,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,pages #agj & #aga are miss+4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sculpture ,,apollo3 ,,an ,,illu/rat$ ,,manual ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,art ,,?r\gh\t ,,! ,,ages1 ,,by ,,salomon ,,re9a*1 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france1 ,,translat$ ,,by ,,flor5ce ,,simmonds ,m4 ,re9a*'s manual has be5 welcom$ ) en?usiasm 9 e ,european c\ntry4 ,x has be5 translat$ into e civilis$ tongue4 ,nev] be=e h ! treasures ( all ! great gall]ies be5 laid "u su* contribution1 & ?us ,m4 ,re9a*'s book claims a di/9ctive place among /ud5ts' manuals4 ,! new edition has be5 revis$ & correct$ ?r\gh\t by ! au?or ) ! utmo/ c>e4 ,"s new illu/rations h be5 add$1 c]ta9 unsatisfactory blocks h be5 replac$ by new ones1 & ! bibliographies h be5 exp&$ & br\ght up to date4 ,int]polations 9 ! text 9 connection ) ,engli% works ( art or arti/ic possessions are add$ by ! translator & approv$ by ! au?or4 8,to criticise x w\ld be mu* ! same z to criticise "o's #8,brad%aw'--x is unique & x is a necessity40--,bookman4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition1 ) ov] #fjj ,illu/rations4 ,price #fs4 net4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,virg9 ,f ,mi*ael ,angelo's 8,pieta01 ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,rome4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,sculpture ,,by ,,erne/ ,h4 ,,%ort ,,) ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations ,illu/ration ,,london ,,william ,,he9emann #aijg ,copyright #aijg by ,william ,he9emann ,,to ,,mi/ress ,,katie ,,gibbs ,,9 ,,tok5 ,,( ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,affectionate ,,reg>d ,,preface ,mu* t might prop]ly occur 9 ! preface ( ?is book w be f\nd 9 its op5+ *apt]4 ,i !re set out ! gr\nd to be cov]$1 & def9e ! po9t ( view f :i* ,i h treat$ my facts4 ,^! few rem>ks w1 accord+ly1 be address$ to any :o may ?9k t a "w be>+ ! title 8,a ,hi/ory ( ,sculpture0 requires a ^w ( introduction4 ,my ju/ification = ! title &1 inde$1 = ! "w z a :ole1 is t ,i h n attempt$ to write a new text-book4 ,9 my view1 all great art is ess5tially national art4 ,x c !re=e only be und]/ood 9 ! light ( national & int]national hi/ory4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i h giv5 mu* m att5tion to ! arti/ic int]pretation ( hi/orical ev5ts & social circum/ances ?an mo/1 hi/orians ( ! arts h deem$ necess>y4 ,?r\gh\t ,i h writt5 f ! /&po9t ( "o :o believes t ! great s*ools ( sculpture 7 creat$1 n1 by individuals ( g5ius1 b by ! peoples to :om !y appeal$4 ,a "w writt5 on ^! l9es c fairly claim to be 8,a ,hi/ory ( ,sculpture40 ,?is g5]al s*eme has entail$ sev]al consequ5ces4 ,i am consci\s t ,i h dealt curtly ) pre-,hell5ic art--p>ticul>ly ) t ( ! ,myc5an age4 ,my reason is t ivory "w & goldsmi!ry1 by :i* ,myc5an art c be/ be illu/rat$1 d n come )9 ! scope ( ! book4 ,ref]5ces to su* s*ools z ! mod]n ,g]man & ! ,am]ican h be5 omitt$ 9 ! belief t !y w\ld h add$ little to ! /r5g? ( my ma9 argum5t4 ,= ! same reason ,i h devot$ comp>atively little space to biographical details conc]n+ individual arti/s--ev5 ( ! fir/ class--& h ref]r$ to only ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( _! works4 ,i tru/1 h[ev]1 t ,i h mapp$ out ! ma9 facts :i* are ess5tial to a "r judgm5t 9 sculpture4 ,! li/ ( books w indicate s\rces ( m detail$ in=mation ab\t p>ticul> s*ools & arti/s4 ,see+ t ,i h dealt ) g5]al propositions r ?an p>ticul> facts1 ,i h n burd5$ my pages ) cont9ual ref]5ces to 8au?orities40 ,any ( my read]s :o regret ! abs5ce ( ! 8notes0 s de> to _m ,engli%m51 w1 ,i am conv9c$1 be out-numb]$ by ^? :o w welcome ?is small relief4 ,i h purposely conf9$ my bibliography to small limits1 &1 z a rule1 h only includ$ books likely to be ( use to ,engli% read]s4 ,i h tak5 c>e to *oose ^? :i* are well illu/rat$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( 8notes0 & an ext5sive bibliography1 ,i c only make a g5]al ackn[l$gm5t ( my obligation to ! _m writ]s :o h dealt ) v>i\s aspects ( ! art4 ,i wi%1 h[ev]1 to record ! deep debt ( gratitude ,i owe to my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,emil ,rei*4 ,i am indebt$ to him = t broad1 l>ge-he>t$ view ( g5]al hi/ory :i* is ess5tial to ! "r und]/&+ ( any art4 ,) 8 "n ,i %\ld l to c\ple t ( my wife1 ^u ^: sympa!tic help ,i h reli$ f fir/ to la/4 ,i h to ?ank my fa!r1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,%ort1 & ,mr4 ,edw9 ,pre/on1 = _! k9dness 9 read+ my pro(s1 & ,mr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,we9b]g = 8 help :ile ?is book has be5 pass+ ?r\gh ! press4 ,,erne/ ,h4 ,,%ort4 #f1 ,,pitt ,,/reet1 ,,k5s+ton4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i4--,,hell5ic ,,sculpture ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,greek ,,sculpture ,,& ,,! ,,a?letic ,,sculptures ,,( ,,greece #c ,,ii4 ,,! ,,p>!non ,,& ,,! ,,temple ,,/atu>y ,,( ,,greece 7#dgj ,b4,c4 to #dbj ,b4,c47 #be ,,iii4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,scopas ,,& ,,praxiteles 7#djj ,b4,c4 to #ccj ,b4,c47 #dd ,,iv4 ,,lysippus ,,& ,,! ,,f\r?-,,c5tury ,,reali/s2 ,,) ,a ,,note ,,on ,,mod]n ,,sculptural ,,criticism #fe ,,"p ,,ii4--,,hell5i/ic ,,& ,,roman ,,sculpture ,v4 ,,! ,,po/-,,alex&rian ,,art ,,( ,,! ,,empire ,,( ,,seleucus1 ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,p]gamus1 ,,( ,,rhodes1 ,,& ,,( ,,alex&ria 7#cjj ,b4,c4 to #ej ,b4,c47 #hc ,,vi4 ,,! ,,hell5i/ic ,,sculpture ,,( ,,greece 7#cjj ,b4,c4 to #ej ,b4,c47 #ii ,,vii4 ,,! ,,portrait ,,sculpture ,,( ,,rome 7#ej ,b4,c4 to ,a4,d4 #ccj7 #aag ,,"p ,,iii4--,,! ,,sculpture ,,( ,,! ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,viii4 ,,! ,,go?ic ,,sculptors ,,& ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,italian ,,sculpture ,,at ,,pisa 7,a4,d4 #ajjj to #acej7 #ade ,,ix4 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,naturalism--,,ghib]ti1 ,,donatello1 ,,v]oc*io1 ,,etc4 7,a4,d4 #adjj-aejj7 #aei ,x4 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,& ,,! ,,flood ,,tide ,,( ,,r5aissance ,,sculpture 7,a4,d4 #adij-aecj7 #ahc ,,xi4 ,,italian ,,sculpture ,,f ,a4,d44 #aebg ,,to ,a4,d4 #afej--;,,cell9i1 ,,giovanni ,,bologna1 ,,& ,,b]n9i #aih ,,"p ,,iv4--,,mod]n ,,sculpture ,,xii4 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,mon>*ical ,,france1 ,,f ,,francis ,i4 7,a4,d4 #aeae7 ,,to ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution 7#aghi7 #bba ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,neo-,,classical ,,revival3 ,,european ,,sculpture ,,( ,,! ,,revolution ,,& ,,! ,,reaction 7,a4,d4 #aghi-ahdh7 #bdf ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,s*ool 7,,aft] #ahdh7 #bfc ,,xv4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,briti% ,,s*ool 7,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury7 #bhj ,,li/ ,,( ,,books #cje ,,index #cji ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,to face page ,,! ,,virg94 ,f ,mi*ael ,angelo's 8,pieta40 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome ,frontispiece ,,diana 7,ar*ai/ic74 ,! ,national ,museum1 ,naples #ab ,,d$icatory ,,/atue 7,ar*aic74 ,! ,acropolis ,museum1 ,a!ns #ab ,,h>modius4 ,national ,museum1 ,naples #ad ,,! ,,*>iote]4 ,delphi ,museum #ad ,,! ,,sp>tan ,,girl4 ,! ,vatican1 ,rome #ah ,,! ,,doryphorus4 ,national ,museum1 ,naples #ah ,,myron',s ,,discobolus4 ,! ,a%molean1 ,ox=d #bb ,,!seus4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,a figure f ! ,ea/]n ,p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non #cj ,,! ,,?ree ,,fates4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,a gr\p f ! ,ea/]n ,p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non #cj ,f ,,! ,,p>!non ,,frieze4 ,briti% ,museum4 ,sc5es f ! ,pana!naic ,procession #cb ,,zeus4 ,! ,vatican1 ,rome4 ,f\nd at ,otricoli #cf ,,h]a4 ,t]me ,museum1 ,rome4 ,f ! ,villa ,ludovisi #cf ,,h]a4 ,! ,vatican1 ,rome #dj ,,! ,,mausoleum ,,*>iote]4 ,briti% ,museum1 ,london #dh ,,niobe4 ,! ,glypto!k1 ,muni* #ej ,,m5elaus ,,& ,,patroclus4 ,loggia de ,lonzi1 ,flor5ce #eb ,,ares ,,ludovisi4 ,! ,vatican1 ,rome #eb ,,! 8,,dexileus0 ,,relief4 ,! ,c]amicus1 ,a!ns #ed ,,! ,,h]mes 7head74 ,by ,praxiteles4 ,olympia #eh ,,! 8,,eros0 ,,torso4 ,! ,vatican1 ,rome4 ,f\nd at ,c5tocelle #fj ,,aphrodite ,,( ,,cnidus4 ,! ,vatican1 ,rome #fb ,,! ,,apoxyom5us4 ,! ,vatican1 ,rome #fh ,,meleag]4 ,! ,vatican1 ,rome #fh ,,! ,,s>cophagus ,,( ,,alex&]4 ,con/ant9ople #gd ,,phocion4 ,! ,vatican1 ,rome #gf ,,p]icles4 ,briti% ,museum #gh ,,! ,,head ,,( ,,alex&] 7aft] ,lysippus74 ,briti% ,museum #gh ,,! ,,ty*e ,,( ,,antio*4 ,! ,vatican1 ,rome #hf ,,! ,,dy+ ,,gaul4 ,! ,capitol9e ,museum1 ,rome #hh ,,! ,,triumph ,,( ,,a!na4 ,f ! ,alt> ( ,zeus1 ,p]gamus4 ,b]l9 #ib ,,! ,,laocoon ,,gr\p4 ,! ,vatican1 ,rome #id ,,! ,,nile4 ,! ,vatican1 ,rome #if ,,! ,,f>nese ,,h]cules4 ,national ,museum1 ,naples #ajj ,,! ,,c]igotto ,,bronze4 ,! ,museum1 ,a!ns #ajb ,,! ,,apollo ,,belv$]e4 ,! ,vatican1 ,rome #ajf ,,v5us ,,( ,,m$ici4 ,! ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce #ajf ,,v5us ,,( ,,milo4 ,! ,l\vre1 ,p>is #aab ,,boy ,,/rangl+ ,a ,,goose4 ,! ,l\vre1 ,p>is #aad ,,*ild ,,) ,,lant]n4 ,t]me ,museum1 ,rome #aad ,,! ,,box] 7,bronze74 ,t]me ,museum1 ,rome #abj ,,ore/es ,,& ,,electra 7pseudo-ar*aic74 ,national ,museum1 ,naples #abh ,,augu/us4 ,! ,vatican1 ,rome #abh ,,n]va 7,head74 ,! ,vatican1 ,rome #acb ,,ant9\s4 ,! ,vatican1 ,rome #acf ,,m>cus ,,aurelius4 ,rome #ach ,a ,,go?ic ,,panel3 8,,! ,,la/ ,,judgm5t40 ,a bas-relief f ! por* ( ,b\rges ,ca!dral #aej ,,giovanni ,,pisano3 8,,! ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,magi40 ,a panel f ! pulpit ( ! ,pisan ,duomo4 ,n[ 9 ! ,museo ,civico1 ,pisa #aej ,,niccola ,,pisano3 8,,! ,,pulpit ,,at ,,pisa0 #aef ,,lor5zo ,,ghib]ti3 8,,! ,,gates ,,( ,,p>adise40 ,! ,bapti/]y1 ,flor5ce #afd ,,donatello3 8,,sa9t ,,george40 ,f ! *ur* ( ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 ,flor5ce #agb ,,donatello3 8,,david40 ,! ,b>gello1 ,flor5ce #agd ,,jacopo ,,della ,,qu]cia3 ,,! ,,tomb ,,( ,,il>ia ,,del ,,c>retto4 ,! ,ca!dral1 ,lucca #agf ,,luca ,,della ,,robbia3 8,,! ,,visitation40 ,pi/oja #agh ,,&rea ,,v]oc*io3 8,,! ,,d\bt+ ,,?omas40 ,a gr\p = ! ext]ior ( ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 ,flor5ce #ahj ,,v]oc*io ,,& ,,leop>di3 ,,! ,,colleoni ,,monum5t4 ,v5ice #ahb ,,mi*ael ,,angelo3 8,,david40 ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,flor5ce #ahd ,,mi*ael ,,angelo3 8,,! ,,pieta40 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome #ahf ,,mi*ael ,,angelo3 ,,monum5t ,,( ,,lor5zo4 ,m$ici ,*apel1 ,flor5ce #ahf ,,mi*ael ,,angelo3 8,,moses40 ,a figure design$ = ! ,tomb ( ,julius ,,ii4 #ahh ,,mi*ael ,,angelo3 ,,lor5zo1 ,,duke ,,( ,,urb9o4 ,! ,m$ici ,*apel1 ,flor5ce #aib ,,mi*ael ,,angelo3 8,,night40 ,f ! monum5t to ,giuliano1 ,duke ( ,nem\rs4 ,! ,m$ici ,*apel1 ,flor5ce #aid ,,mi*ael ,,angelo3 8,,dawn40 ,f ! monum5t to ,lor5zo1 ,duke ( ,urb9o4 ,! ,m$ici ,*apel1 ,flor5ce #aid ,,b5v5uto ,,cell9i3 8,,p]seus40 ,! ,loggia dei ,lanzi1 ,flor5ce #bjd ,,giovanni ,,bologna3 8,,m]cury40 ,! ,b>gello1 ,flor5ce #bjd ,,giovanni ,,bologna3 8,,! ,,rape ,,( ,,! ,,sab9e ,,wom540 ,! ,loggia dei ,lanzi1 ,flor5ce #bjh ,,giovanni ,,b]n9i3 8,,apollo ,,& ,,daphne40 ,f ! ,borghese ,gall]y1 ,rome #baj ,,giovanni ,,b]n9i3 8,,! ,,ec/atic ,,vision ,,( ,,/4 ,,!resa40 ,! *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia della ,vittoria1 ,rome #baj ,,pet] ,,vis*]3 8,,k+ ,,ar?ur40 ,innsbruck #bbd ,,g\jon3 8,,! ,,diana0 ,,f ,,anet4 ,! ,l\vre1 ,p>is #bcj ,,puget3 8,,! ,,immaculate ,,conception40 ,g5oa #bcd ,,gir>don3 8,,apollo ,,& ,,nymphs40 ,v]sailles #bcf ,,pigalle3 8,,m]cury40 ,! ,l\vre1 ,p>is #bch ,,falconet3 8,l',,am\r ,,m5a,,ant40 ,! ,l\vre1 ,p>is #bch ,,clodion3 8,,satyr ,,) ,,flute0 #bdj ,,h\don3 8,,diana40 ,! ,l\vre1 ,p>is #bdb ,,h\don3 8,,voltaire0 7bu/74 ,! ,l\vre1 ,p>is #bdd ,,antonio ,,canova3 ,,paul9e ,,borghese ,,z 8,,v5us ,,victrix40 ,villa ,borghese1 ,rome #bdh ,,antonio ,,canova3 8,,cupid ,,& ,,psy*e40 ,villa ,c>lotta1 ,lake ( ,como #bdh ,,b]tel ,,?orvalds53 8,,v5us40 ,devon%ire ,collection1 ,*atswor? #beb ,,fran,,ois ,,rude3 ,,! ,,m>seillaise ,,relief4 ,p>is #bed ,,john ,,flaxman3 8,,satan ,,& ,,! ,,ar*angel ,,mi*ael40 ,f ! model 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton #bfj ,,anto9e ,,b>ye3 8,,c5taur ,,& ,,lapi?40 ,! ,l\vre1 ,p>is #bfd ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,c>peaux3 8,,! ,,dance40 ,op]a ,h\se1 ,p>is #bfh ,,anto9e ,,idrac3 8,,m]cury ,,inv5t+ ,,! ,,caduceus40 ,! ,luxemb\rg1 ,p>is #bgj ,,paul ,,dubois3 8,,/4 ,,john ,,! ,,bapti/40 ,! ,luxemb\rg1 ,p>is #bgj ,,jules ,,dal\3 8,,! ,,triumph ,,( ,,sil5us40 ,j>d9 du ,luxemb\rg1 ,p>is #bgb ,,augu/e ,,rod93 8,,! ,,kiss40 ,! ,luxemb\rg1 ,p>is #bgf ,,augu/e ,,rod93 8,,! ,,?9k]40 ,! ,pan!on1 ,p>is #bgh ,,john ,,gibson3 8,,hylas ,,& ,,! ,,nymphs40 ,tate ,gall]y1 ,london #bhb ,,alfr$ ,,/ev5s3 ,,figure ,,f ,,! ,,fireplace1 ,,dor*e/] ,,h\se1 ,,london #bhf ,,"l ,,leighton3 8,,a?lete ,,& ,,py?on40 ,tate ,gall]y #bhh ,,?omas ,,brock3 8,,eve40 ,! ,tate ,gall]y1 ,london #bij ,,hamo ,,?ornycr(t3 8,,! ,,m[]40 ,liv]pool #bij ,,meuni] 7,belgian ,s*ool73 8,,! ,,m[]0 #bib ,,alfr$ ,,gilb]t3 8,,sa9t ,,george40 ,f ! ,cl>5ce ,memorial1 ,w9dsor #bif ,,onsl[ ,,=d3 8,,egyptian ,,s+]40 ,! ,tate ,gall]y1 ,london #bih ,,h>ry ,,bates3 8,,p&ora40 ,! ,tate ,gall]y1 ,london #cjj ,j4 ,m4 ,,swan3 8,,orpheus0 #cjj ,,george ,j4 ,,frampton3 8,,my/]i>*0 #cjb ,,"p ,i ,,hell5ic ,,sculpture ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,greek ,,sculpture ,,& ,,! ,,a?letic ,,sculptures ,,( ,,greece ,n[adays sculpture is n an ackn[l$g$ que5 9 ! ,t\rney ( ! ,arts4 ,! writ] :o has ?ru/ h] col\rs into 8 casque & w\ld break a lance on h] behalf1 /ruggles = "s un/ori$ damsel ab\t ^: v exi/5ce he has be5 playfully twitt$ by ! *ampions ( ! reign+ beauties4 ,rightly consid]$1 art is b a =m ( spee*--sculpture speak+ ?r\gh words =m$ f *isell$ m>ble & m\ld$ bronze4 ,su* a language c only h lo/ its mean+ if ! m5 ( to-day diff] fundam5tally f ^? ( ! pa/4 ,b is ?is ! case8 ,c any "o d\bt t human ?\ght & action are ev] sub/antially repeat+ !mselves1 s9ce m5 & wom5 are at all times actuat$ by sub/antially ! same passions8 ,! tw5tie? c5tury simply requires to realise t sculpture ?robs ) ! ?\ght & emotion a/ir 9 itself4 ,?\gh x _c be claim$ t ! art is popul> 9 ! s5se t music & pa9t+ are popul>1 our firm conviction is t its peculi> ?rill only ne$s to be felt1 = sculpture to become z widely appreciat$ z ! si/] arts4 ,danc+ may be a lo/ art2 we are assur$ sculpture is n4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 hone/y compels u to preface ?is book ) a confession4 ,x is a hi/ory ( sculpture ) a purpose4 ,x seeks to entice a few m5 & wom5 into ! belief t sculpture is1 ess5tially1 a liv+ art4 ,its "o object is to m>%al ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! proposition t ! m>bles & bronzes ( ! great sculptors are n dead ?+s :i* may well be left to ga!r du/ 9 national museums & unfrequ5t$ corn]s ( public gall]ies4 ,?\gh m>ble & bronze h n lo/ _! pot5cy1 x w\ld be folly to reg>d all sculpture z equally vital4 ,mu* has only an ar*ological or antiqu>ian int]e/ 9 ^! latt] days4 ,consequ5tly1 ?\gh build+ f ! bricks ( ! pa/1 ev]y?+ :i* has lo/ its mean+ = ! m5 ( to-day w be ru?lessly exclud$4 ,our purpose is to write a hi/ory ( ! art itself1 to %[ h[ its v>i\s manife/ations arose f social & political circum/ances1 to trace ! emotions & ?\ghts :i* /imulat$ ! arti/s to produce _! greate/ works & to gauge ! action & int]action :i* creat$ ! v>i\s national /yles4 ,on ! "o h& is ! sculptor express+ :at appe>s to be 8 own ?\ghts & emotions4 ,on ! o!r1 ! m5 ( 8 c\ntry & "t provid+ him ) ! raw mat]ial ( ?\ght & feel+1 & compell+ ! production ( works :i* c\ld nev] h se5 ! light _h he dwelt on a column 9 ! des]t aft] ! mann] ( "s ,alex&rian my/ic4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,9 addition1 !re is ! influ5ce :i* ! sculptor ex]ts ^u ^? ar\nd him1 & p>ticul>ly ^u 8 fell[ craftsm54 ,out ( ! reciprocal modification arises a body ( sculptural production1 end[$ ) a def9ite national /yle4 ,! task ( e/imat+ ^! actions & c\nt]actions & _! effects _c be an easy "o4 ,x calls = he>t z well z m9d1 bo? f writ] & read]4 ,x w\ld be fatal to treat ! bronzes ( ,polyclitus1 ! m>bles ( ,phidias1 ,donatello1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 z too _m hi/orians d ! docum5ts f :i* !y presume to create ! pa/4 ,ev5 if political hi/ory c be pr(itably r$uc$ to a dull catalogue ( *>t]s & enactm5ts--:i* we d5y--! hi/ory ( an art _c4 ,t mu/ take human passion & emotion into acc\nt1 & mu/ be writt5 by ^? :o are n afraid to feel or a%am$ ( _! feel+s4 ,f any o!r /&po9t1 art becomes divorc$ f life4 ,! read] is d5i$ a glimpse ( its mo/ pot5t =ce--its my/]i\s p[] ( ar\s+ e*oes 9 8 own he>t4 ,=tunately1 ! gr\nd to be cov]$ is pregnant ) int]e/4 ,! /ory ( ! meteoric rise ( ! art 9 ,greece1 s sudd5 t a paltry half-c5tury sep>at$ ! dead "w ( ! six? c5tury f ! vitalis$ m>bles ( ! ,p>!non1 w be foll[$ by an acc\nt ( ! 8,gold5 ,age10 9 :i* sculpture express$ ! :ole nature--physical1 m5tal1 & spiritual--( ! mo/ complete m5 :o h ev] liv$4 ,!nce to ! art ( ! ,alex&rian & ,roman ,empires1 lead+ up to ! great revival ( sculpture 9 ! city /ates ( ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,f9ally1 a consid]ation ( ! sculpture ( ,mon>*ical1 ,imp]ial1 & ,republican ,france w lead up to ! works ( our own "t & ! f9al problem--h[ ne> su* a sculptor z ,rod9 is to assimilat+ & express+ ! /range & wond]ful exp]i5ces aris+ f ! /ress ( mod]n life4 ,9 ! nature ( ?+s all our correlations w n be equally exhau/ive or correct4 ,! philosophical me?od is m op5 to errors aris+ f individual prejudice ?an ! m /rictly sci5tific "o1 :i* is cont5t to collect & gr\p examples4 ,9 "s cases1 moreov]1 peculi>ities ( /yle & subject w dep5d ^u circum/ances extremely remote f pres5t-day exp]i5ce1 &1 !re=e1 peculi>ly difficult to express adequately4 ,nev]!less1 we hope to sugge/ a me?od1 & to lay a f\ndation ^u :i* our read]s w be able to build4 ,?\gh we %all base our g5]alisations ^u a comp>atively few examples1 we %all seek to provide ni*es into :i* practically all ! great] works ( sculpture c be fitt$4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,beg9n+s 7#ajjj ,b4,c4 ,,to #eej ,b4,c47 ,be>+ 9 m9d t our only conc]n is ) :at may be t]m$ 8vital sculpture0--art ) a message = ! tw5tie? c5tury--we may ask1 :]e %\ld a beg9n+ be made8 ,un=tunately1 ! art ( sculpture1 unlike hi/ory1 has nev] be5 bless$ ) an ,ar*bi%op ,us%] will+ to v\* = ! day & h\r ( its bir? 9 "s ye> aft] #djjd ,b4,c4 ,z a craft1 ( c\rse1 sculpture dates f ! v e>lie/ times4 ,:ile ! prehi/oric pa9t] 0 scrat*+ 8 fir/ rude picture 9 ! s&s ab\t 8 doorway1 8 sculptor bro!r 0 :ittl+ a /ick into ! semblance ( a human figure1 or r\ghly m\ld+ ! riv] clay to 8 fancy4 ,! results int]e/ ! ar*ologi/1 & rightly f9d a place 9 our museums r ?an 9 our art gall]ies4 ,b !y are n :at we h 9 m9d :5 we speak ( 8pa9t+s0 or 8sculpture40 ,h[ f> !n mu/ we g back to f9d ! bir? ( ! art ( sculpture8 ,9 o!r words1 :5 did man fir/ awak5 to a s5se ( ! real beauty ( human =m2 &1 "u ! impulse ( ?is feel+1 :5 did he fir/ seek to p]petuate ! fleet+ beauties he saw ar\nd him1 & ! /ill m fleet+ imag9ations :i* ^! beauties evok$8 ,:]e mu/ we beg9 if we w\ld det]m9e ! v>i\s human influ5ces--social1 political1 & religi\s--:i* h det]m9$ ! c\rse ( sculpture z an art8 ,! man 9 ! /reet answ]s readily en\gh--& he is q "r--8,fif? ,c5tury ,greece40 ,he is satisfi$ t1 speak+ 9 g5]al t]ms1 x 0 n until aft] ,m>a?on & ,salamis t 8,human h&s fir/ mimick$1 & !n mock$ ,) m\ld$ limbs m lovely ?an its own1 ,! human =m1 till m>ble grew div9e40 ,! av]age man1 :o has none ( ! ye>n+s ( ! ar*ologi/1 sees ! int]e/ ( "s ( ! pla/ic art ( ! e>li] civilisations4 ,he ev5 grants x a c]ta9 beauty4 ,yet he kn[s t x is n :at he expects to f9d 9 a gall]y ( sculpture4 ,9 ,babylonia1 ! art 0 too closely id5tifi$ ) ar*itecture to ev] atta9 a vigor\s indep5d5t gr[?4 ,9 ,egypt1 ! conv5tionalities t result$ f ! influ5ce ( an all-p[]ful prie/hood & an extremely n>r[ emotional & intellectual exp]i5ce1 prov$ too /rong = ! native sculptor4 ,! brilliant civilisation t exi/$ dur+ ! second mill5nium 9 pre-,hell5ic ,greece & ! isl&s & coa/s ( ! gean1 0 too %ort-liv$ to all[ ( any art rea*+ maturity4 ,x 0 only :5 ! f9al defeat ( ! ,p]sians p]mitt$ ! ,greeks to devote _! great intellectual gifts to ! task t ! work]s prov$ ! full capabilities ( /one & bronze z m$iums ( emotional expression1 & 8m>ble grew div9e40 ,b ! effloresc5ce ( ! sculptor's art 9 fif?-c5tury ,greece c only be realis$ by ref]5ce to ! ef=ts ( an e>li] age4 ,9 comp>ison ) poetry1 sculpture develop$ late 9 ,greece4 ,hom] _h liv$ & di$4 ,8 epics _h be5 *ant$ by ! m9/rels ( ! feudal c\rts = hundr$s ( ye>s2 b x 0 n until ! tribal organisation became weak5$1 & ! ,greek trad+ & manufactur+ cities arose1 t m5 look$ to m>ble & bronze to give mat]ial =m to _! fleet+ imag9ations4 ,! case ( ,greece is1 h[ev]1 typical4 ,! sculptor1 l ! dramati/1 ne$s ! atmosph]e ( a city & ! vivify+ effects ( a city's ev]-*ang+ influ5ces to k9dle ! vital sp>k4 ,bo? are inspir$1 n by ! appreciation ( ! few1 b by ! homage ( ! _m4 ,s long z ! ,greek husb&m5 met by t5s to hon\r ,dionysus1 ! god's fea/ 0 ! occasion ( a rude m$ley ( ru/ic song & dance4 ,:5 ?\s&s ga!r$ 9 ! !atre bel[ ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns1 an s*ylus %[$ t an art1 us+ ! same elem5ts1 c\ld s\nd ! dep?s ( all he>ts & imag9ations4 ,s1 9 ! spot :]e a few ru/ics (f]$ up _! pray]s & _! praises = ! increase ( _! h]ds1 a rude wood5 image 0 suffici5t to m>k ! re/+-place ( ! god4 ,b :5 ! ,a!nian populace ga!r$ ne> ! %r9e ( ,a!ne1 ! goddess 0 symbolis$ by ! great ivory & gold /atue ( ,phidias4 ,! e>lie/ ,hell5ic images 7 ( wood hewn into ! r\gh semblance ( human figures4 ,!re 0 no attempt at m ?an vaguely indicat+ ! limbs4 ,! heavy blocks 71 h[ev]1 cov]$ ) ri*ly embroid]$ dresses :i* s]v$ to hide "s ( _! rud5ess4 ,:5 /one began to be us$ in/ead ( ! m p]i%able wood1 ! masons did n conceive ! possibility ( any great improvem5t4 ,yet ^! pa9t$ wood5 images 7 n ! fir/ in/ances ( ! sculptor's art 9 ! gean p59sula4 ,six hundr$ ye>s be=e1 ! ,myc5an civilisation 9 ! s\? ( ! ,peloponnesus & 9 ! isl& ( ,crete1 :i* ! excavations ( ,dr4 ,s*liemann & ,sir ,ar?ur ,evans h rec5tly reveal$1 _h giv5 bir? to "w f> ne>] to nature ?an any produc$ 9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies4 ,b dur+ ! ye>s foll[+ ! s-call$ ,dorian invasion ?is 0 lo/4 ,myc51 ,tiryns1 & ,cnossus became vague memories--! dwell+-places ( my?ical k+s & h]oes--invad]s & natives1 settl+ d[n to an agricultural life 9 a n-too-fruitful c\ntry4 ,! b>e necessities ( life 7 h>d to come by4 ,!re 0 no leisur$ class su* z alone c\ld support an art l sculpture4 ,b ?is is sc>cely a suffici5t explanation ( ! extreme r\ghness ( ! e>ly temple images ( ,greece be=e ! six? c5tury4 ,we /ill ask :y a race 9 :i* ! arti/ic in/9ct 0 s /rong1 & :i* _h already inspir$ a great epic poem1 did n produce m natural repres5tations ( ! deities !y _h evid5tly cle>ly imag$ m5tally4 ,an answ] is sugge/$ by an analog\s case 9 e>ly ,egyptian hi/ory4 ,among ! temple %r9es ( ! ,nile ,valley1 natural fl9ts h be5 f\nd t _h evid5tly be5 select$ on acc\nt ( _! r\gh resemblance to "s animal =m4 ,lime/one figures h be5 f\nd alongside ^!1 ! workman%ip ( :i* is almo/ z r\gh4 ,^! c>v$ lumps ( lime/one are r ! result ( improv+ natural =ms ?an ( actual modell+4 ,apply+ ?is analogy to ! case ( ,greece1 ! e>ly temple images seem to h be5 *os51 9 ! fir/ place1 on acc\nt ( "s fanci$ resemblance to a human or sup]human figure4 ,! temptation to commit a pi\s fraud by add+ a no/ril1 or an eye1 or a sugge/ion ( drap]y w\ld be v great1 b x c\ld n be c>ri$ too f>4 ,beauty or naturalism 7 n aim$ at or desir$4 ,! sugge/ion t ! extreme rud5ess ( ! e>ly ,hell5ic religi\s sculptures 0 delib]ate1 becomes /ill m probable :5 we turn to ! hi/ory ( ,r5aissance art1 two ?\s& ye>s aft] ! age ( :i* we speak4 ,at a "t :5 ! arti/s ( ,italy 7 lavi%+ all _! imag9ation & te*nical skill ^u figures ( ! ,madonna1 ! old symbolic repres5tations ( ! ,byzant9e type 7 /ill pres]v$ z preci\s relics 9 *ur* & ca!dral4 ,( ! ,italians ( 8 day1 = in/ance1 no man realis$ ! beauty ( physical =m & ! possibility ( express+ x by means ( pigm5t & bru%1 m ?an ,guido1 ! fa!r ( ,italian pa9t+4 ,yet he did n wor%ip at ! foot ( "o ( 8 own pictures ( ! ,madonna4 ,week by week he knelt be=e ! little ,madonna della ,gu>dia f ! ,ea/1 black ) age z x 04 ,he felt in/9ctively t1 = all ! %e] beauty t he 0 /riv+ to imp>t to 8 pictures ( ! ,"m ( ,*ri/1 !y lack$ ! spiritual appeal ( ?is old "w4 ,& s x 0 long aft] ! "t ( ,guido4 ,see+ t ! ,italian wor%ipp]1 :o saw ! mo/ lovely repres5tations ( ! ,div9e ,mo!rhood 9 e *ur*1 /ill reg>d$ ! old conv5tional types ) awe1 we ne$ n be surpris$ t ! ,greek peasant 0 cont5t to wor%ip ! r\gh wood or /one image :i* he 0 told 0 heav5 s5t4 ,if ?is explanation is correct1 ! image w\ld be an object ( awe on acc\nt ( ! v artlessness :i* is surpris+ 9 a race s gift$ z ! ,greeks4 ,we escape ! difficulty ( believ+ t su* a temple image z ! 8,h]a ( ,samos10 9 ! ,l\vre1 0 ! highe/ /age t ! craftsman%ip & ! imag9ation ( ! ,greek sculptor c\ld !n atta94 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,naturalism 7#eej ,b4,c4 ,,to #dhj ,b4,c47 ,! ,ionic ,colonies 9 ,asia ,m9or 7 ! fir/ ( ! ,greek-speak+ races to acquire mat]ial prosp]ity1 & x 0 !re t ! sculptor fir/ began to %ake (f ! old conv5tional %ackles4 ,! ,ionians 7 9 t\* ) ! civilisations ( ,babylonia & ,egypt1 & m]*&ise f ! ,ea/ fl[$ ?r\gh _! m>kets = ,greece & ! ,grecian ,colonies 9 ! f> we/4 ,sculpture1 9 :i* ! ,ori5tal influ5ce 0 /rongly m>k$1 fl\ri%$ !re consid]ably e>li] ?an 9 ,argos or ,attica4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ^! ,ionian ,colonies began to influ5ce ,greece /rongly1 & ,a!ns 9 p>ticul>4 ,?is is evid5c$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,ionic l95 *iton1 or sleev$ tunic1 gradually sup]s$$ ! wooll5 peplos :i* ! ,a!nians _h worn e>li]4 ,at ?is "t ! ,greeks 7 becom+ ri*]2 _! ,colonies cont9u$ to dem& ev] increas+ quantities ( _! manufactures1 & to s5d m & m ( ! raw mat]ials4 ,! great] cities 7 able to replace ! old %r9es ( brick & wood1 :i* _h conta9$ ! wood5 images ( _! gods1 by new /one /ructures4 ,dur+ ! second half ( ! six? c5tury1 temples 7 erect$ all ov] ! ,greek-speak+ _w1 ! ru9s ( ^? at g9a & ,sel9us /ill rema9+ to %[ u ! g5]al type4 ,sculpture 0 ! tw9 si/] ( ar*itecture4 ,p$im5ts1 metopes1 & friezes 7 all adorn$ ) m>ble gr\ps or reliefs4 ,9 ,greece prop]1 ! tyrants1 :o _h usurp$ ! p[] 9 _m ,/ates1 sp5t va/ sums on beautify+ _! capitals4 ,su* a "o z ,pisi/ratus turn$ to ,ionia = ! craftsm5 he ne$$1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 to ! s*ool ( sculpture 9 ! isl& ( ,*ios4 ,_m ,ionians skill$ 9 ! work+ ( m>ble f ,naxos & ,p>os settl$ 9 ,a!ns1 & !y in/ruct$ _! ,a!nian bre?r54 ,) ! increas+ facility t result$ f ! great] numb] ( workm5 :o c\ld give _! lives to ma/]+ its te*nical difficulties1 sculpture gradually lo/ its conv5tionalities4 ,by ?is "t ! art _h made imm5se /rides beyond ! rude wood5 images ( ! e>li] age1 z c be se5 f ! well-kn[n ar*ai/ic 8,diana10 9 ! ,national ,museum1 ,naples4 ,?is p>ticul> "w 0 execut$ 9 ,roman times "u ! influ5ce ( a /rong t5d5cy to reproduce ! prom95t *>act]i/ics ( ! ar*aic /yle4 ,b ?\gh x dates f a "t :5 sculpture 0 once m fall+ into lifeless conv5tionalism1 x gives a good idea ( ! results ( ! fir/ e>ne/ ef=ts aft] tru?ful repres5tation4 ,! sculptor is n yet ma/] ( 8 mat]ial4 ,note ! /range expression kn[n z 8! ar*aic smile10 a direct consequ5ce ( ! craftsman's inability to repres5t correctly ! human eye 9 pr(ile4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d$icatory ,,/atue 7,,ar*aic7 ,acropolis ,museum1 ,a!ns ,illu/ration3 ,,diana 7,,ar*ai/ic7 ,national ,museum1 ,naples ,a numb] ( pa9t$ ar*aic sculptures h be5 une>!d 9 rec5t ye>s on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis1 :i* %[ ! orig9als ^u :i* ! ar*ai/ic /yle ( ! 8,diana0 at ,naples 0 =m$4 ,!y 7 buri$ dur+ ! improvem5ts consequ5t ^u ! rebuild+ aft] ! ,p]sian ,w>s4 ,_m ( ^! 7 d$icatory (f]+s4 ,! increas+ cu/om ( sub/itut+ su* /atues = ! tripods & crat]s d$icat$ 9 e>li] days1 did mu* to provide arti/s at ! end ( ! six?1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 ) opportunities = exp]im5t4 ,9 su* "w ! arti/ _h only to satisfy ! donor4 ,private individuals 7 less insi/5t ^u conv5tional =ms ?an ! temple prie/s4 ,"u ^! influ5ces ! drap]y gradually became less angul>1 & ! set smile ( ! old] /atues gave place to a dignifi$ repose4 ,! illusion ( =m became m & m complete1 & !re 0 less & less insi/5ce ^u ! reproduction ( ! detail 9 e fold ( ! elaborate ,ionic drap]y4 ,9 o!r words1 ! arti/ 0 no long] a slave to 8 mat]ial4 ,he 0 le>n+ h[ to make ! m>ble express :at he _h 9 m9d4 ,! num]\s discov]ies ( ^! ar*aic /atues illu/rate ! gradual *ange &1 p>ticul>ly1 ! gr[+ beauty aft] :i* ! ,a!nian arti/s 7 /riv+4 ,incid5tally1 !y af=d int]e/+ evid5ce ( ! practice ( pa9t+ m>ble :i* 0 g5]al 9 ,greece4 ,f ! rema9s ( ! actual pigm5ts us$1 x c be se5 t ! hair 0 col\r$1 & ! br[1 la%es1 pupil & iris ( ! eye indicat$4 ,! bord]s ( ! dress too 7 /rongly m>k$1 s t "o g>m5t c\ld be readily di/+ui%$ f ano!r4 ,) ! gr[+ naturalism ev5 portrait /atues became possible4 ,= in/ance1 aft] ! dismissal ( ! sons ( ,pisi/ratus1 a gr\p 9 hon\r ( ,h>modius & ,ari/ogiton1 :o _h head$ an insurrection aga9/ ! tyrant1 0 erect$ 9 ! ,agora by _! democratic admir]s4 ,:5 ?is 0 c>ri$ (f by ,x]xes1 x 0 replac$ by a gr\p1 ! "w ( ,critius & ,nesiotes1 a m>ble copy ( :i* c be se5 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,naples4 ,we h *os5 ! /atue ( 8,h>modius0 z an illu/ration ( ! e>lie/ ,greek iconic /atu>y4 ,x w be se5 t x entirely lacks ! ideality ( treatm5t :i* 0 to be ! lead+ *>act]i/ic ( ! art fifty ye>s lat]4 ,,! ,,a?letic ,,sculptures 7#dhj ,b4,c4 ,,to #djj ,b4,c47 ,! magnific5t full l5g? 8,*>iote]10 re9s 9 h&1 excavat$ by ! ,fr5* ,exp$ition at ,delphi1 is n only ! f9e/ pre-,phidian bronze 9 exi/5ce1 b m>ks ! 8bord] l9e betwe5 dy+ ar*aism & ! vigor\s life ( free naturalism40 ,! /atue may h =m$ "p ( a *>iot gr\p set up z a d$icatory (f]+ by ,polyzalus1 ! bro!r ( ,hi]on ( ,syracuse1 9 hon\r ( a victory 9 ! games at ,delphi4 ,! entire "w portray$ a high-born y\?1 wait+ 9 a *>iot at ! />t+-po/4 ,a companion 0 at 8 side1 grooms1 no d\bt1 /&+ at ! horses' heads4 ,! driv]'s *iton is ga!r$ across ! %\ld]s by a curi\s arrangem5t ( ?reads1 run ?r\gh ! /uff 9 ord] to prev5t ! loose g>m5t flutt]+ 9 ! w9d4 ,x dates f ab\t #dgj ,b4,c4 ,! bronze is repres5tative ( ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( ,greek art be=e ! adv5t ( ! ?ree great sculptors ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,traces ( ar*aic workman%ip are mo/ noticeable 9 ! face & drap]y4 ,! arms & ! feet1 h[ev]1 are beautifully natural4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,*>iote] 7,,bronze7 ,delphi ,museum ,illu/ration3 ,,h>modius ,national ,museum1 ,naples ,/ill ! /iffness & conv5tionality ( ! ar*aic p]iod di$ h>d4 ,ev5 9 ! works ( ,myron1 ^: reputation 0 e/abli%$ by ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury1 !re are /ill traces ( ar*aic treatm5t1 z 9 ! hair4 ,b 9 su* a /atue z 8 8,discobolus10 ) its tru?fulness to nature1 its rhy?mic grace ( design & its triumphant ma/]y ov] all te*nical difficulties1 we c realise h[ f> ! sculpture ( 8 age 0 ahead ( ! be/ "w possible fifty ye>s e>li]4 ,! m5tion ( ,myron1 ! e>lie/ arti/ to b5efit by ! free+ ( ! pla/ic arts f ! %ackles ( conv5tionalism1 br+s u ^u "o ( ! prime problems ( ,greek sculpture4 ,practically1 ! hi/ory ( ,greek sculpture dep5ds ^u ! connections :i* c be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! art & ?ree lead+ ideals4 ,! difficulty ( really und]/&+ x dep5ds ^u ! di/ance we mod]ns h progress$--p>don u ! t]m--f ^? ?ree dom9at+ ideas4 8,h[ we jabb] ab\t ! ,greeks6 ,:at d we und]/& ( _! art1 ! s\l ( :i* is ! passion = nak$ male beauty80 ,s says ,nietzs*e4 ,& he proce$s to po9t out t = ?is v reason ! ,greeks _h a p]spective altoge!r diff]5t f our own4 ,no?+ c be tru]2 nor c any?+ be m c]ta9 ?an t ?is tru? mu/ be realis$ absolutely by all :o w\ld p5etrate beyond ! out] c\rts ( ! temple ( ,hell5ic sculpture4 ,b ?\gh we _c look at a ,greek /atue ) ! und]/&+ ( a ,hell5e1 ?\gh classic sculpture is1 z x 71 writt5 9 an ali5 tongue1 ! hi/orian c readily enum]ate ! influ5ces by :i* ! art 0 fo/]$1 & ! ideals :i* x s\ght to embody4 ,! fir/ 0 a civic pride s int5se t no ,greek ( ! be/ p]iod hesitat$ to sacrifice all individual consid]ations = ! sake ( ! common weal4 ,to ! true ,hell5e1 life 0 life 9 ! ,greek city-/ate4 ,! second 0 a realisation ( ! ext5t & limit ( human p[]s s complete t x left little room = ! idea ( ! extra-mundane ,god :i* ,*ri/ian nations h f\nd s satisfy+4 ,! imm$iate consequ5ce 0 a religi\s tol]ance s complete t we ,*ri/ians1 :o are apt to e/imate religi\s f]v\r by proselytis+ en]gy1 too (t5 reg>d x z proce$+ f a m]e poetical philosophy4 ,! ?ird 0 a love1 am\nt+ to wor%ip1 = ! human physical frame--= ! actual bone1 fle% & muscle1 :i* make ! man4 ,e ,greek /atue owes its greatness to ! int5sity ( ! arti/'s atta*m5t to "o or o!r ( ^! dom9at+ beliefs4 ,! ,pana!naic frieze on ! ,p>!non 01 prim>ily1 ! result ( ! fir/2 ! great temple /atues ( ,zeus1 ,h]a1 ,a!na & ,asclepius repres5t ! fruits ( ! second2 ! glori\s s]ies ( a?letic /atues by ,hell5ic sculptors ( e p]iod witness to ! pot5cy ( ! ?ird4 ,l mo/ ultimate problems1 ! puzzle goes back to a "q ( morality4 ,to-day1 virtue is p]sonal1 morality is practically a b>ga9 betwe5 man & man & betwe5 ! individual creature & 8 ,creator4 ,we _c easily realise ! position ( ! fif?-c5tury ,hell5e1 ^: moral s5se did n dep5d ^u ! prompt+s ( an individual consci5ce1 b ^u ! influ5ce ( an unwritt51 b unb5d+1 civil code4 ,!re 0 n "o su* code 9 ,greece1 b a hundr$ & fifty4 ,ea* city-/ate _h its own fix$ ideals4 ,greatly z ^! diff]$1 all agre$ t ! int]e/s ( ! individual 7 z no?+ comp>$ ) ^? ( ! city4 ,& to ?is all add$ z ! second great comm&m5t1 8,?\ %alt love ?y body z ?yself40 ,to-day1 we appo9t ,deg5]ation ,commissions4 ,9 ,greece !y w5t to ! root ( ! matt] & made a well-proportion$ & /rong body a prime condition ( citiz5%ip4 ,9 ,sp>ta e *ild 0 submitt$ to ! inspection ( ! heads ( ! tribe1 ^: task x 0 to decide if any bodily weakness or de=mity 0 pres5t or seem$ likely to develop4 ,if s1 ! v]dict 0 dea?4 ,at sev5 ! ,sp>tan boy left home & ent]$ ! /ate s*ools1 8 life1 until he rea*$ manhood at ?irty1 be+ a cont9ual r\nd ( ex]cises1 a?letic & milit>y4 ,& s x 0 ) ! fair] sex4 ,! "o end ( ! education & tra9+ ( a ,sp>tan woman 0 to give bir? to p]fectly-proportion$ sons4 ,ea* girl att5d$ ! public gymnasium4 ,nor 7 ^! cu/oms peculi> to ,sp>ta4 ,! maid5s ( ! ,greek _w _h _! a?letic fe/ivals1 "u ! gu>dian%ip ( ! goddess ,h]a4 ,a typical example1 ! ,h]a ( ,elis1 0 celebrat$ once 9 e ,olympiad1 & 0 presid$ ov] by ! sixte5 matrons :o _h wov5 ! sacr$ peplos ( ! goddess4 ,! pr9cipal solemnity 0 ! race ( ! maid5s 9 ! ,olympic /adium4 ,! c\rse1 h[ev]1 0 mu* %ort] ?an t ( ! ,olympian games1 9 fact a six? "p4 ,! girls 7 divid$ into ?ree classes accord+ to age1 _! prize be+ ! g>l& ( wild olive aw>d$ at ,olympia4 ,! victors 7 all[$ to set up /atues ( hon\r1 & a m>ble copy ( "o ( ^! bronzes1 (t5 call$ 8,! ,sp>tan ,girl10 has come d[n to u4 ,! =e>ms h be5 wrongly re/or$1 b ! /atue evid5tly repres5ts a maid5 ( ab\t sixte5 ye>s ( age at ! />t+-po9t1 wait+ = ! signal4 ,%e is clad 9 ! %ort l95 *iton1 rea*+ to ! knees4 ,b to return to ! ma9 ?read ( our argum5t4 ,! ,sp>tan sy/em 0 n s+ul> b typical4 ,x is true t no o!r ,greek /ate call$ ^u its p>5ts to expose _! halt1 maim$1 & bl9d weakl+s on ! wild slopes ( ,m\nt ,taygetus4 ,s dra/ic a me?od 0 only necess>y :]e milit>y consid]ations 7 p>am\nt4 ,b e ,greek city reli$ ^u ! physical fitness ( its citiz5s1 & any ,greek comm&] might confid5tly h foll[$ ! example ( ! (fic] :o /ripp$ ! ri* robes & jewels f 8 ,p]sian captives & expos$ _! unmanly limbs to 8 company4 8,su* plund] z ?is10 he cri$1 8& su* bodies z ^?60 ,! ,hell5ic belief 9 ! prime importance ( physical fitness & ! wor%ip ( bodily beauty to :i* x gave rise expla9 :y ! s*ool ( 8,a?letic0 sculptors1 :o fir/ %ook (f ! *a9s :i* _h hamp]$ ! progress ( ! pla/ic arts1 made su* an imm$iate impression4 ,^! m5 appeal$ to m ?an ! s5se ( physical beauty4 ,!y t\*$ a *ord 9 ! ,greek he>t :i* 0 9 a v true s5se 8religi\s40 ,an ,a!nian ( ! "t ( ,p]icles mu/ h inspir$ ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,balf\r :5 9 answ] to ! qu]y 8,:at d y mean by a beautiful s\l80 he repli$1 8,well1 to tell y ! tru?1 my de> lady1 ,i mean a beautiful body40 ,! my?ological religion ( ,greece _h ret>d$1 z we h se51 ! progress ( ! sculptor4 ,9 its e>ly /ages ! art1 ( c\rse1 ow$ mu* to its position z a h&maid5 ( religion4 ,! fir/ arti/s f\nd ! prie/s1 & /ill m ^? mak+ d$icatory (f]+s at ! %r9es ( ! great gods1 _! *ief patrons4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! craftsm5 prov$ ! possibility ( n only a tru?ful b ev5 an ideal repres5tation ( nature1 & 7 ready to disc>d ! mean+less conv5tionalities ( ! e>li] /age1 ^! religi\s influ5ces prov$ a b> r ?an an aid to progress4 ,:5 a city desir$ to erect a new /atue 9 its *ief temple1 x (f]$ ! commission1 n to ! d>+ innovator1 b to "o ( ! old s*ool1 or at lea/ to an arti/ :o 0 will+ to conf9e 8 exp]im5ts to o!r classes ( subjects4 ,illu/ration3 8,,! ,,sp>tan ,,girl0 ,vatican1 ,rome ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,doryphorus ,,( ,,polyclitus ,national ,museum1 ,naples ,9 ?is plight ! sculptor1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 seal$ an alliance ) ! wor%ipp] at ! %r9e ( bodily beauty4 ,! results 7 imm$iate4 ,aft] ! middle ( ! six? c5tury x became cu/om>y to erect /atues 9 hon\r ( victors 9 ! national games4 ,!y 7 frequ5tly set up by ! victor's colony or /ate 9 ! sacr$ grove ( ,zeus at ,olympia1 9 hon\r ( _! subject's success4 ,an iconic /atue 0 ! peculi> privilege ( "o :o _h prov$ ! w9n] on at lea/ ?ree occasions1 b o!rs 7 erect$ ( a m g5]al "*4 ,^! portray$ ! pick ( ! y\? ( ! ,grecian _w 9 all ! v>i$ attitudes ( ! diff]5t sports4 ,no subjects c\ld h (f]$ bett] opportunities to an arti/ appeal+ to a race ) ! *>act]i/ics we h sket*$4 ,moreov]1 ! circum/ances "u :i* 8 "w 0 giv5 to ! _w 7 ideal4 ,comp>e ! sculpture-rooms at ,burl+ton ,h\se ) ! sacr$ grove ( ,zeus at ,olympia1 comp>e ! av]age private-view 8cr[d0 ) ! ga!r+ ( ,greeks e f\r ye>s = ! ,olympian fe/ival1 & "o c see :y m5 speak ( sculpture z 8a lo/ art40 ,,! ,,olympian ,,games ,:5 ! ,olympian games />t$ !y 7 conf9$ to ! s\? ( ,greece1 & grew up "u ! patronage ( ,sp>ta4 ,z e>ly z #ggf ,b4,c4 ! meet+s det]m9$ ! *ronological sy/em ( ,greece4 ,a few ye>s lat] ! fe/ival _h e/abli%$ itself s firmly 9 ! ,hell5ic social sy/em t x became ! occasion ( a national assembly ( ! ,greek-speak+ _w4 ,at all o!r times ! di/9ction betwe5 ,a!nian & ,sp>tan1 betwe5 ,argive & ,!ban1 0 absolute4 ,dur+ ! ,olympian games ! ,greek escap$ f ! gr9d+ ef=t to pres]ve 8 civic individuality--! price he paid = citiz5%ip 9 su* a /ate z ,a!ns or ,sp>ta4 ,"u ! %ad[ ( ,m\nt ,cronus1 at ! "t ( ! second full moon aft] ,midsumm] ,day1 ! competitors & spectators came toge!r f ,italy1 ,sicily1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ! isl&s ( ! gean4 ,a sacr$ armi/ice _h be5 proclaim$ by ! ,olympian h]alds 9 all ! /ates ( ,greece4 ,! deputies f e "p vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 ! spl5d\r ( _! equipm5t & ! value ( _! (f]+s to ! /ate ( :i* !y 7 ! gue/s4 ,rememb]+ t we are endeav\r+ to acc\nt = ! rise ( "o ( ! great arts ( all "t1 let u call to m9d ! sc5e on ! pla9 betwe5 ! ,alpheus & ! ,cladeus on "o ( ! five days dur+ :i* ! fe/ival la/$4 ,) "o exception--! ,prie/ess ( ,demet]--!re is no woman 9 ! va/ assembly4 ,x is ! f\r? day ( ! games4 ,! judges c be se51 clad 9 ! purple robes ( _! (fice4 ,ne> by1 9 ! brilliant sun%9e1 8 nak$ =m /&+ out 9 cle> outl9e1 is "o ( ! competitors 9 ! ,p5ta?lon4 ,?is comprises leap+1 runn+1 wre/l+1 & hurl+ ! spe> & discus4 ,all :o ent] mu/ excel 9 ea*4 ,victory is n c]ta9 until ?ree ( ! five ev5ts h be5 won4 ,! mo/ fam\s ,p5ta?li are light m5--n bulky wre/l]s4 ,( all ! competitions1 ?is ne$s ! f9e/ physique & is mo/ calculat$ to develop t ela/icity & h>moni\s balance :i* ! ,greek prizes 9 8 y\?4 ,well might ,ari/otle call ! ,p5ta?li 8! mo/ h&some ( all a?letes40 ,! y\?ful figure1 on a space rais$ slightly above ! gr\nd1 is ( pure ,hell5ic blood4 ,he re/s on 8 "r foot1 8 knee b5t & 8 body lean+ =w>d4 ,9 8 h& is ! /one discus1 t5 or twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* rea*es half way up 8 =e>m4 ,9 front1 9 ! di/ance1 /&s a fri5d ready to m>k ! spot :]e ! /one falls4 ,! eyes ( ,greece are ^u ! discobolus4 ,8 only rew>d is ! "r to lay ! cr[n ( leaves 9 ! %r9e ( ! god ( 8 native t[n4 ,c x be wond]$ t ! arti/s ( ,greece 7 inspir$ to _! gr&e/ a*ievem5ts by su* sights8 ,x w\ld h be5 /range inde$ if _! f9e/ works _h n includ$ ! repres5tations ( ! w9n]s ( ! g>l& ( wild olive4 ,b ! tru? goes deep] ?an ?is4 ,)\t su* inspirations ,greek sculpture w\ld nev] h ris5 to ! heights x did atta94 ,& )\t ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,hell5e1 c we be sure t ,mi*ael ,angelo w\ld h ev] be5 m ?an a /ruggl]8 ,he might h pa9t$ ! ,si/9e ceil+1 b w\ld he h modell$ ! ,david or c>v$ ! monum5ts 9 ! ,m$ici ,*apel8 ,! fe/ival at ,olympia & ! gymnasia 9 e ,greek city 7 surely necess>y if ! art :i* dep5ds ^u 8! passion = nak$ male beauty0 0 to come to its own4 ,9 no o!r way c\ld 8e limb pres5t0--we are quot+ f ,s*op5hau]--8its pla/ic significance to criticism & to comp>ison ) ! ideal :i* lay undevelop$0 9 ! imag9ations ( m54 ,"u circum/ances less /r5u\s ! dull anticipation ( bodily beauty w\ld nev] h be5 rais$ 8to su* di/9ct consci\sness t m5 w\ld h become capable ( objectify+ x 9 works ( art40 ,we h se5 t ! initiation ( ! ,olympian games 0 due to ,sp>ta & its ,peloponnesian allies4 ,moreov]1 ! cu/om ( lay+ aside all clo?+ = ! v>i\s sports 0 fir/ adopt$ by ! ,peloponnesians1 & only spread sl[ly ?r\gh ! o!r ,greek city-/ates4 ,^! facts1 toge!r ) ! location ( ,olympia 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,peloponnese1 sugge/ :y ! 8,dorian0 sculptors devot$ p>ticul> att5tion to su* subjects z ! ,olympian fe/ivals (f]$4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ,argos 0 second only to ,a!ns z an arti/ic c5tre1 & ,polyclitus ( ,argos1 :o head$ 8! ,dorian ,s*ool10 0 consid]$ ! equal ( ,phidias himself4 ,! ideal = :i* ,polyclitus work$ 0 ! portrayal ( ! heal?y human =m 9 its mo/ complete & h>moni\s developm5t1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 ! pres]vation ( a due proportion betwe5 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4 ,8 success may be judg$ f ! fact t 8 /atue1 ! 8,doryphorus0--spe>-be>]--0 adopt$ by 8 arti/ic successors z ! /&>d ( p]fection ( ! y\?ful male figure1 & 0 kn[n z 8,! ,canon40 ,! bronze orig9als ( ! 8,doryphorus0 & its companion1 ! 8,diadum5us10 :i* depicts a y\? b9d+ ! diadem ( victory ab\t 8 br[1 h p]i%$4 ,we are !re=e compell$ to gauge ! g5ius ( ,polyclitus by ! m>ble copies4 ,!re is a fam\s copy ( ! 8,doryphorus0 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,naples4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo4 ,holliday1 ,ox=d ,,myron',s ,,discobolus ,! ,a%molean1 ,ox=d ,! *ief po9t ( int]e/ 9 ! ,dorian s*ool1 h[ev]1 arises f a comp>ison ( ! works produc$ "u its direct influ5ce ) ! bett]-kn[n examples ( ! ,attic s*ool4 ,e>ly 9 ! fif? c5tury ! s*ool ( sculpture locat$ ar\nd ,argos seems to h be5 "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial 9 ,greece4 ,! ,argive ,ageladas1 "u :om ,polyclitus 0 a /ud5t1 is cr$it$ ) hav+ in/ruct$ ! two o!r e>ly ma/]s--,myron & ,phidias4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! ,argive influ5ce 0 n all-p[]ful among/ ! ,a!nian sculptors4 ,! v>iation betwe5 ! two s*ools is m noticeable ?an ! resemblance4 ,& ?is is ( vital int]e/1 dep5d+ z x does ^u ! entirely diff]5t m5tal & emotional atmosph]e 9 ! two city-/ates4 ,if ! two well-kn[n /atues ( discoboli are comp>$ ) ! 8,doryphorus0 ( ,polyclitus1 ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,a!nian & ,dorian s*ools are cle>4 ,! /&+ 8,discobolus0 may well be a copy ( ! 8,p5ta?lon ,w9n]0 ( ,alcam5es1 a co-work] ) ,phidias1 :o rea*$ 8 prime ab\t #dbj ,b4,c4 ,x %[s ! a?lete hold+ ! discus 9 8 left h&4 ,he is measur+ ! gr\nd ) 8 eye1 te/+ ! ela/icity ( 8 limbs & ! sur5ess ( 8 foot+ z he does s4 ,! 8,discobolus0 ( ,myron repres5ts ! ,p5ta?lete 9 ! act ( ?r[+ ! discus4 ,lucian speaks ( 8! discus-?r[]1 b5d+ into position = ! ca/3 turn+ t[>ds ! h& hold+ ! discus1 & all b kneel+ on "o knee1 he seems z if he w\ld /raight5 himself up at ! ?r[40 ,! /atue is a consummate pro( ( ,myron's skill 9 ! r5d]+ ( vigor\s movem5t4 ,! copies 9 ! ,vatican & ! ,briti% ,museum are 9 m>ble4 ,9 ! orig9al bronze ! discus-?r[] look$ back1 n at ! gr\nd1 z 9 ! re/oration4 ,! correct attitude c be se5 9 ! rec5tly discov]$ replica1 n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,italian ,gov]nm5t1 or1 /ill bett]1 9 ! f9e bronze ca/ 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum at ,ox=d1 :i* disp5ses ) ! disfigur+ support necess>y 9 a m>ble copy4 ,bo? ^! /atues ( discoboli are di/+ui%$ above all = ! rhy?m ( _! composition--a rhy?m :i* is ! expression 9 bronze ( ! beautifully balanc$ & magnific5tly full lives ( ! ,a!nians ( ! ,p]iclean age4 ,polyclitus inve/$ 8 figures ) a natural vig\r & dignity :i* won = him ! suffrages ( 8 ,peloponnesian c\ntrym54 ,b ev5 all[+ = ! fact t we judge ! ,argive f late copies1 :ile su* orig9als z ! ,p>!non frieze rema9 to witness to ! a*ievem5ts ( ! rival s*ool1 x _c be d\bt$ t ! ,a!nian ideal 0 ! nobl] & its atta9m5t wor?i] ( praise4 ,nor c we attribute ! diff]5ce to any?+ else ?an ! m vitalis+ atmosph]e 9 :i* ,a!nian art 0 n\ri%$--a fact :i* w be cle> :5 we h e/imat$ ! circum/ances :i* l$ to ! erection ( ! ,p>!non4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,p>!non ,,& ,,! ,,temple ,,/atu>y ,,( ,,greece 7#dgj ,b4,c4 ,,to #dbj ,b4,c47 ,on ! va/ canvas ( record$ hi/ory "o half-c5tury has always /ood out4 ,! cle>] ! vision ( ! obs]v] & ! l>g] 8 view1 ! m e l9e 9 ! composition has appe>$ to conv]ge ^u & lead up to t c5tral po9t4 ,ev] & aga9 ! imag9ation ( man1 fasc9at$ by "s new beauty1 has be5 tempt$ away4 ,x has always return$ ) a new wond]4 ,! advance ( k has *ang$ ! _w's e/imate ( ?is & t "p ( ! gl[+ record ( human action & endeav\r4 ,b ! relative importance ( ^? fifty ye>s has be5 pres]v$ ?r\gh\t ! ages4 ,?is1 we believe1 repres5ts ! true position ( ,a!ns dur+ ! fif? c5tury be=e our era 9 ! s*eme ( g5]al hi/ory4 ,b a great art is only ! expression ( a nation's moods4 ,z ! ,greek epigram puts x3 8,i sang ^? songs t ga9 s mu* r5[n3 ,i1 ,phbus2 ,hom] m]ely wrote !m d[n40 ,we h !re=e only to alt] a few phrases to arrive at ! real position ( ,a!nian sculpture betwe5 #dgj & #dbj ,b4,c4 9 ! scale ( arti/ic a*ievem5t4 ,! proposition may ne$ qualification4 ,if s1 we may well prep>e ourselves = ! task by ! mo/ g5]\s appreciation ( ?is--! ,gold5 ,age ( ,sculpture4 ,s mu* = panegyric4 ,:at are ! facts8 ,h[ closely 0 sculpture connect$ ) ! e-day & all-day lives ( ! ,a!nian citiz5s8 ,we %all f9d t ! art 0 int]wov5 ) all t 0 mo/ vital 9 ! nation's hi/ory2 t its roots /ruck d[n deep into ! he>ts ( ! p4 ,! victory at ,m>a?on1 :i* broke ! spell ( ,p]sian inv9cibility1 & ! brilliant sea fight at ,salamis1 :i* settl$ ! future c\rse ( civilisation 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 _h made ,a!ns ! pr9cipal city 9 ,greece4 ,! small] /ates 9 h] vic9ity & ! great trad+ cities ( ,asia ,m9or1 attract$ by ! position ( ,a!ns z a sea p[]1 jo9$ ! ,conf$]ation ( :i* %e 0 ! lead+ _s4 ,ev5 ^? :i* refra9$ f a political alliance c\ld n )hold _! admiration f ! m5 :o _h done s mu* to save ,greece f ! dread$ hordes f ! ,ea/4 ,! ,a!nians _h1 h[ev]1 only atta9$ ?is position at ! co/ ( ! de/ruction ( _! city4 ,x]xes _h sack$ & burnt ,a!ns dur+ ! second campaign ( #dhj ,b4,c4 ,directly peace 0 assur$ ! ,a!nians set to "w to rebuild ! t[n4 ,cimon1 ! ari/ocrat1 & ,p]icles1 ! democrat1 vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 ensur+ t ! new city %\ld out%9e ! capital ( any /ate 9 ,greece4 ,) fre% m>kets op5+ up e ye> ! mat]ial prosp]ity ( ,attica increas$ by leaps & b\nds4 ,produce p\r$ 9 f ,asia ,m9or1 ! isl&s ( ! gean1 ! colonies 9 ,sicily & ,italy1 & ! settlem5ts on ! %ores ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,directly ! absolutely necess>y rebuild+ _h be5 accompli%$ & ! def5ces ( ! t[n 7 suffici5tly sure1 ! ,a!nians prep>$ to make _! city wor?y ( ! head%ip ( ! ,panhell5ic ,league4 ,9 br++ ?is ab\t !y 7 to d hon\r to ! goddess to ^: fo/]+ c>e !y ascrib$ _! victory ov] ! great conqu]or ( ! ,ea/4 ,z we h se51 no lack ( means hamp]$ ! accompli%m5t ( ! ,a!nian ambition4 ,ab\t #dej ,b4,c4 a temple 0 erect$ on ! s\?-we/ ( ! ,acropolis to ! hon\r ( ,a!na ,nike--! giv] ( ,victory4 ,a ye> or two lat] ! colossal bronze /atue ( ,a!na 0 erect$ 9 front ( ! spot :]e ! ,p>!non 0 to be built 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,,! ,,p>!non ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,a!ns ! ,acropolis _h be5 a rocky em95ce :i* s]v$ z a natural retreat1 on :i* ! dwell+ ( ! *iefs 0 erect$ ) ! %r9e ( ! tribal deity4 ,its precipit\s cliffs enabl$ a body ( det]m9$ def5d]s to keep an enemy at bay2 s t ^? liv+ at its foot soon obta9$ a comm&+ position among ! village tribes ( ,attica f _! ability to (f] a place ( safety 9 "t ( /ress4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ^! tribes became unit$ 9 ! common wor%ip !y paid to ! ,virg9 ,a!na :o gave h] "n to ! lead+ settlem5t1 & all (f]$ _! gifts at h] %r9e 9 ! c5tre ( ! =tress :5 h] inspiration gave !m ! victory4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ,a!ns 0 to put ! ,acropolis to ano!r use4 ,cimon levell$ its rugg$ plateau1 &1 by build+ ext5sive walls ar\nd its slopes & fill+ 9 ! gaps betwe5 ! walls & ! rock1 consid]ably increas$ its area4 ,on ! top arose ! build+s :i* 7 to make ,a!ns "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w4 ,! *ief ( ^! 01 ( c\rse1 ! ,p>!non--! temple ( ! virg9 goddess ,a!na4 ,on ?is all ! g5ius ( ,attica 0 lavi%$4 ,ict9us1 ! greate/ ar*itect 9 ,greece1 furni%$ ! design4 ,phidias 0 by common cons5t ! mo/ fitt$ to beautify ! build+s ) ! m>ble gr\ps & reliefs :i* 7 n[ ! great feature ( e public build+ 9 ,greece4 ,"u him 7 plac$ ! mo/ accompli%$ bronze-work]s & /one-cutt]s ( ! day4 ,born ab\t #ejj ,b4,c41 ,phidias 0 a boy :5 ,miltiades & 8 elev5 ?\s& ,a!nians & ,platans drove ! army ( ,d>ius to its boats at ,m>a?on4 ,l ,sophocles1 he may h borne arms at ,salamis4 ,he _h gr[n up 9 an atmosph]e saturat$ ) 8 c\ntrym5's successes & ambitions4 ,9 temp]am5t1 ! embodim5t ( ! ,attic _s1 ,phidias 0 ! v man to compose ! pan 9 m>ble :i* %\ld cry 8 c\ntry's pr[ess to ! _w :5 e ,grecian voice 0 /ill$4 ,! o!rs 7 to c>ry out 8 designs = ! decoration ( ! temple1 b 8 own "w 0 to be ! great ivory & gold /atue ( ,a!na :i* ! ,p>!non 0 to en%r9e4 ,t5 ye>s lat] 7#dch ,b4,c47 ! "w 0 f9i%$4 ,:5 ! second /atue ( ,a!na 0 unveil$ ! goddess 0 f\nd to be no long] ! w>like maid5 :o1 spe> 9 h&1 l$ ^? :o bore h] "n to victory4 ,phidias' colossal figure1 "s =ty feet high1 portray$ ! virg9 9 h] robes ( triumph1 ) ! symbol ( victory 9 h] h&4 ,f h] %\ld]s hung ! gis :]e) h] fa!r ,zeus _h de/roy$ 8 foes1 f ! c5tre ( :i* ! dread$ gorgon's head />$ out4 ,! face1 arms & feet ( ! goddess 7 ( ivory1 ! dress be+ decorat$ ) gold4 ,?is /atue ( ,a!na ,p>!nos has be5 lo/ to ! _w s9ce ! com+ ( ,*ri/ianity to ,a!ns ab\t #dcj ,a4,d41 b ! acc\nts ( classical travell]s & "s rude reproductions enable u to recon/ruct ! ma/]piece ( ,phidias1 at lea/ 9 imag9ation4 ,! ,p>!non itself 0 built f ! gold5-hu$ m>ble ( ,p5telicus1 qu>ri$ f ! m9es ne> ,a!ns4 ,its ar*itecture 0 ( ! simple yet /ately ,doric ord]4 ,! pr9cipal *amb] ( ! temple--! cella--9 :i* ! /atue ( ,a!na ,p>!nos /ood1 0 surr\nd$ by a colonnade ( ,doric pill>s4 ,! metopes1 or squ>e panels above ! colonnade1 7 fill$ ) gr\ps sculptur$ 9 high relief1 ! outside ( ! cella be+ decorat$ ) a frieze 9 l[ relief4 ,9 judg+ ?is x is important to rememb] t ^! reliefs /ood =ty feet above ! floor ( ! colonnade4 ,col\r 0 add$ to increase _! effect1 :ile ! bridles & o!r appo9tm5ts ( ! horses 7 ( metal4 ,! triangul> p$im5ts above ! porticos 7 fill$ ) two great gr\ps sculptur$ 9 ! r\nd4 ,?r\gh\t ! s]ies ( sculptur$ m>bles ) :i* ! ,p>!non 0 decorat$1 ,phidias' aim 0 to illu/rate ! greatness ( ! goddess ( ! ,a!nians4 ,9 ! p$im5tal gr\ps ! arti/ %[$ ,a!na's miracul\s bir? & h] victory 9 ! conte/ ) ,poseidon4 ,! ea/]n p$im5t pictur$ ,olympus j aft] ! axe ( ,hephae/us _h fre$ ,a!na f h] fa!r's head4 ,! virg9 /ood fully arm$ by ! side ( ,zeus 9 ! mid/ ( ! wond]+ gods4 ,! design = ! we/]n p$im5t portray$ a sc5e ev5 m closely connect$ ) ,a!nian hi/ory4 ,poseidon _h claim$ ! "r to give a "n to ! city ( ! sons ( ,cecrops1 a dem& to :i* ,a!na w\ld n agree4 ,x 0 decid$ t ! "o :o1 9 ! op9ion ( ,zeus1 produc$ ! m s]viceable gift = mank9d1 %\ld secure ! privilege4 ,phidias *ose ! mom5t :5 ,zeus _h aw>d$ ! "r to ,a!na on ! gr\nd t ! olive tree1 :i* _h sprung up on ! ,acropolis at h] comm&1 0 ( m value to ! human race ?an ! horse--! emblem ( w>--^u :i* ,poseidon _h reli$4 ,! c>v+s ( ! metopes repres5t$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! p]sonifications ( ! p[]s ( evil ( :i* x 0 ! mission ( ! goddess ( wisdom to rid ! _w4 ,9 "s 7 depict$ ! victory ( ! ,greeks ov] ! ,ea/]n amazons1 9 o!rs ! victory ( ! gods ov] ! e>?-born giants1 & 9 ! re/ ! conte/s ( ,c5taurs & ,lapi?s4 ,!y 7 all 9 v high relief4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,phidias _h less to d ) ?is portion ( ! decoration ( ! temple ?an ) ! sculptures 9 ! p$im5ts or ! frieze1 & ! "w is ( v>y+ m]it4 ,9 ! l[ relief on ! frieze )9 ! colonnade ! sculptor depict$ p]haps ! mo/ ,a!nian sc5e ( all--! pana!naic procession4 ,! fe/ival ( :i* ?is 0 ! culm9ation 0 in/itut$ 9 hon\r ( ,a!na ,polias--! ,protectress ( ! ,city4 ,e t[n 9 ,attica & ea* colony & subject t[n contribut$ its %>e to ! sacrifices 9 hon\r ( ! occasion4 ,on ! la/ day ! :ole population ( ! ,/ate1 "s on foot1 "s on horseback or 9 *>iots1 m>*$ 9 procession to lay ! peplos ( ! goddess 9 h] temple4 ,! conc\rse includ$ a b& ( ! noble/ maid5s ( ! city c>ry+ baskets ( (f]+s1 ! "r to be "o ( ^! be+ ! greate/ hon\r to :i* an ,a!nian girl c\ld aspire4 ,to adorn ! frieze1 ,phidias imag$ ?is great procession divid$ into two long l9es1 runn+ along ! nor? & s\? sides ( ! cella respectively4 ,bo? met 9 ! ea/]n face4 ,at ?is spot ! sculptor %[$ ! ,a!nian maid5s ) ! vessels ( sacrifice & ! gods1 :o1 ?\gh invisible1 7 among _! p on t day4 ,a prie/ /ood 9 ! c5tre possibly receiv+ ! embroid]$ robe ( ! goddess f a little boy4 ,on ! "r & left 7 seat$ ! *ief div9ities ( ,hellas--on ! "o side ,a!na1 ,hephae/us1 ,poseidon1 & ,dionysus1 & on ! o!r ,zeus & ,h]a att5d$ by ,isis4 ,illu/ration3 8,,!seus0 ,briti% ,museum ,illu/ration3 8,,! ,,?ree ,,fates0 ,briti% ,museum ,en\gh rema9s ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,p>!non decorations to enable u to judge ( ! supreme gifts ( ! arti/ to ^: imag9ation !y 7 due & "u ^: direction !y 7 fa%ion$4 ,an h\r 9 ! ,elg9 room ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e ! l>g] "p are en%r9$1 %\ld be suffici5t to conv9ce ! greate/ sceptic4 ,! magnific5t gr\p 8,! ,?ree ,fates0 %[ ! m>vell\s skill ( ! ,a!nian sculptors 9 deal+ ) drap]y4 ,!re is an ideal nobility 9 su* a figure z t famili>ly kn[n z 8,! ,!seus0 :i* places x on a high] plane ( art ?an ei!r ! beautifully proportion$ =ms ( ,polyclitus or ! rhy?mical translations ( nature by ,myron4 ,! wond]ful f]tility ( inv5tion1 :i* is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ noticeable feature ( ! :ole ( ! ,p>!non designs1 w\ld h be5 an impossible a*ievem5t = ! /eady imag9ation ( ! ,argive sculptor4 ,x ne$$ ! temp]am5t ( an ,a!nian arti/ work+ "u ! inspiration ( 8 subject & c]ta9 ( ! appreciation ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,x is "o ( ! trag$ies ( art t "o :o _h des]v$ ! e/eem ( 8 fell[s s fully did n reta9 x4 ,phidias di$ 9 exile at ,elis4 ,an accusation ( misappropriat+ ! gold vot$ = ! /atue1 toge!r ) a *>ge ( sacrilege = engrav+ 8 own portrait & t ( ,p]icles on ! %ield ( ,a!na1 caus$ ! great sculptor to leave ! city he _h s]v$ s well4 ,he di$ ab\t #dcb ,b4,c4 ,s f> we h spok5 ( ,phidias1 ! sculptor1 & ,ict9us1 ! ar*itect4 ,our mod]n ideas incl9e u to associate ! arti/ ) ! "w--,wr5 ) ,/4 ,paul's & ,raphael ) ! 8,si/9e ,madonna40 ,9 reality1 ! f\ndation-/one ( ! ,p>!non %\ld be inscrib$ ?us3 8,p]icles & ! p ( ,a!ns made me40 ,a "w ( art s great1 :i* exemplifi$ ! /ruggles & aspirations ( a race s completely1 c\ld n b owe ! l>ge/ debt to ! political lead] ( ! ,/ate4 ,all ! =ces ( ,a!ns 7 unit$ to beautify ! ,acropolis1 & ^! 7 m>%all$1 naturally en\gh1 n by an arti/ b by a politician4 ,! real creator ( ! temple ( ,a!na 0 ,p]icles4 ,he realis$ t ! greatness ( 8 c\ntrym5 dep5d$1 n ^u ! bread? ( _! dom9ions1 b ^u ! heal?y developm5t ( e citiz51 physically1 m5tally1 & emotionally4 ,he div9$ t ! pr\d boa/ 8we love ! beautiful )\t extravagance & k )\t exagg]ation0 0 incompatible ) /riv+s aft] empire4 ,to engage ! ,a!nian imag9ation1 & to wean x f ! road :i* ev5tually l$ to ru91 ,p]icles be?\ght him ( ! erection ( ! s]ies ( monum5ts witness+ to ! glory ( ! fir/ city ( ,greece4 ,8 0 ! conception 9 its entirety1 he f\nd ! means1 &1 above all1 he nev] p]mitt$ ! en?usiasm ( 8 c\ntrym5 to flag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr\p ,,( ,,gods ,f ! ,p>!non ,frieze ,illu/ration3 ,,boy ,,) ,,peplos ,f ! ,p>!non ,frieze ,^! are ! *ief facts4 ,!y prove t ! temple ( ! ,virg9 goddess & ! m>bles ) :i* x 0 adorn$1 play$ a "p 9 ! life ( ! fif?-c5tury ,a!nian1 = :i* !re is no mod]n c\nt]p>t4 ,! ,p>!non br\ght heav5 to e>?4 ,x satisfi$ ! individual ,a!nian's crav+ = light z to 8 p]sonal de/9y4 ,b above all1 x /ood = ^? social & political ideals :i* he e/imat$ f> above 8 own p]sonal wants4 ,x spoke to 8 s\l z ! idea ( ,empire speaks to ! patriotic ,briton ( to-day4 ,! p$im5tal gr\ps1 too1 7 m ?an decorations or m]e pictures ( ! great gods2 !y gl[$ ) a message :i* we %\ld deem inspir$4 ,:5 ! ,a!nian's gaze w&]$ t[>ds ! ,acropolis--/ill m :51 dur+ "s high fe/ival1 he /ood be=e ! temple m>bles--he c\ld =get ! p]petual sacrifice ( w1 lib]ty & individuality--?+s :i* we ,europeans deem altoge!r desirable--& say ) all s9c]ity1 8x is wor? :ile40 ,,! ,,temple ,,/atu>y ,"o ?+ w h /ruck our read]s ?r\gh\t ! =ego+ argum5t4 ,x has be5 impossible to avoid a c]ta9 t5d5cy t[>ds confus+ t]ms4 ,= in/ance1 /ress has be5 laid ^u ?ree factors 9 ,greek life1 z ex]cis+ an imm5se influ5ce ^u ,hell5ic sculpture--civic pride1 a deep tol]ance 9 religi\s op9ion1 & an int5se feel+ = physical /r5g? & beauty4 ,yet1 directly we h come to grips ) ^! conceptions1 !y h appe>$ to be inextricably comm+l$4 ,! ,greek's pride 9 8 city-/ate1 8 absorption 9 physical beauty1 are religi\s 9 _! f]v\r & 9 ! way 9 :i* !y are utiliz$ to uphold a /r5u\s moral ideal4 ,aga91 ! actions :i* are mo/ ak9 to :at we t]m religion n[adays1 closely resemble philosophy 9 _! rigid rejection ( ev]y?+ approa*+ my/icism4 ,9 relat+ any art to ! social & political circum/ances :i* gave x bir?1 x is all-important to rememb] t ! di/9ctions betwe5 su* t]ms z sci5ce1 art1 religion1 & philosophy are m or less arbitr>y4 ,9 ! e>lie/ times m5 did n di/+ui% betwe5 any ( ! f\r4 ,:5 ! sk9-clad dwell] 9 ! =e/s gaz$ ^u ! lightn+ fla%+ among ! oak bran*es1 & imag$ ! angry rul] ( e>? & sky1 he did n sep>ate ! explanation ( ! natural ph5om5on f ! symbolical inc>nation1 or bo? f ! religi\s belief4 ,nor 0 ?is less s :5 ! human m9d rose to m complex conceptions4 ,! ,pueblo ,indian1 = in/ance1 recognizes a ,sky-god & an ,e>?-goddess1 ! p>5ts ( all liv+ ?+s4 ,! ,sky-god passes across ! heav5s ) ! blaz+ %ield ( ! sun's disc 9 8 h&1 to vani% beyond ! portals ( ! d>k und]world :]e ! spirits ( ! dead are at re/4 ,?is is at once ! sci5ce1 ! art1 & ! religion ( ! ,pueblo ,indian4 ,x satisfies two elem5tal crav+s ( 8 nature4 ,9 ! fir/ place x translates ! ph5om5a ( ! natural _w into t]ms :i* 8 reason c grasp4 ,9 ! second place x satisfies 8 ye>n+ = "s sup]ior w--we call ?is ,god--to :i* he may attribute ! purpose & ord] :i* he in/9ctively assumes 9 ! _w4 ,s x 0 9 ,greece4 ,we may be conv9c$ t ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey %\ld be describ$ z art4 ,!y are art to our way ( ?9k+2 t is to say1 to our m9ds !y are cle>ly m ak9 to 8,p>adise ,lo/0 ?an to ! religi\s poetry ( ! ,jews4 ,b to ! ,greek !y 7 at once religion & art & philosophy4 ,exactly ! same rem>k mu/ preface our consid]ation ( ! ?ird class into :i* ! sculptures ( fif?-c5tury ,greece may be divid$--! temple /atues1 erect$ to su* deities z ,zeus1 ,h]a1 & ,a!na4 ,= five hundr$ ye>s or m ! be/ elem5ts 9 ! religi\s fai? ( anci5t ,greece _h be5 fo/]$ & su/a9$ by ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,^!1 at lea/1 (f]$ an antidote to ! brutal temple my?s :i* _h gradually ga!r$ ar\nd ! names ( ! gods1 ! nature ( :i* c be realiz$ f ! pages ( ,hesiod4 ,b ! ,greeks mu/ at times h hung]$ = m def9ite repres5tations ( ! great gods & goddesses4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! sculptors %ook (f ! bonds ( realism1 :i* _h prev5t$ ! portrayal ( su* a purely ideal figure z ! deity 8:o dwelt 9 ! heights ( ! air10 & ^: voice c\ld be he>d 9 ! ru/l+ ( ! oak-leaves ( ,dodona4 ,x 0 realiz$ t a div9e image1 z satisfy+ to ! imag9ation ( ! ,greek z ! ^w-pictures ( ,hom]1 0 possible4 ,! success ( ! great arti/s ( ! fif? c5tury 0 in/antane\s4 ,)9 a %ort "t all ! great temples ( ! ,hell5ic _w 7 furni%$ ) /atues ( ! deities 9 ^: hon\r !y 7 erect$4 ,! sculptors 7 cont5t = ! mo/ "p to foll[ ! imag9ations ( ! e>li] poets4 ,!y only s\ght to realize 9 ! god-l =ms _! highe/ ideals ( human beauty & dignity4 ,!y avoid$ ! example ( ! ,babylonians & ,egyptians :o _h emphasiz$ ! unworldl9ess ( _! deities by inve/+ !m ) /range %apes & symbols4 ,! ,greek imag9ation 0 cont5t to add to ! human =m a m ?an human maje/y4 ,gradually ^! /atues became s mu* a "p ( _! imag9ation t ! ,greeks f\nd x impossible to picture ! great gods ap>t f ! arti/s' portrayals4 ,s widespread 0 ! effect ( sculpture on ,greek & ,roman religi\s ?\ght t1 at l5g?1 no o!r conception ( ! gods c\ld be =m$4 ,9 ! wall pa9t+s ( ,pompeii ! deities are repres5t$ z ( ! col\r & mat]ial ( /atues1 ! sculptural effect be+ imitat$ z closely z possible4 ,lucian1 too1 9 "o ( 8 dialogues1 pictures ! assembly ( ! ,olympian deities :o are dismay$ t m5 no long] re/ ^u ! fai?s ( _! =efa!rs4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! dialogue1 ,zeus ord]s 8t ! gods %\ld be seat$ 9 ord] ( m]it4 ,! gold gods fir/1 !n ! silv]1 !n ! ivory1 bronze1 & /one10 he comm&s1 8& give pref]5ce to any "w ( ,phidias1 or ,alcam5es1 or ,myron1 or ,euphranor1 or o!r arti/ ( di/9ction40 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ! religi\s /atues ( anci5t ,greece 7 erect$ to ,zeus & ,h]a4 ,o!r gods & goddesses 7 p>ticul>ly id5tifi$ ) ! v>i\s cities ( ,greece1 su* z ,a!na ) ,a!ns4 ,b = ! :ole ,greek _w ,zeus & ,h]a 7 ! recogniz$ rul]s among ! dwell]s 9 ,olympus4 ,! *ief temple ( ,zeus 0 at ,olympia :]e1 z we h se51 ! ,pan-,hell5ic ,games 7 held 9 8 hon\r4 ,t ( ,h]a lay betwe5 ,argos & ,myc54 ,to ^! ! ,hell5ic _w came f "t to "t to hon\r ! ,fa!r ( ! gods & 8 *os5 consort4 ,9 ! inn] %r9e ( ea* /ood a great 8*ryselephant9e0 /atue--a t]m us$ to di/+ui% ! wood5 /atues1 ) _! v5e] ( ivory & gold1 f ! ord9>y m>bles & bronzes4 ,no trace ( ei!r rema9s to-day4 ,wood is p]i%able1 & ! plund] ( gold w\ld d\btless h prov$ irresi/ible to ! ,turk1 ev5 _h ! ,*ri/ian be5 scrupul\s en\gh to resi/ ! temptation4 ,_h !y be5 cut f ! cold m>ble x might h be5 o!rwise4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 /ill 9 _! places 9 ! "t ( ,hadrian1 :5 ,pausanias wrote ! greate/ ( all guide-books4 ,illu/ration3 ,,zeus ,vatican1 ,rome ,illu/ration3 ,,h]a ,t]me ,museum1 ,rome ,we c picture ! great /atue ( ,zeus1 possibly ! mo/ rem>kable creation ( ! sculptor's art 9 ,greece4 ,! features ( ! 8,fa!r ( ! ,gods0 are maje/ic1 yet n unk9dly2 ! arms & ! upp] p>ts ( ! body are fa%ion$ f ! gleam+ ivory1 ! l[] limbs be+ wrapp$ 9 ! gold5 mantle4 ,9 ! days ( ,pausanias !re 0 a build+ outside ! sacr$ ,grove1 :i* 0 /ill treasur$ by ! p ( ,elis z ! work%op 9 :i*1 = five ye>s1 ! sculptor wr\ght ! image piece by piece4 8,:y10 says ,pausanias1 8! god himself bore witness to ! art ( ,phidias4 ,= :5 ! image 0 complet$ ,phidias pray$ t ! god w\ld give a sign if ! "w 0 to 8 m9d1 & /raightway1 !y say1 ! god hurl$ a ?und]bolt into ! gr\nd at ! spot :]e ! bronze urn /ood d[n to my "t40 ,?is second-c5tury ,ba$ek] has giv5 u ! great] "p ( our k ( ! works ( antiquity1 :i* are n[ lo/ or survive only 9 ,roman copies4 ,he describ$ ! /atue ( ,zeus by ,phidias ?us3 8,! god is seat$ on a ?rone3 he is made ( gold & ivory3 on 8 head is a wrea? made 9 imitation ( sprays ( olive4 ,9 8 "r h& he c>ries a ,victory1 also ( ivory & gold3 %e we>s a ribbon1 & on h] head a wrea?4 ,9 ! left h& ( ! god is a sceptre1 curi\sly wr\ght 9 all ! metals3 ! bird p]*$ on ! sceptre is ! eagle4 ,! s&als ( ! god are ( gold & s is 8 robe4 ,on ! robe are wr\ght figures ( animals & ! lily fl[]s4 ,! ?rone is adorn$ ) gold & preci\s /ones1 also ) ebony & ivory2 & !re are figures pa9t$ & images wr\ght on x40 ,! /atue ( ,h]a 9 ! temple betwe5 ,argos & ,myc5 0 ! "w ( ,polyclitus4 ,x 0 erect$ aft] #dbc ,b4,c41 :5 x 0 necess>y to rebuild ! %r9e ( ! goddess ow+ to ! burn+ ( ! old] temple4 ,! goddess 0 seat$ on h] ?rone2 ! cr[n on h] head 0 decorat$ ) a design ( ! ,graces & ! ,seasons 9 relief4 ,ivory 0 us$ to repres5t ! fle% ( ! 8:ite-arm$0 goddess1 & h] ri* g>m5ts 7 elaborately decorat$ ) gold1 ! f9i% ( e detail be+ ev5 m complete ?an 0 ! case ) ! "w ( ,phidias4 ,if ! /atue ( ,h]a 0 second to t ( ,zeus 9 its sugge/ion ( god-l maje/y & repose1 x 0 nev]!less rem>kable = its /ately beauty4 ,! head1 z w\ld be expect$ f ! h& ( ,polyclitus1 0 noticeable = ! absolute symmetry ( e feature4 ,! ripples ( hair fall+ on ei!r side ( ! c5tral p>t+ gave an impression ( dignifi$ calm to ! face ( ! goddess4 ,! 8,zeus0 ( ,phidias & ! 8,h]a0 ( ,polyclitus are ! mo/ fam\s examples ( ! ,greek /atues :i* we h designat$ z 8religi\s40 ,! t]m is1 h[ev]1 mislead+4 ,religi\s art prop]1 religi\s art 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]m1 did n exi/ = ! citiz5s ( ,p]iclean ,a!ns3 8p]sonal0 religion--) its int5se subjectivity--0 a clos$ book to him4 ,! my/icism--t ye>n+ to be at "o ) ! ultimate reality--:i* is ! keynote ( :at we mod]ns deem religion1 w\ld h be5 simply mean+less to ! ,argive1 ! ,sp>tan1 or ! ,a!nian ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,no ,greek c\ld ev] h said ) ,bacon1 8,our humanity 7 a poor ?+ b = ! div9ity t /irs )9 u40 ,su* s5tim5ts z ^? ( ! my/ic1 ,antony1 ! ,egyptian1 w\ld h /ruck him z %e] nons5se4 8,he :o sits /ill 9 ! des]t is safe f ?ree enemies--f he>+1 f spee*1 f sight2 & has to fight aga9/ only "o--8 own he>t40 ,! ,greek _h no conception ( a 8p]sonal0 & quasi-human intellig5ce work+ 9 & ?r\gh ! human ag5t4 ,human spee*1 human sight1 &1 above ev]y?+1 ! prompt+s ( ! he>t1 7 all 9 all to him4 ,we are1 !re=e1 unable to correlate su* a /atue z ! ,zeus ( ,olympia ) su* an e-day human crav+ z t = communion ) a p]sonal creator & rul] ( ! univ]se :i* we exp]i5ce4 ,x r dep5ds ^u a desire = an all-embrac+ int]pretation ( ! ph5om5al _w4 ,9 o!r words1 su* a /atue might m rightly be call$ philosophical ?an religi\s4 ,) ! rise ( ! city-/ates1 ! gr[? ( an int5se desire = all k br\ght a new light to be> ^u ! :ole cont5t ( consci\sness4 ,m5 began to di/+ui% betwe5 ^? impressions :i* came f outside1 & ^? :i* seem$ r to dep5d ^u emotional int]pretation suppli$ by ! self4 ,! d$uctions t appe>$ to be correctly drawn f s5se impressions came to be reg>d$ z hav+ a great] validity ?an ! re/1 & sci5ce arose z a sph]e ( ?\ght suffici5t unto itself & gov]n$ by its own rules4 ,dur+ ! fif? c5tury ! sci5ti/s /rove to relate ! ph5om5a ( ! s5ses1 n[ to "o natural =ce1 n[ to ano!r4 ,b !y nev] rea*$ a unity t c>ri$ conviction4 ,! g5]al law ^u :i* !y seem$ to come ev] & aga9 0 a con/ant & et]nal flux4 8,/rife is ! fa!r ( all ?+s10 said ,h]aclitus4 ,b :ile ,greek sci5ce 0 gr[+ !re 7 _m--say "o half ( ! ,greek _w--to :om its g5]alisations 7 simply un9t]e/+4 ,!y 7 ! m5 to :om ! poet c\ld appeal4 ,! my/]y all desir$ to fa?om 0 deep] ?an s5se4 ,ea* felt1 r ?an saw1 t3 8,some?+ is or seems1 ,t t\*es me ) my/ic gleams1 ,l glimpses ( =gott5 dreams-- ,( some?+ felt1 l some?+ "h1 ,( some?+ done1 ,i "k n :]e2 ,su* z no language may decl>e40 ,to su* m5 ! 8realities0 ( ! sci5ti/s 7 b %ad[s beh9d :i* lay a m abid+ tru?4 ,! riddle !y desir$ to solve 0 :at relation ! fictional realities ( ! sci5ti/s bore to ! abid+ tru?s beyond4 ,& ! bold] spirits1 spurr$ on by ! great intellectual & emotional flood :i* foll[$ ! ,p]sian w>s1 />t$ ^u ! que/4 ,^! 7 craftsm5 all--! arti/s prop]4 ,9 ob$i5ce to "s unreason$ desire1 ^! m5 be?\ght !m to fa%ion new repres5tations ( 8! all ( ?+s40 ,!y took ! ultimate conceptions ( life4 ,= example3 8,him1 :o f et]nity1 self-/irr$1 ,himself ha? made by ,8 creative ^w40 ,!y /rove to convey1 n only ! impressions realis$ by _! bro!rs1 ! sci5ti/s1 b ! emotions a/ir 9 _! own he>ts4 ,:at matt] if ! sci5ti/s prov$ ^! 8ideal types0 to be m]e lies4 ,! arti/s felt t ! unconsci\s criticism ( nature reveal$ tru?s f> beyond ^? at :i* ! consci\s criticism ( sci5ce /opp$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,b>b]9e ,,h]a ,vatican1 ,rome ,by ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ! ,greek arti/ _h realiz$ t 8 true task 0 n to /rive to copy ! kn[n1 b1 8hungry = ! inf9ite10 to seek ! ideal ^: home 0 9 ! unkn[n4 ,! inmo/ revelations v\*saf$ to ,greek ?\ght & imag9ation 9 ! fif? c5tury f\nd expression 9 ! great temple /atues4 ,e>li] !y _h be5 embodi$ 9 su* poems z ! 8,iliad0 & ! 8,odyssey40 ,lat] !y 7 to f9d expression 9 ! dialogues ( ,plato4 ,b betwe5 #dej ,b4,c4 & #djj ,b4,c4 ! natural philosophy ( ! ,greek _w 0 embodi$ 9 su* sculptures z ! 8,zeus0 ( ,olympia & ! 8,h]a0 ( ,argos4 ,t is :y we call ! second half ( ! fif? c5tury 8! gold5 age ( ,greek sculpture40 ,!n1 & only !n1 did x embody all ,greek ?\ght2 !n1 & only !n1 7 ! work]s 9 m>ble & bronze inspir$ to express ! passion = physical beauty1 ! fi]ce pride 9 citiz5%ip1 z well z ! deepe/ ?\ghts ^u nature & humanity4 ,! passion = physical beauty f\nd mat]ial expression 9 ! great s]ies ( a?letic sculptures ( ,argos & ,a!ns4 ,! ,p>!non 0 ! outcome ( ! ,hell5e's civic pride4 ,! deepe/ philosophical beliefs ( ! fif?-c5tury ,greek are to be f\nd 9 su* /atues z ! 8,zeus ,otricoli0 & ! 8,h]a ,ludovisi40 ,^! are c]ta9ly ! f9e/ conceptions ( ! great god & goddess :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u4 ,bo? are bas$ on ! /atues ( ,phidias & ,polyclitus1 ?\gh !re are traces ( a m s5su\s & florid ta/e ?an w\ld h be5 possible 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 ! head ( ,zeus1 = in/ance1 ! sugge/ion ( awful p[] is lack+4 ,! great sculptor work+ "u ! inspiration ( ,hom]'s l9es3 8,spake ! ,son ( ,cronus & nodd$ !reto ) sw>t br[s & ! ambrosial lock ( ! ,k+ roll$ backw>d f 8 immortal head & ! heights ( ,olympus quak$10 c\ld n h miss$ ?is4 ,! two heads convey all ! beauty ( ! fir/ conceptions1 b !y lack ! s]5e au/]ity--! /]n alo(ness--t we may be sure *>act]iz$ ! "w ( ,phidias & ,polyclitus4 ,! fif?-c5tury arti/s 7 appeal+ to m5 :o pres]v$ a measure ( unreason+ fai? 9 ! gods ( _! fa!rs4 ,! beautiful full l5g? 8,b>b>ian ,h]a10 9 ! ,vatican ,collection1 repres5ts a /ep fur!r 9 ! emphasiz+ ( s5su\s *>m1 & consequ5tly !re is ev5 less insi/5ce ^u ! sev]e beauty :i* ! fif?-c5tury sculptor s\ght to portray4 ,to be und]/ood ! /atue mu/ be reg>d$ z a "w ( ! f\r? c5tury1 & be judg$ by ! /&>ds ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles4 ,! ideal head ( ,asclepius1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* has be5 ascrib$ to ,?rasym$es ( ,p>os1 ! sculptor ( ! great *ryselephant9e /atue at ,epidaurus1 is a "w be>+ a /rong resemblance to ! 8,zeus ,otricoli40 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! ,isl& ( ,melos1 9 a %r9e d$icat$ to ! ,physician ( ! ,gods1 h5ce ! title4 ,! expression ( ! ,god ( ,heal+1 ^: wor%ip 0 s g5]al 9 ,greece at "o "t t x ?reat5$ to become almo/ univ]sal1 is1 h[ev]1 m k9dly & human ?an t ( ,zeus4 ,x is a beautiful example ( ! joy\sness & sweet reasonabl5ess :i* ,greek sculpture possess$ ?r\gh contact ) a sy/em ( religi\s belief :i* left ! intellig5ce unhamp]$ & ! human emotions free4 ,x is true t ! religion ( anci5t ,greece lack$ ! driv+ p[] ( o!r & m pot5t fai?s4 ,x 0 n bas$ ^u su* p]sonalities z ,buddha1 ,moses1 or1 greate/ ( all1 ! ,f\nd] ( ! fai? :i* ev5tually ,hell5iz$ ! ,we/]n _w4 ,b = a few %ort ye>s ! humane & tol]ant religion ( ,greece 0 all-suffici5t4 ,any "o :o w\ld h abundant pro( has only to /& = a few m9utes be=e ! m>bles :i* sum up & express ! ,greek belief 9 an entirely reasonable & beautiful _w4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,scopas ,,& ,,praxiteles 7#djj ,b4,c4 ,,to #ccj ,b4,c47 ,!re is a weal? ( worldy wisdom 9 ! say+ 8,close sits my %irt1 b clos] my sk940 ,x rem9ds u t ! relation ( ! individual to society answ]s _m a riddle4 ,! ,a!ns ( ! fif? c5tury has furni%$ u ) "o great type ( individualism--t 9 :i* ! citiz5 0 will+ simply to add 8 unit to ! en]gy direct$ by ! ,/ate4 ,9 its sculpture we saw ! consequ5ces ( a social sy/em :i* re/$ ^u a f\ndation ess5tially unselfi%4 ,b1 aft] all1 su* social altruism is unnatural4 ,individuality does /& = a dom9ant passion 9 humanity4 ,! ,a!nian communal _s la/$ = a few %ort ye>s4 ,!n1 l _m ano!r truly great ideal1 x vani%$1 & ) x ! s*ool ( sculpture to :i* x _h giv5 bir?4 ,aft] #djj ,b4,c4 ! ,hell5ic sculptor f\nd himself 9 a new _w ( ?\ght & emotion4 ,! ,greek to :om he appeal$ look$ to m>ble & bronze to express ideals entirely diff]5t f ^? :i* _h be5 pot5t fifty ye>s e>li]4 ,x w\ld n h be5 surpris+ _h ! sculptor ( ! lat] age be5 ov]:elm$ by ! s5se ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ! e>li] era4 ,we c\ld h p>don$ a half-c5tury ( decad5t workman%ip1 :ile a me?od suit$ to ! new ideas 0 be+ evolv$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,greek sculptor pass$ f "o to ! o!r )\t p]ceptible ef=t4 ,! succession ( great arti/s 0 unbrok54 ,nev]!less1 ! break ) ! old epo* 0 complete4 ,inde$1 x w ev] be "o ( ! my/]ies ( art h[ human craftsman%ip c\ld successfully express ?\ghts & emotions s div]se by ! same m$ium4 ,!re 0 ! same sleepless criticism ( nature1 ! same ov]p[]+ impulse t[>ds g5]alisation1 :i* gave ! keynote to ! sculpture ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,b ! y\ng] s*ool f\nd fre% !mes = pla/ic expression4 ,x drew new passions f ! pulsat+ humanity 9 ! city-/ates4 ,t ! ,greek sculptor pass$ s easily f ! "o to ! o!r is a sure pro( ( ! natural bias ( ! ,hell5ic g5ius t[>ds sculpture4 ,x %[s t = "o c5tury & a half1 at any rate1 ,greece 0 peopl$ by a race ( sculptors4 ,_m individuals lack$ ! te*nical res\rces ( ! craftsman1 b ! av]age ,a!nian ?\ght 9 t]ms ( m>ble or bronze4 ,d5i$ an outlet 9 "o direction1 ! natural impulse f\nd x else:]e4 ,! result 0 a new melody1 a h>mony equally p]fect--s true is x t ! poet-s\l ( a nation ( arti/s has 8b to be /ruck1 & ! s\nd x yields w be music40 ,x is by no means easy to di/+ui% ?us /rongly betwe5 ! sculpture ( ! fif?-c5tury ,greece & t ( ! f\r? )\t1 9 a measure1 appe>+ to depreciate ! "o or ! o!r4 ,x is p>ticul>ly easy to convey "s su* impression :5 we h to ass]t t ,scopas & ,praxiteles1 ! typical sculptors ( f\r?-c5tury ,greece1 fail$ to embody 9 _! bronzes & m>bles ! inmo/ revelations v\*saf$ to ! ,greek imag9ation4 ,x is z true t ,greece owes to ,phidias & ,polyclitus ! sculpture :i* is mo/ truly ,hell5ic1 z t we owe to ,%akespe>e ! drama :i* is mo/ truly ,engli%4 ,b ! appreciation ( ! art produc$ by ! ,engl& ( ! tw5ty ye>s aft] ! ,armada does n necessitate our decry+ su* lyrici/s z ,h]rick & ,ro*e/]4 ,we "k t our lit]ature is ! ri*] = bo? ^! elem5ts4 ,we c sp>e nei!r ! awful pa?os ( ,leah's recognition ( ,cordelia1 nor ,h]rick's 8,night ,piece to ,julia40 ,we mu/ hold ! scales at lea/ z ev5ly betwe5 ! art ( ,phidias & ! art ( ,praxiteles4 ,9 _m ways ! 8,niobe0 ( ,scopas & ! 8,h]mes0 ( ,praxiteles te/ify ev5 m /rongly to ! vitality ( ! ,hell5ic g5ius4 ,c]ta9ly ! be/ "w ( ! f\r?-c5tury sculptors appeals f> m directly to u4 ,! p]iod is t ( ! ,sp>tan & ,!ban supremacy4 ,a!ns has practically ackn[l$g$ defeat 9 ! /ruggle = ! hegemony ( ,greece4 ,in/ead ( ! all-p]vad+ pride 9 citiz5%ip1 ! ,a!nian is consci\s ( an increas+ int]e/ 9 himself z an individual4 ,! old absorption 9 ! ideal citiz5%ip vani%es4 ,= ?is v reason ! sculptor /rikes a note m ak9 to our nature4 ,! cold1 almo/ repell5t1 beauty ( ! fif?-c5tury sculpture is replac$ by a new & m s5su\s grace4 ,:at 7 ! hi/orical circum/ances :i* br\ght ab\t ?is entire *ange 9 ! ,greek arti/s' outlook ^u life8 ,^u ! )drawal ( ! calm judgm5t & imag9ative grip ( ,p]icles1 ! ,a!nian political sy/em deg5]at$ rapidly4 ,drunk ) ! lu/ = conque/1 ,a!ns =got t no s+le t[n c\ld hope to conqu] & rule any l>ge portion ( ! ,hell5ic _w4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( su* firebr&s z ,alcibiades1 ,a!ns pursu$ ! mad phantom ( ,empire4 ,defeat 0 inevitable1 & ! cata/rophe at ,syracuse 9 #dac ,b4,c4 0 b a prelude to ! f9al disa/] n9e ye>s lat]4 ,!re is p]haps no m awful page 9 ! book ( human hi/ory ?an t :i* pictures ! sc5e 9 ! ,piru aft] gospotami1 :5 ! la/ ,a!nian fleet 0 de/roy$ by ,lys&] 9 #dje ,b4,c4 8,t night n a man slept40 ,e ,a!nian rememb]$ ! fate ( ,demo/h5es & ,nicias at ! h&s ( ! rev5geful ,syracusans4 ,he call$ to m9d ! liv+ dea? ( 8 #gjjj c\ntrym5 condemn$ to a slav]y 9 ! /one qu>ries ( ,a*rad9a4 ,n[ t ! f9al cata/rophe _h come1 8 memory mu/ h c>ri$ him back to 8 vote 9 #dbh ,b4,c41 :5 ! ,assembly ord]$ ! execution ( ! :ole adult male population ( ,mytil5e & ,lesbos4 ,he recall$ ! s5t5ce pass$ ^u ! inhabitants ( ! rebelli\s ,melos1 :i* end$ 9 ! dea? ( e man ( milit>y age4 ,z ^! ?\ghts cr[d$ 91 ea* man mu/ h ask$ if ! gods w\ld save him z !y _h sav$ ! m5 ( ,mytil5e1 or :e!r 8 fate w\ld be ! dea? he _h met$ out to ! soldi]s ( ,melos & t ( 8 wife & *ildr5 ! slav]y t _h befall5 ! re/ ( ! isl&]s4 ,no pleasant picture4 ,b x is to ^! ev5ts t ! _w owes ! sculptures ( ,scopas & ,praxiteles4 ,accept+1 z we d1 ! dictum ( ,p]icles1 8,a!ns is ! s*ool ( ,hellas10 we h no hesitation 9 turn+ to h] social & political hi/ory = an explanation ( ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! sculpture ( ,greece 9 ! fif? & ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! t]m 8,a!nian0 _c be us$ at w = 8,hell5ic40 ,e city & /ate 9 ,greece contribut$ some?+ to ! ,hell5ic g5ius4 ,ea* add$ its quota to ! fund ( intellectual & emotional exp]i5ce ^u :i* ! great ,greek arti/s drew4 ,9 ^! #aej city-/ates all types ( political in/itutions & social cu/oms fl\ri%$4 ,"s develop$ _! citiz5s 9 "o direction1 o!rs 9 ano!r4 ,m5 ( all types 7 creat$4 ,b ,a!ns alone absorb$ & utiliz$ all ! arti/ic en]gies g5]at$ 9 ! gean p59sula4 ,9 ! ,a!nian "* alone d we f9d ^? traits :i*1 = want ( a bett] "n1 we may t]m ,pan-,hell5ic4 ,! fir/ effect ( ! %att]+ ( ! imp]ial dream 0 to scatt] ,a!nian culture broadca/ ov] ! ,hell5ic _w4 ,! /ore-h\se ( ,a!nian g5ius 0 op5$ to all4 ,! typical ,greek ( ! new era 0 ! cosmopolitan ,x5ophon4 ,! ideal ( ,p]icles1 8my /ate "r1 or my /ate wrong1 b my /ate1 "r or wrong10 0 sadly out ( date4 ,phidias 0 an ,a!nian1 born & br$4 ,8 life-"w 0 = ,a!ns1 & ! "o ?+ t ,a!ns %>$ ) ,greece--! wor%ip ( ,zeus4 ,b ,scopas 0 a ,p>ian by bir? & an ,a!nian only by adoption4 ,he work$ ev]y:]e & = anybody--z a "y man 9 ,tegea2 z an old man 9 ,asia ,m9or ^u ! great mausoleum erect$ by ! ,ephesian ,artemisia to h] ,c>ian husb&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,mausoleum ,,*>iote] ,briti% ,museum ,= ?irty ye>s aft] gospotami1 ,sp>ta1 ) ! help ( ,p]sia1 rul$ ,greece4 ,aft] ! peace ( ,callias 9 #cga ,b4,c4 came ! dom9ation ( ,ph] & ,!bes1 & ! milit>y supremacy ( ,epam9ondas4 ,dur+ all ?is "t ,a!ns look$ on4 ,h] comm]ce _h suff]$ little4 ,! weal? ( h] capitali/s _h r be5 increas$ ?an decreas$ by ! ab&onm5t ( ! luxury ( empire4 ,b if ! mat]ial diff]5ce 0 small1 ! psy*ological diff]5ce 0 imm5se4 ,:]eas ,demo/h5es c\ld cry ( ! ,a!nian :o _h f\ght at ,salamis1 t he believ$ himself 8n born to 8 fa!r & "m alone1 b also to 8 c\ntry10 ! ,/ate 9 ! f\r? c5tury came to be reg>d$ z a jo9t /ock corporation1 to be bl$ = ! b5efit ( its mo/ noisy memb]s4 ,m]c5>ies took ! place ( citiz5 soldi]s 9 ! army ( ! ,/ate4 ,reg>dless ( ! necessity = provid+ aga9/ em]g5cies1 ! citiz5s vot$ !mselves l>gesses f ! public funds4 ,a popul> /atesman 0 ! man :o less5$ ! co/ ( public adm9i/ration1 & s c\ld di/ribute ev] increas+ divid5ds ( fe/ival money to ! prolet>iat4 ,?is new reg>d = ! individual 0 entirely =eign to ! ideals :i* _h dom9at$ ,hellas fifty ye>s e>li]4 ,ea* man began to realise t ap>t f citiz5%ip !re 0 an entity :i* also claim$ att5tion1 an 8,i0 ) passions & emotions :i* requir$ satisfaction & call$ = arti/ic expression4 ,! sculptor no long] reject$ ^? subjects :i* d]iv$ _! int]e/ f ! successful expression ( individual emotion4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,scopas 7#djj ,b4,c4-#cej ,b4,c47 ,scopas 0 ! fir/ arti/ to realise ! new necessity laid ^u ! pla/ic arts4 ,he 0 ! *ief ar*itect ( 8 day1 & 9 8 "w we c trace ! effect ( ! new ideas be=e sculpture 0 divorc$ 9 great measure f ar*itecture4 ,we h already m5tion$ 8 association ) ! ,mausoleum ( ,halic>nassus--"o ( ! 8,sev5 ,wond]s40 ,! ,c>ian rul] ,mausolus di$ 9 #cec ,b4,c41 leav+ 8 wid[ ,artemisia to rule4 ,%e det]m9$ to erect a great monum5t to 8 memory1 & impress$ ! be/ kn[n arti/s ( ,magna ,grcia into h] s]vice = ! purpose4 ,! re/oration by ,c4 ,r4 ,cock]ell 9 ! ,mausoleum ,room at ! ,briti% ,museum1 or1 /ill bett]1 t by ,oldfield 7,! ,antiqu>y1 vol4 liv41 pp4 #bgc-cfb71 give "s idea ( ! great pyramidical build+1 gl[+ ) col\r1 :i* /ood on a l(ty basem5t by ! h>b\r side4 ,! :ole 0 surm\nt$ by a great *>iot gr\p by ,py?is1 conta9+ ! h]oic figure ( ,mausolus1 possibly accompani$ by ,artemisia1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ,zeus & ,h]a 9 ! *>iot ( ! gods4 ,to ! art hi/orian1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ int]e/+ feature is ! frieze4 ,! pr9cipal subject ( ! exi/+ fragm5ts 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is a fight betwe5 ,greeks & ,amazons4 ,b ! mo/ beautiful section is p]haps a sadly-mutilat$ slab f a portion ( ! frieze :]eon 0 pictur$ a *>iot race4 ,x is kn[n z ! 8,mausoleum ,*>iote]40 ,no?+ c\ld br+ home m cle>ly ! imm5se /rides ,greek art has made ?an a comp>ison ( ?is t9y m>ble fragm5t ) ! 8,bronze ,*>iote]0 f ,delphi1 sculptur$ ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s e>li]4 ,! ,mausoleum figure is also clad 9 ! long close-fitt+ robe ( 8 call+4 ,b e trace ( conv5tionalism has vani%$4 ,ev5 ! calm re/ra9t ) :i* an ,alcam5es w\ld h treat$ ! subject has gone4 ,in/ead we f9d a passionate int5sity :i* is altoge!r new4 ,z ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,g>dn] rem9ds u1 ! 8,mausoleum ,*>iote]0 might well be ( ! company describ$ by ,%elley1 :o3 8,) burn+ eyes1 lean =? & dr9k ,) eag] lips ! w9d ( _! own spe$1 ,z if ! ?+ !y lov$ fl$ on be=e1 ,& n[1 ev5 n[1 !y clasp$ x40 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,niobe ,,gr\p ,! 8,mausoleum ,*>iote]0 is a beautiful illu/ration ( ! m individuali/ic melody :i* ! e>ly f\r?-c5tury sculptor drew f ! great or*e/ra ( ,greek g5ius4 ,b we c gauge ! effects ( ! new sympa?ies /ill m cle>ly 9 ! celebrat$ 8,niobe0 gr\p4 ,ev5 9 classical times x 0 a moot po9t :e!r its au?or 0 ,scopas or ,praxiteles4 ,probably ! "q w nev] be settl$4 ,mod]n criticism1 h[ev]1 g5]ally fav\rs its attribution to ,scopas4 ,! gr\p c]ta9ly conta9s all ! *>act]i/ics :i* we h associat$ ) 8 influ5ce4 ,! s]ies 0 excavat$ 9 ,rome 9 #aehc ,a4,d41 ne> ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,john ,lat]an4 ,x 0 acquir$ by "o ( ! ,m$ici family1 & plac$ 9 ! g>d5 ( 8 villa1 :]e x rema9$ until x 0 remov$ to its pres5t re/+-place 9 ! ,uffizi ,palace1 ,flor5ce4 ,! ,flor5t9e 8,niobides0 are n f ! *isel ( a f\r?-c5tury craftsman4 ,!y are probably copies ( ^? describ$ by ,pl9y z hav+ be5 br\ght to ! ,temple ( ,apollo ,sosianus 9 #ch ,b4,c4 ,inde$1 o!r anci5t v]sions ( ! great gr\p exi/1 includ+ a magnific5t copy ( ! daught] ( ,niobe--8,! ,*i>amonti0--n[ 9 ! ,vatican4 ,! 8,niobides0 7 almo/ c]ta9ly orig9ally design$ to s]ve an ar*itectural purpose4 ,x has be5 surmis$ t !y =m$ a p$im5tal gr\p = a ,temple ( ,apollo 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,to judge ( _! relation to ! re/ ( ,greek art1 !y mu/ be comp>$ ) su* a p$im5tal gr\p z t ( ! ,p>!non1 & we h1 !re=e1 pref]r$ to illu/rate !m f ! collection ( ca/s at ,muni*1 in/ead ( f ! m>bles 9 ,rome or ,flor5ce4 ,incid5tally1 x is int]e/+ to note t ,phidias 0 cont5t to all[ ?ree or f\r figures 9 ! c5tre ( ! gr\p to tell ! /ory4 ,we d n1 = in/ance1 ev5 "k :e!r ! 8,!seus0 is a god1 a h]o1 or m]ely a p]sonification ( "o ( ! ,a!nian riv]s4 ,b 9 ! ,niobe gr\p e figure is conc]n$ ) ! ma9 !me4 ,reg>d$ z an incid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek sculpture1 ! 8,niobides0 brilliantly illu/rate ! f\r?-c5tury arti/'s success 9 ! depiction ( human expression & passion4 ,! ,!ban ,que5 is ! inc>nation ( ! belief t womanhood's greate/ glory is to br+ into ! _w 8full-brea!d1 bright-ey$1 & happy-he>t$ human creatures40 ,%e /&s = ! ,hell5e's agreem5t ) ,rusk9's doctr9e t ! true ve9s ( weal? are purple--8n 9 rock b 9 fle%40 ,b h] pr\d s5se ( ! glory ( mo!rhood has ar\s$ ! ire ( ! ,virg9 ,artemis4 ,! sculptor *ooses ! mom5t :5 ,niobe & h] f\rte5 *ildr5 are sudd5ly fac$ ) ! dread v5geance ( ,apollo & ! goddess4 ,! unse5 arr[s h /rick5 "s ( ! fe>ful boys & girls4 ,o!rs are z yet unhurt4 ,a bro!r supports a si/]4 ,! c5tre ( ! gr\p is occupi$ by ! un=tunate "m1 to :om ! y\nge/ daught] has fl$ 9 h] t]ror4 ,^! ,roman copies ( ! 8,niobides0 7 c>v$ long aft] ! s*ools ( ,p]gamus & ,rhodes _h %[n ! possibility ( a f> m reali/ic pres5tation ( physical t]ror & bodily pa94 ,b !y /ill reta9 evid5ce ( ! ,greek sculptor's det]m9ation n to be tempt$ beyond ! limits set by bronze & m>ble4 ,a desire = dramatic expression does n int]f]e ) t h>mony ( ! planes :i* to ! pure/ ,greek ta/e made = p]fectly beautiful sculpture4 ,!re are none ( ! n]v\s sugge/ions ( muscul> action :]eby lat] arti/s convey$ ideas ( dramatic int5sity4 ,su* figures z ,niobe ) h] %r9k+ girl r display a desire to po/pone physical to spiritual angui%4 ,^u analysis1 ?is c be trac$ to ! sculptor's realisation ( ! impossibility ( express+ ! ultra-dramatic 9 t]ms ( p]fect beauty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ludovisi ,,ares 7,,page #ga7 ,vatican1 ,rome ,illu/ration3 ,,m5elaus ,,& ,,patroclus ,loggia dei ,lanzi1 ,flor5ce ,z we look ^u ! 8,niobe10 we feel at once t s dramatic a !me w\ld h made no appeal to ! g5]ation be=e ,scopas4 ,b we mu/ also feel t ! f\r? c5tury has /ruck a new note--a note1 moreov]1 to :i* m>ble c respond4 ,b :at is mo/ wond]ful is ! magnific5t res]ve1 ! p]fect mod]ation1 ) :i* ! arti/ has express$ emotions t _h be5 consid]$ beyond ! range ( ! art4 ,! sculptor has n sacrific$ t h>mony & repose :i* he reg>ds z ess5tial to ! idea ( ! beautiful4 ,! gr\p usually call$ ! 8,m5elaus & ,patroclus0 displays 9 equal degree ?is balance betwe5 ! expression ( deep emotion & ! p]fect mod]ation :i* ! ,greeks reg>d$ z ! hall-m>k ( ! truly beautiful4 ,! limitations incid5tal to m>ble z a m$ium = emotional expression are borne 9 m9d4 ,!re is no ef=t to =ce ! note ( pa?os4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,praxiteles 7#cfj ,b4,c4-#cbe ,b4,c47 ,if ,scopas may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ ,greek to realise t m>ble & bronze c\ld express ! m passionate int5sity ( feel+ :i* naturally foll[$ ! increas+ importance ( ! individual & ! individual's ?\ghts & emotions1 8 successor1 ,praxiteles1 mu/ be associat$ ) ! second great *>act]i/ic ( f\r?-c5tury sculpture--its lyrical appeal4 ,greek sculpture _h be5 epic4 ,x _h conc]n$ itself ) ! h]oic my?s ( ! race4 ,b z art became e ye> less a matt] ( communal conc]n1 x began to voice ! gr[+ self-ass]tion ( ! individual ,greek4 ,9 o!r words1 sculpture became lyric4 ,almo/ any f\r?-c5tury "w w\ld illu/rate :at we mean1 b a beautiful practical example is furni%$ f ! hi/ory ( ,attic sepul*ral sculpture4 ,any visitor to ,a!ns w rememb] ! num]\s d$icatory reliefs1 *apels & memorial /el /ill to be se5 9 situ 9 ! ,c]amicus1 ! cemet]y ne> ! ,dipylon ,gate4 ,recon/ruct+ ! sc5e at ! "t ( ,praxiteles1 we mu/ imag9e ! roads lead+ f ! pr9cipal city gates z flank$ ) su* sculptur$ memorials ( ! dead4 ,! ,sacr$ ,way to ,eleusis1 = in/ance1 became a fav\rite site4 ,to-day ! ,c]amicus is 9 ru9s1 b its monum5ts /ill pres5t "s ( ! f9e/ examples ( orig9al ,hell5ic sculpture extant4 ,!re is ! fam\s 8,relief ( ,dexileus40 ,x depicts ) magnific5t vig\r an ,a!nian cavalry-man1 triumph+ ov] a pro/rate foe4 ,dexileus di$ 9 ! w> :i* ,a!ns wag$ unsuccessfully ) ! ,cor9?ians1 s ! monum5t dates f ab\t #cid ,b4,c41 ! "t :5 ! y\?ful ,scopas 0 at "w ^u ! p$im5tal gr\ps at ,tegea4 ,! beautiful "w (t5 call$ ! 8,dea? ( ,socrates0 is only a few ye>s e>li] 9 date4 ,! connection ) ,socrates is1 ( c\rse1 apocryphal1 ! subject really be+ an ,a!nian p\r+ a libation4 ,at ! o!r side is ! wife1 absorb$ z 0 ! wont ( ,a!nian wives 9 "s dome/ic int]e/--h] dress1 or h] jewell]y4 ,! ?ird figure is a "y slave hold+ ! vessel fill$ ) w9e4 ,illu/ration3 8,,! ,,dexileus ,,relief0 ,c]amicus1 ,a!ns ,nei!r ( ! works memorialises any great political or social figure4 ,no?+ c\ld well be m individuali/ic ?an a monum5t erect$ to an unkn[n man by 8 fri5ds or relations4 ,dat+ f ab\t #djj ,b4,c41 bo? belong to an age :5 sculpture 0 divorc+ itself f its close alliance ) ! ,/ate4 ,b ! po9t to be realis$ is t a few ye>s e>li] su* works w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,sculptors ( su* p[] w\ld n h be5 at ! s]vice ( m]e individuals1 h[ev] weal?y4 ,cic]o 78,de ,legibus10 ii4 #bf7 tells t 9 ! p]iod aft] ,solon's dea?1 ! ,a!nians legislat$ aga9/ elaborate monum5ts 9 su* cemet]ies z ! ,c]amicus4 ,no tomb 0 p]mitt$ unless x c\ld be made by t5 m5 9 ?ree days4 ,= _m ye>s public op9ion approv$ ( ^! sumptu>y laws4 ,x 0 only :5 ! fif? c5tury 0 well advanc$ t !y fell into disuse4 ,ev5 !n ! transition 0 gradual4 ,! sepul*ral monum5ts 7 small & /onemasons only 7 employ$4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! be/ kn[n sculptors accept$ su* commissions4 ,pausanias1 describ+ ! antiquities ne> ! ,piru ,gate1 says1 = in/ance3 8,n f> f ! gates is a tomb1 :]eon /&s a soldi] /&+ by 8 horse2 :o he 0 ,i "k n1 b x 0 ,praxiteles :o made bo? man & horse40 ,b ! t5d5cy t[>ds an increas$ int]e/ 9 ! ne$s ( ! individual citiz5 is ev5 m /rongly exemplifi$ by ! gr[? ( home life4 ,home life _h be5 sacrific$ to public life 9 ! age ( ,!mi/ocles & ,p]icles4 ,! victors ( ,salamis liv$ 9 small h\ses1 :i* 7 p>ticul>ly d>k & uncom=table ow+ to ! lack ( glass4 ,! poor] citiz5s liv$ 9 a s+le 8cella40 ,families ( mod]ate means _h two sets ( rooms1 ! upp] floor = ! wom51 & ! l[] set ap>t = ! m54 ,9 ! fif? c5tury only a few ri* m5 c\ld af=d ! s]ies ( rooms gr\p$ r\nd ! two c\rts :i* enabl$ ! weal?y ,a!nian to receive 8 fri5ds & enjoy "s ( ! privileges ( home life4 ,"u ! circum/ances1 we _c wond] t ! ,greek left 8 home e>ly & pref]r$ ! gymnasium or ! m>ket-place1 ! law c\rts or ! cov]$ corridors4 ,a few met 9 ! c\rty>ds ( _! fri5ds b1 z a :ole1 social life 9 ,a!ns 0 public4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! ri*] memb]s ( ! community began to build magnific5t h\ses 9 ! suburbs ( ,a!ns4 ,attempts at decorat+ ! int]iors foll[$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,x is said t ,alcibiades 0 ! fir/ ,a!nian to try1 call+ 9 ,aga?>*us1 ! pa9t]1 to 8 aid4 ,! poorness ( ! light 9 ! majority ( ! h\ses doom$ ! pa9t]s' ef=ts to failure1 b ! sculptor _h a bett] *ance4 ,8 "w c\ld be us$1 at any rate1 = ! decoration ( ! c\rty>ds4 ,he 0 employ$ to supply portrait bu/s & a ho/ ( s+le figures1 :i*1 appeal+ z !y did to ! individual ta/e alone1 w\ld h _h no place 9 ! art ( ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,! range ( subjects 0 /ill fur!r increas$ by ! popul> sculptor be+ no long] *iefly engag$ ^u huge *ryselephant9e /atues ( deities1 9 :i* x 0 manife/ly impossible to dep>t f> f ! popul> types :i* _h be5 fix$ by sculptors l ,phidias & ,polyclitus4 ,moreov]1 ! sculptor 0 no long] compell$ to sp5d mo/ ( 8 "t 9 fill+ a triangul> p$im5t1 a squ>e metope1 or %ap+ 8 design to ! long n>r[ frieze4 ,! consequ5ce 0 ! discov]y ( numb]s ( my?ical subjects capable ( objective realisation 9 bronze & m>ble4 ,! 8,h]mes0 is a beautiful example ( ! use su* a sculptor z ,praxiteles made ( ! new opportunities4 ,! place x occupies 9 ! hi/ory ( ! art is unique4 ,:]eas mo/ sculptures ( its class are ,roman copies1 ! 8,h]mes ( ,praxiteles0 is an und\bt$ orig9al4 ,! m>ble 0 f\nd at ,olympia 9 #ahgg ,a4,d41 on ! v spot :]e ,pausanias record$ hav+ se5 x4 ,! f9d 0 prec$$ by ! id5tification ( a dipt]al temple ) an ,h]aion 7,temple ( ,h]a7 also describ$ by ,pausanias4 ,b ?is 0 ( small int]e/ comp>$ ) ! /atue :i* ! ,g]man excavators discov]$ emb$d$ 9 a fragm5t ( wall4 ,!re 0 nev] any d\bt z to its id5tity4 ,x 0 cle>ly 8! ,h]mes ( /one1 c>ry+ ! infant ,dionysus--a "w moreov] by ,praxiteles0--z ,pausanias _h record$4 ,e "o has se5 a ca/ ( ! /atue4 ,! god is c>ry+ ! babe ,dionysus to ! nymphs4 ,he has /opp$ = a mom5t's re/ & is amus+ 8 little *>ge1 may be ) a bun* ( grapes held 9 ! "r h&4 ,! p]fect grace ( ! figure & ! pose are ess5tially ,praxitelean4 ,! "w illu/rates ! s(t] & m s5su\s mann] ( imag+ ! less] div9ities :i* arose 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,9 ?is case ! y\?ful god 9 ! flu% ( e>ly manhood mu/ be contra/$ ) ! 8be>d$0 ,h]mes ( ! age ( ,phidias4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,praxiteles !re 0 no rev]sion to ! e>li] type4 ,he did = ,h]mes & ,apollo :at ,phidias & ,polyclitus _h done = ,zeus & ,h]a4 ,! influ5ce ( ,praxiteles c be trac$ 9 a hundr$ k9dr$ works produc$ dur+ ! next few c5turies4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x l$ to a full] appreciation ( ! value ( m>ble z a m$ium4 ,previ\sly mo/ ( ^! s+le male /atues _h be5 bronze4 ,! use ( m>ble 9 turn l$ to increas$ te*nical skill4 ,take ,praxiteles' treatm5t ( ! hair 9 ! 8,h]mes10 = in/ance4 ,note ! mass+ ( ! locks1 )\t an attempt at ! reali/ic repres5tation ( ! details1 & ! skilful use ( ! play ( light & %ade :i* su* free treatm5t makes possible4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,greek ,,womanhood ,b ev5 ^! factors1 pot5t ?\gh !y 71 d n acc\nt = ! :ole ( ! increas$ scope af=d$ to ! f\r?-c5tury sculptor4 ,we h pass$ 9 review v>i\s circum/ances1 political1 economic1 intellectual & moral4 ,b we h said no?+ ( a good half ( ,greek society--! wom54 ,yet ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! fair] sex1 negatively ^u fif?-c5tury1 positively ^u f\r?-c5tury1 sculpture 0 all-important4 ,x mu/ n be ov]look$ if we w\ld ga9 a complete und]/&+ ( ei!r phase ( ,hell5ic art4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 wom5 occupi$ a place 9 ,greek society :i* _c be readily illu/rat$ f our mod]n exp]i5ce4 ,! e>lie/ ,greek wom5 is pictur$ 9 ! pages ( ,hom]4 ,! typical wife is ,p5elope2 ! typical virg9 is ,nausicaa4 ,to ,hom]1 ! wife is ! tru/$ fri5d ( h] husb&4 ,! curr5t belief is t 8,! woman's cause is man's3 !y rise or s9k ,toge!r1 dw>f'd or god-l1 bond or free40 ,illu/ration3 ,,h]mes ,,( ,,praxiteles 7,,detail7 ,olympia ,b prosp]ity br\ght a *ange4 ,at ! "t ( ! rise ( sculpture--9 ! e>ly days ( ,p]icles--! int]e/s ( ! citiz5s 7 entirely political4 ,at no "t1 p]haps1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w h m5 & wom5 _h s little 9 common4 ,! duty ( an ,a!nian wife 0 to /ay at home1 to ord] ! h\se economically1 & to control ! num]\s slaves4 ,w$d$1 p]haps at fifte51 aft] a *ildhood sp5t 9 /rict seclusion1 %e c\ld n hope to be a companion to ! active-m9d$ ,a!nian4 8,! be/ woman10 said ,?ucydides1 8is %e ( :om lea/ is said1 ei!r 9 ! way ( good or h>m40 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fif? c5tury1 ! political int]e/s became less absorb+1 z we h se54 ,private affairs began to occupy ! major "p ( ! weal?y citiz5's "t4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t ! ,a!nian wife w\ld h be5 gradually re9/at$ 9 ! position ( intimate companion%ip %e _h occupi$ be=e city life became g5]al4 ,b ! cu/om ( c5turies 0 too firmly root$4 ,:5 ! ,a!nian once m look$ = ! pleasures t might arise f social contact ) 8 wom5folk he f\nd 8 wife entirely )\t *>m4 ,naturally en\gh he turn$ to ! ,heta]ae4 ,! ^w is too ?or\ghly ,hell5ic to be translat$4 ,demo/h5es di/+ui%$ ! class f ! re/ ( ! ,a!nian wom5 :5 he said3 8,by means ( wives we become ! fa!rs ( legitimate *ildr5 & ma9ta9 fai?ful gu>dians ( our homes2 ! ,heta]ae are meant to promote ! enjoym5t ( life40 ,! 8female fri5ds0 7 usually captives made 9 w> or1 at any rate1 /rang]s :o f\nd ,a!ns a conv5i5t m>ket = _! physical & intellectual *>ms4 ,few ,a!nian wom5 d>$ to jo9 _! ranks4 ,e ,heta]a 0 an exp]t danc]4 ,%e c\ld play on ! flute or lyre4 ,h] weal? 0 (t5 consid]able4 ,! boa/ ( ,phryne--! greate/ fem99e influ5ce ( h] day 9 ,greece--did n appe> absolutely beyond reason4 ,yet ! c\rtesan (f]$ to rebuild ! walls ( ,a!ns at h] own co/4 ,n infrequ5tly ! ,heta]a's m5tal culture 0 suffici5t to enable h] to consort ) ! greate/ philosoph]s & /atesm54 ,p]icles himself imp]ill$ 8 position 9 ! ,/ate by 8 deal+s ) ,aspasia4 ,we are n call$ ^u to pass judgm5t ^u ^! social cu/oms4 ,our task is r to e/imate ! influ5ce ( su* a /ate ( society ^u ! *ild ( 8 "t--! arti/4 ,look+ ! facts 9 ! face1 we h simply to note t ! old dem& = manly vig\r & civic unselfi%ness 0 giv+ place to a f> less /r5u\s ideal4 ,! ,a!nians c\ld applaud a ,phryne :o at a fe/ival at ,eleusis1 let d[n h] hair & desc5d$ into ! sea 9 ! sight ( all ! ,greeks1 aft] ! mann] ( a sea-born ,aphrodite4 ,in/ead ( ,zeus & ,h]a1 m5 look$ to ,dionysus1 ! lead] ( ! revels2 to ,apollo1 ! *ief ( ! ,muses2 to ,aphrodite1 ! ,que5 ( ,desire1 :o held 9 h] ce/us all ! magic ( passion4 ,! greatness ( an arti/ does n re/ ^u opposition (f]$ to curr5t civic & social ideals4 ,on ! contr>y1 x dep5ds entirely ^u ! p]fect expression :i* he gives to ! body ( emotions exp]i5c$ by ! m5 & wom5 ar\nd him4 ,! fame ( ,praxiteles is due to 8 complete id5tification ) ! p>am\nt influ5ces ( 8 age4 ,a true ,a!nian1 ! ref9$ s5suality ( 8 /yle pick$ him out z ! arti/ to give objective =m to ! popul> imag9ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,eros ,,( ,,c5tocelle ,vatican1 ,rome ,praxiteles himself 0 closely associat$ ) ! ,heta]a1 ,phryne4 ,"o ( 8 mo/ r5[n$ works 0 ! 8,eros0 :i* he c>v$ z ! arti/ic expression ( 8 love = ! beautiful c\rtesan1 & :i* 0 d$icat$ by ,phryne at ,!spiae ab\t #cfj ,b4,c4 ,! ,epigrammati/ said ( ! ,!spian 8,eros0 t x 8excit$ transports ( love by hurl+1 n d>ts1 b glances40 ,!re h be5 _m attempts to id5tify ?is /atue ) m>bles t h come d[n to u4 ,x has be5 (t5 sugge/$ t ! beautiful torso f\nd at ,c5tocelle1 & n[ 9 ! ,vatican1 may be a copy4 ,)\t dogmatis+1 we c realise "s ( ! qualities ( ,praxitelean art f ! 8,eros ( ,c5tocelle40 ,we c see ! dreamy melan*oly ) :i* ! arti/ no d\bt inve/$ ! graceful & t5d] =m ( ! ,god ( ,love4 ,x is /rongly typical ( ! ,praxitelean imag9ation t ,eros is depict$ z on ! v v]ge ( y\?1 at ! dawn ( ! fir/ =ebod+s ( passion4 ,praxiteles' 8,aphrodite ( ,cnidus0 is equally associat$ ) ! memory ( ! ,heta]a1 ,phryne4 ,orig9ally execut$ = ! isl&]s ( ,cos1 x 0 refus$ by !m on acc\nt ( ! d>+ mann] 9 :i* ! sculptor _h imag$ ! goddess--a mann] :i* c be realis$ f ! epigram to :i* x gave rise4 8,! ,paphian ,cy!rea w5t d[n to ! wat]s ( ,cnidus desir+ to behold h] own image2 hav+ beheld x1 #8,alas6 ,alas6' %e cri$1 #8:]e did ,praxiteles behold me ?us8 ,i ?\ght only ?ree p]sons1 ,p>is1 ,an*ises1 & ,adonis _h done s4'0 ,! p ( ,cnidus diff]$ f _! bro!rs ( ,cos4 ,z ,pl9y sugge/s1 _! acceptance ( ! /atue made _! isl& fam\s4 ,! m>ble 0 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( a grove ( myrtle1 & 0 approa*$ by sev]al pa?s s t x c\ld be view$ f e side4 ,! ,vatican replica ( ! ,aphrodite is ! be/ kn[n copy ( ! "w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 at pres5t disfigur$ by ! addition ( metal drap]y :i* ! ta/e ( ! la/ c5tury consid]$ necess>y4 ,! ,praxitelean design c be realis$ f ! copy at ! ,glypto!k1 ,muni*1 orig9ally 9 ! ,palace ,bras*i4 ,!re is also an undrap$ ca/ ( ! ,vatican /atue 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,our own illu/ration is f a photo ( ! ,vatican copy tak5 = ! ,hell5ic ,society _m ye>s ago4 ,to ! p ( ,cnidus1 ! /atue 0 n m>ble :ite4 ,! eyes & hair ( ! goddess 7 col\r$4 ,! drap]y & ! fle% 7 delicately t9t$4 ,9 exactly :at mann] ?is 0 done1 we d n "k4 ,t su* /atues 7 pa9t$ is beyond argum5t4 ,pl9y tells t ! pa9t] ,nicias assi/$ ,praxiteles4 ,he sugge/s t ! sculptor consid]$ ! encau/ic additions ( prime importance & necessitat+ ! greate/ skill4 ,:atev] ! purpose ( ?is col\r+ ( /atues may h be51 x is c]ta9 t !re 0 no ef=t to secure great] realism by ?is addition4 ,! desire seems to h be5 to s(t5 ! h>%] tones ( ! m>ble & to increase ! decorative effect ( ! /atue by di/+ui%+ ! pr9cipal masses ( ! composition4 ,= hundr$s ( ye>s aft] x 0 set up 9 ! myrtle grove 9 ,cnidus1 ! 8,aphrodite0 0 ! mo/ r5[n$ /atue 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,?is c only be attribut$ to ! exquisite s5se ( arti/ic fitness ) :i* ,praxiteles c>ri$ out 8 task1 toge!r ) ! fact t he _h en%r9$ 9 m>ble "o ( ! ev] pot5t human passions4 ,phryne _h be5 ,praxiteles' model4 ,b ! /atue 0 by no means a reali/ic pres5tation ( ! erotic beauties ( ! ,heta]a4 ,no fault c be f\nd ) ,praxiteles' treatm5t ( 8 !me on t gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,aphrodite ,,( ,,cnidus ,vatican1 ,rome ,nev]!less ! repres5tation ( a goddess 9 ! guise ( a woman %r9k+ f ! revelation ( h] beauty to mank9d argues ! loss ( a c]ta9 morality4 ,true1 ! ,greek sculptor _h nev] aim$ at ! inculcation ( moral ideas4 ,b 9 an age be=e ! religi\s s5se ( ! ,greek _h become dull$1 he w\ld h conf9$ himself to ! creation ( an atmosph]e 9 :i* moral ideas c\ld range )\t friction4 ,! 8,aphrodite ( ,cnidus0 belongs to a "t :i* made no su* dem& ^u its arti/s4 ,! sculptor no long] believ$ t he ow$ a duty to ! /ate 9 ?is p>ticul> respect4 ,e "w n[ /ood or fell by virtue ( its innate tru? & beauty4 ,b ,praxiteles 0 9 no s5se 8a brilliant expon5t ( decad5t art40 ,on ! contr>y1 8 sculptures be> witness to p]haps ! mo/ magnific5t end[m5t ( ! ,attic bra9--! f95ess ) :i* x felt4 ,to-day1 we are too apt to reg>d cl>ity ( ?\ght z ! *ief attribute ( g5ius4 ,really g5ius dep5ds ^u ! p[] to call up delicate tones ( feel+1 ( inf9ite subtlety ( texture :5 comp>$ ) ! ideas :i* we (t5 reg>d z its sole end[m5t4 ,praxiteles has be5 describ$ z 8,he :o actually bl5d$ ) 8 m>bles ! emotions ( ! s\l40 ,! phrase is a fitt+ "o ) :i* to close our review ( 8 art4 ,8 abid+ greatness dep5ds less ^u %e] beauty ( l9e ?an ^u ! delicacy ( ! feel+s :i* he made m>ble convey4 ,! play ( ! pass+ emotion on ! face ( ! 8,h]mes10 ! dreamy passion ( ! 8,eros10 & ! illusive *>m ) :i* ! 8,aphrodite ( ,cnidus0 %r9ks f ! revelation ( h] beauty--^! are typical ( :at is mo/ *>act]i/ic 9 ! sculpture ( ,praxiteles & 8 fell[ work]s4 ,he felt ! emotional appeal ( ! fem99e & ! y\?ful male =m r ?an saw ! beauties ( l9e display$ 9 ! new subjects (f]$ = sculptural treatm5t4 ,x is f> f true t ! ,greek sculptor g5]ally s\ght = beauty ( =m to ! neglect ( all ! v>i$ *>m t lies 9 intellectual & emotional expression4 ,?is might be said ( ,phidias & ,polyclitus4 ,! insight ( ! sculptors ( ! foll[+ c5tury into ! dep?s ( human emotion1 on ! contr>y1 0 inf9ite4 ,scopas & ,praxiteles made m>ble speak ! m delicate emotions ( ! s\l to ! la/ ^w4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,lysippus ,,& ,,! ,,f\r?-,,c5tury ,,reali/s ,,) ,a ,,note ,,on ,,mod]n ,,sculptural ,,criticism ,x ne$s little k ( human nature to realise t ! idealisation ( s5su\s passion1 :i* 0 ! keynote ( ! art ( ,praxiteles1 c\ld n express ! :ole nature ( a composite civilisation1 & p>ticul>ly ! :ole nature ( a civilisation great en\gh to "m an ,alex&] & a ,demo/h5es4 ,! pres5ce ( a m /r5u\s ideal 0 inevitable4 ,! body social 9 ?is respect closely resembles ! individual4 ,to ! individual1 m]ely s5sual pleasure is r>ely entirely absorb+4 ,x is a matt] ( h\rs1 weeks--mon?s1 x may be1 !n ! impulse weak5s1 & 8,l ! sn[-falls 9 ! riv]1 ,a mom5t :ite--!n melts = ev]60 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 h be5 possible to diagnose ! pres5ce ( ! cold] & m self-conta9$ art h>d by ! w>mly gl[+ art ( ,praxiteles4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 a l>ge class ( sculptures :i* we %all designate z ,lysippic4 ,^! conta9 /rongly m>k$ *>act]i/ics1 & a mom5t's consid]ation w %[ t !y mu/ be trac$ to a social op9ion entirely diff]5t to t p]vad+ su* works z ! 8,olympian ,h]mes10 ! 8,aphrodite ( ,cnidus10 & ! 8,eros ( ,c5tocelle40 ,b if a s*ool ( sculpture oppos$ to t ( ,praxiteles 0 an arti/ic necessity1 a reaction aga9/ ! social circum/ances :i* _h r5d]$ a ,praxiteles possible 0 equally sure4 ,! art *ange inde$ witnesses to ! social revolution2 ! social *ange to ! arti/ic4 ,nor is ! reaction 9 any s5se ! result ( a m]ely passive objection to a dang]\s me?od ( liv+ & feel+4 ,a!ns 0 impell$ by mis=tune into adopt+ s\nd] ideals4 ,su* an incid5t z ! sack ( ! %ops 9 ! ,piru by ! pirate vessels ( ,alex&] ( ,ph] aft] ! battle ( ,mant9ea 7#cfb ,b4,c47 _h rudely %ak5 ! self-confid5ce ( ! ,a!nians4 ,at ! "t1 ! outrage l$ to no m vigor\s /ep ?an ! exil+ ( ! ,a!nian /atesman1 ,calli/ratus4 ,b ^! rebuffs rea*$ a climax 9 #cch ,b4,c4 :5 ,!bes & ,a!ns 7 r\t$ by ,philip & ,alex&] at ,*ronea4 ,! impossible _h happ5$4 ,) ! victory ( ,*ronea1 ! hegemony ( ,greece _h pass$ to ,mac$onia--a non-,greek p[]4 ,! ,a!nians prep>$ = root & bran* re=m4 ,z if to ju/ify ! taunt ( ,demo/h5es1 8! adm9i/ration has ris5 f begg>y to weal?1 :ile ! ,treasury wants su/5ance = "o day's m>*10 su* an incorruptible z ,lycurgus 0 elect$ to ! ,m9i/ry ( ! ,public ,rev5ue4 ,:at is m he 0 p]mitt$ to act4 ,! ,navy 0 increas$ to #djj galleys4 ,! m>ble /ore-h\se = %ips' ge> 7! ,skeuo!ke ( ,philo7 0 complet$4 ,) grim irony1 ! cases t l9$ ! triple-aisl$ arcades 7 left op5 = public inspection1 8t ^? :o pass$ might see all ! ge> 9 ! ge>-h\se40 ,x 0 almo/ a c5tury s9ce ! se$s ( decay _h be5 s[n 9 ! city-/ate sy/em4 ,x ne$$ no ,demo/h5es to prove t ) all its faults x 0 to ?is sy/em t ,a!ns ow$ its mo/ endur+ glories4 ,x _h develop$ ! p[]s ( ! citiz5s to ! greate/ ext5t4 ,fac$ ) ! possibility ( ! absolute mon>*y embodi$ 9 ! p[] ( ,mac$onia triumph+ ov] ! free commonweal?1 ,a!ns naturally look$ to ! pa/4 ,! rule ( ,phocion & ,lycurgus 0 ! result4 ,x 0 m>k$ by a clos] return to ! ideals ( ! fif? c5tury ?an _h prevail$ 9 ,a!ns s9ce ! dea? ( ,p]icles1 a c5tury e>li]4 ,_m ( ! old %r9es 7 re/or$1 & ! !atre ( ,dionysus rebuilt4 ,aid$ by ! produce ( ! silv] m9es ( ,laurion1 ,lycurgus 0 able to rebuild ! ,lycan gymnasium & con/ruct ! ,pana!naic /adion4 ,b an ev5 m signal pro( ( ! reaction aga9/ ! selfi% policy ( ! previ\s fifty ye>s is to be f\nd 9 ! ef=t made to rid ,a!ns ( ! m]c5>y sy/em :i* 0 sapp+ ! milit>y /r5g? ( ! /ate4 ,aft] ,*ronea ! y\? ( ,a!ns 0 once m tra9$ to arms4 ,"y m5 _h to s]ve ! /ate = at lea/ two ye>s4 ,^! ,epheboi1 "u ! direction ( a m>%al & t5 ma/]s ( discipl9e1 wore a common uni=m1 liv$ toge!r & d9$ frugally at a common mess4 ,! sy/em 0 almo/ ,sp>tan 9 its simple temp]ance4 ,! ,epheboi 7 tra9$ 9 ! ex]cises ( ! hoplite4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ half ( _! tra9+ !y gave a public exhibition ( a?letic & milit>y skill 9 ! ,a!nian !atre4 ,! m9i/ry ( ,lycurgus betwe5 #cch & #cbf ,b4,c4 0 n a second gold5 age = ,a!ns4 ,b x 0 a fai?ful copy4 ,!re 01 at lea/1 a p>tial return to ! good old times :5 ,a!nian lads ran races "u ! sacr$ olives1 r$ol5t ( convolvulus & :it5+ popl>1 8rejoic+ 9 ! sweet o' ! ye> :5 ! plane-tree :isp]s to ! elm40 ,x 0 9 a _w dom9at$ by ^! ideals t ,lysippus 7r\ghly #cge ,b4,c4 to #cjj ,b4,c471 ! la/ ( ! great ,greek sculptors1 work$4 ,9 place ( ! less virile type fav\r$ by ! age ( ,praxiteles he aim$ at ! expression ( natural manly beauty4 ,lysippus m\ld$ 8 /yle ^u t ( ,polyclitus4 ,l ,polyclitus1 he pref]r$ to "w 9 bronze4 ,! pref]5ce is typical ( 8 dep>ture f ! /yle ( ! ,a!nian arti/s :o _h dom9at$ sculpture dur+ ! =ty ye>s be=e ,*ronea4 ,m>ble _h prov$ ! v m$ium = ! portrayal ( ! s(t] graces ( ! human =m & ! delicate expression ( emotion4 ,b x 0 inadequate = ! repres5tation ( ! m vigor\s human =ms :i* ,lysippus s\ght to portray4 ,lysippus1 h[ev]1 0 no bl9d foll[] ( ,polyclitus4 ,x is n>rat$ t he once said1 8,polyclitus made m5 z !y 71 b ,i make !m z !y appe> to ! eye40 ,lysippus add$ ! tru? ( expression :i* ! beautifully symmetrical b impassive figures ( ,polyclitus lack$4 ,he aim$ at imp>t+ to 8 figures a lightness t ^? ( ! ,argive sculptor want$4 ,! ,vatican 8,apoxyom5us0 is )\t d\bt ! f9e/ /atue extant embody+ ^! t5d5cies4 ,?is f9e m>ble 0 excavat$ 9 ,april #ahdi f among ! ru9s ( a l>ge private h\se 9 ! ,vicolo delle ,palme 9 ,tran/ev]e4 ,x is d\btless a m>ble copy ( ! bronze :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ popul> works ( art 9 ,rome dur+ ! ,empire4 ,9 ! bronze orig9al ! supports :i* are necess>y = ! m>ble copy 7 abs5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,meleag] ,vatican1 ,rome ,illu/ration3 ,,apoxyom5us 7,,s*ool ,,( ,,lysippus7 ,vatican1 ,rome ,b :at /rikes u fir/ is n ! resemblance to ! a?letic sculptures ( ,polyclitus1 b ! m>k$ diff]5ce4 ,! subject is ( ! g5re ord]1 :i* 9 itself d5otes a *ange4 ,wre/l]s 7 wont to ano9t _! bodies ) oil & bespr9kle !mselves ) f9e s& 9 ord] to af=d a firm grip4 ,"h we see ! a?lete scrap+ ! oil-soak$ s& f 8 limbs ) a /rigil4 ,b ! diff]5ce goes /ill deep]4 ,a physique t w\ld s]ve ! ,/ate 9 good /ead at any mom5t 0 cle>ly ! ess5tial to ! y\? :o pos$ = ! 8,diadum5us0 ( ,polyclitus4 ,above all1 !re 0 no sugge/ion ( tra9+ = a s+le ev5t4 ,! 8,apoxyom5us10 on ! contr>y1 r recalls ! sy/em ( our own day1 9 :i* p>ticul> muscle1 r ?an balanc$ /r5g?1 is ! prime desid]atum4 ,to-day ! a?lete nev] loses sight ( ! fact t a def9ite conte/ has to be won on a fix$ date4 ,mr4 ,k4 ,t4 ,fro/1 9 a delightful criticism ( ! 8,apoxyom5us0 f ! po9t ( view ( ! a?letic anatomi/1 c\ples ! "w ) ! well-kn[n 8,fight+ ,w>rior0 ( ,agasias1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 8,bo?10 he says1 8h ! physical *>act]i/ics :i* we associate ) ! ?or\ghbr$40 ,comp>+ !m ) o!r ,greek a?letic /atues1 he %[s t ! back & trunk 9 ! e>li] works dep5d = /r5g? ^u ! g5]al solidity ( ! frame1 n on specially develop$ muscles4 ,?is1 z he proves1 is n ! case ) ! 8,apoxyom5us10 ?\gh ! /eel-l t5dons & s9ews prev5t ! result+ slimness f sugge/+ any lack ( p[]4 ,,mod]n ,,sculptural ,,criticism ,! 8,apoxyom5us10 s9ce its discov]y 9 #ahdi1 has always be5 associat$ ) ! "n ( ,lysippus4 ,x c]ta9ly %[s all ! features :i* are usually associat$ ) 8 /yle1 includ+ ! small head1 ! long limbs1 & ! life-l animation :i* he /rove to express 9 8 figures4 ,! attribution ( ^! *>act]i/ics orig9ally dep5d$ ^u ! int]pretation plac$ ^u v>i\s ref]5ces to ,lysippus 9 ! classical au?ors4 ,a passage 9 ,pl9y1 = in/ance1 speaks ( 8 8,con/antia10 & seems to sugge/ t a sleepless reg>d = tru? 9 detail 0 a prime feature ( ! ,lysippic /yle4 ,:5 we add to ?is ! passages relat+ to 8 pupils1 we c sc>cely fail to reg>d ,lysippus z ! f\nd] ( ! reali/ic s*ool1 :i* 0 oppos$ ?r\gh\t ! ,hell5i/ic age to ! m fanciful & ideali/ic art bas$ ^u ! m>bles ( ,praxiteles4 ,:5 we come to ! consid]ation ( ! portraits ( ! ,lysippic s*ool1 we %all see t realism to ,lysippus did n mean exactitude to life4 ,he always s\ght to add t rhy?mic beauty :i* ,nature nev] supplies1 b :i* e true arti/1 & especially e great ,greek sculptor1 is p]suad$ lies at ! root ( art4 ,x 0 ^u su* evid5ce z ?is t ! 8,apoxyom5us0 0 attribut$ to ,lysippus4 ,practically all ! well-kn[n & frequ5tly copi$ sculptures are attribut$ to ! fam\s sculptors ( antiquity ^u simil> gr\nds4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! ar*ologi/s h s\ght to introduce a supplem5t>y me?od :]eby ! au?or%ip ( well-kn[n sculptures may be v]ifi$4 ,! me?od dep5ds ^u ! m9ute exam9ation ( pieces ( sculpture & ! tabulation ( _! te*nical peculi>ities4 ,! eye or ! e>1 ! no/ril or ! *9 ( a /atue1 & especially ( a ,greek orig9al1 speaks volumes to ! sci5tific critic4 ,aid$ by a collection ( pr9ts1 he arranges sculptures f any ( ! ,european collections into classes4 ,! h9t ( a date enables him provisionally to associate a class ) a well-kn[n craftsman1 & ! id5tification ( ! au?or%ip ( ma/]pieces beg9s4 ,criticism ( ?is k9d looms l>gely 9 ! lit]ature ( sculpture 9 ^! days4 ,ev5 ! amateur :o is int]e/$ 9 art r ?an ar*ology mu/1 !re=e1 h a cle> idea ( ! type ( evid5ce lead+ to ! ascription ( well-kn[n sculptures to p>ticul> arti/s4 ,almo/ any fam\s "w w\ld s]ve to illu/rate ?is4 ,critical /ruggles1 = in/ance1 h wag$ ar\nd ! 8,v5us ( ,milo40 ,is x a f\r?-c5tury "w1 or c x be r\ghly dat$ at #aej ,b4,c48 ,we h also ref]r$ to ! critical my/]y surr\nd+ ! au?or%ip ( ! 8,niobides40 ,we1 h[ev]1 *oose = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ our po9t1 two fam\s works n[ 9 ! ,vatican--8,! ,ares ,ludovisi0 & ! 8,meleag]40 ,bo? are g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to be copies ( f\r?-c5tury sculptures ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,nei!r possesses ! /rongly m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( ! /yle ( ,praxiteles2 nor d !y resemble ! 8,apoxyom5us40 ,are !y !n to be ascrib$ to ,scopas8 ,t is ! critical problem4 ,! 8,ares0 depicts ! w>-god z a y\?4 ,?is is a f\r?-c5tury v>iation f ! robu/1 be>d$1 & fully arm$ type ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,ares is pond]+ fre% feats ( arms4 ,or may be1 z ! ,roman copyi/ sugge/s by ! introduction ( ! t9y ,eros1 he is solv+ "s deep amatory problem set him by ,aphrodite4 ,at fir/ sight ! 8,ares0 seems to be by a sculptor :o has imbib$ "s ( ! _s ( bo? ,scopas & ,praxiteles4 ,! s5tim5t /rikes u z ,praxitelean1 ! expression r sugge/s ,scopas4 ,leubke1 not+ ! l5g? ( ! limbs1 says t ! 8,ares ,ludovisi0 rem9ds him ( ! /yle ( ,lysippus4 ,dr4 ,wald/e91 h[ev]1 w h none ( ?is4 ,he insi/s ^u ! claims ( ,scopas4 ,to ,dr4 ,wald/e91 ! ov]hang+ br[ :i* gives ! p5sive expression to ! 8,apoxyom5us0 is ! *>act]i/ic ( ,lysippus4 ,its abs5ce compels him to ref] ! 8,ares0 to ,scopas4 ,x all dep5ds ^u a wr9kle4 ,ne$less to say1 we d n propose to decide :]e doctors disagree4 ,b ! ar*ological me?od c be illu/rat$ ev5 m happily by ! critical hi/ory ( ! ,vatican 8,meleag]40 ,! /ripl+ /&s ) 8 dog1 c>eless ( any dang] :i* ! future may h 9 /ore4 ,! arti/ w\ld seem to repres5t a y\?ful huntsman impati5t = 8 qu>ry1 r ?an ! tru/y h]o :o sail$ ) ! ,argonauts & fre$ ! *ace ( ,calydon f ! deva/at+ bo> ( ,artemis4 ,z is ! case ) mo/ ( ! well-kn[n ,greek sculptures1 no signature or inscription connects x ) any p>ticul> arti/4 ,! exceptional evid5ce pres5t 9 ! case ( ! 8,h]mes0 ( ,praxiteles is1 z we %all see1 also abs5t4 ,! fir/ clue comes f ! pages ( ,pausanias1 :o names ,scopas z ! ar*itect ( ! temple ( ,a!na ,alea at ,tegea1 & speaks ( him z ! sculptor ( ! p$im5tal gr\ps4 ,pausanias goes on to describe ! m>bles1 & gives a li/ ( ! figures 9 ! ea/]n p$im5t :]eon 0 figur$1 z he says1 8,! hunt+ ( ! ,calydonian bo>40 ,^! facts1 toge!r ) ! emotional "* ( ! 8,meleag]10 ju/ifi$ ! /atue be+ associat$ ) ! sculptor ( ! ,tegean gr\p4 ,b ! evid5ce did n end "h4 ,dur+ rec5t excavations1 two heads1 :i* _h evid5tly fall5 f ! ea/]n p$im5t1 7 discov]$4 78,j\rnal ,hell5ic ,/udies10 vol4 xv47 ,!y %[$ ! passionate insi/5ce ^u vitality1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! int5sity ( ! gaze ( ! eyes1 :i* we h already not$ 9 ! 8,mausoleum ,*>iote]10 & :i* c]ta9ly *>act]ises ! 8,meleag]0 at ,rome4 ,"h 0 fair mat]ial = a dogmatic sup]/ructure ( really impos+ dim5sions4 ,! sci5tific critic _h1 ( c\rse1 to seek = fur!r in/ances ( ! %>ply r\nd$ eyeballs4 ,he _h to f9d o!r cases 9 :i* ! int5sity ( expression 0 cle>ly due to ! deep sett+ ( ! eyes4 ,^u ! results ( ^! rese>*es he c\ld assign a c]ta9 numb] ( ! sculptures to ,scopas1 & by a process ( exhau/ion _m ano!r f\r?-c5tury "w to ! num]\s sculptors m5tion$ 9 ,pl9y & ,pausanias4 ,s f> all 0 pla9 sail+4 ,! attributions 7 admitt$ly risky1 b ! int]e/ ( ! results seem$ to ju/ify ! me?od4 ,un=tunately ! matt] did n end "h4 ,:ile "o p>ty ( excavators 0 work+ at ,tegea1 ano!r p>ty 0 une>?+ a disconc]t+ inscription else:]e4 ,?is sugge/$ t a /atue kn[n z ! 8,agias10 a figure ( an a?lete f\nd at ,delphi1 0 a m>ble copy ( a "w by ,lysippus4 ,! discov]y necessitat$ a fre% exam9ation ( f\r?-c5tury works1 & z a result1 su* an au?ority z ,mr4 ,p]cy ,g>dn] n[ feels compell$ to d\bt :e!r ! 8,meleag]0 c be prop]ly associat$ ) ! influ5ce ( ,scopas any long]4 ,guid$ by resemblances to ! 8,agias10 he sugge/s t ! 8,meleag]0 is mu* m probably aft] a "w by ,lysippus4 ,b aga9 ! critical argum5t takes a fre% lease4 ,= ! 8,agias0 is f\nd to resemble /rongly ! 8,h]acles0 at ,lansd[ne ,h\se4 ,moreov]1 s9ce nei!r possesses any ( ! /rongly m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( ! 8,apoxyom5us10 d\bt is ?r[n ^u ! g5]ally accept$ attribution ( t /atue to ,lysippus4 ,:at is ! alt]native8 ,mr4 ,p]cy ,g>dn] has a sugge/ion at once4 ,he turns to 8 ,pl9y 78,nat4 ,hi/40 xxxiv4 #hg74 ,! 8#8,apoxyom5us' is n a g5u9e f\r?-c5tury "w2 x is r ,hell5i/ic10 says he2 8x may well be a copy ( ! ,p]ixyom5us ( ,diappus1 ! son or pupil ( ,lysippus40 ,we d n ref] to ! battle ( ! critics ov] ,scopas1 ,praxiteles1 & ,lysippus at ?is l5g? on acc\nt ( ! intr9sic value ( ! critical spoils4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! value ( ! accumulation ( evid5ce seems to u to be entirely negative4 ,we are f> f wi%+ to depreciate ! value ( su* rese>*es1 b c&\r compels u to rem9d ! amateur t ! mod]n me?ods ( critical rese>* are full ( pitfalls4 ,"o c sc>cely /e] too f> f ! ha/y g5]alisation :i* c be s readily drawn f ! necess>ily flimsy evid5ce ^u :i* ! ar*ologi/ is compell$ to rely4 ,illu/ration3 8,,s>cophagus ,,( ,,alex&]0 ,con/ant9ople ,= ourselves we pref] to reg>d ! "w ( ! critical s*ool z scaffold+ :i* w d\btless lead to a p]man5t erection ( asc]ta9$ fact4 ,! 8,ares10 ! 8,meleag]10 & ! 8,apoxyom5us0 may be nei!r by ,scopas nor ,lysippus4 ,x is suffici5t if we c hone/ly detect 9 !m ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( p>ticul> phases ( f\r?-c5tury sculpture4 ,! 8,mausoleum ,*>iote]10 ! 8,m5elaus & ,patroclus10 & ! 8,niobe0 gr\p may none ( !m be ! actual design or h&iwork ( ,scopas4 ,we _c d m ?an detect 9 !m ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! p]iod 9 :i* ,scopas 0 a dom9at+ influ5ce4 ,b !re mu/ h be5 a p]sonality to popul>ise ! new /yle--a bra9 & h& ?r\gh :om ! new arti/ic t5d5cy fir/ f\nd expression4 ,) all ! res]vations t ^! rem>ks imply1 we give ?is p]sonality ! "n ( ,scopas1 &1 z we said be=e1 reg>d him z ! fir/ ,greek to realise t m>ble & bronze c\ld express ! m passionate int5sity ( feel+ :i* naturally foll[$ ! increas+ importance ( ! individual & ! individual's ?\ghts & emotions4 ,s ) ,lysippus4 ,! individual is n an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek sculpture4 ,if he nev] liv$1 ano!r sculptor 8( ! same "n0 gave pla/ic expression to ! m reali/ic ideals ar\s$ by ! triumph ( ,mac$onia4 ,"s ma/] inaugurat$ ! reali/ic s*ool1 :i* p]si/$ beside ! ideali/ic1 bas$ ^u ! art ( ,praxiteles4 ,:e!r ,lysippus1 ,diappus1 or an unkn[n sculptor ( ! ,hell5i/ic s*ool m\ld$ ! 8,apoxyom5us0 is ( small consequ5ce4 ,moreov]1 :5 all is said & done1 !re is n mu* to *oose betwe5 ?is position & t ( ,mr4 ,p]cy ,g>dn] himself4 ,z ,mr4 ,fro/ has po9t$ out1 ! l5g? ( limb & lightness ( frame se5 9 ! 8,apoxyom5us0 are only ! t5d5cies ( ! 8,agias0 c>ri$ a /ep fur!r4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,p]cy ,g>dn] goes on to sugge/ t ! ,vatican /atue is n by ! ma/] b by ! pupil1 he practically accepts ! g5]al view we hold4 ,b>r+ ! 8,h]mes0 ( ,praxiteles1 x is practically impossible to attribute dogmatically any ( ! ,hell5ic sculptures to ! craftsman%ip ( p>ticul> arti/s4 ,inscriptions1 lit]>y ref]5ces1 & fur!r ,greek orig9als1 or ,roman copies1 may yet be f\nd4 ,= ! pres5t1 ! art lov] w d well to cont5t himself ) realis+ ! me?ods :i* ! critical s*ools h adopt$1 & ! pa? by :i* x seeks answ]s to ! high problems x desires to solve4 ,we _c pass f our consid]ation ( ! la/ ef=t ( ,hell5ic sculpture prop] )\t a ref]5ce to "o o!r "w associat$ ) ! ,lysippic p]iod4 ,we mean ! magnific5t s>cophagus n[ at ,con/ant9ople1 & sometimes call$ ! 8,s>cophagus ( ,alex&]40 ,?is is cle>ly a ,greek orig9al produc$ ab\t #cjj ,b4,c4 ,x 0 f\nd e>ly 9 ! la/ decade 9 ! family vault ( a ,sidonian k+ at ,saida1 ) sev]al s>cophagi ( ! f9e/ /yle4 ,^? :o _c see ! orig9al1 c ga9 a cle> idea ( ! great "w f ! magnific5t publication issu$ by ,hamdi ,bey1 ! discov]]1 entitl$ 8,une ,necropole ,royale de ,sidon10 ( :i* ! ,briti% ,museum possesses a copy4 ,all sides ( ! s>cophagus are decorat$ ) a weal? ( sculptur$ design & ornam5t4 ,mac$onians1 ,greeks1 & ,p]sians all take "p 9 ! sc5es ( battle & *ase repres5t$ by ! sculptor4 ,! "w is 9 ! f9e/ pres]vation4 ,! silv] bridles & weapons h be5 remov$1 b 9 all o!r respects x is p]fect4 ,"o head is miss+ b ?is is due to an accid5t s9ce its discov]y4 ,ev5 ! orig9al col\rs c be trac$4 ,inde$1 any "o wi%+ to obta9 a cle> idea ( ! use ! ,greeks made ( col\r 9 sculpture _c d bett] ?an /udy ! f9e col\r$ plates pictur+ ! 8,s>cophagus ( ,alex&]0 prep>$ = ,hamdi ,bey4 ,illu/ration3 8,,phocion0 ,vatican1 ,rome ,,greek ,,portraiture ,s f> few ref]5ces to ! portrait sculptures ( ,greece ei!r 9 ! fif? or f\r? c5tury h be5 necess>y4 ,we h n[1 h[ev]1 to r$eem ! promise to make cle> ! use ,lysippus & 8 s*ool made ( reali/ic detail 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( art4 ,! opportunity sugge/s a few g5]al rem>ks ^u ,hell5ic portrait sculpture g5]ally4 ,be=e ! latt] half ( ! f\r? c5tury !re 0 no portraiture 9 ,greece1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w4 ,t is to say1 ! sculptor made no ef=t to produce a reali/ic repres5tation ( ! sitt]4 ,he r s\ght to pres5t a type sugge/$ by ! individual4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! ,briti% ,museum bu/ ( 8,p]icles0--probably a copy ( ! /atue by ,cresilas d$icat$ aft] ! revolt ( ,samos 7#ddj ,b4,c474 ,?is /ood on ! ,acropolis1 h>d by ! ,lemnian 8,a!na0 ( ,phidias1 on ! "r-h& side z ! ,a!nian pass$ up ?r\gh ! ,propyla4 ,ev5 su* a well-kn[n figure z ! w>rior /atesman is n highly individualis$4 ,! cle>-cut br[ & ! broad m\? tell ( ! pr(\nd judgm5t & sob] w ne$ful to ! man :o gave ,a!nian policy its deepe/ & mo/ imag9ative *>act]i/ics4 ,! voluptu\s lips tell ( ! passionate emotionalism :i* br\ght ,p]icles into sympa?y ) 8 fell[ c\ntrym51 & :i* e true ,a!nian w\ld h consid]$ x inhuman to cru%4 ,b ^! *>act]i/ics are r ^? ( ! ideal /atesman :i* ! ,a!nian sy/em s\ght to produce4 ,e trait applicable to ,p]icles alone has be5 remov$4 ,mu* ! same may be said ( ! well-kn[n 8,sophocles10 or ! s-call$ 8,phocion0 9 ! ,vatican1 two ( ! f9e/ ,greek portraits ( ! be/ /yle extant4 ,bo? h all ! /rongly ideali/ic qualities ( ,hell5ic portraiture be=e ! ,alex&rian age4 ,nei!r ! 8,sophocles0 nor ! 8,phocion0 c be t]m$ portraits 9 ! s5se t ! ,roman bu/s are portraits4 ,bo? repres5t ideal types r ?an individual p]sonalities4 ,! ,greek ?9k] desir$ to look at ev]y?+ f ! univ]sal po9t ( view4 ,he s\ght to =m g5]al ab/ract conceptions ab\t humanity & nature1 applicable to any & e "p ( ! univ]se4 ,! task ( ! ,greek sculptor 01 !re=e1 to produce figures embody+ ^! types4 ,phocion 0 to him ! incorruptible /atesman4 ,sophocles 0 ! typical ,a!nian g5tleman--s\nd 9 body z 9 m9d4 ,s :5 ,lysippus set out to c>ve a portrait /atue su* z t pres]v$ 9 ! m>ble bu/ ( 8,alex&]0 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 he did n picture ! man or ! k+ ( ,mac$on1 b ! desc5dant ( ,a*illes1 ^: mission x 0 to conqu] ! _w4 ,he ab/ract$ e trait t endur$ b = ! mom5t1 & s\ght only to express ! h]oic side ( ! ,mac$onian "*4 ,plut>* 78,life ( ,alex&]07 tells ( ! impression ?is me?od made ^u ,alex&] himself4 ,we read3 8,:5 ,lysippus fir/ made a portrait ( ,alex&] ) 8 c\nt5ance uplift$ to heav51 j z ,alex&] 0 wont to gaze ) 8 neck g5tly incl9$ to "o side1 "s "o wrote ! foll[+ note 9 appropriate epigram3 #8,! man ( bronze is z "o t looks on ,zeus1 & w address him ?us3 8,o ,zeus1 ,i place e>? b5ea? my feet1 d ?\ rule ,olympus40' ,illu/ration3 ,,p]icles ,vatican1 ,rome ,illu/ration3 ,,alex&] ,aft] ,lysippus 8,= ?is reason ,alex&] gave ord]s t only ,lysippus %\ld make portraits ( him1 s9ce he alone1 z x w\ld seem1 truly reveal$ 8 nature 9 bronze & portray$ 8 c\rage 9 visible =m1 :ile o!rs 9 _! anxiety to reproduce ! b5d ( ! neck1 & ! melt+ look ( ! eyes1 fail$ to pres]ve 8 mascul9e & leon9e aspect40 ,! portraits ( ,lysippus !re=e diff] f su* an ideal figure z ! 8,p]icles0 9 ! skilful use made ( realism4 ,! portrait is ca/ 9 an h]oic m\ld1 b ?is is n obta9$ at ! exp5se ( all lik5ess4 ,note ! way 9 :i* ! peculi> eyes ( ! k+ & ! turn ( 8 neck h be5 utilis$4 ,! *ange 0 n entirely = ! bett]4 ,! passage f ,plut>* itself sugge/s :]e an arti/ ( less ?an ! front rank w\ld fail4 ,! foll[]s ( ,lysippus 7 n cont5t to make ?is sp>+ use ( detail4 ,=getful t g5]al tru?s & g5]al emotions c be embodi$ 9 m>ble & bronze mo/ cle>ly & !re=e mo/ prop]ly1 !y made reali/ic detail an end 9 itself4 ,pl9y tells ( ,lysi/ratus ( ,sicyon1 a bro!r ( ,lysippus1 & says t he introduc$ ! practice ( 8life-l portraiture10 previ\s arti/s hav+ s\ght 8to acc5tuate ! m beautiful qualities ( ! sitt]40 ,f ?is x 0 b a /ep to ! "w ( ,demetrius ( ,alopece1 ^: portraits 7 s reali/ic t ,lucian call$ him 8! mak] ( m50 r ?an ! 8mak] ( /atues40 ,lucian's phrase rem9ds u t we h br\ght our survey ( ,hell5ic sculpture to a close4 ,! d[nfall ( ! city-/ate sy/em militat$ aga9/ ^? habits ( ?\ght :i* ev] aim$ at elim9at+ e trait applicable to ! individual object1 & :i* 7 s ess5tially ,hell5ic4 ,:5 ! ari/ocratic or mon>*ical rule ( ! c\ntry-/ate 0 sub/itut$1 ! rural vot] no long] tr\bl$ to ex]cise 8 fran*ise4 ,he left ! duty ( record+ a vote to ! t[nsm5 on ! spot4 ,! e>li] con/ant contact ) actuality became a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,speak+ ( ! ess5tial quality ( ,greek sculpture1 ,pat] has said3 8,hell5ic bread? & g5]ality come ( a culture1 m9ute1 sev]e1 con/antly r5ew$1 & conc5trat+ its impressions into c]ta9 pregnant types40 ,^! words exactly describe ! relation ( ,greek sculpture to g5]al culture dur+ ! fif? & f\r? c5turies4 ,:5 ,greece fail$ to )/& ,mac$onia1 ! entire curr5t ( social & political life *ang$4 ,a culture :i* _h be5 ,hell5ic became ,hell5i/ic4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,hell5i/ic ,,& ,,roman ,,sculpture ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,po/-,,alex&rian ,,art ,,( ,,! ,,empire ,,( ,,seleucus1 ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,p]gamus1 ,,rhodes1 ,,& ,,alex&ria ,! life /ory ( an idea--! fl[] ( ! spiritual _w--pres5ts _m analogies to ! vital ph5om5a ( ! natural _w4 ,x is born1 x lives &1 maybe1 x suff]s ! 8sea-*ange0 we call dea?4 ,!re are ! weeks1 mon?s1 or ye>s :i* correspond to ! "t :5 ! fl[]s are 9 _! tir+ rooms1 8,fa/ busy1 weav+1 9 ^? /ill retreats1 ,! robes ( ra9b[ dyes1 :i* !y mu/ we>40 ,!n1 ) ! idea z ) ! fl[]1 comes ! day :5 ,spr+1 8,fa/ runn+ o'er ! dr[sy e>?1 ,taps at ! clos$ portals ( _! homes1 ,& calls !m =?1 fre% p]fum$ & new clad1 ,to ! fe/ival ( ,nature40 ,& aft] ! fl[] comes ! se$ & ! scatt]+ ( ! se$4 ,! blossom+ "t ( ! idea :i* we saw 9 bud ?ree c5turies e>li]--,hell5ism--0 ! age dur+ :i* ,hellas consi/$ ( a clu/] ( self-dep5d5t cities 9 ,greece1 ) _! free colonies 9 ,sicily1 ,italy1 ,asia ,m9or & else:]e ar\nd ! ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,phidias1 ,praxiteles1 & ,lysippus 7 ! sculptors ( ! age :5 ,a!ns 0 /ill ! c5tre ( ,greek intellectual ?\ght & arti/ic action4 ,! se$time ( ,hell5ism--its second phase--is t 9 :i* ! ,hell5ic ideal is giv5 to mank9d4 ,magna ,grcia is no long] self-c5tr$ & self-conta9$4 ,! ,greek takes ^u himself ! task ( %[+ ! b>b>ian _w ! value ( t cl>ity ( ?\ght & expression :i* is at once peculi>ly ,hell5ic & peculi>ly sculpturesque4 ,?is second phase is ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod4 ,x r\ghly dates f #cbc ,b4,c41 :5 ,alex&] di$1 until ! ,roman occupation ( ,syria 9 ! fir/ c5tury be=e our era4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod indep5d5t s*ools ( sculpture arose beyond ! gean ,p59sula4 ,^! 7 animat$ 9 ! ma9 by ! ,hell5ic _s1 b ! result+ works %[ abundant traces ( ! ali5 influ5ces among :i* ! se$ 0 plant$ & grew up4 ,previ\sly1 c\ntries )9 rea* ( ,greek influ5ce turn$ to su* a c5tre z ,a!ns :5 !y requir$ arti/s ( ! fir/ rank to design or decorate a temple or to adorn a public build+4 ,moreov]1 ,greek ideals _h nev] p5etrat$ into ! va/ c\ntries rul$ by ,p]sia4 ,b ! union ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,adriatic & ! ,indus into "o ,hell5ic-,ori5tal empire1 & ! f\ndation ( ,greek cities ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! va/ t]ritory1 *ang$ all ?is4 ,work]s 9 m>ble & bronze ( ! fir/ rank arose at c5tres z remote f ,greece z ,p]gamus & ,alex&ria4 ,9 ,greece itself1 ! peculi> conditions :i* _h produc$ ,hell5ism pass$ away4 ,b a measure ( ! old arti/ic =ce rema9$1 & ?\gh ! ,hell5i/ic sculptures possess def9ite *>act]i/ics ( _! own1 evid5ce ( connection ) ! orig9al /ock c /ill be trac$4 ,! fir/ task--! purpose ( ! pres5t *apt]--is to realise ! circum/ances "u :i* ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,hell5ic sculptor 0 giv5 to ! non-,greeks4 ,! prime ess5tial 01 ( c\rse1 an imm5se wid5+ ( ! bord]s ( ! ,greek _w4 ,9 view ( our sket* ( f\r?-c5tury ,greece1 x is n surpris+ t ! necess>y en]gy came f a non-,hell5ic p[]4 ,! rude =ce ( a p1 :o a g5]ation e>li] _h be5 pl\ghm5 & %eph]ds1 0 naturally en\gh m pot5t 9 ! task ( c>v+ ! great] "p ( ! !n civiliz$ _w into a va/ empire1 ?an ! arti/ic in/9cts ( ,greece4 ,nor is x wond]ful t :5 ! m]e physical "w ( conque/ 0 accompli%$1 ! non-,hell5ic ,mac$onians 7 f\nd to lack ! organis+ p[]s requir$ to complete ! task4 ,!y want$ t exp]i5ce :i* only comes aft] c5turies ( comm]cial & political /ruggle4 ,x 0 at once f\nd t ,mac$onia 0 entirely unequal to ! "w ( adm9i/]+ ,alex&]'s va/ empire4 ,?\s&s ( ,a!nian y\ng] sons flock$ into ,asia 9 se>* ( c>e]s4 ,tw5ty ye>s aft] ,alex&]'s dea?1 ! language & art ( ,greece pr$om9at$ 9 e c\ntry f ! ,m$it]ranean to ,india4 ,9 ! m ea/]n portions ( ,alex&]'s empire1 ! ,greek pr$om9ance 0 %ort-liv$4 ,b 9 ! we/]n c\ntries1 a sure s\rce ( ,hell5ic influ5ce 0 pres5t 9 ! cities f\nd$ by ! conqu]or & ! g5]als :o foll[$ him4 ,alex&]'s policy _h be5 to b9d ! conqu]$ prov9ces toge!r by a /\t *a9 ( cities4 ,9 ea* a g>rison 0 left1 & ) x a body ( m]*ants to organize ! civic life ( ! new t[n4 ,,! ,,empire ,,( ,,seleucus 7#cja ,b4,c4 ,,to #fe ,b4,c47 ,no "o c5tre is entirely typical1 b a fair idea ( ! influ5ces :i* fav\r$ ! spread ( ,hell5ic exp]i5ce ea/w>ds c be ga9$ f ! hi/ory ( ! ,empire ( ,seleucus1 &1 p>ticul>ly1 f ! circum/ances "u :i* ! city ( ,antio*1 on ! ,orontes1 0 f\nd$4 ,seleucus ,nicator 0 a ,mac$onian noble1 & be+ only ?irty-?ree on ! dea? ( ,alex&] _h 8 life's "w be=e him4 ,aft] two ye>s z comm&] ( ! h\sehold cavalry he became ,satrap 9 ,babylon4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! g5]al political situation 0 un/able 9 ! extreme4 ,mac$onia & ,greece _h fall5 to ! lot ( ,antipat]2 ,antigonus _h tak5 ,phrygia2 ,ptolemy1 ,egypt2 & ,lysima*us1 ,?race4 ,a s]ies ( enc\nt]s end$ 9 ! defeat ( ,antigonus by ,ptolemy1 ,lysima*us & ,seleucus at ,ipsus 9 #cja ,b4,c4 ,z ! price ( 8 aid1 ,seleucus claim$ firm e/abli%m5t 9 a k+dom b\nd$ on ! "o side by ! ,tax>tes & ! o!r by ! ,euphrates4 ,b ! /> ( ,seleucus cont9u$ 9 ! asc5dant = _m ye>s4 ,! cr[n+-po9t 9 8 c>e] ( conque/ 0 rea*$ aft] ! defeat ( ,lysima*us at ,corup$ion 9 #bha ,b4,c4 ,seleucus at ?is "t held practically ! entire ,empire ( ,alex&]1 except ,egypt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ty*e ,,( ,,antio* ,vatican1 ,rome ,h[ !n did ,seleucus seek to adm9i/] ?is va/ agglom]ation ( peoples8 ,briefly he adopt$ ! practice ( ,alex&]4 ,8 s*emes ( milit>y aggr&izem5t 7 %ot ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) ef=ts = ! enc\ragem5t ( comm]cial1 sci5tific & arti/ic ent]prises4 ,he creat$ c5tres ( ,greek influ5ce all ov] 8 ,empire4 ,! f\ndation ( ,antio*1 on ! ,orontes1 furni%es a typical in/ance ( ! me?od ( ! ,seleucid4 ,syria1 ! /ret* ( f]tile c\ntry :i* bridges ,europe & ,asia z well z ,africa & ,asia1 0 cle>ly ! key/one ( ! empire :i* ,seleucus s\ght to e/abli%4 ,h[ c\ld ,syria be conv]t$ into an ,asian ,mac$onia8 ,z a fir/ /ep ,seleucus plann$ ?ree cities 9 ! ,orontes ,valley1 ?r\gh :i* ! regul> l&-r\tes to ,babylonia & ,p]sia pass$4 ,seleucia1 9 ,pi]ia1 gu>d$ ! m\? ( ! ,orontes4 ,f>!r ea/ 0 ,apamea4 ,at ! spot :]e ! ,orontes ceas$ to be navigable1 ,antio* arose4 ,seleucus peopl$ ! new city ) a mix$ population drawn l>gely f ,mac$onia & p>tly f ,crete & ,cyprus4 ,x became ! fir/ city 9 ! we/]n _w at ! "t4 ,h[ close ! contact ) ,greek ideas 0 9 su* a t[n z ,antio* c be judg$ f ! fam\s ,vatican m>ble kn[n z ! 8,ty*e ( ,antio*40 ,! figure ) ! mural cr[n repres5ts ! tutel> goddess ( ! city4 ,hold+ ! symbols ( f]tility 9 h] h&1 %e sits ^u ! rocks above ! ,orontes4 ,! sculptor1 ,euty*ides ( ,sicyon1 has c>ri$ out 8 task ) ! res]ve & appreciation ( =mal effect :i* we %\ld expect f a pupil or foll[] ( ,lysippus4 ,b ! :ole conception lacks ! emotional =ce ( a really great ,hell5ic "w4 ,comp>+ x )1 say1 ! 8,zeus ,otricoli0 or ! 8,h]a ,ludovisi10 we feel t c5turies ( "t sep>ate ! two works4 ,! 8,ty*e ( ,antio*0 is a s\nd piece ( "w2 x c h>dly be said to be pr(\nd4 ,x has ! graces ( a blossom re>$ 9 an ali5 soil4 ,! sculptor is n work+ "u ! impulse ( an ov]p[]+ emotion4 ,inde$ x is easy to see t ! old civic pride :i* _h f\nd v5t 9 ! ,p>!non m>bles 0 impossible 9 ! ,seleucidean ,empire4 ,a vigor\s political life 0 out ( ! "q 9 ! semi-ori5tal k+dom4 ,z rul]s1 ! ,seleucid pr9ces h be5 lik5$ to ,albanian *iefs4 ,_! position c]ta9ly _h ! smalle/ resemblance to ! democratic tyrants ( e>li] ,greece4 ,! co9s ( ! ,seleucid rul]s prove t ev5 ! facial type soon lo/ its ,hell5ic purity4 ,! self-respect & self-control :i* _h kept ! actions ( an ,a!nian )9 b\nds 7 lo/4 ,we read ( ,antio*us ,,iv4 be+ c>ri$ by mumm]s into 8 own banquet+-hall z 8a swaddl$ figure10 until1 8at ! fir/ note ( ! symphonia1 ! figure />t$ f its wrapp+s & !re /ood ! k+ nak$40 ,see+ t 8,no?+ o!r ?an a noble aim ,up f its dep?s c /ir humanity10 x seems unnecess>y to se>* fur!r = an explanation ( ! abs5ce ( a vigor\s impulse seek+ expression 9 sculpture 9 any c\ntry controll$ by ! ,seleucid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,dy+ ,,gaul ,capitol9e ,museum1 ,rome ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,p]gamus 7#bhc ,b4,c4 ,,to #acc ,b4,c47 ,b x 0 o!rwise 9 ! second great c5tre ( ,greek influ5ce 9 ,asia ,m9or--! k+dom ( ,p]gamus4 ,! c\rse ( ,p]gam5e hi/ory l$ to "o ( ^? emotional outbur/s :i* always f9d an outlet 9 national action & (t5 9 art4 ,9 consequ5ce1 evid5ce rema9s ( a f> great] body ( sculptural a*ievem5t 9 ,p]gamus ?an we f9d 9 ! ,empire ( ! ,seleucid4 ,inde$1 ! =ce & orig9ality ( ,p]gam5e sculpture raises x f> above any arti/ic ef=t ( its age4 ,?is w be grant$ directly we recall t 8,! ,dy+ ,gaul10 ( ! ,vatican1 is a "w 9 ! f9e/ ,p]gam5e /yle4 ,:5 ,byron wrote ! two cantos 9 8,*ilde ,h>old0 ! /atue 0 kn[n z ! 8,dy+ ,gladiator40 8,i see be=e me ! gladiator lie3 ,he leans ^u 8 h&--8 manly br[ ,cons5ts to dea?1 b conqu]s agony1 ,& 8 droop'd head s9ks gradually l[-- ,& ?r\gh 8 side ! la/ drops1 ebb+ sl[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he reck'd n ( ! life he lo/ nor prize1 ,b :]e 8 rude hut by ! ,danube lay1 ,!re 7 8 "y b>b>ians all at play1 ,!re 0 _! ,dacian "m--he1 _! sire1 ,but*]$ to make a ,roman holiday40 ,we n[ "k t ! ,p]gam5e sculptor s\ght to %[ "o ( 8 c\ntry's ,gauli% enemies 9 ! agony ( dea?4 ,! b>b>ian s9ks back on to ! n>r[ %ield ( 8 race4 ,at 8 side is 8 battle-horn4 ,r\nd 8 neck ! ,gallic torques4 ,! %aggy eyebr[s & ! matt$ hair all id5tify ! figure ) "o ( ! rude savages :om ! ,lat9 & ,greek hi/orians describe z fight+ nak$ & ignorant ( ! elem5ts ( milit>y sci5ce4 ,ano!r "w t und\bt$ly belongs to ! s*ool ( ,p]gamus is ! well-kn[n gr\p 9 ! ,villa ,ludovisi1 (t5 call$ 8,paetus & ,arria40 ,a m correct title is 8,! ,gaul kill+ 8 ,wife40 ,! w>rior realizes 8 defeat & has j plung$ 8 sword into 8 brea/4 ,he /ill supports ! woman :o s9ks 9 dea? at 8 side4 ,! matt$ hair ( ! wife & ! dress edg$ ) fur are suffici5t pro( ( h] race4 ,b !re is o!r evid5ce t 8,! ,dy+ ,gaul0 & ! 8,gaul kill+ 8 ,wife0 h a simil> orig94 ,bo? appe> toge!r 9 an inv5tory ( ,c>d9al ,ludovisi1 dat$ #afcc4 ,bo? are made f a m>ble f\nd on ! isl& ( ,furni ne> ,samos4 ,x is evid5t t ! two sculptures are copies ( ,p]gam5e bronzes :i* /ood 9 ! op5 squ>e surr\nd+ ! temple ( ,a!na ,polias on ! ,acropolis ( ,p]gamus4 ,! two works repres5t a l>ge numb] ( simil> m>bles aft] ,p]gam5e orig9als scatt]$ ?r\gh ! gall]ies ( ,europe4 ,!y lead u at once to inquire into ! hi/orical ev5ts !y cle>ly inc>nate4 ,! /ory ( ! f\ndation ( ,p]gamus is full ( int]e/4 ,dur+ ! ye>s foll[+ ,alex&]'s dea?1 ,lysima*us _h accumulat$ a va/ treasure 9 ! impregnable ,acropolis ( ,p]gamus4 ,he plac$ 8 lieut5ant ,philetairus 9 *>ge1 occupy+ himself ) s*emes ( conque/4 ,b ,lysima*us 0 human & late 9 life took to himself a "y wife4 ,to hum\r h] he ass5t$ to ! murd] ( a son by a =m] m>riage4 ,! atrocity f9ally ali5at$ ,philetairus4 ,he head$ a rebellion1 seiz$ ! treasure "u 8 *>ge & f\nd$ ! k+dom ( ,p]gamus 9 #bhc ,b4,c4 ,! dyna/y f\nd$ 9 ?is dramatic fa%ion 0 de/9$ to a /ormy hi/ory4 ,z e>ly z #bhj ,b4,c4 fre% dang] ?reat5$ f ! hordes ( ,gauls1 :o began to p\r across ! passes ( ! ,balkans4 ,"s ( ^! b>b>ians m>*$ ^u ,greece4 ,o!rs cross$ ! ,bosphorus at ,byzantium1 & ev5tually f\nd$ ! ,gallo-,greek k+dom ( ,galatia 9 ! he>t ( ,phrygia4 ,b ! k+ ( ,p]gamus felt t 8 safety dep5d$ ^u *eck+ ! victori\s c>e] ( ! ,gauls4 ,ally+ himself ) ! rul+ ,seleucus1 ,attalus ,i4 ( ,p]gamus inflict$ a signal defeat4 ,?is 0 ab\t #bda ,b4,c4 ,! victory 0 n ! only "o ga9$ by ! k+dom ( ,p]gamus4 ,e>ly 9 ! second c5tury1 ,eum5es ,,ii4 7#aig ,b4,c4-#aei ,b4,c47 ga9$ fre% laurels = 8 c\ntrym54 ,! effect ( ^! brilliant victories ^u ! imag9ation ( ! p ( ,p]gamus c only be realiz$ by comp>+ x ) t ( ,m>a?on & ,salamis ^u ! fif?-c5tury ,a!nians4 ,all ar\nd !m ! ,p]gam5es saw civiliz$ communities ackn[l$g+ defeat at ! h&s ( ! ,gauls4 ,z ! ,a!nians /emm$ ! tide ( ,p]sian invasion at ,m>a?on1 s ! ,pr9ces ( ,p]gamus sav$ ! ,greeks 9 ,asia ,m9or f ! b>b>ian ,gauls :o seem$ de/9$ to sweep away ! newly plant$ ,hell5ic civilization4 ,! victories made ,p]gamus ! rival ( ,alex&ria & ,antio*4 ,z _h be5 ! case aft] ,salamis1 a long s]ies ( public build+s & temples 7 erect$1 until ! ,acropolis at ,p]gamus ?reat5$ to out%9e ev5 t at ,a!ns4 ,among ! /atues1 z we h said1 0 ! bronze orig9al ( 8,! ,dy+ ,gaul40 ,x 0 ! second defeat ( ! ,gauls1 at ! h&s ( ,eum5es ,,ii41 :i* l$ to ! build+ ( ! great alt> ( ,zeus on ! ,acropolis ( ,p]gamus4 ,x is wor? :ile to recon/ruct a picture ( ! huge edifice ) ! aid ( our memory ( ! si/] ,acropolis at ,a!ns4 ,! ,alt> /ood a little bel[ ! ,temple ( ,a!na1 on ! s\?-we/ t]race1 & 0 surm\nt$ by an ,ionic colonnade1 :i* enclos$ ! actual place ( sacrifice4 ,! wor%ipp]s approa*$ by a broad /aircase cut f ! we/ side ( ! great pile4 ,ar\nd ! :ole /ructure ran ! frieze1 ) its multitude ( figures 9 ! highe/ relief--! c>v+s1 ( c\rse1 be+ int]rupt$ by ! /aircase4 ,! :ole "w s]ves to c>ry ! hi/ory ( ,p]gam5e sculpture beyond ! /age :5 su* a /atue z 8,! ,dy+ ,gaul0 0 produc$4 ,! great frieze 0 discov]$ by a "y ,g]man eng9e] nam$ ,c>l ,humann4 ,dur+ a bus9ess visit to ,p]gamus1 ,humann notic$ ! native workm5 break+ up l>ge fragm5ts ( sculptur$ m>ble1 burn+ !m 9 lime kilns & build+ !m into walls4 ,! exhibition ( specim5s 9 ,b]l9 l$ to sy/ematic excavations 9 #ahgi4 ,all t rema9s ( ! great "w is n[ exhibit$ 9 a specially design$ gall]y 9 ,b]l91 :]e ! frieze c be se5 9 some?+ approa*+ its orig9al sett+4 ,no s+le slab c convey an impression ( ! bewild]+ p[] ( ! c>v+s z a :ole4 ,! be/ kn[n is t call$ 8,! ,triumph ( ,a!na40 ,! colossal figures 7! frieze is almo/ n9e feet high7 %[ ! goddess seiz+ a "y giant by ! hair1 :ile ! s]p5t ( ,a!na bites at h] enemy's brea/4 ,nike be>s a laurel cr[n 9 tok5 ( ,a!na's victory4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ! slab1 ! ,e>? ,"m ( ! giants is se5 9 angui%4 8,! ,triumph ( ,a!na0 0 ! c5tral gr\p on ! ,ea/]n side1 &1 !re=e1 fac$ ! squ>e 9 :i* ! p ( ,p]gamus met4 ,x 0 balanc$ by ano!r mighty gr\p1 repres5t+ ,zeus 9 conflict ) ?ree giants4 ,ei!r af=ds a f9e example ( ! !atrical /yle into :i* ! lat] ,p]gam5e sculpture deg5]at$4 ,! arti/ is cle>ly m int]e/$ 9 ! attempt to express excit$ action ?an 9 ! m subtle phases ( emotion4 ,nev]!less1 mutilat$ z x is1 a fragm5t l 8,! ,triumph ( ,a!na0 te/ifies to an extraord9>y level ( te*nical skill & a magnific5t vig\r ( imag9ation1 ev5 if x also proves an abs5ce ( ! e>li] emotional balance :i* gave 8,! ,dy+ ,gaul0 a deep] beauty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,triumph ,,( ,,a!na ,f ! ,alt> ( ,zeus1 ,p]gamus 7,b]l97 ,,! ,,sculpture ,,( ,,rhodes ,,& ,,alex&ria 7#cjj b4c4 ,,to #ej b4c47 ,if ! fame ( ! s*ool ( sculpture at ,p]gamus is inextricably connect$ ) 8,! ,dy+ ,gaul10 ! si/] s*ool at ,rhodes c claim ! ev5 m fam\s 8,laocoon ,gr\p40 ,?r\gh\t ! second & ?ird c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 ,rhodes 0 ! meet+-place ( comm]ce pass+ betwe5 ,asia & ,europe4 ,! ,rhodians 7 ! f9e/ seam5 9 ! _w at ! "t & to !m fell ! task ( cle>+ ! seas ( pirates :i* _h giv5 ,a!ns s /rong a position a c5tury or two e>li]4 ,inde$1 ! comm]cial mantle ( ,a!ns _h fall5 ^u ,rhodes4 ,unlike ! k+doms ( ,p]gamus & ( ! ,seleucid1 ! middle-class 0 p>am\nt "h4 ,rhodes1 l ,v5ice 9 lat] ye>s1 0 practically rul$ by an ari/ocracy ( m]*ants4 ,! vigor\s s*ools ( art & rhetoric dep5d$ 9 no small measure ^u ?is4 ,su* a social sy/em provides t prime ess5tial ( vital lit]ature & art--l>ge numb]s ( citiz5s ) ! exp]i5ce t comes f rubb+ wit aga9/ wit & passion aga9/ passion 9 ! m>ket squ>e & ! =um4 ,rhodes 0 em95tly ! c5tre 9 ,hell5i/ic times :i* mo/ closely approa*$ ! /&>d set 9 ! days ( ! ,greek city-/ates4 ,?is fact1 toge!r ) ! traditions ( ,hell5ic sculptors :i* ,rhodes _h receiv$1 made 8,! ,laocoon ,gr\p0 possible4 ,! /atue 0 ! "w ( ?ree ,rhodian arti/s1 ,ages&]1 ,polydorus1 & ,a!nodorus1 :o liv$ ab\t #abe ,b4,c4 ,! gr\p 0 f\nd 9 ! ,ba?s ( ,titus 9 #aejf4 ,a rec5t discov]y sugge/s t ! pres5t re/oration ( ! "r arm ( ,laocoon is incorrect4 ,! s]p5t's coil %\ld come up to ! neck ( ,laocoon1 & 8 "r h& %\ld clasp a coil close to 8 head4 ,anci5t tradition held t ! /atue _h be5 hewn f a s+le block ( /one4 ,9 reality1 x is con/ruct$ f six pieces1 ?\gh ! jo9ts are s cunn+ly conceal$ t ev5 ,mi*ael ,angelo c\ld only detect ?ree4 ,! sculptors display an extraord9>y ma/]y ov] ! problems ( human anatomy :i* !y h set !mselves to solve1 :ile _! treatm5t ( ! comb9ation ( physical t5sion & emotional /ress is unsurpass$4 ,inde$ ! te*nical beauty ( 8,! ,laocoon0 has nev] be5 que/ion$4 ,b 8,! ,laocoon ,gr\p0 may be reg>d$ f ano!r po9t ( view1 display+ yet a new facet ( ! g5ius ( its au?ors4 ,consid] ! imm5se difficulty ( visualiz+ su* a sc5e s t ! v>i\s p>ts =m a complete design capable ( translation into m>ble4 ,! v]sion ( ! /ory 9 ! neid is kn[n to all4 ,! prie/ ,laocoon has violat$ ! %r9e ( ,tritonia & unhe$ful ( 8 doom is sacrific+ a bullock at ! alt> ( ,neptune4 ,sudd5ly1 z ,virgil pictures ! sc5e1 ! two great s]p5ts rise f ! sea4 ,_! gl>+ eyes %ot ) blood & _! jaws d>t+ fire1 !y make = ! %ore & move /eadily ^u ,laocoon4 ,8 two small boys are tak5 fir/4 ,!n ! s]p5ts ga!r ! fa!r himself 9 _! mighty folds4 ,"o coil grasps ,laocoon's body4 ,ano!r "p ( ! scaly *a9 w9ds twice r\nd 8 neck4 ,9 va9 ! prie/ tries to te> asund] ! dreadful coil1 cry+ to ,heav51 to use ! ,virgilian simile1 l a bull :o1 hav+ escap$ ! sacrificial axe1 flies w\nd$ f ! alt>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,laocoon ,,gr\p ,vatican1 ,rome ,! design]s ( ! gr\p h cle>ly foll[$ an e>li] v]sion ( ! leg5d 9 :i* ! y\ng] son escapes4 ,b ! difficulty ( visualization & expression is ! same4 ,x is comp>atively easy to f9d words to convey ! g5]al impression4 ,b ! ?ree sculptors _h to f9d ! mom5t>y action :i* w\ld sugge/ ! :ole /ory4 ,yet ! design ( 8,! ,laocoon ,gr\p0 tells ev]y?+4 ,we see 8,! fa!r's d\ble pangs1 bo? = himself ,& sons convuls$2 to ,heav5 8 rueful look1 ,implor+ aid1 & half accus+1 ca/2 ,8 fell despair1 ) indignation mix$1 ,z ! /rong curl+ mon/]s f 8 side ,8 full-ext5d$ fury _c te>40 ,none ( ! tragic horror ( ! sc5e is lo/4 ,x c be said ) absolute c&\r1 8,su* passion "h1 ,su* agonies1 su* bitt]ness ( pa91 ,seem s to tremble ?r\gh ! tortur$ /one ,t ! t\*$ he>t engrosses all ! view40 ,none ( u at once realize ! reason we are s mov$ by a m]e e*o ( an old my?4 ,:5 ! tru? dawns ^u u1 we see t ! awful admiration ) :i* 8,! ,laocoon0 has always be5 reg>d$1 f9ds its s\rce deep d[n 9 ! human he>t4 ,! emotions we exp]i5ce d n dep5d ^u ! suff]+s ( ! prie/ ( ,neptune4 ,laocoon is mank9d himself4 ,8 fight ) dea? is an emblem ( ! f> m g5]al /ruggle :i* e human be+ mu/ %>e--! /ruggle :i* is ! price we pay = life4 8,! ,laocoon0 is n unique 9 ?is respect4 ,on ! contr>y1 a simil> dom9at+ idea is en%r9$ 9 all ! greate/ examples ( ,hell5ic sculpture4 ,! 8,aphrodite ( ,cnidus0 is m ?an a woman4 ,! /atue is ! inc>nation ( ! idea ( womanly love4 ,x is ! pres5ce ( a dom9at+ idea ( ?is k9d :i* di/+ui%es 8,! ,laocoon0 ( ,rhodes f 8,! ,ty*e ( ,antio*40 ,admitt+ its pres5ce places ! sculpture beyond & above bo? criticism & praise4 ,a s5t5ce1 h[ev]1 ( ,walt] ,pat] sugge/s a po9t ( critical vantage :i* ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( sculpture _c disreg>d4 ,he says3 8#8,! ,laocoon1' ) all t pati5t sci5ce ?r\gh :i* x has triumph$ ov] an almo/ unmanageable subject1 m>ks a p]iod 9 :i* sculpture has begun to aim at effects1 legitimate1 because delightful1 only 9 pa9t+40 ,no man _h a tru] appreciation ( ,greek art ?an ,walt] ,pat]1 & no op9ion is m entitl$ to ?\ghtful consid]ation4 ,b 9 view ( ! fact t ! extreme classical s*ool ( criticism has always t5d$ to depreciate ! value ( all ,hell5i/ic art1 we may regret t ,pat]'s argum5t 0 n illu/rat$ by a less] "w ( ! ,rhodian s*ool4 ,! sugge/ion t ! ,laocoon my? bord]s ^u ! illegitimate z f> z sculptural treatm5t is conc]n$1 seems to dem& ! qualification t supreme success ju/ifies ! disreg>d ( any canon ( art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,nile ,vatican1 ,rome ,pat]'s judgm5t1 h[ev]1 applies ) real =ce to o!r works by sculptors ( ,rhodes4 ,x might1 = in/ance1 be us$ ( 8,! ,f>nese ,bull10 n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,naples4 ,! gr\p 0 f\nd 9 ! ba?s ( ,c>acalla at ,rome dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 & has be5 s l>gely re/or$ t criticism is1 p]haps1 unju/4 ,if ! pres5t "w c be reg>d$ z embody+ ! ideas ( its au?ors1 we see a passion :i* has deg5]at$ f ! dramatic to ! !atrical4 ,! subject ( ! /atue is ! puni%m5t ( ,dirce at ! h&s ( ,amphion & ,ze?us4 ,bel[1 ! sculptors %[ ! rocky l$ges ( ,m\nt ,ci?ron--! dea?-place ( ! un=tunate woman :o is be+ b\nd to ! horns ( ! bull4 ,?is sugge/s no?+ t c be call$ ennobl+4 ,x is all m]ely horrible4 ,comp>+ 8,! ,f>nese ,bull0 ) 8,! ,laocoon0 or ! figure ( ! 8,niobe0 "m1 we realize t ! loss ( reposeful beauty entail$ 9 ! treatm5t ( su* a subject is n comp5sat$ = 9 any o!r direction4 ,! great end ( art has be5 =gott53 8,t x %\ld be a fri5d ,to soo! ! c>es & lift ! ?\ghts ( man40 ,! la/ great division ( ! po/-,alex&rian ,greek _w 0 ! k+dom ( ! ,ptolemies :i* includ$ ,egypt & ,phnicia4 ,! ,mac$onian rul]s ( ,egypt soon made ,alex&ria1 _! capital1 a fl\ri%+ c5tre bo? = ! arts & sci5ces4 ,b ! g5ius ( ! place seem$ to fav\r lit]ature r ?an sculpture4 ,! /atue ( 8,! ,nile10 excavat$ 9 ,rome dur+ ! pontificacy ( ,leo ,x4 & plac$ 9 ! ,vatican1 is a f9e in/ance ( ,hell5i/ic art produc$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,alex&rian civilization4 ,! /atue is always associat$ ) its companion "w1 8,! ,tib]40 ,app>5tly bo? =m$ "p ( ! decoration ( a temple ( ,isis 9 ,rome4 ,:ile 8,! ,nile0 0 reproduc$ f a f9e ,alex&rian orig9al1 8,! ,tib]10 an inf]ior "w1 0 specially design$ by a ,greek sculptor work+ 9 ,rome4 ,! ,alex&rian "w proves1 h[ev]1 t /atues ( great beauty c\ld be produc$ 9 ess5tially un-,hell5ic surr\nd+s4 ,! figure ( ! sea god is surr\nd$ by a ho/ ( putti1 ! numb]--sixte5--symboliz+ ! cubits :i* ! riv] rises dur+ a maximum inundation4 ,! delightful way 9 :i* ! little figures are dispos$ 9 ! design s t !y %all n int]f]e ) ! l9es ( ! c5tral figure is wor?y ( all praise4 ,nev]!less1 ! judgm5t we arriv$ at ) reg>d to ! sculpture ( ! ,seleucid applies to t ( ,egypt4 ,! =eign bureaucracy :i* ,ptolemy organiz$1 & ! t5d5cy t[>ds an imp]ial rule ( ! ,ea/]n patt]n1 militat$ aga9/ ! rise ( a /rongly diff]5tiat$ /yle4 ,egypt 0 n fav\r$ z ei!r ,p]gamus or ,rhodes _h be54 ,^! are ! *ief examples ( ,hell5i/ic sculpture produc$ beyond ! direct influ5ce ( ! home ( ! ,hell5ic idea4 ,we h next to consid] ! ,hell5i/ic sculpture ( ,greece itself4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,hell5i/ic ,,sculpture ,,( ,,greece 7#cjj ,b4,c4 ,,to #ej ,b4,c47 8,! wr5 c so> z high z ! eagle--once lodg$ ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! k+ ( ! skies40 ,s m5 say4 ,b ! high gods only smile4 ,!y "k t emotions mu/ arise & ?\ghts be n\ri%$ 9 he>ts & m9ds great en\gh to conta9 !m1 if !y are to live 9 e!real dep?s4 ,! sculptor or ! pa9t]1 ) ! w+s ( ! wr51 mu/ be cont5t to flutt] ne>] to ! fl[]s4 ,9 ?is tru? lies ! key :i* unlocks ! my/]y ( ! sculpture ( ,hell5i/ic ,greece1 "o ( ! mo/ elusive problems 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,be=e any m>ble ( ?is age we feel we are face to face ) ! "w ( less] spirits--m5 :o _c boa/ ( ! eagle w+s ( _! bro!rs ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies4 ,few c recall ! "n ( a s+le ,greek sculptor ( ! lat] age4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no ,scopas1 no ,praxiteles1 no ,lysippus4 ,yet ! m]e enum]ation ( ! 8,f>nese ,h]cules10 ! 8,belv$]e ,apollo10 ! 8,v5us ( ,milo10 & ! 8,v5us ( ,m$ici10 witnesses to craftsm5 ( ! highe/ te*nical skill4 ,:at ! sculpture ( ,hell5i/ic ,greece lacks is ! passionate en?usiasm = emotional & intellectual beauty :i* impress$ ! p]sonality ( su* a man z ,praxiteles ^u 8 age1 & made him n only a sculptor ( note b a cosmic =ce4 ,praxiteles f\nd sculptural expression = new loves & new hates4 ,?is is ! p[] :i* creates a s*ool4 ,x is ! abs5ce ( m5 possess$ ( ?is faculty1 toge!r ) ! abs5ce ( ! new loves & hates !mselves1 :i* ! hi/orian ( ,hell5i/ic ,greek sculpture mu/ expla94 ,b1 fir/ ( all1 t]ms require def9ition4 8,hell5i/ic ,greece0 connotes bo? a p]iod & a locality4 ,9 po9t ( "t1 x r\ghly includes f #cjj ,b4,c41 :5 ! imm$iate influ5ce ( ,lysippus 0 remov$1 to1 say1 #ej ,b4,c41 :5 ,rome realiz$ h] task ( rul+ ! ,we/]n _w4 ,9 po9t ( place1 ! sculpture ( ,hell5i/ic ,greece is to be %>ply di/+ui%$ f t ( ,rhodes1 ,p]gamus1 & ,alex&ria4 ,?is is ! m important1 z ! t]m ,hell5i/ic is prop]ly applicable to all ^! s*ools4 ,moreov]1 !re are _m *>act]i/ics common bo? to ! ,hell5i/ic sculpture ( ,greece itself & ! art ( ! v>i\s ,/ates ( ! ,alex&rian empire4 ,nei!r ,rhodes nor ,p]gamus1 = in/ance1 gave rise to ma/]ful spirits ( ! type :i* direct$ ! c\rse ( ,hell5ic art dur+ ! f\r? & fif? c5turies4 ,bo? ,p]gamus & ,rhodes1 h[ev]1 7 c5tres :i* _h nev] enc\nt]$ ! full tide ( ,hell5ic civilisation4 ,x 0 n h>d to correlate political & social circum/ances :i* _h no c\nt]p>t 9 f\r?- & fif?-c5tury ,greece ) ! *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui%$ ! 8,dy+ ,gaul0 & ! 8,laocoon0 f ! sculptures ( ,praxiteles & ,scopas4 ,b 9 ,greece1 dur+ ! po/-,alex&rian age1 ! problem is f> m complicat$4 ,! old me?ods ( life & ?\ght l+]$ on4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 8,hell5ic0 & 8,hell5i/ic0 is f> m intangible ?an x is 9 c\ntries :]e ! ,greek city-/ate sy/em _h nev] tak5 root4 ,x is true t ev5 9 ,greece ! peculi> political & social conditions :i* gave rise to ,hell5ic sculpture pass$ away4 ,b1 once develop$1 ! body ( ideas :i* arose f !m cont9u$ to influ5ce ! sculptor & ! public to :om he appeal$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,f>nese ,,h]cules ,national ,museum1 ,naples ,,! ,,foll[]s ,,( ,,lysippus ,putt+ aside !n = ! mom5t ! *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% ! art ( ,hell5i/ic ,greece f t ( ! e>li] age1 let u fix our att5tion ^u ! long s]ies ( works :i* owe _! inspiration to ! great sculptors ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,n[h]e c any aff9ity ) ! works ( ,phidias & ! o!r fif?-c5tury ma/]s be detect$4 ,! m5 ( ,hell5i/ic ,greece 7 entirely out ( sympa?y ) ! ideals ( ,p]iclean ,a!ns4 ,b !y c\ld realize ! emotions ar\s$ by ,scopas1 ) 8 insi/5ce ^u ! /ruggles ( ! individual s\l4 ,!y c\ld seek to express = !mselves ! fem99e graces ( ,praxiteles4 ,above all !y realiz$ ! value ( ! m /r5u\s ideals embodi$ 9 ! sculpture ( ,lysippus4 ,! 8,f>nese ,h]cules0 af=ds a /rik+ in/ance ( ! effect ( ! ,hell5i/ic outlook ^u a !me :i* _h be5 closely id5tifi$ ) a ,hell5ic sculptor ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,lysippus _h done = ,h]cules :at ,praxiteles _h done = ,h]mes4 ,he fix$ ! type4 ,! 8,f>nese ,h]cules10 h[ev]1 is ! "w ( ! ,a!nian sculptor1 ,glycon1 & dates f ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,glycon has *os5 ! mom5t :5 ! h]o1 worn out by 8 lab\rs1 /&s ) e muscle relax$1 re/+4 ,! keynote ( 8 /atue is to be f\nd 9 8,! spread+ %\ld]s1 muscul> & broad1 ,! :ole a mass ( swell+ s9ews40 ,to ! imag9ation ( ! ,a!nian ( ! age ( ,lysippus1 ?is w\ld h appe>$ =c$4 ,! muscul>ity ( ! h]o w\ld h /ruck him z excessive4 ,lysippus inde$ satisfi$ ! crav+ = a deep] naturalism1 :i* arose f a surfeit ( ! s5su\s idealism ( ,praxiteles4 ,b 8 judgm5t w\ld h avoid$ ! pitfall ( excessive realism :i* di/+ui%es ,glycon's conception ( ,h]cules f t :i* any f\r?-c5tury ,a!nian w\ld h =m$4 ,a less significant example b 9 "s respects an ev5 m int]e/+ "o1 is to be f\nd 9 ! magnific5t nude1 ! 8,c]igotto ,bronze10 recov]$1 ne> ! isl& aft] :i* x is nam$1 ab\t ! ye> #aijj4 ,?is d]ives its importance f ! fact t x is a bronze orig9al & n ! "w ( a ,roman copyi/ z s _m ,hell5i/ic m>bles are4 ,! /ory ( its romantic recov]y w\ld alone ensure ?is bronze becom+ hi/oric4 8,a ?\s& ye>s x lay 9 ! sea ,) a treasure wreck$ f ,!ssaly4 ,deep x lay 'mid ! coil$ sea-wrack40 ,! second *apt] 9 its hi/ory op5$ :5 a p>ty ( sponge-fi%]s happ5$ ^u :at !y f\nd to be ! wreckage ( an anci5t vessel :i* _h run ^u ! rocks to ! ea/ ( ! isl& ( ,c]igotto & sunk 9 ?irty fa?oms ( wat]4 ,! c>go _h evid5tly be5 ! prop]ty ( a deal] 9 antiques1 ! wreck probably dat+ f ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! c>go 0 br\ght to ! surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,c]igotto ,,bronze ,a!ns ,! m>bles1 ) "o exception1 7 unrecognizable4 ,b ! bronzes _h f>$ bett]4 ,9 p>ticul>1 a life-siz$ /atue ( an a?lete1 ) "r arm out/ret*$1 prov$ capable ( complete re/oration4 ,x n[ /&s 9 ! museum at ,a!ns4 ,! critical battle z to ! date ( its ca/+ 0 a long "o4 ,g5]al op9ion to-day reg>ds x z an e>ly ,hell5i/ic "w bas$ ^u ! ,lysippic /yle4 ,9 ! 8,c]igotto ,bronze10 ! t5d5cy t[>ds excessive realism not$ 9 ! 8,f>nese ,h]cules0 has n proce$$ s f>4 ,b 9 ! body1 & especially 9 ! treatm5t ( ! abdom9al muscles1 a dep>ture f ! ideali/ic /&>d approv$ by ! great ma/]s ( ! f\r? c5tury c be cle>ly detect$4 ,in/ead ( be+ cont5t ) a sugge/ion ( ! natural =m1 ! ,hell5i/ic sculptor aims at reali/ic repres5tation4 ,he seeks to copy ! human =m1 reg>dless ( ! lesson af=d$ by e great sculptor ( ,greece1 t ! m indirect me?ods ( idealism are f> bett] calculat$ to ar\se ! uplift+ emotions :i* e true man & woman mu/ feel be=e ! gr&e/ object ,heav5 ev] made4 ,! classical art critics 7 fully aw>e ( ! sn>e :i* lay 9 ?is passion = extreme realism ( detail4 ,!y cle>ly recogniz$ x to be a *>act]i/ic feature ( mu* ,hell5i/ic sculpture4 ,!y tell1 = in/ance1 ( ! /atue ( ! 8,dy+ ,joca/a0 9 :i* ! ,hell5i/ic sculptor m+l$ silv] ) ! bronze1 to d5ote ! pallor ( com+ dea?4 ,pl9y adds t ! sculptor ,ari/onidas ( ,rhodes mix$ iron ) ! metal f :i* he ca/ a /atue ( ,a?amas--t ! ruddy gl[ might sugge/ ! blu% ( remorse :i* a fa!r :o _h hurl$ 8 son f ! rocks w\ld naturally we>4 ,bo? ^! in/ances are n>rat$ z m]e ecc5tricities4 ,_! int]e/ = ourselves lies 9 ! fact t !y illu/rate precisely ! same t5d5cy :i* di/+ui%es ! 8,h]cules0 ( ,glycon f t :i* ,lysippus _h made ?ree c5turies e>li] or ! 8,c]igotto ,bronze0 f a simil> "w by a f\r?-c5tury sculptor4 ,:5 analyz$1 ?is t5d5cy t[>ds realism po9ts cle>ly to an abs5ce ( t f9e critical faculty ) :i* e supreme arti/ is end[$4 ,x argues a lack ( mod]ation :i* 9 ! end mu/ lead to disa/]4 ,! admixture ( silv] to ! bronze 8,dy+ ,joca/a0 0 no isolat$ case4 ,hell5i/ic ,greece prov$ itself op5 to a *>ge ( immod]ate folly on _m ano!r occasion4 ,! in/ance furni%$ by t 8,wond] ( ! ,_w10 ! ,rhodian ,colossus1 w occur to e "o4 ,! great /atue ( ! ,sun-god at ,rhodes measur$ #aje ft4 high4 ,x 0 ca/ holl[1 ! sep>ate pieces be+ set up1 "o ^u ano!r1 ar\nd an inn] /ructure ( masonry4 ,pl9y says ( x3-- 8,! greate/ m>vel ( all1 h[ev]1 0 ! colossal figure ( ! sun at ,rhodes made by ,*>es ( ,l9dus1 a pupil ( ,lysippus4 ,?is figure 0 sev5ty cubits 9 height1 & aft] /&+ fifty-six ye>s 0 ov]?r[n by an e>?quake4 ,b ev5 z x lies pro/rate1 x is a m>vel4 ,few m5 c embrace its ?umb4 ,its f+]s are l>g] ?an mo/ /atues4 ,!re are huge yawn+ cav]ns :]e ! limbs h be5 brok540 ,,! ,,foll[]s ,,( ,,praxiteles ,consid]$ z a :ole ! sculpture ( ,hell5i/ic ,greece exhibits an int5sification ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% ! sculpture ( ,praxiteles & ,lysippus f t ( ,phidias & ,polyclitus4 ,s f> we h only trac$ ! indebt$ness ( ! ,hell5i/ic sculptor to ,lysippus4 ,we h se5 h[ "o bran* ( ! ,hell5i/ic s*ool cont9u$ to fav\r ! virile subjects ,lysippus _h pref]r$1 h[ x acc5tuat$ ! natural realism :i* *>act]iz$ 8 /yle4 ,! second bran*1 :i* c>ri$ =w>d ! traditions ( ,praxiteles1 0 equally pot5t4 ,?\gh x _c be said t ^! sculptors 8bl5d$ ) _! m>bles ! emotions ( ! s\l10 z _h be5 said ( ,praxiteles1 yet ! feel+ = grace ( l9e & s5su\s beauty1 :i* 7 ! keynotes ( ! ,praxitelean mann]1 rema9$4 ,! f9e/ "w ( ?is great division ( ,hell5i/ic art is probably ! celebrat$ 8,belv$]e ,apollo0 9 ! ,vatican collection4 ,9 ^! days1 ! 8,apollo0 is1 p]haps1 n e/eem$ z highly z x 0 a c5tury ago1 :5 opportunities = appreciat+ ! true beauties ( ! sculpture ( ! age ( ,phidias & ,p]icles 7 want+4 ,b x w nev] entirely lose its p[] ( attraction4 ,! modell+ ( ! hair & ! %ort cloak %[ t ! orig9al 0 a bronze4 ,z to ! motive ( ! /atue1 ,james ,?omson1 9 8 8,lib]ty10 writes3 8,all conque/-flu%$1 f pro/rate ,py?on1 came ,! ,quiv]$ ,god4 ,9 graceful act he /&s1 ,8 arm ext5d$ ) ! slack5$ b[3 ,light fl[s 8 easy robe1 & fa9 displays ,a manly-s(t5$ =m4 ,! bloom ( gods ,seems y\?ful o'er ! be>dless *eek to wave4 ,8 features yet h]oic ard\r w>ms2 ,& sweet subsid+ to a native smile1 ,mix$ ) ! joy elat+ conque/ gives1 ,a scatt]$ fr[n exalts 8 mat*less air40 ,= _m ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! ar*ologi/s h be5 battl+1 prov+ & disprov+ ! proposition t ! god is really hold+ ! gis ) ! head ( ,m$usa be=e 8 t]ror-/rick5 foes4 ,! sugge/ion is t ! orig9al ( ! ,belv$]e 0 int5d$ to be set up ) a /atue ( ,artemis--! 8,artemis ( ,v]sailles10 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre--at ,delphi1 9 commemoration ( ! defeat ( ! ,gauls 9 #bgf ,b4,c4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,mac$onia 0 invad$ by ! ,gauls ab\t ! ye> #bhj ,b4,c41 ! "t :5 ! b>b>ians f ! ,nor? ov]ran ,asia ,m9or & f\nd$ ! k+dom ( ,galatia aft] a sev]e defeat at ! h&s ( ,attalus ( ,p]gamus4 ,so/h5es ralli$ ! ,mac$onian army1 b1 9 spite ( all 8 ef=ts1 ! ,gauls "u ,br5nus cont9u$ to pu% s\?4 ,!rmopyl 0 g>rison$ z x _h be5 at ! "t ( ! ,p]sian invasion4 ,! entire ,greek _w s5t cont+5ts to repel ! invad]s4 ,f9ally1 leg5d tells t ! raid 0 /ay$ by ! div9e int]position ( ,apollo & ,artemis4 ,ang]$ at ! d>+ ( ,br5nus1 ,apollo call$ ^u ! =ces ( nature to def5d ! %r9e at ,delphi4 ,an e>?quake & a deva/at+ /orm =c$ ,br5nus to retire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,apollo ,,belv$]e ,vatican1 ,rome ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,v5us ,,( ,,m$ici 7see p4 #aab7 ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce ,until rec5tly x 0 g5]ally believ$ t ! association betwe5 ! 8,apollo0 & ! defeat ( ! ,gauli% invad]s 0 support$ by ! evid5ce ( a bronze /atuette belong+ to ,c\nt ,s>gei ,/rogan(f4 ,! bronze is und\bt$ly a copy ( ! ,belv$]e /atue1 & ! object 9 ! god's h& is n a b[ & might well repres5t ! gis ) ! head ( ,m$usa4 ,ar*ological op9ion has1 h[ev]1 n[ ve]$ r\nd1 & s9ce ,pr(essor ,frtwangl] has pron\nc$ ! ,/rogan(f bronze a mod]n =g]y1 x mu/ be admitt$ t no tru/wor?y evid5ce rema9s = connect+ ! ,apollo ,belv$]e ) "o ( ! few political crises :i* galvaniz$ ,hell5i/ic ,greece into vigor\s action4 ,! co9cid5ce t ! crisis 0 ! v ,gauli% invasion :i* creat$ ,p]gam5e art w\ld c]ta9ly h af=d$ a valuable analogy4 ,! great products ( ! s*ool ( sculpture at ,p]gamus 7 ! direct outcome ( ! passions & fe>s ar\s$ 9 a c\ntry :]e e man & woman /ood face to face ) dea? or a slav]y worse ?an dea?4 ,9 ,hell5i/ic ,greece ! same dread--! selfsame *ance ( dea? or slav]y--only /irr$ ! individual4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is is :y almo/ all ,hell5i/ic sculpture /rikes u z want+ "s mat]ial elem5t4 ,! v ref9em5t ( ! modell+ ( ! 8,belv$]e ,apollo10 comp>$ ) ! /r5u\s naturalism ( ! ,p]gam5e arti/s1 argues an abs5ce ( vital feel+4 ,!re is almo/ a fem99e note 9 ! smoo?-limb$ ,apollo1 :5 ! s5tim5t ( ! ,hell5i/ic /atue is contra/$ ) ! vigor\s manhood ( ! 8,h]mes0 ( ,praxiteles1 ! product ( an age :i* really knew :at manhood 0 wor?4 ,9 a phrase1 ! 8,apollo ,belv$]e0 belongs to a "t :5 individual ,greek sculptors 7 produc+ great bronzes & m>bles b :5 ,greece itself _h ceas$ to d s4 ,see+ t ! emotions ( an individual c nev] h ! driv+ =ce :i* is giv5 to ! feel+s & ?\ghts a/ir 9 nations1 ! abs5ce ( ?is national /ress /amps ! 8,apollo ,belv$]e0 z ,hell5i/ic--! product ( a civilization :i* _h lo/ t s5se ( communal fell[%ip :i* 0 peculi>ly ,hell5ic4 ,dur+ ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 &1 9 a great measure1 ?r\gh\t ! f\r? c5tury1 ! individual ,greek _h sacrific$ ev]y?+ to 8 memb]%ip 9 ! city-/ate4 ,he c>$ no?+ = individual pleasures & aspirations4 ,b :5 ! civilization :i* _h be5 ,hell5ic became ,hell5i/ic1 ! relation%ip betwe5 ! citiz5 & ! /ate1 betwe5 ! citiz5 & 8 fell[s1 *ang$ entirely4 ,! rise ( a new political p[]--! c\ntry-/ate--l$ to ! ab&onm5t ( ! intimate int]e/ ) :i* ea* memb] _h foll[$ e *ange 9 ! political & social life ar\nd him4 ,r\ghly1 ! new political situation 9 ,greece aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&] am\nt$ to ?is4 ,a city-/ate cont9u$ free & indep5d5t z long z x 0 cont5t to rema9 poor4 ,b any accumulation ( ?is _w's goods 0 ! signal = ! desc5t ( a ,mac$onian g>rison & a p]emptory dem& = a subsidy4 ,if ! city-/ate det]m9$ to resi/ ! ,mac$onian dem&s1 two c\rses 7 op54 ,allies c\ld be pur*as$ or a f$]ation ( neighb\r+ cities c\ld be =m$4 ,! f$]ation ( neighb\r+ cities con/itut$ ! c\ntry-/ate1 :i* play$ s l>ge a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ,hell5i/ic ,greece4 ,a typical league is ! ,a*an4 ,its e>ly beg9n+s dat$ f #bha ,b4,c41 b x 0 ?irty ye>s lat] be=e a man ( g5ius arose to make ! dead arrangem5t a liv+ =ce4 ,:5 ,aratus p]suad$ ,sicyon to jo9 ! ,league1 a really p[]ful body 0 creat$4 ,cor9? jo9$ 9 #bdc & f9ally ,argos & ! re/ ( ! /ates ( ,nor? ,peloponnesus4 ,! ,a*an ,league 0 by ?is "t ! *ief political p[] 9 ,s\!rn ,greece4 ,its c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,nor? 0 ! tolian ,league1 ^: allies met p]iodically at ,!rmus1 :]e ! booty won 9 _! piratical exp$itions 0 /or$4 ,nom9ally1 e citiz5 9 ! f$]ation ov] ! age ( ?irty c\ld ex]cise 8 suffrage4 ,practically1 ! di/ance f ! seat ( gov]nm5t caus$ ! ,common ,assembly to become m & m a con/itutional fiction4 ,! real p[] pass$ into ! h&s ( ! few :o held positions ^u ! executive4 ,patriotism naturally lo/ mu* ( its old =ce4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 no long] ! "o goad to arti/ic production z _h be5 ! case 9 ! age ( ,p]icles4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,) ! decay ( ! virile life 9 ! city1 ! exquisite s5se ( =m & ! p[] ( imag9ative g5]alization :i* sculpture _h d]iv$ f cont9ual discussion 9 ! m>ket-place & ! law c\rts1 began to weak54 ,! *ang$ social & political circum/ances necessitat$ an art ) fre% me?ods & fre% ideals4 ,pass+ 9 review ! numb]less sculptures ( ,greece produc$ aft] #cjj ,b4,c41 ) a view to f9d+ ! intellectual & emotional atmosph]e :i* %ap$ !m1 we cont9ually meet ) a c]ta9 romantic subjectivity :i* is ess5tially mod]n4 ,x is ?is fact :i* makes mu* ,hell5i/ic sculpture peculi>ly ak9 to ! art ( our own day4 ,hell5ic sculpture impli$ a type ( "* & a body ( ideas ( :i* ! tw5tie?-c5tury man c h no fir/-h& exp]i5ce4 ,! ,we/]n ,european ( to-day is a memb] ( a community numb]+ betwe5 =ty million & eighty million p4 ,he pays 8 rates & taxes--"u prote/4 ,!re1 unless a sy/em ( univ]sal milit>y s]vice prevails1 8 civic duties end4 ,any v active sympa?y ) ! memb] ( a microscopic city-/ate is impossible4 ,! typical mod]n _c be expect$ to realize cle>ly h[ a political or social ev5t /ruck "o ^: *ief joy 0 t he1 z an individual1 play$ a v real "p 9 e national action4 ,dur+ ! ,hell5i/ic age1 h[ev]1 all ?is 0 *ang$4 ,an ess5tially tw5tie?-c5tury individualism prevail$--an individualism :i* reject$ ! n>r[+ limits set by ! love ( a s+le city4 ,) ! broad5+ ( ! individual sympa?ies1 a c]ta9 subjectivity replac$ ! m>k$ objectivity ( f\r?- & fif?-c5tury ,greek ?\ght4 ,) x w5t mu* ( ! e>li] dep? ( passion1 mu* ( ! old arti/ic initiative1 precisely z x has gone f ! 8univ]se-lov+0 art ( to-day4 ,9 ! new philosophy ! individual play$ a f> l>g] rle4 ,8 own ?\ghts & feel+s1 z oppos$ to ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( 8 fell[ citiz5s1 became pr$om9ant4 ,private life & ! int]e/s aris+ f ! family began to sugge/ a great majority ( ! !mes ( ! sculpture by :i* ! ,hell5i/ic ,greek express$ himself4 ,?is c be beautifully illu/rat$ by a brief survey ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,greek's treatm5t ( woman z a !me = 8 sculptural art4 ,9 deal+ ) ,praxiteles we dwelt ^u ! position :i* ! wom5 ( ,greece occupi$ 9 f\r?-c5tury ,a!ns comp>$ ) h] si/] 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! next hundr$ ye>s ! position 0 rev]s$4 ,dur+ ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod ! social necessity = ! sacrifice ( ! ,a!nian woman vani%$ completely4 ,%e 0 p]mitt$ to %>e ! life ( h] husb& & h] sons to ! full4 ,! :ole ( h] womanly nature 0 develop$4 ,nor 7 h] en]gies conf9$ to ! l>g] sph]e (f]$ by ! *ang$ circum/ances 9 ! ,greek home4 ,woman 9 ,hell5i/ic times began to play a rle ^u ! _w's /age :i* w\ld h /ruck ! old-fa%ion$ ,greek ( ! ,p]iclean age z grotesque & immoral4 ,t[ns nam$ aft] su* wom5 z ,laodicea1 ,b]5ice1 & ,ars9oe1 te/ify to ! imm5se influ5ce ( a long l9e ( pr9cesses ( ! type ( ,cleopatra ( ,egypt 9 national & int]national politics4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,greek woman sacrific$ a good deal to ga9 ! new lib]ty4 ,! my/]i\s respect ) :i* %e _h be5 reg>d$ 9 ! fif? c5tury became a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,x _h dep5d$ ^u ! fact t wom5 liv$ 9 a _w ap>t f m54 ,?is social conv5tion comm5c$ to wane dur+ ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x vani%$ almo/ entirely dur+ ,hell5i/ic times4 ,:at 0 ! effect ( all ?is ^u sculpture8 ,we c trace x mo/ surely 9 ! sculptor's treatm5t ( ! inc>nation ( true womanhood--,aphrodite or ,v5us4 ,! fif?-c5tury sculptor always depict$ ,aphrodite clad 9 ! full robe ( e-day life4 ,9 all fif?-c5tury /atues ( wom5 ! girdle 0 plac$ l[ on ! figure4 ,! idea 0 to emphasize ! qualities ( mode/y & res]ve :i* 7 ! c>d9al fem99e virtues 9 su* a city z ,a!ns at t "t4 ,b 9 ! foll[+ c5tury1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! m individuali/ic age ( ,praxiteles1 ! sculptor began to dwell ^u ! frankly physical attributes ( womanhood4 ,! girdle 0 set well above ! level ( ! natural wai/4 ,we h also se5 h[ ,praxiteles d>$ to lay aside drap]y altoge!r :5 he c>v$ 8 ,aphrodite = ! isl&]s ( ,cnidus4 ,b ev5 ! arti/ic c\rage ( ,praxiteles d>$ n omit a plausible excuse = ! *ange4 ,! robe 9 ! h&s ( ,aphrodite gave ! necess>y sugge/ion to ! ,greek imag9ation1 t womanhood _h n put (f all womanly res]ve :5 x disc>d$ its drap]y4 ,! ,hell5i/ic sculptor1 h[ev]1 n only 9 ,greece b ?r\gh\t ! po/-,alex&rian ,empire1 made no ef=t to re/ra9 ! t5d5cy to insi/ ^u ! m]ely s5su\s beauties ( womanhood4 ,9 ! well-kn[n slab f ! alt> frieze ( ! ,p]gam5e ,acropolis1 ! girdle ( ! goddess ,a!na is plac$ j b5ea? ! brea/s4 ,9 ! 8,v5us ( ,m$ici0--! typical embodim5t ( ! womanhood ( ! ,hell5i/ic age--drap]y is laid aside altoge!r4 ,9 ! sculptor's view1 he owes ! _w no explanation ( ! situation 9 :i* ! goddess f9ds h]self4 ,he is cont5t to (f] ^? ext]nal *>ms ( y\?ful beauty :i* fasc9ate ! s5ses b d n satisfy ! human he>t4 ,accept+ 8 /&po9t1 ! 8,v5us ( ,m$ici0 is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect /atues 9 ! _w4 ,b ! ,aphrodite ( ,praxiteles & su* a "w z 8,! ,?ree ,fates0 ( ,phidias1 rem9d u t ! grace ( =m 9 ! ,m$icean ,v5us is1 aft] all1 r humanly human ?an humanly div9e4 ,we feel t ! sugge/ion ( res]ve to :i* ! e>li] sculptors clung only deep5$ ! s5su\s emotion :i* e sculptor seeks to ar\se :5 he sets =? ! physical *>ms ( ! ,goddess ( ,love4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,v5us ,,( ,,milo ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,f "t to "t dur+ ! ,hell5i/ic age !re 0 d\btless a return to ! old] ideals4 ,! magnific5t 8,v5us ( ,milo10 n[ 9 ! collection at ! ,l\vre1 is a pro( ( ?is4 ,s9ce its excavation 9 ! isl& ( ,melos dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! "r ( ?is magnific5t m>ble to rank among ! sculptural ma/]pieces ( ! _w has nev] be5 *all5g$4 ,! motive ( ! design has always furni%$ ! critics ) occasion = controv]sy4 ,x may be t an exact re/oration w\ld give a fur!r specim5 ( ! type exhibit$ 9 ! 8,v5us ( ,capua10 :i* depicts ,aphrodite ) ! %ield ( ,ares1 ! goddess us+ ! %ield z a mirror4 ,! date ( ! production ( ! 8,v5us ( ,milo0 is z problematical z ! subject4 ,at fir/ x is difficult to believe t ?is /atue is rightly assign$ to s late a date z #aej ,b4,c4 ,!re h always be51 & d\btless ! critical conflict w cont9ue1 diff]5ces ( op9ion z to ! "t ( its production4 ,"s h trac$ x back to ! ,aphrodite ( ,scopas4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 little reason to d\bt ! op9ion g5]ally held1 t x is really a "w ( ,hell5i/ic times4 ,assum+ ?is to be ! case1 ! /atue c]ta9ly exhibits a po9t ( view :i* is 9 /rik+ contra/ to t (f]$ by ! 8,v5us ( ,m$ici40 ,! l(ty s5tim5t ( ! 8,v5us ( ,milo0 m>ks x z ess5tially un-,hell5i/ic4 ,! sculptor ?r\gh\t subord9ates ! physical beauties ( ! human =m to ! deep] s5se ( beauty :i* spr+s f ! realization ( ! idea ( ! div9ity ( womanhood4 ,= ?is reason1 ! /atue /&s 9 glori\s solitude ap>t f ! re/ ( ! sculpture ( its "t4 ,!re c be little d\bt t1 z a rule1 ! ,hell5i/ic age c\ld n /& ! int5sity ( emotion ar\s$ by su* a "w z ! 8,v5us ( ,milo40 ,! 8gold5 age0 ( ,greece _h pass$ away :5 e ,greek knew t x 0 good to be alive4 ,dur+ ,hell5i/ic times ,greek citiz5%ip became a d\btful bless+4 ,x *iefly s]v$ to rem9d its possessors ( ! lo/ glories ( an e>li] age4 ,c we be surpris$ t m5 look$ to art to r$ress ! balance1 & call$ = ! works :i* w\ld wean !m = a few mom5ts f ! dre>y tru?s ( exi/5ce8 ,no s+le =mula w expla9 all ! facts1 b "s connection betwe5 ! degree ( /r5u\sness 9 ! political & social life ( a /ate & ! degree ( /r5u\sness rea*$ 9 its art1 is c]ta94 ,consid] ! case ( ,hom]--! direct outcome ( ! victori\s /ruggle :i* ! ,greeks wag$ ) ! b>b>ians ^u ! %ores ( ! ,ea/]n gean4 ,9 ! ,a!nian arti/s1 ,phidias1 ,polygnotus & ,sophocles1 we f9d ! alliance ( re/ful calm ) ! deepe/ ?\ght & emotion :i* we %\ld expect dur+ a p]iod ( relative peace & prosp]ity1 foll[+ an int5se ?\gh victori\s /ruggle4 ,b h[1 x may be ask$1 did ! long fight ) ,sp>ta dur+ ! ,peloponnesian w> affect ,a!nian art8 ,! old emotional dep? became unbe>able4 ,com$y arose4 ,9 sculpture1 ,praxiteles replac$ ,phidias4 ,com+ to our own arti/ic hi/ory1 we f9d an ,engli% audi5ce answ]+ to ! deep emotional appeal ( ,macbe? or ,le> 9 ! ye>s :i* foll[$ ! glori\s victory ov] ! ,armada4 ,! p]iod aft] ! sev]e self-repression ( ! puritanical era naturally en\gh produc$ su* a com$y z ,congreve's ,way ( ! ,_w4 ,b ?is antipa?y to too /r5u\s an art is n ! only factor :i* l$ to a great increase 9 ! range ( subjects op5 to ! ,greek sculptor1 & pres5t$ a ho/ ( light] !mes to 8 *isel4 ,! 8,rape ( ! ,lock0 0 ! outcome ( ! b\doir exp]i5ce ^u :i* ! fancy ( ,pope 0 n\ri%$4 ,! eighte5? c5tury c\ld n furni% ! m5tal & emotional /imulus ne$ful = ! production ( ,o!llo4 ,b x c\ld & did sugge/ a p]fectly *>m+ poem to ! 8un:ipt1 unblanket$1 unkick$1 unsla9 c>case0 we call ,alex&] ,pope4 ,may ?is n h be5 ! case 9 ,hell5i/ic ,greece8 ,previ\sly 8,greek life _h be5 too full to put frills on its ?\ghts10 z ,de ,qu9cey once said4 ,b ! ,hell5i/ic age revell$ 9 ! v 8frills0 :i* ! m5 ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies _h reject$4 ,allegory replac$ natural symbolism4 ,in/ead ( ,aphrodite--,cupid4 ,= ,aphrodite1 ! goddess ( ,love1 & ,eros1 ! p]sonification ( ! desire :i* makes p[]less ! limbs ( m5--,cupid1 ! smil+ embodim5t ( ! love :i* flits f fancy to fancy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,boy ,,/rangl+ ,a ,,goose ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,illu/ration3 ,,*ild ,,) ,,lant]n ,t]me ,museum1 ,rome ,x is n easy to illu/rate ?is phase ( ,hell5i/ic sculpture4 ,b !re c be few f9] examples ?an ! l>ge bronze /atuette1 8,! ,w+$ ,cupid10 belong+ to ,mr4 ,pi]pont ,morgan1 long lodg$ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,x once decorat$ a ,roman villa on ! slopes ( ,vesuvius1 & 0 excavat$ at ,boscoreale1 a village ne> ,naples at ! foot ( ! volcano4 ,! bronze is mu* beautifi$ by ! wond]ful blui%-gre5 pat9a ) :i* "t has end[$ x4 ,! p]fectly pois$ figure1 spr++ =w>d ) ! burn+ tor* ( desire1 /&s = an entirely new note 9 ,greek sculpture4 ,its frolicsome rogui%ness c be comp>$ ) no?+ :i* ! ,hell5ic m9d express$ 9 sculptural =m4 ,a fur!r in/ance ( ! same t5d5cy is furni%$ by ! well-kn[n 8,boy /rangl+ a ,goose10 by ,boe?us ( ,*alc$on4 ,?is delightful "w1 "o ( ! few sculptural jokes1 is an obvi\s p>ody ^u "o ( ! adv5tures ( ! h]o ,h]cules4 ,la/ly1 we may po9t to ! *>m+ 8,*ild ) ,lant]n10 rec5tly tak5 f ! ,tib]1 & n[ /&+ 9 ! rose-deck$ cloi/]s ( ! ,t]me ,museum4 ,^! ?ree unpret5ti\s little works1 all rem>kable = _! easy & graceful hum\r1 happily complete our survey4 ,greek sculpture _h le>nt to smile4 ,x end$ ) ! com+ ( ! ,romans4 ,:5 ! ,roman imp]ial rule f9ally ext5d$ ov] ,asia ,m9or & ,egypt1 z well z ov] ,hellas itself1 ,greek art began to lose its individuality1 & a ,grco-,roman /yle 0 evolv$ :i* 0 f9ally m]g$ into ! di/9ctive sculpture ( ,rome itself4 ,9 #adf ,b4,c4 ,greece 0 conqu]$ by ,mummius & became a ,roman prov9ce4 ,9 #acc ,b4,c4 ,attalus ,,iii4 will$ ,p]gamus to ,rome4 ,9 #fd ,b4,c4 ,pompey put an end to ! ,seleucid rule 9 ,syria4 ,"s ?irty ye>s lat]1 ! sea fight at ,actium end$ ! ,ptolemaic rule 9 ,egypt1 & ! la/ ,hell5i/ic /ronghold fell4 ,an art impulse :i* _h be5 pr$om9ant = five hundr$ ye>s 0 at an end4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,portrait ,,sculpture ,,( ,,rome 7#ej ,b4,c4 ,,to ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,con/ant9ople ,,9 #ccj ,a4,d47 ,roman sculpture & ,roman imp]ialism--^! two ?+s are indissolubly connect$4 ,t is ! proposition1 express$ 9 ! balde/ t]ms1 t mu/ n[ be e/abli%$4 ,z long z ! ,republican sy/em suffic$ = ! ne$s ( ,rome1 h] sculpture 0 entirely ,hell5i/ic 9 "*4 ,x 0 only ) ! adv5t ( ! ,augu/an age 7betwe51 let u say1 #ej ,b4,c4 & ! ye> ( ,our ,"l7 t traces ( a di/9ctively national _s began to %[ !mselves4 ,a complete imp]ial sy/em _h comm5c$ to ex]t its influ5ce ^u society4 ,f t "t onw>d1 & ?r\gh\t ! ?ree foll[+ c5turies1 *>act]i/ics c be trac$ :i* cle>ly diff]5tiate ! "w ( ! ,roman sculptor f t ( any ,hell5ic or ,hell5i/ic arti/4 ,x 0 only :5 8! pale ,galilean0 triumph$ & ! ideals ( ,*ri/ianity supplant$ ^? ( an outworn imp]ialism t 8,roman sculpture10 too1 became a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! h[ & ! :y sugge/$ by our major proposition mu/ be fac$ boldly4 ,r$uc+ ! problem to its elem5ts1 we require1 9 ! fir/ place1 to ga9 a cle> idea ( :at 8,roman imp]ialism0 d5otes4 ,9 ! second place we mu/ di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 8,roman sculpture0 &1 an entirely diff]5t ?+1 8sculpture produc$ 9 ,rome40 ,! "o is organically ,roman4 ,! p>5tage ( ! o!r is ,greek2 its bir?place is an accid5t4 ,x prec$es ! national art ( imp]ial times by at lea/ a c5tury4 ,t s widely diffus$ an appreciation ( sculpture exi/$ long be=e ! gr[? ( a native art is 9 itself highly significant4 ,an import$ art is n a r>e ph5om5on 9 hi/ory1 b x r>ely p]si/s = ! l5g? ( "t x did 9 ,rome4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,engl& welcom$ an invasion ( ,italian 8noveletti0 & romantic poetry4 ,9 a v %ort :ile1 h[ev]1 ! ali5 art 0 replac$ by a vigor\s national drama4 ,e>li] 9 ! same c5tury1 ,france = a "t suff]$ ! ,italian s*ool ( pa9t+ 7! s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau74 ,b ! /rang] nev] q made h]self at home1 & 0 f9ally supplant$ by an arti/ic canon :i* 0 entirely ,fr5* 9 _s4 ,republican ,rome1 on ! contr>y1 0 n only satisfi$ ) h] ali5 s*ool ( sculpture = a c5tury & a half1 b borr[$ at ! same "t an entire culture f ,greece--lit]ature1 sci5ce & philosophy4 ,! ,roman boy 0 educat$ by ,greek tea*]s 9 ,rome4 ,dur+ adolesc5ce1 he pass$ ov] to ,a!ns = a c\rse ( philosophy or to ,rhodes = in/ruction 9 ! accept$ me?ods ( rhetoric4 ,aft]w>ds1 a ye> 0 sp5t ^u 8! gr& t\r0 ?r\gh ,greece & ,asia ,m9or :]e ! *ief temples & monum5ts ( ! ,hell5ic ma/]s 7 /ill to be se5 9 situ4 ,?is ,greek education by no means *ang$ ! ,roman ,republican into a ,hell5i/ic ,a!nian4 ,! ,roman 0 nev] m ,roman ?an he 0 dur+ ! ,republican age4 ,yet ! same art & philosophy s]v$ = bo?4 ,9 o!r words1 peculi>ly ,roman ?\ght & emotion f\nd no arti/ic expression :atev]4 ,^! facts compel u to retrace "s ( ! gr\nd cov]$ 9 our la/ *apt]4 ,bo? ^u ! hi/orical & ! arti/ic side we are =c$ back to ! "t :5 ,republican ,rome furni%$ ! pr9cipal m>ket = ! w>es ( ! ,hell5i/ic sculptor4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 reg>d x f a diff]5t gr\nd4 ,our review ( ,hell5i/ic sculpture only int]e/$ u 9 z f> z x affect$ ,greece4 ,we judg$ x f ! /&po9t ( ! ,greek arti/4 ,n[ ,hell5i/ic sculpture calls = att5tion f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,roman patron4 ,dur+ ! lat] ,republican age--! p]iod f ! defeat ( ,c>?age to ! rise ( ,julius ,cs>--,rome 0 fill$ ) ,greek sculpture4 ,?\s&s ( orig9al ,hell5ic & ,hell5i/ic works 7 c>ri$ !re4 ,numb]less ,grco-,roman sculptors sp5t _! "t 9 produc+ copies ( ,greek ma/]pieces or design+ v>iations ^u well-kn[n & popul> designs4 ,! process ( despoil+ ,great] ,greece ( its art treasures began z e>ly z ! fall ( ,syracuse 9 #bab ,b4,c4 ,cor9? 0 /ripp$ 9 #adf ,b4,c4 by ,mummius4 ,delphi & ,olympia bo? suff]$4 ,ev5 ,a!ns itself 0 plund]$ by ,sulla 9 #hf ,b4,c4 dur+ ! w> ) ,mi?ridates4 ,*ryselephant9e /atues l ! 8,a!na0 ( ,phidias & ! decorative sculptures ( ! great temples 7 left unt\*$1 b s _m works ( ! ,greek ma/]s 7 c>ri$ we/w>d t ,myron1 ,phidias1 ,polyclitus1 ,praxiteles1 ,scopas1 & ,lysippus became h\sehold names 9 ,rome4 ,we mod]ns c only be grateful t ,roman ta/e did n pref] ! productions ( its own native sculptors4 ,_h x done s1 ! hi/ory ( ,greek sculpture w\ld h _h to be recon/ruct$ f /ray works l ! ,elg9 & ! g9etan m>bles1 ! 8,*>iote] ( ,delphi0 & ! 8,h]mes0 ( ,olympia4 ,z matt]s /&1 we h su* books z ^? ( ,pausanias & ,pl9y4 ,we are1 moreov]1 furni%$ ) numb]less copies ( ! pr9cipal ,hell5ic ma/]pieces4 ,true1 ^! 8copies0 are n 8! real ?+40 ,9 _m cases !y are m>ble translations f bronze orig9als1 giv+ u1 let u say1 t intimacy ) ! e>li] ,greek works :i* ! ,arundel ,society's pr9ts1 or l>ge-siz$ photo-gravures1 af=d ab\t ! ,italian orig9al pa9t+s !y reproduce4 ,9 addition1 ! ,roman pref]5ce = ,greek sculpture result$ 9 ! production ( _m /atues :i*1 ?\gh !y _c be directly connect$ ) any orig9al ,greek "w1 are cle>ly little m ?an v>iations ^u popul> ,greek !mes4 ,,! ,,gr,,co-,,roman ,,sculptors ,g5]ally speak+1 ?r\gh\t ! fir/ & second c5tury ,b4,c4 none ( ! ,greek sculptors work+ 9 ,rome dep>t$ f> f ! accept$ models4 ,"s foll[$ ! g5]al /&>ds adopt$ by ,praxiteles2 "s ^? ( ,lysippus2 o!rs aga9 pref]r$ ! m romantic /yle ( ! s*ool ( sculpture at ,rhodes4 ,:5 new subjects pres5t$ !mselves1 h[ev]1 ,roman ta/e began to ex]cise a direct influ5ce ^u ! "w ( ! ,hell5i/ic sculptors4 ,we dwelt ^u "s ( ! effects ( ! ,roman influ5ce :5 consid]+ ! 8,f>nese ,h]cules0--! "w ( ! ,grco-,roman ,glycon4 ,x is equally well illu/rat$ by two f9e bronzes :i* h be5 rec5tly discov]$ & plac$ 9 ! ,t]me ,museum at ,rome4 ,! fir/ is ! life-siz$ w>rior or a?lete lean+ on 8 spe>1 usually call$ 8,! ,pr9ce40 ,x closely resembles su* a "w z ! 8,c]igotto ,bronze0 9 g5]al /yle4 ,no?+ except ! t5d5cy t[>ds an acc5tuation ( muscul> developm5t & ! fact t x app>5tly does n foll[ an e>li] ,greek design m>k its ,grco-,roman orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,seat$ ,,box] ,t]me ,museum1 ,rome ,! second is ! 8,seat$ ,box]10 a magnific5tly p[]ful pres5tation ( an utt]ly ignoble !me4 ,! fight] is re/+2 he is wait+ = 8 call to ano!r b\t4 ,ea* h& is /ill cas$ 9 ! lea!r c/us4 ,! bruis$ & swoll5 features ( ! man are giv5 ) savage tru?4 ,by reason ( its entirely un-,hell5ic subject1 ! 8,seat$ ,box]0 af=ds z f9e an illu/ration ( ! ,grco-,roman /yle at its be/ z c be giv54 ,we see ! gr& te*nical skill :i* l$ ! ,roman connoisseur to give 8 commissions to ,greek sculptors4 ,9 ! insi/5ce ^u reali/ic detail & ! abs5ce ( a high ideal guid+ ! *oice ( subject1 we c trace ! influ5ce ( a ta/e f> remov$ f any t ,greek s5tim5t c\ld h fo/]$4 ,hell5i/ic works %[+ ! influ5ce ( ,roman ta/e z cle>ly z ! 8,seat$ ,box]0 are r>e4 ,! ,roman collector1 z a rule1 0 p]fectly cont5t ) a "w :i* 0 practically id5tical ) "s e>li] ,greek design4 ,a close resemblance to a ,greek orig9al 0 9 itself a /rong recomm5dation4 ,! fai?fulness ) :i* ,roman ta/e abid$ by ,hell5ic sculpture is prov$ by ! popul>ity ( ! pseudo-ar*aic s*ool ( ,pasiteles dur+ ! la/ days ( ! ,roman ,republic4 ,pasiteles 0 an ,italian ,greek4 ,pl9y says ( him t 8he nev] execut$ any "w )\t fir/ mak+ a clay model40 ,excessive c>e & excessive emotional sobriety 7 ! keynotes ( 8 /yle4 ,x is peculi>ly int]e/+ to note 9 ! works ( ?is s*ool an obvi\s revolt aga9/ bo? ! s5su\s t5d5cies ( ! foll[]s ( ,praxiteles & ! !atrical prop5sities ( ! ,rhodians4 ,! pseudo-ar*aic sculptors & ! patrons = :om !y cat]$ _h suffici5t insight to di/+ui% betwe5 ! v>i\s epo*s ( ,greek sculpture1 t is to say1 betwe5 "w imbu$ ) ,hell5ic qualities & "w :i* 0 only ,hell5i/ic4 ,?is c be se5 at once 9 ! gr\p by ,m5elaus kn[n z 8,ore/es & ,electra0 7,plate1 p4 #abh71 z good an example ( ! s*ool ( ,pasiteles z c be f\nd4 ,! sculptor has evid5tly imitat$ ! /yle ( an ,argive arti/ liv+ j be=e ,polyclitus4 ,9 o!r words1 ! 8,ore/es & ,electra0 repres5ts a rev]sion beyond ev5 ! purely ,hell5ic /yle ( ,polyclitus4 ,s successfully is ?is ar*aic mann] imitat$ by ! ,grco-,roman foll[]s ( ,pasiteles t mod]n exp]ts c easily be 9 d\bt1 9 ! case ( p>ticul> /atues1 :e!r ! /yle is real or feign$4 ,dr4 ,murray1 = in/ance1 has sugge/$ t ! ,vatican 8,sp>tan ,girl10 :i* is usually assign$ to ! transitional p]iod ( ,hell5ic sculpture end+ ) ,myron's 8,discobolus10 is actually by a foll[] ( ,pasiteles4 ,! lik5ess ( ! 8,sp>tan ,girl0 to ! works ( ! foll[]s ( ,pasiteles is obvi\s4 ,) *>act]i/ics l ^!1 h[ %\ld /atues ( ! s*ool ( ,pasiteles be class$8 ,t !y are n ,hell5i/ic is pla94 ,equally cle>ly ! resemblance to ,hell5ic "w is s close t x w\ld be absurd to reg>d ! /yle popul>iz$ by ,pasiteles z a movem5t t[>ds a ,roman national art4 ,really a pseudo-ar*aic /atue l ! 8,ore/es & ,electra0 repres5ts a pass+ craze4 ,x is ! outcome ( ! fancy ( a few art collectors4 ,"o may1 h[ev]1 argue t ! popul>ity ( su* a s*ool po9ts to a dissatisfaction ) ! accept$ ,hell5i/ic art ( ! latt] ,roman ,republic4 ,be t z x may1 a g5u9ely ,roman s*ool ( sculpture arose directly aft]4 ,roman social & political circum/ances began to influ5ce sculpture soon aft] ! ye> #ej ,b4,c4 ,"o hundr$ & fifty ye>s e>li]1 ! defeat ( ,hannibal & ! fall ( ,c>?age _h left ,rome ) ! undisput$ head%ip 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,spa9 0 9 h] h&s & h] fronti]s /ret*$ to ! ,atlantic4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 h[ev]1 ,rome 0 fac$ ) ! ,hell5i/ic k+doms ( ,mac$onia1 ,syria & ,egypt4 ,"o by "o ^! fell be=e h]4 ,naturally1 s trem5d\s a success 0 n atta9$ )\t social & political *anges ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,punic ,w>s ! inn] r+ ( ! ,roman ari/ocracy _h lo/ its long-e/abli%$ monopoly ( ! great (fices ( ,/ate4 ,at ! "t ( ! fall ( ,c>?age1 ! ,s5ate 0 c]ta9ly ! supreme au?ority 9 ,roman affairs1 ! v>i\s magi/rates be+ no m ?an its executive tools4 ,b ! ari/ocracy _h be5 compell$ to recognize a new class ( capitali/ m]*ants :i* _h e/abli%$ a claim to ,rome's reg>d by its ready aid dur+ ! ,punic w>s4 ,! body :i* direct$ ,rome's expansion beyond ! bord]s ( ,italy 0 !re=e compos$ ( a bl5d ( weal?y patricians & plebeians4 ,^! 7 ! patrons ( ! ,grco-,roman sculptors4 ,!y 7 ! m5 :o compos$ 8! assembly ( k+s10 ^: report ! ambassadors ( ,pyrrhus c>ri$ to _! ma/]4 ,= close ^u a c5tury a s5ate ( ?is type guid$ ! de/9ies ( ! ,roman ,republic4 ,by ab\t #ajj ,b4,c4--we express "t 9 ! r\nde/ ( r\nd numb]s--x _h become app>5t t ! political f\ndations ^u :i* ,rome's c>e] ( conque/ 0 bas$ 7 radically uns\nd4 ,no body ( m5--ev5 an 8assembly ( k+s0--c\ld deal ) ! multitud9\s problems :i* arose f an attempt to absorb ! :ole ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,! fir/ man to realize ?is1 & to attempt a practical solution ( ! difficulty1 0 ,m>ius4 ,soon aft] #ajg ,b4,c4 he prov$ t he und]/ood ! ess5tials ( ! problem by reorganiz+ ! ,republican armies4 ,he conv]t$ !m into fit tools = ! fir/ 8adv5tur] ( g5ius0 by orda9+ t ! soldi]y %\ld be paid by l& grants & booty4 ,! re=ms ( ,m>ius 7 none too e>ly4 ,betwe5 #hi ,b4,c4 & #fd ,b4,c4 ! w>s ) ,mi?ridates ( ,pontus %[$ ,rome its weakness4 ,mi?ridates ov]ran ,asia ,m9or1 ,mac$onia & ,greece4 ,syria 0 only rega9$ by a gigantic ef=t4 ,!n came 8! adv5tur] ( g5ius0--,julius ,cs>--! f\nd] ( ! ,roman ,imp]ial sy/em4 ,he 0 foll[$ by 8 son ,octavius 7,augu/us ,cs>71 ! 8,organis] ( ,roman ,imp]ialism40 ,^! two m5 made ,roman sculpture possible4 ,on ! day t ,cs> & 8 elev5 legions cross$ ! ,rubicon ) ! cry 8! die is ca/10 ,roman sculpture 0 born4 ,! victory ov] ,pompey at ,ph>salia 9 #di ,b4,c4 left ,julius ,cs> 9 supreme control4 ,brutus & ,cassius l$ ! ,republican =lorn hope1 & ,cs> himself 0 murd]$ 9 #dd ,b4,c41 b he _h a*iev$ 8 end4 ,he _h po9t$ out ! only me?od ( consolidat+ ,rome's va/ conque/s & br++ peace to ! sorely tri$ ,/ate4 ,augu/us realiz$ at once ! impossibility ( rev]t+ to ! disc>d$ republican =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 its place he set up a veil$ despotism :i* enabl$ him to control all ! en]gies & res\rces ( ,rome's great empire4 ,z ,imp]ator1 ,augu/us made himself comm&]-9-*ief ( ! armies2 z ,pr9ceps ,s5atus1 he 0 lead] ( ! ,legislative ,assembly ( ! ,s5ate2 z ,tribune1 he act$ z ! repres5tative ( ,roman democracy2 z ,*ief ,pontiff1 he 0 ! head ( an all-p[]ful ecclesia/ical organisation4 ,) ! adv5t ( peace ,rome 0 able to turn h] en]gies to art4 ,! consequ5ces 7 imm$iate 9 all dep>tm5ts ( culture4 ,x 0 ! patronage ( ,mc5as1 ! *ief m9i/] ( ,augu/us1 :i* plac$ ,virgil 9 a position to write ! 8,georgics40 ,by #ai ,b4,c4 ! 8neid0 0 writt5 9 hon\r ( ,augu/us4 ,x 0 ,mc5as :o provid$ ,horace ) ! f>m among ! ,sab9e hills1 :]e ! ,roman lyrici/ & satiri/ wrote all 8 lat] works4 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,roman ,,portraiture ,! effects ( ?is social & political revolution ^u sculpture c\ld n be m happily illu/rat$ ?an by two portraits ( ! m5 :o br\ght !m to pass4 ,! 8,julius ,cs>0 is ! well-kn[n portrait bu/ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2#a ! 8,augu/us0 is ! equally fam\s life-siz$ figure 9 ! ,vatican4 #a ,see ,furtwngl]1 8,neu]e ,fls*ung5 von ,antik510 p4 #ad4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 bo? are portraits4 ,?is emphasizes ! prime fact t ! bran* ( sculpture *iefly affect$ 0 portraiture4 ,x is n difficult to surmise :y ?is 0 s4 ,9 all o!r bran*es1 :e!r a?letic /atues1 dramatic gr\ps or sculptures ( ! gods1 e>li] ,hell5ic & ,hell5i/ic arti/s _h produc$ works :i* ! unimag9ative ,romans c\ld nev] hope to equal4 ,! copies (1 & v>iations ^u1 ! works ( ! ,greek ma/]s s fitt$ ,rome's ne$s t little or no ef=t 0 made to produce new works ( ! same class4 ,b 9 portraiture ?is 0 n ! case4 ,9 ! nature ( ?+s portraits _c be s directly affect$ by an e>li] arti/ic me?od4 ,! sculptors ( ,rome soon f\nd t ! me?ods ( _! ,hell5ic ma/]s w\ld n yield ! results requir$4 ,! true ,greek portrait sculptor _h nev] aim$ at ! reali/ic & life-l repres5tation :i* 0 ! "o desire ( ! matt]-(-fact ,roman patron4 ,z we h se51 ! ,greek _h refra9$ f elaborat+ expression4 ,he portray$ an ideal type r ?an an individualiz$ man or woman4 ,take any typical ,greek portrait z an illu/ration--! bu/ ( 8,p]icles10 9 ! ,elg9 ,room at ! ,briti% ,museum1 = in/ance4 ,comp>e x ) ! 8,julius ,cs>0 9 ! same collection4 ,we see ,p]icles 9 ! p]fection ( physical =ce & m5tal en]gy4 ,! rul] ( ,a!ns is m ?an a man4 ,he is an epitome ( all t a ,greek w\ld be4 ,!re is no attempt at *>act]ization4 ,! sugge/ion ( voluptu\sness 9 ! lips1 :i* height5s ! "w s mu*1 is really n an individual trait4 ,x is r an ,hell5ic *>act]i/ic4 ,x is "p ( an ef=t to express a type4 ,b ! ,roman sculptor ( ! 8,julius ,cs>0 nev] dreamt ( embody+ a :ole race 9 a s+le portrait--a philosophy 9 a /atue4 ,he 0 cont5t to give expression to ! man be=e him4 ,= ?is v reason ! f9e/ ,roman portraits possess a vigor\s vitality :i* an ,hell5ic portrait /udy lacks4 ,z ,pat] express$ x3 8,! seek+ ( ! type 9 ! individual1 ! ab/raction ( all t because ( its nature endures b = a mom5t1 ?is involves loss ( expression40 ,t is :y ! 8,p]icles0 is ! portrait ( a fif?-c5tury ,a!nian & ! ,roman "w is ! portrait ( ,julius ,cs>4 ,exactly ! same mu/ be said ( ! great /atue ( 8,augu/us address+ 8 ,soldi]s10 9 ! ,vatican4 ,comp>$ ) ! 8,phocion10 ! 8,augu/us0 is a c>efully individualiz$ "*-/udy4 ,! t5d5cy is n1 h[ev]1 c>ri$ to ! extreme limit atta9$ 9 lat] ,roman sculpture4 ,! arti/ evid5tly hesitates to break entirely ) ! ideali/ic me?od ( ! ,hell5es4 ,he will+ly sacrifices ! *ance ( creat+ an et]nal type1 symboliz+ ! idea ( ,roman imp]ialism inc>nat$ 9 ! fir/ ,emp]or1 pref]r+ to convey ! impression ( life-l portraiture4 ,b he %[s an ideal ,augu/us4 ,! /atue does n convey ! s5sation ( a mom5t ( "t--good1 bad or indiff]5t--captur$ & fix$ = ev]1 :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ,roman portraits dur+ ! next c5tury or two4 ,= ?is reason !re is mu* to be said 9 fav\r ( ! view :i* reg>ds ,augu/an ,rome z ! la/ ,hell5i/ic c5tre4 ,x is /ill an arti/ :o is ,greek at he>t :o is at "w4 ,b he diff]s f 8 pr$ecessors inasmu* z he is /riv+ to give 8 ,roman patrons a ?rill :i* !y w feel to be national--to be truly ,roman4 ,! ,vatican /atue ( ,augu/us ,cs> 0 discov]$ 9 #ahfc4 ,ap>t f its int]e/ z a transitional "w lead+ to ! pure ,roman /yle1 x claims att5tion ow+ to ! light x ?r[s ^u ! mu* discuss$ problem ( ! col\r+ ( m>ble /atu>y4 ,we h previ\sly not$ ! fact t x is e/abli%$ beyond possibility ( d\bt t ! great mass ( ,greek & ,roman sculpture 0 freely col\r$4 ,traces ( pigm5t c /ill be f\nd 9 num]\s works1 b ! evid5ce is insuffici5t to ju/ify any really dogmatic utt]ances z to actual me?ods4 ,we h !re=e pref]r$ to d little m ?an allude to ! practice4 ,! evid5ce furni%$ by ! /atue ( ,augu/us is s complete1 h[ev]1 t x sugge/s ! desirability ( a r full] ref]5ce4 ,! "w 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,villa ( ,livia1 ne> ,prima ,porta4 ,otto ,jahn1 9 8 ,aus d] ,alt]?umswiss5s*aft1 publi%$ 9 #ahfh1 gives ! foll[+ p>ticul>s z to its condition3 8,! tunic ( ,augu/us is crimson1 ! mantle purple1 ! fr+e ( ! arm\r yell[2 on ! nude portions ( ! body no traces ( col\r are noticeable1 except ! indication ( ! pupils ) a yell[i% t9t2 & ! hair no long] %[s col\r4 ,b ! relief decorations ( ! cuirass are pa9t$ ) especial c>e1 al?\gh ! flat surfaces are left )\t col\r4 ,! god ( heav51 ris+ f ! blue waves or cl\ds1 holds a purpli% g>m5t 9 bo? h&s2 ! *>iot ( ! sun-god is crimson2 be=e him so>s a female ) outspread blue w+s2 ! goddess ( ! e>? we>s a wrea? ( :eat 9 h] blonde hair4 ,apollo 9 a crimson mantle rides ^u a griffon ) blue w+s2 ! light hair$ ,diana1 9 a crimson g>m5t1 is borne by a r$di% br[n /ag4 ,9 ! middle /&s a ,roman ,comm&] 9 blue & r$ arm\r1 crimson tunic1 & purple mantle1 ) a blue helmet4 ,a be>d$ w>rior 9 crimson tunic & blue tr\s]s holds up a ,roman /&>d ) insignia pa9t$ blue4 ,! b>b>ian on ! "r1 ) auburn hair1 9 a purple mantle1 holds a w>-trumpet2 ! figure on ! left is likewise light hair$ & clo!d 9 a blue mantle40 ,illu/ration3 ,,ore/es ,,& ,,electra 7,,s*ool ,,( ,,pasiteles7 ,national ,museum1 ,naples ,illu/ration3 ,,augu/us ,vatican1 ,rome ,we %all n ref] to ! problem ( h[ g5]ally ,greek & ,roman sculptures 7 col\r$ aga94 ,m4 ,maxime ,collignon1 9 8 ,la ,poly*romie dans la ,sculpture ,grecque1 has collect$ ! evid5ce be>+ ^u ! po9t4 ,! 8,augu/us0 %[s h[ elaborate ! process mu/ h be5 9 _m cases4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be wor? :ile to ref] to two typical pieces ( evid5ce support+ ! view t ! great bulk ( ,greek & ,roman sculpture 0 col\r$4 ,9 a wall-pa9t+1 once 9 ,pompeii1 n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,naples1 a picture repres5ts a woman actually pa9t+ a /atue4 ,x is a 8,h]ma10 "o ( ! popul> figures ( ,dionysus set on a quadrilat]al base4 ,! god's hair is d>k br[n1 ! be>d is grey & ! mantle yell[4 ,a /udy ( ! wall pa9t+s & mosaics une>!d at ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum gives ! foll[+ result4 ,out ( eighty-"o pictures ( /atues1 fifty-n9e are col\r$ completely4 ,! male figures are pa9t$ a ruddy br[n1 ! female p9k & :ite4 ,( ! o!rs1 f\rte5 are ( a gre5y br[n t+e sugge/+ bronze4 ,return+ once aga9 to our ma9 argum5t3 we h ref]r$ to ,julius ,cs>1 z ! fa!r alike ( ,roman imp]ialism & ,roman sculpture4 ,roman national art 0 creat$ :5 ,cs> & ,augu/us e/abli%$ a political sy/em :i* gave ,italy peace aft] close ^u a hundr$ ye>s ( /rife4 ,x is n difficult to realize ! relief ) :i* ,italy mu/ h greet$ ! new era4 ,9 ! la/ few l9es ( ! ,fir/ 8,georgic10 ,virgil has drawn a picture ( ! ,roman _w z x _h be5 until ! imp]ial visions ( ,julius ,cs> _h become liv+ realities = e ,roman citiz5 "u ,augu/us ,cs>4 ,w> 0 rag+ ev]y:]e4 ,corruption 0 rife4 ,agriculture 0 langui%+4 8,! crook$ scy!s are =g$ into rigid swords10 says ,virgil4 ,) ! adv5t ( peace came ! same desire to build :i* foll[$ ! ,p]sian w> 9 ,a!ns4 ,! ,augu/an age *ang$ ,rome--to use ! well-worn metaphor--f a t[n ( bricks to a city ( m>ble4 ,! /ud5t ( sculpture w d well to associate bo? ev5ts--! com+ ( peace to ! sorely tri$ ,empire & ! era ( ,augu/an build+--) a slab ( ! great ,ara ,pacis :i* has be5 pres]v$ by a /range *ance4 ,! fragm5t %[s ,augu/us1 accompani$ by 8 family & ! lead+ citiz5s & s5ators1 go+ to ! consecration c]emony on ,july #d1 #ac ,b4,c4--! ,indep5d5ce ,day ( ,roman ,imp]ialism4 ,! ,ara ,pacis 0 built to hon\r ! ,goddess ( ,peace1 9 ! /yle ( ! ,alt> on ! ,acropolis ( ,p]gamus4 ,j z ! ,alt> at ,p]gamus memoriz$ ! deliv]y ( ! ,hell5i/ic /ate f ! ,gauls1 ! ,ara ,pacis en%r9$ ! fact t ,rome 0 at la/ ! ackn[l$g$ mi/ress ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,m5 c\ld n[ dream ( an era ( et]nal peace2 ,rome set itself to enjoy ! pleasures ( intellectual exi/5ce 9 a way t _h be5 impossible amid ! p]petual m>* & rem>* ( armies & ! rise & fall ( factions4 ,x is true t ! ,roman ,empire did n long rema9 at peace4 ,b ,italy1 at any rate1 did n exp]i5ce ! horrors ( w> = "s c5turies4 ,! ye>s ( /ruggle _h ar\s$ a /rong s5se ( national feel+4 ,! imp]ial sy/em organiz$ by ,augu/us set m5 free to cultivate ! arts ( peace4 ,patrons ) national in/9cts & arti/s ) ! gift ( express+ national feel+s & ?\ghts arose4 ,9 a few ye>s1 ! t5d5cies %ad[$ =? 9 su* sculptures z 8,! ,julius ,cs>0 & 8,! ,augu/us10 became fix$1 & a national s*ool ( ,roman portraiture sprang up4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! national /yle became m & m /rongly m>k$4 ,,! ,,height ,,( ,,roman ,,imp]ialism 7#if ,a4,d4 ,,to #aag ,a4,d47 ,! di/9ctively ,roman portrait1 unta9t$ ) any ,hell5ic or ,hell5i/ic admixture1 is se5 9 ! fam\s /atue ( ! ,emp]or ,n]va 9 ! ,vatican collection4 ,"h ! arti/ has left ! ideali/ic me?ods ( ! ,hell5ic sculptors entirely beh9d4 ,he has dep5d$ ^u ! cunn+ use ( reali/ic detail = 8 effect1 emphasiz+ ! impression ( life-l portraiture beyond any?+ attempt$ 9 ! ,augu/an age4 ,ev5 ! grace ( a /atue l 8,! ,augu/us0 has be5 sacrific$ 9 ! se>* = vigor\s actuality4 ,! ,engli% equival5t ( ! new ideal is 8,cromwell1 w>ts & all40 ,b "o _c b admire ! magnific5t judgm5t ) :i* ! reali/ic detail is manag$4 ,!re is no?+ set d[n :i* does n add to ! vivid s5se ( a liv+ portrait4 ,z ,wickh(f says 9 8 f9e /udy ( ,roman art1 8,!y gave an exact reproduction ( nature1 b ) a t]s5ess :i* produc$ ! desir$ impression ( cold di/9ction40 ,9 ! 8,n]va0 we h ! ,roman ideal 9 its mo/ concrete =m4 ,n a ^w too mu*1 b suffici5t to ensure ! impression ( int5se & liv+ reality4 ,exactly ! same t5d5cy c be obs]v$ :5 ! languages ( ! two races are comp>$4 ,! ,roman--practical man--pref]r$ a n>r[ & concrete vocabul>y4 ,he will+ly sacrific$ flexibility ( expression to a bus9esslike concis5ess4 ,h5ce arose 8 sy/em ( inflectional spee*1 :i* is to be contra/$ ) ! analytical spee* ( ! ,hell5es ) its p>ticles & def9ite article4 ,j z ! inflectional language ( ,rome w\ld n h express$ a qu>t] ( :at ! agile-m9d$ ,greek desir$ to say1 s ! me?ods ( ! ,roman portrait sculptor w\ld h be5 valueless to ! ,greek to :om philosophical ap]u into ! :ole ( human exp]i5ce alone seem$ wor?y ( inc>nation 9 m>ble & bronze4 ,! ,roman sculptor1 h[ev]1 0 q satisfi$ ) a n>r[ & concrete mode ( expression4 ,he 0 cont5t ) an int5sely concise me?od entirely unsuit$ to ! ab/ract ?\ght & emotion 9 :i* ! ,greek _h revell$4 ,our argum5t !n has l$ u to ?is4 ,roman sculpture1 f> f be+ a decad5t anticlimax to ,greek sculpture1 is actuat$ by entirely new ideals--ideals :i* arise out ( ! ,roman nature4 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 ! true/ s5se a national art4 ,x embodies a temp]am5t be>+ no possible relation to t ( ! ,greek4 ,= t v reason ! *>act]i/ics ( ,roman sculpture are mo/ /rongly acc5tuat$ at times :5 ! ideals embodi$ are mo/ pot5t4 ,! ,roman imp]ial _s rea*$ its climax 9 ! age ( ,trajan 7#if ,a4,d4 to #aag ,a4,d474 ,! /atue ( ,n]va dates f ! e>ly ye>s ( ,trajan's reign1 t is a little be=e #if ,a4,d41 :5 ,n]va1 :o _h rais$ 8 vigor\s lieut5ant to imp]ial rank1 di$4 ,= close ^u a c5tury ! t5d5cy t[>ds t]se realism ( ! ,roman me?od ( portraiture _h be5 gr[+4 ,:5 we picture a *>act]i/ically ,roman figure dur+ ! height ( ! imp]iali/ic wave we c readily see :y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,n]va 7,,detail7 ,vatican1 ,rome ,:at 0 ! position at ! "t ( ,trajan himself8 ,aft] secur+ 8 fronti]s 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 ,trajan pass$ ea/w>d4 ,he cross$ ! ,tigris & made a det]m9$ attempt to ga9 ! control ( ! ov]l& trade ) ,india4 ,at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 ! ,roman empire includ$ ,europe s\? ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube2 9 ,asia x /ret*$ to ! ,euphrates4 ,:at sort ( m5 w\ld be requir$ to adm9i/] su* an ,empire8 ,c we n picture !m f our own exp]i5ce ( ,empire-build+8 ,imag9e = a mom5t t ,trajan _h e/abli%$ a p]man5t occupation ( ! ,punjab4 ,x might well h be54 ,z x 01 he di$ aft] receiv+ a *eck at ! h&s ( ! ,p>?ians4 ,:at w\ld ,roman rule 9 ,india h entail$8 ,:ile ! weak] /ates w\ld h be5 absorb$1 _m ( ! /rong] ones w\ld h ent]$ ! ,empire z subject k+doms4 ,! allies ( ,rome w\ld1 d\btless1 h be5 rew>d$ ) grants ( t]ritory at ! exp5se ( ! h>d] fight]s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! problem ( gov]nm5t w\ld h ne$$ an inf9ity ( adm9i/rative tact1 = all sorts & conditions ( subject /ates w\ld h _h to be appeas$ or held 9 subjection4 ,! ,roman gov]nor ( ! ,punjab w\ld h be5 9 ! fir/ place a soldi]4 ,b he w\ld only h be5 guid$ 9 8 g5]al conduct by a r\gh lex prov9ci1 s t 9 practice he w\ld h _h to comb9e ) 8 milit>y duties ^? ( our ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ice4 ,x 0 n an age ( cablegrams4 ,! decision ^u a ho/ ( matt]s w\ld necess>ily h be5 9 8 h&s4 ,s ) 8 subord9ates4 ,!y1 too1 w\ld h _h to solve ! nice/ problems ( practical adm9i/ration e day--success be+ _! only ju/ification4 ,^! 7 ! duties :i* ,rome dem&$ ( h] sons4 ,%e educat$ !m = su* po/s z ^!4 ,! circum/ances 9 :i* ! ,romans liv$ & ! *>act]i/ics :i* _! lives eng5d]$1 9 turn1 react$ ^u _! art4 ,z ,mr4 ,dooley has told u1 v>i\s nations h v>i\s me?ods ( treat+ 8:at ,hogan calls ?' ,muse10 :5 !y ask h] 8f'r to come up an' sp9d a week0 ) !m4 ,a c\ntry l ,rome doesn't expect h] gue/ 8to set all day 9 ?' hammock on ?' front /oop1 s+9' ab\t ?' bur-rds4 ,%e's got to d ?' week's wa%9'1 clane ?' w9d[s1 cook ?' meals1 *une ?' pianny1 du/ ?' furniture1 m5d ?' socks an' milk ?' c[ be day1 an' be night %e's got to set up an' balance ?' books iv an ,empire40 ,mr4 ,dooley1 ( c\rse1 has ,rudy>d ,kipl+ 9 m9d4 ,b ! l9es s exactly fit ! case ( ! ,roman portrait sculptor1 t we may well pursue ! analogy fur!r4 ,kipl+ is himself ! product ( political circum/ances4 ,he f9ds expression = ! vigor\s matt]-(-fact vision ( an imp]ialism t is ne>ly ak9 to t ( ,rome4 ,kipl+ jo9$ ! ,civil & ,milit>y ,gazette at ,lahore :5 he 0 sev5te54 ,he liv$ 9 ,india dur+ ! =mative p]iod4 ,at tw5ty-f\r he 0 back 9 ,engl& ) ! ess5tial features ( 8 /yle fix$4 ,! man ! ,roman ,/ate requir$ & = :om ! ,roman sculptor work$1 0 ! man = :om ,kipl+ writes & ^: ideals he expresses 9 ?robb+ prose & v]se4 ,b we may pursue ! analogy ev5 fur!r4 ,rudy>d ,kipl+ & ! sculptor ( ! 8,n]va30 ,does a comp>ison ( ! /yles ( ^! two arti/s reveal any innate resemblance8 ,9 bo? we see an int5se int]e/ 9 /rongly individualiz$ humanity4 ,nei!r pays mu* he$ to grace or beauty--9 ! ,hell5ic s5se ( ! ^w4 ,bo? are m conc]n$ ) actuality ?an ) ! m %ad[y realms ( ! ideal4 ,b mo/ /rik+ fact ( all1 ! me?ods by :i* bo? express _! body ( ?\ght & emotion are /rangely simil>4 ,comp>e a typical ,kipl+ portrait ) ! 8,n]va40 ,let u say ,miss ,m9nie ,treegan's picture ( ,capta9 ,gadsby4 8,he belongs to ! ,h>r> set4 ,i've danc$ ) him b ,i've nev] talk$ to him4 ,he's a big yell[ man1 j l a newly hat*$ *ick5 ) an e-norm\s m\/a*e4 ,he walks l ?is 7imitates ,cavalry swagg]7 & he goes #8,ha-,hmm6' deep d[n 9 8 ?roat1 :5 he c't ?9k ( any?+ to say4 ,mamma likes him4 ,i don't60 ,?is sket* gives u ! he>t ( ! ,kipl+ /yle4 ,c]ta9 z ! day--cocksure1 "s might say4 ,photographically true8 ,9 a s5se only4 ,emphatic8 ,z emphatic z capitals & apo/rophes c make x4 ,imag9ative8 ,yes4 ,if imag9ation be ! faculty = creat+ a m5tal image4 ,^! are ! *>act]i/ics alike ( ! ,kipl+ portrait & ! /atue ( 8,n]va40 ,! sculptor is z emphatic 9 8 message & z c]ta9 9 8 deliv]y z ! poet ( ,engli% ,imp]ialism4 ,he has n giv5 a transcript ( reality b has deep5$ ! ess5tial l9es until !y speak ) tell+ effect4 ,x is true t we miss ! philosophical calm ) :i* a ,greek sculptor w\ld h treat$ su* a subject z ! imp]ial juri/ ,n]va4 ,b1 9 "s ways we mu/ admit t ! ,roman portraiti/ is to be rat$ high]4 ,if ! impression t "o is gaz+ ^u reality is ! prop] object ( ! portrait sculptor1 ! ,roman gives u ! m life-l picture4 ,b if ! arti/'s fir/ function is to %[ u nature1 s t we may =m our own judgm5t z to :at is ess5tial & organic by ! aid ( 8 insight1 !n ! ,greek :o c>v$ ! v s\l ( m5 0 ! tru] arti/4 8,d y rememb] y\r "m1 my de>80 0 ! "q put to ! "u-f$1 "u-clo!d1 ,b]mondsey waif4 8,yes1 %e 0 a /\t woman1 :at beat me40 ,x 0 a ,roman answ]1 ,roman 9 its magnific5t brevity & extraord9>y directness4 ,x typifies ! arti/ic me?od ( a society :i* c sp5d no en]gy ^u ! production ( m5 devot$ to pigm5t mix+ & m>ble cutt+ = no bett] purpose ?an to dream dreams4 ,some?+ _h to be sacrific$4 ,! price ,rome *ose to pay 0 t broad view ( ! _w ( nature & humanity :i* alone produces an ideali/ic art l t ( ,greece4 ,?is is :y :5 ,rome f9ally began to express its ?\ghts & emotions ?r\gh m>ble & bronze x *ose a v diff]5t me?od to t ( ! ,hell5e4 ,9 ,greece1 ! sculptor _h ne$$ m5 & wom51 gods & h]oes2 ,rome cont5t$ h]self ) "o bran* ( ! art--t ( sculpture-portraiture4 ,in/ead ( express+ h]self by means ( fle% & muscle1 limbs & trunk1 ,rome conc5trat$ all h] att5tion ^u ! human face4 ,,! ,,reaction ,,"u ,,hadrian 7#aag ,a4,d4 ,,to #ach ,a4,d47 ,surely x w be admitt$ t ! facts & ! hi/orical explanation fall beautifully into l9e4 ,if fur!r pro( ( ! direct connection betwe5 ! ideas fo/]$ by ,roman imp]ialism & ! national s*ool ( portraiture is necess>y1 x is to be f\nd 9 ! t5d5cy to rev]t to a m ,hell5ic /yle :5 ! imp]iali/ic wave rec$es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ant9\s ,vatican1 ,rome ,trajan 0 succe$$ by ,hadrian 9 #aag ,a4,d4 ,! =m]'s int5sely imp]ial policy _h ov]tax$ ,rome's /r5g?4 ,! keynote ( ,hadrian's me?od 0 reaction aga9/ ! =w>d policy :i* _h be5 p>am\nt4 ,hadrian /opp$ ! ,p>?ian w>4 ,he ab&on$ ,arm5ia & ! prov9ces beyond ! ,euphrates4 ,all ,rome's ef=ts 7 conc5trat$ ^u ! task ( f9d+ out h[ to hold z oppos$ to h[ to ga94 ,!re is abundant arti/ic mat]ial 9 :i* to trace ! effects ( ?is reaction>y _s1 = ,hadrian 0 "o ( ! greate/ ( ! ,roman build]s4 ,8 ef=ts to beautify ! cities ( 8 ,empire 7 cont9u\s4 ,temples & monum5ts 7 set up2 !atres & ba?s erect$4 ,! gr& scale ^u :i* he work$ c be judg$ f ,pausanias' /atem5t t ! ,libr>y ( ,hadrian 0 decorat$ ) "o hundr$ columns ( ,phrygian m>ble--! walls ( ! surr\nd+ porticoes be+ simil>ly decorat$4 ,or aga91 take ! case ( ! ,city ( ,ant9opolis :i* ,hadrian erect$ on ! banks ( ! ,nile to ! memory ( 8 fam\s ,ant9\s4 ,! walls ( ,ant9opolis enclos$ a rectangul> space ?ree miles 9 l5g?4 ,! great av5ues t ran ?r\gh x 7 bord]$ by porticoes decorat$ ) ,cor9?ian columns1 ! pr9cipal ?or\ghf>es be+ ornam5t$ ) /atues1 f\nta9s1 & votive monum5ts4 ,^u exam9ation x is f\nd t ! lead+ *>act]i/ic ( ! great arti/ic wave ( ! age ( ,hadrian 0 a rev]sion to ,greek models4 ,! ,maison ,c>re at ,nmes 0 erect$ at ?is "t--! mo/ p]fectly pres]v$ temple 9 ! ,greek /yle n[ extant4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #acb & #acc ,a4,d41 :i* ,hadrian pass$ 9 ,a!ns1 he sp5t imm5se sums ^u rebuild+ ! city4 ,surely an additional pro( ( 8 devotion to ,greek art & culture4 ,9 all 8 ta/es ,hadrian 0 a philo-,hell5e--a 8grculus10 z ! ,romans call$ him4 ,:5 9 ,a!ns he _h himself initiat$ into ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies4 ,8 v appe>ance witnesses to 8 pref]5ce = ,greece & ?+s ,greek4 ,in/ead ( ! clean-%av5 face ( 8 imp]ial pr$ecessors1 ,hadrian wore a be>d aft] ! ,hell5ic fa%ion4 ,turn+ to ! portrait sculpture ( ! age ( ,hadrian we c see ! influ5ce ( ! ,emp]or's in/9ctive pref]5ce = ,greek modes ( ?\ght & expression v cle>ly4 ,! mo/ typical pieces are to be *os5 f ! numb]less /atues ( ,ant9\s1 9 ^: hon\r ,ant9opolis 0 built4 ,hadrian's love = ! beautiful ,by?9ian y\? 0 9 itself r ,greek ?an ,roman4 ,look+ at ! 8,ant9\s0 9 ! ,vatican collection1 & comp>+ x ) ! /atue ( 8,n]va10 ! reaction aga9/ ! ,roman pref]5ce = a vigor\s actuality is app>5t at once4 ,! 8,ant9\s0 is n a portrait z mu* z ! inc>nation ( a type4 ,! expression ( brood+ melan*oly1 r ?an ! features ( ! man ,ant9\s1 *>act]izes all ! /atues ( ! ,by?9ian y\? scatt]$ ?r\gh ! gall]ies ( ,europe4 ,?is is ! ,greek1 n ! ,roman me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>cus ,,aurelius ,rome ,,po/-,,hadrian ,,sculpture ,! la/ ,roman sculpture to :i* ref]5ce ne$ be made is ! well-kn[n eque/rian /atue ( ,m>cus ,aurelius 9 ,rome4 ,! highe/ praise t c be accord$ to x1 is1 t x c be> comp>ison ) ! f9e/ eque/rian /atue ! _w possesses--t ( ,colleoni at ,v5ice1 ! jo9t "w ( ,v]oc*io & ,leop>di4 ,a melan*oly int]e/ atta*es to ! 8,m>cus ,aurelius0 = ! reason t x signalizes ! close ( an arti/ic movem5t t _h run its c\rse = m ?an eight hundr$ ye>s4 ,! transition f ,greek to ,roman sculpture _h be5 un9t]rupt$4 ,n[1 ! art ( sculpture 0 to pass into ! %ades = almo/ ! same p]iod4 ,ev5 9 ! days ( ,m>cus ,aurelius himself1 ! _w _h dim =ebod+s ( ! ,d>k ,ages :i* 7 approa*+4 ,! ef=t ) :i* ,aurelius arre/$ ! fl[ ( ,g]manic invasion 0 f> f reassur+4 ,to an ,emp]or su* z ,trajan x w\ld h spelt disa/]4 ,e ,roman capable ( be>+ arms 0 enroll$ 9 ! =ces def5d+ ,italy itself4 ,! outpo/s ( ! ,empire--! ,danubian prov9ces1 = in/ance--7 only sav$ by ! ef=ts ( ! b>b>ians4 ,a ,roman ,elijah might h w>n$ ! ,empire ( :at ,al>ic's boa/ful cry w\ld be :5 ask$ :at ransom ,rome %\ld pay4 8,all y\r gold1 all y\r silv]1 ! *oice/ ( y\r treasures40 8,:at !n w y leave u80 8,y\r lives60 ,z ! ?ird c5tury ( our era advanc$1 ! sy/em ^u :i* ! ,roman ,empire _h be5 f\nd$ %[$ ev5 cle>] signs ( break+ d[n4 ,! supply ( capable adm9i/rators prov$ insuffici5t4 ,roman citiz5s no long] took ! ke5 int]e/ 9 political affairs !y _h ( old4 ,! m5 :o _h furni%$ ! bra9s ( ! /ate 9 e>li] times ab&on$ !mselves to lives ( luxury & idl5ess4 ,! conc5tration ( p[] 9 ! h&s ( ! few gov]nors ( real ability & vig\r l$ to a /ate ( p]petual insurrection4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! c\nt]-*eck ( subdivision ( prov9ces & p[]s1 devis$ by ,diocletian & ,con/ant9e1 l$ to ! rise ( a bureaucracy :i* got entirely out ( h&4 ,! ideals ( ,roman imp]ialism pass$ away4 ,) !m w5t ! art ( portraiture :i* !y _h fo/]$4 ,an effete empire l$ to an effete art4 ,z we h said _m c5turies 7 to pass be=e ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 :i* fa!r$ ! next great s*ool ( national sculpture--! ,go?ic--realiz$ ! possibility ( embody+ its ?\ghts & feel+s 9 m>ble & bronze4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians c\ld nev] disassociate sculpture f ! religi\s beliefs ( ! ,romans4 ,! art 0 too closely alli$ ) a pagan fai? to be acceptable to ! new *ur*4 ,?is m or less acc\nts = ! abs5ce ( a vigor\s s*ool ( sculpture 9 ,italy betwe5 ! f\r? & ! ?irte5? c5turies ,a4,d4 ,! circum/ances 9 ,con/ant9ople 7 n m fav\rable4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire ,greek & ,roman sculpture nev] lack$ appreciation4 ,con/ant9e made 8 new capital an imm5se museum ( classical art4 ,b :5 ! ,byzant9e arti/ s\ght to express ! ideals ( ,*ri/5dom by means ( sculpture he fail$4 ,all ,byzant9e art t5d$ to become m & m ab/ract & symbolical4 ,x f9ally became completely divorc$ f naturalism--! only sure gr\nd ^u :i* a sculptor c /&4 ,at ! same "t ,*ri/ian ?\ght & feel+1 :i* ! ,byzant9e arti/ might h express$1 pass$ "u ! control ( a ,*ur* :i* w\ld n recognize ! rights ( any arti/4 ,no o!r explanation ( ! abs5ce ( a vigor\s s*ool ( sculpture dur+ ! ,d>k ,ages is requir$ ?an ! recital ( ! foll[+ decision ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,*ur* at ,nica4 ,x ref]s to pa9t+4 ,a simil> decree issu$ by ! ,empress ,!odora1 h[ev]1 =bade any sculpture save l[ relief4 ,sculpture 9 ! r\nd 0 d5\nc$ z entirely pagan4 ,! ,nican decree may1 !re=e1 be accept$ z apply+ to any art ef=t4 ,x ran3 8,! composition ( ! figures is n ! inv5tion ( ! pa9t]s b ! law & tradition ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4444 ,nor is ?is purpose & tradition ! "p ( ! pa9t] 7= 8 is only ! craft7 b is due to ! ord9ation & disposition ( ,our ,fa!r40 ,pr9ciples su* z ^! rul$ until ab\t ! t5? c5tury1 :5 circum/ances l$ to _! gradual decay & ! consequ5t rise ( a new s*ool ( sculpture4 ,we %all see t ?is f\nd a weal? ( mat]ial 9 ,*ri/ian my?s & p]sonalities :i* _h sugge/$ no?+ to ! craftsm5 ( ,rome & ,byzantium4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,sculpture ,,( ,,! ,,italian ,,r5aissance ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,go?ic ,,sculptors ,,& ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,italian ,,sculpture ,,at ,,pisa4 7#ajjj ,a4,d4 ,,to #acej ,a4,d47 ,! p]iod betwe5 ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire & ! rise ( communal life 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,norm&y1 & ,lomb>dy1 saw sculpture at a l[] ebb ?an at any "t = #abjj ye>s4 ,su* build+s z ,santa ,sophia 9 ! ,ea/]n ,empire & ! basilicas ( ,rav5na 9 ! ,we/]n1 /& to witness t ! arti/ic s5se itself 0 /ill alive4 ,b no great political or social =ce call$ =? ! craftsman%ip ( ! sculptor4 ,z ! ,d>k ,ages drew to a close1 h[ev]1 a *ange came ab\t4 ,mank9d once m s\ght to f9d expression = its deepe/ imag9ations & beliefs ?r\gh sculptur$ m>ble & bronze4 ,we may r\ghly fix ! date ( ! rebir? ( sculpture at #ajjj ,a4,d4 ,sci5tific accuracy w\ld p]haps dem& ref]5ces to ,*>lemagne4 ,! hi/orian ( art1 h[ev]1 seeks causes ( ! greate/ magnitude4 ,he mu/ po9t to va/ eruptions ( human en]gy & emotion1 n to brick ^u brick erections ( paltry feel+s1 if he is to really acc\nt = ! creation ( a great art4 ,we are1 !re=e1 safe 9 />t+ f ! fev]i% anxiety ) :i* ,*ri/5dom await$ ! adv5t ( ! ye> #ajjj aft] our ,"l4 ,! ,mill5nium _h expir$4 ,satan 0 to be loos$4 ,m5 knew n :at to expect4 ,he :o made a w or execut$ a de$ />t$ ) su* a phrase z 8,see+ t ! end ( ! _w is at h&40 ,! v indef9it5ess ( ! fe>s only s]v$ to increase ! t]ror4 ,mon? aft] mon? crept by4 ,no?+ unt[>d happ5$4 ,at la/ ! my/ic ye> pass$4 ,! revulsion ( feel+ 0 imm5se1 ! imm$iate result be+ an enorm\s devotional impulse1 ! evid5ce ( :i* rema9s to-day 9 ! great numb] ( ecclesia/ical build+s erect$ 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies4 ,let u n be misund]/ood4 ,! ye> #ajjj ,a4,d4 0 n ! cause ( ! new _s4 ,x simply m>ks ! "t4 ,to und]/& :y ! m5 ( ^! c5turies in/9ctively lavi%$ weal? & lab\r ^u ! ca!drals & abbeys & _! sculptur$ decorations1 we mu/ picture ! social & political /ate ( ,we/]n ,europe at ! "t4 ,dur+ ! ye>s foll[+ ! break up ( ! ,empire hordes ( hea!n invad]s _h p\r$ into ! ,roman _w4 ,! torr5t 0 n /ay$ until ! age ( ,*>les ! ,great4 ,! fir/ result ( ! beat+ ( ?is human tide ^u ! rocks ( ! old civilization _h be5 a fund ( n]v\s en]gy unequall$ s9ce ! /ruggle ) ,c>?age _h produc$ vital =ce suffici5t to enable ,rome to conqu] & rule ! ,we/]n _w4 ,b ?is fund ( en]gy ne$$ conc5tration & direction4 ,politically1 ,we/]n ,europe 9 ! elev5? c5tury 0 a het]og5e\s collection ( feudal /ates4 ,x 0 soon evid5t t ! only common int]e/s 7 ^? ar\s$ by ! belief 9 a common religi\s cre$4 ,9 ! mid/ ( a g5]al social *aos1 ! only really organiz$ community 0 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,:at wond] !n t1 9 se>* = "s sure re/+-place1 ,*ri/5dom submitt$ itself to ,rome8 ,by ! "t ( ,gregory ,,vii4 7#ajgc ,a4,d47 ! occupant ( ! ,*air ( ,/4 ,pet] _h become all-p[]ful4 ,hobbes' picture ( ! ,papacy--! gho/ ( ! ,empire sitt+ cr[n$ on its own grave--_h be5 realiz$ to ! full4 ,z ! ,fe/ival at ,olympia _h be5 ! rally+-po9t = ! ,greek _w1 s ! meet+ at ,cl]mont1 :]e ! ,fir/ ,crusade 0 inaugurat$1 witness$ to ! only unity ,*ri/5dom c\ld !n imag9e4 ,?is is :y ! arti/ic en]gies ( ,we/]n ,europe aft] #ajjj ,a4,d4 foll[$ *annels sugge/$ by ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,,! ,,go?ic ,,sculptors ,= "o reason & ano!r1 ! fir/ c\ntry to drag itself f ! intellectual torpor :i* _h affect$ ,we/]n ,europe = hundr$s ( ye>s 0 ,france4 ,! comm]cial classes1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! nor?-we/1 %ook !mselves free f ! dom9ion ( ! feudal lords e>li] ?an _! bre?r51 say1 9 ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,z mat]ial weal? increas$1 ! ,fr5* b\rgeoisie naturally s\ght = a means ( express+ its pride 9 ! communal life :i* x _h creat$4 ,b 9 do+ s1 x c\ld n rid itself ( ! memory ( ! ev5 deep] emotions ar\s$ by ! realization ( ! co-ord9at+ p[] ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! cry1 8,a ca!dral = ,ami5s1 a city *ur* = ,r\510 made mu* ! same appeal to ! imag9ations ( ^! ,fr5*m5 z ! idea ( a ,p>!non _h made to ! ,a!nians #aejj ye>s e>li]4 ,previ\sly ! religi\s build+s _h mo/ly be5 abbeys1 & ! prop]ty ( ! religi\s ord]s4 ,n[ ! laity desir$ to d :at !y c\ld4 ,! f9e/ ,fr5* ca!drals 7 built by ! great lay guilds4 ,_! f\ndations 7 plant$ 9 ! v c5tre ( social & communal life4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! great ,go?ic *ur*es ( ,france diff] m>k$ly f ^? ( our own isl&4 ,ntre ,dame1 ,bayeux1 ,*>tres1 ,b\rges1 ,rheims1 & ! re/ are to be contra/$ ) su* a typical ,engli% ,ca!dral z ,li*field1 :i* ne/les among ! trees & makes1 ) ! ,close1 a little _w entirely ap>t f ! clatt] & *att] ( ! m>ket squ>e4 ,j because a ,fr5* ca!dral 0 s direct an expression ( popul> emotion1 x 0 z a rule a less balanc$ arti/ic creation4 ,! build]s ( ,salisbury 7 n driv5 by ! prick+ desire to out-top ! topmo/ :i* impell$ ! ,fr5* ,go?ic ar*itects & masons4 ,b ! ,fr5* ca!dral voic$ m truly ! inn] feel+s ( ! p to ^: he>t-burn+s & s\l-aspirations x 0 due4 ,turn+ n[ to sculpture1 ! circum/ance common to ! ,greek temple ) its m>bles & ! ,fr5* ,go?ic ca!dral ) its /one decorations1 /rikes u at once4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! prime impulse 0 civic pride4 ,?is is important4 ,b x is ev5 m necess>y to realize ! ess5tial diff]5ce--t ! ,go?ic ca!dral ow$ ev5 m to ! inspiration ( a great *ur* & an all-p[]ful prie/hood4 ,at ! v outset we come ^u ! fact t :]eas ! gr[? ( ,greek sculpture l>gely dep5d$ ^u su* a purely human feel+ z ! passion = physical beauty1 sculpture 9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 requir$ to inc>nate an entirely extra-mundane emotion--! crav+ = an all-rul+ & ev]-liv+ deity4 ,x 0 to ?is ,col]idge ref]r$ :5 he said t 8! pr9ciple ( ,go?ic ar*itecture is inf9ity made imag9able40 ,j z ! ,doric temple--8,simple1 erect1 sev]e1 au/]e1 sublime0--0 an e*o ( ! ,greek _s2 s ! ,go?ic ca!dral1 ) its va/ spaces & its complex s*emes ( columns1 aisles & *apels1 m9i/]$ to t my/icism :i* di/+ui%$ ! ,*ri/ian religion ( ,we/]n ,europe f ! cry/al cle> fai? ( ,anci5t ,greece4 ,"s w rememb] ,william ,watson's l9es 8,^u a prelude or a fugue ( ,ba*40 8,cont5t$ly1 ) /ricte/ /r&s conf9$1 ,sports 9 ! ,sun t oceanic m9d2 ,to leap _! b\rn ^! waves did nev] long1 ,or roll aga9/ ! />s _! rock-b\nd song40 ,t is ! ,greek view4 ,h[ diff]5t is ! ,go?ic4 ,aga9 we turn to ,william ,watson--f\r l9es ^u 8,! ,go?ic ,spire03 8,x so>s l he>ts ( hapless m5 :o d>e ,to sue = gifts ! gods refuse to allot2 ,:o climb = ev] t[>d !y "k n :]e1 ,baffl$ = ev] by !y "k n :at40 ,x is n an exagg]ation to say t no great sculpture 0 produc$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,go?ic passion = my/ic communion ) ! ,unse54 ,no "o n[ rememb]s ! "n ( a s+le ,go?ic sculptor4 ,c]ta9ly1 no "o c recall a s+le /atue ( ! p]iod z a 8joy = ev]10--! te/ ( a "w ( art ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,may we n inf] t ! art by :i* ! religi\s in/9ct mo/ naturally f9ds expression is ar*itecture1 or1 z exp]i5ce has s9ce %[n1 music8 ,! abs5ce ( sculpture ( real beauty 0 n due to any lack ( opportunity4 ,!re 7 ?\s&s ( /one work]s4 ,z _h be5 ! case ) ! ,greek temples1 ! great ,go?ic ca!drals provid$ abundant opportunities = sculptural decoration4 ,9 ,france ! faades ( ! great *ur*es 7 (t5 lit]ally cov]$ ) c>v$ reliefs1 & r[s ^u r[s ( /atues4 ,! purely ar*itectural "w s]v$ m]ely z a backgr\nd to "o huge composition ( /atu>y4 ,! deeply recess$ portals & ! gall]ies & columns ( ! int]ior 7 equally design$ to receive a pr(usion ( sculptural decoration4 ,! triple portal ( ! we/ front at ,*>tres conta9$ "s #gbj figures1 l>ge & small1 ! tympanum 9 ! c5tre depict+ ,our ,"l 9 ,glory4 ,atta*$ to ! pill>s ( ! doorways 7 num]\s l>ge c>v+s repres5t+ ! ance/ors ( ,*ri/4 ,! transept por*es 7 decorat$ ) a simil> pr(usion ( /atu>y4 ,b :]eas ! sculpture ( ! ,p>!non n only s]v$ p]fectly z an ar*itectural decoration1 b 0 also 8a ?+ ( beauty0 9 itself1 x 0 o!rwise ) ! pla/ic decoration ( a ,go?ic ca!dral4 ,! ,go?ic ar*itect _h n ! slighte/ scruple 9 sacrific+ ! beauty ( any /atue = ! ar*itectural effect z a :ole4 ,at times ! ,go?ic sculptor's deviations f nature 7 almo/ uncanny4 ,9 8 *oice ( a subject1 & 9 8 me?od ( repres5tation1 he 0 only conc]n$ ) ! reali/ic pres5tation ( ! beliefs ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,8 task 0 to translate ! my/]ies ( life & dea? into a language :i* ! humble/ wor%ipp] c\ld n misund]/&4 ,! well-kn[n alto-relievo 9 ,b\rges ,ca!dral af=ds a f9e illu/ration ( ?is phase ( ,go?ic art4 ,! sc5e repres5ts ! tortur+ ( ! s\ls ( ! damn$4 ,we are sp>$ no?+4 ,ev]y?+ is set d[n 9 all its nak$ horror4 ,! ,go?ic sculptor _h 8 virtues4 ,"o 0 t he always told 8 /ory cle>ly4 ,he s\ght to sugge/ ! ideals reveal$ by ! ,man ,*ri/ z he und]/ood !m4 ,8 only aim 0 to give =m to ! new emotions & ?\ghts :i* he believ$ arose f ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,c we help admir+ ! gr& s9c]ity ) :i* he kept 8 aim ev] 9 ! =egr\nd1 & ! wond]ful f]tility ( 8 inv5tion 9 pres5t+ ! ideas he _h to portray8 ,illu/ration3 ,,go?ic ,,panel ,,! ,,la/ ,,judgm5t ,a bas-relief f ! por* ( ,b\rges ,ca!dral ,illu/ration3 ,,giovanni ,,pisano ,,! ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,magi ,a panel f ! pulpit ( ! ,duomo at ,pisa1 n[ 9 ! ,museo ,civico1 ,pisa ,?\gh ! ,go?ic sculptor _c be d5i$ 8 me$ ( praise1 an equal c&\r compels u to admit t ^! are n ! virtues ( a great arti/4 ,!y are too utilit>ian4 ,art l5ds its aid to make religi\s ideas m p]suasive1 b x is1 prop]ly1 nei!r religi\s nor e?ical4 ,we realize ?is at once :5 we comp>e ! ,go?ic ideal ) t :i* actuat$ ! ,greek 9 ! days ( ,phidias4 ,h[ alt]$ are ! circum/ances "u :i* ! two s*ools work$4 ,let u catalogue !m = ! la/ "t4 ,! balance :i* ! ,greek pres]v$ betwe5 emotion & intellect 0 no long] reg>d$ z desirable4 ,x 0 n ev5 consid]$4 ,m5 _h ceas$ to believe t a "r judgm5t accept$ ! limitations to human endeav\r set by ! ?reescore ye>s & t5 ( human life4 ,in/ead1 !re 0 an ov]ma/]+ passion to ent] into consci\s relation ) a my/]i\s p[] end[$ ) ! faculty ( controll+ human de/9y4 ,9 place ( ! sunny my?s ( anci5t ,hellas1 ! ,go?ic sculptor drew ^u ! sup]/iti\s p]v]sions ( ,scripture :i* 8 age accept$4 ,! ,*ur* lov$ to dwell ^u ! wra? ( ,god4 ,! sculptor c\ld only foll[4 ,:]eas ! ,greek _h realiz$ to ! full ! beauty ( ! human body1 & its possibilities z an emotional ag5t1 ! ,go?ic arti/ appeal$ to m5 :o _h no rev]5ce = ! human =m1 r to ^? :o despis$ x4 ,asceticism 0 rampant4 ,drap]y 0 us$1 n to display ! beauties ( ! human figure1 b to hide !m4 ,! art ( sculpture1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! p]fectly develop$ human body & ! balanc$ human m9d & he>t = all ! m impressive notes 9 its song1 c\ld n fl\ri% 9 su* an atmosph]e4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ,nor!rn ,france 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies ,a4,d4 & ,greece 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 at once %[ :y we mu/ look else:]e = a social /ate 9 :i* ! art ( ! sculptor c\ld f9d su/5ance4 ,z we %\ld expect we f9d ?is 9 a c\ntry :]e ,go?ic ar*itecture nev] a*iev$ ! brilliant success t att5d$ x 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,we mean1 ( c\rse1 ,italy4 ,! culture ( ,go?ic ar*itecture nev] bore transplant+ f ,fr5* to ,italian soil satisfactorily4 ,_m s-call$ ,go?ic ca!drals 7 erect$4 ,b ! ,italian ar*itects always leant t[>ds ! ,roman simplicity1 & nev] multipli$ ! ni*es & columns 9 ! way ! ,fr5* ar*itect did4 ,z a consequ5ce ! opportunities = m>ble & bronze decorations 7 great] ?an 9 ! nor?1 & ! art ( sculpture at once took a firm] position4 ,b ! *ief reason = ! imm$iate gr[? ( sculpture 9 ,italy 0 n mat]ial b psy*ological4 ,x dep5d$ n ^u opportunity b ^u ! m5tal & emotional temp] ( ^? to :om x appeal$4 ,! ,go?ic ar*itect 9 ,italy did n adopt ! me?ods by :i* 8 ,fr5* bro!r appeal$ to ! my/ic in/9cts ( 8 c\ntrym51 simply because ! ,italian temp]am5t 0 less eag] to 8dwell ov]mu* among desir$ illusions40 ,) a f> full] emotional & intellectual exp]i5ce1 ! ,italian did n feel1 9 ! same degree1 :at ,mat!w ,arnold has call$ 8t passionate1 turbul5t1 indomitable reaction aga9/ ! despotism ( fact40 ,= _m ye>s ! population ( ,nor!rn ,italy _h be5 victimiz$ by ! cont9ual invasions :i* ! ,holy ,roman emp]ors made aga9/ ! ,pope4 ,at fir/ !re 7 con/ant ef=ts to =m leagues ( t[n%ips to combat ,emp]or or ,pope4 ,b ! cities c\ld n put l>ge bodies ( fight]s 9 ! field1 & _! condition 0 deplorable4 ,! great /ruggle betwe5 ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,g]many & ! ,papacy aid$ by ,matilda & ! ,normans1 br\ght matt]s to a head4 ,! rem$y 0 f\nd t[>ds ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury1 :5 ea* t[n discov]$ t x c\ld be/ s]ve its int]e/s by act+ alone4 ,9 o!r words1 ! conception ( a city-/ate 0 rea*$4 ,dur+ ! /ruggle 9 :i* bi%op 0 pitt$ aga9/ feudal "l1 feudal "l aga9/ bi%op1 & bo? or ei!r aga9/ ,emp]or or ,pope1 ea* city develop$ a political individuality4 ,g5oa became di/+ui%$ f ,pisa1 & bo? f ,milan 9 m>k$ fa%ion4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,x 0 soon realiz$ t ! bond ( citiz5%ip 0 an asset t c\ld be us$ ) magnific5t effect4 ,z _h be5 ! case 9 ,greece1 a city ) a few ?\s& burgh]s f\nd x c\ld safely face a p[] app>5tly va/ly /rong]4 ,! en?usiasm ( e citiz5 0 fir$ 9 a mann] unequall$ s9ce a simil> concat5ation ( circum/ances _h giv5 ,phidias & ,praxiteles to ! gean ,p59sula4 ,f9ally1 ?is civic ideal did n entail ! jettison+ ( a hundr$ human ambitions & emotions :i* 7 entirely =eign to ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,a social philosophy began to arise 9 :i* human int]e/s pr$om9at$4 ,"h 0 ! v condition = lack ( :i* ,go?ic sculpture _h be5 /ill-born4 ,,! ,,pisani ,! city ( ,pisa is p>ticul>ly id5tifi$ ) ! rise ( ,italian sculpture4 ,ne> ! t[n lay ! m>ble m9es ( ,c>r>a4 ,! ,crusades1 by op5+ up ! m>kets ( ! ,ea/ &1 p>ticul>ly1 ,byzantium1 _h done mu* to increase its mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,! citiz5s ( ,pisa1 = in/ance1 _h contribut$ l>gely to ! success ( ! second ,crusade4 ,_! rew>d = assi/ance 9 ! capture ( ,j]usalem 0 a s]ies ( trad+ privileges ext5d+ ov] a great "p ( ! ,ea/4 ,pisan banks & w>eh\ses arose 9 e port4 ,mat]ial prosp]ity fre$ social life f _m hamp]+ conv5tions4 ,economic indep5d5ce prov$ ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! consci\sness ( intellectual lib]ty :i* 0 s /rik+ a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,pisa 0 only nom9ally a republic4 ,its ari/ocrats wield$ p[]1 & !y realiz$1 z ,pisi/ratus _h done 9 anci5t ,a!ns1 t _! t5ure ( au?ority 0 held at ! price ( magnific5t s*emes ( public utility4 ,! ,ca!dral 0 consecrat$ 9 #aaah1 & =ty ye>s lat] ! ,bapti/]y 0 f9i%$4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! ,republic1 ow+ to its successful campaigns aga9/ ,g5oa & ,lucca1 became m & m p[]ful4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal results foll[+ ! op5+ up ( ! ,ea/]n _w 0 a revelation ( ! grace & beauty ( ! sculpture ( ! anci5ts4 ,! ,pisans ev9c$ a /rong int]e/ 9 ! few works ( antiquity t c\ld be f\nd4 ,! m]*ants eag]ly compet$ = "o ( ! c>v$ ,roman s>cophagi :i* ! ,pisan fleets occasionally br\ght ov] f ! ,ea/4 ,"u ^! influ5ces1 ! sculptors :o 7 engag$ ^u ! decoration ( ,go?ic ca!drals 9 ,italy f\nd !mselves call$ ^u to add a beauty to _! "w :i* 0 n requir$ 9 ,nor?-we/ ,europe4 ,9 _! se>* = ?is beauty1 ! h>moni\s naturalism lack+ 9 ! pla/ic arts prior to ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 atta9$4 ,craftsm5 f ,byzantium & ar*itects & masons f ! ,nor? came to su* a t[n z ,pisa to educate a b& ( local arti/s4 ,!y1 too1 drank deep at ! well ( ,hell5ic g5ius4 ,! sculptors ( ,italy /ill work$ "u ! inspiration ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,b1 fir$ by ! a*ievem5ts ( ,greece1 _! "w display$ a natural grace f> 9 advance ( ! reali/ic fables 9 /one :i* ! ,nor!rn arti/ fa%ion$ or ! symbolic pictures :i* ! ,byzantium craftsman produc$4 ,niccola ,pisano 7#abje-abgh ,a4,d47 0 ! greate/ ,italian ar*itect ( 8 day & ! weal? ( 8 native t[n e>ly furni%$ him ) opportunities = ex]cis+ 8 skill bo? z an ar*itect & z a sculptor4 ,f ,pisa1 ,niccola's reputation spread ?r\gh ,italy4 ,z a sculptor he 0 influ5c$ /rongly by ,grco-,roman art4 ,be+ int5d$ = ,go?ic build+s1 8 sculptural "w has _m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,fr5* /yle1 b x %[s ! cle>e/ signs ( classical feel+4 ,x is true t he cr[ds ! space he has to fill ) a multitude ( figures1 :]e ! ta/e ( ! ,greek w\ld h sugge/$ a simpl] s*eme4 ,8 figures & drap]y are heavy :5 comp>$ ) ! graceful =ms ( ! ,hell5ic arti/s4 ,b all ,niccola ,pisano's lat] "w proves h[ ?or\ghly he appreciat$1 & h[ e>ne/ly he /rove to atta91 ! /ately beauty t p]vad$ ! art ( ,hellas4 ,giovanni1 a son ( ,niccola ,pisano1 work$ betwe5 #abgj & #accj ,a4,d4 ,giovanni ,pisano1 l 8 fa!r1 0 a brilliant ar*itect4 ,z a sculptor1 h[ev]1 he lack$ ,niccola's s5se ( beauty1 & he clung too closely to ! fanta/ic exagg]ations ( ! ,go?ic arti/s4 ,he ab&on$ ! ideal ( tranquillity & self-re/ra9t :i* 8 fa!r _h le>nt f ! ,hell5ic example4 ,b 8 te*nical skill 0 s great & 8 ef=ts to give a passionate realization ( ! scriptural sc5es 7 s s9c]e t ,giovanni's be/ "w %[s a =ce lack+ 9 ! sculptures ( ,niccola ,pisano4 ,on ! :ole1 ! works ( ,giovanni prove t ! influ5ce ( ,niccola 0 n v pot5t4 ,?is seems to be due to ! fact t to ! "t ( 8 dea? ! ta/e = sculpture 0 n g5]al4 ,x 0 r eclectic4 ,x appeal$ to few beyond ! ranks ( ! ari/ocrats4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh ,niccola _h realiz$ t 8art mu/ an*or 9 nature1 or be ! sport ( e brea? ( folly10 ! conviction 0 n g5]al4 ,! feel+ = ! beauties ( ! natural _w 0 only gr[+ sl[ly4 ,x came to ! flood e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & f\nd its mo/ int5se expression 9 ! s]mons ( ,francis ( ,assisi 7#aahb-abbf74 ,x is idle to inquire :e!r ! 8,fir/ ( ! ,fri>s0 taught ! _w to look once m = ! beauties ( nature b5ea? ! h>d crudities ( ext]nal ph5om5a4 ,c]ta9 x is t he 0 "o 8,:o he>d ! tale ,! l[ w9d tells1 ,:o read ! rune ,( moorl& wells40 ,illu/ration3 ,,niccola ,,pisano ,,! ,,pulpit ,,at ,,pisa ,sa9t ,francis nev] rea*$ ! mod]n conception ( nature z ! embodim5t ( ! div9e _s su* z is f\nd 9 ! poems ( ,wordswor?4 ,x c\ld n be said ( him 8,none inli] taught h[ ne> to e>? is heav51 ,) :at va/ concords ,nature's h>p is /rung40 ,b 8 passion = ! beauties ( nature add$ a new note to ! preval5t int]pretation ( ,scripture4 ,consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 x l$ him to a f> m human conception ( ! ,godhead4 ,z a result ( ! prea*+ ( ,/4 ,francis & t ( 8 foll[]s1 all ,italy clam\r$ = repres5tations ( ! ,*ri/ & ! ,sa9ts 9 ! new mann]4 ,! dem& 0 fir/ satisfi$ by ! pa9t] ,giotto 7#abff-accg74 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,/4 ,francis1 ,giotto translat$ ! new ,*ri/ian ?\ght & emotion into t]ms ( fle% & blood4 ,he pictur$ ?is liv+ reality ^u ! walls ( su* a build+ z ! ,upp] ,*ur* at ,assisi4 ,he did = ,italy :at ,phidias & ,polyclitus did = ,greece :5 !y gave mat]ial =m to ! ,zeus & ,h]a ( ,hom]4 ,! sculptor mo/ closely id5tifi$ ) ,giotto 0 ,&rea ,pisano 7#abgj-acdh74 ,a pupil ( ,giovanni1 ,&rea c>ri$ ! pr9ciples ( sculpture enunciat$ by ,niccola to ,flor5ce4 ,! city1 at ! "t1 0 "o ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ enlight5$ 9 ,italy4 ,x 01 moreov]1 ! c5tre f :i* ! naturalism ( ,giotto 0 spread+4 ,&rea 0 always greatly influ5c$ by 8 fri5d ,giotto1 & ^u ! latt]'s dea? c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ar*itectural works ^u :i* he 0 engag$4 ,b ! words ( ,&rea %[ t ,giotto's influ5ce ^u sculpture 0 n entirely = good4 ,= "s "t aft] ! great pa9t]'s dea? a di/9ctly pictorial "* p]vad$ ! works ( ! ,italian sculptors4 ,&rea ,pisano1 = in/ance1 himself sp5t _m ye>s 9 fa%ion+ "o ( ! great bronze doors ( ! ,flor5t9e ,bapti/]y4 ,?is conta9s "s ( ! f9e/ bronze "w 9 ! _w4 ,ea* panel is decorat$ ) a sc5e f ! life ( ,john ! ,bapti/ & ea* tells its /ory simply & cle>ly4 ,b x is at once obvi\s t ! ideal at :i* ,&rea 0 aim+ 0 r pictorial ?an sculptural4 ,at 8 dea? sculpture 0 no long] on ! free road ( progress />t$ by ,niccola ,pisano4 ,our /udy ( ?ree c5turies has !re=e br\ght u to ! foll[+ conclusion4 ,aft] c5turies ( effacem5t & ye>s ( /ruggle1 ! art ( sculpture has once m discov]$ ! possibility ( natural expression4 ,b x is /ill hamp]$ by its anci5t alliance ) sac]dotalism4 ,?is mu/ be ab&on$1 & ! sculptor mu/ devote himself :olly & freely to ,"m ,nature1 & ,"m ,nature's mo/ magnific5t a*ievem5t--! human =m4 ,by no o!r means c a /&>d approa*+ ! ,hell5ic be rea*$4 ,we are n[ to le>n h[ ! bonds fa%ion$ by ! ,roman ,*ur* 7 %ak5 (f by ! ,italian sculptors ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,naturalism--,,lor5zo ,,ghib]ti1 ,,donatello1 ,,v]oc*io1 ,,etc4 7#adjj-aejj ,a4,d47 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! rise ( ,greek sculpture 0 a matt] ( fifty or1 at ! mo/1 sev5ty ye>s4 ,! ,muse ( ! art did n spr+ fully gr[n f ! head ( ,apollo1 x is true4 ,b )9 half a c5tury ! ,greek craftsman realiz$ ! possibilities ( 8 mat]ials2 he discov]$ :at subjects c\ld be treat$ mo/ prop]ly1 & fitt$ himself to express ! pr(\nde/ ?\ghts & emotions ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,! result 0 ,phidias & ! ,p>!non4 ,yet by #adjj ,a4,d4 we h by no means rea*$ ! z5i? ( ,italian sculpture4 ,9 o!r words1 aft] trac+ ! gr[? ( ! art = a c5tury we f9d t ano!r hundr$ ye>s is necess>y be=e an ,italian ,p>!non is possible4 ,to :at 0 ! sl[] evolution ( sculpture 9 ,italy due8 ,x might be sugge/$ t m>ble & bronze 7 n ! fitte/ m$ia to embody ! teem+ exp]i5ce ( f\rte5?-& fifte5?-c5tury ,italy4 ,?is is probably true4 ,see+1 h[ev]1 t ! si/] art ( pa9t+ _h lagg$ beh9d 9 simil> fa%ion1 we mu/ trace ! delib]ate gr[? ( ,italian sculpture to ! less] int5sity ( ! en]giz+ =ce4 ,! ,italians 7 n /irr$ to ! dep?s by "o he>t-se>*+ /ruggle l t betwe5 ! ,p]sians & ! ,hell5es4 ,! cont5tion betwe5 city & city 01 h[ev]1 incessant4 ,)9 ! t[n walls1 too1 ! /rife betwe5 class & class 0 con/ant4 ,ap>t1 !re=e1 f ! "q ( degree1 we f9d 9 ! ,italian city-/ates betwe5 #acej & #adjj ,a4,d4 ! same re/less vortices ( intellectual & emotional en]gy :i* 7 ! fir/ consequ5ces ( ,m>a?on & ,salamis4 ,z 9 ,greece1 ^! vortices 7 n ( "o type nor ! creation ( a s+le c5tre4 ,flor5ce c]ta9ly play$ ! "p 9 ,italian culture t ,a!ns did 9 ! gr[? ( ,hell5ism4 ,( all ! cities ( ,italy1 %e 0 mo/ completely 9 t\* ) ! div]se influ5ces :i* humaniz$ ! arts4 ,b ! movem5t 0 n a matt] ( ,flor5t9e culture4 ,j z _h be5 ! case 9 ,greece1 a hundr$ c5tres produc$ p]sonalities--m5 & wom5 ( e /amp4 ,! !ocracy ( ,rome1 ! democracy ( ,flor5ce1 ! mon>*y ( ,naples1 ! ari/ocracy ( ,v5ice1 & ! tyranny ( ,milan1 all did _! "p4 ,all assi/$ to m\ld t gr& complexity :i* we call ! ,italian ,r5aissance ,! lead]s ( public op9ion 9 all ^! c5tres1 m5 & wom5 alike1 7 cont9ually mov+ ab\t4 ,arti/s 7 invit$ n[ to "o c\rt n[ to ano!r2 s*ol>s & poets 7 welcom$ at ,si5a & ,f]r>a z !y 7 at ,milan & ,flor5ce4 ,h5ce t all-embrac+ exp]i5ce ( m5 & ?+s1 :i* mu/ lie at ! f\ndation ( e art :i* is n only to gr[1 b to live & be> fruit4 ,b x is "o ?+ to realize ! pres5ce ( a numb] ( factors fav\rable to a great art4 ,x is a m difficult ?+ to e/imate ! circum/ances "u :i* a l>ge measure ( ?is =ce & exp]i5ce 0 div]t$ into *annels :i* made a ,mi*ael ,angelo n only possible b c]ta94 ,! inquiry we are emb>k+ ^u is ! c\nt]p>t ( t :i* we und]took ) ref]5ce to ! evolution ( ,hell5ic sculpture betwe5 #dhj & #dej ,b4,c4 ,ap>t f ! long] p]iod occupi$1 we %all f9d t ! mo/ significant feature is ! resemblance betwe5 ! circum/ances :i* l$ up to ,phidias & ^? :i* l$ up to ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,?is is n surpris+4 ,inde$1 7 n _m circum/ances att5d+ pre-,angelesque sculpture id5tical ) ^? 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 our entire critical me?od w\ld be endang]$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! id5tity ( circum/ance is rem>kable4 ,:at is ev5 m important is t :]e !re is a really /rik+ v>iation we c correlate x ) a correspond+ "o 9 ! result4 ,9 o!r words1 we c recognize & acc\nt = ! *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% ! sculpture ( ! ,italian r5aissance f t ( ,greece #aijj ye>s e>li]4 ,,ghib]ti ,,& ,,! ,,gates ,,( ,,! ,,flor5t9e ,,bapti/]y ,turn+ to ! facts3 ! new spiritual atmosph]e1 ) its /rong arti/ic pot5tialities1 :i* foll[$ ! prea*+ ( ,/4 ,francis1 0 mu* m fav\rable to ! pa9t]'s art ?an to t ( ! sculptor4 ,we h se5 t ,giotto 0 able to give adequate expression to ! dom9ant ideas ( 8 age ) mu* great] fre$om ?an su* an arti/ z ,&rea ,pisano4 ,?is g5]al t5d5cy unfav\rable to ! gr[? ( a vigor\s s*ool ( ,italian sculpture1 cont9u$ = a long "t4 ,its effect 9 turn+ ! budd+ arti/'s dreams t[>ds pa9t+ or influ5c+ 8 "w 9 unsculpturesque fa%ion _c be d\bt$4 ,p]haps ?is c be mo/ fully illu/rat$ by ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! doors ( ! ,flor5t9e bapti/]y4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ,&rea ,pisano _h erect$ ! fir/ ( ! ?ree bronze doors sev5ty ye>s e>li]4 ,! political difficulties 9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury prev5t$ ! ,flor5t9es complet+ ! "w4 ,9 #adjc1 h[ev]1 z a ?ank-(f]+ aft] ! great plague ( #adjj1 ! ,guild ( ,flor5t9e m]*ants decid$ to complete ! bronze doors ( ! bapti/]y4 ,! commission 0 (f]$ = public competition & adv]tiz$ ?r\gh\t ,italy4 ,! acc\nt left by ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti1 ! ev5tual w9n]1 enables u to realize ! effect ( ! news4 ,ghib]ti _h be5 born 9 #acha1 s t he 0 b>ely out ( 8 te5s :5 ! ann\ncem5t ( ! ,flor5t9e ,guild 0 publi%$4 ,he _h be5 educat$ z a goldsmi?1 a craft :i* always fl\ri%es :5 weal? is accumulat+1 civil disord]s are frequ5t & bank+ sy/ems insecure4 ,x provides a ready means ( ho>d+ a small /ore aga9/ a "t ( /ress4 ,b to an arti/ ( ard5t imag9ation & real ambition l ! y\? ,ghib]ti1 ! n>r[ limits set by goldsmi!ry 7 cramp+4 ,read+ betwe5 ! l9es1 we c see t he 0 s]i\sly contemplat+ ab&on+ 8 own art = ! m expressive art ( pa9t+4 ,he _h inde$ tak5 ! fir/ /ep4 ,9 a passage f 8 own manuscript 9 ! ,magliabec*ian ,libr>y1 he n>rates3 8,9 my y\?1 anno ,*ri/i #adjj1 mov$ bo? by ! corrupt$ air ( ,flor5ce & ! bad /ate ( ! c\ntry1 ,i fl$ ) a wor?y pa9t] :o _h be5 s5t = by ,signor ,malate/a ( ,pes>o1 & he gave u a room to pa9t1 :i* we did ) great dilig5ce4 ,my s\l 0 at ?is "t mu* turn$ t[>ds pa9t+1 p>tly f ! hope ( ! works 9 :i* ,signor ,malate/a promis$ to employ u2 & p>tly because my companion 0 always %[+ me ! hon\r & utility :i* w\ld accrue to me4 ,nev]!less1 at ?is mom5t1 :5 my fri5ds wrote to me t ! gov]nors ( ! bapti/]y 7 s5d+ = ma/]s ^: skill 9 bronze work+ !y wi%$ to prove1 & t f all ,italian l&s _m mae/ri 7 com+ to place !mselves 9 ?is /rife ( tal5t1 ,i c\ld no long] =be>1 & ask$ leave ( ,signor ,malate/a :o let me dep>t40 ,com+ to ,flor5ce1 ,ghib]ti f\nd himself oppos$ to six ( ! be/ sculptors ( ,italy4 ,!re 0 ,filippo ,brunelles*i1 :o aft]w>ds became fam\s z ! ar*itect ( ! dome ( ! ,flor5t9e ,ca!dral4 ,!re 0 also ,jacopo della ,qu]cia1 ! ,si5ese sculptor1 to :om we %all ref] aga94 ,ea* competitor receiv$ 8f\r tables ( brass10 & a ye> 0 giv5 to prep>e a panel repres5t+ ! 8,sacrifice ( ,isaac40 ,at ! end ( ! "t x 0 evid5t t ! conte/ _h resolv$ itself into a duel betwe5 ,ghib]ti & ,brunelles*i4 ,nor 0 !re any d\bt z to ! w9n]4 ,! panels ( bo? m5 c /ill be se5 side by side 9 ! ,national ,museum at ,flor5ce4 ,!y witness to ! tru? ( ,ghib]ti's boa/3 8,! palm ( victory 0 conc$$ to me by all ! judges & by ^? :o compet$ ) me4 ,univ]sally ! glory 0 giv5 to me )\t any exception40 ,! commission 0 dat$ ,novemb] #bc1 #adjc4 ,! ,m]*ants' ,guild agre$ to pay all exp5ses--! sum ev5tually exp5d$ ^u ! pair ( gates be+ #bb1jjj ducats4 ,! wages ( 8 assi/ants1 :o includ$ ,donatello1 ,gozzoli & ,uccello1 7 defray$ by ! ,guild4 ,lor5zo himself receiv$ #bjj flor9s a ye>1 = :i* he agre$ to give all 8 "t4 ,he 0 b\nd to design ! panels & execute 8! nudes1 drap]ies1 & all ! arti/ic p>ts ) 8 own h&40 ,^u ! completion ( ! fir/ pair ( gates1 ^? execut$ by ,&rea ,pisano 7#acca-accd7 7 tak5 d[n & ,ghib]ti's gates erect$ 9 ! place ( hon\r fac+ ! ,ca!dral4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s _h be5 sp5t already4 ,yet he 0 ord]$ to furni% ano!r pair--^? :i* ,mi*ael ,angelo call$ 8,! ,gates ( ,p>adise40 ,!y 7 unveil$ 9 #adeb1 :5 !y 9 _! turn displac$ ! e>li] gates ( ,ghib]ti4 ,! 8,gates ( ,p>adise0 repres5t ! z5i? t sculpture c\ld atta91 foll[+ ! pa? indicat$ by ! ,pisani1 :o _h be5 compell$ to "w l>gely 9 relief ow+ to ! necessity laid ^u !m ( be+ prim>ily illu/rators ( ! ,scriptures4 ,ghib]ti's la/ pair ( gates1 !re=e1 m]it a detail$ exam9ation4 ,!re are t5 panels1 five on ea* door4 ,^u ^! are pictur$ sc5es f ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory f ! ,creation to ,solomon4 ,9 "s ( ! reliefs ,ghib]ti put z _m z a hundr$ figures4 ,yet ! panels nev] appe> cr[d$4 ,?r\gh\t !re is a f9e appreciation ( ! /ory to be depict$4 ,! beauty ( ! draw+ ( ! nudes & ( ! s(t fl[ ( ! drap]y is extreme4 ,x is almo/ impossible to select a panel :i* w illu/rate all ! *>ms ( design & beauties ( te*nique ) :i* ! 8,gates ( ,p>adise0 ab\nd4 ,if "o mu/ *oose1 ! panel ^u :i* ,ghib]ti depicts ! ,creation ( ,adam & ,eve1 ! ,temptation & ! ,expulsion f ,ed51 seems to sugge/ itself4 ,f x we c judge ,ghib]ti's treatm5t ( ! male & female nude4 ,we c see h[ m>vell\sly ! s5se ( a]ial p]spective is r5d]$ by ! gradual dim9ution ( relief4 ,! figures ne>e/ ! eye are 9 high relief1 ! m di/ant =ms be+ rais$ to a less & less degree1 until 8! multitude ( ! heav5ly ho/0 melt imp]ceptibly into ! bronze backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lor5zo ,,ghib]ti 8,,! ,,gates ,,( ,,p>adise0 ,bapti/]y1 ,flor5ce ,te*nically--judg$ f ! /&po9t ( workman%ip 9 bronze--8,! ,creation ,panel0 is beyond criticism4 ,comp>+ x ) a pa9t+ by ,giotto1 or1 to take an arti/ ( a lat] date1 by ,fra ,angelico1 we feel1 h[ev]1 t some?+ is lack+4 ,?\gh ! subjects depict$ are biblical1 ,ghib]ti's "w lacks ! spirituality :i* an arti/ work+ "u ! influ5ce ( ,giotto1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 infus$ into 8 "w4 ,italy 9 ! fifte5? c5tury _h realiz$ ! fallacies t und]lay ! n>r[ cre$ ( ! ,*ur* & ! too rigid philosophy ( ! ,s*ola/ics4 ,ghib]ti1 l _m ano!r ,italian arti/1 c\ld n accept ! judgm5t ( ! extreme ascetics :o saw 9 ! beauties ( ! human =m only sn>es set by ! devil to cat* ! s\ls ( m54 ,:atev] may h be5 ,ghib]ti's p]sonal religi\s belief1 z an arti/ he knew t su* a cre$ 0 impossible4 ,he saw t ! beauties :i* ! eye c\ld see 7 8 raw mat]ial4 ,! my/ical arti/s ( ! ,giottesque s*ool w\ld h cri$ ) ,watts1 8,i pa9t ideas1 n ?+s40 ,ghib]ti work$ ^u ! pr9ciple t an arti/ hold+ su* a cre$ only approa*es success :5 he =gets 8 pr$ilection = ideas 9 ! int]e/ ar\s$ by ! beauties ( ! natural _w & p>ticul>ly by ! beauties ( ! human =m4 ,at ! v root ( our argum5t lies ! fact t ^! broad] & m human views are traceable to ! gr[+ influ5ce ( ! democracy 9 ! ,italian cities4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t su* a "w z ! 8,gates ( ,p>adise0 0 9 e s5se a public "w4 ,its g5]al design & its detail$ progress 7 cont9ually sup]vis$ by ! h>d-head$ burgh]s ( ,flor5ce4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ,ghib]ti 0 in/ruct$ on ,janu>y #b1 #adbe1 by ! consuls ( ! ,guild ( ,m]*ants to comm5ce ! ?ird pair ( gates1 he 0 n free to *oose 8 own subjects4 ,"h is an extract f ! lett] ( ,leon>do ,bruni d',arezzo1 ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,republic1 :o actually drew up ! g5]al s*eme4 ,aft] detail+ ! subjects he add$3 8,x is necess>y t he :o has to design !m %\ld be well in/ruct$ 9 e /ory1 s t he may dispose ! *>act]s & sc5es to ! be/ effect4444 ,i h no d\bt t ! "w z ,i h design$ x w succe$ well1 b ,i %\ld l to be ne> ! arti/ t ,i may int]pret to him ! _m mean+s ( ! sc5es40 ,x 0 no small task :i* ! good ,*ancellor set ,ghib]ti4 ,imag9e ! feel+s ( a tw5tie?-c5tury sculptor sudd5ly fac$ ) a dem& to give expression to ! foll[+ subjects 9 t5 panels1 )9 ! limits set by a s+le door4 ,i ,,ii ,creation ( ,adam4 ,adam1 ,eve1 & *ildr54 ,creation ( ,eve4 ,! two sacrifices4 ,temptation4 ,dea? ( ,abel4 ,expulsion f ,ed54 ,curse ( ,ca94 ,,iii ,,vii ,noah leav+ ,ark4 ,moses on ,s9ai4 ,noah's sacrifice4 ,noah's drunk5ness4 ,,iv ,,viii ,abraham & ! ,angels4 ,jo%ua m>*+ r\nd ,j]i*o4 ,! sacrifice ( ,isaac4 ,! ,fall ( ,j]i*o4 ,v ,,ix ,isaac4 ,david & ,golia?4 ,esau hunt+4 ,defeat ( ,phili/9es4 ,! bless+ ( ,jacob4 ,,vi ,x ,sale ( ,joseph4 ,que5 ( ,%eba at ,solomon's ,c\rt4 ,ph>aoh's dream4 ,joseph's bre?r5 9 ,egypt4 ,yet ,ghib]ti's +5uity 0 suffici5t n only to make ! designs b to ov]come ! imm5se te*nical difficulties incid5tal to c>ry+ !m out 9 bronze4 ,tru? to tell1 ! commission %\ld nev] h be5 giv5 to a sculptor4 ,9 addition to ! difficulties connect$ ) 8 own art1 ,ghib]ti 0 fac$ ) ! necessity ( add+ ar*itectural & l&scape backgr\nds to 8 reliefs4 ,he /rove to solve problems ( p]spective :i* ev5 ! pa9t]s ( 8 day _h n ma/]$4 ,inde$1 = ! design] ( ! ,bapti/]y gates1 sculptural relief 0 r a bran* ( ! graphic arts ?an a "p ( ! pla/ic arts1 gov]n$ by ! rules & subject to ! limitations ( sculpture4 ,ghib]ti's life's "w l&$ 8 art 9 a bl9d alley4 ,= fur!r progress x 0 necess>y t sculpture %\ld be once m in=m$ ) its own def9ite _s4 ,ghib]ti1 or r 8 patrons1 _h fail$ to realize t sculpture z a descriptive m$ium has its limitations4 ,x _c hope to rival pa9t+ 9 ! multiplicity ( subjects :i* x c depict ) success4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 conf9e itself to subjects :i* x c express cle>ly & vigor\sly4 ,,donatello ,,& ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,or ,,san ,,mi*ele ,:at 0 d5i$ to ,ghib]ti 0 giv5 to 8 assi/ant ,donatello--! =emo/ sculptor ( ! transitional p]iod :i* prec$$ ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,by 8 example ,donatello re-def9$ ! prop] limits & ! fitte/ objects ( ! art ( sculpture4 ,8 life's "w 0 "o cont9u$ reit]ation ( ! ,hell5ic lesson t sculpture is ! concrete expression ( man's joyful int]e/ 9 ! human =m4 ,to ! end1 8 figures nev] possess$ ! ideal grace ) :i* ,ghib]ti end[$ a hundr$ =ms 9 ! ,bapti/]y panels4 ,b ,donatello _h ! ess5tial quality ( a true sculptor )9 him4 ,he put aside all desire to rival ! pa9t]4 ,he will$ to express himself by =m & =m only4 ,?is fact alone inve/s 8 "w ) an importance & int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( pure sculpture :i* ! m graceful productions ( ,ghib]ti _c claim4 ,donato di ,betto ,b>di1 to give ,donatello 8 correct title1 0 ! son ( a wool-comb]4 ,he _h ent]$ ,ghib]ti's /udio z an assi/ant 9 #adje1 at ! age ( n9ete54 ,8 exp]i5ce ) ,ghib]ti gave him ! te*nical skill to c>ry out an ambition t dat$ f boyhood4 ,be=e ,donatello 0 ?irty1 ! *ances ( ! age gave him a s]ies ( unique opportunities ( mak+ 8 dreams realities4 ,z we h se51 a new class ( patrons _h aris5 9 ,italy ) fre% ambitions & ideals4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 = in/ance1 ! m]cantile class _h gradually ou/$ ! ,g]man nobles :o _h rul$ 9 fief ( ! ,emp]or4 ,by #abhc ! weal?i] guilds _h e/abli%$ a =m ( gov]nm5t delegat+ all p[] to memb]s ( _! own class4 ,"u ?is ,flor5ce became m & m p[]ful4 ,by #adjf ,pisa 0 captur$1 & ! la/ /ronghold ( ! feudal p>ty 9 ,tuscany _h fall54 ,dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ,flor5ce _h prosp]$ greatly4 ,trade develop$4 ,! manufacture ( silk & wool br\ght a l>ge measure ( mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,! pride ( ! burgh]s 9 _! city increas$ correspond+ly4 ,! erection ( ! ,bapti/]y gates mu/ be reg>d$ z only a s+le in/ance ( a g5]al t5d5cy4 ,all ov] ,italy ! case 0 ! same4 ,! appreciation ( sculpture 0 no long] conf9$ to a few score m]*ants & pr9ces1 z _h be5 ! case at ,pisa4 ,x _h spread f ! cloi/] & ca/le to ! m>ket squ>e & ! ,guildhall4 ,! result ( simil> circum/ances 9 ! e>li] hi/ory ( sculpture w be rememb]$4 ,9 fif?-c5tury ,greece a ke5 appreciation ( sculpture _h be5 develop$ among a burgh] population4 ,j z ! proce$s ( ! commissions = a?letic sculptures provid$ livelihoods = ! budd+ arti/s ( ,greece1 s ! ord]s ( ! ,flor5t9e burgh]s (f]$ at lea/ a compet5ce to a /ruggl+ ,italian sculptor ) a belief 9 ! possibilities ( 8 p>ticul> art4 ,:at ! commission = ! ,bapti/]y gates did = ,ghib]ti1 simil> commissions did = ,jacopo della ,qu]cia1 ,donatello & ! re/4 ,9 dwell+ ^u ! importance ( su* mat]ial consid]ations z ^!1 we are 9 no way depreciat+ ! zeal ( ei!r ! ,italian or ! ,hell5ic sculptor1 by 8 old patrons1 ! ,guild ( ,m]*ants4 ,x 0 foll[$ by a long s]ies ( simil> commissions4 ,! ,guild ( ,money*ang]s realiz+ ! cr$it :i* atta*$ to its rival1 desir$ ,ghib]ti to furni% a companion figure1 8,sa9t ,mat!w10 :i* 0 9 its place by #adbb4 ,f9ally1 ! ,guild ( ,wool ,m]*ants employ$ ,ghib]ti to produce a 8,/4 ,/eph50 = a ?ird ni*e4 ,long be=e ?is1 o!r ,flor5t9e ,guilds _h jo9$ 9 ! public-spirit$ competition4 ,moreov]1 o!r sculptors 7 discov]$4 ,9 #adaf ,donatello _h be5 commission$ by ! ,guild ( ,arm\r]s to model a figure = ,or ,san ,mi*ele4 ,! result 0 ! well-kn[n 8,sa9t ,george40 ,x 0 foll[$ by ! /atue ( 8,sa9t ,m>k10 ( :i* ,mi*ael ,angelo said 8x w\ld h be5 impossible to reject ! ,gospel f s /raight=w>d a witness40 ,! 8,sa9t ,m>k0 is a typical "w ( ,donatello's fir/ p]iod 7#adje to #adbe74 ,! :ole conception ( ! ,apo/le is bas$ ^u a f\ndation ( /]n realism4 ,go?ic /r5g? r ?an ,attic grace is aim$ at4 ,comp>+ x ) su* a "w z ,ghib]ti's 8,sa9t ,mat!w10 we see at once t an imm5se /ep =w>d has be5 tak54 ,! opportunity is no?+ to ,ghib]ti4 ,8 deep k ( p]spective is valueless1 ( c\rse4 ,8 +5uity 9 ! elaboration ( detail proves a drawback r ?an an advantage4 ,he produces a graceful lay figure4 ,s ) ! 8,sa9t ,george40 ,donatello revels 9 ! *ance ( sculptur+ a life-siz$ figure4 ,he makes ! masses & l9es ( ! body tell4 ,! ideal aim$ at is ! ideal ( ! ,greek sculptor1 :o felt t 8 true m$ium ( expression 0 ! human =m4 ,donatello has f\nd ! ess5tials common to all great sculpture--! basis ^u :i* ! greatness ( ,greek art dep5ds4 ,he has r$iscov]$ ! a b c ( ! language ( m>ble & bronze :i* e sculptor mu/ realize1 :atev] diff]5ces ( ?\ght & emotion he seeks to express4 ,illu/ration3 ,,donatello ,,sa9t ,,george ,f ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 ,flor5ce ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,platoni/s ,?is br+s u to ! great problem ( fifte5?-c5tury ,italian sculpture--its relation%ip to ! art ( ,greece or ,rome4 ,donatello is frequ5tly cit$ z ! pione] ( ! reviv+ int]e/ 9 classical sculpture4 ,foll[+ ,vas>i1 ! text-books tell ( 8 visit to ,rome ) ,brunelles*i 9 #adjc4 ,!y dwell ^u ! /atem5t t ,donatello sp5t mu* "t 9 arrang+ ! collection ( anci5t sculpture 9 ! ,m$ici g>d5s4 ,rec5t inve/igation1 h[ev]1 %[s conclusively t ,donatello's fir/ visit to ,rome 0 made 9 #adcc4 ,9 any case1 an hone/ critic mu/ admit t little evid5ce ( direct ,greek & ,roman influ5ce c be obs]v$ 9 8 works4 ,comp>+ ! 8,sa9t ,m>k0 ) su* a ,hell5ic /atue z ! 8,phocion0 9 ! ,vatican or ! 8,sophocles0 9 ! ,lat]an1 :at /rikes u mo/ /rongly is ! entire diff]5ce 9 ! _s animat+ ! lat] "w4 ,& ?is is equally true ( ! 8,sa9t ,george0 ( ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 or1 to use a cle>] example1 ! nude bronze 8,david10 n[ 9 ! ,b>gello at ,flor5ce4 ,te*nically1 ,donatello's 8,david0 c be comp>$ ) any nude male figure1 let u say ! beautiful bronze 8,n>cissus0 f\nd at ,pompeii1 & n[ 9 ! ,naples ,museum4 ,x is sculptur$ 89 ! r\nd40 ,x is complete 9 itself4 ,x proves t at la/ ! ,italian sculptor is on ! high road = complete success4 ,b 9 s5tim5t x is utt]ly un-,hell5ic4 ,x possesses none ( ^? ext]nal resemblances to ,greek /atu>y :i* we detect 9 ! sculpture ( ,canova or ,?orvalds51 = in/ance4 ,tru? to tell1 ! ef=t to trace evid5ces ( a direct traffic betwe5 "o great art & ano!r is bas$ ^u a total misappreh5sion4 ,no great arti/ c 8lift0 any consid]able idea f a "w produc$ 9 an entirely diff]5t m5tal & emotional atmosph]e4 ,:at really happ5$ 0 t a wave ( en?usiasm = ,hell5ic art & lit]ature broke ov] ,italy4 ,! sculptors %>$ 9 ! humaniz+ effects ( ! realization ( ! true greatness ( ,greek culture4 ,"o _c po9t to ! treatm5t ( a fold ( drap]y "h1 or to ! pose ( a torso !re1 & ref] x to a ,greek orig9al4 ,b 9 ! ,italian sculpture ( ! fifte5? c5tury we c trace a break+ away f ideals :i* _h held sway = c5turies4 ,inspir$ by ! revelation ( :at lib]ty ( ?\ght & action _h done = ! ,greek1 ! ,italian no long] pro/rat$ himself be=e ! idols ( ,ca?olic dogma & s*ola/icism4 ,be=e ,donatello's dea? ! appreciation ( classic culture 0 no long] conf9$ to a few weal?y dilettanti1 z _h be5 ! case at ,pisa a c5tury e>li]4 ,admiration = ! productions ( ! ,attic philosoph]s & arti/s ?reat5$ to become a religi\s =ce capable ( engulf+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,! consequ5ces 7 trem5d\s4 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 ! imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 ! educational me?ods & ideals4 ,comp>e ^? :i* op]at$ dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( ,donatello's life ) ^? ( ! e>li] age1 :5 education 0 entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,take a typical ,italian s*oolma/]1 su* z ,vittor9o ( ,feltre4 ,picture 8 typical ,r5aissance s*ool1 8,! ,h\se ( ,joy10 on ! %ores ( ! ,mantuan ,lake4 ,! spot 0 hall[$ by ! memory t x _h be5 ! bir?place ( ,virgil4 ,nature _h lavi%$ ^u x av5ues ( planes & acacias4 ,b dom9at+ all 0 ! gr& aim ( ,vittor9o1 8,i want to tea* my pupils h[ to ?9k1 n to split hairs40 ,illu/ration3 ,,donatello ,,david ,b>gello1 ,flor5ce ,born at ,feltre1 ,vittor9o w5t z a y\? to ,padua1 "o ( ! lead+ humani/ic c5tres at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,aft] a p]iod z ,pr(essor ( ,rhetoric1 ! rul+ ,gonzaga invit$ ,vittor9o to ,mantua to educate 8 *ildr54 ,?is 0 9 #adbe1 & ,vittor9o rema9$ !re until 8 dea? 9 #addf4 ,8 fir/ /ep 0 to aboli% ! luxury :i* _h environ$ ! "y ,gonzagas4 ,he made 8,! ,h\se ( ,joy0 a seat ( pla9 liv+ & regul> /udy4 ,y\?s f o!r c\rts flock$ to ,mantua4 ,at 8 own exp5se1 ,vittor9o ma9ta9$ a numb] ( poor s*ol>s1 :o liv$ ne> ! villa & %>$ 9 all ! privileges ( ! s*ool4 ,music & su* elem5t>y sci5ces z geometry & a/ronomy 7 taught1 9 true ,hell5ic fa%ion4 ,! ,lat9 classics 7 /udi$ )\t ! fanta/ic p$antries ( ! ecclesia/ical era4 ,! gr& tru? 0 accept$ t e man 0 possess$ ( a free b responsible p]sonality4 ,ea* "o saw t 8 task 9 ?is _w 0 to m\ld 8 individuality1 & by ! ex]cise ( 8 own free w to prove h[ f> he 0 above ! brutes4 ,! "o end ( education 0 to make ! boy or girl1 n a speciali/1 b a p]fectly develop$ man or woman4 ,! exp]t _h no place 9 ,italy 9 ^? days4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,r5aissance all education aim$ at ! production ( all-r\nd m5 & wom51 physically1 emotionally1 & intellectually s\nd4 ,x ne$s little imag9ation to see ! effect ( ?is g5]al acceptance ( ,greek ideals ( life & conduct ^u sculpture4 ,x r5d]$ possible ! production ( hundr$s ( /atues :i* w\ld h be5 mean+less a c5tury e>li]4 ,beyond ?is we may n g4 ,e vital art mu/ be l>gely indebt$ to ! ,greek tradition1 & ,r5aissance sculpture 0 no exception4 ,b1 9 ! end1 a great /yle _c be transf]r$4 ,a second-h& /yle1 l a second-h& coat1 is apt to be an ill-fit4 ,tak+ a few typical fifte5?-c5tury sculptures we d n say 8h[ ,greek !y are40 ,on ! contr>y1 x is at once app>5t t ! diff]5ce und]ly+ ,italian & ,greek sculpture is f> m noticeable ?an any ext]nal resemblance4 ,:5 once we realize ! cause1 x is easy to see t x c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,9 ,italy1 ! relation ( ! individual to society diff]$ entirely f t 9 any ,greek /ate4 ,:]eas ! individuality ( ! ,greek 0 con/antly sacrific$ to ! int]e/s ( 8 /ate1 9 ,italy ev]y?+ t5d$ to ! free em]g5ce ( individual p]sonalities4 ,! ,italian 0 9 t\* ) no ov]p[]+ political unity4 ,no?+ hamp]$ ! atta9m5t ( p]sonal ambition or ! satisfaction ( p]sonal passions4 ,:at he desir$ 0 n civic or national success1 b ! f\ndation ( a new age ( art & culture 9 :i* e type ( individuality w\ld h its place4 ,! ,italian long$ = individual fame1 = individual p[]4 ,?is c\ld n b entail ! loss ( t gr& unity ( aim :i* 0 ! great glory ( ,a!nian art4 ,in/ead1 x l$ to ! gr[? ( a wond]ful div]sity ( "* & an extraord9>y v>iety ( int]e/s4 ,:]eas ! ,greek _h be5 cont5t to portray a few supreme types1 ! arti/ ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance wi%$ to %[ humanity 9 e aspect4 ,he 0 n ev5 cont5t ) ! limits set by ! b\nds ( grace & beauty4 ,! expression ( spiritual t5sion & m5tal en]gy c\ld n be indicat$ )\t a dep>ture f t h>mony ( ! planes :i* ! ,hell5ic sculptor reg>d$ z ess5tial4 ,! ,italian boldly adopt$ o!r means4 ,he depict$ ) cruel emphasis ! play ( muscles & t5dons :i* accompanies physical & m5tal t5sion4 ,8 mission 0 to pres5t /rongly individualiz$ "*4 ,to him e human en]gy 0 fit = sculptural treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jacopo ,,della ,,qu]cia ,,tomb ,,( ,,il>ia ,,del ,,c>etto ,lucca ,ca!dral ,review+ our argum5t we f9d t by ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! art ( sculpture 0 9 ?is position4 ,a long s]ies ( remun]ative public & private commissions _h educat$ b&s ( sculptors ( real tal5t 9 sev]al ,italian c5tres b p>ticul>ly 9 ,flor5ce4 ,_! "w 0 held 9 su* public e/eem t !y no long] reg>d$ !mselves z m]e artizans4 ,moreov]1 :ile ! sculptor _h be5 mak+ himself m & m capable ( express+ ! ?\ghts & emotions ( 8 c\ntrym51 !y1 = _! "p1 7 deep5+ & wid5+ _! exp]i5ce4 ,n only _h !y come to realize ! manifold beauties ( nature1 b !y 7 le>n+ man's intimate relation ) x4 ,at ! same "t ! revelation ( :at ! ,greeks _h done & :at ,hell5ic culture really meant 0 lead+ to an entirely new reg>d = mank9d & a desire to cultivate ! :ole1 z oppos$ to a m]e fragm5t1 ( ! human capital4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile ! sculptor 0 increas+ 8 p[] ( int]pretation1 ?\ghts ( ! highe/ value & emotions ( real dep? 7 be+ ar\s$4 ,comp>+ ! sculpture ( ,ghib]ti1 ,donatello1 ,qu]cia1 della ,robbia & ! re/1 ) t ( ! ,pisani a c5tury e>li]1 x is se5 t ! ess5tial diff]5ce dep5ds ^u ! g5]al adoption ( a new philosophical /&po9t4 ,previ\sly1 bo? ! arti/ & 8 public view$ man f ! heav5s & f\nd him a dr[n+ mite 9 an ocean ( div9ity4 ,n[ bo? look$ man 9 ! face & recogniz$ a bro!r1 set = a "t 9 ! _w to witness to ! abid+ beauty ( ! ,et]nal ,reality4 ,9 ! light ( ?is conception1 :at _h be5 negligible became ( prime importance4 ,! %ameful became entirely satisfy+4 ,! tru? ( ?is proposition is se5 at once if we look at a few typical fifte5?-c5tury works4 ,take1 z ! fir/ in/ance1 ! beautiful tomb ( 8,il>ia del ,c>retto10 by ,jacopo della ,qu]cia 7born #acgd74 ,x 0 erect$ ab\t #adjf4 ,! "y wife ( ,paolo ,gu9igi lies 9 simple g>b ^u ! bi]--! dog at h] feet an emblem ( womanly fai?fulness4 ,comp>+ ! "w )1 let u say1 ! ,pisan ,pulpit by ,niccola ,pisano1 we are /ruck by ! beautiful simplicity ( ! design4 ,! ov]-cr[d$ detail has vani%$4 ,in/ead we h a s*eme ( monum5tal bread?4 ,! diff]5ce 9 _s is ev5 great]4 ,! nude *ildr51 ) _! wrea?s ( fl[]s1 :i* decorate ! bi]1 witness to ! transition f ! ,go?ic gloom to ! ,r5aissance joy 9 ! beauties ( ! natural _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,luca ,,della ,,robbia ,,! ,,visitation ,pi/oja ,turn+ to ! works ( an entirely diff]5t type1 we note ! same t5d5cy 9 ! delightfully human bas-reliefs ( ! della ,robbias4 ,no review ( ! art ( sculpture w\ld be complete )\t a ref]5ce to ,luca della ,robbia's m>ble ,s++ ,gall]y4 8,! ,cantoria0 0 begun 9 #adca & 0 plac$ 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,flor5ce 9 #adch4 ,! ta/e ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 dem&$ ! sub/itution ( l>ge balconies ( c>v$ & pa9t$ wood1 & ?is s++ gall]y1 toge!r ) t ( ,donatello1 0 tak5 d[n4 ,luca's c>v$ panels f9ally f\nd _! way to ! ,museo di ,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore4 ,look+ at ! panels1 we fir/ ( all note ! imm5se advance 9 te*nical skill :i* enabl$ ,luca della ,robbia to repres5t ! v poetry ( rhy?mic motion 9 /one4 ,we note ?is4 ,b we are mov$ by ! human beauty ( ! :ole conception4 ,x is 9 a v real s5se a religi\s "w4 ,! sculptor has tak5 z 8 !me ! "o hundr$? & fiftie? psalm3 8,praise ye ! ,"l 444 ,praise him ^u ! l\d cymbals2 praise him ^u ! high-s\nd+ cymbals40 ,b ! religion ( ,luca is ess5tially human4 ,! figures f ! 8,s++ ,gall]y0 are s well kn[n t we h pref]r$ to illu/rate ! art ( ,luca della ,robbia by ! beautiful 8,visitation0 at ,pi/oja1 p>ticul>ly z x is a t]ra-cotta &1 !re=e1 recalls ! m$ium 9 :i* ! arti/ made 8 mo/ con/ant appeal to 8 c\ntrym54 ,! 8,visitation0 is a comp>atively e>ly "w & %[s t f ! beg9n+ ,luca's g5ius _h little 9 common ) t ( ,donatello4 ,he gives u no h9t ( ! re/less se>* = k :i* 0 ! fir/ consequ5ce ( ! ,italian's realization ( ! p[]s ( humanity4 ,luca /&s to ,donatello1 ! apo/le ( realism1 z an ,umbrian pa9t] l ,p]ug9o /&s to ,signorelli4 ,b 8 quiet self-re/ra9t witnesses to a human virtue at lea/ z noble--a tru/+ belief 9 ! ultimate reign ( peace & love4 ,! la/ fifte5?-c5tury sculptor to :om ref]5ce mu/ be made is ,&rea del ,v]oc*io 7#adce-adhh74 ,8 8,d\bt+ ,?omas0 /ill /&s 9 ! ni*e ( ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 :]e x attract$ all ,flor5ce #djj ye>s ago4 ,x is a f9e example ( :at a fir/-rate te*nique ap>t f ! fire ( g5ius c produce4 ,! l9es ( ! drap]y p]haps1 incl9e to angul>ity2 ! figures are some:at rigid1 b ! gr\p is ( real beauty & is conceiv$ by a true sculptor4 ,:atev] 8 %ortcom+s1 ! arti/ realizes sculpture to be ! m$ium ( man's joy 9 ! beauty ( ! human =m4 ,! fame ( ,v]oc*io might well re/ ^u ! 8,d\bt+ ,?omas40 ,! "n ( ! ,flor5t9e sculptor is1 h[ev]1 associat$ ) ano!r "w--! eque/rian /atue ( ! ,v5etian comm&]1 ,b>tolomeo ,colleoni at ,v5ice4 ,t1 at any rate1 is a "w ( ! v highe/ ord]4 ,x 0 unf9i%$ at ,v]oc*io's dea?1 & 0 complet$ by ! ,v5etian1 ,leop>di4 ,no "o c fairly judge :at measure ( ! success ( ! /atue is due to ,v]oc*io's e>ne/ te*nique & h[ mu* to ,leop>di's f]vid g5ius4 ,9 any case ! ,colleoni monum5t fitly closes ?is review ( ,italian sculpture dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,no m c]ta9 evid5ce ( ! capacity ( ! pre-,angelesque sculptors c\ld be adduc$4 ,to ?is day1 ! nobility ( ! pose ( horse & rid] & ! gr&ly m>tial _s p]vad+ ! "w1 m>k x z ! greate/ eque/rian /atue 9 ! _w4 ,v]oc*io 0 born 9 #adce4 ,he di$ :5 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 /ill a boy4 ,! p]iod ( 8 life mu/1 !re=e1 conta9 ! answ] to ! f9al problem4 ,:y 0 ! acme ( ,italian sculpture rea*$ at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury8 ,x c be no m]e *ance t ,mi*ael ,angelo produc$ 8 f9e/ sculptures betwe5 #adie & #aecj4 ,:y c\ld x n h be5 fifty ye>s e>li]8 ,"s factor 0 cle>ly pres5t at ! lat] date :i* _h n be5 pres5t :5 ,v]oc*io 0 a boy4 ,if x _h be5 !re1 x _h n acquir$ its subsequ5t =ce4 ,rev]t+ = ! la/ "t to ! ,hell5ic analogy we f9d ! clue4 ,nei!r ! mat]ial factors--su* z ! commissions = public works & memorial monum5ts--nor su* a psy*ological factor z ! broad5$ sph]e ( human activity exhau/ ! circum/ances :i* f9ally gave ,italy its ,phidias & its ,scopas4 ,! la/ ?+ requir$ 0 a s]ies ( dom9at+ p]sonalities able to focus ! emotion & intellectual =ces g5]at$ by ! age4 ,flor5ce1 9 fact1 ne$$ a ,p]icles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v]oc*io 8,,! ,,d\bt+ ,,?omas0 ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 ,flor5ce ,^! f9al co-ord9at+ factors 7 n d5i$4 ,z 9 ,greece1 ! p]sonalities 7 9 ! fir/ place politicians4 ,! out/&+ feature 9 ! hi/ory ( ,italy dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury is ! numb] ( political1 milit>y & comm]cial figures ( real vig\r & ability :o rose to p[]4 ,9 "o /ate aft] ano!r !y assum$ complete control ( affairs4 ,we h only to "n ! ,visconti & ! ,s=zas at ,milan1 ! ,gonzagas at ,mantua1 ! ,b5tivoglio & ,e/e families at ,bologna & ,f]r>a1 & ! ,montefeltro family at ,urb9o1 to br+ home _! influ5ce ^u art4 ,mo/ pot5t ( all 71 ( c\rse1 ! ,m$ici1 :o c5traliz$ ! arti/ic en?usiasms ( ,flor5ce4 ,z _h be5 ! case 9 ,a!ns1 ! dom9ation ( ! ,m$ici family comm5c$ ) ! h>ness+ ( ! =ces ( ,flor5t9e democracy4 ,! p[] ( ! ,m$ici began :5 ,giovanni de ,m$ici succe$$ 9 mak+ ! less] guilds ! rul]s ( ,flor5ce at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,giovanni _h made an imm5se =tune by trade & _h e/abli%$ banks all ov] ! p59sula :i* he readily turn$ to advantage 9 fur!r+ 8 political aims4 ,cosimo1 8 son1 succe$$ to ,giovanni's popul>ity ) ! l[] classes1 & by c>efully conceal+ ! mail$ fi/ 9 ! velvet glove r$uc$ ,flor5ce to ! position ( ,a!ns :5 ,cimon & ,p]icles rul$ z ! nom9al repres5tatives ( ! p4 ,! climax 0 rea*$ :5 ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t succe$$ ,cosimo 9 #adfi4 ,he s alt]$ ! con/itution ( ,flor5ce t x became a republic only 9 "n4 ,a few ye>s lat] he seiz$ control ( ! public purse & hypnotiz$ ! political judgm5t ( 8 subjects4 ,lor5zo 0 ! ,p]icles ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,! en]gies & int]e/ ( ! ,flor5t9e burgh]s 7 focus$ ar\nd 8 p]sonality1 & he x 0 t direct$ _! ef=ts4 ,z _h be5 ! case ) ,p]icles1 ! great glory ( ,lor5zo 0 ! unfail+ tact :i* nev] int]f]$ ) ! p]fect fre$om ( action ( ! v>i$ natures ) :i* he surr\nd$ himself--! skill ) :i* he p]suad$ !m t _! intellectual int]e/s 7 8 own4 ,8 ,c\rt 0 frequ5t$ by a brilliant b& ( s*ol>s1 & any y\? ( ability 0 assur$ ( patronage4 ,:at 0 ev5 m important1 ! "y pa9t]s or sculptors 7 br\ght into daily contact ) ! m5 & wom5 :o 7 m\ld+ public op9ion & %ap+ hi/ory4 ,arti/s :o _h liv$ = a few ye>s 9 ! ,c\rt ( 8! ,magnific5t0 7 f> m ?an craftsm54 ,!y 7 cultivat$ m5 ( ! _w1 abrea/ ( all ! practical k ( _! "t4 ,x 0 among m5 l ^! t ! sculptor 0 f\nd1 able to give vital expression to ev5 ! manifold en]gies ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v]oc*io ,,& ,,leop>di ,,! ,,colleoni ,,monum5t ,v5ice ,,*apt] ,x ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,& ,,! ,,flood ,,tide ,,( ,,r5aissance ,,sculpture #adij-aecj ,a4,d4 ,! ye> #adge ,a4,d4 has be5 rea*$4 ,we h se5 ! conclusion ( ! /ruggle ( ! sculptors to make m>ble & bronze be> once m ! impress ( e imag9ation ( ! human he>t4 ,no?+ n[ rema9s save to e/imate ! fruits ( ! victory--a task :i* entails ! appreciation ( "o man1 ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,!re is no exagg]ation 9 focuss+ our att5tion on "o arti/4 ,! apo!osis ( ,italian sculpture connects itself z inevitably ) ,mi*ael ,angelo z ! topmo/ peak ( ,elizabe?an drama--,%akespe>e--connects itself ) ! dramatic hills & hillocks :i* l$ up to x4 ,! fir/ fifty ye>s ( ,angelo's life 7 to ,r5aissance sculpture :at ! age ( ,phidias & ,polyclitus _h be5 to ,greek art4 ,he & he alone f\nd means to express 9 m>ble ! deepe/ ?\ghts ^u nature & humanity :i* ! ,italian ,r5aissance _h ar\s$4 ,z _h be5 ! case ) ! ,greek sculptors be=e ,salamis1 ! pre-,angelesque arti/s _h nev] q made _! message articulate4 ,inde$1 ! :ole fifte5? c5tury 0 a p]iod ( probation & exp]im5t4 ,9 ! si/] art ( pa9t+1 ! draftsm5 & col\ri/s 7 realiz+ ! possibilities ( l9e & pa9t4 ,! consequ5ces ( _! ef=ts 7 ,raphael1 ,leon>do1 ,titian & ,correggio4 ,:at ,angelico1 ,mantegna1 ,botticelli & ,bell9i 7 to ! great pa9t]s1 ,ghib]ti1 della ,robbia1 ,donatello1 ,pollaiuolo & ,v]oc*io 7 to ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,b = ! fact t ,donatello & ,ghib]ti _h rais$ ! pla/ic arts = ! "t f> above ! graphic1 x might well h be5 t sculpture w\ld h be5 only a m9or art to ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,z ?+s 7 9 8 boyhood1 ?\gh pa9t+ 0 e ye> r$uc+ ! lead ( ! si/] art1 sculpture _h /ill a f> great] body ( a*ievem5t to its cr$it4 ,f ! fir/ x 0 cle> t sculpture 0 ! art by :i* 8 nature mo/ naturally express$ itself4 ,9 aft] life he 0 wont je/+ly to rem9d 8 fri5ds ( 8 e>lie/ ye>s among ! mill-/one qu>ries ( ,settignano4 ,he _h be5 giv5 to ! wife ( a /onecutt] to be nurs$1 &1 z he put x1 8) ! milk ( my fo/]-"m ,i suck$ 9 ! *isels & mallets :]e) ,i n[ make my figures40 ,we d n propose to attempt ! n>ration ( ev5 ! ma9 ev5ts ( ,angelo's life4 ,we c put aside all t is m]ely p]sonal4 ,our object is r to %[ h[ he came into contact ) ! ma9 political & social factors ( 8 age1 & h[ ^!1 9 turn1 react$ ^u 8 art4 ,?ree circum/ances s+le !mselves out z all-important--! sculptor's connection ) ! ,m$ici family 9 8 e>ly y\?1 ) ! city ( ,flor5ce 9 8 e>ly manhood1 & ) ! ,papacy 9 ! prime ( life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,david ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts1 ,flor5ce ,^! ?ree p[]s practically br\ght into be+ all t is greate/ 9 ,italian art4 ,f our sculptor's association ) !m we c und]/& ! influ5ces :i* 7 spurr+ ,angelo's few compe]s & 8 _m inf]iors to _! greate/ ef=ts4 ,,! ,,flor5t9e ,,p]iod ,l _m ano!r s*ol> & arti/1 ,mi*ael ,angelo ent]$ ! h\sehold ( ,lor5zo de ,m$ici1 ! m]*ant-despot ( ,flor5ce1 z a boy4 ,until 8 patron's dea? he f>$ l a scion ( ! family4 ,:ile x w\ld h be5 impossible = an impressionable y\? to gr[ up )\t imbib+ some?+ ( ! _s ( ! place1 ,angelo nev] ?or\ghly absorb$ ! influ5ce ( ! ,m$icean c\rt4 ,! "t 0 too %ort4 ,be=e he 0 tw5ty x 0 a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,b = "s ye>s ! memory ( ^! joy-days p]si/$1 & x 0 "u _! inspiration t ! e>lie/ ( ,angelo's great works 7 produc$4 ,( ^!1 ! 8,david10 begun 9 #aeja & f9i%$ 9 #aejc1 /&s out pre-em95tly z embody+ ! humani/ cre$4 ,b ! /atue ( ! great loose-limb$ y\? has an ev5 m vital int]e/4 ,no?+ c\ld m happily illu/rate ! relation a great ,r5aissance arti/ bore to 8 c\ntrym5 ?an ! circum/ances att5d+ ! c>v+ ( ! 8,david40 ,x 0 commission$ by ! ,/ate ( ,flor5ce4 ,! fir/ contract sign$ by ! sculptor & ! repres5tative ( ! t[n sets =? t 8! wor?y ma/]1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 son ( ,lodovico ,buon>roti1 ,citiz5 ( ,flor5ce1 has be5 *os5 to fa%ion1 complete1 & p]fectly f9i% ! male /atue1 already r\gh-hewn & call$ #8,! ,giant1' #ac feet #f in*es high1 n[ exi/+ 9 ! work%op ( ! ,ca!dral1 badly block$ out a=etime by ,ma/] ,ago/9o di ,duccio ( ,flor5ce40 ,9 o!r words1 ,angelo's 8,david0--"o ( ! ma/]pieces ( ! _w--0 cut f a great block ( m>ble t _h be5 s maltreat$ by an e>li] work] t no arti/ ( rank c\ld be f\nd to risk 8 reputation 9 f9i%+ x4 ,?is alone w\ld be suffici5t pro( ( ! imm5se te*nical skill ( ?is y\? ( tw5ty-six4 ,9 addition1 ,mi*ael ,angelo did n ev5 model a full-siz$ clay figure4 ,he work$ ) no guidance except a few draw+s & wax models "s eighte5 in*es high4 ,8 remun]ation = ?is 0 fix$ at #b #fs4 a mon?--workm51 scaffold+1 c41 be+ suppli$4 8,:5 ! said /atue is f9i%$10 cont9ues ! contract1 8! consuls & op]ai %all e/imate :e!r he des]ve a l>g] recomp5se1 & ?is %all be left to _! consci5ces40 ,hi/ory does n record :e!r ! art committee ( ! ,flor5t9e ,c\nty ,c\ncil ev5tually did add to ! r meagre remun]ation m5tion$ 9 ! contract4 ,we h ample evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! repres5tatives ( ! citiz5s did n %irk _! critical duties4 ,vas>i tells ( a c]ta9 ,gonfaloni]e1 :o essay$ to ju/ify ! op9ion t ! nose ( ! ,david 0 too big4 ,angelo li/5$ = a :ile1 & !n asc5d$ ! scaffold+ "u :i* 8 critic 0 /&+4 ,tak+ a *isel 9 ! "o h& & a few p9*es ( m>ble-du/ 9 ! o!r1 ! sculptor began to tap lightly ar\nd ! d\btful spot4 ,f "t to "t he let fall a little ( ! du/1 b ( c\rse did n alt] ! nose4 8,look at x n[10 cri$ ,angelo to ! ,gonfaloni]e bel[4 8,y h giv5 x life10 repli$ 8 victim1 rubb+ ! du/ out ( 8 eyes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,monum5t ,,( ,,lor5zo ,m$ici ,*apel1 ,flor5ce ,illu/ration3 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo 8,,! ,,pieta0 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome ,on ,janu>y #be1 #aejc1 a solemn conclave ( arti/s resid5t 9 ,flor5ce met 9 ! ,op]a del ,duomo to decide :]e ! great figure %\ld be plac$4 ,pi]o di ,cosimo--read]s ( ,romola w rememb] him--,cosimo ,rosselli1 ,botticelli1 !n a man ( sixty-six1 ,filipp9o ,lippi1 & ,da ,v9ci 7 among ^? pres5t4 ,francesco ,monciatto1 a wood-c>v]1 began by advanc+ ! proposition t ! /atue %\ld be put up be=e ! ,duomo1 ! site propos$ = ! orig9al "w 9 fact4 ,cosimo ,rosselli & ,botticelli support$ ! proposal4 ,giuliano di ,san ,gallo !n sugge/$ ! ,loggia dei ,lanzi z an alt]native on ! gr\nd t ! m>ble _h be5 s(t5$ by exposure & might n la/4 ,! 8,second ,h]ald0 object$ to ?is1 fe>+ t c]emonies 9 ! ,loggia w\ld be int]f]$ )1 & 8 rem>ks call$ ,leon>di da ,v9ci to 8 feet4 ,f9ally ,pi]o di ,cosimo1 a man ( ! s\nde/ common s5se 9 spite ( 8 reputation = freaki%ness1 ) ! aid ( ,salve/ro1 a jewell]1 & ,filipp9o ,lippi1 c>ri$ ! proposal t ! *oice %\ld be left to ! sculptor himself on ! gr\nd t 8he w\ld "k bett] h[ x %\ld be40 ,angelo's decision 0 = ! /eps at ! entrance ( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io4 ,! curi\s may see x 9 position 9 ! portrait ( ,francesco ,f]ruccio1 ! ,flor5t9e g5]al1 9 :i* ,cosimo us$ ! squ>e 9 front ( ! ,palace z a backgr\nd4 ,! "w is numb]$ #hie 9 ! ,national ,gall]y collection4 ,b let u return = a mom5t to ! ,c\rt ( ,lor5zo de ,m$ici & its galaxy ( s*ol>s & arti/s4 ,! cre$ ( ! ,c\rt ( ! ,magnific5t is summ$ up = ev] 9 ! great "r h& ( ! 8,david40 ,! sculptor purposely emphasiz$ its size4 ,mi*ael ,angelo desir$ to lay /ress ^u ! "p :i* ! boy took 9 ! /ruggle r ?an to portray him z a m]e in/rum5t4 ,to h be5 at "o ) ! _s ( ! biblical n>rative1 ! weakness ( ! human ag5t w\ld h be5 emphasiz$--z x 01 inde$1 9 ! 8,david0 ( ,donatello4 ,b ! "r h& ( ,angelo's 8,david0 /&s = a new view--! ,greek view--( ! "p mank9d mu/ play 9 ! _w4 ,human endeav\r1 r ?an div9e int]f]5ce1 is n[ to p]fect man4 ,by 8 own ef=t1 by ! ex]cise ( 8 own free w1 man is to "w out 8 end4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is new conception ^u ! art ( ,mi*ael ,angelo is equally noticeable 9 ! 8,pieta10 a r e>li] sculpture1 & ! fir/ "w ( our arti/'s maturity4 ,! ,virg9 ,"m is seat$ ^u ! /one on :i* ! cross _h be5 erect$4 ,! dead ,*ri/ lies be=e h]4 ,! sc5e corresponds ) no?+ 9 ! biblical acc\nt4 ,x illu/rates no s+le v]se4 ,b x does m4 ,x brea!s ! v _s ( ! ,*ri/ian n>rative1 = x int]prets its inn] mean+ 9 its mo/ vital & useful s5se4 ,we c see at once t ,angelo w\ld h be5 false to 8 art _h he be5 m fai?ful to ! curr5t conception ( ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,he 0 no prea*]4 ,he 0 n exp\nd+ a fai?4 ,:at he took f ! ,bible /ory 0 ! div9e grief ( a "m = an all-p]fect son4 ,8 task 0 to translate t )\t ! loss ( "o iota ( physical or moral beauty4 ,condivi tells u t !re 7 _m :o compla9$ t ! "m 0 too "y :5 comp>$ ) h] son1 & t he himself laid ! matt] be=e ,mi*ael ,angelo = explanation4 ,! sculptor's answ] is an example ( :at a p]fect humani/--& t is v ne> to say+ a p]fect man--w\ld h said4 ,x is s *>act]i/ic ( ! sculptor t no apology = quot+ x at l5g? is necess>y4 8,"o day10 says ,condivi1 8,i 0 talk+ to ,mi*ael ,angelo ( ?is objection40 ,illu/ration3 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,moses 7,,tomb ,,( ,,julius ,,ii47 8,d y n "k10 he said1 8t *a/e wom5 reta9 _! fre% looks mu* long] ?an ^? :o are n *a/e8 ,h[ mu* m1 !re=e1 a virg9 9 :om n ev5 ! lea/ un*a/e desire ev] arose8 ,& ,i tell y1 moreov]1 t su* fre%ness & fl[] ( y\? besides be+ ma9ta9$ 9 h] by natural causes1 x may possibly be t x 0 orda9$ by ! ,div9e ,p[] to prove to ! _w ! virg9ity & p]petual purity ( ! ,"m4 ,x 0 n necess>y 9 ! ,son2 b r ! contr>y2 wi%+ to %[ t ! ,son ( ,god took ^u himself a true human body1 subject to all ! ills ( man1 except+ only s92 he did n all[ ! div9e 9 him to hold back ! human1 b let x run its c\rse & obey its laws1 z 0 prov$ 9 8 appo9t$ "t4 ,d n wond] !n1 t ,i h = all ^! reasons1 made ! mo/ ,holy ,virg91 ,"m ( ,god1 a great deal y\ng] 9 comp>ison ) h] ,son ?an %e is usually repres5t$4 ,to ! ,son ,i h allott$ 8 full age40 ,! 8,pieta0 & ! 8,david0 are ! typical works ( ,angelo's fir/ p]iod--t 9 :i* ! influ5ces ( humanism 7 p>am\nt4 ,b x is 9 ! sculptures ( 8 second p]iod t we c detect ! work+s ( ! deep philosophical poetry :i* inspir$ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( 8 works--! tomb ( ,julius ,,ii4 & ! monum5ts 9 ! ,m$ici *apel at ,flor5ce4 ,nei!r 0 ev] f9i%$4 ,! ,m$ici monum5ts are ! m complete1 = ! maje/y ( ! sculptor's fir/ conception = ! tomb ( ,julius ,,ii4 c n[ be only guess$ f a few r\gh sket*es1 half a doz5 measurem5ts & ! well-kn[n 8,moses40 ,yet x occupies a unique place 9 ! hi/ory ( ,italian art z ! =emo/ "w by an ,italian sculptor :i* arose directly out ( ! ambition ( ! ,*ur* to make ! ,pope's temporal au?ority equal 8 spiritual4 ,! pr9ciple ( utiliz+ ! pa9t]1 ! sculptor1 & ! ar*itect = ?is purpose _h be5 enunciat$ fifty ye>s e>li]4 ,recogniz+ t ! e>li] aim1 :i* _h s\ght to en=ce a spiritual despotism by mak+ ! belief 9 a ,god-inspir$ pontiff univ]sal1 _h fail$1 ,ni*olas ,v4 det]m9$ to try ! effect ( mak+ ! ,pope into a k+4 ,8 c\rt 0 to be ! c5tre ( ,european culture4 ,) ! aid ( ! va/ weal? p\r$ into ! papal c(f]s dur+ ! ,jubilee ( #adej1 ,ni*olas began by mak+ ! ,vatican qu>t] ( ,rome a v]itable /ronghold = ! sov]eign pontiff4 ,8 full ambition 0 disclos$ :5 8 w 0 read to ! pr9ces ( ! *ur* assembl$ r\nd 8 dea?b$4 ,9 ?is ,ni*olas ,v4 %[$ t ! ,popes c\ld be secur$ f int]nal revolution & ext]nal =ce by "o ?+ only4 ,t 0 by mak+ ! seat ( ! papacy s spl5did 9 ! eyes ( ,*ri/5dom t x w\ld possess ! sanctity t _h atta*$ to ,imp]ial ,rome itself4 ,x 0 ?is great aim t ,mi*ael ,angelo sp5t ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life 9 =w>d+4 ,! p]sonal ambition ( ea* ,pope int]f]$ ) ! free progress ( ! great ideal1 b x furni%$ a /rong motive = _m ye>s1 & actuat$ bo? ( ,angelo's great patrons1 ,julius ,,ii4 & ,leo ,x4 ,aft] f9ally settl+ 9 ,rome ,mi*ael ,angelo's fir/ task 0 ! sculptur$ mausoleum ( ,julius ,,ii4 ,ni*olas himself _h />t$ to rebuild ! old basilica ( ,/4 ,pet]1 9 :i* ,julius design$ to set up 8 great tomb4 ,angelo sugge/$ a great m>ble monum5t symbolical ( ! victory ( human en]gy ov] dea?4 ,^u ! l[] ti]s ( a great pyramid ! sculptor %[$ ! arts & sci5ces :i* ! ,pope _h lov$ to patronize4 ,above 7 ! prophets & graces1 ( :i* ! great /atue ( 8,moses0 0 "o4 ,! apex ( ! pyramid 0 a gr\p 9 :i* ! e>? & ! heav5s upheld ! op5 tomb :]e ! dead pope await$ ! ,resurrection h\r4 ,9 all =ty figures4 ,! va/ness ( ! conception c be/ be realiz$ f ! fact t ! sculptor sp5t eight mon?s among ! m>ble m9es at ,c>r>a qu>ry+ ! necess>y /one4 ,! space cov]$ by ! design 0 ab\t tw5ty-five feet by =ty4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t ! basilica 0 n l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! monum5t4 8,:at w\ld be ! co/ ( rebuild+80 ask$ ,julius4 8#ajj1jjj scudi10 said ! sculptor4 8,let x be #bjj1jjj40 ,& ,mi*ael ,angelo set to "w4 ,?is great dream 0 nev] realiz$4 ,! sculptor work$ ^u x = "s ye>s & !n ,julius 0 p]suad$ to entru/ him ) a task at lea/ z great--t ( decorat+ ! vault ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel 9 ! ,vatican4 ,,! ,,m$ici ,,tombs ,= almo/ tw5ty ye>s ,mi*ael ,angelo produc$ no great sculpture4 ,!n came :at are p]haps ! greate/ works ( ,r5aissance sculpture1 ! monum5ts 9 ! ,m$ici ,*apel at ,flor5ce4 ,!y 7 execut$ at ! comm& ( ,clem5t ,,vii41 ! second ,m$icean pope4 ,8 purpose 0 to build an abid+ te/imony to ! greatness ( 8 h\se1 :i* _h n[ become supreme 9 ,italy by mak+ itself z p[]ful 9 ,rome z x _h be5 9 ,flor5ce4 ,evict$ f ,flor5ce1 ! ,m$ici _h turn$ to ,rome4 ,leo ,x41 a son ( ! ,magnific5t1 _h succe$$ ,julius4 ,he 9 turn 0 foll[$ by ,clem5t ,,vii4 ,to ,clem5t came ! idea ( build+ a sacri/y 9 ,san ,lor5zo 9 hon\r ( ! ,m$ici family4 ,8 int5tion 0 t monum5ts ( ,cosimo1 ,lor5zo1 ,giuliano1 ,duke ( ,nem\rs1 ,lor5zo1 ,duke ( ,urb9o1 ,leo ,x4 & himself %\ld be plac$ 9 ! sacri/y4 ,only two--^? to ! ,dukes ( ,nem\rs & ,urb9o--7 f9i%$4 ,a grim comm5t>y ^u ! ,m$icean record1 ?is4 ,! two gr\ps actually complet$ are id5tifi$1 n ) ! memory ( ,lor5zo ! ,magnific5t & ,leo ,x41 b ) two illegitimate scions ( ! h\se4 ,! :ole build+ 0 design$ by ,mi*ael ,angelo himself & 0 panell$ to receive ! sculptures1 e ar*itectural feature be+ plann$ to enhance ! emotional effect ( ! great m>ble gr\ps4 ,9 ^!1 ,mi*ael ,angelo ca/ aside ! pretty complim5ts ^u :i* he _h ex]cis$ 8 fancy :5 plann+ ! va/ tomb ( ,julius ,,ii4--! sorr[+ arts & sci5ces1 = in/ance4 ,8 aim 0 to create a p]fectly beautiful re/+-place = ! mighty dead4 ,?is1 & no?+ m4 ,let u endeav\r to foll[ ! tra9 ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's imag9ation z x gradually f\nd ! def9ite =ms :i* 7 to realize its deepe/ beliefs3 8,a p]fectly beautiful re/+-place = ! mighty dead40 ,c\ld any?+ be m fraught ) all ! m+l$ emotions & ?\ghts :i* human philosophy has tri$ 9 va9 to unravel8 ,yet ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 nev] sur] ( any?+ ?an t sculptur$ m>ble 0 capable ( express+ x all4 ,ev5 ! feel+s ar\s$ by ?is my/]y ( my/]ies--dea?--7 n beyond ! cold /one & hot *isel ( ! sculptor4 ,alli$ to ?is fai?--t !re 0 no ?\ght too pr(\nd = m>ble to express--0 8 fav\rite fancy t ! =m ( 8 f9i%$ "w dwelt 9 ! r\gh block4 ,8 *isel did b release x f its m>ble tomb4 ,he 0 n ! au?or1 only ! ag5t ?r\gh :om 8 "w saw ! light4 ,z he himself wrote 9 "o ( ! sonnets3 8,! be/ ( arti/s ha? no ?\ght to %[ ,:i* ! r\gh /one 9 its sup]flu\s %ell ,do? n include2 to break ! m>ble spell ,is all ! h& t s]ves ! bra9 c d40 ,illu/ration3 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,! ,,duke ,,lor5zo ,! ,m$ici ,*apel1 ,flor5ce ,moreov]1 he held t ?is c\ld be done )\t ! use ( symbolism4 ,! simple/ natural objects1 transfigur$ by ! arti/-poet1 w\ld c>ry ! pr(\nde/ tru?4 ,let u see h[ ,mi*ael ,angelo prov$ 8 belief 9 ! all-suffici5cy ( ! art ( sculpture 9 ?is respect4 ,*oose two typical figures f ! gr\ps we are consid]+4 8,m>ble griefs1 ,hewn f a ,titan's he>t10 "s "o has call$ !m4 ,say ^? ( 8,dawn0 & 8,night40 ,bo? are female nudes1 & illu/rate a vital feature 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo's te*nique--8 pref]5ce = ! male ov] ! female =m4 ,! ,greek sculptors be=e ,praxiteles _h ! same pref]5ce4 ,! male =m made a m vital appeal to !m ?an ! female4 ,) its inf9itely great] v>iety ( surface & its great] div]sity ( po/ure1 x express$ m directly ! va/ complexity ( human en]gies :i* _! age _h se5 spr+ into be+4 ,two ?\s& ye>s lat] ! times gave rise to ?\ghts no less pr(\nd & to emotions ( no less int5sity4 ,& ,mi*ael ,angelo f\nd t !y 7 too heavy a burd5 = a woman's =m to be>4 ,t ! full s5tim5t ar\s$ by 8 conception ( 8,night0 may f9d expression1 ! sculptor has l5g!n$ ! trunk & ! limbs4 ,he has twi/$ ! torso ^u ! hips4 ,he has add$1 z x 71 a mascul9e "* to ! fem99e =m4 ,he has treat$ ! female nude 9 ! male key4 ,?is is a direct rev]sion ( ! ,praxitelean me?od by :i* pr(\ndly beautiful s5su\s effects 7 obta9$ ?r\gh treat+ ! male figure 9 ! female key--! 8,h]maphroditus10 = in/ance4 ,& yet x _c be d5i$ t ! ,praxitelean me?od is :at we %\ld h expect$ ,angelo to foll[4 ,if ! figure ( 8,dawn0 _h convey$ no?+ save ! virg9 fairness ( =m :i* ,giorgione's 8,v5us0 at ,dresd5 embodies1 x w\ld h be5 m 9 accord ) ! popul> ta/e ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,z ! political & social situation 9 ,italy grew m desp]ate 7& x 0 nev] m desp]ate ?an dur+ ! ye>s 9 :i* ! monum5ts 9 ! ,m$ici *apel 7 be+ c>v$7 pa9t+ & sculpture _h become m joy\s4 ,! !mes :i* ! arti/s treat$ became less & less religi\s & m & m pagan4 ,?is has always be5 ! case4 ,9 times ( ! greate/ /ress1 :5 ! enemy is beat+ at ! v gates1 m5 _c su/a9 ! s\l-te>+ emotions :i* !y welcome 9 _! art dur+ times ( prosp]ity4 ,! defeat ( ! ,a!nians at gospotami did n br+ to bir? a great] s*ylus :o %\ld give %ape to ! fe>ful emotions :i* ! m5 ( ! e>li] age _h be5 sp>$4 ,no6 trag$y vani%$4 ,com$y arose4 ,s x 0 ) sculpture4 ,m5 turn$ f ! griefs ( a ,niobe & f\nd consolation 9 ! %e] s5su\s beauty ( ,praxiteles' 8,aphrodite40 ,!y pref]r$ ! manly *>ms ( ,h]mes to ! awful sublimity embodi$ 9 ! br[ ( ,phidias' ,zeus4 ,& s 9 our p]iod1 :5 ! horrors :i* _h ov]tak5 ! ,greek cities 7 ?reat5+ _! heirs 9 ,italy1 ! same ?+ took place4 ,we f9d t ! typical "w is n ! brood+ figure ( 8,lor5zo ( ,urb9o0 or ! 8,night10 :i* ,mi*ael ,angelo sculptur$ b5ea? ! figure ( ,giuliano1 b ! melodi\s dreams t float$ f ! bru% ( a ,correggio4 ,at ?is v "t ,allegri 0 at "w ^u ! decoration ( ! great *amb] ( ! ,abbess ( ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,p>ma4 ,he *ose to depict no titanic =ms *>g$ ) emotion1 b cov]$ 8 ceil+ ) a va/ trellis ( v9e-leaves & fruit1 & 9 ! oval ap]tures :i* ^! =m$ he plac$ 8 gr\ps ( g5ii toy+ ) ! implem5ts ( ! *ase4 ,correggio's 0 ! mann] ( 8 "t4 ,8 end 0 s5su\s delight & ?r\gh x1 n ! dramatic1 b ! lyrical note1 cont9ually s\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,night ,illu/ration3 ,,dawn ,f ,! ,m$ici ,*apel1 ,flor5ce ,b ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 too true a man to dole out lies :i* %\ld p&] to a joy\s c>elessness4 ,x 0 8 task to e*o1 n "o emotion1 b all ! emotions :i* _h /irr$ ! ,italy ( 8 age4 ,z a m]e boy he _h se5 ! m5 & wom5 :o flock$ to ! ,duomo at ,flor5ce to li/5 to ! d5unciations ( ,savon>ola4 ,he _h se5 !m pass f ! ,*ur* spee*less--8m dead ?an alive0--because ( ! great fe> :i* 0 ^u !m4 ,be=e he 0 tw5ty1 he _h witness$ ! com+ ( ! 8,sc\rge10 :i* ! fate _h =etold4 ,!n he _h pass$ to 8! ,et]nal ,city10 ! home ( ! ,pr9ces ( ! ,*ur*1 ! c5tre ( ,*ri/5dom1 only to f9d t1 to borr[ ,symonds's phrase1 8! v popes rose f ! b$s ( h>lots to unlock or bolt ! gates ( heav5 & purgatory40 ,x has be5 said t ,mi*ael ,angelo work$ ^u ! ,m$ici tombs dur+ ! siege ( ,flor5ce 9 #aebh4 ,he may h be5 c>v+ ^! m>bles :5 ! artill]y ( a ,m$icean army 0 actually ?und]+ aga9/ ! ,flor5ce t ,lor5zo _h made immortal4 ,z 8 ?\ghts 7 ?r[n back by 8 subject ^u 8 boyhood days1 memories ( ,savon>ola--! ,j]emiah ( ! ,r5aissance--mu/ h come back 9 a flood4 ,well may ! sculpture 9 ! sacri/y ( ,san ,lor5zo h be5 t]m$ 8,m>ble griefs1 ,hewn f a ,titan's he>t40 ,we %all n attempt to translate ,angelo's message into words1 b a happy *ance has pres]v$ a /ory :i* enables u to realize :at ! sculptor int5d$ to convey by ! figure ( ! sleep+ woman we call 8,night40 ,we might h guess$ t ! firm hips1 contra/+ z !y d ) ! long limbs & n>r[ =m ( ! virg9 8,dawn10 symboliz$ ! end ( a life ( suff]+4 ,^? worn brea/s h suckl$ _m1 & ! "m1 :o has wat*$ h] *ildr5 /ruggl+ ?r\gh ! cruel break]s ( life1 is n[ h]self at re/4 ,! figure ( 8,night0 0 nev] int5d$ to c>ry ! gay1 sunny message t a ,botticelli felt & long$ to give =? :5 he pa9t$ su* a picture z ! 8,bir? ( ,v5us0 or ! 8,com+ ( ,spr+40 ,! /ory goes t ,giovanni ,batti/a ,/rozzi wrote ! foll[+ epigram1 :i* he plac$ b5ea? ! m>ble figure4 ,x ran3 8,! ,night1 t ?\ see/ s sweetly sleep+1 ,0 by an angel c>v$ 9 ! rude /one4 ,sleep+1 %e lives2 if ?\ believ'/ x n1 ,wake h]1 & surely %e w answ] !e40 ,angelo1 see+ ?is1 wrote 9 reply3 8,sweet is my sleep1 m sweet to be m]e /one1 ,s long z ru9 & di%on\r reign4 ,to he> n\ght1 to feel n\ght1 is my great ga92 ,!n wake me n2 speak 9 an und]tone40 ,x is by ! light ( su* an agoniz$ philosophy t we mu/ int]pret ! life-"w ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,he liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( a society t 0 morally rott54 ,he saw a =eign foe at ! v gates ( 8 native city4 ,c\ld "o1 to :om 8,art's ! witness ( :at is beh9d ?is ,%[10 ?r[ out c>eless h9ts z to ! /ruggle ! _s ( man mu/ face be=e x is releas$8 ,! almo/ unnatural poses 9 su* sculptures z ^? 9 ! ,m$ici ,*apel tell ( ! vehem5t emotion ) :i* ! s\l ( _! au?or contemplat$ ! 8riddle ( ?is pa9ful _w40 ,mi*ael ,angelo w\ld h be5 false to 8 mission _h he be5 cont5t to aim at ! graceful repose :i* satisfi$ ,praxiteles4 ,8 glory 0 to make sculpture--! mo/ limit$ ( ! arts 9 ?is respect--a vehicle = ! expression ( ! greate/ ( emotions & passions ( :i* ! human he>t is capable4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,italian ,,sculpture ,,f #aebg ,,to #afej ,a4,d4 ,,cell9i1 ,,giovanni ,,bologna1 ,,& ,,b]n9i ,! aft]ma? ( ,italian sculpture is indissolubly connect$ ) two craftsm5 ( g5ius & an hi/orical movem5t ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,! m51 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i & ,giovanni ,bologna1 /& = all t is be/ 9 ,italian sculpture dur+ ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! movem5t--! ,ca?olic ,reaction--dom9at$ ! foll[+ sev5ty-five ye>s4 ,dat+ ! p]iods a little m precisely1 ! g5esis ( ! e>li] may be associat$ ) ! ,sack ( ,rome 9 #aebg ,a4,d4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! second p]iod may be r\ghly fix$ by ! ,pontificacy ( ,gregory ,,xiii41 let u say ! ye> #aehj ,a4,d4 ,x rea*$ a climax ) ! adv5t ( ,b]n9i1 ! expon5t p> excell5ce ( ! ,b>oco /yle1 :e!r 9 ar*itecture or sculpture4 ,to br+ to bir? a ,mi*ael ,angelo & to nurture 8 titanic g5ius 0 ! supreme ef=t ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance 9 ! cause ( ! pla/ic arts4 ,t is :y po/-,angelesque sculpture mu/ be associat$ ) ! r depress+ image ( 8! second h>ve/40 ,comp>$ ) ! productions ( ! "t ( ,donatello or ! fifty ye>s dur+ :i* ! influ5ce ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 all-pot5t1 ! ,italian sculpture ( ! sixte5? & e>ly sev5te5? c5turies %[s a m>k$ decl5sion4 ,! en?usiasm :i* _h br\ght ! g5ius ( ,donatello & ,mi*ael ,angelo to fruition 0 wan+4 ,art 0 no long] imbu$ ) ! old int5sity ( purpose & f]v\r ( imag9ation4 ,= ?is v reason ! c5tury :i* foll[$ ! ,sack ( ,rome is ( f> less importance 9 ! hi/ory ( sculpture ?an t :i* prec$$ x4 ,b1 z _m ( ! ph5om5a ( heal? are only cle> 9 ! light ( exp]i5ce ga!r$ f disease1 ! circum/ances :i* gave rise to ! po/-,angelesque sculpture ( ,italy possess a unique int]e/4 ,aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( comp>ative failure1 ! ess5tials necess>y to ! production ( vital sculpture /& out 9 ! cle>e/ outl9e4 ,/>t+ f ! premises t su* an art z sculpture expresses ! deepe/ conviction ( ! p 9 :i* x arises1 we are l$ at once f ! works to ! social circum/ances 9 :i* ! emotions arose4 ,! briefe/ /udy ( sixte5?- & sev5te5?-c5tury ,italy1 %[s t all ! factors :i* _h lift$ sculpture to ! summit op]at$ no long]4 ,! free burgh]s :o _h built & decorat$ ! ,*ur* ( ,or ,san ,mi*ele or commission$ ! ,bapti/]y ,gates _h be5 =c$ to ackn[l$ge ! tyranny ( a selfi% nobility4 ,a s\rce ( inspiration l ,lor5zo de ,m$ici 0 replac$ by ! crew ( deg5]ates :o repres5t$ ! ,h\se ( ,m$ici 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 too1 ! ,re=mation call$ =? /]n] qualities & less sunny en]gies4 ,! ,papacy 0 =c$ to rel9qui% ! ideals ( ,julius ,,ii4 & ,leo ,x41 at any rate = a "t4 ,above all1 intellectual life 0 entirely divorc$ f national feel+4 ,politics--8! art ( lead+ ! majority1 n :]e !y wi%1 b :]e !y ought to g0--int]e/$ ! individual1 n1 z 9 ! e>li] age1 ! mass ( ! p4 ,we h !n at our h& ! key to ! problem4 ,a picture ( ,italy betwe5 #aebg & #aehj w give u ! s\rce ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! art ( ,cell9i & ,giovanni ,bologna4 ,a sket* ( ! political & social consequ5ces ( ! ,ca?olic ,reaction w expla9 ! popul>ity ( ,b]n9i1 ! typical sculptor ( our second p]iod4 ,fir/1 ! politics ( sixte5?-c5tury ,italy4 ,! out/&+ feature ( political life at ?is "t 0 its utt] in/ability4 ,) ! solit>y exception ( ,v5ice1 e pr9cipality & city 0 9 a condition ( con/ant f]m5t4 ,/ate aft] /ate ceas$ to possess ! ess5tial elem5ts ( political /ability4 ,!y _h be5 ru9$1 = ! mo/ "p1 by ! attempt to comb9e fre$om )9 ! city walls ) dom9ion beyond4 ,dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! success att5d+ ! me?ods ( ,cs> ,borgia _h sugge/$ t a comb9ation ( moral agility & political knav]y might produce ! ne$ful balance ( p[]4 ,! adv5t ( ! ,fr5*1 ! ,g]mans1 & lat] ( ! ,spani>ds1 de/roy$ ev5 ?is semblance ( political /ability4 ,italian lib]ty became a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! old absorb+ int]e/ 9 politics vani%$1 & ) x ! cl>ity ( ?\ght & logicality ( =m :i* public political discussion does s mu* to fo/]4 ,9 su* a c\ntry art exi/s4 ,x does n live4 ,z ,mazz9i said two hundr$ ye>s lat]3 8,)\t a c\ntry & )\t lib]ty we might p]haps produce "s prophets ( art b no vital art4 ,!re=e x is bett] = u to consecrate our lives to ! solution ( ! problem1 #8are we to h a c\ntry8' & turn at once to ! political "q4 ,if we are successful1 ! art ( ,italy w bloom & fl\ri% ov] our graves40 ,s mu* = ! political /ate ( ,italy betwe5 #aebg & #aehj4 ,! social 0 ev5 m an>*ical4 ,no ref]5ce ne$ be made to ! moral code adopt$ by ! lead]s ( ?\ght & action--to ! organiz$ murd] by hir$ bravi1 to ! g5]al w9k+ at adult]y1 to ! conv5t intrigues4 ,a l[ /&>d ( morals by no means involves a l[ /&>d ( art4 ,b ! peculi> vici\sness ( ! morality ( sixte5?-c5tury ,italy seems to dep5d ^u ! connection ( ?is degrad$ moral s5se ) a g5]al *aos ( social ord]4 ,! condotti]i ( ! age ( ,cosimo de ,m$ici 7 replac$ by b&itti 9 ! pay ( feudal nobles4 ,! old respect = trade disappe>$4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! ari/ocratic ideals ( ,spa91 ! weal?y burgh] class1 :i* _h be5 ! mo/ /able elem5t 9 t[ns l ,flor5ce & ,milan1 vani%$4 ,monopolies 7 grant$ to all & sundry4 ,! ag5ts ( ! ,italian pr9ces & ! ,pope1 toge!r ) ! ,spani% vic]oys1 plac$ impo/s ^u all sorts ( goods1 reg>dless ( ! necessities ( comm]ce4 ,! prosp]ity ( ! great art c5tres ( ,italy decreas$ rapidly4 ,take ! case ( ,rome4 ,a passage f ! (ficial report ( ! ,v5etian envoy 9 #aefe1 ,giacomo ,soranzo1 furni%es a /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! condition ( ,rome 9 ! mid-sixte5? c5tury & ,rome :5 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 9 8 fir/ vigor\s y\?4 ,9 #aefe ! ari/ocracy consi/$ ( a fluctuat+ nobility & prie/hood dep5d+ ^u ! l>gesses ( ! *ief memb]s ( ! ,papal ,c\rt4 ,at times ! population totall$ #ajj1jjj4 ,dur+ an unpopul> pontificacy x fell z l[ z #dj1jjj4 8,! ,c\rt ( ,rome10 writes ,soranzo1 8is no long] :at x us$ to be ei!r 9 ! quality or ! numb]s ( ! c\rti]s4 ,?is is pr9cipally due to ! pov]ty ( ! c>d9als & ! p>simony ( ! popes4 ,9 ! old days1 :5 !y gave away m lib]ally1 m5 ( ability flock$ f all qu>t]s4 ,?is r$uction ( ! ,c\rt dates f ! ,c\ncil2 = ! bi%ops & b5efic$ cl]gy be+ n[ oblig$ to retire to _! resid5ces1 ! l>g] portion ( ! ,c\rt has left ,rome4 ,to ! same cause may be ascrib$ a dim9ution ( ! numb]s ( ^? :o s]ve ! ,pontiff1 see+ t s9ce only "o b5efice c n[ be giv5 & t involves resid5ce1 !re are few :o c>e to foll[ ! ,c\rt at _! own exp5se & inconv5i5ce )\t hope ( great] rew>d4 ,! pov]ty ( ! c>d9als spr+s f two causes4 ,! fir/ is t !y _c n[ obta9 b5efices ( ! fir/ class1 z 0 ! case :5 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 & o!r prov9ces 7 subject to ! ,holy ,see1 & :51 moreov]1 !y c\ld hold ?ree or f\r ar*bi%oprics apiece toge!r ) o!r places ( emolum5t1 :]eas !y n[ c only h "o apiece4 ,! second cause is t ! numb] ( ! c>d9als has be5 increas$ to sev5ty-five1 & t ! =eign p[]s h ceas$ to complem5t !m ) l>ge pres5ts & b5efices1 z 0 ! wont ( ,*>les ,v4 & ! ,fr5* ,cr[n40 ,! consequ5ce c be readily realiz$4 ,!re 0 ! old dem& = pictures & sculptures4 ,b quick returns r ?an s\nd accompli%m5t 7 requir$ by ! arti/s & _! patrons4 ,a delay$ commission w\ld /& b a poor *ance ( paym5t4 ,= x w\ld n fulfil its ma9 purpose--! aggr&izem5t ( a pr9ce or c>d9al ^: t]m ( p[] dep5d$ ^u ! life ( ! ,pope or ! t5ure ( (fice by su* a rul] z "o ( ! ,m$icean tyrants ( ,flor5ce4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,n only 7 ! circum/ances less fav\rable b ! arti/s !mselves 7 unfitt$ = ! accompli%m5t ( ! greate/ tasks4 ,! age1 n ! e>?ly p>5t1 is ! real fa!r ( ! man4 ,less] spirits attempt$ to wield a giant's tools & /ruggl$ ) !mes :i* ,mi*ael ,angelo (t5times fail$ to make articulate4 ,!y s\ght to obta9 8 sublime effects by insi/5ce ^u su* accid5ts ( 8 /yle z ! exagg]at$ muscul> developm5t or contort$ poses ( 8 figures4 ,imm5se monum5ts1 sugge/$ by ! a*ievem5ts ( ! e>li] age1 7 call$ =4 ,a /riv+ aft] exagg]at$ effect replac$ ! =m] det]m9ation to base e "w ( art ^u ! accurate obs]vation ( nature & ! def9ite proportion ( "p & "p4 ,! lat] arti/s lack$ ! simple res]ve :i* is only giv5 to m5 :o see life /eadily & see x :ole4 ,9 place ( ! deeps ( ,angelo1 we f9d ! %all[s ( ,giovanni ,bologna & 8 ev5 less gift$ contempor>ies4 ,j because !y are %oals1 ! turmoils surr\nd+ !m (t5times appe> tempe/u\s4 ,b !y nev] sugge/ ! trem5d\s p[] :i* evid5ces ! oceanic dep?s ( ! passions ( a man :o is n only a sculptor b a se]4 ,,b5v5uto ,,cell9i ,! "* ( a typical sixte5?-c5tury ,italian arti/ has be5 pres]v$ to u 9 ! 8,autobiography0 ( ,cell9i4 ,f its pages we c conjure up ! lives ( ! m5 :o made ?is fifty ye>s ( ,italian sculpture4 ,cell9i1 be x rememb]$1 is no ,bohemian hang+ ar\nd ! outskirts ( ! arti/ic _w4 ,on 8 dea? 9 ,febru>y #ac1 #aega1 8 bro!rs ( ! ,accademia delle ,belle ,arti record3 8,mess] ,b5v5uto ,cell9i 0 buri$ ) great fun]al pomp 9 our ,*apt] ,h\se at ! ,annunziata 9 ! pres5ce ( our ,academical ,body & ! ,company40 ,b ! 8,autobiography0 pictures a born swagg]]1 a swa%buckl]--a bully1 if y l--?\gh a gay-he>t$ g5ius )al4 ,let u exam9e ,cell9i's life /ory r m closely4 ,:5 little m ?an a y\? ,cell9i 0 bani%$ f ,flor5ce on acc\nt ( an affray ) a p>ty ( 8 fell[s4 ,return+1 a second affair necessitat$ a flight to ,rome1 :]e he took "p 9 ! celebrat$ def5ce ( ! t[n aga9/ ! ,con/able de ,b\rbon 9 #aebg4 ,once m re/or$ to fav\r 9 8 native ,flor5ce1 ,cell9i took ^u himself to av5ge 8 bro!r's dea?4 ,a murd]\s affray ) a not>y & an ultra-en]getic mann] ( deal+ ) a rival goldsmi?1 end$ 9 ! two ye>s' conf9em5t 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,sa9t ,angelo ) :i* all read]s ( ! 8,autobiography0 are famili>4 ,& 9 all ^! excitem5ts1 ,cell9i is nev] 9 ! wrong4 8,:at ,i h done1 ,i h done 9 def5ce ( t body :i* ,god has l5t me40 ,adopt+ ! apologia :i* he attributes to "o ( ! num]\s ,popes ) :om he came 9 contact1 ,cell9i calls ^u ! _w to recognize 8t m5 l myself1 unique 9 _! pr(ession1 are subject to no laws40 ,illu/ration3 ,,giovanni ,,bologna ,,m]cury 7p4 #baj7 ,b>gello1 ,flor5ce ,illu/ration3 ,,b5v5uto ,,cell9i ,,p]seus ,loggia dei ,lanzi1 ,flor5ce ,^! d>k] times h]ald$ ! halcyon days ( ,cell9i's life1 :i* began :5 he ex*ang$ ! dungeons ( ,sa9t ,angelo = ! c\rt ( ,francis ,i4 ,) a sal>y ( #gjj gold5 scudi a ye> & ! title ( 8,seigneur10 ,cell9i jo9$ ! pa9t]s1 sculptors & goldsmi?s :om ,il ,rosso _h ga!r$ toge!r = ,francis ,i4 7! s*ool ( ,fonta9ebleau74 ,cell9i's "w at ?is "t is ( small int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( sculpture4 ,9 ^? days he 0 a goldsmi?4 ,! great bronze p]sonification ( a wat] nymph1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 %[s t ,cell9i _h already dreamt ( fame z a sculptor4 ,x equally %[s t z yet 8 conceptions w\ld n be> ! scrut9y a life-siz$ design necess>ily *all5ges4 ,cell9i's 8,wat] ,nymph0 is a glorifi$ piece ( goldsmi!ry4 ,b on 8 return to ,flor5ce 9 #aede1 ,cell9i />t$ ^u a "w t 0 to sil5ce all d\bt z to 8 capacity to succe$ 9 ! realm ( pure sculpture4 ,by ?is "t ,francis ,i4 _h tir$ ( ! hot-temp]$ ,flor5t9e4 ,com+ home1 ,cell9i p]suad$ ! reign+ ,m$icean pr9ce to entru/ him ) a commission = a 8,p]seus0 = ! ,loggia dei ,lanzi4 ,! 8,autobiography0 gives a vivid acc\nt ( ! sculptor's f\r ye>s' /ruggle ) circum/ance4 ,n[1 ! int]e/ ( ! ,duke & 8 ,du*ess wan$4 ,n[1 money1 mat]ial1 or bo?1 7 want+4 ,! promis$ sal>y 0 n =?com+4 ,qualifi$ assi/ants 7 d5i$4 ,con/ant qu>rels ) rivals add$ to ^! g5]al difficulties4 ,we c realize a measure ( ,cell9i's tr\bles f 8 /ory ( ! ca/+ ( ! 8,p]seus0--"o ( ! mo/ vigor\s romances 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,we take up ! tale :]e ! ca/ has be5 plac$ 9 ! furnace & ! metal introduc$4 ,disa/] foll[s disa/]4 ,:e!r ! details h be5 col\r$ by ! vivid imag9ation ( ! arti/ or no matt]s little4 ,we he> h[ ! heat sets fire to ! %op on ! "o h&4 ,on ! o!r1 a ra9-/orm ?reat5s to cool ! furnace1 9 spite ( ! /acks ( p9e t h be5 pil$ ar\nd ! /atue & its metal cas+4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! excitem5t ,cell9i is sudd5ly attack$ by a viol5t int]mitt+ fev]4 8,9 %ort1 ,i 0 s ill t ,i 0 =c$ to take to my b$40 ,cell9i !re=e left 8 t5 assi/ants to c>ry on z be/ !y c\ld4 8,9 ?is mann] did ,i cont9ue = two h\rs 9 a viol5t fev]1 :i* ,i e mom5t p]ceiv$ to increase1 & ,i 0 incessantly cry+ out1 #8,i am dy+1 ,i am dy+6' 8,my h\sekeep]1 ^: "n 0 ,mona ,fiore da ,ca/el del ,rio1 0 "o ( ! mo/ s5sible & affectionate wom5 9 ! _w2 %e rebuk$ me = giv+ way to va9 fe>s1 & at ! same "t att5d$ me ) ! greate/ k9dness & c>e imag9able2 h[ev]1 see+ me s v ill & t]rifi$ to su* a degree1 %e c\ld n conta9 h]self1 b %$ a flood ( te>s :i* %e endeav\r$ to conceal f me4 ,:il/ we 7 bo? 9 ?is deep affliction1 ,i p]ceiv$ a man ent] ! room :o 9 8 p]son appe>$ to be z crook$ & di/ort$ z a great ,s1 & began to express himself 9 ^! t]ms1 ) a tone ( voice z dismal & melan*oly z ^? :o exhort & pray ) p]sons :o are go+ to be execut$3 #8,alas6 poor ,b5v5uto1 y\r "w is spoil$1 & ! mis=tune admits ( no rem$y4' 8,no soon] _h ,i he>d ! words utt]$ by ?is mess5g] ( evil1 b ,i cri$ out s l\d t my voice might be he>d to ! skies1 & got out ( b$4 ,i began imm$iately to dress1 & giv+ pl5ty ( kicks & cuffs to ! maids]vants & ! boy z !y (f]$ to help me on ) my clo!s1 ,i compla9$ bitt]ly 9 ^! t]ms3 #8,o y envi\s & trea*]\s wret*es1 ?is is a piece ( villa9y contriv$ on purpose2 b ,i swe> by ! liv+ ,god t ,i w sift x to ! bottom1 & be=e ,i die give su* pro(s :o ,i am z %all n fail to a/oni% ! :ole _w4' ,hav+ huddl$ on my clo!s1 ,i w5t ) a m9d bod+ evil to ! %op1 :]e ,i f\nd all ^? :om ,i _h left s al]t & 9 su* high spirits1 /&+ 9 ! utmo/ confusion & a/oni%m5t4 ,i !reupon address$ !m ?us3 #8,li/5 all ( y to :at ,i am go+ to say2 & s9ce y ei!r w\ld n or c\ld n foll[ ! me?od ,i po9t$ out1 obey me n[ t ,i am pres5t2 my "w is be=e u1 & let none ( y (f] to oppose or contradict me1 = su* cases z ?is require activity & n c\nsel4' ,h]eupon "o ,aless&ro ,la/ricali _h ! assurance to say to me3 #8,look y1 ,b5v5uto1 y h und]tak5 a "w :i* our art _c compass1 & :i* is n to be effect$ by human p[]4' 8,he>+ ^! words ,i turn$ r\nd 9 su* a passion1 & seem$ s b5t ^u mis*ief t bo? he & all ! re/ unanim\sly cri$ out to me3 #8,give y\r ord]s1 & we w all second y 9 :atev] y comm&2 we w assi/ y z long z we h brea? 9 our bodies4' ,^! k9d & affectionate words !y utt]$1 z ,i firmly believe1 9 a p]suasion t ,i 0 ^u ! po9t ( expir+4 ,i w5t directly to exam9e ! furnace1 & saw all ! metal 9 x concret$4 ,i !reupon ord]$ two ( ! help]s to /ep ov] ! way to ,capretta1 a but*]1 = a load ( "y oak :i* _h be5 above a ye> dry+1 & _h be5 (f]$ me by ,m>ia ,g9evra1 wife to ! said ,capretta4 8,^u 8 br++ me ! fir/ bundles ( x1 ,i began to fill ! grate4 ,?is sort ( oak makes a brisk] fire ?an any o!r wood :atev]2 b ! wood ( ald]-trees & p9e-trees is us$ 9 ca/+ artill]y1 because x makes a mild & g5tle fire4 ,z soon z ! concret$ metal felt ! p[] ( ?is viol5t fire1 x began to bright5 & glitt]4 ,9 ano!r qu>t] ,i made !m hurry ! tubes ) all possible exp$ition1 & s5t "s ( !m to ! ro( ( ! h\se to take c>e ( ! fire1 :i* ?r\gh ! great viol5ce ( ! w9d _h acquir$ new =ce2 & t[>ds ! g>d5 ,i _h caus$ "s tables ) pieces ( tape/ry & old clo!s to be plac$1 9 ord] to %elt] me f ! ra94 ,z soon z ,i _h appli$ ! prop] rem$y to ea* evil1 ,i ) a l\d voice cri$ out to my m5 to be/ir !mselves & l5d a help+ h&2 s t :5 !y saw t ! concret$ metal began to melt aga91 ! :ole body obey$ me ) su* zeal & alacrity t e man did ! "w ( ?ree4 ,!n ,i caus$ a mass ( pewt] weigh+ ab\t sixty p\nds to be ?r[n ^u ! metal 9 ! furnace1 :i* ) ! o!r helps1 z ! brisk wood fire1 & /irr+ x sometimes ) iron & sometimes ) long poles1 soon became completely dissolv$4 ,f9d+ t1 contr>y to ! op9ion ( my ignorant assi/ants1 ,i _h effect$ :at seem$ z difficult z to raise ! dead1 ,i recov]$ my vig\r to su* a degree t ,i no long] p]ceiv$ :e!r ,i _h any fev]1 nor _h ,i ! lea/ appreh5sion ( dea?4 ,sudd5ly a l\d noise 0 he>d1 & a glitt]+ ( fire fla%$ be=e our eyes1 z if x _h be5 ! d>t+ ( a ?und]bolt4 ,^u ! appe>ance ( ?is extraord9>y ph5om5on1 t]ror seiz$ on all pres5t1 & on none m ?an myself4 ,?is trem5d\s noise be+ ov]1 we began to />e at ea* o!r1 & p]ceiv$ t ! cov] ( ! furnace _h bur/ & fl[n (f1 s t ! bronze began to run4 ,illu/ration3 ,,giovanni ,,bologna ,,rape ,,( ,,! ,,sab9es ,loggia dei ,lanzi1 ,flor5ce 8,i imm$iately caus$ ! m\?s ( my m\ld to be op5$1 b f9d+ t ! metal did n run ) its usual velocity1 & appreh5d+ t ! cause ( x 0 t ! fusibility ( ! metal 0 injur$ by ! viol5ce ( ! fire1 ,i ord]$ all my di%es & porr+]s1 :i* 7 9 numb] ab\t two hundr$1 to be plac$ "o by "o be=e my tubes1 & "p ( !m to be ?r[n into ! furnace2 ^u :i* all pres5t p]ceiv$ t my bronze 0 completely dissolv$1 & t my m\ld 0 fill+2 !y n[ ) joy & alacrity assi/$ & obey$ me4 ,i1 = my "p1 0 sometimes 9 "o place1 sometimes 9 ano!r1 giv+ my directions & assi/+ my m51 be=e :om ,i (f]$ up ?is pray]3 #8,o ,god1 ,i address myself to ,!e1 :o1 ( ,?y div9e p[]1 did/ rise f ! dead & asc5d 9 glory to heav54 ,i ackn[l$ge 9 gratitude ?is m]cy t my m\ld has be5 fill$3 ,i fall pro/rate be=e ,!e1 & ) my :ole he>t return ?anks to ,?y div9e ,maje/y4' ,my pray] be+ ov]1 ,i took a plate ( salad :i* /ood ^u a little b5*1 & ate ) a great appetite4 ,i !n drank ) all my j\rneym5 & assi/ants1 & w5t joyful & 9 good heal? to b$1 = !re 7 /ill two h\rs ( night2 & ,i re/$ z well z if ,i _h be5 tr\bl$ ) no mann] ( disord]40 ,all t spl5did en]gy & craftsman%ip c\ld d1 ,cell9i did4 ,! 8,p]seus0 0 f9i%$ 9 #aeed & plac$ 9 its pres5t position 9 ! ,loggia dei ,lanzi amid ! en?usia/ic plaudits ( ! ,flor5t9es4 ,( ! vig\r ( ! design !re c be no d\bt4 ,! beauty ( mu* ( ! decoration ( ! base may be admitt$4 ,! figure ( ! ,gorgon at ! feet ( ,p]seus is in/9ct ) passion4 ,note ! mann] 9 :i* ! "r arm lies in]t1 :ile ! l[] limbs are /ill palpitat+ ) life4 ,b "o _c b feel ! loss ( intellectual beauty & bread? ( outlook :i* might h en%r\d$ a m philosophical conception ( ! ,greek h]o4 ,!re c be no "q ab\t ,cell9i's full-blood$1 self-ass]tive vitality4 ,at any rate1 ! sculptor ( ! 8,p]seus0 0 no copyi/4 ,b he liv$ 9 an age :5 ! fir/ spontane\s outbur/ ( imag9ative en?usiasm _h sp5t itself4 ,italy _h giv5 up ?9k+ & feel+4 ,s ,cell9i c\ld express no?+ beyond 8 own passionate p]sonality4 ,he w\ld h approa*$ ,mi*ael ,angelo if he c\ld h e*o$ ! pray] :i* ,socrates s5t up 9 t plane-tree glade on ! banks ( ! ,ilissus4 8,belov$ ,pan1 & all ye o!r gods :o haunt ?is place1 give me beauty 9 ! inw>d s\l2 & may ! outw>d & inw>d man be at "o40 ,giovanni da ,bologna1 or ,john ( ,d\ay1 z he is also call$1 0 a sculptor ( ev5 great] natural tal5t ?an ,cell9i4 ,he 0 equipp$ ) almo/ e gift t a sculptor c desire4 ,x has be5 well said ( him t he _h 8! p[] ( see+ a def9ite idea incorporat$ 9 a =m :i* is ! di/illation ( all ! relat$ s5sations :i* g to make up ! idea40 ,?is is ! ,hell5ic gift--! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( a man :o has to express himself by means ( m>ble & bronze4 ,) x w5t1 9 ! case ( ,giovanni ,bologna1 a wond]ful feel+ = ! beauty ( l9e4 ,te*nically1 8 f9e/ end[m5t 01 p]haps1 8 unique p[] ( express+ swift movem5t--! be/ kn[n example ( :i* is ! well-kn[n 8,m]cury0 n[ 9 ! ,b>gello4 ,giovanni images ! ,mess5g] ( ! gods z borne on a light zephyr ?r\gh space4 ,! figure is ! v embodim5t ( en]getic action4 ,yet ! h>mony :i* is ess5tial to sculptural beauty is nev] sacrific$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b]n9i ,,apollo ,,& ,,daphne ,borghese ,gall]y1 ,rome ,illu/ration3 ,,b]n9i ,,sa9t ,,!resa ,s4 ,m>ia della ,vittoria1 ,rome ,b ,giovanni ,bologna1 l ,cell9i1 work$ at a "t :5 ! =ce ( ! humani/ic revival _h sp5t itself4 ,he lack$ two ?+s1 ei!r ( :i* might h plac$ him among ! immortals4 ,"o 0 ! p]fection ( ta/e :i* kept ,praxiteles 9 ! /raight way4 ,! o!r 0 ! philosophic dep? :i* sav$ ,mi*ael ,angelo f ov]/epp+ ! b\nds t sep>ate noble f ignoble art4 ,z x 01 ,giovanni ,bologna's craftsman%ip cont9ually l$ him a/ray4 ,he pref]r$ to ma/] a te*nical difficulty r ?an to f9d ! "o design :i* w\ld vitalize an idea or emotion ( real wor?4 ,! consequ5ce 0 su* a "w z ! well-kn[n 8,rape ( ! ,sab9e ,wom540 ,prim>ily ?is gr\p is a /udy 9 ! contra/ betwe5 ! /r5g? & vig\r ( ! male =m & ! %r9k+ s(tness ( ! female4 ,! knotty muscles ( ! man are %>ply contra/$ ) ! s(t fle% ( ! woman :om he be>s (f4 ,! "w is full ( beauties1 :e!r we reg>d x z a design or a piece ( modell+4 ,x 0 ! precursor ( a long l9e ( simil> /atues1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,france1 :]e ! influ5ce ( ,giovanni ,bologna 0 consid]able4 8,! ,rape ( ,pros]p9e0 by ,gir>don at ,v]sailles is a good example4 ,b ,giovanni ,bologna's 8,rape ( ! ,sab9es10 consid]$ z an incid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( sculpture1 is sup]flu\s4 ,! _w is surfeit$ ) examples ( ! magnific5t conque/ ( te*nical difficulties4 ,look+ at x critically1 we are /ruck ) ! qualities x lacks r ?an ) ! qualities x possesses4 ,9 a s5t5ce1 x witnesses to ! *>act]i/ics ( ! age = :i* ,giovanni ,bologna work$--its mat]ial outlook1 & its utt] neglect ( t side ( human exp]i5ce :i*1 = want ( a bett] ^w1 we call spiritual or div9e4 ,x is ) ,giovanni ,bologna z ) ,b5v5uto ,cell9i4 ,"s s\rce ( inspiration is lack+4 ,bo? h lo/ ! habit ( arti/ic wor%ip4 ,!y no long] reg>d e bl[ ( ! *isel z 9 a v real s5se =w>d+ "s extra human end4 ,! /atue to !m is a /atue--no?+ m4 ,?is _h n always be5 ! case4 ,z we "k x 0 no empty phrase :5 ,mi*ael ,angelo began "o ( 8 sonnets ) ! words3 8,:5 t :i* is div9e 9 u do? try ,to %ape a face1 bo? bra9 & h& unite ,to give1 f a m]e model frail & slight1 ,life to ! /one by ,art's free en]gy40 ,,b]n9i ,,& ,,! ,,ca?olic ,,reaction ,angelo really did believe 9 ! div9ity ( 8 art4 ,s did ! arti/s ( ! age succe$+ ,cell9i1 ,giovanni ,bologna1 & ,sansov9o4 ,& x is ?is fact :i* adds an absorb+ int]e/ to ! sculpture ( ! p]iod dom9at$ by ! c\nt] re=mation :i* ! sculpture ( ! previ\s half-c5tury did n possess4 ,! pa9t]s & sculptors :o came "u ! influ5ce ( ! wave ( religi\s en?usiasm kn[n z ! ,ca?olic ,reaction fully realiz$ t _! ef=ts 7 =w>d+ a great ideal4 ,! patrons = :om !y work$1 & ! m5 & wom5 to :om !y appeal$ also felt t art :i* dealt ) su* matt]s 0 ( real consequ5ce4 ,look+ at ! problem aft] ! c5turies h cle>$ ! air ( ! du/ ( dogmatic discussion1 we c see t a la/+ settlem5t ( ! religi\s controv]sy _h become a necessity = e c\ntry ( ,europe4 ,we n[ "k t1 = "o reason & ano!r1 peace c\ld only be secur$ ^u a f\ndation ( ,prote/antism 9 ,sc&9avia1 9 ,nor!rn ,g]many1 ,engl&1 & ,scotl&4 ,ov] ! great] "p ( ,s\!rn ,europe1 ,ca?olicism 0 f9ally prov$ to be ess5tial4 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,france1 t5 ( ! sev5te5 prov9ces ( ! ,unit$ ,ne!rl&s1 ,pol&1 ,bohemia & ,s\? ,g]many ei!r decl9$ to be s$uc$ f ! au?ority ( ! ,pope1 or ev5tually return$ to ! fold4 ,! fact t ! problem 0 ( ,european r ?an national importance1 & ! memory ( ! position ! ,*ur* ( ,rome _h held ?r\gh\t ! middle ages1 expla9s :y its reg5]ation 0 felt to be a social & political ev5t ( ! greate/ significance4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury a k+ l ,francis ,i41 & an emp]or l ,*>les ,v41 _h r$uc$ ! occupant ( ! ,papal *air to ! position ( little m ?an a c\nt] 9 ! political game4 ,n[ ! ,roman ,*ur* ?reat5$ to lead ,european ?\ght & action z x _h dur+ ! ,crusades4 ,! se$s ( ?is reg5]ation 7 plant$ 9 #aedb1 :5 ,paul ,,iii4 emp[]$ ,c>affa to e/abli% ! ,inquisition 9 ,rome4 ,at ! same "t ,paul ,,iii4 sanction$ ! ,company ( ,jesus4 ,c>affa himself became ,pope 9 #aeee4 ,8 :ole policy 0 inspir$ by a det]m9ation to re-e/abli% ! political dom9ion ( ! papacy4 ,c>affa's successor ,pius ,,iv41 made an imm5se /ep =w>d :5 he obta9$ ! sanction ( ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil ( ! ,*ur* to ! pr9ciple ( papal absolutism4 ,a m militant policy 0 at once possible4 ,add$ to ?is1 ,pius ,,iv4 sugge/$ a return to ! old] & m subtle =ms ( political intrigue :i* ! ,papacy _h us$ ) su* effect dur+ ! middle ages4 ,! *ange u%]$ 9 an age ( emotions4 ,note ! religi\s orig9 ( ! numb]less w>s :i* convuls$ ,we/]n ,europe at ?is "t4 ,is x surpris+ t ! circum/ances :i* br\ght ?is great *ange ab\t add$ a passion1 an imag9ative gl[1 to ! art ( ! lat] sixte5? & e>li] sev5te5? c5turies8 ,= sev]al reasons1 ! religi\s en?usiasm :i* revivifi$ ,italian pa9t+ & sculpture prov$ a poor sub/itute = ! civic en?usiasm ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies :i* x replac$4 ,! po9t we are mak+ n[ is t = good or ill1 ! ,ca?olic ,reaction add$ a vitality to art 9 g5]al1 & to sculpture 9 p>ticul>1 :i* _h be5 abs5t = half a c5tury4 ,! effects ( ! ,ca?olic ,reaction began to be felt ^u ,italian art ab\t #aehj ,a4,d4 ,pa9t+ quickly (f]$ its aid 9 spread+ ! new ideals4 ,"s "t1 h[ev]1 elaps$ be=e a sculptor ( suffici5t g5ius arose to express ! reg5]at$ en?usiasm = ,ca?olicism by means ( ! *isel & ! m>ble block4 ,giovanni ,b]n9i 7#aeih-afhj71 :o 0 born 9 ! full tide ( ! ,ca?olic ,reaction1 made sculpture once m a liv+1 social =ce4 ,! influ5ce he ex]cis$ ov] 8 age is comp>able ) t ex]cis$ by ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,b]n9i 0 a fav\rite ( ,maffeo ,b>b]9i 7,pope ,urban ,,viii47 & play$ a great "p 9 ! recon/ruction ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,he _h a l>ge s*ool & ) ! aid ( 8 assi/ants produc$ numb]less works4 ,he br\ght an art :i* _h become ali5at$ f e-day life back to ! p4 ,b]n9i's s]vices to sculpture may be lik5$ to ^? ( ,giotto to ! si/] art4 ,:at ,giotto did = pa9t+ by ally+ 8 art ) ! ideals ( ! ,se] ( ,assisi1 & ! ,franciscans 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,b]n9i did = sculpture by cem5t+ an alliance ) ! ideals ( ,ignatius ( ,loyola & ! ,ord] ( ,jesus4 ,9 bo? cases x is impossible to sep>ate ! arti/ f ! g5]al body ( ?\ght & emotion :i* x 0 8 life's "w to express4 ,let u look m closely into ! ideals :i* arose ) ! return+ political p[] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 & :i* 7 de/9$ to f9d expression 9 ! m>bles & bronzes ( ,b]n9i4 ,! necessities impos$ ^u ! m5 :o wag$ ! battle ( ! ,roman *ur* c be ga!r$ f ! f\r? v[ ( ! ,ord] ( ,jesus4 8,t ! memb]s w consecrate _! lives to ! cont9ual s]vice ( ,*ri/ & ( ! ,popes1 & w fight "u ! bann] ( ! ,cross1 & w s]ve ! ,"l & ! ,roman pontiff z ,god's vic> ^u e>?1 9 su* wise t !y %all be b\nd to execute imm$iately & )\t hesitation1 or excuse1 all t ! reign+ ,pope or 8 successors may enjo9 ^u !m = ! pr(it ( s\ls or = ! propagation ( ! fai?1 & %all d s 9 all prov9ces :i!rsoev] he may s5d !m1 among ,turks or any o!r infidels1 to fur!/ ,ind1 z well z 9 ! region ( h]etics1 s*ismatics or unbeliev]s ( any k9d40 ,s f> ! ideals ( ! ,jesuits 7 ^? ( ! e>li] mission>y ord]s ( ! ,roman ,*ur*--implicit ob$i5ce & :ole-he>t$ devotion4 ,b ,ignatius ,loyola realiz$ t ! times _h creat$ a fre% set ( circum/ances4 ,^! circum/ances call$ = a new 8regula40 ,9 a lett] to ,francis ,borgia 9 #aedh1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,jesuit ,ord] wrote-- 8,x is bett] to /r5g!n y\r /oma* & o!r faculties1 ?an to impair ! body & enfeeble ! intellect by fa/+4 ,god ne$s bo? our physical & m5tal p[]s = ,8 s]vice2 & e drop ( blood y %$ 9 flagellation is a loss40 ,9 o!r words1 = ! sake ( enli/+ ! sympa?y ( ^? beyond ! b\nds ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ,loyola 0 will+ to jettison convictions :i* _h be5 held mo/ /rongly 9 an e>li] age4 ,x is all important to realize t ^! 7 ! v convictions :i* _h militat$ aga9/ a vigor\s s*ool ( sculpture dur+ ! previ\s papal dom9ion be=e ! ,r5aissance4 ,! fre% body ( ideals & impulses l$ to ! creation ( a new /yle--! ,b>oco4 ,taught by failure1 ! ,jesuit advis]s ( ! ,pope n[ s\ght ! close alliance ) ! arts exemplifi$ 9 ! sculptures ( ,b]n9i4 ,no m apposite example c\ld be tak5 ?an ,b]n9i's gr\p ( 8,/4 ,!resa0 9 ,s4 ,m>ia della ,vittoria at ,rome4 ,x is an example ( all t is be/ & wor/1 & mo/ *>act]i/ic1 9 ! sculpture ( ! ,ca?olic ,reaction4 ,on ! "o h&1 its /riv+ aft] ! expression ( passionate emotion tells ( ! int5sity ( fai? :i* animat$ ! militant section ( ! ,*ur* at t "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! vividness ) :i* ! sc5e is portray$ tells ( ! det]m9ation to attract att5tion & compel compreh5sion1 :atev] might be ! /hetic sacrifice4 ,x is almo/ impossible = a tw5tie?-c5tury ,engli%man to describe ! 8,/4 ,!resa0 gr\p sympa!tically4 ,b]n9i %[s ! sa9t s9k+ back 9 an ec/atic swoon on to a m>ble cl\d beh9d4 ,on "o side an angel is dis*>g+ an arr[ f ! quiv] ( div9e love4 ,p]haps ! real _s ( ! sculptur$ sc5e c be be/ realiz$ f "o ( 8,! ,advices :i* ! ,holy ,"m ,!resa ( ,jesus gave to h] *ildr5 dur+ h] life10 :i* tells ( "o ( ^! spiritual trances4 8,once0 7says ! ,sa9t7 8:5 ,i 0 9 ! h]mitage ( ,naz>e? at ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,joseph 9 ,avila1 x be+ ! vigil ( ,p5teco/2 & :ile ,i 0 reflect+ on ! exce$+ great fav\r :i* our ,"l _h be/[$ ^u me on t same day tw5ty ye>s be=e1 ,i 0 seiz$ ) an ec/asy1 & ) /rong impetu\s & int]ior movem5ts1 :i* q susp5d$ all my s5ses4 8,:ile ,i 0 9 ?is wond]ful rapture1 ,i he>d our ,"l speak+40 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t ! true ,hell5e w\ld h %udd]$ at ! v idea ( visualiz+ su* a sc5e4 ,to h translat$ x into m>ble w\ld h seem$ to ! ,hell5ic sculptor 9 ! la/ degree immoral4 ,b x 0 o!rwise ) ! sev5te5?-c5tury ,italian4 ,= ! sake ( ! message--= ! sake ( ! spiritual ?rill convey$ by su* a gr\p z ! 8,/4 ,!resa0--he 0 will+ to disp5se ) ! repose :i* _h be5 ev]y?+ to 8 ,hell5ic =]unn]4 ,! hi/orical critic c only accept ! position4 ,to say t ,b]n9i did wrongly1 t 8 influ5ce made = ill1 is really beside ! po9t4 ,! times 7 aga9/ him4 ,b we c truly say t1 9 view ( ! exp]i5ce furni%$ by ! ,hell5ic & ,flor5t9e sculptors1 an art o!r ?an sculpture c\ld h m prop]ly express$ su* sc5es z ! ec/atic transports ( ,sa9t ,!resa--possibly poetry1 possibly music1 c]ta9ly n sculpture4 ,b]n9i's reputation1 =tunately1 does n dep5d entirely ^u works execut$ z directly "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,ca?olic ,reaction z ! 8,sa9t ,!resa0 ( ,s4 ,m>ia della ,vittoria4 ,9 e/imat+ 8 g5ius we are n compell$ to rely entirely ^u ! long s]ies ( colossal gr\ps pack$ ) half-drap$ nudes 9 wildly flutt]+ drap]ies :i* issu$ f 8 /udio4 ,8 e>ly "w1 8,apollo & ,daphne10 is an ef=t ( extraord9>y ability4 ,! design 0 wond]fully graceful1 & ! te*nical skill ) :i* x 0 work$ out promis$ m abundant result ?an ,b]n9i's life's "w ev5tually %[$4 ,= ! re/ ! admir] ( ,b]n9i c po9t to ! magnific5t s]ies ( f\nta9s :i* he design$ & erect$4 ,( ^!1 ! 8,f\nta9 ( ,trevi0 /&s supreme4 ,! dea? ( ,giovanni ,b]n9i 9 #afhj m>ks ! end ( ! la/ ef=t to keep ,italian sculpture alive4 ,! works ( ,donatello1 ( ,angelo1 ( ,cell9i1 ( ,bologna1 live to-day4 ,b vital sculptures embody+ national or civic aspirations or ! ideals ( t truly ,italian in/itution1 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 7 produc$ no long]4 ,= m ?an a c5tury1 ,italian art ef=t practically ceas$4 ,=eign]s came to ! great s\rces ( inspiration 9 ,italy1 drank1 & return$ to c>ry a measure ( ! preci\s fluid to _! homes 9 ! ,nor?4 ,b ! ,italian knew t 8! outw>d & ! inw>d man0 7 n at 8"o40 ,he felt t 8,belov$ ,pan0 w\ld n be/[ t 8beauty 9 ! inw>d s\l0 :i* _h made ,greek sculpture a joy = ev]4 ,a s+le s5t5ce ( ,mazz9i gives ! hi/orical explanation3 8,! ,pope clut*es ! s\l ( ! ,italian nation2 ,au/ria ! body1 :5ev] x %[s signs ( life2 & on e memb] ( t body is en?ron$ an absolute pr9ce1 vic]oy 9 turn "u ei!r ( ^! p[]s40 ,,"p ,,iv ,,mod]n ,,sculpture ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,mon>*ical ,,france 7,,f ,,francis ,i41 #aeae ,a4,d41 ,,to ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution1 #aghi7 ,among ! commonplaces upp]mo/ 9 latt]-day ?\ght is t :i* usually f9ds expression 9 ! phrase1 8,= ,ea/ is ,ea/1 & ,we/ is ,we/1 & nev] ! twa9 %all meet40 ,:e!r ?is dogma be ultimately true or n x c]ta9ly en%r9es a f>-rea*+ tru?4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! typical ,ea/]n & ! typical ,we/]n m9d goes d[n to ! deepe/ philosophical beliefs ( bo?4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* ! two types h be5 m\ld$ diff] s widely t !y h>dly appe> to move on ! same m5tal plane4 ,b ! ,ea/]n & ! ,we/]n are n ! only types :i* (f] ! /ronge/ contra/ ! "o to ! o!r4 ,betwe5 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?1 too1 !re is a great gulf fix$--a vital hi/orical fact :i* ,he9e has express$ ) un=gettable vividness 9 two %ort /anzas4 ,9 ! fir/1 he pictures ! black fir-tree on ! bald hill-br[ ( ! ,nor?4 ,he speaks ( its icy g>b1 & %[s x sleep+ & dream+ amid ! et]nal sn[s3 8,x sleeps & dreams ( a palm-tree1 ,f> (f 9 ! morn+ l&1 ,lonely & sil5t1 p9+ ,on a cliff o'er ! %imm]+ s&40 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s ! great m\nta9 *a9s ( mid-,europe cut (f ! man 9 ! ,nor? f ! man 9 ! ,s\?1 z completely z ! b>r5 /eppes ( ,ea/]n ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia divid$ ,ea/ f ,we/4 ,to ?is v day ! long w9t]s & cool summ]s1 ! sombre skies & deep =e/s1 h op]at$ to produce a body ( ?\ght & emotion 9 ! ,nor? ( ,europe t diff]s entirely f t n\ri%$ "u ! cle> skies & 9 ! w>m w9ds ( ,italy & ,greece4 ,! my/icism ( ! ,nor?man1 8 ye>n+ to be at "o ) ! ,ultimate ,reality1 is =eign to ! typical ,s\!rn intellect--z =eign z ! dim =e/s1 9 :i* ! my/ical gloom ( ! ,nor!rn imag9ation arose1 are to ! fruitful pla9s 9 :i* ! sunni] cre$ ( ! ,s\!rn] _h its bir?4 ,^! g5]al consid]ations prep>e ! way naturally en\gh = a review ( ! hi/ory ( sculpture 9 ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,hi!rto we h consid]$ ! progress ( ! art 9 ,italy & ,greece4 ,! sunny human cre$ ( ! ,s\!rn temp]am5t1 at any rate1 0 able to f9d full expression 9 m>ble & bronze4 ,c we say z mu* = ! my/ical philosophy ( su* c\ntries z ,g]many1 ,france1 ,holl& & ,engl&8 ,! influ5ce ( ! prevail+ tr5d ( ?\ght c be cle>ly trac$ 9 sev]al nor!rn arts--9 ar*itecture & music1 = in/ance--or1 aga91 9 a ,rembr&t portrait4 ,surely ?is is z typical a product ( ! nor!rn imag9ation1 ) its my/icism & gloom1 z a picture by ,botticelli or ,correggio1 ) its weal? ( fancy & its delight 9 light & space1 is ( ! s\!rn temp]am5t4 ,b1 turn+ to ! "w ( ! nor!rn sculptors1 we _c say ?is4 ,! deepe/ emotions ( ! nor!rn arti/ h f\nd m natural expression 9 ! drama1 9 poetry1 music & pa9t+4 ,! reason is n f> to seek4 ,all ^! arts are f> m univ]sal 9 _! range4 ,sculpture dep5ds entirely ^u s human a ?+ z ! body ( a man or a woman4 ,x is naturally m fitt$ = ! exposition ( a cre$ 9 :i* mank9d occupies ! *ief place4 ,equally naturally1 ! o!r arts s]ve bett] = ! unfold+ ( a belief :i* bases ev]y?+ ^u ! w ( an extra-mundane ,god1 manife/+ ,himself n 9 man alone b 9 ! :ole ( ! natural _w4 ,be t z x may1 x is c]ta9 t :5 we turn to ! sculpture ( ! ,nor?1 we f9d few traces ( ! my/ical outlook ^u life :i* is implicit 9 o!r nor!rn art4 ,by ! "t ! sculptors ( ! ,nor? _h acquir$ ! te*nical skill to express _! ?\ght & emotion !y app>5tly f\nd !mselves unable to embody _! deepe/ belief 9 _! works4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 expla9s :y sculpture has nev] be5 a popul> art 9 any ,nor!rn c\ntry1 :y x has nev] occupi$ ! place !re :i* x did 9 ,greece or ,rome2 :y x has always be5 a /rang] art1 mak+ its appeal to ! few & n to ! _m4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ t ! failure ( sculpture to take a /rong hold ^u ! popul> imag9ation ( ! ,nor? has be5 due to ! abs5ce ( craftsm5 ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,directly ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy made itself felt 9 ! c\ntries beyond ! ,alps1 a vigor\s s*ool ( sculpture arose4 ,no?+ c\ld exce$ ! te*nical skill & ! s9c]ity ( purpose display$ 9 ,pet] ,vis*]'s 8,k+ ,ar?ur10 "o ( ! tw5ty-eight colossal figures surr\nd+ ! tomb ( ,maximilian at ,innsbruck4 ,b see+ t ! sculptor di$ 9 #aebi1 & t ! be/ ye>s ( 8 work+ life practically correspond ) ! age ( ,lu!r's ,re=mation1 surely some?+ m ?an e>ne/ness ( purpose & pr(\nd te*nical skill might h be5 %[n4 ,! ,maximilian memorial c]ta9ly proves t ! lead+ ,g]man sculptors ( ! ,re=mation era _h progress$ beyond ! ,go?ic decorators :om !y succe$$4 ,b :y has n ! 8,k+ ,ar?ur0 ! vital int]e/ ( a ,dur] engrav+8 ,:y does x lack ! inspiration ( a really f9e ,holbe9 portrait8 ,surely x is because ! sculptor _h nev] realiz$ ! true mean+ ( ! ^w 8humanity40 ,he lack$ t passionate delight 9 ! beauty ( ! human body :i* lay at ! root ( ! ,hell5ic sculptor's success4 ,! vital elem5t ( a vigor\s s*ool ( sculpture 0 want+4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is n wond]ful t ev5 ! /&>d ( craftsman%ip atta9$ by ,pet] ,vis*] 0 n ma9ta9$ by ! ,g]man sculptors :o foll[$ him4 ,! conv]sion ( ,g]many to ,prote/antism entail$ a g5]al disc\ragem5t ( all art ef=t4 ,z _h be5 ! case 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ! lead]s ( ! religi\s movem5t /]nly oppos$ any?+ t satisfi$ ! /hetic crav+s ( mank9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pet] ,,vis*] ,,k+ ,,ar?ur ,! ,maximilian ,tomb1 ,innsbruck ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,francis ,i4 ,=tunately ?is /]nly anti-humani/ic cre$ 0 n adopt$ ?r\gh\t ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x fail$ to f9d acceptance among ! ,fr5*m5 :o made _! c\ntry ! fir/ p[] 9 ,we/]n ,europe dur+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,z 9 ,g]many1 ! gr[? ( an indep5d5t s*ool ( sculpture 9 ,france dat$ f ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury :5 ! influ5ce ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance began to spread beyond ! p59sula4 ,! ,fr5* equival5t ( ,pet] ,vis*] 0 ,mi*el ,colombe4 ,colombe 0 ! tailleur d'images to ?ree k+s ( ,france1 ,l\is ,,xi41 ,*>les ,,viii41 & ,l\is ,,xii4 ,8 be/ kn[n "w is ! tomb ( ,francis ,,ii41 ,duke ( ,brittany1 at ,nantes4 ,b x is r z ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool ( sculpture at ,t\rs t ,colombe claims our att5tion4 ,e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,t\rs 0 ! =emo/ art c5tre 9 ,france4 ,f\quet1 ! m9iaturi/1 :o di$ ab\t #adhj ,a4,d41 0 a native ( ! t[n4 ,jean ,cl\et 7,janet71 ! portrait pa9t]1 also liv$ at ,t\rs = "s "t4 ,ab\t #aebj !re 0 an (ficial /udio 9 ! t[n1 presid$ ov] by ,bab\ de la ,b\rdaisire ) a full complem5t ( sculptors1 jewell]s1 engrav]s1 & pa9t]s4 ,! *ief product ( ! s*ool ( sculpture at ,t\rs 0 ! long s]ies ( ,royal ,tombs at ,/4 ,d5is1 set up by ! ,fr5* k+s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x is "h t we c be/ e/imate ! capacity ( ! e>lie/ native ,fr5* sculptors4 ,! simil>ity 9 ! g5]al design ( ! royal tombs at ,/4 ,d5is is s m>k$ t almo/ any example w\ld be equally illu/rative4 ,9 _m respects ! mo/ repres5tative is t ( ,h5ri ,,ii41 ^u :i* ,g]ma9 ,pilon work$ = sixte5 ye>s4 ,x is rem>kable = ! magnific5t kneel+ figures ( ! ,fr5* ,k+ & ,ca!r9e ( ,m$ici4 ,b1 p]haps1 f ! hi/orical /&po9t1 a m in/ructive example is ! tomb ( ,l\is ,,xii41 by ,jean ,ju/e4 ,?is 0 remov$ f ,t\rs to ,/4 ,d5is 9 #aeca4 ,x !re=e repres5ts ! sculpture ( a p]iod midway betwe5 ,mi*el ,colombe & ,g]ma9 ,pilon4 ,jean ,ju/e's design is ( a highly conv5tional "*4 ,z 9 ! tomb ( ,g]ma9 ,pilon1 ! c5tral figures are ! nude corpses ( ! ,k+ & ,que51 r5d]$ ) a reali/ic fidelity :i*1 at any rate1 comm&s respect4 ,above ! tomb ,l\is & ,anne ( ,brittany figure aga94 ,?is "t !y are pictur$ z 9 life & fully dress$4 ,! keynote ( ,jean ,ju/e's "w--its vigor\s tru?--is ! same z t p]vad+ ,pet] ,vis*]'s 8,k+ ,ar?ur40 ,l ! "w ( ! ,nuremburg sculptor1 x is devoid ( real *>m4 ,x entirely lacks ! emotional quality :i* attracts u 9 ,qu]cia's 8,tomb ( ,il>ia del ,c>etto10 ?\gh five hundr$ ye>s h pass$ s9ce x 0 set up 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,lucca4 ,unlike ! ,italian sculptor1 ! ,fr5* arti/ has fail$ to realize ! peculi> p[] ( m>ble & bronze z a m$ium ( arti/ic expression4 ,ev5 9 ! days ( ,jean ,ju/e 7ab\t #aecj71 h[ev]1 a *ange 0 beg9n+4 ,x became an accompli%$ fact a few ye>s lat]1 :5 ! ,fr5* sculptors f9ally ab&on$ ! ef=t to express ! ?\ghts & emotions ( ! masses & accept$ ! less] responsibility ( cat]+ = ! ne$s ( ! few4 ,! importance ( ,fr5* sculpture dur+ ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies arises entirely f its association ) ! dom9at+ factor 9 ! hi/ory ( ! "t4 ,! age 9 :i* ,france 0 ! fir/ p[] 9 ,europe 0 an age ( ! few1 n ( ! _m4 ,?is fact entail$ ! loss ( mu* t might h be5 /imulat+4 ,b1 at any rate1 x enabl$ ! sculptor to appeal to ^? :o 7 %ap+ ! hi/ory ( _! "t4 ,r\ghly1 ! political situation 0 z foll[s3 ,z ! sixte5? c5tury advanc$ x became evid5t t ,france c\ld only pres]ve its place 9 ! c\ncils ( ,europe ?r\gh an all-p[]ful mon>*y4 ,! e>lie/ ,fr5* k+ to realize ?is 0 ,francis ,i41 :o succe$$ to ! ?rone 9 #aeae ,a4,d4 ,he 0 !n tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age4 ,he prov$ to be ! fir/ ,r5aissance k+ ( ,france1 z ,l\is ,,xii41 8 pr$ecessor1 _h be5 ! la/ m$ival mon>*4 ,francis' exp]i5ce dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( 8 reign %[$ ! absolute necessity ( conc5trat+ ! res\rces ( ,france into ! h&s ( ! k+4 ,8 fir/ /ep 0 naturally to deprive ! ,fr5* nobility ( ! p[] x _h ex]cis$ 9 ! pa/4 ,! effect ( ?is g5]al policy ^u sculpture 0 in/antane\s4 ,if ,julius ,cs> & ,augu/us 7 ! fa!rs ( ,roman portraiture1 ,francis ,i4 0 ! creator ( :at we t]m ,fr5* sculpture4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,francis 0 =c$ to create an impos+ ,c\rt :]e 8 turbul5t nobles c\ld be tam$ into c\rti]s4 ,?is requir$ ! build+ ( palaces :]e ! re=m$ ,c\rt c\ld meet4 ,9 o!r words1 circum/ances compell$ ,francis ,i4 to be a great build]4 ,! =tresses1 :i* _h be5 necessities dur+ e>li] c5turies1 7 ne$$ no long]4 ,^! 7 ei!r suff]$ to fall into disrepair or ! gloomy build+s ) _! turrets & moats 7 replac$ by manorial *teaux ) _! lawns & _! b[]s4 ,naturally ! k+ l$ ! way4 ,equally naturally ! necessity ( build+ compell$ him to become an en]getic patron ( ! decorative arts4 ,:5 ,francis />t$ to put up ! ,*teau ( ,*ambord he employ$ su* sculptors z ,g\jon1 ,bontemps1 ,c\s9 & ,g]ma9 ,pilon z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,francis' greate/ ef=t 0 ! build+ ( ! ,palace ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,x 0 begun 9 #aebh4 ,9 a v %ort :ile he f\nd t he c\ld n rely ^u ,fr5* native tal5t = ! ext5sive decorative s*eme :i* he _h plann$4 ,! discov]y 0 n a new "o4 ,z e>ly z #adie ,*>les ,,viii4 ( ,france br\ght 8mak]s ( ceil+s & turn]s ( alaba/]0 f ,flor5ce & ,milan4 ,c>d9al d',amboise1 ! m9i/] ( ,l\is ,,xii41 p]suad$ a numb] ( ,italian arti/s to try _! =tune 9 ,p>is4 ,he also in/all$ sev]al o!rs at ! ,*teau de ,gaillon4 ,9 ^? days ! art in/9ct 9 ,france 0 dead4 ,at ! "t :5 ,raphael 0 work+ 9 ! ,vatican1 ! walls ( ! ,c>d9al d',amboise's ca/le at ,gaillon 7 decorat$ ) lea!rn hang+s or simply-patt]n$ clo?s4 ,no ,fr5*m5 _h consid]$ ! possibility ( decorat+ 8 liv+ rooms ) pictures4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ,francis ,i4 0 compell$ to turn to ,italy4 ,fir/ ,rosso & ,primaticcio 7 summon$4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 9 #aecg1 ,cell9i accept$ an invitation & sp5t "s "t at ! ,fr5* c\rt4 ,we c judge ( ! arti/ic en?usiasm ( ! k9d & ! m>k$ *ange 9 ! g5]al appreciation ( art ow+ to ! gr[? ( ,c\rt life f a spirit$ *apt] 9 ,cell9i's 8,autobiography40 ,:ile ,cell9i 0 9 ,france1 ,primaticcio _h be5 s5t to ,italy to collect art treasures on behalf ( ! k+4 ,! pa9t] return$ ) ! m\lds ( "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ /atues ( antiquity4 ,bronze ca/+s 7 made f ^! at ! f\ndry at ,fonta9ebleau & ! /atues 7 f9ally set up 9 ! long gall]y at ,fonta9ebleau ready = ! k+'s inspection4 ,!y includ$ ! ,vatican 8,ariadne10 ! 8,apollo ,belv$]e10 ! 8,laocoon10 ! 8,aphrodite ( ,cnidus0 & ! 8,h]cules ,commodus40 ,cell9i _h c]ta9ly "s gr\nd = compla9t :5 he f\nd 8 silv] /atue ( ,jove plac$ 9 su* a company1 & x is n surpris+ t he attribut$ ! *ance to ! envy ( 8 rival1 ! pa9t]4 ,read]s ( ! 8,autobiography0 w rememb] ! weal? ( arti/ic detail int5d$ to 8add v]isimilitude to an o!rwise bald & unconv9c+ n>rative0 ) :i* ,cell9i n>rates h[ ! malice ( ,francis' mi/ress1 ,mme4 d',e/ampe1 0 us$ aga9/ him4 ,! visit ( ,francis to ! gall]y 0 delay$ until ev5+ 9 ! hope t ,cell9i's silv] /atue w\ld appe> mean among ! anci5t ma/]pieces ) :i* x 0 to be %[n4 ,( c\rse ! wayw>d ,flor5t9e 0 fully equal to ! em]g5cy4 ,he plac$ a great tor* 9 ! h& ( ,jove & ord]$ 8 assi/ant to avoid light+ x until ! k+ _h pass$ ! re/ ( ! /atues & 0 inspect+ ! silv] "o4 ,! flood ( light produc$ ! effect :i* ,cell9i _h anticipat$4 ,x 0 ! mod]n /atue1 n ! old-"t bronzes :i* appe>$ ! m effective4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,cell9i at ! ,c\rt ( ,francis ,i4 proves t sculpture 9 ,france _h n[ a body ( influ5tial & appreciative patrons--! fir/ ess5tial ( a /rong art movem5t4 ,z we h se51 ^! patrons _h v solid reasons = ! int]e/ !y ext5d$ to ! arti/s !y employ$4 ,francis' m>k$ pref]5ce = pa9t+ & sculpture ( ! ,italian mann] 0 n1 h[ev]1 )\t drawbacks4 ,by select+ ,rosso & ,primaticcio to sup]vise ! decoration ( ! palace at ,fonta9ebleau1 ,francis practically end[$ a =eign /yle4 ,no d\bt 8 judgm5t 0 s\nd4 ,! native sculptors & pa9t]s _h nei!r ! exp]i5ce nor ! skill to c>ry out a s*eme s =eign to any?+ ^u :i* !y _h work$ be=e4 ,9 a v %ort :ile1 h[ev]1 ! example ( ! ,italians & ! heavy premium plac$ ^u any arti/ic tal5t l$ to ! rise ( native sculptors ( di/9ction4 ,! fir/ ,fr5* sculptor ( supreme ability 0 ,jean ,g\jon4 ,! "n fir/ occurs 9 ! build+ acc\nts ( ,/4 ,macl\ at ,r\5 9 #aedj4 ,by #aedg ,jean ,g\jon _h ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,francis ,i4 ,two ye>s lat] he 0 at "w ^u ! ,f\nta9 ( ! ,innoc5ts ( ,p>is4 ,! mo/ in/ructive example ( ,g\jon's "w is1 h[ev]1 ! fam\s 8,diana0 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! /atue orig9ally surm\nt$ a f\nta9 9 ! c\rty>d ( ,diana ( ,poiti]s' ,ca/le ( ,anet1 built by ,h5ry ,,ii4 = 8 mi/ress4 ,! m>ble re/$ ^u a s>cophagus rais$ ^u ti] aft] ti] ( c>v$ decorative "w4 ,x 01 !re=e1 int5d$ to be view$ at an elevation1 z c be se5 9 ! well-kn[n draw+ by ,g\jon himself at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 e/imat+ ! g5ius ( ,g\jon1 ! fact t he 0 fir/ & =emo/ an ar*itect mu/ nev] be =gott54 ,! full beauty ( 8 /atues c only be prop]ly appreciat$ :5 consid]$ 9 connection ) ! sites = :i* !y 7 design$4 ,:5 we realize ! decorative s*eme ( :i* a /atue l 8,diana0 0 int5d$ to be ! culm9at+-po9t1 we c see t ! claims ( ,g\jon to be consid]$ z ! f\nd] ( mod]n ,fr5* sculpture are n ill-f\nd$4 ,9 addition to its f9e decorative effect1 ! 8,diana0 possesses t balance :i* has always be5 a feature 9 ! f9e/ ,fr5* art4 ,= ! re/1 ,g\jon owes "s prom95t *>act]i/ics ( 8 /yle to ,cell9i & ! pa9t]s ( ! ,fonta9ebleau s*ool4 ,note1 = in/ance1 ! elongat$ limbs & ! ov]-sl5d] proportions ( 8 figures :i* ,g\jon has acc5tuat$ 9 8 endeav\r to end[ 8 /atues ) all possible grace4 ,! ju/ification = ! inclusion ( ,g\jon among ! great ma/]s ( sculpture dep5ds ^u ! fact t he 0 ! fir/ ,fr5* sculptor to introduce ! nude figure z an object ( /hetic admiration into ,fr5* decorative art4 ,9 do+ s he fre$ ,fr5* sculpture f ! bonds ( asceticism1 & %[$ h[ its ev5tual greatness 0 to be secur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jean ,,g\jon ,,diana 7,,f ,,! ,,f\nta9 ,,at ,,anet7 ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,nor does ?is exhau/ ! int]e/ atta*+ to ,g\jon's 8,diana40 ,x equally emphasizes ! second great *>act]i/ic ( ,fr5* sculpture--its connection ) ! fem99e elem5t1 :i* has always be5 a dom9ant factor alike 9 ,fr5* art & ,fr5* social life4 ,x is said t 9 ! /atue ( 8,diana10 ,g\jon has portray$ ! =m ( 8 patroness1 ,diana ( ,poiti]s4 ,&1 inde$1 ! cold nude figure ( ! goddess ( ,*a/ity might well s]ve z a "*-sket* ( ! passionless beauty :o captivat$ ! ,dauph9 ,h5ry :5 he 0 half h] age1 rul$ ,france = half a decade1 &--a poseuse to ! la/--di$ leav+ l>ge sums to f\nd a home = rep5tant ,magdal5s ( ,p>is4 ,almo/ e prom95t ,fr5* arti/ dur+ ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies 0 closely connect$ ) "o or o!r ( ! ,c\rt fav\rites4 ,9 ! case ( ,g\jon x 0 ,diana ( ,poiti]s4 ,8 c>e] 0 imm5sely help$ by ! fri5dly aid ( ! mi/ress ( ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,! "p play$ by ,diana ( ,poiti]s 9 ! c>e] ( ,g\jon c be p>allel$ f ! hi/ory ( almo/ e prom95t ,fr5* arti/4 ,inde$1 wom5 play$ s great a "p 9 ,fr5* ,c\rt life t x w\ld be /range if traces ( _! influ5ce c\ld n be readily f\nd4 ,fr5* sculpture 0 9 ! fir/ place an art ( ! ,c\rt4 ,x 0 equally an art ( ! b\doir4 ,= ! m>ket-place & ! =um ( ! ,hell5e1 ! ,fr5*man sub/itut$ ! b$room4 ,"h policies 7 discuss$ & %ap$2 "h culture grew & ! arts 7 m\ld$4 ,a complete hi/ory ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ,fr5* sculpture & ,fr5* womanhood w\ld c]ta9ly prove t ! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* ,c\rt beauties ^u sculpture 0 at lea/ z pot5t z t ( ! 8blue /ock+s0 l$ by ,madame de ,ramb\illet ^u lit]ature4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 mu/ be rememb]$4 ,?is influ5ce diff]$ entirely f t :i* ,phryne ex]cis$ ov] ! art ( ,praxiteles1 ,la ,bella ,simonetta ov] ,botticelli1 or ,emma ,hamilton ov] ,romney4 ,x 0 n emotional1 b mat]ial4 ,! impulse beh9d x 0 n love1 b a desire = p[]4 ,inde$1 ! same ?+ may be said ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,c\rt beauties ^u ,fr5* life 9 g5]al4 ,:5 ! ,m>quise de ,montespan set h]self to attract ! att5tion ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 %e knew t he did n love h]4 8,he kn[s t he owes x to himself to possess ! mo/ beautiful woman 9 ,france40 ,?is holds true ( mo/ ( ! o!r wom5 :o ex]cis$ su* p[] ?r\gh\t ?is p]iod ( ,fr5* hi/ory4 ,montesquieu has summ$ up ! motives inspir+ _! ef=ts 9 a s5t5ce 9 ! 8,p]sian ,lett]s03 8,d y ?9k1 ,ibb51 t a woman cons5ts to be ! mi/ress ( a m9i/] = love ( him8 ,:at an idea6 ,x is 9 ord] t %e may lay be=e him e morn+ five or six petitions40 ,! f>-see+ ,fr5*man enables u to grasp :at ! blackgu>dly old fa!r-9-law ( ! ,m>quise de ,montespan meant :5 he he>d ( 8 daught]'s success1 & cri$1 8,"h's =tune knock+ at my door at la/40 ,_h ! influ5ce ( ! wom5 ( ,france be5 ( a m emotional "*1 ,fr5* sculpture w\ld d\btless h approximat$ mu* m closely to t ( ,greece dur+ ! age ( ,praxiteles4 ,z x 01 x leaves u cold4 ,x has ! fem99e grace b n ! fem99e passion4 ,x seems to be inspir$ by a love :i* w\ld /op at flirtation1 fe>+ to lose itself 9 ! dep?s ( complete surr5d]4 ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,l\is ,,quatorze ,! insi/5ce ^u ! social circum/ances :i* m\ld$ ! e>lie/ phase ( ,fr5* sculpture is ju/ifi$ :5 x is rememb]$ t !y 7 no less important dur+ ! two foll[+ epo*s4 ,until ! com+ ( ! ,revolution1 ,france 0 rul$ by an absolute mon>*1 & practically all ! arti/ic life ( ! c\ntry c5tr$ ar\nd him4 ,?r\gh\t ?is "t ,fr5* sculpture 0 dom9at$ by its connection ) a great c\rt1 & by ! fem99e influ5ces :i* 7 s pot5t 9 ,fr5* ,c\rt life4 ,! great revival ( sculpture dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 :i* n[ claims consid]ation1 is at once expla9$ :5 x is correlat$ ) ! fact t political consid]ations =c$ ,france to accept an ev5 m absolute mon>*ical rule1 & an ev5 m complete c5tralization ( ,fr5* culture ?an _h be5 necess>y 9 ! "t ( ! ,valois k+s4 ,at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,h5ry ,,iv4 _h settl$ ! religi\s difficulties 9 ,france1 & _h prov$ h[ he>tily ! adv5t ( a mon>*y able & will+ to v9dicate its au?ority 0 welcom$4 ,! adm9i/rative zeal ( ,sully1 ,h5ry's m9i/]1 & ! taxation re=ms :i* he c>ri$ ?r\gh1 laid ! f\ndations ( ! va/ weal? :i* ,l\is ,,xiv4 controll$4 ,)\t ?is ! great effloresc5ce ( art1 a few ye>s lat]1 w\ld n h be5 possible4 ,b ! complete supremacy ( ! ,fr5* k+ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 due r to pressure f surr\nd+ nations ?an to int]nal consid]ations4 ,! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 0 ! age 9 :i* ,europe recon/ruct$ h] political sy/em ^u ! pr9ciple ( t]ritorialism "u a sy/em ( absolute mon>*y4 ,! natural complem5t ( ,sully1 ) 8 maxim1 8,pl\gh & c[--^! are ! brea/s ( ,france :]eat %e sucks10 0 ,ri*elieu1 ) 8 vigor\s =eign policy4 ,ri*elieu c>ri$ ! ideals ( ,francis ,i4 & ,h5ry ,,iv4 to _! fur!/ limit4 ,9 ev]y?+ ,ri*elieu 0 pro-,l\is--nev] pro-,france4 ,he 0 n satisfi$ until ! :ole f9ancial & judicial adm9i/ration _h be5 br\ght "u royal control by means ( a bureaucracy dep5d+ entirely ^u royal fav\r4 ,! brilliant success ( ,ri*elieu's policy 0 evid5t :5 ! peace ( ,we/phalia left ,france ) an ,ea/]n fronti] bord]+ on ! ,rh9e4 ,! ,franki% k+dom ( ,*>les ! ,great1 = :i* ,france _h be5 /ruggl+ = c5turies1 0 secur$4 ,9 #affa1 aft] ! dea? ( ,maz>91 ,l\is f\nd t he c\ld c>ry ! policy ( c5tralization "o /ep fur!r4 ,z he himself put x1 8,9 future1 g5tlem51 ,i %all be my own ,prime ,m9i/]40 ,illu/ration3 ,,pi]re ,,puget ,,! ,,immaculate ,,conception ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,philip ( ,n]i1 ,g5oa ,"o ( ,l\is' fir/ acts z a complete autocrat 0 to comm5ce build+ ! ,palace at ,v]sailles4 ,! place lay t5 miles out ( ,p>is1 & ! k+ _h visit$ x 9 #afea :5 a lad ( ?irte54 ,! ,*teau evid5tly engag$ 8 fancy1 = betwe5 #affb & #affi he did mu* to adorn ! p>ks4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t he />t$ to build 9 real e>ne/4 ,! magnitude ( ! "w c be realiz$ f ! fact t #cf1jjj m5 7 /ill at "w 9 ! palace & p>k :5 ! ,c\rt mov$ 9 on ,may #f1 #afhb4 ,"s tw5ty million p\nds /]l+ 7 sp5t 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,b exp5se1 aft] all1 0 a small consid]ation4 ,! palace at ,v]sailles 0 n a luxury b a necessity4 ,x 0 to ,l\is ,,xiv4 :at ,fonta9ebleau _h be5 to ,francis ,i4 ,! fir/ impulse ( ! c\rtly p>ty _h be5 to make ! ,l\vre ! headqu>t]s ( ,l\is4 ,colb]t1 ,l\is' f9ancial advis] at ! "t1 0 an ard5t advocate ( ! ,l\vre4 ,s mu* importance did he atta* to ! s*eme t 9 #affe ! great ,b]n9i 0 summon$ f ,italy to advise z to ext5sion ( ! ,l\vre4 ,l\is' judgm5t 0 s\nd] ?an t ( ,colb]t's 9 ?is matt]4 ,he saw t a ,c\rt 9 ! c5tre ( ,p>is 0 out ( ! "q4 ,! nobles compos+ x w\ld h be5 f> too easily influ5c$ by intrigues />t$ among/ ! re/less b\rgeoisie ( ! ,fr5* capital4 ,moreov]1 ap>t f ?is political objection1 !re 0 ! practical difficulty caus$ by ! abs5ce ( suffici5t space4 ,room = a great palace 0 n ! only requirem5t4 ,if ! nobility 7 to be p]man5tly settl$ ar\nd ! k+1 a small t[n%ip 0 ess5tial4 ,! hotels de ,ri*elieu1 de ,cond1 de ,soissons1 de ,noailles1 du ,plessis1 de ,guise1 & de ,sa9t ,simon1 :i* ev5tually arose at ,v]sailles1 _h to be provid$ =4 ,yet ,colb]t1 :o realiz$ ! difficulty ( meet+ ! heavy exp5diture1 0 v insi/5t4 ,9 a la/ ef=t to dissuade ,l\is f ! ent]prise he wrote3 8,y\r ,maje/y kn[s t1 ap>t f brilliant actions 9 w>1 no?+ m>ks bett] ! gr&eur & g5ius ( pr9ces ?an _! build+s1 & t po/]ity measures !m by ! /&>d ( ! sup]b edifices :i* !y erect dur+ _! lives4 ,oh1 :at a pity t ! greate/ ,k+1 & ! mo/ virtu\s1 %\ld be measur$ by ! /&>d ( ,v]sailles40 ,l\is1 h[ev]1 _h 8 way1 & ,colb]t 0 =c$ to f9d ! necess>y funds4 ,c\ld ! subtle relation betwe5 art & politics be m aptly illu/rat$8 ,! connection betwe5 ! patronage ( ,l\is & ! gr[? ( ,fr5* sculpture 9 ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury is equally cle>4 ,p]haps ! be/ kn[n sculptor :o dep5d$ ^u ! patronage ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 0 ,pi]re ,puget1 :o came to ! ,c\rt 9 #afhh1 late 9 8 c>e]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,francis ,,gir>don ,,apollo ,,& ,,! ,,nymphs ,! ,g>d5s1 ,v]sailles ,! 8,milo ( ,crotona10 9 ! ,l\vre1 is (t5 cit$ z ,puget's mo/ typical "w4 ,an equally good illu/ration is ! colossal gr\p 8,p]seus & ,&rom$a40 ,bo? 7 commission$ by ,l\is ,,xiv41 & ! anecdotes relat+ to ! /atues prove ! close int]e/ ! k+ took 9 _! execution4 ,! /ory runs t aft] see+ ! 8,milo10 ,l\is propos$ t ! sculptor %\ld />t ^u ano!r "w1 8if he is n too old to und]take x10 he add$4 ,! rem>k 0 repeat$ to ,puget1 :o repli$ *>act]i/ically3 8,i am 9 my sixtie? ye>1 b ,i /ill h ample =ce & vig\r1 = great works su/a9 me40 ,! 8,p]seus & ,&rom$a0 took two ye>s4 ,f9ally ,puget s5t 8 son to pres5t x to ,l\is4 8,y\r fa!r is great & illu/ri\s2 !re is no man 9 ,europe to equal him0 0 ,l\is' v]dict4 ,ev5 m attractive is ,puget's 8,immaculate ,conception10 :i* dates f ab\t #affe1 & 0 design$ = ! ,oratory ( ,sa9t ,philip ( ,n]i at ,g5oa1 :]e x /ill rema9s4 ,at f\rte5 ye>s ( age ,puget _h />t$ by c>v+ ! ornam5tal decorations ( ! galleys at ,m>seilles4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 he visit$ ,italy1 :]e he fell "u ! spell ( ! ,italian arti/s ( ! ,ca?olic ,reaction &1 p>ticul>ly1 ( ,b]n9i4 8,! ,immaculate ,conception0 repres5ts ,puget 9 8 ,b]n9i mood4 ,! ,fr5* sculptor nev] altoge!r escap$ f ,b]n9i's t5d5cy t[>ds !atrical re/lessness1 b :5 8 /atues are comp>$ ) ! passionless & artificial productions ( mo/ ( ! ,fr5* sculptors ( 8 day1 x is cle> t ! ,m>seilles arti/ repres5ts a real advance4 ,= ! re/1 ,puget introduc$ into sculpture ! s5su\s repres5tation ( fle%--! sugge/ion ( ! liv+ texture--:i* ! ,italians t]m morbidezza4 ,9 ?is respect1 he has fa!r$ a long prog5y ( sculptors1 end+ ) su* ultra-mod]n arti/s z ,jules ,dal\ & ! ,belgian1 ,jef ,lambeaux4 ,if ,pi]re ,puget 0 closely connect$ ) ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,francis ,gir>don 7#afbh-agae71 ! second great sculptor ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 equally id5tifi$ ) ,v]sailles4 ,! decoration ( ! palace proce$$ "u ! g5]al direction ( ,*>les ,lebrun1 ! pa9t]4 ,gir>don act$ z *ief inspector ( sculpture "u ,lebrun4 ,! po/ 0 no s9ecure4 ,9 all1 n9ety-five sculptors 7 employ$1 & ab\t half a million /]l+ 0 sp5t ^u sculptural decorations4 ,! great] "p ( ?is 0 exp5d$ ^u ! f\nta9s 9 ! g>d5s4 ,! elaborate nature ( ^! g>d5 decorations c be realiz$ f ,gir>don's great gr\p 8,apollo & ! ,nymphs40 ,?is is /ill at ,v]sailles1 b x has be5 mov$ to ! grotto 9 :i* x is n[ to be se5--! s-call$ ,temple ( ,!tis4 ,b ! greatness ( ! sev5te5?-c5tury sculptors ( ,france _c be prop]ly appreciat$ f any s+le "w4 ,! keynote ( ! ,l\is ,quatorze /yle is ! fact t ! "w 0 int5d$ to enhance ! effect ( ! room or g>d5 9 :i* x 0 plac$4 ,alone x is z mean+less z a ,greek p$im5tal gr\p away f ! temple x 0 design$ to decorate4 ,a j judgm5t ( ! g5ius display$ 9 ,gir>don's 8,apollo & ! ,nymphs0 presupposes a m5tal picture ( ! ,g>d5s at ,v]sailles4 ,!y 7 design$ by ,&r le ,notre4 ,:5 ,l\is comm5c$ to rebuild ! old *teau ! g>d5s consi/$ ( two groves4 ,! re/ 0 practically an uncultivat$ wood4 ,x is told t aft] ,&r le ,notre _h satisfi$ himself z to ! g5]al s*eme to be foll[$ he laid x be=e ,l\is4 ,! k+ w&]$ ) ! great g>d5-ar*itect ?r\gh ! gr\nds talk+ ! matt] ov]4 ,z le ,notre expla9$ 8 ideas ,l\is became m & m en?usia/ic4 8,i give y #bj1jjj francs10 he cri$4 ,&r le ,notre mov$ on to ano!r po9t & develop$ a new aspect ( 8 s*eme4 8,i give y ano!r #bj1jjj francs10 exclaim$ ! delight$ ,l\is4 ,aft] ! ?ird or f\r? repetition ,&r began to feel hurt4 8,y\r ,maje/y10 he said1 8if ,i tell y m y w be a ru9$ man4 ,y mu/ leave ! re/ to me40 ,illu/ration3 ,,pigalle ,,m]cury ,,putt+ ,,on ,,8 ,,s&al ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,illu/ration3 ,,falconet ,l',,am\r ,,m5a,,ant ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,! results mu/ h m ?an rea*$ ! k+'s anticipations4 ,9 ^? days1 ! g>d5s 7 /udd$ ) /atu>y4 ,!re 01 = in/ance1 ! e>ly ,f\nta9 ( ! ,dragon4 ,wat] sp\t$ f ! bea/'s m\? to a height ( tw5ty-eight metres4 ,ar\nd sport$ f\r dolph9s1 :ile ! design 0 complet$ by ! cupids seat$ on swans1 :i* d>t$ _! arr[s at ! dragon 9 ! c5tre4 ,simil> gr\ps arose f e bas94 ,two ( ^! 7 set up on ! t]race4 ,a d\ble flight ( /airs1 ri*ly ornam5t$ ) /atu>y1 l$ !nce to ! gr\nds4 ,"h ! w&]] came ^u su* a beauty spot z ! ,alle d',eau1 ) its bord] ( p9es & its hundr$ & f\r copp] vases set ) yew-trees4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,walk 7 gr\ps ( /atues4 ,or1 maybe1 he visit$ ,gir>don's 8,pyramid40 ,?is consi/$ ( f\r sup]impos$ bas9s4 ,! highe/ 0 support$ on f\r cray fi%1 ! second on f\r dolph9s & ! o!rs on tritons1 ! l[e/ ti] ris+ f ! f\r l>g] tritons :o swam 9 ! great bas94 ,! lavi% exp5diture ^u ! sculpture at ,v]sailles may be judg$ f ! paym5t ( #adjj livres 9 #afga to ! pa9t]-gild] ,bailly 8on acc\nt ( ! gild+ & bronz+ appli$ to ! fonta9e en pyramide40 ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury ,if a cle> realization ( ! g>d5s at ,v]sailles is necess>y = ! true appreciation ( su* a "w z ,gir>don's 8,apollo & ! ,nymphs10 ! int]ior ( a ,fr5* palace mu/ be pictur$ if ! small] sculptures ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies are to be und]/ood4 ,! sculptors work$ ) ! k t _! works 7 ev5tually to be plac$ 9 su* rooms z ! ,salon ( ,v5us at ,v]sailles ) its m>ble walls1 its gre5 velvet hang+s & silv] *&eli]s1 or ! ,?rone ,room1 ) its decorations ( crimson & gold1 its ceil+ by ,delafosse & pictures by ,titian1 ,guido ,r5i1 ,rub5s & ,van ,dyck1 or ev5 ! great ,galrie des ,glaces1 #bdj feet 9 l5g?1 ) its sev5te5 great w9d[s fram$ by ,cor9?ian pila/]s1 & fac$ by ! sev5te5 mirror$ ar*es runn+ along ! opposite side4 ,_m sculptures ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 :i* we rightly consid] insipid & unsatisfy+1 may well h s]v$ _! purpose at ! "t4 ,!y _c1 h[ev]1 be prop]ly judg$ ap>t f ! ri*ly decorat$ salons :i* !y 7 design$ to complete4 ,?is is true ( a portion ( ! sculpture ( ,l\is ,quatorze4 ,x is ev5 m true ( practically all ! sculpture ( ,l\is ,qu9ze & ,l\is ,seize4 ,if ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 ! p]iod ( ! great decorative sculptors1 ! *>act]i/ic ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 its dem& = small] works4 ,! reign ( ,l\is ,quatorze _h be5 a build+ age4 ,9 ! ma91 x call$ = ar*itectural sculpture4 ,eighte5?-c5tury ta/e1 h[ev]1 ran 9 ! direction ( ! s+le-figur$ /atue & ! /atuette4 ,! t5d5cy 0 exactly t :i*1 9 ! art ( pa9t+1 produc$ a ,watteau & a ,fragon>d 9 place ( a ,ni*olas ,p\ss9 & a ,*>les ,lebrun4 ,! gr[+ popul>ity ( small] /atues 0 ! equival5t ( ! increas$ dem& = easel pictures4 ,"u ! circum/ances x is n to be wond]$ t ! eighte5?-c5tury ,fr5* sculptors lo/ ! f9e s5se ( decorative effectiv5ess ) :i* ! s*ool ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 _h be5 end[$4 ,z a consequ5ce !y 7 f> less successful 9 c>ry+ out ! l>g] public works :i* e nation dem&s f "t to "t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! small] works produc$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 7 (t5 in/9ct ) vivacity & *>m4 ,x 0 only :5 !y essay$ ! great] tasks t ! sculptors fail$ to ?r[ (f completely :at may be t]m$ ! b\doir mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clodion ,,satyr ,,) ,,flute ,muse ,cluny1 ,p>is ,our mean+ may be illu/rat$ f ! hi/ory ( ! tomb ( ! ,m>%al de ,saxe 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,?omas1 at ,/rasb\rg4 ,x 0 design$ 9 #agef1 by ,jean ,bapti/e ,pigalle--!n ! =emo/ sculptor 9 ,france4 ,m>%al de ,saxe 01 ( c\rse1 ! victor at ,font5oy1 & ,pigalle depicts ,dea? welcom+ ! h]o :ile ,france va9ly attempts to /ay ,dea?'s h&4 ,! scatt]$ trophies1 z well z ! ,au/rian eagle1 ! ,belgian lion1 & ! ,engli% leop>d1 speak ( ! ,m>%al's success z a soldi]4 ,! "w is cle>ly a national memorial1 &1 _h x be5 ! "w ( a great national sculptor1 w\ld h sugge/$ national feel+ & pride 9 e l9e & mass4 ,9 po9t ( fact x is evid5t t x does no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! sculptor1 f9d+ himself unable to feel ! design z a :ole1 has be5 cont5t ) 8build+ up0 ! memorial4 ,be+ a compet5t craftsman he naturally produc$ a satisfactory1 if un9spir$1 "w4 ,!re is a qua9t little /ory conc]n+ ! inception ( ! ,saxe ,memorial :i* happily illu/rates ! mood 9 :i* ,pigalle design$ ! "w4 ,! ,m>%al's reputation = gallantry 0 by no means conf9$ to milit>y affairs4 ,he 01 p]haps1 ! only comm&] :o ev] ent]$ into a campaign accompani$ by a fir/-rate op]a company4 ,pigalle 0 well aw>e ( ?is4 ,t no side ( ! dead comm&]'s "* might be unrepres5t$1 he add$ ! figure ( ,love ) tor* rev]s$4 8,! ,m>%al c>$ equally = love & w>4 ,love mu/ figure among ! m\rn]s10 he expla9$4 ,! ,m>%al's fri5d object$1 & f9ally ,l\is ,,xv4 0 ask$ to int]v5e4 ,to satisfy all p>ties1 ! ,k+ decre$ t ,cupid %\ld we> a helmet--8! insignia ( ! g5ius ( w>10 z he expla9$4 ,b ,pigalle 0 n to be mov$1 8,auj\rd'hui10 he said2 8je plie1 mais je me r$ress]ai bi5tot40 ,x w be se5 t ,pigalle prov$ "r4 ,to ?is day ,love is )\t 8 helmet4 ,moreov]1 ! t9y god is p]haps ! mo/ *>m+ figure 9 ! great monum5t1 a la/+ rem9d] t ! g5ius ( ! eighte5?-c5tury sculptor dealt m naturally ) ! da9ty & ! graceful ?an ) ! great & ! sublime4 ,pigalle's own reputation dep5ds mu* m ^u 8 *>m+ 8,m]cury putt+ on 8 ,s&al0 7,! ,l\vre7 ?an x does ^u ! f> m ambiti\s memorial at ,/rasb\rg4 ,?is is equival5t to say+ t ,pigalle 0 at 8 be/ :5 he 0 mo/ int]e/$4 ,! same rem>k applies to 8 fell[ sculptors4 ,see+ t m5's int]e/s _h mov$ 9 ! direction ( ! b\doir1 a b\doir art naturally foll[$4 ,! dem& = small] works increas$ z ! eighte5? c5tury w5t on4 ,no sculptor rea*$ ! height atta9$ by ,watteau & ,fragon>d 9 ! si/] art ( pa9t+1 b an imm5se am\nt ( f9e sculpture 0 produc$4 ,! typical ,l\is ,qu9ze & ,l\is ,seize /yle is well repres5t$ by ! "w ( ! ,p>isian sculptor1 ,eti5ne ,maurice ,falconet 7#agaf-agia71 a pupil ( ,lemoyne4 ,8 8,l'am\r ,m5aant0 is a *>m+ in/ance ( ! skill ) :i* ! eighte5?-c5tury sculptors adapt$ !mselves to ! wid] range ( subjects creat$ by ! new dem&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h\don ,,diana 7,,bronze7 ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,falconet %[s ! god ( ,love1 ) a f+] ( caution at 8 lips4 ,! idea ( ! h& slyly /eal+ r\nd to ! quiv]ful ( arr[s slung across 8 %\ld] is express$ ) delightful art4 ,! da9ty "w is rem>kable = its grace & ! vivacity ( expression animat+ x4 ,x is significant t ! "w 0 commission$ by ,madame de ,pompad\r 9 #agef4 ,two m sculptors call = notice be=e we close ?is *apt]--,clodion & ,h\don4 ,bo? 7 foll[]s ( ,pigalle & bo? liv$ to a good old age & work$ well into ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b 9 ess5ce _! "w 0 dom9at$ by ! factors :i* m\ld$ ! re/ ( ! sculpture ( ,l\is ,,xv4 & ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,! less] ( ! two m51 ,claude ,franois ,mi*el1 call$ ,clodion1 0 to sculpture :at ,b\*] 0 to pa9t+4 ,8 fav\rite subjects 7 satyrs & bac*antes1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! 8,satyr ) ,flute10 ) :i* we illu/rate 8 art4 ,"s ( 8 mo/ delightful works are at ! ,muse ,cluny4 ,!re is also a f9e 8,satyr & ,nymph0 9 ! ,wallace collection at ,h]t=d ,h\se1 ,london4 ,) r>e exceptions1 all ,clodion's works 7 design$ = ! draw+-room or ! danc+-hall4 ,he 0 a ma/] ( ! /atuette &1 p]haps1 )\t a rival 9 ! skilful use ( t]ra-cotta4 ,x is easy to cavil at ! frankly s5su\s /yle ( ,clodion b1 aft] all1 8 ju/ification is complete4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! success ) :i* he c>ri$ out t at :i* he aim$4 ,on ! :ole1 ! great body ( eighte5?-c5tury ,fr5* sculpture defies criticism by ! same triumphant grace & vivacity & ! same plea t :at 0 aim$ at has be5 done4 ,!re are times :5 8,et]nal smiles its empt9ess betray ,z %all[ /reams run dimpl+ all ! way40 ,b1 judg+ x by its own /&>d & look+ = nei!r deep feel+ nor high ?9k+1 x amply ju/ifies its place among ! art movem5ts :i* h giv5 humanity a fre% ?rill4 ,h\don 7#agda-ahbh71 ! la/ ( ! eighte5?-c5tury ,fr5* sculptors1 0 a f> great] arti/ ?an ei!r 8 ma/] ,pigalle or ,clodion4 ,he liv$ ?r\gh\t ! sculptural p]iod dom9at$ by ,canova1 & might1 on t acc\nt1 claim consid]ation 9 our next *apt]4 ,h\don z an arti/1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 little impress$ by ! ev5ts ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 s we h *os5 to repres5t him by two ( 8 e>li] works4 ,l _m o!r ,fr5* sculptors ( g5ius1 ,h\don won ! ,gr& ,prix at ! outset ( 8 c>e] & directly aft] visit$ ,italy4 ,:ile !re he modell$ ! well-kn[n 8,/4 ,bruno10 ( :i* ,clem5t ,,xiii4 said 8he w\ld speak 7 x n t ! rules ( 8 ord] enjo9 sil5ce40 ,a little lat] came ! celebrat$ 8,diana10 p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable "w by an eighte5?-c5tury ,fr5* sculptor 9 view ( ! orig9ality ( its design & ! skill ) :i* ! te*nical difficulties incid5tal to su* a pose are ov]come4 ,!re are v>i\s replicas ( ! 8,diana40 ,! ,h]mitage copy is 9 m>ble1 & dates f #aghj4 ,! ,l\vre bronze 0 ca/ 9 #agij4 ,h\don's 8,voltaire0 is equally fam\s4 ,?is1 too1 exi/s 9 m ?an "o /ate4 ,!re is ! seat$ figure belong+ to ! ,comdie ,franaise--rec5tly mov$ to ! ,l\vre--z well z ! bu/ :i* we h pref]r$ to reproduce4 ,! latt] repres5ts ! old cynic dur+ ! la/ weeks ( 8 life4 ,x is a magnific5t in/ance ( ,h\don's unrivall$ p[] 9 ! expression ( m5tal vivacity4 ,x is said t ! sculptor _h compla9$ to a fri5d1 ! ,m>quis de ,villevieille1 t ! old wit's face _h lo/ e ve/ige ( life4 ,villevieille realiz+ t ,h\don's sitt+ might well result 9 failure1 be?\ght himself ( ! cr[n :i* ,briz>d1 ! actor1 _h plac$ on ,voltaire's head dur+ 8 triumph at ! ,franais4 ,! next day :ile ,h\don 0 work+ be=e 8 model1 ,villevieille sudd5ly plac$ ! cr[n on ! old man's head4 ,= a mom5t ! anci5t fire return$4 ,x 0 only = a mom5t4 ,bur/+ into te>s1 ,voltaire cri$3 8,:at are y do+1 "y man80 ,!n he add$ bitt]ly3 8,my tomb is already prep>$2 put x on t40 ,illu/ration3 ,,h\don ,,voltaire ,=tunately ! mom5t>y impression 0 suffici5t4 ,h\don 0 able to fix = all "t ! insight :i* *ance _h giv5 him into ! secret ( ! man :o1 p]haps1 did m to prep>e ! way = ! ,fr5* ,revolution ?an any o!r ?9k]4 ,h\don's 8,voltaire0 appropriately closes ! hi/ory ( ! sculpture ( ! ,fr5* ,c\rt4 ,equally appropriately x u%]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,european sculpture dur+ ! ,revolution>y era4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,neo-,,classical ,,revival3 ,,european ,,sculpture ,,( ,,! ,,revolution ,,& ,,! ,,reaction 7#aghi-ahdh ,a4,d47 ,! p]iod we are n[ to consid]1 cov]+ ! la/ few ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5?1 is "o ( ! mo/ elusive 9 ! hi/ory ( sculpture4 ,t is to say1 x evades *>act]ization4 ,moreov]1 :5 its individual qualities are /at$1 x is /ill m difficult to correlate ^! ) ! v def9ite ideas & emotions a/ir dur+ a "t :i* includes ! ,fr5* ,revolution & ! consequ5t ,reaction4 ,! difficulty 9 trac+ ! connection betwe5 su* m5 z ,canova1 ,?orvalds51 ,flaxman1 & ! age 9 :i* !y work$1 seems to be due to ! necessity = fir/ ab&on+ ! me?od :i* has s]v$ u hi!rto4 ,9 deal+ ) ,greek & ,roman1 ,italian & ,fr5* sculpture1 we h appeal$ to national hi/ory--national circum/ances4 ,n[ we are conc]n$ ) a body ( ?\ght & feel+ :i* is n national b ,european4 ,in/ead ( ?9k+ 9 /ates1 we h to ?9k 9 cont95ts4 ,! m5 :o creat$ ! sculpture ( ! ,revolution & ,reaction 7 ess5tially cosmopolitans2 ,w9ckelmann--,saxon2 ,raphael ,m5gs--half-,dane1 half-,bohemian2 ,canova--,v5etian2 ,?orvalds5--,dani%2 ,flaxman & ,gibson--,engli%m51 long resid5t 9 ,rome4 ,!y did n drift t[>ds ,rome z ! ,hell5i/ic sculptors _h done1 because ! city 0 ! c5tre ( ! political =ce ( ! age4 ,nor did !y come ) ! purpose ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 t !y might add to ! glory ( a univ]sal *ur* seek+ to ext5d its p[] ov] ! kn[n _w4 ,f> f ?is be+ ! case1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,rome 0 a no-man's l&4 ,if x /ood = any?+1 x 0 = a dis9tegrat$ ,italy & an enfeebl$ ,papacy4 ,at ! v "t ,canova 0 work+ !re1 ,italy 0 p[]less to prev5t ,napoleon /ripp+ x ( its *oice/ art treasures4 ,any?+ approa*+ a national /imulus to sculptural production 0 entirely lack+4 ,! fir/ result 0 ! rise ( ! ess5tially eclectic /yle :i* we recognize 9 ! sculptures ( ,canova & ,?orvalds54 ,nom9ally1 x 0 bas$ ^u a return to ! ,greek example4 ,9 reality1 x 0 no m ?an a borr[$ ,hell5ism1 misund]/ood & misappli$ by m5 :o did no m ?an /eal 8,! liv]y ( ! ,c\rt ( ,heav540 ,we %all n be misund]/ood4 ,no "o c d5y--x is impossible to d s--! graceful beauty ( v _m /atues ( ! lat] eighte5? & e>li] n9ete5? c5turies4 ,inde$1 no s*ool ( sculpture has produc$ a l>g] numb] ( popul> works--9 ! be/ s5se ( t r dubi\s t]m4 ,b our criticism is ju/ifi$ by ! fact t su* m5 z ,canova & ,?orvalds5 delib]ately set out to int]pret _! exp]i5ce 9 ! t]ms ( classic art4 ,!y rightly judg$ ?is to be ! highe/ a*ievem5t atta9$ by ! sculptor4 ,un=tunately1 !y only fil*$ ! ,hell5ic ext]nals4 ,/range to say1 ?is f]vid adoption ( a ba/>d ,hell5ism co9cid$ ) ! re-discov]y ( ! pr9ciples at ! root ( ,greek art1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 ) a r5ew$ appreciation ( ! be/ qualities 9 ,hell5ic sculpture4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,r5aissance & until ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ,europe did n und]/& ,greek sculpture4 ,ev5 ! be/ judges rat$ ! 8,apollo ,belv$]e0 above ! 8,!seus0 ( ! ,p>!non p$im5t4 ,a tru] /&>d 0 advanc$ by ,johann ,joa*im ,w9ckelmann 7murd]$ #agfh74 ,8 dictum1 8,greek art has be5 p]petuat$ by ,roman copies10 reveal$ ! error :i* _h vitiat$ all e>li] criticism4 ,aid$ by ! poet-philosoph] ,less+1 ,w9ckelmann l$ m5 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,roman & ! ,greek elem5ts 9 classic sculpture--betwe5 ! ,hell5ic & ! ,hell5i/ic4 ,w9ckelmann's 8,hi/ory ( ,greek ,art10 publi%$ 9 #agfd1 enunciat$ all ! great pr9ciples we n[ recognize 9 ! be/ ,greek sculpture--its tru? to nature1 its almo/ au/]e res]ve1 ! pref]5ce accord$ to ! typical z oppos$ to ! p>ticul>4 ,! 8,hi/ory ( ,greek ,art0 9 turn l$ to ,less+'s 8,laocoon0 & ! magnific5t exposition ( ,hell5ism 9 ! works ( ,goe!4 ,?r\gh ^! ?ree m5 ! v s\l ( ,greek sculpture lay b>e to ! lat] eighte5?-c5tury arti/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,canova ,,cupid ,,& ,,psy*e ,villa ,c>lotta1 ,lake ( ,como ,illu/ration3 ,,paul9e ,,borghese ,borghese ,gall]y1 ,rome ,,canova ,,& ,,?orvalds5 ,! fir/ really gift$ sculptor to absorb ! new revelation & give expression to x 9 m>ble & bronze 0 ,antonio ,canova4 ,born 9 #ageg1 ,canova came ( a family ( sculptors4 ,9 8 y\? he manife/$ a facility z a modell] :i* 0 suffici5t to lead 8 patron1 ! ,s5ator ,fali]i1 to make x possible = him to visit ,rome4 ,com+ !re at ! age ( tw5ty-two1 ,canova enc\nt]$ ! full tide ( ! ideas enunciat$ by ,w9ckelmann & 8 s*ool4 ,l mo/ successful sculptors1 ! ,v5etian 0 a man ( b\ndless en]gy4 ,8 patrons & rivals 9 ,rome soon became impress$ ) ! belief t ,canova 0 capable ( f\nd+ a s*ool ( sculpture wor?y ( comp>ison ) ^? ( classic times4 ,inde$1 to-day1 x is q easy to realize ! int5se en?usiasm ar\s$ by ! works ( ,canova4 ,su* a /atue z ! beautiful 8,cupid & ,psy*e10 produc$ 9 ! ye> #aghg1 has n yet lo/ its p[] to *>m4 ,canova has *os5 ! mom5t :5 ,cupid comes to aid ! un=tunate girl :o has op5$ ! box ( ,pros]p9e & has sunk fa9t+ to ! e>?4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,canova's s5tim5tal me?od t he %\ld *oose ! mom5t :5 ,psy*e1 ?r[+ back h] head1 discov]s ! god-y\? b5d+ ov] h]4 ,an equally f9e example ( ,canova at 8 be/ is ! fam\s /atue ( 8,paul9e ,borghese10 a "w ( lat] date ?an ! 8,cupid & ,psy*e40 ,! light-he>t$ si/] ( ,napoleon is repres5t$ z ,v5us1 despite ! fact t %e 0 ! wife ( ,pr9ce ,borghese1 ! rul] ( ,pi$mont4 ,! /ory runs t a fri5d remon/rat$ ) h] & end$ ) ! "q :e!r ,paul9e _h n f\nd ! ordeal 8a try+ "o40 8,try+1 n at all10 repli$ ! ,pr9cess1 8!re 0 a /ove40 ,! anecdote s]ves to illu/rate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,canova & 8 ,greek pr$ecessors4 ,comp>+ ! /ory ( ,paul9e ,borghese ) t ( ! ,heta]a ,phryne1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! _s animat+ ,hell5ic art & t animat+ ! imitation ,greek art ( two ?\s& ye>s lat] is unmi/akable4 ,praxiteles' /atue ( ,phryne 0 ! inc>nation ( womanhood z he felt x4 ,paul9e ,borghese m]ely sugge/$ to ,canova a numb] ( graceful l9es & masses1 :i* 8 s5se ( =m enabl$ him to comb9e 9 a pleas+ fa%ion4 ,he will+ly pres]v$ a suffici5t lik5ess to complim5t ! fair model1 :o _h risk$ a physical & spiritual *ill 9 ! cause ( art4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! la/+ value ( ,canova's 8,v5us0 & t ( ,praxiteles' 8,aphrodite ( ,cnidus0 c be e/imat$ exactly4 ,x is t :i* sep>ates ! idea ( womanhood f ! idea ( ! pr9cely light-o'-love--,paul9e ,borghese4 ,canova's "w has n a sugge/ion ( t contact ) ! et]nal v]ities :i* is ! v ess5ce ( a great ,greek /atue4 ,no "o c d\bt t bo? ! 8,cupid & ,psy*e0 & ! 8,paul9e ,borghese0 are ! works ( a man :o feels ! full beauty ( pure l9e4 ,if =mal grace 7 ! be/ t sculpture c\ld give u1 !re w\ld be no m to be said4 ,b ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,greek ma/]s prove t ?is is n ! case4 ,a "w ( sculpture c convey a s5se ( palpitat+ life1 ( vigor\s emotion1 :i* is wor? f> m ?an ! graceful beauty ) :i* ,canova has end[$ 8 conception ( ,cupid & ,psy*e1 & ! ,goddess ( ,desire4 ,x _c be said t ,canova lack$ any opportunity v\*saf$ to ! e>li] sculptors4 ,be=e he di$1 8 reputation rivall$ t ( ! great arti/s ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,9 #ahjb he 0 appo9t$ curator ( ! ,vatican art treasures1 a po/ resembl+ t held by ,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,l ,b]n9i1 he 0 call$ to ,france4 ,in/ead ( a bu/ ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,canova's task 0 to model a colossal /atue ( ,napoleon4 ,if ,canova _h _h x 9 him1 he might h be5 a ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,z x 01 he liv$ & di$ ,antonio ,canova4 ,if our e/imate ( ,canova is correct1 c m be said = 8 rival1 ! ,dani% sculptor1 ,?orvalds58 ,?orvalds5 0 born ab\t ! ye> #aggj1 8 fa!r be+ a j\rneyman wood-c>v] ( %ip's figure-heads4 ,z a boy he work$ on ! quays at ,cop5hag51 mu* z ,puget _h done a c5tury e>li] at ,m>seilles4 ,9 #agic ,?orvalds51 !n a y\? ( tw5ty-?ree1 won ! ,cop5hag5 ,academy's gold m$al & a travell+ s*ol>%ip1 :i* made a visit to ,rome possible4 ,f\r ye>s lat]1 9 #agig1 ,?orvalds5 came to ,rome4 ,betwe5 ,may & ,decemb] ( ! previ\s ye>1 ,italy _h be5 ov]run by ! ,fr5*4 ,9 ,octob] #agig ! ,v5etian t]ritories 7 divid$ by ,au/ria & ,france4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,febru>y ,pius ,,vi4 0 depos$ by ,napoleon4 ,italy _h nev] /ood l[] 9 ! scale ( nations4 ,p]haps = t v reason ,rome 0 able to welcome arti/s f all p>ts ( ,europe1 & imbue !m ) entirely non-national ideals1 drawn f ! treasures ( art /or$ 9 ! ,et]nal ,city4 8,i 0 born on ,m>* #h1 #agig10 said ,?orvalds5 himself4 8,up to t "t ,i did n exi/40 ,! ,dane's s*ol>%ip only am\nt$ to #bd a ye>1 insuffici5t = ! b>e necessities ( life4 ,b ! "y sculptor /ruggl$ along until #ahjc1 :5 8 8,jason0 0 pur*as$ by ! ,engli% bank]1 ,?omas ,hope1 & he 0 reliev$ f 8 mo/ press+ difficulties4 ,a little lat] ,?orvalds5 f\nd himself ! talk ( arti/ic ,rome4 ,! ,b>on de ,s*ub>t1 ,dani% ,ambassador at ,naples1 _h commission$ a 8,cupid & ,psy*e40 ,! sculptor 0 9 ! mid/ ( ! "w :5 8 /udio at ,mont5]o 0 /ruck by lightn+4 ,! only model :i* escap$ de/ruction 0 ! ,b>on's 8,cupid & ,psy*e40 ,?orvalds5 himself 0 9 ,rome at ! "t1 & ! pretty little /ory naturally ran ! r\nd ( ! /udios4 ,! tale caught ! fancy ( ! sm>t set1 ev] on ! look-out = an excitem5t1 & 8! miracle ( ! m>ble0 became ! s5sation ( ! h\r4 ,a flood ( sonnets & epigrams result$4 ,?orvalds5 f\nd himself sudd5ly recogniz$ z ! com+ sculptor--second only to ,canova4 ,!re is no f9] example ( ! g5ius ( ,?orvalds5 ?an 8 8,v5us40 ,!re is c]ta9ly no /atue ^u :i* he lavi%$ m c>e4 ,x exi/s 9 sev]al =ms1 includ+ a f9e m>ble copy 9 ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire's collection at ,*atswor?4 ,/>t+ 9 #ahje1 he took t5 ye>s to complete ! design to 8 satisfaction4 ,n t ,?orvalds5 0 a sl[ work]4 ,he _h no love = ! actual c>v+1 & left ! great] portion ( ! m>ble-"w to 8 assi/ants4 ,b 9 ! clay he work$ ) extreme facility1 & few sculptors h excell$ him 9 ! numb] & v>iety ( 8 designs4 ,a /atue l ! 8,v5us0 proves t he also possess$ qualities ( bread? & emotional au/]ity1 :i* _c be claim$ = ! pretti] works ( ,canova4 ,b1 judg+ ! life-"w ( ! ,dani% sculptor 9 its broade/ aspects1 ! only possible v]dict is t :i* mu/ also be pass$ ^u ,canova4 ,bo? m5 pref]r$ to e*o an e>li] art4 ,!y made no attempt to realize nature afre%4 ,?is acceptance ( a purely artificial cre$1 bas$ ^u _! admiration = _! ,greek pr$ecessors1 entail$ an ab&onm5t ( ! p]sonal /&po9t :i* alone gives an art ! highe/ value4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?orvalds5 ,,v5us ,duke ( ,devon%ire's ,collection1 ,*atswor? ,,! ,,sculpture ,,( ,,! ,,fr5* ,,revolution ,:y ,canova & ,?orvalds5 %\ld h f\nd ?is necess>y 9 an age :i* 0 full ( pregnant ?\ght & feel+1 is h>d to say4 ,"o c only note a simil> t5d5cy 9 o!r bran*es ( ,european activity 9 ! latt] ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! pa9t] ,david1 = in/ance1 0 cont5t to "w to a pseudo-,greek /&>d1 in/ead ( con/ruct+ a fre% "o1 fitt$ to ! new /ate ( ?+s 9 ,france4 ,! great picture 9 ! ,l\vre1 8,! ,int]v5tion ( ! ,sab9e ,wom510 is almo/ icy on acc\nt ( ! arti/'s pre-occupation ) ! ext]nals ( classical art4 ,7 x n = ! evid5ce ( ,david's portraits "o w\ld reg>d ! pa9t] ( ! 8,sab9e ,wom50 z entirely lack+ 9 human emotion4 ,z x is1 we "k t ! assumption ( classical ext]nals is m]ely ! outcome ( a bad habit4 ,a simil> t5d5cy to pose 9 ! outworn robes ( an e>li] civilization 0 a common fault among ! m5 & wom5 :o s\ght to br+ ! ideals ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution home to ,europe4 ,witness ! days :i* ! ,national ,assembly devot$ to ! un5d+ wrangle ov] ! precise word+ ( ! 8,rights ( ,man40 ,! "t 0 wa/$1 n because ! ,decl>ation really =w>d$ ! ideal ( equality be=e ! law & ! abolition ( all class di/9ctions1 b because ! f\nd]s ( ! ,am]ican ,republic _h fram$ a simil> ,decl>ation ( ,rights4 ,! civic d9n]s 9 ,p>is 9 imitation ( ! ,sp>tan mann] 7 equally m]e poses4 ,p>isians sat1 surr\nd$ by _! s]vants1 at tables spread 9 ! v /reets1 :ile fa%ionable ho/esses call$ ^u pass]s-by to note 8h[ we love equality40 ,! t5d5cy :i* l$ ! ,p>isians to su* follies1 l$ ,canova1 ,?orvalds51 & ,flaxman to foll[ a pseudo-classic /yle in/ead ( all[+ ! passions & ?\ghts a/ir 9 _! s\ls to f9d an adequate me?od ( expression4 ,?is initial error depriv$ ev5 _! mo/ ambiti\s works ( t almo/ my/ical appeal :i* gives ! /atu>y ( ! greate/ ,hell5es & ,flor5t9es its unique value4 ,?\gh full ( grace & *>m1 _! m>bles impress u at once z devoid ( ei!r deep feel+ or high ?9k+4 ,! "o sculptor1 :o absorb$ ! patriotic _s g5]at$ by ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & also f\nd means to express x 9 m>ble1 0 ,franois ,rude 7#aghd-ahee74 ,unlike ,?orvalds51 ,canova & ,flaxman1 ,rude nev] liv$ 9 ,rome4 ,he 0 ,fr5* to ! m>r[4 ,inde$1 :5 he won ! ,gr& ,prix 9 #ahab1 he did n take advantage ( ! opportunity to visit ,italy4 ,! son ( a ,dijon blacksmi?1 ,rude came to ,p>is 9 #ahjg ) #af 9 8 pocket4 ,he _h no?+ except an inv9cible det]m9ation to become a sculptor1 to ensure success4 ,h[ev]1 he secur$ "w & jo9$ ! cole des ,beaux ,arts4 8,sev5 lo/ ye>s10 0 ,rude's op9ion ( ! "t he sp5t 9 ?is c5tre ( academical me?od4 ,rude _h always be5 an ard5t politician1 & ! support he gave to ,napoleon dur+ 8,! ,hundr$ ,days0 l$ to 8 exile4 ,aft] twelve ye>s 9 ,brussels1 he return$ to ,p>is--ag$ =ty-?ree4 ,! exhibition ( ! 8,neapolitan ,fi%] ,boy0 9 #ahcc1 e/abli%$ ,rude's reputation4 ,! "w is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 c>v$ recall ^? "u :i* ,mi*ael ,angelo produc$ 8 8,david40 ,rude 0 furni%$ ) an odd prism-%ap$ piece ( m>ble4 ,! delightful +5uity ) :i* he has us$ ! happy pose aris+ f ! boy's cross$ legs is wor?y to be rememb]$ along ) ! a*ievem5t ( ,mi*ael ,angelo himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rude 8,,! ,,m>seillaise0 ,,relief ,arc de ,triomphe1 ,p>is ,*>m+ z ! 8,neapolitan ,fi%] ,boy0 is1 ,rude's g5ius is m completely illu/rat$ by 8 great bas-relief 9 ! ,arc de ,triomphe at ,p>is4 ,?i]s 0 ,l\is ,philippe's m9i/] at ! "t1 & he gave ,rude ! commission = all ! 8gr&e sculpture0 ^u ! ,ar*4 ,! intrigues ( rivals1 h[ev]1 result$ 9 half ( ! "w be+ h&$ ov] to ,etex1 & f9ally1 ,rude only contribut$ a s+le gr\p4 ,?is 0 ! 8,*ant du ,d"p10 g5]ally kn[n z 8,! ,m>seillaise40 ,! magnific5t =ce & vig\r ) :i* ,rude has c>ri$ out ! purpose ( ! memorial is beyond praise4 ,8 task 0 to p]petuate ! fame ( ! ,imp]ial armies :i* c[$ ,europe & won su* fights z ,m>5go1 ,au/]litz1 ,j5a1 & ,fri$l&4 ,surely ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! emotion express$ 9 ,rude's 8,*ant du ,d"p10 & any works by ! m highly end[$ ,canova & ,?orvalds5 is beyond "q4 ,surely x is equally c]ta9 t ! diff]5ce c only be trac$ to "o ?+4 ,! ,fr5*man 0 express+ :at he felt1 :]eas1 ! o!r two m5 7 only express+ :at ,w9cklemann & ,less+ _h prov$ to be correct4 ,rude 0 able to infuse 8 m>ble ) ! passion x conta9s because he _h liv$ ?r\gh a /irr+ age4 ,! 8,*ant du ,d"p0 only nom9ally dates f ! '?irties ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,really1 x 0 c>v$ 9 ! ye> #agic1 :5 ,rude z a boy ( n9e1 m>*$ up & d[n ! squ>es ( ,dijon1 ) 8 *ild-companions 9 ! ,royal ,b\rbon ,regim5t ( ! ,national ,gu>d1 & felt 8 loyal little he>t burn+ )9 him z he sang ! ,m>seillaise be=e ! bu/ ( ,m>at or ,robespi]re4 ,x makes u feel t x is ! direct outcome ( real feel+--exp]i5c$ at fir/ h&4 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,engli% ,,sculpture ,! sculpture ( ,rude leads naturally en\gh to t ( ,great ,brita9--! only o!r c\ntry 9 ,europe ) national emotions capable ( be+ translat$ into a vital art at t "t4 ,un=tunately1 no lov] ( sculpture1 writ+ 9 ,engli% c turn f ! art ( ,france to t ( 8 own c\ntry )\t a pang4 ,= hundr$s ( ye>s1 ! sculptor met ) no enc\ragem5t 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! l& :i* _h n\ri%$ ! g5ius ( a ,%akespe>e1 a ,milton & a ,wr51 ( a ,ga9sbor\gh & a ,reynolds1 c\ld only advance a li/ ( %ad[y names aga9/ ! tangible a*ievem5ts ( its great rival on ! o!r side ( ! ,*annel4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,r5aissance1 !re 0 "s promise t sculpture might obta9 a foo?old 9 ,engl& z x 0 do+ 9 ,france4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ,wolsey took a ke5 int]e/ 9 ! infant art1 & p]suad$ sev]al ,italian arti/s to take up _! abode 9 ,engl&4 ,su* a tomb z t ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 9 ! ,abbey1 ! contract = :i* 0 made 9 #aeab1 af=ds an int]e/+ comp>ison ) ! tombs ( ! ,fr5* k+s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 ! "w ( ! ,italian ,torrigiano1 be/ kn[n n[adays z ! break] ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's nose4 ,un=tunately1 ,torrigiano 0 ! greate/1 & n ! lea/1 ( ! b& ( =eign arti/s :o came to ,engl& 9 ^? days4 ,consequ5tly1 our native sculptors nev] _h ! advantage ( see+ m5 l ,leon>do da ,v9ci & ,&rea del ,s>to work+ among !m4 ,torrigiano & ,antonio ,toto 7 poor sub/itutes = ,cell9i & ,primaticcio4 ,no "o c say :at w\ld h happ5$ _h a m vigor\s arti/ic impulse be5 receiv$ f ! c\ntry ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,donatello4 ,b ?is is c]ta94 ,nei!r sculpture nor pa9t+ 9 ,engl& became ! liv+ ?+s !y 7 9 ,france4 ,:ile ,francis ,i4 & ! ?ree ,l\is 7 pur*as+ /atues by ,g\jon & ,paj\1 ! ,engli% k+s & nobles pref]r$ to repeat lyrical snat*es by su* m5 z ,lovelace & ,ro*e/]4 ,almo/ ! only ,briti% sculptures f ! end ( ! ,tudors to ! middle ( ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 7 ! memorial monum5ts :i* /ill decorate our old] *ur*es4 ,= ! re/1 !re 0 su* a "w z ! ,night+ale monum5t by ! =eign] ,r\billiac1 ! /ill-life c>v+s ( ,gr9l+ ,gibbons1 & ! f9e tombs by ,ni*olas ,/one 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,! pr(\nd diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,engli% "* & ! ,fr5* acc\nts1 9 great measure1 = ,brita9's sl[ness to develop a national s*ool ( sculpture4 ,! temp]am5t :i* really feels t pure =m c adequately express ! emotional exp]i5ce ( mank9d is r>e at any "t4 ,x is f> less likely to develop among m5 :o pref] positive1 concrete m5tal images ?an among ^? :o seek ! def9ite1 ab/ract conceptions :i* ! ,fr5* m9d creates4 ,moreov]1 dur+ ! c5tury aft] ,%akespe>e1 ,brita9 0 fully occupi$ 9 settl+ h] religi\s & political difficulties1 & ^u su* tasks z ! absorption ( ,irel& & ,scotl&4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury & ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? ,engl& %\ld be pictur$ by ! aid ( ,arnold's magnific5t image3 8,! we>y ,titan1 ) deaf ,e>s1 & lab\r-dimm'd eyes1 ,reg>d+ nei!r to "r ,nor left 444 ,/agg]+ on to h] goal40 ,! ,scotti% ,revolution ( #agde m>k$ ! conclusion ( ! p]iod ( political & social /ress4 ,by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,great ,brita9 _h 8f\nd itself40 ,! f\ndations ( a sy/em ( p>ty gov]nm5t _h be5 laid4 ,! rule ( ,walpole1 8! fir/ ,prime ,m9i/] ( ,engl&10 _h indicat$ ! direction 9 :i* ! future ( ,engli% politics lay4 ,= ! fir/ "t ! c\ntry 0 able to devote a portion ( its sp>e en]gy to an art :i* 0 admitt$ly n q attun$ to ! national temp]am5t4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum 0 an e>ly indication ( ! new mood4 ,! ,royal ,academy1 f\nd$ 9 #agfh1 ) ,reynolds z its fir/ presid5t1 indicat$ ! public recognition t a national s*ool ( sculpture 0 possible4 ,f9ally1 society--) a capital ,s--condesc5d$ to int]e/ itself 9 classical art4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is ^u ,engli% sculpture c be happily illu/rat$ f ! hi/ory ( ! 8,society ( ,dilettanti40 ,at ! "t ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,society ( ,dilettanti1 betwe5 #agcc & #agce1 "y ,briti% noblem5 7 wont to make ! 8,gr& ,t\r0 ?r\gh ,france & ,italy1 mu* z ! ,roman ari/ocrats _h visit$ ,greece & ,asia ,m9or1 dur+ ! lat] days ( ! ,republic & ! ,empire4 ,usually ! ,engli%man 0 accompani$ by a tutor1 :o enabl$ 8 "y *>ge to acquire ! rudim5ts ( a classical art education4 ,! y\? came back to ,london equipp$ z an arbit] 9 all matt]s ( ta/e4 ,! ,society ( ,dilettanti only admitt$ su* m5 z ^!1 & its av[$ object 0 to cultivate a ta/e = works ( art :i* _h attract$ !m dur+ _! t\rs4 ,at fir/ ! ,society ( ,dilettanti 0 little m ?an a d9+ club4 ,horace ,walpole1 writ+ 9 #agdc1 sne]$3 8,! nom9al qualification is hav+ be5 9 ,italy2 ! real "o be+ drunk40 ,z ! ,society became m /aid1 ) ! advanc+ ye>s ( its f\nd]s1 m ideal me?ods 7 adopt$4 ,sev]al ( ! promot]s took lead+ positions 9 ,engli% life4 ,sir ,francis ,da%wood1 = in/ance1 became ,bute's ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]4 ,! f\r? ,e>l ( ,s&wi* n only enri*$ ! language ) a new t]m & a novel article ( diet1 b pos$ z a lead] 9 all bran*es ( ,engli% activity f gambl+ & !atricals to art criticism4 ,9 c\rse ( "t su* m5 z ^! _h ! sp5d+ ( v consid]able funds accumulat$ by ! society4 ,! s\rces :5ce ! ,society d]iv$ its income make amus+ read+4 ,!re 01 = in/ance1 ! 8face money10 levi$ "u a rule :i* orda9$ t e memb]'s portrait %\ld be pa9t$ by ,knell] = ! b5efit ( ! ,society4 ,/ill l>g] sums accru$ f ! 8,rule ,ann4 ,soc4 ,undec40 ,?is set =? t any memb] :o 0 =tunate en\gh to secure an advance 9 8 sal>y %\ld contribute "o p] c5t4 ( ! fir/ ye>'s rise to ! ,dilettanti c(f]s4 ,9 ! ,annals1 "u date ,janu>y #f1 #agdd-e1 "o f9ds ! foll[+3 8,receiv$ ( ! ,duke ( ,b$=d elev5 gu9eas = hav+ receiv$ ! place ( ! fir/ ,commission] ( ! ,admiralty40 ,on ! :ole1 ! funds ( ! ,society ( ,dilettanti 7 exp5d$ ) good judgm5t4 ,/ud5ts' s*ol>%ips 7 end[$ 9 connection ) ! ,royal ,academy s*ools4 ,f9ely illu/rat$ works deal+ ) v>i\s antiqu>ian subjects 7 publi%$ f "t to "t4 ,excavations 7 enc\rag$4 ,above all1 a body ( public op9ion 0 creat$ :i* took a real int]e/ 9 classic sculpture4 ,pro(s ( a s9c]e appreciation ( classical art among ! lead]s ( ,engli% society 9 ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury c\ld be readily multipli$4 ,we might in/ance ! case ( ,*>les ,l5nox1 ?ird ,duke ( ,ri*mond1 :o celebrat$ 8 ,italian t\r by sett+ up a collection ( pa9t+1 sculptures & ca/s 9 a gall]y ( 8 h\se 9 ,:itehall & e/abli%+ s*ools ( art !re "u ,cipriani1 ! pa9t]1 & ,wilton1 ! sculptor4 ,b ! supreme evid5ce ( ! value ( ! sy/em is furni%$ by ! case ( ,?omas1 ,e>l ( ,elg94 ,t nobleman 0 engag$ ab\t #ahjb ^u a mission to ! ,ottoman ,porte4 ,he 0 =tunate en\gh to obta9 a firman to exam9e & remove c]ta9 8inscriptions0 f ! ,acropolis ( ,a!ns1 at t "t a ,turki% =tress4 ,8 ag5ts1 "u ?is firman1 collect$ ! ,elg9 m>bles1 :i* 7 convey$ to ,engl& 9 #ahab & f9ally pur*as$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahaf4 ,ev5 at ?is date1 9 spite ( ! writ+s ( ,less+ & ,w9ckelmann1 public op9ion 0 9 grave d\bt z to ! desirability ( pay+ ! begg>ly #ce1jjj :i* ! ,e>l ( ,elg9 ask$ = 8 treasures4 ,he _h sp5t upw>ds ( #gj1jjj1 s ! (f] 0 an exceptionally g5]\s "o4 ,ev5 a man l ,flaxman 0 d\btful z to ! real value ( ! m>bles4 ,l _m art-lov]s ( 8 age1 he pref]r$ ,raphael to ,rembr&t--! 8,v5us ( ,m$ici0 to ! 8,?ree ,fates40 ,illu/ration3 ,,flaxman ,,mi*ael ,,& ,,satan 7,,sket*7 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,flaxman 0 ! fir/ ,engli% sculptor ( ,european reputation4 ,he 0 born 9 #agee & di$ 9 #ahbf1 s 8 c>e] practically co9cid$ ) t ( ,canova4 ,! son ( a manufactur] ( pla/] ( ,p>is ca/s1 ! boy ,flaxman 0 t]ribly h&icapp$ by a ?reat5$ de=mity4 ,b :5 he laid aside 8 crut*es at t5 ye>s ( age1 8 natural b5t t[>ds art began to display itself def9itely4 ,9 #aggj he won ! silv] m$al = sculpture at ! ,royal ,academy4 ,patrons1 h[ev]1 prov$ few & f> betwe5 & ! necessity = mak+ a liv+ drove ,flaxman to accept ! commissions = ! classical designs made fam\s ?r\gh _! association ) ,w$gwood pott]y4 ,8 real c>e] z a sculptor began 9 #aghg4 ,l ,?orvalds5 he c\ld h said3 8,i 0 born :5 ,i fir/ saw ,rome4 ,be=e ,i m]ely exi/$40 ,:5 ,flaxman return$ to ,engl& eight ye>s lat]1 8 future 0 assur$4 ,he became an ,a4,r4,a4 9 #agig & an ,r4,a4 9 #ahjj4 ,p]haps no mod]n arti/ has produc$ "w m ne>ly approa*+ ! sculpture ( ,greece 9 _s4 ,9 ,flaxman's be/ kn[n "w1 ! 8,mi*ael & ,satan10 we c trace a sev]e re/ra9t :i* is =eign to ! m florid /yles ( ,canova & ,?orvalds5 & :i* br+s ! ,engli%man f> clos] to ! ma/]s ( ! ,hell5ic s*ool :om he s\ght to foll[4 ,he equall$ ei!r ,canova or ,?orvalds5 9 f]tility & purity ( design1 p>ticul>ly 9 bas-relief4 ,b ,flaxman also suff]$ z !y _h done f a too close adh]5ce to ! eclectic influ5ces d]iv$ f ,w9ckelmann4 ,:5 ,flaxman s\ght to portray ! int5se passions1 8 borr[$ /yle betray$ him4 ,if int5sity ( emotion 0 ( little mom5t 9 sculpture1 ,flaxman w\ld rank among ! immortals4 ,z a fact1 we "k t x con/itutes its v life4 ,consequ5tly1 "o c only regret t x 0 n giv5 to ! fir/ great ,engli% sculptor to emulate ! a*ievem5ts ( ,ga9sbor\gh & ,reynolds1 & evolve a /yle capable ( express+ ! manifold en]gies ( 8 age 9 m>ble1 z truly z !y did on canvas4 ,z x 01 ! g5ius ( ,flaxman only s]v$ to p]petuate a false ideal4 ,8 ,engli% foll[]s made no ef=t to rid !mselves ( ! me?ods :i* _h m>r$ ev5 ! f9e/ "w ( ! e>li] ma/]s ( _! s*ool4 ,tru? to tell1 ,flaxman's reputation dep5ds mu* m ^u 8 non-sculptural "w ?an x does ^u 8 m>bles--^u 8 ,hom]ic illu/rations1 ^u 8 draw+s1 ) _! my/]i\s rem9isc5ces ( ,blake1 = in/ance4 ,flaxman's facility 9 design 0 s trem5d\s t x alone made him /& out f> above 8 fell[ sculptors4 ,add$ to ?is1 !re is a c]ta9 natural au/]ity 9 8 sculptures :i* di/+ui%es !m f ! conv5tional !atricalities ( ! e>li] eighte5?-c5tury arti/s & ! ,georgian & e>ly ,victorian s5tim5talities :i* foll[$4 ,b x w\ld be untrue to sugge/ t z a sculptor he rose sup]ior to 8 age4 ,weigh$ 9 ! scale ( ,european art1 anci5t & mod]n1 ! life-"w ( ,flaxman conta9s ! same lesson z t ( ,canova & ,?orvalds54 ,x /&s z a p]petual memorial ( ! et]nal law1 t no liv+ art c be built ^u a borr[$ /yle--ev5 ?\gh t /yle be ,greek4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,mod]n ,,fr5* ,,s*ool 7,,aft] #ahdh7 ,we are n[ approa*+ ! end ( our task4 ,x only rema9s to ga!r toge!r ! v>i\s /r&s ( our argum5t1 ) a view to ! solution ( ! f9al problem--! position ( sculpture 9 our own times4 ,?\gh we %all fir/ deal ) ! art ( ,france & !n turn to t ( ,engl&1 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts w be f\nd to be practically ! same 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,a s+le sup]-title--8,! ,r5asc5ce ( ,individualism0--might prop]ly *>act]ize bo? *apt]s4 ,speak+ r\ghly1 ! pseudo-,hell5ic /yle ( ,canova & 8 foll[]s p]si/$ until ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,s long z x la/$1 ! sculptor *ose to fit 8 ?\ghts & emotions into an entirely ali5 =m4 ,x 0 a =m ( 8 own *oos+1 x is true1 b x c\ld sc>cely be said to be ( 8 own mak+4 ,n[1 we h se5 aga9 & aga91 t ! production ( vital sculpture1 :e!r by ! nation or ! individual1 dep5ds ^u absolute s9c]ity4 ,x mu/ spr+ f ! deep-felt emotions ( ! arti/4 ,! class ( "w--portraiture or :at n--matt]s little4 ,! subject matt]s ev5 less4 ,:at is all-important is t ! design 9 :i* ! sculptor seeks to embody 8 ideas %all gr[ spontane\sly f 8 exp]i5ce 9 ! _w ( ,nature4 ,ap>t f t--n'importe6 8,!re are n9e-&-sixty ways ( con/ruct+ tribal lays1 ,&-e-s+le-"o-(-!m-is-"r40 ,b ! adoption ( an ali5 =m 0 n ! only ob/acle to a revival ( sculpture4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 ! prevail+ philosophy _h condemn$ ! intellectuals ( ,we/]n ,europe to ! suppression ( all natural passion & emotion4 ,a cataclysm l ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 necess>y to rega9 = mank9d ! "r to feel4 ,once ?is "r _h be5 ass]t$1 ! results 7 imm$iate4 ,at fir/1 individualism took a political =m4 ,napoleon arose--! inc>nation ( ! ,fr5*man's desire to impress 8 newly discov]$ social ideas ^u ! civiliz$ _w4 ,:5 ! ,emp]or fell 9 #ahae1 ! passion = individual expression took arti/ic %ape4 ,:at ,napoleon did 9 ! _w ( politics1 ,%elley & ,victor ,hugo1 ,delacroix & ,turn] did 9 ! _w ( art4 ,romance 9 action became ,romance 9 imag9ation4 ,criticism1 :i* _h be5 academic1 became individual2 ?\ght became pr(\ndly subjective4 ,! philosoph] 0 no long] cont5t ) a few ab/ractions & an elaborate t]m9ology2 he s\ght to "k ! import ( ! broad e>? & ! /ill broad] heav54 ,^! 7 times 8,9 :i* ! meagre1 /ale1 =bidd+ ways ,( cu/om1 law1 & /atute1 took at once ,! attraction ( a c\ntry 9 romance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bliss 0 x 9 t dawn to be alive1 ,b to be "y 0 v ,heav540 ,illu/ration3 ,,anto9e ,,b>ye ,,lapi? ,,& ,,c5taur ,l\vre1 ,p>is ,numb]less emotions & ideas1 gl[+ ) a /range & une>?ly light pres5t$ !mselves = arti/ic expression--emotions & ideas :i* art _h entirely lo/ sight ( dur+ ! previ\s c5tury & a half4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t ! effects ( ! ,romantic ,movem5t ^u sculpture call = imm$iate def9ition by all :o seek to =mulate ! circum/ance :i* l$ to ! mod]n revival4 ,we propose to />t ) ,france4 ,9 spite ( ! /rong lead :i* ,rude gave 8 fell[s1 ! :ole body ( ,fr5* sculptors 7 sl[ to realize ! importance ( ! new vi/as ( exp]i5ce op5+ be=e !m4 ,a few1 ,david d',ang]s = in/ance1 express$ a measure ( ! revolution>y _s 9 _! art4 ,b1 9 ! ma91 ! elegant grace ( a philo-,hell5e l ,pradi] 0 appreciat$ above ! vigor\s naturalism ( ,rude & ,david4 ,x 0 n until ! g5ius ( ,b>ye & ,c>peaux =c$ itself ^u ! public notice t a def9ite /ep =w>d 0 made4 ,( ! two1 ,anto9e ,b>ye 7#agie-ahge7 0 ! fir/ 9 po9t ( "t1 ?\gh ! second 9 po9t ( influ5ce4 ,9 _m ways1 h[ev]1 ,b>ye m>ks1 m cle>ly ?an ,c>peaux himself1 ! gulf sep>at+ ! typically mod]n s*ool f t :i* cont5t$ itself ) r++ ! *anges ^u an endless s]ies ( my?ological ab/ractions4 ,b>ye 0 fir/ & =emo/ a sculptor ( wild animals4 ,! fam\s exhibit 9 ! ,salon ( #ahca1 :i* fir/ br\ght him into notice1 c\ld only h be5 modell$ by "o :o knew ! anatomy ( ! bea/s ( ! =e/ z completely z ! ,greeks knew ! human =m4 ,! gr\p repres5t$ a dea? /ruggle betwe5 a crocodile & a tig]4 ,b>ye %[$ ! crocodile clut*+1 9 mortal agony1 at ! neck ( ! tig]4 ,! tig]1 ) gleam+ eyes1 bites fi]cely into its enemy's body4 ,:5 we comp>e su* a subject ) ! ,v5uses & ,apollos ) :i* 8 fell[s conc]n$ !mselves1 ,b>ye's connection ) ! ,romantici/s is at once evid5t4 ,! pi? & m>r[ ( ,romanticism is a di/ru/ ( ! commonplace & a long+ to br+ new worlds ( exp]i5ce )9 ! k5 ( ! arti/4 ,take a few ( ! lead]s ( ! ,romantic ,movem5t at r&om4 ,9 lit]ature1 ,scott1 ,byron1 ,he9e1 & ,victor ,hugo4 ,9 pa9t+1 ,g]icault1 ,turn]1 & ,delacroix4 ,"o & all s\ght to ar\se ! _w f a /ate ( cont5tm5t :i* ,rusk9 adroitly illu/rat$ by ! image ( ! happ9ess ( ! squirrel 9 8 circul> prison4 ,! end ( _! endeav\r 0 to ext5d ! sph]e ( art beyond ! graceful1 ! fanciful1 & ! commonplace4 ,b ! m]e discov]y ( a fre% field = ! sculptor is only a "p ( ! debt :i* we mod]ns owe to ,b>ye4 ,8 supreme gift lay 9 8 p[] to treat ! new subjects )\t ev] transgress+ ! limits set by 8 m$ium4 8,a g5ius 9 8 conception ( art & by 8 p[] ( express+ x10 is ! v]dict ( 8 pupil1 ,rod94 ,! tru? ( ?is c be se5 at once 9 any ( ,b>ye's fam\s works--! 8,lion0 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! ,l\vre1 = in/ance1 or ! brilliant 8,c5taur & ,lapi?10 9 ! same collection4 ,no?+ to be comp>$ ) !m z /udies 9 animal life1 _h be5 giv5 to ! _w s9ce ! days ( ! ,assyrian sculptors1 :o work$ ) ! k t only a race ( hunt]s c possess4 ,b>ye's supreme skill 9 8 own sph]e militat$ aga9/ 8 influ5ce ev] becom+ z g5]al z x des]v$4 ,z a rule he conf9$ himself to small works4 ,9 ! nature ( ?+s1 he c\ld n expect ! num]\s commissions :i* an equally gift$ craftsman ) a l>g] range ( subject w\ld h secur$4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ,b>ye mu/ be recogniz$ z "o ( ! pione]s ( ,romanticism 9 8 art1 only a p$ant c reg>d him z ! fa!r ( mod]n ,fr5* sculpture4 ,?is position belongs to ,c>peaux4 ,born 9 #ahbg1 ,jean ,bapti/e ,c>peaux />t$ 8 c>e] "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,rude4 ,n only did he inh]it ! te*nical skill ( 8 ma/]1 b he c>ri$ away some?+ ( ! f9e human sympa?y :i* *>act]iz$ ! great sculptor ( ! ,revolution>y p]iod4 ,c>peaux 0 wont to say t he 8nev] pass$ ,rude's #8,*ant du ,d"p' )\t rais+ 8 hat40 ,w9n+ ! ,prix de ,rome 9 #ahed1 ,c>peaux prov$ t a new =ce _h aris5 9 ,fr5* sculpture :5 he exhibit$ 8 8,neapolitan ,fi%] ,lad0 9 #aheh1 a "w :i* /rongly recalls ,rude's v simil> /udy4 ,c>peaux's full p[] 0 reveal$ ?ree ye>s lat]1 :5 he f9i%$ 8 fam\s gr\p ( 8,ugol9o & 8 ,sons10 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre at ,p>is4 ,p]haps no "w conta9s m ( ! _s ( ,c>peaux ?an ! delightful high relief1 8,flora40 ,x comes f ! ,pavilion ( ,flora1 9 ! ,palace ( ! ,tuil]ies4 ,! v conv5tionality ( ! subject emphasizes ! orig9ality ( ,c>peaux's treatm5t4 ,! ,goddess ( ! ,spr+ is surr\nd$ by a b& ( dimpl$ putti1 danc+ att5dance ^u h]4 ,:e!r we l x or :e!r we d n1 we recognize t ! relief /rikes an individual note4 ,x owes no?+ to philo-,hell5ism4 ,c>peaux has treat$ ! subject 9 a p>ticul> mann] = "o reason only--t is h[ he saw & felt x4 ,an equally good example ( ,c>peaux at 8 be/ is furni%$ by ! fam\s gr\p1 8,! ,dance10 on ! faade ( ! ,op]a ,h\se 9 ,p>is4 ,:5 x 0 unveil$ 9 #ahfi1 8,! ,dance0 0 greet$ ) a /orm ( angry prote/4 ,small wond]4 ,:at we h come to reg>d z ! great *>m ( ! gr\p--! insi/5ce ^u ! joy ( motion--mu/ h seem$ %e] imp]t95ce to an age :i* reg>d$ a graceful calm z ! "o end ( sculpture4 ,no d\bt1 ,c>peaux's critics really believ$ t1 9 8,! ,dance10 ,g5ius1 9 tru?1 danc$ a bac*anal2 9 _! view1 he cr[n$ 8,! brimm+ goblet1 seiz$ ! ?yrsus1 b\nd ,8 br[s ) ivy1 ru%$ into ! field ,( wild imag9ation & !re reel$1 ,! victim ( 8 own lascivi\s fires1 ,&1 dizzy ) delight1 pr(an$ ! sacr$ wires40 ,! san] judgm5t ( to-day sees t ,c>peaux resolv$ = 8 g5]ation "o ( ! ultimate difficulties ( 8 art4 ,he %[$ h[ m>ble might be robb$ ( its specific gravity4 ,9 8,! ,dance0 x leaps4 ,! sculptor has depriv$ /one ( its ess5tial deadness4 ,8 figures live4 ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,b4 ,,c>peaux ,,! ,,dance ,f ! ,op]a ,h\se1 ,p>is ,,! ,,academic ,,sculptors ,! te*nical tradition e/abli%$ by ,c>peaux has nev] be5 lo/4 ,to ?is day1 ,france boa/s ( a b& ( sculptors :o c make m>ble 8dance0 & 8live10 z surely z ,c>peaux himself4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! ,fr5* s*ool is f> bett] end[$ ?an ! ,engli%4 ,! te*nical sup]iority is1 9 great measure1 traceable to ! cole des ,beaux ,arts4 ,be=e we emb>k ^u ! inevitable criticism1 let u r5d] our me$ ( praise4 ,! cole des ,beaux ,arts 0 f\nd$ z f> back z #afdh4 ,x is op5 to ,fr5*m5 ( all classes1 entrance be+ by an exam9ation consi/+ ( modell+ 9 clay f 8! life40 ,! te/ occupies two h\rs daily = a week--twelve h\rs 9 all4 ,! aim ( e sculptor at ! cole des ,beaux ,arts is ! ,prix de ,rome1 :i* has be5 held by mo/ ( ! fam\s ,fr5* ,ma/]s & br+s ) x ! v tangible advantage ( a f\r ye>s' resid5ce 9 ,italy at ! ,gov]nm5t's exp5se4 ,! s*ool employs a l>ge /aff ( highly gift$ pr(essors & provides te*nical in/ruction :i* is wor?y ( all praise4 ,few m5 ( tal5t leave its walls )\t1 at any rate1 kn[+ h[ to model & :at sculptural design actually means4 ,un=tunately ! cole des ,beaux ,arts does n escape ! fault ( all academies4 ,its sy/em r$uces ! *ance ( failure to a m9imum1 b x does no?+ to increase ! proportion ( supreme successes4 ,! insi/5ce ^u tradition :i* is insep>able f academic tea*+1 seems to prev5t ^? :o accept its me?ods f ev] express+ _! full individuality4 ,to f9d :at is mo/ vital 9 ,fr5* sculpture "o has !re=e to look beyond ! ranks ( ^? :o h be5 tra9$ 9 ! cole des ,beaux ,arts4 ,nev]!less1 no record ( mod]n ,fr5* art w\ld be complete )\t "s ref]5ce to ! sculptures to be se5 9 e salon1 :i* cle>ly owe _! f9e/ qualities to ! tea*+ ( t s*ool4 ,! task ( select+ two or ?ree typical examples is an invidi\s "o4 ,! g5]al level ( sculptural a*ievem5t 9 ,france is s high1 & ! sculptors :o claim inclusion 9 ! fir/ rank are s num]\s1 t x is almo/ impossible to s+le out "o man )\t rememb]+ t ano!r has at lea/ an equal claim to notice4 ,be>+ ?is proviso 9 m9d1 few w be f\nd to object to ! inclusion ( ,anto9e ,idrac4 ,no f9] *oice c be made ?an 8 beautiful 8,m]cury inv5t+ ! ,caduceus0 9 ! ,luxemb\rg collection at ,p>is4 ,graceful1 suave1 re/ra9$1 x %[s ,fr5* academic art at its v be/4 ,ano!r in/ructive in/ance c be f\nd among ! works ( ,paul ,dubois 7born #ahbi71 a sculptor ) r less ( ! ,greek & a little m ( ! f]vid ,italian 9 8 temp]am5t4 ,8 mo/ fam\s "w is ! monum5t to ,g5]al de la ,moricire 9 ! ,ca!dral at ,nantes1 b ,dubois' art is equally well repres5t$ by ! *>m+ 8,/4 ,john0--9 ! ,luxemb\rg4 ,! e>ly date ( ?is "w--x 0 modell$ dur+ ! sculptor's /ay 9 ,flor5ce 9 #ahfj--p]haps saves x f an accusation :i* may be levell$ aga9/ ! great] portion ( ! sculpture ( ! academic s*ool4 ,too (t51 its only fault is its faultlessness4 ,= a "t ! s5ses are satisfi$1 b aft] a second & ?ird visit we come 8,to loa! ! ta/e ( sweetness1 :]e( a little ,m ?an a little is by mu* too mu*40 ,9 connection ) ?is phase ( mod]n ,fr5* art1 ref]5ce mu/ be made to ! "w ( ,falguire4 ,ap>t f its intr9sic m]it1 ,falguire's influ5ce among ! y\ng] ,fr5* sculptors is enorm\s4 ,! wond]ful facility 9 modell+ :i* is s common 9 ,france is 9 l>ge measure due to 8 tea*+ & example4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dubois ,,sa9t ,,john ,luxemb\rg1 ,p>is ,illu/ration3 ,,idrac ,,m]cury ,,inv5t+ ,,! ,,caduceus ,luxemb\rg1 ,p>is ,f ^! illu/rations x w be pla9 t ! :ole ( ! ,fr5* academical s*ool incl9es to sacrifice too mu* to ! graces4 ,aid$ by an almo/ p]fect te*nique1 its ma/]s h little difficulty 9 secur+ _! "o aim--ab/ract beauty4 ,b !y fail to avoid %[+ 9 _! m>bles & bronzes a m>k$ lifelessness obvi\sly due to ! adoption ( a =eign conv5tion4 ,9 ^! days1 ! ,fr5* sculptor does n foll[ ,canova4 ,he =ms 8 /yle ^u semi-,italian1 semi-,greek l9es1 laid d[n by an entity--! cole des ,beaux ,arts4 ,= ?is reason1 x is no co9cid5ce t ! two =emo/ sculptors 9 ,france n only fail$ to ga9 any?+ f ! cole des ,beaux ,arts1 b c actually trace _! supreme position to ?is v fact4 ,jules ,dal\ succe$$ 9 secur+ admission to ! cole's classes1 b agre$ t 89 ! end !y did him no good40 ,rod9 actually sat = ! entrance exam9ation ?ree times4 ,on ea* occasion he fail$ to p]suade ! au?orities t 8 tal5t 0 wor? fo/]+4 ,_h ! cole des ,beaux ,arts succe$$ 9 dragg+ ^! two m5 into _! all-enfold+ net1 ! _w w\ld c]ta9ly be ! poor] by ! v qualities :i* give ! sculpture ( ,dal\ & ,rod9 its unique value4 ,( ! two1 ,jules ,dal\ approa*es mo/ closely to ! academic ideal4 ,he is ! l9k betwe5 ! cole des ,beaux ,arts & ,rod94 ,! c\pl+ ( ! two names mu/ n be tak5 to sugge/ any close simil>ity betwe5 ! two m54 ,9 8 g5]al view ( ! _w1 ,dal\ is f> m ak9 to 8 ma/]1 ,c>peaux1 ?an he is to ,rod94 ,! hi/orical connection betwe5 ,dal\ & 8 m fam\s contempor>y arises f ! evid5ce ( a revolt aga9/ ! high conv5tionalism ( ! academic s*ool to be f\nd 9 8 "w4 ,moreov]1 l ,rod9's1 ,dal\'s figures nev] sugge/ ! model2 on ! contr>y1 !y are utt]ly unlike ^? ( ! 8reali/s10 :o also oppose ! tea*+s ( ! cole des ,beaux ,arts4 ,?is c be se5 9 su* a "w z ,dal\'s great gr\p--8,! ,triumph ( ,sil5us10 9 ! ,j>d9 du ,luxemb\rg4 ,! /atue has ! exub]ant /r5g?1 ! irresi/ible gu/o = ! liv+ fle%1 ( a ,rub5s pa9t+4 ,dal\'s sculpture has a peculi> int]e/ = ,engli%m54 ,he is p]haps bett] kn[n 9 ,engl& ?an any o!r ,fr5* sculptor4 ,he _h to fly f ,p>is aft] ! ,commune1 ow+ to hav+ accept$ ! ,curator%ip ( ! ,l\vre dur+ ! tr\bl\s times4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 eight ye>s exile 9 ,engl&1 he became pr(essor ( sculpture at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,dal\ 01 ?r\gh\t 8 c>e]1 a man ( /r5u\s purpose1 able & will+ to drive home ! ideals :i* he _h made 8 own4 ,x w\ld be difficult to exagg]ate ! influ5ce ( 8 in/ruction & example ^u ! y\ng] s*ool ( ,engli% sculptors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,jules ,,dal\ ,,triumph ,,( ,,sil5us ,j>d9 du ,luxemb\rg1 ,p>is ,,augu/e ,,rod9 ,rod9--,dal\'s comrade 9 ! fight aga9/ ! influ5ce ( ! cole des ,beaux ,arts--is a man ( equally vigor\s p]sonality4 ,ev5 m ?an ,dal\1 he has come to 8 own 9 spite ( circum/ances4 ,born 9 #ahdj1 ,rod9 is n[ sixty-sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,at f\rte51 he />t$ to e>n a liv+ z a mak] ( ornam5ts1 manag+1 h[ev]1 to f9d "t = classes at a ,p>isian art s*ool & lessons f ! vet]an ,b>ye4 ,little trace c n[ be f\nd ( ! influ5ce ( ! great animal sculptor ^u 8 m fam\s pupil1 b ,rod9 has put on record 8 indebt$ness to ,b>ye4 8,x 0 he10 he said1 8:o1 by fix+ my att5tion ^u ,nature1 c>ri$ my arti/ic education to a po9t f :i* ,i c\ld pursue x alone40 ,tru? to tell1 ,rod9 owes 8 success to no "o except himself4 ,he is ess5tially ! sculptor ( mod]n individualism 9 its mo/ int5se =m4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,rod9 engag$ himself z a workman 9 ! /udio ( ! fa%ionable sculptor1 ,c>ri]-,belleuse1 prior to emigrat+ to ,brussels1 z assi/ant to ! ,belgium sculptor1 ,van ,rasb\rg4 ,?irte5 ye>s 7 sp5t 9 ^! employm5ts4 ,x 0 n until ,rod9 return$ to ,p>is1 ag$ ?irty-"o1 t 8 c>e] z an indep5d5t sculptor comm5c$4 ,9 #ahgg1 he s5t ! fam\s male nude1 8,! ,age ( ,brass10 to ! ,salon4 ,! /ory ( its reception is well kn[n4 ,! jury1 a/oni%$ at its realism1 admitt$ ! works4 ,b s p]fect did !y consid] its modell+1 t !y refus$ to believe t ! sculptor _h n tak5 a ca/ f ! life4 ,=tunately1 a fri5d 0 at h&--,m4 ,turquet1 ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,f9e ,arts--:o secur$ ! /atue = ! ,luxemb\rg collection4 ,! /ruggle cont9u$ until #ahhj1 :5 (ficialdom f9ally decid$ to approve ! pur*ase ( ! 8,age ( ,brass0 & )drew an entirely unju/ifiable *>ge4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ! ,/ate pur*as$ ! 8,/4 ,john ,bapti/10 a f9e bronze replica ( :i* c be se5 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,at ! age ( =ty1 :5 _m m5 h ab&on$ all hope1 ,rod9 f\nd ! pa? to fame op54 ,! long /ruggle ov] ! 8,age ( ,brass0 _h br\ght notoriety1 no small matt] 9 an age ( adv]tisem5t4 ,ev5ts soon prov$ t x _h done mu* m4 ,a dogmatic revolution>y l ,rod9 only requir$ to realize h[ utt]ly 8 ideals cla%$ ) ^? ( 8 rivals to cl+ to !m ) f\rfold en]gy4 ,! treble rejection by ! cole des ,beaux ,arts & ! cruel /ruggle ) ! ,salon ,jury turn$ a sculptor :o w\ld only h be5 a m$iocre academician into a reaction>y ( g5ius4 ,rod9's reputation z a fight] has l$ _m to believe t 8 "w is ess5tially unc\?4 ,8 te*nical p[]s matur$ sl[ly1 b to-day no ,fr5* sculptor is m ri*ly end[$4 ,:5 he pleases1 ,rod9 c r5d]1 say1 ! velvety s(tness ( a woman's fle% ) an ease & delicate grace t any sculptor might envy4 ,a beautiful example ( ?is side ( ,rod9's g5ius is furni%$ by ! 8,fall5 ,danaid0 7#ahhh74 ,! girl has fall51 9 a p>oxysm ( grief1 on a rocky /ret*--! v r\ghness ( ! sett+ (f]+ a beautiful contra/ to ! s(t modell+ ( ! limbs4 ,! face is half buri$4 ,! di%evell$ hair trails amid ! brok5 fragm5ts ( ! wat] j>4 ,z we said ( ,c>peaux's 8,flora10 ! 8,danaid0 is a subject :i* might occupy ! *isel ( ! mo/ academic sculptor4 ,b !re is n a sugge/ion ( an e>li] imag9ation 9 ,rod9's r5d]+4 ,he has simply felt ! ?+ afre% & express$ himself 9 ! mann] :i* seem$ mo/ suitable4 ,! 8,danaid0 repres5ts "o side ( ,rod9's g5ius1 b p]haps ! life-"w ( ! sculptor c be mo/ readily appreciat$ f "s acc\nt ( ! my/]i\s 8,gate ( ,hell10 :i* looms s l>gely 9 all biographical notices ( ! sculptor4 ,! commission = ! 8,gate ( ,hell0 7! ,porte de l',enf]7 dates f #ahhj1 & 0 a direct consequ5ce ( ! settlem5t ( ! controv]sy :i* arose out ( ! 8,age ( ,brass40 ,! orig9al idea 0 to provide an entrance to ! project$ ,muse des ,arts ,dcoratifs1 :i*1 if x did n vie )1 w\ld at lea/ recall ,lor5zo ,ghib]ti's 8,gate ( ,p>adise10 9 ! ,bapti/]y at ,flor5ce4 ,! orig9al site = ! ,muse 9 ! ,c\r des ,comptes has1 h[ev]1 s9ce be5 utiliz$ = a railway /ation1 & ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t has1 accord+ly1 nev] requir$ ! completion ( its contract4 ,= tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ! 8,gate ( ,hell0 has /ood 9 ,rod9's /udio 9 ! ,rue de l',univ]sit--subject to con/ant modification & elaboration4 ,no "o :o has ev] be5 absorb$ 9 a p>ticul> art w f9d x difficult to realize ! consequ5ces ( ?is *ance4 ,! 8,gate ( ,hell0 has become ! /ore-h\se f :i* ,rod9 draws 8 sculptural inspiration4 ,all 8 ?\ghts & emotions :i* call = sculptural expression seem to sp5d !mselves ^u x4 ,rod9's philosophy is a mixture ( ,dante & ,baudelaire4 ,consequ5tly1 ! 8,gate ( ,hell0 has practically become a tw5tie?-c5tury p>aphrase ( ! tea*+s ( ! two m51 express$ 9 t]ms ( sculpture4 ,"s ( ,rod9's ideas1 naturally1 fail to f9d a conv5i5t ni*e 9 ! gate4 ,o!rs prove capable ( translation into individual works on a l>g] scale4 ,= in/ance1 ! fir/ idea = ! well-kn[n gr\p 9 ! ,luxemb\rg1 8,! ,kiss0 7,le ,bais]71 0 design$ = ! ,porte de l',enf]1 & %[$ ,paolo & ,francesca fall+ hellw>d1 9 ! v ?roes ( _! guilty passion4 ,9 ! l>g] m>ble1 ! idea has be5 purg$ ( its ,dantesque "*1 & ,rod9 gives u a picture ( ! et]nal beauty ( true passion4 ,prim>ily1 8,! ,kiss0 is a /udy 9 vigor\s manhood1 ?\gh ,rod9 is no less successful 9 8 treatm5t ( ! s(t] =m ( ! woman4 ,nei!r is rem9isc5t ( ! model4 ,b :ile ,rod9 has idealiz$ ! figures1 he has nev] rea*$ ! false idealism :i* spells conv5tion4 ,b ! real wor? ( 8,! ,kiss0 does n lie 9 its te*nical a*ievem5t1 b 9 ! pure1 human emotion ) :i* ! "w is suffus$4 ,note--x is only a m9or po9t--! h& on ! woman's ?igh1 quiv]+ ) passion4 ,comp>e x ) ! unresponsive f+]s ( ! o!r h& :i* re/ ^u ! /ony rock4 ,:5 f9i%$1 ! 8,gate ( ,hell0 is to be ( bronze1 & x w be execut$ 9 high relief aft] ,ghib]ti's model4 ,at pres5t x consi/s ( a two-leav$ door1 ) a frieze1 a tympanum1 & two lat]al columns4 ,9 ! panels & ^u ! wide uprights are a multitude ( figures--p]haps #ajj--;also 9 high relief4 ,! :ole gate w be at lea/ tw5ty feet high4 ,cr[n+ ! :ole design w be ! fam\s figure ( ! 8,?9k]40 ,z 9 ! case ( 8,! ,kiss10 ,rod9 has translat$ ! 8,?9k]0 into a l>g] size1 & ! replica n[ /&s 9 front ( ! /eps ( ! ,pan!on4 ,! nude figure re/s 8 "r arm on 8 left knee1 ! h& support+ ! *9 ( ! dream]4 ,9 ! 8,?9k]0 we may see ! fa!r ( m51 uncultur$ & unc\?1 brood+ ov] ! mad do+s ( 8 *ildr54 ,^! roll bel[ 9 ! panels & framework ( ! gate1 ! victims ( all ! passions to :i* mank9d is heir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,augu/e ,,rod9 8,,! ,,kiss0 7,,le ,,bais]7 ,luxemb\rg1 ,p>is ,!re is no affectation 9 read+ a pr(\nd philosophy into ! sculptures ( su* an arti/ z ,rod94 ,! nature ( ! greate/ art is su* t pr(undity ( ?\ght _c be divorc$ f a supreme "w4 ,he is n a consci\s prea*] & morali/4 ,b he is impell$ to be> witness to ! et]nal v]ities :i* manife/ !mselves 9 nature 9 ! =m ( beauty4 ,a ,turn] feels _! message 9 ! light & col\r ( ! sky & sea1 a ,correggio 9 ! gl9t ( ! hair or ! s(t sk9 ( a woman4 ,a sculptor l ,rod9 gazes ^u a well-%ap$ ?roat1 foll[s ! l9es ( a well-pois$ trunk or ! b5d ( a /rong man's lo9s1 & cries1 ) ,john ,add+ton ,symonds3 8,i "k n any?+ m fair ?an ?\4-- ,god give me /r5g? to feel !e1 p[] to speak ,?r\gh ?is dumb clay & m>ble all ! ?\ghts ,t rise )9 my _s :ile ,i gaze6-- ,:at sai? ! ,scripture8 #8,9 ,8 image ,god ,%ap$ man1 & brea!d into 8 no/rils brea? ,( life4'--,"h !n1 z n[h]e else1 %9es ,god2 ,! ,?\ght made fle%1 ! _w's s\l brea?+ s(t ,& /rong1 n m]ely ?r\gh ^? lips & eyes1 ,b 9 ea* flawless limb1 ea* mighty curve1 ,ea* s9ew m\ld$ on ! mov+ =m40 ,) su* a belief ,rod91 naturally1 r>ely drapes 8 figures4 ,he holds t n only ! head & ! h&1 b e "p ( ! body1 expresses human emotion4 ,aga9 he says3 8,i nev] give my model a pose4 ,x is my habit to let !m w&] ab\t ! /udio z !y w4 ,!y re/ or move z _! mood may dictate4 ,i ?us become famili> ) e natural1 un=c$ movem5t ( ! human body40 ,9 8 8,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/10 ,rod9 work$ f a model :o _h nev] pos$ be=e4 ,be=e he comm5c$1 he ask$ ! man to raise 8 arm & beg9 walk+4 ,a mom5t lat] he cri$3 8,!re n[1 /op40 ,! result 0 a /atue organically true1 & %[+ a f9e spontaneity :i* is 9 ! /ronge/ contra/ to ! highly conv5tionaliz$ figures ( ! academics4 ,f9ally1 ,rod9's te*nique &1 p>ticul>ly1 ! quality 9 8 modell+ :i* has e>n$ him ! title ( ! 8,fir/ ( ! ,impressioni/ ,sculptors40 ,! abs5ce ( %>p def9ition :i* *>act]izes ,rod9's lat] "w is evid5tly bas$ ^u pr9ciples closely alli$ to ^? ( ! impressioni/ pa9t]4 ,by rely+ ^u masses ( col\r1 light & %ade1 ! latt] secures bread? & an impression ( unity :i* a too rigid adh]5ce to l9e (t5 de/roys4 ,by exagg]at+ ! cont\r 9 "o place1 & by less5+ ! outl9e "h & %>p5+ x !re1 ,rod9 seeks to get clos] to ! natural effect produc$ by ! action ( light & %ad[ ^u ! natural object ?an a sculptor :o relies ^u pure =m alone4 ,! case ( ! sculptor1 h[ev]1 diff]s consid]ably f t ( ! pa9t]4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 obvi\s t =m is1 9 a s5se1 a m]e conv5tion1 :e!r 9 pa9t+ or sculpture4 ,no "o c argue t ! eye has any imm$iate k ( =m1 any m ?an x c be said t l9es really exi/ 9 nature4 ,b =m is a conv5tion :i* e sculptor1 f ,phidias to ,donatello1 & f ,mi*ael ,angelo to ,h\don1 has accept$4 ,true1 no sculptor is conc]n$ ) =m & =m only4 ,mi*ael ,angelo did n =get t 8 =mal arrangem5ts--to describe ! figures ( 8,dawn0 & 8,night0 9 ! balde/ possible t]ms--w\ld be se5 by ! aid ( ! sun & ?r\gh ! ,flor5t9e atmosph]e4 ,b x is a long cry f ?is intellig5t use ( light & %ade to ! ultra-mod]n ju/ification = ! di/ort$ grotesques ( su* a sculptor z ,rosso4 ,"h are ,rosso's words3 8,art mu/ be no?+ else ?an ! expression ( "s sudd5 s5sation giv5 u by light4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z pa9t+ or sculpture4 ,!re is only light40 ,illu/ration3 ,,augu/e ,,rod9 ,,! ,,?9k] ,! ,pan!on1 ,p>is ,x _c be d5i$ t if ,rosso's works are view$ f a giv5 di/ance1 ! proportions are rectifi$ by ! play ( light & %ade1 & t ! result is a surpris+ illusion ( life4 ,b1 reg>d$ z /atues1 ! ?+s are little m ?an fasc9at+ tricks4 ,9 su* an absolute s5se z ?is1 ! t]m 8impressioni/0 _c prop]ly be appli$ to ,rod94 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be us$ 9 ano!r & broad] s5se z indicat+ an arti/ :o seeks to express ! syn!sis ( ?+s z he sees !m "u ! influ5ce ( a mood4 ,rod9 kn[s t he is nei!r a contempor>y ( ,phidias nor ,donatello4 ,he rightly refuses to conf9e himself to =ms :i* ! ,a!nians & ! ,flor5t9es happ5$ to f9d mo/ suitable = ! expression ( _! exp]i5ce4 ,?is is ! simple ju/ification = mu* t is reg>d$ z iconocla/ic 9 8 arti/ic cre$4 ,:5 he cries3 8,sculpture is ! art ( ! hole & ! lump1 n ( ! clean1 well-smoo!d1 unmodell$ figures10 ,rod9 m]ely ass]ts a clos] k9%ip ) ! ,go?ic ?an ! ,greek ideal4 ,:e!r ,phidias1 ,scopas1 & ,praxiteles are "r & ,rod9 wrong1 matt]s little4 ,! all-important "q is :e!r ,rod9's reliance ^u ! ridges :i* express spiritual t5sion1 & 8 will+ness to utilize tortu\s poses :i* a ,greek w\ld h reject$1 h enabl$ him to s\nd a new note ( passion 9 sculpture4 ,we hold t !y h4 ,x is too e>ly to judge ( ! value ( ?is new note4 ,a hundr$ ye>s h5ce ! _w w be able to give a decision4 ,a contempor>y c only see a man :o expresses :at he feels1 /rongly & fe>lessly4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,mod]n ,,briti% ,,s*ool ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,?is is an ,engli% book4 ,x is writt5 = m5 & wom5 :o look ^u ! _w f ! di/9ctive /&po9t aris+ f ! use ( a common language4 ,at ! head ( a *apt] devot$ to sculpture 9 mod]n ,engl&1 let x be said1 def9itely & defiantly1 t !re is an ,engli% s*ool4 ,! proposition is by no means z sure ( g5]al acceptance z x %\ld be4 ,!re are _m critics :o appe> to d\bt ! exi/5ce ( ,engli% sculpture4 ,!y seem to reg>d ,p>is z ! only s\rce ( mod]n "w & ! ,engli% s*ool z a m]e bran* ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! real tru? is t1 ap>t f te*nique1 ! ,engli% sculptor has little to le>n f 8 ,cont95tal neighb\r4 ,we are n writ+ ( clay-?umb]s or m>ble-*ipp]s1 :o "w = ! promise ( a measure ( mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,we h 9 m9d e>ne/ craftsm5 :o turn to sculpture naturally--joy+ 9 an art :i* enables !m to give =m to ! ?\ghts & feel+s a/ir ar\nd !m4 ,great ,brita9 has no cause to fe> a comp>ison betwe5 ! numb] ( su* m5 work+ 9 ,engl& & ,france4 ,ow+ to ! lack ( a gall]y l ! ,luxemb\rg & ! abs5ce ( ! magnific5t facilities (f]$ by ! ,salons1 ! quality & ! quantity ( ! "w produc$ by ! ,engli% s*ool is h>d to gauge4 ,nev]!less1 x exi/s4 ,:5 ! ,engli% ,national ,gall]y is rebuilt accord+ to ,b>ry's design & ! two glaz$ loggie1 flank+ ! ma9 entrance & ea* runn+ = #cjj feet by #ae along ! face ( ! build+1 are fill$ ) ,briti% sculpture1 d\bt w be impossible4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,engli% sculpture is1 9 a v true s5se1 a national art4 ,n z we %\ld apply ! t]m to ! art ( sev5te5?-c5tury ,holl& or ,anci5t ,a!ns1 b 9 ! s5se t mod]n ,fr5* sculpture is national4 ,9 bo? ,engl& & ,france1 a body ( sculptors has aris51 able & anxi\s to express to ! full individualities :i* h be5 m\ld$ by ! influ5ces among :i* x works4 ,z we h se51 ?is became possible 9 ,france ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,9 ,engl& ! gr[? ( a simil> movem5t may be trac$ back "s ?irty ye>s4 ,a conv5i5t date is #ahgg1 :5 ,sir ,fr$]ic ,leighton exhibit$ 8 epo*-mak+ bronze 8,a?lete /ruggl+ ) a ,py?on40 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,flaxman1 ! ,engli% sculptors drift$ into ! same bl9d alley 9 :i* mo/ ( ! ,fr5*m5 f\nd !mselves4 ,= fifty ye>s !y made little or no ef=t to rid !mselves ( ! false canons ( ,canova & ! philo-,hell5es4 ,we/macott1 ,mac,dowell1 & ,wyatt1 to m5tion ?ree ,engli% sculptors1 all bas$ _! /yle ^u t ( ! ,v5etian ma/]4 ,argu+ f ! supreme a*ievem5ts ( ! ,greeks1 !y *ose to imitate ! classic mann] z closely z possible4 ,_! te*nique 0 ,greek2 _! subjects 7 ,greek2 ev]y?+ 0 ,greek except _! habits ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,to ,canova & ,?orvalds51 ! ideas ( ,w9ckelmann & ,less+ _h come ) ! fre%ness ( a newly discov]$ tru?4 ,!y _h ! /imulat+ =ce ( novelty4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ fifty ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! pseudo-,greek canon 0 m]ely accept$ z a conv5i5t =m :i* at lea/ _h ! m]it ( sp>+ ! arti/ ! tr\ble ( fre% inv5tion4 ,! consequ5ces1 z f> z ,engli% sculpture is conc]n$1 c be/ be realiz$ f a visit to ! ,gibson ,gall]y at ,burl+ton ,h\se1 ,london4 ,gibson1 :o 0 born 9 #agij1 01 p]haps1 ! mo/ popul> ( ,canova's ,engli% pupils--assum+ t he did n =feit all claim to be reg>d$ z an ,engli%man dur+ 8 tw5ty-sev5 ye>s' /ay 9 ,rome4 ,^u 8 dea?1 9 #ahff1 he bequea!d ! cont5ts ( 8 /udio to ! ,briti% public1 & !y are n[ h\s$ 9 ! ,diploma ,gall]y at ! ,royal ,academy4 ,gibson is p]haps be/ kn[n ?r\gh 8 8,v5us40 ,x creat$ a /ir at ! "t ( its fir/ exhibition1 ow+ to ! sculptor's attempt to popul>ize 8t9t$0 sculpture1 9 imitation ( ! classical fa%ion4 ,! /atue 0 design$ to /& 9 a pale purple-blue ni*e4 ,! hair & eyes ( ! goddess 7 decid$ly col\r$1 ! body be+ /a9$ a rose t9t4 ,gibson1 h[ev]1 fail$ to p]suade ! public & ! sculptors ( 8 age t any dep>ture f an absolute dep5d5ce ^u pure =m 0 desirable4 ,! 8,t9t$ ,v5us0 0 ! fir/ & ! la/ ( its race4 ,illu/ration3 ,,john ,,gibson ,,hylas ,,& ,,! ,,nymphs ,tate ,gall]y1 ,london ,an equally illum9at+ example ( ,gibson's /yle c be se5 at ! ,tate ,gall]y4 ,?is is ! gr\p1 8,hylas & ! ,nymphs10 modell$ 9 #ahbf4 ,! te*nical indu/ry ( ! sculptor & 8 feel+ = sculptural =m are obvi\s at once4 ,b no "o1 comp>+ ! 8,hylas0 ) ! mod]n works ( ! ,briti% s*ool :i* surr\nd x1 c fail to see ! sickly conv5tionalism ) :i* x is imbu$4 ,notice1 = in/ance1 ! modell+ ( ! limbs ( ! two nymphs1 & comp>e !m ) ^? ( ! boy4 ,surely any imag9ative sculptor ( ! mod]n s*ool w\ld insi/1 above all1 ^u ! obvi\s contra/ betwe5 ! male & ! female =m1 see+ t ! /ory ( ,hylas itself dep5ds ^u ?is v po9t4 ,gibson1 h[ev]1 practically models ! male & ! female limbs1 ! male & ! female fle%1 alike4 ,hylas has n ! legs ( a y\?1 nor h ! nymphs1 :o h be5 smitt5 by 8 beauty1 ! legs ( wom54 ,gibson has *os5 to adopt a conv5tional compromise1 unrelat$ to any?+ 9 nature1 & select$ = no o!r reason ?an a fanci$ resemblance to ! ,greek /yle4 ,! ?ree figures are graceful en\gh4 ,b !y are unsatisfy+ 9 ! la/ degree to all :o h felt ! f> m pot5t emotions aris+ f a rigid adh]5ce to nature4 ,h5ce 8,hylas & ! ,nymphs0 & ! works 9 ! ,gibson ,gall]y rema9 z p]petual memorials ( all t ! arti/s ( our own day _h to rid !mselves be=e ! rebir? ( ,engli% sculpture 0 possible4 ,matt]s improv$ v little dur+ ! ?irty ye>s foll[+ ! production ( ,gibson's 8,hylas40 ,:at c we le>n f ! exhibitions ( #ahea & #ahfb1 :i* may be fairly tak5 to repres5t ! apo!osis ( mid-,victorian arti/ic ta/e8 ,9 8 (ficial guide to ! ,f9e ,art ,section ( #ahfb ! editor1 ,f4 ,t4 ,palgrave--( 8,gold5 ,treasury0 fame--ref]s to sculpture z 8! =lorn hope ( mod]n art10 & proce$s to answ] ! "q 8:5ce ?is dea?ly decl9e80 ,! exhibition conta9$ examples ( all t 0 be/ 9 ,engli% sculpture to t "t4 8,! ,fall+ ,titan10 by ,banks1 n[ 9 ! ,diploma ,gall]y2 ! 8,!tis & ,a*illes0 relief1 n[ 9 ! ,tate ,gall]y2 ,nollek5s' 8,cupid & ,psy*e0 ,joseph's 0,wilb]=ce0 7,we/m9/] ,abbey71 & works by ,flaxman1 ,we/macott1 ,*antrey1 ,wyatt1 ,watson & ,p>k repres5t$ ! e>li] ma/]s4 ,sculptures by ,arm/ead1 ,baily1 ,foley1 ,gibson1 ,mac,dowell1 ,m>%all1 ,wooln] & ! y\ng] ,we/macott witness$ to ! a*ievem5ts ( ! liv+4 ,yet ,palgrave c\ld only grieve ov] ! decl9e 9 natural ta/e & ! entire abs5ce ( t heal?y sev]ity & e>ne/ness ( _s 9 :i* sculpture fl\ri%es4 8,s]i\s z ! subject claims to be10 says ,palgrave1 8,i confess x is difficult to ?9k ( ,nollek5s' #8,v5us1' ,canova's #8,v5us1' ,?orvalds5's #8,v5us1' ,gibson's #8,v5us1' ev]ybody's #8,v5us' ) due decorum4 ,"o fancies "o heal?y1 mod]n laugh w\ld cle> ! air ( ^! idle images--"o agrees ) ! hone/ old woman 9 ! play :o pref]r$ a roa/ duck to all ! birds 9 ! hea!n my?ology40 ,9 ! 8,alb]t ,memorial0 erect$ 9 ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s1 ,london1 8by ! ,que5 & p ( a grateful c\ntry10 we h a concrete example ( :at 0 9 ,palgrave's m9d :5 he wrote4 ,pr9ce ,consort 0 himself a man ( real arti/ic p]ception4 ,by 8 magnific5t "w 9 connection ) ! #ahea ,exhibition he _h done an imm5se am\nt to raise ! /&>d ( ta/e 9 ,engl&4 ,funds 7 n want+4 #ej1jjj 0 subscrib$ by ! nation & at lea/ ano!r #fj1jjj 0 rais$ by public subscription4 ,! ,eleanor ,cross 0 design$ by ,sir ,gilb]t ,scott & all ! lead+ sculptors 7 invit$ to co-op]ate4 ,if ! mid-,victorians _h _h x 9 !m to produce a noble "w1 surely we %\ld h se5 ! result 9 ! 8,alb]t ,memorial40 ,an exam9ation only confirms ! g5]al impression :i* e ,london] has ab\t ! monum5t4 ,! 8,asia0 by ,foley1 = in/ance2 ! 8,africa0 by ,!$2 ! 8,agriculture0 by ! eld] ,?ornycr(t--9 none ( ^! c we see any cle> evid5ce t ! sculptors _h yet rid !mselves ( ! conv5tions :i* _h be5 hamp]+ !m = at lea/ fifty ye>s4 ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,naturalism ,nev]!less1 among ^? engag$ ^u ! ,alb]t ,memorial 7 m5 :o 7 to see ! adv5t ( a new _s4 ,foley himself1 :o di$ 9 #ahgd1 liv$ to c>ve ! f9e eque/rian /atue ( ,sir ,james ,outram4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ works to %[ a cle> trace ( ! return to ! obs]vation ( nature1 :i* 0 necess>y if ! ,engli% sculptors 7 to foll[ ! lead giv5 by ,c>peaux 9 ,france4 ,ev5 9 ,h4 ,h4 ,arm/ead's "w ^u ! frieze runn+ r\nd ! podium ( ! ,alb]t ,memorial !re are traces ( a l>g5ess & vig\r ( treatm5t indicative ( bett] ?+s4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 7 born too e>ly to give ,engli% sculptors a decisive lead4 ,/rangely en\gh at ! v "t ! sculptors ( ,engl& 7 work+ ^u ! ,alb]t ,memorial1 "o ( ! greate/ g5iuses 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% sculpture 0 work+ ^u ano!r national monum5t4 ,we mean ,alfr$ ,/ev5s1 ! sculptor ( ! 8,well+ton ,memorial0 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral--! mo/ complete piece ( decorative sculpture ev] set up 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,born 9 #ahag1 ,/ev5s w5t to ,italy 9 #ahcc4 ,he sp5t a portion ( ! n9e ye>s he liv$ !re 9 ,?orvalds5's /udio1 b 8 fir/ /udy 0 pa9t+4 ,on 8 return to ,engl& he became a tea*] ( ar*itectural draw+ at ,som]set ,h\se & !n />t$ a c>e] z a decorative design]4 ,help$ by su* foll[]s z ,godfrey ,sykes & ,moody1 :o c>ri$ 8 pr9ciples into ! ,gov]nm5t art s*ool1 ,/ev5s f\nd$ a s*ool ( dome/ic decorators :i* influ5c$ decorative art 9 ,engl& ?r\gh ! rema9d] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a brilliant example ( ?is side ( ,/ev5s's g5ius is furni%$ by ! magnific5t 8,fireplace0 at ,dor*e/] ,h\se4 ,/ev5s's great *ance z a sculptor came 9 #ahef :5 he secur$ ! commission = ! ,well+ton ,memorial4 ,su* a gr\p z ! 8,tru? te>+ out ! tongue ( ,falsehood0 is alone suffici5t to prove h[ f> ,/ev5s 0 ahead ( ! ,engli% sculptors ( 8 "t 9 orig9ality ( treatm5t & bread? ( design4 ,x is true t ! sculptor's indebt$ness to ,mi*ael ,angelo is obvi\s1 b ! "w ( ,/ev5s does n %[ any slavi% copy+ ( ! great ,flor5t9e4 ,! ,engli% sculptor has m]ely solv$ 8 problem by ! light ( ,angelo's exp]i5ce4 ,he has s\ght to rea* ! boldness ( mass & l9e :i* he f\nd 9 ! ma/]'s sculpture4 ,a c]ta9 naturalism1 also d]iv$ f 8 /udy ( ,r5aissance art1 toge!r ) its magnific5tly bold design & ar*itectural fitness1 gives ! ,well+ton ,memorial a unique place 9 ! hi/ory ( ,engli% sculpture4 ,nev]!less1 ,alfr$ ,/ev5s 0 ! ,bapti/ ( ,engli% ,naturalism4 ,he di$--a voice cry+ 9 ! wild]ness4 ,s little 0 8 "w e/eem$ t ! ,well+ton ,memorial itself 0 n br\ght up f ! crypt & plac$ 9 ! nave ( ! ,ca!dral1 :]e x c\ld be se51 until long aft] ! sculptor's dea? 9 #ahge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alfr$ ,,/ev5s ,,figure ,,f ,,! ,,fireplace1 ,,dor*e/] ,,h\se1 ,,london ,9 spite ( ,/ev5s's app>5t failure1 ! elem5ts ( a reg5]at$ s*ool ( ,engli% sculpture exi/$4 ,x only ne$$ a man ( real arti/ic influ5ce & e/abli%$ reputation to focus att5tion ^u ! possibility ( bett] ?+s4 ,9 view ( ! position :i* ! si/] art ( pa9t+ held 9 ,engl&1 x is n surpris+ t ! lead came f two pa9t]s4 ,bo? 7 m5 ( comm&+ p]sonality1 & bo? 7 9 ! v prime ( _! arti/ic c>e]s4 ,! "o 0 ,g4 ,f4 ,watts1 ! o!r1 ( c\rse1 0 ,fr$]ic ,leighton4 ,watts's bronze bu/1 8,clytie10 0 modell$ "s ye>s be=e ,leighton's 8,a?lete ,/ruggl+ ) a ,py?on10 & nev] ar\s$ ! en?usia/ic admiration :i* fell to ! lat] "w4 ,nev]!less1 ! 8,clytie0--x c be se5 at ! ,tate ,gall]y--0 a "w ( real beauty & p[]4 ,moreov]1 x display$ a naturalism :i* di/+ui%$ x f almo/ all ! pla/ic art produc$ 9 ,engl& e>li] 9 ! c5tury4 ,?is alone entitles ,g4 ,f4 ,watts to an hon\rable place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! r5asc5ce ( ,engli% sculpture4 ,leighton's 8,a?lete & ,py?on0 0 a f> m ambiti\s "w ?an ,watts's 8,clytie40 ,x began z a small /udy1 & ! /ory goes t ,dal\--"s say ,legros--p]suad$ ,leighton to c>ry out ! design 9 life-size4 ,?ree ye>s lat] x 0 ready4 ,probably %e] beauty ( =mal design 0 ,leighton's *ief aim4 ,b :at /ruck 8 contempor>ies 0 ! f9ely vigor\s pose1 ! spl5did r5d]+ ( en]getic movem5t & ! magnific5t naturalism ) :i* an unfamili> subject 0 r5d]$4 ,! man holds ! creature at arm's-l5g?1 /riv+ to prev5t ! ?ru/ ( ! ugly jaws1 :i* ?reat5 dea? if once !y c br+ ! full weight ( ! cru%+ coils to be>4 ,! reception accord$ to ,leighton's 8,a?lete & ,py?on0 0 su* t x is no exagg]ation to date ! model s*ool ( ,engli% sculpture f its exhibition4 ,appropriately en\gh1 x became ! fir/ pur*ase "u ! beque/ ( ! sculptor1 ,*antrey4 ,b all great arti/ic revivals are two-sid$4 ,!re mu/ be a spiritual /imulus z well z a te*nical4 ,if ! fir/ may be cr$it$ to ,leighton z f> z ! revival ( ,engli% sculpture is conc]n$1 ! improvem5t 9 te*nique is und\bt$ly traceable to ,jules ,dal\1 ! ,fr5* sculptor4 ,our read]s w rememb] h[ ,dal\ fl$ f ,p>is1 on acc\nt ( 8 connection ) ! ,commune4 ,dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,engl& he 0 p]suad$ to conduct ! modell+ class at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,! influ5ce ( 8 te*nical example & =ceful p]sonality began to %[ itself at once4 ,dal\ made ,s\? ,k5s+ton "o ( ! fir/ c5tres ( sculptural tra9+ 9 ! _w4 ,:5 he return$ to ,p>is1 he 0 succe$$ by ,pr(essor ,lant]i--! sculptor ( ! virile 8,head ( a ,peasant10 9 ! ,tate ,gall]y--^: influ5ce has s9ce rivall$ t ( ,dal\4 ,bo? 7 magnific5tly facile work]s 9 clay4 ,by cont9u$ practical demon/ration !y prov$ to ! y\ng] ,engli% sculptors ! ine/imable value ( ease 9 modell+4 ,! ,engli% s*ool1 z a :ole1 is /ill beh9d ! ,fr5* 9 facility ( execution1 b ,dal\ & ,lant]i h done v mu* to rem$y ! defect4 ,! ,dal\ influ5ce 0 cont9u$ 9 ! second great tra9+ s*ool ( ,london--! ,lambe? ,s*ool ( ,art--by 8 pupil1 ,w4 ,s4 ,fri?4 ,! success ( ,mr4 ,sp>ks' s*ool may be judg$ f ! fact t ,alfr$ ,gilb]t1 ,frampton1 ,goscombe ,john1 ,h>ry ,bates1 ,pom]oy & ,roscoe ,mull9s all graduat$ !re4 ,inde$1 at "o "t1 /ud5t%ip at ,lambe? seem$ a necess>y prelim9>y = all sculptors ( ambition4 ,ye> aft] ye>1 ! gold m$al at ! ,royal ,academy & ! #bjj travell+ s*ol>%ip 7 tak5 by ,lambe? /ud5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,"l ,,leighton ,,a?lete ,,/ruggl+ ,,) ,,py?on ,tate ,gall]y1 ,london ,if ,s\? ,k5s+ton & ,lambe? h %>$ ! hon\r ( lay+ ! f\ndations ( ! art education ( ! y\ng] ,engli% sculptors1 !re are few cases 9 :i* ! ,academy s*ools _c claim to h complet$ ! task4 ,! fact is (t5 =gott5 by ! ,academy's _m detractors4 ,"u ! pres5t sy/em1 any sculptor ( real promise c practically comm& a complete art education4 ,! s*ools are free1 ! pr(essors be+ ! memb]s ( ! ,academy1 :o take mon?ly turns 9 ! s*ools4 ,admission is by exam9ation--t = a sculptor entail+ ! pres5tation ( an anatomical draw+1 %[+ bones & muscles1 a model 9 ! r\nd ( an undrap$ antique1 & a life-siz$ m$allion f ! liv+ model4 ,9 _m respects ! ,academy sy/em is sup]ior to t ( ! cole des ,beaux ,arts4 ,su* a judge z ,mr4 ,edw9 ,abbey has ev5 recomm5d$ ,am]ican art /ud5ts to *oose ,london 9 pref]5ce to ,p>is on ?is acc\nt4 8,9 ,p>is10 he says1 8all ! p]sonality is rubb$ out ( a /ud5t4 ,fr5* me?ods & te*nique are hamm]$ into him s unceas+ly t he dep>ts a m]e reflection ( ! movem5t ( ! late/ s*ool4 ,9 ,london !re is m ca?olicity 9 art matt]s2 orig9ality is /rongly enc\rag$1 & ! /ud5t1 p>ticul>ly at ! ,royal ,academy1 is giv5 e *ance to develop along individual l9es40 ,?is is prov$ by ! fact t almo/ all ! =emo/ ,engli% sculptors h be5 tra9$ 9 ! ,academy s*ools4 ,9 ,france1 m5 ( pron\nc$ orig9ality l ,rod9 & ,dal\ become anti-,academic by in/9ct4 ,9 ,engl&1 "s m5 leave ! beat5 track :i* e academic c\rse mu/ foll[1 m readily ?an o!rs4 ,b ev5 ! mo/ pron\nc$ innovators seem able to b5efit f ! influ5ce ( ! ,academicians dur+ _! /ud5t%ip4 ,/ill ! di/9ction betwe5 ! sculptors :o pres]ve ! academic _s ?r\gh\t _! c>e]s & ^? :o pref] to rely ^u _! native individuality does exi/4 ,x furni%es a conv5i5t me?od = divid+ ! mod]n ,engli% s*ool into two di/9ct p>ts4 ,among ! fir/ may be reckon$ ,?omas ,brock & ,hamo ,?ornycr(t1 :ile ! second1 & m important class1 is head$ by ,alfr$ ,gilb]t1 & includes ,onsl[ ,=d1 ,h>ry ,bates1 ,frampton & ,swan4 ,?omas ,brock 0 born 9 #ahdg4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,foley &1 !re=e1 came suffici5tly "u ! influ5ce ( ! mid-,victorian s*ool to m>k a transition r ?an a break f ! old] traditions4 ,to-day he is pre-em95tly ! 8safe0 man 9 ,engli% sculpture--a fact :i* acc\nts = 8 receiv+ ! commission = ! ,que5 ,victoria ,memorial to be erect$ 9 front ( ,buck+ham ,palace4 ,b ,brock's 8saf5ess0 does n prev5t him execut+ "w ( real beauty4 ,! 8,eve10 9 ! ,tate ,gall]y1 is a "w :i* any s*ool ( sculpture w\ld be pr\d to claim4 ,x %[s ! ,"m ( ,m5 z a frail girl4 ,%e realizes = ! fir/ "t :at ! loss ( primal innoc5ce entails &1 ) b[$ head1 moves sl[ly f ! g>d54 ,! design is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ,engli% sculpture4 ,! grace ( l9e display$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! abdom5--s beautiful 9 womanhood--& ! pose ( ! l[] limbs are beyond criticism4 ,if ! 8,eve0 has a fault x is t ! subject is cle>ly susceptible ( highly dramatic treatm5t4 ,9 ,mr4 ,brock's /atue !re is no attempt to express ! int5sity ( passion :i* a sculptor ( ! temp] ( ,rod9 w\ld h reg>d$ z ! "o ?+ wor? r5d]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,,brock ,,eve ,tate ,gall]y1 ,london ,illu/ration3 ,w4 ,,hamo ,,?ornycr(t ,,! ,,m[] ,walk] ,art ,gall]y1 ,liv]pool ,if ,?omas ,brock /&s = ! ,engli% academic ideal on its romantic side1 ,hamo ,?ornycr(t repres5ts ! m naturali/ic side ( ! same movem5t4 ,w4 ,hamo ,?ornycr(t--:o mu/ be di/+ui%$ f 8 fa!r1 ! sculptor ( a gr\p on ! ,alb]t ,memorial--0 born 9 #ahej4 ,8 fir/ exhibit$ "w dates f #ahga4 ,a ye> lat]1 he ent]$ ! ,academy s*ools1 ga9+ ! gold m$al 9 #ahgd1 ) 8 gr\p 8,a w>rior be>+ 8 ,w\nd$ ,son f ,battle10 "o ( ! v f9e/ works :i* ev] ga9$ a /ud5t%ip4 ,x 0 no empty triumph4 ,! "y ,?ornycr(t defeat$ no less an oppon5t ?an ,alfr$ ,gilb]t1 & 8 design *all5g$ att5tion aga9/ su* an exhibit z ,/ev5s's model = ! ,well+ton ,memorial4 ,a man capable ( su* "w 9 8 /ud5t days 0 b\nd to g f>4 8,! ,m[]0 7,walk] ,art ,gall]y1 ,liv]pool7 %[s to :at ! virile naturalism ( ,?ornycr(t l$4 ,!re is no sculpture :i* conta9s m ( ! ?or\ghly ,briti% _s4 ,engli%m5 h little natural affection = ! ,:i/l] me?od ( da%+ (f a 8,h>mony0 9 a c\ple ( days & *>g+ #cjj gu9eas = x4 ,!y l to detect "s def9ite pro( ( high ?9k+ & /r5u\s workman%ip 9 _! art z 9 ev]y?+ else4 ,a sculpture ( ,?ornycr(t always leaves ?is impression4 ,add$ to t we feel t ! arti/ is work+ t[>ds a def9ite end1 suffici5tly ideal to dem& ef=t1 yet ne> en\gh to e>? to come )9 8 p[]s4 ,9 ! orig9al sket* model ( 8,! ,m[]10 ! upp] "p ( ! figure 0 drap$4 ,?ornycr(t1 h[ev]1 f9ally disc>d$ ! %irt4 ,he evid5tly felt t ! subject c\ld be treat$ 9 a ?or\ghly mod]n mann] )\t dep>t+ altoge!r f ! classical me?od4 ,he succe$$ 9 produc+ a /atue :i* is nei!r conv5tional nor iconocla/ic4 ,:e!r ?is is to be c\nt$ a virtue or a vice dep5ds ^u ! critic's temp]am5t1 b ! "q is1 p]haps1 wor?y ( exam9ation4 ,meuni]1 ! ,belgian sculptor1 has modell$ a bronze 8,m[]10 :i* ,?ornycr(t's /atue irresi/ibly recalls4 ,a comp>ison ( ! two works n only ?r[s a se>*+ light ^u ! :ole s*ool ( sculpture :i* ! ,engli%man repres5ts1 b1 incid5tally1 br+s into relief ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ,meuni]'s own "w4 ,no excuse is1 !re=e1 necess>y = int]rupt+ our g5]al survey ( ,briti% sculpture ) a ref]5ce to a si/] s*ool :i* really m]its a *apt] to itself4 ,meuni] is a man :o has devot$ himself to !mes sugge/$ by ! colli]y & artizan life ( 8 c\ntry4 ,br\ght up 9 ! ,belgian ,black ,c\ntry1 ! sombre gloom ( ! life !re became "p ( 8 v be+4 ,aft] a p]iod ( cont9u\s /ruggle aga9/ pov]ty & sickness1 he turn$ to sculpture at ! age ( fifty1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ,rod94 ,z a result1 we see 9 ,meuni]'s 8,m[]0 ! ?\ght & emotion ( a man :o feels ! beautiful mis]y ( lab\r 9 ! dep?s ( 8 s\l4 ,! int5se human pa?os en%r9$ 9 ! bronze is some?+ :i* ! ,engli% sculptor nei!r feels nor seeks to express4 ,illu/ration3 ,,meuni] 7,,belgian ,,s*ool7 ,,! ,,m[] ,9 say+ ?is we are 9 no s5se disp>ag+ ,mr4 ,?ornycr(t's "w4 ,true1 he makes no attempt to sugge/ ! vague poetry ) :i* ,meuni] inve/s 8 ,flemi% or ,walloon lab\r]s4 ,b1 at any rate1 ! classic sev]ity ) :i* he has treat$ an ess5tially mod]n !me /rikes u z ?or\ghly hone/4 ,!re is no trace ( a pose4 ,?ornycr(t has set d[n :at he saw & :at he felt4 ,! h9t ( ! ,greek mann] 9 ! repres5tation ( ! ,engli% lab\r] only rem9ds u t ! sculptor :o w\ld express ! beauty ( ! male =m to-day is fac$ ) ! v task :i* ! ,a!nian essay$ #bjjj ye>s ago4 ,leighton's 8,a?lete & ,py?on10 ,brock's 8,eve0 & ,?ornycr(t's 8,m[]0 mu/1 !n1 be comp>$ ) ! works ( su* ,fr5*m5 z ,*apu1 ,idrac & ,dubois4 ,f ! ?ree ,engli%m5 we turn naturally en\gh to ! sculptors :o repres5t ! movem5t 9 ,engli% art correspond+ to ! anti-academic revolt 9 ,france4 ,! *>act]i/ic common to ,leighton1 ,brock1 & ,?ornycr(t is a c]ta9 emotional re/ra9t4 ,!y seem to cont5t !mselves ) ! tru?ful repres5tation ( natural beauty4 ,f none ( ! ?ree d we ga9 ! impression ( a =ceful individuality /riv+ aft] self-expression4 ,nev]!less1 !re is a movem5t 9 ,engli% art comp>able ) ! anti-academic revolt 9 ,france4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,individualism ,alfr$ ,gilb]t is ! ,c>peaux & ! ,rod9 ( ,engli% sculpture4 ,! analogy mu/ n be press$ too closely4 ,b1 z ! fir/ sculptor to wid5 ! b\nds ( 8 art by ar\s+ 8 fell[s to a s5se ( fre% te*nical possibilities1 ! influ5ce ( ,alfr$ ,gilb]t may rightly be comp>$ ) t ( ,c>peaux4 ,?r\gh ! con/ancy & p[] ) :i* he has assev]at$ 8 belief 9 sculpture z a means ( emotional expression1 ,gilb]t ranks z ! ,engli% ,rod94 ,unlike ,rod91 ,gilb]t has nev] sev]$ 8 connection ) ! academic s*ool4 ,inde$1 ! ,pr(essor%ip ( ,sculpture at ! ,royal ,academy 0 actually reviv$ 9 8 fav\r 9 #aija4 ,b ,gilb]t's arti/ic cre$ is ess5tially ,rod9esque4 ,aga9 & aga9 he has prea*$ f ! text3 8,be y\r own />40 ,aga9 & aga9 he has impress$ ^u ! sculptors ( to-morr[ ! vital tru?--t ! future lies ) m5 :o w d>e to put !mselves into m>ble & bronze4 ,he has nev] tir$ ( reit]at+ 8 belief t = ! sculptor3 8,/r5g? is f )91 & "o aga9/ ! _w w always w940 ,born 9 #ahed1 ,alfr$ ,gilb]t realiz$ 8 vocation 9 e>ly y\?4 ,z a boy x is said t he c>v$ heads ( walk+ /icks = 8 s*oolmates4 ,he confesses himself t he hir$ a small room ne> ,ald5ham ,s*ool at #as4 a week z a /udio4 ,com+ up to ,london1 he f9ally ent]$ ! ,royal ,academy s*ools & jo9$ ,sir ,edg> ,boehm--,que5 ,victoria's sculptor 9 ord9>y--z an 8improv]40 ,aft] los+ ! ,r4,a4 ,gold ,m$al to ,?ornycr(t1 he cross$ to ,p>is1 /udy+ at ! cole des ,beaux ,arts4 ,gilb]t has put on record 8 reasons = leav+ ,france4 ,!y are ?or\ghly typical ( ! sculptor4 ,f9d+ ! influ5ces at "w 7 too pot5t to all[ ( ! due ass]tion ( 8 own p]sonality1 he det]m9$ to g to ,italy--a /ronghold ( individualism4 8,9 ,flor5ce10 he tells u1 8,i saw1 = ! fir/ "t 9 my life1 ! works ( ! fa!rs ( ! ,r5aissance1 & ,i 0 /ruck by ! absolute indep5d5ce & fre$om ( ?\ght & tru?ful repres5tation ( ! ideas !y possess$4 ,s impress$ 0 ,i ) ! fact t _! repres5tations 7 n m]e photographs & yet s true to nature1 t !y seem$ to reveal to me :at ,i !n und]/ood z /yle1 b :i* ,i h s9ce le>nt to reg>d z ! expression ( an individuality40 ,?is is ! ess5ce ( ! arti/ic philosophy ( ,alfr$ ,gilb]t4 ,x adumbrates a high ideal1 b alli$ ) sane craftsman%ip1 x is "o :i* has always s]v$ ! sculptor :o hone/ly /rove to put its precepts into practice4 ,:at has be5 ! outcome 9 ,gilb]t's case8 ,!re is a /ra9 ( pa?os 9 ! answ]4 ,no sculptor ( our day has _h m abundant opportunities4 ,yet1 someh[1 ,=tune has prov$ a fickle jade to ,gilb]t4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) 8 l>g] works4 ,! ,%aftesbury ,memorial1 9 ,piccadilly ,circus1 %\ld be reg>d$ by e ,london] z an epo*-mak+ "w4 ,x comp>es ) ,/ev5s's monum5t to ! ,duke ( ,well+ton 9 ! weal?1 imag9ation & craftsman%ip lavi%$ ^u x4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 x is held 9 univ]sal disreg>d4 ,n "o ,london] 9 a ?\s& ev5 tr\bles to rememb] ! "n ( ! sculptor4 ,! ,%aftesbury ,memorial 0 conceiv$ "u an unlucky />4 ,alfr$ ,gilb]t 0 ab\t ?irty ye>s ( age :5 ! commission rea*$ him4 ,he accept$ x z ! *ance ( a lifetime4 ,! design has always be5 admitt$ to be a ma/]piece1 b ?r\gh\t its erection1 ! ,memorial 0 dogg$ by mis=tune1 until1 z x /&s to-day x c h>dly be said to repres5t ! sculptor's idea at all4 ,?is is due to causes l>gely outside 8 control4 ,x is true t ! alum9ium figure ( ! ar*] :i* surm\nts x has d>k5$ & has lo/ its fir/ silv]y lightness4 ,x may be alleg$ t ,gilb]t %\ld h =ese5 ! ev5tuality4 ,b 9 sev]al mat]ial respects ! ,memorial diff]s entirely f :at he propos$4 ,at ! v la/ mom5t a new base 0 add$ at ! reque/ ( a p>ty ( humanit>ians :o 7 anxi\s t ! ?ir/y ,london] might n be disappo9t$4 ,alfr$ ,gilb]t's design did n contemplate ?is1 b ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil held t1 s9ce ! monum5t _h tak5 ! =m ( a f\nta91 x 0 only logical--logical1 =soo?6--t wat] %\ld be !re = man & bea/4 ,lat] ! design 0 %orn ( its gr\nd-floor--:i* 0 to h be5 a bronze bas94 ,?is space is n[ occupi$ by ! /eps4 ,! sculptor contemplat$ ! wat] f ! f\nta9 play+ into ! bas94 ,! *ange actually r$uc$ ! /ructure by six feet4 ,f9ally1 ! cry ( a too l>ge wat] bill 0 rais$1 & ! jets ( all %apes & =ms1 :i* 7 to h play$ among ! fi%es t =m ! pr9cipal "p ( ! decorative s*eme1 7 r$uc$ to ! pres5t trickle4 ,our read]s may rememb] h[ ! arti/s ( ,flor5ce turn$ out to debate :at site ! 8,david0 ( ! y\?ful ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 to occupy4 ,a less tragic note w\ld s\nd ?r\gh ! /ory ( ! ,%aftesbury ,memorial if ! sculptor _h _h to deal ) a simil> body ( m51 in/ead ( a committee *os5 = its ability to collect subscriptions & a s\lless corporation l ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,alfr$ ,,gilb]t ,,sa9t ,,george ,f ! ,cl>5ce ,memorial1 ,w9dsor ,9 ! nature ( ?+s x is h>d to illu/rate ! :ole ( a full & vigor\s p]sonality f "o or two ( 8 works4 ,p]haps ,gilb]t1 9 8 d\ble capacity ( craftsman & imag9ative design]1 c be/ be judg$ f ! ,tomb ( ! late ,duke ( ,cl>5ce1 9 ! ,memorial ,*apel1 ,w9dsor4 ,x has a d\ble int]e/1 inasmu* z x reveals at once ! /r5g? & ! weakness ( 8 me?od4 ,directly aft] ! sad dea? ( ! ,pr9ce 9 #ahib1 ! sculptor 0 call$ to ,s&r+ham4 ,he arriv$ on ! ,saturday & le>nt ! wi%es ( ! pres5t ,k+ & ,que54 ,dur+ ! ,sunday night ,gilb]t conceiv$ & design$ ! :ole monum5t4 ,?ree days lat] he submitt$ ! complet$ sket*4 ,he knew ! ,wolsey ,*apel 9 :i* ! tomb 0 to be plac$ to be ( ,go?ic design &1 consequ5tly1 det]m9$ ^u a s>cophagus1 surr\nd$ by an op5-"w grille1 su* z ,pet] ,vis*] might h *os54 ,z x is to be se5 to-day1 ! recumb5t figure ( ! ,pr9ce lies ^u ! bi]4 ,two angels kneel1 ! "o at ! head1 ! o!r at ! feet4 ,) beautiful fancy1 ,gilb]t has c>v$ ! fir/ hold+ a cr[n above ! dead man's head--! cr[n ( immortality1 :i* pr9ce1 pe] & peasant c e>n4 ,! angel at ! base ( ! s>cophagus places a brok5 wrea? on ! feet--9 memory ( a dea? ^u ! eve ( m>riage4 ,! figure ( ! 8,sa9t ,george0 is "o ( a s]ies ( ,patron ,sa9ts introduc$ into ! grille4 ,/4 ,ni*olas1 ,/4 ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 ,/4 ,b>b>a1 & ,/4 ,george are includ$1 ! selection dep5d+ ^u "s leg5d>y connection ) ! ,royal ,h\se ( ,brita94 ,! 8,sa9t ,george0 0 exhibit$ 9 ! =m ( a /atuette at ! ,royal ,academy4 ,! poetical design & f9e craftsman%ip ar\s$ g5]al en?usiasm4 ,:at c\ld be m *>m+1 = example1 ?an ! grace ) :i* ,gilb]t has play$ ) 8 pretty fancy ( bas+ ! arm\r ( ! ,sa9t ^u =ms sugge/$ by ! sea-%ells8 ,yet !re is no?+ oppressive 9 ! sculptor's use ( ?is idea4 ,x is nev] p]mitt$ to int]f]e ) ! ma9 l9es ( ! figure4 ,! insi/5ce ^u ! %ell-l =ms has1 r1 a fugal *>m1 ! fancy be+ treat$ n[ 9 "o "p ( ! design1 n[ 9 ano!r1 a slightly v>y+ =m "h1 answ]+ a simil> "o !re1 until all h be5 int]wov5 into "o beautiful complexity4 ,un=tunately1 ! praise t is due to a "w z beautiful z ! 8,sa9t ,george0 _c be giv5 to ! ,cl>5ce ,memorial z a :ole4 ,inde$1 9 its place1 ! effect ( ! /atuette1 in/ead ( be+ height5$1 is dim9i%$4 ,! in/ance is typical ( ! impression left by ! complete "w4 ,brilliantly imag9ative z ! g5]al conception 01 ! orig9al ideas h n fus$ into t gr& unity :i* is ! la/ te/ ( ! greate/ works ( art4 ,betwe5 ! fir/ conception ( a great memorial--say ! ,m$ici ,*apel1 ! ,tomb ( ,maximilian1 or ! ,cl>5ce ,memorial--& ! f9al result1 !re is a great gulf fix$4 ,m ?an imag9ative craftsman%ip is requir$ to bridge ?is4 ,! task calls = unsw]v+ pati5ce & n a little bus9ess tact4 ,9 "o or ano!r ( ^! faculties1 ,gilb]t seems to be lack+4 ,! imag9ation & craftsman%ip :i* produce a "w l ! 8,sa9t ,george0 flag be=e a commission ( ! fir/ magnitude is complet$4 ,an arti/ic cre$ l ,alfr$ ,gilb]t's is a magnific5t ?+4 ,b x ne$s to be alli$ ) /r5g? ( "* & a rigid self-criticism4 ,_h ! ,engli% sculptor add$ a measure ( ! nature ( ,mi*ael ,angelo to ! /ra9 ( ri* poetry & high arti/ic ideality ) :i* he has be5 end[$1 ,engl& w\ld h be5 able to boa/ a g5ius ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,z ?+s are1 x c be grateful =--an ,alfr$ ,gilb]t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,onsl[ ,,=d ,,egyptian ,,s+] ,tate ,gall]y1 ,london ,! sculptor :o %>$ ) ,alfr$ ,gilb]t ! hon\r ( hav+ be5 ! e>lie/ ,engli%man to express ?r\gh m>ble & bronze ! :ole ( a ri* poetical philosophy 0 ,onsl[ ,=d4 ,born 9 #aheb & s5d+ 8 fir/ "w ( sculpture to ! ,academy 9 #ahge1 ,onsl[ ,=d receiv$ 8 e>ly tra9+ z a pa9t]4 ,inde$1 he nev] _h any sy/ematic in/ruction z a sculptor4 ,he came into notice by w9n+ ! 8,r[l& ,hill0 competition1 ! result be+ ! /atue :i* /&s beh9d ! ,royal ,ex*ange1 )9 a /one's-?r[ ( ,dal\'s *>m+ bronze f\nta91 8,mat]nity40 ,v %ortly aft] he c>v$ ! magnific5t m>ble 8,h5ry ,irv+ z ,hamlet10 n[ at ! ,guildhall1 ! prop]ty ( ! ,corporation ( ,london4 ,! 8,h5ry ,irv+0 is "o ( ! mo/ complete ef=ts 9 ,engli% art4 ,! beauty ( ! design & ! p[]ful modell+ ( ! face & h&s1 place ! /atue 9 ! v =efront ( mod]n ,engli% sculpture4 ,add$ to ?is is ! magnific5t realism ) :i* ! sculptor has pres]v$ ! s5se ( !atrical portraiture4 ,! figure is n ,h5ry ,irv+2 nor is x ,hamlet4 ,! imag9ative insight ( ! arti/ has be5 able to rea* an absolute fusion ( ! two ideas4 ,x really is 8,h5ry ,irv+ z ,hamlet40 ,no ref]5ce to ! g5ius ( ,onsl[ ,=d w\ld be complete )\t a ^w z to 8 /atuettes1 p>ticul>ly z 8sculpture 9 little0 may well prove to be ! means :]eby ! ,engli% sculptor w rega9 ! att5tion ( ! art-buy] 9 ! ne> future4 ,"o ( ,onsl[ ,=d's mo/ *>m+ ef=ts 9 ?is direction is ! delightfully :imsical 8,folly40 ,x repres5ts a figure ) ! adolesc5t *>ms ( budd+ womanhood balanc+ h]self on ! edge ( a precipit\s rock4 ,toes clut*+ at ! slipp]y edge--a fancy :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,onsl[ ,=d--8,folly0 is call+ to ! fooli% to foll[ ! dream picture %e c see 9 ! di/ance4 ,! *>m ( ! little "w lies 9 ! fre%ness ( ! conception1 ! p]fect balance ( ! figure & ! beautiful realism ) :i* =m & fle% h be5 r5d]$4 8,! ,egyptian ,s+]0 7,tate ,gall]y7 is an equally *>m+ example ( ! sculptor's art4 ,onsl[ ,=d di$ 9 #aija4 ,a sculptor ( almo/ equal g5ius1 ?\gh ( less prolific accompli%m5t1 0 lo/ to ,engli% sculpture at an equally e>ly age4 ,we are ref]r+ to ,h>ry ,bates 7#ahdg-ahii74 ,!re are two f9e examples ( 8 "w at ! ,tate ,gall]y1 ,london4 ,note ! grace ) :i* ! arti/'s imag9ation has giv5 a new turn to s hackney$ a !me z ! my? ( ,p&ora3 ,bates's 8,p&ora0 is less an illu/ration ( ! ,greek /ory ?an x is ( an episode 9 ! life-hi/ory ( a woman ( to-day4 ,a sweet1 virg9al figure1 %e is op5+ ! box 9 :i* ,fate has hidd5 ! unkn[n1 )\t a premonition ( ! sorr[s :i* mu/ att5d ! revelation ( ! secret4 ,! equally well-kn[n 8,h\nds 9 ,lea%10 0 sculptur$ by ,bates to prove t he 0 z mu* at home 9 treat+ a subject requir+ ! expression ( vigor\s action z he 0 9 ! treatm5t ( figures at re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>ry ,,bates ,,p&ora ,tate ,gall]y1 ,london ,illu/ration3 ,j4 ,m4 ,,swan 8,,orpheus0 ,!re are _m sculptors 9 ,engl& at ! pres5t "t :o w\ld claim att5tion 7 our survey an exhau/ive "o4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n our purpose4 ,x w !re=e suffice to recall two o!r works 9 pro( ( ! int5se individualism ( latt]-day sculpture 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! fir/ is ,j4 ,m4 ,swan's *>m+ /atuette 8,orpheus10 exhibit$ 9 ! ,royal ,academy ( #ahie4 ,j4 ,m4 ,swan is1 ( c\rse1 ! pa9t]4 ,he /udi$ fir/ at ,lambe?1 !n at ! ,academy & f9ally at ,p>is1 :]e he came "u ! influ5ce ( ,frmiet1 ! animal sculptor4 ,x is z a sculptor ( animals t ,swan has made 8 reputation4 ,inde$ he may be r\ghly labell$ z ! ,engli% ,b>ye4 ,note h[ delightfully ! s9u\sness ( ! li! figure ( ! 8,orpheus0 is r5d]$4 ,"h we h ! _s1 n ! e*o1 ( ! ,greek my?4 ,l ,b>ye1 ,swan is a reali/1 ?\gh 8 me?od is ! rev]se ( reali/ic1 s9ce he is m conc]n$ ) ! masses ?an ! details4 ,swan's supreme gift lies 9 8 p[] to detect "* 9 ! :ole ( ! human & animal =m4 ,8 *>m dep5ds on ! delightfully individuali/ic me?ods by :i* he expresses 8 insight4 ,none ( 8 /atuettes ev] /rike u z com+ f ano!r man's /udio4 ,an equally /rong individuali/ic note is /ruck 9 ,george ,frampton's 8,my/]i>*40 ,?is beautiful m>ble 0 exhibit$ 9 ! ,academy ( #ahic4 ,x af=ds a f9e example ( ! sculptor's art at its be/4 ,! bu/ is set 9 front ( a gild$ disc support$ ^u an ar*itecturally treat$ scre51 ! figure be+ cut1 ,flor5t9e fa%ion1 j bel[ ! %\ld]s4 ,! treatm5t ( ! subject is 9 a high degree imag9ative1 :ile ! subtlety ) :i* ! s]5e sev]ity ( ! face is r5d]$ proves ! possession ( f9e te*nical p[]s4 ,george ,frampton 0 born 9 #ahfj4 ,he /udi$1 l ,h>ry ,bates1 "u ,mr4 ,fri? at ,lambe?1 pass$ on to ! ,academy s*ool1 & f9i%$ by ga9+ ! ,gold ,m$al 9 #ahhg4 ,he has s9ce act$ z an art advis] to ! ,te*nical ,education ,bo>d ( ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 a position :i* has enabl$ him to give a wide curr5cy to v def9ite arti/ic ideals4 ,he is "o ( ! m5 ) :om ! future ( ,engli% sculpture re/s4 ,?is brief sket* ( mod]n ,briti% sculpture completes our task4 ,our aim has be5 to map out ! entire hi/ory ( ! art4 ,9 our view ! /udy ( ! developm5t ( sculpture 9 t]ms ( isolat$ craftsm5 w\ld h involv$ a basic fallacy4 ,! individual is no m ?an ! cre/ ( a wave 9 ! sea ( m5tal1 emotional & physical en]gy1 :5ce art arises4 ,we h1 !re=e1 be5 cont5t to note ! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* a common temp] has f\nd expression4 ,d\btless x w\ld h be5 possible to trace an int]national traffic 9 ?\ght & emotion4 ,its ma9 *annels might h be5 correlat$ ) ! manife/ations ( an int]national art _s4 ,we h pref]r$ to avoid ! /&po9t ( cosmopolitanism & individualism alike1 *oos+ ! middle position--t ( nationalism4 ,! proposition t e great art is ess5tially a national art may be disput$4 ,b x has ! m]it ( n requir+ actual demon/ration4 ,mo/ ( u feel t ! arti/ mu/ draw ! great] "p ( 8 inspiration f ! m5 & wom5 ) :om he lives & to :om he appeals4 ,! only ?+ to avoid is a too n>r[ use ( ! ^w4 8,national0 does n connote a m]ely t]ritorial or a suppos$ racial bond4 ,col]idge def9$ ! t]m = all "t :5 he wrote3 8,i1 = "o1 d n call ! sod "u my feet my c\ntry2 b language1 religion1 laws1 gov]nm5t1 blood1 id5tity 9 ^! make m5 ( "o c\ntry40 ,illu/ration3 ,,george ,,frampton 8,,my/]i>*0 ,t art alone is truly liv+ :i* is a record & an int]pretation ( national life--an epitome ( ! loves & ! hates1 ! sorr[s & ! joys1 ! caprices & ! en?usiasms1 ( m5 l ourselves4 ,we h demon/rat$ t ! m>bles & ! bronzes ( ! great] s*ools ( sculpture ( ! pa/ answ] to ?is supreme te/4 ,surely ?is ju/ifies ! proposition ) :i* we />t$--8t !y are n dead ?+s :i* may be left to ga!r du/ 9 unfrequ5t$ museums & gall]ies40 ,"o fur!r claim ^u ! affection & reg>d ( ?is re/less c5tury may be made4 ,mu* ( ! greate/ sculpture speaks ( o!r days ?an ours4 ,x tells ( times 8,be=e ?is /range disease ( mod]n life1 ,) its sick hurry1 its divid$ aims1 ,its heads o'ertax'd1 its palsi$ he>ts1 0 rife40 ,,li/ ,,( ,,books ,,bibliography ,,/urgis 7,russell74 ,annotat$ ,bibliography ( ,f9e ,art1 ,bo/on 7,mass474 #ahig ,,qu>it* 7,b]n>d74 ,catalogue ( ,works on ! ,f9e ,arts 7,london74 #aijd ,,jell9ek 7,ar?ur ,l474 ,art ,bibliography4 #aijb ,,greek ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,jones 7,h5ry ,/u>t74 ,select ,passages f ,anci5t ,writ]s illu/rative ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,sculpture 7) a ,translation74 #ahie ,,fraz] 7,j4 ,g474 ,pausanias 7translat$74 #aijj ,,g>dn] 7,p]cy7 & ,,imho(-,,blum]4 ,a numismatic ,comm5t>y on ,pausanias1 c4 #ahhg ,,g>dn] 7,erne/ ,ar?ur74 ,anci5t ,a!ns 7,illu/rat$74 #aijb ,,collignon 7,maxime74 ,la ,poly*romie dans la ,sculpture ,grecque4 #ahih ,,collignon 7,maxime74 ,manual ( ,my?ology 9 relation to ,greek ,art4 #ahij ,l,,wy4 ,ins*rift5 grie*is*] ,bildhau]4 #ahhe ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies4 ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,hell5ic ,/udies4 #ahhj1 c4 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ar*ology 7,baltimore74 #ahhe1 c4 ,,furtwa5gl] 7,adolf74 ,ma/]pieces ( ,greek ,sculpture ,translat$ by ,eugnie ,sell]s 7,illu/rat$74 #ahie ,,g>dn] 7,erne/ ,ar?ur74 ,a ,h&book ( ,greek ,sculpture4 #aije ,,collignon 7,maxime74 ,hi/oire de la ,sculpture ,grecque 7,illu/rat$74 #ahib-ic ,,murray 7,alex&] ,/u>t74 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,sculpture 7,illu/rat$74 #ahij ,,amelung & ,,holtz+]4 ,museums & ,ru9s ( ,rome 7edit$ by ,mrs4 ,/rong7 ,,briti% ,,museum4 ,(ficial ,guide to ,sculpture ,gall]ies4 ,,murray 7,a4 ,/u>t74 ,greek ,bronzes 7,portfolio74 #ahii ,,walt]s 7,h5ry ,beau*amp74 ,catalogue ( ! ,bronzes ,briti% ,museum 7,illu/rat$74 #ahii ,,p]rot 7,georges7 & ,,*ipiez 7,*>les74 ,hi/oire de ,l',art dans ,l',antiquit4 #ahia ,les ,f\illes de ,delphes1 vol4 ii4 ,sculpture ,,p>is 7,pi]re74 ,polyclete 7,les ,arti/es ,clbres74 #ahie ,,murray 7,a4 ,/u>t74 ,! ,sculptures ( ! ,p>!non 7,illu/rat$74 #aijc ,,wald/e9 7,*>les74 ,essays on ! ,art ( ,phidias4 #ahhe ,,collignon 7,maxime74 ,phidias 7,les ,arti/es ,clbres74 #ahhf ,,defrasse 7,a474 & ,,le*at 7,h47 pidaure--,re/auration et description des pr9cipaux monum5ts du ,sanctuaire d',asclpios 7,illu/rat$74 #ahie ,,g>dn] 7,p]cy74 ,sculptur$ ,tombs ( ,hellas 7,illu/rat$74 #ahif ,,p]rot 7,george74 ,praxitle 7,les ,gr&s ,arti/es ,s]ies7 7,illu/rat$74 #aije ,,curtius 7,e47 & ,,adl] 7,f474 ,olympia 7,illu/rat$74 #ahih ,,hamdi ,,bey & ,,re9a* 7,t474 ,necropole la ,royale ,sidon 7,illu/rat$74 #ahib-f ,,collignon 7,maxime74 ,lysippe 7,les ,gr&s ,arti/es ,s]ies7 7,illu/rat$74 #aije ,,po/-,,alex&rian ,,& ,,roman ,,sculpture ,,bevan 7,e4 ,r474 ,h\se ( ,seleucus4 #aijb ,,collignon 7,maxime74 ,p]game 7,re/auration p> ,e4 ,pontremoli7 7,illu/rat$74 #aijj ,,torr 7,c474 ,rhodes 9 ,anci5t ,times4 #ahhe ,,mahaffy 7,j4 ,p474 ,empire ( ,ptolemies4 #ahie ,,wickh(f 7,franz74 ,roman ,art4 ,translat$ by ,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,/rong 7,illu/rat$74 #aijj ,,mrs4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,/rong4 ,roman ,art 7,illu/rat$74 #aijg ,,symonds 7,j4 ,a474 ,ant9\s1 f ,italian ,sket*es & ,/udies4 #ahih ,,italian ,,sculpture ,,9 ,,g5]al ,,vas>i4 ,! ,lives ( ! ,pa9t]s & ,sculptors4 ,,symonds 7,j4 ,a474 ,r5aissance 9 ,italy 7vol4 iv4 ,! ,f9e ,arts74 #ahgg ,,v5turi 7,a474 ,/oria dell ,arte ,italiana 7,illu/rat$74 #aija ,,bode 7,wilhelm74 ,r5aissance ,bronzes 7,illu/rat$74 #aijg ,,p]k9s 7,c4 ,c474 ,italian ,sculpture4 #ahhc ,,reymond 7,m>cel74 ,la ,sculpture ,flor5t9e 7,illu/rat$74 #ahig ,,freeman 7,l4 ,j474 ,italian ,sculpture ( ! ,r5aissance4 #aija ,,! ,,pisani ,,& ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,,conway 7,w4 ,m>t974 ,e>ly ,tuscan ,art4 ,f ! ,twelf? to ! ,fifte5? ,c5turies 7,illu/rat$74 #aijb ,,weir 7,j4 ,p474 ,photographs ( ,bapti/]y ,gates 7,l4 ,ghib]ti71 ,yale ,college4 #ahgc ,,d\glas 7,r4 ,l474 ,hi/ory ( ,si5a4 ,*apt] ^u ,jacopo della ,qu]cia ,,"l ,,balc>res4 ,donatello 7,illu/rat$74 #aijc ,,crutwell 7,maud74 ,luca & ,&rea della ,robbia 7,illu/rat$74 #aijb ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,& ,,! ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury ,,symonds 7,j4 ,a474 ,life ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 7,illu/rat$74 #ahic ,,holroyd 7,c74 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ) translation ( ,life by ,condivi4 #aijc ,,b5v5uto ,,cell9i4 ,autobiography4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds ,,desj>d9s4 ,jean ,bologne--,la ,vie et l'uvre ,,fras*etti 7,s74 ,il ,b]n9i 7,illu/rat$74 #aijj ,,sculpture ,,( ,,mon>*ical ,,france ,,headlam 7,cecil74 ,pet] ,vis*] 7,h&book ( ! ,great ,craftsm574 #aijf ,,gonse 7,l\is74 ,fr5* ,sculpture 9 ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4 #ahie ,,gonse 7,l\is74 ,*efs d'uvres des ,muse de ,france 7,illu/rat$74 #aijj-d ,,pattison 7,mrs4 ,e4 ,f4 ,s47 7,lady ,dilke74 ,r5aissance ( ,art 9 ,france 7,illu/rat$74 #ahgi ,,li/] 7,reg9ald74 ,jean ,g\jon 7,illu/rat$74 #aijc ,,auqui] 7,philipe74 ,pi]re ,puget 7,les ,gr&s ,arti/es ,s]ies7 7,illu/rat$74 ,,pattison 7,mrs4 ,e4 ,f4 ,s47 7,lady ,dilke74 ,fr5* ,sculptors ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury 7,illu/rat$74 #aijj ,,t>b 7,prosp]74 ,vie et uvres de ,pigalle 7,illu/rat$74 #ahei ,,?irion 7,h5ri74 ,les ,adam et ,clodion 7,illu/rat$74 #ahhe ,,di]ks4 ,life ( ,h\don 7,9 ,g]man74 #ahhg ,,po/-,,revolution>y ,,sculpture ,,cicogn>a4 ,works ( ,canova 7,illu/rat$74 #ahgf ,,plon 7,eug5e74 ,?orvalds54 ,life & ,works4 ,translat$ by ,mrs4 ,ca%el ,hoey 7,illu/rat$74 #ahgd ,,ham]ton 7,p4 ,g474 ,life ( ,rude 7,mod]n ,fr5*man74 #ahgh ,,f\rcaud 7,l4 de474 ,life ( ,rude 7,illu/rat$74 #aijd ,,scott 7,w4 ,b474 ,briti% ,s*ool ( ,sculpture4 #ahgb ,,colv9 7,sidney74 ,flaxman4 #ahgf ,,mod]n ,,sculpture ,,br[nell 7,w4 ,c474 ,fr5* ,art4 #aijb ,,cl>,,tie 7,j474 ,contempor>y ,sculpture 7,illu/rat$74 #ahha-g ,,ars,,ne 7,alex&re74 ,life ( ,a4 ,l4 ,b>ye 7,illu/rat$74 #ahhi ,,*esnau 7,e474 ,le ,/atuaire de ,j4 ,b4 ,c>peaux 7,illu/rat$74 #ahhj ,,dreyf\s 7,m474 ,dal\4 ,la vie et son uvre 7,illu/rat$74 #aijc ,,lawton 7,f474 ,life ( ,rod9 7,illu/rat$74 #aijf ,,mauclair 7,c474 ,rod94 #aije ,,spielmann 7,m4 ,h474 ,briti% ,sculptures & ,sculptors ( ,to-day 7,illu/rat$74 #aija ,,hatton 7,joseph74 ,alfr$ ,gilb]t4 ,art ,j\rnal 7,illu/rat$74 #aijc ,,arm/rong 7,w474 ,life ( ,/ev5s4 #ahha ,,/annus 7,hugh74 ,alfr$ ,/ev5s 7,illu/rat$74 #ahia ,,will>d 7,a4 ,r474 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,italian ,art 7,illu/rat$74 #aijj ,,taft 7,l474 ,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,sculpture 7,illu/rat$74 #aijc ,,de/ree 7,o4 ,g474 ,sculpture 9 ,belgium 7,portfolio7 7,illu/rat$74 #aije ,,lemonni] 7,camille74 ,con/ant9 ,meuni] 7,illu/rat$74 #aijd ,,wieg& 7,otto74 ,g]man ,sculpture4 ,,index ,abbey1 ,edw91 #bhi ,academy1 ,royal ,f\ndation (1 #beh1 #bfa ,s*ools1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bid ,m$als1 #bfa1 #bhi1 #bia1 #bid1 #cjb ,exhibits at1 #big1 #bii1 #cja ,accademia delle ,belle ,arti1 #bjd ,a*an ,league1 #ajh ,acropolis at ,a!ns1 #ab1 #bg1 #gg1 #bfj ,at ,p]gamus1 #ia gospotami1 #dg1 #aid s*ylus1 #h1 #aid tolian ,league1 #aji 8,africa10 by ,!$1 #bhe ,agasias1 #fi ,aga?>*us1 pa9t]1 #ef ,ageladas1 #bc 8,age ( ,brass10 by ,rod91 #bgc1 #bge ,ages&]1 #id 8,agias0 ( ,lysippus1 #gc ,ago/9o di ,duccio1 #ahf 8,agriculture10 by ,?ornycr(t 7! eld]71 #bhe ,al>ic1 #aci ,alb]t ,memorial1 #bhd1 #bhe ,alcam5es1 #cf1 #ej 8,p5ta?lon ,w9n]0 (1 #bc ,alcibiades1 #ef ,alex&] ! ,great1 #ff ,portrait by ,lysippus1 #gh ,alex&] ( ,ph]1 #ff ,alex&ria1 sculpture (1 #ig1 #ih 8,! ,nile10 #ig1 #ih ,conque/ by ,rome1 #aaf ,alex&rian ,empire1 #hd1 #he ,alle d',eau at ,v]sailles1 #bci ,alt> ( ,zeus4 ,see ,zeus ,alum9ium1 #bif ,ald5ham ,s*ool ,alfr$ ,gilb]t at1 #bid ,amboise1 ,c>d9al (1 #bbh ,am]ican sculpture4 ,see ,preface ,amphion1 #ig ,anet1 ,ca/le (1 #bcj ,angelico1 ,fra1 #afe1 #ahd ,angelo4 ,see ,mi*ael ,angelo ,ang]s1 ,david d'1 #bfe ,anne ( ,brittany1 #bbf ,antigonus1 #hf ,ant9opolis1 #acg ,ant9\s1 #acg1 #ach ,antio*1 on ! ,orontes1 #hf1 #hg ,antio*us ,,iv41 #hh ,antipat]1 #hf ,apamea1 ,city (1 #hg ,aphrodite ,hell5i/ic conception (1 #aaa 8,aphrodite ( ,cnidus10 #fa-fd1 #if1 #bbh ,comp>ison ) 8,v5us ( ,m$ici10 #aab ,comp>$ ) ,canova's 8,v5us10 #bdi1 #bej ,apollo ,type fix$ by ,praxiteles1 #eg 8,apollo ,belv$]e10 #aje1 #ajh1 #bbh ,c\nt ,/rogan(f's /atuette1 #ajf-ajg ,comp>ison ) ,p]gam5e /yle1 #ajg ,popul>ity 9 eighte5? c5tury1 #bdh 8,apollo & ,daphne0 by ,b]n9i1 #bah 8,apollo & ! ,nymphs10 by ,gir>don1 #bcg-bci 8,apoxyom5us0 ( ,lysippus1 #fh-gj1 #gd1 #ge ,ara ,pacis1 ( ,augu/us1 #acj ,aratus1 #ajh ,ar*ai/ic art1 #ab1 #abb ,ar*itecture1 #ab1 #bi1 #ade1 #adf1 #adi1 #aeb1 #aih1 #bbb 8,ares ,ludovisi10 #ga ,argos1 #ajh ,second to ,a!ns z an arti/ic c5tre1 #bb1 #ca 8,ariadne0 9 ,vatican1 #bbh ,ari/ogiton1 #ac ,ari/onidas ( ,rhodes1 #ajc ,arm\r]s1 ,guild (1 ,flor5ce1 #agb ,arm/ead1 ,h4 ,h41 #bhd1 #bhe ,artemesia1 #dh1 #di 8,artemis ( ,v]sailles10 #ajf ,asceticism ,9 ,go?ic art1 #aeb ,9 ,italian ,r5aissance1 #afe1 #agc1 #agg ,9 ,fr5* sculpture1 #bca 8,asclepius10 ,briti% ,museum1 #db 8,asia10 by ,foley1 #bhe ,aspasia1 #fj ,assisi1 ,francis (1 #aef-aeg1 #afa ,assisi1 ,upp] ,*ur* at1 #aeg 8,a?amas10 ,/atue by ,ari/onidas1 #ajc ,a!na1 #bg ,polias1 #cj ,p>!nos1 #h1 #bh-cb1 #ce1 #aai 8,lemnian ,a!na10 ( ,phidias1 #gg 8,triumph ( ,a!na10 at ,p]gamus1 #ib1 #aab ,a!nodorus1 #id ,a!ns1 #h1 #bb1 #dd1 #gg1 #hd ,influ5ce ( ,ionia1 #aa1 #ab ,pa9t$ d$icatory /atues f ,acropolis1 #ab-ac ,sup]iority ov] ,dorian ,s*ool1 #bb-bd ,effects ( ,p]sian invasion1 #be1 #bh ,p>!non1 #bg-cc ,decl9e ( ,empire1 #dd-di 8,a!ns1 ! s*ool ( ,hellas10 #dg1 #dh ,c]amicus at1 #ed-ee ,gr[? ( individualism 91 #ec-ef ,wom5 91 #eh-fj1 #aaj-aab ,hi/orical circum/ances 7#cfb-cch ,b4,c471 #ff-fh ,influ5ce ^u ,alex&rian ,empire1 #hd1 #he ,9 ,hell5i/ic times1 #aja-ajb1 #aad ,plund]$ by ,sulla1 #aai ,visit$ by ,roman ,republicans1 #aah ,rebuilt1 by ,hadrian1 #acg1 #ach ,a!ns ,museum1 #ab1 #ac1 #ajc 8,a?lete /ruggl+ ) ,py?on10 by ,leighton1 #bha1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #bic ,a?letic /atu>y ,influ5ce ^u ,hell5ic art1 #ad-bd1 #afi ,9 f\r? c5tury1 #fg-fi ,attalus ,i41 #ia ,augu/us ,cs>1 #abd1 #aca ,augu/an ,rome la/ ,hell5i/ic c5tre1 #abg 8,organis] ( ,roman ,imp]ialism10 #abd1 #abe1 #abi1 #acj ,/atue (1 9 ,vatican1 #abe1 #abg1 #abh ,ara ,pacis (1 #acj ,aurelius1 ,m>cus ,eque/rian /atue (1 #aci ,g]man invasion "u1 #aci ,au/rian asc5d5cy 9 ,italy1 #bjj1 #bah ,autobiography ( ,cell9i1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje-bji1 #bbh-bbi ,avila1 ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,joseph1 #bag ,bab\ de la ,b\rdaisire1 #bbe ,babylonia1 #g1 #aa1 #ce1 #bff ,baily1 ,e4 ,h41 #bhd ,banks1 ,?omas1 #bhd ,bapti/]y at ,flor5ce1 #afb1 #aii1 #bge ,b>b>a1 ,/41 #big ,b>b]9i ,maffeo1 #bad ,b>gello1 #agc1 #baj ,b>oco /yle4 ,also see ,b]n9i1 #baf ,b>ye1 #bfe1 #bfg1 #cja 8,c5taur & ,lapi?10 #bff ,bates1 ,h>ry1 #bhh1 #bij1 #cjb 8,p&ora10 #cjj ,baudelaire1 #bge ,bayeaux1 #adh ,b$=d1 ,duke (1 #bei ,belgian s*ool1 #bcg1 #bib1 #bic ,bell9i1 ,giovanni1 #ahd 8,belv$]e ,apollo40 ,see ,apollo ,b5tivoglio1 #aha ,b]l9 ,museum1 #ib ,b]n9i & ! ,ca?olic reaction1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bab-bah ,rebuilds ,/4 ,pet]'s1 #bad 8,/4 ,t]esa10 by1 #baf-bag 8,apollo & ,daphne10 by1 #bah ,f\nta9s by1 #bah ,visit to ,france1 #bce ,influ5ce ^u ,puget1 #bcg 8,bir? ( ,v5us10 by ,botticelli1 #aif ,boehm1 ,sir ,edg>1 #bid ,boe?us ( ,*alc$on1 #aae ,bologna1 #aha ,bologna1 ,giovanni1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #bah 8,m]cury10 by1 #baj 8,rape ( ,sab9e ,wom510 by1 #baa ,influ5ce ^u ,fr5* ,s*ool1 #baa ,*>act]i/ics ( 8 art1 #baj-bab ,bontemps1 #bbg ,borghese1 ,paul9e1 #bdi-bej ,borgia1 ,cs>1 #bjj ,borgia1 ,francis1 #bae ,boscoreale1 #aae ,botticelli1 #ahd1 #ahg1 #aif1 #bbb1 #bcb ,b\*]1 #bdc ,b\rges1 #adh1 #aej 8,boy /rangl+ ,goose10 #aae ,br5nus1 #ajf ,briti% ,museum1 #gg1 #bcj1 #beh ,briti% s*ool1 #bef-bfb1 #bhj-cjb ,nor!rn art1 *>act]i/ics (1 #bba-bbd ,italian influ5ce 9 sixte5? c5tury1 #bef-beg ,hi/orical circum/ances dur+ sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1#beg1 #beh ,society ( ,dilettanti1 #beh-bfj ,pseudo-,greek canon1 effects (1 #bfj-bfb1 #bha1 #bic ,mid-,victorian1 #bhc-bhe ,comp>ison ) ,fr5*1 #beg1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bic ,naturali/ic revival1 #bhe-bic ,gr[? ( individualism1 #bic-cjb ,brock1 ,?omas1 #bij1 #bic 8,eve10 #bij ,victoria ,memorial1 #bij ,bronze1 #bd1 #ajc1 #aje1 #abj1 #aba ,comp>$ ) m>ble1 #fh ,orig9al ,greek1 #ajb1 #aae1 #aba ,ca/+ ( ,cell9i's 8,p]seus10 #bje-bji ,bro!rhood ( ,san ,mi*ele1 #aga ,brunelles*i1 ,filippo1 #afc1 #agc ,bruni d',arezzo1 ,leon>do1 #aff 8,bruno1 ,/40 by ,h\don1 #bdd ,buon>roti1 ,ludovico1 #ahe ,burl+ton ,h\se1 #bhb ,byron1 #hi1 #bff ,byzant9e art1 #adj1 #ada1 #aee ,cs>1 ,julius1 #aai ,f\nd] ( ,roman ,imp]ialism1 #abd1 #abi ,portrait bu/1 #abe1 #abf1 #acj ,calydonian bo>1 #gb ,canova1 #bdd-bef1 #bfb ,8 ,hell5ism comp>$ ) ,donatello's1 #agd ,a borr[$ ,hell5ism1 #bdg1 #bed1 #bfb1 #bha 8,cupid & ,psy*e10 #bdi 8,paul9e ,borghese10 #bdi1 #bej ,napoleon1 /atue (1 #bej ,flaxman comp>$ )1 #bfa1 #bfb ,fr5* ,s*ool1 influ5ce on1 #bfc1 #bga ,briti% ,s*ool1 influ5ce on1 #bha-bhd 8,cantoria10 by ,luca della ,robbia1 #agh1 #agi ,by ,donatella1 #agh ,c>acalla1 ,ba?s (1 #ig ,c>peaux1 #bfe1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bga1 #bhe ,art tra9+1 #bfg 8,flora10 by1 #bfg1 #bgd 8,dance10 by1 #bfh ,c>affa1 #bac ,c>r>a m>ble m9es1 #aed1 #aia ,c>ri]-,belleuse1 #bgc ,ca?olic ,*ur* ,attitude ( e>ly ,*ur* t[>ds sculpture1 #adj1 #ada ,go?ic ,art1 influ5ce on1 #adf-aeb1 #afe ,italian ,platoni/s1 #agd ,patrons ( sculptors 9 fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 #aij1 #aia1 #aii ,ca?olic reaction1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bab-bah ,hi/orical circum/ances1 #bab-bad ,effect on sculpture1 #bad-bah ,ideals (1 #bae-baf ,effect on sculpture1 #baf-bag & ,puget1 #bcg ,cella ( ,p>!non1 #bi ,cell9i1 ,b5v5uto1 #aih1 #bjj1 #bjc-baj1 #bah ,e>ly life1 #bjd ,fr5* visit1 #bje1 #bbh1 #beg 8,p]seus10 #bje-baj 8,jove10 silv] /atue (1 #bbi ,mi*ael ,angelo comp>$ )1 #baj 8,c5taur & ,lapi?10 by ,b>ye1 #bff ,c]amicus1 #ed1 #ee ,c]igotto bronze1 #ajb ,*ronea1 #ff1 #fg ,*ambord1 ,*teaux (1 #bbg 8,*ant du ,d"p10 by ,rude1 #bee1 #bfg ,*antrey1 ,sir ,f41 #bhd ,*antrey ,beque/1 #bhh ,*apu1 ,h5ri1 #bic 8,*>iote] ( ,delphi10 #ad ,mausoleum1 comp>ison ) ,delphi ,*>iote]1 #ej ,*>es ( ,l9dus1 #ajd ,*>les ! ,great1 #ade1 #adf1 #bcd ,*>les ,v41 #bjb1 #bac ,*>les ,,viii41 #bbe1 #bbh ,*>tres1 #adh1 #aej ,*atswor?1 #beb ,*i>monti1 8,daught] ( ,niobe10 #ea ,*ild ) ,lant]n1 ,t]me ,museum1 #aae ,*ios1 #ab ,*ri/ianity ,attitude t[>ds sculpture1 #aag1 #adj1 #ada1 #bbd ,see also ,ca?olic ,*ur* ,*ryselephant9e /atues1 #cf1 #ef ,a!na ,p>!nos1 #bh ,zeus at ,olympia1 #cf ,h]a at ,argos1 #cf ,asclepius at ,epidaurus1 #db ,cimon1 #bf1 #bg1 #aha ,cipriani1 #bfj ,ci?ron1 #ig ,city-/ate sy/em ,civic pride 9 fif?-c5tury ,greece1 #ae1 #af1 #bf1 #bg1 #cc1 #da1 #ajh1 #aec ,necessity = physical fitness 9 ,greece1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #fg1 #fh1 #fi ,decl9e ( civic pride1 #df1 #dh1 #di1 #fg ,political circum/ances 9 f\r? c5tury1 #df1 #dg1 #fg ,effects on sculpture1 #fi1 #gi1 #hj ,hell5i/ic age1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaj ,9 ,france1 #adg1 #adh ,9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 #aec1 #aed1 #afj1 #aff1 #afi1 #aha1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bad ,cl>5ce1 ,duke (1 #big ,cl>5ce ,memorial1 ,w9dsor1 #big-bii ,clem5t ,,vii41 #aia1 #aib ,clem5t ,,xiii41 #bdd ,cl]mont1 #adg ,clodion 7,claude1 ,franois ,mi*el71 #bdc ,cluet1 ,jean1 #bbe ,cluny ,museum1 #bdc ,cnidus4 ,see ,praxiteles' ,aphrodite ,cock]ell1 ,c4 ,r41 #ej ,colb]t1 #bce1 #bcf ,colleoni ,monum5t1 by ,v]oc*io & ,leop>di1 #aci1 #ahj ,collignon1 ,maxime1 #abi ,colombe1 ,mi*el ,tomb ( ,francis ,,ii4 ( ,brittany1 #bbe ,f\nd] ( ,s*ool ( ,t\rs1 #bbe ,colossus at ,rhodes1 #ajd ,col\r 9 /atu>y ,a!nian d$icatory1 #ac ,p>!non1 #bi ,mausoleum1 #ej ,aphrodite ( ,cnidus1 #fb ,sidon ,s>cophagi1 #gf 8,augu/us0 9 ,vatican1 #abg1 #abh ,collignon's 8,poly*romie dans la ,sculpture ,grecque10 #abi ,evid5ce f wall pa9t+s at ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum1 #abi 8,t9t$ ,v5us10 by ,gibson1 #bhb ,commune1 #bgb ,company ( ,jesus4 ,see ,jesuits ,cond1 ,hotel de1 #bce ,condivi1 #ahh-ahi ,congreve1 #aad ,con/able de ,b\rbon1 #bjd ,con/ant9e1 #adj ,con/ant9ople1 #gf1 #adj ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,paul1 ,p>ma1 #aie ,cop5hag51 #bea ,cor9?1 #aai ,correggio1 #ahd1 #aie1 #bbb1 #bgg ,corup$ion1 ,battle (1 #hf ,cos1 #fa ,cosimo de ,m$ici1 #aha-ahb1 #aib1 #bja ,cosimo1 ,pi]o di1 #ahg ,cosmopolitanism1 influ5ce ( mod]n1 #aaj1 #bdf1 #cjb ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 #bjb1 #bac ,c\r des ,comptes1 ,p>is1 #bge ,c\s91 #bbg 8,creation ,panel0 9 ,ghib]ti's ,bapti/]y gates1 #afe ,cresilas1 #gg ,criticism1 mod]n sculptural1 #gj-gf ,critius1 #ad ,crusades1 #adg1 #aed 8,cupid & ,psy*e10 by ,canova1 #bdi 8,cupid & ,psy*e10 by ,?orvalds51 #bea 8,cupid1 ,! ,w+$10 ,mr4 ,pi]pont ,morgan's1 #aae ,dal\1 ,jules ,pi]re ,puget &1 #bcg cole des ,beaux ,arts1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bhi1 #bij 8,triumph ( ,sil5us10 #bgb ,rod91 connection )1 #bga ,visit to ,engl&1 #bgb1 #bhg1 #bhh 8,mat]nity0 by1 #bii 8,danaid1 ,fall510 by ,rod91 #bgd 8,dance10 by ,c>peaux1 #bfh ,dante1 influ5ce on ,rod91 #bge ,da%wood1 ,sir ,francis1 #bei 8,david10 by ,donatello1 #agc1 #agd1 #ahh ,by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #ahe-ahh1 #bif ,david d',ang]s1 #bfe ,david 7pa9t]71 #bec 8,dawn10 by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #aic1 #aid1 #aif1 #bgh 8,dea? ( ,socrates10 #ed ,d$icatory (f]+s1 ,greek1 #ac1 #ah ,delacroix1 #bfd1 #bff ,delafosse1 #bci ,delphi1 #gc1 #ajf1 #aai ,demetrius1 ( ,alopece1 #gi ,demo/h5es1 #ff1 #fg ,devon%ire1 ,duke (1 #beb 8,dexileus ,relief10 #ed 8,diadum5us0 ( ,polyclitus1 #bb 8,diana10 ar*ai/ic1 ,naples1 #ab 8,diana10 by ,h\don1 #bdd ,diana ( ,poiti]s1 #bcj-bca1 #bcb ,/atue (1 9 ,l\vre1 #bcj ,diappus1 8 8,p]ixyom5us10 #gd1 #ge ,dijon1 #bee ,diocletian1 #adj ,dionysus1 ,!atre (1 #fg ,diploma ,gall]y1 ,london1 #bhb1 #bhd ,dirce1 #ig 8,discobolus0 ( ,myron1 #ae1 #ba1 #bc 8,/&+ ,discobolus10 #bc ,donatello1 #afh-agd ,assi/s ,ghib]ti1 #afd1 #afh ,burgh] patrons1 #afi1 #agj1 #aii ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 #agb 8,/4 ,m>k10 its ,go?ic "*1 #agb1 #agc 8,/4 ,george10 #agb1 #agc 8,david10 #agc1 #ahh ,platonism1 influ5ce (1 #agc-agf ,pisani1 comp>ison )1 #agg1 #agh ,cantoria1 #agh ,luca della ,robbia &1 #agh ,rod91 comp>$ )1 #bgh1 #bgi ,dor*e/] ,h\se1 #bhf ,dorian invasion1 #i ,dorian sculptors1 #bb ,see also ,polyclitus 8,doryphorus0 ( ,polyclitus1 #bb ,drama1 ,greek1 #h ,drap]y1 #ca1 #aeb ,dresd5 ,gall]y1 #aid ,dubois1 ,paul1 #bgj1 #bic ,duomo at ,flor5ce1 #ahg1 #aie ,dur]1 #bbd 8,dy+ ,gaul10 #hh-ic ,inspir$ by ,gauli% invasion1 #hi1 #ij ,comp>$ ) lat] ,p]gam5e art1 #ib1 #ic 8,dy+ ,joca/a10 #ajc1 #ajd ,ea/]n ,empire4 ,see ,byzantium cole des ,beaux ,arts ,rude's op9ion1 #bed ,influ5ce on ,fr5* sculpture1 #bfi-bgb ,rod9 &1 #bgd ,comp>$ ) ,royal ,academy1 #bhi ,alfr$ ,gilb]t &1 #bid1 #bie ,egypt ,anci5t1 #g1 #i1 #aa1 #ce ,ptolemaic age1 #ig1 #ih ,hadrian1 "t (1 #acg 8,egyptian ,s+]10 by ,onsl[ ,=d1 #cjj ,elg9 m>bles1 #cj1 #ca1 #bfj ,elg91 ,?omas1 ,e>l (1 #bfj ,elusis1 ,sacr$ ,way to1 #ed ,epheboi1 #fg ,epidaurus ,*ryselephant9e /atue ( ,asclepius at1 #db 8,eros0 ( ,praxiteles1 #fj ,( ,!spiae1 by ,praxiteles1 #fa ,( ,c5tocelle1 #fa ',e/ampe1 ,madame ,d41 #bbi ,e/e family1 #aha ,eum5es ,,ii41 #ia ,euphranor1 #cf ,euty*ides ( ,sicyon1 #hg 8,eve10 by ,brock1 #bij1 #bic ,exhibitions ( #ahea & #ahfb1 #bhc1 #bhd ,falconet1 ,eti5ne ,maurice1 #bdb 8,l'am\r ,m5aant10 #bdb1 #bdc ,falguire1 #bgj ,fali]i1 ,s5ator1 #bdi 8,fall+ ,titan10 by ,banks1 #bhd 8,f>nese ,bull10 #ig 8,f>nese ,h]cules10 #aja1 #ajb 8,fates1 ,! ,?ree10 f ,p>!non p$im5t1 #ca1 #aab ,feltre1 ,vittor9o (1 #agd-age ,f]r>a1 #afj1 #aha ,f]ruccio1 ,francesco1 #ahg ,fireplace1 by ,alfr$ ,/ev5s1 at ,dor*e/] ,h\se1 #bhf ,flaxman ,connection ) ,neo-classical revival1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bed1 #bfa1 #bfb ,e>ly life1 #bfa ,w$gwood1 association )1 #bfa 8,mi*ael & ,satan10 #bfa ,hom]ic illu/rations1 #bfb ,elg9 m>bles1 op9ion ^u1 #bfj ,successors (1 #bha1 #bhd 8,flora10 by ,c>peaux1 #bfg1 #bgd ,flor5ce ,/ruggles betwe5 ,empire & ,papacy1 #aec ,rise ( city-/ate sy/em1 #aec ,cont5tion betwe5 city & city1 #afj1 #afi ,c5tre ( intellectual activity 9 ,italy1 #afj ,influ5ce ( ,pisani ^u sculpture1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afd ,increase 9 trade & weal?1 #afi ,burgh]s' pride 9 city1 #afi ,flor5t9e guilds1 _! political influ5ce1 #afi ,commissions = ,bapti/]y gates1 #afb-afd1 #aff1 #afi ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 ,oratory (1 #aga ,commissions = /atu>y on1 ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 #agb1 #aii ,ca!dral1 build+ (1 #aga ,luca della ,robbia's 8,cantoria10 #agh1 #agi ,influ5ce ( ,m$ici family1 #aha1 #aia1 #aib1 #aif1 #aii1 #bjc ,lor5zo ! 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c5tury1 #aii ,patron ( ,cell9i1 #bje ,ca!r9e ( ,m$ici1 #bbe 8,meleag]10 #ga1 #gb ,melos1 #db1 #aab ,m5elaus1 #abb 8,m5elaus & ,patroclus10 #ec1 #ge ,m5gs1 ,raphael1 #bdf 8,m]cury10 by ,pigalle1 #bdb 8,m]cury inv5t+ ! ,caduceus10 by ,idrac1 #bgj ,metal additions 9 /atu>y1 #bi1 #gf ,metopes1 ,p>!non1 #bi1 #cj ,meuni]1 #bib1 #bic ,mi*el1 ,claude ,franois4 ,see ,clodion 8,mi*ael & ,satan10 by ,flaxman1 #bfa ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #ahc-aig ,laocoon gr\p1 op9ion ^u1 #id ,donatello's 8,/4 ,m>k10 op9ion (1 #agb ,apo!osis ( ,italian sculpture comp>$ ) ,%akespe>e & ,phidias1 #afa1 #ahc ,hi/orical circum/ances (1 #aha1 #ahb1 #aid1 #aif1 #aig ,:y work$ e>ly sixte5? c5tury1 #afa1 #ahj-ahd ,e>ly life1 #ahd ,c\rt ( ,lor5zo de ,m$ici1 #ahe 8,david10 #ahe-ahh 8,pieta10 #ahh1 #ahi ,"w = ,papacy1 #aij1 #bah1 #bdg1 #bej ,tomb ( ,julius ,,ii41 #ahi-aia ,m$ici ,tombs1 #aia-aig ,arti/ic philosophy (1 #aib1 #aic ,pref]5ce = male =m1 #aic1 #aid ,savon>ola1 influ5ce (1 #aif ,correggio1 comp>ison )1 #aie ,cell9i & ,bologna1 comp>isons )1 #bjc1 #baj1 #baa1 #bab1 #bah ,rod9's impressionism comp>$ ) ,angelo's me?od1 #bgh ,alfr$ ,/ev5s &1 #bhf ,milan1 #aec1 #afj1 #aha1 #bja1 #bbh 8,milo ( ,crotona10 by ,puget1 #bcf ,milton1 #bef ,mi?ridates1 #aai1 #abd ,mona ,fiore da ,ca/el del ,rio1 #bjf ,monciatto1 ,francesco1 #ahg ,money*ang]s1 ,guild (1 ,flor5ce1 #aga ,montefeltro1 #aha ,montespan1 ,m>quise de1 #bcb1 #bcc ,montesquieu1 #bcb ,moody1 ! decorator1 #bhf ,moricire1 ,g5]al de la1 #bgj 8,moses10 f ,tomb ( ,julius ,,ii41 #aij1 #aia 8,m[]10 by ,meuni]1 #bib1 #bic 8,m[]10 by ,?ornycr(t1 #bia1 #bib1 #bic ,mull9s1 ,roscoe1 #bhh ,murray1 ,dr41 #abb ,museo di ,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore1 ,flor5ce1 #agi ,muse des ,arts ,dcoratifs1 #bge ,music1 #adi1 #bag1 #bbc ,myc5an age1 preface1 #g1 #i ,myron1 #ca1 #cf 8,discobolus0 #ae1 #bj-bb1 #bc-bd 8,my/]i>*10 by ,frampton1 #cja ,nantes1 ,ca!dral (1 #bgj ,naples1 #afj ,national ,museum1 #ab1 #ad1 #ig1 #abi1 #agc ,napoleon1 #bej1 #bea1 #bed1 #bfd ,colossal /atue by ,canova1 #bej 8,n>cissus0 at ,naples ,museum1 #agc ,national ,assembly1 #bec ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 #ahg1 #bha ,nationalism1 preface ,def9ition (1 #cjb1 #cjc ,9 ,greece & ,n4 ,italy4 ,see "u ,city-/ate sy/em ,9 sev5te5?-c5tury ,france1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bcd ,( to-day1 comp>$ ) ,hell5ic1 #bde1 #bha ,naturalism ,gr[? 9 ,greece1 #aa-ad ,abs5ce 9 ,byzant9e ,art1 #adj ,gr[? 9 ,italy1 #aee-aeh ,influ5ce ( ,francis ( ,assisi1 #aef1 #aeg ,9 mod]n ,fr5* sculpture1 #bfe-bfg ,9 mod]n ,engli% sculpture1 #bhe-bhh ,naxos1 #ab 8,neapolitan ,fi%] ,boy10 by ,rude1 #bed ,by ,c>peaux1 #bfg 8,necropole ,royale de ,sidon10 #gf ,neo-classical ,revival1 #bdf-beb ,n]va1 #aca1 #acb ,comp>ison ) 8,augu/us0 & 8,ant9\s10 #aca1 #ach ,sculptor (1 comp>ison ) ,kipl+1 #acd1 #ace ,nesiotes1 #ad ,ne!rl&s1 #ade ,nicea1 decree ( ,c\ncil at1 #ada ,ni*olas ,v41 #aij ,nicias1 pa9t] ( ,praxiteles' /atu>y1 #fb ,nietzs*e ^u ,greek art1 #ae 8,night10 by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #aic-aig1 #bgh ,night+ale ,monum5t1 by ,r\billiac1 #beg 8,nile10 /atue (1 #ig1 #ih ,nmes1 ,maison ,c>r at1 #acg ,niobe ,gr\p1 #ea-ec ,au?or%ip d\btful1 #ea1 #ge ,hi/orical circum/ances (1 #df-di1 #aie ,copies ( ,greek orig9als1 #ea ,comp>$ ) ,p]gam5e & ,rhodian art1 #eb1 #ig ,noailles1 ,hotel de1 #bce ,nollek5s1 #bhd ,norm&y1 #ade ,nor!rn ,europe1 ,my/icism (1 #bba-bbc ,effect on sculpture1 #bbb-bbc ,ntre ,dame1 #adh ,olympia1 #eg1 #aai ,olympian ,games4 ,see ,a?letic ,/atues ,op]a del ,duomo1 ,flor5ce1 #ahg ,op]a ,h\se1 ,p>is1 #bfh ,orcagna1 #agj1 #aga 8,ore/es & ,electra10 #abb 8,orpheus10 by ,swan1 #cja ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 #afh-agc1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aii 8,outram1 ,sir ,james10 /atue by ,foley1 #bhe ,padua1 #age 8,paetus & ,arria10 #hi ,pa9t+1 influ5ce on ,r5aissance sculpture1 #aeg1 #afa1 #afg ,paj\1 #beg ,palgrave1 ,f4 ,t41 #bhc1 #bhd ,palazzo ,vec*io1 #ahg ,pan-,a!naic procession on ,p>!non frieze1 #cj ,pana!naic ,/adion1 ,a!ns1 #fg ,pan-,hell5ic ,league1 #bg ,pan!on1 ,p>is1 #bgf 8,p&ora10 by ,bates1 #cjj ,paola & ,francesca1 #bge ,papacy4 ,see ,ca?olic ,*ur* ,p>is1 #bed1 #bhi ,p>k 7sculptor71 #bhd ,p>os1 #ab ,p>!non1 #bh-cc ,go?ic ,ca!dral comp>$1 #adg-adi ,/atu>y on1 #bi-ca1 #aej-aea ,p>?ian ,w>1 #acc1 #acg ,p>ma1 #aie ,pasiteles1 s*ool (1 #aba-abc ,pat]1 ,walt]1 #hj1 #if1 #abf ,paul9e ,borghese1 ,/atue by ,canova1 #bdi-bej ,pausanias1 #abj 8,zeus10 by ,phidias1 #cg1 #ch 8,h]mes0 ( ,praxiteles1 #eg ,scopas & ,temple ( ,a!na at ,tegea1 #gb ,libr>y ( ,hadrian1 #acg ,paul ,,iii41 #bac ,pavilion de ,flora1 ,p>is1 #bfg ,peloponnesian ,w>1 #aad ,p5ta?lon1 #bj1 #bd 8,p5ta?lon ,w9n]0 ( ,alcam5es1 #bc ,p5telicus1 ,m>ble ,qu>ries1 #bi ,p]gamus1 ,k+dom (1 #hh-ic ,gauli% invasion1 #ij1 #ia1 #ajg ,effect on sculpture1 #hh-ib 8,dy+ ,gaul10 #hh-ib ,alt> ( ,zeus1 #ia-ic ,loss ( emotional balance1 #ib1 #ic ,abs5ce ( great ma/]s1 #ajj ,comp>ison ) ,hell5i/ic ,greece1 #ajj ,will$ by ,attalus ,,iii4 to ,rome1 #aaf ,p]icles1 #bf ,*>act]is$1 #gg ,/atue by ,cresilas1 #gg-gi1 #abf1 #abg ,creator ( ,p>!non1 #cb ,8 political purpose1 #cb1 #cc1 #df ,comp>$ ) ,lor5zo de ,m$ici1 #aha1 #ahb 8,p]ixyom5us0 ( ,diappus1 #gd 8,p]seus & ,&rom$a10 by ,puget1 #bcf 8,p]seus10 by ,cell9i1 #bje-baj ,p]sia1 #bf-bh1 #hd1 #ia1 #ajf ,p]ug9o1 #agi ,ph>salia1 #abd ,phidias1 #hd1 #afa ,argive ,s*ool1 connection )1 #bc ,e>ly life1 #bh ,p>!non1 #bh-cb ,a!na1 /atue (1 #bh1 #bi ,p$im5tal gr\ps1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca ,frieze1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca ,metopes1 #bi1 #cj ,zeus1 *ryselephant9e /atue (1 #cf-ch1 #da ,dea? 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