,*ance1 ,love1 & ,logic ,int]national ,libr>y ( ,psy*ology ,philosophy & ,sci5tific ,me?od ,*ance1 ,love1 & ,logic ,int]national ,libr>y ( ,psy*ology ,philosophy & ,sci5tific ,me?od ,,g5]al ,,editor3 ,c4 ,k4 ,,ogd51 ,m4,a4 ,,volumes ,,already ,,publi%$ ,,philosophical ,,/udies1 by ,g4 ,e4 ,,moore1 ,litt4,d4 ,,! ,,misuse ,,( ,,m9d1 by ,,k>9 ,,/eph54 ,prefatory note by ,h5ri ,b]gson ,,conflict ,,& ,,dream1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,riv]s1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,psy*ology ,,& ,,politics1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,riv]s1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,tractatus ,,logico-,,philosophicus1 by ,l4 ,,wittg5/e94 ,introduction by ,b]tr& ,russell ,,! ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,emotion1 by ,w4 ,,:ately ,,smi?4 ,introduction by ,william ,br[n ,,psy*ological ,,types1 by ,c4 ,g4 ,,jung1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,sci5tific ,,?\ght1 by ,c4 ,d4 ,,broad1 ,litt4,d4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,mean+1 by ,c4 ,k4 ,,ogd5 & ,i4 ,a4 ,,ri*>ds ,,"* ,,& ,,! ,,unconsci\s1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,,van ,,d] ,,hoop ,,9 ,,prep>ation ,,sci5tific ,,me?od1 by ,a4 ,d4 ,,rit*ie ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,matt]1 by ,,b]tr& ,,russell1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,psy*ology ,,& ,,e?nology1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,riv]s1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,individual ,,psy*ology1 by ,,alfr$ ,,adl] ,,ma!matics ,,= ,,philosoph]s1 by ,g4 ,h4 ,,h>dy1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,my?s1 by ,g4 ,,elliot ,,smi?1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,! ,,unconsci\s by ,e4 ,,von ,,h>tmann4 ,introduction by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,elliot ,smi? ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,m$ical ,,diagnosis1 by ,f4 ,g4 ,,crook%ank1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,psy*o!rapy1 by ,,william ,,br[n1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,sc4 ,,emotion ,,& ,,insanity1 by ,s4 ,,?albitz]4 ,introduction by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,hffd+ ,,! ,,laws ,,( ,,feel+1 by ,f4 ,,paulhan ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,music1 by ,,edw>d ,j4 ,,d5t ,,col\r-,,h>mony1 by ,,james ,,wood ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,*9ese ,,?\ght1 by ,,liang ,,*e ,,*iao ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,mat]ialism1 by ,f4 ,a4 ,,lange ,,psy*e1 by ,e4 ,,rohde ,,! ,,primitive ,,m9d1 by ,p4 ,,rad91 ,ph4,d4 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,primitive ,,peoples1 by ,b4 ,,mal9[ski1 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,sc4 ,,! ,,/ati/ical ,,me?od ,,9 ,,economics1 by ,p4 ,,s>gant ,,flor5ce ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,criticism1 by ,i4 ,a4 ,,ri*>ds ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( #8,,z ,,if' by ,h4 ,,vaih+] ,,*ance1 ,,love1 ,,& ,,logic ,,philosophical ,,essays ,,by ,,! ,,late ,,*>les ,s4 ,,peirce ,,! ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,pragmatism ,,edit$ ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,morris ,r4 ,,coh5 ,,) ,a ,,supplem5t>y ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,pragmatism ,,( ,,peirce ,,by ,,john ,,dewey ,,new ,,york ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,,london3 ,,kegan ,,paul ,,tr5*1 ,,trubn] ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #aibc ,,copyright1 #aibc1 ,,by ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,& ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,9 ! essays ga!r$ toge!r 9 ?is volume we h ! mo/ develop$ & coh]5t available acc\nt ( ! philosophy ( ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce1 :om ,james1 ,royce1 ,dewey1 & lead+ ?9k]s 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many & ,italy h plac$ 9 ! =efront ( ! great sem9al m9ds ( rec5t times4 ,besides _! inh]5t value z ! expression ( a highly orig9al & fruitful m9d1 unusually well tra9$ & in=m$ 9 ! exact sci5ces1 ^! essays are also important z giv+ u ! s\rces ( a great deal ( contempor>y ,am]ican philosophy4 ,because ( ?is hi/orical importance no omissions or *anges h be5 made 9 ! text beyond ! correction ( "s obvi\s slips & ! reca/+ ( a few expressions 9 ! int]e/ ( intelligibility4 ,9 a subject :i* bri/les ) sugge/ions & difficulties ! temptation to add notes ( explanation or diss5t is almo/ insup]able4 ,b z su* notes might easily h d\bl$ ! size ( ?is volume ,i h refra9$ f all comm5t on ! text except 9 a few footnotes 7indicat$1 z usual1 9 brackets74 ,! introduction is int5d$ 7& ,i hope x w7 help ! read] to concat5ate ! v>i\s l9es ( ?\ght conta9$ 9 ^! essays4 ,i _c pret5d to h adequately indicat$ _! significance4 ,great m9ds l ^? ( ,james & ,royce h be5 n\ri%$ by ^! writ+s & ,i am p]suad$ t !y /ill (f] m9es ( fruitful sugge/ion4 ,pr(4 ,dewey's supplem5t>y essay indicates _! value = ! fundam5tal "q ( metaphysics1 viz4 ! nature ( reality4 ,grateful ackn[l$gm5t is "h made to ,mrs4 ,paul ,c>us & to ! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,co4 = p]mission to repr9t ! essays ( ,"p ,,ii f ! ,moni/4 ,! late ,paul ,c>us 0 "o ( ! v few :o n only gave ,peirce an opportunity to publi%1 b publicly recogniz$ ! importance ( 8 writ+s4 ,i mu/ also ackn[l$ge my obligation to ,pr(essor ,dewey = k9d p]mission to repr9t 8 essay on ! ,pragmatism ( ,peirce f ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 & to ! editors ( t ,j\rnal1 ,pr(essors ,woodbridge & ,bu%1 = p]mission to repr9t "s mat]ial ( my own4 ,"p ,v ( ! ,bibliography 0 compil$ by ,mr4 ,irv+ ,smi?4 ,,morris ,r4 ,,coh5 ,,! ,,college ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,new ,,york4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,introduction vii ,,proem4 ,,! ,,rules ,,( ,,philosophy #a ,,"p ,i4 ,,*ance ,,& ,,logic 7,illu/rations ( ! ,logic ( ,sci5ce47 #a4 ,! ,fixation ( ,belief #g #b4 ,h[ to ,make ,our ,ideas ,cle> #cb #c4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,*ances #fa #d4 ,! ,probability ( ,induction #hb #e4 ,! ,ord] ( ,nature #ajf #f4 ,d$uction1 ,induction & ,hypo!sis #aca ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,love ,,& ,,*ance #a4 ,! ,ar*itecture ( ,!ories #aeg #b4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,necessity ,exam9$ #agi #c4 ,! ,law ( ,m9d #bjb #d4 ,man's ,glassy ,ess5ce #bch #e4 ,evolution>y ,love #bfg ,,supplem5t>y ,,essay--,! ,pragmatism ( ,peirce1 by ,john ,dewey #cja ,,introduction ,_m & div]se are ! m9ds t =m ! philosophic community4 ,!re are1 fir/ & =emo/1 ! great ma/]s1 ! sy/em build]s :o re> _! /ately palaces t[]+ to ! moon4 ,^! ar*itectonic m9ds are s]v$ by a v>i$ ho/ ( foll[]s & auxili>ies4 ,"s provide ! furni%+s to make ^! my/ic mansions ( ! m9d m commodi\s1 :ile o!rs are engag$ 9 mak+ _! faades m impos+4 ,"s are busy /r5g!n+ weak places or build+ mu*-ne$$ additions1 :ile _m m are engag$ 9 def5d+ ^! /ructures aga9/ ! impetu\s army ( critics :o are ev] eag] & ready to p\nce d[n ^u & de/roy all t is new or be>s ! mortal m>k ( human imp]fection4 ,!re are also ! philologi/s1 ^? :o are 9 a m n>r[ s5se s*ol>s1 :o dig n only = facts or roots1 b also = ! /ones :i* may s]ve ei!r = build+ or z weapons ( de/ruction4 ,remote f all ^!1 h[ev]1 are ! intellectual rov]s :o1 9 _! se>* = new fields1 v5ture into ! ?ick jungle t surr\nds ! little pat* ( cultivat$ sci5ce4 ,!y are n greg>i\s creatures1 ^! lonely pione]s2 & 9 _! w&]+s !y (t5 completely lose t\* ) ^? :o tread ! beat5 pa?s4 ,^? t return to ! community (t5 speak /rangely ( /range ?+s2 & x is n always t !y ar\se suffici5t fai? = o!rs to foll[ !m & *ange _! trails into high roads4 ,few n[adays "q ! great value ( ^! pione] m9ds2 & x is (t5 claim$ t univ]sities are e/abli%$ to facilitate _! "w1 & to prev5t x f be+ lo/4 ,b univ]sities1 l o!r well-manag$ in/itutions1 c f9d place only = ^? :o "w well 9 h>ness4 ,! re/less1 impati5t m9ds1 l ! socially or conv5tionally unacceptable1 are ?us kept out1 no matt] h[ fruitful _! orig9ality4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce 0 c]ta9ly "o ( ^! re/less pione] s\ls ) ! fatal gift ( g5u9e orig9ality4 ,9 8 e>ly pap]s1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy1 & lat]1 9 ! ,moni/ pap]s repr9t$ z ,"p ,,ii ( ?is volume1 we get glimpses ( a va/ philosophic sy/em on :i* he 0 work+ ) an unusual weal? ( mat]ial & app>atus4 ,to a ri* imag9ation & extraord9>y le>n+ he add$ "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial gifts ( successful sy/em build]s1 ! p[] to co9 an apt & /rik+ t]m9ology4 ,b ! admitt$ incomplet5ess ( ^! prelim9>y sket*es ( 8 philosophic sy/em is n altoge!r due to ! inh]5t difficulty ( ! task & to ext]nal causes su* z neglect & pov]ty4 ,a c]ta9 inn] in/ability or lack ( self-ma/]y is reflect$ 9 ! out] moral or conv5tional wayw>dness :i*1 except = a few ye>s at ,johns ,hopk9s1 caus$ him to be exclud$ f a univ]sity c>e]1 & ?us depriv$ him ( mu* ne$$ /imulus to ord9>y consi/5cy & intelligibility4 ,z ! ye>s advanc$1 br++ little g5]al int]e/ 91 or recognition (1 ! brilliant logical /udies ( 8 e>ly ye>s1 ,peirce became m & m fragm5t>y1 cryptic1 & involv$2 s t ,james1 ! intellectual companion ( 8 y\?1 lat] f\nd 8 lectures on pragmatism1 8fla%es ( brilliant light reliev$ aga9/ ,cimm]ian d>kness0--a /atem5t n to be entirely disc\nt$ by ! fact t ,james _h no int]e/ 9 or aptitude = =mal logical or ma!matical consid]ations4 ,despite ^! limitations1 h[ev]1 ,peirce /&s out z "o ( ! great f\nd]s ( mod]n sci5tific logic2 & 9 ! realm ( g5]al philosophy ! developm5t ( "s ( 8 pregnant ideas has l$ to ! pragmatism & radical empiricism ( ,james1 z well z to ! ma!matical idealism ( ,royce1 & to ! anti-nom9alism :i* *>act]izes ! philosophic movem5t kn[n z ,neo-,realism4 ,at any rate1 ! "w ( ,james1 ,royce1 & ,russell1 z well z t ( logicians l ,s*ro$]1 br+s u ( ! pres5t g5]ation into a bett] position to appreciate ! significance ( ,peirce's "w1 ?an 7 8 contempor>ies4 ,i ,peirce 0 by antec$5ts1 tra9+1 & occupation a sci5ti/4 ,he 0 a son ( ,b5jam9 ,peirce1 ! great ,h>v>d ma!matician1 & 8 e>ly environm5t1 toge!r ) 8 tra9+ 9 ! ,lawr5ce ,sci5tific ,s*ool1 ju/ifi$ 8 favorite claim t he 0 br\ght up 9 a laboratory4 ,he made important contributions n only 9 ma!matical logic b also 9 photometric a/ronomy1 geodesy1 & psy*ophysics1 z well z 9 philology4 ,= _m ye>s ,peirce work$ on ! problems ( geodesy1 & 8 contribution to ! subject1 8 rese>*es on ! p5dulum1 0 at once recogniz$ by ,european inve/igators 9 ?is field4 ,! ,int]national ,geodetic ,congress1 to :i* he 0 ! fir/ ,am]ican repres5tative1 gave unusual att5tion to 8 pap]1 & m5 l ,cell]i] & ,plantam\r ackn[l$g$ _! obligations to him4#a ,?is & o!r sci5tific "w involv+ f9e measurem5t1 ) ! correlative inve/igations into ! !ory ( probable error1 seem to h be5 a decisive influ5ce 9 ! developm5t ( ,peirce's philosophy ( *ance4 ,philosoph]s inexp]i5c$ 9 actual sci5tific measurem5t may navely accept z absolute tru? su* /atem5ts z 8e p>ticle ( matt] attracts e o!r p>ticle directly z ! product ( _! masses & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance10 or 8:5 hydrog5 & oxyg5 comb9e to =m wat] ! ratio ( _! weights is #a 3 #h40 ,b to ^? :o are actually engag$ 9 measur+ natural ph5om5a ) in/rum5ts ( precision1 nature %[s no su* absolute con/ancy or simplicity4 ,z e laboratory work] kn[s1 no two obs]v]s1 & no "o obs]v] 9 successive exp]im5ts1 get absolutely id5tical results4 ,to ! m5 ( ! h]oic p]iod ( sci5ce ?is 0 no difficulty4 ,!y held unque/ion+ly ! ,platonic fai? t nature 0 creat$ on simple geometric l9es1 & all ! m9ute v>iations 7 attributable to ! fault ( ! obs]v] or ! crudity ( 8 in/rum5ts4 ,?is h]oic fai? 01 & /ill is1 a mo/ p[]ful /imulus to sci5tific rese>* & a protection aga9/ ! incursions ( sup]naturalism4 ,b few w\ld def5d x to-day 9 its explicit =m1 & !re is little empirical evid5ce to %[ t :ile ! obs]v] & 8 in/rum5ts are always v>y+1 ! objects :i* he measures nev] deviate 9 ! slighte/ f ! simple law4 ,d\btless1 z "o becomes m exp]t 9 ! manipulation ( physical in/rum5ts1 !re is a noticeable dim9ution ( ! range ( ! p]sonal 8error10 b no am\nt ( skill & no ref9em5t ( our in/rum5ts h ev] succe$$ 9 elim9at+ irregul>1 ?\gh small1 v>iations4 8,try to v]ify any law ( nature & y w f9d t ! m precise y\r obs]vations1 ! m c]ta9 !y w be to %[ irregul> dep>ture f ! law40#b ,!re is c]ta9ly no?+ 9 our empirical in=mation to prev5t u f say+ t all ! s-call$ con/ants ( nature are m]ely in/ances ( v>iation betwe5 limits s ne> ea* o!r t _! diff]5ces may be neglect$ = c]ta9 purposes4 ,moreov]1 ! approa* to con/ancy is obs]v$ only 9 mass ph5om5a1 :5 we are deal+ ) v l>ge numb]s ( p>ticles2 b social /ati/ics also approa* con/ant ratios :5 ! numb]s are v l>ge4 ,h5ce1 )\t d5y+ discrepancies due solely to errors ( obs]vation1 ,peirce cont5ds t 8we mu/ suppose f> m m9ute discrepancies to exi/ ow+ to ! imp]fect cog5cy ( ! law itself1 to a c]ta9 sw]v+ ( ! facts f any def9ite =mula40#c ,x is usual to associate disbelief 9 absolute laws ( nature ) s5tim5tal claims = fre$om or !ological miracles4 ,x is1 !re=e1 well to insi/ t ,peirce's attack is entirely 9 ! int]e/s ( exact logic & a rational acc\nt ( ! physical univ]se4 ,z a rigor\s logician famili> ) ! actual proc$ures by :i* our k ( ! v>i\s laws ( nature is obta9$1 he c\ld n admit t exp]i5ce c\ld prove _! claim to absolut5ess4 ,all ! physical laws actually kn[n1 l ,boyle's law or ! law ( gravitation1 involve excessive simplification ( ! ph5om5al c\rse ( ev5ts1 & ?us a l>ge elem5t ( empirical inaccuracy4 ,b a m positive objection aga9/ ! traditional assumption ( absolute or inv>iable laws ( nature1 is ! fact t su* assumption makes ! regul>ities ( ! univ]se ultimate1 & ?us cuts u (f f ! possibility ( ev] expla9+ !m or h[ !re comes to be z mu* regul>ity 9 ! univ]se z !re is4 ,b 9 ord9>y affairs1 ! occurr5ce ( any regul>ity is ! v ?+ to be expla9$4 ,moreov]1 mod]n /ati/ical me*anics & !rmodynamics 7!ory ( gases1 entropy1 etc47 sugge/ t ! regul>ity 9 ! univ]se is a matt] ( gradual gr[?2 t ! :ole ( physical nature is a gr[? f a *aos ( div]sity to a maximum ( uni=mity or entropy4 ,a lead+ physici/ ( ! #ai? ,c5tury1 ,boltzmann1 has sugge/$ t ! process ( ! :ole physical univ]se is l t ( a cont9u\s %ak+ up ( a hap-haz>d or *ance mixture ( ?+s1 :i* ?us gradually results 9 a progressively m uni=m di/ribution4 ,s9ce ,duns ,scotus1 /ud5ts ( logic h kn[n t e real entity has its individual "* 7its haecceitas or ?isness7 :i* _c be expla9$ or d$uc$ f t :i* is uni=m4 ,e explanation1 = example1 ( ! moon's pa? mu/ take p>ticul> exi/5ces = grant$4 ,su* orig9al or und]iv$ individuality & div]sity is precisely :at ,peirce means by *ance2 & f ?is po9t ( view *ance is prior to law4 ,all t is necess>y to visualize ?is is to suppose t !re is an inf9itesimal t5d5cy 9 ?+s to acquire habits1 a t5d5cy :i* is itself an accid5tal v>iation gr[n habitual4 ,we %all !n be on ! road to expla9 ! evolution & exi/5ce ( ! limit$ uni=mities actually prevail+ 9 ! physical _w4 ,a good deal ( ! =ego+ may s\nd some:at my?ologic4 ,b ev5 if x 7 s x w\ld h ! m]it ( (f]+ a rational alt]native to ! me*anical my?ology accord+ to :i* all ! atoms 9 ! univ]se are to-day precisely 9 ! same condition 9 :i* !y 7 on ! day ( creation1 a my?ology :i* is =c$ to reg>d all ! empirical facts ( spontaneity & novelty z illusory1 or devoid ( sub/antial tru?4 ,! doctr9e ( ! primacy ( *ance naturally sugge/s ! primacy ( m9d4 ,j z law is a *ance habit s is matt] in]t m9d4 ,! pr9cipal law ( m9d is t ideas lit]ally spread !mselves cont9u\sly & become m & m g5]al or inclusive1 s t p :o =m communities ( any sort develop g5]al ideas 9 common4 ,:5 ?is cont9u\s rea*+-out ( feel+ becomes nurtur+ love1 su*1 e4g41 :i* p>5ts h = _! (fspr+ or ?9k]s = _! ideas1 we h creative evolution4 ,james & ,royce h call$ att5tion to ! simil>ity betwe5 ,peirce's doctr9e ( ty*i/ic-agapism 7*ance & love7 & ! creative evolution ( ,b]gson4 ,b :ile bo? philosophies aim to re/ore life & gr[? 9 _! acc\nt ( ! nature ( ?+s1 ,peirce's approa* seems to me to h m>k$ advantages1 ow+ to its be+ 9 clos] t\* ) mod]n physics4 ,b]gson's proc$ure is l>gely bas$ on ! cont5tion t me*anics _c expla9 c]ta9 empirical facts1 su* z ! suppos$ id5tity ( ! v]tebrate eye & ! eye ( ! scallop4 ,b ! fact "h is m]ely "o ( a c]ta9 resemblance ( patt]n1 :i* may well be expla9$ by ! me*anical pr9ciples ( conv]g5t evolution4 ,peirce's acc\nt involves no rejection ( ! possibility ( me*anical explanations4 ,inde$1 by c>ry+ *ance into ! laws ( me*anics he is enabl$ to elaborate a positive & highly sugge/ive !ory ( protoplasm to expla9 ! facts ( pla/icity & habit4#d ,in/ead ( po/ulat+ ) ,sp5c] & ,b]gson a cont9u\s gr[? ( div]sity1 ,peirce all[s = gr[? ( habits bo? 9 div]sity & 9 uni=mity4 ,! ,sp5c]ian me*anical philosophy r$uces all div]sity to m]e spatial diff]5ces4 ,!re c be no sub/antial novelty2 only new =ms or comb9ations c arise 9 "t4 ,! creative evolution ( ,b]gson ?\gh int5d$ to support ! claims ( spontaneity is /ill l ! ,sp5c]ian 9 assum+ all evolution z proce$+ f ! simple to ! complex4 ,peirce all[s = div]sity & specificity z "p ( ! orig9al "* or end[m5t ( ?+s1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t may increase 9 "s respects & dim9i% 9 o!rs4 ,m9d acquires ! habit bo? ( tak+ on1 & also ( lay+ aside1 habits4 ,evolution may ?us lead to homog5eity or uni=mity z well z to great] het]og5eity4 ,n only has ,peirce a great] reg>d ?an ev5 ,b]gson = ! actual div]sity & spontaneity ( ?+s1 b he is 9 a mu* bett] position ?an any o!r mod]n philosoph] to expla9 ! ord] & coh]5ce ( ! _w4 ,?is he effects by unit+ ! m$ieval reg>d = ! reality ( univ]sals ) ! mod]n sci5tific use ( ! concept ( cont9uity4 ,! un=tunate w> betwe5 ! pione]s ( mod]n sci5ce & ! adh]5ts ( ! s*ola/ic doctr9e ( sub/antial =ms1 has be5 "o ( ! great mis=tunes ( human ?\ght1 9 t x made absolute atomism & nom9alism ! pr(ess$ cre$ ( physical sci5ce4 ,n[1 extreme nom9alism1 ! insi/5ce on ! reality ( ! p>ticul>1 leaves no room = ! g5u9e reality ( law4 ,x leaves1 z ,hume _h ! c\rage to admit1 no?+ :]eby ! pres5t c det]m9e ! future2 s t any?+ is z likely to happ5 z n4 ,f su* a *aotic _w1 ! proc$ure ( mod]n natural & ma!matical sci5ce has sav$ u by ! p]si/5t use ( ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity2 & no "o has indicat$ ?is m cle>ly ?an ,peirce :o 0 uniquely qualifi$ to d s by be+ a close /ud5t bo? ( ,duns ,scotus & ( mod]n sci5tific me?ods4 ,x is in/ructive 9 ?is respect to contra/ ! views ( ,peirce & ,james4 ,james1 :o s g5]\sly indicat$ 8 indebt$ness to ,peirce = 8 pragmatism1 0 also l>gely indebt$ to ,peirce = 8 doctr9e ( radical empiricism4#e ,! latt] doctr9e seeks to rescue ! cont9uity & fluidity ( exp]i5ce f ! traditional ,briti% empiricism or nom9alism1 :i* _h resolv$ ev]y?+ into a numb] ( mutually exclusive m5tal /ates4 ,x is curi\s1 h[ev]1 t :ile 9 8 psy*ology ,james made ext5sive use ( ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity1 he c\ld n free himself f ,briti% nom9alism 9 8 philosophy--witness ! extreme individualism ( 8 social philosophy or ! equally extreme an?ropomorphism ( 8 religion4 ,c]ta9 ( ,peirce's sugge/ions z to ! use ( cont9uity 9 social philosophy h be5 develop$ by ,royce 9 8 !ory ( social consci\sness & ! nature ( ! community2#f b mu* rema9s to be work$ out & we c b repeat ,peirce's own hope3 8,may "s future /ud5t g ov] ?is gr\nd aga9 & h ! leisure to give 8 results to ! _w40 ,x is well to note1 h[ev]1 t aft] writ+ ! pap]s includ$ 9 ?is volume ,peirce cont9u$ to be occupi$ ) ! issues "h rais$4 ,?is he mo/ significantly indicat$ 9 ! articles on logical topics contribut$ to ,baldw9's ,diction>y ( ,philosophy4#g ,9 ^! articles x is naturally ! logical be>+ ( ! pr9ciples ( ty*ism 7*ance71 syne*ism 7cont9uity71 & agapism 7love7 t is /ress$4 ,to use ! ,kantian t]m9ology1 almo/ native to ,peirce1 ! regulative r ?an ! con/itutive aspect ( ^! pr9ciples is emphasiz$4 ,?us ! doctr9e ( *ance is n only :at x 0 = ,james' radical empiricism1 a release f ! bl9d necessity ( a 8block univ]se10 b also a me?od ( keep+ op5 a possible explanation ( ! g5esis ( ! laws ( nature & an int]pretation ( !m 9 accordance ) ! !orems ( probability1 s fruitful 9 physical sci5ce z well z 9 practical life4 ,s ! doctr9e ( love is n only a cosmologic "o1 %[+ h[ *ance feel+ g5]ates ord] or rational div]sity ?r\gh ! habit ( g5]ality or cont9uity1 b x also gives u ! mean+ ( tru? 9 social t]ms1 9 %[+ t ! te/ z to :e!r any proposition is true po/ulates an indef9ite numb] ( co-op]at+ inve/igators4 ,on its logical side ! doctr9e ( love 7agapism7 also recogniz$ ! important fact t g5]al ideas h a c]ta9 attraction :i* makes u div9e _! nature ev5 ?\gh we _c cle>ly det]m9e _! precise mean+ be=e develop+ _! possible consequ5ces4 ,( ! doctr9e ( cont9uity we are told expressly#h t 8syne*ism is n an ultimate absolute metaphysical doctr9e4 ,x is a regulative pr9ciple ( logic10 seek+ ! ?read ( id5tity 9 div]se cases & avoid+ hypo!ses t ?is or t is ultimate &1 !re=e1 inexplicable4 7,examples ( su* hypo!ses are3 ! exi/5ce ( absolutely accurate or uni=m laws ( nature1 ! et]nity & absolute lik5ess ( all atoms1 etc47 ,to be sure1 ! syne*i/ _c d5y t !re is an elem5t ( ! inexplicable or ultimate1 s9ce x is directly =c$ ^u him4 ,b he _c reg>d x z a s\rce ( explanation4 ,! assumption ( an inexplicability is a b>ri] on ! road to sci5ce4 8,! =m "u :i* alone any?+ c be und]/ood is ! =m ( g5]ality :i* is ! same ?+ z cont9uity40#i ,?is insi/5ce on ! g5]ality ( intelligible =m is p]fectly consi/5t ) due emphases on ! reality ( ! individual1 :i* to a ,scoti/ reali/ connotes an elem5t ( w or w-resi/5ce1 b 9 logical proc$ure means t ! te/ ( ! tru? or falsity ( any proposition ref]s u to p>ticul> p]ceptions4#aj ,b z no multitude ( individuals c exhau/ ! mean+ ( a cont9uum1 :i* includes also organiz+ relations ( ord]1 ! full mean+ ( a concept _c be 9 any individual reaction1 b is r to be s\ght 9 ! mann] 9 :i* all su* reactions contribute to ! developm5t ( ! concrete reasonabl5ess ( ! :ole evolution>y process4 ,9 sci5tific proc$ure ?is means t integrity ( belief 9 g5]al is m important ?an1 because x is ! condition (1 p>ticul> true beliefs4 ,,ii ,?is insi/5ce on ! cont9uity s effectually us$ z a heuri/ic pr9ciple 9 natural & ma!matical sci5ce1 di/+ui%es ! pragmatism ( ,peirce f t ( 8 foll[] ,james4 ,pr(4 ,dewey has develop$ ?is po9t au?oritatively 9 ! supplem5t>y essay2 b 9 view ( ! g5]al ignorance z to ! s\rces ( pragmatism :i* prevails 9 ?is incuri\s age1 "s rem>ks on ! actual hi/orical orig9 ( pragmatism may be 9 ord]4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ,peirce 0 l$ to ! =mulation ( ! pr9ciple ( pragmatism ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,*auncey ,wright4#aa ,wright :o _h fir/ h& acqua9tance ) creative sci5tific "w 9 ma!matics1 physics1 & botany 0 l$ by ! /udy ( ,mill & ,ba9 to reflect on ! *>act]i/ics ( sci5tific me?od4 ,?is reflection l$ him to draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! use ( popul> sci5tific mat]ial1 by m5 l ,sp5c]1 to con/ruct a my? or picture ( ! _w1 & ! sci5tific use ( laws by m5 l ,newton z means = ext5d+ our k ( ph5om5a4 ,gravitation z a g5]al fact _h int]e/$ metaphysicians long be=e ,newton4 ,:at made ,newton's contribution sci5tific 0 ! =mulation ( a ma!matical law :i* has enabl$ u to d$uce all ! !n kn[n facts ( ! sol> sy/em & to anticipate or pr$ict _m m facts ! exi/5ce ( :i* w\ld n o!rwise be ev5 suspect$1 e4g41 ! exi/5ce ( ! planet ,neptune4 ,wright insi/s1 !re=e1 t ! pr9ciples ( mod]n ma!matical & physical sci5ce are ! means ?r\gh :i* nature is discov]$1 t sci5tific laws are ! f9d]s r ?an m]ely ! summ>ies ( factual tru?s4 ,?is conception ( ! exp]im5tal sci5ti/ z translat+ g5]al propositions into prescriptions = atta9+ new exp]im5tal tru?s1 is ! />t+ po9t ( ,peirce's pragmatism4 ,! latt] is embodi$ 9 ! pr9ciple t ! mean+ ( a concept is to be f\nd 9 8all ! conceivable exp]im5tal ph5om5a :i* ! affirmation or d5ial ( ! concept c\ld imply40#ab ,9 ! e>li] /atem5t ( ! pragmatic maxim1#ac ,peirce emphasiz$ ! consequ5ces = conduct t foll[ f ! acceptance or rejection ( an idea2 b ! /oical maxim t ! end ( man is action did n appeal to him z mu* at sixty z x did at ?irty4#ad ,naturally also ,peirce c\ld n foll[ ! developm5t ( pragmatism by ,wm4 ,james :o1 l almo/ all mod]n psy*ologi/s1 0 a ?or\gh nom9ali/ & always emphasiz$ p>ticul> s5sible exp]i5ce4#ae ,x seem$ to ,peirce t su* emphasis on p>ticul> exp]i5ces endang]$ ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity :i* 9 ! h&s ( m5 l ,wei]/rass _h re=m$ mod]n ma!matics4 ,= ?is reason he began to call 8 own doctr9e pragmaticism1 a suffici5tly unattractive "n1 he ?\ght1 to save x f kidnapp]s & f popul>ity4 ,he nev]1 h[ev]1 ab&on$ ! pr9ciple ( pragmatism1 t ! mean+ ( an idea is cl>ifi$ 7because con/itut$7 by its conceivable exp]im5tal consequ5ces4 ,inde$1 if we want to cl>ify ! mean+ ( ! idea ( pragmatism1 let u apply ! pragmatic te/ to x4 ,:at w be ! effect ( accept+ x8 ,obvi\sly x w be to develop c]ta9 g5]al ideas or habits ( look+ at ?+s4 ,peirce's pragmatism has1 !re=e1 a decid$ly intellectual ca/4 ,! mean+ ( an idea or proposition is f\nd n by an intuition ( x b by work+ out its implications4 ,x admits t ?\ght does n con/itute reality4 ,categories c h no concrete be+ )\t action or imm$iate feel+4 ,b ?\ght is none ! less an ess5tial +r$i5t ( reality2 ?\ght is 8! melody runn+ ?r\gh ! succession ( our s5sations40 ,pragmatism1 accord+ to ,peirce1 seeks to def9e ! rational purport1 n ! s5su\s quality4 ,x is int]e/$ n 9 ! effect ( our practical occupations or desires on our ideas1 b 9 ! function ( ideas z guides ( action4 ,:e!r a man is to pay damages 9 a c]ta9 lawsuit may dep5d1 9 fact1 on a t]m 9 ! ,ari/otelian logic su* z proximate cause4 ,x is ( int]e/ to obs]ve t ?\gh ,peirce is an ard5t admir] ( ,d>w9's me?od1 8 sci5tific caution makes him refuse to apply ! analogy ( biologic natural selection to ! realm ( ideas1 9 ! :olesale & uncritical mann] t has lately become fa%ionable4 ,natural selection may well favor ! triumph ( views :i* directly influ5ce biologic survival4 ,b ! pleasure ( ent]ta9+ cong5ial illusions may ov]balance ! inconv5i5ce result+ f _! deceptive "*4 ,?us rhetorical appeals may long prevail ov] sci5tific evid5ce4 ,,iii ,peirce pref]r$ to call himself a logician1 & 8 contributions to logic h s f> prov$ 8 mo/ g5]ally recogniz$ a*ievem5t4 ,= a "r p]spective ( ^! contributions we may well beg9 ) ! obs]vation t ?\gh few bran*es ( philosophy h be5 cultivat$ z cont9u\sly z logic1 ,kant 0 able to affirm t ! sci5ce ( logic _h made no sub/antial progress s9ce ! "t ( ,ari/otle4 ,! reason = ?is is t ,ari/otle's logic1 ! logic ( classes1 0 bas$ on 8 own sci5tific proc$ure z a zoologi/1 & is /ill 9 ess5ce a valid me?od s f> z classification is "p ( all rational proc$ure4 ,b :5 we come to describe ! ma!matical me?od ( physical sci5ce1 we _c ca/ x into ! ,ari/otelian =m )\t involv+ ourselves 9 su* complicat$ artificialities z to r$uce almo/ to nil ! value ( ,ari/otle's logic z an organon4 ,ari/otle's logic enables u to make a s+le inf]5ce f two premises4 ,b ! va/ multitude ( !orems t mod]n ma!matics has d]iv$ f a few premises z to ! nature ( numb]1 %[s ! ne$ ( =mulat+ a logic or !ory ( inf]5ce t %all correspond to ! mod]n1 m complicat$1 practice z ,ari/otle's logic did to simple classificatory zoology4 ,to d ?is effectively w\ld require ! highe/ con/ructive logical g5ius1 toge!r ) an intimate k ( ! me?ods ( ! great v>iety ( mod]n sci5ces4 ,?is is 9 ! nature ( ! case a v r>e comb9ation1 s9ce great inve/igators are n z critical 9 exam9+ _! own proc$ure z !y are 9 exam9+ ! subject matt] :i* is _! prim>y sci5tific int]e/4 ,h5ce1 :5 great inve/igators l ,po9c> come to describe _! own "w1 !y fall back on ! uncritical assumptions ( ! traditional logic :i* !y le>n$ 9 _! s*ool days4 ,moreov]1 8,= ! la/ ?ree c5turies ?\ght has be5 conduct$ 9 laboratories1 9 ! field1 or o!rwise 9 ! face ( ! facts1 :ile *airs ( logic h be5 fill$ by m5 :o brea! ! air ( ! sem9>y40#af ,! great ,leibnitz _h ! qualifications1 b "h1 z else:]e1 8 worldly occupations left him no opportunity except = v fragm5t>y contributions4 ,x 0 n until ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury t two ma!maticians1 ,boole & ,de,morgan1 laid ! f\ndations = a m g5]aliz$ logic4 ,boole develop$ a g5]al logical algori?m or calculus1 :ile ,de,morgan call$ att5tion to non-syllogi/ic inf]5ce & especially to ! importance ( ! logic ( relations4 ,peirce's great a*ievem5t is to h recogniz$ ! possibilities ( bo? & to h g5]aliz$ & develop$ !m into a g5]al !ory ( sci5tific inf]5ce4 ,! ext5t & ?or\ghness ( 8 a*ievem5t has be5 obscur$ by 8 fragm5t>y way ( writ+ & by a r unwieldy symbolism4 ,/ill1 mod]n ma!matical logic1 su* z t ( ,russell's ,pr9ciples ( ,ma!matics1 is b a developm5t ( ,peirce's logic ( relatives4 ,?is phase ( ,peirce's "w is highly te*nical & an acc\nt ( x is out ( place "h4 ,su* an acc\nt w be f\nd 9 ,lewis' ,survey ( ,symbolic ,logic4#ag ,i ref] to x "h only to rem9d ! read] t ! ,illu/rations ( ! ,logic ( ! ,sci5ces 7,"p ,i ( ?is volume7 h a backgr\nd ( pati5t detail$ "w :i* is /ill be+ develop$ to-day4 ,symbolic logic has be5 held 9 r l[ e/eem by ! foll[]s ( ! old classical me?ods 9 philosophy4 ,_! /at$ objection to x has be5 ma9ly t x is conc]n$ ) ! m9utiae ( an artificial language & is ( no value z a guide to ! int]pretation ( reality4 ,n[ x %\ld be readily admitt$ t preoccupation ) symbolic logic is r apt to ret>d ! irresponsible flight ( philosophic fancy4 ,yet ?is is by no means always an evil4 ,by insi/+ on an accuracy t is pa9ful to ^? impati5t to obta9 sweep+ & com=t+1 ?\gh ha/y1 conclusions1 symbolic logic is well calculat$ to remove ! great sc&al ( traditional philosophy--! claim ( absolutely c]ta9 results 9 fields :]e !re is ! greate/ conflict ( op9ion4 ,?is sc&al\s situation arises 9 "p f ! fact t 9 popul> exposition we d n h to make our premises or assumptions explicit2 h5ce all sorts ( dubi\s prejudices are implicitly appeal$ to z absolutely necess>y pr9ciples4 ,also1 by ! use ( popul> t]ms :i* h a v>iety ( mean+s1 "o easily slides f "o mean+ to ano!r1 s t ! mo/ improbable conclusions are ?us d]iv$ f seem+ truisms4 ,by mak+ assumptions & rules explicit1 & by us+ te*nical t]ms t d n drag wide p5umbras ( mean+ ) !m1 ! me?od ( symbolic logic may cruelly r$uce ! sweep+ pret5sions ( philosophy4 ,b !re is no reason = suppos+ t pret5ti\sness r ?an humility is ! way to philosophic salvation4 ,man is b\nd to speculate ab\t ! univ]se beyond ! range ( 8 k1 b he is n b\nd to indulge ! vanity ( sett+ up su* speculations z absolutely c]ta9 dogmas4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no reason = d5y+ t great] rigor & accuracy ( exposition c really help u to disc]n new tru?4 ,mod]n ma!matics s9ce ,gauss & ,wei]/rass has actually be5 l$ to great] fruitfulness by increas$ rigor :i* makes su* proc$ure z ! old pro(s ( ,taylor's !orem no long] possible4 ,! sub/itution ( rigor\s analytic proc$ures = ! old ,euclidean pro(s bas$ on intuition1 has op5$ up va/ fields ( geometry4 ,nor has ?is be5 )\t any effect on philosophy4 ,:]e =m]ly concepts l inf9ity & cont9uity 7 objects ( gap+ awe or ! recurr5t occasions = intellectual viol5ce1#ah we are n[ beg9n+ to use !m1 ?anks to ,peirce & ,royce1 9 accurate & def9able s5ses4 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 ! am\nt ( a priori nons5se :i* ,peirce elim9ates by po9t+ out t ! application ( ! concept ( cont9uity to a span ( consci\sness removes ! necessity = assum+ a fir/ or la/ mom5t2 s likewise ! range ( vision on a l>ge unob/ruct$ gr\nd has no l9e betwe5 ! visible & ! invisible4 ,^! consid]ations w be f\nd utt]ly de/ructive ( ! =ce ( ! old argum5ts 7fundam5tal to ,kant & o!rs7 z to ! necess>y inf9ity ( "t & space4 ,simil> enlight5m5t is soon likely to result f ! m c>eful use ( t]ms l relative & absolute1 :i* are bones ( cont5tion 9 philosophy b ,ariadne ?reads ( exploration 9 !oretical physics1 because ( ! def9ite symbolism ( ma!matics4 ,o!r important tru?s made cle> by symbolic logic is ! hypo!tical "* ( univ]sal propositions & ! consequ5t insight t no p>ticul>s c be d$uc$ f univ]sals alone1 s9ce no numb] ( hypo!ses c )\t giv5 data e/abli% an exi/+ fact4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an ev5 m positive direction 9 :i* symbolic logic s]ves ! int]e/ ( philosophy1 & t is 9 ?r[+ light on ! nature ( symbols & on ! relation ( mean+4 ,philosoph]s h light-he>t$ly dismiss$ que/ions z to ! nature ( significant signs z #8m]ely' 7mo/ fatal ^w67 a matt] ( language4 ,b ,peirce 9 ! pap] on ,man's ,glassy ,%akespe>ian = ,mirror-,l ,ess5ce1 endeavors to exhibit man's :ole nature z symbolic4#ai ,?is is closely connect$ ) 8 logical doctr9e :i* reg>ds signs or symbols z "o ( ! fundam5tal categories or aspects ( ! univ]se 7,?\ghts & ?+s are ! o!r two74 ,indep5d5tly ( ,peirce b 9 l9e ) 8 ?\ght ano!r great & neglect$ ?9k]1 ,santayana1 has %[n t ! :ole life ( man t is b\nd up ) ! in/itutions ( civilization1 is conc]n$ ) symbols4 ,x is n altoge!r accid5tal t1 s9ce ,boole & ,de,morgan1 ^? :o h occupi$ !mselves ) symbolic logic h felt call$ ^u to deal ) ! problem ( probability4 ,! reason is indicat$ by ,peirce :5 he =mulates ! problem ( probable inf]5ce 9 su* a way z to make ! old classic logic ( absolutely true or false conclusions1 a limit+ case 7i4e41 ( values #a & #j7 ( ! logic ( probable inf]5ce ^: values range all ! way betwe5 ^! two limits4 ,?is te*nical device is itself ! result ( apply+ ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity to ?r[ two hi!rto di/9ct types ( reason+ into ! same class4 ,! result is philosophically significant4 ,:]e ! classical logic spoke ( major & m9or premises )\t e/abli%+ any really important diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 ,peirce draws a di/9ction betwe5 ! premises & ! guid+ pr9ciple ( our argum5t4 ,all reason+ is f "s concrete situation to ano!r4 ,! propositions :i* repres5t ! fir/ are ! premises 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,b ! feel+ t c]ta9 conclusions foll[ f ^! premises is condition$ by an implicit or explicit belief 9 "s guid+ pr9ciple :i* connects ! premises & ! conclusions4 ,:5 su* a lead+ pr9ciple results 9 true conclusions 9 all cases ( true premises1 we h logical d$uction ( ! or?odox type4 ,if1 h[ev]1 su* a pr9ciple br+s ab\t a true conclusion only 9 a c]ta9 proportion ( cases1 !n we h probability4 ,?is r$uction ( probability to ! relative frequ5cy ( true propositions 9 a class ( propositions1 0 sugge/$ to ,peirce by ,v5n's ,logic ( ,*ance4 ,peirce uses x to e/abli% "s tru?s ( greate/ importance to logic & philosophy4 ,he elim9ates ! difficulties ( ! old conceptuali/ view1 :i* made probability a measure ( our ignorance & yet _h to admit t almo/ all fruitfulness ( our practical & sci5tific reason+ dep5d$ on ! !orems ( probability4 ,h[ c\ld we safely pr$ict ph5om5a by measur+ our ignorance8 ,probability be+ r$uc$ to a matt] ( ! relative frequ5cy ( a class 9 a l>g] class or g5us1 x becomes1 /rictly speak+1 inapplicable to s+le cases by !mselves4 ,a s+le p5ny w fall head or x w fall tail e "t2 to-morr[ x w ra91 or x w n ra9 at all4 ,! probability ( #a_/b or any o!r fraction means no?+ 9 ! s+le case4 ,x is only because we feel ! s+le ev5t z repres5tative ( a class1 z some?+ :i* repeats itself1 t we speak elliptically ( ! probability ( a s+le ev5t4 ,h5ce foll[s ! important coroll>y t reason+ ) respect to ! probability ( ?is or t arrangem5t ( ! univ]se w\ld be valid only if univ]ses 7 z pl5tiful z blackb]ries4 ,to be useful at all1 !ories mu/ be simpl] ?an ! complex facts :i* !y seek to expla94 ,h5ce1 x is (t5 conv5i5t to employ a pr9ciple ( c]ta9ty :]e ! facts ju/ify only a pr9ciple ( "s degree ( probability4 ,9 su* cases we mu/ be cauti\s 9 accept+ any extreme consequ5ce ( ^! pr9ciples1 & also be on gu>d aga9/ app>5t refutations bas$ on su* extreme consequ5ces4 ,f9ally ,i %\ld l to emphasize ! value ( ,peirce's !ory ( inf]5ce = a philosophy ( civilization4 ,to ! old argum5t t logic is ( no importance because p le>n to reason1 z to walk1 by in/9ct & habit & n by sci5tific in/ruction1 ,peirce admits#bj t 8all human k up to ! highe/ flights ( sci5ce is b ! developm5t ( our inborn animal in/9cts40 ,b ?\gh logical rules are fir/ felt implicitly1 br++ !m into explicit consci\sness helps ! process ( analysis & ?us makes possible ! recognition ( old pr9ciples 9 novel situations4 ,?is increases our range ( adaptability to su* an ext5t z to ju/ify a g5]al di/9ction betwe5 ! slave ( r\t9e or habit & ! freeman :o c anticipate & control nature ?r\gh k ( pr9ciples4 ,peirce's analysis ( ! me?od ( sci5ce z a me?od ( atta9+ /ability ( beliefs by free inquiry invit+ all possible d\bt1 9 contra/ ) ! me?ods ( it]ation 78w to believe07 & social au?ority1 is "o ( ! be/ introductions to a !ory ( lib]al or ,hell5ic civilization1 z oppos$ to ^? ( despotic societies4 ,au?ority has its roots 9 ! =ce ( habit1 b x _c prev5t new & unor?odox ideas f aris+2 & 9 ! ef=t to def5d au?oritative social views m5 are apt to be f> m ru?less ?an 9 def5d+ _! own p]sonal convictions4 ,,iv ,n only ! pragmatism & ! radical empiricism ( ,james1 b ! idealism ( ,royce & ! m rec5t movem5t ( neo-realism are l>gely indebt$ to ,peirce4 ,x may seem /range t ! same ?9k] %\ld be claim$ z fo/]-fa!r ( bo? rec5t idealism & realism1 & "s may take x z ano!r sign ( 8 lack ( consi/5cy4 ,b ?is seem+ /rang5ess is really due to ! loos5ess ) :i* ! anti!sis betwe5 realism & idealism has g5]ally be5 put4 ,if by idealism we d5ote ! nom9ali/ic doctr9e ( ,b]keley1 !n ,peirce is cle>ly n an ideali/2 & 8 "w 9 logic z a /udy ( types ( ord] 79 :i* ,royce foll[$ him7 is fundam5tal = a logical realism4 ,b if idealism means ! old ,platonic doctr9e t 8ideas10 g5]a1 or =ms are n m]ely m5tal b ! real conditions ( exi/5ce1 we ne$ n wond] t ,peirce 0 bo? ideali/ & reali/4 ,royce's indebt$ness to ,peirce is pr9cipally 9 ! use ( mod]n ma!matical mat]ial1 su* z ! rec5t developm5t ( ! concepts ( inf9ity & cont9uity1 to ?r[ light on fundam5tal que/ions ( philosophy1 su* z relation ( ! individual to ,god or ! ,univ]se4 ,at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ma!matics _h almo/ disappe>$ f ! rep]tory ( philosophy 7cf4 ,klpe's ,introduction to ,philosophy71 & ,peirce's essay on ! ,law ( ,m9d op5$ a new way :i* ,royce foll[$ 9 8 ,_w & ! ,individual1 to ! great surprise ( 8 ideali/ic bre?r54 ,9 8 ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity ,royce has also indicat$ 8 indebt$ness to ,peirce = 8 doctr9e ( social consci\sness1 ! m9d ( ! community1 & ! process ( int]pretation4 ,x may be t a great deal ( ! simil>ity betwe5 ! ?\ghts ( ^! two m5 is due to common s\rces1 su* z ! works ( ,kant & ,s*ell+2 b x is well to note t n only 9 8 lat] writ+s b also 9 8 lectures & sem9>s ,royce cont9ually ref]r$ to ,peirce's views4 ,! gr\nd = ! neo-reali/ movem5t 9 ,am]ican philosophy 0 l>gely prep>$ by ! ma!matical "w ( ,russell & by ! utilization ( ma!matics to :i* ,royce 0 l$ by ,peirce4 ,! logic ( ,mr4 ,russell is bas$1 z he himself has po9t$ out1 on a comb9ation ( ! "w ( ,peirce & ,peano4 ,9 ?is comb9ation ! notation ( ,peano has prov$ ( great] te*nical flu5cy1 b all ( ,peano's results c also be obta9$ by ,peirce's me?od z develop$ by ,s*ro$] & ,mrs4 ,ladd-,frankl94 ,b philosophically ,peirce's influ5ce is f> great] 9 insi/+ t logic is n a bran* ( psy*ology1 t x is n conc]n$ ) m]ely m5tal processes1 b ) objective relations4 ,to ! view t ! laws ( logic repres5t 8! necessities ( ?\ght10 t propositions are true because 8we c n help ?9k+ s10 he answ]s3 8,exact logic w say t ,c's foll[+ logically f ,a is a /ate ( ?+s :i* no impot5ce ( ?\ght alone c br+ ab\t40#ba 8,! "q ( validity is purely "o ( fact & n ( ?9k+4444 ,x is n 9 ! lea/ ! "q :e!r1 :5 ! premises are accept$ by ! m9d1 we feel an impulse to accept ! conclusion also4 ,! true conclusion w\ld rema9 true if we _h no impulse to accept x1 & ! false "o w\ld rema9 false ?\gh we c\ld n resi/ ! t5d5cy to believe 9 x40#bb ,s9ce ! days ( ,locke mod]n philosophy has be5 almo/ entirely dom9at$ by ! assumption t "o mu/ /udy ! process ( kn[+ be=e "o c f9d out ! nature ( ?+s kn[n2 9 o!r words1 t psy*ology is ! c5tral philosophic sci5ce4 ,! result ( ?is has be5 an almo/ complete id5tification ( philosophy ) m5tal sci5ce4 ,nor did ! influ5ce ( biologic /udies ( ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury %ake ! belief 9 t banal dictum ( philosophic m$iocrity3 8,! prop] /udy ( mank9d is man40 ,! rec5t r5aissance ( logical /udies1 & ! rem>kable progress ( physics 9 our own day bid fair to rem9d u t :ile ! ,lockian way has br\ght "s ga9s to philosophy1 ! m anci5t way ( philosophy is by no means exhau/$ ( promise4 ,man _c lose 8 int]e/ 9 ! great cosmic play4 ,^? :o h fai? 9 ! anci5t & fruitful approa* to philosophy ?r\gh ! doors ( ma!matics & physics w f9d ! writ+s ( ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce full ( sugge/ions4 ,t su* an approa* c also ?r[ light on ! vex$ problem ( k ne$s no assurance to ^? acqua9t$ ) ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,b ,i may conclude by ref]r+ to ,peirce's doctr9e ( ideal z oppos$ to s5sible exp]im5t1#bc & to 8 treatm5t ( ! "q h[ x is t 9 spite ( an inf9ity ( possible hypo!ses1 mank9d has manag$ to make s _m successful inductions4#bd ,& = ! be>+ ( ma!matical /udies on ! wisdom ( life1 ! foll[+ is c]ta9ly wor? s]i\s reflection3 8,all human affairs re/ ^u probabilities4 ,if man 7 immortal on e>? he c\ld be p]fectly sure ( see+ ! day :5 ev]y?+ 9 :i* he _h tru/$ %\ld betray 8 tru/4 ,he w\ld break d[n1 at la/1 z e great =tune1 z e dyna/y1 z e civilization does4 ,9 place ( ?is we h dea?40 ,! recognition t ! dea? ( ! individual does n de/roy ! logical mean+ ( 8 utt]ances1 t ?is mean+ involves ! ideal ( an unlimit$ community1 c>ries u into ! he>t ( pure religion4 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,plantam\r's 8,re*]*es ,exp]im5tales sur le m\vem5t simultan d'un p5dule et de ses supports10 ,g5eva1 #ahgh1 pp4 #c-d4 ,footnote #b3 ,p4 #aij4 ,footnote #c3 ,pp4 #afb-afc4 ,footnote #d3 ,pp4 #bdi ff4 ,footnote #e3 ,james1 ,plurali/ic ,univ]se1 pp4 #cih-djj4 ,footnote #f3 ,royce1 ,/udies 9 ,good & ,evil1 & ,! ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity1 esp4 ,vol4 #b4 ,baldw9 7,m5tal ,developm5t7 is heavily indebt$ to ,royce 9 ?is respect4 ,footnote #g3 ,^! articles are by-products or fragm5ts ( a compreh5sive "w on ,logic on :i* ,peirce 0 engag$ = _m ye>s4 ,= ! writ+ ( ?is book1 ,royce decl>$1 no great] m9d or great] erudition has appe>$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,only sev]al *apt]s seem to h be5 f9i%$1 & w d\btless be includ$ ) o!r hi!rto unpubli%$ manuscripts 9 ! complete edition ( ,peirce's writ+s t is n[ be+ prep>$ by ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,footnote #h3 ,baldw9's ,diction>y1 article ,syne*ism4 ,footnote #i3 ,ib4 ,footnote #aj3 ,baldw9's ,diction>y1 art4 ,individual3 8,ev]y?+ ^: id5tity consi/s 9 a cont9uity ( reactions w be a s+le logical individual40 ,footnote #aa3 ,! p]sonal relations betwe5 ,peirce & ,wright 7 ?us describ$ by ,peirce 9 a lett] to ,mrs4 ,ladd-,frankl9 7,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,vol4 #ac1 p4 #gai73 8,x mu/ h be5 ab\t #aheg :5 ,i fir/ made ! acqua9tance ( ,*auncey ,wright1 a m9d ab\t on ! level ( ,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,he 0 a ?or\gh ma!matician4 ,he _h a mo/ p5etrat+ intellect4--,he & ,i us$ to h long & v lively & close disputations la/+ two or ?ree h\rs daily = _m ye>s4 ,9 ! sixties ,i />t$ a little club call$ #8,! ,metaphysical ,club4'--,wright 0 ! /ronge/ memb] & probably ,i 0 next4--,!n !re 7 ,frank ,abbott1 ,william ,james & o!rs40 8,x 0 !re t ! "n & ! doctr9e ( pragmatism saw ! light40 ,x might be add$ t ,peirce's ty*ism is indebt$ to ,wright's doctr9e ( accid5ts & 8cosmic wea!r10 a doctr9e :i* ma9ta9$ aga9/ ,la,place t a m9d kn[+ nature f mom5t to mom5t is b\nd to enc\nt] g5u9e novelty 9 ph5om5a1 :i* no am\nt ( k w\ld enable u to =esee4 ,see ,wright's ,philosophical ,discussions--#ahgf1 also ,cambridge ,hi/4 ( ,am]ican ,lit]ature1 ,vol4 #c1 p4 #bcd4 ,footnote #ab3 ,moni/1 ,vol4 #ae1 p4 #ahj4 ,footnote #ac3 ,?is volume1 pp4 #dc-de4 ,footnote #ad3 8,to say t we live = ! sake ( action w\ld be to say t !re is no su* ?+ z a rational purport40 ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,xv1 p4 #age4 ,footnote #ae3 ,! lett] to ,mrs4 ,ladd-,frankl9 quot$ be=e1 expla9s :y ,james1 ?\gh always loyal to ,peirce & anxi\s to give him cr$it :5ev] possible1 c\ld n und]/& ! latt]'s lectures on pragmatism4 ,peirce's incid5tal judgm5ts on o!rs is wor? quot+ "h3 8,mod]n psy*ologi/s are s soak$ ) s5sationalism t !y _c und]/& any?+ t does n mean t4 ,h[ c ,i1 to :om no?+ seems s ?or\ghly real z g5]als1 & :o reg>ds ,tru? & ,ju/ice z lit]ally ! mo/ p[]ful p[]s 9 ! _w1 expect to be und]/ood by ! ?or\ghgo+ ,wundtian8 ,b ! curi\s ?+ is to see absolute ideali/s ta9t$ ) ?is disease1--or m5 :o1 l ,john ,dewey1 hov] betwe5 ,absolute ,idealism & ,s5sationalism4 ,royce's op9ions z develop$ 9 8 ,_w & ,individualism are extremely ne> to m9e4 ,8 insi/5ce on ! elem5ts ( purpose 9 intellectual concepts is ess5tially ! pragmatic position40 ,footnote #af3 ,baldw9's ,diction>y1 art4 ,me?od4 ,footnote #ag3 8,peirce anticipat$ ! mo/ important proc$ures ( 8 successors ev5 :5 he did n "w !m out himself4 ,aga9 & aga9 "o f9ds ! clue to ! mo/ rec5t developm5ts 9 ! writ+s ( ,peirce10 ,lewis' ,survey ( ,symbolic ,logic1 p4 #gi4 ,footnote #ah3 ,hans ,breitmann is symbolic ( ^? :o 8solv$ ! inf9ite z "o et]nal sph]e40 ,footnote #ai3 ,see ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy1 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #aee-aeg1 article on ,a ,new ,li/ ( ,categories 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 #g1 #bhg-bih & article on ,sign1 9 ,baldw9's ,diction>y4 ,footnote #bj3 ,/udies 9 ,logic1 p4 #aha4 ,footnote #ba3 ,moni/1 ,vol4 #g1 p4 #bg4 ,cf4 ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #bjg2 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,vol4 #eh1 pp4 #cje-cjf4 ,footnote #bb3 ,?is vol41 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #bc3 ,sugge/ive = a !ory ( ! metaphysics ( fictions is ! sugge/ion 7p4 #df7 8t ! "q ( :at w\ld occur "u circum/ances :i* d n actually arise1 is n a "q ( fact1 b only ( ! mo/ p]spicu\s arrangem5t ( !m40 ,?is arrangem5t is1 ( c\rse1 n m]ely subjective4 ,footnote #bd3 ,pp4 #abh-abi1 cf4 ,moni/1 ,vol4 #g1 p4 #bjf1 & ,logical ,/udies1 pp4 #age ff4 ,,proem ,,! ,,rules ,,( ,,philosophy#be ,desc>tes is ! fa!r ( mod]n philosophy1 & ! _s ( ,c>tesianism--t :i* pr9cipally di/+ui%es x f ! s*ola/icism :i* x displac$--may be comp5di\sly /at$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,x tea*es t philosophy mu/ beg9 ) univ]sal d\bt2 :]eas s*ola/icism _h nev] que/ion$ fundam5tals4 #b4 ,x tea*es t ! ultimate te/ ( c]ta9ty is to be f\nd 9 ! individual consci\sness2 :]eas s*ola/icism _h re/$ on ! te/imony ( sages & ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 #c4 ,! multi=m argum5tation ( ! middle ages is replac$ by a s+le ?read ( inf]5ce dep5d+ (t5 ^u inconspicu\s premises4 #d4 ,s*ola/icism _h its my/]ies ( fai?1 b und]took to expla9 all creat$ ?+s4 ,b !re are _m facts :i* ,c>tesianism n only does n expla9 b r5d]s absolutely inexplicable1 unless to say t 8,god makes !m s0 is to be reg>d$ z an explanation4 ,9 "s1 or all ( ^! respects1 mo/ mod]n philosoph]s h be51 9 effect1 ,c>tesians4 ,n[ )\t wi%+ to return to s*ola/icism1 x seems to me t mod]n sci5ce & mod]n logic require u to /& ^u a v diff]5t plat=m f ?is4 #a4 ,we _c beg9 ) complete d\bt4 ,we mu/ beg9 ) all ! prejudices :i* we actually h :5 we ent] ^u ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,^! prejudices are n to be dispell$ by a maxim1 = !y are ?+s :i* x does n occur to u c be que/ion$4 ,h5ce ?is initial skepticism w be a m]e self-deception1 & n real d\bt2 & no "o :o foll[s ! ,c>tesian me?od w ev] be satisfi$ until he has =mally recov]$ all ^? beliefs :i* 9 =m he has giv5 up4 ,x is1 !re=e1 z useless a prelim9>y z go+ to ! ,nor? ,pole w\ld be 9 ord] to get to ,con/ant9ople by com+ d[n regul>ly ^u a m]idian4 ,a p]son may1 x is true1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 /udies1 f9d reason to d\bt :at he began by believ+2 b 9 t case he d\bts because he has a positive reason = x1 & n on acc\nt ( ! ,c>tesian maxim4 ,let u n pret5d to d\bt 9 philosophy :at we d n d\bt 9 our he>ts4 #b4 ,! same =malism appe>s 9 ! ,c>tesian crit]ion1 :i* am\nts to ?is3 8,:atev] ,i am cle>ly conv9c$ (1 is true40 ,if ,i 7 really conv9c$1 ,i %\ld h done ) reason+ & %\ld require no te/ ( c]ta9ty4 ,b !n to make s+le individuals absolute judges ( tru? is mo/ p]nici\s4 ,! result is t metaphysics has rea*$ a pit* ( c]ta9ty f> beyond t ( ! physical sci5ces2--only !y c agree ^u no?+ else4 ,9 sci5ces 9 :i* m5 come to agreem5t1 :5 a !ory has be5 broa*$ x is consid]$ to be on probation until ?is agreem5t is rea*$4 ,aft] x is rea*$1 ! "q ( c]ta9ty becomes an idle "o1 because !re is no "o left :o d\bts x4 ,we individually _c reasonably hope to atta9 ! ultimate philosophy :i* we pursue2 we c only seek x1 !re=e1 = ! community ( philosoph]s4 ,h5ce1 if discipl9$ & c&id m9ds c>efully exam9e a !ory & refuse to accept x1 ?is ought to create d\bts 9 ! m9d ( ! au?or ( ! !ory himself4 #c4 ,philosophy ought to imitate ! successful sci5ces 9 its me?ods1 s f> z to proce$ only f tangible premises :i* c be subject$ to c>eful scrut9y1 & to tru/ r to ! multitude & v>iety ( its argum5ts ?an to ! conclusiv5ess ( any "o4 ,its reason+ %\ld n =m a *a9 :i* is no /rong] ?an its weake/ l9k1 b a cable ^: fib]s may be ev] s sl5d]1 provid$ !y are suffici5tly num]\s & intimately connect$4 #d4 ,e unideali/ic philosophy supposes "s absolutely inexplicable1 unanalyzable ultimate2 9 %ort1 some?+ result+ f m$iation itself n susceptible ( m$iation4 ,n[ t any?+ is ?us inexplicable1 c only be kn[n by reason+ f signs4 ,b ! only ju/ification ( an inf]5ce f signs is t ! conclusion expla9s ! fact4 ,to suppose ! fact absolutely inexplicable1 is n to expla9 x1 & h5ce ?is supposition is nev] all[able4 ,footnote #be3 ,f ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy1 vol4 #b1 p4 #adj4 ,,"p ,i ,,*ance ,,& ,,logic 7,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,logic ,,( ,,sci5ce7 ,,*ance ,,& ,,logic ,,fir/ ,,pap] ,,! ,,fixation ,,( ,,belief#bf ,i ,few p]sons c>e to /udy logic1 because ev]ybody conceives himself to be pr(ici5t en\gh 9 ! art ( reason+ already4 ,b ,i obs]ve t ?is satisfaction is limit$ to "o's own ratioc9ation1 & does n ext5d to t ( o!r m54 ,we come to ! full possession ( our p[] ( draw+ inf]5ces ! la/ ( all our faculties1 = x is n s mu* a natural gift z a long & difficult art4 ,! hi/ory ( its practice w\ld make a gr& subject = a book4 ,! m$ieval s*oolman1 foll[+ ! ,romans1 made logic ! e>lie/ ( a boy's /udies aft] gramm>1 z be+ v easy4 ,s x 0 z !y und]/ood x4 ,its fundam5tal pr9ciple1 accord+ to !m1 01 t all k re/s on ei!r au?ority or reason2 b t :atev] is d$uc$ by reason dep5ds ultimately on a premise d]iv$ f au?ority4 ,accord+ly1 z soon z a boy 0 p]fect 9 ! syllogi/ic proc$ure1 8 intellectual kit ( tools 0 held to be complete4 ,to ,rog] ,bacon1 t rem>kable m9d :o 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 almo/ a sci5tific man1 ! s*oolm5's conception ( reason+ appe>$ only an ob/acle to tru?4 ,he saw t exp]i5ce alone tea*es any?+--a proposition :i* to u seems easy to und]/&1 because a di/9ct conception ( exp]i5ce has be5 h&$ d[n to u f =m] g5]ations2 :i* to him also seem$ p]fectly cle>1 because its difficulties _h n yet unfold$ !mselves4 ,( all k9ds ( exp]i5ce1 ! be/1 he ?\ght1 0 int]ior illum9ation1 :i* tea*es _m ?+s ab\t ,nature :i* ! ext]nal s5ses c\ld nev] discov]1 su* z ! transub/antiation ( bread4 ,f\r c5turies lat]1 ! m celebrat$ ,bacon1 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 8,novum ,organum10 gave 8 cle> acc\nt ( exp]i5ce z some?+ :i* mu/ be op5 to v]ification & rexam9ation4 ,b1 sup]ior z ,"l ,bacon's conception is to e>li] notions1 a mod]n read] :o is n 9 awe ( 8 gr&iloqu5ce is *iefly /ruck by ! inadequacy ( 8 view ( sci5tific proc$ure4 ,t we h only to make "s crude exp]im5ts1 to draw up briefs ( ! results 9 c]ta9 blank =ms1 to g ?r\gh ^! by rule1 *eck+ (f ev]y?+ disprov$ & sett+ d[n ! alt]natives1 & t ?us 9 a few ye>s physical sci5ce w\ld be f9i%$ up--:at an idea6 8,he wrote on sci5ce l a ,"l ,*ancellor10#bg inde$4 ,! e>ly sci5ti/s1 ,cop]nicus1 ,ty*o ,brahe1 ,kepl]1 ,galileo & ,gilb]t1 _h me?ods m l ^? ( _! mod]n bre?r54 ,kepl] und]took to draw a curve ?r\gh ! places ( ,m>s2#bh & 8 greate/ s]vice to sci5ce 0 9 impress+ on m5's m9ds t ?is 0 ! ?+ to be done if !y wi%$ to improve a/ronomy2 t !y 7 n to cont5t !mselves ) inquir+ :e!r "o sy/em ( epicycles 0 bett] ?an ano!r b t !y 7 to sit d[n by ! figures & f9d out :at ! curve1 9 tru?1 04 ,he accompli%$ ?is by 8 incomp>able en]gy & c\rage1 blund]+ along 9 ! mo/ inconceivable way 7to u71 f "o irrational hypo!sis to ano!r1 until1 aft] try+ tw5ty-two ( ^!1 he fell1 by ! m]e exhau/ion ( 8 inv5tion1 ^u ! orbit :i* a m9d well furni%$ ) ! weapons ( mod]n logic w\ld h tri$ almo/ at ! outset4#bi ,9 ! same way1 e "w ( sci5ce great en\gh to be rememb]$ = a few g5]ations af=ds "s exemplification ( ! defective /ate ( ! art ( reason+ ( ! "t :5 x 0 writt52 & ea* *ief /ep 9 sci5ce has be5 a lesson 9 logic4 ,x 0 s :5 ,lavoisi] & 8 contempor>ies took up ! /udy ( ,*emi/ry4 ,! old *emi/'s maxim _h be51 8,lege1 lege1 lege1 labora1 ora1 et relege40 ,lavoisi]'s me?od 0 n to read & pray1 n to dream t "s long & complicat$ *emical process w\ld h a c]ta9 effect1 to put x into practice ) dull pati5ce1 aft] its inevitable failure to dream t ) "s modification x w\ld h ano!r result1 & to end by publi%+ ! la/ dream z a fact3 8 way 0 to c>ry 8 m9d into 8 laboratory1 & to make ( 8 alembics & cucurbits in/rum5ts ( ?\ght1 giv+ a new conception ( reason+ z some?+ :i* 0 to be done ) "o's eyes op51 by manipulat+ real ?+s in/ead ( words & fancies4 ,! ,d>w9ian controv]sy is1 9 l>ge "p1 a "q ( logic4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 propos$ to apply ! /ati/ical me?od to biology4 ,! same ?+ has be5 done 9 a widely diff]5t bran* ( sci5ce1 ! !ory ( gases4 ,?\gh unable to say :at ! movem5t ( any p>ticul> molecule ( gas w\ld be on a c]ta9 hypo!sis reg>d+ ! con/itution ( ?is class ( bodies1 ,clausius & ,maxwell 7 yet able1 by ! application ( ! doctr9e ( probabilities1 to pr$ict t 9 ! long run su* & su* a proportion ( ! molecules w\ld1 "u giv5 circum/ances1 acquire su* & su* velocities2 t !re w\ld take place1 e second1 su* & su* a numb] ( collisions1 etc42 & f ^! propositions !y 7 able to d$uce c]ta9 prop]ties ( gases1 especially 9 reg>d to _! heat-relations4 ,9 l mann]1 ,d>w91 :ile unable to say :at ! op]ation ( v>iation & natural selection 9 e individual case w be1 demon/rates t 9 ! long run !y w adapt animals to _! circum/ances4 ,:e!r or n exi/+ animal =ms are due to su* action1 or :at position ! !ory ought to take1 =ms ! subject ( a discussion 9 :i* que/ions ( fact & que/ions ( logic are curi\sly int]lac$4 ,,ii ,! object ( reason+ is to f9d out1 f ! consid]ation ( :at we already "k1 some?+ else :i* we d n "k4 ,consequ5tly1 reason+ is good if x be su* z to give a true conclusion f true premises1 & n o!rwise4 ,?us1 ! "q ( validity is purely "o ( fact & n ( ?9k+4 ,a be+ ! premises & ,b be+ ! conclusion1 ! "q is1 :e!r ^! facts are really s relat$ t if ,a is ,b is4 ,if s1 ! inf]5ce is valid2 if n1 n4 ,x is n 9 ! lea/ ! "q :e!r1 :5 ! premises are accept$ by ! m9d1 we feel an impulse to accept ! conclusion also4 ,x is true t we d g5]ally reason correctly by nature4 ,b t is an accid5t2 ! true conclusion w\ld rema9 true if we _h no impulse to accept x2 & ! false "o w\ld rema9 false1 ?\gh we c\ld n resi/ ! t5d5cy to believe 9 x4 ,we are1 d\btless1 9 ! ma9 logical animals1 b we are n p]fectly s4 ,mo/ ( u1 = example1 are naturally m sangu9e & hopeful ?an logic w\ld ju/ify4 ,we seem to be s con/itut$ t 9 ! abs5ce ( any facts to g ^u we are happy & self-satisfi$2 s t ! effect ( exp]i5ce is cont9ually to c\nt]act our hopes & aspirations4 ,yet a lifetime ( ! application ( ?is corrective does n usually eradicate our sangu9e disposition4 ,:]e hope is un*eck$ by any exp]i5ce1 x is likely t our optimism is extravagant4 ,logicality 9 reg>d to practical matt]s is ! mo/ useful quality an animal c possess1 & might1 !re=e1 result f ! action ( natural selection2 b outside ( ^! x is probably ( m advantage to ! animal to h 8 m9d fill$ ) pleas+ & enc\rag+ visions1 indep5d5tly ( _! tru?2 & ?us1 ^u unpractical subjects1 natural selection might occasion a fallaci\s t5d5cy ( ?\ght4 ,t :i* det]m9es u1 f giv5 premises1 to draw "o inf]5ce r ?an ano!r1 is "s habit ( m9d1 :e!r x be con/itutional or acquir$4 ,! habit is good or o!rwise1 accord+ z x produces true conclusions f true premises or n2 & an inf]5ce is reg>d$ z valid or n1 )\t ref]5ce to ! tru? or falsity ( its conclusion specially1 b accord+ z ! habit :i* det]m9es x is su* z to produce true conclusions 9 g5]al or n4 ,! p>ticul> habit ( m9d :i* gov]ns ?is or t inf]5ce may be =mulat$ 9 a proposition ^: tru? dep5ds on ! validity ( ! inf]5ces :i* ! habit det]m9es2 & su* a =mula is call$ a guid+ pr9ciple ( inf]5ce4 ,suppose1 = example1 t we obs]ve t a rotat+ disk ( copp] quickly comes to re/ :5 plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( a magnet1 & we inf] t ?is w happ5 ) e disk ( copp]4 ,! guid+ pr9ciple is1 t :at is true ( "o piece ( copp] is true ( ano!r4 ,su* a guid+ pr9ciple ) reg>d to copp] w\ld be mu* saf] ?an ) reg>d to _m o!r sub/ances--brass1 = example4 ,a book might be writt5 to signalize all ! mo/ important ( ^! guid+ pr9ciples ( reason+4 ,x w\ld probably be1 we mu/ confess1 ( no s]vice to a p]son ^: ?\ght is direct$ :olly to practical subjects1 & ^: activity moves along ?or\ghly beat5 pa?s4 ,! problems :i* pres5t !mselves to su* a m9d are matt]s ( r\t9e :i* he has le>n$ once = all to h&le 9 le>n+ 8 bus9ess4 ,b let a man v5ture into an unfamili> field1 or :]e 8 results are n cont9ually *eck$ by exp]i5ce1 & all hi/ory %[s t ! mo/ mascul9e intellect w (ttimes lose 8 ori5tation & wa/e 8 ef=ts 9 directions :i* br+ him no ne>] to 8 goal1 or ev5 c>ry him entirely a/ray4 ,he is l a %ip on ! op5 sea1 ) no "o on bo>d :o und]/&s ! rules ( navigation4 ,& 9 su* a case "s g5]al /udy ( ! guid+ pr9ciples ( reason+ w\ld be sure to be f\nd useful4 ,! subject c\ld h>dly be treat$1 h[ev]1 )\t be+ fir/ limit$2 s9ce almo/ any fact may s]ve z a guid+ pr9ciple4 ,b x s happ5s t !re exi/s a division among facts1 su* t 9 "o class are all ^? :i* are absolutely ess5tial z guid+ pr9ciples1 :ile 9 ! o!r are all ^? :i* h any o!r int]e/ z objects ( rese>*4 ,?is division is betwe5 ^? :i* are necess>ily tak5 = grant$ 9 ask+ :e!r a c]ta9 conclusion foll[s f c]ta9 premises1 & ^? :i* are n impli$ 9 t "q4 ,a mom5t's ?\ght w %[ t a v>iety ( facts are already assum$ :5 ! logical "q is fir/ ask$4 ,x is impli$1 = in/ance1 t !re are su* /ates ( m9d z d\bt & belief--t a passage f "o to ! o!r is possible1 ! object ( ?\ght rema9+ ! same1 & t ?is transition is subject to "s rules :i* all m9ds are alike b\nd by4 ,z ^! are facts :i* we mu/ already "k be=e we c h any cle> conception ( reason+ at all1 x _c be suppos$ to be any long] ( mu* int]e/ to inquire into _! tru? or falsity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is easy to believe t ^? rules ( reason+ :i* are d$uc$ f ! v idea ( ! process are ! ones :i* are ! mo/ ess5tial2 &1 inde$1 t s long z x con=ms to ^! x w1 at lea/1 n lead to false conclusions f true premises4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 ! importance ( :at may be d$uc$ f ! assumptions involv$ 9 ! logical "q turns out to be great] ?an might be suppos$1 & ?is = reasons :i* x is difficult to exhibit at ! outset4 ,! only "o :i* ,i %all "h m5tion is1 t conceptions :i* are really products ( logical reflections1 )\t be+ readily se5 to be s1 m+le ) our ord9>y ?\ghts1 & are frequ5tly ! causes ( great confusion4 ,?is is ! case1 = example1 ) ! conception ( quality4 ,a quality z su* is nev] an object ( obs]vation4 ,we c see t a ?+ is blue or gre51 b ! quality ( be+ blue & ! quality ( be+ gre5 are n ?+s :i* we see2 !y are products ( logical reflections4 ,! tru? is1 t common-s5se1 or ?\ght z x fir/ em]ges above ! level ( ! n>r[ly practical1 is deeply imbu$ ) t bad logical quality to :i* ! epi!t metaphysical is commonly appli$2 & no?+ c cle> x up b a sev]e c\rse ( logic4 ,,iii ,we g5]ally "k :5 we wi% to ask a "q & :5 we wi% to pron\nce a judgm5t1 = !re is a dissimil>ity betwe5 ! s5sation ( d\bt+ & t ( believ+4 ,b ?is is n all :i* di/+ui%es d\bt f belief4 ,!re is a practical diff]5ce4 ,our beliefs guide our desires & %ape our actions4 ,! ,assass9s1 or foll[]s ( ! ,old ,man ( ! ,m\nta91 us$ to ru% into dea? at 8 lea/ comm&1 because !y believ$ t ob$i5ce to him w\ld insure ev]la/+ felicity4 ,_h !y d\bt$ ?is1 !y w\ld n h act$ z !y did4 ,s x is ) e belief1 accord+ to its degree4 ,! feel+ ( believ+ is a m or less sure indication ( !re be+ e/abli%$ 9 our nature "s habit :i* w det]m9e our actions4 ,d\bt nev] has su* an effect4 ,nor mu/ we ov]look a ?ird po9t ( diff]5ce4 ,d\bt is an uneasy & dissatisfi$ /ate f :i* we /ruggle to free ourselves & pass into ! /ate ( belief2 :ile ! latt] is a calm & satisfactory /ate :i* we d n wi% to avoid1 or to *ange to a belief 9 any?+ else4#cj ,on ! contr>y1 we cl+ t5aci\sly1 n m]ely to believ+1 b to believ+ j :at we d believe4 ,?us1 bo? d\bt & belief h positive effects ^u u1 ?\gh v diff]5t ones4 ,belief does n make u act at once1 b puts u into su* a condition t we %all behave 9 a c]ta9 way1 :5 ! occasion arises4 ,d\bt has n ! lea/ effect ( ?is sort1 b /imulates u to action until x is de/roy$4 ,?is rem9ds u ( ! irritation ( a n]ve & ! reflex action produc$ !reby2 :ile = ! analogue ( belief1 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 we mu/ look to :at are call$ n]v\s associations--= example1 to t habit ( ! n]ves 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! smell ( a pea* w make ! m\? wat]4 ,,iv ,! irritation ( d\bt causes a /ruggle to atta9 a /ate ( belief4 ,i %all t]m ?is /ruggle inquiry1 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is is sometimes n a v apt designation4 ,! irritation ( d\bt is ! only imm$iate motive = ! /ruggle to atta9 belief4 ,x is c]ta9ly be/ = u t our beliefs %\ld be su* z may truly guide our actions s z to satisfy our desires2 & ?is reflection w make u reject any belief :i* does n seem to h be5 s =m$ z to insure ?is result4 ,b x w only d s by creat+ a d\bt 9 ! place ( t belief4 ,) ! d\bt1 !re=e1 ! /ruggle beg9s1 & ) ! cessation ( d\bt x ends4 ,h5ce1 ! sole object ( inquiry is ! settlem5t ( op9ion4 ,we may fancy t ?is is n en\gh = u1 & t we seek n m]ely an op9ion1 b a true op9ion4 ,b put ?is fancy to ! te/1 & x proves gr\ndless2 = z soon z a firm belief is rea*$ we are entirely satisfi$1 :e!r ! belief be false or true4 ,& x is cle> t no?+ out ( ! sph]e ( our k c be our object1 = no?+ :i* does n affect ! m9d c be a motive = a m5tal ef=t4 ,! mo/ t c be ma9ta9$ is1 t we seek = a belief t we %all ?9k to be true4 ,b we ?9k ea* "o ( our beliefs to be true1 &1 inde$1 x is m]e tautology to say s4 ,t ! settlem5t ( op9ion is ! sole end ( inquiry is a v important proposition4 ,x sweeps away1 at once1 v>i\s vague & errone\s conceptions ( pro(4 ,a few ( ^! may be notic$ "h4 #a4 ,"s philosoph]s h imag9$ t to />t an inquiry x 0 only necess>y to utt] or "q or set x d[n on pap]1 & h ev5 recomm5d$ u to beg9 our /udies ) que/ion+ ev]y?+6 ,b ! m]e putt+ ( a proposition into ! int]rogative =m does n /imulate ! m9d to any /ruggle aft] belief4 ,!re mu/ be a real & liv+ d\bt1 & )\t all ?is discussion is idle4 #b4 ,x is a v common idea t a demon/ration mu/ re/ on "s ultimate & absolutely indubitable propositions4 ,^!1 accord+ to "o s*ool1 are fir/ pr9ciples ( a g5]al nature2 accord+ to ano!r1 are fir/ s5sations4 ,b1 9 po9t ( fact1 an inquiry1 to h t completely satisfactory result call$ demon/ration1 has only to />t ) propositions p]fectly free f all actual d\bt4 ,if ! premises are n 9 fact d\bt$ at all1 !y _c be m satisfactory ?an !y are4 #c4 ,"s p seem to love to argue a po9t aft] all ! _w is fully conv9c$ ( x4 ,b no fur!r advance c be made4 ,:5 d\bt ceases1 m5tal action on ! subject comes to an end2 &1 if x did g on1 x w\ld be )\t a purpose4 ,v ,if ! settlem5t ( op9ion is ! sole object ( inquiry1 & if belief is ( ! nature ( a habit1 :y %\ld we n atta9 ! desir$ end1 by tak+ any answ] to a "q1 :i* we may fancy1 & con/antly reit]at+ x to ourselves1 dwell+ on all :i* may conduce to t belief1 & le>n+ to turn ) contempt & hatr$ f any?+ :i* might di/urb x8 ,?is simple & direct me?od is really pursu$ by _m m54 ,i rememb] once be+ entreat$ n to read a c]ta9 newspap] le/ x might *ange my op9ion ^u free-trade4 8,le/ ,i might be entrapp$ by its fallacies & mis/atem5ts10 0 ! =m ( expression4 8,y are n10 my fri5d said1 8a special /ud5t ( political economy4 ,y might1 !re=e1 easily be deceiv$ by fallaci\s argum5ts ^u ! subject4 ,y might1 !n1 if y read ?is pap]1 be l$ to believe 9 protection4 ,b y admit t free-trade is ! true doctr9e2 & y d n wi% to believe :at is n true40 ,i h (t5 kn[n ?is sy/em to be delib]ately adopt$4 ,/ill (t5]1 ! in/9ctive dislike ( an undecid$ /ate ( m9d1 exagg]at$ into a vague dread ( d\bt1 makes m5 cl+ spasmodically to ! views !y already take4 ,! man feels t1 if he only holds to 8 belief )\t wav]+1 x w be entirely satisfactory4 ,nor c x be d5i$ t a /eady & immovable fai? yields great peace ( m9d4 ,x may1 inde$1 give rise to inconv5i5ces1 z if a man %\ld resolutely cont9ue to believe t fire w\ld n burn him1 or t he w\ld be et]nally damn$ if he receiv$ 8 +e/a o!rwise ?an ?r\gh a /oma*-pump4 ,b !n ! man :o adopts ?is me?od w n all[ t its inconv5i5ces are great] ?an its advantages4 ,he w say1 8,i hold /eadfa/ly to ! tru? & ! tru? is always :olesome40 ,& 9 _m cases x may v well be t ! pleasure he d]ives f 8 calm fai? ov]balances any inconv5i5ces result+ f its deceptive "*4 ,?us1 if x be true t dea? is annihilation1 !n ! man :o believes t he w c]ta9ly g /raight to heav5 :5 he dies1 provid$ he h fulfill$ c]ta9 simple obs]vances 9 ?is life1 has a *eap pleasure :i* w n be foll[$ by ! lea/ disappo9tm5t4 ,a simil> consid]ation seems to h weight ) _m p]sons 9 religi\s topics1 = we frequ5tly he> x said1 8,oh1 ,i c\ld n believe s-&-s1 because ,i %\ld be wret*$ if ,i did40 ,:5 an o/ri* buries its head 9 ! s& z dang] approa*es1 x v likely takes ! happie/ c\rse4 ,x hides ! dang]1 & !n calmly says !re is no dang]2 &1 if x feels p]fectly sure !re is none1 :y %\ld x raise its head to see8 ,a man may g ?r\gh life1 sy/ematically keep+ out ( view all t might cause a *ange 9 8 op9ions1 & if he only succe$s--bas+ 8 me?od1 z he does1 on two fundam5tal psy*ological laws--,i d n see :at c be said aga9/ 8 do+ s4 ,x w\ld be an egoti/ical imp]t95ce to object t 8 proc$ure is irrational1 = t only am\nts to say+ t 8 me?od ( settl+ belief is n ours4 ,he does n propose to himself to be rational1 & inde$1 w (t5 talk ) scorn ( man's weak & illusive reason4 ,s let him ?9k z he pleases4 ,b ?is me?od ( fix+ belief1 :i* may be call$ ! me?od ( t5acity1 w be unable to hold its gr\nd 9 practice4 ,! social impulse is aga9/ x4 ,! man :o adopts x w f9d t o!r m5 ?9k diff]5tly f him1 & x w be apt to occur to him 9 "s san] mom5t t _! op9ions are q z good z 8 own1 & ?is w %ake 8 confid5ce 9 8 belief4 ,?is conception1 t ano!r man's ?\ght or s5tim5t may be equival5t to "o's own1 is a di/9ctly new /ep1 & a highly important "o4 ,x arises f an impulse too /rong 9 man to be suppress$1 )\t dang] ( de/roy+ ! human species4 ,unless we make ourselves h]mits1 we %all necess>ily influ5ce ea* o!r's op9ions2 s t ! problem becomes h[ to fix belief1 n 9 ! individual m]ely1 b 9 ! community4 ,let ! w ( ! /ate act1 !n1 in/ead ( t ( ! individual4 ,let an in/itution be creat$ :i* %all h = its object to keep correct doctr9es be=e ! att5tion ( ! p1 to reit]ate !m p]petually1 & to tea* !m to ! "y2 hav+ at ! same "t p[] to prev5t contr>y doctr9es f be+ taught1 advocat$1 or express$4 ,let all possible causes ( a *ange ( m9d be remov$ f m5's appreh5sions4 ,let !m be kept ignorant1 le/ !y %\ld le>n ( "s reason to ?9k o!rwise ?an !y d4 ,let _! passions be enli/$1 s t !y may reg>d private & unusual op9ions ) hatr$ & horror4 ,!n1 let all m5 :o reject ! e/abli%$ belief be t]rifi$ into sil5ce4 ,let ! p turn out & t>-&-fea!r su* m51 or let inquisitions be made into ! mann] ( ?9k+ ( suspect$ p]sons1 &1 :5 !y are f\nd guilty ( =bidd5 beliefs1 let !m be subject$ to "s signal puni%m5t4 ,:5 complete agreem5t c\ld n o!rwise be rea*$1 a g5]al massacre ( all :o h n ?\ght 9 a c]ta9 way has prov$ a v effective means ( settl+ op9ion 9 a c\ntry4 ,if ! p[] to d ?is be want+1 let a li/ ( op9ions be drawn up1 to :i* no man ( ! lea/ indep5d5ce ( ?\ght c ass5t1 & let ! fai?ful be requir$ to accept all ^! propositions1 9 ord] to segregate !m z radically z possible f ! influ5ce ( ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,?is me?od has1 f ! e>lie/ times1 be5 "o ( ! *ief means ( uphold+ correct !ological & political doctr9es1 & ( pres]v+ _! univ]sal or ca?olic "*4 ,9 ,rome1 especially1 x has be5 practic$ f ! days ( ,numa ,pompilius to ^? ( ,pius ,nonus4 ,?is is ! mo/ p]fect example 9 hi/ory2 b :]ev] !re is a prie/hood--& no religion has be5 )\t "o--?is me?od has be5 m or less made use (4 ,:]ev] !re is ari/ocracy1 or a guild1 or any association ( a class ( m5 ^: int]e/s dep5d or are suppos$ to dep5d on c]ta9 propositions1 !re w be inevitably f\nd "s traces ( ?is natural product ( social feel+4 ,cruelties always accompany ?is sy/em2 & :5 x is consi/5tly c>ri$ out1 !y become atrocities ( ! mo/ horrible k9d 9 ! eyes ( any rational man4 ,nor %\ld ?is occasion surprise1 = ! (fic] ( a society does n feel ju/ifi$ 9 surr5d]+ ! int]e/s ( t society = ! sake ( m]cy1 z he might 8 own private int]e/s4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 t sympa?y & fell[%ip %\ld ?us produce a mo/ ru?less p[]4 ,9 judg+ ?is me?od ( fix+ belief1 :i* may be call$ ! me?od ( au?ority1 we mu/ 9 ! fir/ place1 all[ its immeasurable m5tal & moral sup]iority to ! me?od ( t5acity4 ,its success is proportionally great]2 & 9 fact x has ov] & ov] aga9 work$ ! mo/ maje/ic results4 ,! m]e /ructures ( /one :i* x has caus$ to be put toge!r--9 ,siam1 = example1 9 ,egypt1 & 9 ,europe--h _m ( !m a sublimity h>dly m ?an rival$ by ! greate/ works ( ,nature4 ,&1 except ! geological epo*s1 !re are no p]iods ( "t s va/ z ^? :i* are measur$ by "s ( ^! organiz$ fai?s4 ,if we scrut9ize ! matt] closely1 we %all f9d t !re has n be5 "o ( _! cre$s :i* has rema9$ always ! same2 yet ! *ange is s sl[ z to be imp]ceptible dur+ "o p]son's life1 s t individual belief rema9s s5sibly fix$4 ,= ! mass ( mank9d1 !n1 !re is p]haps no bett] me?od ?an ?is4 ,if x is _! highe/ impulse to be intellectual slaves1 !n slaves !y ought to rema94 ,b no in/itution c und]take to regulate op9ions ^u e subject4 ,only ! mo/ important ones c be att5d$ to1 & on ! re/ m5's m9ds mu/ be left to ! action ( natural causes4 ,?is imp]fection w be no s\rce ( weakness s long z m5 are 9 su* a /ate ( culture t "o op9ion does n influ5ce ano!r--t is1 s long z !y _c put two & two toge!r4 ,b 9 ! mo/ prie/-ridd5 /ates "s individuals w be f\nd :o are rais$ above t condition4 ,^! m5 possess a wid] sort ( social feel+2 !y see t m5 9 o!r c\ntries & 9 o!r ages h held to v diff]5t doctr9es f ^? :i* !y !mselves h be5 br\ght up to believe2 & !y _c help see+ t x is ! m]e accid5t ( _! hav+ be5 taught z !y h1 & ( _! hav+ be5 surr\nd$ ) ! mann]s & associations !y h1 t has caus$ !m to believe z !y d & n f> diff]5tly4 ,& _! c&or _c resi/ ! reflection t !re is no reason to rate _! own views at a high] value ?an ^? ( o!r nations & o!r c5turies2 & ?is gives rise to d\bts 9 _! m9ds4 ,!y w fur!r p]ceive t su* d\bts z ^! mu/ exi/ 9 _! m9ds ) ref]5ce to e belief :i* seems to be det]m9$ by ! caprice ei!r ( !mselves or ( ^? :o orig9at$ ! popul> op9ions4 ,! willful adh]5ce to a belief1 & ! arbitr>y =c+ ( x ^u o!rs1 mu/1 !re=e1 bo? be giv5 up & a new me?od ( settl+ op9ions mu/ be adopt$1 :i* %all n only produce an impulse to believe1 b %all also decide :at proposition x is :i* is to be believ$4 ,let ! action ( natural pref]5ces be unimp$$1 !n1 & "u _! influ5ce let m5 conv]s+ toge!r & reg>d+ matt]s 9 diff]5t lights1 gradually develop beliefs 9 h>mony ) natural causes4 ,?is me?od resembles t by :i* conceptions ( art h be5 br\ght to maturity4 ,! mo/ p]fect example ( x is to be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( metaphysical philosophy4 ,sy/ems ( ?is sort h n usually re/$ ^u obs]v$ facts1 at lea/ n 9 any great degree4 ,!y h be5 *iefly adopt$ because _! fundam5tal propositions seem$ 8agreeable to reason40 ,?is is an apt expression2 x does n mean t :i* agrees ) exp]i5ce1 b t :i* we f9d ourselves incl9$ to believe4 ,plato1 = example1 f9ds x agreeable to reason t ! di/ances ( ! cele/ial sph]es f "o ano!r %\ld be proportional to ! diff]5t l5g?s ( /r+s :i* produce h>moni\s *ords4 ,_m philosoph]s h be5 l$ to _! ma9 conclusions by consid]ations l ?is2 b ?is is ! l[e/ & lea/ develop$ =m :i* ! me?od takes1 = x is cle> t ano!r man might f9d ,kepl]'s e>li] !ory1 t ! cele/ial sph]es are proportional to ! inscrib$ & circumscrib$ sph]es ( ! diff]5t regul> solids1 m agreeable to 8 reason4 ,b ! %ock ( op9ions w soon lead m5 to re/ on pref]5ces ( a f> m univ]sal nature4 ,take1 = example1 ! doctr9e t man only acts selfi%ly--t is1 f ! consid]ation t act+ 9 "o way w af=d him m pleasure ?an act+ 9 ano!r4 ,?is re/s on no fact 9 ! _w1 b x has _h a wide acceptance z be+ ! only reasonable !ory4 ,?is me?od is f> m intellectual & respectable f ! po9t ( view ( reason ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs :i* we h notic$4 ,b its failure has be5 ! mo/ manife/4 ,x makes ( inquiry some?+ simil> to ! developm5t ( ta/e2 b ta/e1 un=tunately1 is always m or less a matt] ( fa%ion1 & accord+ly1 meta-physicians h nev] come to any fix$ agreem5t1 b ! p5dulum has swung backw>d & =w>d betwe5 a m mat]ial & a m spiritual philosophy1 f ! e>lie/ times to ! late/4 ,& s f ?is1 :i* has be5 call$ ! a priori me?od1 we are driv51 9 ,"l ,bacon's phrase1 to a true induction4 ,we h exam9$ into ?is a priori me?od z some?+ :i* promis$ to deliv] our op9ions f _! accid5tal & caprici\s elem5t4 ,b developm5t1 :ile x is a process :i* elim9ates ! effect ( "s casual circum/ances1 only magnifies t ( o!rs4 ,?is me?od1 !re=e1 does n diff] 9 a v ess5tial way f t ( au?ority4 ,! gov]nm5t may n h lift$ its f+] to influ5ce my convictions2 ,i may h be5 left outw>dly q free to *oose1 we w say1 betwe5 monogamy & polygamy1 & appeal+ to my consci5ce only1 ,i may h conclud$ t ! latt] practice is 9 itself lic5ti\s4 ,b :5 ,i come to see t ! *ief ob/acle to ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity among a p ( z high culture z ! ,h9doos has be5 a conviction ( ! immorality ( our way ( treat+ wom51 ,i _c help see+ t1 ?\gh gov]nm5ts d n int]f]e1 s5tim5ts 9 _! developm5t w be v greatly det]m9$ by accid5tal causes4 ,n[1 !re are "s p1 among :om ,i mu/ suppose t my read] is to be f\nd1 :o1 :5 !y see t any belief ( !irs is det]m9$ by any circum/ance extrane\s to ! facts1 w f t mom5t n m]ely admit 9 words t t belief is d\btful1 b w exp]i5ce a real d\bt ( x1 s t x ceases to be a belief4 ,to satisfy our d\bts1 !re=e1 x is necess>y t a me?od %\ld be f\nd by :i* our beliefs may be caus$ by no?+ human1 b by "s ext]nal p]man5cy--by some?+ ^u :i* our ?9k+ has no effect4 ,"s my/ics imag9e t !y h su* a me?od 9 a private inspiration f on high4 ,b t is only a =m ( ! me?od ( t5acity1 9 :i* ! conception ( tru? z some?+ public is n yet develop$4 ,our ext]nal p]man5cy w\ld n be ext]nal1 9 our s5se1 if x 0 re/rict$ 9 its influ5ce to "o individual4 ,x mu/ be some?+ :i* affects1 or might affect1 e man4 ,&1 ?\gh ^! affections are necess>ily z v>i\s z are individual conditions1 yet ! me?od mu/ be su* t ! ultimate conclusion ( e man %all be ! same4 ,su* is ! me?od ( sci5ce4 ,its fundam5tal hypo!sis1 re/at$ 9 m famili> language1 is ?is3 ,!re are real ?+s1 ^: *>act]s are entirely indep5d5t ( our op9ions ab\t !m2 ^: realities affect our s5ses accord+ to regul> laws1 &1 ?\gh our s5sations are z diff]5t z our relations to ! objects1 yet1 by tak+ advantage ( ! laws ( p]ception1 we c asc]ta9 by reason+ h[ ?+s really are1 & any man1 if he h suffici5t exp]i5ce & reason en\gh ab\t x1 w be l$ to ! "o true conclusion4 ,! new conception "h involv$ is t ( reality4 ,x may be ask$ h[ ,i "k t !re are any realities4 ,if ?is hypo!sis is ! sole support ( my me?od ( inquiry1 my me?od ( inquiry mu/ n be us$ to support my hypo!sis4 ,! reply is ?is3 #a4 ,if inve/igation _c be reg>d$ z prov+ t !re are real ?+s1 x at lea/ does n lead to a contr>y conclusion2 b ! me?od & ! conception on :i* x is bas$ rema9 ev] 9 h>mony4 ,no d\bts ( ! me?od1 !re=e1 necess>ily arise f its practice1 z is ! case ) all ! o!rs4 #b4 ,! feel+ :i* gives rise to any me?od ( fix+ belief is a dissatisfaction at two repugnant propositions4 ,b "h already is a vague concession t !re is "s "o ?+ to :i* a proposition %\ld con=m4 ,nobody1 !re=e1 c really d\bt t !re are realities1 or1 if he did1 d\bt w\ld n be a s\rce ( dissatisfaction4 ,! hypo!sis1 !re=e1 is "o :i* e m9d admits4 ,s t ! social impulse does n cause me to d\bt x4 #c4 ,ev]ybody uses ! sci5tific me?od ab\t a great _m ?+s1 & only ceases to use x :5 he does n "k h[ to apply x4 #d4 ,exp]i5ce ( ! me?od has n l$ me to d\bt x1 b1 on ! contr>y1 sci5tific inve/igation has _h ! mo/ wond]ful triumphs 9 ! way ( settl+ op9ion4 ,^! af=d ! explanation ( my n d\bt+ ! me?od or ! hypo!sis :i* x supposes2 & n hav+ any d\bt1 nor believ+ t anybody else :om ,i c\ld influ5ce has1 x w\ld be ! m]e/ babble = me to say m ab\t x4 ,if !re be anybody ) a liv+ d\bt ^u ! subject1 let him consid] x4 ,to describe ! me?od ( sci5tific inve/igation is ! object ( ?is s]ies ( pap]s4 ,at pres5t ,i h only room to notice "s po9ts ( contra/ betwe5 x & o!r me?ods ( fix+ belief4 ,?is is ! only "o ( ! f\r me?ods :i* pres5ts any di/9ction ( a "r & a wrong way4 ,if ,i adopt ! me?od ( t5acity & %ut myself out f all influ5ces1 :atev] ,i ?9k necess>y to do+ ?is is necess>y accord+ to t me?od4 ,s ) ! me?od ( au?ority3 ! /ate may try to put d[n h]esy by means :i*1 f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 seems v ill-calculat$ to accompli% its purposes2 b ! only te/ on t me?od is :at ! /ate ?9ks1 s t x _c pursue ! me?od wrongly4 ,s ) ! a priori me?od4 ,! v ess5ce ( x is to ?9k z "o is incl9$ to ?9k4 ,all metaphysicians w be sure to d t1 h[ev] !y may be incl9$ to judge ea* o!r to be p]v]sely wrong4 ,! ,hegelian sy/em recognizes e natural t5d5cy ( ?\ght z logical1 al?\gh x is c]ta9 to be aboli%$ by c\nt]-t5d5cies4 ,hegel ?9ks !re is a regul> sy/em 9 ! succession ( ^! t5d5cies1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 aft] drift+ "o way & ! o!r = a long "t1 op9ion w at la/ g "r4 ,& x is true t metaphysicians get ! "r ideas at la/2 ,hegel's sy/em ( ,nature repres5ts tol]ably ! sci5ce ( t day2 & "o may be sure t :atev] sci5tific inve/igation has put out ( d\bt w pres5tly receive a priori demon/ration on ! "p ( ! metaphysicians4 ,b ) ! sci5tific me?od ! case is diff]5t4 ,i may />t ) kn[n & obs]v$ facts to proce$ to ! unkn[n2 & yet ! rules :i* ,i foll[ 9 do+ s may n be su* z inve/igation w\ld approve4 ,! te/ ( :e!r ,i am truly foll[+ ! me?od is n an imm$iate appeal to my feel+s & purposes1 b1 on ! contr>y1 itself involves ! application ( ! me?od4 ,h5ce x is t bad reason+ z well z good reason+ is possible2 & ?is fact is ! f\ndation ( ! practical side ( logic4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! fir/ ?ree me?ods ( settl+ op9ion pres5t no advantage :atev] ov] ! sci5tific me?od4 ,on ! contr>y1 ea* has "s peculi> conv5i5ce ( its own4 ,! a priori me?od is di/+ui%$ = its com=table conclusions4 ,x is ! nature ( ! process to adopt :atev] belief we are incl9$ to1 & !re are c]ta9 flatt]ies to "o's vanities :i* we all believe by nature1 until we are awak5$ f our pleas+ dream by r\gh facts4 ,! me?od ( au?ority w always gov]n ! mass ( mank9d2 & ^? :o wield ! v>i\s =ms ( organiz$ =ce 9 ! /ate w nev] be conv9c$ t dang]\s reason+ ought n to be suppress$ 9 "s way4 ,if lib]ty ( spee* is to be untrammel$ f ! gross] =ms ( con/ra9t1 !n uni=mity ( op9ion w be secur$ by a moral t]rorism to :i* ! respectability ( society w give its ?or\gh approval4 ,foll[+ ! me?od ( au?ority is ! pa? ( peace4 ,c]ta9 non-con=mities are p]mitt$2 c]ta9 o!rs 7consid]$ unsafe7 are =bidd54 ,^! are diff]5t 9 diff]5t c\ntries & 9 diff]5t ages2 b1 :]ev] y are let x be kn[n t y s]i\sly hold a taboo$ belief1 & y may be p]fectly sure ( be+ treat$ ) a cruelty no less brutal b m ref9$ ?an hunt+ y l a wolf4 ,?us1 ! greate/ intellectual b5efactors ( mank9d h nev] d>$1 & d>e n n[1 to utt] ! :ole ( _! ?\ght2 & ?us a %ade ( prima facie d\bt is ca/ ^u e proposition :i* is consid]$ ess5tial to ! security ( society4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 ! p]secution does n all come f )\t2 b a man torm5ts himself & is (t5times mo/ di/ress$ at f9d+ himself believ+ propositions :i* he has be5 br\ght up to reg>d ) av]sion4 ,! peaceful & sympa!tic man w1 !re=e1 f9d x h>d to resi/ ! temptation to submit 8 op9ions to au?ority4 ,b mo/ ( all ,i admire ! me?od ( t5acity = its /r5g?1 simplicity1 & directness4 ,m5 :o pursue x are di/+ui%$ = _! decision ( "*1 :i* becomes v easy ) su* a m5tal rule4 ,!y d n wa/e "t 9 try+ to make up _! m9ds to :at !y want1 b1 fa/5+ l lightn+ ^u :atev] alt]native comes fir/1 !y hold to x to ! end1 :atev] happ5s1 )\t an in/ant's irresolution4 ,?is is "o ( ! spl5did qualities :i* g5]ally accompany brilliant1 unla/+ success4 ,x is impossible n to envy ! man :o c dismiss reason1 al?\gh we "k h[ x mu/ turn out at la/4 ,su* are ! advantages :i* ! o!r me?ods ( settl+ op9ions h ov] sci5tific inve/igation4 ,a man %\ld consid] well ( !m2 & !n he %\ld consid] t1 aft] all1 he wi%es 8 op9ions to co9cide ) ! fact1 & t !re is no reason :y ! results ( ^! ?ree me?ods %\ld d s4 ,to br+ ab\t ?is effect is ! pr]ogative ( ! me?od ( sci5ce4 ,^u su* consid]ations he has to make 8 *oice--a *oice :i* is f> m ?an ! adoption ( any intellectual op9ion1 :i* is "o ( ! rul+ decisions ( 8 life1 to :i* :5 once made he is b\nd to adh]e4 ,! =ce ( habit w sometimes cause a man to hold on to old beliefs1 aft] he is 9 a condition to see t !y h no s\nd basis4 ,b reflection ^u ! /ate ( ! case w ov]come ^! habits1 & he ought to all[ reflection full weight4 ,p sometimes %r9k f do+ ?is1 hav+ an idea t beliefs are :olesome :i* !y _c help feel+ re/ on no?+4 ,b let su* p]sons suppose an analog\s ?\gh diff]5t case f _! own4 ,let !m ask !mselves :at !y w\ld say to a re=m$ ,mussulman :o %\ld hesitate to give up 8 old notions 9 reg>d to ! relations ( ! sexes2 or to a re=m$ ,ca?olic :o %\ld /ill %r9k f ! ,bible4 ,w\ld !y n say t ^! p]sons ought to consid] ! matt] fully1 & cle>ly und]/& ! new doctr9e1 & !n ought to embrace x 9 its entirety8 ,b1 above all1 let x be consid]$ t :at is m :olesome ?an any p>ticul> belief1 is integrity ( belief2 & t to avoid look+ into ! support ( any belief f a fe> t x may turn out rott5 is q z immoral z x is disadvantage\s4 ,! p]son :o confesses t !re is su* a ?+ z tru?1 :i* is di/+ui%$ f falsehood simply by ?is1 t if act$ on x w c>ry u to ! po9t we aim at & n a/ray1 & !n ?\gh conv9c$ ( ?is1 d>es n "k ! tru? & seeks to avoid x1 is 9 a sorry /ate ( m9d1 inde$4 ,yes1 ! o!r me?ods d h _! m]its3 a cle> logical consci5ce does co/ some?+--j z any virtue1 j z all t we *]i%1 co/s u de>4 ,b1 we %\ld n desire x to be o!rwise4 ,! g5ius ( a man's logical me?od %\ld be lov$ & rev]5c$ z 8 bride1 :om he has *os5 f all ! _w4 ,he ne$ n condemn ! o!rs2 on ! contr>y1 he may honor !m deeply1 & 9 do+ s he only honors h] ! m4 ,b %e is ! "o t he has *os51 & he kn[s t he 0 "r 9 mak+ t *oice4 ,& hav+ made x1 he w "w & fight = h]1 & w n compla9 t !re are bl[s to take1 hop+ t !re may be z _m & z h>d to give1 & w /rive to be ! wor?y knight & *ampion ( h] f ! blaze ( ^: spl5dors he draws 8 inspiration & 8 c\rage4 ,footnote #bf3 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,novemb]1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #bg3 ,?is is sub/antially ! dictum ( ,h>vey to ,john ,aubrey4 ,see ! latt]'s ,brief ,lives 7,ox=d ed4 #ahih7 ,i #bii4 ,footnote #bh3 ,n q s1 b z ne>ly s z c be told 9 a few words4 ,footnote #bi3 ,?is mod]n logic1 h[ev]1 is l>gely ! outcome ( ,kepl]'s "w4 ,footnote #cj3 ,i am n speak+ ( second>y effects occasionally produc$ by ! int]f]5ce ( o!r impulses4 ,,second ,,pap] ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,our ,,ideas ,,cle>#ca ,i ,:oev] has look$ into a mod]n treatise on logic ( ! common sort1 w d\btless rememb] ! two di/9ctions betwe5 cle> & obscure conceptions1 & betwe5 di/9ct & confus$ conceptions4 ,!y h la9 9 ! books n[ = nigh two c5turies1 unimprov$ & unmodifi$1 & are g5]ally reckon$ by logicians z among ! gems ( _! doctr9e4 ,a cle> idea is def9$ z "o :i* is s appreh5d$ t x w be recogniz$ :]ev] x is met )1 & s t no o!r w be mi/ak5 = x4 ,if x fails ( ?is cle>ness1 x is said to be obscure4 ,?is is r a neat bit ( philosophical t]m9ology2 yet1 s9ce x is cle>ness t !y 7 def9+1 ,i wi% ! logicians _h made _! def9ition a little m pla94 ,nev] to fail to recognize an idea1 & "u no circum/ances to mi/ake ano!r = x1 let x come 9 h[ recondite a =m x may1 w\ld inde$ imply su* prodigi\s =ce & cle>ness ( intellect z is seldom met ) 9 ?is _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m]ely to h su* an acqua9tance ) ! idea z to h become famili> ) x1 & to h lo/ all hesitancy 9 recogniz+ x 9 ord9>y cases1 h>dly seems to des]ve ! "n ( cle>ness ( appreh5sion1 s9ce aft] all x only am\nts to a subjective feel+ ( ma/]y :i* may be entirely mi/ak54 ,i take x1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! logicians speak ( 8cle>ness10 !y mean no?+ m ?an su* a famili>ity ) an idea1 s9ce !y reg>d ! quality z b a small m]it1 :i* ne$s to be supplem5t$ by ano!r1 :i* !y call di/9ctness4 ,a di/9ct idea is def9$ z "o :i* conta9s no?+ :i* is n cle>4 ,?is is te*nical language2 by ! cont5ts ( an idea logicians und]/& :atev] is conta9$ 9 its def9ition4 ,s t an idea is di/9ctly appreh5d$1 accord+ to !m1 :5 we c give a precise def9ition ( x1 9 ab/ract t]ms4 ,"h ! pr(essional logicians leave ! subject2 & ,i w\ld n h tr\bl$ ! read] ) :at !y h to say1 if x 7 n su* a /rik+ example ( h[ !y h be5 slumb]+ ?r\gh ages ( intellectual activity1 li/lessly disreg>d+ ! eng9]y ( mod]n ?\ght1 & nev] dream+ ( apply+ its lessons to ! improvem5t ( logic4 ,x is easy to %[ t ! doctr9e t famili> use & ab/ract di/9ctness make ! p]fection ( appreh5sion1 has its only true place 9 philosophies :i* h long be5 ext9ct2 & x is n[ "t to =mulate ! me?od ( atta9+ to a m p]fect cle>ness ( ?\ght1 su* z we see & admire 9 ! ?9k]s ( our own "t4 ,:5 ,desc>tes set ab\t ! recon/ruction ( philosophy1 8 fir/ /ep 0 to 7!oretically7 p]mit skepticism & to disc>d ! practice ( ! s*oolm5 ( look+ to au?ority z ! ultimate s\rce ( tru?4 ,t done1 he s\ght a m natural f\nta9 ( true pr9ciples1 & pr(ess$ to f9d x 9 ! human m9d2 ?us pass+1 9 ! directe/ way1 f ! me?od ( au?ority to t ( apriority1 z describ$ 9 my fir/ pap]4 ,self-consci\sness 0 to furni% u ) our fundam5tal tru?s1 & to decide :at 0 agreeable to reason4 ,b s9ce1 evid5tly1 n all ideas are true1 he 0 l$ to note1 z ! fir/ condition ( infallibility1 t !y mu/ be cle>4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 an idea seem+ cle> & really be+ s1 nev] occurr$ to him4 ,tru/+ to introspection1 z he did1 ev5 = a k ( ext]nal ?+s1 :y %\ld he "q its te/imony 9 respect to ! cont5ts ( our own m9ds8 ,b !n1 ,i suppose1 see+ m51 :o seem$ to be q cle> & positive1 hold+ opposite op9ions ^u fundam5tal pr9ciples1 he 0 fur!r l$ to say t cle>ness ( ideas is n suffici5t1 b t !y ne$ also to be di/9ct1 i4e41 to h no?+ uncle> ab\t !m4 ,:at he probably meant by ?is 7= he did n expla9 himself ) precision7 01 t !y mu/ su/a9 ! te/ ( dialectical exam9ation2 t !y mu/ n only seem cle> at ! outset1 b t discussion mu/ nev] be able to br+ to light po9ts ( obscurity connect$ ) !m4 ,su* 0 ! di/9ction ( ,desc>tes1 & "o sees t x 0 precisely on ! level ( 8 philosophy4 ,x 0 some:at develop$ by ,leibnitz4 ,?is great & s+ul> g5ius 0 z rem>kable = :at he fail$ to see z = :at he saw4 ,t a piece ( me*anism c\ld n d "w p]petually )\t be+ f$ ) p[] 9 "s =m1 0 a ?+ p]fectly app>5t to him2 yet he did n und]/& t ! ma*9]y ( ! m9d c only trans=m k1 b nev] orig9ate x1 unless x be f$ ) facts ( obs]vation4 ,he ?us miss$ ! mo/ ess5tial po9t ( ! ,c>tesian philosophy1 :i* is1 t to accept propositions :i* seem p]fectly evid5t to u is a ?+ :i*1 :e!r x be logical or illogical1 we _c help do+4 ,in/ead ( reg>d+ ! matt] 9 ?is way1 he s\ght to r$uce ! fir/ pr9ciples ( sci5ce to =mulas :i* _c be d5i$ )\t self-contradiction1 & 0 app>5tly unaw>e ( ! great diff]5ce betwe5 8 position & t ( ,desc>tes4 ,s he rev]t$ to ! old =malities ( logic1 &1 above all1 ab/ract def9itions play$ a great "p 9 8 philosophy4 ,x 0 q natural1 !re=e1 t on obs]v+ t ! me?od ( ,desc>tes labor$ "u ! difficulty t we may seem to ourselves to h cle> appreh5sions ( ideas :i* 9 tru? are v hazy1 no bett] rem$y occurr$ to him ?an to require an ab/ract def9ition ( e important t]m4 ,accord+ly1 9 adopt+ ! di/9ction ( cle> & di/9ct notions1 he describ$ ! latt] quality z ! cle> appreh5sion ( ev]y?+ conta9$ 9 ! def9ition2 & ! books h ev] s9ce copi$ 8 words4 ,!re is no dang] t 8 *im]ical s*eme w ev] aga9 be ov]-valu$4 ,no?+ new c ev] be le>n$ by analyz+ def9itions4 ,nev]!less1 our exi/+ beliefs c be set 9 ord] by ?is process1 & ord] is an ess5tial elem5t ( intellectual economy1 z ( e o!r4 ,x may be ackn[l$g$1 !re=e1 t ! books are "r 9 mak+ famili>ity ) a notion ! fir/ /ep t[>d cle>ness ( appreh5sion1 & ! def9+ ( x ! second4 ,b 9 omitt+ all m5tion ( any high] p]spicuity ( ?\ght1 !y simply mirror a philosophy :i* 0 explod$ a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,t mu*-admir$ 8ornam5t ( logic0--! doctr9e ( cle>ness & di/9ctness--may be pretty en\gh1 b x is high "t to relegate to our cab9et ( curiosities ! antique bij\1 & to we> ab\t u some?+ bett] adapt$ to mod]n uses4 ,! v fir/ lesson t we h a "r to dem& t logic %all tea* u is1 h[ to make our ideas cle>2 & a mo/ important "o x is1 depreciat$ only by m9ds :o /& 9 ne$ ( x4 ,to "k :at we ?9k1 to be ma/]s ( our own mean+1 w make a solid f\ndation = great & weighty ?\ght4 ,x is mo/ easily le>n$ by ^? ^: ideas are meagre & re/rict$2 & f> happi] !y ?an su* z wall[ helplessly 9 a ri* mud ( conceptions4 ,a nation1 x is true1 may1 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 ov]come ! disadvantage ( an excessive weal? ( language & its natural concomitant1 a va/1 unfa?omable deep ( ideas4 ,we may see x 9 hi/ory1 sl[ly p]fect+ its lit]>y =ms1 sl\gh+ at l5g? its metaphysics1 &1 by virtue ( ! untirable pati5ce :i* is (t5 a comp5sation1 atta9+ great excell5ce 9 e bran* ( m5tal acquirem5t4 ,! page ( hi/ory is n yet unroll$ :i* is to tell u :e!r su* a p w or w n 9 ! long run prevail ov] "o ^: ideas 7l ! words ( _! language7 are few1 b :i* possesses a wond]ful ma/]y ov] ^? :i* x has4 ,= an individual1 h[ev]1 !re c be no "q t a few cle> ideas are wor? m ?an _m confus$ ones4 ,a "y man w\ld h>dly be p]suad$ to sacrifice ! great] "p ( 8 ?\ghts to save ! re/2 & ! muddl$ head is ! lea/ apt to see ! necessity ( su* a sacrifice4 ,him we c usually only commis]ate1 z a p]son ) a cong5ital defect4 ,"t w help him1 b intellectual maturity ) reg>d to cle>ness comes r late1 an un=tunate arrangem5t ( ,nature1 inasmu* z cle>ness is ( less use to a man settl$ 9 life1 ^: errors h 9 great measure _h _! effect1 ?an x w\ld be to "o ^: pa? lies be=e him4 ,x is t]rible to see h[ a s+le uncle> idea1 a s+le =mula )\t mean+1 lurk+ 9 a "y man's head1 w sometimes act l an ob/ruction ( in]t matt] 9 an art]y1 h9d]+ ! nutrition ( ! bra91 & condemn+ its victim to p9e away 9 ! fullness ( 8 intellectual vigor & 9 ! mid/ ( intellectual pl5ty4 ,_m a man has *]i%$ = ye>s z 8 hobby "s vague %ad[ ( an idea1 too mean+less to be positively false2 he has1 nev]!less1 passionately lov$ x1 has made x 8 companion by day & by night1 & has giv5 to x 8 /r5g? & 8 life1 leav+ all o!r occupations = its sake1 & 9 %ort has liv$ ) x & = x1 until x has become1 z x 71 fle% ( 8 fle% & bone ( 8 bone2 & !n he has wak$ up "s bright morn+ to f9d x gone1 clean vani%$ away l ! beautiful ,melus9a ( ! fable1 & ! ess5ce ( 8 life gone ) x4 ,i h myself kn[n su* a man2 & :o c tell h[ _m hi/ories ( circle-squ>]s1 metaphysicians1 a/rolog]s1 & :at n1 may n be told 9 ! old ,g]man /ory8 ,,ii ,! pr9ciples set =? 9 ! fir/ ( ^! pap]s lead1 at once1 to a me?od ( rea*+ a cle>ness ( ?\ght ( a f> high] grade ?an ! 8di/9ctness0 ( ! logicians4 ,we h !re f\nd t ! action ( ?\ght is excit$ by ! irritation ( d\bt1 & ceases :5 belief is atta9$2 s t ! production ( belief is ! sole function ( ?\ght4 ,all ^! words1 h[ev]1 are too /rong = my purpose4 ,x is z if ,i _h describ$ ! ph5om5a z !y appe> "u a m5tal microscope4 ,d\bt & ,belief1 z ! words are commonly employ$1 relate to religi\s or o!r grave discussions4 ,b "h ,i use !m to designate ! />t+ ( any "q1 no matt] h[ small or h[ great1 & ! resolution ( x4 ,if1 = in/ance1 9 a horse-c>1 ,i pull out my purse & f9d a five-c5t nickel & five copp]s1 ,i decide1 :ile my h& is go+ to ! purse1 9 :i* way ,i w pay my f>e4 ,to call su* a "q ,d\bt1 & my decision ,belief1 is c]ta9ly to use words v disproportionate to ! occasion4 ,to speak ( su* a d\bt z caus+ an irritation :i* ne$s to be appeas$1 sugge/s a temp] :i* is uncom=table to ! v]ge ( insanity4 ,yet1 look+ at ! matt] m9utely1 x mu/ be admitt$ t1 if !re is ! lea/ hesitation z to :e!r ,i %all pay ! five copp]s or ! nickel 7z !re w be sure to be1 unless ,i act f "s previ\sly contract$ habit 9 ! matt]71 ?\gh irritation is too /rong a ^w1 yet ,i am excit$ to su* small m5tal activity z may be necess>y to decid+ h[ ,i %all act4 ,mo/ frequ5tly d\bts arise f "s indecision1 h[ev] mom5t>y1 9 our action4 ,sometimes x is n s4 ,i h1 = example1 to wait 9 a railway-/ation1 & to pass ! "t ,i read ! adv]tisem5ts on ! walls1 ,i comp>e ! advantages ( diff]5t tra9s & diff]5t r\tes :i* ,i nev] expect to take1 m]ely fancy+ myself to be 9 a /ate ( hesitancy1 because ,i am bor$ ) hav+ no?+ to tr\ble me4 ,feign$ hesitancy1 :e!r feign$ = m]e amusem5t or ) a l(ty purpose1 plays a great "p 9 ! production ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,h[ev] ! d\bt may orig9ate1 x /imulates ! m9d to an activity :i* may be slight or en]getic1 calm or turbul5t4 ,images pass rapidly ?r\gh consci\sness1 "o incessantly melt+ into ano!r1 until at la/1 :5 all is ov]--x may be 9 a fraction ( a second1 9 an h\r1 or aft] long ye>s--we f9d ourselves decid$ z to h[ we %\ld act "u su* circum/ances z ^? :i* occasion$ our hesitation4 ,9 o!r words1 we h atta9$ belief4 ,9 ?is process we obs]ve two sorts ( elem5ts ( consci\sness1 ! di/9ction betwe5 :i* may be/ be made cle> by means ( an illu/ration4 ,9 a piece ( music !re are ! sep>ate notes1 & !re is ! air4 ,a s+le tone may be prolong$ = an h\r or a day1 & x exi/s z p]fectly 9 ea* second ( t "t z 9 ! :ole tak5 toge!r2 s t1 z long z x is s\nd+1 x might be pres5t to a s5se f :i* ev]y?+ 9 ! pa/ 0 z completely abs5t z ! future itself4 ,b x is diff]5t ) ! air1 ! p]=mance ( :i* occupies a c]ta9 "t1 dur+ ! portions ( :i* only portions ( x are play$4 ,x consi/s 9 an ord]l9ess 9 ! succession ( s\nds :i* /rike ! e> at diff]5t times2 & to p]ceive x !re mu/ be "s cont9uity ( consci\sness :i* makes ! ev5ts ( a lapse ( "t pres5t to u4 ,we c]ta9ly only p]ceive ! air by he>+ ! sep>ate notes2 yet we _c be said to directly he> x1 = we he> only :at is pres5t at ! in/ant1 & an ord]l9ess ( succession _c exi/ 9 an in/ant4 ,^! two sorts ( objects1 :at we are imm$iately consci\s ( & :at we are m$iately consci\s (1 are f\nd 9 all consci\sness4 ,"s elem5ts 7! s5sations7 are completely pres5t at e in/ant s long z !y la/1 :ile o!rs 7l ?\ght7 are actions hav+ beg9n+1 middle1 & end1 & consi/ 9 a congru5ce 9 ! succession ( s5sations :i* fl[ ?r\gh ! m9d4 ,!y _c be imm$iately pres5t to u1 b mu/ cov] "s portion ( ! pa/ or future4 ,?\ght is a ?read ( melody runn+ ?r\gh ! succession ( our s5sations4 ,we may add t j z a piece ( music may be writt5 9 p>ts1 ea* "p hav+ its own air1 s v>i\s sy/ems ( relation%ip ( succession subsi/ toge!r betwe5 ! same s5sations4 ,^! diff]5t sy/ems are di/+ui%$ by hav+ diff]5t motives1 ideas1 or functions4 ,?\ght is only "o su* sy/em2 = its sole motive1 idea1 & function is to produce belief1 & :atev] does n conc]n t purpose belongs to "s o!r sy/em ( relations4 ,! action ( ?9k+ may incid5tally h o!r results4 ,x may s]ve to amuse u1 = example1 & among dilettanti x is n r>e to f9d ^? :o h s p]v]t$ ?\ght to ! purposes ( pleasure t x seems to vex !m to ?9k t ! que/ions ^u :i* !y delight to ex]cise x may ev] get f9ally settl$2 & a positive discov]y :i* takes a favorite subject out ( ! ar5a ( lit]>y debate is met ) ill-conceal$ dislike4 ,?is disposition is ! v debau*]y ( ?\ght4 ,b ! s\l & mean+ ( ?\ght1 ab/ract$ f ! o!r elem5ts :i* accompany x1 ?\gh x may be volunt>ily ?w>t$1 c nev] be made to direct itself t[>d any?+ b ! production ( belief4 ,?\ght 9 action has = its only possible motive ! atta9m5t ( ?\ght at re/2 & :atev] does n ref] to belief is no "p ( ! ?\ght itself4 ,& :at1 !n1 is belief8 ,x is ! demi-cad5ce :i* closes a musical phrase 9 ! symphony ( our intellectual life4 ,we h se5 t x has j ?ree prop]ties3 ,fir/1 x is some?+ t we are aw>e (2 second1 x appeases ! irritation ( d\bt2 &1 ?ird1 x involves ! e/abli%m5t 9 our nature ( a rule ( action1 or1 say = %ort1 a habit4 ,z x appeases ! irritation ( d\bt1 :i* is ! motive = ?9k+1 ?\ght relaxes1 & comes to re/ = a mom5t :5 belief is rea*$4 ,b1 s9ce belief is a rule = action1 ! application ( :i* involves fur!r d\bt & fur!r ?\ght1 at ! same "t t x is a /opp+-place1 x is also a new />t+-place = ?\ght4 ,t is :y ,i h p]mitt$ myself to call x ?\ght at re/1 al?\gh ?\ght is ess5tially an action4 ,! f9al up%ot ( ?9k+ is ! ex]cise ( volition1 & ( ?is ?\ght no long] =ms a "p2 b belief is only a /adium ( m5tal action1 an effect ^u our nature due to ?\ght1 :i* w influ5ce future ?9k+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,! ess5ce ( belief is ! e/abli%m5t ( a habit1 & diff]5t beliefs are di/+ui%$ by ! diff]5t modes ( action to :i* !y give rise4 ,if beliefs d n diff] 9 ?is respect1 if !y appease ! same d\bt by produc+ ! same rule ( action1 !n no m]e diff]5ces 9 ! mann] ( consci\sness ( !m c make !m diff]5t beliefs1 any m ?an play+ a tune 9 diff]5t keys is play+ diff]5t tunes4 ,imag9>y di/9ctions are (t5 drawn betwe5 beliefs :i* diff] only 9 _! mode ( expression2--! wrangl+ :i* ensues is real en\gh1 h[ev]4 ,to believe t any objects are arrang$ z 9 ,fig4 #a1 & to believe t !y are arrang$ z 9 ,fig4 #b1 are "o & ! same belief2 yet x is conceivable t a man %\ld ass]t "o proposition & d5y ! o!r4 ,su* false di/9ctions d z mu* h>m z ! confusion ( beliefs really diff]5t1 & are among ! pitfalls ( :i* we ought con/antly to bew>e1 especially :5 we are ^u metaphysical gr\nd4 ,"o s+ul> deception ( ?is sort1 :i* (t5 occurs1 is to mi/ake ! s5sation produc$ by our own uncle>ness ( ?\ght = a "* ( ! object we are ?9k+4 ,in/ead ( p]ceiv+ t ! obscurity is purely subjective1 we fancy t we contemplate a quality ( ! object :i* is ess5tially my/]i\s2 & if our conception be aft]w>d pres5t$ to u 9 a cle> =m we d n recognize x z ! same1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( ! feel+ ( un9telligibility4 ,s long z ?is deception la/s1 x obvi\sly puts an impassable b>ri] 9 ! way ( p]spicu\s ?9k+2 s t x equally int]e/s ! oppon5ts ( rational ?\ght to p]petuate x1 & its adh]5ts to gu>d aga9/ x4 ,ano!r su* deception is to mi/ake a m]e diff]5ce 9 ! grammatical con/ruction ( two words = a di/9ction betwe5 ! ideas !y express4 ,9 ?is p$antic age1 :5 ! g5]al mob ( writ]s att5d s mu* m to words ?an to ?+s1 ?is error is common en\gh4 ,:5 ,i j said t ?\ght is an action1 & t x consi/s 9 a relation1 al?\gh a p]son p]=ms an action b n a relation1 :i* c only be ! result ( an action1 yet !re 0 no inconsi/5cy 9 :at ,i said1 b only a grammatical vagu5ess4 ,f all ^! sophisms we %all be p]fectly safe s long z we reflect t ! :ole function ( ?\ght is to produce habits ( action2 & t :atev] !re is connect$ ) a ?\ght1 b irrelevant to its purpose1 is an accretion to x1 b no "p ( x4 ,if !re be a unity among our s5sations :i* has no ref]5ce to h[ we %all act on a giv5 occasion1 z :5 we li/5 to a piece ( music1 :y we d n call t ?9k+4 ,to develop its mean+1 we h1 !re=e1 simply to det]m9e :at habits x produces1 = :at a ?+ means is simply :at habits x involves4 ,n[1 ! id5tity ( a habit dep5ds on h[ x might lead u to act1 n m]ely "u su* circum/ances z are likely to arise1 b "u su* z might possibly occur1 no matt] h[ improbable !y may be4 ,:at ! habit is dep5ds on :5 & h[ x causes u to act4 ,z = ! :51 e /imulus to action is d]iv$ f p]ception2 z = ! h[1 e purpose ( action is to produce "s s5sible result4 ,?us1 we come d[n to :at is tangible & practical1 z ! root ( e real di/9ction ( ?\ght1 no matt] h[ subtile x may be2 & !re is no di/9ction ( mean+ s f9e z to consi/ 9 any?+ b a possible diff]5ce ( practice4 ,to see :at ?is pr9ciple leads to1 consid] 9 ! light ( x su* a doctr9e z t ( transub/antiation4 ,! ,prote/ant *ur*es g5]ally hold t ! elem5ts ( ! sacram5t are fle% & blood only 9 a tropical s5se2 !y n\ri% our s\ls z meat & ! juice ( x w\ld our bodies4 ,b ! ,ca?olics ma9ta9 t !y are lit]ally j t2 al?\gh !y possess all ! s5sible qualities ( waf]-cakes & dilut$ w9e4 ,b we c h no conception ( w9e except :at may ent] into a belief1 ei!r-- #a4 ,t ?is1 t1 or ! o!r1 is w9e2 or1 #b4 ,t w9e possesses c]ta9 prop]ties4 ,su* beliefs are no?+ b self-notifications t we %\ld1 ^u occasion1 act 9 reg>d to su* ?+s z we believe to be w9e accord+ to ! qualities :i* we believe w9e to possess4 ,! occasion ( su* action w\ld be "s s5sible p]ception1 ! motive ( x to produce "s s5sible result4 ,?us our action has exclusive ref]5ce to :at affects ! s5ses1 our habit has ! same be>+ z our action1 our belief ! same z our habit1 our conception ! same z our belief2 & we c consequ5tly mean no?+ by w9e b :at has c]ta9 effects1 direct or indirect1 ^u our s5ses2 & to talk ( some?+ z hav+ all ! s5sible *>act]s ( w9e1 yet be+ 9 reality blood1 is s5seless j>gon4 ,n[1 x is n my object to pursue ! !ological "q2 & hav+ us$ x z a logical example ,i drop x1 )\t c>+ to anticipate ! !ologian's reply4 ,i only desire to po9t out h[ impossible x is t we %\ld h an idea 9 our m9ds :i* relates to any?+ b conceiv$ s5sible effects ( ?+s4 ,our idea ( any?+ is our idea ( its s5sible effects2 & if we fancy t we h any o!r we deceive ourselves1 & mi/ake a m]e s5sation accompany+ ! ?\ght = a "p ( ! ?\ght itself4 ,x is absurd to say t ?\ght has any mean+ unrelat$ to its only function4 ,x is fooli% = ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants to fancy !mselves 9 disagreem5t ab\t ! elem5ts ( ! sacram5t1 if !y agree 9 reg>d to all _! s5sible effects1 "h or h]eaft]4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! rule = atta9+ ! ?ird grade ( cle>ness ( appreh5sion is z foll[s3 ,consid] :at effects1 :i* might conceivably h practical be>+s1 we conceive ! object ( our conception to h4 ,!n1 our conception ( ^! effects is ! :ole ( our conception ( ! object4 ,,iii ,let u illu/rate ?is rule by "s examples2 &1 to beg9 ) ! simple/ "o possible1 let u ask :at we mean by call+ a ?+ h>d4 ,evid5tly t x w n be scrat*$ by _m o!r sub/ances4 ,! :ole conception ( ?is quality1 z ( e o!r1 lies 9 its conceiv$ effects4 ,!re is absolutely no diff]5ce betwe5 a h>d ?+ & a s(t ?+ s long z !y are n br\ght to ! te/4 ,suppose1 !n1 t a diamond c\ld be cry/alliz$ 9 ! mid/ ( a cu%ion ( s(t cotton1 & %\ld rema9 !re until x 0 f9ally burn$ up4 ,w\ld x be false to say t t diamond 0 s(t8 ,?is seems a fooli% "q1 & w\ld be s1 9 fact1 except 9 ! realm ( logic4 ,!re su* que/ions are (t5 ( ! greate/ utility z s]v+ to br+ logical pr9ciples into %>p] relief ?an real discussions ev] c\ld4 ,9 /udy+ logic we mu/ n put !m aside ) ha/y answ]s1 b mu/ consid] !m ) att5tive c>e1 9 ord] to make out ! pr9ciples involv$4 ,we may1 9 ! pres5t case1 modify our "q1 & ask :at prev5ts u f say+ t all h>d bodies rema9 p]fectly s(t until !y are t\*$1 :5 _! h>dness increases ) ! pressure until !y are scrat*$4 ,reflection w %[ t ! reply is ?is3 !re w\ld be no falsity 9 su* modes ( spee*4 ,!y w\ld involve a modification ( our pres5t usage ( spee* ) reg>d to ! words h>d & s(t1 b n ( _! mean+s4 ,= !y repres5t no fact to be diff]5t f :at x is2 only !y involve arrangem5ts ( facts :i* w\ld be exce$+ly maladroit4 ,?is leads u to rem>k t ! "q ( :at w\ld occur "u circum/ances :i* d n actually arise is n a "q ( fact1 b only ( ! mo/ p]spicu\s arrangem5t ( !m4 ,= example1 ! "q ( free-w & fate 9 its simple/ =m1 /ripp$ ( v]biage1 is some?+ l ?is3 ,i h done some?+ ( :i* ,i am a%am$2 c\ld ,i1 by an ef=t ( ! w1 h resi/$ ! temptation1 & done o!rwise8 ,! philosophical reply is1 t ?is is n a "q ( fact1 b only ( ! arrangem5t ( facts4 ,arrang+ !m s z to exhibit :at is p>ticul>ly p]t95t to my "q--namely1 t ,i ought to blame myself = hav+ done wrong--x is p]fectly true to say t1 if ,i _h will$ to d o!rwise ?an ,i did1 ,i %\ld h done o!rwise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 arrang+ ! facts s z to exhibit ano!r important consid]ation1 x is equally true t1 :5 a temptation has once be5 all[$ to "w1 x w1 if x has a c]ta9 =ce1 produce its effect1 let me /ruggle h[ ,i may4 ,!re is no objection to a contradiction 9 :at w\ld result f a false supposition4 ,! r$uctio ad absurdum consi/s 9 %[+ t contradictory results w\ld foll[ f a hypo!sis :i* is consequ5tly judg$ to be false4 ,_m que/ions are involv$ 9 ! free-w discussion1 & ,i am f> f desir+ to say t bo? sides are equally "r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i am ( op9ion t "o side d5ies important facts1 & t ! o!r does n4 ,b :at ,i d say is1 t ! above s+le "q 0 ! orig9 ( ! :ole d\bt2 t1 _h x n be5 = ?is "q1 ! controv]sy w\ld nev] h aris52 & t ?is "q is p]fectly solv$ 9 ! mann] :i* ,i h indicat$4 ,let u next seek a cle> idea ( ,weight4 ,?is is ano!r v easy case4 ,to say t a body is heavy means simply t1 9 ! abs5ce ( oppos+ =ce1 x w fall4 ,?is 7neglect+ c]ta9 specifications ( h[ x w fall1 etc41 :i* exi/ 9 ! m9d ( ! physici/ :o uses ! ^w7 is evid5tly ! :ole conception ( weight4 ,x is a fair "q :e!r "s p>ticul> facts may n acc\nt = gravity2 b :at we mean by ! =ce itself is completely involv$ 9 its effects4 ,?is leads u to und]take an acc\nt ( ! idea ( ,=ce 9 g5]al4 ,?is is ! great conception :i*1 develop$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury f ! rude idea ( a cause1 & con/antly improv$ ^u s9ce1 has %[n u h[ to expla9 all ! *anges ( motion :i* bodies exp]i5ce1 & h[ to ?9k ab\t all physical ph5om5a2 :i* has giv5 bir? to mod]n sci5ce1 & *ang$ ! face ( ! globe2 & :i*1 aside f its m special uses1 has play$ a pr9cipal "p 9 direct+ ! c\rse ( mod]n ?\ght1 & 9 fur!r+ mod]n social developm5t4 ,x is1 !re=e1 wor? "s pa9s to compreh5d x4 ,accord+ to our rule1 we mu/ beg9 by ask+ :at is ! imm$iate use ( ?9k+ ab\t =ce2 & ! answ] is1 t we ?us acc\nt = *anges ( motion4 ,if bodies 7 left to !mselves1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( =ces1 e motion w\ld cont9ue un*ang$ bo? 9 velocity & 9 direction4 ,fur!rmore1 *ange ( motion nev] takes place abruptly2 if its direction is *ang$1 x is always ?r\gh a curve )\t angles2 if its velocity alt]s1 x is by degrees4 ,! gradual *anges :i* are con/antly tak+ place are conceiv$ by geomet]s to be comp\nd$ toge!r accord+ to ! rules ( ! p>allelogram ( =ces4 ,if ! read] does n already "k :at ?is is1 he w f9d x1 ,i hope1 to 8 advantage to endeavor to foll[ ! foll[+ explanation2 b if ma!matics are insupportable to him1 pray let him skip ?ree p>agraphs r ?an t we %\ld "p company "h4 ,a pa? is a l9e ^: beg9n+ & end are di/+ui%$4 ,two pa?s are consid]$ to be equival5t1 :i*1 beg9n+ at ! same po9t1 lead to ! same po9t4 ,?us ! two pa?s1 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e & ,a ,f ,g ,h ,e 7,fig4 #c71 are equival5t4 ,pa?s :i* d n beg9 at ! same po9t are consid]$ to be equival5t1 provid$ t1 on mov+ ei!r ( !m )\t turn+ x1 b keep+ x always p>allel to its orig9al position1 s t :5 its beg9n+ co9cides ) t ( ! o!r pa?1 ! ends also co9cide4 ,pa?s are consid]$ z geometrically add$ toge!r1 :5 "o beg9s :]e ! o!r ends2 ?us ! pa? ,a ,e is conceiv$ to be a sum ( ,a ,b1 ,b ,c1 ,c ,d1 & ,d ,e4 ,9 ! p>allelogram ( ,fig4 #d ! diagonal ,a ,c is ! sum ( ,a ,b & ,b ,c2 or1 s9ce ,a ,d is geometrically equival5t to ,b ,c1 ,a ,c is ! geometrical sum ( ,a ,b & ,a ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4 ,all ?is is purely conv5tional4 ,x simply am\nts to ?is3 t we *oose to call pa?s hav+ ! relations ,i h describ$ equal or add$4 ,b1 ?\gh x is a conv5tion1 x is a conv5tion ) a good reason4 ,! rule = geometrical addition may be appli$ n only to pa?s1 b to any o!r ?+s :i* c be repres5t$ by pa?s4 ,n[1 z a pa? is det]m9$ by ! v>y+ direction & di/ance ( ! po9t :i* moves ov] x f ! />t+-po9t1 x foll[s t any?+ :i* f its beg9n+ to its end is det]m9$ by a v>y+ direction & a v>y+ magnitude is capable ( be+ repres5t$ by a l9e4 ,accord+ly1 velocities may be repres5t$ by l9es1 = !y h only directions & rates4 ,! same ?+ is true ( accel]ations1 or *anges ( velocities4 ,?is is evid5t en\gh 9 ! case ( velocities2 & x becomes evid5t = accel]ations if we consid] t precisely :at velocities are to positions--namely1 /ates ( *ange ( !m--t accel]ations are to velocities4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4 ,! s-call$ 8p>allelogram ( =ces0 is simply a rule = comp\nd+ accel]ations4 ,! rule is1 to repres5t ! accel]ations by pa?s1 & !n to geometrically add ! pa?s4 ,! geomet]s1 h[ev]1 n only use ! 8p>allelogram ( =ces0 to comp\nd diff]5t accel]ations1 b also to resolve "o accel]ation into a sum ( sev]al4 ,let ,a ,b 7,fig4 #e7 be ! pa? :i* repres5ts a c]ta9 accel]ation--say1 su* a *ange 9 ! motion ( a body t at ! end ( "o second ! body w1 "u ! influ5ce ( t *ange1 be 9 a position diff]5t f :at x w\ld h _h if its motion _h cont9u$ un*ang$1 su* t a pa? equival5t to ,a ,b w\ld lead f ! latt] position to ! =m]4 ,?is accel]ation may be consid]$ z ! sum ( ! accel]ations repres5t$ by ,a ,c & ,c ,b4 ,x may also be consid]$ z ! sum ( ! v diff]5t accel]ations repres5t$ by ,a ,d & ,d ,b1 :]e ,a ,d is almo/ ! opposite ( ,a ,c4 ,& x is cle> t !re is an imm5se v>iety ( ways 9 :i* ,a ,b might be resolv$ into ! sum ( two accel]ations4 ,aft] ?is t$i\s explanation1 :i* ,i hope1 9 view ( ! extraord9>y int]e/ ( ! conception ( =ce1 may n h exhau/$ ! read]'s pati5ce1 we are prep>$ at la/ to /ate ! gr& fact :i* ?is conception embodies4 ,?is fact is t if ! actual *anges ( motion :i* ! diff]5t p>ticles ( bodies exp]i5ce are ea* resolv$ 9 its appropriate way1 ea* compon5t accel]ation is precisely su* z is prescrib$ by a c]ta9 law ( ,nature1 accord+ to :i* bodies 9 ! relative positions :i* ! bodies 9 "q actually h at ! mom5t1#cb always receive c]ta9 accel]ations1 :i*1 be+ comp\nd$ by geometrical addition1 give ! accel]ation :i* ! body actually exp]i5ces4 ,?is is ! only fact :i* ! idea ( =ce repres5ts1 & :oev] w take ! tr\ble cle>ly to appreh5d :at ?is fact is1 p]fectly compreh5ds :at =ce is4 ,:e!r we ought to say t a =ce is an accel]ation1 or t x causes an accel]ation1 is a m]e "q ( propriety ( language1 :i* has no m to d ) our real mean+ ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,fr5* idiom 8,il fait froid0 & its ,engli% equival5t 8,x is cold40 ,yet x is surpris+ to see h[ ?is simple affair has muddl$ m5's m9ds4 ,9 h[ _m pr(\nd treatises is n =ce spok5 ( z a 8my/]i\s entity10 :i* seems to be only a way ( confess+ t ! au?or despairs ( ev] gett+ a cle> notion ( :at ! ^w means6 ,9 a rec5t admir$ "w on ,analytic ,me*anics x is /at$ t we und]/& precisely ! effect ( =ce1 b :at =ce itself is we d n und]/&6 ,?is is simply a self-contradiction4 ,! idea :i* ! ^w =ce excites 9 our m9ds has no o!r function ?an to affect our actions1 & ^! actions c h no ref]5ce to =ce o!rwise ?an ?r\gh its effects4 ,consequ5tly1 if we "k :at ! effects ( =ce are1 we are acqua9t$ ) e fact :i* is impli$ 9 say+ t a =ce exi/s1 & !re is no?+ m to "k4 ,! tru? is1 !re is "s vague notion afloat t a "q may mean some?+ :i* ! m9d _c conceive2 & :5 "s hair-splitt+ philosoph]s h be5 confront$ ) ! absurdity ( su* a view1 !y h inv5t$ an empty di/9ction betwe5 positive & negative conceptions1 9 ! attempt to give _! non-idea a =m n obvi\sly nons5sical4 ,! nullity ( x is suffici5tly pla9 f ! consid]ations giv5 a few pages back2 &1 ap>t f ^? consid]ations1 ! quibbl+ "* ( ! di/9ction mu/ h /ruck e m9d accu/om$ to real ?9k+4 ,,iv ,let u n[ approa* ! subject ( logic1 & consid] a conception :i* p>ticul>ly conc]ns x1 t ( reality4 ,tak+ cle>ness 9 ! s5se ( famili>ity1 no idea c\ld be cle>] ?an ?is4 ,e *ild uses x ) p]fect confid5ce1 nev] dream+ t he does n und]/& x4 ,z = cle>ness 9 its second grade1 h[ev]1 x w\ld probably puzzle mo/ m51 ev5 among ^? ( a reflective turn ( m9d1 to give an ab/ract def9ition ( ! real4 ,yet su* a def9ition may p]haps be rea*$ by consid]+ ! po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 reality & its opposite1 fiction4 ,a figm5t is a product ( somebody's imag9ation2 x has su* *>act]s z 8 ?\ght impresses ^u x4 ,t ^? *>act]s are indep5d5t ( h[ y or ,i ?9k is an ext]nal reality4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ph5om5a )9 our own m9ds1 dep5d5t ^u our ?\ght1 :i* are at ! same "t real 9 ! s5se t we really ?9k !m4 ,b ?\gh _! *>act]s dep5d on h[ we ?9k1 !y d n dep5d on :at we ?9k ^? *>act]s to be4 ,?us1 a dream has a real exi/5ce z a m5tal ph5om5on1 if somebody has really dreamt x2 t he dreamt s & s1 does n dep5d on :at anybody ?9ks 0 dreamt1 b is completely indep5d5t ( all op9ion on ! subject4 ,on ! o!r h&1 consid]+1 n ! fact ( dream+1 b ! ?+ dreamt1 x reta9s its peculi>ities by virtue ( no o!r fact ?an t x 0 dreamt to possess !m4 ,?us we may def9e ! real z t ^: *>act]s are indep5d5t ( :at anybody may ?9k !m to be4 ,b1 h[ev] satisfactory su* a def9ition may be f\nd1 x w\ld be a great mi/ake to suppose t x makes ! idea ( reality p]fectly cle>4 ,"h1 !n1 let u apply our rules4 ,accord+ to !m1 reality1 l e o!r quality1 consi/s 9 ! peculi> s5sible effects :i* ?+s p>tak+ ( x produce4 ,! only effect :i* real ?+s h is to cause belief1 = all ! s5sations :i* !y excite em]ge into consci\sness 9 ! =m ( beliefs4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 is1 h[ is true belief 7or belief 9 ! real7 di/+ui%$ f false belief 7or belief 9 fiction74 ,n[1 z we h se5 9 ! =m] pap]1 ! ideas ( tru? & falsehood1 9 _! full developm5t1 app]ta9 exclusively to ! sci5tific me?od ( settl+ op9ion4 ,a p]son :o arbitr>ily *ooses ! propositions :i* he w adopt c use ! ^w tru? only to emphasize ! expression ( 8 det]m9ation to hold on to 8 *oice4 ,( c\rse1 ! me?od ( t5acity nev] prevail$ exclusively2 reason is too natural to m5 = t4 ,b 9 ! lit]ature ( ! d>k ages we f9d "s f9e examples ( x4 ,:5 ,scotus ,erig5a is comm5t+ ^u a poetical passage 9 :i* hellebore is spok5 ( z hav+ caus$ ! dea? ( ,socrates1 he does n hesitate to in=m ! inquir+ read] t ,helleborus & ,socrates 7 two em95t ,greek philosoph]s1 & t ! latt] hav+ be5 ov]come 9 argum5t by ! =m] took ! matt] to he>t & di$ ( x6 ,:at sort ( an idea ( tru? c\ld a man h :o c\ld adopt & tea*1 )\t ! qualification ( a p]haps1 an op9ion tak5 s entirely at r&om8 ,! real _s ( ,socrates1 :o ,i hope w\ld h be5 delight$ to h be5 8ov]come 9 argum5t10 because he w\ld h le>n$ some?+ by x1 is 9 curi\s contra/ ) ! nave idea ( ! glossi/1 = :om discussion w\ld seem to h be5 simply a /ruggle4 ,:5 philosophy began to awake f its long slumb]1 & be=e !ology completely dom9at$ x1 ! practice seems to h be5 = ea* pr(essor to seize ^u any philosophical position he f\nd unoccupi$ & :i* seem$ a /rong "o1 to intr5* himself 9 x1 & to sally =? f "t to "t to give battle to ! o!rs4 ,?us1 ev5 ! scanty records we possess ( ^? disputes enable u to make out a doz5 or m op9ions held by diff]5t tea*]s at "o "t conc]n+ ! "q ( nom9alism & realism4 ,read ! op5+ "p ( ! ,hi/oria ,calamitatum ( ,abel>d1 :o 0 c]ta9ly z philosophical z any ( 8 contempor>ies1 & see ! _s ( combat :i* x brea!s4 ,= him1 ! tru? is simply 8 p>ticul> /ronghold4 ,:5 ! me?od ( au?ority prevail$1 ! tru? meant little m ?an ! ,ca?olic fai?4 ,all ! ef=ts ( ! s*ola/ic doctors are direct$ t[>d h>moniz+ _! fai? 9 ,ari/otle & _! fai? 9 ! ,*ur*1 & "o may se>* _! pond]\s folios ?r\gh )\t f9d+ an argum5t :i* goes any fur!r4 ,x is noticeable t :]e diff]5t fai?s fl\ri% side by side1 r5egades are look$ ^u ) contempt ev5 by ! p>ty ^: belief !y adopt2 s completely has ! idea ( loyalty replac$ t ( tru?-seek+4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,desc>tes1 ! defect 9 ! conception ( tru? has be5 less app>5t4 ,/ill1 x w sometimes /rike a sci5tific man t ! philosoph]s h be5 less int5t on f9d+ out :at ! facts are1 ?an on inquir+ :at belief is mo/ 9 h>mony ) _! sy/em4 ,x is h>d to conv9ce a foll[] ( ! a priori me?od by adduc+ facts2 b %[ him t an op9ion he is def5d+ is inconsi/5t ) :at he has laid d[n else:]e1 & he w be v apt to retract x4 ,^! m9ds d n seem to believe t disputation is ev] to cease2 !y seem to ?9k t ! op9ion :i* is natural = "o man is n s = ano!r1 & t belief w1 consequ5tly1 nev] be settl$4 ,9 cont5t+ !mselves ) fix+ _! own op9ions by a me?od :i* w\ld lead ano!r man to a diff]5t result1 !y betray _! feeble hold ( ! conception ( :at tru? is4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ! foll[]s ( sci5ce are fully p]suad$ t ! processes ( inve/igation1 if only pu%$ f> en\gh1 w give "o c]ta9 solution to e "q to :i* !y c be appli$4 ,"o man may inve/igate ! velocity ( light by /udy+ ! transits ( ,v5us & ! ab]ration ( ! />s2 ano!r by ! oppositions ( ,m>s & ! eclipses ( ,jupit]'s satellites2 a ?ird by ! me?od ( ,fizeau2 a f\r? by t ( ,f\cault2 a fif? by ! motions ( ! curves ( ,lissaj\x2 a six?1 a sev5?1 an eigh?1 & a n9?1 may foll[ ! diff]5t me?ods ( comp>+ ! measures ( /atical & dynamical electricity4 ,!y may at fir/ obta9 diff]5t results1 b1 z ea* p]fects 8 me?od & 8 processes1 ! results w move /eadily toge!r t[>d a de/9$ c5t]4 ,s ) all sci5tific rese>*4 ,diff]5t m9ds may set out ) ! mo/ antagoni/ic views1 b ! progress ( inve/igation c>ries !m by a =ce outside ( !mselves to "o & ! same conclusion4 ,?is activity ( ?\ght by :i* we are c>ri$1 n :]e we wi%1 b to a =e-orda9$ goal1 is l ! op]ation ( de/9y4 ,no modification ( ! po9t ( view tak51 no selection ( o!r facts = /udy1 no natural b5t ( m9d ev51 c enable a man to escape ! pr$e/9ate op9ion4 ,?is great law is embodi$ 9 ! conception ( tru? & reality4 ,! op9ion :i* is fat$#cc to be ultimately agre$ to by all :o inve/igate1 is :at we mean by ! tru?1 & ! object repres5t$ 9 ?is op9ion is ! real4 ,t is ! way ,i w\ld expla9 reality4 ,b x may be said t ?is view is directly oppos$ to ! ab/ract def9ition :i* we h giv5 ( reality1 inasmu* z x makes ! *>act]s ( ! real dep5d on :at is ultimately ?\ght ab\t !m4 ,b ! answ] to ?is is t1 on ! "o h&1 reality is indep5d5t1 n necess>ily ( ?\ght 9 g5]al1 b only ( :at y or ,i or any f9ite numb] ( m5 may ?9k ab\t x2 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh ! object ( ! f9al op9ion dep5ds on :at t op9ion is1 yet :at t op9ion is does n dep5d on :at y or ,i or any man ?9ks4 ,our p]v]sity & t ( o!rs may indef9itely po/pone ! settlem5t ( op9ion2 x might ev5 conceivably cause an arbitr>y proposition to be univ]sally accept$ z long z ! human race %\ld la/4 ,yet ev5 t w\ld n *ange ! nature ( ! belief1 :i* alone c\ld be ! result ( inve/igation c>ri$ suffici5tly f>2 & if1 aft] ! ext9ction ( our race1 ano!r %\ld arise ) faculties & disposition = inve/igation1 t true op9ion mu/ be ! "o :i* !y w\ld ultimately come to4 8,tru? cru%$ to e>? %all rise aga910 & ! op9ion :i* w\ld f9ally result f inve/igation does n dep5d on h[ anybody may actually ?9k4 ,b ! reality ( t :i* is real does dep5d on ! real fact t inve/igation is de/9$ to lead1 at la/1 if cont9u$ long en\gh1 to a belief 9 x4 ,b ,i may be ask$ :at ,i h to say to all ! m9ute facts ( hi/ory1 =gott5 nev] to be recov]$1 to ! lo/ books ( ! anci5ts1 to ! buri$ secrets4 8,full _m a gem ( pure/ ray s]5e ,! d>k1 unfa?om$ caves ( ocean be>2 ,full _m a fl[] is born to blu% unse51 ,& wa/e its sweetness on ! des]t air40 ,d ^! ?+s n really exi/ because !y are hopelessly beyond ! rea* ( our k8 ,& !n1 aft] ! univ]se is dead 7accord+ to ! pr$iction ( "s sci5ti/s71 & all life has ceas$ =ev]1 w n ! %ock ( atoms cont9ue ?\gh !re w be no m9d to "k x8 ,to ?is ,i reply t1 ?\gh 9 no possible /ate ( k c any numb] be great en\gh to express ! relation betwe5 ! am\nt ( :at re/s unkn[n to ! am\nt ( ! kn[n1 yet x is unphilosophical to suppose t1 ) reg>d to any giv5 "q 7:i* has any cle> mean+71 inve/igation w\ld n br+ =? a solution ( x1 if x 7 c>ri$ f> en\gh4 ,:o w\ld h said1 a few ye>s ago1 t we c\ld ev] "k ( :at sub/ances />s are made ^: light may h be5 long] 9 rea*+ u ?an ! human race has exi/$8 ,:o c be sure ( :at we %all n "k 9 a few hundr$ ye>s8 ,:o c guess :at w\ld be ! result ( cont9u+ ! pursuit ( sci5ce = t5 ?\s& ye>s1 ) ! activity ( ! la/ hundr$8 ,& if x 7 to g on = a million1 or a billion1 or any numb] ( ye>s y please1 h[ is x possible to say t !re is any "q :i* might n ultimately be solv$8 ,b x may be object$1 8,:y make s mu* ( ^! remote consid]ations1 especially :5 x is y\r pr9ciple t only practical di/9ctions h a mean+80 ,well1 ,i mu/ confess t x makes v little diff]5ce :e!r we say t a /one on ! bottom ( ! ocean1 9 complete d>kness1 is brilliant or n--t is to say1 t x probably makes no diff]5ce1 rememb]+ always t t /one may be fi%$ up to-morr[4 ,b t !re are gems at ! bottom ( ! sea1 fl[]s 9 ! untravel$ des]t1 etc41 are propositions :i*1 l t ab\t a diamond be+ h>d :5 x is n press$1 conc]n mu* m ! arrangem5t ( our language ?an !y d ! mean+ ( our ideas4 ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 t we h1 by ! application ( our rule1 rea*$ s cle> an appreh5sion ( :at we mean by reality1 & ( ! fact :i* ! idea re/s on1 t we %\ld n1 p]haps1 be mak+ a pret5sion s presumptu\s z x w\ld be s+ul>1 if we 7 to (f] a metaphysical !ory ( exi/5ce = univ]sal acceptance among ^? :o employ ! sci5tific me?od ( fix+ belief4 ,h[ev]1 z metaphysics is a subject mu* m curi\s ?an useful1 ! k ( :i*1 l t ( a sunk5 reef1 s]ves *iefly to enable u to keep cle> ( x1 ,i w n tr\ble ! read] ) any m ,ontology at ?is mom5t4 ,i h already be5 l$ mu* fur!r into t pa? ?an ,i %\ld h desir$2 & ,i h giv5 ! read] su* a dose ( ma!matics1 psy*ology1 & all t is mo/ ab/ruse1 t ,i fe> he may already h left me1 & t :at ,i am n[ writ+ is = ! compositor & pro(read] exclusively4 ,i tru/$ to ! importance ( ! subject4 ,!re is no royal road to logic1 & really valuable ideas c only be _h at ! price ( close att5tion4 ,b ,i "k t 9 ! matt] ( ideas ! public pref] ! *eap & na/y2 & 9 my next pap] ,i am go+ to return to ! easily intelligible1 & n w&] f x aga94 ,! read] :o has be5 at ! pa9s ( wad+ ?r\gh ?is pap]1 %all be rew>d$ 9 ! next "o by see+ h[ beautifully :at has be5 develop$ 9 ?is t$i\s way c be appli$ to ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! rules ( sci5tific reason+4 ,we h1 hi!rto1 n cross$ ! ?re%old ( sci5tific logic4 ,x is c]ta9ly important to "k h[ to make our ideas cle>1 b !y may be ev] s cle> )\t be+ true4 ,h[ to make !m s1 we h next to /udy4 ,h[ to give bir? to ^? vital & procreative ideas :i* multiply into a ?\s& =ms & diffuse !mselves ev]y:]e1 advanc+ civilization & mak+ ! dignity ( man1 is an art n yet r$uc$ to rules1 b ( ! secret ( :i* ! hi/ory ( sci5ce af=ds "s h9ts4 ,footnote #ca3 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,janu>y1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #cb3 ,possibly ! velocities also h to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,footnote #cc3 ,fate means m]ely t :i* is sure to come true1 & c noh[ be avoid$4 ,x is a sup]/ition to suppose t a c]ta9 sort ( ev5ts are ev] fat$1 & x is ano!r to suppose t ! ^w fate c nev] be fre$ f its sup]/iti\s ta9t4 ,we are all fat$ to die4 ,,?ird ,,pap] ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,*ances#cd ,i ,x is a common obs]vation t a sci5ce fir/ beg9s to be exact :5 x is quantitatively treat$4 ,:at are call$ ! exact sci5ces are no o!rs ?an ! ma!matical ones4 ,*emi/s reason$ vaguely until ,lavoisi] %[$ !m h[ to apply ! balance to ! v]ification ( _! !ories1 :5 *emi/ry leap$ sudd5ly into ! position ( ! mo/ p]fect ( ! classificatory sci5ces4 ,x has ?us become s precise & c]ta9 t we usually ?9k ( x along ) optics1 !rmotics1 & electrics4 ,b ^! are /udies ( g5]al laws1 :ile *emi/ry consid]s m]ely ! relations & classification ( c]ta9 objects2 & belongs1 9 reality1 9 ! same category z sy/ematic botany & zology4 ,comp>e x ) ^! la/1 h[ev]1 & ! advantage t x d]ives f its quantitative treatm5t is v evid5t4 ,! rude/ num]ical scales1 su* z t by :i* ! m9]alogi/s di/+ui% ! diff]5t degrees ( h>dness1 are f\nd useful4 ,! m]e c\nt+ ( pi/ils & /am5s suffic$ to br+ botany out ( total *aos into "s k9d ( =m4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 s mu* f c\nt+ z f measur+1 n s mu* f ! conception ( numb] z f t ( cont9u\s quantity1 t ! advantage ( ma!matical treatm5t comes4 ,numb]1 aft] all1 only s]ves to p9 u d[n to a precision 9 our ?\ghts :i*1 h[ev] b5eficial1 c seldom lead to l(ty conceptions1 & frequ5tly desc5ds to pett9ess4 ,( ^? two faculties ( :i* ,bacon speaks1 t :i* m>ks diff]5ces & t :i* notes resemblances1 ! employm5t ( numb] c only aid ! less] "o2 & ! excessive use ( x mu/ t5d to n>r[ ! p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,b ! conception ( cont9u\s quantity has a great (fice to fulfill1 indep5d5tly ( any attempt at precision4 ,f> f t5d+ to ! exagg]ation ( diff]5ces1 x is ! direct in/rum5t ( ! f9e/ g5]alizations4 ,:5 a naturali/ wi%es to /udy a species1 he collects a consid]able numb] ( specim5s m or less simil>4 ,9 contemplat+ !m1 he obs]ves c]ta9 ones :i* are m or less alike 9 "s p>ticul> respect4 ,!y all h1 = in/ance1 a c]ta9 ,s-%ap$ m>k+4 ,he obs]ves t !y are n precisely alike1 9 ?is respect2 ! ,s has n precisely ! same %ape1 b ! diff]5ces are su* z to lead him to believe t =ms c\ld be f\nd int]m$iate betwe5 any two ( ^? he possesses4 ,he1 n[1 f9ds o!r =ms app>5tly q dissimil>--say a m>k+ 9 ! =m ( a ,c--& ! "q is1 :e!r he c f9d int]m$iate ones :i* w connect ^! latt] ) ! o!rs4 ,?is he (t5 succe$s 9 do+ 9 cases :]e x w\ld at fir/ be ?\ght impossible2 :]eas he sometimes f9ds ^? :i* diff]1 at fir/ glance1 mu* less1 to be sep>at$ 9 ,nature by ! non-occurr5ce ( int]m$i>ies4 ,9 ?is way1 he builds up f ! /udy ( ,nature a new g5]al conception ( ! "* 9 "q4 ,he obta9s1 = example1 an idea ( a leaf :i* includes e "p ( ! fl[]1 & an idea ( a v]tebra :i* includes ! skull4 ,i surely ne$ n say mu* to %[ :at a logical eng9e !re is "h4 ,x is ! ess5ce ( ! me?od ( ! naturali/4#ce ,h[ he applies x fir/ to "o "*1 & !n to ano!r1 & f9ally obta9s a notion ( a species ( animals1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^: memb]s1 h[ev] great1 are conf9$ )9 limits1 is a matt] :i* does n "h conc]n u4 ,! :ole me?od ( classification mu/ be consid]$ lat]2 b1 at pres5t1 ,i only desire to po9t out t x is by tak+ advantage ( ! idea ( cont9uity1 or ! passage f "o =m to ano!r by ins5sible degrees1 t ! naturali/ builds 8 conceptions4 ,n[1 ! naturali/s are ! great build]s ( conceptions2 !re is no o!r bran* ( sci5ce :]e s mu* ( ?is "w is done z 9 !irs2 & we mu/1 9 great measure1 take !m = our tea*]s 9 ?is important "p ( logic4 ,& x w be f\nd ev]y:]e t ! idea ( cont9uity is a p[]ful aid to ! =mation ( true & fruitful conceptions4 ,by means ( x1 ! greate/ diff]5ces are brok5 d[n & resolv$ into diff]5ces ( degree1 & ! incessant application ( x is ( ! greate/ value 9 broad5+ our conceptions4 ,i propose to make a great use ( ?is idea 9 ! pres5t s]ies ( pap]s2 & ! p>ticul> s]ies ( important fallacies1 :i*1 aris+ f a neglect ( x1 h desolat$ philosophy1 mu/ fur!r on be closely /udi$4 ,at pres5t1 ,i simply call ! read]'s att5tion to ! utility ( ?is conception4 ,9 /udies ( numb]s1 ! idea ( cont9uity is s indisp5sable1 t x is p]petually introduc$ ev5 :]e !re is no cont9uity 9 fact1 z :]e we say t !re are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates #aj4g inhabitants p] squ>e mile1 or t 9 ,new ,york #ad4gb p]sons live 9 ! av]age h\se4#cf ,ano!r example is t law ( ! di/ribution ( errors :i* ,quetelet1 ,galton1 & o!rs1 h appli$ ) s mu* success to ! /udy ( biological & social matt]s4 ,?is application ( cont9uity to cases :]e x does n really exi/ illu/rates1 also1 ano!r po9t :i* w h]eaft] dem& a sep>ate /udy1 namely1 ! great utility :i* fictions sometimes h 9 sci5ce4 ,,ii ,! !ory ( probabilities is simply ! sci5ce ( logic quantitatively treat$4 ,!re are two conceivable c]ta9ties ) ref]5ce to any hypo!sis1 ! c]ta9ty ( its tru? & ! c]ta9ty ( its falsity4 ,! numb]s "o & z]o are appropriat$1 9 ?is calculus1 to m>k+ ^! extremes ( k2 :ile fractions hav+ values int]m$iate betwe5 !m indicate1 z we may vaguely say1 ! degrees 9 :i* ! evid5ce leans t[>d "o or ! o!r4 ,! g5]al problem ( probabilities is1 f a giv5 /ate ( facts1 to det]m9e ! num]ical probability ( a possible fact4 ,?is is ! same z to inquire h[ mu* ! giv5 facts are wor?1 consid]$ z evid5ce to prove ! possible fact4 ,?us ! problem ( probabilities is simply ! g5]al problem ( logic4 ,probability is a cont9u\s quantity1 s t great advantages may be expect$ f ?is mode ( /udy+ logic4 ,"s writ]s h gone s f> z to ma9ta9 t1 by means ( ! calculus ( *ances1 e solid inf]5ce may be repres5t$ by legitimate ari?metical op]ations ^u ! numb]s giv5 9 ! premises4 ,if ?is be1 inde$1 true1 ! great problem ( logic1 h[ x is t ! obs]vation ( "o fact c give u k ( ano!r indep5d5t fact1 is r$uc$ to a m]e "q ( ari?metic4 ,x seems prop] to exam9e ?is pret5sion be=e und]tak+ any m recondite solution ( ! p>adox4 ,b1 un=tunately1 writ]s on probabilities are n agre$ 9 reg>d to ?is result4 ,?is bran* ( ma!matics is ! only "o1 ,i believe1 9 :i* good writ]s frequ5tly get results entirely errone\s4 ,9 elem5t>y geometry ! reason+ is frequ5tly fallaci\s1 b errone\s conclusions are avoid$2 b x may be d\bt$ if !re is a s+le ext5sive treatise on probabilities 9 exi/5ce :i* does n conta9 solutions absolutely indef5sible4 ,?is is p>tly ow+ to ! want ( any regul> me?od ( proc$ure2 = ! subject involves too _m subtilties to make x easy to put its problems into equations )\t su* an aid4 ,b1 beyond ?is1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( its calculus are m or less 9 dispute4 ,9 reg>d to t class ( que/ions to :i* x is *iefly appli$ = practical purposes1 !re is comp>atively little d\bt2 b 9 reg>d to o!rs to :i* x has be5 s\ght to ext5d x1 op9ion is some:at unsettl$4 ,?is la/ class ( difficulties c only be entirely ov]come by mak+ ! idea ( probability p]fectly cle> 9 our m9ds 9 ! way set =? 9 our la/ pap]4 ,,iii ,to get a cle> idea ( :at we mean by probability1 we h to consid] :at real & s5sible diff]5ce !re is betwe5 "o degree ( probability & ano!r4 ,! "* ( probability belongs prim>ily1 )\t d\bt1 to c]ta9 inf]5ces4 ,locke expla9s x z foll[s3 ,aft] rem>k+ t ! ma!matician positively kn[s t ! sum ( ! ?ree angles ( a triangle is equal to two "r angles because he appreh5ds ! geometrical pro(1 he ?us cont9ues3 8,b ano!r man :o nev] took ! pa9s to obs]ve ! demon/ration1 he>+ a ma!matician1 a man ( cr$it1 affirm ! ?ree angles ( a triangle to be equal to two "r ones1 ass5ts to x2 i4e41 receives x = true4 ,9 :i* case ! f\ndation ( 8 ass5t is ! probability ( ! ?+1 ! pro( be+ su* z1 = ! mo/ "p1 c>ries tru? ) x2 ! man on ^: te/imony he receives x n be+ wont to affirm any?+ contr>y to1 or besides 8 k1 especially 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d40 ,! celebrat$ ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+ conta9s _m passages :i*1 l ?is "o1 make ! fir/ /eps 9 pr(\nd analyses :i* are n fur!r develop$4 ,x 0 %[n 9 ! fir/ ( ^! pap]s t ! validity ( an inf]5ce does n dep5d on any t5d5cy ( ! m9d to accept x1 h[ev] /rong su* t5d5cy may be2 b consi/s 9 ! real fact t1 :5 premises l ^? ( ! argum5t 9 "q are true1 conclusions relat$ to !m l t ( ?is argum5t are also true4 ,x 0 rem>k$ t 9 a logical m9d an argum5t is always conceiv$ z a memb] ( a g5us ( argum5ts all con/ruct$ 9 ! same way1 & su* t1 :5 _! premises are real facts1 _! conclusions are s also4 ,if ! argum5t is demon/rative1 !n ?is is always s2 if x is only probable1 !n x is = ! mo/ "p s4 ,z ,locke says1 ! probable argum5t is 8su* z = ! mo/ "p c>ries tru? ) x40 ,accord+ to ?is1 t real & s5sible diff]5ce betwe5 "o degree ( probability & ano!r1 9 :i* ! mean+ ( ! di/9ction lies1 is t 9 ! frequ5t employm5t ( two diff]5t modes ( inf]5ce1 "o w c>ry tru? ) x (t5] ?an ! o!r4 ,x is evid5t t ?is is ! only diff]5ce !re is 9 ! exi/+ fact4 ,hav+ c]ta9 premises1 a man draws a c]ta9 conclusion1 & z f> z ?is inf]5ce alone is conc]n$ ! only possible practical "q is :e!r t conclusion is true or n1 & betwe5 exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce !re is no middle t]m4 8,be+ only is & no?+ is altoge!r n10 said ,p>m5ides2 & ?is is 9 /rict accordance ) ! analysis ( ! conception ( reality giv5 9 ! la/ pap]4 ,= we f\nd t ! di/9ction ( reality & fiction dep5ds on ! supposition t suffici5t inve/igation w\ld cause "o op9ion to be univ]sally receiv$ & all o!rs to be reject$4 ,t presupposition1 involv$ 9 ! v conceptions ( reality & figm5t1 involves a complete sund]+ ( ! two4 ,x is ! heav5-&-hell idea 9 ! doma9 ( ?\ght4 ,b1 9 ! long run1 !re is a real fact :i* corresponds to ! idea ( probability1 & x is t a giv5 mode ( inf]5ce sometimes proves successful & sometimes n1 & t 9 a ratio ultimately fix$4 ,z we g on draw+ inf]5ce aft] inf]5ce ( ! giv5 k9d1 dur+ ! fir/ t5 or hundr$ cases ! ratio ( successes may be expect$ to %[ consid]able fluctuations2 b :5 we come into ! ?\s&s & millions1 ^! fluctuations become less & less2 & if we cont9ue long en\gh1 ! ratio w approximate t[>d a fix$ limit4 ,we may1 !re=e1 def9e ! probability ( a mode ( argum5t z ! proportion ( cases 9 :i* x c>ries tru? ) x4 ,! inf]5ce f ! premise1 ,a1 to ! conclusion1 ,b1 dep5ds1 z we h se51 on ! guid+ pr9ciple1 t if a fact ( ! class ,a is true1 a fact ( ! class ,b is true4 ,! probability consi/s ( ! fraction ^: num]ator is ! numb] ( times 9 :i* bo? ,a & ,b are true1 & ^: d5om9ator is ! total numb] ( times 9 :i* ,a is true1 :e!r ,b is s or n4 ,in/ead ( speak+ ( ?is z ! probability ( ! inf]5ce1 !re is n ! slighte/ objection to call+ x ! probability t1 if ,a happ5s1 ,b happ5s4 ,b to speak ( ! probability ( ! ev5t ,b1 )\t nam+ ! condition1 really has no mean+ at all4 ,x is true t :5 x is p]fectly obvi\s :at condition is meant1 ! ellipsis may be p]mitt$4 ,b we %\ld avoid contract+ ! habit ( us+ language 9 ?is way 7univ]sal z ! habit is71 because x gives rise to a vague way ( ?9k+1 z if ! action ( causation might ei!r det]m9e an ev5t to happ5 or det]m9e x n to happ51 or leave x m or less free to happ5 or n1 s z to give rise to an inh]5t *ance 9 reg>d to its occurr5ce4#cg ,x is q cle> to me t "s ( ! wor/ & mo/ p]si/5t errors 9 ! use ( ! doctr9e ( *ances h aris5 f ?is vici\s mode ( expression4#ch ,,iv ,b !re rema9s an important po9t to be cle>$ up4 ,accord+ to :at has be5 said1 ! idea ( probability ess5tially belongs to a k9d ( inf]5ce :i* is repeat$ indef9itely4 ,an individual inf]5ce mu/ be ei!r true or false1 & c %[ no effect ( probability2 &1 !re=e1 9 ref]5ce to a s+le case consid]$ 9 itself1 probability c h no mean+4 ,yet if a man _h to *oose betwe5 draw+ a c>d f a pack conta9+ tw5ty-five r$ c>ds & a black "o1 or f a pack conta9+ tw5ty-five black c>ds & a r$ "o1 & if ! draw+ ( a r$ c>d 7 de/9$ to transport him to et]nal felicity1 & t ( a black "o to consign him to ev]la/+ woe1 x w\ld be folly to d5y t he ought to pref] ! pack conta9+ ! l>g] portion ( r$ c>ds1 al?\gh1 f ! nature ( ! risk1 x c\ld n be repeat$4 ,x is n easy to reconcile ?is ) our analysis ( ! conception ( *ance4 ,b suppose he %\ld *oose ! r$ pack1 & %\ld draw ! wrong c>d1 :at consolation w\ld he h8 ,he might say t he _h act$ 9 accordance ) reason1 b t w\ld only %[ t 8 reason 0 absolutely wor?less4 ,& if he %\ld *oose ! "r c>d1 h[ c\ld he reg>d x z any?+ b a happy accid5t8 ,he c\ld n say t if he _h drawn f ! o!r pack1 he might h drawn ! wrong "o1 because an hypo!tical proposition su* z1 8if ,a1 !n ,b10 means no?+ ) ref]5ce to a s+le case4 ,tru? consi/s 9 ! exi/5ce ( a real fact correspond+ to ! true proposition4 ,correspond+ to ! proposition1 8if ,a1 !n ,b10 !re may be ! fact t :5ev] su* an ev5t z ,a happ5s su* an ev5t z ,b happ5s4 ,b 9 ! case suppos$1 :i* has no p>allel z f> z ?is man is conc]n$1 !re w\ld be no real fact ^: exi/5ce c\ld give any tru? to ! /atem5t t1 if he _h drawn f ! o!r pack1 he might h drawn a black c>d4 ,inde$1 s9ce ! validity ( an inf]5ce consi/s 9 ! tru? ( ! hypo!tical proposition t if ! premises be true ! conclusion w also be true1 & s9ce ! only real fact :i* c correspond to su* a proposition is t :5ev] ! antec$5t is true ! consequ5t is s also1 x foll[s t !re c be no s5se 9 reason+ 9 an isolat$ case1 at all4 ,^! consid]ations appe>1 at fir/ sight1 to dispose ( ! difficulty m5tion$4 ,yet ! case ( ! o!r side is n yet exhau/$4 ,al?\gh probability w probably manife/ its effect 91 say1 a ?\s& risks1 by a c]ta9 proportion betwe5 ! numb]s ( successes & failures1 yet ?is1 z we h se51 is only to say t x c]ta9ly w1 at l5g?1 d s4 ,n[ ! numb] ( risks1 ! numb] ( probable inf]5ces1 :i* a man draws 9 8 :ole life1 is a f9ite "o1 & he _c be absolutely c]ta9 t ! mean result w accord ) ! probabilities at all4 ,tak+ all 8 risks collectively1 !n1 x _c be c]ta9 t !y w n fail1 & 8 case does n diff]1 except 9 degree1 f ! "o la/ suppos$4 ,x is an indubitable result ( ! !ory ( probabilities t e gambl]1 if he cont9ues long en\gh1 mu/ ultimately be ru9$4 ,suppose he tries ! m>t+ale1 :i* "s believe infallible1 & :i* is1 z ,i am in=m$1 disall[$ 9 ! gambl+-h\ses4 ,9 ?is me?od ( play+1 he fir/ bets say #a2 if he loses x he bets #b2 if he loses t he bets #d2 if he loses t he bets #h2 if he !n ga9s he has lo/ #a #b #d #g1 & he has ga9$ #a m2 & no matt] h[ _m bets he loses1 ! fir/ "o he ga9s w make him #a ri*] ?an he 0 9 ! beg9n+4 ,9 t way1 he w probably ga9 at fir/2 b1 at la/1 ! "t w come :5 ! run ( luck is s aga9/ him t he w n h money en\gh to d\ble1 & mu/1 !re=e1 let 8 bet g4 ,?is w probably happ5 be=e he has won z mu* z he _h 9 ! fir/ place1 s t ?is run aga9/ him w leave him poor] ?an he began2 "s "t or o!r x w be sure to happ54 ,x is true t !re is always a possibility ( 8 w9n+ any sum ! bank c pay1 & we ?us come ^u a celebrat$ p>adox t1 ?\gh he is c]ta9 to be ru9$1 ! value ( 8 expectation calculat$ accord+ to ! usual rules 7:i* omit ?is consid]ation7 is l>ge4 ,b1 :e!r a gambl] plays 9 ?is way or any o!r1 ! same ?+ is true1 namely1 t if he plays long en\gh he w be sure "s "t to h su* a run aga9/ him z to exhau/ 8 entire =tune4 ,! same ?+ is true ( an insurance company4 ,let ! directors take ! utmo/ pa9s to be indep5d5t ( great conflagrations & pe/il5ces1 _! actu>ies c tell !m t1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( *ances1 ! "t mu/ come1 at la/1 :5 _! losses w br+ !m to a /op4 ,!y may tide ov] su* a crisis by extraord9>y means1 b !n !y w />t aga9 9 a weak5$ /ate1 & ! same ?+ w happ5 aga9 all ! soon]4 ,an actu>y might be incl9$ to d5y ?is1 because he kn[s t ! expectation ( 8 company is l>ge1 or p]haps 7neglect+ ! int]e/ ^u money7 is inf9ite4 ,b calculations ( expectations leave out ( acc\nt ! circum/ance n[ "u consid]ation1 :i* rev]ses ! :ole ?+4 ,h[ev]1 ,i mu/ n be und]/ood z say+ t insurance is on ?is acc\nt uns\nd1 m ?an o!r k9ds ( bus9ess4 ,all human affairs re/ ^u probabilities1 & ! same ?+ is true ev]y:]e4 ,if man 7 immortal he c\ld be p]fectly sure ( see+ ! day :5 ev]y?+ 9 :i* he _h tru/$ %\ld betray 8 tru/1 &1 9 %ort1 ( com+ ev5tually to hopeless mis]y4 ,he w\ld break d[n1 at la/1 z e good =tune1 z e dyna/y1 z e civilization does4 ,9 place ( ?is we h dea?4 ,b :at1 )\t dea?1 w\ld happ5 to e man1 ) dea? mu/ happ5 to "s man4 ,at ! same "t1 dea? makes ! numb] ( our risks1 ( our inf]5ces1 f9ite1 & s makes _! mean result unc]ta94 ,! v idea ( probability & ( reason+ re/s on ! assumption t ?is numb] is indef9itely great4 ,we are ?us l&$ 9 ! same difficulty z be=e1 & ,i c see b "o solution ( x4 ,x seems to me t we are driv5 to ?is1 t logicality inexorably requires t our int]e/s %all n be limit$4 ,!y mu/ n /op at our own fate1 b mu/ embrace ! :ole community4 ,?is community1 aga91 mu/ n be limit$1 b mu/ ext5d to all races ( be+s ) :om we c come into imm$iate or m$iate intellectual relation4 ,x mu/ rea*1 h[ev] vaguely1 beyond ?is geological epo*1 beyond all b\nds4 ,he :o w\ld n sacrifice 8 own s\l to save ! :ole _w1 is1 z x seems to me1 illogical 9 all 8 inf]5ces1 collectively4 ,logic is root$ 9 ! social pr9ciple4 ,to be logical m5 %\ld n be selfi%2 &1 9 po9t ( fact1 !y are n s selfi% z !y are ?\ght4 ,! willful prosecution ( "o's desires is a diff]5t ?+ f selfi%ness4 ,! mis] is n selfi%2 8 money does him no good1 & he c>es = :at %all become ( x aft] 8 dea?4 ,we are con/antly speak+ ( our possessions on ! ,pacific1 & ( our de/9y z a republic1 :]e no p]sonal int]e/s are involv$1 9 a way :i* %[s t we h wid] ones4 ,we discuss ) anxiety ! possible exhau/ion ( coal 9 "s hundr$s ( ye>s1 or ! cool+-(f ( ! sun 9 "s millions1 & %[ 9 ! mo/ popul> ( all religi\s t5ets t we c conceive ! possibility ( a man's desc5d+ into hell = ! salvation ( 8 fell[s4 ,n[1 x is n necess>y = logicality t a man %\ld himself be capable ( ! h]oism ( self-sacrifice4 ,x is suffici5t t he %\ld recognize ! possibility ( x1 %\ld p]ceive t only t man's inf]5ces :o has x are really logical1 & %\ld consequ5tly reg>d 8 own z be+ only s f> valid z !y w\ld be accept$ by ! h]o4 ,s f> z he ?us ref]s 8 inf]5ces to t /&>d1 he becomes id5tifi$ ) su* a m9d4 ,?is makes logicality atta9able en\gh4 ,sometimes we c p]sonally atta9 to h]oism4 ,! soldi] :o runs to scale a wall kn[s t he w probably be %ot1 b t is n all he c>es =4 ,he also kn[s t if all ! regim5t1 ) :om 9 feel+ he id5tifies himself1 ru% =w>d at once1 ! =t w be tak54 ,9 o!r cases we c only imitate ! virtue4 ,! man :om we h suppos$ z hav+ to draw f ! two packs1 :o if he is n a logician w draw f ! r$ pack f m]e habit1 w see1 if he is logician en\gh1 t he _c be logical s long z he is conc]n$ only ) 8 own fate1 b t t man :o %\ld c>e equally = :at 0 to happ5 9 all possible cases ( ! sort c\ld act logically1 & w\ld draw f ! pack ) ! mo/ r$ c>ds1 & ?us1 ?\gh incapable himself ( su* sublimity1 our logician w\ld imitate ! effect ( t man's c\rage 9 ord] to %>e 8 logicality4 ,b all ?is requires a conceiv$ id5tification ( "o's int]e/s ) ^? ( an unlimit$ community4 ,n[1 !re exi/ no reasons1 & a lat] discussion w %[ t !re c be no reasons1 = ?9k+ t ! human race1 or any intellectual race1 w exi/ =ev]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re c be no reason aga9/ x2#ci &1 =tunately1 z ! :ole requirem5t is t we %\ld h c]ta9 s5tim5ts1 !re is no?+ 9 ! facts to =bid our hav+ a hope1 or calm & *e]ful wi%1 t ! community may la/ beyond any assignable date4 ,x may seem /range t ,i %\ld put =w>d ?ree s5tim5ts1 namely1 int]e/ 9 an indef9ite community1 recognition ( ! possibility ( ?is int]e/ be+ made supreme1 & hope 9 ! unlimit$ cont9uance ( intellectual activity1 z indisp5sable requirem5ts ( logic4 ,yet1 :5 we consid] t logic dep5ds on a m]e /ruggle to escape d\bt1 :i*1 z x t]m9ates 9 action1 mu/ beg9 9 emotion1 & t1 fur!rmore1 ! only cause ( our plant+ ourselves on reason is t o!r me?ods ( escap+ d\bt fail on acc\nt ( ! social impulse1 :y %\ld we wond] to f9d social s5tim5t presuppos$ 9 reason+8 ,z = ! o!r two s5tim5ts :i* ,i f9d necess>y1 !y are s only z supports & accessories ( t4 ,x int]e/s me to notice t ^! ?ree s5tim5ts seem to be pretty mu* ! same z t fam\s trio ( ,*>ity1 ,fai?1 & ,hope1 :i*1 9 ! e/imation ( ,/4 ,paul1 are ! f9e/ & greate/ ( spiritual gifts4 ,nei!r ,old nor ,new ,te/am5t is a textbook ( ! logic ( sci5ce1 b ! latt] is c]ta9ly ! highe/ exi/+ au?ority 9 reg>d to ! dispositions ( he>t :i* a man ought to h4 ,v ,su* av]age /ati/ical numb]s z ! numb] ( inhabitants p] squ>e mile1 ! av]age numb] ( dea?s p] week1 ! numb] ( convictions p] indictm5t1 or1 g5]ally speak+1 ! numb]s ( x's p] y1 :]e ! x's are a class ( ?+s "s or all ( :i* are connect$ ) ano!r class ( ?+s1 _! y's1 ,i t]m relative numb]s4 ,( ! two classes ( ?+s to :i* a relative numb] ref]s1 t "o ( :i* x is a numb] may be call$ its relate1 & t "o p] :i* ! num]ation is made may be call$ its correlate4 ,probability is a k9d ( relative numb]2 namely1 x is ! ratio ( ! numb] ( argum5ts ( a c]ta9 g5us :i* c>ry tru? ) !m to ! total numb] ( argum5ts ( t g5us1 & ! rules = ! calculation ( probabilities are v easily d]iv$ f ?is consid]ation4 ,!y may all be giv5 "h1 s9ce !y are extremely simple1 & x is sometimes conv5i5t to "k some?+ ( ! elem5t>y rules ( calculation ( *ances4 ,,rule ,i4 ,direct ,calculation4--,to calculate1 directly1 any relative numb]1 say = in/ance ! numb] ( pass5g]s 9 ! av]age trip ( a /reet-c>1 we mu/ proce$ z foll[s3 ,c\nt ! numb] ( pass5g]s = ea* trip2 add all ^! numb]s1 & divide by ! numb] ( trips4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* ?is rule may be simplifi$4 ,suppose we wi% to "k ! numb] ( inhabitants to a dwell+ 9 ,new ,york4 ,! same p]son _c inhabit two dwell+s4 ,if he divide 8 "t betwe5 two dwell+s he ought to be c\nt$ a half-inhabitant ( ea*4 ,9 ?is case we h only to divide ! total numb] ( ! inhabitants ( ,new ,york by ! numb] ( _! dwell+s1 )\t ! necessity ( c\nt+ sep>ately ^? :i* inhabit ea* "o4 ,a simil> proce$+ w apply :]ev] ea* individual relate belongs to "o individual correlate exclusively4 ,if we want ! numb] ( x's p] y1 & no x belongs to m ?an "o y1 we h only to divide ! :ole numb] ( x's ( y's by ! numb] ( y's4 ,su* a me?od w\ld1 ( c\rse1 fail if appli$ to f9d+ ! av]age numb] ( /reet-c> pass5g]s p] trip4 ,we c\ld n divide ! total numb] ( travel]s by ! numb] ( trips1 s9ce _m ( !m w\ld h made _m passages4 ,to f9d ! probability t f a giv5 class ( premises1 ,a1 a giv5 class ( conclusions1 ,b1 foll[1 x is simply necess>y to asc]ta9 :at proportion ( ! times 9 :i* premises ( t class are true1 ! appropriate conclusions are also true4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! numb] ( cases ( ! occurr5ce ( bo? ! ev5ts ,a & ,b1 divid$ by ! total numb] ( cases ( ! occurr5ce ( ! ev5t ,a4 ,,rule ,,ii4 ,addition ( ,relative ,numb]s4--,giv5 two relative numb]s hav+ ! same correlate1 say ! numb] ( x's p] y1 & ! numb] ( z's p] y2 x is requir$ to f9d ! numb] ( x's & z's toge!r p] y4 ,if !re is no?+ :i* is at once an x & a z to ! same y1 ! sum ( ! two giv5 numb]s w\ld give ! requir$ numb]4 ,suppose1 = example1 t we _h giv5 ! av]age numb] ( fri5ds t m5 h1 & ! av]age numb] ( enemies1 ! sum ( ^! two is ! av]age numb] ( p]sons int]e/$ 9 a man4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x pla9ly w\ld n d to add ! av]age numb] ( p]sons hav+ con/itutional diseases & ov] milit>y age1 to ! av]age numb] exempt$ by ea* special cause f milit>y s]vice1 9 ord] to get ! av]age numb] exempt 9 any way1 s9ce _m are exempt 9 two or m ways at once4 ,?is rule applies directly to probabilities1 giv5 ! probability t two diff]5t & mutually exclusive ev5ts w happ5 "u ! same suppos$ set ( circum/ances4 ,giv51 = in/ance1 ! probability t if ,a !n ,b1 & also ! probability t if ,a !n ,c1 !n ! sum ( ^! two probabilities is ! probability t if ,a !n ei!r ,b or ,c1 s long z !re is no ev5t :i* belongs at once to ! two classes ,b & ,c4 ,,rule ,,iii4 ,multiplication ( ,relative ,numb]s4--,suppose t we h giv5 ! relative numb] ( x's p] y2 also ! relative numb] ( z's p] x ( y2 or1 to take a concrete example1 suppose t we h giv51 fir/1 ! av]age numb] ( *ildr5 9 families liv+ 9 ,new ,york2 &1 second1 ! av]age numb] ( tee? 9 ! head ( a ,new ,york *ild--!n ! product ( ^! two numb]s w\ld give ! av]age numb] ( *ildr5's tee? 9 a ,new ,york family4 ,b ?is mode ( reckon+ w only apply 9 g5]al "u two re/rictions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x w\ld n be true if ! same *ild c\ld belong to diff]5t families1 = 9 t case ^? *ildr5 :o belong$ to sev]al diff]5t families might h an exceptionally l>ge or small numb] ( tee?1 :i* w\ld affect ! av]age numb] ( *ildr5's tee? 9 a family m ?an x w\ld affect ! av]age numb] ( tee? 9 a *ild's head4 ,9 ! second place1 ! rule w\ld n be true if diff]5t *ildr5 c\ld %>e ! same tee?1 ! av]age numb] ( *ildr5's tee? be+ 9 t case evid5tly some?+ diff]5t f ! av]age numb] ( tee? belong+ to a *ild4 ,9 ord] to apply ?is rule to probabilities1 we mu/ proce$ z foll[s3 ,suppose t we h giv5 ! probability t ! conclusion ,b foll[s f ! premise ,a1 ,b & ,a repres5t+ z usual c]ta9 classes ( propositions4 ,suppose t we also knew ! probability ( an inf]5ce 9 :i* ,b %\ld be ! premise1 & a proposition ( a ?ird k9d1 ,c1 ! conclusion4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! mat]ials = ! application ( ?is rule4 ,we h1 fir/1 ! relative numb] ( ,b's p] ,a4 ,we next %\ld h ! relative numb] ( ,c's p] ,b foll[+ f ,a4 ,b ! classes ( propositions be+ s select$ t ! probability ( ,c foll[+ f any ,b 9 g5]al is j ! same z ! probability ( ,c's foll[+ f "o ( ^? ,b's :i* is d$ucible f an ,a1 ! two probabilities may be multipli$ toge!r1 9 ord] to give ! probability ( ,c foll[+ f ,a4 ,! same re/rictions exi/ z be=e4 ,x might happ5 t ! probability t ,b foll[s f ,a 0 affect$ by c]ta9 propositions ( ! class ,b foll[+ f sev]al diff]5t propositions ( ! class ,a4 ,b1 practically speak+1 all ^! re/rictions are ( v little consequ5ce1 & x is usually recogniz$ z a pr9ciple univ]sally true t ! probability t1 if ,a is true1 ,b is1 multipli$ by ! probability t1 if ,b is true1 ,c is1 gives ! probability t1 if ,a is true1 ,c is4 ,!re is a rule supplem5t>y to ?is1 ( :i* great use is made4 ,x is n univ]sally valid1 & ! greate/ caution has to be ex]cis$ 9 mak+ use ( x--a d\ble c>e1 fir/1 nev] to use x :5 x w involve s]i\s error2 &1 second1 nev] to fail to take advantage ( x 9 cases 9 :i* x c be employ$4 ,?is rule dep5ds ^u ! fact t 9 v _m cases ! probability t ,c is true if ,b is1 is sub/antially ! same z ! probability t ,c is true if ,a is4 ,suppose1 = example1 we h ! av]age numb] ( males among ! *ildr5 born 9 ,new ,york2 suppose t we also h ! av]age numb] ( *ildr5 born 9 ! w9t] mon?s among ^? born 9 ,new ,york4 ,n[1 we may assume )\t d\bt1 at lea/ z a closely approximate proposition 7& no v nice calculation w\ld be 9 place 9 reg>d to probabilities71 t ! proportion ( males among all ! *ildr5 born 9 ,new ,york is ! same z ! proportion ( males born 9 summ] 9 ,new ,york2 &1 !re=e1 if ! names ( all ! *ildr5 born dur+ a ye> 7 put into an urn1 we might multiply ! probability t any "n drawn w\ld be ! "n ( a male *ild by ! probability t x w\ld be ! "n ( a *ild born 9 summ]1 9 ord] to obta9 ! probability t x w\ld be ! "n ( a male *ild born 9 summ]4 ,! que/ions ( probability1 9 ! treatises ^u ! subject1 h usually be5 su* z relate to balls drawn f urns1 & games ( c>ds1 & s on1 9 :i* ! "q ( ! indep5d5ce ( ev5ts1 z x is call$--t is to say1 ! "q ( :e!r ! probability ( ,c1 "u ! hypo!sis ,b1 is ! same z its probability "u ! hypo!sis ,a1 has be5 v simple2 b1 9 ! application ( probabilities to ! ord9>y que/ions ( life1 x is (t5 an exce$+ly nice "q :e!r two ev5ts may be consid]$ z indep5d5t ) suffici5t accuracy or n4 ,9 all calculations ab\t c>ds x is assum$ t ! c>ds are ?or\ghly %uffl$1 :i* makes "o deal q indep5d5t ( ano!r4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! c>ds seldom are1 9 practice1 %uffl$ suffici5tly to make ?is true2 ?us1 9 a game ( :i/1 9 :i* ! c>ds h fall5 9 suits ( f\r ( ! same suit1 & are s ga!r$ up1 !y w lie m or less 9 sets ( f\r ( ! same suit1 & ?is w be true ev5 aft] !y are %uffl$4 ,at lea/ "s traces ( ?is arrangem5t w rema91 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! numb] ( 8%ort suits10 z !y are call$--t is to say1 ! numb] ( h&s 9 :i* ! c>ds are v unequally divid$ 9 reg>d to suits--is small] ?an ! calculation w\ld make x to be2 s t1 :5 !re is a misdeal1 :]e ! c>ds1 be+ ?r[n ab\t ! table1 get v ?or\ghly %uffl$1 x is a common say+ t 9 ! h&s next dealt out !re are g5]ally %ort suits4 ,a few ye>s ago a fri5d ( m9e1 :o plays :i/ a great deal1 0 s good z to c\nt ! numb] ( spades dealt to him 9 #afe h&s1 9 :i* ! c>ds _h be51 if any?+1 %uffl$ bett] ?an usual4 ,accord+ to calculation1 !re %\ld h be5 #he ( ^! h&s 9 :i* my fri5d held ei!r ?ree or f\r spades1 b 9 po9t ( fact !re 7 #id1 %[+ ! influ5ce ( imp]fect %uffl+4 ,accord+ to ! view "h tak51 ^! are ! only fundam5tal rules = ! calculation ( *ances4 ,an additional "o1 d]iv$ f a diff]5t conception ( probability1 is giv5 9 "s treatises1 :i* if x be s\nd might be made ! basis ( a !ory ( reason+4 ,be+1 z ,i believe x is1 absolutely absurd1 ! consid]ation ( x s]ves to br+ u to ! true !ory2 & x is = ! sake ( ?is discussion1 :i* mu/ be po/pon$ to ! next numb]1 t ,i h br\ght ! doctr9e ( *ances to ! read]'s att5tion at ?is e>ly /age ( our /udies ( ! logic ( sci5ce4 ,footnote #cd3 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,m>*1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #ce3 ,lat]1 pp4 #agj ff4 & #bae ff41 x is %[n t cont9uity is also at ! basis ( ma!matical g5]alization4 ,see also article on ,syne*ism 9 ,baldw9's ,diction>y ( ,philosophy4 ,footnote #cf3 ,?is mode ( ?\ght is s famili>ly associat$ ) all exact num]ical consid]ation1 t ! phrase appropriate to x is imitat$ by %all[ writ]s 9 ord] to produce ! appe>ance ( exactitude :]e none exi/s4 ,c]ta9 newspap]s :i* affect a le>n$ tone talk ( 8! av]age man10 :5 !y simply mean mo/ m51 & h no idea ( /rik+ an av]age4 ,footnote #cg3 ,cf4 pp4 #agi ff4 bel[4 ,footnote #ch3 ,! conception ( probability "h set =? is sub/antially t fir/ develop$ by ,mr4 ,v5n1 9 8 ,logic ( ,*ance4 ,( c\rse1 a vague appreh5sion ( ! idea _h always exi/$1 b ! problem 0 to make x p]fectly cle>1 & to him belongs ! cr$it ( fir/ do+ ?is4 ,footnote #ci3 ,i d n "h admit an absolutely unkn[able4 ,evid5ce c\ld %[ u :at w\ld probably be ! case aft] any giv5 lapse ( "t2 & ?\gh a subsequ5t "t might be assign$ :i* t evid5ce might n cov]1 yet fur!r evid5ce w\ld cov] x4 ,,f\r? ,,pap] ,,! ,,probability ,,( ,,induction#dj ,i ,we h f\nd t e argum5t d]ives its =ce f ! g5]al tru? ( ! class ( inf]5ces to :i* x belongs2 & t probability is ! proportion ( argum5ts c>ry+ tru? ) !m among ^? ( any g5us4 ,?is is mo/ conv5i5tly express$ 9 ! nom5clature ( ! m$ieval logicians4 ,!y call$ ! fact express$ by a premise an antec$5t1 & t :i* foll[s f x its consequ5t2 :ile ! lead+ pr9ciple1 t e 7or almo/ e7 su* antec$5t is foll[$ by su* a consequ5t1 !y t]m$ ! consequ5ce4 ,us+ ?is language1 we may say t probability belongs exclusively to consequ5ces1 & ! probability ( any consequ5ce is ! numb] ( times 9 :i* antec$5t & consequ5t bo? occur divid$ by ! numb] ( all ! times 9 :i* ! antec$5t occurs4 ,f ?is def9ition are d$uc$ ! foll[+ rules = ! addition & multiplication ( probabilities3 ,rule = ! ,addition ( ,probabilities4--,giv5 ! sep>ate probabilities ( two consequ5ces hav+ ! same antec$5t & incompatible consequ5ts4 ,!n ! sum ( ^! two numb]s is ! probability ( ! consequ5ce1 t f ! same antec$5t "o or o!r ( ^? consequ5ts foll[s4 ,rule = ! ,multiplication ( ,probabilities4--,giv5 ! sep>ate probabilities ( ! two consequ5ces1 8,if ,a !n ,b10 & 8,if bo? ,a & ,b1 !n ,c40 ,!n ! product ( ^! two numb]s is ! probability ( ! consequ5ce1 8,if ,a1 !n bo? ,b & ,c40 ,special ,rule = ! ,multiplication ( ,indep5d5t ,probabilities4--,giv5 ! sep>ate probabilities ( two consequ5ces hav+ ! same antec$5ts1 8,if ,a1 !n ,b10 & 8,if ,a1 !n ,c40 ,suppose t ^! consequ5ces are su* t ! probability ( ! second is equal to ! probability ( ! consequ5ce1 8,if bo? ,a & ,b1 !n ,c40 ,!n ! product ( ! two giv5 numb]s is equal to ! probability ( ! consequ5ce1 8,if ,a1 !n bo? ,b & ,c40 ,to %[ ! work+ ( ^! rules we may exam9e ! probabilities 9 reg>d to ?r[+ dice4 ,:at is ! probability ( ?r[+ a six ) "o die8 ,! antec$5t "h is ! ev5t ( ?r[+ a die2 ! consequ5t1 its turn+ up a six4 ,z ! die has six sides1 all ( :i* are turn$ up ) equal frequ5cy1 ! probability ( turn+ up any "o is #a_/f4 ,suppose two dice are ?r[n1 :at is ! probability ( ?r[+ sixes8 ,! probability ( ei!r com+ up six is obvi\sly ! same :5 bo? are ?r[n z :5 "o is ?r[n--namely1 #a_/f4 ,! probability t ei!r w come up six :5 ! o!r does is also ! same z t ( its com+ up six :e!r ! o!r does or n4 ,! probabilities are1 !re=e1 indep5d5t2 &1 by our rule1 ! probability t bo? ev5ts w happ5 toge!r is ! product ( _! sev]al probabilities1 or #a_/f x #a_/f4 ,:at is ! probability ( ?r[+ deuce-ace8 ,! probability t ! fir/ die w turn up ace & ! second deuce is ! same z ! probability t bo? w turn up sixes--namely1 #a_/cf2 ! probability t ! second w turn up ace & ! fir/ deuce is likewise #a_/cf2 ^! two ev5ts--fir/1 ace2 second1 deuce2 &1 second1 ace2 fir/1 deuce--are incompatible4 ,h5ce ! rule = addition holds1 & ! probability t ei!r w come up ace & ! o!r deuce is #a_/cf #a_/cf1 or #a_/ah4 ,9 ?is way all problems ab\t dice1 etc41 may be solv$4 ,:5 ! numb] ( dice ?r[n is suppos$ v l>ge1 ma!matics 7:i* may be def9$ z ! art ( mak+ gr\ps to facilitate num]ation7 comes to our aid ) c]ta9 devices to r$uce ! difficulties4 ,,ii ,! conception ( probability z a matt] ( fact1 i4e41 z ! proportion ( times 9 :i* an occurr5ce ( "o k9d is accompani$ by an occurr5ce ( ano!r k9d1 is t]m$ by ,mr4 ,v5n ! mat]iali/ic view ( ! subject4 ,b probability has (t5 be5 reg>d$ z be+ simply ! degree ( belief :i* ought to atta* to a proposition1 & ?is mode ( expla9+ ! idea is t]m$ by ,v5n ! conceptuali/ic view4 ,mo/ writ]s h mix$ ! two conceptions toge!r4 ,!y1 fir/1 def9e ! probability ( an ev5t z ! reason we h to believe t x has tak5 place1 :i* is conceptuali/ic2 b %ortly aft] !y /ate t x is ! ratio ( ! numb] ( cases favorable to ! ev5t to ! total numb] ( cases favorable or contr>y1 & all equally possible4 ,except t ?is introduces ! ?or\ghly uncle> idea ( cases equally possible 9 place ( cases equally frequ5t1 ?is is a tol]able /atem5t ( ! mat]iali/ic view4 ,! pure conceptuali/ic !ory has be5 be/ exp\nd$ by ,mr4 ,de ,morgan 9 8 ,=mal ,logic3 or1 ! ,calculus ( ,inf]5ce1 ,necess>y & ,probable4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! two analyses is1 t ! conceptuali/s ref] probability to an ev5t1 :ile ! mat]iali/s make x ! ratio ( frequ5cy ( ev5ts ( a species to ^? ( a g5us ov] t species1 ?us giv+ x two t]ms in/ead ( "o4 ,! opposition may be made to appe> z foll[s3 ,suppose t we h two rules ( inf]5ce1 su* t1 ( all ! que/ions to ! solution ( :i* bo? c be appli$1 ! fir/ yields correct answ]s to #ha_/ajj1 & incorrect answ]s to ! rema9+ #ai_/ajj2 :ile ! second yields correct answ]s to #ic_/ajj1 & incorrect answ]s to ! rema9+ #g_/ajj4 ,suppose1 fur!r1 t ! two rules are entirely indep5d5t z to _! tru?1 s t ! second answ]s correctly #ic_/ajj ( ! que/ions :i* ! fir/ answ]s correctly1 & also #ic_/ajj ( ! que/ions :i* ! fir/ answ]s incorrectly1 & answ]s incorrectly ! rema9+ #g_/ajj ( ! que/ions :i* ! fir/ answ]s correctly1 & also ! rema9+ #g_/ajj ( ! que/ions :i* ! fir/ answ]s incorrectly4 ,!n1 ( all ! que/ions to ! solution ( :i* bo? rules c be appli$-- bo? answ] correctly #ic_/ajj ( #ha_/ajj or #ic_/ajj x #ha_/ajj2 ! second answ]s correctly & ! fir/ incorrectly #ic_/ajj ( #ai_/ajj or #ic_/ajj x #ai_/ajj2 ! second answ]s incorrectly & ! fir/ correctly #g_/ajj ( #ha_/ajj or #g_/ajj x #ha_/ajj2 & bo? answ] incorrectly #g_/ajj ( #ai_/ajj or #g_/ajj x #ai_/ajj2 ,suppose1 n[1 t1 9 ref]5ce to any "q1 bo? give ! same answ]4 ,!n 7! que/ions be+ always su* z are to be answ]$ by yes or no71 ^? 9 ref]5ce to :i* _! answ]s agree are ! same z ^? :i* bo? answ] correctly toge!r ) ^? :i* bo? answ] falsely1 or #ic_/ajj x #ha_/ajj #g_/ajj x #ai_/ajj ( all4 ,! proportion ( ^? :i* bo? answ] correctly out ( ^? _! answ]s to :i* agree is1 !re=e-- 77#ic #ha7_/7ajj #ajj77_/77ic #ha7_/7ajj #ajj77 77#g #ai7_/7ajj #ajj77 or 7#ic #ha7_/77ic #ha7 7#g #ai774 ,?is is1 !re=e1 ! probability t1 if bo? modes ( inf]5ce yield ! same result1 t result is correct4 ,we may "h conv5i5tly make use ( ano!r mode ( expression4 ,probability is ! ratio ( ! favorable cases to all ! cases4 ,in/ead ( express+ our result 9 t]ms ( ?is ratio1 we may make use ( ano!r--! ratio ( favorable to unfavorable cases4 ,?is la/ ratio may be call$ ! *ance ( an ev5t4 ,!n ! *ance ( a true answ] by ! fir/ mode ( inf]5ce is #ha_/ai & by ! second is #ic_/g2 & ! *ance ( a correct answ] f bo?1 :5 !y agree1 is-- 7#ha #ic7_/7ai #g7 or #ha_/ai #ic_/g1 or ! product ( ! *ances ( ea* s+ly yield+ a true answ]4 ,x w be se5 t a *ance is a quantity :i* may h any magnitude1 h[ev] great4 ,an ev5t 9 ^: favor !re is an ev5 *ance1 or #a_/a1 has a probability ( #a_/b4 ,an argum5t hav+ an ev5 *ance c d no?+ t[>d re-en=c+ o!rs1 s9ce accord+ to ! rule its comb9ation ) ano!r w\ld only multiply ! *ance ( ! latt] by #a4 ,probability & *ance und\bt$ly belong prim>ily to consequ5ces1 & are relative to premises2 b we may1 nev]!less1 speak ( ! *ance ( an ev5t absolutely1 mean+ by t ! *ance ( ! comb9ation ( all argum5ts 9 ref]5ce to x :i* exi/ = u 9 ! giv5 /ate ( our k4 ,tak5 9 ?is s5se x is inconte/able t ! *ance ( an ev5t has an intimate connection ) ! degree ( our belief 9 x4 ,belief is c]ta9ly some?+ m ?an a m]e feel+2 yet !re is a feel+ ( believ+1 & ?is feel+ does & ought to v>y ) ! *ance ( ! ?+ believ$1 z d$uc$ f all ! argum5ts4 ,any quantity :i* v>ies ) ! *ance might1 !re=e1 x w\ld seem1 s]ve z a !rmomet] = ! prop] int5sity ( belief4 ,among all su* quantities !re is "o :i* is peculi>ly appropriate4 ,:5 !re is a v great *ance1 ! feel+ ( belief ought to be v int5se4 ,absolute c]ta9ty1 or an inf9ite *ance1 c nev] be atta9$ by mortals1 & ?is may be repres5t$ appropriately by an inf9ite belief4 ,z ! *ance dim9i%es ! feel+ ( believ+ %\ld dim9i%1 until an ev5 *ance is rea*$1 :]e x %\ld completely vani% & n incl9e ei!r t[>d or away f ! proposition4 ,:5 ! *ance becomes less1 !n a contr>y belief %\ld spr+ up & %\ld increase 9 int5sity z ! *ance dim9i%es1 & z ! *ance almo/ vani%es 7:i* x c nev] q d7 ! contr>y belief %\ld t5d t[>d an inf9ite int5sity4 ,n[1 !re is "o quantity :i*1 m simply ?an any o!r1 fulfills ^! conditions2 x is ! log>i?m ( ! *ance4 ,b !re is ano!r consid]ation :i* mu/1 if admitt$1 fix u to ?is *oice = our !rmomet]4 ,x is t our belief ought to be proportional to ! weight ( evid5ce1 9 ?is s5se1 t two argum5ts :i* are entirely indep5d5t1 nei!r weak5+ nor /r5g!n+ ea* o!r1 ought1 :5 !y concur1 to produce a belief equal to ! sum ( ! int5sities ( belief :i* ei!r w\ld produce sep>ately4 ,n[1 we h se5 t ! *ances ( indep5d5t concurr5t argum5ts are to be multipli$ toge!r to get ! *ance ( _! comb9ation1 &1 !re=e1 ! quantities :i* be/ express ! int5sities ( belief %\ld be su* t !y are to be add$ :5 ! *ances are multipli$ 9 ord] to produce ! quantity :i* corresponds to ! comb9$ *ance4 ,n[1 ! log>i?m is ! only quantity :i* fulfills ?is condition4 ,!re is a g5]al law ( s5sibility1 call$ ,fe*n]'s psy*ophysical law4 ,x is t ! int5sity ( any s5sation is proportional to ! log>i?m ( ! ext]nal =ce :i* produces x4 ,x is entirely 9 h>mony ) ?is law t ! feel+ ( belief %\ld be z ! log>i?m ( ! *ance1 ?is latt] be+ ! expression ( ! /ate ( facts :i* produces ! belief4 ,! rule = ! comb9ation ( indep5d5t concurr5t argum5ts takes a v simple =m :5 express$ 9 t]ms ( ! int5sity ( belief1 measur$ 9 ! propos$ way4 ,x is ?is3 ,take ! sum ( all ! feel+s ( belief :i* w\ld be produc$ sep>ately by all ! argum5ts pro1 subtract f t ! simil> sum = argum5ts con1 & ! rema9d] is ! feel+ ( belief :i* we ought to h on ! :ole4 ,?is is a proce$+ :i* m5 (t5 resort to1 "u ! "n ( balanc+ reasons4 ,^! consid]ations con/itute an argum5t 9 favor ( ! conceptuali/ic view4 ,! k]nel ( x is t ! conjo9t probability ( all ! argum5ts 9 our possession1 ) ref]5ce to any fact1 mu/ be intimately connect$ ) ! j degree ( our belief 9 t fact2 & ?is po9t is supplem5t$ by v>i\s o!rs %[+ ! consi/5cy ( ! !ory ) itself & ) ! re/ ( our k4 ,b probability1 to h any value at all1 mu/ express a fact4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a ?+ to be inf]r$ ^u evid5ce4 ,let u1 !n1 consid] = a mom5t ! =mation ( a belief ( probability4 ,suppose we h a l>ge bag ( beans f :i* "o has be5 secretly tak5 at r&om & hidd5 "u a ?imble4 ,we are n[ to =m a probable judgm5t ( ! color ( t bean1 by draw+ o!rs s+ly f ! bag & look+ at !m1 ea* "o to be ?r[n back1 & ! :ole well mix$ up aft] ea* draw+4 ,suppose ! fir/ draw+ is :ite & ! next black4 ,we conclude t !re is n an imm5se prepond]ance ( ei!r color1 & t !re is some?+ l an ev5 *ance t ! bean "u ! ?imble is black4 ,b ?is judgm5t may be alt]$ by ! next few draw+s4 ,:5 we h drawn t5 times1 if #d1 #e1 or #f1 are :ite1 we h m confid5ce t ! *ance is ev54 ,:5 we h drawn a ?\s& times1 if ab\t half h be5 :ite1 we h great confid5ce 9 ?is result4 ,we n[ feel pretty sure t1 if we 7 to make a l>ge numb] ( bets ^u ! color ( s+le beans drawn f ! bag1 we c\ld approximately insure ourselves 9 ! long run by bett+ ea* "t ^u ! :ite1 a confid5ce :i* w\ld be entirely want+ if1 in/ead ( sampl+ ! bag by #a1jjj draw+s1 we _h done s by only two4 ,n[1 z ! :ole utility ( probability is to insure u 9 ! long run1 & z t assurance dep5ds1 n m]ely on ! value ( ! *ance1 b also on ! accuracy ( ! evaluation1 x foll[s t we ought n to h ! same feel+ ( belief 9 ref]5ce to all ev5ts ( :i* ! *ance is ev54 ,9 %ort1 to express ! prop] /ate ( our belief1 n "o numb] b two are requisite1 ! fir/ dep5d+ on ! inf]r$ probability1 ! second on ! am\nt ( k on :i* t probability is bas$4#da ,x is true t :5 our k is v precise1 :5 we h made _m draw+s f ! bag1 or1 z 9 mo/ ( ! examples 9 ! books1 :5 ! total cont5ts ( ! bag are absolutely kn[n1 ! numb] :i* expresses ! unc]ta9ty ( ! assum$ probability & its liability to be *ang$ by fur!r exp]i5ce may become insignificant1 or utt]ly vani%4 ,b1 :5 our k is v slight1 ?is numb] may be ev5 m important ?an ! probability itself2 & :5 we h no k at all ?is completely ov]:elms ! o!r1 s t !re is no s5se 9 say+ t ! *ance ( ! totally unkn[n ev5t is ev5 7= :at expresses absolutely no fact has absolutely no mean+71 & :at ought to be said is t ! *ance is entirely indef9ite4 ,we ?us p]ceive t ! conceptuali/ic view1 ?\gh answ]+ well en\gh 9 "s cases1 is q inadequate4 ,suppose t ! fir/ bean :i* we drew f our bag 7 black4 ,t w\ld con/itute an argum5t1 no matt] h[ sl5d]1 t ! bean "u ! ?imble 0 also black4 ,if ! second bean 7 also to turn out black1 t w\ld be a second indep5d5t argum5t ren=c+ ! fir/4 ,if ! :ole ( ! fir/ tw5ty beans drawn %\ld prove black1 our confid5ce t ! hidd5 bean 0 black w\ld ju/ly atta9 consid]able /r5g?4 ,b suppose ! tw5ty-fir/ bean 7 to be :ite & t we 7 to g on draw+ until we f\nd t we _h drawn #a1jaj black beans & #iij :ite ones4 ,we %\ld conclude t our fir/ tw5ty beans be+ black 0 simply an extraord9>y accid5t1 & t 9 fact ! proportion ( :ite beans to black 0 s5sibly equal1 & t x 0 an ev5 *ance t ! hidd5 bean 0 black4 ,yet accord+ to ! rule ( balanc+ reasons1 s9ce all ! draw+s ( black beans are s _m indep5d5t argum5ts 9 favor ( ! "o "u ! ?imble be+ black1 & all ! :ite draw+s s _m aga9/ x1 an excess ( tw5ty black beans ought to produce ! same degree ( belief t ! hidd5 bean 0 black1 :atev] ! total numb] drawn4 ,9 ! conceptuali/ic view ( probability1 complete ignorance1 :]e ! judgm5t ought n to sw]ve ei!r t[>d or away f ! hypo!sis1 is repres5t$ by ! probability #a_/b4db ,b let u suppose t we are totally ignorant :at color$ hair ! inhabitants ( ,saturn h4 ,let u1 !n1 take a color-*>t 9 :i* all possible colors are %[n %ad+ into "o ano!r by imp]ceptible degrees4 ,9 su* a *>t ! relative areas occupi$ by diff]5t classes ( colors are p]fectly arbitr>y4 ,let u inclose su* an area ) a clos$ l9e1 & ask :at is ! *ance on conceptuali/ic pr9ciples t ! color ( ! hair ( ! inhabitants ( ,saturn falls )9 t area8 ,! answ] _c be indet]m9ate because we mu/ be 9 "s /ate ( belief2 &1 inde$1 conceptuali/ic writ]s d n admit indet]m9ate probabilities4 ,z !re is no c]ta9ty 9 ! matt]1 ! answ] lies betwe5 z]o & unity4 ,z no num]ical value is af=d$ by ! data1 ! numb] mu/ be det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! scale ( probability itself1 & n by calculation f ! data4 ,! answ] c1 !re=e1 only be "o-half1 s9ce ! judgm5t %\ld nei!r favor nor oppose ! hypo!sis4 ,:at is true ( ?is area is true ( any o!r "o2 & x w equally be true ( a ?ird area :i* embraces ! o!r two4 ,b ! probability = ea* ( ! small] areas be+ "o-half1 t = ! l>g] %\ld be at lea/ unity1 :i* is absurd4 ,,iii ,all our reason+s are ( two k9ds3 #a4 ,explicative1 analytic1 or d$uctive2 #b4 ,amplifiative1 syn!tic1 or 7loosely speak+7 inductive4 ,9 explicative reason+1 c]ta9 facts are fir/ laid d[n 9 ! premises4 ,^! facts are1 9 e case1 an inexhau/ible multitude1 b !y may (t5 be summ$ up 9 "o simple proposition by means ( "s regul>ity :i* runs ?r\gh !m all4 ,?us1 take ! proposition t ,socrates 0 a man2 ?is implies 7to g no fur!r7 t dur+ e fraction ( a second ( 8 :ole life 7or1 if y please1 dur+ ! great] "p ( !m7 he 0 a man4 ,he did n at "o in/ant appe> z a tree & at ano!r z a dog2 he did n fl[ into wat]1 or appe> 9 two places at once2 y c\ld n put y\r f+] ?r\gh him z if he 7 an optical image1 etc4 ,n[1 ! facts be+ ?us laid d[n1 "s ord] among "s ( !m1 n p>ticul>ly made use ( = ! purpose ( /at+ !m1 may p]haps be discov]$2 & ?is w enable u to ?r[ "p or all ( !m into a new /atem5t1 ! possibility ( :i* might h escap$ att5tion4 ,su* a /atem5t w be ! conclusion ( an analytic inf]5ce4 ,( ?is sort are all ma!matical demon/rations4 ,b syn!tic reason+ is ( ano!r k9d4 ,9 ?is case ! facts summ$ up 9 ! conclusion are n among ^? /at$ 9 ! premises4 ,!y are diff]5t facts1 z :5 "o sees t ! tide rises m times & concludes t x w rise ! next "t4 ,^! are ! only inf]5ces :i* increase our real k1 h[ev] useful ! o!rs may be4 ,9 any problem 9 probabilities1 we h giv5 ! relative frequ5cy ( c]ta9 ev5ts1 & we p]ceive t 9 ^! facts ! relative frequ5cy ( ano!r ev5t is giv5 9 a hidd5 way4 ,?is be+ /at$ makes ! solution4 ,?is is1 !re=e1 m]e explicative reason+1 & is evid5tly entirely inadequate to ! repres5tation ( syn!tic reason+1 :i* goes out beyond ! facts giv5 9 ! premises4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a manife/ impossibility 9 s trac+ out any probability = a syn!tic conclusion4 ,mo/ treatises on probability conta9 a v diff]5t doctr9e4 ,!y /ate1 = example1 t if "o ( ! anci5t d5iz5s ( ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 :o _h nev] he>d ( tides1 _h gone to ! bay ( ,biscay1 & _h !re se5 ! tide rise1 say m times1 he c\ld "k t !re 0 a probability equal to 7m #a7_/7m #b7 t x w\ld rise ! next "t4 ,9 a well-kn[n "w by ,quetelet1 mu* /ress is laid on ?is1 & x is made ! f\ndation ( a !ory ( inductive reason+4 ,b ?is solution betrays its orig9 if we apply x to ! case 9 :i* ! man has nev] se5 ! tide rise at all2 t is1 if we put m #j4 ,9 ?is case1 ! probability t x w rise ! next "t comes out #a_/b1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! solution involves ! conceptuali/ic pr9ciple t !re is an ev5 *ance ( a totally unkn[n ev5t4 ,! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 rea*$ has be5 by consid]+ a numb] ( urns all conta9+ ! same numb] ( balls1 "p :ite & "p black4 ,"o urn conta9s all :ite balls1 ano!r "o black & ! re/ :ite1 a ?ird two black & ! re/ :ite1 & s on1 "o urn = ea* proportion1 until an urn is rea*$ conta9+ only black balls4 ,b ! only possible reason = draw+ any analogy betwe5 su* an arrangem5t & t ( ,nature is ! pr9ciple t alt]natives ( :i* we "k no?+ mu/ be consid]$ z equally probable4 ,b ?is pr9ciple is absurd4 ,!re is an indef9ite v>iety ( ways ( enum]at+ ! diff]5t possibilities1 :i*1 on ! application ( ?is pr9ciple1 w\ld give diff]5t results4 ,if !re be any way ( enum]at+ ! possibilities s z to make !m all equal1 x is n t f :i* ?is solution is d]iv$1 b is ! foll[+3 ,suppose we _h an imm5se gran>y fill$ ) black & :ite balls well mix$ up2 & suppose ea* urn 7 fill$ by tak+ a fix$ numb] ( balls f ?is gran>y q at r&om4 ,! relative numb] ( :ite balls 9 ! gran>y might be any?+1 say "o 9 ?ree4 ,!n 9 "o-?ird ( ! urns ! fir/ ball w\ld be :ite1 & 9 two-?irds black4 ,9 "o-?ird ( ^? urns ( :i* ! fir/ ball 0 :ite1 & also 9 "o-?ird ( ^? 9 :i* ! fir/ ball 0 black1 ! second ball w\ld be :ite4 ,9 ?is way1 we %\ld h a di/ribution l t %[n 9 ! foll[+ table1 :]e w /&s = a :ite ball & b = a black "o4 ,! read] c1 if he *ooses1 v]ify ! table = himself4 wwww4 wwwb4 wwbw4 wbww4 bwww4 wwwb4 wwbw4 wbww4 bwww4 wwbb4 wbwb4 bwwb4 wbbw4 bwbw4 bbww4 wwbb4 wbwb4 bwwb4 wbbw4 bwbw4 bbww4 wwbb4 wbwb4 bwwb4 wbbw4 bwbw4 bbww4 wwbb4 wbwb4 bwwb4 wbbw4 bwbw4 bbww4 wbbb4 bwbb4 bbwb4 bbbw4 wbbb4 bwbb4 bbwb4 bbbw4 wbbb4 bwbb4 bbwb4 bbbw4 wbbb4 bwbb4 bbwb4 bbbw4 wbbb4 bwbb4 bbwb4 bbbw4 wbbb4 bwbb4 bbwb4 bbbw4 wbbb4 bwbb4 bbwb4 bbbw4 wbbb4 bwbb4 bbwb4 bbbw4 bbbb4 bbbb4 bbbb4 bbbb4 bbbb4 bbbb4 bbbb4 bbbb4 bbbb4 bbbb4 bbbb4 bbbb4 bbbb4 bbbb4 bbbb4 bbbb4 ,9 ! second gr\p1 :]e !re is "o b1 !re are two sets j alike2 9 ! ?ird !re are #d1 9 ! f\r? #h1 & 9 ! fif? #af1 d\bl+ e "t4 ,?is is because we h suppos$ twice z _m black balls 9 ! gran>y z :ite ones2 _h we suppos$ #aj times z _m1 in/ead ( #a1 #b1 #d1 #h1 #af sets we %\ld h _h #a1 #aj1 #ajj1 #ajjj1 #ajjjj sets2 on ! o!r h&1 _h ! numb]s ( black & :ite balls 9 ! gran>y be5 ev51 !re w\ld h be5 b "o set 9 ea* gr\p4 ,n[ suppose two balls 7 drawn f "o ( ^! urns & 7 f\nd to be bo? :ite1 :at w\ld be ! probability ( ! next "o be+ :ite8 ,if ! two drawn out 7 ! fir/ two put into ! urns1 & ! next to be drawn out 7 ! ?ird put 91 !n ! probability ( ?is ?ird be+ :ite w\ld be ! same :atev] ! colors ( ! fir/ two1 = x has be5 suppos$ t j ! same proportion ( urns has ! ?ird ball :ite among ^? :i* h ! fir/ two :ite-:ite1 :ite-black1 black-:ite1 & black-black4 ,?us1 9 ?is case1 ! *ance ( ! ?ird ball be+ :ite w\ld be ! same :atev] ! fir/ two 74 ,b1 by inspect+ ! table1 ! read] c see t 9 ea* gr\p all ord]s ( ! balls occur ) equal frequ5cy1 s t x makes no diff]5ce :e!r !y are drawn out 9 ! ord] !y 7 put 9 or n4 ,h5ce ! colors ( ! balls already drawn h no influ5ce on ! probability ( any o!r be+ :ite or black4 ,n[1 if !re be any way ( enum]at+ ! possibilities ( ,nature s z to make !m equally probable1 x is cle>ly "o :i* %\ld make "o arrangem5t or comb9ation ( ! elem5ts ( ,nature z probable z ano!r1 t is1 a di/ribution l t we h suppos$1 & x1 !re=e1 appe>s t ! assumption t any su* ?+ c be done1 leads simply to ! conclusion t reason+ f pa/ to future exp]i5ce is absolutely wor?less4 ,9 fact1 ! mom5t t y assume t ! *ances 9 favor ( t ( :i* we are totally ignorant are ev51 ! problem ab\t ! tides does n diff]1 9 any ari?metical p>ticul>1 f ! case 9 :i* a p5ny 7kn[n to be equally likely to come up heads & tails7 %\ld turn up heads m times successively4 ,9 %ort1 x w\ld be to assume t ,nature is a pure *aos1 or *ance comb9ation ( indep5d5t elem5ts1 9 :i* reason+ f "o fact to ano!r w\ld be impossible2 & s9ce1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 !re is no judgm5t ( pure obs]vation )\t reason+1 x w\ld be to suppose all human cognition illusory & no real k possible4 ,x w\ld be to suppose t if we h f\nd ! ord] ( ,nature m or less regul> 9 ! pa/1 ?is has be5 by a pure run ( luck :i* we may expect is n[ at an end4 ,n[1 x may be we h no sc9tilla ( pro( to ! contr>y1 b reason is unnecess>y 9 ref]5ce to t belief :i* is ( all ! mo/ settl$1 :i* nobody d\bts or c d\bt1 & :i* he :o %\ld d5y w\ld /ultify himself 9 s do+4 ,! relative probability ( ?is or t arrangem5t ( ,nature is some?+ :i* we %\ld h a "r to talk ab\t if univ]ses 7 z pl5ty z blackb]ries1 if we c\ld put a quantity ( !m 9 a bag1 %ake !m well up1 draw out a sample1 & exam9e !m to see :at proportion ( !m _h "o arrangem5t & :at proportion ano!r4 ,b1 ev5 9 t case1 a high] univ]se w\ld conta9 u1 9 reg>d to ^: arrangem5ts ! conception ( probability c\ld h no applicability4 ,,iv ,we h exam9$ ! problem propos$ by ! conceptuali/s1 :i*1 translat$ into cle> language1 is ?is3 ,giv5 a syn!tic conclusion2 requir$ to "k out ( all possible /ates ( ?+s h[ _m w accord1 to any assign$ ext5t1 ) ?is conclusion2 & we h f\nd t x is only an absurd attempt to r$uce syn!tic to analytic reason1 & t no def9ite solution is possible4 ,b !re is ano!r problem 9 connection ) ?is subject4 ,x is ?is3 ,giv5 a c]ta9 /ate ( ?+s1 requir$ to "k :at proportion ( all syn!tic inf]5ces relat+ to x w be true )9 a giv5 degree ( approximation4 ,n[1 !re is no difficulty ab\t ?is problem 7except = its ma!matical complication72 x has be5 mu* /udi$1 & ! answ] is p]fectly well kn[n4 ,& is n ?is1 aft] all1 :at we want to "k mu* r ?an ! o!r8 ,:y %\ld we want to "k ! probability t ! fact w accord ) our conclusion8 ,t implies t we are int]e/$ 9 all possible worlds1 & n m]ely ! "o 9 :i* we f9d ourselves plac$4 ,:y is x n mu* m to ! purpose to "k ! probability t our conclusion w accord ) ! fact8 ,"o ( ^! que/ions is ! fir/ above /at$ & ! o!r ! second1 & ,i ask ! read] :e!r1 if p1 in/ead ( us+ ! ^w probability )\t any cle> appreh5sion ( _! own mean+1 _h always spok5 ( relative frequ5cy1 !y c\ld h fail$ to see t :at !y want$ 0 n to foll[ along ! syn!tic proc$ure ) an analytic "o1 9 ord] to f9d ! probability ( ! conclusion2 b1 on ! contr>y1 to beg9 ) ! fact at :i* ! syn!tic inf]5ce aims1 & foll[ back to ! facts x uses = premises 9 ord] to see ! probability ( _! be+ su* z w yield ! tru?4 ,z we _c h an urn ) an inf9ite numb] ( balls to repres5t ! inexhau/ibl5ess ( ,nature1 let u suppose "o ) a f9ite numb]1 ea* ball be+ ?r[n back into ! urn aft] be+ drawn out1 s t !re is no exhau/ion ( !m4 ,suppose "o ball out ( ?ree is :ite & ! re/ black1 & t f\r balls are drawn4 ,!n ! table on pages #ie-if repres5ts ! relative frequ5cy ( ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ^! balls might be drawn4 ,x w be se5 t if we %\ld judge by ^! f\r balls ( ! proportion 9 ! urn1 #cb times out ( #ha we %\ld f9d x #a_/d1 & #bd times out ( #ha we %\ld f9d x #a_/b1 ! tru? be+ #a_/c4 ,to ext5d ?is table to high numb]s w\ld be great labor1 b ! ma!maticians h f\nd "s +5i\s ways ( reckon+ :at ! numb]s w\ld be4 ,x is f\nd t1 if ! true proportion ( :ite balls is p1 & s balls are drawn1 !n ! error ( ! proportion obta9$ by ! induction w be-- half ! "t )9 #j4dgg 77#bp7#a-p77_/s7 #i times out ( #aj )9 #a4afc 77#bp7#a-p77_/s7 #ii times out ( #ajj )9 #a4hba 77#bp7#a-p77_/s7 #iii times out ( #a1jjj )9 #b4cbh 77#bp7#a-p77_/s7 #i1iii times out ( #aj1jjj )9 #b4gea 77#bp7#a-p77_/s7 #i1iii1iii1iii times out ( #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj )9 #d4gg 77#bp7#a-p77_/s7 ,! use ( ?is may be illu/rat$ by an example4 ,by ! c5sus ( #ahgj1 x appe>s t ! proportion ( males among native :ite *ildr5 "u "o ye> old 0 #j4ejhb1 :ile among color$ *ildr5 ( ! same age ! proportion 0 only #j4digg4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! is #j4jaje1 or ab\t "o 9 a #ajj4 ,c ?is be attribut$ to *ance1 or w\ld ! diff]5ce always exi/ among a great numb] ( :ite & color$ *ildr5 "u l circum/ances8 ,"h p may be tak5 at #a_/b2 h5ce #bp7#a-p7 is also #a_/b4 ,! numb] ( :ite *ildr5 c\nt$ 0 ne> #a1jjj1jjj2 h5ce ! fraction ^: squ>e-root is to be tak5 is ab\t #a_/bjjjjjj4 ,! root is ab\t #a_/adjj1 & ?is multipli$ by #j4dgg gives ab\t #j4jjjc z ! probable error 9 ! ratio ( males among ! :ites z obta9$ f ! induction4 ,! numb] ( black *ildr5 0 ab\t #aej1jjj1 :i* gives #j4jjjh = ! probable error4 ,we see t ! actual discrepancy is t5 times ! sum ( ^!1 & su* a result w\ld happ51 accord+ to our table1 only once out ( #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj c5suses1 9 ! long run4 ,x may be rem>k$ t :5 ! real value ( ! probability s\ght inductively is ei!r v l>ge or v small1 ! reason+ is m secure4 ,?us1 suppose !re 7 9 reality "o :ite ball 9 #ajj 9 a c]ta9 urn1 & we 7 to judge ( ! numb] by #ajj draw+s4 ,! probability ( draw+ no :ite ball w\ld be #cff_/ajjj2 t ( draw+ "o :ite ball w\ld be #cgj_/ajjj2 t ( draw+ two w\ld be #ahe_/ajjj2 t ( draw+ ?ree w\ld be #fa_/ajjj2 t ( draw+ f\r w\ld be #ae_/ajjj2 t ( draw+ five w\ld be only #c_/ajjj1 etc4 ,?us we %\ld be tol]ably c]ta9 ( n be+ 9 error by m ?an "o ball 9 #ajj4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t 9 "o s5se we c1 & 9 ano!r we _c1 det]m9e ! probability ( syn!tic inf]5ce4 ,:5 ,i reason 9 ?is way3 ,n9ety-n9e ,cretans 9 a hundr$ are li>s2 ,b ,epim5ides is a ,cretan2 ,!re=e1 ,epim5ides is a li>3-- ,i "k t reason+ simil> to t w\ld c>ry tru? #ii times 9 #ajj4 ,b :5 ,i reason 9 ! opposite direction3 ,m9os1 ,s>p$on1 ,rhadaman?us1 ,deucalion1 & ,epim5ides1 are all ! ,cretans ,i c ?9k (2 ,b ^! 7 all atroci\s li>s1 ,!re=e1 pretty mu* all ,cretans mu/ h be5 li>s2 ,i d n 9 ! lea/ "k h[ (t5 su* reason+ w\ld c>ry me "r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at ,i d "k is t "s def9ite proportion ( ,cretans mu/ h be5 li>s1 & t ?is proportion c be probably approximat$ to by an induction f five or six in/ances4 ,ev5 9 ! wor/ case = ! probability ( su* an inf]5ce1 t 9 :i* ab\t half ! ,cretans are li>s1 ! ratio s obta9$ w\ld probably n be 9 error by m ?an #a_/f4 ,s mu* ,i "k2 b1 !n1 9 ! pres5t case ! inf]5ce is t pretty mu* all ,cretans are li>s1 & :e!r !re may n be a special improbability 9 t ,i d n "k4 ,v ,late 9 ! la/ c5tury1 ,immanuel ,kant ask$ ! "q1 8,h[ are syn!tical judgm5ts a priori possible80 ,by syn!tical judgm5ts he meant su* z ass]t positive fact & are n m]e affairs ( arrangem5t2 9 %ort1 judgm5ts ( ! k9d :i* syn!tical reason+ produces1 & :i* analytic reason+ _c yield4 ,by a priori judgm5ts he meant su* z t all outw>d objects are 9 space1 e ev5t has a cause1 etc41 propositions :i* accord+ to him c nev] be inf]r$ f exp]i5ce4 ,n s mu* by 8 answ] to ?is "q z by ! m]e ask+ ( x1 ! curr5t philosophy ( t "t 0 %att]$ & de/roy$1 & a new epo* 9 its hi/ory 0 begun4 ,b be=e ask+ t "q he ought to h ask$ ! m g5]al "o1 8,h[ are any syn!tical judgm5ts at all possible80 ,h[ is x t a man c obs]ve "o fact & /raightway pron\nce judgm5t conc]n+ ano!r diff]5t fact n involv$ 9 ! fir/8 ,su* reason+1 z we h se51 has1 at lea/ 9 ! usual s5se ( ! phrase1 no def9ite probability2 h[1 !n1 c x add to our k8 ,?is is a /range p>adox2 ! ,abb ,gratry says x is a miracle1 & t e true induction is an imm$iate inspiration f on high4#dc ,i respect ?is explanation f> m ?an _m a p$antic attempt to solve ! "q by "s juggle ) probabilities1 ) ! =ms ( syllogism1 or :at n4 ,i respect x because x %[s an appreciation ( ! dep? ( ! problem1 because x assigns an adequate cause1 & because x is intimately connect$--z ! true acc\nt %\ld be--) a g5]al philosophy ( ! univ]se4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i d n accept ?is explanation1 because an explanation %\ld tell h[ a ?+ is done1 & to ass]t a p]petual miracle seems to be an ab&onm5t ( all hope ( do+ t1 )\t suffici5t ju/ification4 ,x w be int]e/+ to see h[ ! answ] :i* ,kant gave to 8 "q ab\t syn!tical judgm5ts a priori w appe> if ext5d$ to ! "q ( syn!tical judgm5ts 9 g5]al4 ,t answ] is1 t syn!tical judgm5ts a priori are possible because :atev] is univ]sally true is involv$ 9 ! conditions ( exp]i5ce4 ,let u apply ?is to a g5]al syn!tical reason+4 ,i take f a bag a h&ful ( beans2 !y are all purple1 & ,i inf] t all ! beans 9 ! bag are purple4 ,h[ c ,i d t8 ,:y1 ^u ! pr9ciple t :atev] is univ]sally true ( my exp]i5ce 7:i* is "h ! appe>ance ( ^! diff]5t beans7 is involv$ 9 ! condition ( exp]i5ce4 ,! condition ( ?is special exp]i5ce is t all ^! beans 7 tak5 f t bag4 ,accord+ to ,kant's pr9ciple1 !n1 :atev] is f\nd true ( all ! beans drawn f ! bag mu/ f9d its explanation 9 "s peculi>ity ( ! cont5ts ( ! bag4 ,?is is a satisfactory /atem5t ( ! pr9ciple ( induction4 ,:5 we draw a d$uctive or analytic conclusion1 our rule ( inf]5ce is t facts ( a c]ta9 g5]al "* are ei!r inv>iably or 9 a c]ta9 proportion ( cases accompani$ by facts ( ano!r g5]al "*4 ,!n our premise be+ a fact ( ! =m] class1 we inf] ) c]ta9ty or ) ! appropriate degree ( probability ! exi/5ce ( a fact ( ! second class4 ,b ! rule = syn!tic inf]5ce is ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,:5 we sample a bag ( beans we d n 9 ! lea/ assume t ! fact ( "s beans be+ purple involves ! necessity or ev5 ! probability ( o!r beans be+ s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! conceptuali/ic me?od ( treat+ probabilities1 :i* really am\nts simply to ! d$uctive treatm5t ( !m1 :5 rightly c>ri$ out leads to ! result t a syn!tic inf]5ce has j an ev5 *ance 9 its favor1 or 9 o!r words is absolutely wor?less4 ,! color ( "o bean is entirely indep5d5t ( t ( ano!r4 ,b syn!tic inf]5ce is f\nd$ ^u a classification ( facts1 n accord+ to _! *>act]s1 b accord+ to ! mann] ( obta9+ !m4 ,its rule is1 t a numb] ( facts obta9$ 9 a giv5 way w 9 g5]al m or less resemble o!r facts obta9$ 9 ! same way2 or1 exp]i5ces ^: conditions are ! same w h ! same g5]al *>act]s4 ,9 ! =m] case1 we "k t premises precisely simil> 9 =m to ^? ( ! giv5 ones w yield true conclusions1 j once 9 a calculable numb] ( times4 ,9 ! latt] case1 we only "k t premises obta9$ "u circum/ances simil> to ! giv5 ones 7?\gh p]haps !mselves v diff]5t7 w yield true conclusions1 at lea/ once 9 a calculable numb] ( times4 ,we may express ?is by say+ t 9 ! case ( analytic inf]5ce we "k ! probability ( our conclusion 7if ! premises are true71 b 9 ! case ( syn!tic inf]5ces we only "k ! degree ( tru/wor?9ess ( our proce$+4 ,z all k comes f syn!tic inf]5ce1 we mu/ equally inf] t all human c]ta9ty consi/s m]ely 9 our kn[+ t ! processes by :i* our k has be5 d]iv$ are su* z mu/ g5]ally h l$ to true conclusions4 ,?\gh a syn!tic inf]5ce _c by any means be r$uc$ to d$uction1 yet t ! rule ( induction w hold good 9 ! long run may be d$uc$ f ! pr9ciple t reality is only ! object ( ! f9al op9ion to :i* suffici5t inve/igation w\ld lead4 ,t belief gradually t5ds to fix itself "u ! influ5ce ( inquiry is1 inde$1 "o ( ! facts ) :i* logic sets out4 ,footnote #dj3 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,april1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #da3 ,/rictly we %\ld ne$ an inf9ite s]ies ( numb]s ea* dep5d+ on ! probable error ( ! la/4 ,footnote #db3 8,p]fect indecision1 belief incl9+ nei!r way1 an ev5 *ance40--,,de ,,morgan1 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #dc3 ,logique4 ,! same is true1 accord+ to him1 ( e p]=mance ( a diff]5tiation1 b n ( integration4 ,he does n tell u :e!r x is ! sup]natural assi/ance :i* makes ! =m] process s mu* ! easi]4 ,,fif? ,,pap] ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,nature#dd ,i ,any proposition :atev] conc]n+ ! ord] ( ,nature mu/ t\* m or less ^u religion4 ,9 our day1 belief1 ev5 9 ^! matt]s1 dep5ds m & m ^u ! obs]vation ( facts4 ,if a rem>kable & univ]sal ord]l9ess be f\nd 9 ! univ]se1 !re mu/ be "s cause = ?is regul>ity1 & sci5ce has to consid] :at hypo!ses might acc\nt = ! ph5om5on4 ,"o way ( acc\nt+ = x1 c]ta9ly1 w\ld be to suppose t ! _w is ord]$ by a sup]ior p[]4 ,b if !re is no?+ 9 ! univ]sal subjection ( ph5om5a to laws1 nor 9 ! "* ( ^? laws !mselves 7z be+ b5evol5t1 beautiful1 economical1 etc471 :i* goes to prove ! exi/5ce ( a gov]nor ( ! univ]se1 x is h>dly to be anticipat$ t any o!r sort ( evid5ce w be f\nd to weigh v mu* ) m9ds emancipat$ f ! tyranny ( tradition4 ,nev]!less1 x _c truly be said t ev5 an absolutely negative decision ( t "q c\ld altoge!r de/roy religion1 inasmu* z !re are fai?s 9 :i*1 h[ev] mu* !y diff] f our own1 we recognize ^? ess5tial *>act]s :i* make !m wor?y to be call$ religions1 & :i*1 nev]!less1 d n po/ulate an actually exi/+ ,deity4 ,t "o1 = in/ance1 :i* has _h ! mo/ num]\s & by no means ! lea/ intellig5t foll[+ ( any on e>?1 tea*es t ! ,div9ity 9 8 highe/ p]fection is wrapp$ away f ! _w 9 a /ate ( pr(\nd & et]nal sleep1 :i* really does n diff] f non-exi/5ce1 :e!r x be call$ by t "n or n4 ,no c&id m9d :o has foll[$ ! writ+s ( ,m4 ,va*]ot c well d5y t 8 religion is z e>ne/ z c be4 ,he wor%ips ! ,p]fect1 ! ,supreme ,ideal2 b he conceives t ! v notion ( ! ,ideal is repugnant to its real exi/5ce4#de ,9 fact1 ,m4 ,va*]ot f9ds x agreeable to 8 reason to ass]t t non-exi/5ce is an ess5tial "* ( ! p]fect1 j z ,/4 ,anselm & ,desc>tes f\nd x agreeable to !irs to ass]t ! extreme opposite4 ,i confess t !re is "o respect 9 :i* ei!r ( ^! positions seems to me m congru\s ) ! religi\s attitude ?an t ( a !ology :i* /&s ^u evid5ces2 = z soon z ! ,deity pres5ts himself to ei!r ,anselm or ,va*]ot1 & manife/s 8 glori\s attributes1 :e!r x be 9 a vision ( ! night or day1 ei!r ( !m recognizes 8 adorable ,god1 & s9ks ^u 8 knees at once2 :]eas ! !ologian ( evid5ces w fir/ dem& t ! div9e app>ition %all id5tify himself1 & only aft] hav+ scrut9iz$ 8 cr$5tials & weigh$ ! probabilities ( 8 be+ f\nd among ! totality ( exi/5ces1 w he f9ally r5d] 8 circumspect homage1 ?9k+ t no *>act]s c be adorable b ^? :i* belong to a real ?+4 ,if we c\ld f9d out any g5]al *>act]i/ic ( ! univ]se1 any mann]ism 9 ! ways ( ,nature1 any law ev]y:]e applicable & univ]sally valid1 su* a discov]y w\ld be ( su* s+ul> assi/ance to u 9 all our future reason+1 t x w\ld des]ve a place almo/ at ! head ( ! pr9ciples ( logic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x c be %[n t !re is no?+ ( ! sort to f9d out1 b t e discov]able regul>ity is ( limit$ range1 ?is aga9 w be ( logical importance4 ,:at sort ( a conception we ought to h ( ! univ]se1 h[ to ?9k ( ! ensemble ( ?+s1 is a fundam5tal problem 9 ! !ory ( reason+4 ,,ii ,x is ! legitimate endeavor ( sci5tific m5 n[1 z x 0 tw5ty-?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 to acc\nt = ! =mation ( ! sol> sy/em & ( ! clu/] ( />s :i* =ms ! galaxy1 by ! =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms4 ,! greate/ exp\nd] ( ?is !ory1 :5 ask$ h[ he c\ld write an imm5se book on ! sy/em ( ! _w )\t "o m5tion ( its au?or1 repli$1 v logically1 8,je n'avais pas beso9 de cette hypo?se-l40 ,b1 9 tru?1 !re is no?+ a!i/ical 9 ! !ory1 any m ?an !re 0 9 ?is answ]4 ,matt] is suppos$ to be compos$ ( molecules :i* obey ! laws ( me*anics & ex]t c]ta9 attractions ^u "o ano!r2 & x is to ^! regul>ities 7:i* !re is no attempt to acc\nt =7 t g5]al arrangem5t ( ! sol> sy/em w\ld be due1 & n to haz>d4 ,if any "o has ev] ma9ta9$ t ! univ]se is a pure ?r[ ( ! dice1 ! !ologians h abundantly refut$ him4 8,h[ (t510 says ,ar*bi%op ,tillotson1 8might a man1 aft] he _h jumbl$ a set ( lett]s 9 a bag1 fl+ !m out ^u ! gr\nd be=e !y w\ld fall into an exact poem1 yea1 or s mu* z make a good disc\rse 9 prose6 ,& may n a little book be z easily made by *ance z ?is great volume ( ! _w80 ,! *ance _w "h %[n to be s diff]5t f t 9 :i* we live w\ld be "o 9 :i* !re 7 no laws1 ! *>act]s ( diff]5t ?+s be+ entirely indep5d5t2 s t1 %\ld a sample ( any k9d ( objects ev] %[ a preval5t "*1 x c\ld only be by accid5t1 & no g5]al proposition c\ld ev] be e/abli%$4 ,:atev] fur!r conclusions we may come to 9 reg>d to ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 ?us mu* may be reg>d$ z solidly e/abli%$1 t ! _w is n a m]e *ance-m$ley4 ,b :e!r ! _w makes an exact poem or n1 is ano!r "q4 ,:5 we look up at ! heav5s at night1 we readily p]ceive t ! />s are n simply spla%$ on to ! cele/ial vault2 b !re does n seem to be any precise sy/em 9 _! arrangem5t ei!r4 ,x w be wor? our :ile1 !n1 to inquire into ! degree ( ord]l9ess 9 ! univ]se2 &1 to beg91 let u ask :e!r ! _w we live 9 is any m ord]ly ?an a purely *ance-_w w\ld be4 ,any uni=mity1 or law ( ,nature1 may be /at$ 9 ! =m1 8,e ,a is ,b02 z1 e ray ( light is a non-curv$ l9e1 e body is accel]at$ t[>d ! e>?'s c5t]1 etc4 ,?is is ! same z to say1 8,!re does n exi/ any ,a :i* is n ,b02 !re is no curv$ ray2 !re is no body n accel]at$ t[>d ! e>?2 s t ! uni=mity consi/s 9 ! non-occurr5ce 9 ,nature ( a c]ta9 comb9ation ( *>act]s 79 ?is case1 ! comb9ation ( be+ ,a ) be+ non-,b74#df ,&1 conv]sely1 e case ( ! non-occurr5ce ( a comb9ation ( *>act]s w\ld con/itute a uni=mity 9 ,nature4 ,?us1 suppose ! quality ,a is nev] f\nd 9 comb9ation ) ! quality ,c3 = example1 suppose ! quality ( idiocy is nev] f\nd 9 comb9ation ) t ( hav+ a well-develop$ bra94 ,!n no?+ ( ! sort ,a is ( ! sort ,c1 or ev]y?+ ( ! sort ,a is ( ! sort non-,c 7or say1 e idiot has an ill-develop$ bra971 :i*1 be+ some?+ univ]sally true ( ! ,a's1 is a uni=mity 9 ! _w4 ,?us we see t1 9 a _w :]e !re 7 no uni=mities1 no logically possible comb9ation ( *>act]s w\ld be exclud$1 b e comb9ation w\ld exi/ 9 "s object4 ,b two objects n id5tical mu/ diff] 9 "s ( _! *>act]s1 ?\gh x be only 9 ! "* ( be+ 9 su*-&-su* a place4 ,h5ce1 precisely ! same comb9ation ( *>act]s c\ld n be f\nd 9 two diff]5t objects2 &1 consequ5tly1 9 a *ance-_w e comb9ation involv+ ei!r ! positive or negative ( e "* w\ld belong to j "o ?+4 ,?us1 if !re 7 b five simple *>act]s 9 su* a _w1#dg we might d5ote !m by ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 & _! negatives by a1 b1 c1 d1 e2 & !n1 z !re w\ld be #be or #cb diff]5t comb9ations ( ^! *>act]s1 completely det]m9ate 9 ref]5ce to ea* ( !m1 t _w w\ld h j #cb objects 9 x1 _! *>act]s be+ z 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,table ,i4 ,,abcde ,ab,c,d,e a,b,c,d,e ab,c,d,e ,a,b,c,de ,ab,c,de a,b,c,de ab,c,de ,a,b,cd,e ,ab,cd,e a,b,cd,e ab,cd,e ,a,b,cde ,ab,cde a,b,cde ab,cde ,a,bc,d,e ,abc,d,e a,bc,d,e abc,d,e ,a,bc,de ,abc,de a,bc,de abc,de ,a,bcd,e ,abcd,e a,bcd,e abcd,e ,a,bcde ,abcde a,bcde abcde ,= example1 if ! five prim>y *>act]s 7 h>d1 sweet1 fragrant1 gre51 bright1 !re w\ld be "o object :i* reunit$ all ^! qualities1 "o :i* 0 h>d1 sweet1 fragrant1 & gre51 b n bright2 "o :i* 0 h>d1 sweet1 fragrant1 & bright1 b n gre52 "o :i* 0 h>d1 sweet1 & fragrant1 b nei!r gre5 nor bright2 & s on ?r\gh all ! comb9ations4 ,?is is :at a ?or\ghly *ance-_w w\ld be l1 & c]ta9ly no?+ c\ld be imag9$ m sy/ematic4 ,:5 a quantity ( lett]s are p\r$ out ( a bag1 ! appe>ance ( disord] is due to ! circum/ance t ! ph5om5a are only p>tly =tuit\s4 ,! laws ( space are suppos$1 9 t case1 to be rigidly pres]v$1 & !re is also a c]ta9 am\nt ( regul>ity 9 ! =mation ( ! lett]s4 ,! result is t "s elem5ts are ord]ly & "s are disord]ly1 :i* is precisely :at we obs]ve 9 ! actual _w4 ,tillotson1 9 ! passage ( :i* a "p has be5 quot$1 goes on to ask1 8,h[ long might #bj1jjj bl9d m5 :i* %\ld be s5t out f ! sev]al remote p>ts ( ,engl&1 w&] up & d[n be=e !y w\ld all meet ^u ,salisbury ,pla9s1 & fall into rank & file 9 ! exact ord] ( an army8 ,& yet ?is is mu* m easy to be imag9$ ?an h[ ! innum]able bl9d p>ts ( matt] %\ld r5dezv\s !mselves into a _w40 ,?is is v true1 b 9 ! actual _w ! bl9d m5 are1 z f> z we c see1 n drawn up 9 any p>ticul> ord] at all4 ,&1 9 %ort1 :ile a c]ta9 am\nt ( ord] exi/s 9 ! _w1 x w\ld seem t ! _w is n s ord]ly z x might be1 &1 = in/ance1 n s mu* s z a _w ( pure *ance w\ld be4 ,b we c nev] get to ! bottom ( ?is "q until we take acc\nt ( a highly-important logical pr9ciple#dh :i* ,i n[ proce$ to en\nce4 ,?is pr9ciple is t any plurality or lot ( objects :atev] h "s "* 9 common 7no matt] h[ insignificant7 :i* is peculi> to !m & n %>$ by any?+ else4 ,! ^w 8"*0 "h is tak5 9 su* a s5se z to include negative *>act]s1 su* z incivility1 inequality1 etc41 z well z _! positives1 civility1 equality1 etc4 ,to prove ! !orem1 ,i w %[ :at "* any two ?+s1 ,a & ,b1 h 9 common1 n %>$ by any?+ else4 ,! ?+s1 ,a & ,b1 are ea* di/+ui%$ f all o!r ?+s by ! possession ( c]ta9 *>act]s :i* may be nam$ ,a-ness & ,b-ness4 ,correspond+ to ^! positive *>act]s1 are ! negative *>act]s un-,a-ness1 :i* is possess$ by ev]y?+ except ,a1 & un-,b-ness1 :i* is possess$ by ev]y?+ except ,b4 ,^! two *>act]s are unit$ 9 ev]y?+ except ,a & ,b2 & ?is union ( ! *>act]s un-,a-ness & un-,b-ness makes a comp\nd "* :i* may be t]m$ ,a-,b-lessness4 ,?is is n possess$ by ei!r ,a or ,b1 b x is possess$ by ev]y?+ else4 ,?is "*1 l e o!r1 has its correspond+ negative un-,a-,b-lessness1 & ?is la/ is ! "* possess$ by bo? ,a & ,b1 & by no?+ else4 ,x is obvi\s t :at has ?us be5 %[n true ( two ?+s is mutatis mut&is1 true ( any numb] ( ?+s4 ,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,9 any _w :atev]1 !n1 !re mu/ be a "* peculi> to ea* possible gr\p ( objects4 ,if1 z a matt] ( nom5clature1 *>act]s peculi> to ! same gr\p be reg>d$ z only diff]5t aspects ( ! same "*1 !n we may say t !re w be precisely "o "* = ea* possible gr\p ( objects4 ,?us1 suppose a _w to conta9 five ?+s1 1 1 1 1 4 ,!n x w h a sep>ate "* = ea* ( ! #ca gr\ps 7) non-exi/5ce mak+ up #cb or #be7 %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,table ,,ii4 ,?is %[s t a contradiction is involv$ 9 ! v idea#di ( a *ance-_w1 = 9 a _w ( #cb ?+s1 in/ead ( !re be+ only #ce or #bdc *>act]s1 z we h se5 t ! notion ( a *ance-_w requires1 !re w\ld1 9 fact1 be no less ?an #bcb1 or #d1bid1ifg1bif *>act]s1 :i* w\ld n be all indep5d5t1 b w\ld h all possible relations ) "o ano!r4 ,we fur!r see t s long z we reg>d *>act]s ab/ractly1 )\t reg>d to _! relative importance1 etc41 !re is no possibility ( a m or less degree ( ord]l9ess 9 ! _w1 ! :ole sy/em ( relation%ip betwe5 ! diff]5t *>act]s be+ giv5 by m]e logic2 t is1 be+ impli$ 9 ^? facts :i* are tacitly admitt$ z soon z we admit t !re is any su* ?+ z reason+4 ,9 ord] to desc5d f ?is ab/ract po9t ( view1 x is requisite to consid] ! *>act]s ( ?+s z relative to ! p]ceptions & active p[]s ( liv+ be+s4 ,in/ead1 !n1 ( attempt+ to imag9e a _w 9 :i* !re %\ld be no uni=mities1 let u suppose "o 9 :i* none ( ! uni=mities %\ld h ref]5ce to *>act]s int]e/+ or important to u4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re w\ld be no?+ to puzzle u 9 su* a _w4 ,! small numb] ( qualities :i* w\ld directly meet ! s5ses w\ld be ! ones :i* w\ld af=d ! key to ev]y?+ :i* c\ld possibly int]e/ u4 ,! :ole univ]se w\ld h su* an air ( sy/em & p]fect regul>ity t !re w\ld be no?+ to ask4 ,9 ! next place1 no action ( ours1 & no ev5t ( ,nature1 w\ld h important consequ5ces 9 su* a _w4 ,we %\ld be p]fectly free f all responsibility1 & !re w\ld be no?+ to d b to enjoy or suff] :atev] happ5$ to come along4 ,?us !re w\ld be no?+ to /imulate or develop ei!r ! m9d or ! w1 & we consequ5tly %\ld nei!r act nor ?9k4 ,we %\ld h no memory1 because t dep5ds on a law ( our organization4 ,ev5 if we _h any s5ses1 we %\ld be situat$ t[>d su* a _w precisely z inanimate objects are t[>d ! pres5t "o1 provid$ we suppose t ^! objects h an absolutely transitory & in/antane\s consci\sness )\t memory--a supposition :i* is a m]e mode ( spee*1 = t w\ld be no consci\sness at all4 ,we may1 !re=e1 say t a _w ( *ance is simply our actual _w view$ f ! /&po9t ( an animal at ! v vani%+-po9t ( intellig5ce4 ,! actual _w is almo/ a *ance-m$ley to ! m9d ( a polyp4 ,! int]e/ :i* ! uni=mities ( ,nature h = an animal measures 8 place 9 ! scale ( intellig5ce4 ,?us1 no?+ c be made out f ! ord]l9ess ( ,nature 9 reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 unless x be ma9ta9$ t ! exi/5ce ( a f9ite m9d proves ! exi/5ce ( an inf9ite "o4 ,,iii ,9 ! la/ ( ^! pap]s we exam9$ ! nature ( inductive or syn!tic reason+4 ,we f\nd x to be a process ( sampl+4 ,a numb] ( specim5s ( a class are tak51 n by selection )9 t class1 b at r&om4 ,^! specim5s w agree 9 a great numb] ( respects4 ,if1 n[1 x 7 likely t a second lot w\ld agree ) ! fir/ 9 ! majority ( ^! respects1 we might base on ?is consid]ation an inf]5ce 9 reg>d to any "o ( ^! *>act]s4 ,b su* an inf]5ce w\ld nei!r be ( ! nature ( induction1 nor w\ld x 7except 9 special cases7 be valid1 because ! va/ majority ( po9ts ( agreem5t 9 ! fir/ sample drawn w\ld g5]ally be entirely accid5tal1 z well z insignificant4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 ,i take ! ages at dea? ( ! fir/ five poets giv5 9 ,:eel]'s ,biographical ,diction>y4 ,!y are3 ,aag>d1 #dh4 ,abeille1 #gj4 ,abulola1 #hd4 ,abun[as1 #dh4 ,accords1 #de4 ,^! five ages h ! foll[+ *>act]s 9 common3 #a4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! two digits compos+ ! numb]1 divid$ by ?ree1 leaves a rema9d] ( "o4 #b4 ,! fir/ digit rais$ to ! p[] indicat$ by ! second1 & divid$ by ?ree1 leaves a rema9d] ( "o4 #c4 ,! sum ( ! prime factors ( ea* age1 includ+ "o1 is divisible by ?ree4 ,x is easy to see t ! numb] ( accid5tal agreem5ts ( ?is sort w\ld be q endless4 ,b suppose t1 in/ead ( consid]+ a "* because ( its preval5ce 9 ! sample1 we designate a "* be=e tak+ ! sample1 select+ x = its importance1 obvi\sness1 or o!r po9t ( int]e/4 ,!n two consid]able samples drawn at r&om are extremely likely to agree approximately 9 reg>d to ! proportion ( occurr5ces ( a "* s *os54 ,! inf]5ce t a previ\sly designat$ "* has ne>ly ! same frequ5cy ( occurr5ce 9 ! :ole ( a class t x has 9 a sample drawn at r&om out ( t class is induction4 ,if ! "* be n previ\sly designat$1 !n a sample 9 :i* x is f\nd to be preval5t c only s]ve to sugge/ t x may be preval5t 9 ! :ole class4 ,we may consid] ?is surmise z an inf]5ce if we please--an inf]5ce ( possibility2 b a second sample mu/ be drawn to te/ ! "q ( :e!r ! "* actually is preval5t4 ,in/ead ( designat+ be=eh& a s+le "* 9 ref]5ce to :i* we w exam9e a sample1 we may designate two1 & use ! same sample to det]m9e ! relative frequ5cies ( bo?4 ,?is w be mak+ two inductive inf]5ces at once2 &1 ( c\rse1 we are less c]ta9 t bo? w yield correct conclusions ?an we %\ld be t ei!r sep>ately w\ld d s4 ,:at is true ( two *>act]s is true ( any limit$ numb]4 ,n[1 ! numb] ( *>act]s :i* h any consid]able int]e/ = u 9 ref]5ce to any class ( objects is m mod]ate ?an might be suppos$4 ,z we %all be sure to exam9e any sample ) ref]5ce to ^! *>act]s1 !y may be reg>d$ n exactly z pr$esignat$1 b z pr$et]m9$ 7:i* am\nts to ! same ?+72 & we may inf] t ! sample repres5ts ! class 9 all ^! respects if we please1 rememb]+ only t ?is is n s secure an inf]5ce z if ! p>ticul> quality to be look$ = _h be5 fix$ ^u be=eh&4 ,! demon/ration ( ?is !ory ( induction re/s ^u pr9ciples & foll[s me?ods :i* are accept$ by all ^? :o display 9 o!r matt]s ! p>ticul> k & =ce ( m9d :i* qualify !m to judge ( ?is4 ,! !ory itself1 h[ev]1 q unacc\ntably seems nev] to h occurr$ to any ( ! writ]s :o h und]tak5 to expla9 syn!tic reason+4 ,! mo/ widely-spread op9ion 9 ! matt] is "o :i* 0 mu* promot$ by ,mr4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill--namely1 t induction dep5ds = its validity ^u ! uni=mity ( ,nature--t is1 on ! pr9ciple t :at happ5s once w1 "u a suffici5t degree ( simil>ity ( circum/ances1 happ5 aga9 z (t5 z ! same circum/ances recur4 ,! application is ?is3 ,! fact t diff]5t ?+s belong to ! same class con/itutes ! simil>ity ( circum/ances1 & ! induction is good1 provid$ ?is simil>ity is 8suffici5t40 ,:at happ5s once is1 t a numb] ( ^! ?+s are f\nd to h a c]ta9 "*2 :at may be expect$1 !n1 to happ5 aga9 z (t5 z ! circum/ances recur consi/s 9 ?is1 t all ?+s belong+ to ! same class %\ld h ! same "*4 ,?is analysis ( induction has1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 v>i\s imp]fections1 to "s ( :i* x may be useful to call att5tion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :5 ,i put my h& 9 a bag & draw out a h&ful ( beans1 &1 f9d+ ?ree-qu>t]s ( !m black1 inf] t ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( all 9 ! bag are black1 my inf]5ce is obvi\sly ( ! same k9d z if ,i _h f\nd any l>g] proportion1 or ! :ole1 ( ! sample black1 & _h assum$ t x repres5t$ 9 t respect ! re/ ( ! cont5ts ( ! bag4 ,b ! analysis 9 "q h>dly seems adapt$ to ! explanation ( ?is proportionate induction1 :]e ! conclusion1 in/ead ( be+ t a c]ta9 ev5t uni=mly happ5s "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 is precisely t x does n uni=mly occur1 b only happ5s 9 a c]ta9 proportion ( cases4 ,x is true t ! :ole sample may be reg>d$ z a s+le object1 & ! inf]5ce may be br\ght "u ! =mula propos$ by consid]+ ! conclusion to be t any simil> sample w %[ a simil> proportion among its con/itu5ts4 ,b ?is is to treat ! induction z if x re/$ on a s+le in/ance1 :i* gives a v false idea ( its probability4 ,9 ! second place1 if ! uni=mity ( ,nature 7 ! sole w>rant ( induction1 we %\ld h no "r to draw "o 9 reg>d to a "* ^: con/ancy we knew no?+ ab\t4 ,accord+ly1 ,mr4 ,mill says t1 ?\gh none b :ite swans 7 kn[n to ,europeans = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 yet ! inf]5ce t all swans 7 :ite 0 8n a good induction10 because x 0 n kn[n t color 0 a usual g5]ic "* 7x1 9 fact1 n be+ s by any means74 ,b x is ma!matically demon/rable t an inductive inf]5ce may h z high a degree ( probability z y please indep5d5t ( any antec$5t k ( ! con/ancy ( ! "* inf]r$4 ,be=e x 0 kn[n t color is n usually a "* ( g5]a1 !re 0 c]ta9ly a consid]able probability t all swans 7 :ite4 ,b ! fur!r /udy ( ! g5]a ( animals l$ to ! induction ( _! non-uni=mity 9 reg>d to color4 ,a d$uctive application ( ?is g5]al proposition w\ld h gone f> to ov]come ! probability ( ! univ]sal :it5ess ( swans be=e ! black species 0 discov]$4 ,:5 we d "k any?+ 9 reg>d to ! g5]al con/ancy or incon/ancy ( a "*1 ! application ( t g5]al k to ! p>ticul> class to :i* any induction relates1 ?\gh x s]ves to increase or dim9i% ! =ce ( ! induction1 is1 l e application ( g5]al k to p>ticul> cases1 d$uctive 9 its nature & n inductive4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 to say t inductions are true because simil> ev5ts happ5 9 simil> circum/ances--or1 :at is ! same ?+1 because objects simil> 9 "s respects are likely to be simil> 9 o!rs--is to ov]look ^? conditions :i* really are ess5tial to ! validity ( inductions4 ,:5 we take all ! *>act]s into acc\nt1 any pair ( objects resemble "o ano!r 9 j z _m p>ticul>s z any o!r pair4 ,if we limit ourselves to su* *>act]s z h = u any importance1 int]e/1 or obvi\sness1 !n a syn!tic conclusion may be drawn1 b only on condition t ! specim5s by :i* we judge h be5 tak5 at r&om f ! class 9 reg>d to :i* we are to =m a judgm5t1 & n select$ z belong+ to any sub-class4 ,! induction only has its full =ce :5 ! "* conc]n$ has be5 designat$ be=e exam9+ ! sample4 ,^! are ! ess5tials ( induction1 & !y are n recogniz$ 9 attribut+ ! validity ( induction to ! uni=mity ( ,nature4 ,! explanation ( induction by ! doctr9e ( probabilities1 giv5 9 ! la/ ( ^! pap]s1 is n a m]e metaphysical =mula1 b is "o f :i* all ! rules ( syn!tic reason+ c be d$uc$ sy/ematically & ) ma!matical cog5cy4 ,b ! acc\nt ( ! matt] by a pr9ciple ( ,nature1 ev5 if x 7 9 o!r respects satisfactory1 pres5ts ! fatal disadvantage ( leav+ u q z mu* afloat z be=e 9 reg>d to ! prop] me?od ( induction4 ,x does n surprise me1 !re=e1 t ^? :o adopt ?is !ory h giv5 errone\s rules = ! conduct ( reason+1 nor t ! great] numb] ( examples put =w>d by ,mr4 ,mill 9 8 fir/ edition1 z models ( :at inductions %\ld be1 prov$ 9 ! light ( fur!r sci5tific progress s p>ticul>ly un=tunate t !y _h to be replac$ by o!rs 9 lat] editions4 ,"o w\ld h suppos$ t ,mr4 ,mill might h bas$ an induction on ?is circum/ance1 especially z x is 8 av[$ pr9ciple t1 if ! conclusion ( an induction turns out false1 x _c h be5 a good induction4 ,nev]!less1 nei!r he nor any ( 8 s*ol>s seem to h be5 l$ to suspect1 9 ! lea/1 ! p]fect solidity ( ! framework :i* he devis$ = securely support+ ! m9d 9 its passage f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 al?\gh at its fir/ trial x did n answ] q s well z _h be5 expect$4 ,,iv ,:5 we h drawn any /ati/ical induction--su*1 = in/ance1 z t "o-half ( all bir?s are ( male *ildr5--x is always possible to discov]1 by inve/igation suffici5tly prolong$1 a class ( :i* ! same pr$icate may be affirm$ univ]sally2 to f9d out1 = in/ance1 :at sort ( bir?s are ( male *ildr54 ,! tru? ( ?is pr9ciple foll[s imm$iately f ! !orem t !re is a "* peculi> to e possible gr\p ( objects4 ,! =m 9 :i* ! pr9ciple is usually /at$ is1 t e ev5t mu/ h a cause4 ,b1 ?\gh !re exi/s a cause = e ev5t1 & t ( a k9d :i* is capable ( be+ discov]$1 yet if !re be no?+ to guide u to ! discov]y2 if we h to hunt among all ! ev5ts 9 ! _w )\t any sc5t2 if1 = in/ance1 ! sex ( a *ild might equally be suppos$ to dep5d on ! configuration ( ! planets1 on :at 0 go+ on at ! antipodes1 or on any?+ else--!n ! discov]y w\ld h no *ance ( ev] gett+ made4 ,t we ev] d discov] ! precise causes ( ?+s1 t any induction :atev] is absolutely )\t exception1 is :at we h no "r to assume4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is an easy coroll>y1 f ! !orem j ref]r$ to1 t e empirical rule has an exception4#ej ,b !re are c]ta9 ( our inductions :i* pres5t an approa* to univ]sality s extraord9>y t1 ev5 if we are to suppose t !y are n /rictly univ]sal tru?s1 we _c possibly ?9k t !y h be5 rea*$ m]ely by accid5t4 ,! mo/ rem>kable laws ( ?is k9d are ^? ( "t & space4 ,) ref]5ce to space1 ,bi%op ,b]keley fir/ %[$1 9 a v conclusive mann]1 t x 0 n a ?+ se51 b a ?+ inf]r$4 ,b]keley *iefly insi/s on ! impossibility ( directly see+ ! ?ird dim5sion ( space1 s9ce ! ret9a ( ! eye is a surface4 ,b1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! ret9a is n ev5 a surface2 x is a conglom]ation ( n]ve-ne$les direct$ t[>d ! light & hav+ only _! extreme po9ts s5sitive1 ^! po9ts ly+ at consid]able di/ances f "o ano!r comp>$ ) _! areas4 ,n[1 ( ^! po9ts1 c]ta9ly ! excitation ( no "o s+ly c produce ! p]ception ( a surface1 & consequ5tly n ! aggregate ( all ! s5sations c am\nt to ?is4 ,b c]ta9 relations subsi/ betwe5 ! excitations ( diff]5t n]ve-po9ts1 & ^! con/itute ! premises ^u :i* ! hypo!sis ( space is f\nd$1 & f :i* x is inf]r$4 ,t space is n imm$iately p]ceiv$ is n[ univ]sally admitt$2 & a m$iate cognition is :at is call$ an inf]5ce1 & is subject to ! criticism ( logic4 ,b :at are we to say to ! fact ( e *ick5 z soon z x is hat*$ solv+ a problem ^: data are ( a complexity suffici5t to try ! greate/ ma!matical p[]s8 ,x w\ld be insane to d5y t ! t5d5cy to light ^u ! conception ( space is inborn 9 ! m9d ( ! *ick5 & ( e animal4 ,! same ?+ is equally true ( "t4 ,t "t is n directly p]ceiv$ is evid5t1 s9ce no lapse ( "t is pres5t1 & we only p]ceive :at is pres5t4 ,t1 n hav+ ! idea ( "t1 we %\ld nev] be able to p]ceive ! fl[ 9 our s5sations )\t "s p>ticul> aptitude = x1 w probably also be admitt$4 ,! idea ( =ce--at lea/1 9 its rudim5ts--is ano!r conception s e>ly arriv$ at1 & f\nd 9 animals s l[ 9 ! scale ( intellig5ce1 t x mu/ be suppos$ innate4 ,b ! innat5ess ( an idea admits ( degree1 = x consi/s 9 ! t5d5cy ( t idea to pres5t itself to ! m9d4 ,"s ideas1 l t ( space1 d s pres5t !mselves irresi/ibly at ! v dawn ( intellig5ce1 & take possession ( ! m9d on small provocation1 :ile ( o!r conceptions we are prepossess$1 inde$1 b n s /rongly1 d[n a scale :i* is greatly ext5d$4 ,! t5d5cy to p]sonify e ?+1 & to attribute human *>act]s to x1 may be said to be innate2 b x is a t5d5cy :i* is v soon ov]come by civiliz$ man 9 reg>d to ! great] "p ( ! objects ab\t him4 ,take su* a conception z t ( gravitation v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,x is a v simple law4 ,b to say t x is simple is m]ely to say t x is "o :i* ! m9d is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to appreh5d ) facility4 ,suppose ! idea ( a quantity multipli$ into ano!r _h be5 no m easy to ! m9d ?an t ( a quantity rais$ to ! p[] indicat$ by itself--%\ld we ev] h discov]$ ! law ( ! sol> sy/em8 ,x seems inconte/able1 !re=e1 t ! m9d ( man is /rongly adapt$ to ! compreh5sion ( ! _w2 at lea/1 s f> z ?is goes1 t c]ta9 conceptions1 highly important = su* a compreh5sion1 naturally arise 9 8 m9d2 &1 )\t su* a t5d5cy1 ! m9d c\ld nev] h _h any developm5t at all4 ,h[ are we to expla9 ?is adaptation8 ,! great utility & indisp5sabl5ess ( ! conceptions ( "t1 space1 & =ce1 ev5 to ! l[e/ intellig5ce1 are su* z to sugge/ t !y are ! results ( natural selection4 ,)\t some?+ l geometrical1 k9etical1 & me*anical conceptions1 no animal c\ld seize 8 food or d any?+ :i* might be necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! species4 ,he might1 x is true1 be provid$ ) an in/9ct :i* w\ld g5]ally h ! same effect2 t is to say1 he might h conceptions diff]5t f ^? ( "t1 space1 & =ce1 b :i* co9cid$ ) !m 9 reg>d to ! ord9>y cases ( ! animal's exp]i5ce4 ,b1 z t animal w\ld h an imm5se advantage 9 ! /ruggle = life ^: me*anical conceptions did n break d[n 9 a novel situation 7su* z developm5t mu/ br+ ab\t71 !re w\ld be a con/ant selection 9 favor ( m & m correct ideas ( ^! matt]s4 ,?us w\ld be atta9$ ! k ( t fundam5tal law ^u :i* all sci5ce rolls2 namely1 t =ces dep5d ^u relations ( "t1 space1 & mass4 ,:5 ?is idea 0 once suffici5tly cle>1 x w\ld require no m ?an a compreh5sible degree ( g5ius to discov] ! exact nature ( ^! relations4 ,su* an hypo!sis naturally sugge/s itself1 b x mu/ be admitt$ t x does n seem suffici5t to acc\nt = ! extraord9>y accuracy ) :i* ^! conceptions apply to ! ph5om5a ( ,nature1 & x is probable t !re is "s secret "h :i* rema9s to be discov]$4 ,v ,"s important que/ions ( logic dep5d ^u :e!r we are to consid] ! mat]ial univ]se z ( limit$ ext5t & f9ite age1 or q b\ndless 9 space & 9 "t4 ,9 ! =m] case1 x is conceivable t a g5]al plan or design embrac+ ! :ole univ]se %\ld be discov]$1 & x w\ld be prop] to be on ! al]t = "s traces ( su* a unity4 ,9 ! latt] case1 s9ce ! proportion ( ! _w ( :i* we c h any exp]i5ce is less ?an ! smalle/ assignable fraction1 x foll[s t we nev] c\ld discov] any patt]n 9 ! univ]se except a repeat+ "o2 any design embrac+ ! :ole w\ld be beyond our p[]s to disc]n1 & beyond ! unit$ p[]s ( all intellects dur+ all "t4 ,n[1 :at is absolutely incapable ( be+ kn[n is1 z we h se5 9 a =m] pap]1 n real at all4 ,an absolutely incognizable exi/5ce is a nons5sical phrase4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! univ]se is inf9ite1 ! attempt to f9d 9 x any design embrac+ x z a :ole is futile1 & involves a false way ( look+ at ! subject4 ,if ! univ]se nev] _h any beg9n+1 & if 9 space _w /ret*es beyond _w )\t limit1 !re is no :ole ( mat]ial ?+s1 & consequ5tly no g5]al "* to ! univ]se1 & no ne$ or possibility ( any gov]nor = x4 ,b if !re 0 a "t be=e :i* absolutely no matt] exi/$1 if !re are c]ta9 absolute b\nds to ! region ( ?+s outside ( :i* !re is a m]e void1 !n we naturally seek = an explanation ( x1 &1 s9ce we _c look = x among mat]ial ?+s1 ! hypo!sis ( a great disembodi$ animal1 ! creator & gov]nor ( ! _w1 is natural en\gh4 ,! actual /ate ( ! evid5ce z to ! limitation ( ! univ]se is z foll[s3 ,z to "t1 we f9d on our e>? a con/ant progress ( developm5t s9ce ! planet 0 a r$-hot ball2 ! sol> sy/em seems to h result$ f ! cond5sation ( a nebula1 & ! process appe>s to be /ill go+ on4 ,we sometimes see />s 7presumably ) sy/ems ( worlds7 de/roy$ & app>5tly resolv$ back into ! nebul\s condition1 b we h no evid5ce ( any exi/5ce ( ! _w previ\s to ! nebul\s /age f :i* x seems to h be5 evolv$4 ,all ?is r favors ! idea ( a beg9n+ ?an o!rwise4 ,z = limits 9 space1 we _c be sure t we see any?+ outside ( ! sy/em ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,m9ds ( !ological pr$ilections h !re=e no ne$ ( di/ort+ ! facts to reconcile !m ) _! views4 ,b ! only sci5tific presumption is1 t ! unkn[n p>ts ( space & "t are l ! kn[n p>ts1 occupi$2 t1 z we see cycles ( life & dea? 9 all developm5t :i* we c trace out to ! end1 ! same holds good 9 reg>d to sol> sy/ems2 t z enorm\s di/ances lie betwe5 ! diff]5t planets ( our sol> sy/em1 relatively to _! diamet]s1 & z /ill m enorm\s di/ances lie betwe5 our sy/em relatively to its diamet] & o!r sy/ems1 s x may be suppos$ t o!r galactic clu/]s exi/ s remote f ours z n to be recogniz$ z su* ) c]ta9ty4 ,i d n say t ^! are /rong inductions2 ,i only say t !y are ! presumptions :i*1 9 our ignorance ( ! facts1 %\ld be pref]r$ to hypo!ses :i* involve conceptions ( ?+s & occurr5ces totally diff]5t 9 _! "* f any ( :i* we h _h any exp]i5ce1 su* z disembodi$ spirits1 ! creation ( matt]1 infr+em5ts ( ! laws ( me*anics1 etc4 ,! univ]se ought to be presum$ too va/ to h any "*4 ,:5 x is claim$ t ! arrangem5ts ( ,nature are b5evol5t1 or j1 or wise1 or ( any o!r peculi> k9d1 we ought to be prejudic$ aga9/ su* op9ions1 z be+ ! (fspr+ ( an ill-f\nd$ notion ( ! f9itude ( ! _w4 ,& exam9ation has hi!rto %[n t su* b5efic5ces1 ju/ice1 etc41 are ( a mo/ limit$ k9d--limit$ 9 degree & limit$ 9 range4 ,9 l mann]1 if any "o claims to h discov]$ a plan 9 ! /ructure ( organiz$ be+s1 or a s*eme 9 _! classification1 or a regul> arrangem5t among natural objects1 or a sy/em ( proportionality 9 ! human =m1 or an ord] ( developm5t1 or a correspond5ce betwe5 conjunctions ( ! planets & human ev5ts1 or a significance 9 numb]s1 or a key to dreams1 ! fir/ ?+ we h to ask is :e!r su* relations are susceptible ( explanation on me*anical pr9ciples1 & if n !y %\ld be look$ ^u ) disfavor z hav+ already a /rong presumption aga9/ !m2 & exam9ation has g5]ally explod$ all su* !ories4 ,!re are m9ds to :om e prejudice1 e presumption1 seems unfair4 ,x is easy to say :at m9ds ^! are4 ,!y are ^? :o nev] h kn[n :at x is to draw a well-gr\nd$ induction1 & :o imag9e t o!r p's k is z nebul\s z _! own4 ,t all sci5ce rolls ^u presumption 7n ( a =mal b ( a real k9d7 is no argum5t ) !m1 because !y _c imag9e t !re is any?+ solid 9 human k4 ,^! are ! p :o wa/e _! "t & money ^u p]petual motions & o!r su* rubbi%4 ,b !re are bett] m9ds :o take up my/ical !ories 7by :i* ,i mean all ^? :i* h no possibility ( be+ me*anically expla9$74 ,^! are p]sons :o are /rongly prejudic$ 9 favor ( su* !ories4 ,we all h natural t5d5cies to believe 9 su* ?+s2 our education (t5 /r5g!ns ?is t5d5cy2 & ! result is1 t to _m m9ds no?+ seems s antec$5tly probable z a !ory ( ?is k9d4 ,su* p]sons f9d evid5ce en\gh 9 favor ( _! views1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any recogniz$ logic ( induction !y _c be driv5 f _! belief4 ,b to ! m9d ( a physici/ !re ought to be a /rong presumption aga9/ e my/ical !ory2 &1 !re=e1 x seems to me t ^? sci5tific m5 :o h s\ght to make out t sci5ce 0 n ho/ile to !ology h n be5 s cle>-sight$ z _! oppon5ts4 ,x w\ld be extravagant to say t sci5ce c at pres5t disprove religion2 b x does seem to me t ! _s ( sci5ce is ho/ile to any religion except su* a "o z t ( ,m4 ,va*]ot4 ,our appo9t$ tea*]s in=m u t ,buddhism is a mis]able & a!i/ical fai?1 %orn ( ! mo/ glori\s & ne$ful attributes ( a religion2 t its prie/s c be ( no use to agriculture by pray+ = ra91 nor to w> by comm&+ ! sun to /& /ill4 ,we also he> ! remon/rances ( ^? :o w>n u t to %ake ! g5]al belief 9 ! liv+ ,god w\ld be to %ake ! g5]al morals1 public & private4 ,?is1 too1 mu/ be admitt$2 su* a revolution ( ?\ght c\ld no m be accompli%$ )\t wa/e & desolation ?an a plantation ( trees c\ld be transf]r$ to new gr\nd1 h[ev] :olesome 9 itself1 )\t all ( !m langui%+ = a "t1 & _m ( !m dy+4 ,nor is x1 by-!-way1 a ?+ to be presum$ t a man w\ld h tak5 "p 9 a movem5t hav+ a possible a!i/ical issue )\t hav+ tak5 s]i\s & adequate c\nsel 9 reg>d to t responsibility4 ,b1 let ! consequ5ces ( su* a belief be z dire z !y may1 "o ?+ is c]ta93 t ! /ate ( ! facts1 :atev] x may be1 w surely get f\nd out1 & no human prud5ce c long arre/ ! triumphal c> ( tru?--no1 n if ! discov]y 7 su* z to drive e individual ( our race to suicide6 ,b x w\ld be folly to suppose t any metaphysical !ory 9 reg>d to ! mode ( be+ ( ! p]fect is to de/roy t aspiration t[>d ! p]fect :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( religion4 ,x is true t1 if ! prie/s ( any p>ticul> =m ( religion succe$ 9 mak+ x g5]ally believ$ t religion _c exi/ )\t ! acceptance ( c]ta9 =mulas1 or if !y succe$ 9 s int]weav+ c]ta9 dogmas ) ! popul> religion t ! p c see no ess5tial analogy betwe5 a religion :i* accepts ^! po9ts ( fai? & "o :i* rejects !m1 ! result may v well be to r5d] ^? :o _c believe ^! ?+s irreligi\s4 ,nor c we ev] hope t any body ( prie/s %\ld consid] !mselves m tea*]s ( religion 9 g5]al ?an ( ! p>ticul> sy/em ( !ology advocat$ by _! own p>ty4 ,b no man ne$ be exclud$ f p>ticipation 9 ! common feel+s1 nor f s mu* ( ! public expression ( !m z is op5 to all ! laity1 by ! unphilosophical n>r[ness ( ^? :o gu>d ! my/]ies ( wor%ip4 ,am ,i to be prev5t$ f jo9+ 9 t common joy at ! revelation ( enlight5$ pr9ciples ( religion1 :i* we celebrate at ,ea/] & ,*ri/mas1 because ,i ?9k t c]ta9 sci5tific1 logical1 & metaphysical ideas :i* h be5 mix$ up ) ^! pr9ciples are unt5able8 ,no2 to d s w\ld be to e/imate ^? errors z ( m consequ5ce ?an ! tru?--an op9ion :i* few w\ld admit4 ,p :o d n believe :at are really ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity are r>e to f9d1 & all b ^! few ought to feel at home 9 ! *ur*es4 ,footnote #dd3 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,june1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #de3 ,see ,santayana1 ,reason 9 ,religion4 ,footnote #df3 ,= ! pres5t purpose1 ! negative ( a "* is to be consid]$ z mu* a "* z ! positive1 = a uni=mity may ei!r be affirmative or negative4 ,i d n say t no di/9ction c be drawn betwe5 positive & negative uni=mities4 ,footnote #dg3 ,!re be+ #e simple *>act]s1 ) _! negatives1 !y c\ld be comp\nd$ 9 v>i\s ways s z to make #bda *>act]s 9 all1 )\t c\nt+ ! *>act]s exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce1 :i* make up #bdc or #ce4 ,footnote #dh3 ,?is pr9ciple 01 ,i believe1 fir/ /at$ by ,mr4 ,de ,morgan4 ,footnote #di3 ,n 9 e idea b only 9 ! "o s =mulat$4 ,footnote #ej3 ,note t ?is coroll>y is itself a !oretical inf]5ce & n an empirical rule4 ,,six? ,,pap] ,,d$uction1 ,,induction1 ,,& ,,hypo!sis#ea ,i ,! *ief bus9ess ( ! logician is to classify argum5ts2 = all te/+ cle>ly dep5ds on classification4 ,! classes ( ! logicians are def9$ by c]ta9 typical =ms call$ syllogisms4 ,= example1 ! syllogism call$ ,b>b>a is z foll[s3 ,s is ,m2 ,m is ,p3 ,h5ce1 ,s is ,p4 ,or1 to put words = lett]s-- ,eno* & ,elijah 7 m52 all m5 die3 ,h5ce1 ,eno* & ,elijah mu/ h di$4 ,! 8is ,p0 ( ! logicians /&s = any v]b1 active or neut]4 ,x is capable ( /rict pro( 7) :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i w n tr\ble ! read]7 t all argum5ts :atev] c be put into ?is =m2 b only "u ! condition t ! is %all mean 8is = ! purposes ( ! argum5t0 or 8is repres5t$ by40 ,?us1 an induction w appe> 9 ?is =m some?+ l ?is3 ,^! beans are two-?irds :ite2 ,b1 ! beans 9 ?is bag are 7repres5t$ by7 ^! beans2 ,! beans 9 ! bag are two-?irds :ite4 ,b1 because all inf]5ce may be r$uc$ 9 "s way to ,b>b>a1 x does n foll[ t ?is is ! mo/ appropriate =m 9 :i* to repres5t e k9d ( inf]5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 to %[ ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( diff]5t sorts ( inf]5ce1 !y mu/ cle>ly be exhibit$ 9 diff]5t =ms peculi> to ea*4 ,b>b>a p>ticul>ly typifies d$uctive reason+2 & s long z ! is is tak5 lit]ally1 no inductive reason+ c be put into ?is =m4 ,b>b>a is1 9 fact1 no?+ b ! application ( a rule4 ,! s-call$ major premise lays d[n ?is rule2 z1 = example1 ,all m5 are mortal4 ,! o!r or m9or premise /ates a case "u ! rule2 z1 ,eno* 0 a man4 ,! conclusion applies ! rule to ! case & /ates ! result3 ,eno* is mortal4 ,all d$uction is ( ?is "*2 x is m]ely ! application ( g5]al rules to p>ticul> cases4 ,sometimes ?is is n v evid5t1 z 9 ! foll[+3 ,all quadrangles are figures1 ,b no triangle is a quadrangle2 ,!re=e1 "s figures are n triangles4 ,b "h ! reason+ is really ?is3 ,rule4--,e quadrangle is o!r ?an a triangle4 ,case4--,"s figures are quadrangles4 ,result4--,"s figures are n triangles4 ,inductive or syn!tic reason+1 be+ some?+ m ?an ! m]e application ( a g5]al rule to a p>ticul> case1 c nev] be r$uc$ to ?is =m4 ,if1 f a bag ( beans ( :i* we "k t #b_/c are :ite1 we take "o at r&om1 x is a d$uctive inf]5ce t ?is bean is probably :ite1 ! probability be+ #b_/c4 ,we h1 9 effect1 ! foll[+ syllogism3 ,rule4--,! beans 9 ?is bag are #b_/c :ite4 ,case4--,?is bean has be5 drawn 9 su* a way t 9 ! long run ! relative numb] ( :ite beans s drawn w\ld be equal to ! relative numb] 9 ! bag4 ,result4--,?is bean has be5 drawn 9 su* a way t 9 ! long run x w\ld turn out :ite #b_/c ( ! "t4 ,if in/ead ( draw+ "o bean we draw a h&ful at r&om & conclude t ab\t #b_/c ( ! h&ful are probably :ite1 ! reason+ is ( ! same sort4 ,if1 h[ev]1 n kn[+ :at proportion ( :ite beans !re are 9 ! bag1 we draw a h&ful at r&om &1 f9d+ #b_/c ( ! beans 9 ! h&ful :ite1 conclude t ab\t #b_/c ( ^? 9 ! bag are :ite1 we are r[+ up ! curr5t ( d$uctive sequ5ce1 & are conclud+ a rule f ! obs]vation ( a result 9 a c]ta9 case4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly cle> :5 all ! h&ful turn out "o color4 ,! induction !n is3 ,^! beans 7 9 ?is bag4--------------- ,^! beans are :ite4------------------ ,all ! beans 9 ! bag 7 :ite4 ,:i* is b an inv]sion ( ! d$uctive syllogism4 ,rule4--,all ! beans 9 ! bag 7 :ite4-- ,case4--,^! beans 7 9 ! bag4------------- ,result4--,^! beans are :ite4---------------- ,s t induction is ! inf]5ce ( ! rule f ! case & result4 ,b ?is is n ! only way ( inv]t+ a d$uctive syllogism s z to produce a syn!tic inf]5ce4 ,suppose ,i ent] a room & !re f9d a numb] ( bags1 conta9+ diff]5t k9ds ( beans4 ,on ! table !re is a h&ful ( :ite beans2 &1 aft] "s se>*+1 ,i f9d "o ( ! bags conta9s :ite beans only4 ,i at once inf] z a probability1 or z a fair guess1 t ?is h&ful 0 tak5 out ( t bag4 ,?is sort ( inf]5ce is call$ mak+ an hypo!sis4#eb ,x is ! inf]5ce ( a case f a rule & result4 ,we h1 !n-- ,,d$uction4 ,rule4--,all ! beans f ?is bag are :ite4 ,case4--,^! beans are f ?is bag4 ,result4--,^! beans are :ite4 ,,induction4 ,case4--,^! beans are f ?is bag4 ,result4--,^! beans are :ite4 ,rule4--,all ! beans f ?is bag are :ite4 ,,hypo!sis4 ,rule4--,all ! beans f ?is bag are :ite4 ,result4--,^! beans are :ite4 ,case4--,^! beans are f ?is bag4 ,we1 accord+ly1 classify all inf]5ce z foll[s3 ,inf]5ce4 _/----------------------------- ,d$uctive or ,analytic4 ,syn!tic4 _/------------------ ,induction4 ,hypo!sis4 ,induction is :]e we g5]alize f a numb] ( cases ( :i* some?+ is true1 & inf] t ! same ?+ is true ( a :ole class4 ,or1 :]e we f9d a c]ta9 ?+ to be true ( a c]ta9 proportion ( cases & inf] t x is true ( ! same proportion ( ! :ole class4 ,hypo!sis is :]e we f9d "s v curi\s circum/ance1 :i* w\ld be expla9$ by ! supposition t x 0 a case ( a c]ta9 g5]al rule1 & !reupon adopt t supposition4 ,or1 :]e we f9d t 9 c]ta9 respects two objects h a /rong resemblance1 & inf] t !y resemble "o ano!r /rongly 9 o!r respects4 ,i once l&$ at a seaport 9 a ,turki% prov9ce2 &1 z ,i 0 walk+ up to ! h\se :i* ,i 0 to visit1 ,i met a man ^u horseback1 surr\nd$ by f\r horsem5 hold+ a canopy ov] 8 head4 ,z ! gov]nor ( ! prov9ce 0 ! only p]sonage ,i c\ld ?9k ( :o w\ld be s greatly honor$1 ,i inf]r$ t ?is 0 he4 ,?is 0 an hypo!sis4 ,fossils are f\nd2 say1 rema9s l ^? ( fi%es1 b f> 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry4 ,to expla9 ! ph5om5on1 we suppose ! sea once wa%$ ov] ?is l&4 ,?is is ano!r hypo!sis4 ,numb]less docum5ts & monum5ts ref] to a conqu]or call$ ,napoleon ,bonap>te4 ,?\gh we h n se5 ! man1 yet we _c expla9 :at we h se51 namely1 all ^! docum5ts & monum5ts1 )\t suppos+ t he really exi/$4 ,hypo!sis aga94 ,z a g5]al rule1 hypo!sis is a weak k9d ( argum5t4 ,x (t5 incl9es our judgm5t s slightly t[>d its conclusion t we _c say t we believe ! latt] to be true2 we only surmise t x may be s4 ,b !re is no diff]5ce except "o ( degree betwe5 su* an inf]5ce & t by :i* we are l$ to believe t we rememb] ! occurr5ces ( ye/]day f our feel+ z if we did s4 ,,ii ,besides ! way j po9t$ out ( inv]t+ a d$uctive syllogism to produce an induction or hypo!sis1 !re is ano!r4 ,if f ! tru? ( a c]ta9 premise ! tru? ( a c]ta9 conclusion w\ld necess>ily foll[1 !n f ! falsity ( ! conclusion ! falsity ( ! premise w\ld foll[4 ,?us1 take ! foll[+ syllogism 9 ,b>b>a3 ,rule4--,all m5 are mortal4 ,case4--,eno* & ,elijah 7 m54 ,result4--,eno* & ,elijah 7 mortal4 ,n[1 a p]son :o d5ies ?is result may admit ! rule1 &1 9 t case1 he mu/ d5y ! case4 ,?us3 ,d5ial ( ,result4--,eno* & ,elijah 7 n mortal4 ,rule4--,all m5 are mortal4 ,d5ial ( ,case4--,eno* & ,elijah 7 n m54 ,?is k9d ( syllogism is call$ ,b>oco1 :i* is ! typical mood ( ! second figure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p]son :o d5ies ! result may admit ! case1 & 9 t case he mu/ d5y ! rule4 ,?us3 ,d5ial ( ! ,result4--,eno* & ,elijah 7 n mortal4 ,case4--,eno* & ,elijah 7 m54 ,d5ial ( ! ,rule4--,"s m5 are n mortal4 ,?is k9d ( syllogism is call$ ,boc>do1 :i* is ! typical mood ( ! ?ird figure4 ,b>oco & ,boc>do are1 ( c\rse1 d$uctive syllogisms2 b ( a v peculi> k9d4 ,!y are call$ by logicians indirect moods1 because !y ne$ "s trans=mation to appe> z ! application ( a rule to a p>ticul> case4 ,b if1 in/ead ( sett+ out z we h "h done ) a necess>y d$uction 9 ,b>b>a1 we take a probable d$uction ( simil> =m1 ! indirect moods :i* we %all obta9 w be-- ,correspond+ to ,b>oco1 an hypo!sis2 &1 ,correspond+ to ,boc>do1 an induction4 ,= example1 let u beg9 ) ?is probable d$uction 9 ,b>b>a3 ,rule4--,mo/ ( ! beans 9 ?is bag are :ite4 ,case4--,?is h&ful ( beans are f ?is bag4 ,result4--,probably1 mo/ ( ?is h&ful ( beans are :ite4 ,n[1 d5y ! result1 b accept ! rule3 ,d5ial ( ,result4--,few beans ( ?is h&ful are :ite4 ,rule4--,mo/ beans 9 ?is bag are :ite4 ,d5ial ( ,case4--,probably1 ^! beans 7 tak5 f ano!r bag4 ,?is is an hypo!tical inf]5ce4 ,next1 d5y ! result1 b accept ! case3 ,d5ial ( ,result4--,few beans ( ?is h&ful are :ite4 ,case4--,^! beans came f ?is bag4 ,d5ial ( ,rule4--,probably1 few beans 9 ! bag are :ite4 ,?is is an induction4 ,! relation ?us exhibit$ betwe5 syn!tic & d$uctive reason+ is n )\t its importance4 ,:5 we adopt a c]ta9 hypo!sis1 x is n alone because x w expla9 ! obs]v$ facts1 b also because ! contr>y hypo!sis w\ld probably lead to results contr>y to ^? obs]v$4 ,s1 :5 we make an induction1 x is drawn n only because x expla9s ! di/ribution ( *>act]s 9 ! sample1 b also because a diff]5t rule w\ld probably h l$ to ! sample be+ o!r ?an x is4 ,b ! advantage ( ?is way ( consid]+ ! subject might easily be ov]rat$4 ,an induction is really ! inf]5ce ( a rule1 & to consid] x z ! d5ial ( a rule is an artificial conception1 only admissible because1 :5 /ati/ical or proportional propositions are consid]$ z rules1 ! d5ial ( a rule is itself a rule4 ,s1 an hypo!sis is really a subsumption ( a case "u a class & n ! d5ial ( x1 except = ?is1 t to d5y a subsumption "u "o class is to admit a subsumption "u ano!r4 ,boc>do may be consid]$ z an induction1 s timid z to lose its amplificative "* entirely4 ,eno* & ,elijah are specim5s ( a c]ta9 k9d ( m54 ,all t k9d ( m5 are %[n by ^! in/ances to be immortal4 ,b in/ead ( boldly conclud+ t all v pi\s m51 or all m5 favorites ( ! ,almighty1 etc41 are immortal1 we refra9 f specify+ ! description ( m51 & re/ 9 ! m]ely explicative inf]5ce t "s m5 are immortal4 ,s ,b>oco might be consid]$ z a v timid hypo!sis4 ,eno* & ,elijah are n mortal4 ,n[1 we might boldly suppose !m to be gods or some?+ ( t sort1 b in/ead ( t we limit ourselves to ! inf]5ce t !y are ( "s nature diff]5t f t ( man4 ,b1 aft] all1 !re is an imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 ! relation ( ,b>oco & ,boc>do to ,b>b>a & t ( ,induction & ,hypo!sis to ,d$uction4 ,b>oco & ,boc>do are bas$ ^u ! fact t if ! tru? ( a conclusion necess>ily foll[s f ! tru? ( a premise1 !n ! falsity ( ! premise foll[s f ! falsity ( ! conclusion4 ,?is is always true4 ,x is diff]5t :5 ! inf]5ce is only probable4 ,x by no means foll[s t1 because ! tru? ( a c]ta9 premise w\ld r5d] ! tru? ( a conclusion probable1 !re=e ! falsity ( ! conclusion r5d]s ! falsity ( ! premise probable4 ,at lea/1 ?is is only true1 z we h se5 9 a =m] pap]1 :5 ! ^w probable is us$ 9 "o s5se 9 ! antec$5t & 9 ano!r 9 ! consequ5t4 ,,iii ,a c]ta9 anonym\s writ+ is ^u a torn piece ( pap]4 ,x is suspect$ t ! au?or is a c]ta9 p]son4 ,8 desk1 to :i* only he has _h access1 is se>*$1 & 9 x is f\nd a piece ( pap]1 ! torn edge ( :i* exactly fits1 9 all its irregul>ities1 t ( ! pap] 9 "q4 ,x is a fair hypo!tic inf]5ce t ! suspect$ man 0 actually ! au?or4 ,! gr\nd ( ?is inf]5ce evid5tly is t two torn pieces ( pap] are extremely unlikely to fit toge!r by accid5t4 ,!re=e1 ( a great numb] ( inf]5ces ( ?is sort1 b a v small proportion w\ld be deceptive4 ,! analogy ( hypo!sis ) induction is s /rong t "s logicians h conf\nd$ !m4 ,hypo!sis has be5 call$ an induction ( *>act]s4 ,a numb] ( *>act]s belong+ to a c]ta9 class are f\nd 9 a c]ta9 object2 :5ce x is inf]r$ t all ! *>act]s ( t class belong to ! object 9 "q4 ,?is c]ta9ly involves ! same pr9ciple z induction2 yet 9 a modifi$ =m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 *>act]s are n susceptible ( simple enum]ation l objects2 9 ! next place1 *>act]s run 9 categories4 ,:5 we make an hypo!sis l t ab\t ! piece ( pap]1 we only exam9e a s+le l9e ( *>act]s1 or p]haps two or ?ree1 & we take no specim5 at all ( o!rs4 ,if ! hypo!sis 7 no?+ b an induction1 all t we %\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+1 9 ! example above1 w\ld be t ! two pieces ( pap] :i* mat*$ 9 su* irregul>ities z h be5 exam9$ w\ld be f\nd to mat* 9 o!r1 say slight]1 irregul>ities4 ,! inf]5ce f ! %ape ( ! pap] to its own]%ip is precisely :at di/+ui%es hypo!sis f induction1 & makes x a bold] & m p]il\s /ep4 ,! same w>n+s t h be5 giv5 aga9/ imag9+ t induction re/s ^u ! uni=mity ( ,nature might be repeat$ 9 reg>d to hypo!sis4 ,"h1 z !re1 su* a !ory n only utt]ly fails to acc\nt = ! validity ( ! inf]5ce1 b x also gives rise to me?ods ( conduct+ x :i* are absolutely vici\s4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 c]ta9 uni=mities 9 ,nature1 ! k ( :i* w =tify an hypo!sis v mu*4 ,= example1 we suppose t iron1 titanium1 & o!r metals exi/ 9 ! sun1 because we f9d 9 ! sol> spectrum _m l9es co9cid5t 9 position ) ^? :i* ^! metals w\ld produce2 & ?is hypo!sis is greatly /r5g!n$ by our k ( ! rem>kable di/9ctiv5ess ( ! p>ticul> l9e ( *>act]s obs]v$4 ,b su* a =tification ( hypo!sis is ( a d$uctive k9d1 & hypo!sis may /ill be probable :5 su* ren=cem5t is want+4 ,!re is no great] nor m frequ5t mi/ake 9 practical logic ?an to suppose t ?+s :i* resemble "o ano!r /rongly 9 "s respects are any ! m likely = t to be alike 9 o!rs4 ,t ?is is absolutely false1 admits ( rigid demon/ration2 b1 inasmu* z ! reason+ is some:at sev]e & complicat$ 7requir+1 l all su* reason+1 ! use ( ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc41 to set x =?71 ! read] w\ld probably f9d x di/a/eful1 & ,i omit x4 ,an example1 h[ev]1 may illu/rate ! proposition3 ,! comp>ative my?ologi/s occupy !mselves ) f9d+ po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 sol> ph5om5a & ! c>e]s ( ! h]oes ( all sorts ( traditional /ories2 & ^u ! basis ( su* resemblances !y inf] t ^! h]oes are imp]sonations ( ! sun4 ,if !re be any?+ m 9 _! reason+s1 x has nev] be5 made cle> to me4 ,an +5i\s logician1 to %[ h[ futile all t is1 wrote a little book1 9 :i* he pret5d$ to prove1 9 ! same mann]1 t ,napoleon ,bonap>te is only an imp]sonation ( ! sun4 ,x 0 really wond]ful to see h[ _m po9ts ( resemblance he made out4 ,! tru? is1 t any two ?+s resemble "o ano!r j z /rongly z any two o!rs1 if recondite resemblances are admitt$4 ,b1 9 ord] t ! process ( mak+ an hypo!sis %\ld lead to a probable result1 ! foll[+ rules mu/ be foll[$3 #a4 ,! hypo!sis %\ld be di/9ctly put z a "q1 be=e mak+ ! obs]vations :i* are to te/ its tru?4 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ try to see :at ! result ( pr$ictions f ! hypo!sis w be4 #b4 ,! respect 9 reg>d to :i* ! resemblances are not$ mu/ be tak5 at r&om4 ,we mu/ n take a p>ticul> k9d ( pr$ictions = :i* ! hypo!sis is kn[n to be good4 #c4 ,! failures z well z ! successes ( ! pr$ictions mu/ be hone/ly not$4 ,! :ole proce$+ mu/ be fair & unbias$4 ,"s p]sons fancy t bias & c\nt]-bias are favorable to ! extraction ( tru?--t hot & p>tisan debate is ! way to inve/igate4 ,?is is ! !ory ( our atroci\s legal proc$ure4 ,b ,logic puts its heel ^u ?is sugge/ion4 ,x irrefragably demon/rates t k c only be fur!r$ by ! real desire = x1 & t ! me?ods ( ob/9acy1 ( au?ority1 & e mode ( try+ to rea* a =egone conclusion1 are absolutely ( no value4 ,^! ?+s are prov$4 ,! read] is at lib]ty to ?9k s or n z long z ! pro( is n set =?1 or z long z he refra9s f exam9+ x4 ,j s1 he c pres]ve1 if he likes1 8 fre$om ( op9ion 9 reg>d to ! propositions ( geometry2 only1 9 t case1 if he takes a fancy to read ,euclid1 he w d well to skip :atev] he f9ds ) ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 etc41 =1 if he reads att5tively t disagreeable matt]1 ! fre$om ( 8 op9ion ab\t geometry may unhappily be lo/ =ev]4 ,h[ _m p !re are :o are incapable ( putt+ to _! own consci5ces ?is "q1 8,d ,i want to "k h[ ! fact /&s1 or n80 ,! rules :i* h ?us f> be5 laid d[n = induction & hypo!sis are su* z are absolutely ess5tial4 ,!re are _m o!r maxims express+ p>ticul> contrivances = mak+ syn!tic inf]5ces /rong1 :i* are extremely valuable & %\ld n be neglect$4 ,su* are1 = example1 ,mr4 ,mill's f\r me?ods4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! total neglect ( ^!1 inductions & hypo!ses may & sometimes d atta9 ! greate/ =ce4 ,,iv ,classifications 9 all cases p]fectly satisfactory h>dly exi/4 ,ev5 9 reg>d to ! great di/9ction betwe5 explicative & ampliative inf]5ces1 examples c\ld be f\nd :i* seem to lie ^u ! bord] betwe5 ! two classes1 & to p>take 9 "s respects ( ! *>act]s ( ei!r4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ! di/9ction betwe5 induction & hypo!sis4 ,9 ! ma91 x is broad & decid$4 ,by induction1 we conclude t facts1 simil> to obs]v$ facts1 are true 9 cases n exam9$4 ,by hypo!sis1 we conclude ! exi/5ce ( a fact q diff]5t f any?+ obs]v$1 f :i*1 accord+ to kn[n laws1 some?+ obs]v$ w\ld necess>ily result4 ,! =m]1 is reason+ f p>ticul>s to ! g5]al law2 ! latt]1 f effect to cause4 ,! =m] classifies1 ! latt] expla9s4 ,x is only 9 "s special cases t !re c be m ?an a mom5t>y d\bt to :i* category a giv5 inf]5ce belongs4 ,"o exception is :]e we obs]ve1 n facts simil> "u simil> circum/ances1 b facts diff]5t "u diff]5t circum/ances--! diff]5ce ( ! =m] hav+1 h[ev]1 a def9ite relation to ! diff]5ce ( ! latt]4 ,su* inf]5ces1 :i* are really inductions1 sometimes pres5t nev]!less "s indubitable resemblances to hypo!ses4 ,kn[+ t wat] exp&s by heat1 we make a numb] ( obs]vations ( ! volume ( a con/ant mass ( wat] at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,! scrut9y ( a few ( ^! sugge/s a =m ( algebraical =mula :i* w approximately express ! relation ( ! volume to ! temp]ature4 ,x may be1 = in/ance1 t v be+ ! relative volume1 & t ! temp]ature1 a few obs]vations exam9$ indicate a relation ( ! =m-- v #a at bt#b ct#c4 ,^u exam9+ obs]vations at o!r temp]atures tak5 at r&om1 ?is idea is confirm$2 & we draw ! inductive conclusion t all obs]vations )9 ! limits ( temp]ature f :i* we h drawn our obs]vations c\ld equally be s satisfi$4 ,hav+ once asc]ta9$ t su* a =mula is possible1 x is a m]e affair ( ari?metic to f9d ! values ( a1 b1 & c1 :i* w make ! =mula satisfy ! obs]vations be/4 ,?is is :at physici/s call an empirical =mula1 because x re/s ^u m]e induction1 & is n expla9$ by any hypo!sis4 ,su* =mul1 ?\gh v useful z means ( describ+ 9 g5]al t]ms ! results ( obs]vations1 d n take any high rank among sci5tific discov]ies4 ,! induction :i* !y embody1 t expansion by heat 7or :atev] o!r ph5om5on is ref]r$ to7 takes place 9 a p]fectly gradual mann] )\t sudd5 leaps or inumm]able fluctuations1 al?\gh really important1 attracts no att5tion1 because x is :at we naturally anticipate4 ,b ! defects ( su* expressions are v s]i\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z long z ! obs]vations are subject to error1 z all obs]vations are1 ! =mula _c be expect$ to satisfy ! obs]vations exactly4 ,b ! discrepancies _c be due solely to ! errors ( ! obs]vations1 b mu/ be p>tly ow+ to ! error ( ! =mula :i* has be5 d$uct$ f errone\s obs]vations4 ,moreov]1 we h no "r to suppose t ! real facts1 if !y c\ld be _h free f error1 c\ld be express$ by su* a =mula at all4 ,!y might1 p]haps1 be express$ by a simil> =mula ) an inf9ite numb] ( t]ms2 b ( :at use w\ld t be to u1 s9ce x w\ld require an inf9ite numb] ( coeffici5ts to be writt5 d[n8 ,:5 "o quantity v>ies ) ano!r1 if ! correspond+ values are exactly kn[n1 x is a m]e matt] ( ma!matical +5uity to f9d "s way ( express+ _! relation 9 a simple mann]4 ,if "o quantity is ( "o k9d--say1 a specific gravity--& ! o!r ( ano!r k9d--say1 a temp]ature--we d n desire to f9d an expression = _! relation :i* is :olly free f num]ical con/ants1 s9ce if x 7 free f !m :51 say1 specific gravity z comp>$ ) wat]1 & temp]ature z express$ by ! ,c5tigrade !rmomet]1 7 9 "q1 numb]s w\ld h to be introduc$ :5 ! scales ( measurem5t 7 *ang$4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 & d desire to f9d =mulas express+ ! relations ( physical ph5om5a :i* %all conta9 no m arbitr>y numb]s ?an *anges 9 ! scales ( measurem5t might require4 ,:5 a =mula ( ?is k9d is discov]$1 x is no long] call$ an empirical =mula1 b a law ( ,nature2 & is soon] or lat] made ! basis ( an hypo!sis :i* is to expla9 x4 ,^! simple =mul are n usually1 if ev]1 exactly true1 b !y are none ! less important = t2 & ! great triumph ( ! hypo!sis comes :5 x expla9s n only ! =mula1 b also ! deviations f ! =mula4 ,9 ! curr5t language ( ! physici/s1 an hypo!sis ( ?is importance is call$ a !ory1 :ile ! t]m hypo!sis is re/rict$ to sugge/ions :i* h little evid5ce 9 _! favor4 ,!re is "s ju/ice 9 ! contempt :i* cl+s to ! ^w hypo!sis4 ,to ?9k t we c /rike out ( our own m9ds a true preconception ( h[ ,nature acts1 9 a va9 fancy4 ,z ,"l ,bacon well says3 8,! subtlety ( ,nature f> exce$s ! subtlety ( s5se & intellect3 s t ^! f9e m$itations1 & speculations1 & reason+s ( m5 are a sort ( insanity1 only !re is no "o at h& to rem>k x40 ,! successful !ories are n pure guesses1 b are guid$ by reasons4 ,! k9etical !ory ( gases is a good example ( ?is4 ,?is !ory is int5d$ to expla9 c]ta9 simple =mul1 ! *ief ( :i* is call$ ! law ( ,boyle4 ,x is1 t if air or any o!r gas be plac$ 9 a cyl9d] ) a pi/on1 & if its volume be measur$ "u ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 say fifte5 p\nds on ! squ>e in*1 & if !n ano!r fifte5 p\nds p] squ>e in* be plac$ on ! pi/on1 ! gas w be compress$ to "o-half its bulk1 & 9 simil> inv]se ratio = o!r pressures4 ,! hypo!sis :i* has be5 adopt$ to acc\nt = ?is law is t ! molecules ( a gas are small1 solid p>ticles at great di/ances f ea* o!r 7relatively to _! dim5sions71 & mov+ ) great velocity1 )\t s5sible attractions or repulsions1 until !y happ5 to approa* "o ano!r v closely4 ,admit ?is1 & x foll[s t :5 a gas is "u pressure :at prev5ts x f collaps+ is n ! incompressibility ( ! sep>ate molecules1 :i* are "u no pressure at all1 s9ce !y d n t\*1 b ! p\nd+ ( ! molecules aga9/ ! pi/on4 ,! m ! pi/on falls1 & ! m ! gas is compress$1 ! ne>] toge!r ! molecules w be2 ! great] numb] !re w be at any mom5t )9 a giv5 di/ance ( ! pi/on1 ! %ort] ! di/ance :i* any "o w g be=e its c\rse is *ang$ by ! influ5ce ( ano!r1 ! great] numb] ( new c\rses ( ea* 9 a giv5 "t1 & ! (t5] ea*1 )9 a giv5 di/ance ( ! pi/on1 w /rike x4 ,?is expla9s ,boyle's law4 ,! law is n exact2 b ! hypo!sis does n lead u to x exactly4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 if ! molecules are l>ge1 !y w /rike ea* o!r (t5] :5 _! mean di/ances are dim9i%$1 & w consequ5tly /rike ! pi/on (t5]1 & w produce m pressure ^u x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! molecules h an attraction = "o ano!r1 !y w rema9 = a s5sible "t )9 "o ano!r's influ5ce1 & consequ5tly !y w n /rike ! wall s (t5 z !y o!rwise w\ld1 & ! pressure w be less increas$ by compression4 ,:5 ! k9etical !ory ( gases 0 fir/ propos$ by ,daniel ,b]n\lli1 9 #agch1 x re/$ only on ! law ( ,boyle1 & 0 !re=e pure hypo!sis4 ,x 0 accord+ly q naturally & des]v$ly neglect$4 ,b1 at pres5t1 ! !ory pres5ts q ano!r aspect2 =1 n to speak ( ! consid]able numb] ( obs]v$ facts ( diff]5t k9ds ) :i* x has be5 br\ght into relation1 x is support$ by ! me*anical !ory ( heat4 ,t br++ toge!r bodies :i* attract "o ano!r1 or sep>at+ bodies :i* repel "o ano!r1 :5 s5sible motion is n produc$ nor de/roy$1 is always accompani$ by ! evolution ( heat1 is little m ?an an induction4 ,n[1 x has be5 %[n by exp]im5t t1 :5 a gas is all[$ to exp& )\t do+ "w1 a v small am\nt ( heat disappe>s4 ,?is proves t ! p>ticles ( ! gas attract "o ano!r slightly1 & b v slightly4 ,x foll[s t1 :5 a gas is "u pressure1 :at prev5ts x f collaps+ is n any repulsion betwe5 ! p>ticles1 s9ce !re is none4 ,n[1 !re are only two modes ( =ce kn[n to u1 =ce ( position or attractions & repulsions1 & =ce ( motion4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 x is n ! =ce ( position :i* gives a gas its expansive =ce1 x mu/ be ! =ce ( motion4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view1 ! k9etical !ory ( gases appe>s z a d$uction f ! me*anical !ory ( heat4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t x supposes ! same law ( me*anics 7t !re are only ^? two modes ( =ce7 :i* holds 9 reg>d to bodies su* z we c see & exam9e1 to hold also = :at are v diff]5t1 ! molecules ( bodies4 ,su* a supposition has b a sl5d] support f induction4 ,our belief 9 x is greatly /r5g!n$ by its connection ) ! law ( ,boyle1 & x is1 !re=e1 to be consid]$ z an hypo!tical inf]5ce4 ,yet x mu/ be admitt$ t ! k9etical !ory ( gases w\ld des]ve little cr$5ce if x _h n be5 connect$ ) ! pr9ciples ( me*anics4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 induction & hypo!sis is1 t ! =m] inf]s ! exi/5ce ( ph5om5a su* z we h obs]v$ 9 cases :i* are simil>1 :ile hypo!sis supposes some?+ ( a diff]5t k9d f :at we h directly obs]v$1 & frequ5tly some?+ :i* x w\ld be impossible = u to obs]ve directly4 ,accord+ly1 :5 we /ret* an induction q beyond ! limits ( our obs]vation1 ! inf]5ce p>takes ( ! nature ( hypo!sis4 ,x w\ld be absurd to say t we h no inductive w>rant = a g5]alization ext5d+ a little beyond ! limits ( exp]i5ce1 & !re is no l9e to be drawn beyond :i* we _c pu% our inf]5ce2 only x becomes weak] ! fur!r x is pu%$4 ,yet1 if an induction be pu%$ v f>1 we _c give x mu* cr$5ce unless we f9d t su* an ext5sion expla9s "s fact :i* we c & d obs]ve4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a k9d ( mixture ( induction & hypo!sis support+ "o ano!r2 & ( ?is k9d are mo/ ( ! !ories ( physics4 ,v ,t syn!tic inf]5ces may be divid$ into induction & hypo!sis 9 ! mann] "h propos$1#ec admits ( no "q4 ,! utility & value ( ! di/9ction are to be te/$ by _! applications4 ,induction is1 pla9ly1 a mu* /rong] k9d ( inf]5ce ?an hypo!sis2 & ?is is ! fir/ reason = di/+ui%+ betwe5 !m4 ,hypo!ses are sometimes reg>d$ z provisional resorts1 :i* 9 ! progress ( sci5ce are to be replac$ by inductions4 ,b ?is is a false view ( ! subject4 ,hypo!tic reason+ inf]s v frequ5tly a fact n capable ( direct obs]vation4 ,x is an hypo!sis t ,napoleon ,bonap>te once exi/$4 ,h[ is t hypo!sis ev] to be replac$ by an induction8 ,x may be said t f ! premise t su* facts z we h obs]v$ are z !y w\ld be if ,napoleon exi/$1 we are to inf] by induction t all facts t are h]eaft] to be obs]v$ w be ( ! same "*4 ,!re is no d\bt t e hypo!tic inf]5ce may be di/ort$ into ! appe>ance ( an induction 9 ?is way4 ,b ! ess5ce ( an induction is t x inf]s f "o set ( facts ano!r set ( simil> facts1 :]eas hypo!sis inf]s f facts ( "o k9d to facts ( ano!r4 ,n[1 ! facts :i* s]ve z gr\nds = our belief 9 ! hi/oric reality ( ,napoleon are n by any means necess>ily ! only k9d ( facts :i* are expla9$ by 8 exi/5ce4 ,x may be t1 at ! "t ( 8 c>e]1 ev5ts 7 be+ record$ 9 "s way n n[ dream$ (1 t "s +5i\s creature on a neighbor+ planet 0 photograph+ ! e>?1 & t ^! pictures on a suffici5tly l>ge scale may "s "t come into our possession1 or t "s mirror ^u a di/ant /> w1 :5 ! light rea*es x1 reflect ! :ole /ory back to e>?4 ,nev] m9d h[ improbable ^! suppositions are2 ev]y?+ :i* happ5s is inf9itely improbable4 ,i am n say+ t ^! ?+s are likely to occur1 b t "s effect ( ,napoleon's exi/5ce :i* n[ seems impossible is c]ta9 nev]!less to be br\ght ab\t4 ,! hypo!sis ass]ts t su* facts1 :5 !y d occur1 w be ( a nature to confirm1 & n to refute1 ! exi/5ce ( ! man4 ,we h1 9 ! impossibility ( inductively inf]r+ hypo!tical conclusions1 a second reason = di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! two k9ds ( inf]5ce4 ,a ?ird m]it ( ! di/9ction is1 t x is associat$ ) an important psy*ological or r physiological diff]5ce 9 ! mode ( appreh5d+ facts4 ,induction inf]s a rule4 ,n[1 ! belief ( a rule is a habit4 ,t a habit is a rule active 9 u1 is evid5t4 ,t e belief is ( ! nature ( a habit1 9 s f> z x is ( a g5]al "*1 has be5 %[n 9 ! e>li] pap]s ( ?is s]ies4 ,induction1 !re=e1 is ! logical =mula :i* expresses ! physiological process ( =mation ( a habit4 ,hypo!sis sub/itutes1 = a complicat$ tangle ( pr$icates atta*$ to "o subject1 a s+le conception4 ,n[1 !re is a peculi> s5sation belong+ to ! act ( ?9k+ t ea* ( ^! pr$icates inh]es 9 ! subject4 ,9 hypo!tic inf]5ce ?is complicat$ feel+ s produc$ is replac$ by a s+le feel+ ( great] int5sity1 t belong+ to ! act ( ?9k+ ! hypo!tic conclusion4 ,n[1 :5 our n]v\s sy/em is excit$ 9 a complicat$ way1 !re be+ a relation betwe5 ! elem5ts ( ! excitation1 ! result is a s+le h>moni\s di/urbance :i* ,i call an emotion4 ,?us1 ! v>i\s s\nds made by ! in/rum5ts ( an or*e/ra /rike ^u ! e>1 & ! result is a peculi> musical emotion1 q di/9ct f ! s\nds !mselves4 ,?is emotion is ess5tially ! same ?+ z an hypo!tic inf]5ce1 & e hypo!tic inf]5ce involves ! =mation ( su* an emotion4 ,we may say1 !re=e1 t hypo!sis produces ! s5su\s elem5t ( ?\ght1 & induction ! habitual elem5t4 ,z = d$uction1 :i* adds no?+ to ! premises1 b only out ( ! v>i\s facts repres5t$ 9 ! premises selects "o & br+s ! att5tion d[n to x1 ?is may be consid]$ z ! logical =mula = pay+ att5tion1 :i* is ! volitional elem5t ( ?\ght1 & corresponds to n]v\s dis*>ge 9 ! sph]e ( physiology4 ,ano!r m]it ( ! di/9ction betwe5 induction & hypo!sis is1 t x leads to a v natural classification ( ! sci5ces & ( ! m9ds :i* prosecute !m4 ,:at mu/ sep>ate diff]5t k9ds ( sci5tific m5 m ?an any?+ else are ! diff]5ces ( _! te*niques4 ,we _c expect m5 :o "w ) books *iefly to h mu* 9 common ) m5 ^: lives are pass$ 9 laboratories4 ,b1 aft] diff]5ces ( ?is k9d1 ! next mo/ important are diff]5ces 9 ! modes ( reason+4 ,( ! natural sci5ces1 we h1 fir/1 ! classificatory sci5ces1 :i* are purely inductive--sy/ematic botany & zology1 m9]alogy1 & *emi/ry4 ,!n1 we h ! sci5ces ( !ory1 z above expla9$--a/ronomy1 pure physics1 etc4 ,!n1 we h sci5ces ( hypo!sis--geology1 biology1 etc4 ,!re are _m o!r advantages ( ! di/9ction 9 "q :i* ,i %all leave ! read] to f9d out by exp]i5ce4 ,if he w only take ! cu/om ( consid]+ :e!r a giv5 inf]5ce belongs to "o or o!r ( ! two =ms ( syn!tic inf]5ce giv5 on page #acd1 ,i c promise him t he w f9d 8 advantage 9 x1 9 v>i\s ways4 ,footnote #ea3 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,augu/1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #eb3 ,lat] ,pi]ce call$ x presumptive inf]5ce4 ,see ,baldw9's ,diction>y art4 ,probable ,inf]5ce4 ,footnote #ec3 ,?is division 0 fir/ made 9 a c\rse ( lectures by ! au?or be=e ! ,l[ell ,in/itute1 ,bo/on1 9 #ahff1 & 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 = ,april #i1 #ahfg4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,love ,,& ,,*ance ,i4 ,,! ,,ar*itecture ,,( ,,!ories#ed ,( ! fifty or hundr$ sy/ems ( philosophy t h be5 advanc$ at diff]5t times ( ! _w's hi/ory1 p]haps ! l>g] numb] h be51 n s mu* results ( hi/orical evolution1 z happy ?\ghts :i* h accid5tly occurr$ to _! au?ors4 ,an idea :i* has be5 f\nd int]e/+ & fruitful has be5 adopt$1 develop$1 & =c$ to yield explanations ( all sorts ( ph5om5a4 ,! ,engli% h be5 p>ticul>ly giv5 to ?is way ( philosophiz+2 witness1 ,hobbes1 ,h>tley1 ,b]keley1 ,james ,mill4 ,nor has x be5 by any means useless labor2 x %[s u :at ! true nature & value ( ! ideas develop$ are1 & 9 t way af=ds s]viceable mat]ials = philosophy4 ,j z if a man1 be+ seiz$ ) ! conviction t pap] 0 a good mat]ial to make ?+s (1 7 to g to "w to build a papi] m* h\se1 ) ro( ( ro(+-pap]1 f\ndations ( pa/ebo>d1 w9d[s ( p>aff9$ pap]1 *imneys1 ba? tubs1 locks1 etc41 all ( diff]5t =ms ( pap]1 8 exp]im5t w\ld probably af=d valuable lessons to build]s1 :ile x w\ld c]ta9ly make a dete/able h\se1 s ^? "o-idea'd philosophies are exce$+ly int]e/+ & in/ructive1 & yet are q uns\nd4 ,! rema9+ sy/ems ( philosophy h be5 ( ! nature ( re=ms1 sometimes am\nt+ to radical revolutions1 sugge/$ by c]ta9 difficulties :i* h be5 f\nd to beset sy/ems previ\sly 9 vogue2 & su* ought c]ta9ly to be 9 l>ge "p ! motive ( any new !ory4 ,?is is l p>tially rebuild+ a h\se4 ,! faults t h be5 committ$ are1 fir/1 t ! repairs ( ! dilapidations h g5]ally n be5 suffici5tly ?or\gh-go+1 & second1 t n suffici5t pa9s _h be5 tak5 to br+ ! additions into deep h>mony ) ! really s\nd p>ts ( ! old /ructure4 ,:5 a man is ab\t to build a h\se1 :at a p[] ( ?9k+ he has to d1 be=e he c safely break gr\nd6 ,) :at pa9s he has to excogitate ! precise wants t are to be suppli$6 ,:at a /udy to asc]ta9 ! mo/ available & suitable mat]ials1 to det]m9e ! mode ( con/ruction to :i* ^? mat]ials are be/ adapt$1 & to answ] a hundr$ su* que/ions6 ,n[ )\t rid+ ! metaphor too f>1 ,i ?9k we may safely say t ! /udies prelim9>y to ! con/ruction ( a great !ory %\ld be at lea/ z delib]ate & ?or\gh z ^? t are prelim9>y to ! build+ ( a dwell+-h\se4 ,t sy/ems ought to be con/ruct$ ar*itectonically has be5 prea*$ s9ce ,kant1 b ,i d n ?9k ! full import ( ! maxim has by any means be5 appreh5d$4 ,:at ,i w\ld recomm5d is t e p]son :o wi%es to =m an op9ion conc]n+ fundam5tal problems1 %\ld fir/ ( all make a complete survey ( human k1 %\ld take note ( all ! valuable ideas 9 ea* bran* ( sci5ce1 %\ld obs]ve 9 j :at respect ea* has be5 successful & :]e x has fail$1 9 ord] t 9 ! light ( ! ?or\gh acqua9tance s atta9$ ( ! available mat]ials = a philosophical !ory & ( ! nature & /r5g? ( ea*1 he may proce$ to ! /udy ( :at ! problem ( philosophy consi/s 91 & ( ! prop] way ( solv+ x4 ,i mu/ n be und]/ood z endeavor+ to /ate fully all t ^! prep>atory /udies %\ld embrace2 on ! contr>y1 ,i purposely slur ov] _m po9ts1 9 ord] to give emphasis to "o special recomm5dation1 namely1 to make a sy/ematic /udy ( ! conceptions out ( :i* a philosophical !ory may be built1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at place ea* conception may fitly occupy 9 su* a !ory1 & to :at uses x is adapt$4 ,! adequate treatm5t ( ?is s+le po9t w\ld fill a volume1 b ,i %all endeavor to illu/rate my mean+ by glanc+ at sev]al sci5ces & indicat+ conceptions 9 !m s]viceable = philosophy4 ,z to ! results to :i* long /udies ?us comm5c$ h l$ me1 ,i %all j give a h9t at _! nature4 ,we may beg9 ) dynamics1--field 9 our day ( p]haps ! gr&e/ conque/ human sci5ce has ev] made1--,i mean ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,b let u rev]t to ! fir/ /ep tak5 by mod]n sci5tific ?\ght1--& a great /ride x 01--! inauguration ( dynamics by ,galileo4 ,a mod]n physici/ on exam9+ ,galileo's works is surpris$ to f9d h[ little exp]im5t _h to d ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! f\ndations ( me*anics4 ,8 pr9cipal appeal is to common s5se & il lume naturale4 ,he always assumes t ! true !ory w be f\nd to be a simple & natural "o4 ,& we c see :y x %\ld inde$ be s 9 dynamics4 ,= in/ance1 a body left to its own in]tia1 moves 9 a /raight l9e1 & a /raight l9e appe>s to u ! simple/ ( curves4 ,9 itself1 no curve is simpl] ?an ano!r4 ,a sy/em ( /raight l9es has int]sections precisely correspond+ to ^? ( a sy/em ( l p>abolas simil>ly plac$1 or to ^? ( any "o ( an inf9ity ( sy/ems ( curves4 ,b ! /raight l9e appe>s to u simple1 because1 z ,euclid says1 x lies ev5ly betwe5 its extremities2 t is1 because view$ endwise x appe>s z a po9t4 ,t is1 aga91 because light moves 9 /raight l9es4 ,n[1 light moves 9 /raight l9es because ( ! "p :i* ! /raight l9e plays 9 ! laws ( dynamics4 ,?us x is t our m9ds hav+ be5 =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( ph5om5a gov]n$ by ! laws ( me*anics1 c]ta9 conceptions ent]+ into ^? laws become implant$ 9 our m9ds1 s t we readily guess at :at ! laws are4 ,)\t su* a natural prompt+1 hav+ to se>* bl9dfold = a law :i* w\ld suit ! ph5om5a1 our *ance ( f9d+ x w\ld be z "o to inf9ity4 ,! fur!r physical /udies dep>t f ph5om5a :i* h directly influ5c$ ! gr[? ( ! m9d1 ! less we c expect to f9d ! laws :i* gov]n !m 8simple10 t is1 compos$ ( a few conceptions natural to our m9ds4 ,! rese>*es ( ,galileo1 foll[$ up by ,huyg5s & o!rs1 l$ to ^? mod]n conceptions ( ,=ce & ,law1 :i* h revolutioniz$ ! intellectual _w4 ,! great att5tion giv5 to me*anics 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury soon s emphasiz$ ^! conceptions z to give rise to ! ,me*anical ,philosophy1 or doctr9e t all ! ph5om5a ( ! physical univ]se are to be expla9$ ^u me*anical pr9ciples4 ,newton's great discov]y imp>t$ a new impetus to ?is t5d5cy4 ,! old notion t heat consi/s 9 an agitation ( corpuscles 0 n[ appli$ to ! explanation ( ! *ief prop]ties ( gases4 ,! fir/ sugge/ion 9 ?is direction 0 t ! pressure ( gases is expla9$ by ! batt]+ ( ! p>ticles aga9/ ! walls ( ! conta9+ vessel1 :i* expla9$ ,boyle's law ( ! compressibility ( air4 ,lat]1 ! expansion ( gases1 ,avogadro's *emical law1 ! diffusion & viscosity ( gases1 & ! action ( ,crookes's radiomet] 7 %[n to be consequ5ces ( ! same k9etical !ory2 b o!r ph5om5a1 su* z ! ratio ( ! specific heat at con/ant volume to t at con/ant pressure1 require additional hypo!ses1 :i* we h little reason to suppose are simple1 s t we f9d ourselves q afloat4 ,9 l mann] ) reg>d to light4 ,t x consi/s ( vibrations 0 almo/ prov$ by ! ph5om5a ( diffraction1 :ile ^? ( pol>ization %[$ ! excursions ( ! p>ticles to be p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ( propagation2 b ! ph5om5a ( disp]sion1 etc41 require additional hypo!ses :i* may be v complicat$4 ,?us1 ! fur!r progress ( molecul> speculation appe>s q unc]ta94 ,if hypo!ses are to be tri$ haphaz>d1 or simply because !y w suit c]ta9 ph5om5a1 x w occupy ! ma!matical physici/s ( ! _w say half a c5tury on ! av]age to br+ ea* !ory to ! te/1 & s9ce ! numb] ( possible !ories may g up into ! trillions1 only "o ( :i* c be true1 we h little prospect ( mak+ fur!r solid additions to ! subject 9 our "t4 ,:5 we come to atoms1 ! presumption 9 favor ( a simple law seems v sl5d]4 ,!re is room = s]i\s d\bt :e!r ! fundam5tal laws ( me*anics hold good = s+le atoms1 & x seems q likely t !y are capable ( motion 9 m ?an ?ree dim5sions4 ,to f9d out mu* m ab\t molecules & atoms1 we mu/ se>* out a natural hi/ory ( laws ( nature1 :i* may fulfil t function :i* ! presumption 9 favor ( simple laws fulfill$ 9 ! e>ly days ( dynamics1 by %[+ u :at k9d ( laws we h to expect & by answ]+ su* que/ions z ?is3 ,c we ) reasonable prospect ( n wa/+ "t1 try ! supposition t atoms attract "o ano!r inv]sely z ! sev5? p[] ( _! di/ances1 or c we n8 ,to suppose univ]sal laws ( nature capable ( be+ appreh5d$ by ! m9d & yet hav+ no reason = _! special =ms1 b /&+ inexplicable & irrational1 is h>dly a ju/ifiable position4 ,uni=mities are precisely ! sort ( facts t ne$ to be acc\nt$ =4 ,t a pit*$ co9 %\ld sometimes turn up heads & sometimes tails calls = no p>ticul> explanation2 b if x %[s heads e "t1 we wi% to "k h[ ?is result has be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,law is p> excell5ce ! ?+ t wants a reason4 ,n[ ! only possible way ( acc\nt+ = ! laws ( nature & = uni=mity 9 g5]al is to suppose !m results ( evolution4 ,?is supposes !m n to be absolute1 n to be obey$ precisely4 ,x makes an elem5t ( indet]m9acy1 spontaneity1 or absolute *ance 9 nature4 ,j z1 :5 we attempt to v]ify any physical law1 we f9d our obs]vations _c be precisely satisfi$ by x1 & rightly attribute ! discrepancy to errors ( obs]vation1 s we mu/ suppose f> m m9ute discrepancies to exi/ ow+ to ! imp]fect cog5cy ( ! law itself1 to a c]ta9 sw]v+ ( ! facts f any def9ite =mula4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] wi%es to expla9 evolution ^u me*anical pr9ciples4 ,?is is illogical1 = f\r reasons4 ,fir/1 because ! pr9ciple ( evolution requires no extrane\s cause2 s9ce ! t5d5cy to gr[? c be suppos$ itself to h gr[n f an inf9itesimal g]m accid5tally />t$4 ,second1 because law ought m ?an any?+ else to be suppos$ a result ( evolution4 ,?ird1 because exact law obvi\sly nev] c produce het]og5eity out ( homog5eity2 & arbitr>y het]og5eity is ! feature ( ! univ]se ! mo/ manife/ & *>act]i/ic4 ,f\r?1 because ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is equival5t to ! proposition t all op]ations gov]n$ by me*anical laws are rev]sible2 s t an imm$iate coroll>y f x is t gr[? is n explicable by ^? laws1 ev5 if !y be n violat$ 9 ! process ( gr[?4 ,9 %ort1 ,sp5c] is n a philosophical evolutioni/1 b only a half-evolutioni/1--or1 if y w1 only a semi-,sp5c]ian4 ,n[ philosophy requires ?or\ghgo+ evolutionism or none4 ,! !ory ( ,d>w9 0 t evolution _h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! action ( two factors3 fir/1 h]$ity1 z a pr9ciple mak+ (fspr+ ne>ly resemble _! p>5ts1 :ile yet giv+ room = 8sport+10 or accid5tal v>iations1--= v slight v>iations (t51 = wid] ones r>ely2 &1 second1 ! de/ruction ( bre$s or races t are unable to keep ! bir? rate up to ! dea? rate4 ,?is ,d>w9ian pr9ciple is pla9ly capable ( great g5]alization4 ,:]ev] !re are l>ge numb]s ( objects1 hav+ a t5d5cy to reta9 c]ta9 *>act]s unalt]$1 ?is t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 n be+ absolute b giv+ room = *ance v>iations1 !n1 if ! am\nt ( v>iation is absolutely limit$ 9 c]ta9 directions by ! de/ruction ( ev]y?+ :i* rea*es ^? limits1 !re w be a gradual t5d5cy to *ange 9 directions ( dep>ture f !m4 ,?us1 if a million play]s sit d[n to bet at an ev5 game1 s9ce "o aft] ano!r w get ru9$1 ! av]age weal? ( ^? :o rema9 w p]petually increase4 ,"h is indubitably a g5u9e =mula ( possible evolution1 :e!r its op]ation acc\nts = mu* or little 9 ! developm5t ( animal & vegetable species4 ,! ,lam>ckian !ory also supposes t ! developm5t ( species has tak5 place by a long s]ies ( ins5sible *anges1 b x supposes t ^? *anges h tak5 place dur+ ! lives ( ! individuals1 9 consequ5ce ( ef=t & ex]cise1 & t reproduction plays no "p 9 ! process except 9 pres]v+ ^! modifications4 ,?us1 ! ,lam>ckian !ory only expla9s ! developm5t ( *>act]s = :i* individuals /rive1 :ile ! ,d>w9ian !ory only expla9s ! production ( *>act]s really b5eficial to ! race1 ?\gh ^! may be fatal to individuals4#ee ,b m broadly & philosophically conceiv$1 ,d>w9ian evolution is evolution by ! op]ation ( *ance1 & ! de/ruction ( bad results1 :ile ,lam>ckian evolution is evolution by ! effect ( habit & ef=t4 ,a ?ird !ory ( evolution is t ( ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,k+4 ,! te/imony ( monum5ts & ( rocks is t species are unmodifi$ or sc>cely modifi$1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 b are rapidly alt]$ aft] cataclysms or rapid geological *anges4 ,"u novel circum/ances1 we (t5 see animals & plants sport+ excessively 9 reproduction1 & sometimes ev5 und]go+ trans=mations dur+ individual life1 ph5om5a no d\bt due p>tly to ! enfeeblem5t ( vitality f ! break+ up ( habitual modes ( life1 p>tly to *ang$ food1 p>tly to direct specific influ5ce ( ! elem5t 9 :i* ! organism is imm]s$4 ,if evolution has be5 br\ght ab\t 9 ?is way1 n only h its s+le /eps n be5 ins5sible1 z bo? ,d>w9ians & ,lam>ckians suppose1 b !y are fur!rmore nei!r haphaz>d on ! "o h&1 nor yet det]m9$ by an inw>d /riv+ on ! o!r1 b on ! contr>y are effects ( ! *ang$ environm5t1 & h a positive g5]al t5d5cy to adapt ! organism to t environm5t1 s9ce v>iation w p>ticul>ly affect organs at once enfeebl$ & /imulat$4 ,?is mode ( evolution1 by ext]nal =ces & ! break+ up ( habits1 seems to be call$ = by "s ( ! broade/ & mo/ important facts ( biology & paleontology2 :ile x c]ta9ly has be5 ! *ief factor 9 ! hi/orical evolution ( in/itutions z 9 t ( ideas2 & _c possibly be refus$ a v prom95t place 9 ! process ( evolution ( ! univ]se 9 g5]al4 ,pass+ to psy*ology1 we f9d ! elem5t>y ph5om5a ( m9d fall into ?ree categories4 ,fir/1 we h ,feel+s1 compris+ all t is imm$iately pres5t1 su* z pa91 blue1 *e]fulness1 ! feel+ t arises :5 we contemplate a consi/5t !ory1 etc4 ,a feel+ is a /ate ( m9d hav+ its own liv+ quality1 indep5d5t ( any o!r /ate ( m9d4 ,or1 a feel+ is an elem5t ( consci\sness :i* might conceivably ov]ride e o!r /ate until x monopoliz$ ! m9d1 al?\gh su* a rudim5t>y /ate _c actually be realiz$1 & w\ld n prop]ly be consci\sness4 ,/ill1 x is conceivable1 or supposable1 t ! quality ( blue %\ld usurp ! :ole m9d1 to ! exclusion ( ! ideas ( %ape1 ext5sion1 contra/1 comm5cem5t & cessation1 & all o!r ideas1 :atsoev]4 ,a feel+ is necess>ily p]fectly simple1 9 itself1 = if x _h p>ts ^! w\ld also be 9 ! m9d1 :5ev] ! :ole 0 pres5t1 & ?us ! :ole c\ld n monopolize ! m9d4#ef ,besides ,feel+s1 we h ,s5sations ( reaction2 z :5 a p]son bl9dfold sudd5ly runs aga9/ a po/1 :5 we make a muscul> ef=t1 or :5 any feel+ gives way to a new feel+4 ,suppose ,i _h no?+ 9 my m9d b a feel+ ( blue1 :i* 7 sudd5ly to give place to a feel+ ( r$2 !n1 at ! in/ant ( transition !re w\ld be a %ock1 a s5se ( reaction1 my blue life be+ transmut$ into r$ life4 ,if ,i 7 fur!r end[$ ) a memory1 t s5se w\ld cont9ue = "s "t1 & !re w\ld also be a peculi> feel+ or s5tim5t connect$ ) x4 ,?is la/ feel+ might endure 7conceivably ,i mean7 aft] ! memory ( ! occurr5ce & ! feel+s ( blue & r$ _h pass$ away4 ,b ! s5sation ( reaction _c exi/ except 9 ! actual pres5ce ( ! two feel+s blue & r$ to :i* x relates4 ,:]ev] we h two feel+s & pay att5tion to a relation betwe5 !m ( :atev] k9d1 !re is ! s5sation ( :i* ,i am speak+4 ,b ! s5se ( action & reaction has two types3 x may ei!r be a p]ception ( relation betwe5 two ideas1 or x may be a s5se ( action & reaction betwe5 feel+ & some?+ out ( feel+4 ,& ?is s5se ( ext]nal reaction aga9 has two =ms2 = x is ei!r a s5se ( some?+ happ5+ to u1 by no act ( ours1 we be+ passive 9 ! matt]1 or x is a s5se ( resi/ance1 t is1 ( our exp5d+ feel+ ^u some?+ )\t4 ,! s5se ( reaction is ?us a s5se ( connection or comp>ison betwe5 feel+s1 ei!r1 ,a1 betwe5 "o feel+ & ano!r1 or ,b1 betwe5 feel+ & its abs5ce or l[] degree2 & "u ,b we h1 ,fir/1 ! s5se ( ! access ( feel+1 & ,second1 ! s5se ( remission ( feel+4 ,v diff]5t bo? f feel+s & f reaction-s5sations or di/urbances ( feel+ are g5]al conceptions4 ,:5 we ?9k1 we are consci\s t a connection betwe5 feel+s is det]m9$ by a g5]al rule1 we are aw>e ( be+ gov]n$ by a habit4 ,intellectual p[] is no?+ b facility 9 tak+ habits & 9 foll[+ !m 9 cases ess5tially analog\s to1 b 9 non-ess5tials widely remote f1 ! normal cases ( connections ( feel+s "u :i* ^? habits 7 =m$4 ,! "o prim>y & fundam5tal law ( m5tal action consi/s 9 a t5d5cy to g5]alization4 ,feel+ t5ds to spread2 connections betwe5 feel+s awak5 feel+s2 neighbor+ feel+s become assimilat$2 ideas are apt to reproduce !mselves4 ,^! are s _m =mulations ( ! "o law ( ! gr[? ( m9d4 ,:5 a di/urbance ( feel+ takes place1 we h a consci\sness ( ga91 ! ga9 ( exp]i5ce2 & a new di/urbance w be apt to assimilate itself to ! "o t prec$$ x4 ,feel+s1 by be+ excit$1 become m easily excit$1 especially 9 ! ways 9 :i* !y h previ\sly be5 excit$4 ,! consci\sness ( su* a habit con/itutes a g5]al conception4 ,! cl\d9ess ( psy*ological notions may be correct$ by connect+ !m ) physiological conceptions4 ,feel+ may be suppos$ to exi/1 :]ev] a n]ve-cell is 9 an excit$ condition4 ,! di/urbance ( feel+1 or s5se ( reaction1 accompanies ! transmission ( di/urbance betwe5 n]ve-cells or f a n]ve-cell to a muscle-cell or ! ext]nal /imulation ( a n]ve-cell4 ,g5]al conceptions arise ^u ! =mation ( habits 9 ! n]ve-matt]1 :i* are molecul> *anges consequ5t ^u its activity & probably connect$ ) its nutrition4 ,! law ( habit exhibits a /rik+ contra/ to all physical laws 9 ! "* ( its comm&s4 ,a physical law is absolute4 ,:at x requires is an exact relation4 ,?us1 a physical =ce introduces into a motion a compon5t motion to be comb9$ ) ! re/ by ! p>allelogram ( =ces2 b ! compon5t motion mu/ actually take place exactly z requir$ by ! law ( =ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no exact con=mity is requir$ by ! m5tal law4 ,nay1 exact con=mity w\ld be 9 d[nright conflict ) ! law2 s9ce x w\ld in/antly cry/allize ?\ght & prev5t all fur!r =mation ( habit4 ,! law ( m9d only makes a giv5 feel+ m likely to arise4 ,x ?us resembles ! 8non-cons]vative0 =ces ( physics1 su* z viscosity & ! l1 :i* are due to /ati/ical uni=mities 9 ! *ance enc\nt]s ( trillions ( molecules4 ,! old duali/ic notion ( m9d & matt]1 s prom95t 9 ,c>tesianism1 z two radically diff]5t k9ds ( sub/ance1 w h>dly f9d def5d]s to-day4 ,reject+ ?is1 we are driv5 to "s =m ( hylopa?y1 o!rwise call$ monism4 ,!n ! "q arises :e!r physical laws on ! "o h&1 & ! psy*ical law on ! o!r are to be tak5-- 7,a7 z indep5d5t1 a doctr9e (t5 call$ monism1 b :i* ,i w\ld "n neutralism2 or1 7,b7 ! psy*ical law z d]iv$ & special1 ! physical law alone z primordial1 :i* is mat]ialism2 or1 7,c7 ! physical law z d]iv$ & special1 ! psy*ical law alone z primordial1 :i* is idealism4 ,! mat]iali/ic doctr9e seems to me q z repugnant to sci5tific logic z to common s5se2 s9ce x requires u to suppose t a c]ta9 k9d ( me*anism w feel1 :i* w\ld be a hypo!sis absolutely irr$ucible to reason1--an ultimate1 inexplicable regul>ity2 :ile ! only possible ju/ification ( any !ory is t x %\ld make ?+s cle> & reasonable4 ,neutralism is suffici5tly condemn$ by ! logical maxim kn[n z ,ockham's razor1 i4e41 t n m indep5d5t elem5ts are to be suppos$ ?an necess>y4 ,by plac+ ! inw>d & outw>d aspects ( sub/ance on a p>1 x seems to r5d] bo? primordial4 ,! "o intelligible !ory ( ! univ]se is t ( objective idealism1 t matt] is effete m9d1 invet]ate habits becom+ physical laws4 ,b be=e ?is c be accept$ x mu/ %[ itself capable ( expla9+ ! tridim5sionality ( space1 ! laws ( motion1 & ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! univ]se1 ) ma!matical cle>ness & precision2 = no less %\ld be dem&$ ( e ,philosophy4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4 ,mod]n ma!matics is replete ) ideas :i* may be appli$ to philosophy4 ,i c only notice "o or two4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ma!maticians g5]alize is v in/ructive4 ,?us1 pa9t]s are accu/om$ to ?9k ( a picture z consi/+ geometrically ( ! int]sections ( its plane by rays ( light f ! natural objects to ! eye4 ,b geomet]s use a g5]aliz$ p]spective4#eg ,= in/ance 9 ! figure let ,o be ! eye1 let ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e be ! edgewise view ( any plane1 & let a f e ,d c be ! edgewise view ( ano!r plane4 ,! geomet]s draw rays ?r\gh ,o cutt+ bo? ^! planes1 & treat ! po9ts ( int]section ( ea* ray ) "o plane z repres5t+ ! po9t ( int]section ( ! same ray ) ! o!r plane4 ,?us1 e repres5ts ,e1 9 ! pa9t]'s way4 ,d repres5ts itself4 ,c is repres5t$ by c1 :i* is fur!r f ! eye2 & ,a is repres5t$ by a :i* is on ! o!r side ( ! eye4 ,su* g5]alization is n b\nd d[n to s5su\s images4 ,fur!r1 accord+ to ?is mode ( repres5tation e po9t on "o plane repres5ts a po9t on ! o!r1 & e po9t on ! latt] is repres5t$ by a po9t on ! =m]4 ,b h[ ab\t ! po9t f :i* is 9 a direction f ,o p>allel to ! repres5t$ plane1 & h[ ab\t ! po9t ,b :i* is 9 a direction p>allel to ! repres5t+ plane8 ,"s w say t ^! are exceptions2 b mod]n ma!matics does n all[ exceptions :i* c be annull$ by g5]alization4#eh ,z a po9t moves f ,c to ,d & !nce to ,e & (f t[>d inf9ity1 ! correspond+ po9t on ! o!r plane moves f c to ,d & !nce to e & t[>d f4 ,b ?is second po9t c pass ?r\gh f to a2 & :5 x is !re ! fir/ po9t has arriv$ at ,a4 ,we !re=e say t ! fir/ po9t has pass$ ?r\gh inf9ity1 & t e l9e jo9s 9 to itself some:at l an oval4 ,geomet]s talk ( ! p>ts ( l9es at an inf9ite di/ance z po9ts4 ,?is is a k9d ( g5]alization v effici5t 9 ma!matics4 ,mod]n views ( measurem5t h a philosophical aspect4 ,!re is an indef9ite numb] ( sy/ems ( measur+ along a l9e2 ?us1 a p]spective repres5tation ( a scale on "o l9e may be tak5 to measure ano!r1 al?\gh ( c\rse su* measurem5ts w n agree ) :at we call ! di/ances ( po9ts on ! latt] l9e4 ,to e/abli% a sy/em ( measurem5t on a l9e we mu/ assign a di/9ct numb] to ea* po9t ( x1 & = ?is purpose we %all pla9ly h to suppose ! numb]s c>ri$ out into an inf9ite numb] ( places ( decimals4 ,^! numb]s mu/ be rang$ along ! l9e 9 unbrok5 sequ5ce4 ,fur!r1 9 ord] t su* a scale ( numb]s %\ld be ( any use1 x mu/ be capable ( be+ %ift$ into new positions1 ea* numb] cont9u+ to be atta*$ to a s+le di/9ct po9t4 ,n[ x is f\nd t if ?is is true = 8imag9>y0 z well z = real po9ts 7an expression :i* ,i _c /op to elucidate71 any su* %ift+ w necess>ily leave two numb]s atta*$ to ! same po9ts z be=e4 ,s t :5 ! scale is mov$ ov] ! l9e by any cont9u\s s]ies ( %ift+s ( "o k9d1 !re are two po9ts :i* no numb]s on ! scale c ev] rea*1 except ! numb]s fix$ !re4 ,?is pair ( po9ts1 ?us unatta9able 9 measurem5t1 is call$ ! ,absolute4 ,^! two po9ts may be di/9ct & real1 or !y may co9cide1 or !y may be bo? imag9>y4 ,z an example ( a l9e> quantity ) a d\ble absolute we may take probability1 :i* ranges f an unatta9able absolute c]ta9ty aga9/ a proposition to an equally unatta9able absolute c]ta9ty = x4 ,a l9e1 accord+ to ord9>y notions1 we h se5 is a l9e> quantity :]e ! two po9ts at inf9ity co9cide4 ,a velocity is ano!r example4 ,a tra9 go+ ) inf9ite velocity f ,*icago to ,new ,york w\ld be at all ! po9ts on ! l9e at ! v same in/ant1 & if ! "t ( transit 7 r$uc$ to less ?an no?+ x w\ld be mov+ 9 ! o!r direction4 ,an angle is a famili> example ( a mode ( magnitude ) no real immeasurable values4 ,"o ( ! que/ions philosophy has to consid] is :e!r ! developm5t ( ! univ]se is l ! increase ( an angle1 s t x proce$s =ev] )\t t5d+ t[>d any?+ unatta9$1 :i* ,i take to be ! ,epicurean view1 or :e!r ! univ]se sprang f a *aos 9 ! inf9itely di/ant pa/ to t5d t[>d some?+ diff]5t 9 ! inf9itely di/ant future1 or :e!r ! univ]se sprang f no?+ 9 ! pa/ to g on indef9itely t[>d a po9t 9 ! inf9itely di/ant future1 :i*1 7 x atta9$1 w\ld be ! m]e no?+ f :i* x set out4 ,! doctr9e ( ! absolute appli$ to space comes to ?is1 t ei!r-- ,fir/1 space is1 z ,euclid tea*es1 bo? unlimit$ & immeasurable1 s t ! inf9itely di/ant p>ts ( any plane se5 9 p]spective appe> z a /raight l9e1 9 :i* case ! sum ( ! ?ree angles ( a triangle am\nts to #ahj2 or1 ,second1 space is immeasurable b limit$1 s t ! inf9itely di/ant p>ts ( any plane se5 9 p]spective appe> z a circle1 beyond :i* all is blackness1 & 9 ?is case ! sum ( ! ?ree angles ( a triangle is less ?an #ahj by an am\nt proportional to ! area ( ! triangle2 or1 ,?ird1 space is unlimit$ b f9ite1 7l ! surface ( a sph]e71 s t x has no inf9itely di/ant p>ts2 b a f9ite j\rney along any /raight l9e w\ld br+ "o back to 8 orig9al position1 & look+ (f ) an unob/ruct$ view "o w\ld see ! back ( 8 own head enorm\sly magnifi$1 9 :i* case ! sum ( ! ?ree angles ( a triangle exce$s #ahj by an am\nt proportional to ! area4 ,:i* ( ^! ?ree hypo!ses is true we "k n4 ,! l>ge/ triangles we c measure are su* z h ! e>?'s orbit = base1 & ! di/ance ( a fix$ /> = altitude4 ,! angul> magnitude result+ f subtract+ ! sum ( ! two angles at ! base ( su* a triangle f #ahj is call$ ! />'s p>allax4 ,! p>allaxes ( only ab\t =ty />s h be5 measur$ z yet4 ,two ( !m come out negative1 t ( ,arid$ 7 ,cycni71 a /> ( magnitude #a-a_/b1 :i* is --#j48jhb1 accord+ to ,c4 ,a4 ,f4 ,pet]s1 & t ( a /> ( magnitude #g-c_/d1 kn[n z ,piazzi ,,iii #dbb1 :i* is --#j40jde1 accord+ to ,r4 ,s4 ,ball4 ,b ^! negative p>allaxes are und\bt$ly to be attribut$ to errors ( obs]vation2 = ! probable error ( su* a det]m9ation is ab\t #j48jge1 & x w\ld be /range inde$ if we 7 to be able to see1 z x 71 m ?an half way r\nd space1 )\t be+ able to see />s ) l>g] negative p>allaxes4 ,inde$1 ! v fact t ( all ! p>allaxes measur$ only two come out negative w\ld be a /rong argum5t t ! smalle/ p>allaxes really am\nt to #j40a1 7 x n = ! reflection t ! publication ( o!r negative p>allaxes may h be5 suppress$4 ,i ?9k we may feel confid5t t ! p>allax ( ! fur!/ /> lies some:]e betwe5 -#j40je & #j40ae1 & )9 ano!r c5tury our gr&*ildr5 w surely "k :e!r ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are great] or less ?an #ahj1--t !y are exactly t am\nt is :at nobody ev] c be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+4 ,x is true t accord+ to ! axioms ( geometry ! sum ( ! ?ree sides ( a triangle are precisely #ahj2 b ^! axioms are n[ explod$1 & geomet]s confess t !y1 z geomet]s1 "k n ! slighte/ reason = suppos+ !m to be precisely true4 ,!y are expressions ( our inborn conception ( space1 & z su* are entitl$ to cr$it1 s f> z _! tru? c\ld h influ5c$ ! =mation ( ! m9d4 ,b t af=ds n ! slighte/ reason = suppos+ !m exact4 ,n[1 metaphysics has always be5 ! ape ( ma!matics4 ,geometry sugge/$ ! idea ( a demon/rative sy/em ( absolutely c]ta9 philosophical pr9ciples2 & ! ideas ( ! metaphysicians h at all times be5 9 l>ge "p drawn f ma!matics4 ,! metaphysical axioms are imitations ( ! geometrical axioms2 & n[ t ! latt] h be5 ?r[n ov]bo>d1 )\t d\bt ! =m] w be s5t aft] !m4 ,x is evid5t1 = in/ance1 t we c h no reason to ?9k t e ph5om5on 9 all its m9ute/ details is precisely det]m9$ by law4 ,t !re is an arbitr>y elem5t 9 ! univ]se we see1--namely1 its v>iety4 ,?is v>iety mu/ be attribut$ to spontaneity 9 "s =m4 ,_h ,i m space1 ,i n[ ought to %[ h[ important = philosophy is ! ma!matical conception ( cont9uity4 ,mo/ ( :at is true 9 ,hegel is a d>kl+ glimm] ( a conception :i* ! ma!maticians _h long be=e made pretty cle>1 & :i* rec5t rese>*es h /ill fur!r illu/rat$4 ,among ! _m pr9ciples ( ,logic :i* f9d _! application 9 ,philosophy1 ,i c "h only m5tion "o4 ,?ree conceptions are p]petually turn+ up at e po9t 9 e !ory ( logic1 & 9 ! mo/ r\nd$ sy/ems !y occur 9 connection ) "o ano!r4 ,!y are conceptions s v broad & consequ5tly indef9ite t !y are h>d to seize & may be easily ov]look$4 ,i call !m ! conceptions ( ,fir/1 ,second1 ,?ird4 ,fir/ is ! conception ( be+ or exi/+ indep5d5t ( any?+ else4 ,second is ! conception ( be+ relative to1 ! conception ( reaction )1 some?+ else4 ,?ird is ! conception ( m$iation1 :]eby a fir/ & second are br\ght into relation4 ,to illu/rate ^! ideas1 ,i w %[ h[ !y ent] into ^? we h be5 consid]+4 ,! orig9 ( ?+s1 consid]$ n z lead+ to any?+1 b 9 itself1 conta9s ! idea ( ,fir/1 ! end ( ?+s t ( ,second1 ! process m$iat+ betwe5 !m t ( ,?ird4 ,a philosophy :i* emphasizes ! idea ( ! ,"o1 is g5]ally a duali/ic philosophy 9 :i* ! conception ( ,second receives exagg]at$ att5tion2 = ?is ,"o 7?\gh ( c\rse involv+ ! idea ( ,fir/7 is always ! o!r ( a manifold :i* is n "o4 ,! idea ( ! ,_m1 because v>iety is arbitr>9ess & arbitr>9ess is repudiation ( any ,secondness1 has = its pr9cipal compon5t ! conception ( ,fir/4 ,9 psy*ology ,feel+ is ,fir/1 ,s5se ( reaction ,second1 ,g5]al conception ,?ird1 or m$iation4 ,9 biology1 ! idea ( arbitr>y sport+ is ,fir/1 h]$ity is ,second1 ! process :]eby ! accid5tal *>act]s become fix$ is ,?ird4 ,*ance is ,fir/1 ,law is ,second1 ! t5d5cy to take habits is ,?ird4 ,m9d is ,fir/1 ,matt] is ,second1 ,evolution is ,?ird4 ,su* are ! mat]ials out ( :i* *iefly a philosophical !ory ought to be built1 9 ord] to repres5t ! /ate ( k to :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury has br\ght u4 ,)\t go+ into o!r important que/ions ( philosophical ar*itectonic1 we c readily =esee :at sort ( a metaphysics w\ld appropriately be con/ruct$ f ^? conceptions4 ,l "s ( ! mo/ anci5t & "s ( ! mo/ rec5t speculations x w\ld be a ,cosmogonic ,philosophy4 ,x w\ld suppose t 9 ! beg9n+1--inf9itely remote1--!re 0 a *aos ( unp]sonaliz$ feel+1 :i* be+ )\t connection or regul>ity w\ld prop]ly be )\t exi/5ce4 ,?is feel+1 sport+ "h & !re 9 pure arbitr>9ess1 w\ld h />t$ ! g]m ( a g5]aliz+ t5d5cy4 ,its o!r sport+s w\ld be evanesc5t1 b ?is w\ld h a gr[+ virtue4 ,?us1 ! t5d5cy to habit w\ld be />t$2 & f ?is ) ! o!r pr9ciples ( evolution all ! regul>ities ( ! univ]se w\ld be evolv$4 ,at any "t1 h[ev]1 an elem5t ( pure *ance survives & w rema9 until ! _w becomes an absolutely p]fect1 rational1 & symmetrical sy/em1 9 :i* m9d is at la/ cry/alliz$ 9 ! inf9itely di/ant future4 ,t idea has be5 work$ out by me ) elaboration4 ,x acc\nts = ! ma9 features ( ! univ]se z we "k x1--! *>act]s ( "t1 space1 matt]1 =ce1 gravitation1 electricity1 etc4 ,x pr$icts _m m ?+s :i* new obs]vations c alone br+ to ! te/4 ,may "s future /ud5t g ov] ?is gr\nd aga91 & h ! leisure to give 8 results to ! _w4 ,footnote #ed3 ,! ,moni/1 ,janu>y1 #ahia4 ,footnote #ee3 ,! neo-,d>w9ian1 ,weismann1 has %[n t mortality w\ld almo/ necess>ily result f ! action ( ! ,d>w9ian pr9ciple4 ,footnote #ef3 ,a feel+ may c]ta9ly be comp\nd1 b only 9 virtue ( a p]ception :i* is n t feel+ nor any feel+ at all4 ,footnote #eg3 ,! read] w f9d fur!r light on ! foll[+ illu/ration 9 any text-book ( projective geometry1 e4g41 ,reye1 ,geometry ( ,position1 ,i1 pp4 #ag-bd1 or ,encyc4 ,britannica1 ,,xi1 p4 #fhi4 ,footnote #eh3 ,a m famili> example ( ?is is ! introduction ( irrational or absurd numb]s l #b4 ,aft] x 0 prov$ t no ratio ( two integ]s c\ld possibly equal #b ! idea ( numb] 0 g5]aliz$ to include ! latt]4 ,fractions & ! s-call$ imag9>y numb]s illu/rate ! same process ( g5]alization = ! sake ( mak+ c]ta9 op]ations 7i4e4 division & f9d+ ! root7 cont9u\sly applicable4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,necessity ,,exam9$#ei ,9 ,! ,moni/ = ,janu>y1 #ahia1 ,i endeavor$ to %[ :at elem5t>y ideas ought to ent] into our view ( ! univ]se4 ,i may m5tion t on ^? consid]ations ,i _h already gr\nd$ a cosmical !ory1 & f x _h d$uc$ a consid]able numb] ( consequ5ces capable ( be+ comp>$ ) exp]i5ce4 ,?is comp>ison is n[ 9 progress1 b "u exi/+ circum/ances mu/ occupy _m ye>s4 ,i propose "h to exam9e ! common belief t e s+le fact 9 ! univ]se is precisely det]m9$ by law4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ?is is a doctr9e accept$ ev]y:]e & at all times by all rational m54 ,its fir/ advocate appe>s to h be5 ,democritus1 ! atomi/1 :o 0 l$ to x1 z we are in=m$1 by reflect+ ^u ! 8imp5etrability1 translation1 & impact ( matt] 7 740 ,t is to say1 hav+ re/rict$ 8 att5tion to a field :]e no influ5ce o!r ?an me*anical con/ra9t c\ld possibly come be=e 8 notice1 he /raightway jump$ to ! conclusion t ?r\gh\t ! univ]se t 0 ! sole pr9ciple ( action1--a /yle ( reason+ s usual 9 our day ) m5 n unreflect+ z to be m ?an excusable 9 ! infancy ( ?\ght4 ,b ,epicurus1 9 revis+ ! atomic doctr9e & repair+ its def5ces1 f\nd himself oblig$ to suppose t atoms sw]ve f _! c\rses by spontane\s *ance2 & !reby he conf]r$ ^u ! !ory life & entele*y4 ,= we n[ see cle>ly t ! peculi> function ( ! molecul> hypo!sis 9 physics is to op5 an entry = ! calculus ( probabilities4 ,already1 ! pr9ce ( philosoph]s _h repeat$ly & emphatically condemn$ ! dictum ( ,democritus 7especially 9 ! 8,physics10 ,book ,,ii1 *apt]s iv1 v1 vi71 hold+ t ev5ts come to pass 9 ?ree ways1 namely1 7#a7 by ext]nal compulsion1 or ! action ( effici5t causes1 7#b7 by virtue ( an inw>d nature1 or ! influ5ce ( f9al causes1 & 7#c7 irregul>ly )\t def9ite cause1 b j by absolute *ance2 & ?is doctr9e is ( ! inmo/ ess5ce ( ,ari/otelianism4 ,x af=ds1 at any rate1 a valuable enum]ation ( ! possible ways 9 :i* any?+ c be suppos$ to h come ab\t4 ,! fre$om ( ! w1 too1 0 admitt$ bo? by ,ari/otle & by ,epicurus4 ,b ! ,/oa1 :i* 9 e dep>tm5t seiz$ ^u ! mo/ tangible1 h>d1 & lifeless elem5t1 & bl9dly d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( e o!r1 :i*1 = example1 impugn$ ! validity ( ! inductive me?od & wi%$ to fill its place ) ! r$uctio ad absurdum1 v naturally became ! "o s*ool ( anci5t philosophy to /& by a /rict necessit>ianism1 ?us return+ to a s+le pr9ciple ( ,democritus t ,epicurus _h be5 unable to swall[4 ,necessit>ianism & mat]ialism ) ! ,/oics w5t h& 9 h&1 z by aff9ity !y %\ld4 ,at ! revival ( le>n+1 ,/oicism met ) consid]able favor1 p>tly because x dep>t$ j en\gh f ,ari/otle to give x ! spice ( novelty1 & p>tly because its sup]ficialities well adapt$ x = acceptance by /ud5ts ( lit]ature & art :o want$ _! philosophy drawn mild4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! great discov]ies 9 me*anics inspir$ ! hope t me*anical pr9ciples might suffice to expla9 ! univ]se2 & ?\gh )\t logical ju/ification1 ?is hope has s9ce be5 cont9ually /imulat$ by subsequ5t advances 9 physics4 ,nev]!less1 ! doctr9e 0 9 too evid5t conflict ) ! fre$om ( ! w & ) miracles to be g5]ally acceptable1 at fir/4 ,b meantime !re arose t mo/ widely spread ( philosophical blund]s1 ! notion t associationalism belongs intr9sically to ! mat]iali/ic family ( doctr9es2 & ?us 0 evolv$ ! !ory ( motives2 & lib]t>ianism became weak5$4 ,at pres5t1 hi/orical criticism has almo/ explod$ ! miracles1 great & small2 s t ! doctr9e ( necessity has nev] be5 9 s great vogue z n[4 ,! proposition 9 "q is t ! /ate ( ?+s exi/+ at any "t1 toge!r ) c]ta9 immutable laws1 completely det]m9e ! /ate ( ?+s at e o!r "t 7= a limitation to future "t is indef5sible74 ,?us1 giv5 ! /ate ( ! univ]se 9 ! orig9al nebula1 & giv5 ! laws ( me*anics1 a suffici5tly p[]ful m9d c\ld d$uce f ^! data ! precise =m ( e curlicue ( e lett] ,i am n[ writ+4 ,:oev] holds t e act ( ! w z well z e idea ( ! m9d is "u ! rigid gov]nance ( a necessity co-ord9at$ ) t ( ! physical _w1 w logically be c>ri$ to ! proposition t m9ds are "p ( ! physical _w 9 su* a s5se t ! laws ( me*anics det]m9e ev]y?+ t happ5s accord+ to immutable attractions & repulsions4 ,9 t case1 t in/antane\s /ate ( ?+s f :i* e o!r /ate ( ?+s is calculable consi/s 9 ! positions & velocities ( all ! p>ticles at any in/ant4 ,?is1 ! usual & mo/ logical =m ( necessit>ianism1 is call$ ! me*anical philosophy4 ,:5 ,i h ask$ ?9k+ m5 :at reason !y _h to believe t e fact 9 ! univ]se is precisely det]m9$ by law1 ! fir/ answ] has usually be5 t ! proposition is a 8presupposition0 or po/ulate ( sci5tific reason+4 ,well1 if t is ! be/ t c be said = x1 ! belief is doom$4 ,suppose x be 8po/ulat$03 t does n make x true1 nor s mu* z af=d ! slighte/ rational motive = yield+ x any cr$5ce4 ,x is z if a man %\ld come to borr[ money1 & :5 ask$ = 8 security1 %\ld reply he 8po/ulat$0 ! loan4 ,to 8po/ulate0 a proposition is no m ?an to hope x is true4 ,!re are1 inde$1 practical em]g5cies 9 :i* we act ^u assumptions ( c]ta9 propositions z true1 because if !y are n s1 x c make no diff]5ce h[ we act4 ,b all su* propositions ,i take to be hypo!ses ( individual facts4 ,= x is manife/ t no univ]sal pr9ciple c 9 its univ]sality be compris$ 9 a special case or c be requisite = ! validity ( any ord9>y inf]5ce4 ,to say1 = in/ance1 t ! demon/ration by ,ar*im$es ( ! prop]ty ( ! lev] w\ld fall to ! gr\nd if m5 7 end[$ ) free-w1 is extravagant2 yet ?is is impli$ by ^? :o make a proposition incompatible ) ! fre$om ( ! w ! po/ulate ( all inf]5ce4 ,consid]+1 too1 t ! conclusions ( sci5ce make no pret5ce to be+ m ?an probable1 & consid]+ t a probable inf]5ce c at mo/ only suppose some?+ to be mo/ frequ5tly1 or o!rwise approximately1 true1 b nev] t any?+ is precisely true )\t exception ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 we see h[ f> ?is proposition 9 tru? is f be+ s po/ulat$4 ,b ! :ole notion ( a po/ulate be+ involv$ 9 reason+ app]ta9s to a by-gone & false conception ( logic4 ,non-d$uctive1 or ampliative inf]5ce1 is ( ?ree k9ds3 induction1 hypo!sis1 & analogy4 ,if !re be any o!r modes1 !y mu/ be extremely unusual & highly complicat$1 & may be assum$ ) little d\bt to be ( ! same nature z ^? enum]at$4 ,= induction1 hypo!sis1 & analogy1 z f> z _! ampliative "* goes1 t is1 s f> z !y conclude some?+ n impli$ 9 ! premises1 dep5d ^u "o pr9ciple & involve ! same proc$ure4 ,all are ess5tially inf]5ces f sampl+4 ,suppose a %ip arrives at ,liv]pool lad5 ) :eat 9 bulk4 ,suppose t by "s ma*9]y ! :ole c>go be /irr$ up ) great ?or\ghness4 ,suppose t tw5ty-sev5 ?imblefuls be tak5 equally f ! =w>d1 mid%ips1 & aft p>ts1 f ! />bo>d1 c5t]1 & l>bo>d p>ts1 & f ! top1 half dep?1 & l[] p>ts ( h] hold1 & t ^! be+ mix$ & ! gra9s c\nt$1 f\r-fif?s ( ! latt] are f\nd to be ( quality ,a4 ,!n we inf]1 exp]i5tially & provisionally1 t approximately f\r-fif?s ( all ! gra9 9 ! c>go is ( ! same quality4 ,i say we inf] ?is exp]i5tially & provisionally4 ,by say+ t we inf] x exp]i5tially1 ,i mean t our conclusion makes no pret5sion to k ( :eat-9-itself1 our 1 z ! d]ivation ( t ^w implies1 has no?+ to d ) lat5t :eat4 ,we are deal+ only ) ! matt] ( possible exp]i5ce1--exp]i5ce 9 ! full acceptation ( ! t]m z some?+ n m]ely affect+ ! s5ses b also z ! subject ( ?\ght4 ,if !re be any :eat hidd5 on ! %ip1 s t x c nei!r turn up 9 ! sample nor be he>d ( subsequ5tly f pur*as]s1--or if x be half-hidd51 s t x may1 inde$1 turn up1 b is less likely to d s ?an ! re/1--or if x c affect our s5ses & our pockets1 b f "s /range cause or causelessness _c be reason$ ab\t1--all su* :eat is to be exclud$ 7or h only its proportional weight7 9 calculat+ t true proportion ( quality ,a1 to :i* our inf]5ce seeks to approximate4 ,by say+ t we draw ! inf]5ce provisionally1 ,i mean t we d n hold t we h rea*$ any assign$ degree ( approximation z yet1 b only hold t if our exp]i5ce be indef9itely ext5d$1 & if e fact ( :atev] nature1 z fa/ z x pres5ts itself1 be duly appli$1 accord+ to ! inductive me?od1 9 correct+ ! inf]r$ ratio1 !n our approximation w become indef9itely close 9 ! long run2 t is to say1 close to ! exp]i5ce to come 7n m]ely close by ! exhau/ion ( a f9ite collection7 s t if exp]i5ce 9 g5]al is to fluctuate irregul>ly to & fro1 9 a mann] to deprive ! ratio s\ght ( all def9ite value1 we %all be able to f9d out approximately )9 :at limits x fluctuates1 & if1 aft] hav+ "o def9ite value1 x *anges & assumes ano!r1 we %all be able to f9d t out1 & 9 %ort1 :atev] may be ! v>iations ( ?is ratio 9 exp]i5ce1 exp]i5ce indef9itely ext5d$ w enable u to detect !m1 s z to pr$ict rightly1 at la/1 :at its ultimate value may be1 if x h any ultimate value1 or :at ! ultimate law ( succession ( values may be1 if !re be any su* ultimate law1 or t x ultimately fluctuates irregul>ly )9 c]ta9 limits1 if x d s ultimately fluctuate4 ,n[ our inf]5ce1 claim+ to be no m ?an ?us exp]i5tial & provisional1 manife/ly involves no po/ulate :atev]4 ,= :at is a po/ulate8 ,x is ! =mulation ( a mat]ial fact :i* we are n entitl$ to assume z a premise1 b ! tru? ( :i* is requisite to ! validity ( an inf]5ce4 ,any fact1 !n1 :i* might be suppos$ po/ulat$1 mu/ ei!r be su* t x w\ld ultimately pres5t itself 9 exp]i5ce1 or n4 ,if x w pres5t itself1 we ne$ n po/ulate x n[ 9 our provisional inf]5ce1 s9ce we %all ultimately be entitl$ to use x z a premise4 ,b if x nev] w\ld pres5t itself 9 exp]i5ce1 our conclusion is valid b = ! possibility ( ?is fact be+ o!rwise ?an assum$1 t is1 x is valid z f> z possible exp]i5ce goes1 & t is all t we claim4 ,?us1 e po/ulate is cut (f1 ei!r by ! provisionality or by ! exp]i5tiality ( our inf]5ce4 ,= in/ance1 x has be5 said t induction po/ulates t1 if an indef9ite succession ( samples be drawn1 exam9$1 & ?r[n back ea* be=e ! next is drawn1 !n 9 ! long run e gra9 w be drawn z (t5 z any o!r1 t is to say1 po/ulates t ! ratio ( ! numb]s ( times 9 :i* any two are drawn w indef9itely approximate to unity4 ,b no su* po/ulate is made2 = if1 on ! "o h&1 we are to h no o!r exp]i5ce ( ! :eat ?an f su* draw+s1 x is ! ratio t pres5ts itself 9 ^? draw+s & n ! ratio :i* belongs to ! :eat 9 its lat5t exi/5ce t we are endeavor+ to det]m9e2 :ile if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is "s o!r mode by :i* ! :eat is to come "u our k1 equival5t to ano!r k9d ( sampl+1 s t aft] all our c>e 9 /irr+ up ! :eat1 "s exp]i5tial gra9s w pres5t !mselves 9 ! fir/ sampl+ op]ation m (t5 ?an o!rs 9 ! long run1 ?is v s+ul> fact w be sure to get discov]$ by ! inductive me?od1 :i* mu/ avail itself ( e sort ( exp]i5ce2 & our inf]5ce1 :i* 0 only provisional1 corrects itself at la/4 ,aga91 x has be5 said1 t induction po/ulates t "u l circum/ances l ev5ts w happ51 & t ?is po/ulate is at bottom ! same z ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal causation4 ,b ?is is a blund]1 or bevue1 due to ?9k+ exclusively ( inductions :]e ! conclud$ ratio is ei!r #a or #j4 ,if any su* proposition 7 po/ulat$1 x w\ld be t "u l circum/ances 7! circum/ances ( draw+ ! diff]5t samples7 diff]5t ev5ts occur 9 ! same proportions 9 all ! diff]5t sets1--a proposition :i* is false & ev5 absurd4 ,b 9 tru? no su* ?+ is po/ulat$1 ! exp]i5tial "* ( ! inf]5ce r$uc+ ! condition ( validity to ?is1 t if a c]ta9 result does n occur1 ! opposite result w be manife/$1 a condition assur$ by ! provisionality ( ! inf]5ce4 ,b x may be ask$ :e!r x is n conceivable t e in/ance ( a c]ta9 class de/9$ to be ev] employ$ z a datum ( induction %\ld h "o "*1 :ile e in/ance de/9$ n to be s employ$ %\ld h ! opposite "*4 ,! answ] is t 9 t case1 ! in/ances exclud$ f be+ subjects ( reason+ w\ld n be exp]i5c$ 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 b w\ld be among ^! lat5t individuals ( :i* our conclusion does n pret5d to speak4 ,to ?is acc\nt ( ! rationale ( induction ,i "k ( b "o objection wor? m5tion3 x is t ,i ?us fail to d$uce ! full degree ( =ce :i* ?is mode ( inf]5ce 9 fact possesses2 t accord+ to my view1 no matt] h[ ?or\gh & elaborate ! /irr+ & mix+ process _h be51 ! exam9ation ( a s+le h&ful ( gra9 w\ld n give me any assurance1 suffici5t to risk money ^u t ! next h&ful w\ld n greatly modify ! conclud$ value ( ! ratio "u inquiry1 :ile1 9 fact1 ! assurance w\ld be v high t ?is ratio 0 n greatly 9 error4 ,if ! true ratio ( gra9s ( quality ,a 7 #j4hj & ! h&ful conta9$ a ?\s& gra9s1 n9e su* h&fuls out ( e t5 w\ld conta9 f #ghj to #hbj gra9s ( quality ,a4 ,! answ] to ?is is t ! calculation giv5 is correct :5 we "k t ! units ( ?is h&ful & ! quality inquir$ into h ! normal indep5d5ce ( "o ano!r1 if = in/ance ! /irr+ has be5 complete & ! "* sampl$ = has be5 settl$ ^u 9 advance ( ! exam9ation ( ! sample4 ,b 9 s f> z ^! conditions are n kn[n to be compli$ )1 ! above figures cease to be applicable4 ,r&om sampl+ & pr$esignation ( ! "* sampl$ = %\ld always be /riv5 aft] 9 inductive reason+1 b :5 !y _c be atta9$1 s long z x is conduct$ hone/ly1 ! inf]5ce reta9s "s value4 ,:5 we _c asc]ta9 h[ ! sampl+ has be5 done or ! sample-"* select$1 induction /ill has ! ess5tial validity :i* my pres5t acc\nt ( x %[s x to h4 ,i d n ?9k a man :o comb9es a will+ness to be conv9c$ ) a p[] ( appreciat+ an argum5t ^u a difficult subject c resi/ ! reasons :i* h be5 giv5 to %[ t ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal necessity _c be def5d$ z be+ a po/ulate ( reason+4 ,b !n ! "q imm$iately arises :e!r x is n prov$ to be true1 or at lea/ r5d]$ highly probable1 by obs]vation ( nature4 ,/ill1 ?is "q ought n long to arre/ a p]son accu/om$ to reflect ^u ! =ce ( sci5tific reason+4 ,= ! ess5ce ( ! necessit>ian position is t c]ta9 cont9u\s quantities h c]ta9 exact values4 ,n[1 h[ c obs]vation det]m9e ! value ( su* a quantity ) a probable error absolutely nil8 ,to "o :o is beh9d ! sc5es1 & kn[s t ! mo/ ref9$ comp>isons ( masses1 l5g?s1 & angles1 f> surpass+ 9 precision all o!r measurem5ts1 yet fall beh9d ! accuracy ( bank-acc\nts1 & t ! ord9>y det]m9ations ( physical con/ants1 su* z appe> f mon? to mon? 9 ! j\rnals1 are ab\t on a p> ) an uphol/]]'s measurem5ts ( c>pets & curta9s1 ! idea ( ma!matical exactitude be+ demon/rat$ 9 ! laboratory w appe> simply ridicul\s4 ,!re is a recogniz$ me?od ( e/imat+ ! probable magnitudes ( errors 9 physics1--! me?od ( lea/ squ>es4 ,x is univ]sally admitt$ t ?is me?od makes ! errors small] ?an !y really are2 yet ev5 accord+ to t !ory an error indef9itely small is indef9itely improbable2 s t any /atem5t to ! effect t a c]ta9 cont9u\s quantity has a c]ta9 exact value1 if well-f\nd$ at all1 mu/ be f\nd$ on some?+ o!r ?an obs]vation4 ,/ill1 ,i am oblig$ to admit t ?is rule is subject to a c]ta9 qualification4 ,namely1 x only applies to cont9u\s#fj quantity4 ,n[1 c]ta9 k9ds ( cont9u\s quantity are discont9u\s at "o or at two limits1 & = su* limits ! rule mu/ be modifi$4 ,?us1 ! l5g? ( a l9e _c be less ?an z]o4 ,suppose1 !n1 ! "q arises h[ long a l9e a c]ta9 p]son _h drawn f a m>k$ po9t on a piece ( pap]4 ,if no l9e at all c be se51 ! obs]v$ l5g? is z]o2 & ! only conclusion ?is obs]vation w>rants is t ! l5g? ( ! l9e is less ?an ! smalle/ l5g? visible ) ! optical p[] employ$4 ,b indirect obs]vations1--= example1 t ! p]son suppos$ to h drawn ! l9e 0 nev] )9 fifty feet ( ! pap]1--may make x probable t no l9e at all 0 made1 s t ! conclud$ l5g? w be /rictly z]o4 ,9 l mann]1 exp]i5ce no d\bt w\ld w>rant ! conclusion t !re is absolutely no indigo 9 a giv5 e> ( :eat1 & absolutely no att> 9 a giv5 li*54 ,b su* inf]5ces c only be r5d]$ valid by positive exp]i5tial evid5ce1 direct or remote1 & _c re/ ^u a m]e inability to detect ! quantity 9 "q4 ,we h reason to ?9k !re is no indigo 9 ! :eat1 because we h rem>k$ t :]ev] indigo is produc$ x is produc$ 9 consid]able quantities1 to m5tion only "o argum5t4 ,we h reason to ?9k !re is no att> 9 ! li*51 because ess5tial oils seem to be 9 g5]al peculi> to s+le species4 ,if ! "q _h be5 :e!r !re 0 iron 9 ! :eat or ! li*51 ?\gh *emical analysis %\ld fail to detect its pres5ce1 we %\ld ?9k "s ( x probably 0 !re1 s9ce iron is almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,)\t any su* in=mation1 "o way or ! o!r1 we c\ld only ab/a9 f any op9ion z to ! pres5ce ( ! sub/ance 9 "q4 ,x _c1 ,i conceive1 be ma9ta9$ t we are 9 any bett] position ?an ?is 9 reg>d to ! pres5ce ( ! elem5t ( *ance or spontane\s dep>tures f law 9 nature4 ,^? obs]vations :i* are g5]ally adduc$ 9 favor ( me*anical causation simply prove t !re is an elem5t ( regul>ity 9 nature1 & h no be>+ :atev] ^u ! "q ( :e!r su* regul>ity is exact & univ]sal1 or n4 ,nay1 9 reg>d to ?is exactitude1 all obs]vation is directly oppos$ to x2 & ! mo/ t c be said is t a good deal ( ?is obs]vation c be expla9$ away4 ,try to v]ify any law ( nature1 & y w f9d t ! m precise y\r obs]vations1 ! m c]ta9 !y w be to %[ irregul> dep>tures f ! law4 ,we are accu/om$ to ascribe ^!1 & ,i d n say wrongly1 to errors ( obs]vation2 yet we _c usually acc\nt = su* errors 9 any antec$5tly probable way4 ,trace _! causes back f> en\gh1 & y w be =c$ to admit !y are always due to arbitr>y det]m9ation1 or *ance4 ,b x may be ask$ :e!r if !re 7 an elem5t ( real *ance 9 ! univ]se x mu/ n occasionally be productive ( signal effects su* z c\ld n pass unobs]v$4 ,9 answ] to ?is "q1 )\t /opp+ to po9t out t !re is an abundance ( great ev5ts :i* "o might be tempt$ to suppose 7 ( t nature1 x w be simple/ to rem>k t physici/s hold t ! p>ticles ( gases are mov+ ab\t irregul>ly1 sub/antially z if by real *ance1 & t by ! pr9ciples ( probabilities !re mu/ occasionally happ5 to be conc5trations ( heat 9 ! gases contr>y to ! second law ( !rmodynamics1 & ^! conc5trations1 occurr+ 9 explosive mixtures1 mu/ sometimes h trem5d\s effects4 ,"h1 !n1 is 9 sub/ance ! v situation suppos$2 yet no ph5om5a ev] h result$ :i* we are =c$ to attribute to su* *ance conc5tration ( heat1 or :i* anybody1 wise or fooli%1 has ev] dream$ ( acc\nt+ = 9 t mann]4 ,9 view ( all ^! consid]ations1 ,i d n believe t anybody1 n 9 a /ate ( case-h>d5$ ignorance respect+ ! logic ( sci5ce1 c ma9ta9 t ! precise & univ]sal con=mity ( facts to law is cle>ly prov$1 or ev5 r5d]$ p>ticul>ly probable1 by any obs]vations hi!rto made4 ,9 ?is way1 ! det]m9$ advocate ( exact regul>ity w soon f9d himself driv5 to a priori reasons to support 8 !sis4 ,^! receiv$ su* a socdolag] f ,/u>t ,mill 9 8 ,exam9ation ( ,hamilton1 t hold+ to !m n[ seems to me to d5ote a high degree ( imp]vi\sness to reason2 s t ,i %all pass !m by ) little notice4 ,to say t we _c help believ+ a giv5 proposition is no argum5t1 b x is a conclusive fact if x be true2 & ) ! sub/itution ( 8,i0 = 8we10 x is true 9 ! m\?s ( sev]al classes ( m9ds1 ! bl9dly passionate1 ! unreflect+ & ignorant1 & ! p]son :o has ov]:elm+ evid5ce be=e 8 eyes4 ,b t :i* has be5 inconceivable to-day has (t5 turn$ out indisputable on ! morr[4 ,inability to conceive is only a /age ?r\gh :i* e man mu/ pass 9 reg>d to a numb] ( beliefs1--unless end[$ ) extraord9>y ob/9acy & obtus5ess4 ,8 und]/&+ is enslav$ to "s bl9d compulsion :i* a vigor\s m9d is pretty sure soon to ca/ (f4 ,"s seek to back up ! a priori position ) empirical argum5ts4 ,!y say t ! exact regul>ity ( ! _w is a natural belief1 & t natural beliefs h g5]ally be5 confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 ,!re is "s reason 9 ?is4 ,natural beliefs1 h[ev]1 if !y g5]ally h a f\ndation ( tru?1 also require correction & purification f natural illusions4 ,! pr9ciples ( me*anics are und\bt$ly natural beliefs2 b1 = all t1 ! e>ly =mulations ( !m 7 exce$+ly errone\s4 ,! g5]al approximation to tru? 9 natural beliefs is1 9 fact1 a case ( ! g5]al adaptation ( g5etic products to recognizable utilities or ends4 ,n[1 ! adaptations ( nature1 beautiful & (t5 m>vel\s z !y v]ily are1 are nev] f\nd to be q p]fect2 s t ! argum5t is q aga9/ ! absolute exactitude ( any natural belief1 includ+ t ( ! pr9ciple ( causation4 ,ano!r argum5t1 or conv5i5t commonplace1 is t absolute *ance is inconceivable4 7,?is ^w has eight curr5t significations4 ,! ,c5tury ,diction>y enum]ates six47 ,^? :o talk l ?is w h>dly be p]suad$ to say 9 :at s5se !y mean t *ance is inconceivable4 ,%\ld !y d s1 x w\ld easily be %[n ei!r t !y h no suffici5t reason = ! /atem5t or t ! inconceivability is ( a k9d :i* does n prove t *ance is non-exi/5t4 ,ano!r a priori argum5t is t *ance is un9telligible2 t is to say1 :ile x may p]haps be conceivable1 x does n disclose to ! eye ( reason ! h[ or :y ( ?+s2 & s9ce a hypo!sis c only be ju/ifi$ s f> z x r5d]s "s ph5om5on intelligible1 we nev] c h any "r to suppose absolute *ance to ent] into ! production ( any?+ 9 nature4 ,?is argum5t may be consid]$ 9 connection ) two o!rs4 ,namely1 in/ead ( go+ s f> z to say t ! supposition ( *ance c nev] prop]ly be us$ to expla9 any obs]v$ fact1 x may be alleg$ m]ely t no facts are kn[n :i* su* a supposition c\ld 9 any way help 9 expla9+4 ,or aga91 ! allegation be+ /ill fur!r weak5$1 x may be said t s9ce dep>tures f law are n unmi/akably obs]v$1 *ance is n a v]a causa1 & ought n unnecess>ily to be introduc$ into a hypo!sis4 ,^! are no mean argum5ts1 & require u to exam9e ! matt] a little m closely4 ,come1 my sup]ior oppon5t1 let me le>n f y\r wisdom4 ,x seems to me t e ?r[ ( sixes ) a pair ( dice is a manife/ in/ance ( *ance4 8,:ile y w\ld hold a ?r[ ( deuce-ace to be br\ght ab\t by necessity80 7,! oppon5t's suppos$ rem>ks are plac$ 9 quotation m>ks47 ,cle>ly "o ?r[ is z mu* *ance z ano!r4 8,d y ?9k ?r[s ( dice are ( a diff]5t nature f o!r ev5ts80 ,i see t ,i mu/ say t all ! div]sity & specificalness ( ev5ts is attributable to *ance4 8,w\ld y1 !n1 d5y t !re is any regul>ity 9 ! _w80 ,t is cle>ly und5iable4 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge !re is an approximate regul>ity1 & t e ev5t is influ5c$ by x4 ,b ! div]sification1 specificalness1 & irregul>ity ( ?+s ,i suppose is *ance4 ,a ?r[ ( sixes appe>s to me a case 9 :i* ?is elem5t is p>ticul>ly obtrusive4 8,if y reflect m deeply1 y w come to see t *ance is only a "n = a cause t is unkn[n to u40 ,d y mean t we h no idea :atev] :at k9d ( causes c\ld br+ ab\t a ?r[ ( sixes8 8,on ! contr>y1 ea* die moves "u ! influ5ce ( precise me*anical laws40 ,b x appe>s to me t x is n ^! laws :i* made ! die turn up sixes2 = ^! laws act j ! same :5 o!r ?r[s come up4 ,! *ance lies 9 ! div]sity ( ?r[s2 & ?is div]sity _c be due to laws :i* are immutable4 8,! div]sity is due to ! div]se circum/ances "u :i* ! laws act4 ,! dice lie diff]5tly 9 ! box1 & ! motion giv5 to ! box is diff]5t4 ,^! are ! unkn[n causes :i* produce ! ?r[s1 & to :i* we give ! "n ( *ance2 n ! me*anical law :i* regulates ! op]ation ( ^! causes4 ,y see y are already beg9n+ to ?9k m cle>ly ab\t ?is subject40 ,does ! op]ation ( me*anical law n increase ! div]sity8 8,prop]ly n4 ,y mu/ "k t ! in/antane\s /ate ( a sy/em ( p>ticles is def9$ by six times z _m numb]s z !re are p>ticles1 ?ree = ! co-ord9ates ( ea* p>ticle's position1 & ?ree m = ! compon5ts ( its velocity4 ,?is numb] ( numb]s1 :i* expresses ! am\nt ( div]sity 9 ! sy/em1 rema9s ! same at all times4 ,!re may be1 to be sure1 "s k9d ( relation betwe5 ! co-ord9ates & compon5t velocities ( ! diff]5t p>ticles1 by means ( :i* ! /ate ( ! sy/em might be express$ by a small] numb] ( numb]s4 ,b1 if ?is is ! case1 a precisely correspond+ relation%ip mu/ exi/ betwe5 ! co-ord9ates & compon5t velocities at any o!r "t1 ?\gh x may d\btless be a relation less obvi\s to u4 ,?us1 ! intr9sic complexity ( ! sy/em is ! same at all times40 ,v well1 my oblig+ oppon5t1 we h n[ rea*$ an issue4 ,y ?9k all ! arbitr>y specifications ( ! univ]se 7 introduc$ 9 "o dose1 9 ! beg9n+1 if !re 0 a beg9n+1 & t ! v>iety & complication ( nature has always be5 j z mu* z x is n[4 ,b ,i1 = my "p1 ?9k t ! div]sification1 ! specification1 has be5 cont9ually tak+ place4 ,%\ld y condesc5d to ask me :y ,i s ?9k1 ,i %\ld give my reasons z foll[s3 7#a7 ,"q any sci5ce :i* deals ) ! c\rse ( "t4 ,consid] ! life ( an individual animal or plant1 or ( a m9d4 ,glance at ! hi/ory ( /ates1 ( in/itutions1 ( language1 ( ideas4 ,exam9e ! successions ( =ms %[n by paleontology1 ! hi/ory ( ! globe z set =? 9 geology1 ( :at ! a/ronom] is able to make out conc]n+ ! *anges ( /ell> sy/ems4 ,ev]y:]e ! ma9 fact is gr[? & increas+ complexity4 ,dea? & corruption are m]e accid5ts or second>y ph5om5a4 ,among "s ( ! l[] organisms1 x is a moot po9t ) biologi/s :e!r !re be any?+ :i* ought to be call$ dea?4 ,races1 at any rate1 d n die out except "u unfavorable circum/ances4 ,f ^! broad & ubiquit\s facts we may fairly inf]1 by ! mo/ unexceptionable logic1 t !re is probably 9 nature "s ag5cy by :i* ! complexity & div]sity ( ?+s c be increas$2 & t consequ5tly ! rule ( me*anical necessity meets 9 "s way ) int]f]5ce4 7#b7 ,by ?us admitt+ pure spontaneity or life z a "* ( ! univ]se1 act+ always & ev]y:]e ?\gh re/ra9$ )9 n>r[ b\nds by law1 produc+ inf9itesimal dep>tures f law cont9ually1 & great ones ) inf9ite infrequ5cy1 ,i acc\nt = all ! v>iety & div]sity ( ! univ]se1 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* ! really sui g5]is & new c be said to be acc\nt$ =4 ,! ord9>y view has to admit ! inexhau/ible multitud9\s v>iety ( ! _w1 has to admit t its me*anical law _c acc\nt = ?is 9 ! lea/1 t v>iety c spr+ only f spontaneity1 & yet d5ies )\t any evid5ce or reason ! exi/5ce ( ?is spontaneity1 or else %oves x back to ! beg9n+ ( "t & supposes x dead ev] s9ce4 ,! sup]ior logic ( my view appe>s to me n easily controv]t$4 7#c7 ,:5 ,i ask ! necessit>ian h[ he w\ld expla9 ! div]sity & irregul>ity ( ! univ]se1 he replies to me out ( ! treasury ( 8 wisdom t irregul>ity is some?+ :i* f ! nature ( ?+s we mu/ n seek to expla94 ,aba%$ at ?is1 ,i seek to cov] my confusion by ask+ h[ he w\ld expla9 ! uni=mity & regul>ity ( ! univ]se1 :]eupon he tells me t ! laws ( nature are immutable & ultimate facts1 & no acc\nt is to be giv5 ( !m4 ,b my hypo!sis ( spontaneity does expla9 irregul>ity1 9 a c]ta9 s5se2 t is1 x expla9s ! g5]al fact ( irregul>ity1 ?\gh n1 ( c\rse1 :at ea* lawless ev5t is to be4 ,at ! same "t1 by ?us loos5+ ! bond ( necessity1 x gives room = ! influ5ce ( ano!r k9d ( causation1 su* z seems to be op]ative 9 ! m9d 9 ! =mation ( associations1 & enables u to und]/& h[ ! uni=mity ( nature c\ld h be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,t s+le ev5ts %\ld be h>d & un9telligible1 logic w p]mit )\t difficulty3 we d n expect to make ! %ock ( a p]sonally exp]i5c$ e>?quake appe> natural & reasonable by any am\nt ( cogitation4 ,b logic does expect ?+s g5]al to be und]/&able4 ,to say t !re is a univ]sal law1 & t x is a h>d1 ultimate1 un9telligible fact1 ! :y & :]e=e ( :i* c nev] be inquir$ into1 at ?is a s\nd logic w revolt2 & w pass ov] at once to a me?od ( philosophiz+ :i* does n ?us b>ricade ! road ( discov]y4 7#d7 ,necessit>ianism _c logically /op %ort ( mak+ ! :ole action ( ! m9d a "p ( ! physical univ]se4 ,our notion t we decide :at we are go+ to d1 if z ! necessit>ian says1 x has be5 calculable s9ce ! e>lie/ times1 is r$uc$ to illusion4 ,inde$1 consci\sness 9 g5]al ?us becomes a m]e illusory aspect ( a mat]ial sy/em4 ,:at we call r$1 gre51 & violet are 9 reality only diff]5t rates ( vibration4 ,! sole reality is ! di/ribution ( qualities ( matt] 9 space & "t4 ,bra9-matt] is protoplasm 9 a c]ta9 degree & k9d ( complication1--a c]ta9 arrangem5t ( me*anical p>ticles4 ,its feel+ is b an inw>d aspect1 a phantom4 ,=1 f ! positions & velocities ( ! p>ticles at any "o in/ant1 & ! k ( ! immutable =ces1 ! positions at all o!r times are calculable2 s t ! univ]se ( space1 "t1 & matt] is a r\nd$ sy/em un9t]f]$ ) f else:]e4 ,b f ! /ate ( feel+ at any in/ant1 !re is no reason to suppose ! /ates ( feel+ at all o!r in/ants are ?us exactly calculable2 s t feel+ is1 z ,i said1 a m]e fragm5t>y & illusive aspect ( ! univ]se4 ,?is is ! way1 !n1 t necessit>ianism has to make up its acc\nts4 ,x ent]s consci\sness "u ! head ( sundries1 z a =gott5 trifle2 its s*eme ( ! univ]se w\ld be m satisfactory if ?is little fact c\ld be dropp$ out ( sight4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by suppos+ ! rigid exactitude ( causation to yield1 ,i c>e n h[ little1--be x b by a /rictly inf9itesimal am\nt1--we ga9 room to ins]t m9d into our s*eme1 & to put x into ! place :]e x is ne$$1 into ! position :i*1 z ! sole self-intelligible ?+1 x is entitl$ to occupy1 t ( ! f\nta9 ( exi/5ce2 & 9 s do+ we resolve ! problem ( ! connection ( s\l & body4 7#e7 ,b ,i mu/ leave undevelop$ ! *ief ( my reasons1 & c only adumbrate x4 ,! hypo!sis ( *ance-spontaneity is "o ^: inevitable consequ5ces are capable ( be+ trac$ out ) ma!matical precision into consid]able detail4 ,mu* ( ?is ,i h done & f9d ! consequ5ces to agree ) obs]v$ facts to an ext5t :i* seems to me rem>kable4 ,b ! matt] & me?ods ( reason+ are novel1 & ,i h no "r to promise t o!r ma!maticians %all f9d my d$uctions z satisfactory z ,i myself d1 s t ! /ronge/ reason = my belief mu/ = ! pres5t rema9 a private reason ( my own1 & _c influ5ce o!rs4 ,i m5tion x to expla9 my own position2 & p>tly to indicate to future ma!matical speculators a v]itable goldm9e1 %\ld "t & circum/ances & ! abridg] ( all joys prev5t my op5+ x to ! _w4 ,if n[ ,i1 9 my turn1 inquire ( ! necessit>ian :y he pref]s to suppose t all specification goes back to ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 he w answ] me ) "o ( ^? la/ ?ree argum5ts :i* ,i left unansw]$4 ,fir/1 he may say t *ance is a ?+ absolutely un9telligible1 &1 !re=e1 t we nev] c be entitl$ to make su* a supposition4 ,b does n ?is objection smack ( nave impud5ce8 ,x is n m9e1 x is 8 own conception ( ! univ]se :i* leads abruptly up to h>d1 ultimate1 inexplicable1 immutable law1 on ! "o h&1 & to inexplicable specification & div]sification ( circum/ances on ! o!r4 ,my view1 on ! contr>y1 hypo!tises no?+ at all1 unless x be hypo!sis to say t all specification came ab\t 9 "s s5se1 & is n to be accept$ z unacc\ntable4 ,to und]take to acc\nt = any?+ by say+ boldly t x is due to *ance w\ld1 inde$1 be futile4 ,b ?is ,i d n d4 ,i make use ( *ance *iefly to make room = a pr9ciple ( g5]alization1 or t5d5cy to =m habits1 :i* ,i hold has produc$ all regul>ities4 ,! me*anical philosoph] leaves ! :ole specification ( ! _w utt]ly unacc\nt$ =1 :i* is pretty ne>ly z bad z to boldly attribute x to *ance4 ,i attribute x altoge!r to *ance1 x is true1 b to *ance 9 ! =m ( a spontaneity :i* is to "s degree regul>4 ,x seems to me cle> at any rate t "o ( ^! two positions mu/ be tak51 or else specification mu/ be suppos$ due to a spontaneity :i* develops itself 9 a c]ta9 & n 9 a *ance way1 by an objective logic l t ( ,hegel4 ,?is la/ way ,i leave z an op5 possibility1 = ! pres5t2 = x is z mu* oppos$ to ! necessit>ian s*eme ( exi/5ce z my own !ory is4 ,secondly1 ! necessit>ian may say !re are1 at any rate1 no obs]v$ ph5om5a :i* ! hypo!sis ( *ance c\ld aid 9 expla9+4 ,9 reply1 ,i po9t fir/ to ! ph5om5on ( gr[? & develop+ complexity1 :i* appe>s to be univ]sal1 & :i* ?\gh x may possibly be an affair ( me*anism p]haps1 c]ta9ly pres5ts all ! appe>ance ( increas+ div]sification4 ,!n1 !re is v>iety itself1 beyond comp>ison ! mo/ obtrusive "* ( ! univ]se3 no me*anism c acc\nt = ?is4 ,!n1 !re is ! v fact ! necessit>ian mo/ insi/s ^u1 ! regul>ity ( ! univ]se :i* = him s]ves only to block ! road ( inquiry4 ,!n1 !re are ! regul> relation%ips betwe5 ! laws ( nature1--simil>ities & comp>ative *>act]s1 :i* appeal to our intellig5ce z its c\s9s1 & call ^u u = a reason4 ,f9ally1 !re is consci\sness1 feel+1 a pat5t fact en\gh1 b a v inconv5i5t "o to ! me*anical philosoph]4 ,?irdly1 ! necessit>ian may say t *ance is n a v]a causa1 t we _c "k positively !re is any su* elem5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,b ! doctr9e ( ! v]a causa has no?+ to d ) elem5t>y conceptions4 ,pu%$ to t extreme1 x at once cuts (f belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a mat]ial univ]se2 & )\t t necessit>ianism c\ld h>dly ma9ta9 its gr\nd4 ,besides1 v>iety is a fact :i* mu/ be admitt$2 & ! !ory ( *ance m]ely consi/s 9 suppos+ ?is div]sification does n ant$ate all "t4 ,moreov]1 ! avoidance ( hypo!ses involv+ causes n[h]e positively kn[n to act--is only a recomm5dation ( logic1 n a positive comm&4 ,x _c be =mulat$ 9 any precise t]ms )\t at once betray+ its unt5able "*1--,i mean z rigid rule1 = z a recomm5dation x is :olesome en\gh4 ,i believe ,i h ?us subject$ to fair exam9ation all ! important reasons = adh]+ to ! !ory ( univ]sal necessity1 & h %[n _! nullity4 ,i e>ne/ly beg t :oev] may detect any flaw 9 my reason+ w po9t x out to me1 ei!r privately or publicly2 = if ,i am wrong1 x mu* conc]ns me to be set "r spe$ily4 ,if my argum5t rema9s unrefut$1 x w be "t1 ,i ?9k1 to d\bt ! absolute tru? ( ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal law2 & :5 once su* a d\bt has obta9$ a liv+ root 9 any man's m9d1 my cause ) him1 ,i am p]suad$1 is ga9$4 ,footnote #ei3 ,! ,moni/1 ,april1 #ahib4 ,footnote #fj3 ,cont9u\s is n exactly ! "r ^w1 b ,i let x g to avoid a long & irrelevant discussion4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,m9d#fa ,9 an article publi%$ 9 ,! ,moni/ = ,janu>y1 #ahia1 ,i endeavor$ to %[ :at ideas ought to =m ! w>p ( a sy/em ( philosophy1 & p>ticul>ly emphasiz$ t ( absolute *ance4 ,9 ! numb] ( ,april1 #ahib1 ,i argu$ fur!r 9 favor ( t way ( ?9k+1 :i* x w be conv5i5t to *ri/5 ty*ism 7f 1 *ance74 ,a s]i\s /ud5t ( philosophy w be 9 no ha/e to accept or reject ?is doctr9e2 b he w see 9 x "o ( ! *ief attitudes :i* speculative ?\ght may take1 feel+ t x is n = an individual1 nor = an age1 to pron\nce ^u a fundam5tal "q ( philosophy4 ,t is a task = a :ole era to "w out4 ,i h begun by %[+ t ty*ism mu/ give bir? to an evolution>y cosmology1 9 :i* all ! regul>ities ( nature & ( m9d are reg>d$ z products ( gr[?1 & to a ,s*ell+-fa%ion$ idealism :i* holds matt] to be m]e specializ$ & p>tially dead5$ m9d4 ,i may m5tion1 = ! b5efit ( ^? :o are curi\s 9 /udy+ m5tal biographies1 t ,i 0 born & re>$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,concord1--,i mean 9 ,cambridge1--at ! "t :5 ,em]son1 ,h$ge1 & _! fri5ds 7 dissem9at+ ! ideas t !y _h caught f ,s*ell+1 & ,s*ell+ f ,plot9us1 f ,boehm1 or f ,god kn[s :at m9ds /rick5 ) ! mon/r\s my/icism ( ! ,ea/4 ,b ! atmosph]e ( ,cambridge held _m an antiseptic aga9/ ,concord transc5d5talism2 & ,i am n consci\s ( hav+ contract$ any ( t virus4 ,nev]!less1 x is probable t "s cultur$ bacilli1 "s b5ignant =m ( ! disease 0 implant$ 9 my s\l1 unaw>es1 & t n[1 aft] long incubation1 x comes to ! surface1 modifi$ by ma!matical conceptions & by tra9+ 9 physical inve/igations4 ,! next /ep 9 ! /udy ( cosmology mu/ be to exam9e ! g5]al law ( m5tal action4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ,i %all = ! "t drop my ty*ism out ( view1 9 ord] to all[ a free & indep5d5t expansion to ano!r conception signaliz$ 9 my fir/ ,moni/ pap] z "o ( ! mo/ indisp5sable to philosophy1 ?\gh x 0 n !re dwelt ^u2 ,i mean ! idea ( cont9uity4 ,! t5d5cy to reg>d cont9uity1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i %all def9e x1 z an idea ( prime importance 9 philosophy may conv5i5tly be t]m$ syne*ism4 ,! pres5t pap] is int5d$ *iefly to %[ :at syne*ism is1 & :at x leads to4 ,i attempt$1 a good _m ye>s ago1 to develop ?is doctr9e 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy 7,vol4 ,,ii472 b ,i am able n[ to improve ^u t exposition1 9 :i* ,i 0 a little bl9d$ by nom9ali/ic prepossessions4 ,i ref] to x1 because /ud5ts may possibly f9d t "s po9ts n suffici5tly expla9$ 9 ! pres5t pap] are cle>$ up 9 ^? e>li] ones4 ,,:at ,,! ,,law ,,is ,logical analysis appli$ to m5tal ph5om5a %[s t !re is b "o law ( m9d1 namely1 t ideas t5d to spread cont9u\sly & to affect c]ta9 o!rs :i* /& to !m 9 a peculi> relation ( affectibility4 ,9 ?is spread+ !y lose int5sity1 & especially ! p[] ( affect+ o!rs1 b ga9 g5]ality & become weld$ ) o!r ideas4 ,i set d[n ?is =mula at ! beg9n+1 = conv5i5ce2 & n[ proce$ to comm5t ^u x4 ,,individuality ,,( ,,ideas ,we are accu/om$ to speak ( ideas z reproduc$1 z pass$ f m9d to m9d1 z simil> or dissimil> to "o ano!r1 &1 9 %ort1 z if !y 7 sub/antial ?+s2 nor c any reasonable objection be rais$ to su* expressions4 ,b tak+ ! ^w 8idea0 9 ! s5se ( an ev5t 9 an individual consci\sness1 x is cle> t an idea once pa/ is gone =ev]1 & any suppos$ recurr5ce ( x is ano!r idea4 ,^! two ideas are n pres5t 9 ! same /ate ( consci\sness1 & !re=e _c possibly be comp>$4 ,to say1 !re=e1 t !y are simil> c only mean t an occult p[] f ! dep?s ( ! s\l =ces u to connect !m 9 our ?\ghts aft] !y are bo? no m4 ,we may note1 "h1 9 pass+1 t ( ! two g5]ally recogniz$ pr9ciples ( association1 contiguity & simil>ity1 ! =m] is a connection due to a p[] )\t1 ! latt] a connection due to a p[] )94 ,b :at c x mean to say t ideas :olly pa/ are ?\ght ( at all1 any long]8 ,!y are utt]ly unkn[able4 ,:at di/9ct mean+ c atta* to say+ t an idea 9 ! pa/ 9 any way affects an idea 9 ! future1 f :i* x is completely deta*$8 ,a phrase betwe5 ! ass]tion & ! d5ial ( :i* !re c 9 no case be any s5sible diff]5ce is m]e gibb]i%4 ,i w n dwell fur!r ^u ?is po9t1 because x is a commonplace ( philosophy4 ,,cont9uity ,,( ,,ideas ,we h "h be=e u a "q ( difficulty1 analog\s to ! "q ( nom9alism & realism4 ,b :5 once x has be5 cle>ly =mulat$1 logic leaves room = "o answ] only4 ,h[ c a pa/ idea be pres5t8 ,c x be pres5t vic>i\sly8 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 p]haps2 b n m]ely s2 = !n ! "q w\ld arise h[ ! pa/ idea c be relat$ to its vic>i\s repres5tation4 ,! relation1 be+ betwe5 ideas1 c only exi/ 9 "s consci\sness3 n[ t pa/ idea 0 9 no consci\sness b t pa/ consci\sness t alone conta9$ x2 & t did n embrace ! vic>i\s idea4 ,"s m9ds w "h jump to ! conclusion t a pa/ idea _c 9 any s5se be pres5t4 ,b t is ha/y & illogical4 ,h[ extravagant1 too1 to pron\nce our :ole k ( ! pa/ to be m]e delusion6 ,yet x w\ld seem t ! pa/ is z completely beyond ! b\nds ( possible exp]i5ce z a ,kantian ?+-9-itself4 ,h[ c a pa/ idea be pres5t8 ,n vic>i\sly4 ,!n1 only by direct p]ception4 ,9 o!r words1 to be pres5t1 x mu/ be ipso facto pres5t4 ,t is1 x _c be :olly pa/2 x c only be go+1 inf9itesimally pa/1 less pa/ ?an any assignable pa/ date4 ,we are ?us br\ght to ! conclusion t ! pres5t is connect$ ) ! pa/ by a s]ies ( real inf9itesimal /eps4 ,x has already be5 sugge/$ by psy*ologi/s t consci\sness necess>ily embraces an int]val ( "t4 ,b if a f9ite "t be meant1 ! op9ion is n t5able4 ,if ! s5sation t prec$es ! pres5t by half a second 7 /ill imm$iately be=e me1 !n1 on ! same pr9ciple ! s5sation prec$+ t w\ld be imm$iately pres5t1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,n[1 s9ce !re is a "t1 say a ye>1 at ! end ( :i* an idea is no long] ipso facto pres5t1 x foll[s t ?is is true ( any f9ite int]val1 h[ev] %ort4 ,b yet consci\sness mu/ ess5tially cov] an int]val ( "t2 = if x did n1 we c\ld ga9 no k ( "t1 & n m]ely no v]aci\s cognition ( x1 b no conception :atev]4 ,we are1 !re=e1 =c$ to say t we are imm$iately consci\s ?r\gh an inf9itesimal int]val ( "t4 ,?is is all t is requisite4 ,=1 9 ?is inf9itesimal int]val1 n only is consci\sness cont9u\s 9 a subjective s5se1 t is1 consid]$ z a subject or sub/ance hav+ ! attribute ( duration2 b also1 because x is imm$iate consci\sness1 its object is ipso facto cont9u\s4 ,9 fact1 ?is inf9itesimally spread-out consci\sness is a direct feel+ ( its cont5ts z spread out4 ,?is w be fur!r elucidat$ bel[4 ,9 an inf9itesimal int]val we directly p]ceive ! temporal sequ5ce ( its beg9n+1 middle1 & end1--n1 ( c\rse1 9 ! way ( recognition1 = recognition is only ( ! pa/1 b 9 ! way ( imm$iate feel+4 ,n[ ^u ?is int]val foll[s ano!r1 ^: beg9n+ is ! middle ( ! =m]1 & ^: middle is ! end ( ! =m]4 ,"h1 we h an imm$iate p]ception ( ! temporal sequ5ce ( its beg9n+1 middle1 & end1 or say ( ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? in/ants4 ,f ^! two imm$iate p]ceptions1 we ga9 a m$iate1 or inf]5tial1 p]ception ( ! relation ( all f\r in/ants4 ,?is m$iate p]ception is objectively1 or z to ! object repres5t$1 spread ov] ! f\r in/ants2 b subjectively1 or z itself ! subject ( duration1 x is completely embrac$ 9 ! second mom5t4 7,! read] w obs]ve t ,i use ! ^w in/ant to mean a po9t ( "t1 & mom5t to mean an inf9itesimal duration47 ,if x is object$ t1 ^u ! !ory propos$1 we mu/ h m ?an a m$iate p]ception ( ! succession ( ! f\r in/ants1 ,i grant x2 = ! sum ( ! two inf9itesimal int]vals is itself inf9itesimal1 s t x is imm$iately p]ceiv$4 ,x is imm$iately p]ceiv$ 9 ! :ole int]val1 b only m$iately p]ceiv$ 9 ! la/ two-?irds ( ! int]val4 ,n[1 let !re be an indef9ite succession ( ^! inf]5tial acts ( comp>ative p]ception2 & x is pla9 t ! la/ mom5t w conta9 objectively ! :ole s]ies4 ,let !re be1 n m]ely an indef9ite succession1 b a cont9u\s fl[ ( inf]5ce ?r\gh a f9ite "t2 & ! result w be a m$iate objective consci\sness ( ! :ole "t 9 ! la/ mom5t4 ,9 ?is la/ mom5t1 ! :ole s]ies w be recogniz$1 or kn[n z kn[n be=e1 except only ! la/ mom5t1 :i* ( c\rse w be absolutely unrecognizable to itself4 ,inde$1 ev5 ?is la/ mom5t w be recogniz$ l ! re/1 or1 at lea/1 be j beg9n+ to be s4 ,!re is a little el5*us1 or appe>ance ( contradiction1 "h1 :i* ! ord9>y logic ( reflection q suffices to resolve4 ,,inf9ity ,,& ,,cont9uity1 ,,9 ,,g5]al ,mo/ ( ! ma!maticians :o dur+ ! la/ two g5]ations h treat$ ! diff]5tial calculus h be5 ( ! op9ion t an inf9itesimal quantity is an absurdity2 al?\gh1 ) _! habitual caution1 !y h (t5 add$ 8or1 at any rate1 ! conception ( an inf9itesimal is s difficult1 t we practically _c reason ab\t x ) confid5ce & security40 ,accord+ly1 ! doctr9e ( limits has be5 inv5t$ to evade ! difficulty1 or1 z "s say1 to expla9 ! signification ( ! ^w 8inf9itesimal40 ,?is doctr9e1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 is taught 9 all ! text-books1 ?\gh 9 "s ( !m only z an alt]native view ( ! matt]2 x answ]s well en\gh ! purposes ( calculation1 ?\gh ev5 9 t application x has its difficulties4 ,! illum9ation ( ! subject by a /rict notation = ! logic ( relatives _h %[n me cle>ly & evid5tly t ! idea ( an inf9itesimal involves no contradiction1 be=e ,i became acqua9t$ ) ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,georg ,cantor 7?\gh _m ( ^! _h already appe>$ 9 ! ,ma!matis*e ,annal5 & 9 ,bor*>dt's ,j\rnal1 if n yet 9 ! ,acta ,ma!matica1 all ma!matical j\rnals ( ! fir/ di/9ction71 9 :i* ! same view is def5d$ ) extraord9>y g5ius & p5etrat+ logic4 ,! preval5t op9ion is t f9ite numb]s are ! only ones t we c reason ab\t1 at lea/1 9 any ord9>y mode ( reason+1 or1 z "s au?ors express x1 !y are ! only numb]s t c be reason$ ab\t ma!matically4 ,b ?is is an irrational prejudice4 ,i long ago %[$ t f9ite collections are di/+ui%$ f inf9ite ones only by "o circum/ance & its consequ5ces1 namely1 t to !m is applicable a peculi> & unusual mode ( reason+ call$ by its discov]]1 ,de ,morgan1 ! 8syllogism ( transpos$ quantity40 ,balzac1 9 ! introduction ( 8 ,physiologie du m>iage1 rem>ks t e "y ,fr5*man boa/s ( hav+ s$uc$ "s ,fr5*woman4 ,n[1 z a woman c only be s$uc$ once1 & !re are no m ,fr5*wom5 ?an ,fr5*m51 x foll[s1 if ^! boa/s are true1 t no ,fr5* wom5 escape s$uction4 ,if _! numb] be f9ite1 ! reason+ holds4 ,b s9ce ! population is cont9ually increas+1 & ! s$uc$ are on ! av]age y\ng] ?an ! s$uc]s1 ! conclusion ne$ n be true4 ,9 l mann]1 ,de ,morgan1 z an actu>y1 might h argu$ t if an insurance company pays to its insur$ on an av]age m ?an !y h ev] paid x1 includ+ int]e/1 x mu/ lose money4 ,b e mod]n actu>y w\ld see a fallacy 9 t1 s9ce ! bus9ess is cont9ually on ! increase4 ,b %\ld w>1 or o!r cataclysm1 cause ! class ( insur$ to be a f9ite "o1 ! conclusion w\ld turn out pa9fully correct1 aft] all4 ,! above two reason+s are examples ( ! syllogism ( transpos$ quantity4 ,! proposition t f9ite & inf9ite collections are di/+ui%$ by ! applicability to ! =m] ( ! syllogism ( transpos$ quantity ought to be reg>d$ z ! basal "o ( sci5tific ari?metic4 ,if a p]son does n "k h[ to reason logically1 & ,i mu/ say t a great _m fairly good ma!maticians1--yea1 di/+ui%$ ones1--fall "u ?is category1 b simply uses a rule ( ?umb 9 bl9dly draw+ inf]5ces l o!r inf]5ces t h turn$ out well1 he w1 ( c\rse1 be cont9ually fall+ into error ab\t inf9ite numb]s4 ,! tru? is su* p d n reason1 at all4 ,b = ! few :o d reason1 reason+ ab\t inf9ite numb]s is easi] ?an ab\t f9ite numb]s1 because ! complicat$ syllogism ( transpos$ quantity is n call$ =4 ,= example1 t ! :ole is great] ?an its "p is n an axiom1 z t em95tly bad reason]1 ,euclid1 made x to be4 ,x is a !orem readily prov$ by means ( a syllogism ( transpos$ quantity1 b n o!rwise4 ,( f9ite collections x is true1 ( inf9ite collections false4 ,?us1 a "p ( ! :ole numb]s are ev5 numb]s4 ,yet ! ev5 numb]s are no few] ?an all ! numb]s2 an evid5t proposition s9ce if e numb] 9 ! :ole s]ies ( :ole numb]s be d\bl$1 ! result w be ! s]ies ( ev5 numb]s4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 etc4 #b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #ab1 etc4 ,s = e numb] !re is a di/9ct ev5 numb]4 ,9 fact1 !re are z _m di/9ct d\bles ( numb]s z !re are ( di/9ct numb]s4 ,b ! d\bles ( numb]s are all ev5 numb]s4 ,9 tru?1 ( inf9ite collections !re are b two grades ( magnitude1 ! endless & ! innum]able4 ,j z a f9ite collection is di/+ui%$ f an inf9ite "o by ! applicability to x ( a special mode ( reason+1 ! syllogism ( transpos$ quantity1 s1 z ,i %[$ 9 ! pap] la/ ref]r$ to1 a num]able collection is di/+ui%$ f an innum]able "o by ! applicability to x ( a c]ta9 mode ( reason+1 ! ,f]matian inf]5ce1 or1 z x is sometimes improp]ly t]m$1 8ma!matical induction40 ,z an example ( ?is reason+1 ,eul]'s demon/ration ( ! b9omial !orem = integral p[]s may be giv54 ,! !orem is t 7x y7n1 :]e n is a :ole numb]1 may be exp&$ into ! sum ( a s]ies ( t]ms ( :i* ! fir/ is xnyo & ea* ( ! o!rs is d]iv$ f ! next prec$+ by dim9i%+ ! expon5t ( x by #a & multiply+ by t expon5t & at ! same "t increas+ ! expon5t ( y by #a & divid+ by t increas$ expon5t4 ,n[1 suppose ?is proposition to be true = a c]ta9 expon5t1 n ,m1 !n x mu/ also be true = n ,m #a4 ,= let "o ( ! t]ms 9 ! expansion ( 7x y7,m be writt5 ,axpyq4 ,!n1 ?is t]m ) ! two foll[+ w be ,axpyq ,a p_/7q #a7 xp - #a yq #a ,a p_/7q #a7 7p - #a7_/7q #b7 xp - #b yq #b ,n[1 :5 7x y7,m is multipli$ by x y to give 7x y7,m #a1 we multiply fir/ by x & !n by y in/ead ( by x & add ! two results4 ,:5 we multiply by x1 ! second ( ! above ?ree t]ms w be ! only "o giv+ a t]m involv+ xpyq #a & ! ?ird w be ! only "o giv+ a t]m 9 xp - #ayq #b2 & :5 we multiply by y ! fir/ w be ! only t]m giv+ a t]m 9 xpyq #a1 & ! second w be ! only t]m giv+ a t]m 9 xp - #ayq #b4 ,h5ce1 add+ l t]ms1 we f9d t ! coeffici5t ( xpyq #a 9 ! expansion ( 7x y7,m #a w be ! sum ( ! coeffici5ts ( ! fir/ two ( ! above ?ree t]ms1 & t ! coeffici5t ( xp - #ayq #b w be ! sum ( ! coeffici5ts ( ! la/ two t]ms4 ,h5ce1 two successive t]ms 9 ! expansion ( 7x y7,m #a w be ,a#a 7p_/7q #a77xpyq#a ,a7p_/7q #a77a 77p - #a7_/7q #b77xp-#ayq#b ,a77p q #a7_/7q #a77xpyq#a ,a77p q #a7_/7q #a777p_/7q #b77xp-#ayq#b ,x is1 ?us1 se5 t ! succession ( t]ms foll[s ! rule4 ,?us if any integral p[] foll[s ! rule1 s also does ! next high] p[]4 ,b ! fir/ p[] obvi\sly foll[s ! rule4 ,h5ce1 all p[]s d s4 ,su* reason+ holds good ( any collection ( objects capable ( be+ rang$ 9 a s]ies :i* ?\gh x may be endless1 c be numb]$ s t ea* memb] ( x receives a def9ite integral numb]4 ,= in/ance1 all ! :ole numb]s con/itute su* a num]able collection4 ,aga91 all numb]s result+ f op]at+ accord+ to any def9ite rule ) any f9ite numb] ( :ole numb]s =m su* a collection4 ,= !y may be arrang$ 9 a s]ies ?us4 ,let ,f be ! symbol ( op]ation4 ,fir/ op]ate on #a1 giv+ ,f7#a74 ,!n1 op]ate on a second #a1 giv+ ,f7#a1a74 ,next1 introduce #b1 giv+ #crd1 ,f7#b72 #d? ,f7#b1a72 #e?1 ,f7#a1b72 #f?1 ,f7#b1b74 ,next use a ?ird v>iable giv+ #g?1 ,f7#a1a1a72 #h?1 ,f7#b1a1a72 #i?1 ,f7#a1b1a72 #aj?1 ,f7#b1b1a72 #aa?1 ,f7#a1a1b72 #ab?1 ,f7#b1a1b72 #ac?1 ,f7#a1b1b72 #ad?1 ,f7#b1b1b74 ,next introduce #c1 & s on1 alt]nately introduc+ new v>iables & new figures2 & 9 ?is way x is pla9 t e arrangem5t ( integral values ( ! v>iables w receive a numb]$ place 9 ! s]ies4#fb ,! class ( endless b num]able collections 7s call$ because !y c be s rang$ t to ea* "o corresponds a di/9ct :ole numb]7 is v l>ge4 ,b !re are collections :i* are c]ta9ly innum]able4 ,su* is ! collection ( all numb]s to :i* endless s]ies ( decimals are capable ( approximat+4 ,x has be5 recogniz$ s9ce ! "t ( ,euclid t c]ta9 numb]s are surd or incomm5surable1 & are n exactly expressible by any f9ite s]ies ( decimals1 nor by a circulat+ decimal4 ,su* is ! ratio ( ! circumf]5ce ( a circle to its diamet]1 :i* we "k is ne>ly #c4adaeibf4 ,! calculation ( ?is numb] has be5 c>ri$ to ov] #gjj figures )\t ! slighte/ appe>ance ( regul>ity 9 _! sequ5ce4 ,! demon/rations t ?is & _m o!r numb]s are incomm5surable are p]fect4 ,t ! entire collection ( incomm5surable numb]s is innum]able has be5 cle>ly prov$ by ,cantor4 ,i omit ! demon/ration2 b x is easy to see t to discrim9ate "o f "s o!r w\ld1 9 g5]al1 require ! use ( an endless s]ies ( numb]s4 ,n[ if !y _c be exactly express$ & discrim9at$1 cle>ly !y _c be rang$ 9 a l9e> s]ies4 ,x is evid5t t !re are z _m po9ts on a l9e or 9 an int]val ( "t z !re are ( real numb]s 9 all4 ,^! are1 !re=e1 innum]able collections4 ,_m ma!maticians h incauti\sly assum$ t ! po9ts on a surface or 9 a solid are m ?an ^? on a l9e4 ,b ?is has be5 refut$ by ,cantor4 ,inde$1 x is obvi\s t = e set ( values ( cord9ates !re is a s+le di/9ct numb]4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 ! values ( ! coord9ates all lie betwe5 #j & #a4 ,!n if we compose a numb] by putt+ 9 ! fir/ decimal place ! fir/ figure ( ! fir/ cord9ate1 9 ! second ! fir/ figure ( ! second cord9ate1 & s on1 & :5 ! fir/ figures are all dealt out g on to ! second figures 9 l mann]1 x is pla9 t ! values ( ! cord9ates c be read (f f ! s+le result+ numb]1 s t a triad or tetrad ( numb]s1 ea* hav+ innum]able values1 has no m values ?an a s+le incomm5surable numb]4 ,7 ! numb] ( dim5sions inf9ite1 ?is w\ld fail2 & ! collection ( inf9ite sets ( numb]s hav+ ea* innum]able v>iations1 might1 !re=e1 be great] ?an ! simple innum]able collection1 & might be call$ endlessly inf9ite4 ,! s+le individuals ( su* a collection c\ld n1 h[ev]1 be designat$1 ev5 approximately1 s t ?is is inde$ a magnitude conc]n+ :i* x w\ld be possible to reason only 9 ! mo/ g5]al way1 if at all4 ,al?\gh !re are b two grades ( magnitudes ( inf9ite collections1 yet :5 c]ta9 conditions are impos$ ^u ! ord] 9 :i* individuals are tak51 di/9ctions ( magnitude arise f t cause4 ,?us1 if a simply endless s]ies be d\bl$ by sep>at+ ea* unit into two p>ts1 ! successive fir/ p>ts & also ! second p>ts be+ tak5 9 ! same ord] z ! units f :i* !y are d]iv$1 ?is d\ble endless s]ies w1 s long z x is tak5 9 t ord]1 appe> z twice z l>ge z ! orig9al s]ies4 ,9 l mann] ! product ( two innum]able collections1 t is1 ! collection ( possible pairs compos$ ( "o individual ( ea*1 if ! ord] ( cont9uity is to be ma9ta9$1 is1 by virtue ( t ord]1 inf9itely great] ?an ei!r ( ! compon5t collections4 ,we n[ come to ! difficult "q4 ,:at is cont9uity8 ,kant conf\nds x ) inf9ite divisibility1 say+ t ! ess5tial "* ( a cont9u\s s]ies is t betwe5 any two memb]s ( x a ?ird c always be f\nd4 ,?is is an analysis beautifully cle> & def9ite2 b un=tunately1 x breaks d[n "u ! fir/ te/4 ,= accord+ to ?is1 ! entire s]ies ( rational fractions arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! magnitude1 w\ld be an inf9ite s]ies1 al?\gh ! rational fractions are num]able1 :ile ! po9ts ( a l9e are innum]able4 ,nay1 worse yet1 if f t s]ies ( fractions any two ) all t lie betwe5 !m be excis$1 & any numb] ( su* f9ite gaps be made1 ,kant's def9ition is /ill true ( ! s]ies1 ?\gh x has lo/ all appe>ance ( cont9uity4 ,cantor def9es a cont9u\s s]ies z "o :i* is concat5at$ & p]fect4 ,by a concat5at$ s]ies1 he means su* a "o t if any two po9ts are giv5 9 x1 & any f9ite di/ance1 h[ev] small1 x is possible to proce$ f ! fir/ po9t to ! second ?r\gh a succession ( po9ts ( ! s]ies ea* at a di/ance f ! prec$+ "o less ?an ! giv5 di/ance4 ,?is is true ( ! s]ies ( rational fractions rang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! magnitude4 ,by a p]fect s]ies1 he means "o :i* conta9s e po9t su* t !re is no di/ance s small t ?is po9t has n an inf9ity ( po9ts ( ! s]ies )9 t di/ance ( x4 ,?is is true ( ! s]ies ( numb]s betwe5 #j & #a capable ( be+ express$ by decimals 9 :i* only ! digits #j & #a occur4 ,x mu/ be grant$ t ,cantor's def9ition includes e s]ies t is cont9u\s2 nor c x be object$ t x includes any important or indubitable case ( a s]ies n cont9u\s4 ,nev]!less1 x has "s s]i\s defects4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x turns ^u metrical consid]ations2 :ile ! di/9ction betwe5 a cont9u\s & a discont9u\s s]ies is manife/ly non-metrical4 ,9 ! next place1 a p]fect s]ies is def9$ z "o conta9+ 8e po9t0 ( a c]ta9 description4 ,b no positive idea is convey$ ( :at all ! po9ts are3 t is def9ition by negation1 & _c be admitt$4 ,if t sort ( ?+ 7 all[$1 x w\ld be v easy to say1 at once1 t ! cont9u\s l9e> s]ies ( po9ts is "o :i* conta9s e po9t ( ! l9e betwe5 its extremities4 ,f9ally1 ,cantor's def9ition does n convey a di/9ct notion ( :at ! compon5ts ( ! conception ( cont9uity are4 ,x +5i\sly wraps up its prop]ties 9 two sep>ate p>cels1 b does n display !m to our intellig5ce4 ,kant's def9ition expresses "o simple prop]ty ( a cont9uum2 b x all[s ( gaps 9 ! s]ies4 ,to m5d ! def9ition1 x is only necess>y to notice h[ ^! gaps c occur4 ,let u suppose1 !n1 a l9e> s]ies ( po9ts ext5d+ f a po9t1 ,a1 to a po9t1 ,b1 hav+ a gap f ,b to a ?ird po9t1 ,c1 & !nce ext5d+ to a f9al limit1 ,d2 & let u suppose ?is s]ies con=ms to ,kant's def9ition4 ,!n1 ( ! two po9ts1 ,b & ,c1 "o or bo? mu/ be exclud$ f ! s]ies2 = o!rwise1 by ! def9ition1 !re w\ld be po9ts betwe5 !m4 ,t is1 if ! s]ies conta9s ,c1 ?\gh x conta9s all ! po9ts up to ,b1 x _c conta9 ,b4 ,:at is requir$1 !re=e1 is to /ate 9 non-metrical t]ms t if a s]ies ( po9ts up to a limit is includ$ 9 a cont9uum ! limit is includ$4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ?is is ! prop]ty ( a cont9uum to :i* ,ari/otle's att5tion seems to h be5 direct$ :5 he def9es a cont9uum z some?+ ^: p>ts h a common limit4 ,! prop]ty may be exactly /at$ z foll[s3 ,if a l9e> s]ies ( po9ts is cont9u\s betwe5 two po9ts1 ,a & ,d1 & if an endless s]ies ( po9ts be tak51 ! fir/ ( !m betwe5 ,a & ,d & ea* ( ! o!rs betwe5 ! la/ prec$+ "o & ,d1 !n !re is a po9t ( ! cont9u\s s]ies betwe5 all t endless s]ies ( po9ts & ,d1 & su* t e o!r po9t ( :i* ?is is true lies betwe5 ?is po9t & ,d4 ,= example1 take any numb] betwe5 #j & #a1 z #j4a2 !n1 any numb] betwe5 #j4a & #a1 z #j4aa2 !n any numb] betwe5 #j4aa & #a1 z #j4aaa2 & s on1 )\t end4 ,!n1 because ! s]ies ( real numb]s betwe5 #j & #a is cont9u\s1 !re mu/ be a lea/ real numb]1 great] ?an e numb] ( t endless s]ies4 ,?is prop]ty1 :i* may be call$ ! ,ari/otelicity ( ! s]ies1 toge!r ) ,kant's prop]ty1 or its ,kanticity1 completes ! def9ition ( a cont9u\s s]ies4 ,! prop]ty ( ,ari/otelicity may be r\ghly /at$ ?us3 a cont9uum conta9s ! end po9t belong+ to e endless s]ies ( po9ts :i* x conta9s4 ,an obvi\s coroll>y is t e cont9uum conta9s its limits4 ,b 9 us+ ?is pr9ciple x is necess>y to obs]ve t a s]ies may be cont9u\s except 9 ?is1 t x omits "o or bo? ( ! limits4 ,our ideas w f9d expression m conv5i5tly if1 in/ead ( po9ts ^u a l9e1 we speak ( real numb]s4 ,e real numb] is1 9 "o s5se1 ! limit ( a s]ies1 = x c be indef9itely approximat$ to4 ,:e!r e real numb] is a limit ( a regul> s]ies may p]haps be op5 to d\bt4 ,b ! s]ies ref]r$ to 9 ! def9ition ( ,ari/otelicity mu/ be und]/ood z includ+ all s]ies :e!r regul> or n4 ,consequ5tly1 x is impli$ t betwe5 any two po9ts an innum]able s]ies ( po9ts c be tak54 ,e numb] ^: expression 9 decimals requires b a f9ite numb] ( places ( decimals is comm5surable4 ,!re=e1 incomm5surable numb]s suppose an inf9itie? place ( decimals4 ,! ^w inf9itesimal is simply ! ,lat9 =m ( inf9itie?2 t is1 x is an ord9al =m$ f inf9itum1 z c5tesimal f c5tum4 ,?us1 cont9uity supposes inf9itesimal quantities4 ,!re is no?+ contradictory ab\t ! idea ( su* quantities4 ,9 add+ & multiply+ !m ! cont9uity mu/ n be brok5 up1 & consequ5tly !y are precisely l any o!r quantities1 except t nei!r ! syllogism ( transpos$ quantity1 nor ! ,f]matian inf]5ce applies to !m4 ,if ,a is a f9ite quantity & i an inf9itesimal1 !n 9 a c]ta9 s5se we may write ,a i ,a4 ,t is to say1 ?is is s = all purposes ( measurem5t4 ,b ?is pr9ciple mu/ n be appli$ except to get rid ( all ! t]ms 9 ! highe/ ord] ( inf9itesimals pres5t4 ,z a ma!matician1 ,i pref] ! me?od ( inf9itesimals to t ( limits1 z f> easi] & less infe/$ ) sn>es4 ,inde$1 ! latt]1 z /at$ 9 "s books1 involves propositions t are false2 b ?is is n ! case ) ! =ms ( ! me?od us$ by ,cau*y1 ,duhamel1 & o!rs4 ,z !y und]/& ! doctr9e ( limits1 x involves ! notion ( cont9uity1 &1 !re=e1 conta9s 9 ano!r %ape ! v same ideas z ! doctr9e ( inf9itesimals4 ,let u n[ consid] an aspect ( ! ,ari/otelical pr9ciple :i* is p>ticul>ly important 9 philosophy4 ,suppose a surface to be "p r$ & "p blue2 s t e po9t on x is ei!r r$ or blue1 &1 ( c\rse1 no "p c be bo? r$ & blue4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! color ( ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! r$ & ! blue8 ,! answ] is t r$ or blue1 to exi/ at all1 mu/ be spread ov] a surface2 & ! color ( ! surface is ! color ( ! surface 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! po9t4 ,i purposely use a vague =m ( expression4 ,n[1 z ! p>ts ( ! surface 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( any ord9>y po9t ^u a curv$ b\nd>y are half ( !m r$ & half blue1 x foll[s t ! b\nd>y is half r$ & half blue4 ,9 l mann]1 we f9d x necess>y to hold t consci\sness ess5tially occupies "t2 & :at is pres5t to ! m9d at any ord9>y in/ant1 is :at is pres5t dur+ a mom5t 9 :i* t in/ant occurs4 ,?us1 ! pres5t is half pa/ & half to come4 ,aga91 ! color ( ! p>ts ( a surface at any f9ite di/ance f a po9t1 has no?+ to d ) its color j at t po9t2 &1 9 ! p>allel1 ! feel+ at any f9ite int]val f ! pres5t has no?+ to d ) ! pres5t feel+1 except vic>i\sly4 ,take ano!r case3 ! velocity ( a p>ticle at any in/ant ( "t is its mean velocity dur+ an inf9itesimal in/ant 9 :i* t "t is conta9$4 ,j s my imm$iate feel+ is my feel+ ?r\gh an inf9itesimal duration conta9+ ! pres5t in/ant4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,"t ,"o ( ! mo/ m>k$ features ab\t ! law ( m9d is t x makes "t to h a def9ite direction ( fl[ f pa/ to future4 ,! relation ( pa/ to future is1 9 ref]5ce to ! law ( m9d1 diff]5t f ! relation ( future to pa/4 ,?is makes "o ( ! great contra/s betwe5 ! law ( m9d & ! law ( physical =ce1 :]e !re is no m di/9ction betwe5 ! two opposite directions 9 "t ?an betwe5 mov+ nor?w>d & mov+ s\?w>d4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to analyze ! law ( m9d1 we mu/ beg9 by ask+ :at ! fl[ ( "t consi/s 94 ,n[1 we f9d t 9 ref]5ce to any individual /ate ( feel+1 all o!rs are ( two classes1 ^? :i* affect ?is "o 7or h a t5d5cy to affect x1 & :at ?is means we %all inquire %ortly71 & ^? :i* d n4 ,! pres5t is affectible by ! pa/ b n by ! future4 ,moreov]1 if /ate ,a is affect$ by /ate ,b1 & /ate ,b by /ate ,c1 !n ,a is affect$ by /ate ,c1 ?\gh n s mu* s4 ,x foll[s1 t if ,a is affectible by ,b1 ,b is n affectible by ,a4 ,if1 ( two /ates1 ea* is absolutely unaffectible by ! o!r1 !y are to be reg>d$ z p>ts ( ! same /ate4 ,!y are contemporane\s4 ,to say t a /ate is betwe5 two /ates means t x affects "o & is affect$ by ! o!r4 ,betwe5 any two /ates 9 ?is s5se lies an innum]able s]ies ( /ates affect+ "o ano!r2 & if a /ate lies betwe5 a giv5 /ate & any o!r /ate :i* c be rea*$ by ins]t+ /ates betwe5 ?is /ate & any ?ird /ate1 ^! ins]t$ /ates n imm$iately affect+ or be+ affect$ by ei!r1 !n ! second rate m5tion$1 imm$iately affects or is affect$ by ! fir/1 9 ! s5se t 9 ! "o ! o!r is ipso facto pres5t 9 a r$uc$ degree4 ,^! propositions involve a def9ition ( "t & ( its fl[4 ,ov] & above ?is def9ition !y involve a doctr9e1 namely1 t e /ate ( feel+ is affectible by e e>li] /ate4 ,,t ,,feel+s ,,h ,,int5sive ,,cont9uity ,"t ) its cont9uity logically involves "s o!r k9d ( cont9uity ?an its own4 ,"t1 z ! univ]sal =m ( *ange1 _c exi/ unless !re is some?+ to und]go *ange1 & to und]go a *ange cont9u\s 9 "t1 !re mu/ be a cont9uity ( *angeable qualities4 ,( ! cont9uity ( intr9sic qualities ( feel+ we c n[ =m b a feeble conception4 ,! developm5t ( ! human m9d has practically ext+ui%$ all feel+s1 except a few sporadic k9ds1 s\nd1 colors1 smells1 w>m?1 etc41 :i* n[ appe> to be disconnect$ & disp>ate4 ,9 ! case ( colors1 !re is a tridim5sional spread ( feel+s4 ,orig9ally1 all feel+s may h be5 connect$ 9 ! same way1 & ! presumption is t ! numb] ( dim5sions 0 endless4 ,= developm5t ess5tially involves a limitation ( possibilities4 ,b giv5 a numb] ( dim5sions ( feel+1 all possible v>ieties are obta9able by v>y+ ! int5sities ( ! diff]5t elem5ts4 ,accord+ly1 "t logically supposes a cont9u\s range ( int5sity 9 feel+4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 f ! def9ition ( cont9uity1 t :5 any p>ticul> k9d ( feel+ is pres5t1 an inf9itesimal cont9uum ( all feel+s diff]+ inf9itesimally f t is pres5t4 ,,t ,,feel+s ,,h ,,spatial ,,ext5sion ,consid] a gob ( protoplasm1 say an amba or a slime-m\ld4 ,x does n diff] 9 any radical way f ! cont5ts ( a n]ve-cell1 ?\gh its functions may be less specializ$4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is slime-m\ld1 or ?is amba1 or at any rate "s simil> mass ( protoplasm feels4 ,t is to say1 x feels :5 x is 9 its excit$ condition4 ,b note h[ x behaves4 ,:5 ! :ole is quiesc5t & rigid1 a place ^u x is irritat$4 ,j at ?is po9t1 an active motion is set up1 & ?is gradually spreads to o!r p>ts4 ,9 ?is action1 no unity nor relation to a nucleus1 or o!r unit>y organ c be disc]n$4 ,x is a m]e amorph\s cont9uum ( protoplasm1 ) feel+ pass+ f "o "p to ano!r4 ,nor is !re any?+ l a wave-motion4 ,! activity does n advance to new p>ts1 j z fa/ z x leaves old p>ts4 ,r1 9 ! beg9n+1 x dies out at a sl[] rate ?an t at :i* x spreads4 ,& :ile ! process is go+ on1 by excit+ ! mass at ano!r po9t1 a second q indep5d5t /ate ( excitation w be set up4 ,9 "s places1 nei!r excitation w exi/1 9 o!rs ea* sep>ately1 9 /ill o!r places1 bo? effects w be add$ toge!r4 ,:atev] !re is 9 ! :ole ph5om5on to make u ?9k !re is feel+ 9 su* a mass ( protoplasm1--feel+1 b pla9ly no p]sonality1--goes logically to %[ t t feel+ has a subjective1 or sub/antial1 spatial ext5sion1 z ! excit$ /ate has4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 a difficult idea to seize1 = ! reason t x is a subjective1 n an objective1 ext5sion4 ,x is n t we h a feel+ ( bigness2 ?\gh ,pr(essor ,james1 p]haps rightly1 tea*es t we h4 ,x is t ! feel+1 z a subject ( inhesion1 is big4 ,moreov]1 our own feel+s are focus$ 9 att5tion to su* a degree t we are n aw>e t ideas are n br\ght to an absolute unity2 j z nobody n in/ruct$ by special exp]im5t has any idea h[ v1 v little ( ! field ( vision is di/9ct4 ,/ill1 we all "k h[ ! att5tion w&]s ab\t among our feel+s2 & ?is fact %[s t ^? feel+s t are n co-ord9at$ 9 att5tion h a reciprocal ext]nality1 al?\gh !y are pres5t at ! same "t4 ,b we mu/ n tax introspection to make a ph5om5on manife/ :i* ess5tially involves ext]nality4 ,s9ce space is cont9u\s1 x foll[s t !re mu/ be an imm$iate community ( feel+ betwe5 p>ts ( m9d inf9itesimally ne> toge!r4 ,)\t ?is1 ,i believe x w\ld h be5 impossible = m9ds ext]nal to "o ano!r1 ev] to become co-ord9at$1 & equally impossible = any cord9ation to be e/abli%$ 9 ! action ( ! n]ve-matt] ( "o bra94 ,,affections ,,( ,,ideas ,b we are met by ! "q :at is meant by say+ t "o idea affects ano!r4 ,! unravelm5t ( ?is problem requires u to trace out ph5om5a a little fur!r4 ,?ree elem5ts g to make up an idea4 ,! fir/ is its intr9sic quality z a feel+4 ,! second is ! en]gy ) :i* x affects o!r ideas1 an en]gy :i* is inf9ite 9 ! "h-&-n[ness ( imm$iate s5sation1 f9ite & relative 9 ! rec5cy ( ! pa/4 ,! ?ird elem5t is ! t5d5cy ( an idea to br+ along o!r ideas ) x4 ,z an idea spreads1 its p[] ( affect+ o!r ideas gets rapidly r$uc$2 b its intr9sic quality rema9s ne>ly un*ang$4 ,x is long ye>s n[ s9ce ,i la/ saw a c>d9al 9 8 robes2 & my memory ( _! color has become mu* dimm$4 ,! color itself1 h[ev]1 is n rememb]$ z dim4 ,i h no incl9ation to call x a dull r$4 ,?us1 ! intr9sic quality rema9s little *ang$2 yet m accurate obs]vation w %[ a slight r$uction ( x4 ,! ?ird elem5t1 on ! o!r h&1 has increas$4 ,z well z ,i c recollect1 x seems to me ! c>d9als ,i us$ to see wore robes m sc>let ?an v]million is1 & highly lum9\s4 ,/ill1 ,i "k ! color commonly call$ c>d9al is on ! crimson side ( v]million & ( q mod]ate lum9osity1 & ! orig9al idea calls up s _m o!r hues ) x1 & ass]ts itself s feebly1 t ,i am unable any long] to isolate x4 ,a f9ite int]val ( "t g5]ally conta9s an innum]able s]ies ( feel+s2 & :5 ^! become weld$ toge!r 9 association1 ! result is a g5]al idea4 ,= we h j se5 h[ by cont9u\s spread+ an idea becomes g5]alis$4 ,! fir/ "* ( a g5]al idea s result+ is t x is liv+ feel+4 ,a cont9uum ( ?is feel+1 inf9itesimal 9 duration1 b /ill embrac+ innum]able p>ts1 & also1 ?\gh inf9itesimal1 entirely unlimit$1 is imm$iately pres5t4 ,& 9 its abs5ce ( b\nd$ness a vague possibility ( m ?an is pres5t is directly felt4 ,second1 9 ! pres5ce ( ?is cont9uity ( feel+1 nom9ali/ic maxims appe> futile4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t "o idea affect+ ano!r1 :5 we c directly p]ceive ! "o gradually modifi$ & %ap+ itself into ! o!r4 ,nor c !re any long] be any difficulty ab\t "o idea resembl+ ano!r1 :5 we c pass along ! cont9u\s field ( quality f "o to ! o!r & back aga9 to ! po9t :i* we _h m>k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4 ,?ird1 consid] ! insi/5cy ( an idea4 ,! insi/5cy ( a pa/ idea ) ref]5ce to ! pres5t is a quantity :i* is less ! fur!r back t pa/ idea is1 & rises to inf9ity z ! pa/ idea is br\ght up into co9cid5ce ) ! pres5t4 ,"h we mu/ make "o ( ^? inductive applications ( ! law ( cont9uity :i* h produc$ su* great results 9 all ! positive sci5ces4 ,we mu/ ext5d ! law ( insi/5cy into ! future4 ,pla9ly1 ! insi/5cy ( a future idea ) ref]5ce to ! pres5t is a quantity affect$ by ! m9us sign2 = x is ! pres5t t affects ! future1 if !re be any effect1 n ! future t affects ! pres5t4 ,accord+ly1 ! curve ( insi/5cy is a sort ( equilat]al hyp]bola4 7,see ! figure47 ,su* a conception is none ! less ma!matical1 t its quantification _c n[ be exactly specifi$4 ,n[ consid] ! induction :i* we h "h be5 l$ into4 ,?is curve says t feel+ :i* has n yet em]g$ into imm$iate consci\sness is already affectible & already affect$4 ,9 fact1 ?is is habit1 by virtue ( :i* an idea is br\ght up into pres5t consci\sness by a bond t _h already be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 x & ano!r idea :ile x 0 /ill 9 futuro4 ,we c n[ see :at ! affection ( "o idea by ano!r consi/s 94 ,x is t ! affect$ idea is atta*$ z a logical pr$icate to ! affect+ idea z subject4 ,s :5 a feel+ em]ges into imm$iate consci\sness1 x always appe>s z a modification ( a m or less g5]al object already 9 ! m9d4 ,! ^w sugge/ion is well adapt$ to express+ ?is relation4 ,! future is sugge/$ by1 or r is influ5c$ by ! sugge/ions (1 ! pa/4 ,,ideas ,,_c ,,be ,,connect$ ,,except ,,by ,,cont9uity ,t ideas c n[ise be connect$ )\t cont9uity is suffici5tly evid5t to "o :o reflects ^u ! matt]4 ,b /ill ! op9ion may be ent]ta9$ t aft] cont9uity has once made ! connection ( ideas possible1 !n !y may get to be connect$ 9 o!r modes ?an ?r\gh cont9uity4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i _c see h[ anyone c d5y t ! inf9ite div]sity ( ! univ]se1 :i* we call *ance1 may br+ ideas into proximity :i* are n associat$ 9 "o g5]al idea4 ,x may d ?is _m times4 ,b !n ! law ( cont9u\s spread+ w produce a m5tal association2 & ?is ,i suppose is an abridg$ /atem5t ( ! way ! univ]se has be5 evolv$4 ,b if ,i am ask$ :e!r a bl9d _c br+ ideas toge!r1 fir/ ,i po9t out t x w\ld n rema9 bl9d4 ,!re be+ a cont9u\s connection betwe5 ! ideas1 !y w\ld infallibly become associat$ 9 a liv+1 feel+1 & p]ceiv+ g5]al idea4 ,next1 ,i _c see :at ! mu/ness or necessity ( ?is w\ld consi/ 94 ,9 ! absolute uni=mity ( ! ph5om5on1 says ! nom9ali/4 ,absolute is well put 92 = if x m]ely happ5$ s ?ree times 9 succession1 or ?ree million times 9 succession1 9 ! abs5ce ( any reason1 ! co9cid5ce c\ld only be attribut$ to *ance4 ,b absolute uni=mity mu/ ext5d ov] ! :ole inf9ite future2 & x is idle to talk ( t except z an idea4 ,no2 ,i ?9k we c only hold t :]ev] ideas come toge!r !y t5d to weld into g5]al ideas2 & :]ev] !y are g5]ally connect$1 g5]al ideas gov]n ! connection2 & ^! g5]al ideas are liv+ feel+s spread out4 ,,m5tal ,,law ,,foll[s ,,! ,,=ms ,,( ,,logic ,! ?ree ma9 classes ( logical inf]5ce are ,d$uction1 ,induction1 & ,hypo!sis4 ,^! correspond to ?ree *ief modes ( action ( ! human s\l4 ,9 d$uction ! m9d is "u ! dom9ion ( a habit or association by virtue ( :i* a g5]al idea sugge/s 9 ea* case a correspond+ reaction4 ,b a c]ta9 s5sation is se5 to involve t idea4 ,consequ5tly1 t s5sation is foll[$ by t reaction4 ,t is ! way ! h9d legs ( a frog1 sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! body1 reason1 :5 y p9* !m4 ,x is ! l[e/ =m ( psy*ical manife/ation4 ,by induction1 a habit becomes e/abli%$4 ,c]ta9 s5sations1 all involv+ "o g5]al idea1 are foll[$ ea* by ! same reaction2 & an association becomes e/abli%$1 :]eby t g5]al idea gets to be foll[$ uni=mly by t reaction4 ,habit is t specialization ( ! law ( m9d :]eby a g5]al idea ga9s ! p[] ( excit+ reactions4 ,b 9 ord] t ! g5]al idea %\ld atta9 all its functionality1 x is necess>y1 also1 t x %\ld become sugge/ible by s5sations4 ,t is accompli%$ by a psy*ical process hav+ ! =m ( hypo!tic inf]5ce4 ,by hypo!tic inf]5ce1 ,i mean1 z ,i h expla9$ 9 o!r writ+s1 an induction f qualities4 ,= example1 ,i "k t ! k9d ( man kn[n & class$ z a 8mugwump0 has c]ta9 *>act]i/ics4 ,he has a high self-respect & places great value ^u social di/9ction4 ,he lam5ts ! great "p t r[dyism & unref9$ good-fell[%ip play 9 ! deal+s ( ,am]ican politicians ) _! con/itu5cy4 ,he ?9ks t ! re=m :i* w\ld foll[ f ! ab&onm5t ( ! sy/em by :i* ! di/ribution ( (fices is made to /r5g!n p>ty organizations & a return to ! orig9al & ess5tial conception ( (fice-fill+ w\ld be f\nd an unmix$ good4 ,he holds t monet>y consid]ations %\ld usually be ! decisive ones 9 que/ions ( public policy4 ,he respects ! pr9ciple ( individualism & ( laissez-faire z ! greate/ ag5cy ( civilization4 ,^! views1 among o!rs1 ,i "k to be obtrusive m>ks ( a 8mugwump40 ,n[1 suppose ,i casually meet a man 9 a railway-tra91 & fall+ into conv]sation f9d t he holds op9ions ( ?is sort2 ,i am naturally l$ to suppose t he is a 8mugwump40 ,t is hypo!tic inf]5ce4 ,t is to say1 a numb] ( readily v]ifiable m>ks ( a mugwump be+ select$1 ,i f9d ?is man has ^!1 & inf] t he has all ! o!r *>act]s :i* g to make a ?9k] ( t /ripe4 ,or let u suppose t ,i meet a man ( a semi-cl]ical appe>ance & a sub-ph>isaical sniff1 :o appe>s to look at ?+s f ! po9t ( view ( a r wood5 dualism4 ,he cites sev]al texts ( scripture & always ) p>ticul> att5tion to _! logical implications2 & he exhibits a /]nness1 almo/ am\nt+ to v9dictiv5ess1 t[>d evil-do]s1 9 g5]al4 ,i readily conclude t he is a m9i/] ( a c]ta9 d5om9ation4 ,n[ ! m9d acts 9 a way simil> to ?is1 e "t we acquire a p[] ( co-ord9at+ reactions 9 a peculi> way1 z 9 p]=m+ any act requir+ skill4 ,?us1 mo/ p]sons h a difficulty 9 mov+ ! two h&s simultane\sly & 9 opposite directions ?r\gh two p>allel circles ne>ly 9 ! m$ial plane ( ! body4 ,to le>n to d ?is1 x is necess>y to att5d1 fir/1 to ! diff]5t actions 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! motion1 :5 sudd5ly a g5]al conception ( ! action spr+s up & x becomes p]fectly easy4 ,we ?9k ! motion we are try+ to d involves ?is action1 & ?is1 & ?is4 ,!n1 ! g5]al idea comes :i* unites all ^? actions1 & !reupon ! desire to p]=m ! motion calls up ! g5]al idea4 ,! same m5tal process is _m times employ$ :5ev] we are le>n+ to speak a language or are acquir+ any sort ( skill4 ,?us1 by induction1 a numb] ( s5sations foll[$ by "o reaction become unit$ "u "o g5]al idea foll[$ by ! same reaction2 :ile by ! hypo!tic process1 a numb] ( reactions call$ = by "o occasion get unit$ 9 a g5]al idea :i* is call$ out by ! same occasion4 ,by d$uction1 ! habit fulfils its function ( call+ out c]ta9 reactions on c]ta9 occasions4 ,,unc]ta9ty ,,( ,,m5tal ,,action ,! inductive & hypo!tic =ms ( inf]5ce are ess5tially probable inf]5ces1 n necess>y2 :ile d$uction may be ei!r necess>y or probable4 ,b no m5tal action seems to be necess>y or inv>iable 9 its "*4 ,9 :atev] mann] ! m9d has react$ "u a giv5 s5sation1 9 t mann] x is ! m likely to react aga92 7 ?is1 h[ev]1 an absolute necessity1 habits w\ld become wood5 & in]adicable1 & no room be+ left = ! =mation ( new habits1 intellectual life w\ld come to a spe$y close4 ,?us1 ! unc]ta9ty ( ! m5tal law is no m]e defect ( x1 b is on ! contr>y ( its ess5ce4 ,! tru? is1 ! m9d is n subject to 8law10 9 ! same rigid s5se t matt] is4 ,x only exp]i5ces g5tle =ces :i* m]ely r5d] x m likely to act 9 a giv5 way ?an x o!rwise w\ld be4 ,!re always rema9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( arbitr>y spontaneity 9 its action1 )\t :i* x w\ld be dead4 ,"s psy*ologi/s ?9k to reconcile ! unc]ta9ty ( reactions ) ! pr9ciple ( necess>y causation by means ( ! law ( fatigue4 ,truly = a law1 ?is law ( fatigue is a little lawless4 ,i ?9k x is m]ely a case ( ! g5]al pr9ciple t an idea 9 spread+ loses its insi/5cy4 ,put me t>ragon into my salad1 :5 ,i h n ta/$ x = ye>s1 & ,i exclaim 8,:at nect> is ?is60 ,b add x to e di% ,i ta/e = week aft] week1 & a habit ( expectation has be5 creat$2 & 9 ?us spread+ into habit1 ! s5sation makes h>dly any m impression ^u me2 or1 if x be notic$1 x is on a new side f :i* x appe>s z r a bore4 ,! doctr9e t fatigue is "o ( ! primordial ph5om5a ( m9d ,i am mu* dispos$ to d\bt4 ,x seems a some:at little ?+ to be all[$ z an exception to ! great pr9ciple ( m5tal uni=mization4 ,= ?is reason1 ,i pref] to expla9 x 9 ! mann] "h indicat$1 z a special case ( t great pr9ciple4 ,to consid] x z some?+ di/9ct 9 its nature1 c]ta9ly some:at /r5g!ns ! necessit>ian position2 b ev5 if x be di/9ct1 ! hypo!sis t all ! v>iety & app>5t arbitr>9ess ( m5tal action ought to be expla9$ away 9 favor ( absolute det]m9ism does n seem to me to recomm5d itself to a sob] & s\nd judgm5t1 :i* seeks ! guidance ( obs]v$ facts & n t ( prepossessions4 ,,re/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,law ,let me n[ try to ga!r up all ^! odds & ends ( comm5t>y & re/ate ! law ( m9d1 9 a unit>y way4 ,fir/1 !n1 we f9d t :5 we reg>d ideas f a nom9ali/ic1 individuali/ic1 s5suali/ic way1 ! simple/ facts ( m9d become utt]ly mean+less4 ,t "o idea %\ld resemble ano!r or influ5ce ano!r1 or t "o /ate ( m9d %\ld s mu* z be ?\ght ( 9 ano!r is1 f t /&po9t1 %e] nons5se4 ,second1 by ?is & o!r means we are driv5 to p]ceive1 :at is q evid5t ( itself1 t in/antane\s feel+s fl[ toge!r into a cont9uum ( feel+1 :i* has 9 a modifi$ degree ! peculi> vivacity ( feel+ & has ga9$ g5]ality4 ,& 9 ref]5ce to su* g5]al ideas1 or cont9ua ( feel+1 ! difficulties ab\t resemblance & sugge/ion & ref]5ce to ! ext]nal1 cease to h any =ce4 ,?ird1 ^! g5]al ideas are n m]e words1 nor d !y consi/ 9 ?is1 t c]ta9 concrete facts w e "t happ5 "u c]ta9 descriptions ( conditions2 b !y are j z mu*1 or r f> m1 liv+ realities ?an ! feel+s !mselves out ( :i* !y are concret$4 ,& to say t m5tal ph5om5a are gov]n$ by law does n mean m]ely t !y are describable by a g5]al =mula2 b t !re is a liv+ idea1 a consci\s cont9uum ( feel+1 :i* p]vades !m1 & to :i* !y are docile4 ,f\r?1 ?is supreme law1 :i* is ! cele/ial & liv+ h>mony1 does n s mu* z dem& t ! special ideas %all surr5d] _! peculi> arbitr>9ess & caprice entirely2 = t w\ld be self-de/ructive4 ,x only requires t !y %all influ5ce & be influ5c$ by "o ano!r4 ,fif?1 9 :at measure ?is unification acts1 seems to be regulat$ only by special rules2 or1 at lea/1 we _c 9 our pres5t k say h[ f> x goes4 ,b x may be said t1 judg+ by appe>ances1 ! am\nt ( arbitr>9ess 9 ! ph5om5a ( human m9ds is nei!r altoge!r trifl+ nor v prom95t4 ,,p]sonality ,hav+ ?us endeavor$ to /ate ! law ( m9d1 9 g5]al1 ,i desc5d to ! consid]ation ( a p>ticul> ph5om5on :i* is rem>kably prom95t 9 our own consci\snesses1 t ( p]sonality4 ,a /rong light is ?r[n ^u ?is subject by rec5t obs]vations ( d\ble & multiple p]sonality4 ,! !ory :i* at "o "t seem$ plausible t two p]sons 9 "o body correspond$ to ! two halves ( ! bra9 w1 ,i take x1 n[ be univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to be insuffici5t4 ,b t :i* ^! cases make q manife/ is t p]sonality is "s k9d ( co-ord9ation or connection ( ideas4 ,n mu* to say1 ?is1 p]haps4 ,yet :5 we consid] t1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple :i* we are trac+ out1 a connection betwe5 ideas is itself a g5]al idea1 & t a g5]al idea is a liv+ feel+1 x is pla9 t we h at lea/ tak5 an appreciable /ep t[>d ! und]/&+ ( p]sonality4 ,?is p]sonality1 l any g5]al idea1 is n a ?+ to be appreh5d$ 9 an in/ant4 ,x has to be liv$ 9 "t2 nor c any f9ite "t embrace x 9 all its fullness4 ,yet 9 ea* inf9itesimal int]val x is pres5t & liv+1 ?\gh specially color$ by ! imm$iate feel+s ( t mom5t4 ,p]sonality1 s f> z x is appreh5d$ 9 a mom5t1 is imm$iate self-consci\sness4 ,b ! ^w co-ord9ation implies some:at m ?an ?is2 x implies a teleological h>mony 9 ideas1 & 9 ! case ( p]sonality ?is teleology is m ?an a m]e purposive pursuit ( a pr$et]m9ate end2 x is a developm5tal teleology4 ,?is is p]sonal "*4 ,a g5]al idea1 liv+ & consci\s n[1 x is already det]m9ative ( acts 9 ! future to an ext5t to :i* x is n n[ consci\s4 ,?is ref]5ce to ! future is an ess5tial elem5t ( p]sonality4 ,7 ! ends ( a p]son already explicit1 !re w\ld be no room = developm5t1 = gr[?1 = life2 & consequ5tly !re w\ld be no p]sonality4 ,! m]e c>ry+ out ( pr$et]m9$ purposes is me*anical4 ,?is rem>k has an application to ! philosophy ( religion4 ,x is t a g5u9e evolution>y philosophy1 t is1 "o t makes ! pr9ciple ( gr[? a primordial elem5t ( ! univ]se1 is s f> f be+ antagoni/ic to ! idea ( a p]sonal creator1 t x is really insep>able f t idea2 :ile a necessit>ian religion is 9 an altoge!r false position & is de/9$ to become dis9tegrat$4 ,b a pseudo-evolutionism :i* en?rones me*anical law above ! pr9ciple ( gr[?1 is at once sci5tifically unsatisfactory1 z giv+ no possible h9t ( h[ ! univ]se has come ab\t1 & ho/ile to all hopes ( p]sonal relations to ,god4 ,,communication ,consi/5tly ) ! doctr9e laid d[n 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is pap]1 ,i am b\nd to ma9ta9 t an idea c only be affect$ by an idea 9 cont9u\s connection ) x4 ,by any?+ b an idea1 x _c be affect$ at all4 ,?is obliges me to say1 z ,i d say1 on o!r gr\nds1 t :at we call matt] is n completely dead1 b is m]ely m9d hide-b\nd ) habits4 ,x /ill reta9s ! elem5t ( div]sification2 & 9 t div]sification !re is life4 ,:5 an idea is convey$ f "o m9d to ano!r1 x is by =ms ( comb9ation ( ! div]se elem5ts ( nature1 say by "s curi\s symmetry1 or by "s union ( a t5d] color ) a ref9$ odor4 ,to su* =ms ! law ( me*anical en]gy has no application4 ,if !y are et]nal1 x is 9 ! _s !y embody2 & _! orig9 _c be acc\nt$ = by any me*anical necessity4 ,!y are embodi$ ideas2 & s only c !y convey ideas4 ,precisely h[ prim>y s5sations1 z colors & tones1 are excit$1 we _c tell1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( psy*ology4 ,b 9 our ignorance1 ,i ?9k t we are at lib]ty to suppose t !y arise 9 ess5tially ! same mann] z ! o!r feel+s1 call$ second>y4 ,z f> z sight & he>+ are 9 "q1 we "k t !y are only excit$ by vibrations ( inconceivable complexity2 & ! *emical s5ses are probably n m simple4 ,ev5 ! lea/ psy*ical ( p]iph]al s5sations1 t ( pressure1 has 9 its excitation conditions :i*1 ?\gh app>5tly simple1 are se5 to be complicat$ en\gh :5 we consid] ! molecules & _! attractions4 ,! pr9ciple ) :i* ,i set out requires me to ma9ta9 t ^! feel+s are communicat$ to ! n]ves by cont9uity1 s t !re mu/ be some?+ l !m 9 ! excitants !mselves4 ,if ?is seems extravagant1 x is to be rememb]$ t x is ! sole possible way ( rea*+ any explanation ( s5sation1 :i* o!rwise mu/ be pron\nc$ a g5]al fact1 absolutely inexplicable & ultimate4 ,n[ absolute inexplicability is a hypo!sis :i* s\nd logic refuses "u any circum/ances to ju/ify4 ,i may be ask$ :e!r my !ory w\ld be favorable or o!rwise to telepa?y4 ,i h no decid$ answ] to give to ?is4 ,at fir/ sight1 x seems unfavorable4 ,yet !re may be o!r modes ( cont9u\s connection betwe5 m9ds o!r ?an ^? ( "t & space4 ,! recognition by "o p]son ( ano!r's p]sonality takes place by means to "s ext5t id5tical ) ! means by :i* he is consci\s ( 8 own p]sonality4 ,! idea ( ! second p]sonality1 :i* is z mu* z to say t second p]sonality itself1 ent]s )9 ! field ( direct consci\sness ( ! fir/ p]son1 & is z imm$iately p]ceiv$ z 8 ego1 ?\gh less /rongly4 ,at ! same "t1 ! opposition betwe5 ! two p]sons is p]ceiv$1 s t ! ext]nality ( ! second is recogniz$4 ,! psy*ological ph5om5a ( int]communication betwe5 two m9ds h be5 un=tunately little /udi$4 ,s t x is impossible to say1 = c]ta91 :e!r !y are favorable to ?is !ory or n4 ,b ! v extraord9>y insight :i* "s p]sons are able to ga9 ( o!rs f indications s slight t x is difficult to asc]ta9 :at !y are1 is c]ta9ly r5d]$ m compreh5sible by ! view "h tak54 ,a difficulty :i* confronts ! syne*i/ic philosophy is ?is4 ,9 consid]+ p]sonality1 t philosophy is =c$ to accept ! doctr9e ( a p]sonal ,god2 b 9 consid]+ communication1 x _c b admit t if !re is a p]sonal ,god1 we mu/ h a direct p]ception ( t p]son & inde$ be 9 p]sonal communication ) him4 ,n[1 if t be ! case1 ! "q arises h[ x is possible t ! exi/5ce ( ?is be+ %\ld ev] h be5 d\bt$ by anybody4 ,! only answ] t ,i c at pres5t make is t facts t /& be=e our face & eyes & />e u 9 ! face are f> f be+1 9 all cases1 ! ones mo/ easily disc]n$4 ,t has be5 rem>k$ f "t immemorial4 ,,conclusion ,i h ?us develop$ z well z ,i c\ld 9 a little space ! syne*i/ic philosophy1 z appli$ to m9d4 ,i ?9k t ,i h succe$$ 9 mak+ x cle> t ?is doctr9e gives room = explanations ( _m facts :i* )\t x are absolutely & hopelessly inexplicable2 & fur!r t x c>ries along ) x ! foll[+ doctr9es3 #a/1 a logical realism ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ type2 #bnd1 objective idealism2 #crd1 ty*ism1 ) its consequ5t ?or\ghgo+ evolutionism4 ,we also notice t ! doctr9e pres5ts no h9drances to spiritual influ5ces1 su* z "s philosophies are felt to d4 ,footnote #fa3 ,! ,moni/1 ,july1 #ahib4 ,footnote #fb3 ,?is proposition is sub/antially ! same z a !orem ( ,cantor1 ?\gh x is enunciat$ 9 a mu* m g5]al =m4 ,,iv4 ,,man',s ,,glassy ,,ess5ce#fc ,9 ,! ,moni/ = ,janu>y1 #ahia1 ,i tri$ to %[ :at conceptions ought to =m ! brick & mort> ( a philosophical sy/em4 ,*ief among ^! 0 t ( absolute *ance = :i* ,i argu$ aga9 9 la/ ,april's numb]4#fd ,9 ,july1 ,i appli$ ano!r fundam5tal idea1 t ( cont9uity1 to ! law ( m9d4 ,next 9 ord]1 ,i h to elucidate1 f ! po9t ( view *os51 ! relation betwe5 ! psy*ical & physical aspects ( a sub/ance4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds ?is ought1 ,i ?9k1 to be ! fram+ ( a molecul> !ory ( protoplasm4 ,b be=e do+ t1 x seems indisp5sable to glance at ! con/itution ( matt]1 9 g5]al4 ,we %all1 ?us1 unavoidably make a long det\r2 b1 aft] all1 our pa9s w n be wa/$1 = ! problems ( ! pap]s t are to foll[ 9 ! s]ies w call = ! consid]ation ( ! same "q4 ,all physici/s are rightly agre$ ! evid5ce is ov]:elm+ :i* %[s all s5sible matt] is compos$ ( molecules 9 swift motion & ex]t+ enorm\s mutual attractions1 & p]haps repulsions1 too4 ,ev5 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 ,"l ,kelv91 :o wi%es to explode action at a di/ance & return to ! doctr9e ( a pl5um1 n only speaks ( molecules1 b und]takes to assign def9ite magnitudes to !m4 ,! brilliant ,judge ,/allo1 a man :o did n always rightly e/imate 8 own qualities 9 accept+ tasks = himself1 decl>$ w> ^u ! atomic !ory 9 a book well wor? c>eful p]usal4 ,to ! old argum5ts 9 favor ( atoms :i* he f\nd 9 ,fe*n]'s monograph1 he 0 able to make replies ( consid]able =ce1 ?\gh !y 7 n suffici5t to de/roy ^? argum5ts4 ,b aga9/ mod]n pro(s he made no headway at all4 ,^! set out f ! me*anical !ory ( heat4 ,rum=d's exp]im5ts %[$ t heat is n a sub/ance4 ,j\le demon/rat$ t x 0 a =m ( en]gy4 ,! heat+ ( gases "u con/ant volume1 & o!r facts in/anc$ by ,rank9e1 prov$ t x c\ld n be an en]gy ( /ra94 ,?is drove physici/s to ! conclusion t x 0 a mode ( motion4 ,!n x 0 rememb]$ t ,john ,b]n\lli _h %[n t ! pressure ( gases c\ld be acc\nt$ = by assum+ _! molecules to be mov+ uni=mly 9 rectil9e> pa?s4 ,! same hypo!sis 0 n[ se5 to acc\nt = ,avogadro's law1 t 9 equal volumes ( diff]5t k9ds ( gases expos$ to ! same pressure & temp]ature are conta9$ equal numb]s ( molecules4 ,%ortly aft]1 x 0 f\nd to acc\nt = ! laws ( diffusion & viscosity ( gases1 & = ! num]ical relation betwe5 ^! prop]ties4 ,f9ally1 ,crookes's radiomet] furni%$ ! la/ l9k 9 ! /ronge/ *a9 ( evid5ce :i* supports any physical hypo!sis4 ,su* be+ ! con/itution ( gases1 liquids mu/ cle>ly be bodies 9 :i* ! molecules w&] 9 curvil9e> pa?s1 :ile 9 solids !y move 9 orbits or quasi-orbits4 7,see my def9ition solid ,,ii1 #a1 9 ! ,c5tury ,diction>y47 ,we see t ! resi/ance to compression & to int]-p5etration betwe5 s5sible bodies is1 by "o ( ! prime propositions ( ! molecul> !ory1 due 9 l>ge measure to ! k9etical en]gy ( ! p>ticles1 :i* mu/ be suppos$ to be q remote f "o ano!r1 on ! av]age1 ev5 9 solids4 ,?is resi/ance is no d\bt influ5c$ by f9ite attractions & repulsions betwe5 ! molecules4 ,all ! imp5etrability ( bodies :i* we c obs]ve is1 !re=e1 a limit$ imp5etrability due to k9etic & positional en]gy4 ,?is be+ ! case1 we h no logical "r to suppose t absolute imp5etrability1 or ! exclusive occupancy ( space1 belongs to molecules or to atoms4 ,x is an unw>rant$ hypo!sis1 n a v]a causa4#fe ,unless we are to give up ! !ory ( en]gy1 f9ite positional attractions & repulsions betwe5 molecules mu/ be admitt$4 ,absolute imp5etrability w\ld am\nt to an inf9ite repulsion at a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,no analogy ( kn[n ph5om5a exi/s to excuse su* a wanton violation ( ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity z su* a hypo!sis is4 ,9 %ort1 we are logically b\nd to adopt ! ,boscovi*ian idea t an atom is simply a di/ribution ( compon5t pot5tial en]gy ?r\gh\t space 7?is di/ribution be+ absolutely rigid71 comb9$ ) in]tia4 ,! pot5tial en]gy belongs to two molecules1 & is to be conceiv$ z diff]5t betwe5 molecules ,a & ,b f :at x is betwe5 molecules ,a & ,c4 ,! di/ribution ( en]gy is n necess>ily sph]ical4 ,nay1 a molecule may conceivably h m ?an "o c5t]2 x may ev5 h a c5tral curve1 return+ into itself4 ,b ,i d n ?9k !re are any obs]v$ facts po9t+ to su* multiple or l9e> c5t]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m facts relat+ to cry/als1 especially ^? obs]v$ by ,voigt1#ff g to %[ t ! di/ribution ( en]gy is h>monical b n conc5tric4 ,we c easily calculate ! =ces :i* su* atoms mu/ ex]t ^u "o ano!r by consid]+#fg t !y are equival5t to aggregations ( pairs ( electrically positive & negative po9ts inf9itely ne> to "o ano!r4 ,ab\t su* an atom !re w\ld be regions ( positive & ( negative pot5tial1 & ! numb] & di/ribution ( su* regions w\ld det]m9e ! val5cy ( ! atom1 a numb] :i* x is easy to see w\ld 9 _m cases be some:at indet]m9ate4 ,i mu/ n dwell fur!r ^u ?is hypo!sis1 at pres5t4 ,9 ano!r pap]1 its consequ5ces w be fur!r consid]$4 ,i _c assume t ! /ud5ts ( philosophy :o read ?is magaz9e are ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 mod]n molecul> physics1 &1 !re=e1 x is prop] to m5tion t ! gov]n+ pr9ciple 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce is ,clausius's law ( ! virial4 ,i w fir/ /ate ! law1 & !n expla9 ! peculi> t]ms ( ! /atem5t4 ,?is /atem5t is t ! total k9etic en]gy ( ! p>ticles ( a sy/em 9 /ation>y motion is equal to ! total virial4 ,by a sy/em is "h meant a numb] ( p>ticles act+ ^u "o ano!r4#fh ,/ation>y motion is a quasi-orbital motion among a sy/em ( p>ticles s t none ( !m are remov$ to indef9itely great di/ances nor acquire indef9itely great velocities4 ,! k9etic en]gy ( a p>ticle is ! "w :i* w\ld be requir$ to br+ x to re/1 indep5d5tly ( any =ces :i* may be act+ ^u x4 ,! virial ( a pair ( p>ticles is half ! "w :i* ! =ce :i* actually op]ates betwe5 !m w\ld d if1 be+ indep5d5t ( ! di/ance1 x 7 to br+ !m toge!r4 ,! equation ( ! virial is #a_/bmv#b #a_/b,rr4 ,"h m is ! mass ( a p>ticle1 v its velocity1 ,r is ! attraction betwe5 two p>ticles1 & r is ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,! sign on ! left h& side signifies t ! values ( mv#b are to be summ$ = all ! p>ticles1 & on ! "r h& side signifies t ! values ( ,rr are to be summ$ = all ! pairs ( p>ticles4 ,if !re is an ext]nal pressure ,p 7z f ! atmosph]e7 ^u ! sy/em1 & ! volume ( vacant space )9 ! b\nd>y ( t pressure is ,v1 !n ! virial mu/ be und]/ood z includ+ #c_/b,,pv1 s t ! equation is #a_/bmv#b #c_/b,,pv #a_/b,rr4 ,!re is /rong 7if n demon/rative7 reason = ?9k+ t ! temp]ature ( any body above ! absolute z]o 7-#bgc ,c471 is proportional to ! av]age k9etic en]gy ( its molecules1 or say a1 :]e a is a con/ant & is ! absolute temp]ature4 ,h5ce1 we may write ! equation a 7#a_/b7;avg7mv#b7 7#c_/b7,p avg7,v7 7#a_/b7 avg7,rr7 :]e ! heavy l9es above ! diff]5t expressions signify t ! av]age values = s+le molecules are to be tak54 ,9 #ahgb1 a /ud5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd51 ,van d] ,waals1 prop\nd$ 9 8 !sis = ! doctorate a specialization ( ! equation ( ! virial :i* has s9ce attract$ great att5tion4 ,namely1 he writes x a 7,p c_/,v#b77,v - b47 ,! quantity b is ! volume ( a molecule1 :i* he supposes to be an imp5etrable body1 & all ! virtue ( ! equation lies 9 ?is t]m :i* makes ! equation a cubic 9 ,v1 :i* is requir$ to acc\nt = ! %ape ( c]ta9 iso!rmal curves4#fi ,b if ! idea ( an imp5etrable atom is illogical1 t ( an imp5etrable molecule is almo/ absurd4 ,= ! k9etical !ory ( matt] tea*es u t a molecule is l a sol> sy/em or />-clu/] 9 m9iature4 ,unless we suppose t 9 all heat+ ( gases & vapors int]nal "w is p]=m$ ^u ! molecules1 imply+ t _! atoms are at consid]able di/ances1 ! :ole k9etical !ory ( gases falls to ! gr\nd4 ,z = ! t]m add$ to ,p1 !re is no m ?an a p>tial & r\ghly approximative ju/ification = x4 ,namely1 let u imag9e two sph]es describ$ r\nd a p>ticle z _! c5t]1 ! radius ( ! l>g] be+ s great z to include all ! p>ticles ^: action ^u ! c5t] is s5sible1 :ile ! radius ( ! small] is s l>ge t a good _m molecules are includ$ )9 x4 ,! possibility ( describ+ su* a sph]e z ! out] "o implies t ! attraction ( ! p>ticles v>ies at "s di/ances inv]sely z "s high] p[] ( ! di/ance ?an ! cube1 or1 to speak m cle>ly1 t ! attraction multipli$ by ! cube ( ! di/ance dim9i%es z ! di/ance increases2 = ! numb] ( p>ticles at a giv5 di/ance f any "o p>ticle is proportionate to ! squ>e ( t di/ance & ea* ( ^! gives a t]m ( ! virial :i* is ! product ( ! attraction into ! di/ance4 ,consequ5tly1 unless ! attraction multipli$ by ! cube ( ! di/ance dim9i%$ s rapidly ) ! di/ance z soon to become ins5sible1 no su* out] sph]e z is suppos$ c\ld be describ$4 ,h[ev]1 ord9>y exp]i5ce %[s t su* a sph]e is possible2 & consequ5tly !re mu/ be di/ances at :i* ! attraction does ?us rapidly dim9i% z ! di/ance increases4 ,! two sph]es1 !n1 be+ s drawn1 consid] ! virial ( ! c5tral p>ticle due to ! p>ticles betwe5 !m4 ,let ! d5sity ( ! sub/ance be increas$1 say1 ,n times4 ,!n1 = e turn1 ,rr1 ( ! virial be=e ! cond5sation1 !re w be ,n t]ms ( ! same magnitude aft] ! cond5sation4 ,h5ce1 ! virial ( ea* p>ticle w be proportional to ! d5sity1 & ! equation ( ! virial becomes a ,p avg7,v7 c_/avg7,v74 ,?is omits ! virial )9 ! inn] sph]e1 ! radius ( :i* is s tak5 t )9 t di/ance ! numb] ( p>ticles is n proportional to ! numb] 9 a l>ge sph]e4 ,= ,van d] ,waals ?is radius is ! diamet] ( 8 h>d molecules1 :i* assumption gives 8 equation4 ,b x is pla9 t ! attraction betwe5 ! molecules mu/ to a c]ta9 ext5t modify _! di/ribution1 unless "s peculi> conditions are fulfill$4 ,! equation ( ,van d] ,waals c be approximately true1 !re=e1 only = a gas4 ,9 a solid or liquid condition1 9 :i* ! removal ( a small am\nt ( pressure has little effect on ! volume1 & :]e consequ5tly ! virial mu/ be mu* great] ?an ,p avg7,v71 ! virial mu/ increase ) ! volume4 ,= suppose we _h a sub/ance 9 a critical condition 9 :i* an increase ( ! volume w\ld dim9i% ! virial m ?an x w\ld increase 7#c_/b7,p avg7,v74 ,if we 7 =cibly to dim9i% ! volume ( su* a sub/ance1 :5 ! temp]ature became equaliz$1 ! pressure :i* x c\ld )/& w\ld be less ?an be=e1 & x w\ld be /ill fur!r cond5s$1 & ?is w\ld g on indef9itely until a condition 7 rea*$ 9 :i* an increase ( volume w\ld increase 7#c_/b7,p avg7,v7 m ?an x w\ld decrease ! virial4 ,9 ! case ( solids1 at lea/1 ,p may be z]o2 s t ! /ate rea*$ w\ld be "o 9 :i* ! virial increases ) ! volume1 or ! attraction betwe5 ! p>ticles does n increase s fa/ ) a dim9ution ( _! di/ance z x w\ld if ! attraction 7 inv]sely z ! di/ance4 ,almo/ contemporane\sly ) ,van d] ,waals's pap]1 ano!r rem>kable !sis = ! doctorate 0 pres5t$ at ,p>is by ,amagat4 ,x relat$ to ! ela/icity & expansion ( gases1 & to ?is subject ! sup]b exp]im5t]1 its au?or1 has devot$ 8 :ole subsequ5t life4 ,especially int]e/+ are 8 obs]vations ( ! volumes ( e?yl5e & ( c>bonic acid at temp]atures f #bj to #ajj & at pressures rang+ f an ounce to #ejjj p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,z soon z ,amagat _h obta9$ ^! results1 he rem>k$ t ! 8coeffici5t ( expansion at con/ant volume10 z x is absurdly call$1 t is1 ! rate ( v>iation ( ! pressure ) ! temp]ature1 0 v ne>ly con/ant = ea* volume4 ,?is accords ) ! equation ( ! virial1 :i* gives dp_/d a_/avg7,v7 - d avg7,rr7_/d4 ,n[1 ! virial mu/ be ne>ly indep5d5t ( ! temp]ature1 &1 !re=e1 ! la/ t]m almo/ disappe>s4 ,! virial w\ld n be q indep5d5t ( ! temp]ature1 because if ! temp]ature 7i4e41 ! squ>e ( ! velocity ( ! molecules7 is l[]$1 & ! pressure correspond+ly l[]$1 s z to make ! volume ! same1 ! attractions ( ! molecules w h m "t to produce _! effects1 & consequ5tly1 ! pairs ( molecules ! close/ toge!r w be held toge!r long] & clos]2 s t ! virial w g5]ally be increas$ by a decrease ( temp]ature4 ,n[1 ,amagat's exp]im5ts d %[ an excessively m9ute effect ( ?is sort1 at lea/1 :5 ! volumes are n too small4 ,h[ev]1 ! obs]vations are well en\gh satisfi$ by assum+ ! 8coeffici5t ( expansion at con/ant volume0 to consi/ :olly ( ! fir/ t]m1 a_/avg7,v74 ,?us1 ,amagat's exp]im5ts enable u to det]m9e ! values ( a & !nce to calculate ! virial2 & ?is we f9d v>ies = c>bonic acid gas ne>ly inv]sely to avg7,v7#j4i4 ,!re is1 ?us1 a r\gh approximation to satisfy+ ,van d] ,waals's equation4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ result ( ,amagat's exp]im5ts1 = our purpose at any rate1 is t ! quantity a1 ?\gh ne>ly con/ant = any "o volume1 diff]s consid]ably ) ! volume1 ne>ly d\bl+ :5 ! volume is r$uc$ fivefold4 ,?is c only indicate t ! mean k9etic en]gy ( a giv5 mass ( ! gas = a giv5 temp]ature is great] ! m ! gas is compress$4 ,b ! laws ( me*anics appe> to enjo9 t ! mean k9etic en]gy ( a mov+ p>ticle %all be con/ant at any giv5 temp]ature4 ,! only escape f contradiction1 !n1 is to suppose t ! mean mass ( a mov+ p>ticle dim9i%es ^u ! cond5sation ( ! gas4 ,9 o!r words1 _m ( ! molecules are dissociat$1 or brok5 up into atoms or sub-molecules4 ,! idea t dissociation %\ld be favor$ by dim9i%+ ! volume w be pron\nc$ by physici/s1 at fir/ blu%1 z contr>y to all our exp]i5ce4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! circum/ances we are speak+ (1 t ( a gas "u fifty or m atmosph]es pressure1 are also unusual4 ,t ! 8coeffici5t ( expansion "u con/ant volume0 :5 multipli$ by ! volumes %\ld increase ) a decrem5t ( ! volume is also q contr>y to ord9>y exp]i5ce2 yet x und\bt$ly takes place 9 all gases "u great pressure4 ,aga91 ! doctr9e ( ,arrh5ius#gj is n[ g5]ally accept$1 t ! molecul> conductivity ( an electrolyte is proportional to ! dissociation ( ions4 ,n[ ! molecul> conductivity ( a fus$ electrolyte is usually sup]ior to t ( a solution4 ,"h is a case1 !n1 9 :i* dim9ution ( volume is accompani$ by increas$ dissociation4 ,! tru? is t sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( dissociation h to be di/+ui%$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! dissociation ( a *emical molecule to =m *emical molecules "u ! regul> action ( *emical laws4 ,?is may be a d\ble decomposition1 z :5 iodhydric acid is dissociat$1 accord+ to ! =mula ,,hi ,,hi ,,hh ,,ii2 or1 x may be a simple decomposition1 z :5 p5ta*loride ( phosphorus is dissociat$ accord+ to ! =mula ,p,cl#e ,p,cl#c ,cl,cl4 ,all ^! dissociations require1 accord+ to ! laws ( !rmo-*emi/ry1 an elevat$ temp]ature4 ,9 ! second place1 !re is ! dissociation ( a physically polym]\s molecule1 t is1 ( sev]al *emical molecules jo9$ by physical attractions4 ,?is ,i am incl9$ to suppose is a common concomitant ( ! heat+ ( solids & liquids2 = 9 ^! bodies !re is no increase ( compressibility ) ! temp]ature at all comp>able ) ! increase ( ! expansibility4 ,b1 9 ! ?ird place1 !re is ! dissociation ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$1 :i* mu/ be suppos$ to be a ?r[+ (f ( unsaturat$ sub-molecules or atoms f ! molecule4 ,! molecule may1 z ,i h said1 be r\ghly lik5$ to a sol> sy/em4 ,z su*1 molecules are able to produce p]turbations ( "o ano!r's int]nal motions2 & 9 ?is way a planet1 i4e41 a sub-molecule1 w occasionally get ?r[n (f & w&] ab\t by itself1 till x f9ds ano!r unsaturat$ sub-molecule ) :i* x c unite4 ,su* dissociation by p]turbation w naturally be favor$ by ! proximity ( ! molecules to "o ano!r4 ,let u n[ pass to ! consid]ation ( t special sub/ance1 or r class ( sub/ances1 ^: prop]ties =m ! *ief subject ( botany & ( zology1 z truly z ^? ( ! silicates =m ! *ief subject ( m9]alogy3 ,i mean ! life-slimes1 or protoplasm4 ,let u beg9 by catalogu+ ! g5]al *>act]s ( ^! slimes4 ,!y "o & all exi/ 9 two /ates ( aggregation1 a solid or ne>ly solid /ate & a liquid or ne>ly liquid /ate2 b !y d n pass f ! =m] to ! latt] by ord9>y fusion4 ,!y are readily decompos$ by heat1 especially 9 ! liquid /ate2 nor w !y be> any consid]able degree ( cold4 ,all _! vital actions take place at temp]atures v little bel[ ! po9t ( decomposition4 ,?is extreme in/ability is "o ( num]\s facts :i* demon/rate ! *emical complexity ( protoplasm4 ,e *emi/ w agree t !y are f> m complicat$ ?an ! album5s4 ,n[1 album5 is e/imat$ to conta9 9 ea* molecule ab\t a ?\s& atoms2 s t x is natural to suppose t ! protoplasms conta9 sev]al ?\s&s4 ,we "k t :ile !y are *iefly compos$ ( oxyg51 hydrog51 c>bon1 & nitrog51 a l>ge numb] ( o!r elem5ts ent] into liv+ bodies 9 small proportions2 & x is likely t mo/ ( ^! ent] into ! composition ( protoplasms4 ,n[1 s9ce ! numb]s ( *emical v>ieties increase at an enorm\s rate ) ! numb] ( atoms p] molecule1 s t !re are c]ta9ly hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( sub/ances ^: molecules conta9 tw5ty atoms or few]1 we may well suppose t ! numb] ( protoplasmic sub/ances runs into ! billions or trillions4 ,pr(essor ,cayley has giv5 a ma!matical !ory ( 8trees10 ) a view ( ?r[+ a light ^u su* que/ions2 & 9 t light ! e/imate ( trillions 79 ! ,engli% s5se7 seems immod]ately mod]ate4 ,x is true t an op9ion has be5 emitt$1 & def5d$ among biologi/s1 t !re is b "o k9d ( protoplasm2 b ! obs]vations ( biologi/s1 !mselves1 h almo/ explod$ t hypo!sis1 :i* f a *emical /&po9t appe>s utt]ly incr$ible4 ,! anticipation ( ! *emi/ w\ld decid$ly be t en\gh diff]5t *emical sub/ances hav+ protoplasmic *>act]s might be =m$ to acc\nt1 n only = ! diff]5ces betwe5 n]ve-slime & muscle-slime1 betwe5 :ale-slime & lion-slime1 b also = ^? m9ut] p]vasive v>iations :i* *>act]ize diff]5t bre$s & s+le individuals4 ,protoplasm1 :5 quiesc5t1 is1 broadly speak+1 solid2 b :5 x is di/urb$ 9 an appropriate way1 or sometimes ev5 spontane\sly )\t ext]nal di/urbance1 x becomes1 broadly speak+1 liquid4 ,a mon] 9 ?is /ate is se5 "u ! microscope to h /reams )9 its matt]2 a slime-m\ld sl[ly fl[s by =ce ( gravity4 ,! liquefaction />ts f ! po9t ( di/urbance & spreads ?r\gh ! mass4 ,?is spread+1 h[ev]1 is n uni=m 9 all directions2 on ! contr>y1 x takes at "o "t "o c\rse1 at ano!r ano!r1 ?r\gh ! homog5e\s mass1 9 a mann] t seems a little my/]i\s4 ,! cause ( di/urbance be+ remov$1 ^! motions gradually 7) high] k9ds ( protoplasm1 quickly7 cease1 & ! slime returns to its solid condition4 ,! liquefaction ( protoplasm is accompani$ by a me*anical ph5om5on4 ,namely1 "s k9ds exhibit a t5d5cy to draw !mselves up into a globul> =m4 ,?is happ5s p>ticul>ly ) ! cont5ts ( muscle-cells4 ,! preval5t op9ion1 f\nd$ on "s ( ! mo/ exquisite exp]im5tal inve/igations t ! hi/ory ( sci5ce c %[1 is und\bt$ly t ! contraction ( muscle-cells is due to osmotic pressure2 & x mu/ be all[$ t t is a factor 9 produc+ ! effect4 ,b x does n seem to me t x satisfactorily acc\nts ev5 = ! ph5om5a ( muscul> contraction2 & besides1 ev5 nak$ slimes (t5 draw up 9 ! same way4 ,9 ?is case1 we seem to recognize an increase ( ! surface-t5sion4 ,9 "s cases1 too1 ! rev]se action takes place1 extraord9>y pseudopodia be+ put =?1 z if ! surface-t5sion 7 dim9i%$ 9 spots4 ,inde$1 su* a slime always has a sort ( sk91 due no d\bt to surface-t5sion1 & ?is seems to give way at ! po9t :]e a pseudopodium is put =?4 ,long-cont9u$ or frequ5tly repeat$ liquefaction ( ! protoplasm results 9 an ob/9ate ret5tion ( ! solid /ate1 :i* we call fatigue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 repose 9 ?is /ate1 if n too mu* prolong$1 re/ores ! liquefiability4 ,^! are bo? important functions4 ,! life-slimes h1 fur!r1 ! peculi> prop]ty ( gr[+4 ,cry/als also gr[2 _! gr[?1 h[ev]1 consi/s m]ely 9 attract+ matt] l _! own f ! circumambi5t fluid4 ,to suppose ! gr[? ( protoplasm ( ! same nature1 w\ld be to suppose ?is sub/ance to be spontane\sly g5]at$ 9 copi\s supplies :]ev] food is 9 solution4 ,c]ta9ly1 x mu/ be grant$ t protoplasm is b a *emical sub/ance1 & t !re is no reason :y x %\ld n be =m$ syn!tically l any o!r *emical sub/ance4 ,inde$1 ,clif=d has cle>ly %[n t we h ov]:elm+ evid5ce t x is s =m$4 ,b to say t su* =mation is z regul> & frequ5t z ! assimilation ( food is q ano!r matt]4 ,x is m consonant ) ! facts ( obs]vation to suppose t assimilat$ protoplasm is =m$ at ! in/ant ( assimilation1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! protoplasm already pres5t4 ,= ea* slime 9 its gr[? pres]ves its di/9ctive *>act]s ) wond]ful tru?1 n]ve-slime gr[+ n]ve-slime & muscle-slime muscle-slime1 lion-slime gr[+ lion-slime1 & all ! v>ieties ( bre$s & ev5 individual *>act]s be+ pres]v$ 9 ! gr[?4 ,n[ x is too mu* to suppose !re are billions ( diff]5t k9ds ( protoplasm float+ ab\t :]ev] !re is food4 ,! frequ5t liquefaction ( protoplasm increases its p[] ( assimilat+ food2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t x is que/ionable :e!r 9 ! solid =m x possesses ?is p[]4 ,! life-slime wa/es z well z gr[s2 & ?is too takes place *iefly if n exclusively 9 its liquid phases4 ,closely connect$ ) gr[? is reproduction2 & ?\gh 9 high] =ms ?is is a specializ$ function1 x is univ]sally true t :]ev] !re is protoplasm1 !re is1 w be1 or has be5 a p[] ( reproduc+ t same k9d ( protoplasm 9 a sep>at$ organism4 ,reproduction seems to involve ! union ( two sexes2 ?\gh x is n demon/rable t ?is is always requisite4 ,ano!r physical prop]ty ( protoplasm is t ( tak+ habits4 ,! c\rse :i* ! spread ( liquefaction has tak5 9 ! pa/ is r5d]$ !reby m likely to be tak5 9 ! future2 al?\gh !re is no absolute c]ta9ly t ! same pa? w be foll[$ aga94 ,v extraord9>y1 c]ta9ly1 are all ^! prop]ties ( protoplasm2 z extraord9>y z indubitable4 ,b ! "o :i* has next to be m5tion$1 :ile equally und5iable1 is inf9itely m wond]ful4 ,x is t protoplasm feels4 ,we h no direct evid5ce t ?is is true ( protoplasm univ]sally1 & c]ta9ly "s k9ds feel f> m ?an o!rs4 ,b !re is a fair analogical inf]5ce t all protoplasm feels4 ,x n only feels b ex]cises all ! functions ( m9d4 ,su* are ! prop]ties ( protoplasm4 ,! problem is to f9d a hypo!sis ( ! molecul> con/itution ( ?is comp\nd :i* w acc\nt = ^! prop]ties1 "o & all4 ,"s ( !m are obvi\s results ( ! excessively complicat$ con/itution ( ! protoplasm molecule4 ,all v complicat$ sub/ances are un/able2 & pla9ly a molecule ( sev]al ?\s& atoms may be sep>at$ 9 _m ways into two p>ts 9 ea* ( :i* ! pol> *emical =ces are v ne>ly saturat$4 ,9 ! solid protoplasm1 z 9 o!r solids1 ! molecules mu/ be suppos$ to be mov+ z x 7 9 orbits1 or1 at lea/1 s z n to w&] indef9itely4 ,b ?is solid _c be melt$1 = ! same reason t />* _c be melt$2 because an am\nt ( heat insuffici5t to make ! entire molecules w&] is suffici5t to break !m up completely & cause !m to =m new & simpl] molecules4 ,b :5 "o ( ! molecules is di/urb$1 ev5 if x be n q ?r[n out ( its orbit at fir/1 sub-molecules ( p]haps sev]al hundr$ atoms ea* are ?r[n (f f x4 ,^! w soon acquire ! same mean k9etic en]gy z ! o!rs1 &1 !re=e1 velocities sev]al times z great4 ,!y w naturally beg9 to w&]1 & 9 w&]+ w p]turb a great _m o!r molecules & cause !m 9 _! turn to behave l ! "o orig9ally d]ang$4 ,s _m molecules w ?us be brok5 up1 t ev5 ^? t are intact w no long] be re/ra9$ )9 orbits1 b w w&] ab\t freely4 ,?is is ! usual condition ( a liquid1 z mod]n *emi/s und]/& x2 = 9 all electrolytic liquids !re is consid]able dissociation4 ,b ?is process necess>ily *ills ! sub/ance1 n m]ely on acc\nt ( ! heat ( *emical comb9ation1 b /ill m because ! numb] ( sep>ate p>ticles be+ greatly increas$1 ! mean k9etic en]gy mu/ be less4 ,! sub/ance be+ a bad conductor1 ?is heat is n at once re/or$4 ,n[ ! p>ticles mov+ m sl[ly1 ! attractions betwe5 !m h "t to take effect1 & !y approa* ! condition ( equilibrium4 ,b _! dynamic equilibrium is f\nd 9 ! re/oration ( ! solid condition1 :i*1 !re=e1 takes place1 if ! di/urbance is n kept up4 ,:5 a body is 9 ! solid condition1 mo/ ( its molecules mu/ be mov+ at ! same rate1 or1 at lea/1 at c]ta9 regul> sets ( rates2 o!rwise ! orbital motion w\ld n be pres]v$4 ,! di/ances ( neighbor+ molecules mu/ always be kept betwe5 a c]ta9 maximum & a c]ta9 m9imum value4 ,b if1 )\t absorption ( heat1 ! body be ?r[n into a liquid condition1 ! di/ances ( neighbor+ molecules w be f> m unequally di/ribut$1 & an effect ^u ! virial w result4 ,! *ill+ ( protoplasm ^u its liquefaction mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! ord9>y effect w no d\bt be to increase ! cohesion & ) t ! surface-t5sion1 s t ! mass w t5d to draw itself up4 ,b 9 special cases1 ! virial w be increas$ s mu* t ! surface-t5sion w be dim9i%$ at po9ts :]e ! temp]ature is fir/ re/or$4 ,9 t case1 ! out] film w give way & ! t5sion at o!r places w aid 9 caus+ ! g5]al fluid to be p\r$ out at ^? po9ts1 =m+ pseudopodia4 ,:5 ! protoplasm is 9 a liquid /ate1 & !n only1 a solution ( food is able to p5etrate its mass by diffusion4 ,! protoplasm is !n consid]ably dissociat$2 & s is ! food1 l all dissolv$ matt]4 ,if !n ! sep>at$ & unsaturat$ sub-molecules ( ! food happ5 to be ( ! same *emical species z sub-molecules ( ! protoplasm1 !y may unite ) o!r sub-molecules ( ! protoplasm to =m new molecules1 9 su* a fa%ion t :5 ! solid /ate is resum$1 !re may be m molecules ( protoplasm ?an !re 7 at ! beg9n+4 ,x is l ! jackknife ^: blade & h&le1 aft] hav+ be5 sev]ally lo/ & replac$1 7 f\nd & put toge!r to make a new knife4 ,we h se5 t protoplasm is *ill$ by liquefaction1 & t ?is br+s x back to ! solid /ate1 :5 ! heat is recov]$4 ,?is s]ies ( op]ations mu/ be v rapid 9 ! case ( n]ve-slime & ev5 ( muscle-slime1 & may acc\nt = ! un/eady or vibratory "* ( _! action4 ,( c\rse1 if assimilation takes place1 ! heat ( comb9ation1 :i* is probably trifl+1 is ga9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if "w is done1 :e!r by n]ve or by muscle1 loss ( en]gy mu/ take place4 ,9 ! case ( ! muscle1 ! mode by :i* ! in/antane\s "p ( ! fatigue is br\ght ab\t is easily trac$ out4 ,if :5 ! muscle contracts x be "u /ress1 x w contract less ?an x o!rwise w\ld d1 & !re w be a loss ( heat4 ,x is l an eng9e :i* %\ld "w by dissolv+ salt 9 wat] & us+ ! contraction dur+ ! solution to lift a weight1 ! salt be+ recov]$ aft]w>ds by di/illation4 ,b ! major "p ( fatigue has no?+ to d ) ! correlation ( =ces4 ,a man mu/ labor h>d to d 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r ! "w :i* draws f him en\gh heat to cool 8 body by a s+le degree4 ,meantime1 he w be gett+ heat$1 he w be p\r+ out extra products ( combu/ion1 p]spiration1 etc41 & he w be driv+ ! blood at an accel]at$ rate ?r\gh m9ute tubes at great exp5se4 ,yet all ?is w h little to d ) 8 fatigue4 ,he may sit quietly at 8 table writ+1 do+ practically no physical "w at all1 & yet 9 a few h\rs be t]ribly fagg$4 ,?is seems to be ow+ to ! d]ang$ sub-molecules ( ! n]ve-slime n hav+ _h "t to settle back into _! prop] comb9ations4 ,:5 su* sub-molecules are ?r[n out1 z !y mu/ be f "t to "t1 !re is s mu* wa/e ( mat]ial4 ,9 ord] t a sub-molecule ( food may be ?or\ghly & firmly assimilat$ into a brok5 molecule ( protoplasm1 x is necess>y n only t x %\ld h precisely ! "r *emical composition1 b also t x %\ld be at precisely ! "r spot at ! "r "t & %\ld be mov+ 9 precisely ! "r direction ) precisely ! "r velocity4 ,if all ^! conditions are n fulfill$1 x w be m loosely reta9$ ?an ! o!r p>ts ( ! molecule2 & e "t x comes r\nd into ! situation 9 :i* x 0 drawn 91 relatively to ! o!r p>ts ( t molecule & to su* o!rs z 7 ne> en\gh to be factors 9 ! action1 x w be 9 special dang] ( be+ ?r[n out aga94 ,?us1 :5 a p>tial liquefaction ( ! protoplasm takes place _m times to ab\t ! same ext5t1 x w1 ea* "t1 be pretty ne>ly ! same molecules t 7 la/ drawn 9 t are n[ ?r[n out4 ,!y w be ?r[n out1 too1 9 ab\t ! same way1 z to position1 direction ( motion1 & velocity1 9 :i* !y 7 drawn 92 & ?is w be 9 ab\t ! same c\rse t ! ones la/ be=e !m 7 ?r[n out4 ,n exactly1 h[ev]2 = ! v cause ( _! be+ ?r[n (f s easily is _! n hav+ fulfill$ precisely ! conditions ( /able ret5tion4 ,?us1 ! law ( habit is acc\nt$ =1 & ) x its peculi> *>act]i/ic ( n act+ ) exactitude4 ,x seems to me t ?is explanation ( habit1 aside f ! "q ( its tru? or falsity1 has a c]ta9 value z an addition to our little /ore ( me*anical examples ( actions analog\s to habit4 ,all ! o!rs1 s f> z ,i "k1 are ei!r /atical or else involve =ces :i*1 tak+ only ! s5sible motions into acc\nt1 violate ! law ( en]gy4 ,x is s ) ! /ream t we>s its own b$4 ,"h1 ! s& is c>ri$ to its mo/ /able situation & left !re4 ,! law ( en]gy =bids ?is2 = :5 any?+ rea*es a position ( /able equilibrium1 its mom5tum w be at a maximum1 s t x c accord+ to ?is law only be left at re/ 9 an un/able situation4 ,9 all ! /atical illu/rations1 too1 ?+s are br\ght into c]ta9 /ates & left !re4 ,a g>m5t receives folds & keeps !m2 t is1 its limit ( ela/icity is exce$$4 ,?is failure to spr+ back is aga9 an app>5t violation ( ! law ( en]gy2 = ! sub/ance w n only n spr+ back ( itself 7:i* might be due to an un/able equilibrium be+ rea*$7 b w n ev5 d s :5 an impulse t way is appli$ to x4 ,accord+ly1 ,pr(essor ,james says1 8! ph5om5a ( habit 444 are due to ! pla/icity ( ! 444 mat]ials40 ,n[1 pla/icity ( mat]ials means ! hav+ ( a l[ limit ( ela/icity4 7,see ! ,c5tury ,diction>y1 "u solid47 ,b ! hypo!tical con/itution ( protoplasm "h propos$ involves no =ces b attractions & repulsions /rictly foll[+ ! law ( en]gy4 ,! action "h1 t is1 ! ?r[+ ( an atom out ( its orbit 9 a molecule1 & ! ent]+ ( a new atom into ne>ly1 b n q ! same orbit1 is some:at simil> to ! molecul> actions :i* may be suppos$ to take place 9 a solid /ra9$ beyond its limit ( ela/icity4 ,namely1 9 t case c]ta9 molecules mu/ be ?r[n out ( _! orbits1 to settle d[n aga9 %ortly aft] into new orbits4 ,9 %ort1 ! pla/ic solid resembles protoplasm 9 be+ p>tially & tempor>ily liquefi$ by a slight me*anical =ce4 ,b ! tak+ ( a set by a solid body has b a mod]ate resemblance to ! tak+ ( a habit1 inasmu* z ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! latt]1 its inexactitude & want ( complete det]m9acy1 is n s m>k$ 9 ! =m]1 if x c be said to be pres5t !re1 at all4 ,! tru? is t ?\gh ! molecul> explanation ( habit is pretty vague on ! ma!matical side1 !re c be no d\bt t sy/ems ( atoms hav+ pol> =ces w\ld act sub/antially 9 t mann]1 & ! explanation is ev5 too satisfactory to suit ! conv5i5ce ( an advocate ( ty*ism4 ,= x may fairly be urg$ t s9ce ! ph5om5a ( habit may ?us result f a purely me*anical arrangem5t1 x is unnecess>y to suppose t habit-tak+ is a primordial pr9ciple ( ! univ]se4 ,b "o fact rema9s unexpla9$ me*anically1 :i* conc]ns n only ! facts ( habit1 b all cases ( actions app>5tly violat+ ! law ( en]gy2 x is t all ^! ph5om5a dep5d ^u aggregations ( trillions ( molecules 9 "o & ! same condition & neighborhood2 & x is by no means cle> h[ !y c\ld h all be5 br\ght & left 9 ! same place & /ate by any cons]vative =ces4 ,b let ! me*anical explanation be z p]fect z x may1 ! /ate ( ?+s :i* x supposes pres5ts evid5ce ( a primordial habit-tak+ t5d5cy4 ,= x %[s u l ?+s act+ 9 l ways because !y are alike4 ,n[1 ^? :o insi/ on ! doctr9e ( necessity w = ! mo/ "p insi/ t ! physical _w is entirely individual4 ,yet law involves an elem5t ( g5]ality4 ,n[ to say t g5]ality is primordial1 b g5]alization n1 is l say+ t div]sity is primordial b div]sification n4 ,x turns logic upside d[n4 ,at any rate1 x is cle> t no?+ b a pr9ciple ( habit1 itself due to ! gr[? by habit ( an inf9itesimal *ance t5d5cy t[>d habit-tak+1 is ! only bridge t c span ! *asm betwe5 ! *ance-m$ley ( *aos & ! cosmos ( ord] & law4 ,i %all n attempt a molecul> explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( reproduction1 because t w\ld require a subsidi>y hypo!sis1 & c>ry me away f my ma9 object4 ,su* ph5om5a1 univ]sally diffus$ ?\gh !y be1 appe> to dep5d ^u special conditions2 & we d n f9d t all protoplasm has reproductive p[]s4 ,b :at is to be said ( ! prop]ty ( feel+8 ,if consci\sness belongs to all protoplasm1 by :at me*anical con/itution is ?is to be acc\nt$ =8 ,! slime is no?+ b a *emical comp\nd4 ,!re is no inh]5t impossibility 9 its be+ =m$ syn!tically 9 ! laboratory1 out ( its *emical elem5ts2 & if x 7 s made1 x w\ld pres5t all ! *>act]s ( natural protoplasm4 ,no d\bt1 !n1 x w\ld feel4 ,to hesitate to admit ?is w\ld be pu]ile & ultra-pu]ile4 ,by :at elem5t ( ! molecul> arrangem5t1 !n1 w\ld t feel+ be caus$8 ,?is "q _c be evad$ or pooh-pooh$4 ,protoplasm c]ta9ly does feel2 & unless we are to accept a weak dualism1 ! prop]ty mu/ be %[n to arise f "s peculi>ity ( ! me*anical sy/em4 ,yet ! attempt to d$uce x f ! ?ree laws ( me*anics1 appli$ to nev] s +5i\s a me*anical contrivance1 w\ld obvi\sly be futile4 ,x c nev] be expla9$1 unless we admit t physical ev5ts are b degrad$ or undevelop$ =ms ( psy*ical ev5ts4 ,b once grant t ! ph5om5a ( matt] are b ! result ( ! s5sibly complete sway ( habits ^u m9d1 & x only rema9s to expla9 :y 9 ! protoplasm ^! habits are to "s slight ext5t brok5 up1 s t accord+ to ! law ( m9d1 9 t special clause ( x sometimes call$ ! pr9ciple ( accommodation1#ga feel+ becomes int5sifi$4 ,n[ ! mann] 9 :i* habits g5]ally get brok5 up is ?is4 ,reactions usually t]m9ate 9 ! removal ( a /imulus2 = ! excitation cont9ues z long z ! /imulus is pres5t4 ,accord+ly1 habits are g5]al ways ( behavior :i* are associat$ ) ! removal ( /imuli4 ,b :5 ! expect$ removal ( ! /imulus fails to occur1 ! excitation cont9ues & increases1 & non-habitual reactions take place2 & ^! t5d to weak5 ! habit4 ,if1 !n1 we suppose t matt] nev] does obey its ideal laws ) absolute precision1 b t !re are almo/ ins5sible =tuit\s dep>tures f regul>ity1 ^! w produce1 9 g5]al1 equally m9ute effects4 ,b protoplasm is 9 an excessively un/able condition2 & x is ! *>act]i/ic ( un/able equilibrium1 t ne> t po9t excessively m9ute causes may produce />tl+ly l>ge effects4 ,"h1 !n1 ! usual dep>tures f regul>ity w be foll[$ by o!rs t are v great2 & ! l>ge =tuit\s dep>tures f law s produc$1 w t5d /ill fur!r to break up ! laws1 suppos+ t ^! are ( ! nature ( habits4 ,n[1 ?is break+ up ( habit & r5ew$ =tuit\s spontaneity w1 accord+ to ! law ( m9d1 be accompani$ by an int5sification ( feel+4 ,! n]ve-protoplasm is1 )\t d\bt1 9 ! mo/ un/able condition ( any k9d ( matt]2 & consequ5tly1 !re ! result+ feel+ is ! mo/ manife/4 ,?us we see t ! ideali/ has no ne$ to dread a me*anical !ory ( life4 ,on ! contr>y1 su* a !ory1 fully develop$1 is b\nd to call 9 a ty*i/ic idealism z its indisp5sable adjunct4 ,:]ev] *ance-spontaneity is f\nd1 !re1 9 ! same proportion1 feel+ exi/s4 ,9 fact1 *ance is b ! outw>d aspect ( t :i* )9 itself is feel+4 ,i long ago %[$ t real exi/5ce1 or ?+-ness1 consi/s 9 regul>ities4 ,s1 t primeval *aos 9 :i* !re 0 no regul>ity 0 m]e no?+1 f a physical aspect4 ,yet x 0 n a blank z]o2 = !re 0 an int5sity ( consci\sness !re 9 comp>ison ) :i* all t we ev] feel is b z ! /ruggl+ ( a molecule or two to ?r[ (f a little ( ! =ce ( law to an endless & innum]able div]sity ( *ance utt]ly unlimit$4 ,b aft] "s atoms ( ! protoplasm h ?us become p>tially emancipat$ f law1 :at happ5s next to !m8 ,to und]/& ?is1 we h to rememb] t no m5tal t5d5cy is s easily /r5g!n$ by ! action ( habit z is ! t5d5cy to take habits4 ,n[1 9 ! high] k9ds ( protoplasm1 especially1 ! atoms 9 "q h n only long belong$ to "o molecule or ano!r ( ! p>ticul> mass ( slime ( :i* !y are p>ts2 b be=e t1 !y 7 con/itu5ts ( food ( a protoplasmic con/itution4 ,dur+ all ?is "t1 !y h be5 liable to lose habits & to recov] !m aga92 s t n[1 :5 ! /imulus is remov$1 & ! =egone habits t5d to reass]t !mselves1 !y d s 9 ! case ( su* atoms ) great promptness4 ,inde$1 ! return is s prompt t !re is no?+ b ! feel+ to %[ conclusively t ! bonds ( law h ev] be5 relax$4 ,9 %ort1 div]sification is ! ve/ige ( *ance-spontaneity2 & :]ev] div]sity is increas+1 !re *ance mu/ be op]ative4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]ev] uni=mity is increas+1 habit mu/ be op]ative4 ,b :]ev] actions take place "u an e/abli%$ uni=mity1 !re s mu* feel+ z !re may be takes ! mode ( a s5se ( reaction4 ,t is ! mann] 9 :i* ,i am l$ to def9e ! relation betwe5 ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( consci\sness & _! physical equival5ts4 ,x rema9s to consid] ! physical relations ( g5]al ideas4 ,x may be well "h to reflect t if matt] has no exi/5ce except z a specialization ( m9d1 x foll[s t :atev] affects matt] accord+ to regul> laws is itself matt]4 ,b all m9d is directly or indirectly connect$ ) all matt]1 & acts 9 a m or less regul> way2 s t all m9d m or less p>takes ( ! nature ( matt]4 ,h5ce1 x w\ld be a mi/ake to conceive ( ! psy*ical & ! physical aspects ( matt] z two aspects absolutely di/9ct4 ,view+ a ?+ f ! outside1 consid]+ its relations ( action & reaction ) o!r ?+s1 x appe>s z matt]4 ,view+ x f ! inside1 look+ at its imm$iate "* z feel+1 x appe>s z consci\sness4 ,^! two views are comb9$ :5 we rememb] t me*anical laws are no?+ b acquir$ habits1 l all ! regul>ities ( m9d1 includ+ ! t5d5cy to take habits1 itself2 & t ?is action ( habit is no?+ b g5]alization1 & g5]alization is no?+ b ! spread+ ( feel+s4 ,b ! "q is1 h[ d g5]al ideas appe> 9 ! molecul> !ory ( protoplasm8 ,! consci\sness ( a habit involves a g5]al idea4 ,9 ea* action ( t habit c]ta9 atoms get ?r[n out ( _! orbit1 & replac$ by o!rs4 ,^u all ! diff]5t occasions x is diff]5t atoms t are ?r[n (f1 b !y are analog\s f a physical po9t ( view1 & !re is an inw>d s5se ( _! be+ analog\s4 ,e "t "o ( ! associat$ feel+s recurs1 !re is a m or less vague s5se t !re are o!rs1 t x has a g5]al "*1 & ( ab\t :at ?is g5]al "* is4 ,we ought n1 ,i ?9k1 to hold t 9 protoplasm habit nev] acts 9 any o!r ?an ! p>ticul> way sugge/$ above4 ,on ! contr>y1 if habit be a prim>y prop]ty ( m9d1 x mu/ be equally s ( matt]1 z a k9d ( m9d4 ,we c h>dly refuse to admit t :]ev] *ance motions h g5]al *>act]s1 !re is a t5d5cy = ?is g5]ality to spread & to p]fect itself4 ,9 t case1 a g5]al idea is a c]ta9 modification ( consci\sness :i* accompanies any regul>ity or g5]al relation betwe5 *ance actions4 ,! consci\sness ( a g5]al idea has a c]ta9 8unity ( ! ego10 9 x1 :i* is id5tical :5 x passes f "o m9d to ano!r4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q analog\s to a p]son2 &1 inde$1 a p]son is only a p>ticul> k9d ( g5]al idea4 ,long age1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy 7,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aef71 ,i po9t$ out t a p]son is no?+ b a symbol involv+ a g5]al idea2 b my views 71 !n1 too nom9ali/ic to enable me to see t e g5]al idea has ! unifi$ liv+ feel+ ( a p]son4 ,all t is necess>y1 ^u ?is !ory1 to ! exi/5ce ( a p]son is t ! feel+s out ( :i* he is con/ruct$ %\ld be 9 close en\gh connection to influ5ce "o ano!r4 ,"h we c draw a consequ5ce :i* x may be possible to submit to exp]im5tal te/4 ,namely1 if ?is be ! case1 !re %\ld be some?+ l p]sonal consci\sness 9 bodies ( m5 :o are 9 intimate & int5sely sympa!tic communion4 ,x is true t :5 ! g5]alization ( feel+ has be5 c>ri$ s f> z to include all )9 a p]son1 a /opp+-place1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 has be5 atta9$2 & fur!r g5]alization w h a less lively "*4 ,b we mu/ n ?9k x w cease4 ,esprit de corps1 national s5tim5t1 sympa?y1 are no m]e metaphors4 ,none ( u c fully realize :at ! m9ds ( corporations are1 any m ?an "o ( my bra9-cells c "k :at ! :ole bra9 is ?9k+4 ,b ! law ( m9d cle>ly po9ts to ! exi/5ce ( su* p]sonalities1 & !re are _m ord9>y obs]vations :i*1 if !y 7 critically exam9$ & supplem5t$ by special exp]im5ts1 might1 z fir/ appe>ances promise1 give evid5ce ( ! influ5ce ( su* great] p]sons ^u individuals4 ,x is (t5 rem>k$ t on "o day half a doz5 p1 /rang]s to "o ano!r1 w take x into _! heads to d "o & ! same /range de$1 :e!r x be a physical exp]im5t1 a crime1 or an act ( virtue4 ,:5 ! ?irty ?\s& "y p ( ! society = ,*ri/ian ,endeavor 7 9 ,new ,york1 !re seem$ to me to be "s my/]i\s diffusion ( sweetness & light4 ,if su* a fact is capable ( be+ made out any:]e1 x %\ld be 9 ! *ur*4 ,! ,*ri/ians h always be5 ready to risk _! lives = ! sake ( hav+ pray]s 9 common1 ( gett+ toge!r & pray+ simultane\sly ) great en]gy1 & especially = _! common body1 = 8! :ole /ate ( ,*ri/'s *ur* militant "h 9 e>?10 z "o ( ! missals has x4 ,?is practice !y h be5 keep+ up ev]y:]e1 weekly1 = _m c5turies4 ,surely1 a p]sonality ought to h develop$ 9 t *ur*1 9 t 8bride ( ,*ri/10 z !y call x1 or else !re is a /range break 9 ! action ( m9d1 & ,i %all h to ackn[l$ge my views are mu* mi/ak54 ,w\ld n ! societies = psy*ical rese>* be m likely to break ?r\gh ! cl\ds1 9 seek+ evid5ces ( su* corporate p]sonality1 ?an 9 seek+ evid5ces ( telepa?y1 :i*1 ^u ! same !ory1 %\ld be a f> weak] ph5om5on8 ,footnote #fc3 ,! ,moni/1 ,octob]1 #ahib4 ,footnote #fd3 ,i am rejoic$ to f9d1 s9ce my la/ pap] 0 pr9t$1 t a philosoph] z subtle & pr(\nd z ,dr4 ,edmund ,montgom]y has long be5 argu+ = ! same elem5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,o!r _w-r5[n$ ?9k]s1 z ,m4 ,r5\vi] & ,m4 ,delbuf1 appe> to %>e ?is op9ion4 ,footnote #fe3 ,by a v]a causa1 9 ! logic ( sci5ce1 is meant a /ate ( ?+s kn[n to exi/ 9 "s cases & suppos$ to exi/ 9 o!r cases1 because x w\ld acc\nt = obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,footnote #ff3 ,wi$emann1 ,annal51 #ahhg-ahhi4 ,footnote #fg3 ,see ,maxwell on ,sph]ical ,h>monics1 9 8 ,electricity & ,magnetism4 ,footnote #fh3 ,! ^w sy/em has ?ree peculi> mean+s 9 ma!matics4 7,a47 ,x means an ord]ly exposition ( ! tru?s ( a/ronomy1 & h5ce a !ory ( ! motions ( ! />s2 z ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,?is is mu* l ! s5se 9 :i* we speak ( ! ,calv9i/ic sy/em ( !ology1 ! ,kantian sy/em ( philosophy1 etc4 7,b47 ,x means ! aggregate ( ! planets consid]$ z all mov+ 9 some:at ! same way1 z ! sol> sy/em2 & h5ce any aggregate ( p>ticles mov+ "u mutual =ces4 7,c47 ,x means a numb] ( =ces act+ simultane\sly ^u a numb] ( p>ticles4 ,footnote #fi3 ,b1 9 fact1 an inspection ( ^! curves is suffici5t to %[ t !y are ( a high] degree ?an ! ?ird4 ,= !y h ! l9e ,v ,o1 or "s l9e ,v a con/ant = an asymptote1 :ile = small values ( ,p1 ! values ( d#bp_/7d,v7#b are positive4 ,footnote #gj3 ,anticipat$ by ,clausius z long ago z #aheg2 & by ,williamson 9 #ahea4 ,footnote #ga3 8,physiologically1 444 accommodation means ! break+ up ( a habit4444 ,psy*ologically1 x means reviv+ consci\sness40 ,baldw91 ,psy*ology1 ,"p ,,iii1 *4 i41 #e4 ,v4 ,,evolution>y ,,love#gb ,,at ,,fir/ ,,blu%4 ,,c\nt]-,,gospels ,philosophy1 :5 j escap+ f its gold5 pupa-sk91 my?ology1 proclaim$ ! great evolution>y ag5cy ( ! univ]se to be ,love4 ,or1 s9ce ?is pirate-l+o1 ,engli%1 is poor 9 su*-l words1 let u say ,eros1 ! exub]ance-love4 ,aft]w>ds1 ,emp$ocles set up passionate-love & hate z ! two co-ord9ate p[]s ( ! univ]se4 ,9 "s passages1 k9dness is ! ^w4 ,b c]ta9ly1 9 any s5se 9 :i* x has an opposite1 to be s5ior p>tn] ( t opposite1 is ! highe/ position t love c atta94 ,nev]!less1 ! ontological gospell]1 9 ^: days ^? views 7 famili> topics1 made ! ,"o ,supreme ,be+1 by :om all ?+s h be5 made out ( no?+1 to be *]i%+-love4 ,:at1 !n1 c he say to hate8 ,nev] m9d1 at ?is "t1 :at ! scribe ( ! apocalypse1 if he 7 ,john1 /ung at l5g? by p]secution into a rage unable to di/+ui% sugge/ions ( evil f visions ( heav51 & s become ! ,sl&]] ( ,god to m51 may h dream$4 ,! "q is r :at ! sane ,john ?\ght1 or ought to h ?\ght1 9 ord] to c>ry out 8 idea consi/5tly4 ,8 /atem5t t ,god is love seems aim$ at t say+ ( ,ecclesia/es t we _c tell :e!r ,god be>s u love or hatr$4 8,nay10 says ,john1 8we c tell1 & v simply6 ,we "k & h tru/$ ! love :i* ,god ha? 9 u4 ,god is love40 ,!re is no logic 9 ?is1 unless x means t ,god loves all m54 ,9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 he _h said1 8,god is light & 9 him is no d>kness at all40 ,we are to und]/&1 !n1 t z d>kness is m]ely ! defect ( light1 s hatr$ & evil are m]e imp]fect /ages ( & 1 love & lovel9ess4 ,?is concords ) t utt]ance report$ 9 ,john's ,gospel3 8,god s5t n ! ,son into ! _w to judge ! _w2 b t ! _w %\ld ?r\gh him be sav$4 ,he t believe? on him is n judg$3 he t believe? n ha? be5 judg$ already4444 ,& ?is is ! judgm5t1 t ! light is come into ! _w1 & t m5 lov$ d>kness r ?an ! light40 ,t is to say1 ,god visits no puni%m5t on !m2 !y puni% !mselves1 by _! natural aff9ity = ! defective4 ,?us1 ! love t ,god is1 is n a love ( :i* hatr$ is ! contr>y2 o!rwise ,satan w\ld be a co-ord9ate p[]2 b x is a love :i* embraces hatr$ z an imp]fect /age ( x1 an ,ant]os--yea1 ev5 ne$s hatr$ & hatefulness z its object4 ,= self-love is no love2 s if ,god's self is love1 t :i* he loves mu/ be defect ( love2 j z a lum9>y c light up only t :i* o!rwise w\ld be d>k4 ,h5ry ,james1 ! ,sw$5borgian1 says3 8,x is no d\bt v tol]able f9ite or creaturely love to love "o's own 9 ano!r1 to love ano!r = 8 con=mity to "o's self3 b no?+ c be 9 m flagrant contra/ ) ! creative ,love1 all ^: t5d]ness ex vi t]m9i mu/ be res]v$ only = :at intr9sically is mo/ bitt]ly ho/ile & negative to itself40 ,?is is f ,sub/ance & ,%ad[3 an ,essay on ! ,physics ( ,creation4 ,x is a pity he _h n fill$ 8 pages ) ?+s l ?is1 z he 0 able easily to d1 in/ead ( scold+ at 8 read] & at p g5]ally1 until ! physics ( creation 0 well-nigh =got4 ,i mu/ d$uct1 h[ev]1 f :at ,i j wrote3 obvi\sly no g5ius c\ld make 8 e s5t5ce z sublime z "o :i* discloses = ! problem ( evil its ev]la/+ solution4 ,! movem5t ( love is circul>1 at "o & ! same impulse project+ creations into indep5d5cy & draw+ !m into h>mony4 ,?is seems complicat$ :5 /at$ s2 b x is fully summ$ up 9 ! simple =mula we call ! ,gold5 ,rule4 ,?is does n1 ( c\rse1 say1 ,d ev]y?+ possible to gratify ! egoi/ic impulses ( o!rs1 b x says1 ,sacrifice y\r own p]fection to ! p]fectionm5t ( y\r neighbor4 ,nor mu/ x = a mom5t be conf\nd$ ) ! ,b5?amite1 or ,helvetian1 or ,becc>ian motto1 ,act = ! greate/ good ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,love is n direct$ to ab/ractions b to p]sons2 n to p]sons we d n "k1 nor to numb]s ( p1 b to our own de> ones1 our family & neighbors4 8,our neighbor10 we rememb]1 is "o :om we live ne>1 n locally p]haps1 b 9 life & feel+4 ,ev]ybody c see t ! /atem5t ( ,/4 ,john is ! =mula ( an evolution>y philosophy1 :i* tea*es t gr[? comes only f love1 f--,i w n say self-sacrifice1 b f ! ard5t impulse to fulfil ano!r's highe/ impulse4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ,i h an idea t int]e/s me4 ,x is my creation4 ,x is my creature2 = z %[n 9 la/ ,july's ,moni/1 x is a little p]son4 ,i love x2 & ,i w s9k myself 9 p]fect+ x4 ,x is n by deal+ out cold ju/ice to ! circle ( my ideas t ,i c make !m gr[1 b by *]i%+ & t5d+ !m z ,i w\ld ! fl[]s 9 my g>d54 ,! philosophy we draw f ,john's gospel is t ?is is ! way m9d develops2 & z = ! cosmos1 only s f> z x yet is m9d1 & s has life1 is x capable ( fur!r evolution4 ,love1 recogniz+ g]ms ( lovel9ess 9 ! hateful1 gradually w>ms x into life1 & makes x lovely4 ,t is ! sort ( evolution :i* e c>eful /ud5t ( my essay ,! ,law ( ,m9d1 mu/ see t syne*ism calls =4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury is n[ fa/ s9k+ into ! grave1 & we all beg9 to review its do+s & to ?9k :at "* x is de/9$ to be> z comp>$ ) o!r c5turies 9 ! m9ds ( future hi/orians4 ,x w be call$1 ,i guess1 ! ,economical ,c5tury2 = political economy has m direct relations ) all ! bran*es ( its activity ?an has any o!r sci5ce4 ,well1 political economy has its =mula ( r$emption1 too4 ,x is ?is3 ,intellig5ce 9 ! s]vice ( gre$ ensures ! ju/e/ prices1 ! faire/ contracts1 ! mo/ enlight5$ conduct ( all ! deal+s betwe5 m51 & leads to ! summum bonum1 food 9 pl5ty & p]fect com=t4 ,food = :om8 ,:y1 = ! gre$y ma/] ( intellig5ce4 ,i d n mean to say t ?is is "o ( ! legitimate conclusions ( political economy1 ! sci5tific "* ( :i* ,i fully ackn[l$ge4 ,b ! /udy ( doctr9es1 !mselves true1 w (t5 tempor>ily enc\rage g5]alizations extremely false1 z ! /udy ( physics has enc\rag$ necessit>ianism4 ,:at ,i say1 !n1 is t ! great att5tion paid to economical que/ions dur+ our c5tury has induc$ an exagg]ation ( ! b5eficial effects ( gre$ & ( ! un=tunate results ( s5tim5t1 until !re has result$ a philosophy :i* comes unwitt+ly to ?is1 t gre$ is ! great ag5t 9 ! elevation ( ! human race & 9 ! evolution ( ! univ]se4 ,i op5 a h&book ( political economy1--! mo/ typical & middl+ "o ,i h at h&1--& !re f9d "s rem>ks ( :i* ,i w "h make a brief analysis4 ,i omit qualifications1 sops ?r[n to ,c]b]us1 phrases to placate ,*ri/ian prejudice1 trapp+s :i* s]ve to hide f au?or & read] alike ! ugly nak$ness ( ! gre$-god4 ,b ,i h survey$ my position4 ,! au?or enum]ates 8?ree motives to human action3 ,! love ( self2 ,! love ( a limit$ class hav+ common int]e/s & feel+s ) "o's self2 ,! love ( mank9d at l>ge40 ,rem>k1 at ! outset1 :at obsequi\s title is be/[$ on gre$1--8! love ( self40 ,love6 ,! second motive is love4 ,9 place ( 8a limit$ class0 put 8c]ta9 p]sons10 & y h a fair description4 ,tak+ 8class0 9 ! old-fa%ion$ s5se1 a weak k9d ( love is describ$4 ,9 ! sequel1 !re seems to be "s haz9ess z to ! delimitation ( ?is motive4 ,by ! love ( mank9d at l>ge1 ! au?or does n mean t deep1 subconsci\s passion t is prop]ly s call$2 b m]ely public-_s1 p]haps little m ?an a fidget ab\t pu%+ ideas4 ,! au?or proce$s to a comp>ative e/imate ( ! wor? ( ^! motives4 ,gre$1 says he1 b us+1 ( c\rse1 ano!r ^w1 8is n s great an evil z is commonly suppos$444 ,e man c promote 8 own int]e/s a great deal m effectively ?an he c promote any "o else's1 or ?an any "o else c promote 840 ,besides1 z he rem>ks on ano!r page1 ! m mis]ly a man is1 ! m good he does4 ,! second motive 8is ! mo/ dang]\s "o to :i* society is expos$40 ,love is all v pretty3 8no high] or pur] s\rce ( human happ9ess exi/s40 7,ahem67 ,b x is a 8s\rce ( endur+ injury10 &1 9 %ort1 %\ld be ov]rul$ by some?+ wis]4 ,:at is ?is wis] motive8 ,we %all see4 ,z = public _s1 x is r5d]$ nugatory by ! 8difficulties 9 ! way ( its effective op]ation40 ,= example1 x might sugge/ putt+ *ecks ^u ! fecundity ( ! poor & ! vici\s2 & 8no measure ( repression w\ld be too sev]e10 9 ! case ( crim9als4 ,! h9t is broad4 ,b un=tunately1 y _c induce legislatures to take su* measures1 ow+ to ! pe/if]\s 8t5d] s5tim5ts ( man t[>ds man40 ,x ?us appe>s1 t public-_s1 or ,b5?amism1 is n /rong en\gh to be ! effective tutor ( love1 7,i am skipp+ to ano!r page71 :i* mu/1 !re=e1 be h&$ ov] to 8! motives :i* animate m5 9 ! pursuit ( weal?10 9 :i* alone we c confide1 & :i* 8are 9 ! highe/ degree b5efic5t40#gc ,yes1 9 ! 8highe/ degree0 )\t exception are !y b5efic5t to ! be+ ^u :om all _! bless+s are p\r$ out1 namely1 ! ,self1 ^: 8sole object10 says ! writ] 9 accumulat+ weal? is 8 individual 8su/5ance & enjoym5t40 ,pla9ly1 ! au?or holds ! notion t "s o!r motive might be 9 a high] degree b5efic5t ev5 = ! man's self to be a p>adox want+ 9 good s5se4 ,he seeks to gloze & modify 8 doctr9e2 b he lets ! p]spicaci\s read] see :at 8 animat+ pr9ciple is2 & :51 hold+ ! op9ions ,i h repeat$1 he at ! same "t ackn[l$ges t society c\ld n exi/ ^u a basis ( intellig5t gre$ alone1 he simply pigeon-holes himself z "o ( ! eclectics ( inh>moni\s op9ions4 ,he wants 8 mammon flavor$ ) a s\pon ( god4 ,! economi/s accuse ^? to :om ! enunciation ( _! atroci\s villa9ies communicates a ?rill ( horror ( be+ s5tim5tali/s4 ,x may be s3 ,i will+ly confess to hav+ "s t9cture ( s5tim5talism 9 me1 ,god be ?ank$6 ,ev] s9ce ! ,fr5* ,revolution br\ght ?is lean+ ( ?\ght into ill-repute1--& n altoge!r undes]v$ly1 ,i mu/ admit1 true1 beautiful1 & good z t great movem5t 0--x has be5 ! tradition to picture s5tim5tali/s z p]sons incapable ( logical ?\ght & unwill+ to look facts 9 ! eyes4 ,?is tradition may be class$ ) ! ,fr5* tradition t an ,engli%man says godam at e second s5t5ce1 ! ,engli% tradition t an ,am]ican talks ab\t 8,briti%]s10 & ! ,am]ican tradition t a ,fr5*man c>ries =ms ( etiquette to an inconv5i5t extreme1 9 %ort ) all ^? traditions :i* survive simply because ! m5 :o use _! eyes & e>s are few & f> betwe54 ,d\btless "s excuse !re 0 = all ^? op9ions 9 days gone by2 & s5tim5talism1 :5 x 0 ! fa%ionable amusem5t to sp5d "o's ev5+s 9 a flood ( te>s ov] a woeful p]=mance on a c&le-litt5 /age1 sometimes made itself a little ridicul\s4 ,b :at aft] all is s5tim5talism8 ,x is an ism1 a doctr9e1 namely1 ! doctr9e t great respect %\ld be paid to ! natural judgm5ts ( ! s5sible he>t4 ,?is is :at s5tim5talism precisely is2 & ,i entreat ! read] to consid] :e!r to contemn x is n ( all blasphemies ! mo/ degrad+4 ,yet ! n9ete5? c5tury has /eadily contemn$ x1 because x br\ght ab\t ! ,reign ( ,t]ror4 ,t x did s is true4 ,/ill1 ! :ole "q is "o ( h[ mu*4 ,! ,reign ( ,t]ror 0 v bad2 b n[ ! ,gradgr9d bann] has be5 ?is c5tury long flaunt+ 9 ! face ( heav51 ) an insol5ce to provoke ! v skies to sc[l & rumble4 ,soon a fla% & quick peal w %ake economi/s q out ( _! complac5cy1 too late4 ,! tw5tie? c5tury1 9 its latt] half1 %all surely see ! deluge-tempe/ bur/ ^u ! social ord]1--to cle> ^u a _w z deep 9 ru9 z t gre$-philosophy has long plung$ x into guilt4 ,no po/-!rmidorian high j9ks !n6 ,s a mis] is a b5efic5t p[] 9 a community1 is he8 ,) ! same reason precisely1 only 9 a mu* high] degree1 y might pron\nce ! ,wall ,/reet %>p to be a good angel1 :o takes money f he$less p]sons n likely to gu>d x prop]ly1 :o wrecks feeble ent]prises bett] /opp$1 & :o adm9i/]s :olesome lessons to unw>y sci5tific m51 by pass+ wor?less *ecks ^u !m1--z y did1 ! o!r day1 to me1 my millionaire ,ma/] 9 glom]y1 :5 y ?\ght y saw y\r way to us+ my process )\t pay+ = x1 & ( s bequea?+ to y\r *ildr5 some?+ to boa/ ( _! fa!r ab\t1--& :o by a ?\s& wiles puts money at ! s]vice ( intellig5t gre$1 9 8 own p]son4 ,b]n>d ,m&eville1 9 8 ,fable ( ! ,bees1 ma9ta9s t private vices ( all descriptions are public b5efits1 & proves x1 too1 q z cog5tly z ! economi/ proves 8 po9t conc]n+ ! mis]4 ,he ev5 argues1 ) no slight =ce1 t b = vice civilization w\ld nev] h exi/$4 ,9 ! same _s1 x has be5 /rongly ma9ta9$ & is to-day widely believ$ t all acts ( *>ity & b5evol5ce1 private & public1 g s]i\sly to degrade ! human race4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species ( ,d>w9 m]ely ext5ds politico-economical views ( progress to ! entire realm ( animal & vegetable life4 ,! va/ majority ( our contempor>y naturali/s hold ! op9ion t ! true cause ( ^? exquisite & m>vell\s adaptations ( nature = :i*1 :5 ,i 0 a boy1 m5 us$ to extol ! div9e wisdom is t creatures are s cr[d$ toge!r t ^? ( !m t happ5 to h ! slighte/ advantage =ce ^? less pu%+ into situations unfavorable to multiplication or ev5 kill !m be=e !y rea* ! age ( reproduction4 ,among animals1 ! m]e me*anical individualism is va/ly ren=c$ z a p[] mak+ = good by ! animal's ru?less gre$4 ,z ,d>w9 puts x on 8 title-page1 x is ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 & he %\ld h add$ = 8 motto3 ,e individual = himself1 & ! ,devil take ! h9dmo/6 ,jesus1 9 8 s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 express$ a diff]5t op9ion4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! issue4 ,! gospel ( ,*ri/ says t progress comes f e individual m]g+ 8 individuality 9 sympa?y ) 8 neighbors4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! conviction ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is t progress takes place by virtue ( e individual's /riv+ = himself ) all 8 might & trampl+ 8 neighbor "u foot :5ev] he gets a *ance to d s4 ,?is may accurately be call$ ! ,gospel ( ,gre$4 ,mu* is to be said on bo? sides4 ,i h n conceal$1 ,i c\ld n conceal1 my own passionate pr$ilection4 ,su* a confession w probably %ock my sci5tific bre?r54 ,yet ! /rong feel+ is 9 itself1 ,i ?9k1 an argum5t ( "s weight 9 favor ( ! agapa/ic !ory ( evolution1--s f> z x may be presum$ to bespeak ! normal judgm5t ( ! ,s5sible ,he>t4 ,c]ta9ly1 if x 7 possible to believe 9 agapasm )\t believ+ x w>mly1 t fact w\ld be an argum5t aga9/ ! tru? ( ! doctr9e4 ,at any rate1 s9ce ! w>m? ( feel+ exi/s1 x %\ld on e acc\nt be c&idly confess$2 especially s9ce x creates a liability to onesid$ness on my "p aga9/ :i* x behooves my read]s & me to be sev]ally on our gu>d4 ,,second ,,?\ghts4 ,,ir5ica4 ,let u try to def9e ! logical aff9ities ( ! diff]5t !ories ( evolution4 ,natural selection1 z conceiv$ by ,d>w91 is a mode ( evolution 9 :i* ! only positive ag5t ( *ange 9 ! :ole passage f mon] to man is =tuit\s v>iation4 ,to secure advance 9 a def9ite direction *ance has to be second$ by "s action t %all h9d] ! propagation ( "s v>ieties or /imulate t ( o!rs4 ,9 natural selection1 /rictly s call$1 x is ! cr[d+ out ( ! weak4 ,9 sexual selection1 x is ! attraction ( beauty1 ma9ly4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 0 publi%$ t[>d ! end ( ! ye> #ahei4 ,! prec$+ ye>s s9ce #ahdf _h be5 "o ( ! mo/ productive seasons1--or if ext5d$ s z to cov] ! great book we are consid]+1 ! mo/ productive p]iod ( equal l5g? 9 ! entire hi/ory ( sci5ce f its beg9n+s until n[4 ,! idea t *ance begets ord]1 :i* is "o ( ! corn]-/ones ( mod]n physics 7al?\gh ,dr4 ,c>us consid]s x 8! weake/ po9t 9 ,mr4 ,peirce's sy/em107 0 at t "t put into its cle>e/ light4 ,quetelet _h op5$ ! discussion by 8 ,lett]s on ! ,application ( ,probabilities to ! ,moral & ,political ,sci5ces1 a "w :i* deeply impress$ ! be/ m9ds ( t day1 & to :i* ,sir ,john ,h]s*el _h drawn g5]al att5tion 9 ,great ,brita94 ,9 #aheg1 ! fir/ volume ( ,buckle's ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation _h creat$ a trem5d\s s5sation1 ow+ to ! use he made ( ?is same idea4 ,meantime1 ! 8/ati/ical me?od0 _h1 "u t v "n1 be5 appli$ ) brilliant success to molecul> physics4 ,dr4 ,john ,h]apa?1 an ,engli% *emi/1 _h 9 #ahdg outl9$ ! k9etical !ory ( gases 9 8 ,ma!matical ,physics2 & ! int]e/ ! !ory excit$ _h be5 refre%$ 9 #ahef by notable memoirs by ,clausius & ,krnig4 ,9 ! v summ] prec$+ ,d>w9's publication1 ,maxwell _h read be=e ! ,briti% ,association ! fir/ & mo/ important ( 8 rese>*es on ?is subject4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ! idea t =tuit\s ev5ts may result 9 a physical law1 & fur!r t ?is is ! way 9 :i* ^? laws :i* appe> to conflict ) ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy are to be expla9$1 _h tak5 a /rong hold ^u ! m9ds ( all :o 7 abrea/ ( ! lead]s ( ?\ght4 ,by su* m9ds1 x 0 inevitable t ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 ^: tea*+ 0 simply ! application ( ! same pr9ciple to ! explanation ( ano!r 8non-cons]vative0 action1 t ( organic developm5t1 %\ld be hail$ & welcom$4 ,! sublime discov]y ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy by ,helmholtz 9 #ahdg1 & t ( ! me*anical !ory ( heat by ,clausius & by ,rank9e1 indep5d5tly1 9 #ahej1 _h decid$ly ov]aw$ all ^? :o might h be5 incl9$ to sne] at physical sci5ce4 ,!reaft] a belat$ poet /ill h>p+ ^u 8sci5ce p$dl+ ) ! names ( ?+s0 w\ld fail ( 8 effect4 ,me*anism 0 n[ kn[n to be all1 or v ne>ly s4 ,all ?is "t1 utilit>ianism1--t improv$ sub/itute = ! ,gospel1--0 9 its fulle/ fea!r2 & 0 a natural ally ( an individuali/ic !ory4 ,dean ,mansell's injudici\s advocacy _h l$ to mut9y among ! bondsm5 ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 & ! nom9alism ( ,mill _h pr(it$ accord+ly2 & al?\gh ! real sci5ce t ,d>w9 0 lead+ m5 to 0 sure "s day to give a dea?-bl[ to ! %am-sci5ce ( ,mill1 yet !re 7 sev]al elem5ts ( ! ,d>w9ian !ory :i* 7 sure to *>m ! foll[]s ( ,mill4 ,ano!r ?+3 an/hetics _h be5 9 use = ?irte5 ye>s4 ,already1 p's acqua9tance ) suff]+ _h dropp$ (f v mu*2 & z a consequ5ce1 t unlovely h>dness by :i* our times are s contra/$ ) ^? t imm$iately prec$$ !m1 _h already set 91 & incl9$ p to reli% a ru?less !ory4 ,! read] w\ld q mi/ake ! drift ( :at ,i am say+ if he 7 to und]/& me z wi%+ to sugge/ t any ( ^? ?+s 7except p]haps ,mal?us7 influ5c$ ,d>w9 himself4 ,:at ,i mean is t 8 hypo!sis1 :ile )\t dispute "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s & pretty ev] devis$1 & :ile argu$ ) a weal? ( k1 a /r5g? ( logic1 a *>m ( rhetoric1 & above all ) a c]ta9 magnetic g5u95ess t 0 almo/ irresi/ible1 did n appe>1 at fir/1 at all ne> to be+ prov$2 & to a sob] m9d its case looks less hopeful n[ ?an x did tw5ty ye>s ago2 b ! extraord9>ily favorable reception x met ) 0 pla9ly ow+1 9 l>ge measure1 to its ideas be+ ^? t[>d :i* ! age 0 favorably dispos$1 especially1 because ( ! enc\ragem5t x gave to ! gre$-philosophy4 ,diametrically oppos$ to evolution by *ance1 are ^? !ories :i* attribute all progress to an inw>d necess>y pr9ciple1 or o!r =m ( necessity4 ,_m naturali/s h ?\ght t if an egg is de/9$ to g ?r\gh a c]ta9 s]ies ( embryological trans=mations1 f :i* x is p]fectly c]ta9 n to deviate1 & if 9 geological "t almo/ exactly ! same =ms appe> successively1 "o replac+ ano!r 9 ! same ord]1 ! /rong presumption is t ?is latt] succession 0 z pr$et]m9ate & c]ta9 to take place z ! =m]4 ,s1 ,ngeli1 = in/ance1 conceives t x someh[ foll[s f ! fir/ law ( motion & ! peculi>1 b unkn[n1 molecul> con/itution ( protoplasm1 t =ms mu/ complicate !mselves m & m4 ,kollik] makes "o =m g5]ate ano!r aft] a c]ta9 maturation has be5 accompli%$4 ,weismann1 too1 ?\gh he calls himself a ,d>w9ian1 holds t no?+ is due to *ance1 b t all =ms are simple me*anical resultants ( ! h]$ity f two p>5ts4#gd ,x is v noticeable t all ^! diff]5t sect>ies seek to import into _! sci5ce a me*anical necessity to :i* ! facts t come "u _! obs]vation d n po9t4 ,^? geologi/s :o ?9k t ! v>iation ( species is due to cataclysmic alt]ations ( climate or ( ! *emical con/itution ( ! air & wat] are also mak+ me*anical necessity *ief factor ( evolution4 ,evolution by sport+ & evolution by me*anical necessity are conceptions w>r+ aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,a ?ird me?od1 :i* sup]s$es _! /rife1 lies enwrapp$ 9 ! !ory ( ,lam>ck4 ,accord+ to 8 view1 all t di/+ui%es ! highe/ organic =ms f ! mo/ rudim5t>y has be5 br\ght ab\t by little hyp]trophies or atrophies :i* h affect$ individuals e>ly 9 _! lives1 & h be5 transmitt$ to _! (fspr+4 ,su* a transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s is ( ! g5]al nature ( habit-tak+1 & ?is is ! repres5tative & d]ivative )9 ! physiological doma9 ( ! law ( m9d4 ,its action is ess5tially dissimil> to t ( a physical =ce2 & t is ! secret ( ! repugnance ( su* necessit>ians z ,weismann to admitt+ its exi/5ce4 ,! ,lam>ckians fur!r suppose t al?\gh "s ( ! modifications ( =m s transmitt$ 7 orig9ally due to me*anical causes1 yet ! *ief factors ( _! fir/ production 7 ! /ra9+ ( endeavor & ! ov]gr[? sup]9duc$ by ex]cise1 toge!r ) ! opposite actions4 ,n[1 endeavor1 s9ce x is direct$ t[>d an end1 is ess5tially psy*ical1 ev5 ?\gh x be sometimes unconsci\s2 & ! gr[? due to ex]cise1 z ,i argu$ 9 my la/ pap]1 foll[s a law ( a "* q contr>y to t ( me*anics4 ,lam>ckian evolution is ?us evolution by ! =ce ( habit4--,t s5t5ce slipp$ (f my p5 :ile "o ( ^? neighbors ^: function 9 ! social cosmos seems to be t ( an ,int]rupt]1 0 ask+ me a "q4 ,( c\rse1 x is nons5se4 ,habit is m]e in]tia1 a re/+ on "o's o>s1 n a propulsion4 ,n[ x is en]getic projaculation 7lucky !re is su* a ^w1 or ?is untri$ h& might h be5 put to inv5t+ "o7 by :i* 9 ! typical in/ances ( ,lam>ckian evolution ! new elem5ts ( =m are fir/ creat$4 ,habit1 h[ev]1 =ces !m to take practical %apes1 compatible ) ! /ructures !y affect1 & 9 ! =m ( h]$ity & o!rwise1 gradually replaces ! spontane\s en]gy t su/a9s !m4 ,?us1 habit plays a d\ble "p2 x s]ves to e/abli% ! new features1 & also to br+ !m into h>mony ) ! g5]al morphology & function ( ! animals & plants to :i* !y belong4 ,b if ! read] w n[ k9dly give himself ! tr\ble ( turn+ back a page or two1 he w see t ?is acc\nt ( ,lam>ckian evolution co9cides ) ! g5]al description ( ! action ( love1 to :i*1 ,i suppose1 he yield$ 8 ass5t4 ,rememb]+ t all matt] is really m9d1 rememb]+1 too1 ! cont9uity ( m9d1 let u ask :at aspect ,lam>ckian evolution takes on )9 ! doma9 ( consci\sness4 ,direct endeavor c a*ieve almo/ no?+4 ,x is z easy by tak+ ?\ght to add a cubit to "o's /ature1 z x is to produce an idea acceptable to any ( ! ,muses by m]ely /ra9+ = x1 be=e x is ready to come4 ,we haunt 9 va9 ! sacr$ well & ?rone ( ,mnemosyne2 ! deep] work+s ( ! _s take place 9 _! own sl[ way1 )\t our connivance4 ,let b _! bugle s\nd1 & we may !n make our ef=t1 sure ( an oblation = ! alt> ( :atsoev] div9ity its savor gratifies4 ,besides ?is inw>d process1 !re is ! op]ation ( ! environm5t1 :i* goes to break up habits de/9$ to be brok5 up & s to r5d] ! m9d lively4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t ! long cont9uance ( a r\t9e ( habit makes u le?>gic1 :ile a succession ( surprises wond]fully bright5s ! ideas4 ,:]e !re is a motion1 :]e hi/ory is a-mak+1 !re is ! focus ( m5tal activity1 & x has be5 said t ! arts & sci5ces reside )9 ! temple ( ,janus1 wak+ :5 t is op51 b slumb]+ :5 x is clos$4 ,few psy*ologi/s h p]ceiv$ h[ fundam5tal a fact ?is is4 ,a portion ( m9d abundantly commissur$ to o!r portions works almo/ me*anically4 ,x s9ks to a condition ( a railway junction4 ,b a portion ( m9d almo/ isolat$1 a spiritual p59sula1 or cul-de-sac1 is l a railway t]m9us4 ,n[ m5tal commissures are habits4 ,:]e !y ab\nd1 orig9ality is n ne$$ & is n f\nd2 b :]e !y are 9 defect1 spontaneity is set free4 ,?us1 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! ,lam>ckian evolution ( m9d is ! putt+ ( sundry ?\ghts into situations 9 :i* !y are free to play4 ,z to gr[? by ex]cise1 ,i h already %[n1 9 discuss+ ,man's ,glassy ,ess5ce1 9 la/ ,octob]'s ,moni/1 :at its modus op]&i mu/ be conceiv$ to be1 at lea/1 until a second equally def9ite hypo!sis %all h be5 (f]$4 ,namely1 x consi/s ( ! fly+ asund] ( molecules1 & ! rep>ation ( ! p>ts by new matt]4 ,x is1 ?us1 a sort ( reproduction4 ,x takes place only dur+ ex]cise1 because ! activity ( protoplasm consi/s 9 ! molecul> di/urbance :i* is its necess>y condition4 ,gr[? by ex]cise takes place also 9 ! m9d4 ,inde$1 t is :at x is to le>n4 ,b ! mo/ p]fect illu/ration is ! developm5t ( a philosophical idea by be+ put into practice4 ,! conception :i* appe>$1 at fir/1 z unit>y1 splits up into special cases2 & into ea* ( ^! new ?\ght mu/ ent] to make a practicable idea4 ,?is new ?\ght1 h[ev]1 foll[s pretty closely ! model ( ! p>5t conception2 & ?us a homog5e\s developm5t takes place4 ,! p>allel betwe5 ?is & ! c\rse ( molecul> occurr5ces is app>5t4 ,pati5t att5tion w be able to trace all ^! elem5ts 9 ! transaction call$ le>n+4 ,?ree modes ( evolution h ?us be5 br\ght be=e u2 evolution by =tuit\s v>iation1 evolution by me*anical necessity1 & evolution by creative love4 ,we may t]m !m ty*a/ic evolution1 or ty*asm1 ananca/ic evolution1 or anancasm1 & agapa/ic evolution1 or agapasm4 ,! doctr9es :i* repres5t ^! z sev]ally ( pr9cipal importance1 we may t]m ty*a/icism1 ananca/icism1 & agapa/icism4 ,on ! o!r h& ! m]e propositions t absolute *ance1 me*anical necessity1 & ! law ( love1 are sev]ally op]ative 9 ! cosmos1 may receive ! names ( ty*ism1 anancism1 & agapism4 ,all ?ree modes ( evolution are compos$ ( ! same g5]al elem5ts4 ,agapasm exhibits !m ! mo/ cle>ly4 ,! good result is "h br\ght to pass1 fir/1 by ! be/[al ( spontane\s en]gy by ! p>5t ^u ! (fspr+1 &1 second1 by ! disposition ( ! latt] to cat* ! g5]al idea ( ^? ab\t x & ?us to subs]ve ! g5]al purpose4 ,9 ord] to express ! relation t ty*asm & anancasm be> to agapasm1 let me borr[ a ^w f geometry4 ,an ellipse cross$ by a /raight l9e is a sort ( cubic curve2 = a cubic is a curve :i* is cut ?rice by a /raight l9e2 n[ a /raight l9e might cut ! ellipse twice & its associat$ /raight l9e a ?ird "t4 ,/ill ! ellipse ) ! /raight l9e across x w\ld n h ! *>act]i/ics ( a cubic4 ,x w\ld h1 = in/ance1 no contr>y flexure1 :i* no true cubic wants2 & x w\ld h two nodes1 :i* no true cubic has4 ,! geomet]s say t x is a deg5]ate cubic4 ,j s1 ty*asm & anancasm are deg5]ate =ms ( agapasm4 ,m5 :o seek to reconcile ! ,d>w9ian idea ) ,*ri/ianity w rem>k t ty*a/ic evolution1 l ! agapa/ic1 dep5ds ^u a reproductive creation1 ! =ms pres]v$ be+ ^? t use ! spontaneity conf]r$ ^u !m 9 su* wise z to be drawn into h>mony ) _! orig9al1 q aft] ! ,*ri/ian s*eme4 ,v good6 ,?is only %[s t j z love _c h a contr>y1 b mu/ embrace :at is mo/ oppos$ to x1 z a deg5]ate case ( x1 s ty*asm is a k9d ( agapasm4 ,only1 9 ! ty*a/ic evolution progress is solely ow+ to ! di/ribution ( ! napk9-hidd5 tal5t ( ! reject$ s]vant among ^? n reject$1 j z ru9$ game/]s leave _! money on ! table to make ^? n yet ru9$ s mu* ! ri*]4 ,x makes ! felicity ( ! lambs j ! damnation ( ! goats1 transpos$ to ! o!r side ( ! equation4 ,9 g5u9e agapasm1 on ! o!r h&1 advance takes place by virtue ( a positive sympa?y among ! creat$ spr++ f cont9uity ( m9d4 ,?is is ! idea :i* ty*a/icism kn[s n h[ to manage4 ,! ananca/ici/ might "h int]pose1 claim+ t ! mode ( evolution = :i* he cont5ds agrees ) agapasm at ! po9t at :i* ty*asm dep>ts f x4 ,= x makes developm5t g ?r\gh c]ta9 phases1 hav+ its inevitable ebbs & fl[s1 yet t5d+ on ! :ole to a =eorda9$ p]fection4 ,b>e exi/5ce by ?is its de/9y betrays an intr9sic aff9ity = ! good4 ,h]e91 x mu/ be admitt$1 anancasm %[s itself to be 9 a broad acception a species ( agapasm4 ,"s =ms ( x might easily be mi/ak5 = ! g5u9e agapasm4 ,! ,hegelian philosophy is su* an ananca/icism4 ,) its revelatory religion1 ) its syne*ism 7h[ev] imp]fectly set =?71 ) its 8reflection10 ! :ole idea ( ! !ory is sup]b1 almo/ sublime4 ,yet1 aft] all1 liv+ fre$om is practically omitt$ f its me?od4 ,! :ole movem5t is t ( a va/ eng9e1 impell$ by a vis a t]go1 ) a bl9d & my/]i\s fate ( arriv+ at a l(ty goal4 ,i mean t su* an eng9e x w\ld be1 if x really work$2 b 9 po9t ( fact1 x is a ,keely motor4 ,grant t x really acts z x pr(esses to act1 & !re is no?+ to d b accept ! philosophy4 ,b nev] 0 !re se5 su* an example ( a long *a9 ( reason+1--%all ,i say ) a flaw 9 e l9k8--no1 ) e l9k a h&ful ( s&1 squeez$ into %ape 9 a dream4 ,or say1 x is a pa/ebo>d model ( a philosophy t 9 reality does n exi/4 ,if we use ! "o preci\s ?+ x conta9s1 ! idea ( x1 introduc+ ! ty*ism :i* ! arbitr>9ess ( its e /ep sugge/s1 & make t ! support ( a vital fre$om :i* is ! brea? ( ! _s ( love1 we may be able to produce t g5u9e agapa/icism1 at :i* ,hegel 0 aim+4 ,a ,,?ird ,,aspect4 ,,discrim9ation ,9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! ?ree modes ( evolution is n p]fectly %>p4 ,t does n prev5t its be+ q real2 p]haps x is r a m>k ( its reality4 ,!re is 9 ! nature ( ?+s no %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! ?ree fundam5tal colors1 r$1 gre51 & violet4 ,b = all t !y are really diff]5t4 ,! ma9 "q is :e!r ?ree radically diff]5t evolution>y elem5ts h be5 op]ative2 & ! second "q is :at are ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ics ( :atev] elem5ts h be5 op]ative4 ,i propose to devote a few pages to a v slight exam9ation ( ^! que/ions 9 _! relation to ! hi/orical developm5t ( human ?\ght4 ,i fir/ =mulate = ! read]'s conv5i5ce ! briefe/ possible def9itions ( ! ?ree conceivable modes ( developm5t ( ?\ght1 di/+ui%+ also two v>ieties ( anancasm & ?ree ( agapasm4 ,! ty*a/ic developm5t ( ?\ght1 !n1 w consi/ 9 slight dep>tures f habitual ideas 9 diff]5t directions indiff]5tly1 q purposeless & q uncon/ra9$ :e!r by outw>d circum/ances or by =ce ( logic1 ^! new dep>tures be+ foll[$ by un=ese5 results :i* t5d to fix "s ( !m z habits m ?an o!rs4 ,! ananca/ic developm5t ( ?\ght w consi/ ( new ideas adopt$ )\t =esee+ :i!r !y t5d1 b hav+ a "* det]m9$ by causes ei!r ext]nal to ! m9d1 su* z *ang$ circum/ances ( life1 or int]nal to ! m9d z logical developm5ts ( ideas already accept$1 su* z g5]alizations4 ,! agapa/ic developm5t ( ?\ght is ! adoption ( c]ta9 m5tal t5d5cies1 n altoge!r he$lessly1 z 9 ty*asm1 nor q bl9dly by ! m]e =ce ( circum/ances or ( logic1 z 9 anancasm1 b by an imm$iate attraction = ! idea itself1 ^: nature is div9$ be=e ! m9d possesses x1 by ! p[] ( sympa?y1 t is1 by virtue ( ! cont9uity ( m9d2 & ?is m5tal t5d5cy may be ( ?ree v>ieties1 z foll[s3 ,fir/1 x may affect a :ole p or community 9 its collective p]sonality1 & be !nce communicat$ to su* individuals z are 9 p[]fully sympa!tic connection ) ! collective p1 al?\gh !y may be intellectually incapable ( atta9+ ! idea by _! private und]/&+s or ev5 p]haps ( consci\sly appreh5d+ x4 ,second1 x may affect a private p]son directly1 yet s t he is only enabl$ to appreh5d ! idea1 or to appreciate its attractiv5ess1 by virtue ( 8 sympa?y ) 8 neighbors1 "u ! influ5ce ( a /rik+ exp]i5ce or developm5t ( ?\ght4 ,! conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul may be tak5 z an example ( :at is meant4 ,?ird1 x may affect an individual1 indep5d5tly ( 8 human affections1 by virtue ( an attraction x ex]cises ^u 8 m9d1 ev5 be=e he has compreh5d$ x4 ,?is is ! ph5om5on :i* has be5 well call$ ! div9ation ( g5ius2 = x is due to ! cont9uity betwe5 ! man's m9d & ! ,mo/ ,high4 ,let u next consid] by means ( :at te/s we c discrim9ate betwe5 ^! diff]5t categories ( evolution4 ,no absolute crit]ion is possible 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 s9ce 9 ! nature ( ?+s !re is no %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! diff]5t classes4 ,nev]!less1 quantitative symptoms may be f\nd by :i* a sagaci\s & sympa!tic judge ( human nature may be able to e/imate ! approximate proportions 9 :i* ! diff]5t k9ds ( influ5ce are comm+l$4 ,s f> z ! hi/orical evolution ( human ?\ght has be5 ty*a/ic1 x %\ld h proce$$ by ins5sible or m9ute /eps2 = su* is ! nature ( *ances :5 s multipli$ z to %[ ph5om5a ( regul>ity4 ,= example1 assume t ( ! native-born :ite adult males ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahhj1 "o-f\r? "p 7 bel[ #e feet #d in*es 9 /ature & "o-f\r? "p above #e feet #h in*es4 ,!n by ! pr9ciples ( probability1 among ! :ole population1 we %\ld expect #baf "u #d feet #f in*es1 #dh 8 #d 0 #e 8 #i 0 #d 8 #d 0 less ?an #b 8 #d 0 #c 8 #baf above #f feet #f in*es1 #dh 8 #f 0 #g 8 #i 0 #f 8 #h 0 less ?an #b 8 #f 0 #i 8 ,i set d[n ^! figures to %[ h[ insignificantly few are ! cases 9 :i* any?+ v f> out ( ! common run pres5ts itself by *ance4 ,?\gh ! /ature ( only e second man is includ$ )9 ! f\r in*es betwe5 #e feet #d in*es & #e feet #h in*es1 yet if ?is int]val be ext5d$ by ?rice f\r in*es above & bel[1 x w embrace all our #h millions odd ( native-born adult :ite males 7( #ahhj71 except only #i tall] & #i %ort]4 ,! te/ ( m9ute v>iation1 if n satisfi$1 absolutely negatives ty*asm4 ,if x is satisfi$1 we %all f9d t x negatives anancasm b n agapasm4 ,we want a positive te/1 satisfi$ by ty*asm1 only4 ,n[ :]ev] we f9d m5's ?\ght tak+ by imp]ceptible degrees a turn contr>y to ! purposes :i* animate !m1 9 spite ( _! highe/ impulses1 !re1 we may safely conclude1 !re has be5 a ty*a/ic action4 ,/ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( m9d !re be ( an erudition to fill an imp]fect s*ol> l me ) envy edulcorat$ by joy\s admiration1 :o ma9ta9 t ideas :5 j />t$ are & c be little m ?an freaks1 s9ce !y _c yet h be5 critically exam9$1 & fur!r t ev]y:]e & at all times progress has be5 s gradual t x is difficult to make out di/9ctly :at orig9al /ep any giv5 man has tak54 ,x w\ld foll[ t ty*asm has be5 ! sole me?od ( intellectual developm5t4 ,i h to confess ,i _c read hi/ory s2 ,i _c help ?9k+ t :ile ty*asm has sometimes be5 op]ative1 at o!rs great /eps cov]+ ne>ly ! same gr\nd & made by diff]5t m5 indep5d5tly1 h be5 mi/ak5 = a succession ( small /eps1 & fur!r t /ud5ts h be5 reluctant to admit a real entitative 8_s0 ( an age or ( a p1 "u ! mi/ak5 & unscrut9iz$ impression t !y %\ld ?us be op5+ ! door to wild & unnatural hypo!ses4 ,i f9d1 on ! contr>y1 t1 h[ev] x may be ) ! education ( individual m9ds1 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ?\ght has seldom be5 ( a ty*a/ic nature1 & exclusively 9 backw>d & b>b>iz+ movem5ts4 ,i desire to speak ) ! extreme mode/y :i* befits a /ud5t ( logic :o is requir$ to survey s v wide a field ( human ?\ght t he c cov] x only by a reconnaissance1 to :i* only ! greate/ skill & mo/ adroit me?ods c imp>t any value at all2 b1 aft] all1 ,i c only express my own op9ions & n ^? ( anybody else2 & 9 my humble judgm5t1 ! l>ge/ example ( ty*asm is af=d$ by ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 f ab\t its e/abli%m5t by ,con/ant9e1 to1 say1 ! "t ( ! ,iri% mona/]ies1 an era or eon ( ab\t #ejj ye>s4 ,und\bt$ly ! ext]nal circum/ance :i* m ?an all o!rs at fir/ incl9$ m5 to accept ,*ri/ianity 9 its lovel9ess & t5d]ness1 0 ! fe>ful ext5t to :i* society 0 brok5 up into units by ! unmitigat$ gre$ & h>d-he>t$ness into :i* ! ,romans _h s$uc$ ! _w4 ,& yet x 0 t v same fact1 m ?an any o!r ext]nal circum/ance1 t fo/]$ t bitt]ness aga9/ ! wick$ _w ( :i* ! primitive gospel ( ,m>k conta9s n a s+le trace4 ,at lea/1 ,i d n detect x 9 ! rem>k ab\t ! blasphemy aga9/ ! ,holy ,gho/1 :]e no?+ is said ab\t v5geance1 nor ev5 9 t spee* :]e ! clos+ l9es ( ,isaiah are quot$1 ab\t ! worm & ! fire t fe$ ^u ! 8c>casses ( ! m5 t h transgress$ aga9/ me40 ,b little by little ! bitt]ness increases until 9 ! la/ book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 its poor di/ract$ au?or repres5ts t all ! "t ,*ri/ 0 talk+ ab\t hav+ come to save ! _w1 ! secret design 0 to cat* ! entire human race1 ) ! exception ( a paltry #add1jjj1 & s\se !m all 9 a brim/one lake1 & z ! smoke ( _! torm5t w5t up =ev] & ev]1 to turn & rem>k1 8,!re is no curse any m40 ,w\ld x be an ins5sible smirk or a fi5di% gr9 t %\ld accompany su* an utt]ance8 ,i wi% ,i c\ld believe ,/4 ,john did n write x2 b x is 8 gospel :i* tells ab\t ! 8resurrection unto condemnation10--t is ( m5's be+ resuscitat$ j = ! sake ( tortur+ !m2--&1 at any rate1 ! ,revelation is a v anci5t composition4 ,"o c und]/& t ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 l m5 try+ ) all _! might to climb a /eep declivity ( smoo? wet clay2 ! deepe/ & true/ elem5t ( _! life1 animat+ bo? he>t & head1 0 univ]sal love2 b !y 7 cont9ually1 & aga9/ _! wills1 slipp+ into a p>ty _s1 e slip s]v+ z a prec$5t1 9 a fa%ion b too famili> to e man4 ,?is p>ty feel+ ins5sibily grew until by ab\t ,a4,d4 #ccj ! lu/] ( ! pri/9e integrity t 9 ,/4 ,m>k reflects ! :ite _s ( light 0 s f> t>ni%$ t ,eusebius1 7! ,j>$ ,sp>ks ( t day71 9 ! preface to 8 ,hi/ory1 c\ld ann\nce 8 int5tion ( exagg]at+ ev]y?+ t t5d$ to ! glory ( ! *ur* & ( suppress+ :atev] might disgrace x4 ,8 ,lat9 contempor>y ,lactantius is worse1 /ill2 & s ! d>kl+ w5t on increas+ until be=e ! end ( ! c5tury ! great libr>y ( ,alex&ria 0 de/roy$ by ,!ophilus1#ge until ,gregory ! ,great1 two c5turies lat]1 burnt ! great libr>y ( ,rome1 proclaim+ t 8,ignorance is ! "m ( devotion10 7:i* is true1 j z oppression & inju/ice is ! "m ( spirituality71 until a sob] description ( ! /ate ( ! *ur* w\ld be a ?+ our n too nice newspap]s w\ld treat z 8unfit = publication40 ,all ?is movem5t is %[n by ! application ( ! te/ giv5 above to h be5 ty*a/ic4 ,ano!r v mu* l x on a small scale1 only a hundr$ times swift]1 = ! /udy ( :i* !re are docum5ts by ! libr>y-full1 is to be f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,ananca/ic evolution advances by successive /rides ) pauses betwe54 ,! reason is t 9 ?is process a habit ( ?\ght hav+ be5 ov]?r[n is supplant$ by ! next /ronge/4 ,n[ ?is next /ronge/ is sure to be widely disp>ate f ! fir/1 & z (t5 z n is its direct contr>y4 ,x rem9ds "o ( our old rule ( mak+ ! second c&idate vice-presid5t4 ,?is "*1 !re=e1 cle>ly di/+ui%es anancasm f ty*asm4 ,! "* :i* di/+ui%es x f agapasm is its purposelessness4 ,b ext]nal & int]nal anancasm h to be exam9$ sep>ately4 ,developm5t "u ! pressure ( ext]nal circum/ances1 or cataclysm9e evolution1 is 9 mo/ cases unmi/akable en\gh4 ,x has numb]less degrees ( int5sity1 f ! brute =ce1 ! pla9 w>1 :i* has m ?an once turn$ ! curr5t ( ! _w's ?\ght1 d[n to ! h>d fact ( evid5ce1 or :at has be5 tak5 = x1 :i* has be5 kn[n to conv9ce m5 by hordes4 ,! only hesitation ?an c subsi/ 9 ! pres5ce ( su* a hi/ory is a quantitative "o4 ,nev] are ext]nal influ5ces ! only ones :i* affect ! m9d1 & !re=e x mu/ be a matt] ( judgm5t = :i* x w\ld sc>cely be wor? :ile to attempt to set rules1 :e!r a giv5 movem5t is to be reg>d$ z pr9cipally gov]n$ f )\t or n4 ,9 ! rise ( m$ieval ?\ght1 ,i mean s*ola/icism & ! syn*roni/ic art developm5ts1 und\bt$ly ! crusades & ! discov]y ( ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle 7 p[]ful influ5ces4 ,! developm5t ( s*ola/icism f ,roscell9 to ,alb]tus ,magnus closely foll[s ! successive /eps 9 ! k ( ,ari/otle4 ,prantl ?9ks t t is ! :ole /ory1 & few m5 h ?umb$ m books ?an ,c>l ,prantl4 ,he has done good solid "w1 not)/&+ 8 slap-da% judgm5ts4 ,b we %all nev] make s mu* z a good beg9n+ ( compreh5d+ s*ola/icism until ! :ole has be5 sy/ematically explor$ & dige/$ by a company ( /ud5ts regul>ly organiz$ & held "u rule = t purpose4 ,b z = ! p]iod we are n[ specially consid]+1 t :i* syn*ronis$ ! ,romanesque ar*itecture1 ! lit]ature is easily ma/]$4 ,x does n q ju/ify ,prantl's dicta z to ! slavi% dep5d5ce ( ^! au?ors ^u _! au?orities4 ,moreov]1 !y kept a def9ite purpose /eadily be=e _! m9ds1 ?r\gh\t all _! /udies4 ,i am1 !re=e1 unable to (f] ?is p]iod ( s*ola/icism z an example ( pure ext]nal anancasm1 :i* seems to be ! fluor9e ( ! intellectual elem5ts4 ,p]haps ! rec5t ,japanese reception ( we/]n ideas is ! pure/ in/ance ( x 9 hi/ory4 ,yet 9 comb9ation ) o!r elem5ts1 no?+ is common]4 ,if ! developm5t ( ideas "u ! influ5ce ( ! /udy ( ext]nal facts be consid]$ z ext]nal anancasm1--x is on ! bord] betwe5 ! ext]nal & ! int]nal =ms1--x is1 ( c\rse1 ! pr9cipal ?+ 9 mod]n le>n+4 ,b ,:ewell1 ^: ma/]ly compreh5sion ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce critics h be5 too ignorant prop]ly to appreciate1 cle>ly %[s t x is f> f be+ ! ov]:elm+ly prepond]ant influ5ce1 ev5 !re4 ,int]nal anancasm1 or logical grop+1 :i* advances ^u a pr$e/9$ l9e )\t be+ able to =esee :i!r x is to be c>ri$ nor to /e] its c\rse1 ?is is ! rule ( developm5t ( philosophy4 ,hegel fir/ made ! _w und]/& ?is2 & he seeks to make logic n m]ely ! subjective guide & monitor ( ?\ght1 :i* 0 all x _h be5 ambition+ be=e1 b to be ! v ma9-spr+ ( ?9k+1 & n m]ely ( individual ?9k+ b ( discussion1 ( ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ?\ght1 ( all hi/ory1 ( all developm5t4 ,?is involves a positive1 cle>ly demon/rable error4 ,let ! logic 9 "q be ( :atev] k9d x may1 a logic ( necess>y inf]5ce or a logic ( probable inf]5ce 7! !ory might p]haps be %ap$ to fit ei!r71 9 any case x supposes t logic is suffici5t ( itself to det]m9e :at conclusion foll[s f giv5 premises2 = unless x w d s mu*1 x w n suffice to expla9 :y an individual tra9 ( reason+ %\ld take j ! c\rse x does take1 to say no?+ ( o!r k9ds ( developm5t4 ,x ?us supposes t f giv5 premises1 only "o conclusion c logically be drawn1 & t !re is no scope at all = free *oice4 ,t f giv5 premises only "o conclusion c logically be drawn1 is "o ( ! false notions :i* h come f logicians' conf9+ _! att5tion to t ,nantucket ( ?\ght1 ! logic ( non-relative t]ms4 ,9 ! logic ( relatives1 x does n hold good4 ,"o rem>k occurs to me4 ,if ! evolution ( hi/ory is 9 consid]able "p ( ! nature ( int]nal anancasm1 x resembles ! developm5t ( individual m52 & j z #cc ye>s is a r\gh b natural unit ( "t = individuals1 be+ ! av]age age at :i* man has issue1 s !re %\ld be an approximate p]iod at ! end ( :i* "o great hi/orical movem5t ought to be likely to be supplant$ by ano!r4 ,let u see if we c make out any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,take ! gov]nm5tal developm5t ( ,rome z be+ suffici5tly long & set d[n ! pr9cipal dates4 ,b4,c4 #gec1 ,f\ndation ( ,rome4 ,b4,c4 #eaj1 ,expulsion ( ! ,t>qu9s4 ,b4,c4 #bg1 ,octavius assumes title ,augu/us4 ,a4,d4 #dgf1 ,end ( ,we/]n ,empire4 ,a4,d4 #ifb1 ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,a4,d4 #adec1 ,fall ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,! la/ ev5t 0 "o ( ! mo/ significant 9 hi/ory1 especially = ,italy4 ,! int]vals are #bdc1 #dhc1 #ejb1 #dhf1 #dia ye>s4 ,all are r curi\sly ne> equal1 except ! fir/ :i* is half ! o!rs4 ,successive reigns ( k+s w\ld n commonly be s ne> equal4 ,let u set d[n a few dates 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,b4,c4 #ehe1 ,eclipse ( ,?ales4 ,beg9n+ ( ,greek philosophy4 ,a4,d4 #cj1 ,! crucifixion4 ,a4,d4 #ebi1 ,clos+ ( ,a!nian s*ools4 ,end ( ,greek philosophy4 ,a4,d4 #aabe1 7,approximate7 ,rise ( ! ,univ]sities ( ,bologna & ,p>is4 ,a4,d4 #aedc1 ,publication ( ! 8,de ,revolutionibus0 ( ,cop]nicus4 ,beg9n+ ( ,mod]n ,sci5ce4 ,! int]vals are #fae1 #dii1 #eif1 #dah1 ye>s4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( metaphysics1 we may take ! foll[+3 ,b4,c4 #cbb1 ,dea? ( ,ari/otle4 ,a4,d4 #abgd1 ,dea? ( ,aqu9as4 ,a4,d4 #ahjd1 ,dea? ( ,kant4 ,! int]vals are #aeie & #ecj ye>s4 ,! =m] is ab\t ?rice ! latt]4 ,f ^! figures1 no conclusion c fairly be drawn4 ,at ! same "t1 !y sugge/ t p]haps !re may be a r\gh natural era ( ab\t #ejj ye>s4 ,%\ld !re be any indep5d5t evid5ce ( ?is1 ! int]vals notic$ may ga9 "s significance4 ,! agapa/ic developm5t ( ?\ght %\ld1 if x exi/s1 be di/+ui%$ by its purposive "*1 ?is purpose be+ ! developm5t ( an idea4 ,we %\ld h a direct agapic or sympa!tic compreh5sion & recognition ( x1 by virtue ( ! cont9uity ( ?\ght4 ,i "h take x = grant$ t su* cont9uity ( ?\ght has be5 suffici5tly prov$ by ! argum5ts us$ 9 my pap] on ! 8,law ( ,m9d0 9 ,! ,moni/ ( la/ ,july4 ,ev5 if ^? argum5ts are n q conv9c+ 9 !mselves1 yet if !y are ren=c$ by an app>5t agapasm 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght1 ! two propositions w l5d "o ano!r mutual aid4 ,! read] w1 ,i tru/1 be too well gr\nd$ 9 logic to mi/ake su* mutual support = a vici\s circle 9 reason+4 ,if x c\ld be %[n directly t !re is su* an entity z ! 8_s ( an age0 or ( a p1 & t m]e individual intellig5ce w n acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a1 ?is w\ld be pro( en\gh at once ( agapa/icism & ( syne*ism4 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge t ,i am unable to produce a cog5t demon/ration ( ?is2 b ,i am1 ,i believe1 able to adduce su* argum5ts z w s]ve to confirm ^? :i* h be5 drawn f o!r facts4 ,i believe t all ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( m9d h be5 beyond ! p[]s ( unaid$ individuals2 & ,i f9d1 ap>t f ! support ?is op9ion receives f syne*i/ic consid]ations1 & f ! purposive "* ( _m great movem5ts1 direct reason = s ?9k+ 9 ! sublimity ( ! ideas & 9 _! occurr+ simultane\sly & indep5d5tly to a numb] ( individuals ( no extraord9>y g5]al p[]s4 ,! po9t$ ,go?ic ar*itecture 9 sev]al ( its developm5ts appe>s to me to be ( su* a "*4 ,all attempts to imitate x by mod]n ar*itects ( ! greate/ le>n+ & g5ius appe> flat & tame1 & are felt by _! au?ors to be s4 ,yet at ! "t ! /yle 0 liv+1 !re 0 q an abundance ( m5 capable ( produc+ works ( ?is k9d ( gigantic sublimity & p[]4 ,9 m ?an "o case1 extant docum5ts %[ t ! ca!dral *apt]s1 9 ! selection ( ar*itects1 treat$ high arti/ic g5ius z a second>y consid]ation1 z if !re 7 no lack ( p]sons able to supply t2 & ! results ju/ify _! confid5ce4 ,7 individuals 9 g5]al1 !n1 9 ^? ages possess$ ( su* l(ty natures & high intellect8 ,su* an op9ion w\ld break d[n "u ! fir/ exam9ation4 ,h[ _m times h m5 n[ 9 middle life se5 great discov]ies made indep5d5tly & almo/ simultane\sly6 ,! fir/ in/ance ,i rememb] 0 ! pr$iction ( a planet ext]ior to ,uranus by ,lev]ri] & ,adams4 ,"o h>dly kn[s to :om ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy ought to be attribut$1 al?\gh x may reasonably be consid]$ z ! greate/ discov]y sci5ce has ev] made4 ,! me*anical !ory ( heat 0 set =? by ,rank9e & by ,clausius dur+ ! same mon? ( ,febru>y1 #ahej2 & !re are em95t m5 :o attribute ?is great /ep to ,?omson4#gf ,! k9etical !ory ( gases1 aft] be+ />t$ by ,john ,b]n\lli & long buri$ 9 oblivion1 0 re9v5t$ & appli$ to ! explanation n m]ely ( ! laws ( ,boyle1 ,*>les1 & ,avogadro1 b also ( diffusion & viscosity1 by at lea/ ?ree mod]n physici/s sep>ately4 ,x is well kn[n t ! doctr9e ( natural selection 0 pres5t$ by ,wallace & by ,d>w9 at ! same meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association2 & ,d>w9 9 8 8,hi/orical ,sket*0 prefix$ to ! lat] editions ( 8 book %[s t bo? 7 anticipat$ by obscure =]unn]s4 ,! me?od ( spectrum analysis 0 claim$ = ,swan z well z = ,kir*h(f1 & !re 7 o!rs :o p]haps _h /ill bett] claims4 ,! au?or%ip ( ! ,p]iodical ,law ( ! ,*emical ,elem5ts is disput$ betwe5 a ,russian1 a ,g]man1 & an ,engli%man2 al?\gh !re is no room = d\bt t ! pr9cipal m]it belongs to ! fir/4 ,^! are ne>ly all ! greate/ discov]ies ( our times4 ,x is ! same ) ! inv5tions4 ,x may n be surpris+ t ! telegraph %\ld h be5 indep5d5tly made by sev]al inv5tors1 because x 0 an easy coroll>y f sci5tific facts well made out be=e4 ,b x 0 n s ) ! telephone & o!r inv5tions4 ,e!r1 ! fir/ an/hetic1 0 introduc$ indep5d5tly by ?ree diff]5t ,new ,engl& physicians4 ,n[ e!r _h be5 a common article = a c5tury4 ,x _h be5 9 "o ( ! ph>macopias ?ree c5turies be=e4 ,x is q incr$ible t its an/hetic prop]ty %\ld n h be5 kn[n2 x 0 kn[n4 ,x _h probably pass$ f m\? to e> z a secret f ! days ( ,basil ,val5t9e2 b = long x _h be5 a secret ( ! ,pun*9ello k9d4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 = _m ye>s1 boys _h us$ x = amusem5t4 ,:y !n _h x n be5 put to its s]i\s use8 ,no reason c be giv51 except t ! motive to d s 0 n /rong en\gh4 ,! motives to do+ s c\ld only h be5 desire = ga9 & philan?ropy4 ,ab\t #ahdf1 ! date ( ! introduction1 philan?ropy 0 und\bt$ly 9 an unusually active condition4 ,t s5sibility1 or s5tim5talism1 :i* _h be5 introduc$ 9 ! previ\s c5tury1 _h und]gone a rip5+ process1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 ?\gh n[ less int5se ?an x _h previ\sly be51 x 0 m likely to influ5ce unreflect+ p ?an x _h ev] be54 ,all ?ree ( ! e!r-claimants _h probably be5 influ5c$ by ! desire = ga92 b nev]!less !y 7 c]ta9ly n ins5sible to ! agapic influ5ces4 ,i d\bt if any ( ! great discov]ies ought1 prop]ly1 to be consid]$ z altoge!r individual a*ievem5ts2 & ,i ?9k _m w %>e ?is d\bt4 ,yet1 if n1 :at an argum5t = ! cont9uity ( m9d1 & = agapa/icism is "h6 ,i d n wi% to be v /r5u\s4 ,if ?9k]s w only be p]suad$ to lay aside _! prejudices & apply !mselves to /udy+ ! evid5ces ( ?is doctr9e1 ,i %all be fully cont5t to await ! f9al decision4 ,footnote #gb3 ,! ,moni/1 ,janu>y1 #ahic4 ,footnote #gc3 ,h[ c a writ] h any respect = sci5ce1 z su*1 :o is capable ( conf\nd+ ) ! sci5tific propositions ( political economy1 :i* h no?+ to say conc]n+ :at is 8b5efic5t10 su* brummagem g5]alisations z ?is8 ,footnote #gd3 ,i am happy to f9d t ,dr4 ,c>us1 too1 ranks ,weismann among ! oppon5ts ( ,d>w91 not)/&+ 8 fly+ t flag4 ,footnote #ge3 ,see ,drap]'s ,hi/ory ( ,intellectual ,developm5t1 *ap4 x4 ,footnote #gf3 ,?omson1 himself1 9 8 article ,heat 9 ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 nev] once m5tions ! "n ( ,clausius4 ,supplem5t>y ,essay ,,! ,,pragmatism ,,( ,,peirce ,,by ,,john ,,dewey ,! t]m pragmatism 0 introduc$ into lit]ature 9 ! op5+ s5t5ces ( ,pr(essor ,james's ,cali=nia ,union address 9 #ahih4 ,! s5t5ces run z foll[s3 8,! pr9ciple ( pragmatism1 z we may call x1 may be express$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 all ( !m v simple4 ,9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,janu>y1 #ahgh1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,s4 ,peirce introduces x z foll[s30 etc4 ,! read]s :o h turn$ to ! volume ref]r$ to h n1 h[ev]1 f\nd ! ^w !re4 ,f o!r s\rces we "k t ! "n z well z ! idea 0 furni%$ by ,mr4 ,peirce4 ,! latt] has told u t bo? ! ^w & ! idea 7 sugge/$ to him by a read+ ( ,kant1 ! idea by ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ! t]m by ! 8,critique ( ,practical ,reason40#gg ,! article 9 ! ,moni/ gives su* a good /atem5t ( bo? ! idea & ! reason = select+ ! t]m t x may be quot$ 9 ext5so4 ,peirce sets out by say+ t ) m5 :o "w 9 laboratories1 ! habit ( m9d is mold$ by exp]im5tal "w mu* m ?an !y are !mselves aw>e4 8,:atev] /atem5t y may make to him1 he ! exp]im5tali/ w ei!r und]/& z mean+ t if a giv5 prescription = an exp]im5t ev] c be & ev] is c>ri$ out 9 act1 an exp]i5ce ( a giv5 description w result1 or else he w see no s5se at all 9 :at y say40 ,hav+ himself ! exp]im5tal m9d & be+ int]e/$ 9 me?ods ( ?9k+1 8he fram$ ! !ory t a conception1 t is1 ! rational purport ( a ^w or o!r expression1 lies exclusively 9 its be>+ ^u ! conduct ( life2 s t1 s9ce obvi\sly no?+ t might n result f exp]im5t c h any direct be>+ ^u conduct1 if "o c def9e accurately all ! conceivable exp]im5tal ph5om5a :i* ! affirmation or d5ial ( a concept c\ld imply1 "o w h !re9 a complete def9ition ( ! concept1 & !re is absolutely no?+ m 9 x4 ,= ?is doctr9e1 he inv5t$ ! "n pragmatism40 ,aft] say+ t "s ( 8 fri5ds wi%$ him to call ! doctr9e practicism or practicalism1 he says t he _h le>n$ philosophy f ,kant1 & t to "o 8:o /ill ?\ght 9 ,kantian t]ms mo/ readily1 praktis* & pragmatis* 7 z f> ap>t z ! two poles1 ! =m] belong+ to a region ( ?\ght :]e no m9d ( ! exp]im5tali/ type c ev] make sure ( solid gr\nd "u 8 feet1 ! latt] express+ relation to "s def9ite human purpose4 ,n[ q ! mo/ /rik+ feature ( ! new !ory 0 its recognition ( an insep>able connection betwe5 rational cognition & human purpose40#gh ,f ?is brief /atem5t1 x w be not$ t ,peirce conf9$ ! significance ( ! t]m to ! det]m9ation ( ! mean+ ( t]ms1 or bett]1 propositions2 ! !ory 0 n1 ( itself1 a !ory ( ! te/1 or ! tru?1 ( propositions4 ,h5ce ! title ( 8 orig9al article3 ,h[ to ,make ,ideas ,cle>4 ,9 8 lat] writ+1 aft] ! t]m _h be5 us$ z a !ory ( tru?1--he propos$ ! m limit$ 8pragmaticism0 to designate 8 orig9al specific mean+4#gi ,b ev5 ) respect to ! mean+ ( propositions1 !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 8 pragmaticism & ! pragmatism (1 say1 ,james4 ,"s ( ! critics 7especially cont95tal7 ( ! latt] w\ld h sav$ !mselves "s futile beat+ ( ! air1 if !y _h react$ to ,james's /atem5ts in/ead ( to _! own associations ) ! ^w 8pragmatic40 ,?us ,james says 9 8 ,cali=nia address3 8,! effective mean+ ( any philosophic proposition c always be br\ght d[n to "s p>ticul> consequ5ce1 9 our future practical exp]i5ce1 :e!r active or passive2 ! po9t ly+ r 9 ! fact t ! exp]i5ce mu/ be p>ticul>1 ?an 9 ! fact t x mu/ be active40 7,italics m9e47 ,n[ ! curi\s fact is t ,peirce puts m emphasis ^u practise 7or conduct7 & less ^u ! p>ticul>2 9 fact1 he transf]s ! emphasis to ! g5]al4 ,! foll[+ passage is wor? quotation because ( ! def9it5ess ) :i* x id5tifies mean+ ) bo? ! future & ) ! g5]al4 8,! rational mean+ ( e proposition lies 9 ! future4 ,h[ s8 ,! mean+ ( a proposition is itself a proposition4 ,inde$1 x is no o!r ?an ! v proposition ( :i* x is ! mean+3 x is a translation ( x4 ,b ( ! myriads ( =ms into :i* a proposition may be translat$1 :i* is t "o :i* is to be call$ its v mean+8 ,x is1 accord+ to ! pragmatici/1 t =m 9 :i* ! proposition becomes applicable to human conduct1 n 9 ^! or ^? special circum/ances nor :5 "o ent]ta9s ?is or t special design1 b t =m :i* is mo/ applicable to self-control "u e situation & to e purpose40 ,h5ce1 8x mu/ be simply ! g5]al description ( all ! exp]im5tal ph5om5a :i* ! ass]tion ( ! proposition virtually pr$icts40 ,or1 p>aphras+1 pragmatism id5tifies mean+ ) =mation ( a habit1 or way ( act+ hav+ ! greate/ g5]ality possible1 or ! wide/ range ( application to p>ticul>s4 ,s9ce habits or ways ( act+ are j z real z p>ticul>s1 x is committ$ to a belief 9 ! reality ( 8univ]sals40 ,h5ce x is n a doctr9e ( ph5om5alism1 = :ile ! ri*ness ( ph5om5a lies 9 _! s5su\s quality1 pragmatism does n int5d to def9e ^! 7leav+ !m1 z x 71 to speak = !mselves71 b 8elim9ates _! s5tial elem5t1 & endeavors to def9e ! rational purport1 & ?is x f9ds 9 ! purposive be>+ ( ! ^w or proposition 9 "q40 ,moreov]1 n only are g5]als real1 b !y are physically effici5t4 ,! mean+s 8! air is /uffy0 & 8/uffy air is un:olesome0 may det]m9e1 = example1 ! op5+ ( ! w9d[4 ,accord+ly on ! e?ical side1 8! pragmatici/ does n make ! summum bonum to consi/ 9 action1 b makes x to consi/ 9 t process ( evolution :]eby ! exi/5t comes m & m to embody ^? g5]als4442 9 o!r words1 becomes1 ?r\gh action an embodim5t ( rational purports or habits g5]aliz$ z widely z possible40#hj ,! passages quot$ %\ld be comp>$ ) :at ,peirce has to say 9 ! ,baldw9 ,diction>y article4 ,!re he says t ,james's doctr9e seems to commit u to ! belief 8t ! end ( man is action--a /oical maxim :i* does n comm5d itself z =cibly to ! pres5t writ] at ! age ( sixty z x did at ?irty4 ,if x be admitt$1 on ! contr>y1 t action wants an end1 & t ! end mu/ be some?+ ( a g5]al description1 !n ! _s ( ! maxim itself 444 w\ld direct u t[>d some?+ diff]5t f practical facts1 namely1 to g5]al ideas4444 ,! only ultimate good :i* ! practical facts to :i* ! maxim directs att5tion c subs]ve is to fur!r ! developm5t ( concrete reasonabl5ess4444 ,almo/ ev]ybody w n[ agree t ! ultimate good lies 9 ! evolution>y process 9 "s way4 ,if s1 x is n 9 individual reactions 9 _! segregation1 b 9 some?+ g5]al or cont9u\s4 ,syne*ism is f\nd$ on ! notion t ! coalesc5ce1 ! becom+ cont9u\s1 ! becom+ gov]n$ by laws1 ! becom+ in/9ct ) g5]al ideas1 are b phases ( "o & ! same process ( ! gr[? ( reasonabl5ess4 ,?is is fir/ %[n to be true ) ma!matical exactitude 9 ! field ( logic1 & is !nce inf]r$ to hold good metaphysically4 ,x is n oppos$ to pragmaticism 444 b includes t proc$ure z a /ep40 ,"h aga9 we h ! doctr9e ( pragmaticism z a doctr9e t mean+ or rational purport resides 9 ! sett+ up ( habits or g5]aliz$ me?ods1 a doctr9e pass+ ov] into ! metaphysics ( syne*ism4 ,x w be well n[ to recur explicitly to ,peirce's e>li] doctr9e :i* he seems to qualify--al?\gh1 z he notes1 he upheld ! doctr9e ( ! reality ( g5]als ev5 at ! e>li] p]iod4 ,peirce sets out1 9 8 article on ! 8,fixation ( ,belief10 ) ! empirical diff]5ce ( d\bt & belief express$ 9 ! facts t belief det]m9es a habit :ile d\bt does n1 & t belief is calm & satisfactory :ile d\bt is an uneasy & dissatisfi$ /ate f :i* we /ruggle to em]ge2 to atta91 t is1 a /ate ( belief1 a /ruggle :i* may be call$ inquiry4 ,! sole object ( inquiry is ! fixation ( belief4 ,! sci5tific me?od ( fixation has1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 rivals3 "o is t ( 8t5acity0--con/ant reit]ation1 dwell+ ^u ev]y?+ conducive to ! belief1 avoidance ( ev]y?+ :i* might unsettle x--! w to believe4 ,! me?od breaks d[n 9 practice because ( man's social nature2 we h to take acc\nt ( contr>y beliefs 9 o!rs1 s t ! real problem is to fix ! belief ( ! community2 = o!rwise our own belief is prec>i\sly expos$ to attack & d\bt4 ,h5ce ! resort to ! me?od ( au?ority4 ,?is me?od breaks d[n 9 "t by ! fact t au?ority c n fix all beliefs 9 all _! details1 & because ( ! conflict :i* arises betwe5 organiz$ traditions4 ,!re may !n be rec\rse to :at is 8agreeable to reason0--a me?od pot5t 9 =mation ( ta/e & 9 e/hetic productions & 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1--b a me?od :i* aga9 fails to secure p]man5t agreem5ts 9 society1 & s leaves individual belief at ! m]cy ( attack4 ,h5ce1 f9ally1 rec\rse to sci5ce1 ^: fundam5tal hypo!sis is ?is3 8,!re are real ?+s1 ^: *>act]s are entirely indep5d5t ( our op9ions ab\t !m2 ^? realities affect our s5ses accord+ to regul> laws1 & 444 by tak+ advantage ( ! laws ( p]ception1 we c asc]ta9 by reason+ h[ ?+s really are1 & any man if he h suffici5t exp]i5ce & reason en\gh ab\t x1 w be l$ to ! "o true conclusion40#ha ,x w be not$ t ! quotation employs ! t]ms 8reality0 & 8tru?10 :ile x makes !m a "p ( ! /atem5t ( ! hypo!sis ent]ta9$ 9 sci5tific proc$ure4 ,^u su* a basis1 :at mean+s atta* to ! t]ms 8reality0 & 8tru?08 ,s9ce !y are g5]al t]ms1 _! mean+s mu/ be det]m9$ on ! basis ( ! effects1 hav+ practical be>+s1 :i* ! object ( our conception has4 ,n[ ! effect :i* real ?+s h is to cause beliefs2 beliefs are !n ! consequ5ces :i* give ! g5]al t]m reality a 8rational purport40 ,& on ! assumption ( ! sci5tific me?od1 ! di/+ui%+ "* ( ! real object mu/ be t x t5ds to produce a s+le univ]sally accept$ belief4 8,all ! foll[]s ( sci5ce are fully p]suad$ t ! processes ( inve/igation1 if only pu%$ f> en\gh1 w give "o c]ta9 solution to e "q to :i* !y c be appli$40 8,?is activity ( ?\ght by :i* we are c>ri$1 n :]e we wi%1 b to a =eorda9$ goal1 is l ! op]ation ( de/9y4444 ,?is great law is embodi$ 9 ! conception ( tru? & reality4 ,! op9ion :i* is fat$ to be ultimately agre$ to by all :o inve/igate1 is :at we mean by ! tru?1 & ! object repres5t$ 9 ?is op9ion is ! real40#hb ,9 a subsequ5t essay 7on ! 8,probability ( ,induction07 ,peirce expressly draws ! conclusion :i* foll[s f ?is /atem5t2 viz41 t ?is conception ( tru? & reality makes ev]y?+ dep5d ^u ! "* ( ! me?ods ( inquiry & inf]5ce by :i* conclusions are rea*$4 8,9 ! case ( syn!tic inf]5ces we "k only ! degree ( tru/wor?9ess ( our proce$+4 ,z all k comes f syn!tic inf]5ce1 we mu/ also inf] t all human c]ta9ty consi/s m]ely 9 our kn[+ t ! processes by :i* our k has be5 d]iv$ are su* z mu/ g5]ally h l$ to true conclusions0#hc--true conclusions1 once m1 be+ ^? :i* comm& ! agreem5t ( compet5t inquiries4 ,summ+ up1 we may say t ,peirce's pragmaticism is a doctr9e conc]n+ ! mean+1 conception1 or rational purport ( objects1 namely1 t ^! consi/ 9 ! 8effects1 :i* might conceivably h practical be>+s1 we conceive ! object ( our conception to h4 ,!n1 our conception ( ^! effects is ! :ole ( our conception ( ! object40#hd 8,our idea ( any?+ is our idea ( its s5sible effects10 & if we h any d\bt z to :e!r we really believe ! effects to be s5sible or no1 we h only to ask ourselves :e!r or no we %\ld act any diff]5tly 9 _! pres5ce4 ,9 %ort1 our own responses to s5sory /imuli are ! ultimate1 or te/+1 +r$i5ts 9 our conception ( an object4 ,9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w pragmati/1 !re=e1 ,peirce is m ( a pragmati/ ?an ,james4 ,he is also less ( a nom9ali/4 ,t is to say1 he emphasizes mu* less ! p>ticul> s5sible consequ5ce1 & mu* m ! habit1 ! g5]ic attitude ( response1 set up 9 consequ5ce ( exp]i5ces ) a ?+4 ,9 ! passage 9 ! ,diction>y already quot$ he speaks z if 9 8 lat] life he atta*$ less importance to action1 & m to 8concrete reasonabl5ess0 ?an 9 8 e>li] writ+4 ,x may well be t ! relative emphasis _h %ift$4 ,b !re is at mo/ b a diff]5ce ( emphasis4 ,= 9 8 lat] doctr9e1 concrete rationality means a *ange 9 exi/5ce br\ght ab\t ?r\gh action1 & ?r\gh action :i* embodies conceptions ^: own specific exi/5ce consi/s 9 habitual attitudes ( response4 ,9 8 e>li] writ+1 ! emphasis ^u habits1 z some?+ g5]ic1 is explicit4 8,:at a ?+ means is simply :at habits x involves40#he ,m elaborately1 8,induction inf]s a rule4 ,n[ ! belief ( a rule is a habit4 ,t a habit is a rule1 active 9 u1 is evid5t4 ,t e belief is ( ! nature ( a habit1 9 s f> z x is ( a g5]al "*1 has be5 %[n 9 ! e>li] pap]s ( ?is s]ies40#hf ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,peirce & ,james :i* next /rikes u is ! great] emphasis plac$ by ! =m] ^u ! me?od ( proc$ure4 ,z ! quotations already made %[1 ev]y?+ ultimately turn$1 = ,peirce1 ^u ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! proc$ures ( inquiry4 ,h5ce 8 high e/imate ( logic1 z comp>$ ) ,james--at lea/ ,james 9 8 lat] days4 ,h5ce also 8 def9ite rejection ( ! appeal to ! ,w to ,believe--"u ! =m ( :at he calls ! me?od ( t5acity4 ,closely associat$ ) ?is is ! fact t ,peirce has a m explicit dep5d5ce ^u ! social factor ?an has ,james4 ,! appeal 9 ,peirce is ess5tially to ! cons5sus ( ^? :o h inve/igat$1 us+ me?ods :i* are capable ( employm5t by all4 ,x is ! ne$ = social agreem5t1 & ! fact t 9 its abs5ce 8! me?od ( t5acity0 w be expos$ to dis9tegration f )\t1 :i* f9ally =ces ^u mank9d ! wid] & wid] utilization ( ! sci5tific me?od4 ,f9ally1 bo? ,peirce & ,james are reali/s4 ,! reason+s ( bo? dep5d ^u ! assumption ( real ?+s :i* really h effects or consequ5ces4 ,( ! two1 ,peirce makes cle>] ! fact t 9 philosophy at lea/ we are deal+ ) ! conception ( reality1 ) reality z a t]m hav+ rational purport1 & h5ce ) some?+ ^: mean+ is itself to be det]m9$ 9 t]ms ( consequ5ces4 ,t 8reality0 means ! object ( ^? beliefs :i* h1 aft] prolong$ & cop]ative inquiry1 becomes /able1 & 8tru?0 ! quality ( ^! beliefs is a logical consequ5ce ( ?is position4 ,?us :ile 8we may def9e ! real z t ^: *>act]s are indep5d5t ( :at anybody may ?9k !m to be 444 x w\ld be a great mi/ake to suppose t ?is def9ition makes ! idea ( reality p]fectly cle>40#hg ,= x is only ! outcome ( p]si/5t & conjo9t inquiry :i* enables u to give intelligible mean+ 9 ! concrete to ! expression 8*>act]s indep5d5t ( :at anybody may ?9k !m to be40 7,?is is ! pragmatic way out ( ! egoc5tric pr$icam5t47 ,& :ile my purpose is :olly expository ,i c n close )\t inquir+ :e!r rec\rse to ,peirce w\ld n h a mo/ b5eficial influ5ce 9 contempor>y discussion4 ,d n a l>ge "p ( our epi/emological difficulties arise f an attempt to def9e ! 8real0 z some?+ giv5 prior to reflective inquiry in/ead ( z t :i* reflective inquiry is =c$ to rea* & to :i* :5 x is rea*$ belief c /ably cl+8 ,footnote #gg3 ,see article on 8,pragmatism10 9 ,baldw9's ,diction>y1 ,vol4 #b41 p4 #cbb1 & ! ,moni/1 ,vol4 #ae1 p4 #afb4 ,footnote #gh3 ,kant discrim9ates ! laws ( morality1 :i* are a priori1 f rules ( skill1 hav+ to d ) te*nique or art1 & c\nsels ( prud5ce1 hav+ to d ) welf>e4 ,! latt] he calls pragmatic2 ! a priori laws practical4 ,see ,metaphysics ( ,morals1 ,abbott's trans41 pp4 #cc & #cd4 ,footnote #gi3 ,see ! article 9 ! ,moni/ already m5tion$1 & ano!r "o 9 ! same volume1 p4 #dha1 8,! ,issues ( ,pragmaticism40 ,footnote #hj3 ,x is probably fair to see "h an empirical r5d]+ ( ! ,kantian g5]ality ( moral action1 :ile ! di/9ction & connection ( 8rational purport0 & 8s5sible p>ticul>0 h also obvi\s ,kantian associations4 ,footnote #ha3 ,p4 #bf4 ,footnote #hb3 ,p4 #ef-eg4 ,footnote #hc3 ,p4 #aje4 ,footnote #hd3 ,p4 #de4 ,footnote #he3 ,p4 #dc4 ,footnote #hf3 ,p4 #aea4 ,footnote #hg3 ,p4 #ec4 ,,bibliography ,,( ,,peirce',s ,,publi%$ ,,writ+s ,i4 ,writ+s ( ,g5]al ,int]e/4#hh ,a4 ,?ree pap]s 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,philosophy1 ,vol4 #b 7#ahfh74 #a4 8,que/ions ,conc]n+ ,c]ta9 ,faculties ,claim$ = ,man10 pp4 #ajc-aad4 #b4 8,"s ,consequ5ces ( ,f\r ,incapacities10 pp4 #adj-aeg4 #c4 8,gr\nd ( ,validity ( ! ,laws ( ,logic10 pp4 #aic-bjh4 ,^! ?ree pap]s1 some:at loosely connect$1 deal ma9ly ) ! philosophy ( discursive ?\ght4 ,! fir/ deals ) our p[] ( intuition1 & holds t 8e ?\ght is a sign40 ,! second1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ,peirce's writ+s1 conta9s an acute criticism ( ! ,c>tesian tradition & a notewor?y argum5t aga9/ ! traditional emphasis on 8images0 9 ?9k+4 ,! ?ird conta9s1 int] alia1 a refutation ( ,mill's indictm5t ( ! syllogism4 ,! same volume ( ! ,j\rnal conta9s two unsign$ communications on ,nom9alism & on ! ,mean+ ( ,det]m9$4 ,b4 ,review ( ,fras]'s 8,b]keley10 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,vol4 #aac 7#ahga71 pp4 #ddi-dgb4 ,?is pap] conta9s an important analysis on m$ieval realism1 & ( ,b]keley's nom9alism4 7,a ,scoti/ realism cont9ues to di/+ui% ,peirce's "w aft] ?is47 ,c4 8,illu/rations ( ! ,logic ( ,sci5ce10 9 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,vols4 #ab-ac 7#ahgg-ahgh74 ,repr9t$ 9 ,pt4 ,i ( ?is volume4 ,! fir/ & second pap]s 7 also publi%$ 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique1 ,vols4 #f-g 7#ahgi74 ,d4 ,t5 pap]s 9 ! ,moni/1 ,vols4 #a-c 7#ahia-ahic71 & #ae-af 7#aije-aijf74 ,! fir/ five are repr9t$ 9 ,pt4 ,,ii ( ?is volume4 ,! six? pap]1 8,reply to ! ,necessit>ians10 ,vol4 #c1 pp4 #ebf-egj1 is an answ] to ! criticism ( ! =ego+ by ! editor ( ! ,moni/1 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #efj;ff42 cf4 ,vol4 #c1 pp4 #fh;ff4 & #ega;ff41 & ,mc,crie1 8,! ,issues ( ,syne*ism10 ,vol4 #c1 pp4 #chj;ff4 #g4 8,:at ,pragmatism ,is80 ,vol4 #ae1 pp4 #afa-aha4 #h4 8,! ,issues ( ,pragmaticism10 ,vol4 #ae1 pp4 #dha-dii4 #i4 8,mr4 ,pet]son's ,propos$ ,discussion10 ,vol4 #af1 pp4 #adg;ff4 #aj4 8,prolegom5a to an ,apology = ,pragmaticism10 ,vol4 #af1 pp4 #dib-edf4 ,! la/ f\r pap]s develop ,peirce's ?\ght by %[+ its agreem5t & disagreem5t ) ! pragmatism ( ,james & ,s*ill]4 ,! la/ pap] conta9s 8 ,me?od ( ,exi/5tial ,graphs4 ,e4 8,! ,reality ( ,god10 9 ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,vol4 #g 7#aijh71 pp4 #if-aab4 7,?is article conta9s brief indications ( _m ( ,peirce's lead+ ideas47 ,f4 ,six ,pap]s 9 ! ,op5 ,c\rt1 ,vols4 #f-g 7#ahic74 #a4 8,py?agorics0 7on ! ,py?agorean bro!rhood71 pp4 #ccge-ccgg4 #b4 8,dmesis0 7on *>ity t[>ds crim9als71 pp4 #ccii-cdjb4 #c4 8,! ,critic ( ,argum5ts 7,i471 ,exact ,?9k+10 pp4 #ccia-ccid4 #d4 8,! ,critic ( ,argum5ts 7,,ii471 ,! ,read] is ,introduc$ to ,relatives10 pp4 #cdae-cdai4 7,! la/ two conta9 a v cle> succ9ct acc\nt ( ! g5]al "* ( ,peirce's logic47 #e4 8,:at is ,*ri/ian ,fai?80 pp4 #cgdc-cgde4 #f4 8,! ,m>riage ( ,religion & ,sci5ce10 pp4 #ceei-cefj4 ,g4 ,articles 9 ,baldw9's 8,diction>y ( ,philosophy03 ,individual1 k9d1 matt] & =m1 possibility1 pragmatism1 priority1 reason+1 sign1 sci5tific me?od1 suffici5t reason1 syne*ism1 & uni=mity4 ,h4 8,pe>son's ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce10 9 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,vol4 #eh 7#aija71 pp4 #bif-cjf4 7,a critique ( ,pe>son's conceptualism & ( 8 utilit>ian view z to ! aim ( sci5ce47 ,,ii4 ,writ+s ( ,pr$om9antly ,logical ,int]e/4 ,a4 ,five ,pap]s on ,logic1 read be=e ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,academy1 ,vol4 #g 7#ahfg74 #a4 8,on an ,improvem5t 9 ,boole's ,calculus ( ,logic10 pp4 #bej-bfa4 7,sugge/s improvem5ts 9 ,boole's logic1 especially 9 ! repres5tation ( p>ticul> propositions4 ,! association ( probability ) ! notion ( relative frequ5cy became a lead+ idea ( ,peirce's ?\ght47 #b4 8,on ! ,natural ,classification ( ,argum5ts10 pp4 #bfa-bhg4 7,a sugge/ive di/9ction betwe5 ! lead+ pr9ciple & ! premise ( an argum5t4 ,conta9s also an int]e/+ note 7pp4 #bhc-bhd7 d5y+ ! positivi/ic maxim t1 8no hypo!sis is admissible :i* is n capable ( v]ification by direct obs]vation407 #c4 8,on a ,new ,li/ ( ,categories10 pp4 #bhg-bih4 ,! categories are3 ,be+1 ,quality 7,ref]5ce to a ,gr\nd71 ,relation 7,ref]5ce to a ,correlate71 ,repres5tation 7,ref]5ce to an ,int]pretant71 ,sub/ance4 8,logic has = its subject-g5us all symbols & n m]ely concepts40 ,symbols include t]ms1 propositions1 & argum5ts4 #d4 8,^u ! ,logic ( ,ma!matics10 pp4 #djb-dab4 8,!re are c]ta9 g5]al propositions f :i* ! tru?s ( ma!matics foll[ syllogi/ically40 #e4 8,^u ,logical ,compreh5sion & ,ext5sion10 pp4 #daf-dcb4 7,int]e/+ hi/orical ref]5ces to ! use ( ^! t]ms & an attack on ! suppos$ rule z to _! inv]se proportionality47 ,b4 8,description ( a ,notation = ! ,logic ( ,relations10 9 ,memoires ( ! ,am]ican ,academy1 ,vol4 #i 7#ahgj71 pp4 #cag-cgh4 7,%[s ! relation ( inclusion betwe5 classes to be m fundam5tal ?an ,boole's use ( equality4 ,ext5ds ! ,booleian calculus to ,de,morgan's logic ( relative t]ms47 ,c4 8,on ! ,algebra ( ,logic10 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ma!matics1 ,vol4 #c 7#ahhj71 pp4 #ae-eg4 7,ref]r$ to by ,s*ro$] z ,peirce's ,hauptw]k 9 8,vorlesung5 b] die ,algebra d] ,logik10 ,vol4 #a41 p4 #ajg47 ,d4 8,on ! ,logic ( ,numb]10 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ma!matics1 ,vol4 #d 7#ahha71 pp4 #he-ie4 ,e4 8,brief ,description ( ! ,algebra ( ,relatives10 ,repr9t$ f 881 pp4 #a-f4 ,f4 8,on ! ,algebra ( ,logic3 ,a ,contribution to ! ,philosophy ( ,notation10 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ma!matics1 ,vol4 #g 7#ahhd71 pp4 #ahj-bjb4 ,g4 8,a ,!ory ( ,probable ,inf]5ce0 & notes 8,on a ,limit$ ,univ]se ( ,m>ks0 & on ! 8,logic ( ,relatives0 9 8,/udies 9 ,logic by memb]s ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity10 ,bo/on1 #ahhc1 pp4 #abf-bjc4 ,h4 8,! ,reg5]at$ ,logic10 ,moni/1 ,vol4 #g1 pp4 #ai-dj4 8,! ,logic ( ,relatives10 ,moni/1 ,vol4 #g1 pp4 #afa-bag4 7,an elaborate developm5t ( 8 own logic ( relatives1 by way ( review ( ,s*ro$]'s book47 ,i4 ,miscellane\s ,notes1 etc4 #a4 ,review ( ,v5n's 8,logic ( ,*ance10 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,july1 #ahfg4 #b4 8,on ! ,application ( ,logical ,analysis to ,multiple ,algebra10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy1 ,vol4 #aj 7#ahge71 pp4 #cib-cid4 #c4 8,note on ,grassman's #8,calculus ( ,ext5sion1'0 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy1 ,vol4 #ac 7#ahgh71 pp4 #aae-aaf4 #d4 8,note on ,conv]sion10 ,m9d1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #dbd4 #e4 ,notes & ,additions to ,b5jam9 ,peirce's 8,l9e> ,associative ,algebra10 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ma!matics1 ,vol4 #d 7#ahha71 pp4 #ib;ff41 especially pp4 #bba-bbi4 #f4 8,logical ,ma*9es10 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 #a 7#ahhh74 #g4 8,inf9itesimals10 ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #aa 7#aijj71 p4 #dcj4 #h4 8,"s ,amaz+ ,mazes10 ,moni/1 ,vol4 #ah 7,april & ,july1 #aijh71 & ,vol4 #ai 7,jan41 #aiji74 #i4 8,on ,non-,ari/otelian ,logic0 7,lett]71 ,moni/1 ,vol4 #bj4 ,j4 ,a ,syllabus ( ,c]ta9 ,topics ( ,logic4 #aijc4 ,bo/on4 ,alfr$ ,mudge ,son 7a f\r page bro*ure74 ,k4 ,articles 9 ,baldw9's 8,diction>y ( ,philosophy0 on3 laws ( ?\ght1 lead+ pr9ciple1 logic 7exact & symbolic71 modality1 negation1 pr$icate & pr$ication1 probable inf]5ce1 quality1 quantity1 relatives1 significant1 simple1 subject1 syllogism1 !ory1 tru? & falsity univ]sal1 univ]se1 validity1 v]ification1 :ole & p>ts4 ,,iii4 ,rese>*es 9 ! ,!ory & ,me?ods ( ,measurem5t4 ,a4 ,g5]al & ,a/ronomic4 #a4 8,on ! ,!ory ( ,errors ( ,obs]vation10 ,report ( ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey = #ahgj1 pp4 #bbj-bbd4 #b4 8,note on ! ,!ory ( ,economy ( ,rese>*10 ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey = #ahgf1 pp4 #aig-bja4 7,?is pap] deals ) ! relation betwe5 ! utility & ! co/ ( dim9i%+ ! probable error47 #c4 8,app>atus = ,record+ a ,mean ( ,obs]v$ ,times10 ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey1 #ahgg4 ,app5dix ,no4 #ae to ,report ( #ahge4 #d4 8,f]r]o's ,metodo dei ,m9imi ,quadrati10 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ma!matics1 ,vol4 #a 7#ahgh71 pp4 #ee-fc4 #e4 8,photometric ,rese>*es10 ,annals ( ! ,a/ronomical ,obs]vatory ( ,h>v>d ,college1 ,vol4 #i 7#ahgh71 pp4 #a-aha4 #f4 8,me?ods & ,results4 ,measurem5t ( ,gravity40 ,wa%+ton4 #ahgi4 #g4 8,me?ods & ,results4 ,a ,catalogue ( ,/>s = ,obs]vations ( ,latitude40 ,wa%+ton4 #ahgi4 #h4 8,on ! ,gho/s 9 ,ru!r=d's #8,diffraction ,spectra1'0 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ma!matics1 ,vol4 #b 7#ahgi71 pp4 #ccj-cdg4 #i4 8,note on a ,comp>ison ( a ,wave-,l5g? ) a ,met]10 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #ah 7#ahgi71 p4 #ea4 #aj4 8,a ,qu9cuncial ,projection ( ! ,sph]e10 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ma!matics1 ,vol4 #b 7#ahgi71 pp4 #cid1 #cif4 #aa4 8,num]ical ,measure ( ,success ( ,pr$ictions10 ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #d 7#ahhd71 p4 #dec4 #ab4 8,proce$+s ,assay ,commission0 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhh4 7,jo9t ,reports on ,weigh+47 ,b4 ,geodetic ,rese>*es4 ,! ,p5dulum4 #a4 8,measurem5t ( ,gravity at ,initial ,/ations 9 ,am]ica & ,europe10 ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey1 #ahgf1 pp4 #bjb-bcg & #daj-daf4 #b4 8,de l'influ5ce de la flexibilit du trpi$ sur l'oscillation du p5dule a rv]sion10 ,confr5ce ,geodesique ,int]nationale 7#ahgg7 ,comptes ,r5dus1 ,b]l91 #ahgh1 pp4 #aga-ahg4 7,?is pap] 0 introduc$ by ,plantam\r & 0 foll[$ by ! notes ( ,appolz]47 #c4 8,on ! ,influ5ce ( ,int]nal ,friction ^u ! ,correction ( ! ,l5g? ( ! ,second's ,p5dulum10 ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,academy1 ,vol4 #ac 7#ahgh71 pp4 #cif-dja4 #d4 8,on a ,me?od ( ,sw++ ,p5dulums = ! ,det]m9ation ( ,gravity propos$ by ,m4 ,faye10 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #ah 7#ahgi71 pp4 #aab-aai4 #e4 8,results ( ,p5dulum ,exp]im5ts10 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #bj 7#ahhj74 #f4 8,flexure ( ,p5dulum ,supports10 ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey1 #ahha1 pp4 #cei-dda4 #g4 8,on ! ,d$uction ( ! ,ellipticity ( ! ,e>? f ! ,p5dulum ,exp]im5t10 ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey1 #ahha1 pp4 #ddb-def4 #h4 8,det]m9ations ( ,gravity at ,/ations 9 ,p5nsylvania10 ,report ( ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey1 #ahhc1 ,app5dix #ai & pp4 #dgc-dhf4 #i4 8,on ! ,use ( ! ,noddy10 ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey1 #ahhd1 pp4 #dge-dhb4 #aj4 8,effect ( ! ,flexure ( a ,p5dulum ^u ! ,p]iod ( ,oscillation10 ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey1 #ahhd1 pp4 #dhc-dhe4 #aa4 8,on ! ,influ5ce ( a ,noddy1 & ( ,unequal ,temp]ature ^u ! ,p]iods ( a ,p5dulum10 ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ & ,geodetic ,survey = #ahhe1 pp4 #eji-eab4 ,c4 ,psy*ologic4 8,on ,small ,diff]5ces 9 ,s5sation0 79 coop]ation ) ,j4 ,ja/r[71 ,national ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 #c 7#ahhd71 pp4 #a-aa4 ,,iv4 ,philologic4 8,%akespe>ian ,pronunciation0 79 cop]ation ) ,j4 ,b4 ,noyes71 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,vol4 #ih 7,april1 #ahfd71 pp4 #cdb-cfi4 ,v4 ,contributions to ! ,nation4 ,lazelle1 ,capt4 ,h4 ,m41 ,"o ,law 9 ,nature4 ,nation1 ,vol4 #ag1 ,no4 #dai4 ,newcomb1 ,s41 ,popul> ,a/ronomy4 ,vol4 #bg1 ,no4 #fhc4 ,read1 ,c41 ,!ory ( ,logic1 #ahgh4 ,vol4 #bh1 ,no4 #gah4 ,rood1 ,o4 ,n41 ,mod]n ,*romatics1 #ahgi4 ,vol4 #bi1 ,no4 #gdf4 ,note on ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ma!matics4 ,vol4 #bi1 ,no4 #gef4 ,jevons1 ,w4 ,s41 ,/udies 9 ,d$uctive ,logic1 #ahhj4 ,vol4 #cb1 ,no4 #hbb4 ,ribot1 ,?41 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,att5tion1 #ahij4 ,vol4 #ej1 ,no4 #acjc4 ,james1 ,w41 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 #ahij4 ,vol4 #ec1 ,nos4 #aceg & #aceh4 ,comte1 ,a4 7,f4 ,h>rison1 editor71 ,! ,new ,cal5d> ( ,great ,m51 #ahib4 ,vol4 #ed1 ,no4 #achf4 ,lobat*ewsky1 ,n4 7,translator3 ,g4 ,b4 ,hal/$71 ,geometrical ,rese>*es on ! ,!ory ( ,p>allels1 #ahia4 ,vol4 #ed1 ,no4 #achi4 ,lombroso1 ,c41 ,! ,man ( ,g5ius1 #ahia4 ,vol4 #ed1 ,no4 #acia4 ,note on ,william ,james' abridgm5t ( 8 ,psy*ology1 #ahib4 ,vol4 #ed1 ,no4 #acid4 ,mc,clelland1 ,w4 ,j41 ,a ,treatise on ! ,geometry ( ! ,circle1 #ahia4 ,vol4 #ed1 ,no4 #acie4 ,buckley1 ,arabella ,b41 ,moral ,tea*+s ( ,sci5ce1 #ahib4 ,vol4 #ed1 ,no4 #adje4 ,hale1 ,e4 ,e41 ,a ,new ,engl& ,boyhood1 #ahic4 ,vol4 #eg1 ,no4 #adfh4 ,ma*1 ,e4 7,translator3 ,t4 ,j4 ,mc,cormack71 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics1 #ahic4 ,vol4 #eg1 ,no4 #adge4 ,rit*ie1 ,d4 ,g41 ,d>w9 & ,hegel1 #ahic4 ,vol4 #eg1 ,no4 #adhb4 ,huxley1 ,t4 ,h41 ,me?od & ,results1 #ahic4 ,vol4 #eh1 ,no4 #adhi4 ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1 ,famili> ,lett]s ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,vol4 #eh1 ,no4 #adic4 ,gilb]t1 ,w4 7,translator3 ,p4 ,f4 ,mottelay71 ,magnetic ,bodies4 ,vol4 #eh1 ,no4 #adid & ,no4 #adie4 ,=sy?1 ,a4 ,r41 ,!ory ( ,functions ( a ,complex ,v>iable1 #ahic2 & ,h>kness1 ,j41 ,a ,treatise on ! ,!ory ( ,functions1 #ahic2 & ,pic>d1 ,e41 ,trait d'analyse1 #ahic4 ,vol4 #eh1 ,no4 #adih4 ,a ,%ort ,sket* ( ,helmholtz1 ,sept4 #ac1 #ahid4 ,vol4 #ei1 ,no4 #aebd4 ,w9delb&1 ,w4 7,translator3 ,j4 ,h4 ,tufts71 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy2 & ,falk5b]g1 ,r4 7,translator3 ,a4 ,c4 ,arm/rong71 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,philosophy2 & ,bascom1 ,j41 ,an ,hi/orical ,int]pretation ( ,philosophy2 & ,burt1 ,b4 ,c41 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,philosophy4 ,vol4 #ei1 ,nos4 #aebf & #aebg4 ,sp9oza 7,translators3 ,w4 ,h4 ,:ite & ,amelia ,h4 ,/irl+71 ,e?ics1 #ahid4 ,vol4 #ei1 ,no4 #aecb4 ,watson1 ,j41 ,comte1 ,mill1 & ,sp5c]1 #ahie4 ,vol4 #fj1 ,no4 #aeed4 ,jones1 ,h41 ,a ,critical ,acc\nt ( ! ,philosophy ( ,lotze1 #ahie2 & ,eb]h>d1 ,v41 ,die ,grundbegriffe d] eb55 ,geometrie1 #ahie2 & ,kle91 ,f4 7,translator3 ,a4 ,ziwet71 ,riemann & 8 ,significance = ! ,developm5t ( ,mod]n ,ma!matics1 #ahie2 & ,davis1 ,n4 ,k41 ,elem5ts ( ,inductive ,logic1 #ahie4 ,vol4 #fa1 ,no4 #aeff4 ,b5jam91 ,p41 ,! ,intellectual ,rise 9 ,electricity1 #ahie4 ,vol4 #fb1 ,no4 #aeib4 ,baldw91 ,j4 ,m41 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,m9d1 #ahih4 ,vol4 #fg1 ,no4 #agcg4 ,d>w91 ,g4 ,h41 ,! ,tides & ,k9dr$ ,ph5om5a 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 #ahih4 ,vol4 #fg1 ,no4 #agdg4 ,m>%all1 ,h4 ,r41 ,in/9ct & ,reason1 #ahih4 ,vol4 #fh1 ,no4 #aggd4 ,britt51 ,f4 ,j41 ,old ,clocks & ,wat*es & _! ,mak]s1 #ahii4 ,vol4 #fi1 ,no4 #aggh4 ,r5\vi]1 ,*41 et ,prat1 ,l4 ,la ,n\velle ,monadologie1 #ahii4 ,vol4 #fi1 ,no4 #aggi4 ,mack9to%1 ,r41 ,f ,comte to ,b5jam9 ,kidd1 #ahii2 & ,moore1 ,j4 ,h41 ,bett]-,_w ,philosophy1 #ahii4 ,vol4 #fi1 ,no4 #aghd4 ,=d1 ,p4 ,l41 ,! ,_m-sid$ ,frankl91 #ahii4 ,vol4 #fi1 ,no4 #agic4 ,av5el1 ,g4 d'1 ,le ,mcanisme de la vie mod]ne1 #aijj4 ,vol4 #gj1 ,no4 #ahje4 ,reid1 ,w41 ,memoirs & ,correspond5ce ( ,lyon ,playfair1 #ahii4 ,vol4 #gj1 ,no4 #ahjf4 ,/ev5son1 ,f4 ,s41 ,rob]t ,grossete/e1 #ahii4 ,vol4 #gj1 ,no4 #ahaf4 ,?illy1 ,f41 ,introduction to ,e?ics1 #aijj4 ,vol4 #gj1 ,no4 #ahbe4 ,wallace1 ,a4 ,r41 ,/udies1 ,sci5tific & ,social1 #aijj4 ,vol4 #gb1 ,no4 #ahed4 ,sime1 ,j41 ,william ,h]s*el & ,8 ,"w1 #aijj4 ,vol4 #gb1 ,no4 #ahef4 ,r&1 ,b4 7,editor71 ,! 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