 8 h&s 9 exact  "t & 
rhy?m ) ! notes1 c be taught lat] ! pit*
 names  & ! "t names ( ^? notes )\t !   
slighte/ difficulty &  )\t any subt]fuge
 :atev]4 ,9 a s*oolroom conta9+ "s =ty  
*ildr51 & ) ! space l>gely occupi$ by   
desks & seats1 x  is1 ( c\rse1          
impossible to c>ry on any ext5d$        
ex]cises 9 rhy?m4  ,b e ef=t %\ld be    
made to tea* musical rhy?ms z action    
be=e !y are taught z s\nds4 ,:5ev]      
possible classes %\ld be  tak5 to !     
assembly room1 :]e !re is a suffici5tly 
l>ge op5  floor space1 = su* ex]cises4  
,b ! mo/ di/ress+ condition 9 ! ,bo/on  
s*ools--& ?is  w\ld be m or less true   

ev]y:]e 9 our c\ntry--0 t all  ! *ildr5 
9 ! k9d]g>t5 & prim>y grades 7 le>n+    
su* songs z w\ld ev5tually de/roy _!    
natural ta/e = f9e  music4 ,?is is ! "o 
great indictm5t aga9/ public s*ool music
  9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--t x has be5 made to
 ord] = s*oolbooks1  & to fit te*nical  
problems1 & t x consequ5tly fails to    
keep  ! allegiance ( *ildr54 ,no?+ b !  
be/ w ev] d t1  & until we supply ! be/ 
our s*ool music is b\nd to fail4 ,our   
committee1 z a prelim9>y /ep t[>d re=m1 
recomm5d$ t all  in/ruction 9 read+     
music %\ld be po/pon$ until ! la/ half (
  ! ?ird grade4 ,?is all[$ u to in/itute
 s++ by e> & at !  same "t to tea* rhy?m
 by beat+ "t1 clapp+ h&s1 m>*+1  etc4 ,a
 book ( folk-songs 0 compil$ by ,dr4    
,davison & myself &  0 adopt$ &         
publi%$#g by ! ,s*ool ,committee4 ,!    
greate/  difficulty "h has be5 to get   
suitable v]ses = ! simpl] songs4  ,we h 
sp5t mu* "t ov] ?is "o matt] & h n1 ev5 
!n1 always be5 successful4 ,good v]ses =
 v "y *ildr5 are  difficult to secure1  

&--to in/ance h[ pa9/ak+ ! process (    
mak+ a book ( su* songs is--we h        
sometimes receiv$ half a doz5  sets (   
v]ses = a simple melody )\t f9d+ "o t we
 ?\ght  suitable4    ,x is p]haps too   
soon to draw v def9ite conclusions f !  
results ( ^! re=ms 9 ! ,bo/on s*ools4   
,"o ?+ is c]ta93  a v l>ge numb] (      
*ildr5 five1 six1 & sev5 ye>s ( age are 
n[ s++ really beautiful songs )\t see+  
any music at all &  )\t be+ told any?+  
:atev] ab\t ! notes1 re/s1 int]vals1    
etc41 :i* occur 9 !m4 ,^u ! exp]i5ce (  
^! two & "o  half ye>s ( s++ by e> we   
%all build up skill 9 s++ by note  & ?is
 skill w be acquir$ ) mu* great] ease   
?an w\ld be  o!rwise possible4 ,x is    
also wor? not+ t ! exp5se ( music  books
 9 ^! grades 7& ! same w be true ( lat] 
grades7 is  m ?an cut 9 half4 ,9 !      
k9d]g>t5 & ! fir/ prim>y grades  !      
*ildr5 s+ )\t a book2 9 ! second & ?ird 
grades !y  use a simple & inexp5sive    
book ( words1 :ile ! tea*]s 9 ^!  grades
 use ! small collection ( folk-songs    

already ref]r$ to4    ,9 ! ,bo/on s*ools
 n9ety m9utes a week is giv5 to draw+1 &
  sixty m9utes a week to music4 ,x is   
obvi\s t a daily lesson  9 music twelve 
m9utes long is entirely inadequate =    
prop]  in/ruction4 ,an increase to tw5ty
 m9utes a day1 or to ?ree  half-h\rs a  
week is highly desirable4 ,9 _m s*ools  
entirely too  mu* "t is devot$ to prep>+
 music = ! graduation ex]cises4  ,fail+ 
an exam9ation1 :at is !re left b an     
exhibition8    ,x is a task ( real      
difficulty to re=m any /rongly entr5*$  
sy/em or me?od ( education4 ,:at is     
conclusively demon/rat$  z a m s5sible  
me?od runs aga9/ self-int]e/1 tradition1
  intellectual immovability 7to use a   
mod]ate t]m671 & o!r ev5  m viol5t      
opposition4 ,! re=ms we are in/itut+ 9  
,bo/on ne$  ! comb9$ =ce ( all ! p]sons 
9 au?ority1 ( all ! tea*+  /aff1 & (    
public op9ion4 ,no "o ( ^! =ces is be+  
fully  ex]t$ ow+ to circum/ances ov] :i*
 we h no control4 ,b we  h accompli%$   
some?+1 = we h r$uc$ ! exp5se & we  h   

simplifi$ ! tea*+2 & ea* ( ^!           
improvem5ts 0 sadly  ne$$4      ,,vi4   
,,o!r ,,activities ,,9 ,,s*ool ,,music  
,"o ( ! enc\rag+ signs ( our advancem5t 
is 9 or*e/ral  play+4 ,s*ool or*e/ras h 
become important features ( s*ool  life1
 & ! excell5ce ( "s ( ! or*e/ral play+  
is  rem>kable4 ,x (t5 out%9es ! s++1 & x
 is frequ5tly  self-conta9$1 be+ "u !   
direction1 n ( ! music tea*]s1  b ( !   
head ma/] or "o ( 8 assi/ants4 ,9 ?is   
dep>tm5t (  music tea*+1 z 9 ! s++      
lessons1 mu* dep5ds on ! attitude  ( !  
head ma/]4 ,9 our ,bo/on s*ools !re are 
notable examples  ( f9e music fo/]$ &   
su/a9$ by en?usia/ic head ma/]s :o  lay 
great /ress on t z contra/$ ) m]e       
te*nical exp]tness4  ,cr$it t[>d !      
high-s*ool diploma is n[ giv5 9 ,bo/on =
 /udy  ( ! pian(orte or an or*e/ral     
in/rum5t outside s*ool h\rs &  )        
indep5d5t tea*]s4 ,li/s are issu$ to    
indicate ! /&>d  ( music & ( p]=mance = 
ea* grade1 & c]tificates ( h\rs  (      
practice are requir$ ( p>5ts4 ,?is sy/em

 ( cr$its dep5ds =  its success on      
secur+ compet5t exam9]s n o!rwise       
connect$  ) ! s*ools1 = by ?is means    
poor tea*]s are gradually  elim9at$4 ,_m
 s*oolrooms are provid$ ) phonographs   
:i* may  be a p[]ful factor 9 build+ up 
or 9 break+ d[n ! ta/e (  *ildr54 ,an   
approv$ li/ ( records = ! ,bo/on s*ools 
is 9  c\rse ( prep>ation 9 ord] to      
elim9ate undesirable music & to         
increase ! usefulness ( ! in/rum5ts4    
,s++ by e> spontane\sly & )\t te*nical  
in/ruction1 b  r = ! joy ( do+ x1 & = ! 
=mation ( ! ta/e  on good models1 is !  
prop] beg9n+ ( all musical education4   
,su* exp]i5ce1 c\pl$ ) prop] rhy?mic    
ex]cises1 con/itutes  a real basis1 n   
only = sight-s++1 b = p]=mance on  any  
in/rum5t4 ,no *ild %\ld be admitt$ =    
possible cr$it 9  pian(orte play+ or be 
all[$ to ent] viol9 classes until s     
prep>$ 9 s++ & 9 rhy?m4 ,! pian(orte    
nei!r reveals nor  corrects ! defective 
e>2 ! viol91 on ! o!r h&1 does reveal   
x1 ?\gh x does n necess>ily correct x4  

,defective rhy?m c be  prop]ly correct$ 
only ?r\gh actual rhy?mic motions ( !   
body4    ,_m high s*ools n[ (f] c\rses 9
 :at is call$ 8,! ,appreciation  (      
,music40 ,! success ( su* c\rses dep5ds 
to a consid]able ext5t  on ! quality (  
music us$ 9 ! prim>y & gramm> grades4   
,if  ! *ildr5 h be5 s++ inf]ior music = 
eight ye>s1 !  difficulties ( tea*+ !m  
to appreciate ! be/ is correspond+ly    
increas$4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 _! ta/e has
 be5 c>efully =m$  on good models1 !    
introduction to great music has already 
be5 made4  ,9 /udy+ symphonies1 =       
example1 "o w\ld beg9 ) ,haydn ^:       
symphonies & *amb] music are l>gely bas$
 on folk-melodies4 ,9  %ort1 c\rses 9   
appreciation %\ld be ! culm9ation ( !   
musical  education ( our "y p4 ,su*     
c\rses %\ld h = _!  object1 fir/ &      
=emo/1 ! cultivation ( ! musical memory1
  = ?is is an absolute ess5tial to      
anybody :o hopes to li/5 to  music      
intellig5tly4 ,aft] ?is has be5         
accompli%$1 ! /ud5t  %\ld li/5 to simple

 in/rum5tal pieces ^: /yle & =m %\ld  be
 expla9$1 & ! explanation %\ld be z     
unte*nical#h z  possible4 ,ea* ( !      
prop]ties or qualities ( music is       
susceptible  ( treatm5t on ! broad      
gr\nds ( /hetics1 & "o's success 9      
tea*+ "y p to und]/& x dep5ds           
consid]ably on !  ability s to pres5t x4
 ,! in/ructor & an assi/ant %\ld play   
on a pian(orte all ! music /udi$1 or1   
fail+ t1 a me*anical  piano-play] %\ld  
be us$4    ,& n[ let me say t ! mo/     
important & b5eficial /ep any  community
 c\ld take t[>d improv+ its s*ool music 
w\ld be to  secure a sup]visor :o is    
unta9t$ by curr5t ,am]ican p$agogical   
!ories ( sight-s++1 :o w n attempt to   
tea* little  *ildr5 some?+ !y _c        
possibly und]/&1 & :o w use  no?+ b !   
be/ music f ! k9d]g>t5 to ! high s*ool4 
,no community is really helpless if x w 
be/ir itself4 ,if our public  s*ool     
music tea*+ 7 well devis$ & prop]ly     
adm9i/]$  & if our *ildr5 7 taught to s+
 no?+ b ! be/ music1  we might look =w>d

 to a "t1 n f> di/ant1 :5 a g5]ation  ( 
music-lov]s w\ld take ! place ( ! pres5t
 g5]ation (  music-ta/]s4 ,our "y p w\ld
 gravitate naturally into *oirs  & s++  
societies4 ,gr\ps ( p w\ld ga!r toge!r  
to s+2  families w\ld s+ toge!r2 !re    
w\ld be *amb] music p>ties2 we  %\ld    
pass _m a quiet dome/ic ev5+ at home    
li/5+ to ,moz>t  & ,bee?ov5 in/ead (    
play+ bridge or go+ to a mov+-picture   
!at]4 ,! :ole body ( ,am]ican music w\ld
 be affect$ by !  influx ( ^? "y p :o   
w\ld want ! be/4 ,9 c\rse (  "t1        
p]haps1--al?\gh "o mu/ n expect !       
mill5nium1--! vapid  draw+-room song    
w\ld disappe> along ) ! t9kl+ pian(orte 
%[-piece4 ',celli/s w\ld play some?+    
bett] ?an pieces by  ,popp]2 ! ?irte5?  
conc]to by ,viotti & ! ?irtie? ,hung>ian
  rhapsodie w\ld be relegat$ to t limbo 
:]e n[ repose 7we hope  9 dea?7 !       
8,battle ( ,prague0 & 8,mona/]y ,bells40
 ,?is _c be  br\ght ab\t casually4 ,we  
mu/ set ab\t x2 & ! place to beg9 is  9 
our public s*ools4    ,,footnotes3    #e

 ,a c]ta9 small proportion ( *ildr5 are 
backw>d 9 music1  b ! possibility (     
tea*+ !m to s+ has long s9ce be5        
satisfactorily demon/rat$4 ,!y ne$      
special att5tion :i* x is  difficult to 
give 9 public s*ools4 ,!y %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 
nev] be  tak5 f _! seats 9 ! room &     
plac$ at "o side1 b %\ld  be ask$ to    
li/5 to ! o!r *ildr51 & occasionally to 
s+ )  !m1 ! tea*] /&+ ne> = help &      
enc\ragem5t4    #f ,i d n mean by !     
=ego+ t ,i consid] a fair degree (      
exp]tness 9 read+ music 8at sight0 an   
impossible atta9m5t =  *ildr54 ,:at ,i h
 said has be5 entirely 9 ref]5ce to our 
public  s*ools z !y are at pres5t       
con/itut$1 & to ! arrangem5ts n[  made =
 ! tea*+ ( music4 ,! tea*+ ( sight-s++  
requires  ! s]vices ( an exp]t1 m "t ?an
 our s*ools n[ give1 & a  m sci5tific   
me?od ?an t n[ employ$4    #g ,n[       
publi%$ by ! ,bo/on ,music ,company1 #bf
 ,we/ ,/reet1 ,bo/on1  ,massa*usetts4   
#h ,c\nt]po9t1 = example1 is1 /rictly1  
note aga9/ note1 two  melodies p>allel  

to ea* o!r2 /hetically1 c\nt]po9t       
consi/s 9  illum9at+1 illu/rat+1 or     
develop+1 a phrase or !me by p>ts  (    
itself--:at 9 ar*itecture w\ld be       
describ$ z mak+ !  ornam5t gr[ out ( !  
/ructure4          ,,*apt] ,,iv         
,,community ,,music      ,i4 ,,music    
,,by ,,proxy    ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s ,i h 
dealt ) special musical subjects1  & h  
con/antly ref]r$ to music z a di/9ct &  
indep5d5t art  hav+ its own reasons =   
exi/5ce4 ,i h dealt1 also1 ) "s (  its  
special functions z well z ) its        
relation to ! education  ( *ildr54 ,9 ! 
pres5t *apt] x is my purpose to discuss 
music  9 its relation to communities    
l>ge & small1 & ?is necessitates  treat+
 x on ! broade/ possible gr\nds4    ,by 
community music ,i mean1 fir/1 music 9  
:i* all ! p ( a  community take "p2     
second1 music :i* is produc$ by c]ta9   
memb]s  ( ! community = ! b5efit &      
pleasure ( ! o!rs2 & ?ird1  music :i*1  
:ile actually p]=m$ by paid arti/s1 is  
nev]!less  someh[ expressive ( ! w ( !  

community z a :ole4 ,i %all  take no    
refuge beh9d g5]alities or !ories (     
/hetics4 ,i want to  rea* ev]ybody1     
includ+ ! p]son :o says1 8,i don't "k   
any?+  ab\t music b ,i "k :at ,i l10 & t
 o!r extraord9>y  p]son :o says1 8,i "k 
only two tunes1 "o ( :i* is #8,yankee   
,doodle'0--ea* ( ^! /atem5ts be+ q      
incompreh5sible1 s9ce  x is a poor p]son
 inde$ :o doesn't "k :at he likes1 &    
anybody  :o kn[s 8,yankee ,doodle0 has  
no excuse :atev] = n kn[+ :at  ! o!r    
tune is1 or1 s f> z t goes1 :at any o!r 
tune is4 ,i  am1 9 %ort1 appeal+ on     
common gr\nds ab\t a common ?+4 ,my only
  "q is ?is3 ,if !re is a means (       
int]e/+1 delight+1 &  elevat+ a l>ge    
numb] ( p at v small exp5se1 by some?+  
:i* !y c all d toge!r & :i* br+s !m all 
into sympa?y  ) "o ano!r1 & if ! result 
( ?is cop]ation is to produce  some?+   
beautiful1 is x n wor? do+8 ,i int5d to 
make z full an  answ] to ?is "q z space 
p]mits4    ,x is 9 ! 8do+0 & ! 8do+     
toge!r0 t ! crux ( !  matt] lies1 = a   

purely ext]nal connection ) music nev]  
br+s  ab\t a complete und]/&+ ( x4 ,x is
 no exagg]ation to say  t our connection
 ) ne>ly all arti/ic ?+s is l>gely      
ext]nal4 ,we d n draw2 we d n tra9 ! eye
 to see or ! h&  to feel & t\*1 &       
arti/ic objects rema9 9 a measure /range
  & un9telligible to u4 ,! :ole t5d5cy (
 mod]n life & (  mod]n education is to  
delegate ^? functions :i* h to d )  our 
inn] be+4 ,we delegate our religion to a
 prea*] or to a dogma2  we delegate our 
education to a curriculum smoo!d out to 
a common  level2 "s ( u ev5 delegate !  
=m+ ( an op9ion on pass+  ev5ts to a    
lead] :o pres5ts !m to u 9 a 8curr5t    
ev5ts0 class4  ,! religion1 ! k1 !      
op9ion ( _m a p]son belongs to  "s "o   
else4 ,_m a man pref]s an inf]ior novel 
because ! au?or  n only writes x1 b     
reads x = him1 :]eas to ! wise man !    
au?or might almo/ be call$ an amanu5sis4
 ,9 any case1 a writ]  ( g5u9e p[] nev] 
does m ?an 8 %>e4 ,he dep5ds on u to    
complete him4 ,& 9 l case1 if we expect 

to und]/& & love  music we mu/ use x2 ! 
compos] dep5ds on u z mu* z ! au?or     
does4    ,?is ext]nal connection ) music
 & ?is lack ( intimacy ) !  ?+ itself   
naturally leads u to lay /ress on !     
p]=mance (  x4 ,we revel 9 te*nique & we
 exalt ! p]sonalities ( play]s &  s+]s4 
,9 our op]a h\ses we are satisfi$ only  
:5 we h an 8all  />0 ca/ by :om we      
expect to be a/oni%$ r ?an delight$ &   
elevat$4 ,n[1 f9e s++1 z su*1 is (      
little importance save z  a means (     
reproduc+ f9e music4 ,if f9e s++ means a
 sacrifice  ( ! musical effect2 if x    
de/roys ! ensemble2 if x limits !       
rep]toire--!n x is n wor? ! sacrifice4  
,:y %\ld x ev] d  s8 ,simply because    
op]a-go]s suff] x1 & = no o!r reason 9  
! _w4 ,"o m]ely ne$s to m5tion a        
reasonable plan ( op]a--su*  z has be5  
c>ri$ out = g5]ations 9 ,fr5*1 ,italian1
 & ,g]man  cities--to be laugh$ at by ^?
 devotees :o h sat = ye>s  at ! feet (  
magnific5ce w>m+ !mselves 9 ! effulg5ce 
(  gilt & jewels4 ,s x is ) solo        

recitals & or*e/ral conc]ts4  ,"o       
cont9ually he>s p discuss+ ! te*nique ( 
piani/s  & viol9i/s1 or ! comp>ative    
m]its ( our v>i\s or*e/ras4  ,local     
pride--! la/ ?+ 9 ! _w to connect )     
arti/ic  judgm5t--ass]ts itself 9 favor 
( "o or*e/ra or ano!r1 until  x w\ld    
almo/ seem t ! only purpose ( hav+ an   
or*e/ra 0  to excel all ! o!rs4 ,h[ (t51
 on ! contr>y1 d we he> !  music itself 
intellig5tly discuss$8 ,9 %ort1 we are  
try+ to be  musical vic>i\sly by means (
 an occasional p]=mance by o!r  p (     
music ! great] "p ( :i* is unfamili> &1 
!re=e1  un9telligible to u4 ,?is is l   
try+ to be religi\s ?r\gh go+  to *ur*  
once a week &1 sitt+ passively1 be+     
prea*$ & sung  at6 ,! mo/ musical       
communities are n ^? :]e all ! music (  
! ye> is cr[d$ into a fe/ival ( ?ree or 
f\r days1 b ^?  :]e !re is ! mo/ real   
music made at home4 ,a ,g]man musical   
fe/ival us$ to be ! culm9ation ( a :ole 
ye> ( heal?y musical  activity1 & !     
occasion = ! production ( new works & a 

wide  v>iety ( old ones4 ,an ,engli% or 
an ,am]ican fe/ival is1 fir/ (  all1 an 
opportunity to he> 8,! ,messiah10 &     
secondly1 to he> a  fam\s soloi/4 ,!    
att5dance on ^? two occasions is always 
mu*  l>g] ?an at any o!rs4 ,is x n true 
t all ! high] functions  ( ! s\l ( a man
 or a woman or ( a community c be       
pres]v$  only by be+ ex]cis$8    ,9 :at 
foll[s ,i %all try to %[ h[ we may      
escape f !  conditions 9 :i* we n[ too  
complac5tly re/4 ,! mat]ial = !  *ange  
is abundant1 = !re is 9 e community mu* 
m love (  music ?an ev] appe>s2 ! means 
are simple & inexp5sive1 = only  a few  
doll>s wor? ( good music are ne$$1 ) a  
room 9 :i* to  practice1 a piano & a    
lead]4 ,let u make a />t t[>d a s9c]e  &
 intimate und]/&+ ( music ?r\gh mak+ x  
ourselves4 ,let u  give up criticism (  
o!r p & beg9 to con/ruct4 ,!n %all we   
le>n to see music z x is & to value x   
accord+ly4      ,,ii4 ,,our ,,musical   
,,activities    ,z a prelim9>y to ?is   
discussion x w be well to look at !     

pres5t /atus ( music among u1 & to see  
h[ ne> we come to ?is  necess>y intimacy
 ) ! art4    ,9 any small ,am]ican      
community ! fir/ impression "o gets ab\t
  music is t x is useful to fill up     
gaps4 ,at ! !at]1 be=e  public meet+s1  
at social affairs ( "o sort or ano!r1   
music  is p]=m$ to a ceaseless hum (    
conv]sation or :ile p are  ent]+ &      
leav+4 ,! art becomes1 9 consequ5ce1 l !
  crack+ ( ! :ip be=e ! team />ts1 or l 
! p]functory  spee*es & ge/ures ( social
 am5ities2 x is no?+ 9 itself1 &  falls 
9 our e/imation accord+ly4 ,x is true t1
 at su* times1  only trivial music is   
usually play$1 b ?is only makes !       
situation  worse1 because1 aft] all1 x  
passes z music4 ,a bad piece ( music  at
 ! !at] or :ile "o is d9+ 9 a re/aurant 
is m]ely an  annoyance2 a good piece    
beats its head aga9/ a flood (          
conv]sation1  t9kl+ glasses & o!r       
di/urbances1 & is lo/2 "o feels z  ?\gh 
its compos] _h be5 insult$4 ,all ?is    
incid5tal music mu/  be p>tly due to !  

decl9e 9 conv]sation4 ,we are reliev$ ( 
all  responsibility save an occasional  
8yes0 or 8no0 %\t$ above ! d94    ,real 
musical activity 9 ! av]age small       
community is limit$ to a  v small numb] 
( its inhabitants4 ,only a few p s+2 a  
mu*  small] numb] play "s musical       
in/rum5t4 ,!re are1 "h & !re1  *oirs    
made up ( volunte] s+]s1 b ! _s t       
animat$ !  old *oirs--! _s :i* ,h>dy has
 celebrat$ s lov+ly 9 8,"u  ! ,gre5wood 
,tree0--has disappe>$4 ,hymn-s++ 9 *ur* 
is (t5  di/ress+ly bad1 & ) good reason1
 s9ce ! compos]s ( mod]n  hymn tunes    
seldom take into consid]ation ! ne$s &  
wi%es (  congregations4 ,*ur* music has 
be5 delegat$ by u to paid s+]s1  & our  
*ur* music becomes a ?9ly disguis$      
conc]t1 or1 :5  ! really abom9able vocal
 qu>tette supplies ! music1 a conc]t    
outright4    ,:at days ^? 7 :5 old      
,william ,dewey & ,dicky1 & ,reub5 &    
,mi*ael ,mail play$ 9 ! ,mell/ock *ur*6 
,:at a f9e p]sonal  "* su* music _h6 ,h[
 !y lov$ to play--^! simple ru/ics1  &  

h[ intimate 0 ! relation betwe5 _! music
 & ! p  & ! place6 ,read ! e>ly *apt]s (
 8,"u ! ,gre5wood ,tree0  & li/5 to !   
ard5t discussions betwe5 ! play]s be=e  
!y  g out on _! ,*ri/mas r\nds4 8#8,!y  
%\ld h /uck to /r+s  z we did1 & keep   
out cl>'nets1 & done away ) s]p5ts4 ,if 
y'd ?rive 9 musical religion1 /ick to   
/r+s1 says ,i4' 444 #8,yet  !re's worse 
?+s ?an s]p5ts1' said ,mr4 ,p5ny4 #8,old
 ?+s pass  away1 'tis true2 b a s]p5t 0 
a good old note2 a deep ri* note  0 !   
s]p5t4' 444 #8,rob]t ,p5ny1 y 0 9 ! "r6'
 broke 9  ! elde/ ,dewey4 #8,!y %\ld ha'
 /uck to /r+s4' #8,y\r brass-man  is a  
raft+ dog--well & good2 y\r re$-man is a
 dab at /irr+  ye--well & good2 y\r     
drum-man is a r>e b[el-%ak]--good aga94 
,b ,i don't c>e :o he>s me say x1 no?+ w
 spak to y\r he>t  wi' ! sweetness o' ! 
man ( /r+s4'0    ,9 ! preface to 8 book 
,h>dy speaks ( ! advantage to ! village 
*ur*es ( t "t ( hav+ ^! volunte] play]s 
& s+]s1  & h[ _! displacem5t by !       
h>monium ) its "o play] 8has  t5d$ to   

/ultify ! pr(ess$ aims ( ! cl]gy1 its   
direct result  be+ to curtail & ext+ui% 
! int]e/ ( p>i%ion]s 9 *ur*  do+s40 ,?is
 holds good 9 our own village *ur*es    
to-day1 = we  consid] music m a means ( 
ent]ta9+ ! *ur*-go] ?an (  enli/+ 8     
int]e/ 9 ! s]vices4    ,wom5's clubs    
provide a c]ta9 sort ( musical life to  
small  communities4 ,!y fo/] ! p]=mance 
by memb]s ( r  v>iegat$ programmes (    
pian(orte pieces & songs1 ) an          
occasional conc]t by a paid p]=m] f     
abroad1 & !y sometimes  make a /udy ( a 
compos] or a p]iod ( music4 ,_m ( !m    
lose  sight ( ! only possible means (   
vitally influ5c+ ! musical  life ( _!   
own memb]s & ( ! community at l>ge4     
,9 "s ( ! communities ( :i* ,i am writ+ 
!re are *oral  societies4 ,9 v few is   
!re any well-su/a9$ & cont9u\s  *oral   
organization giv+ conc]ts ye> aft] ye>  
support$ by  ! g5]al public4 ,! record (
 *oral s++ 9 ,am]ica %[s a  con/ant     
endeavor to atta9 gr&iose results r ?an 
to fo/] !  love ( *oral s++ = itself4   

,s++ societies are cont9ually  wreck$ by
 ! exp5se ( highly paid soloi/s1 & are  
cont9ually  /riv+ = some?+ beyond _!    
rea*4    ,?is /atem5t w\ld n be complete
 7 we to omit ! in/rum5ts  :i* play     
!mselves4 ,! educational possibilities (
 ^!  in/rum5ts h n be5 realiz$1 = !y are
 us$ *iefly =  amusem5t4 ,9 spite ( !   
extraord9>y selections ( music :i* "o   
f9ds 9 p's h\ses1 & 9 spite ( ! seem+ly 
incorrigible  prop5sity to he> s++1 z   
oppos$ to he>+ music1--,i mean !        
exagg]at$ & grotesque s++ ( c]ta9 fam\s 
p :o c>e  *iefly = s5sation1--!         
graphophone1 :i* has ! practical        
advantage ( be+ portable &              
inexp5sive1--x has trans=m$ _m  a lonely
 f>mh\se1--& ! me*anical piano-play]s h 
become  s popul> t "o c b conclude t !re
 are multitudes (  p ^: desire = music  
has nev] be=e be5 satisfi$4 ,w\ld  t ?is
 desire c\ld be turn$ into prop]        
*annels2 t ^!  in/rum5ts c\ld be us$    
sy/ematically to build up ta/e & develop
  und]/&+ ( great music4 ,! l>g] numb] (

 p us+ !m  h no means ( kn[+ :at to buy4
 ,if !y c\ld he> ! be/ music  _!        
allegiance w\ld probably be secur$4 ,h[ 
_m p>5ts ev] ?9k  ( ! responsibility    
laid ^u !m ( pres]v+ or improv+ !       
musical ta/e ( _! *ildr5 by a c>eful    
sup]vision ( ! records  or rolls us$ )  
^! in/rum5ts8    ,?is completes ! li/ ( 
our own p]sonal activities 9 music4 ,&  
we h to admit t ! mo/ disc\rag+ item (  
all comes at !  end4 ,= we make little  
music ( our own1 by our own firesides   
:]e  all good ?+s %\ld beg91 & :]e we   
%\ld f9d ! community  9 embryo4 ,:at a  
delightful elem5t 9 family life is !    
ga!r+  toge!r ( "y & old to jo9 9 s++6  
,h[ few families  cultivate ?is cu/om6  
,h[ few p>5ts1 :e!r !y !mselves c>e  = x
 or n1 realize t _! *ildr5 w\ld enjoy x 
& be help$  by x6 ,:y %\ld n su* p>5ts  
beg9 at once & be enc\rag$1 or  ev5     
taught by _! *ildr5 until all c s+      
toge!r he>tily &  well8 ,is x n wor?    
:ile pres]v+ ! musical s5se ( *ildr51  s
 t :5 !y rea* y\r age !y w n be helpless

 z y are8  ,are y satisfi$ to h y\r     
*ild's music m]ely b\ght & paid  =      
outside ! home8 ,h[ c y expect x to     
fl\ri% "u su*  conditions8 ,let ! *ildr5
 tea* y1 if ne$ be4 ,copy !m1 le>n  _!  
songs by e>1 & f9d out :at music really 
is6    ,?is some:at meag] %[+ ( musical 
activity does n completely  repres5t our
 connection ) ! art1 h[ev]1 = ne>ly all 
b  ! smalle/ communities sp5d           
consid]able sums = conc]ts by paid      
p]=m]s f abroad4 ,b x is d\btless true t
 ! majority (  ! p 9 any small community
 he> v little real music at all  save at
 occasional conc]ts1 & if a f9e         
composition is p]=m$  !y seldom he> x   
aga91 s t x is cle>ly impossible = !m to
  und]/& x4 ,9 t[ns ( f five to tw5ty   
?\s& p all ov]  ! c\ntry !re is v little
 consci\sness ( :at music really is4    
,highly paid p]=m]s occasionally appe>1 
& local pride ass]ts  itself to provide 
!m ) ! adulation to :i* !y are accu/om$1
  b real musical activity or musical    
feel+ is conf9$ to a few4    ,9 l>ge    

communities ^! conditions are duplicat$ 
& ev5  exagg]at$4 ,!re ne>ly all ! music
 is b\ght & paid =1 &  v little is      
home-made4 ,ne>ly all *oirs are compos$ 
( paid  s+]s4 ,9 cities1 z 9 ! c\ntry1  
*oral societies are /ruggl+  to f9d m5  
:o c>e en\gh ab\t s++ to att5d          
rehe>sals4 ,!re1  too1 *ildr5 g _! r\nds
 ( 8music0 lessons4 ,! only possible    
way to e/imate ! /ate ( music 9 our     
cities is to look at !  population z a  
:ole4 ,by c\nt+ up ! numb] ( f9e conc]ts
 9  fa%ionable halls "o arrives at no   
significant conclusions4 ,d we s+  at   
home1 or :5 we are ga!r$ toge!r 9       
fri5dly conv]se8 ,are  !re small c5t]s 9
 cities :]e good music c be he>d8 ,is   
!re  any good music )9 rea* ( p ( small 
means8 ,! millionaire  regales 8 fri5ds 
) ! play+ ( 8 private organi/ 79        
imitation ( ! old patron days ( art1 b  
g5]ally )\t ! love  & und]/&+ ( music   
:i* 0 ! sole ju/ification = !  proce$+71
 b does ! dwell] 9 ! mode/ flat ev] h a 
*ance  to he> good music8 ,^! are       

que/ions we ne$ to ask if we want to    
e/imate ! /ate ( music 9 our great      
cities4 ,is n all ?is gr&  music1 z ,i h
 said1 m]ely a l>gess ( our prosp]ity8  
,! mo/ gr&iose & disconnect$ =m ( our   
musical activity is !  op]a4 ,& :5 we   
consid] ! love ( drama :i* f9ds         
expression  9 ne>ly e small community 9 
a dramatic club1 we _c b  deplore !     
almo/ complete deta*m5t ( op]a f our    
natural  ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & in/9cts4 ,(  
?is deta*m5t !re is no d\bt  :atev]2 !  
:ole plan ( ,am]ican op]atic productions
 is exotic1  ari/ocratic1 & exclusive4  
,x is q true t we are cont9ually improv+
 our musical /atus4  ,! effect ( all our
 f9e music may inde$ be obs]v$1 b our   
progress is und5iably sl[1 p>ticul>ly :5
 we rememb] ) :at  a lib]al end[m5t we  
/>t4 ,t end[m5t is v little less ?an    
o!r peoples possess4 ,our *ildr5 are    
musical1 & !re is no reason  :y we %\ld 
n be4 ,moreov]1 ! /ra9 ( ideality :i*   
runs  ?r\gh ,am]ican life1 h[ev] nave x 
may be1 w\ld seem to make u  especially 

qualifi$ to love & und]/& music4        
,,iii4 ,,:at ,,we ,,might ,,d    ,i h   
indicat$ 9 a =m] *apt] some?+ ( our ne$s
 z reg>ds  ! musical education ( *ildr54
 ,! problem be=e me n[ is h[  to p]suade
 ,am]ican m5 & wom5 into active         
cop]ation 9 mak+  music4 ,x is obvi\s t 
!re is only "o way ( do+ ?is1 & t  is by
 s++4 ,only an inf9itesimal numb] ( p c 
play musical  in/rum5ts1 b ne>ly        
ev]ybody c s+4 ,to play requires con/ant
  practice4 ,s++ 9 gr\ps does n4 ,9 _!  
"r e/ate e man  & e woman %\ld s+4      
,n[ my urg5t appeal = s++ does n mean t 
e village1  t[n1 or city %\ld turn      
itself bodily into a huge s++ society4  
,"s p w s+ bett] ?an o!rs & w enjoy x m1
 or  h m "t = x4 ,b !re are con/ant     
opportunities = l>ge  gr\ps ( p to s+--9
 *ur*1 on ,memorial ,day1 at ,*ri/mas   
"t1 at patriotic ga!r+s1 or at          
d$ications4 ,no?+ is m  /rik+ on su*    
occasions ?an ! total lack ( any means (
  spontane\sly express+ t :i* lies 9 !  
consci\sness ( all1  & :i* _c be        

delegat$4 ,:at a spl5did expression (   
devotion1  ( commemoration1 ( d$ication1
 ( sacr$ love = ^? :o di$ 9  our ,civil 
,w> w\ld a ?\s& voices be1 rais$ up z "o
 9 a great1  et]nal1 memorial hymn6 ,:at
 d we d8 ,we hire a brass b& to be      
patriotic1 dev\t1 & commemorative = u4  
,?is inevitably t5ds to  dull our       
patriotism & our devotion4 ,to live !y  
mu/ spr+ =?  9 "s sort ( p]sonal        
expression4 ,9 a village ,i "k well1 ?is
  cu/om m>s an o!rwise deeply impressive
 obs]vance ( ,memorial ,day4  ,! 8taps0 
at ! soldi]s' graves 9 _! sil5t re/+    
places1 !  s\nds ( m9ute guns boom+1 !  
long procession ( t[nspeople1 !  call+ (
 ! roll ( ! small company ( soldi]s :o  
m>*$ away  f t village gre5 half a      
c5tury ago1 ) only an occasional  feeble
 8,"h0 f ! h&ful ( survivors1 ! l[]+ ( !
 flag  on ! gre5 ) all heads uncov]$1   
all eyes /ra9+ upw>d--^!  make ! c]emony
 f9e & memorable4 ,x ne$s to complete x 
only  "s active expression on ! "p ( e  
"o su* z s++ w\ld  provide4    8,i "k n 

at :at po9t ( _! c\rse1 or = h[ long1 b 
x 0  f ! column ne>e/ him1 :i* is to be 
! fir/ l9e1 t !  ,k+ he>d1 borne on !   
w9ds amid _! field music1 z !y m>*$     
!re1 ! s\nd ( ,psalms--_m-voic$ melody (
 a *ur* hymn1 well  kn[n to him2 :i* _h 
brok5 out1 b& accompany+1 among ^?      
o!rwise sil5t m540 ,s relates ,c>lyle1 9
 8,fr$]ick ! ,great10  ( ! m>* (        
,fr$]ick & 8 army be=e ! battle (       
,leu!n4  8,) m5 l ^!1 don't y ?9k ,i    
%all h victory ?is day80  says ,fr$]ick4
 ,is n su* s++ a wond]ful ?+8 ,^?       
soldi]s1  ) a common d$ication to duty1 
& a common disda9 ( dea?1 s5d  up to "s 
dimly s5s$ ,heav51 f ! v dep?s ( _! be+1
 a  song4 ,h[ o!rwise c\ld !y express ! 
?\ghts & feel+s t  mu/ h be5 clamor+ =  
utt]ance 9 _! /urdy brea/s8 ,_!  bodies 
7 m>*+ to battle4 ,:at ( _! s\ls8 ,%all 
! v  _s ( !m slumb] on _! way to dea?8  
,& we8 ,we wat* f af>2 we are dumb2 we  
look on ?is pr(\ndly  mov+ c]emony1 ?is 
simple pageant1 & utt] no?+ ( :at we    
feel  & :at we are4 ,:y d we n s+8 ,is x

 n p>tly because ( t  self-consci\sness 
:i* hangs ab\t u l a pall1 & p>tly      
because  we 7 nev] made to l s++ well   
en\gh to pursue x8 ,! =m]  difficulty we
 c\ld ov]come easily en\gh if ! "r      
opportunity  cont9ually (f]$ itself4 ,! 
latt]1 too1 w\ld disappe> z  occasion   
arose :5 we c\ld s+ some?+ wor? s++4 8,!
  ,/>-,spangl$ ,bann]0 is a c&le-snuff] 
on ! flame ( patriotic  feel+2 nev] 0   
!re an air m unsuit$ to its purpose4    
,s9ce we  h almo/ no indig5\s national  
melodies1 :y %\ld we n s+ !  old songs1 
*orals1 & hymns t h surviv$ all sorts ( 
national  *anges & belong to e p8 ,!    
tune = 8,am]ica0 is n an  ,am]ican tune1
 nei!r is x ,engli%4 ,x orig9at$ 9      
,saxony4 ,!re  is no nationalism to /& 9
 ! way ( su* music1 because x speaks    
elem5tally & univ]sally4 ,!re are scores
 ( f9e melodies :i* we  c\ld well use4  
,! "o place :]e s++ might be fo/]$ is 9 
*ur*4 ,b :]e  ! wor%ip]s are ask$ to s+ 
a hymn pit*$ too high = !m1 or  "o t    
moves too quickly1 or is full (         

unfamili> & difficult  progressions 9   
bo? melody & h>mony1 :at o!r result c be
  expect$ ?an poor s++ & ! gradual      
ab&onm5t ( all music to  a paid *oir8 ,!
 real purpose ( ! hymn tune has be5 lo/4
 ,x 0  int5d$ to s]ve ! ne$s ( all ! p1 
& to d ?is x mu/  be simple 9 bo? melody
 & h>mony1 & )9 ! range ,( e  man1      
woman1 & *ild 9 ! congregation4 ,! /urdy
 old hymns &  *orals ( our =efa!rs 7 s4 
,no?+ is f9] 9 *ur* music  ?an good     
unison s++ 9 :i* e "o takes "p4 ,no     
skill$  *oir s++ c ev] take its place4  
,ev5 ! mann] ( s++ hymns has *ang$4 ,_m 
( !m are rac$  ?r\gh at a pace :i*      
leaves "o half ! congregation beh9d1 &  
totally eclipses ! o!r half6 ,9 _m ( !  
old hymn tunes !re  is a pause at ! end 
( ea* l9e1 dur+ :i* ! memb]s ( !        
congregation _h a reasonable *ance to   
take brea?4 ,ev5 ^! pauses  h (t5 be5   
elim9at$1 ?us de/roy+ ! s5se ( ! music  
& giv+ a cold] %\ld] /ill to ! musical &
 devotional  aspirations ( !            
congregation4 7,if space p]mitt$ ,i %\ld

 l to  dwell "h on ! g5esis ( "s ( ^!   
old tunes4 ,!y 7 deeply  emb$d$ 9 !     
common life ( our remote =efa!rs1 & _h  
no ta9t  ( self-consci\sness 9 !m4      
,spr++ f ! soil1 !y surviv$  all *anges 
( dogma & cu/om4 ,& !y w survive4 ,we   
%all come  back to !m :5 we h surviv$   
our pres5t attack ( prett9ess47    ,!   
decl9e 9 hymn-s++ is evid5t en\gh4 ,save
 9 *ur*es :]e  ! liturgy re/ra9s !      
ambitions ( ! *oir1 almo/ any?+ is      
possible2 & ev5 "u t re/ra9t !re is a   
con/ant t5d5cy  t[>d display4 ,:at is ! 
(fice ( *ur* music8 ,is x to a/oni%  or 
delight ! congregation8 ,is x to supply 
!m ) a sacr$ conc]t  or f9e s++8 ,to    
take _! m9ds (f ! situation 9 :i* !y    
f9d !mselves8 ,to ease ! effect ( a dull
 s]mon1 or oblit]ate  ! effect ( a good 
"o8 ,to s]ve z a bait to cat* ! unw>y   
non-*ur*-go]1 or z a means ( reta9+ !   
wav]] )9 !  fold8 ,or is x to induce    
devotion & religi\s feel+1 to keep !    
mom5t sacr$ & )\t intrusion8 ,if ! *oir 
is to s+ alone1 :y  %\ld we accept f x  

display pieces1 or arrangem5ts f secul> 
music1 or silly 8sacr$0 songs ov]burd5$ 
) lu% s5tim5t1 or  an!ms ( a c]ta9 flu5t
 type compos$ by anybody :o c put a  lot
 ( notes toge!r 9 agreeable sequ5ce8 ,:y
 %\ld we tol]ate  ! solo 9 op]atic /yle1
 or contemptible solo qu>tette music1   
suitable 7& h>dly t7 = ! end ( a        
comm]cial 8banquet08 ,is  !re1 !n1 no   
reality beh9d *ur* music8 ,is x m]ely   
any music  set to sacr$ words8 ,he :o   
has ev] /udi$ any art kn[s t ?is  _c be 
true4 ,! f9e/ *ur* music--( :i*         
,pale/r9a & ,ba*  are ! greate/         
expon5ts--is bas$ on some?+ m ?an a     
casual  association ) sacr$ words4 ,9 ! 
,prote/ant *ur*es ( our cities  ! music 
is v l>gely d]iv$ f mod]n ,engli%       
s\rces1 & ,i  c\nt ?is an ob/acle to our
 progress4 ,beg9n+ ) ! la/ half (  !    
n9ete5? c5tury1 ,engli% *ur* music has  
be5 dom9at$ by a  s*ool ( compos]s ^:   
music is *>m+1 or pretty1 or melodi\s1  
or :at-y-w1 b is n ei!r pr(\nd or dev\t4
 ,ne>ly all our  organi/s are1          

musically1 ( ,engli% desc5t1 b !y treat 
_!  =efa!rs ) b scant respect4 ,!re is  
no difficulty :atev] 9  procur+ good    
music = *oirs4 ,!re is a supply suitable
 = solo  s++ or *orus1 = small *oir or  
l>ge1 to be pur*as$ at any  music %op4  
,!re are a doz5 f9e compos]s ^: music is
 nev] he>d  9 mo/ ,am]ican *ur*es2      
compos]s su* z ,pale/r9a1 ,vittoria1 &  
o!rs ( ! great p]iod ( *ur* music2 or   
,ba*1 or ,gibbons1 ,byrd1  & ,purcell1  
^: music is 9 ! true idiom1 an idiom n[ 
almo/  entirely lo/2 or ,john ,goss1    
,samuel ,wesley1 & ,?omas ,attwood 9 !  
e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 be=e !      
decad5ce _h fairly  begun4 ,! e>lie/ (  
?is music is writt5 = voices            
unaccompani$1  & is !re=e too difficult 
= any b a highly tra9$ *oir2 b  !re are 
pl5ty ( simple an!ms ) organ            
accompanim5t by !  e>ly ,engli% compos]s
 nam$ above1 & !re are a c]ta9 numb] (  
,ba*'s motets suitable = *oirs ( mod]ate
 ability4    ,let me m5tion 8,o ,?\1 !  
c5tral orb10 by ,gibbons1 z an example  

( a f9e an!m 9 ! old /yle1 & 8,oh1      
,savi\r ( ! ,_w10 by  ,goss1 z an       
example ( ! simpl] & lat] type4 ,^! are 
beautiful1  simple1 & dignifi$ an!ms    
suitable = city or c\ntry *oir4 ,if  !  
city *oirma/] w give ov] = a "t try+ to 
provide !  congregation ) brilliant     
music :i* is *iefly notable = its       
extravagance ( te*nique & its /rik+     
effects1 8 li/5]s w1  p]haps1 be able to
 rev]t to t /ate ( quiet devotion :i* ! 
re/ ( ! s]vice has induc$4 ,_m *oir     
directors w\ld d\btless  l to use simpl]
 & m devotional music1 b are h9d]$ f    
do+ s because !y feel ^u !m ! weight ( !
 op9ion &  ta/e ( ! congregation1 &     
p]haps ( ! prea*]4 ,ev]ybody1  reg>dless
 ( 8 qualifications = do+ s1 feels at   
lib]ty to  criticize ! music he he>s 9  
*ur*4    ,social & musical clubs = wom5 
exi/ 9 great numb]s all ov]  ! ,unit$   
,/ates4 ,!y are (t5 useful 9 practical  
ways1 b _!  contact ) arti/ic matt]s is1
 on ! contr>y1 (t5 ineffectual4  ,!y (f]
 _! memb]s cont9ual sips at diff]5t     

spr+s1 b no  deep draught at "o4 ,!     
av]age memb] ( a wom5's club1 if %e is  
to  be help$ 9 any?+1 mu/ be help$ f !  
position 9 :i* %e  !n is2 & ?is is      
p>ticul>ly true ( music4 ,b %e is torn  
out  ( h] natural environm5t & ask$ to  
li/5 to a recital (1 say1  mod]n ,fr5*  
music1 n "o note ( :i* answ]s to h]     
intellig5ce  or h] feel+s4 ,! passion = 
! la/ ?+ 9 music )\t any  k ( ! fir/ is 
fatal to any "o4 ,& :5 "o consid]s !    
enorm\s memb]%ip 9 clubs = wom5 9 ?is   
c\ntry1 "o c b  wi% t m ef=t 7 made to  
help ! individual to progress  simply & 
naturally /ep by /ep4 ,x is n to be     
expect$ t !  av]age woman1 ^: "t is v   
likely occupi$ ) dome/ic c>es1  %\ld    
make an ext5d$ /udy ( music2 b x is     
possible to give h]  a *ance to he> a   
few simple1 good compositions1 & to he> 
!m  sev]al times dur+ a season1 s t %e  
may le>n to und]/&  !m4 ,! m exp]i5c$ & 
m advanc$ memb]s ( wom5's clubs  are apt
 to dom9ate 9 ^! matt]s & to =get ! ne$s
 ( !  o!rs1 & !re is c]ta9 to be a few  

r>e s\ls :o dwell entirely  9 ! r>efi$  
atmosph]e ( ! v late/ music1 & :o look  
d[n  on ! common ignorance ( ! mass4 ,"s
 wom5's clubs purvey only !  p]=mance ( 
great play]s or s+]s1 & pride !mselves  
on _!  li/s ( celebrities1 all too      
=getful ( ^? delicately adju/$  scales  
:i* dem& equal weight 9 k9d4 ,if a      
wom5's club 9 a  small t[n 7or 9 a l>ge 
"o1 = t matt]7 %\ld abjure = !  mom5t   
pian(orte & vocal recitals ( ! late/    
music1 & %\ld  proce$ to devote a little
 "t to s++1 9 unison1 "s f9e old  songs 
9 :i* e "o c\ld take "p1 a fair />t w\ld
 be made4  ,i am n attempt+ to belittle 
! musical capabilities ( ^!  clubs1 nor 
am ,i decry+ exp]t p]=mances2 ,i am     
m]ely speak+ =  ! av]age woman :o has _h
 little opportunity = musical education 
or musical exp]i5ce1 & :o is usually    
left f> beh9d z club  programmes run1   
yet :o is capable ( und]/&+ music if x  
be  br\ght to h] 9 ! prop] mann]4 ,ask  
h] to s+ ) y & %e  is br\ght into ! fold
 in/ead ( /ray+ bl9dly outside4 ,e      

meet+ ( a wom5's club 7:y qualify8--(   
any club1 save1 p]haps1 a  burgl>'s1 :]e
 sil5ce w\ld be desirable7 %\ld beg9 ) a
 he>ty  song4 ,/ep by /ep--n a viol5t   
leap to a dizzy height2 we _c  become   
musical by ! =ce ( our aspiration ev5   
?\gh x be q  s9c]e2 nature unrel5t+ly   
exacts ( u t same sl[ gr[? :i*  %e      
h]self makes4 ,!re is no to-morr[4      
,if all ! p 9 a community express$      
!mselves at appropriate  times & seasons
 by s++1 x w\ld naturally foll[ t a     
goodly  numb] ( !m w\ld =m !mselves into
 a s++ society4 ,?is  society w\ld      
satisfy ! desire ( ! community to he>   
su*  music z c be p]=m$ only aft]       
consid]able practice4 ,i _c  emphasize  
too /rongly ! connection betwe5 !       
community & !  s++ society4 ,! latt]    
%\ld be ! answ] to ! community's        
desire1 & n be a spectacle--if ,i may   
mix my metaphors to t  ext5t4      ,,iv4
 ,,an ,,exp]im5t    ,i live 9 a t[n ( "s
 six ?\s& inhabitants :i* ab\t answ]s   
to ! description giv5 ne> ! beg9n+ ( ?is

 article4 ,!re 0  a s++ society 9 !     
place ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 b s9ce !n    
!re has be5 little *oral s++4 ,two ye>s 
ago ,i ask$ "s ?irty  p to come toge!r  
to practice *oral s++4 ,i !n /at$ t  ,i 
%\ld l to tra9 !m if !y w\ld agree to   
two conditions3  fir/1 t we %\ld s+ none
 b ! v be/ music1 & second1  t our      
conc]ts %\ld be free to ! t[nspeople4   
,^! conditions  7 at once agre$ to & we 
/>t$ rehe>s+4 ,we f\nd x possible  to   
get ! use ( ! l>ge/ *ur* conta9+ a good 
organ1 & we  f\nd f\r p :o play$ ! viol9
 & two ! violoncello4 ,our  little      
or*e/ra f9ally grew until we _h "s eight
 or t5 /r+  play]s4 ,we borr[$          
kettl$rums & "o ( our en?usia/s le>n$ to
  play !m4    ,we h giv5 ?ree conc]ts1  
at ea* ( :i* ! *ur* 0 m  ?an fill$--x   
seats ab\t six hundr$ p4 ,our programmes
 h  conta9$ ,brahms's 8,s*icksalsli$0   
7,song ( ,fate7 & p>ts ( 8  8,requiem10 
,ba*'s motet1 8,i ,wre/le & ,pray10     
arias f ! 8,/4  ,mat!w ,passion10 &     
simil> compositions4 ,our soloi/s h be5 

memb]s ( our *orus1 ) little previ\s    
exp]i5ce ( su* music  z we h be5 s++1 b 
) a pr(\nd s5sibility to x br\ght  ab\t 
by cont9u$ practice ( x4 ,! t[nspeople  
:o h come to  he> our music h giv5 c]ta9
 evid5ce ( a fact :i* ,i h =  _m ye>s   
kn[n to be true1 namely1 t :5 p h a     
*ance  to "k ?or\ghly a great           
composition x inv>iably secures _!      
complete allegiance4 ,we h !re=e repeat$
 our p]=mance (  ^! v>i\s works1        
sometimes s++ "o piece twice 9 ! same   
conc]t4 ,we h giv51 = example1 !        
8,s*icksalsli$0 ?ree times  9 two ye>s1 
& bo? s+]s & audi5ce are completely won 
ov] to  x4    ,our s++ society is       
support$ by ! paym5t ( fifty c5ts ea*   
by any individual :o c>es to subscribe4 
,we give two op5 conc]ts a  ye>1 at :i* 
six hundr$ p he> ! f9e/ *oral music at a
  total annual exp5se ( ab\t sev5ty-five
 doll>s4 ,e "o connect$  ) ! project    
gives 8 or h] s]vices free4 ,our conc]ts
 take  place on ,sunday aft]noons4 ,at !
 la/ "o ,i tri$ an int]e/+  exp]im5t4   

,ba*'s motet1 8,i ,wre/le & ,pray10 is  
bas$1 z is common  9 8 *oral pieces1 on 
a *orale :i* is sung by ! sopranos 9    
unison1 ) florid c\nt]po9ts 9 ! o!r     
p>ts4 ,at ! end !  *orale is giv5 9 its 
orig9al =m1 s t ! congregation may  jo9 
9 ! s++ ( x4 ,x 0 a simple matt] = u to 
get six  hundr$ copies ( ?is *orale     
reproduc$ by mimeograph1 & ^! 7         
di/ribut$ 9 ! pews4 ,! result 0 almo/   
electrify+ to "o :o  _h he>d ! feeble   
*ur* s++ ( feebl] hymns 9 our *ur*es4   
,! second "t ! motet 0 sung--we p]=m$ x 
at ! beg9n+  & at ! end ( ?is           
conc]t--ne>ly e "o jo9$ 9 & !  e*oes    
roll$ z !y _h nev] roll$ be=e 9 t *ur*4 
,:y8  ,^! v same p s5d up feeble1 timid1
 disorganiz$1 slightly  out-(-tune s\nds
 e ,sunday morn+ 9 _! v>i\s *ur*es4 ,has
  a miracle happ5$ t !y are lu/ily s++  
toge!r8 ,n at all4  ,!y h m]ely be5 (f]$
 an opportunity to d :at !y are all  q  
capable ( do+1 namely1 s++ a hymn suit$ 
to !m4 ,?is  *orale has a range ( b five
 tones--f f to c2 x is l>gely  diatonic1

 proce$+ /ep by /ep ( ! scale1 & x is   
noble &  inspir+4 ,h[ (t5 _h su* an     
opportunity be5 pres5t$ to !m  be=e8 ,:y
 n8    ,! memb]s ( our *orus are su* p z
 "o w\ld f9d 9 mo/  ,am]ican t[ns ( !   
same size4 ,p]haps we are m ?an usually 
=tunate 9 our solo s+]s & our or*e/ra4  
,i believe ! *ief  reason :y a project l
 ?is might be difficult 9 _m places is  
because x might n be possible to f9d a  
lead] :o c>$ m =  ,ba* & ,brahms ?an =  
less] compos]s4 ,! te*nical problem is n
  extreme1 b ! lead] mu/ h unb\nd$      
belief 9 ! be/ music  & tol]ate no?+    
less4 ,! mom5t ?is latt] condition      
lapses1  *oral s++ w lapse--z x w\ld    
des]ve to d4    ,!re are _m small       
communities :]e *oral conc]ts on a l>ge 
scale  are occasionally giv54 ,great    
ef=t & great exp5se are n sp>$4  ,sev]al
 hundr$ voices1 a hir$ or*e/ra1 & hir$  
soloi/s make !  ev5t notable4 ,b ! music
 p]=m$ is ( su* a "* t no  "o wants to  
he> x aga92 nei!r ! s+]s :o practice x  
nor !  audi5ce :o li/5 to x are mov$ or 

uplift$4 ,!re h ev5 be5  sy/ematic ef=ts
 9 "s middle we/]n /ates to e/abli%     
community  s++4 ,! effect ( su* ef=ts   
dep5ds !re1 z "h1 on ! k9d  ( music :i* 
p are ask$ to s+1 = ?is is ! he>t ( !   
:ole matt]4 ,no advance 9 music1 or 9   
any?+ else1 c be expect$  )\t con/ant   
/riv+ = ! v be/4 ,& x is q )9  b\nds to 
say t mo/ ( ^! ef=ts are nullifi$ by    
lack ( a  really high /&>d4 ,f9ally1 let
 me say t a conc]t ( good music  by a   
local *oral society is1 to ! p ( any    
community1 imm5sely  m valuable ?an a   
paid musical demon/ration by p]=m]s f   
abroad :i* co/s five times z mu* money4 
,v4 ,,music ,,z ,a ,,social ,,=ce       
,leav+ ?is actual exp]i5ce & its effects
 on ! community1 let u  ask ourselves   
:at ?is s++ means to ! individuals :o d 
x4 ,9  ! fir/ place1 x makes articulate 
some?+ )9 !m :i* nev]  f9ds expression 9
 words or acts4 ,9 ! second place1 x    
p]mits  !m to create beauty in/ead ( /&+
 outside x4 ,or1 to speak  /ill m       
def9itely1 x n only gives !m an intimate

 famili>ity  ) "s great compositions1 b 
x accu/oms !m to ! te*nique  by means ( 
:i* music expresses itself4 ,!y le>n to 
make melodic  l9es1 to add a tone :i*   
*anges ! :ole "* ( a *ord2 !y  le>n h[  
!mes are dispos$ 9 relation to "o ano!r2
 !y come  into intimate contact ) !     
actual mat]ials ( ! art by h&l+  !m4    
,?is1 we d n ne$ to say1 is ! key to ! k
 &  und]/&+ ( any?+4 ,y _c und]/& life1 
or love1 or  hate1 or objects1 or ideas1
 until y h dealt 9 !m y\rself4  ,s++ has
 ! pr(\nd psy*ological advantage ( giv+ 
active issue  to t love ( beauty :i* is 
usually entirely passive4    ,! arti/   
has two functions3 he draws1 or pa9ts1  
or models2 he uses  language or s\nds4  
,?is comprises 8 te*nique4 ,b he also   
possesses  imag9ative p]ception4 ,n[1   
no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t our  und]/&+ ( :at
 he does mu/ be 9 k9d4 ,we le>n to      
und]/&  8 te*nique by actual exp]i5ce ( 
x4 ,s1 also1 we le>n to ent]  into !    
high] qualities ( 8 art by ! ex]cise ( !
 same  faculties :i* he uses4 ,our      

feel+s1 our m9ds1 & our imag9ations  mu/
 take a reflection f him z 9 a mirror4  
,if ! glass is blurr$  or ! angle (     
reflection di/ort$ we _c see ! image 9  
its  p]fection4 ,! light comes f we "k n
 :]e4    ,let any read] ( ^! words ask  
himself if ! /atem5t !y  conta9 ( !     
qualities ( music & ( our relation to x 
c\ld n  ) equal =ce be appli$ to 8 own  
bus9ess or occupation4 ,is  n 8 und]/&+ 
( t bus9ess or occupation bas$ on ^!    
two ess5tials3 fir/1 famili>ity ) its   
me?ods & mat]ials1  &1 second1 "s       
conception ( ! real mean+1 significance1
 &  possibility t lie beh9d its outw>d  
appe>ance & manife/ation8    ,i h n laid
 suffici5t /ress on ! advantage to m5 ( 
s++4  ,n only does x enable !m to become
 self-expressive1 b x gives  !m ! mo/   
:olesome ( div]sions1 x equalizes !m1 x 
creates a  sort ( bro!rhood1 x takes _! 
m9ds (f p] c5ts1 & gives !m  a new &    
diff]5t insight4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 n    
accompli%$ by  ! k9d ( music m5 n[ s+1  
:i* is *iefly associat$ ) sports  &     

conviviality4 ,s long z music is only   
outside u1 s long z we  educate our     
*ildr5 )\t br++ !m into actual contact )
 its  mat]ials1 giv+ !m little real     
tra9+ 9 ! developm5t ( !  s5ses1 j s    
long w x rema9 a my/]y1 j s long w its  
(fice be misund]/ood4 ,:at a p]plexity x
 is n[ to _m ( u6 ,h[  x does ?ru/ u    
away6 ,we h got beyond be+ a%am$ to love
 x1  b we love x f af>4    ,f a         
sociological po9t ( view ?is discussion 
has ?us f> be5  some:at limit$4 ,n[1 !  
possibilities 9 music to weld toge!r    
socially disorganiz$ communities h nev] 
be5 fully realiz$  9 ,am]ica4 ,7 we to  
set ab\t us+ x directly to t end1  we   
%\ld f9d out h[ valuable x is 9 break+  
d[n artificial  b>ri]s4 ,by *oral s++1 p
 9 any "o locality c be br\ght  into a  
c]ta9 sympa?y ) ea* o!r4 ,gr\ps :o att5d
 ! same  *ur*1 ! fa!rs & mo!rs ( *ildr5 
:om ! settlem5ts  rea*--:]ev] !re is a  
8neighborhood0 !re is a *ance =  s++4 ,x
 ne$s only a p]son :o believes 9 x1 & :o
 w  rigidly select only ! be/ music4 ,& 

:]e neighborhood gr\ps h  be5 s++ ! same
 f9e music1 any great ga!r+ ( p w\ld    
f9d ev]ybody ready to take "p 9 *oral   
s++4 ,?is w\ld make  community music a  
reality1 & w\ld d\btless s fo/] ! love (
  ! art z ev5tually to affect ! :ole    
musical situation4 ,any "o  :o has ev]  
_h p]sonal exp]i5ce ( br++ f9e music to 
^?  :o _c af=d to att5d conc]ts kn[s t  
su* p are z  ke5 = ! be/ z are ^? :o c  
af=d x4 ,!re is no "o s  quick to       
appreciate ! be/ z ! p]son :o lives ap>t
 f all  ^? social usages ( ours :i*     
con/itute our silk-spun cocoons4  ,!re  
we lie snugly ensconc$1 protect$ f %>p  
w9ds1 completely  en%r\d$1 :ile ^! o!r  
folk are battl+ ) life itself4  ,we may 
be satisfi$ ) a gleam or two ?r\gh !    
me%2 !y are  n4 ,!y meet reality on e h&
 & "k x :5 !y see x4 ,no  make-believe c
 deceive !m4    ,& :5 ,i say ?is ,i mean
 t ! exp]im5t has be5 tri$ ov] &  ov]   
aga94 ,9 :at are call$ 8! slums0 ( !    
greate/ ,am]ican &  ,engli% cities ,i h 
se5 hundr$s & ev5 ?\s&s ( poor p  li/5+ 

to ! music ( ,bee?ov51 & to a few simple
 words ab\t  x 9 rapt & t5se sil5ce1 & h
 he>d !m break out into su*  unre/ra9$  
applause z comes only f ^? :o are really
 hungry  = good music4 ,put a good      
or*e/ra into any "o ( ^! places &  y w  
f9d ! be/ k9d ( an audi5ce4 ,su* p h no 
ta9t  ( hyp]-criticism1 no desire to    
talk wisely ab\t ! late/ compos]4  ,!y h
 n con/ruct$ = !mselves a nice little   
/hetic =mula  :i* w fit ev]y?+--a sort (
 protective color+2 _! m9ds  are n 8made
 up40    ,let u n misund]/& ?is         
situation4 ,i am n writ+ ab\t  pa9t+ or 
sculpture1 = ,i "k t ^! arts involve    
c]ta9  p]ceptive & selective qualities (
 ! m9d :i* require long  tra9+4 ,i am   
writ+ ab\t music1 :i* appeals to a s5se 
diff]5tiat$ & tra9$ long be=e ! s5se =  
color-vibration or  = beauty ( =m 0     
develop$1 a s5se :i* we possess 9 a     
highly  develop$ /ate 9 v *ildhood4     
,imag9e a small op]a h\se 9 ! l[] ,ea/  
,side ( ,new ,york or 9  ! ,nor? ,end or
 ,s\? ,end ( ,bo/on1 :i* ! p !re might  

frequ5t at sums )9 _! means2 imag9e a   
small ,we/]n city  ) su* an op]a h\se2 &
 comp>e ! probable results )  ^? n[     
atta9$ by our gorge\s & ne$lessly       
exp5sive op]atic  p]=mances :i*1 :e!r at
 home or abroad1 leave little beh9d  !m 
b a f9ancial vacuum1 & a dim idea t     
someh[ op]a means  fam\s 8/>s0 s++ 9 a  
highly exagg]at$ mann] 9 a /range       
language1 9 /rang] dramas1 :]e motives &
 purposes are /rang]  /ill4 ,conc]ts &  
op]atic p]=mances su* z ,i h advocat$   
w\ld supplem5t & complete our own       
musical activities4 ,^! paid  arti/s    
w\ld be play+ & s++ to u 9 a language we
 ourselves  _h le>n$ by us+ x4 ,music   
w\ld be dome/ic2 we %\ld und]/&  x bett]
 & love x m4    ,i am famili> ) ! old   
argum5t t conc]ts & op]as s  conduct$   
w\ld n pay4 ,to ?is ,i reply t x is     
probably true4 ,does  settlem5t "w pay8 
,does a libr>y pay8 ,does any altrui/ic 
endeavor  any:]e pay8 ,no2 no?+ ( ?is   
sort ev] %[s a money balance  on ! "r   
side ( ! l$g]4 ,b we d n keep t column 9

  figures4 ,x foots up 9 joy1 n 9       
doll>s4 ,! be/ k9d ( social  8uplift0   
w\ld be some?+ t made p happi]4 ,! real 
uplift  is ( ! s\l1 n ( ! body4 ,let a  
rift ( beauty pi]ce ! dull  sc5e4 ,let u
 h a ta/e ( heav5 n[2 & let x be n y\rs 
or  m9e1 b !irs4 ,9 music ev]ybody makes
 8 own heav5 at ! "t4    ,b x is n money
 t is lack+4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s are       
annually  sp5t to make up ! deficits (  
our symphony or*e/ras4 ,millions are    
sp5t = ! physical well-be+ ( our poor]  
p4 ,beauty = !  well-to-d1 :o are1 l z  
n1 too well-to-d to c>e mu* = x2        
mat]iali/ic b5efits = ! poor &          
un=tunate1 :o are fairly  />v+ = some?+ 
bright & joy\s4 ,:at w\ld x n mean to   
^! latt] 7 !y able to g once a week to a
 hall 9 _! own  "p ( ! city1 to he> a   
f9e conc]t at a fee well )9 _!  means1 &
 to "k t !re w\ld be no *airman !re to  
tell !m  8:at a great privilege10 etc41 
b t !y w\ld be let alone to  enjoy      
!mselves 9 _! own way4 ,^!1 aft] all1   
make up ! great  body ( our city        

populations2 f ^! humble homes come !   
future  ,am]ican citiz5s2 9 "s ways !y  
are sup]ior to u1 = !y  survive a mu*   
h>d] battle1 & pres]ve _! self-respect 9
 face  ( enorm\s difficulties4 ,:y %\ld 
we dole out to !m :at we  ?9k !y ne$8   
,:y n (f] !m some?+ t puts u all on !   
same level8    ,! inevitable conclusion 
to be drawn f an inve/igation ( our     
musical situation is t we ne$ only      
opportunities ( express+  ourselves4 ,e 
village conta9s a pot5tial s++ society1 
e  *ur* conta9s a pot5tial *oir1 e      
family 9 :i* !re are  *ildr5 might s+   
simple songs toge!r4 ,!re is a s++ club 
hidd5 away 9 e neighborhood4 ,e city    
might h1 on occasion1  ?\s&s ( p s++ f9e
 songs & hymns4 ,:at is ! pres5t  ne$8  
,lead]s3 educat$ musicians :o h le>n$ ! 
te*nique  ( _! art & h1 at ! same "t1   
le>n$ to und]/& &  appreciate ! greate/ 
music1 & :o pref] x to any o!r4 ,our    
in/itutions = tra9+ musicians are s5d+  
out a cont9ual /ream  ( graduates1 _m ( 
:om beg9 _! labors 9 small t[ns &       

cities4 ,ne>ly e community has at lea/  
"o man :o has suffici5t  te*nical k (   
music to direct gr\ps ( s+]s1 l>ge &    
small4 ,:at k9d ( music does he1 9 8    
he>t1 pref]8 ,! answ] is  to be read 9  
programmes "h & !re1 9 ! record (       
unsuccessful  s++ societies1 9 ! public 
p]=mances ( 8%[ pieces40 ,%\ld  n our   
in/itutions pay m att5tion to =m+ ! ta/e
 ( _!  /ud5ts8 ,is x really necess>y to 
tea* !m te*nique ?r\gh bad  examples ( !
 art ( music8 ,c !y safely sp5d sev]al  
ye>s  deal+ ) di/9ctly inf]ior music = !
 sake ( a facile  te*nique8 ,is rhetoric
 or oratory sup]ior to lit]ature8 ,!re  
is  no su* ?+ z tea*+ viol9 or          
piano-play+ & tea*+  music4 ,if ! viol9 
or piano tea*+ deals ) poor music :i* ! 
pupil practices sev]al h\rs a day1 no   
lessons 9 musical hi/ory1  !ory1 =m1 or 
/hetics c c\nt]act ! effect ( t con/ant 
association4 ,we _c advance )\t lead]s4 
,we look to ! tra9+  s*ools = !m4 ,& ^! 
s*ools _c expect to supply !m to u      
unless !y s conduct _! tea*+ z to       

develop 9 /ud5ts a love  & und]/&+ ( !  
be/4    ,?is article1 !n1 expresses my  
conviction t ! av]age ,am]ican  man or  
woman is pot5tially musical4 ,i believe 
! _w ( music to  be a true democracy4 ,i
 am conv9c$ t our *ief ne$ is to make   
music ourselves4 ,i believe t "u "r     
conditions we %\ld enjoy  do+ s2 ,i ?9k 
all art is closely relat$ to ! sum (    
human  consci\sness4 ,& j z ,i see great
 music bas$ on :at we are &  :at we     
feel1 s ,i see ! exp]t p]=mance ( music 
z be+ m]ely  our own p]=mance magnifi$ &
 beautifi$ by extreme skill4 ,i see1  9 
%ort1 a necess>y & natural connection   
betwe5 ourselves &  bo? compos] & p]=m]4
 ,i believe t all ! great pictures &    
sculpture & music lay fir/ 9 ! g5]al    
consci\sness & !n  became articulate 9  
"o man4 ,i believe no /atesman1 no      
philosoph]1  no1 n ev5 a ,*ri/1 to be   
conceivable save z he lies fir/ 9 m5's  
he>ts4 ,:at !y are 9 posse he is 9 esse4
 ,t we all are m  musical ?an we are    
?\ght to be2 t we are m musical ?an we  

get  ! *ance to be--( ?is !re is no d\bt
 :atev]4          ,,*apt] ,v    ,,!     
,,op]a      ,i4 ,,:at ,,is ,,op]a8    ,!
 =m ( drama ) music :i* we loosely call 
8op]a0 is su*  a curi\s mixture ( _m    
elem5ts--"s ( !m closely relat$1  o!rs  
ne>ly irreconcilable--t x is almo/      
impossible to arrive  at any def9ite    
idea ( its arti/ic value4 ,a great      
picture or piece  ( sculpture1 a great  
book or a great symphony repres5ts a    
p]fectly  cle> evolution ( a well-def9$ 
art4 ,y d n "q ! arti/ic  validity (    
8,p5d5nis0 or ( a portrait by ,romney2  
!y h _!  roots 9 ! e>li] works ( great  
writ]s & pa9t]s & !y t5d  t[>d ^? :i*   
foll[4 ,! arts !y repres5t grew by a sl[
  process ( evolution1 absorb+ ev]y?+ t 
0 useful to !m &  reject+ ev]y?+        
useless1 until !y f9ally became consi/5t
 &  self-conta9$4 ,! developm5t ( op]a1 
on ! o!r h&1 has be5  a cont9ual        
compromise--) ! :ims ( pr9ces1 ) ! ev5 m
  wayw>d :ims ( s+]s1 & ) social        
conv5tions4    ,its increas+ co/l9ess   

7due sometimes to ! compos]'s           
gr&iloqu5ce & sometimes to ! dem&s ( !  
public7 has  necessitat$ produc+ x 9    
huge op]a h\ses entirely unsuit$ to  x2 
&1 be+ a mix$ art1 x has be5 subject to 
two diff]5t  influ5ces :i* h n by any   
means always be5 9 agreem5t4 ,its       
life-l9e has be5 cross$ ov] & ov] aga9  
by d>+ innovators  :o1 =gett+ ! pa/1 h  
s\ght to =ce x away f nature &  to make 
x an expression ( excessive             
individualism4 ,me?ods :i*  w\ld f9d    
oblivion quickly en\gh 9 any pure =m (  
art h be5  c>ri$ out 9 op]a1 & h be5    
support$ by an uncritical public  pleas$
 by a gorge\s spectacle or ent]ta9$ by  
f9e s++4 ,all  ! o!r art-=ms progress   
/ep by /ep2 op]a leaps fir/ =w>d1  !n   
backw>d2 x becomes too reasonable1 only 
to become imm$iately  aft]w>d entirely  
unreasonable2 x passes f objectivity to 
subjectivity & back aga91 or employs bo?
 at ! same "t2 x turns  a man into a    
woman1 or a woman into a man2 x ?9ks    
no?+ ( be+  pres5t$ 9 two languages at  

once2 x turns colloquial ,bret ,h>te    
into  ,italian )\t ! slighte/           
realization ( hav+ become1 9 !  process1
 ess5tially comic3 9 %ort1 !re seems no 
limit to ! havoc  x c play ) geography1 
sci5ce1 language1 co/ume1 drama1 music1 
& human nature itself4    ,any attempt1 
!re=e1 to deal "h ) ! developm5t ( op]a 
z  a :ole w\ld be an impossible         
und]tak+4 ,we %\ld become at once       
involv$ 9 a gloss>y ( s+]s 7n[ only     
names1 !n 9 effect  con/itut+ ! op]a    
itself71 an unsn>l+ ( impossible plots1 
an  excursion into religion1 into !     
ballet1 into my?ology1 demonology1      
pseudo-philosophy1 my/icism1 & ,heav5   
kn[s :at else4 ,we %\ld see  our fir/   
flock ( can>y birds1--releas$ simply to 
make u gape1--&  we %\ld he> a =e/ bird 
tell ! h]o 7?r\gh ! m$ium ( a  s+] (f ! 
/age7 ! way to a sleep+ beauty2 we %\ld 
he> !  h]o & ! villa9 s+ a delightful   
duet & !n see !m turn away  9 diff]5t   
directions to seek & murd] ea* o!r2 we  
%\ld f9d  ! ,pyramids & ! ,lat9 ,qu>t]  

expressible 9 ! same t]ms2 our  h]o9es  
w\ld include ! my/]i\s & demoniac sc(f]1
 ,kundry1  ! woman :o d\bts & que/ions1 
! woman :o %\ld h b did  n1 & ! woman :o
 goes mad & turns ! flute-play] 9 !     
or*e/ra to madness ) h]2 we %\ld see m5 
& wom51 attir$  9 inappropriate & ev5   
un9telligible co/umes1 dr9k out ( empty 
cups1 & a h]o mortally w\nd a papi]-m*  
dragon2 we %\ld h  to %ut our eyes 9    
ord] to he>1 or /op our e>s 9 ord] to   
see2 if  we c>$ = music1 we %\ld h to   
wait t5 m9utes = a dome/ic  qu>rel 9    
recitative to f9i%2 if we c>$ = drama1  
we %\ld h  to wait ! same l5g? ( "t :ile
 a prima donna toss$ (f birdl+  trills &
 *irp+s4 ,we %\ld1 9 %ort1 f9d ourselves
 deal+ )  a mix$ art ( q extraord9>y    
latitude 9 /yle1 =m1 dramatic  purpose1 
& musical texture4    ,x w be suffici5t 
= our purposes1 !re=e1 to /ate t bo?    
sacr$ & secul> plays ) music h exi/$ f !
 e>lie/  times1 & t _! developm5t has   
t5d$ t[>d ! =m z we  n[ "k x4 ,!        
introduction ( songs into plays 01 9    

itself1 s  agreeable & int]e/+ t _! use 
cont9ually increas$ until  "s vague     
op]atic =m 0 rea*$ 9 :i* music          
pr$om9at$4    ,b !re are two great      
revolution>y epo*s to :i* prop] att5tion
  mu/ be paid if we are to und]/& op]a  
at all4 ,! fir/ ( ^!  is ! s-call$      
8,flor5t9e ,revolution0 9 ! ye>s #aeie  
to #afjj1 &  ! second is ! ,wagn]ian    
re=m 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4         
,,ii4 ,,op]a ,,9 ,,! ,,old ,,/yle    ,! 
8,flor5t9e ,revolution0 0 an attempt to 
create an entirely new  type ( op]a 9   
:i* all tradition 0 ?r[n to ! w9ds4 ,to 
8,eurydice10 ! be/ kn[n ( ^! ,flor5t9e  
op]as1 its compos]1  ,p]i1 wrote a      
preface1 f :i* we quote ! foll[+3       
8,!re=e1  ab&on+ e /yle ( vocal writ+   
kn[n hi!rto1 ,i gave myself  up :olly to
 contriv+ ! sort ( imitation 7( spee*7  
dem&$  by ?is poem40 7,is ?is1 inde$1   
,p]i speak+8 ,or is x ,gluck1 or        
,wagn]1 or ,debussy87 ,9 any case1 !    
ab&onm5t1 9 any =m (  human expression1 
( e /yle kn[n hi!rto is a fatal         

ab&onm5t1  = no art1 or sci5ce1 or      
lit]ature c ?r[ away its pa/ &  live4 ,!
 ,flor5t9e ,revolution 0 n revolution1 b
 riot1 = x  und]took to te> d[n :at     
g5]ations _h be5 sl[ly build+ up1  & to 
sub/itute 9 its place some?+ n only     
untri$ b 7at  t "t7 impossible4 ,x 0 an 
attempt to f\nd a new art entirely      
deta*$ f an old "o4 ,bee?ov5 )\t ,haydn 
& ,moz>t1 ,m]$i?  )\t ,field+1 ! ,go?ic 
)\t ! ,classical1 a ,r5aissance  )\t a  
bir?1 daylight )\t sunrise4 ,x 0 an     
entirely  illogical proce$+ f fir/ to   
la/1 b op]a came =? f x  because op]a c 
subsi/--x has1 & does--)\t logic or ev5 
reasonabl5ess4    ,!re _h be5 compos$   
be=e ! ye> #afjj ! mo/ beautiful sacr$  
music ! _w possesses--t :i* culm9at$ 9 !
 works (  ,pale/r9a4 ,a /yle or me?od ( 
expression _h be5 p]fect$1 &  ?is /yle  
or me?od 0 gradually & naturally be+    
appli$ to  secul> & ev5 to dramatic =ms4
 ,!re 7 at t "t1 also1  songs ( ! p :i* 
_h be5 (t5 us$ 9 plays ) music1 &  :i*  
might h suppli$ a basis = op]a4 ,b !    

creators ( !  new op]a w\ld h none ( ^!4
 ,!y _h a !ory 7fatal possession  = any 
arti/73 !y want$ to revive ! ,greek     
drama1 & !y  believ$ t1 9 op]a1 music   
%\ld be subs]vi5t to ! text4 ,x  0 ,p]i 
& 8 associates :o fir/ saw ?is          
w-o'-!-wisp1 :i*  has s9ce become       
completely embodi$ into a fully equipp$ 
& valiant  bugaboo to fright5 & subdue  
^? :o love music = music's sake4  ,all t
 "o ne$s to say on ?is po9t is t !re is 
no great op]a  9 exi/5ce1 save alone    
8,pellz et ,mlis&e0 by ,debussy1 9 :i*  
! music is n supreme ov] ! text 7&      
,debussy's op]a is unique  9 its        
treatm5t & leads n[h]e--or1 if any:]e1  
away f op]a74  ,p]i's re=ms 7           
arti/ically unreasonable1 b ! compos]s  
:o  foll[$ him gradually evolv$ :at is  
call$ ! aria or op]atic song  & did     
ev5tually make a m or less coh]5t       
op]atic =m1 al?\gh  a long "t pass$ be=e
 op]a unifi$ 9 itself ! v>i\s elem5ts   
necess>y to arti/ic complet5ess4    ,x 0
 only a %ort "t1 h[ev]1 be=e op]a atta9$

 ! wide/  favor all ov] ,europe1 a favor
 :i* x has enjoy$ f t day to  ?is4 ,!   
reasons = ?is nev]-wan+ popul>ity are   
f\nd fir/ 9  ! natural pref]5ce on ! "p 
( ! public = ! human voice  ov] any     
in/rum5t4 ,= :atev] facility ( te*nique 
or felicity (  expression musical       
in/rum5ts may h1 !y lack ! intimate     
human  quality ( ! s++ voice4 ,! voice  
comes to ! li/5] 9 t]ms  ( himself1     
:]eas an in/rum5t may be /range &       
unsympa!tic &  awak5 no response4 ,s    
complete is ?is sympa?y betwe5 ! s+]  & 
li/5] t almo/ any s+] ) a f9e voice 7%e 
is1 v  likely1 call$ a 8human           
night+ale07 is sure to attract an       
audi5ce1  no matt] :at %e s+s or h[     
little musical intellig5ce %e %[s4  7,x 
is ?is sympa?y1 too1 :i* inflicts on u !
 draw+-room song1  ! la/ ^w 9 utt]      
vacuity47 ,c\pl$ ) ?is is ! delight !   
public takes 9 extraord9>y vocal feats (
 agility4 ,! s+] vies  ) a flute 9 !    
or*e/ra1 or s+s two or ?ree notes high] 
?an  any o!r s+] has ev] sung1 & !      

public cr[ds to he> h]4 ,b  x is useless
 to dwell on ?is3 ! disease is          
incurable2 !re w  always be1 ,i fe>1 an 
un?9k+ public ready = any vocal gymna/  
:o  s+s high] or fa/] ?an anybody else1 
or :o c toss (f trills  & runs ) a smil+
 face & a pretty co/ume1 & 9 entirely   
un9telligible words4 ,&1 second1 :5 ?is 
s++1 :i* ! public  de>ly loves1 is c\pl$
 ) ! p]5nial fasc9ation ( ! drama1  !   
appeal is irresi/ible4    ,i d n ne$ to 
dwell "h on ! quality 9 ! drama :i* has 
made x popul> f ! remote/ "t until n[4  
,"o c say ?is1  h[ev]3 t to p :o are    
incapable ( re-creat+ a _w (  beauty 9  
_! own m9ds--al?\gh nature surr\nds !m )
 x1 &  imag9ative lit]ature is 9 e      
libr>y--! /age is a p]petual  delight4  
,!re !y behold impossible romances1     
incr$ible virtues &  vices1 h]oes &     
h]o9es f\lly p]secut$ b inevitably      
triumphant1  impossible sc5es 9         
improbable c\ntries1 ev]y?+ left out t  
is  tiresome & habitual & necessit\s1 no
 bl>e ( daylight b only  gold5 sunrise &

 flam+ sunset3 ! impossible realiz$ at  
la/4  ,^! qualities are 9 all drama to a
 great] or less ext5t1 = !y  embody !   
ess5ce ( :at ! drama is4 s*ylus &       
,%akespe>e  dive/ life ( its prose z    
completely z does a rag+ melodrama1 =  a
 play mu/ move f "o dramatic & sali5t   
po9t to ano!r2 &  :ile ^? great         
dramati/s imply ! :ole ( life1--:]eas ! 
ord9>y play implies no?+1--!y d n & _c  
pres5t x 9  its actual & complete       
cont9uity4    ,n[ ! drama is subject m  
or less to public op9ion & to public    
ta/e1 because 9 ! drama we und]/& :at we
 are he>+4 ,on !  o!r h& ! op]a1        
consid]$ z drama1 is almo/ free f any   
su* responsibility1 because x is sung 9 
a =eign language2 or if1  by *ance1 9   
our own tongue1 ! size ( ! op]a h\se & !
  dis9cl9ation ( s+]s to pay any        
att5tion to _! diction r5d]s  ! text    
un9telligible4 ,s ! libretto ( ! op]a   
escapes scrut9y4  8,:at is too silly to 
be said is sung10 says ,voltaire4       
,let u note also t :5 an art becomes    

deta*$ f its own  pa/1 :5 x is n bas$ on
 natural human life1 & does n obey  ^?  
g5]al laws to :i* all art is subject1 x 
is sure to evolve  conv5tions ( "o sort 
or ano!r & to become artificial4 ,?is is
  to be obs]v$ 9 :at is call$ ! 8rococo0
 /yle ( ar*itecture1  z well z 9 !      
t]rible objects p]petrat$ by !          
8futuri/s0 &  8cubi/s0 7any?+ t is ( !  
future mu/ also be ( ! pa/1  no matt]   
:e!r x is a picture1 or a tree1 or an   
idea74 ,op]a 0  soon 9 ! grip ( ^!      
conv5tions f :i*1 ) a few notable       
exceptions1 x has nev] escap$4 ,ev5 !   
common conv5tions ( !  drama1 :i* we    
accept readily en\gh1 are 9 op]a /ret*$ 
to !  break+ po9t4 ,= _m g5]ations op]as
 7 plann$ accord+  to a set1 inflexible 
s*eme ( acts2 a woman took a man's "p 7z
  9 ,g\nod's 8,fau/072 *>act]s 7        
/]eotyp$2 ! position (  ! *ief aria     
7solo7 = ! prima donna 0 exactly det]m9$
  s z to give to h] entrance all        
possible impressiv5ess2 ! set  musical  
pieces 7solos1 duets1 *oruses1 & s =?7 7

 arrang$  artificially & n to satisfy   
any dramatic necessity4 ,!re is "s      
ju/ness 9 ,wagn]'s say+ t ! old         
conv5tional op]a 0 8a  conc]t 9 co/ume40
    ,an example ( ?is conv5tionality &  
lack ( dramatic unity may be  f\nd 9 !  
fam\s qu>tette sc5e 9 ,v]di's           
8,rigoletto10 an op]a  :i* is typical ( 
! ,italian /yle 79 :i*1 9 ,m]$i?'s      
phrase1  8!re is mu* dally+ ) beauty 9 !
 ?ick ( sweet angui%074  ,9 ?is sc5e !re
 are two p]sons 9 hid+ to wat* two o!rs4
 ,!  concealm5t is ! h+e ^u :i*1 = !    
mom5t1 ! /ory sw+s4  ,b ! exig5cies ( ! 
music are su* t1 be=e ! piece has       
progress$ v f>1 all f\r are s++ at ! top
 ( _! lungs &  ) no pretext (           
concealm5t--9 a *>m+ piece ( music1     
inde$1  b q dive/$ ( dramatic tru? &    
unity4 ,& !n1 naturally  en\gh1 ! ?9    
v5e] ( drama hav+ be5 pi]c$1 !y answ]   
y\r  applause by jo9+ h&s & b[+1 aft]   
:i* ! two conceal  !mselves aga91 !     
music /rikes up z be=e1 & ! :ole sc5e   
is repeat$4    ,b "o ( ! mo/ artificial 

elem5ts 9 ! old op]as 0 !  ballet4 ,its 
"p 9 ! op]a s*eme 0 purely to be a      
spectacle1 &  great sums 7 lavi%ly sp5t 
to make x z gorge\s z possible4 ,x  _h  
usually no?+ :atev] to d ) ! /ory1 b 0  
useful  9 draw+ an audi5ce (            
pleasure-lov]s :o did n take op]a       
s]i\sly4 ,once ^u a "t1 9 ,london1 by an
 extraord9>y unlucky  /roke ( fate1     
,c>lyle 0 p]suad$ to g to he> an op]a   
conta9+  a ballet2 :]eupon he fulm9at$ z
 foll[s3 8,! v ballet girls1  ) _! musl9
 sauc]s r\nd !m1 7 p]haps little %ort ( 
miracul\s2 :irl+ & sp9n+ !re 9 /range   
mad vortexes1 &  !n sudd5ly fix+        
!mselves motionless1 ea* ^u h] left or  
"r  great toe1 ) ! o!r leg /ret*$ out at
 an angle ( n9ety  degrees--z if y _h   
sudd5ly prick$ into ! floor1 by "o ( _! 
po9ts1 a pair1 or r a multitud9\s       
cohort1 ( mad re/lessly  jump+ & clipp+ 
scissors1 & s bidd5 !m re/1 ) op5       
blades1 & /& /ill 9 ! ,devil's "n60     
,"o rememb]s1 also1 8,w> & ,peace10 )   
its sc5e at ! op]a--&  ,tol/o's ref]5ce 

to ! *ief male danc] z gett+ 8sixty ?\s&
  francs a ye> = cutt+ cap]s40 ,s1 look+
 ov] ! old] op]as  :i* /ill hold _!     
place 9 ! rep]toire1 we ?9k ( !m z  r   
absurd1 & com=t ourselves ) ! reflection
 t to-day  op]a has outgr[n its y\?ful  
follies & has become a "w ( art4        
,,iii4 ,,wagn] ,,& ,,aft]    ,!n came ! 
second great op]atic re=m1--t (         
,wagn]1--:i*  0 suppos$ to free u f !   
old absurdities & make ( op]a a         
reasonable & congru\s ?+4 ,?is1 ,wagn]'s
 op]as1 at ! outset1  bade fair to be4  
,9 8,d] ,flieg5de ,hollnd]10            
8,tannhus]10 &  8,loh5gr90 !re is a     
reasonable correspond5ce betwe5 ! action
  & ! music2 we c li/5 & look )\t too   
great disruption  ( our faculties4      
,wagn]'s librettos are1 ) "o exception1 
bas$ on my?ological /ories or ideas4 ,8 
p]sonages are et]nal  types--,loh5gr9 ( 
purity & h]oism1 ,wotan ( p[] by fiat1  
,brunhilde 7greate/ ( !m all7 ( h]oic & 
noble womanhood4 ,he  adopt$ ! old      
device by means ( :i* c]ta9 sali5t      

qualities 9  8 *>act]s--su* z           
,siegfri$'s y\? & fe>lessness1 ,wotan's 
maje/y1 & s =?--7 def9$ by %ort phrases 
( music call$  leit-motifs2 he made 8   
or*e/ra eloqu5t ( ! movem5t (  8 drama1 
in/ead ( employ+ x z a 8huge guit>02 he 
elim9at$  ! set musical piece1 :i* 0    
b\nd to delay ! action2 he kept  8 music
 always mov+ onw>d by avoid+ ! s-call$  
8au!ntic  cad5ce10 :i* 9 all ! old]     
music p]petually cries a halt4    ,b by 
all ^! means ,wagn] impos$ on 8 li/5] a 
con/ant /ra9  ( att5tion3 leit-motifs   
recurr+1 develop+1 & dis9tegrat+1  e    
note significant1 a huge & eloqu5t      
or*e/ra1 a voice s++  phrases :i* are n 
p>ts ( a complete melody !n & !re be+   
evolv$1--z 9 an op]a by ,v]di1--b :i*   
are relat$ to some?+  fir/ he>d p]haps  
half an h\r be=e 9 a prec$+ act 7or a   
week  be=e 9 ano!r drama73 we h all ?is 
to /ra9 e possibility  ( our            
appreciative faculty1 & at ! same "t he 
asks u to wat*  an actual combat betwe5 
a h]o & a dragon1 or to obs]ve ano!r    

betwe5 two h]oes half 9 ! cl\ds ) a ,god
 respl5d5t /ret*+  out a holy spe> to   
end ! duel z he wills x1 :ile a         
,valkyrie  hov]s above on h] fly+ /e$4  
,or he sets 8 drama "u wat]1  ) ,und9es 
swimm+ ab\t & a gnome clamb]+ ! slipp]y 
rocks  to fil* a jewel 9 ex*ange = 8    
s\l4 ,yes1 ev5 ?is1 & m2  = he asks u to
 witness ! end ( ! _w--! wat]s ris+1  ! 
v heav5s aflame--:5 our he>t is s torn  
by ! /up5d\s  inn] trag$y ( ,brunhilde's
 immolation t ! end ( ! _w  seems utt]ly
 & completely irrevelant & imp]t95t4    
,aft] all1 we are human4 ,we _c be m5 & 
wom5 &1 at ! same  "t1 *ildr54 ,we %\ld 
l to cr\* d[n 9 our seat 9 ! op]a  h\se 
& =get ev]y?+ save ! noble1 spl5did1 &  
beautiful  music1 see+ only j s mu*     
action z w\ld accord ) our /ate  ( inn] 
exaltation4 ,an op]a mu/ be objective or
 subjective2 x  _c be bo? at ! same "t4 
,! p]fection ( 8,don ,giovanni0 is  due 
to ! exact equality betwe5 ! am\nt &    
int5sity ( !  action & ( ! musical      
expression--or1 9 o!r words1 to !       

complete union ( matt] & mann]1 ( =m &  
/yle4 ,! 8,r+0  cycle is objective &    
subjective2 x is ! extreme ( /age       
me*anism  7& m71 &1 at ! same "t1 ev]y?+
 t is imag9atively  pr(\nd & mov+4 ,x is
 impossible to avoid ! conclusion t     
,wagn] 9 ^? great music-dramas lo/ sight
 ( ! balance betwe5  means & ends1 & !  
proportion betwe5 action & ?\ght4 ,8    
own !ories1 & ! magnitude ( 8 subject1  
l$ him to =get !  natural limitations   
:i* are impos$ ^u a "w ( art by ! v     
nature ( ^? be+s = :om x 0 creat$4 ,!   
8,r+0 dramas  %\ld be bo? act$ &        
witness$ by gods & goddesses = :om  "t &
 space d n exi/1 & :o are n limit$ by a 
prec>i\s  n]v\s sy/em4 ,no "o c be      
ins5sitive to ! great beauty (  c]ta9   
portions ( ^! gigantic music-dramas1--e 
"o recognizes  ,wagn]'s g5ius z x %[s   
itself1 = example1 9 ei!r ( !  great    
sc5es betwe5 ,siegfri$ & ,brunhilde1--b 
! intricate &  well-nigh impossible /age
 me*anism & ! excursions into !  writt5 
drama con/itute s]i\s defects4 7,= !    

sc5e betwe5 ,wotan  & ,fricka 9 8,das   
,rhe+old0 & simil> passages 9 ! succe$+ 
dramas are ess5tially sc5es to be read r
 ?an act$47    ,"o w\ld suppose t ,wagn]
 _h made impossible any repetition (  ! 
old op]atic incongruities4 ,q ! contr>y 
is ! case4 ,"o (  ! late/ ,italian op]as
 is1 if any?+1 m absurd ?an any ( its   
pr$ecessors4 ,:at c\ld be m grotesque   
?an an op]a ^: sc5e  is 9 a m9+ camp 9 !
 ,we/1 ^: *>act]s include a gambl]1 a   
%]iff1 a woman ( ! camp1 & s =?1 ^:     
language is p]=ce  v mu* 9 ! v]nacul>1  
^: plot h+es on a game ( c>ds1--an      
8,outca/-(-,pok]-,flat0 op]a1--& ?is    
translat$1 = ! b5efit  ( ! compos]1 into
 ,italian & produc$ 9 t language8 8,i'm 
dead  gone on y1 ,m9nie10 says ,rance2  
8,ti voglio b5e1 ,m9nie10 s+s 8         
,italian c\nt]p>t4    8,rigoletto0 does 
entrance u by ! beauty & ! s9c]ity ( its
  melodies2 x is :at x pret5ds to be2 x 
deals ) emotions :i* we  c %>e because  
!y d]ive ultimately f great human       
issues4 ,!  ,c\nt1 ,magdal9a1           

,rigoletto1 & ,gilda are all types2 we  
"k !m well  9 lit]ature--9 poetry1      
novel1 & drama2 !y are valid4 ,we accept
  ! /ra9$ conv5tion ( ! sc5e z be+      
inevitable at t po9t  9 ! developm5t ( !
 op]a4 ,b aft] ,wagn]'s re=ms1 & !      
influ5ce !y ex]t$ on ,v]di himself1 !   
greate/ ( ! ,italians1  x w\ld seem     
incr$ible t any compos] c\ld lapse into 
a 8,girl (  ! ,gold5 ,we/40    ,ne>ly   
all ,pucc9i's op]as are a rev]sion to   
type4 ,! old-fa%ion$  lurid melodrama   
appe>s aga91 blood-r$ z usual2 z 9 8,la 
,tosca10  :i* leaves almo/ no?+ to !    
imag9ation--"o specially wi%es  t x did 
9 c]ta9 sc5es4 8,local color10 s-call$1 
appe>s aga9  9 all its arid deception--z
 9 ! ,japanese effects 9 ! music (      
8,madame ,butt]fly02 aga9 we he> !      
speci\s melody pret5d+ to be  real1 )   
its octaves 9 ! or*e/ra to give x a %am 
int5sity4 ,x  is ! old op]atic _w all   
ov] aga94 ,:5 we comp>e any tragic  sc5e
 9 ,pucc9i's op]as ) ! la/ act ( ,v]di's
 8,otello10 we  realize ! va/ diff]5ce  

betwe5 ! two4 ,x is true t ,pucc9i      
gives u beautiful lyric mom5ts--z :5    
,mimi1 9 8,la ,bohme10 tells  ,rudolph  
:o %e is2 x is true1 also1 t we ought n 
to cavil  because ,pucc9i is n z great a
 compos] z ,v]di4 ,our comp>ison is  n =
 ! purpose ( decry+ "o at ! exp5se ( !  
o!r1 b  to po9t out t ! great] op]a is n
 call$ = by ! public &  ! less] is2 t we
 get 8,la ,bohme10 8,madame ,butt]fly10 
& 8,la  ,tosca0 tw5ty times to          
8,otello's0 once1 & t we !reby lose all 
s5se ( op]atic values4    ,! mo/        
trumpet$ op]atic compos] ( to-day is !  
wor/ ( op]atic  s9n]s4 ,no?+ c\ld be m  
debas+ to music & to drama ?an !  me?od 
,/rauss employs 9 8,electra40 ,9 its    
orig9al =m 8,electra0  is a play (      
pr(\nd significance1 ^: art1 philosophy1
 & e?ics  are a natural expression (    
,greek life & ?\ght4 ,x conta9s ideas  &
 x pres5ts actions :i*1 :ile totally    
ali5 to u1 we accept z  belong+ to t    
life & ?\ght4 ,9 ! orig9al1 or 9 any    
good  translation1 its simplicity & its 

elem5tal gr&eur are calculat$  to move u
 deeply1 = we a*ieve a hi/orical        
p]spective & see  ! mean+ & significance
 ( ! cata/rophe :i* x pres5ts4  ,?is    
great /ory our mod]n compos] proce$s to 
treat pa?ologically4  ,no?+ is sacr$ to 
him4 ,he inve/s e passion1 e fe>ful de$ 
) a p]sonal & imm$iate significance :i* 
entirely de/roys its  arti/ic & its     
hi/orical s5se4 ,! real 8,electra0 is an
 imp]sonal1  typical1 national1 &       
religi\s drama2 ,h(mann/hal & ,/rauss h 
made x into a see?+ caldron ( riot\s1   
unbridl$ passion4    ,! lead giv5 by    
,/rauss 9 8,salome10 8,electra10 &1 9   
diff]5t  =m or type1 9 8,d]             
,ros5kavalli]0 has be5 quickly foll[$4  
8,!  ,jewels ( ! ,madonna0 is an        
8,electra0 ( ! b\lev>d1 9 :i* !  wor/   
sort ( passion & ! wor/ sort ( sacrilege
 are flaunt$  op5ly 9 ! "n ( drama4 ,x  
belongs 9 ! 8,gr& ,guignol40 ,let  any  
reasonable p]son read ! librettos (     
curr5t op]as & =m  an op9ion1 n ( _!    
morals1--= !re is only "o op9ion ab\t   

t1--b ( _! claims on ! att5tion ( any   
s]i\s-m9d$  p]son4    ,i ref] to ! moral
 /atus ( ^! /ories only because _m ( !m 
/ress ! abnormal & lack a s5se (        
proportion4 ,art seeks ! tru?  :]ev] x  
be1 b ! tru? is ! :ole tru? & n a segm5t
 (  x4 ,a novel may repres5t almo/ any  
phase ( life1 b x mu/ keep  a s5se (    
proportion4 ,do/oevsky pu%es ! abnormal 
to ! extreme  limit1 b on ! o!r h& he is
 8a bro!r to 8 villa9s0 &  he gives u   
pl5ty ( r$eem+ types4 ,! h]o 9 8,!      
,idiot0 is a  pr$om9at+ & ov]balanc+ "*4
 ,! object ( all great  lit]ature is to 
pres5t ! tru? 9 t]ms ( beauty4 8,tess ( 
!  ,d',urb]villes0 is z moral z 8,emma40
 ,b ! fur!r "o gets f  a delib]ate =m ( 
arti/ic expression l ! novel1 ! less    
latitude "o has 9 ?is respect4 ,an      
episode 9 a novel ( ,do/oevsky  w\ld be 
an impossible subject = a picture4 ,s   
op]a1 :i* focuses  itself = u 9 ! /age  
frame & )9 a limit$ "t1 mu/  someh[     
pres]ve = itself ?is tru?fulness &      
fidelity to life z  x is4 8,! ,jewels ( 

! ,madonna0 might s]ve z an episode 9 a 
novel  ( ,do/oevsky1 or ( ,balzac2 z an 
op]a libretto x is a mon/rosity4        
,,iv4 ,,:5 ,,music ,,& ,,drama ,,are    
,,fitly ,,jo9$    ,i h ref]r$ to ^!     
v>i\s inconsi/5cies & absurdities (     
op]a1 n ) ! idea ( mak+ out a case aga9/
 x2 on !  contr>y1 ,i want to make out a
 case = x4 ,?is obvi\sly c be done  only
 by means ( op]as :i* are guiltless (   
absurdities & (  melodramatic           
exagg]ation1 :i* answ] ! requirem5ts (  
arti/ic  reasonabl5ess1 & are1 at ! same
 "t1 beautiful4 ,?is _c  be said (      
8,cavall]ia ,ru/icana0 7,ru/ic          
,*ivalry--,heav5 save !  m>k671 8,la    
,bohme10 8,la ,tosca10 8,! ,girl ( !    
,gold5 ,we/10 8,?as0  7poison1          
infidelity1 suicide1 sorc]y1 & religion 
mix$ up 9 an  intol]able mlange71       
8,contes d',h(fman0 7a ,don ,juan tell+ 
8  adv5tures 9 detail7--^! are bad art1 
n because !y are immoral1  b because !y 
are untrue1 di/ort$1 )\t s5se ( ! value 
(  ! mat]ial !y employ4    ,op]as :i*   

are bo? beautiful & reasonable d exi/1 &
 "o or  two ( !m are actually 9 our     
pres5t-day rep]toire4 ,! que/ions  we h 
to ask are ^!3 ,c a highly imag9ative & 
significant  drama1 9 :i* action &      
reflection hold a prop] balance1 9 :i*  
"s great & mov+ passion or "s elem5tal  
human motives f9d true  dramatic        
expression--c su* a drama exi/ z op]a8  
,is x possible  to pres]ve ! body & ! _s
 ( drama & at ! same "t to  pres]ve !   
body & _s ( music8 ,does n "o ( ^! h to 
give way to ! o!r8 ,we want op]a to be  
"o ?+1 & n sev]al4  ,we want ! same     
unity :i* exi/s 9 o!r arti/ic =ms4 ,we  
want to  sep>ate classic1 romantic1 &   
reali/ic4 ,if op]a *anges f blank  v]se 
to rhym$ v]se1 s to speak1 we want !    
*ange to be dictat$  by an arti/ic      
necessity z x is 9 8,z ,y ,l ,x40 ,we   
want1 above  all1 su* a reasonable      
correspond5ce betwe5 see+ & he>+  z %all
 make x possible = u to pres]ve ea* s5se
 unimpair$  by ! o!r4 ,a few su* op]as h
 be5 compos$4 ,a consid]able  numb]     

approa* ?is ideal4 ,f ,gluck's 8,orfeo0 
7produc$ 9 #agfb7 to  ,wagn]'s 8,tri/an0
 7#ahfe7 ! pure conception ( op]a has   
always be5  kept alive4 ,gluck1 ,moz>t1 
,web]1 ,wagn]1 & ,v]di are ! great names
  t /& out above ! g5]al level4         
,gluck's 8,orfeo0 is ev5 m int]e/+ s9ce 
! d>k %ad[ (  ,/rauss's 8,electra0 has  
appe>$ to ?r[ x into relief4 ,once 9  a 
decade or two 8,orfeo0 is reviv$ to     
reveal anew h[ nobly ,gluck  int]pret$ !
 old ,greek /ory4 ,& x mu/ be rememb]$ t
 ,gluck  liv$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? 
c5tury1 :5 music  0 q inflexible 9 !    
matt] ( ^? dissonances :i* are  consid]$
 by mod]n compos]s absolutely necess>y  
to ! expression  ( dramatic passion4    
,aft] ,gluck came ,moz>t ) 8 8,don      
,giovanni10 pres]v+ ! same  balance     
betwe5 action & emotion1 ) an ev5 great]
 unity (  /yle & ! same s9c]ity (       
utt]ance4 ,moz>t possess$ a supreme     
ma/]y ov] all 8 mat]ial1 & a unique gift
 = creat+ pure  & lucid melody4 ,9 8    
op]as !re is no admixture3 8 trag$y  & 8

 com$y are alike purely objective--& x  
is *iefly ?is  quality :i* prev5ts our  
und]/&+ !m4 ,we1 9 our day &  age1 _c   
project ourselves into ,moz>t's milieu2 
! trag$y at  ! close ( 8,don ,giovanni0 
moves u no :it because x is devoid (    
%riek+ dissonances & ?und]s ( or*e/ral  
s\nd4 ,our n]v\s  sy/ems are adju/$ to  
in/rum5tal cataclysms4 7,we are consci\s
  only ( a fall+ />2 ! s]5e & placid    
,heav5s look d[n  on u 9 va947 ,c\ld we 
he> 8,don ,giovanni0 9 a small op]a h\se
  sung 9 pure classic /yle1 we %\ld     
realize h[ beautiful x is2 we  %\ld no  
long] crave ! ov]-excitem5t & unre/ra9$ 
passion  ( 8,la ,tosca02 we %\ld und]/& 
t ! deepe/ passion is  expressible )\t  
te>+ itself to tatt]s1 & t music may be 
unutt]ably tragic 9 simple major & m9or 
mode4 ,don ,giovanni is a  type (       
op]atic h]o1--he may be f\nd 9 "s       
modifi$ =m 9 half  ! op]as ev]          
writt51--b ,moz>t lifts him f> above 8  
petty  intrigues & makes him a great    
figure /&+ = c]ta9 elem5ts  9 human     

nature4 7,x is ! failure ( ,g\nod to    
accompli% ?is :i*  puts 8,fau/0 on ! l[]
 plane x occupies47 ,! /age sett+ (     
8,don  ,giovanni10--! conv5tional rooms 
) gilt *airs1 & ! l1--!  co/umes1 !     
act+1 ! music 7or*e/ral & vocal71 are   
all unifi$  9 "o /yle4 ,& ?is1 c\pl$ ) !
 supreme ma/]y & !  melodic gift ( its  
compos]1 makes x "o ( ! mo/ p]fect1 if n
  ! mo/ p]fect1 ( op]as4    ,bee?ov5's  
8,fidelio0 7produc$ 9 #ahje7 celebrates 
! devotion  & self-sacrifice ( a        
woman--& t devotion & self-sacrifice    
actually h = _! object h] husb&6 ,x is a
 noble op]a1  b ,bee?ov5's m9d &        
temp]am5t 7 n suit$ to ! op]atic        
problem1 & 8,fidelio0 is n by any means 
a p]fect "w ( art4 ,!  ,bee?ov5 we he>  
!re is ! ,bee?ov5 ( ! sl[ movem5ts ( !  
sonatas & symphonies2 b we c\ld well he>
 8,fidelio0 (t51 = x  /&s alone 9 its   
utt] s9c]ity & gr&eur4    ,! romantic   
op]as ( ,web] t5d t[>d t *>act]ization  
:i* is ! ess5tial equality ( 8 great    
successor1 ,wagn]1  = 8,d] ,freis*tz0 & 

8,euryan!0 are full ( *>act]i/ic  music4
 ,web] beg9s & ends romantic op]a4      
7,romantic subjects  are common en\gh1 b
 romantic treatm5t is exce$+ly uncommon4
  ,scott's 8,bride ( ,lamm]moor10 =     
example1 9 pass+ ?r\gh !  h&s (         
libretti/ & compos] becomes--9          
,donizetti's 8,lucia di                 
,lamm]moor0--consid]ably t+$ )          
melodrama47 ,!re is evid5ce  en\gh 9    
8,d] ,freis*tz0 & 8,euryan!0 ( ,web]'s  
s9c]ity &  desire to make 8 op]as       
arti/ic units4 ,ea* ( !m conveys a      
def9ite impression ( beauty & avoids ^? 
speci\s appeals s  common 9 op]a4       
,mean:ile1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5?      
c5tury1 opra  comique 0 fl\ri%+ 9       
,france4 ,aub]1 ,hrold1 ,boieldieu1 &   
o!r  compos]s 7 produc+ works 9 :i* !   
impossible happ5+s (  gr& op]a 7 made   
possible by humor & lightness ( t\*4 ,! 
words ( ^! compos]s are full (          
delightful melody & are m  reasonable & 
true ?an are _m bett]-kn[n gr& op]as4   
,!n comes ! ,wagn]ian p]iod1 ) its      

prepond]ance ( drama ov]  music4 ,9     
8,tri/an und ,isolde0 ,wagn]1 by 8 own  
confession1 turn$  away f preconceiv$   
!ories & compos$ z 8 inn] _s mov$  him4 
8,tri/an0 is1 !re=e1 ! "w ( an arti/ r  
?an ( a  !ori/1 & al?\gh x is bas$ on ! 
leit-motif & on c]ta9  o!r important    
/ructural ideas :i* belong to !         
,wagn]ian s*eme1  x rises f> above _!   
limitations & gl[s ) ! real light (     
g5ius4 ,9 8,tri/an0 ! action is suit$ to
 ! psy*ology4 ,x is a  great "w ( art & 
! mo/ beautiful ( all recantations4 ,9 x
 we  realize h[ f9ely means may be      
adju/$ to ends1 h[ cle>ly music  & text 
may be unit$1 h[ reasonable is ! use ( !
 leit-motif  :5 x *>act]izes be+s aflame
 ) passion2 h[ ! song1 "u  ! influ5ce ( 
great dramatic situations1 c be exp&$2  
h[  vividly ! or*e/ra c int]pret & ev5  
fur!r ! actions2 h[  ev5 ! *orus c be   
fitt$ into ! dramatic s*eme--ev]y:]e 9  
8,tri/an0 !re is unity4 ,?is is n true (
 mo/ ( ,wagn]'s o!r  op]as4 8,die       
,mei/]s+]0 comes ne>e/ to 8,tri/an0 9   

?is respect4  ,may we n say t ( all !   
music-dramas ( ,wagn]1 8,tri/an0 &      
8,die ,mei/]s+]0 lay completely 9 8     
consci\sness unmix$ )  philosophical    
ideas & !ories8 ,9 !m ! leit-motif deals
  *iefly ) emotions or ) *>act]i/ics (  
p]sons r ?an  ) inanimate objects1 or   
ideas2 9 !m is no gr&iose sc5ic         
display2 no p]v]sity ( !ory1 b only     
beautiful music w$d$ to a  fitt+ text4  
,wagn]'s re=ms 7 b\nd to br+ ab\t a     
reaction1 :i* came 9  due season &      
result$ 9 %ort] & m direct works1 su* z 
^?  ( ! mod]n ,italians4 ,no op]as s9ce 
,wagn]1 save ,v]di's 8,otello0  &       
8,fal/aff10 approa* ! greatness ( 8     
music-dramas1 & !  t5d5cy ( _m ( ^! lat]
 works has be5 too mu* t[>d :at we      
mildly call 8decad5ce40 ,b !re is a     
great diff]5ce betwe5 !  tru?fulness &  
arti/ic validity ( 8,c>m50 & t ( 8,la   
,bohme0  & 8,la ,tosca40 ,! =m] is pack$
 full ( g5u9e passion1 h[ev]  primitive1
 brutal1 & deva/at+ x may be2 & its     
te*nical skill  is und\bt$4    ,! mo/   

int]e/+ phrase ( mod]n op]a is f\nd 9 ! 
works  ( ! ,russians4 ,x 0 inevitable t 
!y %\ld ov]turn our  delicately adju/$  
arti/ic me*anism4 ,do/oevsky's 8,!      
,bro!rs  ,k>amazov0 is z ?\gh !re nev]  
_h be5 a ,m]$i? or a ,h5ry  ,james1 &   
,m\ssorgsky's 8,boris ,god\nov0 is z    
?\gh !re _h nev]  be5 a ,moz>t or a     
,wagn]4 ,x has some?+ ( t amorph\s      
quality  :i* seems to be a "p ( ,russian
 life1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x  has imm5se    
vitality4 ,h[ refre%+ to see a cr[d (   
peasants look  l peasants1 & to he> !m  
s+ _! own peasant songs2 & :at  /ability
 !y give to ! :ole "w6 8,boris ,god\nov0
 gravitates1 z  x 71 ar\nd ^!           
folk-songs1 :i* give to x a c]ta9       
reality  & tru?fulness4      ,v4 ,,op]a 
,,z ,a ,,human ,,in/itution    ,^! v>i\s
 works h long s9ce be5 accept$ by !     
musical  _w z ! great ma/]pieces 9      
op]atic =m4 ,_m ( !m are  practically   
out ( ! pres5t rep]toire ( our op]a     
h\ses4 ,7 we  to ass]t ourselves--7 !   
g5]al public giv5 an opportunity to     

*oose betwe5 good & bad--we %\ld he> !m 
(t54 ,& :o %all  say :at results might n
 come f a small & prop]ly manag$ op]a   
h\se1 ) p]=mances ( f9e works at        
reasonable prices8    ,op]a is controll$
 by a few ri* m5 :o ?9k x a "p ( !  life
 ( a great city t !re %\ld be an op]a   
h\se ) a f9e  or*e/ra1 f9e sc5]y1 & !   
greate/ s+]s obta9able4 ,x does  n exi/ 
= ! good ( ! :ole city1 b r = ^? (      
ple?oric purses4 ,x does n make any     
attempt to become a sociological  =ce2 x
 does n ev5 dimly see :at possibilities 
x possesses  9 t direction4 ,op]a h\ses 
& op]a companies are s$ul\sly  protect$ 
aga9/ any sociological scrut9y4 ,!y are 
p]si/5tly  report$ to be hot-b$s (      
intrigue2 !y trade on society & on !    
love ( highly paid s++2 !y surr\nd      
!mselves ) an exotic  atmosph]e 9 :i* ! 
normal p]son f9ds difficulty 9 brea?+1  
& :i* (t5 turns ! op]a s+] into a /range
 specim5 ( !  g5us man or woman2 !y g to
 ru9 ab\t once 9 s (t51 & are  extricat$
 by ! unnecess>ily ri*2 !y are too      

little relat$ to  ! community t supports
 !m save 9 ! m$iums ( money &  social   
conv5tion4    ,^! artificial & false    
conditions are b\nd to br+ evils 9 _!   
tra91 b ^! conditions & ^! evils are    
*iefly ! result  ( our own complac5cy4  
,7 op]a 9 any s5se dome/ic2 7 op]a  s+]s
 to "s ext5t1 at lea/1 human be+s l     
ourselves1 mov+  9 a reasonable _w2 did 
we g to he> op]a z we g to a symphony   
conc]t1 or to an art museum1--to satisfy
 our love ( beauty1 &  quick5 our       
imag9ation by contact ) beautiful       
objects2 7 !  conditions ( p]=mance su* 
z to enable u to he> ! words1 !n  w\ld  
op]a become a f9e human in/itution1 !n  
w\ld x take its  place among ! noble    
dreams ( humanity4    ,9 my endeavor to 
make "s di/9ctions betwe5 good & bad    
op]a  ,i h drawn a some:at arbitr>y l9e4
 ,i d n wi% to give !  impression t ,i  
?9k all op]a on "o side ( ! l9e is bad &
  on ! o!r good4 ,i h tri$ to /rike a j 
balance by apply+  c]ta9 admitt$        
pr9ciples ( arti/ic con/ruction &       

expression4  ,f ^! pr9ciples1 :i* lie at
 ! basis ( life &1 !re=e1  ( art1 op]a  
has unju/ly claim$ immunity4    ,&      
f9ally we come to t po9t 9 our argum5t  
:]e reason+ mu/  /op altoge!r4 ,= op]a  
is to _m p a sort ( fasc9ation  entirely
 outside reason4 ,!y refuse to admit x z
 a subject (  discussion2 !y enjoy !    
spectacle on ! /age & ! spectacle  ( :i*
 !y are a "p2 ! sight ( ?ree ?\s& p well
  dress$ l !mselves com=ts !m2 ! f9e    
s++1 co/umes1 &  /age-sett+1 ! gorge\s  
or*e/ra ?robb+ ) passion entirely       
unbridl$--all ^! !y enjoy 9 t m5tal     
lassitude :i* is de>  to !m4 ,!y are1   
p]haps1 slightly uncom=table at a       
symphony  conc]t2 "h !re are no         
obligations4 ,op]a is1 9 %ort1 to su*  p
 a slightly illicit /hetic adv5ture4    
,,*apt] ,,vi    ,,! ,,symphony      ,i4 
,,:at ,,is ,a ,,symphony8    ,9 ! fir/  
*apt] ,i discuss$ ! nature ( music      
itself 9 ord]  t ,i might cle> away     
c]ta9 popul> misconceptions ab\t x &    
arrive at "s e/imate ( :at x really is4 

,9 ! int]v5+  *apt]s ,i h dealt ) v>i\s 
phases ( music3 ,i h discuss$  x 9      
connection ) words or action1 z a       
sociological =ce1 &  z a matt] (        
p$agogy1 & 9 s do+ ,i h _h to take into 
consid]ation all sorts ( non-musical    
factors4 ,n[ ! symphony is  8pure       
music10 s call$2 x exi/s z a sep>ate &  
di/9ct ?+  ^: only purpose is to be     
beautiful & true to life4 ,fur!rmore x  
has always be5 l>gely indep5d5t ( its   
audi5ce4 ,! op]a has be5  subject to !  
vag>ies ( s+]s1 to ! dem&s ( ! audi5ce =
  f9e co/umes & sc5]y2 ! symphony1 on ! 
contr>y1 has gr[n  naturally & freely1  
be+ h9d]$ only by ! sl[ developm5t (    
in/rum5ts & ( ! te*nique ( play+ !m4    
,ne>ly e great  symphony has p]si/$ 9 ! 
face ( ! opposition ( ! public  & ( _m (
 ! critics2 ! gibes hurl$ at ! ,fir/    
,symphony  ( ,brahms 7 z bitt] z ^?     
hurl$ at ! ,second ,symphony (          
,bee?ov54 ,9 discuss+1 !re=e1 :at is    
und\bt$ly ! greate/  ( musical =ms1 ,i  
desire fir/ to /ate z ne>ly z may be    

:at1 9  its ess5ce1 x is4    ,a symphony
 is1 ( c\rse1 l o!r music 9 be+ an      
arrangem5t  ( rhy?mic figures1 (        
melodies 7usually call$ 8!mes07 & (     
h>monies4 ,b be=e describ+ x z su*--be=e
 deal+ ) its  mat]ials1 its =m1 its     
hi/ory1 & its place 9 ! art ( music--,i 
wi% to treat x solely z a ?+ ( beauty   
express$ 9 t]ms (  s\nd4 ,_m p seem to  
?9k music an art deal+ ) objects or  )  
ideas4 ,"s1 nev] hav+ become s5sitiz$ to
 x 9 *ildhood1  look ^u x z ( no        
importance :atev]4 ,a l>ge numb] h tri$ 
to p]=m x on an in/rum5t & h fail$4     
,o!rs h succe$$  at ! price ( ?9k+ ( x  
only 9 t]ms ( te*nique4 ,a c]ta9  happy 
few1 "s ( :om c p]=m x1 & "s ( :om _c1  
are  satisfi$ to take x z x is & be     
/imulat$ by x4 ,^! are !  true musicians
 & we %\ld all aspire to jo9 _! happy   
company4    ,:at we call a symphony is  
m]ely a s]ies ( ord]$ s\nds produc$  by 
means ( in/rum5ts ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,x is   
s\nd & no?+  else4 ,our programme books 
tell u ab\t 8fir/ !mes0 & 8second       

!mes10 & we make :at ef=t we c to pat*  
toge!r ! v>i\s  brilliant textures (    
symphonic music into a coh]5t patt]n1 b 
! music we seek lies beh9d ^! outw>d    
manife/ations z1 9 a  less] s5se1 !     
significance ( a great poem lies beh9d !
 actual  words4 ,s x is ) all ! greate/ 
art1 :atev] ! m$ium may  be4 ,! *ief    
diff]5ce betwe5 a symphony & any o!r =m 
(  arti/ic expression--su* z a novel1 a 
play1 a pa9t+1 or a piece  (            
sculpture--is t a symphony is n a record
 ( some?+ else2 x  is n a picture (     
some?+ else2 x is itself only4 ,& x is  
?is  quality or prop]ty ( be+ itself t  
gives to all pure music its  rem>kable  
p[]4 ,any intellig5t p]son1 on be+ %[n a
 diagram or  plan ( a symphonic movem5t1
 c\ld be made to und]/& h[ & :y  !      
mat]ial 0 s dispos$1 = t disposition is 
dictat$ to !  compos] by ! nature ( s\nd
 & by ! limitations & capacities  (     
human be+s1 & x con=ms to c]ta9         
pr9ciples :i* op]ate  ev]y:]e2 b t      
und]/&+ w\ld n reveal ! symphony to him4

    ,!re is 9 e "o ( u a region (       
s5sibility 9 :i* m9d &  emotion are     
bl5d$ & f :i* ! imag9ation acts1 & x is 
to  ?is s5sibility t music appeals4 ,n[1
 ! imag9ation1 :i* we  believe to be !  
highe/ function ( human be+s1 _c act f  
! m9d alone4 ,ma!matics1 = example1 does
 n lie entirely 9  ! doma9 ( ! m9d1 & ! 
same ?+ may be said ( any o!r  dep>tm5t 
( sci5ce4 ,! *ief value ( sci5tific     
/udies 9 s*ool  & univ]sity lies 9 !    
/imulation ( ! /ud5t's imag9ation  r ?an
 9 ! acquisition ( sci5tific facts4 ,n[1
 we _c  conceive any act ( ! imag9ation 
:atev] t does n gl[ )  ! radiance (     
emotion1 s t music1 9 appeal+ to ! :ole 
be+1 is n s completely isolat$ z is     
g5]ally suppos$4 ,b  ! simultane\s      
appeal ( music to ! m9d & ! feel+s has  
l$  to mu* confusion on ! "p ( writ]s :o
 h n be5 s5sitive  to all its qualities4
 ,9 8 essay on 8,education0 ,h]b]t      
,sp5c]1 =  example1 9 discuss+ ! union (
 sci5ce & poetry1 says3 8,x is  d\btless
 true t1 z /ates ( consci\sness1        

cognition & emotion  t5d to exclude ea* 
o!r4 ,& x is d\btless true also t an    
extreme activity ( ! feel+s t5ds to     
dead5 ! reflective p[]s3  9 :i* s5se1   
inde$1 all ord]s ( activity are         
antagoni/ic to  ea* o!r40 ,n[ ?is       
/atem5t reveals at once ! limitations ( 
a  philosophic m9d :5 deal+ ) some?+ t  
requires appreh5sion  by ! feel+s also4 
,9 li/5+ to music ! reflective p[]s are 
n engag$ ) objects or ) def9ite ideas1 b
 ) pure s\nd  t requires correlation    
only ) itself1 & ! condition ( mutual   
exclusion betwe5 ?\ght & feel+ no long] 
exi/s because !  music is express+ ?\ght
 & feel+ 9 ! same t]ms4#i ,sp5c]  speaks
 ( sci5ce z full ( poetry1 :i* is true  
en\gh1 b 8  /atem5t ab\t music reveals  
an incapacity to und]/& x4 ,& 8         
misconceptions ab\t art 9 g5]al may be  
illu/rat$ by ! foll[+  conc]n+ ! axis 9 
sculpture z appli$ to a /&+ figure3 8,b 
sculptors unfamili> ) ! !ory (          
equilibrium n uncommonly  s repres5t ?is
 attitude t ! l9e ( direction falls     

midway  betwe5 ! feet4 ,ignorance ( !   
laws ( mom5tum leads to analog\s        
errors2 z witness ! admir$ ,discobolus1 
:i*1 z x is pos$1  mu/ inevitably fall  
=w>d ! mom5t ! quoit is deliv]$40 ,?is  
obs]vation completely misses ! q s\nd   
reasons = ! pose (  t rem>kable /atue1  
&1 if appli$ to sculpture 9 g5]al1 w\ld 
de/roy ! fam\s 8,victory ( ,samo?race0 &
 _m o!r f9e examples  ( ,greek          
sculpture4    ,b x is /range & my/]i\s1 
aft] all1 t ^! ord]$ s\nds  %\ld be s   
preci\s to u2 t we %\ld pres]ve _! pr9t$
  symbols g5]ation aft] g5]ation &      
cont9ually reproduce !m z  s\nd1 feel+  
!m to be /rong & /able & true2 t we %\ld
  ev5 come to say1 aft] _m g5]ations1 t 
_! creator 0 a  wise man :o _h 9 him a  
pr(\nd philosophy4 ,b x is /rang]  /ill 
to realize h[ conv9c+ ?is philosophy is 
z comp>$ to any  philosophy ( ! reason1 
& to see h[ pr(\nd 9 x is ! s5se (      
reconciliation--a reconciliation t ! m9d
 seeks 9 va94 ,our life  consi/s (      
?\ght1 feel+1 & action1 ph5om5a ( :at we

 are1 &  9 actual life nev] q           
reconcilable4 ,b ! _w ( music is n      
actual life4 ,music is absolv$ f actual 
ph5om5a1 & a*ieves by  virtue ( ?is     
fre$om a complete & pr(\nd philosophy--a
 philosophy  un9telligible to ! m9d     
alone1 b intelligible to ! complete     
be+4 ,! /r5g? ( e art lies *iefly 9 its 
deta*m5t f  reality4 ,sculpture does n  
ga9 by be+ reali/ic1 picturesque1 or    
decorative2 on ! contr>y1 x is at its   
highe/ :5 x is ideal1  deta*$1 &        
sup]human4 ,pa9t+ does n ga9 by be+     
categorical1  b is greate/ :5 x seeks   
some?+ beyond ! outw>d1 physical  view4 
,! novel or ! essay dep5ds = its        
greatness on its p[] (  relat+ real     
p]sons1 ?+s1 & ideas to t great] & deep]
  reality ( :i* !y are a "p4 ,9 ?is s5se
 music /&s supreme  above ! o!r arts    
because x is ! mo/ deta*$4 ,! elem5ts ( 
?\ght & feel+ are1 9 music1 pres5t$ z   
elem5ts2 ! ?\ght  is n ?\ght ev5 9 !    
ab/ract1 = x is n 8ab\t0 any?+2  ! feel+
 is n actual feel+1 & ! action is n real

 action4  ,ea* ( ^! prop]ties or /ates (
 ! human be+ is "h express$  9 its      
ess5ce1 deta*$ f all actual             
manife/ation4 ,none b !  highe/ type (  
m9d1 none b a he>t full ( deep human    
sympa?y1  none b a vigor\s militant _s  
c\ld h conceiv$ & br\ght  =? su*        
compositions1 = example1 z ! ,?ird &    
,n9? ,symphonies  ( ,bee?ov51 yet !y are
 no?+ b s\nd--nei!r ! ?\ght nor  ! feel+
 nor ! action is real4    ,b we may also
 truly say t 9 ,conrad's novel x is n ! 
p]son1  ,"l ,jim1 :o moves u1 b r !     
au?or's deep insight into !  elem5ts (  
human "* express$ ?r\gh ! c5tral figure4
 ,a  portrait by ,velasquez is a        
portrait ( ! p]sonality t liv$  )9 !    
outw>d appe>ance4 ,! figure ( ,p5d5nis  
is n s mu*  ! y\? by t "n z x is y\?    
itself--y\?1 c>e-free1 b  b\nd by       
tradition & love4 ,all great art is     
subjective1 ly+ 9 !  m9d ( man4    ,x is
 f ?is po9t ( view1 !n1 t ,i approa* !  
symphony4 ,i d  n ne$ n[ to dwell on its
 hi/ory1 on its =m1 or on its means (   

expression1 because !y are m]ely        
incid5tal to its be+ a pr(\nd  human    
docum5t4 ,pure music at its highe/ is ! 
w ( man made  manife/1 & "o may d\bt if 
t w becomes fully manife/ 9 any  o!r ( 8
 creations4 ,x compasses all 8 actions1 
all 8 ?\ghts1  all 8 feel+s2 x          
translates 8 dreams2 x satisfies 8      
insatiable  curiosities2 x ju/ifies 8   
pride 7z he himself nev] does72 x  makes
 him ! god he w\ld be2 x is l a cry/al  
ball1 9 ^:  my/ic dep?s ! :ole ( life   
moves 9 a %ad[ fantasy4      ,,ii4 ,,h[ 
,,%all ,,we ,,und]/& ,,x8    ,x is      
obvi\s1 !n1 t ! only possible way to    
und]/& a  symphony is to accept x z x is
 & n try to make x into some?+  else4   
,music is n a language2 x does n exi/ 9 
o!r t]ms1 b  is untranslatable4 ,:5 a   
trumpet bl>es & y make any ( !          
conv5tional associations ) ! trumpet1   
su* z a battle1 a hunt1  a proclamation1
 a signal1 (f goes y\r m9d on a /ream ( 
ali5  ideas t may c>ry y any:]e & t w   
c]ta9ly c>ry y  f>!r & f>!r away f !    

music itself4 ,ea* ( ! or*e/ral         
in/rum5ts has its own individual        
association--! oboe rem9ds y  ( a       
%eph]d's pipe1 ! flute ( a bird's song1 
! ,fr5* horn (  hunt+1 & s =?2 b ea* "o 
( ! in/rum5ts 9 ! or*e/ra  z y li/5 to x
 is =m+ l9es1 & add+ colors1 z x 71 9  a
 great design4 ,& ?is design1 always    
complete at any "o po9t1 goes  on       
unceas+ly =m+ itself ev] & ev] anew4 ,x 
is always complete  & always incomplete1
 always mov+ onw>d1 always delicately   
pois$  = inevitable flight4 ,z y li/5 y 
h liv$ a ?\s& lives2  dream aft] dream  
has dissolv$ itself 9 y\r consci\sness2 
ea*  mom5t has be5 a p]fect & complete  
exi/5ce 9 itself4 ,:5 x is  f9i%$ y     
awake to :at y call happ9ess or         
unhapp9ess1 peace or  /ruggle1          
satisfaction or *agr92 ! unreal         
spectacle ( ! _w  imposes itself ^u y   
aga92 y are once m a human be+4 ,:y ask 
t glori\s _w 9 :i* y\r nature has be5   
fre$ & y\r s\l  has be5 dis5cumb]$ ( y\r
 body to assume all ! imp]fections (    

?is "o8 ,! gods1 ( necessity1 dwell 9 ! 
heav5s4 ,no1 y _c  und]/& music by      
translat+ x into o!r t]ms1 or by pres]v+
  y\r associations ) ! _w 9 :i* y live4 
,m9d & feel+1  sublimat$ by ! magic ( ^!
 s\nds1 mu/ deta* !mselves &  rise to a 
_w ( pure imag9ation :]e !re is no      
locality4    ,reconciliation6 ,a        
philosophy )\t a category2 a religion   
)\t a  dogma2 an inde/ructible %ad[ _w  
:i* (f]s no explanations1  promulgates  
no op9ions1 & has no mission--:i* exi/s 
completely  9 itself4 ,:at m %all we ask
 =8 ,:y cry to ! heav5s = a             
manife/ation8 ,:y take refuge 9 a       
s-call$ 8sy/em0 ( philosophy8  ,:y      
%uffle (f ! :ole problem on a dogma8    
,:at com=t to a  squirrel 9 a cage to "k
 ! numb] ( its b>s8 ,is our sl[  &      
inevitable progress f ! unkn[n to !     
unkn[n any m  significant because we h  
le>n$ to tell our beads1 intellectual1  
religi\s1 or /hetic1 to mumble our      
little =mul1 & to pick our  way1 eyes   
d[nw>d1 among/ ! /ones & ?orns1 nev]    

once glanc+  cle>-ey$ upw>d to ! sun8   
,we h always s\ght a f\r? dim5sion1  & h
 always _h x4 ,we want :at we h n2 we   
wi% to be :at we  are n2 & all ! "t !y h
 be5 )9 our grasp4 ,we make a  f> away  
heav5 to answ] ?is univ]sal cry1 :5 our 
h& is on its  v doorlat*4 ,our          
imag9ation falt]s mo/ :5 we apply x to  
?+s  ne>e/ u4 ,:]e c heav5 be if n "h8  
,is x an omnibus 9  :i* y may secure a  
com=table seat by pay+ y\r f>e8 ,or is x
  a /ate ( y\rself t[>d :i* y cont9ually
 /ruggle & to :i*  y occasionally atta98
    ,?is1 !n1 is my !sis4 ,a symphony is
 n m]ely an arrangem5t (  rhy?ms1       
melodies1 & h>monies2 x is n a record ( 
! ?\ghts1  feel+s1 & de$s ( m52 x is n a
 picture ( man or ( nature4  ,r does x  
laun* itself f ^! into ! unkn[n4 ,x is  
pure  imag9ation fre$ f ! actual4    ,! 
=ego+ does n1 9 any s5se1 preclude t    
idea ( a symphony  :i* is expressible 9 
t]ms ( rhy?m1 melody1 & h>mony4 ,:at  ,i
 h said has be5 said = ! purpose (      
prev5t+ a conception  ( x 9 ^! t]ms only

 7&1 ( c\rse1 9 /ill l[] t]ms74  ,our   
physical he>+ is a transit to !         
imag9ation & we want !  physical he>+ to
 s]ve t purpose4 ,no?+ ret>ds x m ?an   
an attempt at ! "t to intellectualize ! 
process4 ,9 o!r  words1 li/5+ to a      
symphony %\ld consi/ 9 giv+ y\rself     
freely to x2 9 mak+ ( y\rself a passive 
m$ium4 ,y\r /udy (  ! arrangem5t ( !mes1
 & s =?1 %\ld prec$e or foll[  ! actual 
exp]i5ce4 ,& if y h no leisure or       
opportunity =  su* /udy & dep5d entirely
 on an occasional conc]t1 y %\ld        
nev]!less cont9ue to pursue ! same      
inactivity1 all[+ ! music  itself to    
increase y\r susceptibility little by   
little4 ,if ! m9d is  employ$ 9 an      
attempt to extricate ord] f confusion1 x
 usurps =  ! mom5t ! o!r functions (    
li/5+4 ,& ,i w\ld g s f> z  to say t !  
prop] goal ( a musical education %\ld be
 to arrive  at su* a /ate (             
impressionability to pure music z w\ld  
leave !  m9d1 ! feel+s1 & ! imag9ation  
free to act subconsci\sly  )\t active   

direction1 & )\t /ruggle4 ,! matt] is s 
obvi\s4 ,!re is ! music2 "h is ! p]son4 
,x awaits him4 ,x 0  creat$ ( him & =   
him4 ,x is inconceivable )\t him4 ,x is 
8  _s com+ back to him purifi$4 ,x is ! 
only ?+ he _c  sully1 & :i* _c sully    
him1 = 9 ! v nature ( x1 x  _c be turn$ 
to base uses4 ,:at man w\ld be1 "h he   
is4 ,9 mak+  ?is beautiful spectacle (  
life1 z ,conrad says1 he has f\nd its   
only explanation4 ,s we %\ld avoid m>r+ 
! actual exp]i5ce by  consci\s int5t on 
! te*nical details4    ,:at ,i h said   
?us f> may seem ( b slight assi/ance to 
!  av]age p]son :o att5ds symphony      
conc]ts4 ,i h /at$ :at ,i  ?\ght        
symphonic music to be1 & h urg$ my      
read]s n to li/5  to x analytically4 ,b 
my purpose "h is n to attempt to blaze  
an  easy pa? = ! music-lov]2 9 fact1 ,i 
am unqualifi$ly oppos$ to  t too common 
practice ( /hetic writ+4 ,!re is no easy
 pa?1  & an attempt to f9d "o is        
disa/r\s to any progress :atev]4  ,e    
p]son :o has atta9$ to a real und]/&+ ( 

/hetic  objects kn[s t ! gr[? ( t       
und]/&+ has be5 sl[4  ,! *>act]i/ic     
weakness ( our arti/ic /atus is         
self-deception4  ,we are n frank )      
ourselves2 we are unwill+ to admit      
ourselves  9 ignorance2 we advance      
op9ions :i* are n our own4 ,! only      
possible basis = advancem5t 9 any?+ is  
intellectual hone/y4  ,in=mation ab\t a 
symphony is useless unless !re is a real
 appeal  9 ! music itself4 ,s ,i d n    
attempt to provide "h a panacea2  j !   
opposite is my purpose4 ,all ,i want to 
d is to %[ t !  symphony is wor? /ruggl+
 =1 & to bru% away su* misconceptions   
ab\t x z might ret>d ! progress ( ^? :o 
h ! w &  ! p]sev]ance to /ruggle4 ,& :5 
!re is no w to /ruggle1  no?+ c be      
accompli%$4 ,:at is call$ 8m5tal        
lassitude0 is  almo/ a contradiction 9  
t]ms4    ,x is obvi\s t a prop] musical 
education w\ld h solv$ our  problems 9 a
 natural mann]4 ,if1 z *ildr51 we _h be5
 taught to  s+ only beautiful songs2 if 
we _h be5 tra9$ to li/5 to music2  if   

our memory = musical phrases1 rhy?ms1   
etc41 _h be5 cultivat$1  we %\ld be     
quick 9 appreh5d+ all ! qualities ( a   
symphony1  = all our analytical reason+ 
w\ld h be5 done be=eh&4 ,&  no?+ c ev]  
take ! place ( su* an education1 because
 !  natural ta/e = music1 :i* is s /rong
 9 *ildhood1 has 9 u  be5 all[$ to      
lapse4 ,s t our fir/ duty is to our     
*ildr54 ,we  want !m to avoid our       
mi/akes4 ,9 e h\sehold1 9 e s*ool1      
public or private1 ?is ideal (          
music-/udy %\ld be upheld--namely1  t ! 
*ildr5 %\ld ent] life s prep>$ by _!    
e>ly tra9+  z to be able to enjoy !     
greate/ music4    ,i take a =m ( pure   
music z a type ( our highe/ atta9m5t1   
because :5 music is alli$ to words or to
 action x gives c]ta9  ho/ages4         
,fur!rmore1 ! symphony evolv$ sl[ly "u !
 law (  its own be+1 & x repres5ts !    
application to music ( ^?  g5]al laws ( 
proportion & balance1 ( unity & v>iety1 
:i*  gov]n all arti/ic expression4 ,x   
has nev] be5 subject$ to ali5           

influ5ces2 popul>ity has n be5 its      
motive p[]2 virtuosity has  nev] dictat$
 to x4 ,if y und]/& ! symphony y c apply
 t  und]/&+ to any o!r =m ( music4 ,if  
"o comp>es x ) !  op]a ?is di/9ction is 
at once evid5t4 ,9 ! op]a t antagonism  
( :i* ,sp5c] speaks betwe5 /ates ( feel+
 & ( cognition does  exi/1 because ! m9d
 is !re appeal$ to ?r\gh objects r  ?an 
?r\gh pure s\nd4 ,! symphony speaks 9   
its own t]ms2 op]a  speaks 9 t]ms (     
*>act]s 9 action1 ( co/ume & ( sc5]y1  z
 well z ( music4 ,ev5 ! greate/ op]as   
cause y to reflect on  some?+ outside   
!mselves--on human motives z !y f9d     
expression  9 human action4 ,9 ei!r     
8,don ,giovanni0 or 8,tri/an10 al?\gh ! 
music rea*es great heights ( beauty & is
 pr(\ndly mov+1 !re  is ! inevitable    
/ruggle betwe5 see+ & he>+1 ! inevitable
  difficulty betwe5 a simultane\s /ate (
 cognition & ( feel+4  ,! symphony      
entirely escapes ?is dilemma4 ,np d\bt  
great motives lie  b5ea? x2 no d\bt x1  
too1 is a drama ( human life1 = o!rwise 

x c\ld n be great z a "w ( art2 b ! play
 ( motives 9 a  symphony is hidd5 beh9d 
! imp5etrable veil ( s\nd4 ,! ,?ird1    
,fif?1 & ,n9? ,symphonies ( ,bee?ov5 are
 truly dramatic1 b only  9 ?is s5se4 ,!y
 range f ! t5d] to ! t]rible2 !y h  _!  
own emotional climaxes2 !y philosophize1
 !y brood1 !y gr9  l a comic mask2      
action & reaction foll[ ea* o!r z 9 life
  itself2 no?+ is lack+ b t "o          
inconsequ5tial ?+1 reality4  ,art is    
tru?2 life is b a %ad[ fad+ to no?+ness 
z ! sun  sets4      ,,iii4 ,,!          
,,mat]ials ,,( ,,! ,,symphony    ,i h   
said t ! symphony evolv$ sl[ly "u ! laws
 ( its  own be+1 & ,i wi% to /ate       
briefly & 7z f> z possible7 9  simple   
t]ms h[ t evolution came ab\t4 ,if ,i   
%\ld g back to !  v beg9n+ ,i %\ld h to 
po9t out t ! primal diff]5ce  betwe5    
music & noise consi/s 9 ! int5sity (    
vibration & 9  ! gr\p+ ( ! s\nds into   
regul> s]ies by means ( acc5ts4 ,a      
s]ies ( unacc5t$ tones does n make      
music4 ,if a clock1 9 /rik+  twelve1    

%\ld1 by acc5t+ c]ta9 /rokes1 ?r[ ! :ole
 numb]  into regul> gr\ps1 x w\ld supply
 ! basis = music4 ,9 any great  piece ( 
m>tial music ^! acc5ts & ^! impulses 9  
gr\ps  con/itute ! elem5t t moves u to  
comply ) x ourselves2 we  beat "t ) h&  
or foot2 we are infus$ ) ! mom5tum4 ,&  
! =ce ( ! impetus may be obs]v$ at !    
close ( ne>ly e  piece ( music :]e      
conv5tional *ords ease (f its /ress4 ,! 
la/  =ty measures ( ! ,fif? ,symphony ( 
,bee?ov5 con/itute a sort  ( brake on ! 
huge mov+ mass4 ,*op9's ,polonaise1 opus
 #bf1 numb]  #a1 on ! contr>y1 does n   
end2 x /ops4 ,9 ,field+'s 8,tom ,jones0 
! impetus ( ! action is c>ri$ on s f> t 
! climax is  po/pon$ to a po9t dang]\sly
 ne> ! end ( ! book1 :i* leaves  u ) a  
s5se ( brea?lessness or ev5 (           
aggravation4 ,9 music1  :5 ?is impetus  
is ( extreme vigor1 any tempor>y        
displacem5t (  x produces almo/ ! effect
 ( a cataclysm--z 9 ! fir/ movem5t  (   
,bee?ov5's ,?ird ,symphony1 :]e great   
*ords 9 twos cla% across  already       

e/abli%$ metrical gr\ps ( ?rees4 ,)9 !  
metrical  gr\ps all sorts ( subdivisions
 may exi/1 & ^! con/itute :at  is call$ 
8rhy?m0 9 music4 ,rhy?m1 9 brief1 is !  
v>iety :i* any  melody imposes on !     
regul> beats t con/itute its "t basis4  
,x is f ?is rhy?mic movem5t t ! symphony
 gets its quality  ( action1 & !        
precursors ( ! symphony 9 ?is respect 7 
! old folk-songs & dance-tunes !        
melodies ( :i* are full (  rhy?mic      
div]sity4 ,! l9e f ^! e>ly nave         
compositions d[n  to symphonic music 0  
nev] brok51 & !re is h>dly a symphony 9 
exi/5ce t does n pay direct tribute to  
!m4    ,i dwell on ?is po9t at "s l5g?  
because "h lies a l>ge "p  ( ! en]gy (  
music4 ,! rhy?mic figures to :i* ,i h   
already  ref]r$ conta9 )9 !mselves a    
primal =ce4 ,!y are capable  ( ?r[+ (f  
p>ts ( !mselves1 & ^!1 caught 9 ! prim>y
  orbit1 live z sep>ate id5tities1 until
 ! too p[]ful attraction  ( ! great]    
mass absorbs !m aga94 ,z rhy?m1 !n1 a   
symphonic  movem5t is l sublimat$       

physical en]gy4 ,z ! fir/ oscillations  
( its impulse /rike our consci\sness we 
are caught up into a _w  ( movem5t :i*  
has ! inevitability ( /> c\rses4 ,we    
ourselves  are all rhy?m--rhy?m         
imprison$ & await+ release4 ,9 music we 
become "o ) all t ceaseless movem5t or  
vibration )\t  :i* !re w\ld be no       
physical or spiritual _w at all4 ,i say1
  !n1 t rhy?m is ! v he>t ( music2 t    
:ile we are all  susceptible to x 7?\gh 
comp>atively few p c move _! h&s  or    
feet or bodies 9 p]fect rhy?m--!y w\ld  
be mu* bett] (f if  !y c\ld67 we d n    
altoge!r see :at significance x has z an
  /hetic prop]ty ( music4 ,:5 ! he>t (  
music /ops beat+ 7z  9 "o ( ,bee?ov5's  
s*]zi7 we are surpris$1 or p]haps       
di/urb$1  n answ]+ to ! m>vel\s sil5ce2 
:5 two or ev5 ?ree rhy?ms  are act+     
simultane\sly we are confus$ & helpless 
be=e ! mo/  fasc9at+ ( /hetic ph5om5a4  
,let me next dwell briefly on t elem5t 9
 ! evolution ( symphonic  music :i*     
consi/s 9 ! use ( sev]al !mes           

simultane\sly4  ,%\ld we trace ?is back 
to its orig9al we %\ld f9d ourselves 9  
! n9? c5tury4 ,n[1 :ile ,i "k t ?is is n
 ! place = a  diss]tation on any ab/ruse
 musical t]ms1 ,i %all v5ture ?is mu*1  
n only because ?is me?od ( writ+ is us$ 
9 ne>ly all really  f9e music1 b because
 a l>ge "p ( ! pleasure to be d]iv$  f  
li/5+ to a symphony dep5ds on our       
capacity to foll[ !  v>i$ /r&s ( melody 
t con/itute x4 ,is x n s1 also1 )  !    
novel8 ,! *ief !me ( ,m]$i?'s 8,!       
,egoi/0 has numb]less  c\nt]-!mes runn+ 
?r\gh & ar\nd x4 ,x is n by any means   
to be f\nd 9 ,sir ,will\ghby alone1 = y 
und]/& x ?r\gh  ,v]non's good s5se1     
?r\gh ,cl>a's d>t-l intuitions1 ?r\gh   
,mr4 ,middleton's pati5t surprise at    
hav+ su* a daught]1 ?r\gh  ,letitia1 &  
,crossjay1 & ,horace ,de ,cray--all ^!  
are cont9ually  expla9+ & illum9at+ !   
!me = y4 ,x is true t music  asks y to  
li/5 to sev]al melodies at once1 b :at  
does !  episode ( ,crossjay's unwitt+   
li/5+ to ,sir ,will\ghby's belat$       

decl>ation to ,letitia ask y to d8 ,is x
 en\gh m]ely to record  ! sc5e z x is   
unfold$ to y8 ,or d y rememb]           
,crossjay's  fa!r /ump+ up ! av5ue 9 8  
ill-fitt+ clo!s8 ,cl>a's  int]cessions =
 ,crossjay8 ,v]non's attempts to adju/  
himself to  ,sir ,will\ghby's ov]be>+   
gr&iloqu5ce8 ,& d y n h to  rememb]1    
especially1 t ,crossjay _h be5 lock$ out
 ( 8 room by  ,sir ,will\ghby & _h s\ght
 ! ottoman z a refuge8 ,^! are all  /r&s
 ( ! *ief melody 9 t rem>kable          
composition4 7,n all  ! /r&s are !re1 = 
satire nev] tells ! :ole tru?4 8,tony0  
9 ,e!l ,sidgwick's 8,promise0 &         
8,succession0 is also an egoi/47 ,a     
novel1 !n1 9 ?is s5se1 is n successive1 
b simultane\s4 ,all  t has be5 & all t  
is to be exi/ 9 e mom5t ( life1 =  t is 
all :at we call 8! pres5t0 means4 ,!    
*ief diff]5ce  betwe5 su* play ( "*     
ar\nd an idea & ! movem5t (  _m musical 
!mes ar\nd a c5tral "o lies 9 ! deta*$ &
  spiritualiz$ quality ( s\nd4    ,x is 
obvi\s t music1 writt5 = an or*e/ra     

conta9+ "s  tw5ty or m diff]5t k9ds (   
in/rum5ts & scores (  p]=m]s1 mu/ h     
great v>iety ( expression4 ,ea* in/rum5t
 has  its own tone color1 its own range1
 & its own te*nique1 & ea*  mu/ be giv5 
its own ?+ to say4 ,9 ?is s5se symphonic
 music is  an intricate me% ( melodies1 
ea* int5t on its own purpose1 ea* a  "p 
( ! :ole4 ,9 no o!r ( its v>i$ means (  
expression is  ! symphony m /rictly & m 
fully an evolution ?an 9 ?is  "o (      
complex melodic textures4 ,!re has be5  
no hiatus4 ,f its  fir/ great mom5t (   
p]fection 9 ! "t ( ,pale/r9a1 ?r\gh !   
madrigal & fugue1 ?r\gh dance-tunes     
conv5tionaliz$ 9 ! suite1  ?r\gh organ  
pieces1 oratorios1 & ! l1 ?is me?od (   
writ+  has p]si/$4 ,wagn] bases 8 :ole  
musical /ructure on ! play &  int]play (
 melodic l9es 9 8 leit-motifs4 ,ba* is  
all melodic  texture4 ,music writt5 9   
?is mann] is call$ 8polyphonic10 & !    
me?od ( writ+ x is call$ 8c\nt]po9t40   
,9 direct contra/ to ?is is 8monodic0   
music :i* employs only "o  melody aga9/ 

an accompanim5t ( *ords4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! 
music  we he> is monodic2 an aria by    
,pucc9i1 a popul> song1 mo/ *ur*        
music--^! h "o melody only4 ,s has      
,poe's 8,= ,annie40 ,polyphonic  music  
has ! great advantage ( be+ int5sive 9  
its expression2 x  evolves out ( itself4
 ,:5 ,i say t almo/ ! :ole ( ! fir/     
movem5t ( ,bee?ov5's ,n9? ,symphony is  
evolv$ out ( a few measures  ne> !      
beg9n+1 ,i mean t ! melodic fragm5ts ( !
 !me  take on a life ( _! own & by s do+
 illu/rate & exp\nd  ! significance ( ! 
orig9al !sis f :i* !y sprang4 ,?is      
quality1 or prop]ty 9 music1 ^u :i* ,i h
 laid "s /ress1 is1  !n1 n s mu* a matt]
 ( te*nique z ( /hetics4 ,! ?+ done  & !
 mann] ( do+ x is ea* ! result ( g5]al  
laws1 & ,i  v5ture to dwell on !m "h1 n 
= exp]t1 te*nical reasons1 b  because ,i
 wi% to (f] ! li/5] to symphonies "o ( 8
 mo/  delightful opportunities4 ,note   
%\ld f9ally be made ( ! important  fact 
t only ^? symphonic !mes :i* h a v>i$ & 
vibrant  rhy?m s]ve well ! purpose (    

c\nt]po9t1 = ! ess5ce (  in/rum5tal     
c\nt]po9t lies 9 sett+ aga9/ ea* o!r two
 or  m melodic phrases 9 contra/+       
rhy?ms4    ,i d n mean to imply by !    
=ego+ t symphonic music  p]si/5tly      
employs c\nt]po9t z aga9/ simple melody4
 ,!re are  :ole passages 9 ! symphonies 
( ,haydn1 ,moz>t1 & ,bee?ov5 :]e  "o    
tune is giv5 out aga9/ an accompanim5t (
 *ords1 & a lyric  compos] l ,s*ub]t    
employs c\nt]po9t some:at r>ely4 ,b 9  !
 greate/ symphonies ! pr$om9at+ me?od ( 
expression is  ?r\gh polyphony4    ,9   
writ+ ab\t c\nt]po9t ,i h dwelt on !    
rhy?mic quality  9 melody1 & h /at$ t a 
well-def9$ & v>i$ rhy?m is  ess5tial to 
contrapuntal treatm5t4 ,i might almo/ h 
said t  all good melody dep5ds on rhy?m4
 ,i d say--expect+ _m a sil5t  prote/ f 
c]ta9 ( my read]s--t all ! greate/      
melodies h  a f9ely adju/$ rhy?m1 & ,i  
apply ?is /atem5t to all melody  f !    
folk-song to ! pres5t "t4 ,i might      
enum]ate beautiful  melodies ^: effect  
dep5ds on o!r prop]ties ?an rhy?m1--z ! 

second melody 9 ,*op9's ,nocturne 9 ,g  
major1 opus #cg1 numb] #b1--;b  ,i %\ld 
add t1 z melody1 exi/+ by itself1 x is n
 f9e &  ! reason is t its rhy?m is      
monoton\s4#aj ,& :5 ,i say x is  n f9e1 
,i mean t x is n highly imag9ative1 & t 
x dep5ds  too mu* on its h>monization4  
,& :51 9 turn1 ,i say t1 ,i mean1       
p]=ce1 t x is too emotional4 ,! diff]5ce
 betwe5 su* a !me  & "o ) a really f9e  
rhy?m is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,poe's 8,!   
,rav50 & ,keats's 8,ode to a ,grecian   
,urn40 ,9 ! =m] ! m9d is  be+ cont9ually
 lull$ by ! s(t undulation ( ! rhy?ms & 
rhymes2 9 ! latt] ! m9d is be+          
cont9ually /imulat$ by _!  complexities4
 ,yet ,keats's ode is z unifi$ z ,poe's 
lyric4 ,!re are  melodies = songs = !   
pian(orte1 = ! viol91 & = !  or*e/ra2   
!re are sonata melodies & !re are       
symphonic melodies  j z !re is a %ape = 
a hat*et & a %ape = a pair (            
scissors--:i* is only /at+ once aga9 !  
old law t ! /yle  mu/ suit ! m$ium (    
expression1 or t ! %ape mu/ suit !  uses

 to :i* a ?+ is put4 ,symphonic !mes1 9 
contradi/9ction  to !mes = songs or %ort
 pian(orte pieces1 or dances1 %\ld be   
inconclusive2 !y are valuable = :at !y  
presage r ?an =  :at !y /ate1 & !y %\ld 
indicate _! own de/9y4 ,! f\r  notes )  
:i* ! ,fif? ,symphony ( ,bee?ov5 beg9s  
are s1--9  fact ! :ole !me is valueless 
by itself1--b !y conta9 en\gh  p5t-up   
en]gy to vitalize n only ! fir/ movem5t1
 b ! ?ree  :i* foll[ x4 ,if x 7 possible
 = ea* read] ( ^! words  to he>--z an   
int]lude to 8 read+--a s]ies ( great    
symphonic  melodies1 & if he w\ld li/5  
to !m c>efully1 he w\ld f9d  almo/ e "o 
to conta9 a f9ely adju/$ rhy?m4         
,symphonic !mes pres5t c]ta9            
difficulties to ! li/5] ^:  und]/&+ (   
melody is limit$ to a squ>e-cut /rophic 
tune4 ,he  is accu/om$ to a c]ta9       
musical punctuation--a comma 7s to      
speak7  aft] ! fir/ & ?ird l9es ( !     
music1 a semicolon aft] !  second1 & a  
p]iod at ! end4 ,& :5 he gets an extra  
p]iod  ?r[n 9 7z he does aft] ! ?ird l9e

 ( ! tune 8,am]ica07  he is all !       
happi]4 ,:5 he he>s ! op5+ !me ( !      
8,eroica0 ,symphony break 9 two 9 !     
middle & fall ap>t1 he gets  disc\rag$1 
= 8 musical imag9ation has n be5        
suffici5tly  develop$ to see t t v      
break+ ap>t presages ! tragic  turmoil (
 ! :ole movem5t4 ,:5 ,brahms gives out1 
9 ! op5+  measures ( 8 ,?ird ,symphony1 
two !mes at once1 he does n fa?om  !    
elem5t ( /rife :i* is involv$1 & s _c   
foll[ its  progress to ! f9al triumph ( 
"o ( !m4    ,b ! symphony conta9s       
ev]y?+1 & !re is a place 9 x =  lyric   
melody1 provid$ ! flight be long &      
sweep+4 ,! 8sl[  movem5t0 ( a symphony  
conta9s su* !mes1 b !y are n cont5t  to 
be m]ely f9e melodies4 ,!y1 too1 mu/    
conta9 "s pot5tiality  :i* is aft]w>ds  
realiz$4 ,! be/ & mo/ famili> example w 
be f\nd 9 ,bee?ov5's ,fif? ,symphony1   
:]e ! fir/ rhy?mic unit  7conta9$ 9 !   
fir/ ?ree notes7 ( ! beautiful romantic 
!me  deta*es itself & pursues an almo/  
sc&al\s exi/5ce full (  delicate pranks 

& grimaces1 & comic quips & turns1 n[   
g5tle1  n[ ironic1 n[ pret5d+ to be     
s5tim5tal1 until x f9ally rejo9s  ! !me 
aga94 ,?is piece is a romance t\*$ )    
com$y--a romance  great en\gh to suff]  
all ! by-play )\t ! lea/ dilution (  its
 quality4    ,any attempt 9 a book l ?is
 to expla9 ! intricacies ( h>monic      
developm5t z x is se5 9 ! symphony mu/  
be inconclusive4 ,h>mony  is1 9 itself1 
less tangible ?an ei!r rhy?m or melody1 
= x  lacks to a consid]able ext5t !     
elem5t ( cont9uity4 ,i mean by  ?is t   
gr\ps ( h>monies d n possess coh]5ce 9  
relation to  ea* o!r4 ,!y d n /ay 9 !   
memory z a l9e ( melody does2  !        
impression we get f !m is fleet+4 ,x may
 t\* ) light or  %ade "o brief mom5t 9 a
 piece ( music 7z x frequ5tly does 9    
,s*ub]t's compositions72 x may produce a
 bewild]+ riot ( color  7z 9 ultra-mod]n
 music72 or x may cov] ! :ole piece ) a 
subdu$ %ad[ 7z 9 ! sl[ movem5t (        
,franck's qu9tette74 ,b !  real (fice ( 
h>mony is to s]ve melody4 ,i mean by ?is

 t :5  two or m melodies s\nd toge!r !y 
make h>mony at e po9t  ( contact1 & ?is 
h>mony1 incid5tal to ! movem5t ( melodic
  p>ts1 has a reality :i* *ords by      
!mselves _c acquire4 ,&  ! :ole         
ju/ification = _m ( ! s\nds 9           
ultra-mod]n music  lies 9 ?is "o        
p]fectly correct !ory4 ,n t ! laws mu/ n
  be obey$--z !y frequ5tly are n2 n t a 
compos] may violate  nature1 & d :at he 
likes4 ,he mu/1 z ( old1 ju/ify 9 reason
  all ! dissonances aris+ f 8 melodic   
adv5tures4 ,he %\ld  rememb] ,ba*1 ^:   
melodies cla% 9 nev]-to-be-=gott5       
/rid5ce1  /rik+ =? su* fla%es ( /range  
beauty z c only come f a  w> ( !mes4    
,! symphony is1 !n1 an arrangem5t (     
rhy?ms1 melodies1 &  h>monies4 ,ea* ( ^!
 ?ree elem5ts has a life ( its own1--!  
rhy?ms1 tak5 altoge!r1 h _! own coh]5ce1
 ! melodies  !irs1 & ! h>monies !irs1--b
 ea* belongs to ! :ole4  ,! rhy?m (     
,poe's 8,= ,annie0 w\ld be an impossible
 rhy?m )  :i* to c>ry =w>d ! purposes ( 
any "p ( 8,! ,r+ & !  ,book40 ,equally  

useless w\ld be ! rhy?ms ( ,s*ub]t's    
8,unf9i%$0  ,symphony to c>ry =w>d !    
purposes ( ,bee?ov5's ,n9?4 ,! :ole     
/ructure ( ,poe's poem w\ld dis9tegrate 
if "o s+le ^w fell  out ( place2 s w\ld 
! fabric ( a ,s*ub]t melody 7 a note    
de/roy$4    ,9 e direction1 :]ev] we    
look1 ?is cohesion ( all objects 9      
!mselves1 ?is bl5d+ ( all objects into a
 great] body1 reveals  itself4 ,?is is !
 basis ( all religi\s belief1 ( a novel1
 ( !  composition ( a picture1 or ( life
 itself4 ,to say t a symphony is  made  
up ( sep>ate elem5ts1 t ea* ( ^! elem5ts
 has a life  ( its own1 & t !y all unite
 9 a common purpose1 is to /ate  a      
truism4 ,& to suppose t a symphony c be 
und]/ood )\t an  und]/&+ ( all its      
elem5ts is to suppose an absurdity4     
,,iv4 ,,tone ,,color ,,& ,,design       
,su* has be5 ! developm5t ( ! elem5ts ( 
symphonic music4  ,! processes ,i h     
describ$ are ! natural processes ( an   
art  :i* is cont9ually /riv+ = wid] &   
deep] expression4 ,&1  speak+ humanly1 x

 is n too mu* to say t )9 ourselves !re 
%\ld take place a complete analogue to t
 developm5t & to ^?  processes4 ,!      
connection betwe5 ourselves & ! s\nds   
may graduate  all ! way f complete      
unconsci\sness ( _! significance 7ev5   
?\gh we he> all ! s\nds cle>ly7 to t    
/ate :]e9 !y  /rike fire 9 our s\ls1 &  
!re passes betwe5 ! imag9ation (  !     
compos] & our own t sp>k ( undy+ fire   
:i* illum9es our  :ole be+4 ,= 9 ! la/  
analysis x is n s mu* ! music t         
communicates itself z x is ! s\l ( !    
compos] rea*+ u ov]  :atev] /ret* ( "t4 
,he :o creates beauty is immortal4      
,is n ?is :at we seek8 ,is n ?is !      
object ( all beauty  ev]y:]e8 ,is x n   
always try+ u to see if we are 9        
tune8--z1  inde$1 ev]y?+ else is3 labor1
 love1 objects1 k1  religion--all ^!    
await our answ]4    ,b ,i %\ld n leave  
?is "p ( my subject )\t sett+ =?  !     
relation betwe5 ^! elem5ts ( symphonic  
music & !  or*e/ral in/rum5ts by means (
 :i* !y f9d expression4 ,i d n  wi% to  

attempt "h any acc\nt ( or*e/ration1 z  
su*1 b r  to po9t out t 9 symphonic     
music x is by ! quality ( tone t  !     
ess5ce ( an idea is convey$4 ,! tone ( !
 in/rum5t is l  ! inflection ( ! voice 9
 speak+1 :]e9 ! tru? is convey$  al?\gh 
y speak an untru?4 ,an oa? might be a   
pray] b = !  inflection4    ,! pian(orte
 or ! viol91 or any o!r s+le in/rum5t1  
has  b little v>iety ( tone2 ! or*e/ra1 
on ! o!r h&1 has  n only f\r di/9ct     
gr\ps ( in/rum5ts1 ea* gr\p hav+  its   
own tone quality1 b )9 two ( ^! gr\ps#aa
 !re are  consid]able diff]5ces 9 :at is
 call$ 8tone color40 ,x is ( no  great  
importance to "k t ! solo ne> ! beg9n+ (
 ! sl[  movem5t ( ! ,cs> ,franck        
symphony is play$ on an ,engli% horn1  b
 x is important to feel ! quality ( !   
tone1 & to realize  h[ l>gely ! effect (
 ! !me dep5ds on x4 ,= "s obscure       
reason _m p rema9 ins5sitive to         
qualities ( tone color4  7,p]haps !y h  
receiv$ _! musical education at !       
pian(orte  :i*1 "u unskillful h&s1      

diff]s only 9 l\d & s(t47 ,"o s  seldom 
obs]ves a li/5] ev5 amus$ by ! antics ( 
,bee?ov5's  d\ble-basses1 & yet1 9 at   
lea/ f\r ( 8 symphonies1 _!  behavior is
 at times extremely ludicr\s4 ,he ^:    
humor ranges all  ! way f ! mo/         
delicate1 ironic smile to a t]rible1    
tragic  laught]1 :]e9 joy & sorr[       
meet1--z meet !y mu/ :5 ei!r  presses   
f>1--he a*ieves ^! rem>kable effects    
l>gely by means  ( ! tone quality ( !   
in/rum5ts4 ,9 8 ,fif? ,symphony he      
creates ! mo/ ?rill+ effect by means (  
"s score or m (  reit]at$ notes 9 ! s(t1
 muffl$ tones ( ! kettle-drum4 ,9  !    
f9ale to ! ,fir/ ,symphony ( ,brahms x  
is ! tone ( !  ,fr5* horn1 & aga9 ( !   
flute1 t creates = u su* pr(\nd         
illusions ( beauty z pi]ce to our v s\l4
 ,f ! dep?s ( !  or*e/ra ! horn *ants   
its ennobl$ song2 !n foll[s ! dulcet    
bl[-pipe ( ! flute s++ ! same magic !me4
 ,^! v>i$ tones  succe$+ "o ano!r1 or   
melt+ "o into ! o!r--^! are !  colors t 
animate & beautify ! =ms into :i* !     

?\ghts  fall4 ,:at delicate nons5se     
filigree ! viol9s draw 9 ! sl[  movem5t 
( ,bee?ov5's ,fif? ,symphony2 h[        
sepul*ral ! bassoon  ) its mock sadness2
 :at a vibrant quality d ! violoncellos 
&  ! contra-basses give to ! great      
melody 9 ! f9ale to ! ,n9?2  ) :at      
poignancy does ! cl>9et give voice to ! 
s5tim5t (  ! second !me 9 ! sl[ movem5t 
( ,brahms's ,?ird ,symphony4 ,h[        
luxuri\s & vivid is ! application ( all 
^! v>i$ hues to !  design4    ,a f9e s++
 voice has1 p]haps1 ! mo/ beautiful (   
all tone  colors1 b ! s5sibility ( _m p 
seems to be limit$ to  t alone4 ,9 fact 
! love ( s++ is1 9 _m cases1 m]ely  a   
s5tim5tal ?rill unconnect$ ) any        
intellectual process &  entirely devoid 
( imag9ation4 ,9 ! or*e/ra ! tone ( !   
in/rum5t is to ! !me itself :at ! color 
is to ! rose4 ,x  is mu* m ?an t1 (     
c\rse1 because x is at any "t bo?       
retrospective & prospective2 ?is tone   
color is a d>k] or light]  %ade ( t1 or1
 p]*ance1 ano!r hue entirely4 ,! colors 

%ift  f mom5t to mom5t always z a "p ( !
 design r ?an z  m]e color4    ,tak+ x  
all toge!r--rhy?m1 met]1 melody1 h>mony1
 & tone  color--?is sub/ance ( a        
symphony is a wond]ful ?+4 ,no?+  q s   
delicately organiz$ has ev] be5 creat$  
by ! m9d &  ! imag9ation ( man4 ,) an   
int]play ( p>ts almo/ equal to  t ( a   
f9ely adju/$ ma*9e1 x seems to g :]e x  
wills to g  reg>dless ( any?+ b a :im4  
,h[ m>vel\sly does x express  bo? !     
actions & ! dreams ( human be+s2 h[ true
 is x to  _! deep] consci\sness--a      
consci\sness t dimly fa?oms bo?  life & 
dea?2 t kn[s itself to h come f across !
 ages1  & feels itself to be a "p ( !   
ages to come4 ,x is j z likely  t life  
is a brief1 %ad[$ mom5t 9 an endless    
light1 z t x  is 8a rapid1 bl9k+ /umble 
across a flick ( sun%9e40               
,,footnotes3    #i ,i /at$ 9 ! fir/     
*apt] :at ju/ification !re is = us+  !  
^w 8intellectual0 9 reg>d to music1 & ,i
 speak "h ( ?\ght  9 t s5se4    #aj ,z  
examples ( melodies ) f9ely adju/$      

rhy?ms ,i may cite  ! !me ( ! sl[       
movem5t ( ,bee?ov5's pian(orte sonata1  
opus  #ac1 & t ( ! sl[ movem5t (        
,brahms's pian(orte qu>tette1  opus #fj4
    #aa ,9 ! 8wood-w9d0 gr\p1 s call$1  
!re are flutes1 oboe1  cl>9ets1         
bassoons1 ,engli% horn1 etc42 9 ! brass1
 !re are  trumpets1 ,fr5* horns1        
trombones1 tubas1 etc4          ,,*apt] 
,,vii    ,,! ,,symphony 7cont9u$7       
,i4 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,symphony    ,=
 ! ord9>y li/5] to a symphony ! "o great
 difficulty lies  9 8mak+ s5se0 out ( x 
z a :ole4 ,he enjoys c]ta9 !mes  & is1  
p]haps1 able to foll[ _! devi\s w&]+s1 b
 he  reta9s no compreh5sive impression (
 ! symphony z a complete  ?+1 & he may  
ev5 nev] conceive x z any?+ m ?an a     
s]ies ( int]e/+ or un9t]e/+ passages (  
music4 ,n[1 x is  obvi\s t an art ( pure
 s\nd1 if x is to h any significance  at
 all1 mu/ h complete coh]5ce )9 itself1 
& t !  long] ! s\nds g on ! m necess>y  
does ?is coh]5ce  become4 ,?is is1 (    
c\rse1 ! problem ( all music4 ,ev5 op]a 

mu/  h a c]ta9 musical coh]5ce1 = x _c  
dep5d entirely on  be+ held toge!r by ! 
text & action2 ev5 ! song mu/ make      
musical s5se 9 addition to :at s5se 7by 
*ance7 !re is 9 !  words4 ,give :at     
gl[+1 :at romantic1 ev5 :at def9ite     
title  y w to a piece ( programme       
music1--call x 8,! ,hebrides10 or       
8,dea? & ,transfiguration10 or desc5d to
 su* a title z 8,a ,simple              
,confession10--y mu/ /ill give y\r music
 coh]5ce 9 itself4 ,z a  matt] ( fact1 !
 titles ( pieces ( programme music d n  
less5  ! compos]'s responsibilities 9 ! 
lea/1 & !re is no f9e  piece ( su* music
 9 exi/5ce t does n obey ! g5]al laws ( 
=m z appli$ to music4 ,! title is1 aft] 
all1 m]ely a sugge/ion1  an indication1 
an atmosph]e4 ,s*umann's 8,! ,happy     
,f>m]0 is m]ely  jolly2 x is n ev5      
bucolic1 & y hunt = ! f>m] 9 va92       
8,trum]ei0 is made rhy?mically vague 9  
ord] to create ! illusion  ( rev]ie1 b  
has1 nev]!less1 complete musical        
coh]5ce2 8,tod und  ,v]klrung0 ( ,/rauss

 conta9s no evid5ce ( sacrific+ its =m  
to  its s-call$ 8subject10 & ! ,wagn]ian
 leit-motif is sugge/ive  & n didactic4 
,! developm5t ( =m 9 ! symphony is too  
l>ge a subject to  be cov]$ "h1 b !re   
are c]ta9 fundam5tal aspects ( x  ^u :i*
 ,i may dwell ) safety1 s9ce !y obey    
laws :i*  apply ev]y:]e4 ,to make cle>  
:at ,i mean let me say t an art  ^:     
fundam5tal quality is movem5t mu/ h =   
its problem !  disposition )9 a c]ta9   
l5g? ( "t ( a c]ta9 gr\p (  !mes or     
melodies4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ?is art & 
t (  pa9t+ is t 9 music ! "q is 8,:580 9
 pa9t+ 8,:]e80  ,9 ?is s5se lit]ature is
 ne>] music ?an is pa9t+1 & ,i %all     
%ortly po9t out "s analogies betwe5     
lit]>y & musical =ms4  ,i /at$ 9 ! fir/ 
*apt] ! fundam5tal syn!tic pr9ciple (   
music1 :i* is t no "o s]ies ( s\nds =m$ 
into a melody c  long survive !         
sub/itution ( o!r s]ies1 unless !re be  
giv5  "s re/atem5t1 or1 at lea/1 "s     
rem9d] ( ! fir/4 ,!re is  no musical =m 
t does n pay tribute directly or        

indirectly to  ?is pr9ciple4 ,& ?is1 mu*
 modifi$ by ! m$ium ( language1  applies
 also to lit]ature4 ,mo/ novels conta9  
ne> ! end a 8look+  backw>d ov] travel$ 
roads02 a too great digression f any    
!sis  requires a c]ta9 re/atem5t ( x4 ,!
 fir/ appe>ance ( ,s&ra  ,belloni is    
h]ald$ by h] s++ 9 ! wood ne> ! ,poles' 
c\ntry  h\se4 ,! epilogue to 8,vittoria0
 closes ) ! sc5e 9 !  ca!dral3 8,c>lo   
,m]?yr ,ammiani1 /&+ betwe5 ,m]?yr & h]1
  ) old bl9d ,ago/9o's h&s ^u 8 head4 ,&
 !n once m1 &  b = once1 h] voice 0 he>d
 9 ,milan40 ,! uness5tial *>act]s  &    
motives ( ,s&ra ,belloni disappe> 9     
8,vittoria0--,mrs4 ,*ump1 an            
unsuccessful essay 9 ,dick5s1 f9ds a    
des]v$ oblivion2 s d !  8,nice ,feel+s0 
& ! 8,f9e ,%ades02 b ! pres5ce ( ,m]?yr 
9  ! ca!dral is z necess>y to t         
situation z is ! abs5ce (  ,wilfr$4 8,w>
 & ,peace0 w\ld be an in*oate mass (    
p]sons1 sc5es1  & ev5ts1 7 x n = c]ta9  
retrospects "h & !re :i*  hold ! :ole   
mass toge!r4 8,! ,idiot0 is a /rik+     

illu/ration1  = ! e>ly "p ( ,mi%k9's    
c>e] only appe>s 9 ! six?  *apt]1 z if  
to tide ov] m successfully ! va/ness ( !
  s*eme2 & ! f9al *apt] br+s back mo/   
vividly ! exp]i5ces  ( 8 boyhood4 ,!    
sonnet is ! mo/ concise example ( ?is   
process1  & ,i d n ne$ to dwell on !    
precision ) :i* x illu/rates  x4    ,"o 
great diff]5ce exi/s1 h[ev]1 betwe5     
music & lit]ature1  & t is 9 ! numb] (  
its subjects or *>act]s4 8,w> &         
,peace10 to take an extreme example1    
conta9s scores ( *>act]s1  :ile a :ole  
symphony w\ld usually conta9 n m ?an    
twelve or  f\rte5 !mes4 ,! prime reason 
= ?is is t !mes h no  e/abli%$ law (    
association1 & s d n repres5t some?+    
else ) :i* we are already famili> z d   
names ( p]sons 9  books4 ,we rememb] !  
names ( su* *>act]s z ,joseph ,&rews or 
,tom ,jones1 or ev5 ,dr4 ,portsoak51 =1 
al?\gh !y liv$ a long  "t ago1 we h     
en\gh ^w association to conta9 _! names 
&  we c und]/& !m & c foll[ ! devi\s    
c\rses ( _!  adv5tures & ! philosophy ( 

life !y repres5t4 7,! abs5ce (  ?is     
association makes x difficult = u to    
rememb] ! *>act]s  9 ,russian novels47  
,:5 we he> a musical !me1 h[ev]1 we h to
  rememb] x z su*4    ,i h frequ5tly    
/at$ ! some:at obvi\s fact t music obeys
  g5]al /hetic laws1 & ! =ego+ is int5d$
 to %[ h[ ^!  laws are modifi$ by !     
peculi> prop]ties ( s\nd4 ,a symphony 9 
?is s5se1 !n1 is a coh]5t arrangem5t (  
!mes4 ,?is br+s  me to ! important "q ( 
! deta*m5t or ! unification  ( ! sev]al 
movem5ts ( a symphony4 ,is a symphony "o
 ?+ or  f\r8 ,%\ld we li/5 to x z a     
unit1 or z sep>ate contra/+  pieces     
/rung toge!r = conv5i5ce8 ,! conv5tional
 answ] to  ^! que/ions--! answ] giv5 by 
! textbooks--is t a few  symphonies     
transf] !mes f "o movem5t to ano!r1 b t1
  speak+ g5]ally1 a symphony is a       
collection ( f\r sep>ate pieces         
contra/$ 9 spe$ & 9 s5tim5t1 etc4 ,n[ ,i
 wi% to combat ?is  !ory z vigor\sly z  
possible1 & ,i %\ld l to rely solely  on
 g5]al /hetic laws1 & say t no great "w 

( art c\ld1  by any possibility1 be bas$
 on su* a het]og5e\s plan z t4  ,or ,i  
might base my op9ion on psy*ology & say 
t1 s9ce !re  are f\r diff]5t movem5ts1  
diff]5t 9 g5]al & 9 p>ticul>            
*>act]i/ics1--"o conta9+ !mes :i* evolve
 z !y proce$1  produc+ ! effect (       
/ruggle t[>d a goal1 ano!r suit$ to     
/ates ( s5tim5t1 ano!r = concise & vivid
 action1 & s  =?1--& s9ce ! m9d ( a     
great man is a microcosm ( ! _w  &      
conta9s ev]y?+1 x foll[s1 z a matt] (   
c\rse1 t he  tries to fuse 8 symphony   
into "o by fill+ its sev]al p>ts )  !   
v>i\s elem5ts ( himself1 a process t has
 be5 go+ on  ev] s9ce !re has be5 any   
music at all4 ,! compos] is n f\r  m51  
nor is 8 m9d sep>at$ into comp>tm5ts4   
,"o symphony w  diff] f ano!r because x 
w repres5t a diff]5t /age 9 8           
developm5t1 b any "o symphony--unless   
arbitr>ily disjo9t$--w  express ! v>i\s 
phases ( its compos]'s nature at ! "t1  
& w h a correspond+ int]nal organism4   
,?is is suffici5t  evid5ce ( ! s\ndness 

( ?is view 9 ! great symphonies         
!mselves4 ,i _c specify at l5g? "h1 b   
any read] hav+  access to ,moz>t's1     
,bee?ov5's1 & ,brahms's symphonies or t 
(  ,cs> ,franck may inve/igate =        
himself4 ,let me m]ely po9t out a  few  
in/ances :i* ,i *oose f celebrat$ &     
famili> symphonies4  ,9 ! la/ movem5t ( 
! ,c major ( ,moz>t 7commonly call$ !   
8,jupit]07 !re is a rapid figure 9 !    
basses at measures n9e  & t5 :i* is     
d]iv$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ movem5t4  ,!  
!me ( ! la/ movem5t is drawn f--is ano!r
 v]sion  (--! passage 9 measures ?ree & 
f\r ( ! fir/ movem5t4 ,9  ,bee?ov5's    
8,eroica0 ! fir/ !me ( ! la/ movem5t is 
drawn  directly f ! fir/ !me ( ! fir/   
movem5t4 ,! !me ( !  ,c major section ( 
! 8,m>*e ,funbre0 is ! !me ( ! fir/     
section 9 apo!osis1 & ea* owes a debt to
 ! fir/ !me ( !  fir/ movem5t4          
,illu/rations ( ?is pr9ciple c\ld be    
multipli$  almo/ indef9itely1 & x is n  
too mu* to say t !re is 9 all  great    
music ?is inw>d coh]5ce4 ,9 o!r words1  

=m 9 music is n  m]ely a sort (         
framework1 or1 if y please1 a law or    
prec$5t1 b  ! expression ( an inw>d =ce4
    ,!mes hav+ no organic relation are1 
( c\rse1 introduc$ 9  symphonic movem5ts
 = ! play ( action aga9/ ea* o!r :i*    
results f _! antagonism4 ,! novel dep5ds
 l>gely on ! same  elem5t4 ,if x 7 n =  
,blifil !re c\ld h>dly h be5 a ,tom     
,jones4 ,s&ra ,belloni mu/ h ,mr4       
,p]icles z a foil to t f9]  "* ( h]s :i*
 rises above ! prima donna1 & %e ne$s   
,wilfr$ & ,m]?yr 9 ord] to a*ieve ,c>lo4
 ,9 %ort1 ! symphonic  movem5t is n     
unlike ! novel :i* is bas$ on !         
juxtaposition  ( contra/$ or antagoni/ic
 *>act]s or elem5ts1 ! /ruggle  betwe5 !
 two1 &1 f9ally1 _! reconciliation2 &   
suffici5t  analogy c\ld be drawn betwe5 
?is & life itself to illu/rate !        
pr9ciple z a c>d9al "o4 ,b ,i believe ! 
symphony to be /ill 9  flux4 ,i see no  
reason :y x %\ld n cont9ue to develop f 
)9  & f9ally to a*ieve an ev5 great]    
inw>d coh]5ce ?an t  already atta9$4    

,?is w almo/ c]ta9ly n be br\ght ab\t by
 an  ext5sion ( its outw>d =m or by an  
enl>gem5t ( its res\rces--z  is ! case )
 _m mod]n symphonies4#ab ,9 brief1 !    
compos]  is an arti/ l any o!r2 he is   
deal+ ) human emotions &  aspirations z 
o!r arti/s are2 he is subject to ! same 
laws2 he1  too1 draws a true picture (  
human life 9 true p]spective1 ) all  !  
adju/m5ts ( sc5e1 ( p]sons1 ( motives1  
c>efully work$  out--ev5 ?\gh he deals  
only ) s\nd4 ,x is almo/ incr$ible t    
any "o %\ld suppose o!rwise2 ! real     
difficulty is 9 gett+ !  ord9>y p]son to
 suppose any?+6 ,s ,i say t ! symphony  
is a  mirror ( life1 & t all ! great    
symphonies tak5 toge!r are  l a book (  
life 9 :i* ev]y?+ is fai?fully set =? 9 
due  proportion & balance4    ,i h said 
t ! symphony conta9s ev]y?+ & t x has   
room  = disord]4 ,?is is its ultimate   
purpose4 ,! secret ( its p[]  lies 9    
?is4 ,life itself is an inexplicable ?+4
 ,! great symphony  compresses x into an
 h\r ( p]fection 9 :i* all ( its elem5ts

  are explicable4 ,"h t dream ( man :i* 
he calls by su* names  z 8heav50 or     
8happ9ess10 & :i* he has always s\ght 9 
va91  becomes n only a reality1 b ! only
 reality possible = him4 ,=  no?+ w\ld  
be m t]rible ?an endless happ9ess or a  
locat$  heav54      ,,ii4 ,,/ages ,,(   
,,its ,,developm5t    ,! hi/ory ( !     
symphony is ! hi/ory ( all art4 ,x moves
 9  cycles2 x m>ks a p>abola4 ,x began z
 a nave expression ( feel+2  x le>n$    
little by little h[ to ma/] its own     
work+ mat]ial1  & z x ma/]$ t1 x became 
m & m consci\s 9 its  ef=ts2 z soon z   
new in/rum5ts = produc+ x 7 p]fect$1 x  
imm$iately exp&$ its /yle to correspond 
to ! new possibilities2  z its te*nique 
p]mitt$1 x cont9ually s\ght to grasp m &
  m ( ! elem5ts ( human life & human    
aspiration & to express  !m4 ,9 ,haydn  
we see x z nave1 folk-l1 tuneful music1 
n highly  imag9ative1 smack+ ( ! soil--l
 ,burns1 b )\t 8 deep  human feel+4 ,9  
,moz>t x rea*es a /age ( classic        
p]fection  :i* may be comp>$ to         

,raphael's pa9t+s4 ,h>dly a t\* ( !     
picturesque1 ! romantic1 or ! reali/ic  
m>s its s]5e beauty2 x  smiles on all   
alike2 x is n = y or = me1--z ,s*umann  
is1--b  = e "o4 ,& be+ purely objective 
x belongs to no "t &  la/s =ev]4 ,& h[  
delightful are ,moz>t's digressions4 ,he
 is  l ,field+1 :o1 :5 he wants to      
philosophize ab\t 8 /ory1  proce$s to   
write a :ole *apt] dur+ :i* ! action    
awaits !  philosoph]'s pleasure4 ,lat]  
writ]s nev] drop ! argum5t = a  mom5t2  
if !re is a lull 9 ! action x is someh[ 
kept 9 complete  relation to !          
subject-matt]4 ,moz>t (t5 enliv5s y ) a 
/ory  by-!-way1 b he always manages to  
pres]ve ! cont9uity ( 8  mat]ial4 ,!    
diff]5ce betwe5 8 me?od & t ( ,brahms1 =
  example1 is l t betwe5 ,field+'s      
philosophic int]lude *apt]s  9 8,tom    
,jones0 & ,m]$i?'s 8,our ,philosoph]10  
:o1 look+ d[n f  an imp]sonal height ^u 
! *>act]s 9 ! /ory1 int]jects 8         
,olympian comm5t4    ,a new & t]rific   
=ce ent]$ music ?r\gh ,bee?ov51 new to  

music1 old z ! human race--namely1 ! _s 
( revolt4 ,! _w  is always ! same4 ,9   
its fundam5tals1 human life1 )9 our     
hi/orical retrospect1 rema9s :at x 04   
,an art takes :at x c  ma/]--& no m4    
,music 0 ready2 ! _w 0 9 a turmoil at  j
 t mom5t1 & ! result 0 :at we call      
8,bee?ov540 ,moz>t  0 8 dawn1 ,s*umann &
 ! o!r ,romantici/s 8 my/]i\s  &        
beautiful twilight4 ,he himself         
repres5ts at once ! _s (  revolution1 t 
inevitable curiosity :i* su* a p]iod    
always  excites1 & t speculative        
philosophy :i* tries to piece !  mean+ (
 new ?+s4 ,! _w 0 full ( flame2 battle  
?und]$  only a few miles f ,vi5na2 ! _s 
( equality & frat]nity 0  hov]+ 9 ! air4
 ,bee?ov5's pi]c+ vision compass$ all   
?is4  ,he s\nd$ ! triumph ( ! s\l (     
man--z 9 ! great !me at  ! close ( !    
,n9? ,symphony2 he took ! simple/ (     
common tunes  & made x glori\s--z at !  
end ( ! 8,wald/e90 ,sonata2 8           
imag9ation rang$ at w ov] m5 /ruggl+ 9  
dea?-grapple1 ov]  ! gods look+ d[n     

s>donically on ! spectacle4 ,he 0 !     
great  protagoni/ ( democracy1 b he 0   
also a great con/ructive m9d4 ,he  nev] 
de/roy$ any?+ 9 music = :i* he did n h a
 bett]  sub/itute1 & !re is h>dly a note
 9 8 mature compositions t  is n fix$ 9 
nature4    ,?is great =ce hav+ sp5t     
itself1 ! art turns away & />ts 9  ano!r
 direction--z x mu/4 ,! lyric symphony (
 ,s*ub]t appe>s4  ,8 0 ! mo/ p]fect song
 t ev] ask$ = expression by !  or*e/ra4 
,) small intellectual p[]1 ) b scanty   
education (  any sort1 ,s*ub]t1 by ! v  
dep? ( 8 in/9ct1 creates su*  pure      
beauty z to make intellectualism seem   
almo/ p$antic4 ,he /r+s  toge!r melody  
aft] melody 9 8pr(use1 unm$itat$ art40  
,he 0 a  p5dant to ,bee?ov51 & (t5 en\gh
 9 li/5+ to ,s*ub]t's music  we cat* !  
e*o ( 8 great contempor>y4 ,!n comes !  
s-call$  8,romantic ,s*ool0 ( ,s*umann )
 its t5d]1 p]sonal qualities1 its       
glam\r1 its roseate hues4 ,l all o!r    
romantic utt]ance x _h a  c]ta9         
/rang5ess1 a c]ta9 deta*m5t f reality1 &

 a c]ta9  wayw>dness :i* give x a       
bitt]-sweet flavor ( its own4 ,l all    
o!r romantic utt]ance1 too1 x 0 impati5t
 & refus$ to wait  ! too-sl[ turn+ ( !  
clock's h&s2 x is ! music ( y\?  & (    
hope4 ,its effect on ! developm5t ( !   
symphony 0 slight4  ,x 0 ill at ease 9 !
 l>ge spaces ( symphonic =m1 = its hues 
7 too *ang+1 its moods too %ift+1 to    
answ] ! ne$s ( !  symphony4 ,no really  
great symphonic compos] appe>s betwe5   
,s*ub]t  & ,brahms1 b dur+ t p]iod ! ri*
 idiom ( ! ,romantic  ,s*ool _h become  
assimilat$ z a "p ( ! language ( music4 
,brahms us+ some?+ ( ?is romantic idiom1
 b hav+ a broad  feel+ = con/ruction1 & 
firmly gr\nd$ on t "o /able  elem5t (   
/yle1 c\nt]po9t1 produc$ f\r symphonies 
wor?y to  /& alongside ! be/4 ,!y are   
re/ra9$ 9 /yle1 = ,brahms has  some?+ ( 
t imp]sonality :i* is ne$$ 9 music z mu*
 z 9  o!r =ms ( art 7& "o may say1 9    
pass+1 t ! greate/ (  all compos]s1     
,ba*1 is ! mo/ imp]sonal74 ,!           
flexibility ( !  language ( music       

increas$ rapidly dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury  
aid$  by ,wagn] & ! ,romantici/s1 & 9   
,brahms ! symphony becomes less         
didactic & m introspective4 ,i may1     
p]haps1 make ! comp>ison  betwe5 music l
 8 & t lat] /age ( ! ,engli% novel  :]e9
 ! au?or desires ! action to appe>      
solely z ! result (  ! psy*ology ( !    
*>act]s1 & :]e91 also1 words are made   
to answ] new dem&s & s]ve new purposes4 
,brahms c\ld n h  said :at he did say _h
 he be5 limit$ to ! /yle ( ,moz>t2 nor  
c\ld ,m]$i? _h he be5 limit$ to ! /yle (
 ,?ack]ay4 ,brahms's  symphonies1 9     
consequ5ce ( ! complicat$ nature ( 8    
/yle1  are n easily appreh5d$ by !      
casual li/5]4 ,let a confirm$  lov] (   
,longfell[1 or ev5 ( ,t5nyson1 take up =
 ! fir/ "t  8,love 9 ! ,valley0 & he w h
 ! same exp]i5ce4 ,e ^w  w convey its   
usual mean+ to him1 b ! exquisite beauty
 ( !  poem w elude him4 ,he w g back to 
8,my ,lo/ ,y\?10 or to 8,bl[1  ,bugles1 
,bl[10 = heal+ f 8 bruises4 ,any "o ( my
 read]s :o  has access to ,brahms's     

,fir/ ,symphony %\ld exam9e ! passage   
:i*  beg9s tw5ty measures be=e ! poco   
so/5uto ne> ! end ( !  fir/ movem5t if  
he wi%$ to und]/& some?+ ( ,brahms's    
p[]s  ( re-creat+ 8 mat]ial4 ,"h is a   
melody ( great beauty :i* is  d]iv$ f ! 
op5+ phrase ( ! symphony1 & :i* has a   
bass  d]iv$ f ! fir/ !me ( ! fir/       
movem5t4 ,z x orig9ally  appe>$ x 0 full
 ( /ress z ?\gh ye>n+ = an impossible   
fulfillm5t4 ,"h its de/9y is at la/     
atta9$1 & ! law ( its  be+ fulfill$4    
,music progresses f "o po9t ( "t to     
ano!r4    ,contemporane\s ) ,brahms /&s 
,ts*aikovsky to reveal h[ v>i$  are !   
s\rces ( musical expression4 ,no two    
great m5 c\ld be  f>!r ap>t ?an ^!--"o  
an eclectic1 calm1 ?\ghtful1 &          
imp]sonal1 re/ra9+ 8 utt]ances 9 ord] to
 und]/ate &  be believ$2 ! o!r p\r+ out 
! v la/ bitt] drop ( 8  unhapp9ess &    
dissatisfaction entirely unm9dful ( a _w
 t  di/ru/s ov]/atem5t & has only a     
limit$ capacity = reaction  f a colossal
 passion4 ,( ,ts*aikovsky's s9c]ity !re 

is no d\bt  :atev]4 ,he s believ$2 life 
0 to him :at we he> x to be 9 8         
symphonies4 ,b life is n l t4 ,if x 7 we
 %\ld all h  be5 de/roy$ long s9ce by   
our own uncontrollable inn] fires4 ,s1  
aside f any te*nical consid]ations1--&  
he contribut$ no?+ (  importance to !   
developm5t ( ! symphony1--,ts*aikovsky  
repres5ts  a phase ( life r ?an life    
itself4 ,dvok's 8,new ,_w0 ,symphony    
adds a new & int]e/+ elem5t to symphonic
 evolution4 ,dvok 0  l ,haydn & ,burns1 
a son ( ! p1 & ! !mes he employs  9 ?is 
symphony are ess5tially folk-melodies4  
,b :]e ,haydn m]ely  tells 8 simple /ory
 ) complete unconsci\sness ( its        
possible  connection ) life 9 g5]al1    
,dvok sees all 8 !mes 9 _!  deep]       
significance4 ,! 8,new ,_w0 ,symphony is
 a saga retold4    ,a new phase 9 !     
developm5t ( ! symphony appe>s 9 ,cs>   
,franck1  ^: musical l9eage rea*es back 
ov] ! :ole range ( symphonic  developm5t
 & beyond4 ,8 _s is m$ival4 ,9 8 "o     
symphony  rhy?m plays a less] "p1 & "o  

feels ! music to be q  )drawn f ! vivid 
movem5t ( life1 & to live 9 a realm (   
its own4 ,franck 0 "o ( ^? r>e spirits  
:o rema9 unta9t$ by  ! _w4 ,8 symphony  
is a spiritual adv5ture2 o!r symphonies 
are  full ( ! actions & reactions ( !   
real _w 9 :i* _!  compos]s liv$4 ,?is   
action & reaction always dep5ds = its   
expression 9 music on ! play & int]-play
 ( rhy?mic figures4  ,franck's symphony 
broods ov] ! _w ( ! _s2 8 lea/          
successful !mes are ^? bas$ on action4  
,,iii4 ,,*amb] ,,music ,,z ,,an         
,,introduction ,,to ,,symphonies    ,my 
object 9 writ+ all ?is ab\t ! =m &      
sub/ance ( !  symphony1 & 9 draw+       
comp>isons betwe5 x & ! novel or        
poetry1 has n be5 to lead my read]s to  
und]/& music ?r\gh !  o!r arts1 = by    
!mselves su* comp>isons are ( small     
value4  ,i h dwelt on ^! common         
*>act]i/ics ( ! arts because !y  exi/1  
because !y illum9ate ea* o!r1 & at !    
same "t because  !y are too little      
consid]$4 ,! only way to und]/& music is

  to practice x1 or1 fail+ t1 to he> x  
"u su* conditions z  w p]mit a c]ta9    
opportunity = reflection4 ,we are       
incapable  ( und]/&+ symphonic music    
*iefly because we h s little  practice 9
 do+ s4 ,an occasional symphony conc]t  
is n en\gh4  ,h[ %all ?is difficulty be 
ov]come8 ,!re is a natural way out1  & x
 consi/s 9 :at is call$ 8*amb] music40  
,a piece ( *amb]  music is a sort (     
dome/ic symphony4 ,a /r+ qu>tette1 a    
pian(orte  or viol9 sonata1 a trio1     
qu>tette1 qu9tette1 etc41--^! are all   
little symphonies2 ! =m is almo/        
id5tical1 ! same devices (  rhy?m1      
melody1 h>mony1 c\nt]po9t1 & s =?1 are  
employ$4 ,9  *amb] music paucity ( idea 
_c be cov]$ up by luxury ( tone  color2 
ev]y?+ is expos$2 s t only ! greate/    
compos]s h  writt5 f9e music 9 ?is =m4  
,n[1 if 9 e community !re  7 gr\ps ( p  
:o play$ *amb] music toge!r1 & if ^!    
w\ld p]mit _! fri5ds to att5d :5 !y     
practice1 ! symphony  w\ld soon f9d     
pl5ty ( li/5]s4 ,su* rehe>sals w\ld give

 an  opportunity to he> difficult       
passages play$ ov] & ov] aga92  !re w\ld
 be "t = discussion1 &1 above all1 =    
reflection4  ,e t[n & village %\ld h a  
local *amb]-music organization  giv+    
occasional in=mal conc]ts4 ,"u ^!       
circum/ances a  sympa!tic intimacy w\ld 
soon be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! p]=m]s  &     
li/5]s & ! music itself4 ,! inevitable &
 indiscrim9ate  pian(orte lesson is an  
ob/acle to ?is mu* desir$ arrangem5t4   
,"s  ( our *ildr5 %\ld be taught ! viol9
 or ! violoncello 9  pref]5ce to !      
pian(orte4 ,!n ! family circle c\ld he> 
sonatas  = viol9 & pian(orte by ,ba*1   
,moz>t1 ,bee?ov51 or ,brahms1 &  w\ld   
accompli% :at ye>s ( att5dance at       
symphony conc]ts c\ld  n br+ ab\t4      
,*amb] music has ! great advantage ( be+
 simple  9 detail2 "o c easily foll[ !  
f\r /r&s ( melody 9 a /r+  qu>tette1    
:]eas ! or*e/ra leaves "o brea?less &   
confus$4  ,! practice ( *amb] music by  
amateurs w\ld be "o ( ! v be/  means (  
build+ up true musical ta/e4 ,i _c dwell

 too insi/5tly  on ! fact t ! majority (
 ^? p :o d n c>e = su*  music w\ld soon 
le>n to c>e = x if !y _h opportunities  
to  li/5 to x "u su* conditions z ,i h  
describ$4 ,! argum5t  proves itself1 )\t
 ! evid5ce--pl5tiful en\gh--(           
individuals  :o h gone ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce4
 ,fur!rmore1 by cultivat+  music 9 ?is  
way1 we %\ld gradually break d[n "s ( ! 
social  conditions :i* n[ op]ate aga9/ !
 art4 ,if we all knew m ab\t  x & lov$ x
 = itself1 we %\ld give ov] our pres5t  
adulation  ( te*nique4 ,we %\ld put !   
p]=m] :]e he belongs z an  int]pret] ( a
 great] man's ideas4 ,by our uncritical 
adulations we  place him on f> too high 
a p$e/al4      ,,iv4 ,,! ,,p]=m] ,,& ,,!
 ,,public    ,i h spok5 ( c]ta9 social  
conditions :i* affect music             
unfavorably4 ,!re has be5 always a c]ta9
 outcry aga9/ music  because ( its      
suppos$ emotionalism4 ,! eye ( cold     
intellig5ce1  see+ ! music-lov] en?rall$
 by a symphony1 raises its lid 9 icy    
contempt = su* a creature ( feel+4 ,!   

sociologi/1 obs]v+  musical p]=m]s1     
wond]s :y music seems to affect !       
appe>ance  & ! conduct ( "s ( !m s      
unfavorably4 ,! p$agogue1 :o has  8     
correct educational =mula :i* op]ates l 
an add+-ma*9e1  & automatically turns   
out a c]ta9 numb] ( me*anically educat$ 
*ildr51 ea* ) a diploma clut*$ 9 a n]v\s
 h&--he tol]ates  music because x makes 
a pleasant break 9 diploma-giv+ at      
graduation  "t1 & because x pleases !   
p>5ts4 ,! bus9ess man leaves  music to 8
 wife & daught]s & is will+ to subscribe
 to a  symphony or*e/ra provid$ he does 
n h to g to he> x play4  ,n[1 if !      
sociologi/ w\ld put himself 9 ! place ( 
! s+]1  :o1 end[$ by nature ) a f9e     
voice1 is able1 on acc\nt ( a  public   
indiff]5tly educat$ 9 music1 to ga9     
applause & an undue  s\rce ( money1 ev5 
?\gh he has nev] a*iev$ education ( any 
sort :atev]--if ! sociologi/ w\ld b ?9k 
a little ab\t  sociology1 he w\ld p]haps
 f9ally und]/& t he himself is v  likely
 at fault4 ,= x is v likely t he kn[s   

almo/ no?+ (  ?is art :i* is "o ( !     
greate/ =ces at 8 disposal4 ,he is1     
p]haps1 "o ( ! l>ge numb] ( p]sons :o   
make musical conditions  :at !y are4    
,public p]=m]s are ! victims1 n !       
crim9als4 ,we  mu/ rememb] ( old h[     
disa/r\s has be5 ! isolation ( any class
  ( work]s f _! fell[s4    ,i h ref]r$ 9
 ?is & 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s to c]ta9       
unities 9 symphonic music--9 its sev]al 
elem5ts ( rhy?m1 melody1  & h>mony1 & 9 
! :ole4 ,i h said t e object is unifi$  
9 itself1 & t x is a "p ( a great] :ole4
 ,9 ?is s5se a  symphony is a liv+ ?+2 e
 memb] ( x has its own function1  &     
contributes a necess>y "p to ! :ole4 ,b 
is n ?is equally  true if we c>ry !     
argum5t into life itself & say3 ,"h is a
 ?+  ( beauty creat$ by man2 x is a "p (
 him--"o ( 8 />-gleams2  c he be        
complete if he loses x altoge!r8 ,c 8 _s
 hope  = fre$om if he dep5ds on 8 m9d   
alone8 ,is ! satisfaction (             
intellectual or mat]ial a*ievem5t en\gh8
 ,w\ld he n f9d 9 music  a realm :]e he 

w\ld brea! a pur] air & be happi]       
because he  w\ld leave beh9d him all ^? 
unansw]able que/ions :i* =ev]  cry a    
halt to 8 intellig5ce8 ,moral idealism  
is n en\gh = !  _s ( m5 & wom51 =1      
humanity be+ :at x is1 morality is  b\nd
 to cry/allize into dogma4 ,! ,puritans 
7 moral 9 _!  own fa%ion1 b !y 7 z f>   
away f :at man's life ought to  be--"u !
 />s1 & ) ! fl[]s bloom+ at 8 feet--z  7
 ! gay c\rti]s :om !y despis$4          
,intellectual idealism is  n en\gh1     
because x lacks sympa?y4 ,we all ne$    
some?+ t  %all be entirely deta*$ f life
 &1 at ! same "t1 be :olly  true to x4  
,our _s ne$s "s joy\sness :i* objects1  
ideas1 or  possessions _c give x4 ,we   
mu/ h a _w beyond ! "o we  "k--a _w n ( 
jasp] & diamonds1 b ( dreams & visions4 
,x mu/ be an illusion to our s5ses1 a   
reality to our _s4 ,x mu/  tell ! tru? 9
 t]ms we _c und]/&1 = x is n giv5 to u  
to "k 9 any o!r way4    ,,footnote3     
#ab ,! reason = ?is is "o to :i* ,i     
ref]r$ 9 ! *apt]  on 8,! ,op]a0--namely1

 t a "w ( art mu/ n ov]/ra9 !           
capacities ( ^? human be+s = :om x 0    
int5d$4          ,,*apt] ,,viii         
,,conclusion      ,"o ( ! mo/ un=tunate 
conditions surr\nd+ our musical life  is
 ! small "p m5 take 9 x4 ,?is is n      
altoge!r _! fault4  ,_! bus9ess is      
engross+1 & conc]t-go+ is made difficult
 =  !m4 ,!re %\ld be "s music = !       
bus9ess man betwe5 ! "t  :5 he leaves 8 
(fice & ! h\r ( 8 d9n]1 & x %\ld  be s  
arrang$ z to cause him ! m9imum ( tr\ble
 & give him  ! maximum ( enjoym5t4 ,?is 
means a half-h\r or =ty m9utes (  good  
music available1 say1 at five o'clock1 &
 n too f> away4 ,x  means1 also1 t he   
%all be provid$ ) a repetition ( e long 
or complicat$ composition s t he may h a
 *ance to und]/&  x4 ,! av]age li/5]    
he>s a ,brahms symphony once 91 say1 two
 or  ?ree ye>s1 & !re is little *ance ( 
8 f9d+ x intelligible4  ,no d\bt1 9     
c\rse ( "t ?is w come ab\t4 ,no d\bt1   
too1  work]s 9 %ops & (fices w by & by  
be able to he> a little  really f9e     

music at lun* "t4#ac ,! influx ( m5 into
 conc]t  rooms w\ld be ( great b5efit to
 ! cause ( music1 z well z to  ! m5     
!mselves4 ,we %\ld1 aft] a "t1 get rid (
 t curi\s  ,anglo-,saxon idea t art is  
effem9ate1 & %\ld beg9 to value x  = :at
 x really is4 ,:5ev] ,i ?9k ( ?is mi/ak5
 notion !  figure ( ,mi*ael ,angelo     
rises be=e me4 ,!re 0 z h]oic a man z   
ev5 ! _w ( w> ev] produc$2 capable alike
 ( ! ,h]culean  task ( ! ,si/9e         
frescoes1--! actual physical labors (   
:i*  w\ld kill an ord9>y man 7& ,mi*ael 
,angelo 0 !n ov] sixty  ye>s old71--( ! 
h]oic ,moses1 & aga9 ( t mo/ t5d] &     
beautiful ( all sculpture1 ! ,piet2 a   
/]n & noble nature capable  ( fight+ = 8
 pr9ciples no matt] :at ! risk4 ,or ,i  
?9k  ( ,bee?ov51 ill1 lonely1 deaf1 &   
poor1 b nev]!less creat+  virile music (
 ! k9d we "k4 ,or ( ,ba*1 /urdy z an oak
 tree1  )\t recognition f ! _w1 br++ up 
a l>ge family on  almo/ no?+ a ye>1     
:olesome1 pr(\nd1 & true--! equal 9 all 
t goes to make a man ( any 8capta9 (    

indu/ry10 any soldi]1 or  any /atesman4 
,^! are ! ones ,i %\ld mat* m5 )4 ,i    
w\ld h  m5 li/5 to ! /ra9s ( ^!         
compos]s1 look at ! works ( t  colossal 
g5ius ( ,italy & ask !mselves3 ,is art  
effem9ate or am ,i  bl9d & deaf8    ,b  
m51 hav+ comp>atively little leisure1 _c
 be expect$ to  wa/e x on s5tim5tal     
music or on m]e virtuosity4 ,a viol9i/  
:o  plays sweet little pieces1 or :o    
a/oni%es y by 8 te*nical  skill1 %\ld   
expect no response f human be+s :o are  
at "w day  by day & h\r by h\r fac+ !   
h>d facts ( life4 ,m51 deal+  ) exact   
laws or "u ! necessities ( trade & b>t]1
 are  =c$ to di/+ui% betwe5 true &      
false1 betwe5 reality &  unreality1 = _!
 v exi/5ce dep5ds on s do+4 ,i d n mean 
by ?is t ^! common exp]i5ces ( m5 fit !m
 to und]/&  great music1 b ,i ?9k m5    
possess !reby a c]ta9 s5se ( values  & a
 c]ta9 discrim9ation betwe5 :at is real 
& :at is false1  & t a great piece (    
real music w f9d an answ] 9 !m4 ,i      
believe t ! op]a has mu* to d ) ! av]age

 man's attitude  t[>d music4 ,to sp5d f 
?ree to f\r h\rs 9 an ov]heat$ &  badly 
v5tilat$ op]a h\se aft] a day ( bus9ess1
 & to li/5 to  ! sort ( hectic          
emotionalism :i* is common 9 op]a is    
en\gh to  disgu/ ! av]age bus9ess man ) 
all music4 ,h[ pati5t he is6  ,b        
,bee?ov51 :o lov$ & hat$1 & suff]$ &    
triumph$1 we c  all und]/&4 ,:5 we come 
to li/5 to ! op5+ ( 8 viol9  conc]to1 = 
example1 we mu/ all say3 ,"h is a man4  
,& :5 we  h compass$ ! :ole ( t great   
composition we %all le>n to  say3 ,"h is
 reality turn$ true at la/4 ,we %all !n 
h le>n$  "o ( ! great lessons t art     
tea*es--namely1 t !re is  no?+ 9 ! _w s 
h]oic1 s noble1 or s pr(\nd b t its     
qualities may be increas$ by !          
imag9ation & ! skill ( !  great arti/4  
,= h[ev] pr(\nd a human emotion may be  
or h[ev]  noble a de$1 x becomes m      
pr(\nd or m noble :5 x is se5 9         
relation to ! :ole ( life & ov] a /ret* 
( "t4 ,! arti/  gives x true p]spective1
 & enables u really s to see x4 ,dante  

! poet is great] ?an ,dante ! lov]4     
,b my plea t music %\ld be made easy (  
access = m5 is  bas$ *iefly on ! fact t 
!y ne$ x4 ,x is s easy = human  be+s--m5
 or wom5--to become completely subm]g$ 9
 ! details  ( life2 & ! r\nd ( daily    
acts & daily associations does1  9 c\rse
 ( "t1 completely engulf _m p1 s t !y   
only  cat* glimpses ( some?+            
beyond--glimpses ( a promis$ l& into    
:i* !y nev] ent]4 ,i c conceive almo/   
any bus9ess z be+  int]e/+ 9 itself2 !  
8game0 ( life has its own rew>ds2 &  !re
 is no trade1 no pr(ession1 no bus9ess t
 does n (f] "s  play to ! imag9ation4 ,b
 e weight ne$s a c\nt]balance1 &  e     
human be+ ^: daily occupation is full ( 
practical detail  mu/ save himself or   
h]self by "s equal =ce 9 ! opposite     
direction4 ,! law is z old z life       
itself4 ,! be/ prep>ation =  an         
education 9 eng9e]+ is a c\rse 9 !      
classics1 & ! man  :o gr9ds all ?+s 9 ! 
mill ( bus9ess ev5tually goes into !    
hopp] himself4    ,b love ( beauty is a 

secret & inviolate ?+4 ,our t5d5cy      
to-day is to seek our salvation--(      
:atev] k9d--9 ! cr[d4 ,we  =m lit]>y &  
musical clubs1 & drama leagues1 & art   
circles  to accompli% :at ea* p]son %\ld
 d alone4 ,?is is an old human  fallacy4
 ,to attempt to be lit]>y or arti/ic or 
sociali/ic or  religi\s by means ( an   
organization is to waive ! :ole "q4     
,!re is only "o way ( be+ lit]>y & t is 
to love good  lit]ature & to read x 9   
privacy2 !re is only "o way to  und]/& !
 drama & t is to read by y\rself ! great
 plays  f s*ylus onw>d1 & to see z _m   
good plays z possible4 ,i "k  t x is    
impossible to he> ! symphonies (        
,bee?ov5 except )  "s ?\s&s ( o!r p2    
nev]!less1 y are y\rself alone1  &1 by  
y\rself1 y mu/ solve ! my/]y4 ,nev] c   
!re be a  m complete isolation ( !      
individual ?an :51 sitt+ ) !  cr[d1 a   
piece ( f9e music beg9s4 ,nev] is y\r   
own individuality  s preci\s to y z !n4 
,/raight to y\r s\l come ^! s\nds1      
automatically sep>at+ all ! div9] "p ( y

 f ! l[]1  s+l+ out :at is commonly     
in>ticulate & in*oate1 & fann+  into    
life aga9 t smo!r$ sp>k :i* nev] :olly  
dies4 ,h[  impossible x is to look at   
pictures ) o!r p4 ,! m9d  & ! imag9ation
 dem& fre$om to w&] at w1 to pond]1 to  
speculate4 ,:at passes f ! picture to y1
 & f y to !  picture1 is a sort (       
trembl+ recognition1 too delicate to be 
%>$1  too intimate to be utt]$4 ,s x is 
) books4 ,y ne$ sil5ce &  retirem5t s z 
to feel ! p]spective ( k1 s t y\r  m9d  
may w&] ?r\gh :atev] c\rses op5 to x4   
,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$ t1 9 ,am]ica1 wom5
 h n[ bo?  leisure & indep5d5ce to      
pursue ! arts & to satisfy _! desire  = 
:at is call$ 8culture10 & t 9 ?is       
respect !y h tak5  ! place frequ5tly    
occupi$ by m54 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic elem5t 
9 ?is situation is1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! pursuit
 ( intellectual or  arti/ic advancem5t1 
woman jo9s a club6 ,^! clubs are ( v    
great  use to ! individuals :o belong to
 !m & to ! communities 9  :i* !y fl\ri% 
:5 !y und]take--z !y frequ5tly d--!     

bett]m5t ( social conditions4 ,any "o   
famili> ) :at !y h  accompli%$ 9 ?is    
respect mu/ pay !m a real tribute4 ,b 9 
_! pursuit ( 8culture0 !y h be5 less    
successful1 & =  ! reasons already      
outl9$ "h4 ,!y pursue too _m subjects1 &
  !y dissipate _! en]gies4 ,b above all1
 !y seem unconsci\s  ( ! fundam5tal     
pr9ciple ( education :i* is t "o really 
educates "o's self4 ,= education1 aft]  
all1 consi/s 9 ! gradual  enl>gem5t (   
"o's own p]ceptions ?r\gh com+ 9 contact
 )  great] m9ds1 & its processes are    
secret & int5sely p]sonal4 ,z  y read   
8,! ,idiot10 = example1 y connect ,mi%k9
 ) ,loh5gr91  ,p>sifal1 ! ,ar?urian     
leg5ds1 or ev5 ) ,*ri/4 ,! extraord9>y  
acc\nt ( 8 ?\ghts z he falls 9 !        
epileptic fit1 & 8  use ( ! words1 8,&  
!re 0 no m "t10 br+ up a :ole  fasc9at+ 
sequ5ce ( psy*ological speculations4 ,! 
"* (  ,na/asya calls to y\r memory      
scores ( o!r *>act]s f ,kundry  d[n to  
,sonia1 &1 z y read1 ! :ole w>p & wo( ( 
life1 %ot  ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) its drab &   

sc>let1 fla%es be=e y4  ,n[1 ^! contacts
 are z no?+ if "s "o else makes !m4 ,!  
sp>k mu/ /rike 9 y\r own imag9ation4 ,y 
y\rself mu/ feel !  curr5t ( ?is        
magnetism :i* rea*es f ! e>? to ! />s  &
 makes all ?+s ak94 ,a good book %\ld be
 a provocation to !  read]4 ,a club =   
8culture0 is a collection ( human be+s  
ea*  hop+ = vic>i\s salvation ?r\gh !   
o!r4    ,wom5's clubs n only wa/e en]gy 
9 _! pursuit ( k1 b  !y debilitate !    
intellectual /r5g? ( ! individual woman4
  ,no?+ c\ld be worse = ! m9d ?an !     
peaceful acceptance ( !  po9t ( view (  
ano!r )\t resi/ance & )\t ! te/ (  y\r  
own ?\ghts & y\r own p]sonality4        
,smatt]+s ( k  are almo/ useless4 ,no?+ 
is y\rs until y make x s4      ,!       
relation betwe5 music & life is1 !n1 an 
intimate & vital  relation4 ,any p]son1 
"y or old1 :o does n s+ & to :om music  
has no mean+1 is by j s mu* a poor]     
p]son 9 all t goes to  make life happy1 
joy\s1 & significant4 ,any community :i*
 employs  no =m ( musical expression is 

by j s mu* in>ticulate &  disorganiz$ z 
a community4 ,any *ur* t buys its music 
& nev]  produces any ( its own loses j s
 mu* 9 spiritual p[]4    ,we all ne$    
music because x is a flu5t1 free1 &     
beautiful =m  ( expression = ^? deep]   
impulses ( ours :i* are d5i$  expression
 by words4 ,our spee* is too highly     
specializ$2 we  discrim9ate ) words     
in/ead ( ) inflections & ge/ures2 we    
smo!r our natural expressiv5ess2 we hold
 words to be synonyms (  ?\ght1 :]eas   
?\ght is half feel+ & in/9ct &          
imag9ation1  no "o ( :i* c really f9d   
issue 9 exact t]ms4 ,all great          
lit]ature is inexact4    ,music frees u4
 ,n only does x let ea* ( u say =       
himself :at  he _c say 9 words1 b1 at   
its be/1 x reveals to u a high]  rea* ( 
life1 deta*$1 yet a "p ( ! inmo/ be+ ( u
 all4 ,:5  we truly respond to x1 !re is
 set up 9 u a c]ta9 h>moni\s  vibration 
:i* tunes u to "o ano!r1 to ! "m e>?1 ! 
ev]la/+ sea1 & to t l>g] _w ( suns1 />s1
 & planets  ( :i* !y are a "p4    ,no?+ 

ev] dies4 ,:at we call dea? is only a   
trans=mation f "o  =m ( life to ano!r4  
,all ! music t ev] 0 /ill s\nds2 all  ! 
music t is to be /ill slumb]s4 ,life &  
dea? are "o1 &1 9  ! true/ s5se1 ! :ole 
univ]se is a song4      ,,! ,,end       
,,footnote3    #ac ,i d n mean a        
phonographic record ( ! t5or solo 9     
8,l',elisir  d',amore10 or any?+ ( t    
sort4 ,i mean some?+ :i* w be m  ?an a  
casual mom5t's ent]ta9m5t4      ,!      
,riv]side ,press ,,cambridge 4          
,,massa*usetts ,u 4 ,s 4 ,a