,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux3 ,guide to ,in/allation & ,usage by ,john ,go]z5 & ,ossama ,o?man ,april #bc1 #bjja 7c7 #aiih1 #aiii ,s(tw>e 9 ! ,public ,int]e/1 ,inc4 ,p]mission is grant$ to make & di/ribute v]batim copies ( ?is manual provid$ ! copyright notice & ?is p]mission notice are pres]v$ on all copies4 ,p]mission is grant$ to copy & di/ribute modifi$ v]sions ( ?is manual "u ! conditions = v]batim copy+1 provid$ also t ! sections t repr9t 8,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se0 & o!r cle>ly m>k$ sections held "u sep>ate copyright are reproduc$ "u ! conditions giv5 )9 !m1 & provid$ t ! entire result+ d]iv$ "w is di/ribut$ "u ! t]ms ( a p]mission notice id5tical to ?is "o4 ,p]mission is grant$ to copy & di/ribute translations ( ?is manual into ano!r language "u ! conditions = modifi$ v]sions4 8,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se0 may be includ$ 9 a translation approv$ by ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation in/ead ( 9 ! orig9al ,engli%4 ,at y\r option1 y may di/ribute v]batim & modifi$ v]sions ( ?is docum5t "u ! t]ms ( ! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se1 except+ ! cle>ly m>k$ sections held "u sep>ate copyright4 ,cont5ts ,li/ ( ,figures ,li/ ( ,tables ,ackn[l$gm5ts ,preface ,i4 ,guide #a4 ,introduction #a4a ,:at ,is ,debian8 #a4b ,a ,multius]1 ,multitask+ ,op]at+ ,sy/em #a4c ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 #a4d ,ab\t ,?is ,book #b4 ,gett+ ,/>t$ #b4a ,support$ ,h>dw>e #b4b ,be=e ,y ,/>t #b4c ,p>tition+ ,y\r ,h>d ,drive #b4d ,*oos+ ,y\r ,in/allation ,m$ia #b4e ,boot+ ! ,in/allation ,sy/em #c4 ,/ep-by-,/ep ,in/allation #c4a ,select ,color or ,mono*rome ,display #c4b ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux ,in/allation ,ma9 ,m5u #c4c ,configure ! ,keybo>d #c4d ,la/ ,*ance to ,back ,up6 #c4e ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk #c4f ,initialize & ,activate a ,swap ,p>tition #c4g ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition #c4h ,in/all ,op]at+ ,sy/em ,k]nel & ,modules #c4i ,configure ,,pcmcia ,support #c4aj ,configure ,device ,driv] ,modules #c4aa ,configure ! ,network #c4ab ,in/all ! ,base ,sy/em #c4ac ,make a ,boot ,floppy #c4ad ,! ,mom5t ( ,tru? #c4ae ,set ! ,root ,password #c4af ,create an ,ord9>y ,us] #c4ag ,%ad[ ,password ,support #c1ah ,remove ,,pcmcia #c4ai ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles #c4bj ,package ,in/allation ) dselect #c4ba ,gloss>y #d4 ,logg+ ,9 #d4a ,fir/ ,/eps #d4b ,comm& ,hi/ory & ,edit+ ! ,comm& ,l9e #d4c ,work+ z ,root #d4d ,virtual ,consoles #d4e ,%utt+ ,d[n #e4 ,! ,basics #e4a ,! ,comm& ,l9e & ,man ,pages #e4b ,files & ,directories #e4c ,processes #e4d ,! ,%ell #e4e ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% #e4f ,a ,few ba% ,features #e4g ,manag+ ,y\r ,id5tity #f4 ,us+ ! ,%ell #f4a ,environm5t ,v>iables #f4b ,:]e ,comm&s ,reside3 ,! ,,pa? ,v>iable #f4c ,configuration ,files #f4d ,aliases #f4e ,controll+ ,input & ,output #f4f ,fil5ame ,expansion #g4 ,m on ,files #g4a ,p]missions #g4b ,files ,pres5t & ,_! ,locations #g4c ,file ,compression ) gzip #g4d ,f9d+ ,files #g4e ,det]m9+ a ,file's ,cont5ts #g4f ,us+ a ,file ,manag] #h4 ,work+ ) ,text ,files #h4a ,view+ ,text ,files #h4b ,text ,editors #h4c ,us+ ae #i4 ,! ,x ,w9d[ ,sy/em #i4a ,introduction to ,x #i4b ,/>t+ ! ,x ,environm5t #i4c ,basic ,x ,op]ations #i4d ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup #aj4 ,filesy/ems #aj4a ,concepts #aj4b m\nt & _/etc_/f/ab #aj4c ,backup ,tools #aa ,network+ #aa4a ,,ppp #aa4b ,e!rnet #ab ,remov+ & ,in/all+ ,s(tw>e #ab4a ,:at a ,package ,ma9t5ance ,utility ,does #ab4b dpkg #ab4c dselect #ab4d ,compil+ ,s(tw>e #ac ,advanc$ ,topics #ac4a ,regul> ,expressions #ac4b ,advanc$ ,files #ac4c ,security #ac4d ,s(tw>e ,developm5t ) ,debian ,,ii4 ,ref]5ce ,a ,read+ ,docum5tation & ,gett+ ,help ,a4#a ,k9ds ( ,docum5tation ,b ,tr\ble%oot+ ,b4#a ,common ,difficulties ,b4#b ,tr\ble%oot+ ! ,boot ,process ,c ,boot+ ! ,sy/em ,d ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se ,li/ ( ,figures #a4 cfdisk scre5%ot #b4 dselect ,access scre5 #c4 ,sample session ) su #d4 ,sample pr9t5v output #e4 ,*ang+ ! prompt #f4 ,r$irect+ output ,li/ ( ,tables #a4 ,l9ux ,device ,names #b4 ,special dselect keys #c4 dselect ,package ,/ates #d4 ,expect$ ,package ,category ,/ates #e4 ,p]missions 9 ,l9ux ,ackn[l$gm5ts ,_m p h help$ ) ?is manual4 ,we'd l to ?ank ev]yone involv$1 & we try to d t "h4 ,?anks to ,havoc ,p5n+ton1 ,ardo van ,rangelrooij1 ,l>ry ,gre5field1 ,?alia ,hook]1 ,day ,irmit]1 ,james ,treacy1 ,craig ,sawy]1 ,oliv] ,elphick1 ,ivan ,e4 ,moore ,,ii1 ,eric ,fis*]1 ,mike ,t\l\mtzis1 & ! ,l9ux ,docum5tation ,project = _! "w on :at became ! ,debian ,tutorial docum5t4 ,?anks to ,ri*>d ,/allman ( ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation = advice & edit+4 ,?anks to ,bruce ,p]5s1 ,sv5 ,rudolph1 ,igor ,grobman1 ,james ,treacy1 ,adam ,di ,c>lo1 ,tapio ,lehton51 & ,/ephane ,bortzmey] = _! "w on :at became a collection ( in/allation docum5ts4 ,( c\rse1 x's impossible to ?ank ! hundr$s ( ,debian develop]s & ?\s&s ( free s(tw>e au?ors :o gave u some?+ to write ab\t & use4 ,preface 8,fre$om is /ill ! mo/ radical idea ( all40 ,?is quote1 p5n$ by ,na?aniel ,br&51 seems fitt+ n[h]e moreso ?an ) ! free:eel+ comput+ indu/ry4 ,9 ! space ( j a few decades1 lives ! _w ov] h be5 *ang$ by comput+ te*nology4 ,we1 ! p beh9d ! ,free ,s(tw>e movem5t1 are seek+ to cont9ue ?is tr5d by truly op5+ up s(tw>e to ev]yone--n j ! few p work+ = ! companies t write x--b ev]yone4 ,z "p ( ?is goal1 ?is book & ,,cd conta9 a treasure *e/ ( ,free ,s(tw>e4 ,ov] "o ?\s& packages1 includ+ ?+s su* z ! _w's mo/ popul> web s]v]1 c be f\nd "h4 ,y c use ?is s(tw>e = ev]y?+ f graphic design to ,,sql databases4 ,! ,free ,s(tw>e revolution has tak5 ! indu/ry by /orm4 ,l9ux1 />t$ f scrat* n ev5 #aj ye>s ago1 has be5 ! favorite k]nel ( ! ,free ,s(tw>e _w4 ,! ideas & exp]i5ce ga9$ f ,free ,s(tw>e h truly s5t ,l9ux & ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation's ,,gnu tools all ov] ! _w4 ,free sy/ems su* z ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux %ip ) lit]ally ?\s&s ( applications1 & !y h m p[] & /ability1 & outp]=m "s ( ! indu/ry's traditional be/-sell+ propriet>y op]at+ sy/ems4 ,today1 ,,gnu_/,l9ux plays a dom9ant role 9 ,int]net s]v]s & among ,i,s,ps1 9 academia1 among comput] hobbyi/s1 & 9 comput] sci5ce rese>*4 ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux has br\ght ! p[] ( ,free ,s(tw>e to ev]y?+ f laptops to flights abo>d ! ,space ,%uttle4 ,z ,i write ?is1 companies ! _w ov] are exp]i5c+ ! joy & b5efits t are ,free ,s(tw>e4 ,! unprec$5t$ p[]1 ! ability to speak directly to ! p :o write ! s(tw>e y use1 ! capability to modify programs at w1 & ! ph5om5al exp]tise ( ! onl9e support me*anism all comb9e to make ,free ,s(tw>e a vibrant & wond]ful way to use y\r comput+ res\rces4 ,/>t+ ) a ,free ,s(tw>e su* z ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux c be ! be/ ?+ y've done ) y\r comput] 9 a long "t4 ,x's fa/1 p[]ful1 /able1 v]satile1 & fun6 ,welcome to ! revolution6 -- ,john ,go]z5 ,i4 ,guide #a4 ,introduction ,we're glad to h ?is opportunity to introduce y to ,debian6 ,z we beg9 our j\rney d[n ! road ( ,,gnu_/,l9ux1 we'd l to fir/ talk a bit ab\t :at exactly ,debian is--:at x does1 & h[ x fits 9 ) ! va/ _w ( ,free ,s(tw>e4 ,!n1 we talk a bit ab\t ! ph5om5on t is ,free ,s(tw>e & :at x means = ,debian & y4 ,f9ally1 we close ! *apt] ) a bit ( in=mation ab\t ?is book itself4 #a4a ,:at ,is ,debian8 ,debian is a free op]at+ sy/em 7,,os7 = y\r comput]4 ,an op]at+ sy/em is ! set ( basic programs & utilities t make y\r comput] run4 ,at ! core ( an op]at+ sy/em is ! k]nel4 ,! k]nel is ! mo/ fundam5tal program on ! comput]3 ,x does all ! basic h\sekeep+ & lets y />t o!r programs4 ,debian uses ! ,l9ux k]nel1 a completely free piece ( s(tw>e />t$ by ,l9us ,torvalds & support$ by ?\s&s ( programm]s worldwide4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! basic tools t fill out ! op]at+ sy/em come f ! ,,gnu ,project#a1 & ^! tools are also free4 #a http3_/_/www4gnu4org_/ ,ano!r facet ( an op]at+ sy/em is application s(tw>e3 programs t help get "w done1 f edit+ docum5ts to runn+ a bus9ess to play+ games to writ+ m s(tw>e4 ,debian comes ) m ?an #a1ejj packages 7precompil$ s(tw>e bundl$ up 9 a nice =mat = easy in/allation on y\r ma*9e7--all = free4 ,! ,debian sy/em is a bit l a pyramid4 ,at ! base is ,l9ux4 ,on top ( t are all ! basic tools1 mo/ly f ,,gnu4 ,next is all ! application s(tw>e t y run on ! comput]2 _m ( ^! are also f ,,gnu4 ,! ,debian develop]s act z ar*itects & coord9ators--c>efully organiz+ ! sy/em & fitt+ ev]y?+ toge!r into an integrat$1 /able op]at+ sy/em3 ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux4 ,! design philosophy ( ,,gnu_/,l9ux is to di/ribute its functionality into small1 multipurpose p>ts4 ,t way1 y c easily a*ieve new functionality & new features by comb9+ ! small p>ts 7programs7 9 new ways4 ,debian is l an erector set3 ,y c build all sorts ( ?+s ) x4 ,:5 y're us+ an op]at+ sy/em1 y want to m9imize ! am\nt ( "w y put into gett+ y\r job done4 ,debian supplies _m tools t c help1 b only if y "k :at ^! tools d4 ,sp5d+ an h\r try+ to get some?+ to "w & !n f9ally giv+ up isn't v productive4 ,?is guide w tea* y ab\t ! core tools t make up ,debian3 :at tools to use 9 c]ta9 situations & h[ to tie ^! v>i\s tools toge!r4 #a4a4a ,:o ,creates ,debian8 ,debian is an all-volunte] ,int]net-bas$ developm5t project4 ,!re are hundr$s ( volunte]s work+ on x4 ,mo/ are 9 *>ge ( a small numb] ( s(tw>e packages & are v famili> ) ! s(tw>e !y package4 ,^! volunte]s "w toge!r by foll[+ a /rict set ( guidel9es gov]n+ h[ packages are assembl$4 ,^! guidel9es are develop$ coop]atively 9 discussions on ,int]net mail+ li/s4 #a4b ,a ,multius]1 ,multitask+ ,op]at+ ,sy/em ,z we m5tion$ e>li] 9 section #a4a1 ! design ( ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux comes f ! ,unix op]at+ sy/em4 ,unlike common desktop op]at+ sy/ems su* z ,,dos1 ,w9d[s1 & ,mac,o,s1 ,,gnu_/,l9ux is usually f\nd on l>ge s]v]s & multius] sy/ems4 ,?is means t ,debian has features ^? o!r op]at+ sy/ems lack4 ,x all[s a l>ge numb] ( p to use ! same comput] at once1 z long z ea* us] has 8 or h] own t]m9al4#b ,to p]mit _m us]s to "w at once1 ,debian mu/ all[ _m programs & applications to run simultane\sly4 ,?is feature is call$ multitask+4 #b ,a t]m9al is j a keybo>d & a scre5 t are connect$ to ! comput] ?r\gh ! network1 ov] a modem1 or directly4 ,y keybo>d & monitor =m a t]m9al t is directly atta*$ to ! comput]3 ,?is special t]m9al is (t5 call$ ! console4 ,mu* ( ! p[] 7& complexity7 ( ,,gnu_/,l9ux sy/ems /ems f ^! two features4 ,= example1 ! sy/em mu/ h a way to keep us]s f accid5tally delet+ ea* o!r's files4 ,! op]at+ sy/em also mu/ coord9ate ! _m programs runn+ at once to ensure t !y don't all use ! same res\rce1 su* z a h>d drive1 at ! same "t4 ,if y keep 9 m9d :at ,debian 0 orig9ally design$ to d1 _m aspects ( x w make a lot m s5se4 ,y'll le>n to take advantage ( ! p[] ( ^! features4 #a4c ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 ,:5 ,debian develop]s & us]s speak ( 8,free ,s(tw>e10 !y ref] to fre$om r ?an price4 ,debian is free 9 ?is s5se3 ,y are free to modify & r$i/ribute x & w always h access to ! s\rce code = ?is purpose4 ,! ,debian ,free ,s(tw>e ,guidel9es#c describe 9 m detail exactly :at is meant by 8free40 ,! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation#d1 orig9ator ( ! ,,gnu ,project1 is ano!r excell5t s\rce ( in=mation4 ,y c f9d a m detail$ discussion ( free s(tw>e on ! ,debian web site#e4 ,"o ( ! mo/ well-kn[n works 9 ?is field is ,ri*>d ,m4 ,/allman's essay1 ,:y ,s(tw>e ,%\ld ,be ,free#f2 take a look at x = "s insight into :y we support ,free ,s(tw>e z we d4 ,rec5tly1 "s p h />t$ call+ ,free ,s(tw>e 8,op5 ,s\rce ,s(tw>e02 ! two t]ms are int]*angable4 #c http3_/_/www4debian4org_/socialcontractg uidel9es #d http3_/_/www4fsf4org_/ #e http3_/_/www4debian4org_/ #f http3_/_/www4fsf4org_/philosophy_/%\ldbe free4html ,y may wond] :y w\ld p sp5d h\rs ( _! own "t writ+ s(tw>e & c>efully packag+ x1 only to give x all away4 ,! answ]s are z v>i$ z ! p :o contribute4 ,_m believe 9 %>+ in=mation & hav+ ! fre$om to coop]ate ) "o ano!r1 & !y feel t free s(tw>e enc\rages ?is4 ,a long tradition t upholds ^! values1 sometimes call$ ! ,hack]#g ,e?ic1 />t$ 9 ! #aiejs4 ,! ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux ,project 0 f\nd$ bas$ on ^! ,free ,s(tw>e e?ics ( fre$om1 %>+1 & coop]ation4 #g ,note t ! t]m 8hack]0 %\ld n be confus$ ) ! t]m 8crack]40 ,9 %ort1 a hack] is b5evol5t1 :]eas a crack] is g5]ally consid]$ malevol5t4 ,movies & o!r =ms ( m$ia _m times incorrectly use ! t]m 8hack]0 in/ead ( 8crack]40 ,o!rs want to le>n m ab\t comput]s4 ,m & m p are look+ = ways to avoid ! inflat$ price ( propriet>y s(tw>e4 ,a gr[+ community contributes 9 appreciation = all ! great free s(tw>e !y've receiv$ f o!rs4 ,_m 9 academia create free s(tw>e to help get ! results ( _! rese>* into wid] use4 ,bus9esses help ma9ta9 free s(tw>e s !y c h a say 9 h[ x develops--!re's no quick] way to get a new feature ?an to implem5t x y\rself or hire a consultant to d s6 ,bus9ess is also int]e/$ 9 great] reliability & ! ability to *oose betwe5 support v5dors4 ,/ill o!rs see free s(tw>e z a social good1 democratiz+ access to in=mation & prev5t+ excessive c5tralization ( ! _w's in=mation infra/ructure4 ,( c\rse1 a lot ( u j f9d x great fun4 ,debian is s committ$ to free s(tw>e t we ?\ght x w\ld be useful if x 0 =maliz$ 9 a docum5t ( "s sort4 ,our ,social ,contract#h promises t ,debian w always be #ajj free s(tw>e4 ,:5 y in/all a package f ! ,debian ma9 di/ribution1 y c be sure x meets our ,free ,s(tw>e ,guidel9es4 #h http3_/_/www4debian4org_/socialcontract ,al?\gh ,debian believes 9 free s(tw>e1 !re are cases :]e p want to put propriet>y s(tw>e on _! ma*9e4 ,:5ev] possible ,debian w support ?is2 ?\gh propriet>y s(tw>e is n includ$ 9 ! ma9 di/ribution1 x is sometimes available on ! ,,ftp site 9 ! non-free directory1 & !re is a gr[+ numb] ( packages ^: sole job is to in/all propriet>y s(tw>e we are n all[$ to di/ribute ourselves4 ,x is important to di/+ui% comm]cial s(tw>e f propriet>y s(tw>e4 ,propriet>y s(tw>e is non-free s(tw>e2 comm]cial s(tw>e is s(tw>e sold = money4 ,debian p]mits comm]cial s(tw>e1 b n propriet>y s(tw>e1 to be a "p ( ! ma9 di/ribution4 ,rememb] t ! phrase 8free s(tw>e0 does n ref] to price2 x is q possible to sell free s(tw>e4 ,= m cl>ification ( ! t]m9ology1 see http3_/_/www4op5s\rce4org_/or http3_/_/www4fsf4org_/philosophy_/catego ries4html4 #a4d ,ab\t ,?is ,book ,?is book is aim$ at read]s :o are new to ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux4 ,x assumes no prior k ( ,,gnu_/,l9ux or o!r ,unix-l sy/ems1 b x does assume v basic g5]al k ab\t comput]s & h>dw>e2 y %\ld "k :at ! basic p>ts ( a comput] are1 & :at "o might use a comput] to d4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is tutorial tries to help y und]/& :at happ5s inside a ,debian sy/em4 ,! idea is to emp[] y to solve new problems & get ! mo/ out ( y\r comput]4 ,?us !re's pl5ty ( !ory & fun facts ?r[n 9 ) ! 8,h[ ,to0 aspects ( ! manual4 ,we'd love to he> y\r comm5ts ab\t ?is book6 ,y c rea* ! au?ors at debian-guidecomplete4org4 ,we're especially int]e/$ 9 :e!r x 0 helpful to y & h[ we c\ld make x bett]4 ,:e!r y h a comm5t or ?9k ?is book is ! greate/ ?+ s9ce slic$ bread1 please s5d u e-mail4 ,please d n s5d ! au?ors te*nical que/ions ab\t ,debian1 because !re are o!r =ums = t2 see ,app5dix ,a on page 99 = m in=mation on ! docum5tation & gett+ help4 ,only s5d mail reg>d+ ! book itself to ! above address4 #a4d4a ,h[ to ,read ,?is ,book ,! be/ way to le>n ab\t almo/ any comput] program is by us+ x4 ,mo/ p f9d t read+ a book )\t us+ ! program isn't b5eficial4 ,! be/ way to le>n ab\t ,unix & ,,gnu_/,l9ux is by us+ !m4 ,use ,,gnu_/,l9ux = ev]y?+ y c4 ,feel free to exp]im5t6 ,debian isn't z intuitively obvi\s z "s o!r op]at+ sy/ems4 ,y w probably end up read+ at lea/ ! fir/ few *apt]s ( ?is book4 ,,gnu_/,l9ux's p[] & complexity make x difficult to approa* at fir/1 b f> m rew>d+ 9 ! long run4 ,! sugge/$ way to le>n is to read a little1 & !n play a little4 ,keep play+ until y're com=table ) ! concepts1 & !n />t skipp+ ar\nd 9 ! book4 ,y'll f9d a v>iety ( topics are cov]$1 "s ( :i* y might f9d int]e/+4 ,aft] a :ile1 y %\ld feel confid5t en\gh to />t us+ comm&s )\t kn[+ exactly :at !y d4 ,?is is a good ?+4 ,tip3 ,if y ev] mi/ak5ly type a comm& or don't "k h[ to exit a program1 press ,,ctrl-c 7! ,ctrl key & ! l[]case lett] c press$ simultane\sly74 ,?is w (t5 /op ! program4 #a4d4b ,conv5tions ,be=e go+ on1 x's important to be famili> ) ! typographical conv5tions us$ 9 ?is book4 ,:5 y %\ld simultane\sly hold d[n multiple keys1 a notation l ,,ctrl-a w be us$4 ,?is means 8press ! ,ctrl key & press l[]case lett] a40 ,"s keybo>ds h bo? ,alt & ,meta2 mo/ home comput]s h only ,alt1 b ! ,alt key behaves l a ,meta key4 ,s if y h no ,meta key1 try ! ,alt key in/ead4 ,keys l ,alt & ,meta are call$ modifi] keys because !y *ange ! mean+ ( /&>d keys l ! lett] ,a4 ,sometimes y ne$ to hold d[n m ?an "o modifi]2 = example1 ,meta-,ctrl-a means to simultane\sly press ,meta1 ,ctrl1 & l[]case a4 ,"s keys h a special notation--= example1 ,ret 7,return_/,ent]71 ,del 7,delete or sometimes ,backspace71 ,esc 7,escape74 ,^! %\ld be fairly self-explanatory4 ,spaces us$ in/ead ( hyph5s mean to press ! keys 9 sequ5tial ord]4 ,= example1 ,,ctrl-a x ,,ret means to simultane\sly type ,ctrl & l[]case a1 foll[$ by ! lett] x1 foll[$ by press+ ,return4 7,on "s keybo>ds1 ?is key is label$ ,ent]4 ,same key1 diff]5t "n47 ,9 sample sessions1 bold face text d5otes *>act]s typ$ by ! us]1 italiciz$ text d5otes comm5ts ab\t a giv5 "p ( ! sample session1 & all o!r text is output f ent]+ a comm&4 ,= %ort] comm&s1 y'll sometimes f9d t ! comm& c be f\nd )9 o!r text1 highligh$ ) a monospace font4 #b4 ,gett+ ,/>t$ 8,a j\rney ( a ?\s& miles mu/ beg9 ) a s+le /ep40 --,lao-,tsu ,n[ t y've read ab\t ! ideas & philosophy beh9d ,l9ux & ,debian1 x's "t to />t putt+ x on y\r comput]6 ,we />t by talk+ ab\t h[ to prep>e = a ,debian in/all1 !n ab\t p>tition+ y\r disk1 & f9ally1 h[ to />t up ! in/allation sy/em4 #b4a ,support$ ,h>dw>e ,debian does n impose h>dw>e requirem5ts beyond ! requirem5ts ( ! ,l9ux k]nel & ! ,,gnu tools4 ,r ?an attempt+ to describe all ! diff]5t h>dw>e configurations t are support$ = ! ,,pc plat=m1 ?is section conta9s g5]al in=mation & po9t]s to :]e additional in=mation c be f\nd4 ,!re are two excell5t places to *eck = detail$ in=mation3 ! ,debian ,sy/em ,requirem5ts#a li/ & ! ,l9ux ,docum5tation ,project ,h>dw>e ,compatibility ,,h[to#b4 ,= in=mation on video c>d support1 y may also want to look at ! ,x,free#hfc ,project web site4 #a http3_/_/www4debian4org_/releases_/sl9k_ /i#chf_/;*-h>dw>e-req4en4html #b http3_/_/metalab4unc4edu_/,,ldp_/,,h[to_ /,h>dw>e-,,h[to4html #c http3_/_/www4xfree#hf4org_/ #b4a4a ,memory & ,disk ,space ,requirem5ts ,y mu/ h at lea/ #d,,mb ( memory & #ce,,mb ( available h>d disk space4 ,if y want to in/all a reasonable am\nt ( s(tw>e1 includ+ ! ,x ,w9d[ sy/em1 & "s developm5t programs & libr>ies1 y'll ne$ at lea/ #cjj,,mb4 ,= an ess5tially full in/allation1 y'll ne$ ar\nd #hjj,,mb4 ,to in/all ev]y?+ available 9 ,debian1 y'll probably ne$ ar\nd #b;,,gb4 ,actually1 in/all+ ev]y?+ doesn't make s5se because "s packages provide ! same s]vices4 #b4b ,be=e ,y ,/>t ,be=e y />t1 make sure to back up e file t is n[ on y\r sy/em4 ,! in/allation proc$ure c wipe out all ( ! data on a h>d disk6 ,! programs us$ 9 in/allation are q reliable & mo/ h se5 ye>s ( use2 /ill1 a false move c co/ y4 ,ev5 aft] back+ up1 be c>eful & ?9k ab\t y\r answ]s & actions4 ,two m9utes ( ?9k+ c save h\rs ( unnecess>y "w4 ,debian makes x possible to h bo? ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux & ano!r op]at+ sy/em in/all$ on ! same sy/em4 ,if y plan to use ?is option1 make sure t y h on h& ! orig9al ,,cd-,,rom or floppies ( ! o!r in/all$ op]at+ sy/ems4 ,if y rep>tition y\r boot drive1 y may f9d t y h to re9/all y\r exi/+ op]at+ sy/em's boot load]#d or ! entire op]at+ sy/em itself4 #d ,a boot load] is responsible />t+ an op]at+ sy/em's boot proc$ure4 #b4b4a ,in=mation ,y ,w ,ne$ ,if y\r comput] is connect$ to a network #bd h\rs a day 7i4e41 an ,e!rnet or simil> ,,lan connection--n a ,,ppp connection71 y %\ld ask y\r network's sy/em adm9i/rator = ! foll[+ in=mation3 ,y\r ho/ "n 7y may be able to decide ?is on y\r own7 ,y\r doma9 "n ,y\r comput]'s ,,ip address ,! ,,ip address ( y\r network ,! netmask to use ) y\r network ,! broadca/ address to use on y\r network ,! ,,ip address ( ! default gateway sy/em y %\ld r\te to1 if y\r network has a gateway ,! sy/em on y\r network t y %\ld use z a ,,dns s]v] ,:e!r y connect to ! network us+ ,e!rnet ,:e!r y\r ,e!rnet int]face is a ,,pcmcia c>d1 & if s1 ! type ( ,,pcmcia controll] y h ,if y\r only network connection is a telephone l9e us+ ,,ppp or an equival5t dialup connection1 y don't ne$ to worry ab\t gett+ y\r network set up until y\r sy/em is already in/all$4 ,see section #aa4a on page #ii = in=mation on sett+ up ,,ppp "u ,debian4 #b4c ,p>tition+ ,y\r ,h>d ,drive ,be=e y in/all ,debian on y\r comput]1 x is g5]ally a good idea to plan h[ ! cont5ts ( y\r h>d drive w be arrang$4 ,"o "p ( ?is process involves p>tition+ y\r h>d drive4 #b4c4a ,backgr\nd ,p>tition+ y\r disk simply ref]s to ! act ( break+ up y\r disk into sections4 ,ea* section is !n indep5d5t ( ! o!rs4 ,x's r\ghly equival5t to putt+ up walls 9 a h\se2 aft] t1 add+ furniture to "o room doesn't affect any o!r room4 ,if y already h an op]at+ sy/em on y\r sy/em 7,w9d[s #ie1 ,w9d[s ,,nt1 ,,dos1 etc47 & y want to in/all ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux on ! same disk1 y w probably ne$ to rep>tition ! disk4 ,9 g5]al1 *ang+ a p>tition t already has a filesy/em on x w de/roy any in=mation 9 t filesy/em4 ,!re=e1 y %\ld always make backups be=e do+ any rep>tition+4 ,us+ ! analogy ( ! h\se1 y w\ld probably want to move all ! furniture out ( ! way be=e mov+ a wall or y risk de/roy+ y\r furniture4 ,luckily1 !re is an alt]native = "s us]s2 see section #b4c4f on page 99 = m in=mation4 ,at a b>e m9imum1 ,,gnu_/,l9ux ne$s "o p>tition = itself4 ,y c h a s+le p>tition conta9+ ! entire op]at+ sy/em1 applications1 & y\r p]sonal files4 ,mo/ p *oose to give ,,gnu_/,l9ux m ?an ! m9imum numb] ( p>titions1 h[ev]4 ,!re are two reasons y might want to break up ! filesy/em into a numb] ( small] p>titions4 ,! fir/ is = safety4 ,if some?+ happ5s to corrupt ! filesy/em1 g5]ally only "o p>tition is affect$4 ,?us1 y only h to replace 7f ! backups y've be5 c>efully keep+7 a portion ( y\r sy/em4 ,at ! v lea/1 y %\ld consid] creat+ :at is commonly call$ a 8root p>tition40 ,?is conta9s ! mo/ ess5tial compon5ts ( ! sy/em4 ,if any o!r p>titions get corrupt$1 y c /ill boot into ,,gnu_/,l9ux to fix ! sy/em4 ,?is c save y ! tr\ble ( hav+ to re9/all ! sy/em f scrat*4 ,! second reason is g5]ally m important 9 a bus9ess sett+1 b x really dep5ds on y\r use ( ! ma*9e4 ,suppose some?+ runs out ( control & />ts eat+ disk space4 ,if ! process caus+ ! problem happ5s to h root privileges 7! sy/em keeps a p]c5tage ( ! disk away f us]s71 y c\ld sudd5ly f9d y\rself out ( disk space4 ,?is is n good s9ce ! op]at+ sy/em ne$s to use real files 7besides swap space7 = _m ?+s4 ,x may n ev5 be a problem ( local orig94 ,= example1 unsolicit$ e-mail 78spam07 c easily fill a p>tition4 ,by us+ m p>titions1 y protect ! sy/em f _m ( ^! problems4 ,us+ e-mail z an example aga91 by putt+ ! directory _/v>_/spool_/mail on its own p>tition1 ! bulk ( ! sy/em w _/"w ev5 if unsolicit$ e-mail fills t p>tition4 ,ano!r reason applies only if y h a l>ge ,,ide disk drive & are us+ nei!r ,,lba address+ nor ov]lay driv]s#e4 ,9 ?is case1 y w h to put ! root p>tition into ! fir/ #a1jbd cyl9d]s ( y\r h>d drive1 usually ar\nd #ebd megabytes4 ,see section #b4c4c on page 99 = m in=mation on ?is issue4 #e ,see y\r h>d drive manual = a description ( ^! features4 ,mo/ p feel t a swap p>tition is also a necessity1 al?\gh ?is isn't /rictly true4 8,swap0 is scrat* space = an op]at+ sy/em1 :i* all[s ! sy/em to use disk /orage z 8virtual memory0 9 addition to physical memory4 ,putt+ swap on a sep>ate p>tition all[s ,l9ux to make mu* m effici5t use ( x4 ,x is possible to =ce ,l9ux to use a regul> file z swap1 b ?is is n recomm5d$4 ,! only real drawback to us+ m p>titions is t x is (t5 difficult to "k 9 advance :at y\r ne$s w be4 ,if y make a p>tition too small1 ei!r y w h to re9/all ! sy/em1 or y w be con/antly mov+ ?+s ar\nd to make room 9 ! und]siz$ p>tition4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y make ! p>tition too big1 y may be wa/+ space t c\ld be us$ else:]e4 #b4c4b ,plann+ ,use ( ! ,sy/em ,disk space requirem5ts & y\r p>tition+ s*eme are influ5c$ by ! type ( in/allation y decide to create4 ,= y\r conv5i5ce1 ,debian (f]s a numb] ( default 8pr(iles0 "s ( :i* are li/$ lat] 9 ?is section4 ,pr(iles are simply preselect$ sets ( packages design$ to provide c]ta9 desir$ capabilities on y\r sy/em4 ,in/allation is easi] s9ce packages t fit y\r desir$ pr(ile are automatically m>k$ = in/allation4 ,ea* giv5 pr(ile li/s ! size ( ! result+ sy/em aft] in/allation is complete4 ,ev5 if y don't use ^! pr(iles1 ?is discussion is important = plann+1 s9ce x w give y a s5se ( h[ l>ge y\r p>tition or p>titions ne$ to be4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! available pr(iles & _! sizes3 ,s]v]/d4 ,?is is a small s]v] pr(ile1 useful = a /ripp$-d[n s]v]1 t does n h a lot ( niceties = %ell us]s4 ,x basically has an ,,ftp s]v]1 a web s]v]1 ,,dns1 ,,nis1 & ,,pop4 ,x w take up ar\nd #ej,,mb4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is j ! size ( ! s(tw>e2 any data y s]ve w\ld be additional4 ,dialup4 ,?is pr(ile w\ld be good = a /&>d desktop box1 includ+ ! ,x ,w9d[ sy/em1 graphics applications1 s\nd1 editors1 etc4 ,! size ( ! packages w be ar\nd #ejj,,mb4 ,"w/d4 ,?is pr(ile is suitable = a /ripp$-d[n us] ma*9e )\t ! ,x ,w9d[ sy/em or ,x applications4 ,x is also suitable = a laptop or mobile comput]4 ,! size is ar\nd #adj,,mb4 ,x is possible to h a simple laptop setup includ+ ,x ) less ?an #ajj,,mb4 ,develcomp4 ,?is is a desktop setup pr(ile ) all ! popul> developm5t packages1 su* z ,p]l1 ,c1 & ,c4 ,x requires ar\nd #dge,,mb4 ,assum+ y are add+ ,x & "s additional packages = o!r uses1 y %\ld plan = approximately #hjj,,mb ( disk space = ?is type ( in/allation4 ,rememb] t ^! sizes don't include all ! o!r mat]ials t are normally f\nd1 su* z us] files1 mail1 & data4 ,x is always be/ to be g5]\s :5 consid]+ ! space = y\r own files & data4 ,notably1 ! ,debian _/v> directory conta9s a lot ( /ate in=mation4 ,! in/all$ package managem5t files c easily consume #bj,,mb ( disk space4 ,9 g5]al1 y %\ld allocate at lea/ #ej,,mb = ! _/v> directory because sy/em log files are also /or$ !re4 #b4c4c ,,pc ,disk ,limitations ,a ,,pc ,,bios g5]ally adds additional con/ra9ts = disk p>tition+4 ,!re is a limit to h[ _m 8prim>y0 & 8logical0 p>titions a drive c conta94 ,additionally1 !re are limits to :]e on ! drive ! ,,bios looks = boot in=mation4 ,m in=mation c be f\nd 9 ! ,l9ux ,p>tition m9i-,,h[to#f4 ,?is section w include a brief ov]view to help y plan mo/ situations4 #f http3_/_/metalab4unc4edu_/,,ldp_/,,h[to_ /m9i_/,p>tition4html 8,prim>y0 p>titions are ! orig9al p>tition+ s*eme = ,,pc h>d disks4 ,h[ev]1 !re c be only f\r ( !m4 ,to get pa/ ?is limitation1 8ext5d$0 or 8logical0 p>titions 7 inv5t$4 ,by sett+ "o ( y\r prim>y p>titions z an ext5d$ p>tition1 y c subdivide all ! space allocat$ to t p>tition into logical p>titions4 ,! numb] ( logical p>titions y c create is mu* less limit$ ?an ! numb] ( prim>y p>titions y c create2 h[ev]1 y c h only "o ext5d$ p>tition p] drive4 ,l9ux limits ! numb] ( p>titions p] drive to #ae p>titions = ,,scsi drives 7#c usable prim>y p>titions1 #ab logical p>titions71 & #fc p>titions = ,,ide drives 7#c usable prim>y p>titions1 #fj logical p>titions74 ,! la/ issue y ne$ to "k ab\t a ,,pc ,,bios is t y\r boot p>tition--t is1 ! p>tition conta9+ y\r k]nel image--ne$s to be conta9$ )9 ! fir/ #a1jbd cyl9d]s ( ! drive4 ,because ! root p>tition is usually y\r boot p>tition1 y ne$ to make sure y\r root p>tition fits into ! fir/ #a1jbd cyl9d]s4 ,if y h a l>ge disk1 y may h to use cyl9d] translation te*niques1 :i* y c set 9 y\r ,,bios1 su* z ,,lba translation mode4 7,m in=mation ab\t l>ge disks c be f\nd 9 ! ,l>ge ,disk m9i-,,h[to#g47 ,if y are us+ a cyl9d] translation s*eme1 y\r boot p>tition mu/ fit )9 ! translat$ repres5tation ( cyl9d] #a1jbd4 #g http3_/_/metalab4unc4edu_/,,ldp_/,,h[to_ /m9i_/,l>ge-,disk4html #b4c4d ,device ,names 9 ,l9ux ,l9ux disks & p>tition names may be diff]5t f ^? 9 o!r op]at+ sy/ems4 ,y %\ld "k ! names t ,l9ux uses :5 y create & m\nt p>titions4 ,! basic s*eme c be f\nd 9 ,table #b4a on page 994 ,table #b4a3 ,l9ux ,device ,names ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,device ,l9ux ,"n ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,fir/ floppy drive _/dev_/fd#j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,second floppy drive _/dev_/fd#a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,fir/ p>tition on _/dev_/hda 7typically ,c3 9 _/dev_/hda#a o!r ,o,ss7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,fif? p>tition on _/dev_/hdc _/dev_/hdc#e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,second p>tition on _/dev_/sdb _/dev_/sdb#b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,entire ,prim>y-,ma/] ,,ide h>d disk or ,,cd-,,rom _/dev_/hda ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,entire ,prim>y-,slave ,,ide h>d disk or ,,cd-,,rom _/dev_/hdb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,entire ,second>y-,ma/] ,,ide h>d disk or _/dev_/hdc ,,cd-,,rom ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,entire ,second>y-,slave ,,ide h>d disk or _/dev_/hdd ,,cd-,,rom ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,fir/ ,,scsi disk _/dev_/sda ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,second & rema9+ ,,scsi disks _/dev_/sdb & s =? ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,fir/ s]ial port 7,,com#a 9 o!r ,o,ss7 _/dev_/tty,s#j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,second1 ?ird1 etc4 s]ial ports _/dev_/tty,s#a1 _/dev_/tty,s#b1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,,scsi tape units 7automatic rew9d7 _/dev_//#j1 _/dev_//#a1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,,scsi tape units 7no automatic rew9d7 _/dev_/n/#j1 _/dev_/n/#a1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,,scsi ,,cd-,r,o,ms _/dev_/scd#j1 _/dev_/scd#a1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,! p>titions on ea* disk are repres5t$ by app5d+ a numb] to ! disk "n4 ,= example1 ! names hda#a & hda#b repres5t ! fir/ & second p>titions ( ! fir/ ,,ide disk drive 9 y\r sy/em4 ,l9ux repres5ts ! prim>y p>titions ) ! drive "n plus ! numb]s #a ?r\gh #d4 ,= example1 ! fir/ prim>y p>tition on ! fir/ ,,ide drive is _/dev_/hda#a4 ,! logical p>titions are numb]$ />t+ at #e1 s ! fir/ logical p>tition on t same drive is _/dev_/hda#e4 ,rememb] t ! ext5d$ p>tition--t is1 ! prim>y p>tition hold+ ! logical p>titions--is n usable by itself4 ,?is applies to ,,scsi drives z well z ,,ide drives4 ,let's assume y h a sy/em ) two ,,scsi disks1 "o at ,,scsi address #b & ! o!r at ,,scsi address #d4 ,! fir/ disk 7at address #b7 is !n nam$ sda & ! second sdb4 ,if ! sda drive has ?ree p>titions on x1 ^! w be nam$ sda#a1 sda#b1 & sda#c4 ,! same applies to ! sdb disk & its p>titions4 ,note t if y h two ,,scsi ho/ bus adapt]s 7i4e41 controll]s71 ! ord] ( ! drives c get confus+4 ,! be/ solution 9 ?is case is to wat* ! boot messages1 assum+ y "k ! drive models4 #b4c4e ,recomm5d$ ,p>tition+ ,s*eme ,z describ$ above1 y %\ld h a sep>ate small] root p>tition & a l>g] _/usr p>tition if y h ! space4 ,= mo/ us]s1 ! two p>titions initially m5tion$ are suffici5t4 ,?is is especially appropriate :5 y h a s+le small disk1 because creat+ lots ( p>titions c wa/e space4 ,9 "s cases1 y might ne$ a sep>ate _/usr_/local p>tition if y plan to in/all _m programs t are n "p ( ! ,debian di/ribution4 ,if y\r ma*9e w be a mail s]v]1 y may ne$ to make _/v>_/spool_/mail a sep>ate p>tition4 ,putt+ _/tmp on its own #bj to #cb,,mb p>tition1 = in/ance1 is a good idea4 ,if y are sett+ up a s]v] ) lots ( us] acc\nts1 x's g5]ally good to h a sep>ate1 l>ge _/home p>tition to /ore us] home directories4 ,9 g5]al1 ! p>tition+ situation v>ies f comput] to comput] dep5d+ on its uses4 ,= v complex sy/ems1 y %\ld see ! ,multi ,disk ,,h[to#h4 ,x conta9s 9-dep? in=mation1 mo/ly ( int]e/ to p sett+ up s]v]s4 #h http3_/_/metalab4unc4edu_/,,ldp_/,,h[to_ /,multi-,disk-,,h[to4html ,swap p>tition sizes %\ld also be consid]$4 ,!re are _m views ab\t swap p>tition sizes4 ,"o rule ( ?umb t works well is to use z mu* swap z y h sy/em memory1 al?\gh !re probably isn't mu* po9t 9 go+ ov] #fd,,mb ( swap = mo/ us]s4 ,x also %\ldn't be small] ?an #af,,mb1 9 mo/ cases4 ,( c\rse1 !re are exceptions to ^! rules4 ,if y are try+ to solve #aj1jjj simultane\s equations on a ma*9e ) #bef,,mb ( memory1 y may ne$ a gigabyte 7or m7 ( swap space4 ,z an example1 consid] a ma*9e t has #cb,,mb ( ,,ram & a #a4g;,,gb ,,ide drive on _/dev_/hda4 ,!re is a #ejj,,mb p>tition = ano!r op]at+ sy/em on _/dev_/hda#a4 ,a #cb,,mb swap p>tition is us$ on _/dev_/hda#c & ! re/1 ab\t #a4b;,,gb1 on _/dev_/hda#b is ! ,l9ux p>tition4 #b4c4f ,p>tition+ ,prior to ,in/allation ,!re are two diff]5t times t y c p>tition3 prior to or dur+ ! in/allation ( ,debian4 ,if y\r comput] w be solely d$icat$ to ,debian y %\ld p>tition dur+ in/allation z describ$ 9 section #c4e on page 994 ,if y h a ma*9e ) m ?an "o op]at+ sy/em on x1 y %\ld g5]ally let ! o!r op]at+ sy/em create its own p>titions4 ,! foll[+ sections conta9 in=mation reg>d+ p>tition+ 9 y\r native op]at+ sy/em prior to ,debian in/allation4 ,note t y'll h to map betwe5 h[ ! o!r op]at+ sy/em names p>titions & h[ ,l9ux names p>titions2 see ,table #b4a on page 994 ,p>tition+ f ,,dos or ,w9d[s ,if y are manipulat+ exi/+ ,,fat or ,,ntfs p>titions1 x is recomm5d$ t y use ei!r ! s*eme bel[ or native ,w9d[s or ,,dos tools4 ,o!rwise1 x is n really necess>y to p>tition f ,,dos or ,w9d[s2 ! ,l9ux p>tition+ tools w g5]ally d a bett] job4 ,lossless ,rep>tition+ ,"o ( ! mo/ common in/allations is onto a sy/em t already conta9s ,,dos 7includ+ ,w9d[s #c4a71 ,w9#cb 7su* z ,w9d[s #ie1 #ih1 ,,nt71 or ,,os_/#b & x is desir$ to put ,debian onto ! same disk )\t de/roy+ ! previ\s sy/em4 ,z expla9$ 9 section #b4c4a on page 991 decreas+ ! size ( an exi/+ p>tition w almo/ c]ta9ly damage ! data on t p>tition unless c]ta9 precautions are tak54 ,! me?od describ$ "h1 :ile n gu>ante$ to protect y\r data1 works extremely well 9 practice4 ,z a precaution1 y %\ld make a backup4 ,be=e go+ any fur!r1 y %\ld h decid$ h[ y w divide up ! disk4 ,! me?od 9 ?is section w only split a p>tition into two pieces4 ,"o w conta9 ! orig9al op]at+ sy/em1 & ! o!r w be us$ = ,debian4 ,dur+ ! in/allation ( ,debian1 y w be giv5 ! opportunity to use ! ,debian portion ( ! disk z y see fit1 i4e41 z swap or z a filesy/em4 ,! idea is to move all ! data on ! p>tition to ! beg9n+ be=e *ang+ ! p>tition in=mation1 s t no?+ w be lo/4 ,x is important t y d z little z possible betwe5 ! data movem5t & rep>tition+ to m9imize ! *ance ( a file be+ writt5 ne> ! end ( ! p>tition z ?is w decrease ! am\nt ( space y c take f ! p>tition4 ,! fir/ ?+ y ne$ is a copy ( ,,fips1 :i* is available 9 ! tools directory on y\r ,debian ,,cd-,,rom4 ,?is disk mu/ be bootable4 ,"u ,,dos1 a bootable floppy c be creat$ us+ ! comm& sys a3 = a previ\sly =matt$ floppy or =mat a3 _/s = an un=matt$ floppy4 ,unzip ! ar*ive & copy ! files ,,re/orrb4,,exe1 ,,fips4,,exe & ,,errors4,,txt to ! bootable floppy4 ,,fips comes ) v good docum5tation t y may want to read4 ,y %\ld def9itely read ! docum5tation if y use a disk compression driv] or a disk manag]4 ,create ! disk & read ! docum5tation be=e y cont9ue4 ,! next ?+ to be done is to move all ! data to ! beg9n+ ( ! p>tition4 ,,defrag1 :i* comes /&>d ) ,,dos #f4j & lat]1 c easily d ! job4 ,see ! ,,fips docum5tation = a li/ ( o!r s(tw>e t may also "w4 ,note t if y h ,w9d[s #ie or high]1 y mu/ run ,,defrag f !re1 because ,,dos doesn't und]/& ,,vfat1 :i* is us$ to support long fil5ames 9 ,w9d[s #ie & high]4 ,aft] runn+ ! defragm5t] 7:i* c take a :ile on a l>ge disk71 reboot ) ! ,,fips floppy disk y creat$4 ,simply type a3 fips & foll[ ! directions4 ,note t !re are _m o!r o!r p>tition manag]s out !re1 9 case ,,fips doesn't "w = y4 #b4c4g ,debian ,in/allation ,/eps ,z y initially in/all ,debian1 y w proce$ ?r\gh sev]al diff]5t /eps3 #a4 ,boot ! in/allation sy/em #b4 ,initial sy/em configuration #c4 ,in/all ! base sy/em #d4 ,boot ! newly in/all$ base sy/em #e4 ,in/all ! re/ ( ! sy/em ,boot+ ! ,debian in/allation sy/em1 ! fir/ /ep1 is g5]ally done ) ! ,rescue ,floppy or f ! ,,cd-,,rom4 ,once y've boot$ into ,l9ux1 ! dboot/rap program w laun* & guide y ?r\gh ! second /ep1 ! initial sy/em configuration4 ,?is /ep is describ$ 9 detail 9 section #c on page 994 ,! 8,debian base sy/em0 is a core set ( packages t are requir$ to run ,debian 9 a m9imal1 /&-alone fa%ion4 dboot/rap w in/all x f y\r ,,cd-,,rom1 z describ$ 9 section #c4ab on page 994 ,once y h configur$ & in/all$ ! base sy/em1 y\r ma*9e c 8/& on its own40 ,! f9al /ep is ! in/allation ( ! rema9d] ( ! ,debian sy/em4 ,?is w\ld include ! applications & docum5ts t y actually use on y\r comput]1 su* z ! ,x ,w9d[ sy/em1 editors1 %ells1 & developm5t environm5ts4 ,! re/ ( ! ,debian sy/em c be in/all$ f ,,cd-,,rom4 ,at ?is po9t1 y'll be us+ ! /&>d ,debian package managem5t tools1 su* z dselect4 ,?is /ep is describ$ 9 section #c4bj on page 994 #b4d ,*oos+ ,y\r ,in/allation ,m$ia ,fir/1 *oose ! boot m$ia = ! in/allation sy/em4 ,next1 *oose ! me?od y w use to in/all ! base sy/em4 ,to boot ! in/allation sy/em1 y h ! foll[+ *oices3 bootable ,,cd-,,rom1 floppies1 or a non-,l9ux boot load]4 ,,cd-,,rom boot+ is "o ( ! easie/ ways to in/all4 ,n all ma*9es c boot directly f ! ,,cd-,,rom s y may /ill ne$ to use floppies4 ,boot+ f floppies is support$ = mo/ plat=ms4 ,floppy boot+ is describ$ 9 section #b4d4b on page 994 #b4d4a ,in/all+ f a ,,cd-,,rom ,if y\r sy/em supports boot+ f a ,,cd-,,rom1 y don't ne$ any floppies4 ,put ! ,,cd-,,rom into ! drive1 turn y\r comput] (f1 & !n turn x back on4 ,y %\ld see a ,welcome scre5 ) a boot prompt at ! bottom4 ,n[ y c skip d[n to section #b4e4 ,if y\r comput] didn't 8see0 ! ,debian ,,cd-,,rom1 ! easie/ option is to make two floppies = boot+ 7describ$ 9 section #b4d4b7 & !n use !m to />t ,debian4 ,don't worry2 aft] ,debian is f9i%$ ) ^? two floppies1 x w f9d y\r ,,cd-,,rom ) no tr\ble4 #b4d4b ,boot+ f ,floppies ,x's n h>d at all to boot f floppies4 ,9 fact1 y\r ,,cd-,,rom conta9s all ! in=mation necess>y to create boot disks = y4 ,= ^! in/ructions1 y w ne$ to get two disks4 ,label ! fir/ "o 8,debian #b4a ,in/all_/,rescue ,disk0 & ! second 8,debian #b4a ,modules_/,driv]s ,disk40 ,creat+ ,floppies f ,disk ,images ,disk images are files conta9+ ! complete cont5ts ( a floppy disk 9 raw =m4 ,disk images1 su* z resc#addj4;b91 _c simply be copi$ to floppy drives4 ,a special program is us$ to write ! image files to floppy disk 9 raw mode4 ,fir/1 y ne$ to get to a ,,dos prompt4 ,9 ,w9d[s #ie & above1 y c d ?is by d\ble-click+ on an ,,ms-,,dos icon or by go+ to ,/>t7 right>r[ 7,programs7 right>r[ 7,,ms-,,dos prompt4 ,!n1 ins]t y\r ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux ,,cd-,,rom into y\r ,,cd-,,rom drive4 ,fir/1 y *ange to y\r ,,cd-,,rom drive4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ?is is ,d34 ,c3,,w9d[s,d3 ,n[1 *ange to ! directory conta9+ ! disk images4 ,d3,,cd ,,di/s,,sl9k,,ma9,,disks-,i#chfb4a4h-aii i-jb-bb ,if y get an error1 d\ble-*eck :at y're typ+4 ,if ! error p]si/s1 manually issue ,,cd ,,di/s,,sl9k,,ma9,,disks-,i#chf1 !n run ,,dir1 & !n ,,cd into ! directory indicat$4 ,note t ! above comm&s1 & "s o!r examples bel[1 may appe> z a s+le l9e on y\r display ev5 if !y are wrapp$ "h4 ,n[1 y're ready to create ! fir/ ( two disks4 ,/>t ! program to write !m out1 rawrite#b3 ,d3,,di/s,,sl9k,,ma9,,disks-,i#chf #b4a4h-aiii-jb-bbrawrite#b ,ra,write #b4j - ,write disk file to raw floppy diskette ,rawrite#b />ts & displays its welcome message4 ,next1 x asks = ! fil5ame & diskette drive4 ,y tell x to write resc#addj4;b9 to a3 ,ent] disk image s\rce file "n3 resc#addj4;b9 ,ent] t>get diskette drive3 a3 ,rawrite#b n[ asks y to ins]t a disk into ! floppy drive4 ,d s & press ,ent]4 ,plese ins]t a =matt$ diskette into drive ,a3 & press -,,ent]- 3 ,at ?is po9t1 rawrite#b w create ! fir/ ( ! two disks4 ,n[1 y ne$ to repeat ! process = ! second disk3 ,d3,,di/s,,sl9k,,ma9,,disks-,i#chf #b4a4h-aiii-jb-bbrawrite#b ,ra,write #b4j - ,write disk file to raw floppy diskette ,ent] disk image s\rce file "n3 drv#addj4;b9 ,ent] t>get diskette drive3 a3 ,please ins]t a =matt$ diskette into drive ,a3 & press -,,ent]- 3 ,by n[1 y\r disks are creat$4 ,y c n[ use ! fir/ "o to boot4 ,boot+ ,debian ,y are n[ ready to boot into ,debian6 ,%ut d[n y\r exi/+ op]at+ sy/em1 turn (f y\r comput]1 & place ! ,in/all_/,rescue ,disk into ! floppy drive4 ,n[ turn y\r comput] back on4 ,y %\ld get a ,welcome scre5 ) a boot prompt at ! bottom4 #b4e ,boot+ ! ,in/allation ,sy/em ,y %\ld n[ h ! boot prompt4 ,simply press ,ent] at ?is po9t4 ,once y press ,ent]1 y %\ld see ! message ,load+4441 & !n ,uncompress+ ,l9ux4441 & !n a scre5ful or s ( in=mation ab\t ! h>dw>e 9 y\r sy/em4 ,9 g5]al1 y c ignore ^! messages4 ,l9ux w look = v>i\s h>dw>e devices & w tell y :at x f9ds & doesn't f9d4 ,don't worry ab\t messages at ?is po9t4 ,j wait until y see ! ,color ,selection scre54 ,if y h tr\ble1 see section ,b4#b on page 994 #c4 ,/ep-by-,/ep ,in/allation dboot/rap is ! "n ( ! program t is run aft] y h boot$ into ! in/allation sy/em4 ,x is responsible = initial sy/em configuration & ! in/allation ( ! 8base sy/em40 ,! ma9 job ( dboot/rap & ! ma9 purpose ( y\r initial sy/em configuration is to configure c]ta9 core elem5ts ( y\r sy/em4 ,= in/ance1 ?is includes y\r ,,ip address1 ho/ "n1 & o!r aspects ( y\r network+ setup1 if any4 ,?is also includes ! configuration ( 8k]nel modules10 :i* are driv]s t are load$ into ! k]nel4 ,^! modules include /orage h>dw>e driv]s1 network driv]s1 special language support1 & support = o!r p]iph]als4 ,configur+ ^! fundam5tal ?+s is done fir/1 because x is (t5 necess>y = ! sy/em to function prop]ly = ! next /eps ( in/allation4 dboot/rap is a simple1 "*-bas$ application4 ,x is v easy to use2 g5]ally1 x w guide y ?r\gh ea* /ep ( ! in/allation process 9 a l9e> fa%ion4 ,y c also g back & repeat /eps if y made a mi/ake4 ,navigation )9 dboot/rap is accompli%$ ) ! arr[ keys1 ,ent]1 & ,tab4 #c4a ,select ,color or ,mono*rome ,display ,once ! sy/em has f9i%$ boot+1 dboot/rap is invok$4 ,! fir/ ?+ t dboot/rap asks ab\t is y\r display4 ,y %\ld see ! 8,select ,color or ,mono*rome display0 dialog box4 ,if y\r monitor is capable ( display+ color1 press ,ent]4 ,! display %\ld *ange f black-&-:ite to color4 ,!n press ,ent] aga91 on ! 8,next0 item1 to cont9ue ) ! in/allation4 ,if y\r monitor c display only black & :ite1 use ! arr[ keys to move ! cursor to ! 8,next0 m5u item1 & !n press ,ent] to cont9ue ) ! in/allation4 #c4b ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux ,in/allation ,ma9 ,m5u ,y may see a dialog box t says 8,! in/allation program is det]m9+ ! curr5t /ate ( y\r sy/em & ! next in/allation /ep t %\ld be p]=m$40 ,?is is a phase 9 :i* ! in/allation program automatically figures out :at y probably ne$ to d next4 ,9 "s cases1 y may n ev5 see ?is box4 ,dur+ ! entire in/allation process1 y w be pres5t$ ) ! ma9 m5u1 titl$ 8,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux ,in/allation ,ma9 ,m5u40 ,! *oices at ! top ( ! m5u w *ange to indicate y\r progress 9 in/all+ ! sy/em4 ,phil ,hughes wrote 9 ! ,l9ux ,j\rnal#a t y c\ld tea* a *ick5 to in/all ,debian6 ,he meant t ! in/allation process 0 mo/ly j peck+ at ! ,ent] key4 ,! fir/ *oice on ! in/allation m5u is ! next action t y %\ld p]=m accord+ to :at ! sy/em detects y h already done4 ,x %\ld say 8,next10 & at ?is po9t ! next /ep 9 in/all+ ! sy/em w be tak54 #a http3_/_/www4l9uxj\rnal4com #c4c ,configure ! ,keybo>d ,make sure ! highlight is on ! 8,next0 item & press ,ent] to g to ! keybo>d configuration m5u4 ,move ! highlight to ! keybo>d selection y desire & press ,ent]4 ,use ! arr[ keys to move ! highlight4 ,9 mo/ cases1 y c j use ! default ,u4,s4 lay\t4 #c4d ,la/ ,*ance to ,back ,up6 ,did we tell y to back up y\r disks8 ,"h's y\r fir/ *ance to wipe out all ( ! data on y\r disks & y\r la/ *ance to save y\r old sy/em4 ,if y hav5't back$ up all ( y\r disks1 remove ! floppy f ! drive1 reset ! sy/em1 & run backups4 #c4e ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk ,:atev] ! 8,next0 m5u selection is1 y c use ! d[n-arr[ key to select 8,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk40 ,g ahead & d ?is n[1 !n press ,ent]4 ,! 8,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk0 m5u item pres5ts y ) a li/ ( disk drives y c p>tition & runs a p>tition+ application call$ cfdisk4 ,y mu/ create at lea/ "o 8,l9ux native0 7type #hc7 disk p>tition1 & y probably want at lea/ "o 8,l9ux swap0 7type #hb7 p>tition1 z expla9$ 9 lat] 9 ?is section4 ,y w n[ create ! p>titions t y ne$ to in/all ,debian4 ,= ?is example1 ! assumption is t y are p>tition+ an empty h>d disk4 ,! boot p>tition mu/ reside )9 ! fir/ #a1jbd ( cyl9d]s ( y\r h>d disk 7see section #b4c4c on page 9974 ,keep+ t 9 m9d1 use ! "r-arr[ key to highlight ! 8,new0 m5u selection1 & !n press ,ent]4 ,y w be pres5t$ ) ! *oice ( creat+ a prim>y p>tition or a logical p>tition4 ,to help ensure t ! p>tition conta9+ ! boot in=mation is )9 ! fir/ #a1jbd cyl9d]s1 create a prim>y p>tition fir/4 ,?is prim>y p>tition w be y\r 8,l9ux native0 p>tition4 ,highlight ! 8,prim>y0 m5u selection & press ,ent]4 ,next y w ne$ to ent] h[ l>ge y want t p>tition to be4 ,review section #b4c4b on page 99 if y're n sure h[ l>ge x %\ld be4 ,rememb] to leave en\gh space = y\r swap p>tition 7see section #b4c4e on page 9974 ,ent] ! p>ition size y want & !n press ,ent]4 ,next y w be ask$ if y want to place ! p>tition at ! beg9n+ ( free space or at ! end4 ,place x at ! beg9n+ to help ensure t x lies )9 ! fir/ #a1jbd cyl9d]s4 ,highlight 8,beg9n+0 & press ,ent]4 ,at ?is po9t y w be br\ght back to ! ma9 scre54 ,notice t ! p>tition y creat$ is li/$4 ,by default1 a ,l9ux native p>tition 0 creat$4 ,?is p>tition mu/ n[ be made bootable4 ,make sure t ! 8,bootable0 m5u selection is highlight$ & press ,ent]4 ,! p>tition %\ld n[ h ! ^w 8,boot0 li/$ "u ! 8,flags0 column4 ,) ! rema9+ space1 create ano!r prim>y p>tition4 ,us+ ! d[n-arr[ key1 highlight ! free space entry 9 ! p>tition li/4 ,n[ highlight ! 8,new0 m5u selection & proce$ j z y did :5 y creat$ ! fir/ prim>y p>tition4 ,notice t ! p>tition is li/$ z a ,l9ux native p>tition4 ,because ?is p>tition w be y\r swap p>tition1 x mu/ be d5ot$ z su*4 ,make sure ! p>tition y j creat$ 7y\r swap p>tition7 is highlight$ & !n press ! left-arr[ key until ! 8,type0 m5u selection is highlight$1 !n press ,ent]4 ,y w be pres5t$ ) a li/ ( support$ p>tition types4 ,! ,l9ux swap p>tition type %\ld already be select$4 ,if x is n1 ent] ! numb] f ! li/ t corresponds to ! ,l9ux swap p>tition 7#hb71 & !n press ,ent]4 ,y\r swap p>tition %\ld n[ be li/$ z a ,l9ux swap p>tition "u ! 8,,fs ,type0 column 9 ! ma9 scre54 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4a3 cfdisk scre5%ot ,y\r cfdisk scre5 %\ld look some?+ l ! scre5%ot 9 ,figure #c4a on page 994 ,! numb]s may n be ! same1 b ! ,flags & ,,fs ,type column %\lds be simil>4 ,until n[1 no?+ on y\r disk has be5 alt]$4 ,if y are satisfi$ t ! p>tition s*eme y creat$ is :at y want1 press ! left-arr[ key until 8,write0 is highlight$1 & press ,ent]4 ,y\r h>d disk has n[ be5 p>tition$4 ,quit ! cfdisk application by select+ ! 8,quit0 m5u selection4 ,once y h left cfdisk1 y %\ld be back 9 ,debian's dboot/rap in/allation application4 #c4f ,initialize & ,activate a ,swap ,p>tition ,?is w be ! 8,next0 m5u item once y h creat$ "o disk p>tition4 ,y h ! *oice ( initializ+ & activat+ a new swap p>tition1 activat+ a previ\sly-initializ$ "o1 or do+ )\t a swap p>tition4 ,a swap p>tition is /rongly recomm5d$1 b y c d )\t "o if y insi/ & if y\r sy/em has m ?an #d,,mb ,,ram4 ,if y wi% to d ?is1 select ! 8,d ,)\t a ,swap ,p>tition0 item f ! m5u & move on to ! next section4 ,x's always p]missible to re9itialize a swap p>tition1 s select 8,initialize & ,activate a ,swap ,p>tition0 unless y are sure y "k :at y are do+4 ,?is m5u *oice w fir/ pres5t y ) a dialog box read+ 8,please select ! p>tition to activate z a swap device40 ,! default device pres5t$ %\ld be ! swap p>tition y've already set up2 if s1 j press ,ent]4 ,next y h ! option to scan ! entire p>tition = unreadable disk blocks caus$ by defects on ! surface ( ! h>d disk platt]s4 ,?is is useful if y h ,,mfm1 ,,rll1 or old] ,,scsi disks1 & x nev] hurts 7al?\gh x c be "t-consum+74 ,prop]ly work+ disks 9 mo/ mod]n sy/ems don't require ?is /ep1 because !y h _! own int]nal me*anisms = mapp+ out bad disk blocks4 ,f9ally1 !re is a confirmation message because initialization w de/roy any data previ\sly on ! p>tition4 ,if all is well1 select 8,yes40 ,! scre5 w fla% z ! initialization program runs4 #c4g ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition ,at ?is po9t1 ! next m5u item pres5t$ %\ld be 8,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition40 ,if x isn't1 ei!r y hav5't complet$ ! disk p>tition+ process1 or y hav5't made "o ( ! m5u *oices deal+ ) y\r swap p>tition4 ,y c initialize a ,l9ux p>tition1 or alt]nately y c m\nt a previ\sly initializ$ "o4 ,note t dboot/rap w n upgrade an old sy/em )\t de/roy+ x4 ,if y're upgrad+1 ,debian c usually upgrade itself1 & y won't ne$ to use dboot/rap4 ,! ,debian #b4a release notes conta9 upgrade in/ructions#b4 #b http3_/_/www4debian4org_/releases_/sl9k_ /i#chf_/release-notes_/*-upgrad+- req4en4html ,if y are us+ old disk p>titions t are n empty1 i4e41 if y want to j ?r[ away :at is on !m1 y %\ld initialize !m 7:i* erases all files74 ,moreov]1 y mu/ initialize any p>titions t y creat$ 9 ! disk p>tition+ /ep4 ,ab\t ! only reason to m\nt a p>tition )\t initializ+ x at ?is po9t w\ld be to m\nt a p>tition ^u :i* y h already p]=m$ "s "p ( ! in/allation process us+ ?is same set ( in/allation floppies4 ,select ! 8,next0 m5u item to initialize & m\nt ! _/ disk p>tition4 ,! fir/ p>tition t y m\nt or initialize w be ! "o m\nt$ z _/ 7pron\nc$ 8root074 ,y w be (f]$ ! *oice to scan ! disk p>tition = bad blocks1 z y 7 :5 y initializ$ ! swap p>tition4 ,x nev] hurts to scan = bad blocks1 b x c\ld take #aj m9utes or m to d s if y h a l>ge disk4 ,once y've m\nt$ ! _/ p>tition1 ! 8,next0 m5u item w be 8,in/all ,op]at+ ,sy/em ,k]nel & ,modules0 unless y've already p]=m$ "s ( ! in/allation /eps4 ,y c use ! arr[ keys to select ! m5u items to initialize or to m\nt disk p>titions if y h any m p>titions to set up4 ,if y h creat$ sep>ate p>titions = _/v>1 _/usr1 or o!r filesy/ems1 y %\ld initialize or m\nt !m n[4 #c4g4a ,m\nt a ,previ\sly-,initializ$ ,p>tition ,an alt]native to ! 8,initialize a ,p>tition0 /ep is ! 8,m\nt a ,previ\sly-,initializ$ ,p>tition0 /ep4 ,use ?is if y are resum+ an in/allation t 0 int]rupt$ or if y want to m\nt p>titions t h already be5 initializ$4 #c4h ,in/all ,op]at+ ,sy/em ,k]nel & ,modules ,?is %\ld be ! next m5u /ep aft] y've m\nt$ y\r root p>tition1 unless y've already p]=m$ ?is /ep 9 a previ\s run ( dboot/rap4 ,fir/1 y w be ask$ to confirm t ! device y h m\nt$ on root is ! prop] "o4 ,next1 y w be (f]$ a m5u ( devices f :i* y c in/all ! k]nel4 ,*oose ! appropriate device f :i* to in/all ! k]nel & modules2 ?is w ei!r be a ,,cd-,,rom device or ! fir/ floppy device4 ,if y're in/all+ f floppies1 y'll ne$ to fe$ 9 ! ,rescue ,floppy 7:i* is probably already 9 ! drive71 foll[$ by ! ,driv]s ,floppy4 #c4i ,configure ,,pcmcia ,support ,!re is an alt]nate /ep1 be=e ! 8,configure ,device ,driv] ,modules0 m5u selection1 call$ 8,configure ,,pcmcia ,support40 ,?is m5u is us$ to enable ,,pcmcia support4 ,if y d h ,,pcmcia b are n in/all+ y\r ,debian sy/em us+ x 7i4e41 in/allation ) a ,,pcmcia ,e!rnet c>d71 y ne$ n configure ,,pcmcia at ?is po9t4 ,y c easily configure & enable ,,pcmcia at a lat] po9t1 aft] in/allation is complete4 ,h[ev]1 if y are in/all+ by way ( a ,,pcmcia network device1 ?is alt]nate mu/ be select$1 & ,,pcmcia support mu/ be configur$ prior to configur+ ! network4 ,if y ne$ to in/all ,,pcmcia1 select ! alt]nate bel[ 8,configure ,device ,driv] ,modules40 ,y w be ask$ :i* ,,pcmcia controll] y\r sy/em conta9s4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ?is w be i#hbcfe4 ,9 "s cases1 x w be tcic2 y\r laptop's v5dor-suppli$ specifications %\ld provide ! in=mation4 ,y c g5]ally leave ! next few sets ( options blank4 ,aga91 c]ta9 h>dw>e has special ne$s2 ! ,l9ux ,,pcmcia ,,h[to#c conta9s pl5ty ( in=mation 9 case ! default doesn't "w4 #c http3_/_/metalab4unc4edu_/,,ldp_/,,h[to_ /,,pcmcia-,,h[to4html ,9 "s unusual cases1 y may also ne$ to modify ! file _/etc_/pcmcia_/config4opts4 ,y c op5 y\r second virtual t]m9al 7,left ,alt-,f#b7 & edit ! file !re & !n reconfigure y\r ,,pcmcia1 or y c manually =ce a reload ( ! modules us+ insmod & rmmod4 ,once ,,pcmcia is prop]ly configur$ & in/all$1 y %\ld configure y\r device driv]s z describ$ 9 ! next section4 #c4aj ,configure ,device ,driv] ,modules ,select ! 8,configure ,device ,driv] ,modules0 m5u item & look = devices t are on y\r sy/em4 ,configure ^? device driv]s1 & !y w be load$ :5ev] y\r sy/em boots4 ,y don't h to configure all y\r devices at ?is po9t2 :at is crucial is t any device configuration requir$ = ! in/allation ( ! base sy/em is done "h4 ,at any po9t aft] ! sy/em is in/all$1 y c reconfigure y\r modules ) ! modconf program4 #c4aa ,configure ! ,network ,y'll h to configure ! network ev5 if y don't h a network1 b y'll only h to answ] ! fir/ two que/ions--8,*oose ! ,ho/ "n10 & 8,is y\r sy/em connect$ to a network80 ,if y are connect$ to a network1 y'll ne$ ! in=mation y collect$ f #b4b4a4 ,h[ev]1 if y\r prim>y connection to ! network w be ,,ppp1 y %\ld *oose ,,n to configure ! network4 dboot/rap w ask y a numb] ( que/ions ab\t y\r network2 fill 9 ! answ]s f #b4b4a4 ,! sy/em w also summ>ize y\r network in=mation & ask y = confirmation4 ,next1 y ne$ to specify ! network device t y\r prim>y network connection uses4 ,usually1 ?is w be e?#j 7! fir/ ,e!rnet device74 ,on a laptop1 x's m likely t y\r prim>y network device is pcmcia4 ,"h are "s te*nical details y may f9d h&y3 ,! program assumes ! network ,,ip address is ! bitwise ,,& ( y\r sy/em's ,,ip address & y\r netmask4 ,x w guess ! broadca/ address is ! bitwise ,,or ( y\r sy/em's ,,ip address ) ! bitwise negation ( ! netmask4 ,x w guess t y\r gateway sy/em is also y\r ,,dns s]v]4 ,if y c't f9d any ( ^! answ]s1 use ! sy/em's guesses4 ,y c *ange !m once ! sy/em has be5 in/all$1 if necess>y1 by edit+ _/etc_/init4d_/network4 7,on a ,debian sy/em1 daemons are />t$ by _/scripts 9 ! directory _/etc_/init4d_/47 #c4ab ,in/all ! ,base ,sy/em ,dur+ ! 8,in/all ! ,base ,sy/em0 /ep1 y'll be (f]$ a m5u ( devices f :i* y may in/all ! base sy/em4 ,"h1 y ne$ to select y\r ,,cd-,,rom device4 ,y w be prompt$ to specify ! pa? to ! base#ba4tgz file4 ,if y h (ficial ,debian m$ia1 ! default value %\ld be correct4 ,o!rwise1 ent] ! pa? :]e ! base sy/em c be f\nd1 relative to ! m$ia's m\nt po9t4 ,z ) ! 8,in/all ,op]at+ ,sy/em ,k]nel & ,modules0 /ep1 y c ei!r let dboot/rap f9d ! file itself or type 9 ! pa? at ! prompt4 #c4ab4a ,configure ! ,base ,sy/em ,at ?is po9t y've read 9 all ( ! files t make up a m9imal ,debian sy/em1 b y mu/ p]=m "s configuration be=e ! sy/em w run4 ,y'll be ask$ to select y\r "t zone4 ,!re are _m ways to specify y\r "t zone2 we sugge/ y g to ! 8,directories30 pane & select y\r c\ntry 7or cont95t74 ,t w *ange ! available "t zones1 s g ahead & select y\r geographic locality 7i4e41 c\ntry1 prov9ce1 /ate1 or city7 9 ! 8,timezones30 pane4 ,next1 y'll be ask$ if y\r sy/em clock is to be set to ,,gmt or local "t4 ,select ,,gmt 7i4e41 8,yes07 if y w only be runn+ ,l9ux on y\r comput]2 select local "t 7i4e41 8,no07 if y w be runn+ ano!r op]at+ sy/em z well z ,debian4 ,unix 7& ,l9ux is no exception7 g5]ally keeps ,,gmt "t on ! sy/em clock & conv]ts visible "t to ! local "t zone4 ,?is all[s ! sy/em to keep track ( daylight sav+s "t & leap ye>s1 & ev5 all[s a us] :o is logg$ 9 f ano!r "t zone to individually set ! "t zone us$ on 8 or h] t]m9al4 #c4ab4b ,make ,l9ux ,bootable ,directly f ! ,h>d ,disk ,if y elect to make ! h>d disk boot directly to ,l9ux1 y w be ask$ to in/all a ma/] boot record4 ,if y ar5't us+ a boot manag] 7& ?is is probably ! case if y don't "k :at a boot manag] is7 & y don't h ano!r diff]5t op]at+ sy/em on ! same ma*9e1 answ] 8,yes0 to ?is "q4 ,note t if y answ] 8,yes10 y won't be able to boot into ,,dos normally on y\r ma*9e1 = in/ance4 ,be c>eful4 ,if y answ] 8,yes10 ! next "q w be :e!r y want to boot ,l9ux automatically f ! h>d disk :5 y turn on y\r sy/em4 ,?is sets ,l9ux to be ! bootable p>tition--! "o t w be load$ f ! h>d disk4 ,note t multiple op]at+ sy/em boot+ on a s+le ma*9e is /ill some?+ ( a black art4 ,?is book does n ev5 attempt to docum5t ! v>i\s boot manag]s1 :i* v>y by ar*itecture & ev5 by sub-ar*itecture4 ,y %\ld see y\r boot manag]'s docum5tation = m in=mation4 ,rememb]3 ,:5 work+ ) ! boot manag]1 y c nev] be too c>eful4 ,! /&>d i#chf boot load] is call$ 8,,lilo40 ,x is a complex program t (f]s lots ( functionality1 includ+ ,,dos1 ,,nt1 & ,,os_/#b boot managem5t4 ,to f9d out m ab\t ?is functionality1 y c read ! docum5tation 9 _/usr_/doc_/lilo aft] y\r sy/em is set up4 #c4ac ,make a ,boot ,floppy ,y %\ld make a boot floppy ev5 if y int5d to boot ! sy/em f ! h>d disk4 ,! reason is t x's possible = ! h>d disk boot/rap to be mis-in/all$1 b a boot floppy w almo/ always "w4 ,select 8,make a ,boot ,floppy0 f ! m5u & fe$ ! sy/em a blank floppy z direct$4 ,make sure ! floppy isn't write-protect$1 because ! s(tw>e w =mat & write x4 ,m>k ?is ! 8,cu/om ,boot0 floppy & write-protect x once x has be5 writt54 #c4ad ,! ,mom5t ( ,tru? ,y sy/em's fir/ boot on its own p[] is :at electrical eng9e]s call ! 8smoke te/40 ,if y h any floppies 9 y\r floppy drive1 remove !m4 ,select ! 8,reboot ! ,sy/em0 m5u item4 ,if are boot+ directly into ,debian & ! sy/em doesn't />t up1 ei!r use y\r orig9al in/allation boot m$ia 7= in/ance1 ! ,rescue ,floppy7 or ins]t ! ,cu/om ,boot floppy if y creat$ "o1 & !n reset y\r sy/em4 ,if y are n us+ ! ,cu/om ,boot floppy1 y w probably ne$ to add "s boot argum5ts4 ,if boot+ ) ! ,rescue ,floppy or simil> te*nique1 y ne$ to specify rescue rootrootfs1 :]e rootfs is y\r root p>tition1 su* z _/dev_/sda#a4 ,debian %\ld boot1 & y %\ld see ! same messages z :5 y fir/ boot$ ! in/allation sy/em1 foll[$ by "s new messages4 #c4ae ,set ! ,root ,password ,! root acc\nt is also call$ ! sup]us]2 x is a log9 t bypasses all security protection on y\r sy/em4 ,! root acc\nt %\ld be us$ only to p]=m sy/em adm9i/ration & = z %ort a "t z possible4 ,any password y create %\ld conta9 f six to eight *>act]s1 & x %\ld conta9 bo? upp]case & l[]case *>act]s1 z well z punctuation *>act]s4 ,take extra c>e :5 sett+ y\r root password1 s9ce x is su* a p[]ful acc\nt4 ,avoid diction>y words or use ( any p]sonal in=mation t c\ld be guess$4 ,if anyone ev] tells y he ne$s y\r root password1 be extremely w>y4 ,y %\ld normally nev] give out y\r root acc\nt1 unless y are adm9i/]+ a ma*9e ) m ?an "o sy/em adm9i/rator4 #c4af ,create an ,ord9>y ,us] ,! sy/em w ask y to create an ord9>y us] acc\nt4 ,?is acc\nt %\ld be y\r ma9 p]sonal log94 ,y %\ld n use ! root acc\nt = daily use or z y\r p]sonal log94 ,:y n8 ,x's a lot h>d] to d damage to ! sy/em z an ord9>y us] ?an z root2 sy/em files are protect$4 ,ano!r reason is t y might be trick$ into runn+ a ,trojan horse program--t is1 a program t takes advantage ( y\r sup]us] p[]s to compromise ! security ( y\r sy/em beh9d y\r back4 ,any good book on ,unix sy/em adm9i/ration w cov] ?is topic 9 m detail4 ,consid] read+ "o if ?is topic is new to y4 ,"n ! us] acc\nt any?+ y l4 ,if y\r "n is ,john ,smi?1 y might use 8smi?10 8john10 8jsmi?10 or 8js40 #c4ag ,%ad[ ,password ,support ,next1 ! sy/em w ask :e!r y want to enable %ad[ passwords4 ,?is is an au!ntication sy/em t makes y\r ,l9ux sy/em a bit m secure4 ,!re=e1 we recomm5d t y enable %ad[ passwords4 ,reconfiguration ( ! %ad[ password sy/em c also be done lat] ) ! %ad[config program4 #c4ah ,remove ,,pcmcia ,if y h no use = ,,pcmcia1 y c *oose to remove x at ?is po9t4 ,?is w make y\r />tup clean]2 also1 x w make x easi] to replace y\r k]nel 7,,pcmcia requires a lot ( correlation betwe5 ! v]sion ( ! ,,pcmcia driv]s1 ! k]nel modules1 & ! k]nel itself74 ,9 g5]al1 y w n ne$ ,,pcmcia unless y're us+ a laptop4 #c4ai ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles ,! sy/em w n[ ask y if y want to use ! pre-roll$ s(tw>e configurations (f]$ by ,debian4 ,y c always *oose package-by-package :at y want to in/all on y\r new ma*9e4 ,?is is ! purpose ( ! dselect program1 describ$ bel[4 ,b ?is c be a long task ) ! ?\s&s ( packages available 9 ,debian6 ,s1 y h ! ability to *oose tasks or pr(iles in/ead4 ,a task is "w y w d ) ! ma*9e1 su* z 8,p]l programm+0 or 8,,html au?or+0 or 8,*9ese ^w process+40 ,y c *oose sev]al tasks4 ,a pr(ile is a category y\r ma*9e w be a memb] (1 su* z 8,network s]v]0 or 8,p]sonal work/ation40 ,unlike ) tasks1 y c *oose only "o pr(ile4 ,to summ>ize1 if y are 9 a hurry1 *oose "o pr(ile4 ,if y h m "t1 *oose ! ,cu/om pr(ile & select a set ( tasks4 ,if y h pl5ty ( "t & want v precise control on :at is or is n in/all$1 skip ?is /ep & use ! full p[] ( dselect4 ,soon1 y w ent] into dselect4 ,if y select$ tasks or pr(iles1 rememb] to skip ! 8,select0 /ep ( dselect1 because ! selections h already be5 made4 ,a ^w ( w>n+ ab\t ! size ( ! tasks z !y are display$3 ,! size %[n = ea* task is ! sum ( ! sizes ( its packages4 ,if y *oose two tasks t %>e "s packages1 ! actual disk requirem5t w be less ?an ! sum ( ! sizes = ! two tasks4 ,once y've add$ bo? log9s 7root & p]sonal71 y'll be dropp$ into ! dselect program4 dselect all[s y to select packages to be in/all$ on y\r sy/em4 ,if y h a ,,cd-,,rom or h>d disk conta9+ ! additional ,debian packages t y want to in/all on y\r sy/em1 or if y are connect$ to ! ,int]net1 ?is w be useful to y "r away4 ,o!rwise1 y may want to quit dselect & />t x lat] aft] y h transport$ ! ,debian package files to y\r sy/em4 ,y mu/ be ! sup]us] 7root7 :5 y run dselect4 ,in=mation on h[ to use dselect is giv5 9 section #c4bj4 #c4bj ,package ,in/allation ) dselect ,x is n[ "t to in/all ! s(tw>e packages ( y\r *oice on y\r ,debian sy/em4 ,?is is done us+ ,debian's package managem5t tool1 dselect4 #c4bj4a ,introduction ,?is section docum5ts dselect = fir/-"t us]s4 ,x makes no attempt to expla9 ev]y?+1 s :5 y fir/ meet dselect1 "w ?r\gh ! help scre5s4 dselect is us$ to select :i* packages y wi% to in/all 7!re are curr5tly ab\t #b1bej packages 9 ,debian #b4a74 ,x w be run = y dur+ ! in/allation4 ,x is a v p[]ful & some:at complex tool4 ,z su*1 hav+ "s k ( x be=eh& is highly recomm5d$4 ,c>eless use ( dselect c wreak havoc on y\r sy/em4 dselect w /ep y ?r\gh ! package in/allation process outl9$ "h3 #a4 ,*oose ! access me?od to use4 #b4 ,update li/ ( available packages1 if possible4 #c4 ,select ! packages y want on y\r sy/em4 #d4 ,in/all & upgrade want$ packages4 #e4 ,configure any packages t are unconfigur$4 #f4 ,remove unwant$ s(tw>e4 ,z ea* /ep is complet$ successfully1 dselect w lead y on to ! next4 ,g ?r\gh !m 9 ord] )\t skipp+ any /eps4 ,"h & !re 9 ?is docum5t we talk ( />t+ ano!r %ell4 ,l9ux has six console sessions or %ells available at any "o "t4 ,y swit* betwe5 !m by press+ ,left ,alt-,f#a ?r\gh ,left ,alt-,f#f1 aft] :i* y log 9 on y\r new %ell & g ahead4 ,! console us$ by ! in/all process is ! fir/ "o1 a4k4a4 tty#a1 s press ,left ,alt-,f#a :5 y want to return to t process4 #c4bj4b ,once dselect ,is ,laun*$ ,once 9 dselect1 y w get ?is scre53 ,debian ,l9ux #8dselect' package h&l+ front5d4 #j4 ,access ,*oose ! access me?od to use4 #a4 ,update ,update li/ ( available packages1 if possible4 #b4 ,select ,reque/ :i* packages y want on y\r sy/em4 #c4 ,in/all ,in/all & upgrade want$ packages4 #d4 ,config ,configure any packages t are unconfigur$4 #e4 ,remove ,remove unwant$ s(tw>e4 #f4 ,quit ,quit dselect4 ,let's look at ^! "o by "o4 ,access ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4b3 dselect ,access scre5 ,"h we tell dselect :]e our packages are4 ,ignore ! ord] t ^! appe> 94 ,x is v important t y select ! prop] me?od = in/allation4 ,y may h a few m me?ods li/$1 or a few less1 or y may see !m li/$ 9 a diff]5t ord]2 j don't worry ab\t x4 ,9 ! foll[+ li/1 we describe ! diff]5t me?ods4 multicd4 ,q l>ge & p[]ful1 ?is complex me?od is ! recomm5d$ way ( in/all+ a rec5t v]sion ( ,debian f a set ( multiple b9>y ,c,ds4 ,ea* ( ^! ,c,ds %\ld conta9 in=mation ab\t ! packages 9 itself & all prior ,c,ds 79 ! file ,packages4cd74 ,:5 y fir/ select ?is me?od1 be sure ! ,,cd-,,rom y w be us+ is n m\nt$4 ,place ! la/ b9>y disk ( ! set 7we don't ne$ ! s\rce ,c,ds7 9 ! drive & answ] ! que/ions y are ask$3 ,,cd-,,rom drive location ,confirmation t y are us+ a multi-cd set ,! location ( ! ,debian di/ribution on ! disk7s7 ,possibly ! location7s7 ( ! ,packages file7s7 ,once y h updat$ ! available li/ & select$ ! packages to be in/all$1 ! multicd me?od div]ges f normal proc$ure4 ,y w ne$ to run an 8in/all0 /ep = ea* ( ! ,c,ds y h1 9 turn4 ,un=tunately1 due to ! limitations ( dselect1 x w n be able to prompt y = a new disk at ea* /age2 ! way to "w = ea* disk is outl9$ "h3 #a4 ,ins]t ! ,,cd 9 y\r ,,cd-,,rom drive4 #b4 ,f ! ma9 dselect m5u1 select 8,in/all40 #c4 ,wait until dpkg f9i%es in/all+ f ?is ,,cd4 7,x may report in/allation successful1 or possibly in/allation errors4 ,don't worry ab\t ^! until lat]47 #d4 ,press ,return to g back to ! ma9 dselect m5u4 #e4 ,repeat ) ! next ,,cd 9 ! set4 ,x may be necess>y to run ! in/allation /ep m ?an once to cov] ! ord] ( package in/allation2 "s packages in/all$ e>ly may ne$ to h lat] packages in/all$ be=e !y w configure prop]ly4 ,runn+ a 8,configure0 /ep is recomm5d$ to help fix any packages t may end up 9 ?is /ate4 multinfs1 multim\nt4 ,^! are simil> to ! multicd me?od & are ref9em5ts on ! !me ( cop+ ) *ang+ m$ia--= example1 in/all+ f a multicd set export$ via ,,nfs f ano!r ma*9e's ,,cd-,,rom drive4 indexdselect6multi-,,nfs1 multi-m\nt in/allation apt4 ,"o ( ! be/ options = in/allation f a local mirror ( ! ,debian ar*ive or f ! network4 ,?is me?od uses ! 8apt0 sy/em to d complete dep5d5cy analysis & ord]+1 s x's mo/ likely to in/all packages 9 ! optimal ord]4 ,configuration ( ?is me?od is /raight=w>d4 ,y may select any numb] ( diff]5t locations1 mix+ & mat*+ file3 ,u,r,ls 7local disks or ,,nfs m\nt$ disks71 http3 ,u,r,ls1 or ftp3 ,u,r,ls4 ,note1 h[ev]1 t ! ,,http & ,,ftp options d n support local au!nticat+ proxies4 ,if y h proxy s]v] = ei!r ,,http or ,,ftp 7or bo?71 make sure y set ! httpproxy & ftpproxy environm5t v>iables1 respectively4 ,set !m f y\r %ell be=e />t+ dselect by us+ ! foll[+ comm&3 export httpproxyhttp3_/_/gateway3#cabh_/ dselect ,update dselect w read ! ,packages or ,packages4gz files f ! mirror & create a database on y\r sy/em ( all available packages4 ,?is may take a :ile z x d[nloads & processes ! files4 ,select ,hang on to y\r hat4 ,?is is :]e x all happ5s4 ,! object ( ! ex]cise is to select j :i* packages y wi% to h in/all$4 ,press ,ent]4 ,if y h a sl[ ma*9e1 be aw>e t ! scre5 w cle> & c rema9 blank = #ae seconds4 ,s don't />t ba%+ keys at ?is po9t4 ,! fir/ ?+ t comes up on ! scre5 is page #a ( ! ,help file4 ,y c get to ?is help by press+ 8 at any po9t 9 ! 8,select0 scre5s1 & y c page ?r\gh ! help scre5s by hitt+ ! 4 7full /op7 key4 ,be=e y dive 91 note ^! po9ts3 ,to exit ! 8,select0 scre5 aft] all selections are complete1 press ,ent]4 ,?is w return y to ! ma9 scre5 if !re is no problem ) y\r selection4 ,o!rwise1 y w be ask$ to deal ) t problem4 ,:5 y are happy ) any giv5 scre51 press ,ent] to get out4 ,problems are q normal & are to be expect$4 ,if y select package ,a & t package requires package ,b to run1 dselect w w>n y ( ! problem & w mo/ likely sugge/ a solution4 ,if package ,a conflicts ) package ,b 7i4e41 if !y are mutually exclusive71 y w be ask$ to decide betwe5 !m4 ,let's look at ! top two l9es ( ! ,select scre54 ,?is head] rem9ds u ( "s ( ! special keys li/$ 9 ,table #c4a4 ,table #c4a3 ,special dselect keys ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,key ,description ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,select a package = in/allation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,place a package on hold ---------------------------------------- ------------- - ,remove a package4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,remove a package & its configuration files4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- i1 ,i ,toggle_/cycle in=mation displays4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- o1 ,o ,cycle ?r\gh ! sort options4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- v1 ,v ,a t]se_/v]bose toggle4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,table #c4b li/s ! /ates t dselect uses to d5ote ! /atus ( ea* package x is aw>e (4 ,table #c4b3 dselect ,package ,/ates ---------------------------------------- ------- ,flag ,mean+ ,possible values ---------------------------------------- ----- ,e ,error ,space1 ,r1 ,i ---------------------------------------- ----- ,i ,in/all$ ,/ate ,space1 991 -1 ,u1 ,c1 ,i ---------------------------------------- ----- ,o ,old ,m>k 991 -1 1 1 n ---------------------------------------- ----- ,m ,m>k 991 -1 1 1 n ---------------------------------------- ------- ,r ?an spell all ?is out "h1 ,i ref] y to ! ,help scre5s :]e all is reveal$4 ,"o example1 ?\gh4 ,y ent] dselect & f9d a l9e l ?is3 ,,eiom ,pri ,section ,package ,description 9999 ,opt misc loadl9 a load] 7runn+ "u ,,dos7 = ,,l9ux ,?is is say+ t loadl9 0 select$ :5 y la/ ran dselect & t x is /ill select$1 b x is n in/all$4 ,:y n8 ,! answ] mu/ be t ! loadl9 package is n physically available4 ,x is miss+ f y\r mirror4 ,! in=mation t dselect uses to get all ! "r packages in/all$ is buri$ 9 ! packages !mselves4 ,no?+ 9 ?is _w is p]fect1 & x does sometimes happ5 t ! dep5d5cies built into a package are incorrect1 :i* means t dselect simply _c resolve ! situation4 ,a way out is provid$ :]e ! us] c rega9 control2 x takes ! =m ( ! comm&s ,q & ,x1 :i* are available 9 ! ,select scre54 ,q ,an ov]ride4 ,=ces dselect to ignore ! built-9 dep5d5cies & to d :at y h specifi$4 ,! results1 ( c\rse1 w be on y\r own head4 ,x ,use ,x if y get totally lo/4 ,x puts ?+s back ! way !y 7 & exits4 ,select scre5 7dselect7 ,keys t help y n to get lo/ 767 are ,r1 ,u1 & ,d4 ,r ,cancels all selections at ?is level4 ,does n affect selections made at ! previ\s level4 ,u ,if dselect has propos$ *anges & y h made fur!r *anges ,u w re/ore dselect's selections4 ,d ,removes ! selections made by dselect1 leav+ only y\rs4 ,an example foll[s4 ,! boot-floppies package 7n an example = beg9n]s1 ,i "k1 b x 0 *os5 because x has a lot ( dep5d5cies7 dep5ds on ^! packages3 libc#f-pic slang#a-pic sysutils mak$ev newt#j4be newt#j4be-;dev popt zlib#a;g zlib#a;g-dev recode ,! p]son ma9ta9+ boot-floppies also ?9ks t ! foll[+ packages %\ld be in/all$4 ,^! are n1 h[ev]1 ess5tial3 lynx debi&oc-sgml unzip ,:5 y select boot-floppies1 dselect br+s up ! conflict resolution scre54 ,y'll notice t all ! requir$ packages h be5 select$4 ,press+ ! ,r key puts ?+s back to ! />t+ po9t4 ,,eiom ,pri ,section ,package ,description ,opt adm9 boot-floppie ,scripts to create ! ,debian ,opt devel newt#j4be-;dev ,develop]'s toolkit = newt ,opt devel slang#a-;dev ,! ,s-,lang programm+ libr>y ,opt devel slang#a-pic ,! ,s-,lang programm+ libr>y ,if y decide n[ t y don't want boot-floppies1 j press ,ent]4 ,press+ ! ,d key puts ?+s ! way ,i select$ !m 9 ! fir/ place3 ,,eiom ,pri ,section ,package ,description 99 ,opt adm9 boot-floppie ,scripts to create ! ,debian ,opt devel newt#j4be-;dev ,develop]'s toolkit = newt ,opt devel slang#a-;dev ,! ,s-,lang programm+ libr>y ,opt devel slang#a-pic ,! ,s-,lang programm+ libr>y ,press+ ! ,u key re/ores dselect's selections3 ,,eiom ,pri ,section ,package ,description 99 ,opt adm9 boot-floppie ,scripts to create ! ,debian in/allation 99 ,opt devel newt#j4be-;dev ,develop]'s toolkit = newt 99 ,opt devel slang#a-;dev ,! ,s-,lang programm+ libr>y 99 ,opt devel slang#a-pic ,! ,s-,lang programm+ libr>y ,i sugge/ runn+ ) ! defaults = n[2 y w h ample opportunities to add m lat]4 ,:atev] y decide1 press ,ent] to accept & return to ! ma9 scre54 ,if ?is results 9 unresolv$ problems1 y w be b\nc$ "r back to ano!r problem resolution scre54 ,! ,r1 ,u1 & ,d keys are v useful 9 8:at if0 situations4 ,y c exp]im5t at w & !n re/ore ev]y?+ & />t aga94 ,don't look on !m z be+ 9 a glass box label$ 8,break 9 ,case ( ,em]g5cy40 ,aft] mak+ y\r selections 9 ! ,select scre51 press ,i to give y a big w9d[1 press t to take y to ! beg9n+1 & !n use ! ,page ,d[n key to look quickly ?r\gh ! sett+s4 ,?is way y c *eck ! results ( y\r "w & spot gl>+ errors4 ,"s p h deselect$ :ole gr\ps ( packages by mi/ake & n notic$ ! error until too late4 dselect is a v p[]ful tool2 don't misuse x4 ,y %\ld n[ h ! situation %[n 9 ,table #c4c4 ,table #c4c3 ,expect$ ,package ,category ,/ates -------------------------------------- ,package category ,/atus ------------------------------------- ,requir$ all select$ ------------------------------------- ,important all select$ ------------------------------------- ,/&>d mo/ly select$ ------------------------------------- ,optional mo/ly deselect$ ------------------------------------- ,extra mo/ly deselect$ -------------------------------------- ,happy8 ,press ,ent] to exit ! ,select process4 ,y c come back & run ,select aga9 if y wi%4 ,in/all dselect runs ?r\gh ! entire set ( packages & in/alls ^? select$4 ,expect to be ask$ to make decisions z y g4 ,x is (t5 useful to swit* to a diff]5t %ell to comp>e1 say1 an old configuration ) a new "o4 ,if ! old file is conf4modules1 ! new "o w be conf4modules4dpkg-di/4 ,! scre5 scrolls pa/ fairly quickly on a fa/ ma*9e4 ,y c /op & />t x ) ,ctrl-s & ,ctrl-q1 respectively1 & at ! end ( ! run1 y w get a li/ ( any un9/all$ packages4 ,x c happ5 t a package does n get in/all$ because x dep5ds on "s o!r package t is li/$ = in/allation b is n yet in/all$4 ,! answ] "h is to run ,in/all aga94 ,cases h be5 report$ :]e x 0 necess>y to run x f\r times be=e ev]y?+ slipp$ into place4 ,?is w v>y by y\r acquisition me?od4 ,configure ,mo/ packages get configur$ 9 /ep #c1 b any?+ left hang+ c be configur$ "h4 ,remove ,removes packages t are in/all$ b no long] requir$4 ,quit ,i sugge/ runn+ _/etc_/cron4daily_/f9d at ?is po9t1 because y h a lot ( new files on y\r sy/em4 ,!n y c use locate to get ! location ( any giv5 file4 #c4bj4c ,a ,few ,h9ts 9 ,conclusion ,:5 ! in/all process runs dselect = y1 y w d\btless be eag] to get ,debian runn+ z soon z possible4 ,well1 please be prep>$ to take an h\r or s to le>n y\r way ar\nd & !n get x "r4 ,:5 y ent] ! ,select scre5 = ! fir/ "t1 don't make any selections at all--j press ,ent] & see :at dep5d5cy problems !re are4 ,try fix+ !m4 ,if y f9d y\rself back at ! ma9 scre51 run ,select aga94 ,y c get an idea ( ! size ( a package by press+ i twice & look+ = ! 8,size0 figure4 ,?is is ! size ( ! compress$ package1 s ! uncompress$ files w be a lot bigg] 7see 8,in/all$-,size10 :i* is 9 kilobytes1 to "k x74 ,in/all+ a new ,debian sy/em is a complex ?+1 b dselect c d x = y z easy z c be4 ,s take ! "t to le>n h[ to drive x4 ,read ! help scre5s & exp]im5t ) i1 ,i1 o1 & ,o4 ,use ! ,r key4 ,x's all !re1 b x's up to y to use x effectively4 #c4ba ,gloss>y ,! foll[+ t]ms w be useful to y ?r\gh\t ?is book & 9 g5]al :5 y're talk+ ab\t ,debian4 ,package4 ,a file t conta9s ev]y?+ ne$$ to in/all1 de-in/all1 & run a p>ticul> program4 ,! program t h&les packages is dpkg4 dselect is a front-end to dpkg4 ,exp]i5c$ us]s (t5 use dpkg to in/all or remove a package4 ,package names4 ,all package names h ! =m xxxxxxxxxxx4deb4 ,sample package names include ! foll[+3 efax#jh;a-#a4;deb lrzsz#j4ab;b-#a4;deb mgetty#j4ii4b-f4;deb m9icom#a4ge-a4;deb t]m#b4c4e-e4;deb uucp#a4jf4a-b4;deb uutraf#a4a-a4;deb xr+d#a4aj-b4;deb xtel#c4a-b4;deb #d4 ,logg+ ,9 ,y\r sy/em is n[ in/all$6 ,pat y\rself on ! back = a job well done6 ,n[ x's "t to />t us+ ! sy/em4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 we introduce y to ! ,debian comm& l9e1 "s security pr9ciples1 & h[ to exit ! sy/em4 ,9 lat] *apt]s1 we'll g into m detail on ^! topics & introduce y to ! ,debian graphical int]face1 ,x#aa4 #d4a ,fir/ ,/eps ,aft] y quit dselect1 y'll be pres5t$ ) ! log93 prompt4 ,y c n[ log 9 us+ ! p]sonal log9 & password y select$2 y\r sy/em is n[ ready to use4 ,let's exam9e :at x means to log 9 & h[ ?is process works4 ,to use ,debian1 y mu/ id5tify y\rself to ! sy/em4 ,?is is s x kn[s :o y are1 :at y h p]mission to d1 & :at y\r pref]5ces are4 ,to ?is end1 y h a us]name or log94 ,if y in/all$ ,debian y\rself1 y %\ld h be5 ask$ to give su* a "n dur+ in/allation4 ,if y are logg+ on to a sy/em adm9i/]$ by someone else1 y'll h to ask him = an acc\nt on ! sy/em & a correspond+ us]name4 ,y also h a password1 s no "o else c pret5d to be y4 ,if y don't h a password1 anyone c log on to y\r comput] f ! ,int]net & d bad ?+s4 ,if y're worri$ ab\t security1 y %\ld h a password4 ,_m p pref] to tru/ o!rs n to d any?+ malici\s ) _! acc\nt2 hopefully y\r "w environm5t doesn't enc\rage p>anoia4 ,?is is a p]fectly reasonable attitude2 x dep5ds on y\r p]sonal priorities & y\r environm5t4 ,obvi\sly a home sy/em does n ne$ to be z secure z a milit>y in/allation4 ,debian all[s y to be z secure or z insecure z y l4 ,:5 y />t ,debian1 y'll see a prompt3 a reque/ f ! comput] = "s in=mation4 ,9 ?is case1 ! prompt is log934 ,y %\ld type y\r us]name &1 :5 reque/$1 y\r password4 ,! password does n appe> on ! scre5 z y type x4 ,press ,ent] aft] bo? ! us]name & ! password4 ,if y type y\r us]name or password incorrectly1 y'll h to />t ov]4 ,if y d x correctly1 y'll see a brief message & !n a prompt4 ,! is pr9t$ by a special program call$ ! %ell & is ?us call$ a %ell prompt4 ,?is is :]e y give comm&s to ! sy/em4 ,try ent]+ ! comm& :oami n[4 ,!re is a cursor to ! "r ( ! %ell prompt4 ,y\r cursor is a small und]score or rectangle t indicates :]e y're typ+2 x %\ld move z y type4 ,always press ,ent] :5 y're done typ+ a %ell comm&4 :oami tells y\r us]name4 ,y'll !n get a new %ell prompt4 ,= ! re/ ( ! book1 :5 we say to ent] a comm&1 y %\ld type x at ! %ell prompt & press ! ,ent] key4 ,:5 y're done work+1 y may want to log out ( ! sy/em4 ,to exit ! %ell1 ent] ! exit comm&4 ,keep 9 m9d t if y rema9 logg$ 91 someone c\ld come along & use y\r acc\nt4 ,hopefully y c tru/ ^? 9 y\r (fice or home n to d ?is2 b if y d n tru/ y\r environm5t1 y %\ld be c]ta9 to log out :5 y leave4 #d4b ,comm& ,hi/ory & ,edit+ ! ,comm& ,l9e ,:atev] y type aft] ! %ell prompt & be=e press+ ,ent] is call$ a comm& l9e4 ,x's a l9e ( text t comm&s ! comput] to d some?+4 ,! ,debian default %ell (f]s sev]al features to make ent]+ comm& l9es easy4 ,y c scroll up to previ\s comm&s to run !m aga91 or y c modify !m slightly & !n run !m aga94 ,try ?is3 ,ent] any comm&1 su* z :oami2 !n press ! ,up ,arr[ key4 ,! :oami comm& w reappe> at ! prompt4 ,y c !n press ,ent] to run :oami a second "t4 ,if y've ent]$ sev]al comm&s1 y c keep press+ ! ,up ,arr[ key to g back ?r\gh !m4 ,?is feature is h&y if y're do+ ! same ?+ sev]al times1 or if y type a comm& incorrectly & want to g back to fix x4 ,y c press ! ,d[n ,arr[ key to move 9 ! o!r direction1 t[>d y\r m rec5t comm&s4 ,if !re are no m comm&s to move to1 ! comput] w beep4 ,y c also move ar\nd on ! comm& l9e to make *anges4 ,! easie/ way is ) ! ,left & ,"r ,arr[ keys4 ,try typ+ :oasmi in/ead ( :oami1 & !n use ! ,left ,arr[ key to move back to ! s4 ,y c erase ! s ) ! ,backspace or ,delete keys4 ,!re are m advanc$ features z well 7no ne$ to memorize !m all n[1 ?\gh74 ,try press+ ,ctrl-a4 ,?is moves y to ! beg9n+ ( ! l9e4 ,ctrl-k 7! k /&s = 8kill07 deletes all *>act]s until ! end ( ! l9e2 try x f ! middle ( ! comm& l9e4 ,us+ ,ctrl-a foll[$ by ,ctrl-k1 y c delete ! entire comm& l9e4 ,ctrl-y pa/es ! la/ ?+ y kill$1 re9s]t+ x at ! curr5t cursor position 7y /&s = 8yank10 z 9 8yank x back074 ,ctrl-e w move ! cursor to ! end ( ! comm& l9e4 ,g ahead & play ar\nd ) comm&-l9e edit+ to get a feel = x4 ,exp]im5t4 #d4c ,work+ z ,root ,because ,debian is a multius] sy/em1 x's design$ to keep any "o us] or program f break+ ! entire sy/em4 ,! k]nel w n all[ normal us]s to *ange important sy/em files4 ,?is means t ?+s /ay ! way !y're suppos$ to1 safe f accid5ts1 viruses1 & ev5 malici\s pranks4 ,unlike o!r op]at+ sy/ems1 ,debian is safe f ^! ?reats4 ,y won't ne$ an anti-virus program4 ,h[ev]1 sometimes y ne$ to *ange important sy/em files2 = example1 y might want to in/all new s(tw>e or configure y\r network connection4 ,to d s1 y h to h great] p[]s ?an a normal us]2 y mu/ become ! root us] 7also call$ ! sup]us]74 ,to become root1 j log on ) ! us]name root & ! root password2 ?is 0 set dur+ in/allation1 z describ$ 9 section #c4ae on page 994 ,at _m sites1 only ! sy/em adm9i/rator has ! root password1 & only ! sy/em adm9i/rator c d ! ?+s t "o mu/ be root to d4 ,if y're us+ y\r own p]sonal comput]1 y are ! sy/em adm9i/rator1 ( c\rse4 ,if y don't h root privileges1 y w h to rely on y\r sy/em adm9i/rator to p]=m any tasks t require root privileges4 ,sometimes y'll h ! root password ev5 on a %>$ corporate or educational s]v]1 because ! sy/em adm9i/rator tru/s y to use x prop]ly4 ,9 t case1 y'll be able to help adm9i/] ! sy/em & cu/omize x = y\r ne$s4 ,b y %\ld be sure to use ! password responsibly1 respect+ o!r us]s at all times4 ,if y h ! password1 try logg+ on z root n[4 ,ent] ! :oami comm& to v]ify y\r id5tity4 ,!n log out imm$iately4 ,:5 y're root1 ! k]nel w n protect y f y\rself1 because root has p]mission to d any?+ at all to ! sy/em4 ,don't exp]im5t :ile y're root4 ,9 fact1 don't d any?+ z root unless absolutely necess>y4 ,?is isn't a matt] ( security1 b r ( /ability4 ,y\r sy/em w run mu* bett] if x c keep y f mak+ mi/akes4 ,y may f9d ! su comm& m conv5i5t ?an logg+ 9 z root4 su all[s y to assume ! id5tity ( ano!r us]1 usually root unless y specify someone else4 7,y c rememb] t su /&s = ,sup] ,us]1 ?\gh "s say x /&s = ,set ,user,i,d47 ,"h's some?+ to try4 ,log on z y\rself--t is1 n z root4 ,!n y\r session w look some?+ l ! "o 9 ,figure #d4a4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4a3 ,sample session ) su ,:5 y're do+ sy/em adm9i/ration tasks1 y %\ld d z mu* z possible z y\rself4 ,!n use su1 d ! "p t requires root privileges1 & use ! exit comm& to turn (f privileges s y c no long] h>m any?+4 ,y c use su to assume ! id5tity ( any us] on ! sy/em1 n j root4 ,to d ?is1 type su us] :]e us] is ! us] y want to become4 ,y'll h to "k ! us]'s password1 ( c\rse1 unless y're root at ! "t or ! us] has no password4 #d4d ,virtual ,consoles ,! ,l9ux k]nel supports virtual consoles4 ,^! provide a way ( mak+ y\r s+le scre5 & keybo>d seem l multiple t]m9als t are connect$ to ! same sy/em4 ,?ankfully1 us+ virtual consoles is "o ( ! simple/ ?+s ab\t ,debian3 ,!re are 8hot keys0 = swit*+ among ! consoles quickly4 ,to try x1 log 9 to y\r sy/em & press ,alt-,f#b 7simultane\sly press ! left ,alt key1 & ,f#b1 t is1 function key numb] #b74 ,y %\ld f9d y\rself at ano!r log9 prompt4 ,don't panic3 ,y are n[ on virtual console 7,,vc7 numb] #b6 ,log 9 "h & d "s ?+s--m :oami comm&s or :atev]--to confirm t ?is is a real log9 %ell4 ,n[ y c return to virtual console numb] #a by press+ ,alt-,f#a4 ,or y c move on to a ?ird virtual console1 9 ! obvi\s way 7,alt-,f#c74 ,debian comes ) six virtual consoles enabl$ by default1 :i* y access ) ! ,alt key & function keys ,f#a ?r\gh ,f#f4 7,te*nically1 !re are m virtual consoles enabl$1 b only six ( !m all[ y to log 94 ,! o!rs are us$ = ! ,x ,w9d[ sy/em or o!r special purposes47 ,if y're us+ ! ,x ,w9d[ sy/em1 x w g5]ally />t up on ! fir/ unus$ virtual console--probably ,,vc #g4 ,also1 to swit* f ! ,x virtual console to "o ( ! fir/ six1 y'll h to add ,ctrl to ! key sequ5ce4 ,s t's ,ctrl-,alt-,f#a to get to ,,vc #a4 ,b y c g f a text ,,vc to ! ,x virtual console us+ only ,alt4 ,if y nev] leave ,x1 y won't h to worry ab\t ?is2 ,x automatically swit*es y to its virtual console :5 x />ts up4 ,once y get us$ to !m1 virtual consoles w probably become an indisp5sable tool = gett+ _m ?+s done at once4 7,! ,x ,w9d[ sy/em s]ves mu* ! same purpose1 provid+ multiple w9d[s r ?an multiple consoles47 ,y c run a diff]5t program on ea* ,,vc or log on z root on "o ,,vc & z y\rself on ano!r4 ,or ev]yone 9 ! family c use 8 or h] own ,,vc2 ?is is especially h&y if y use ,x1 9 :i* case y c run sev]al ,x sessions at once on diff]5t virtual consoles4 #d4e ,%utt+ ,d[n ,d n j turn (f ! comput]6 ,y risk los+ valuable data6 ,if y are ! only us] ( y\r comput]1 y might want to turn ! comput] (f :5 y're done ) x4 ,to avoid possibly weak5+ "s h>dw>e compon5ts1 only turn (f ! comput] :5 y're done = ! day4 ,p[] up & p[] d[n are ! two greate/ contributors to we> & te> on comput] compon5ts4 ,turn+ ! comput] on & (f once a day is probably ! be/ compromise betwe5 y\r electric bill & y\r comput]'s lifespan4 ,x's a bad ?+ to j press ! p[] swit* :5 y're done us+ ! comput]4 ,x is also bad to reboot ! ma*9e 7) ! ,reset button7 )\t fir/ tak+ prop] precautions4 ,! ,l9ux k]nel1 9 ord] to improve p]=mance1 has a disk ca*e4 ,?is means x tempor>ily /ores in=mation meant = p]man5t /orage 9 ,,ram4 ,because memory is ?\s&s ( times fa/] ?an a disk1 ?is makes _m file op]ations move m quickly4 ,p]iodically1 ! in=mation ,l9ux has 9 memory is actually writt5 to ! disk4 ,?is is call$ sync+4 ,9 ord] to turn (f or reboot ! comput] safely1 y'll h to tell ! comput] to cle> ev]y?+ out ( memory & put x 9 p]man5t /orage4 ,to reboot1 j type reboot or press ,ctrl-,alt-,del 7t's ,ctrl1 ,alt1 & ,delete74 ,to %ut d[n1 y'll h to log 9 z root4 ,z root1 j type ! comm& %utd[n -h n[4 ,! sytem w g ?r\gh ! entire %utd[n proc$ure1 includ+ ! sync comm&1 :i* cle>s ! disk ca*e z describ$ above4 ,:5 y see ,sy/em halt$1 x's safe to turn (f ! comput]4 ,if y h ,advanc$ ,p[] ,managem5t 7,,apm7 support 9 y\r k]nel & ,,bios1 ! comput] might %ut itself (f & save y ! tr\ble4 ,,apm is common 9 laptops & is also f\nd 9 c]ta9 desktop ma9bo>ds4 #e4 ,! ,basics ,x's n[ "t to explore ! sy/em 9 m detail4 ,y've se5 h[ to log 9 & %ut d[n ! sy/em4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 we explore ! ,l9ux com& l9e1 h[ ,l9ux deals ) files & directories1 & "s basics on id5tify+ y\rself to o!rs4 #e4a ,! ,comm& ,l9e & ,man ,pages ,we've already discuss$ ! comm& l9e--t is1 comm&s y type aft] ! %ell prompt4 ,?is section describes ! /ructure ( m complicat$ comm& l9es4 ,a m9imal comm& l9e conta9s j a comm& "n1 su* z :oami4 ,b o!r ?+s are possible4 ,= example1 y might type3 man :oami4 ,?is comm& reque/s ! onl9e manual = ! :oami program 7y may h to press ! space b> to scroll ?r\gh ! docum5tation or press q to quit74 ,a m complicat$ example is man -k ,post,script4 ,?is comm& l9e has ?ree p>ts4 ,x beg9s ) ! comm& "n1 man4 ,!n x has an option or swit*1 -k1 foll[$ by an argum5t1 ,post,script4 ,"s p ref] to ev]y?+ except ! comm& "n z ! p>amet]s ( ! comm&4 ,s1 options & argum5ts are bo? p>amet]s4 ,options *ange ! behavior ( a comm&1 swit*+ on p>ticul> features or functionality4 ,!y usually h a - be=e !m4 ,! ,,gnu utilities also h 8long =ms0 = ! options2 ! long =m ( -k is -apropos4 ,y c ent] man -h or man -help to get a full li/ ( options = ! man comm&4 ,e comm& w h its own set ( options1 ?\gh mo/ h -help & -v]sion options4 ,"s comm&s1 su* z t>1 d n require ! 8-0 be=e _! options = hi/orical reasons4 ,any?+ t isn't an option & isn't ! comm& "n is an argum5t 79 ?is case1 ,post,script74 ,argum5ts c s]ve _m purposes2 mo/ commonly1 !y are fil5ames t ! comm& %\ld op]ate on4 ,9 ?is case1 ,post,script is ! ^w y want man to se>* =4 ,9 ! case ( man :oami1 ! argum5t 0 ! comm& y want$ in=mation ab\t4 ,"h's a breakd[n ( ! man -k ,post,script comm& l9e3 man4 ,! comm& "n1 tells ! comput] to look at ! manual pages4 ,^! provide docum5tation = comm&s4 ,= example1 man :oami w give y docum5tation on ! :oami comm&4 -k4 ,! option1 *anges ! behavior ( man4 ,normally man expects a comm& "n1 su* z :oami1 = an argum5t & looks = docum5tation ( t comm&4 ,b ) ! -k or -apropos option1 x expects ! argum5t to be a keyword4 ,x !n gives a li/ ( all manual pages ) t keyword 9 _! description4 ,post,script4 is ! argum5t2 because we us$ ! -k option1 x's ! keyword to se>* =4 -k & ,post,script are bo? p>amet]s4 ,g ahead & type man -k ,post,script1 & y w see a li/ ( all ! manual pages on y\r sy/em t h some?+ to d ) ,post,script4 ,if y hav5't in/all$ mu* s(tw>e1 y might see ! message ,post,script3 no?+ appropriate in/ead4 #e4a4a ,describ+ ! ,comm& ,l9e ,note3 ,y c skip ?is section if y want to move on4 ,!re's a traditional1 concise way ( describ+ comm& syntax4 ,syntax means ! correct ways to comb9e v>i\s options & argum5ts4 ,= example1 if y type man man to get ! manual page ab\t man1 y'll see sev]al syntax descriptions beg9n+ ) ! comm& "n man4 ,"o ( !m w look l ?is3 man -k -,m pa? keyword 444 ,any?+ 9 brackets 77 is an optional unit4 ,9 ?is case y don't h to use ! -,m option1 b if y d1 y mu/ use a pa? argum5t4 ,y mu/ use ! -k option & ! keyword argum5t4 ,! 444 means t y c\ld h m ( :atev] came be=e x1 s y c\ld look up sev]al keywords4 ,let's look at "o ( ! m complex descriptions f ! man manual page3 man -c-w-t,z,t device -adhu#g,v -m sy/em1444 -,l locale -p /r+ -,m pa? -,p pag] -r prompt -,s li/ -e ext5sion section page 444 444 ,!re's no ne$ to g ?r\gh all ( ?is 7& don't worry ab\t :at x all means71 b d pay att5tion to ! organization ( ! description4 ,fir/1 clu/]s ( options usually mean y c use "o or m ( !m 9 diff]5t comb9ations1 s -adhu#g,v means y c also use -h4 ,h[ev]1 y c't always use all comb9ations2 ?is description doesn't make t cle>4 ,= example1 -h is incompatible ) o!r options1 b y c\ld d man -du4 ,un=tunately1 ! description's =mat does n make ?is cle>4 ,second1 ! symbol means 8or40 ,s y c use ! -c1 ! -w1 or ! -t,z,t option1 foll[$ by a device argum5t4 ,?ird1 notice t y c ne/ ! brackets1 because !y indicate optional units4 ,s if y h a section1 y mu/ also h a page1 because e page is n optional )9 ! section page unit4 ,!re's no ne$ to memorize any ( ?is1 j ref] to ?is section z y read docum5tation4 #e4b ,files & ,directories ,files are a facility = /or+ & organiz+ in=mation1 analog\s to pap] docum5ts4 ,!y're organiz$ into directories1 :i* are call$ fold]s on "s o!r sy/ems4 ,let's look at ! organization ( files on a ,debian sy/em3 _/4 ,a simple _/ repres5ts ! root directory4 ,all o!r files & directories are conta9$ 9 ! root directory4 ,if y are com+ f ! ,,dos_/,w9d[s _w1 _/ is v simil> to :at ,c3is = ,,dos1 t is ! root ( ! filesy/em4 ,a notable diff]5ce betwe5 ,,dos & ,l9ux h[ev]1 is t ,,dos keeps sev]al filesy/ems3 ,c3 7fir/ h>d disk71 ,a3 7fir/ floppy disk71 & ,d3 7ei!r ,,cd-,,rom or second h>d disk71 :]eas ,l9ux has all its files organiz$ above ! same _/ root4 _/home_/janeq4 ,?is is ! home directory ( us] 8janeq40 ,read+ left to "r1 to get to ?is directory y />t 9 ! root directory1 ent] directory home1 & !n ent] directory janeq4 _/etc_/,x#aa_/,,xf#hf;,config4 ,?is is ! configuration file = ! ,x ,w9d[ sy/em4 ,x resides 9 ! ,x#aa subdirectory ( ! _/etc directory4 _/etc is 9 turn a subdirectory ( ! root directory1 _/4 ,?+s to note3 ,fil5ames are case-s5sitive4 ,t is1 ,,myfile & ,my,file are diff]5t files4 ,! root directory is ref]r$ to z simply _/4 ,don't confuse ?is 8root0 ) ! root us]1 ! us] on y\r sy/em ) 8sup] p[]s40 ,e directory has a "n1 :i* c conta9 any lett]s or symbols except _/4 ,! root directory is an exception2 its "n is _/ 7pron\nc$ 8sla%0 or 8! root directory071 & x _c be r5am$4 ,:ile y c use almo/ any lett]s or symbols 9 a fil5ame1 9 practice x's a bad idea4 ,x is bett] to avoid *>act]s t (t5 h special mean+s on ! comm& l9e1 includ+3 7 7 ' #8 _/ 2 6 99 ,also avoid putt+ spaces 9 fil5ames4 ,if y want to sep>ate words 9 a "n1 good *oices are ! p]iod1 hyph51 & und]score4 ,y c\ld also capitalize ea* ^w1 ,like,this4 ,ea* file or directory is designat$ by a fully-qualifi$ fil5ame1 absolute fil5ame1 or pa?1 giv+ ! sequ5ce ( directories :i* mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh to rea* x4 ,! ?ree t]ms are synonym\s4 ,all absolute fil5ames beg9 ) ! _/ directory1 & !re's a _/ be=e ea* directory or file 9 ! fil5ame4 ,! fir/ _/ is ! "n ( a directory1 b ! o!rs are simply sep>ators to di/+ui% ! p>ts ( ! fil5ame4 ,! words us$ "h c be confus+4 ,take ! foll[+ example3 _/usr_/%>e_/keytables_/u4map4gz4 ,?is is a fully-qualifi$ _/fil5ame2 "s p call x a pa?4 ,h[ev]1 p w also ref] to u4map4gz alone z a fil5ame4 ,!re is also ano!r use = ! ^w 8pa?40 ,! int5d$ mean+ is usually cle> f ! context4 ,directories are arrang$ 9 a tree /ructure4 ,all absolute fil5ames />t ) ! root directory4 ,! root directory has a numb] ( bran*es1 su* z _/etc & _/usr4 ,^! subdirectories 9 turn bran* into /ill m subdirectories1 su* z _/etc_/init4d & _/usr_/local4 ,! :ole ?+ toge!r is call$ ! 8directory tree40 ,y c ?9k ( an absolute fil5ame z a r\te f ! base ( ! tree 7_/7 to ! end ( "s bran* 7a file74 ,y'll also he> p talk ab\t ! directory tree z if x 7 a family tree3 ,?us subdirectories h 8p>5t10 & a pa? %[s ! complete ance/ry ( a file4 ,!re are also relative pa?s t beg9 some:]e o!r ?an ! root directory4 ,m on ?is lat]4 ,no directory corresponds to a physical device1 su* z y\r h>d disk4 ,?is diff]s f ,,dos & ,w9d[s1 9 :i* all pa?s beg9 ) a device "n su* z ,c34 ,! directory tree is meant to be an ab/raction ( ! physical h>dw>e1 s y c use ! sy/em )\t kn[+ :at ! h>dw>e is4 ,all y\r files c\ld be on "o disk--or y c\ld h #bj disks1 "s ( !m connect$ to a diff]5t comput] else:]e on ! network4 ,y c't tell j by look+ at ! directory tree1 & ne>ly all comm&s "w j ! same way no matt] :at physical device7s7 y\r files are really on4 ,don't worry if all ?is isn't completely cle> yet4 ,!re are _m examples to come4 #e4b4a ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial ,to use y\r sy/em1 y'll h to "k h[ to create1 move1 r5ame1 & delete files & directories4 ,?is section describes h[ to d s ) ! /&>d ,debian comm&s4 ,! be/ way to le>n is to try ?+s4 ,z long z y ar5't root 7& hav5't yet creat$ any important p]sonal files71 y _c mess up too s]i\sly4 ,jump 9--type ea* ( ^! comm&s at ! prompt & press ,ent]4 pwd ,"o directory is always consid]$ ! curr5t work+ directory = ! %ell y're us+4 ,y c view ?is directory ) ! pwd comm&1 :i* /&s = ,pr9t ,work+ ,directory4 pwd pr9ts ! "n ( ! directory y're work+ 9--probably _/home_/y\rname4 ls ls /&s = 8li/10 z 9 8li/ files40 ,:5 y type ls1 ! sy/em displays a li/ ( all ! files 9 y\r curr5t work+ directory4 ,if y've j in/all$ ,debian1 y\r home directory may well be empty4 ,if y\r work+ directory is empty1 ls produces no output1 because !re are no files to li/4 cd _/ cd means 8*ange directory40 ,9 ?is case1 y've ask$ to *ange to ! root directory4 pwd ,?is v]ifies t y're work+ 9 ! root directory4 ls ,lets y see :at's 9 _/4 cd ,typ+ cd ) no argum5ts selects y\r home directory-- _/home_/ y\rname --z ! curr5t work+ directory4 ,try pwd to v]ify ?is4 ,be=e cont9u+1 y %\ld "k t !re are actually two diff]5t k9ds ( fil5ames4 ,"s ( !m beg9 ) _/1 ! root directory1 su* z _/etc_/pr(ile4 ,^! are call$ absolute fil5ames because !y _/ref] to ! same file no matt] :at y\r curr5t directory is4 ,! o!r k9d ( fil5ame is relative4 ,two directory names are us$ only 9 relative fil5ames3 4 & 444 ,! directory 4 ref]s to ! curr5t directory1 & 44 is ! p>5t directory4 ,^! are 8%ortcut0 directories4 ,!y exi/ 9 e directory4 ,ev5 ! root directory has a p>5t directory--x's its own p>5t6 ,s fil5ames t include 4 or 44 are relative1 because _! mean+ dep5ds on ! curr5t directory4 ,if ,i'm 9 _/usr_/b9 & type 44_/etc1 ,i'm ref]r+ to _/usr_/etc4 ,if ,i'm 9 _/v> & type 44_/etc1 ,i'm ref]r+ to _/etc4 ,note t a fil5ame )\t ! root directory at ! front implicitly has 4_/ at ! front4 ,s y c type local_/b91 or 4_/local_/b9 & x means ! same ?+4 ,a f9al h&y tip3 ,! tilde is equival5t to y\r home directory4 ,s typ+ cd is ! same z typ+ cd ) no argum5ts4 ,also1 y c type ?+s l cd _/practice_/mysubdirectory to *ange to ! directory _/home_/y\rname_/practice_/mysubdirector y4 ,9 a simil> way1 myus] is equival5t to ! home directory ( ! us] 8myus]10 :i* is probably some?+ l _/home_/myus]2 s myus]_/docs_/debian4ps is equival5t to _/home_/myus]_/doc_/debian4ps4 _/ _/ _/ ,"h are "s m file comm&s to try out1 n[ t y "k ab\t relative fil5ames4 cd to y\r home directory be=e y beg94 mkdir practice ,9 y\r home directory1 make a directory call$ practice4 ,y'll use ?is directory to try out "s o!r comm&s4 ,y might type ls to v]ify t y\r new directory exi/s4 cd practice ,*anges ! directory to practice4 mkdir mysubdirectory ,creates a subdirectory ( practice4 cp _/etc_/pr(ile 4 cp is %ort = 8copy40 _/etc_/pr(ile is j a r&om file on y\r sy/em1 don't worry ab\t :at x is = n[4 ,we've copi$ x to 4 7recall t 4 j means 8! directory ,i'm 9 n[10 or ! curr5t work+ directory74 ,s ?is creates a copy ( _/etc_/pr(ile & puts x 9 y\r practice directory4 ,try typ+ ls to v]ify t !re's inde$ a file call$ pr(ile 9 y\r work+ directory1 alongside ! new mysubdirectory4 m pr(ile ,?is lets y view ! cont5ts ( ! file pr(ile4 m is us$ to view ! cont5ts ( text files4 ,x's call$ m because x %[s "o scre5ful ( ! file at a "t1 & y press ! space b> to see m4 m w exit :5 y get to ! end ( ! file1 or :5 y press q 7quit74 m _/etc_/pr(ile ,v]ifies t ! orig9al looks j l ! copy y made4 mv pr(ile mysubdirectory mv /&s = 8move40 ,y've mov$ ! file pr(ile f ! curr5t directory into ! subdirectory y creat$ e>li]4 ls ,v]ifies t pr(ile is no long] 9 ! curr5t directory4 ls mysubdirectory ,v]ifies t pr(ile has mov$ to mysubdirectory4 cd mysubdirectory ,*anges to ! subdirectory4 mv pr(ile mypr(ile ,note t unlike "s op]at+ sy/ems1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 mov+ a file & r5am+ x4 ,?us !re's no sep>ate r5ame comm&4 ,note t ! second argum5t to mv c be a directory to move ! file or directory into1 or x c be a new fil5ame4 cp works ! same way4 ,z usual1 y c type ls to see ! result ( mv4 mv mypr(ile 44 ,j z 4 means 8! directory ,i'm 9 n[10 44 means 8p>5t ( ! curr5t directory10 9 ?is case ! practice directory y creat$ e>li]4 ,use ls to v]ify t t's :]e mypr(ile is n[4 cd 44 ,*anges directories to ! p>5t directory--9 ?is case practice1 :]e y j put mypr(ile4 rm mypr(ile rm means 8remove10 s ?is deletes mypr(ile4 ,be c>eful6 ,delet+ a file on a ,,gnu_/,l9ux sy/em is p]man5t--!re is no undelete4 ,if y rm x1 x's gone1 =ev]4 ,be c>eful6 ,to repeat1 delet+ a file on a ,,gnu_/,l9ux sy/em is p]man5t--!re is no undelete4 ,if y rm x1 x's gone1 =ev]4 rmdir mysubdirectory rmdir is j l rm1 only x's = directories4 ,notice t rmdir only works on empty directories4 ,if ! directory conta9s files1 y mu/ delete ^? files fir/1 or alt]natively y c use rm -r 9 place ( rmdir4 cd 44 ,?is moves out ( ! curr5t directory1 & into its p>5t directory4 ,n[ y c type ! foll[+3 rmdir practice ,?is w delete ! la/ remnants ( y\r practice session4 ,s n[ y "k h[ to create1 copy1 move1 r5ame1 & delete files & directories4 ,y also le>n$ "s %ortcuts1 l typ+ simply cd to jump to y\r home directory1 & h[ 4 & 44 ref] to ! curr5t directory & its p>5t1 respectively4 ,y %\ld also rememb] ! concept ( ! root directory1 or _/1 & ! alias = y\r home directory4 #e4b4b ,dot ,files & ls -a ,:5 y type ls1 files beg9n+ ) a dot are n li/$4 ,traditionally1 files t conta9 configuration in=mation1 us] pref]5ces1 & s on beg9 ) a dot2 ^! are hidd5 & out ( y\r way :ile y d y\r day-to-day "w4 ,sample dot files are _/4emacs1 _/4newsrc1 _/4ba%rc1 _/4xsession1 & _/4fvwmrc4 ,^! are us$ by ,emacs1 news read]s1 ! ,ba% %ell1 ! ,x ,w9d[ sy/em1 & ! fvwm w9d[ manag]1 respectively4 ,x is conv5tional to end ! dot fil5ame ) rc1 b "s programs don't4 ,!re are also directories beg9n+ ) a dot1 su* z _/4gimp & _/4netscape1 :i* /ore pref]5ces = ! ,gimp & ,netscape4 ,sometimes a program w create a dot file automatically2 = example1 ,netscape all[s y to edit y\r pref]5ces ) a graphical dialog box & !n x saves y\r *oices4 ,o!r times y w create !m y\rself us+ a text editor2 ?is is ! traditional way to d x1 b y h to le>n ! peculi> =mat ( ea* file--inconv5i5t at fir/1 b x c give y a lot ( p[]4 ,to see dot files1 y mu/ use ! -a option to ls4 ,! long =m ( -a is -all1 if y f9d t easi] to rememb]4 ,y c also use -,a or -almo/-all1 :i* displays all dot files except 4 & 444 ,rememb] t 4 is ! curr5t directory1 & 44 is ! p>5t ( ! curr5t directory2 because ^! are gu>ante$ to be 9 e directory1 !re is no real reason to li/ !m ) ls4 ,y already "k !y are !re4 #e4c ,processes ,we m5tion$ be=e t ,,gnu_/,l9ux is a multitask+ sy/em4 ,x c d _m tasks at once4 ,ea* ( ^! tasks is call$ a process4 ,! be/ way to get a s5se ( ?is is to type top at ! %ell prompt4 ,y'll get a li/ ( processes1 sort$ accord+ to h[ mu* ( ! comput]'s process+ "t !y're us+4 ,! ord] w cont9u\sly *ange be=e y\r eyes4 ,at ! top ( ! display1 !re's "s in=mation ab\t ! sy/em3 h[ _m us]s are logg$ 91 h[ _m total processes !re are1 h[ mu* memory y h & h[ mu* y're us+4 ,9 ! f> left column1 y'll see ! us] own+ ea* process4 ,! f> "r column %[s :i* comm& invok$ ! process4 ,y'll probably notice t top itself1 invok$ by y1 is ne> ! top ( ! li/ 7because anytime top *ecks on ,,cpu usage1 x w be active & us+ ,,cpu to d ! *eck74 ,note t 9 all ! comm&s end+ 9 8d0 --su* z kflu%d & inetd --! 8d0 /&s = daemon4 ,daemon orig9ally meant ,disks ,& ,ext5sions ,m,o,nitor4 ,a daemon is a non-int]active process1 t is1 x's run by ! sy/em & us]s nev] h to worry ab\t x4 ,daemons provide s]vices l ,int]net connectivity1 pr9t+1 or e-mail4 ,n[ press u & give top y\r us]name :5 x asks4 ,! u comm& asks to see only ^? processes belong+ to y2 x all[s y to ignore all ! daemons & :atev] o!r p are do+4 ,y might notice ba%1 ! "n ( y\r %ell4 ,y'll pretty mu* always be runn+ ba%4 ,note t column two ( ! top display %[s y ! ,,pid1 or ,process ,i,dentification numb]4 ,ea* process is assign$ a unique ,,pid4 ,y c use ! ,,pid to control individual processes 7m on t lat]74 ,ano!r useful trick is to press 8 to get a li/ ( top comm&s4 ,y may wond] ab\t ! diff]5ce betwe5 a 8process0 & a 8program40 ,9 practice1 p use ! t]ms int]*angeably4 ,te*nically1 ! program is ! set ( in/ructions writt5 by a programm] & kept on disk4 ,! process is ! work+ in/antiation ( ! program kept 9 memory by ,l9ux4 ,b x's n t important to keep ! t]ms /raight4 ,mu* ( y\r int]action ) a comput] involves controll+ processes4 ,y'll want to />t !m1 /op !m1 & see :at !y're up to4 ,y\r prim>y tool = ?is is ! %ell4 #e4d ,! ,%ell ,! %ell is a program t all[s y to int]act ) y\r comput]4 ,x's call$ a %ell because x provides an environm5t = y to "w 9--sort ( a little electronic home = y z y compute4 7,?9k h]mit crab47 ,! simple/ function ( ! %ell is to laun* o!r programs4 ,y type ! "n ( ! program y want to run1 foll[$ by ! argum5ts y want1 & ! %ell asks ! sy/em to run ! program = y4 ,( c\rse1 graphical w9d[+ sy/ems also fill ?is ne$4 ,te*nically1 ,w9d[s #ie provides a graphical %ell1 & ! ,x ,w9d[ sy/em is ano!r k9d ( graphical %ell4 ,b 8%ell0 is commonly us$ to mean 8comm&-l9e %ell40 ,ne$less to say1 ! hack]s :o "w on %ells ar5't satisfi$ ) simply laun*+ comm&s4 ,y\r %ell has a bewild]+ numb] ( conv5i5t & p[]ful features if y w\ld l to take advantage ( !m4 ,!re are c\ntless diff]5t %ells available2 mo/ are bas$ on ei!r ! ,b\rne %ell or ! ,c %ell1 two ( ! olde/ %ells4 ,! orig9al ,b\rne %ell's program "n is %1 :ile c% is ! ,c %ell4 ,b\rne %ell v>iants include ! ,b\rne ,aga9 ,%ell f ! ,,gnu project 7ba%1 ! ,debian default71 ! ,korn %ell 7k%71 & ! ,z %ell 7z%74 ,!re is also a%1 a traditional implem5tation ( ! ,b\rne %ell4 ,! mo/ common ,c %ell v>iant is tc% 7! t pays tribute to ! ,,t5ex & ,,tops-#bj op]at+ sy/ems1 :i* inspir$ "s ( tc%'s improvem5ts ov] c%74 ba% is probably ! be/ *oice = new us]s4 ,x is ! default & has all ! features y're likely to ne$4 ,b all ! %ells h loyal foll[+s2 if y want to exp]im5t1 in/all "s diff]5t %ell packages & *ange y\r %ell ) ! *% comm&4 ,j type *%1 supply a password :5 ask$1 & *oose a %ell4 ,:5 y next log 91 y'll be us+ ! new %ell4 #e4e ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,debian is a multitask+ sy/em1 s y ne$ a way to d m ?an "o ?+ at once4 ,graphical environm5ts l ,x provide a natural way to d ?is2 !y all[ multiple w9d[s on ! scre5 at any "o "t4 ,naturally1 ba% 7or any o!r %ell7 provides simil> facilities4 ,e>li] y us$ top to look at ! diff]5t processes on ! sy/em4 ,y\r %ell provides "s conv5i5t ways to keep track ( only ^? processes y've />t$ f ! comm& l9e4 ,ea* comm& l9e />ts a job 7also call$ a process gr\p7 to be c>ri$ out by ! %ell4 ,a job c consi/ ( a s+le process or a set ( processes 9 a pipel9e 7m on pipel9es lat]74 ,ent]+ a comm& l9e w />t a job4 ,try typ+ man cp1 & ! cp manual page w appe> on ! scre54 ,! %ell w g into ! backgr\nd & return :5 y f9i% read+ ! manual page 7or y c press q to quit r ?an scroll+ ?r\gh ! :ole ?+74 ,b say y're read+ ! manual page1 & y want to d some?+ else = a m9ute4 ,no problem4 ,press ,ctrl-z :ile y're read+ to susp5d ! curr5t =egr\nd job & put ! %ell 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,:5 y susp5d a job1 ba% w fir/ give y "s in=mation on x1 foll[$ by a %ell prompt4 ,y w see some?+ l ?is on ! scre53 ,,"n cp - copy files ,,synopsis cp options s\rce --,m-- #a ,/opp$ man cp ,note ! la/ two l9es4 ,! next to la/ is ! job in=mation1 & !n y h a %ell prompt4 ba% assigns a job numb] to ea* comm& l9e y run f ! %ell4 ,?is all[s y to ref] to ! process easily4 ,9 ?is case1 man cp is job numb] #a1 display$ z #a4 ,! means t ?is is ! la/ job y _h 9 ! =egr\nd4 ba% also tells y ! curr5t /ate ( ! job--,/opp$--& ! job's comm& l9e4 ,!re are _m ?+s y c d ) jobs4 ,) man cp /ill susp5d$1 try ! foll[+ comm&s3 man ls ,/>ts a new job4 ,ctrl-z ,susp5ds ! man ls job2 y %\ld see its job in=mation4 man mv ,/>ts yet ano!r job4 ,ctrl-z ,susp5ds x4 jobs ,asks ba% = a display ( curr5t jobs4 ,! result looks l ?is3 jobs #a ,/opp$ man cp #b- ,/opp$ man ls #c ,/opp$ man mv ,notice ! - & 1 d5ot+ respectively ! next to la/ & la/ =egr\nd jobs4 fg ,places ! la/ =egr\nd job 7man mv1 ! "o ) ! 7 9 ! =egr\nd aga94 ,if y press ! space b>1 ! man page w cont9ue scroll+4 ,ctrl-z ,re-susp5ds man mv4 fg #a ,y c ref] to any job by plac+ a 9 front ( its numb]4 ,if y use fg )\t specify+ a job1 ! la/ active "o is assum$4 ,ctrl-z ,re-susp5ds man cp4 kill #a ,kills (f job #a4 ba% w report ! job in=mation1 :i* w look l ?is3 kill #a #a- ,t]m9at$ man cp ba% is only ask+ ! job to quit1 & sometimes a job w n want to d s4 ,if ! job doesn't t]m9ate1 y c add ! -,,kill#a option to kill to /op ask+ & />t dem&+4 ,= example3 #a ,_m p use ! signal numb] -#i in/ead ( ! signal "n -,,kill4 ,h[ev]1 x's te*nically m portable to use ! signal "n4 kill -,,kill #a #a- ,kill$ man mv ,! -,,kill option =cibly & unconditionally kills (f ! job4 ,9 te*nical t]ms1 kill simply s5ds a signal4 ,by default1 x s5ds a signal t reque/s t]m9ation 7,,t]m1 or signal #ae7 b y c also specify a signal1 & signal #i 7,,kill7 is ! signal t =ces t]m9ation4 ,! comm& "n kill is n necess>ily appropriate to ! signal s5t2 = example1 s5d+ ! ,,t/p 7t]m9al /op7 signal susp5ds ! process b all[s x to be cont9u$ lat]4 top ,?is br+s ! top display back up4 ,give ! u comm& 9 top to see only y\r processes4 ,look 9 ! "r-h& column = ! man ls & man mv comm&s4 man cp won't be !re because y kill$ x4 top is %[+ y ! sy/em processes correspond+ to y\r jobs2 notice t ! ,,pid on ! left ( ! scre5 does n correspond to ! job numb]4 ,y may n be able to f9d y\r processes because !y're (f ! bottom ( ! scre52 if y're us+ ,x 7see ,*apt] #i on page 9971 y c resize ! xt]m to solve ?is problem4 ,ev5 ^! simple jobs actually consi/ ( multiple processes1 includ+ ! man process & ! pag] m1 :i* h&les scroll+ "o page at a "t4 ,y may notice ! m processes are also visible 9 top4 ,y c probably figure out h[ to clean up ! rema9+ two jobs4 ,y c ei!r kill !m 7) ! kill comm&7 or =egr\nd ea* "o 7) fg7 & exit x4 ,rememb] t ! jobs comm& gives y a li/ ( exi/+ jobs & _! /atus4 ,"o f9al note3 ,! docum5tation = ba% is q good1 b x is f\nd 9 ! ,info help sy/em r ?an ! man pages4 ,to read x1 type info ba%4 ,see section ,a4#a4a = in/ructions on us+ ! info program4 ba% also conta9s a v good summ>y ( its comm&s accessible by ! help comm&4 help displays a li/ ( available topics2 m in=mation ab\t ea* ( !m is accessible ) ! comm& help topic "n4 ,try typ+ help cd1 = example4 ,?is w give y details on ! -,p & -,l argum5ts recogniz$ by cd4 #e4f ,a ,few ba% ,features ,?is section m5tions j a few ( ! mo/ commonly us$ ,ba% features2 = a m complete discussion see ,*apt] #f4 #e4f4a ,tab ,completion ,! ba% %ell c guess :at fil5ame or comm& y are try+ to type & automatically f9i% typ+ x = y4 ,j type ! beg9n+ ( a comm& or fil5ame & press ,tab4 ,if ba% f9ds a s+le unique completion1 x w f9i% ! ^w & put a space aft] x4 ,if x f9ds multiple possible completions1 x w fill out ! "p all completions h 9 common & beep4 ,y c !n ent] en\gh ( ! ^w to make x unique & press ,tab aga94 ,if x f9ds no completions1 x w simply beep4 #e4g ,manag+ ,y\r ,id5tity ,unix-l sy/ems are multius]1 & s y h y\r own electronic id5tity z a us] on ! sy/em4 ,type f+] y\rus]name to look at "s ( ! in=mation ab\t y t's publically available4 ,to *ange ! "n & %ell li/$ !re1 y c use ! comm&s *fn & *%4 ,only ! sup]us] c *ange y\r log9 7us]name7 & directory4 ,y'll notice t x says 8,no plan40 ,a 8plan0 is j "s in=mation y c make available to o!rs4 ,to create a plan1 y put :atev] in=mation y want p to see 9 a file call$ 4plan4 ,to d ?is y'll use a text editor2 see section #h4b on page 994 ,!n f+] y\rself to see y\r plan4 ,o!rs c f+] y to see y\r plan & to *eck :e!r y've receiv$ new mail or read y\r mail4 ,note t ?is f+] in=mation is available to ! entire ,int]net by default4 ,if y don't want ?is1 read ab\t configur+ inetd & ! file _/etc_/s]vices4 ,ev5tually ! in/allation manual w describe ?is configuration1 b = n[ y might try ! man pages or j put nons5se 9 = y\r f+] in=mation4 #f4 ,us+ ! ,%ell ,z y h be5 read+ ?is book1 y've be5 int]act+ ) ! %ell already4 ,! %ell is ! program t reads y\r comm&s & !n does :at y ask x to4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 y explore ! %ell 9 great] detail1 ) a special eye t[>ds cu/omiz+ ! %ell to "w z y want x to4 #f4a ,environm5t ,v>iables ,e process has an environm5t associat$ ) x4 ,an environm5t is a collection ( environm5t v>iables4 ,a v>iable is a *angeable value ) a fix$ "n4 ,= example1 ! "n ,,email c\ld ref] to ! value joen[h]e4com4 ,! value c v>y2 ,,email c\ld also ref] to janesome:]e4com4 ,because y\r %ell is a process l any o!r1 x has an environm5t4 ,y c view y\r %ell's environm5t by ent]+ ! pr9t5v comm&4 ,figure #f4a has "s sample output f pr9t5v4 ,on y\r sy/em1 ! output w be diff]5t b simil>4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4a3 ,sample pr9t5v output ,environm5t v>iables are "o way to configure ! sy/em4 ,= example1 ! ,,editor v>iable lets y select y\r pref]r$ editor = po/+ news1 writ+ e-mail1 & s on4 ,sett+ environm5t v>iables is simple4 ,= practice1 try cu/omiz+ y\r %ell's prompt & y\r text file view] ) environm5t v>iables4 ,fir/1 let's get a bit ( backgr\nd in=mation4 man less ,?is comm& lets y view ! onl9e manual = ! less comm&4 ,9 ord] to %[ y ! text "o scre5ful at a "t1 man invokes a pag] t %[s y a new page ( text ea* "t y press ! space b>4 ,by default1 x uses ! pag] call$ m4 ,g ahead & glance ov] ! man page = less1 :i* is an enhanc$ pag]4 ,scroll to a new page by press+ space2 press q to quit4 m w also quit automatically :5 y rea* ! end ( ! man page4 export ,,pag]less ,aft] read+ ab\t ! advantages ( less1 y might want to use x to read man pages4 ,to d ?is1 y set ! environm5t v>iable ,,pag]4 ,! comm& to set an environm5t v>iable )9 ba% always has ?is =mat3 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4b3 ,*ang+ ! prompt export ,,"nvalue export means to move ! v>iable f ! %ell into ! environm5t4 ,?is means t programs o!r ?an ! %ell 7= in/ance1 a file view]7 w be able to access x4 e*o ,,pag] ,?is is ! easie/ way to see ! value ( a v>iable4 ,,pag] tells ! %ell to ins]t ! value ( ! ,,pag] v>iable be=e invok+ ! comm&4 e*o e*oes back its argum5t3 9 ?is case1 x e*oes ! curr5t ,,pag] value1 less4 man m ,displays ! m manual4 ,?is "t1 man %\ld h invok$ ! less pag]4 less has lots ( features t m lacks4 ,= example1 y c scroll backw>d ) ! b key4 ,y c also move up & d[n 7ev5 sideways7 ) ! arr[ keys4 less won't exit :5 x rea*es ! end ( ! man page2 x w wait = y to press q4 ,y c try out "s less-specific comm&s1 l b1 to v]ify t !y don't "w ) m & t y are inde$ us+ m4 unset ,,pag] ,if y don't want to specify a pag] anymore1 y c unset ! v>iable4 man w !n use m by default1 j z x did be=e y set ! v>iable4 e*o ,,pag] ,because ,,pag] has be5 unset1 e*o won't pr9t any?+4 ,,ps#a;hello3 ,j = fun1 *ange y\r %ell prompt4 %\ld n[ *ange2 see ,figure #f4b = details4 export is n necess>y1 because y're *ang+ ! %ell's own behavior4 ,!re's no reason to export ! v>iable into ! environm5t = o!r programs to see4 ,te*nically1 ,,ps#a is a %ell v>iable r ?an an environm5t v>iable4 ,if y want$ to1 y c\ld export ! %ell v>iable1 trans=m+ x into an environm5t v>iable4 ,if y d ?is1 programs y run f ! %ell c see x4 #f4b ,:]e ,comm&s ,reside3 ,! ,,pa? ,v>iable ,:5 y type a comm& into ! %ell1 x has to f9d ! program on y\r h>d disk be=e execut+ x4 ,if ! %ell _h to look all ov] ! disk1 x w\ld be v sl[2 in/ead1 x looks 9 a li/ ( directories conta9$ 9 ! ,,pa? environm5t v>iable4 ,?is li/ ( directories makes up ! %ell's se>* pa?2 :5 y ent] a comm&1 x goes ?r\gh ea* "o 9 turn look+ = ! program y ask$ to run4 ,y may ne$ to *ange ! ,,pa? v>iable if y in/all programs y\rself 9 a non-/&>d location4 ,! value ( ,,pa? is a colon-sep>at$ li/ ( directories4 ,! default value on ,debian sy/ems is z foll[s3 _/usr_/local_/b93_/usr_/b93_/b93_/usr_/b 9_/,x#aa3_/usr_/games _/ _/ _/ _/ ,?is value is def9$ 9 ! file _/etc_/pr(ile & applies to all us]s4 ,y c easily *ange ! value1 j z y c *ange any environm5t v>iable4 ,if y type ! comm& ls1 ! %ell w fir/ look 9 _/usr_/local_/b92 ls isn't !re1 s x w try _/usr_/b92 :5 t _/fails1 x w *eck _/b94 ,!re x w discov] _/b9_/ls1 /op its se>*1 & execute ! program _/b9_/ls4 ,if _/usr_/b9_/,x#aa_/ls exi/$ 7x doesn't1 b pret5d71 x w\ld be ignor$4 ,y c see :i* ls ! %ell is go+ to use ) ! type comm&4 type ls w give y ! answ] _/b9_/ls4 ,try x y\rself4 ,try ask+ :]e type itself resides3 type type type is a %ell built9 type isn't actually a program2 x's a function provid$ by ! %ell4 ,h[ev]1 y use x j l an ext]nal program4 ,!re are a numb] ( comm&s l ?is2 type man built9s to read ! man page describ+ !m4 ,9 g5]al1 y don't ne$ to "k :e!r a comm& is a built9 or a real program2 h[ev]1 built9s w n %[ up 9 ! output ( ps or top because !y ar5't sep>ate processes4 ,!y're j "p ( ! %ell4 #f4c ,configuration ,files ,_m applications on ,l9ux sy/ems all[ y to alt] h[ !y behave at c]ta9 times by alt]+ files conta9+ configuration in=mation4 ,^! configuration files may conta9 application />t-up in=mation1 run-"t sett+s & application %utd[n sett+s4 ,9 g5]al1 a configuration fil5ame is bas$ on ! "n ( ! application = :i* x conta9s sett+s4 ,su* a nam+ conv5tion all[s y to m readily det]m9e :i* configuration file conta9s sett+s = a giv5 application4 #f4c4a ,sy/em-,wide ,v]sus ,us]-,specific ,configuration ,x's important to rememb] t !re are two diff]5t k9ds ( configurations on a ,debian sy/em4 ,sy/em-wide configuration affects all us]s4 ,sy/em-wide sett+s are made 9 ! _/etc directory1 s y g5]ally mu/ be root 9 ord] to *ange sy/em-wide sett+s4 ,y might configure ! way ! sy/em connects to ! ,int]net1 = example1 or h web br[s]s on ! sy/em always />t on ! company home page4 ,s9ce y want ^! sett+s to apply to all us]s1 y make ! *anges 9 _/etc4 ,sample configuration files 9 _/etc include _/etc_/,x#aa_/,,xf#hf;,config1 _/etc_/lynx4cfg1 & _/etc_/ppp_/options4 ,9 fact1 ne>ly all ! files _/9 _/etc are configuration files4 ,us] configuration affects only a s+le us]4 ,dotfiles are us$ = us] configuration4 ,= example1 ! file _/4newsrc /ores a li/ ( :i* ,,us5et 7discussion gr\p7 articles y h read & :i* gr\ps y subscribe to4 ,?is all[s news read]s su* z trn or ,,gnus to display unread articles 9 ! gr\ps y're int]e/$ 94 ,?is in=mation w be diff]5t = e us] on ! sy/em1 s ea* us] has 8 own 4newsrc file 9 8 home directory4 #f4d ,aliases ,if y use ! same comm& (t51 y might get tir$ ( typ+ x4 ba% lets y write %ort] aliases = y\r comm&s4 ,say y always use ! -almo/-all & -colorauto options to ls4 ,y quickly get tir$ ( typ+ ls -almo/-all -colorauto4 ,s y make an alias3 alias myls'ls -almo/-all -colorauto' ,n[ y c type myls in/ead ( ! full comm&4 ,to see :at myls really is1 run ! comm& type myls4 ,to see a li/ ( aliases y've def9$1 simply type alias on a l9e by itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4c3 ,r$irect+ output #f4e ,controll+ ,input & ,output ,?r\gh\t y\r exp]i5ces ) ,l9ux1 y w mo/ likely f9d t manipulat+ application input & output c be a v p[]ful ?+ to d4 ,?is section describes "s ( ! ?+s t controll+ input & output c d = y4 #f4e4a /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & ,r$irection ,e process has at lea/ ?ree connections to ! outside _w4 ,! /&>d input is "o s\rce ( ! process's data2 ! /&>d output is "o place ! process s5ds data2 & ! /&>d error is a place ! process c s5d error messages4 7,^! are (t5 abbreviat$ /d91 /d\t1 & /d]r47 ,! words 8s\rce0 & 8place0 are int5tionally vague4 ,^! /&>d input & output locations c be *ang$ by ! us]2 !y c\ld be ! scre51 ! keybo>d1 a file1 ev5 a network connection4 ,y c specify :i* locations to use4 ,:5 y run a program f ! %ell1 usually /&>d input comes f y\r keybo>d1 & /&>d output & error bo? g to y\r scre54 ,h[ev]1 y c ask ! %ell to *ange ^! defaults4 ,= example1 ! e*o comm& s5ds x output to /&>d output1 normally ! scre54 ,b y c s5d x to a file in/ead ) ! output r$irection op]ator1 4 ,= example1 to put ! ^w 8,hello0 9 ! file myfile1 use ?is comm&3 e*o ,hello myfile ,use cat or y\r text file pag] 7m or less7 to view myfile's cont5ts2 see ,figure #f4c4 ,y c *ange ! /&>d input ( a comm& ) ! input r$irection op]ator1 4 ,= example1 cat myfile w display ! cont5ts ( myfile4 ,?is is n useful 9 practice2 = conv5i5ce1 ! cat comm& accepts a fil5ame argum5t4 ,s y c simply say cat myfile1 & ! effect w be ! same4 r$irection op]ators ,"u ! hood1 cat myfile means t ! %ell op5s myfile & !n fe$s its cont5ts to ! /&>d input ( cat4 cat myfile1 )\t ! r$irection op]ator1 means t ! cat comm& receives "o argum5t 7myfile7 op5s ! file itself1 & !n displays ! file4 ,!re's a reason = ! d\ble functionality1 h[ev]4 ,= example1 y c connect ! /&>d output ( "o comm& to ! /&>d input ( ano!r4 ,?is is call$ a pipel9e1 & x uses ! pipe op]ator#a1 4 #a ,dep5d+ on y\r keybo>d1 ?is may ei!r appe> z a v]tical b> or a brok5 v]tical b>1 b x c almo/ always be f\nd above ! backsla% 774 ,p]haps y want to see ! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se 9 rev]se4 ,to d ?is1 y use ! tac comm& 7x's cat1 only backw>d74 ,try x out3 tac _/usr_/doc_/copyright_/,,gpl ,un=tunately1 x goes by too quickly to read4 ,s y only get to see a c\ple ( p>agraphs4 ,! solution is a pipel9e3 tac _/usr_/doc_/copyright_/,,gpl less ,?is takes ! /&>d output ( tac1 :i* is ! ,,gpl 9 rev]se1 & s5ds x to ! /&>d input ( less4 ,y c *a9 z _m comm&s toge!r z y l4 ,say y h an inexplicable desire to replace e ,g ) ,q4 ,= ?is y use ! comm& tr ,g ,q1 l ?is3 tac _/usr_/doc_/copyright_/,,gpl tr ,g ,q less ,y c\ld get ! same effect us+ tempor>y files & r$irection1 = example3 tac _/usr_/doc_/copyright_/,,gpl tmpfile tr ,g ,q tmpfile tmpfile#b less tmpfile#b rm tmpfile tmpfile#b ,cle>ly a pipel9e is m conv5i5t4 #f4f ,fil5ame ,expansion ,(t5 y want a comm& to "w ) a gr\p ( files4 ,wildc>ds are us$ to create a fil5ame expansion patt]n3 a s]ies ( *>act]s & wildc>ds t exp&s to a li/ ( fil5ames4 ,= example1 ! patt]n _/etc_/99 exp&s to a li/ ( all#b ! files 9 _/etc4 #b ,actually1 files beg9n+ ) 4 are n includ$ 9 ! expansion ( 994 99 is a wildc>d t c /& = any s]ies ( *>act]s1 s ! patt]n _/etc_/99 w exp& to a li/ ( all ! fil5ames beg9n+ ) _/etc_/4 _/ _/ _/ ,?is fil5ame li/ is mo/ useful z a set ( argum5ts = a comm&4 ,= example1 ! _/etc directory conta9s a s]ies ( subdirectories call$ rc#j4;d1 rc#a4;d1 etc4 ,normally to view ! cont5ts ( ^!1 y w\ld type ! foll[+3 ls _/etc_/rc#j4;d _/etc_/rc#a4;d _/etc_/rc#b4;d _/etc_/rc#c4;d ls _/etc_/rc#d4;d _/etc_/rc#e4;d _/etc_/rc#f4;d _/etc_/rc,s4d ,?is is t$i\s4 ,in/ead1 y c use ! 8 wildc>d z %[n "h3 ls _/etc_/rc84d _/etc_/rc84d exp&s to a li/ ( fil5ames t beg9 ) rc1 _/foll[$ by any s+le "*1 foll[$ by 4d4 ,available wildc>ds include ! foll[+3 99 ,mat*es any gr\p ( #j or m *>act]s4 8 ,mat*es exactly "o "*4 444 ,if y enclose "s *>act]s 9 brackets1 ! result is a wildc>d t mat*es ^? *>act]s4 ,= example1 abc mat*es ei!r a1 or b1 or c4 ,if y add a aft] ! fir/ bracket1 ! s5se is rev]s$2 s abc mat*es any "* t is n a1 b1 or c4 ,y c include a range1 su* z a-j1 :i* mat*es any?+ betwe5 a & j4 ,! mat* is case s5sitive1 s to all[ any lett]1 y mu/ use a-z,a-,z4 ,expansion patt]ns are simple once y see "s concrete examples3 994txt ,?is w give y a li/ ( all fil5ames t end 9 4txt1 s9ce ! 99 mat*es any?+ at all4 994hc ,?is gives a li/ ( fil5ames t end 9 ei!r 4h or 4c4 a88 ,?is gives y all ?ree-lett] fil5ames t beg9 ) a4 a88 ,?is gives y all ?ree-lett] fil5ames t d n beg9 ) a4 a99 ,?is gives y e fil5ame t />ts ) a1 reg>dless ( h[ _m lett]s x has4 #g4 ,m on ,files ,9 section #e4b on page 991 we cov]$ mov+ & r5am+ files ) mv1 copy+ !m ) cp1 remov+ !m ) rm1 remov+ directories ) rmdir1 & creat+ directories ) mkdir4 ,?is *apt] w cov] "s m aspects ( work+ ) files4 ,p]missions ,,gnu & ,unix sy/ems are set up to all[ _m p to use ! same comput]1 :ile keep+ c]ta9 files private or keep+ c]ta9 p f modify+ c]ta9 files4 ,y c v]ify ?is = y\rself4 ,log 9 z y\rself1 i4e4 ,,n z root4 :oami ,?is v]ifies t y are n root4 ,!n ent] ! foll[+ comm&3 rm _/etc_/resolv4conf ,y %\ld be told ,p]mission d5i$4 _/etc_/resolv4conf is an ess5tial sy/em configuration file2 y ar5't all[$ to *ange or remove x unless y're root4 ,?is keeps y f accid5tally mess+ up ! sy/em1 & if ! comput] is a public "o 7su* z at an (fice or s*ool71 x keeps us]s f mess+ up ! sy/em on purpose4 ,n[ type ls -l _/etc_/resolv4conf4 ,?is w give y output t looks some?+ l ?is3 -rw-r-r- #a root root #aai ,feb #bc #aiig _/etc_/resolv4conf ,! -l option to ls reque/s all t additional in=mation4 ,! info on ! "r is easy3 ,! size ( ! file is #aai bytes2 ! date ! file 0 la/ *ang$ is ,febru>y #bc1 #aiig2 & ! file's "n is _/etc_/resolv4conf4 ,on ! left side ( ! scre51 ?+s are a _/little m complicat$4 ,fir/1 ! brief1 te*nical explanation3 ,! -rw-r-r- is ! mode ( ! file1 ! #a is ! numb] ( h>d l9ks to ?is file 7or ! numb] ( files 9 a directory71 & ! two roots are ! us] & gr\p own+ ! file1 respectively4 ,s t 0 cryptic4 ,let's g ?r\gh x sl[ly4 #g4a4a ,file ,own]%ip ,e file has two own]s3 a us] & a gr\p4 ,! above case is a little confus+ because !re's a gr\p call$ root 9 addition to ! root us]4 ,gr\ps are j collections ( us]s :o are collectively p]mitt$ access to "s "p ( ! sy/em4 ,a good example is a games gr\p4 ,j to be mean1 y might create a gr\p call$ games on y\r comput] & !n set up y\r sy/em s t only p 9 a games gr\p are all[$ to play games4 ,"h's a m practical example4 ,consid] a case 9 :i* y're sett+ up a comput] = a s*ool4 ,y might want c]ta9 files to be accessible only to tea*]s1 n /ud5ts1 s y put all ! tea*]s 9 a s+le gr\p4 ,!n y c tell ! sy/em t c]ta9 files belong to memb]s ( ! gr\p tea*]s1 & t no "o else c access ^? files4 ,let's explore gr\ps on ! sy/em4 ,fir/1 y c use ! gr\ps comm& at ! %ell prompt4 ,?is w %[ y a li/ ( ! gr\ps to :i* y belong4 ,"h's an example3 gr\ps sy/em-wide configuration6p]missions6file own]%ipus]name dial\t cdrom floppy audio ,x's likely t y're a memb] ( only "o gr\p1 :i* is id5tical to y\r us]name4 ,h[ev]1 root c add y to o!r gr\ps4 ,! above example %[s a p]son t is a memb] ( five gr\ps4 less _/etc_/gr\p ,?is file li/s ! gr\ps t exi/ on y\r sy/em4 ,notice ! root gr\p 7! only memb] ( ?is gr\p is ! root us]71 & ! gr\p t corresponds to y\r us]name4 ,!re are also gr\ps l dial\t 7us]s :o are all[$ to dial out on ! modem7 & floppy 7us]s :o c use ! floppy drive74 ,h[ev]1 y\r sy/em is probably n configur$ to make use ( ^! gr\ps4 ,x's likely t only root c use ! floppy or ! modem "r n[4 ,= details ab\t ?is file1 try read+ man gr\p4 ls -l _/home ,?is comm& %[s y t e us]'s directory is own$ by t us] & t us]'s p]sonal gr\p4 ,tip3 ,if y j in/all$ ,debian1 y may be ! only us]4 ,y c use ! addus] comm& to add m us]s to ! sy/em4 #g4a4b ,mode ,9 addition to be+ own$ by "o us] & "o gr\p1 e file & directory also has a mode1 :i* det]m9es :o's all[$ to read1 write1 & execute ! file 7& run x1 if x's a program74 ,!re are a few o!r ?+s also det]m9$ by ! mode1 b !y're advanc$ topics s we'll skip !m = n[4 ,! mode looks l ?is 9 ! ls output3 -rw-r-r-4 ,= n[1 we'll consid] n9e ( ^! p>ts3 ^? t control read1 write1 & execute p]missions = ! us] own+ ! file1 ! gr\p own+ ! file1 & o!rs 7ev]yone on ! sy/em1 sometimes call$ _w74 ,9 ! mode l9e1 ! fir/ 8elem5t0 gives ! file type4 ,! - 9 ?is case means x's a regul> file4 ,if x 0 d1 we'd be look+ at a directory4 ,!re are also o!r possibilities too complex to g into "h2 = details1 see section #ac4b4b on page 994 ,! rema9+ n9e elem5ts are us$ to display ! file's mode4 ,! basic #i bits 7read1 write1 & execute = us]1 gr\p1 & o!r7 are display$ z ?ree blocks ( rwx4 ,s if all p]missions are turn$ on & ?is is a regul> file1 ! mode w look l ?is3 -rwxrwxrwx4 ,if x 0 a directory ) all p]missions turn$ (f = o!rs & full p]missions = us] & gr\p1 x w\ld be drwxrwx--4 ,table #g4a3 ,p]missions 9 ,l9ux ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,code ,"n ,all[s = ,files ,all[s = ,directories ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- r read ,exam9e cont5ts ( file ,li/ cont5ts ( directory ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- w write ,modify file ,add or remove files 9 directory ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- x execute ,run z a comm& ,access files 9 directory ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ,table #g4a describes ! mean+ ( ! read1 write1 & execute p]missions = bo? files & directories4 ,directory modes c be a little confus+1 s "h are "s examples ( ! effects ( v>i\s comb9ations3 r- ,! us]1 gr\p1 or o!r ) ^! p]missions may li/ ! cont5ts ( ! directory1 b c d no?+ else4 ,! files 9 ! directory c't be read1 *ang$1 delet$1 or manipulat$ 9 any way4 ,! only p]mitt$ action is read+ ! directory itself1 t is1 see+ :at files x conta9s4 rw- ,write p]mission has no effect 9 ! abs5ce ( execute p]mission1 s ?is mode behaves j l ! above mode4 r-x ,?is mode p]mits ! files 9 a directory to be li/$ & p]mits access to ^? files4 ,h[ev]1 files c't be creat$ or delet$4 ,access means t y c view1 *ange1 or execute ! files z p]mitt$ by ! files' own p]missions4 -x ,files 9 ?is directory c be access$1 b ! cont5ts ( ! directory c't be li/$1 s y h to "k :at fil5ame y're look+ = 9 advance 7unless y're exceptionally good at guess+74 ,files c't be creat$ or delet$4 rwx ,y c d any?+ y want ) ! files 9 ?is directory1 z long z x's p]mitt$ by ! p]missions on ! files !mselves4 ,directory write p]mission det]m9es :e!r y c delete files 9 a directory4 ,a read-only file c be delet$ if y h p]mission to write to ! directory conta9+ x4 ,y c't delete a file f a read-only directory ev5 if y're all[$ to make *anges to ! file4 ,?is also means t if y own a directory y c always delete files f x1 ev5 if ^? files belong to root4 ,directory execute p]mission det]m9es :e!r y h access to files - & ?us :e!r file p]missions come into play4 ,if y h execute p]missions to a directory1 file p]missions = t directory become relevant4 ,o!rwise1 file p]missions j don't matt]2 y c't access ! files anyway4 #g4a4c ,p]missions 9 ,practice ,?is section goes ?r\gh a %ort example session to demon/rate h[ p]missions are us$4 ,to *ange p]missions1 we'll use ! *mod comm&4 cd2 t\* myfile ,!re are a c\ple ( new tricks "h4 ,fir/1 y c use 2 to put two comm&s on "o l9e4 ,y c type ! above z3 cd t\* myfile or z3 cd2 t\* myfile ,ei!r way ! same ?+ w end up happ5+4 ,recall t cd by itself returns y to y\r home directory4 t\* is normally us$ to *ange ! modification "t ( ! file to ! curr5t "t4 ,b x has ano!r int]e/+ feature3 ,if ! file doesn't exi/1 t\* creates ! file4 ,s y're us+ x to create a file to practice )4 ,use ls -l to confirm t ! file has be5 creat$ & notice ! p]missions mode3 ls -l -rw-r-r- #a us] us] #j ,nov #ah #bb3jd myfile ,obvi\sly ! "t & us]_/gr\p names w be diff]5t :5 y try x4 ,! size ( ! file is #j1 because t\* creates an empty file4 -rw-r-r- is ! default p]missions mode on ,debian4 *mod ux myfile ,?is comm& means to add 77 execute 7x7 p]missions = ! us] 7u7 :o owns ! file4 ,use ls -l to see ! effects4 *mod g-r myfile ,"h y've subtract$ 7-7 read p]mission 7r7 f ! gr\p 7g7 own+ ! file & f ev]yone else 7o!rs1 o74 ,aga91 use ls -l to v]ify ! effects4 *mod ugorx myfile ,"h y've set 77 us]1 gr\p1 & o!r p]missions to read & execute4 ,?is sets p]missions to exactly :at y've specifi$ & unsets any o!r p]missions4 ,s all rx %\ld be set1 & all w %\ld be unset4 ,n[1 no "o c write to ! file4 *mod a-x myfile a is a %ortcut = ugo1 or 8all40 ,s all ! x p]missions %\ld n[ be unset4 rm myfile ,) ?is comm&1 y're remov+ ! file1 b )\t write p]missions4 rm w ask if y're sure by display+ ! foll[+ message3 rm3 remove #8myfile'1 ov]rid+ mode #jddd8 ,y %\ld respond by typ+ y & press+ ,ent]4 ,?is is a feature ( rm1 n a fact ( p]missions4 ,p]mission to delete a file comes f ! directory p]missions1 & y h write p]mission 9 ! directory4 ,h[ev]1 rm tries to be helpful1 figur+ t if y didn't want to *ange ! file 7& ?us remove write p]mission71 y don't want to delete x ei!r1 s x asks y4 ,:at 0 t #jddd bus9ess 9 ! "q f rm8 ,! p]missions mode is a twelve-digit b9>y numb]1 l ?is3 #jjjajjajjajj4 #jddd is ?is b9>y numb] repres5t$ z an octal 7base #h7 numb]1 :i* is ! conv5tional way to write a mode4 ,s y c type *mod #ddd myfile in/ead ( *mod ugor myfile4 #g4b ,files ,pres5t & ,_! ,locations ,n[ t y c navigate ! directory tree1 let's take a guid$ t\r ( ! files & directories y creat$ :5 y in/all$ ,debian4 ,if y're curi\s1 cd to ea* directory & type ls to see its cont5ts4 ,if ! li/+ doesn't fit on ! scre51 try ls less1 :]e is ! 8pipe0 "*1 g5]ally f\nd on ! same key ) backsla%4 _/ ,z already m5tion$1 ?is is ! root directory1 :i* conta9s _/ e o!r directory4 _/root ,b don't get _/confus$ ) _/root6 _/root is ! home directory ( ! root us]1 or sup]us]4 ,x's a directory call$ _/root1 b x isn't ! root directory _/4 _/home ,?is is :]e all normal us]s--t is1 all us]s except root--h _! home directories4 ,ea* home directory is nam$ aft] ! us] :o owns x1 = example1 _/home_/jane4 ,if y're us+ a l>ge sy/em at a s*ool or bus9ess1 y\r sy/em adm9i/rator may create additional directories to conta9 home directories3 _/home#a & _/home#b = example4 ,on "s o!r sy/ems1 y'll see an additional level ( subdirectories3 _/home_//ud5ts_/us]name1 _/home_//aff_/us]name1 etc4 ,y\r home directory is :]e y put all y\r p]sonal "w1 e-mail & o!r docum5ts1 & p]sonal configuration pref]5ces4 ,x's y\r home on ! sy/em4 _/b9 ,?is directory conta9s 8b9>ies10 executable files t are ess5tial to ! op]ation ( ! sy/em4 ,examples are ! %ell 7ba%7 & file comm&s su* z cp4 _/sb9 ,?is directory conta9s 8sy/em b9>ies10 utilities t ! root us] or sy/em adm9i/rator might want to use1 b t y probably won't want to use 9 y\r day-to-day activities4 _/usr _/usr conta9s mo/ ( ! files y'll be int]e/$ 94 ,x _/has _m subdirectories4 _/usr_/b9 & _/usr_/sb9 are pretty mu* l _/b9 & _/sb91 except t ! directories 9 _/usr are n consid]$ 8ess5tial to ! op]ation ( ! sy/em40 ,:ile n ess5tial to gett+ ! comput] work+1 _/usr does conta9 ! applications y'll use to get real "w done4 ,also 9 _/usr1 y'll f9d ! _/usr_/man1 _/usr_/info1 & _/usr_/doc directories4 ,^! conta9 manual pages1 info pages1 & o!r docum5tation1 respectively4 ,& don't =get _/usr_/games6 _/usr_/local ,! ,debian sy/em doesn't in/all any?+ 9 ?is directory4 ,y %\ld use x if y want to in/all s(tw>e t y compile y\rself or any s(tw>e n conta9$ 9 a ,debian package4 ,y c also in/all s(tw>e 9 y\r home directory if y'll be ! only "o us+ x4 _/etc _/etc conta9s all ! sy/em-wide configuration files4 _/,:5ev] y want to *ange some?+ t affects all us]s ( y\r comput]--su* z h[ y connect to ! ,int]net or :at k9d ( video c>d y h--y'll probably h to log on z root & *ange a file 9 _/etc4 _/tmp ,"h y'll f9d tempor>y files1 mo/ ( !m creat$ by ! sy/em4 ,?is directory is g5]ally eras$ on a regul> basis or e "t y reboot ! sy/em4 ,y c create files "h if y want1 j be aw>e t !y might get delet$ automatically4 _/v> _/v> conta9s 8v>iable0 files t ! sy/em *anges automatically4 ,= example1 incom+ mail is /or$ "h4 ,! sy/em keeps a log ( its actions "h4 ,!re are a numb] ( o!r automatically g5]at$ files "h z well4 ,y'll mo/ly be int]e/$ 9 ! cont5ts ( _/v>_/log1 :]e y c f9d error messages t c help y figure out :at y're sy/em's up to if some?+ goes wrong4 ,cle>ly !re are _m m directories on ! sy/em--f> too _m to describe e "o4 ,= *ang+ ?+s1 y'll usually want to conf9e y\rself to y\r home directory & _/etc4 ,on a ,debian sy/em1 !re's r>ely an occasion to *ange any?+ else1 because ev]y?+ else is automatically in/all$ = y4 _/etc is us$ to configure ! sy/em z a :ole4 ,y'll use y\r _/own home directory1 a subdirectory ( _/home1 = configur+ y\r own pref]5ces & /or+ y\r p]sonal data4 ,! idea is t on a day-to-day basis1 y conf9e y\rself to _/home_/y\rname1 s !re's no way y c break any?+4 ,occasionally y log 9 z root to *ange some?+ 9 a sy/em-wide directory1 b only :5 x's absolutely necess>y4 ,( c\rse1 if y're us+ ,debian at a s*ool or bus9ess & someone else is ! sy/em adm9i/rator1 y won't h root access & w be able to *ange only y\r home directory & any o!r directory t y own4 ,?is limits :at y c d ) ! sy/em4 #g4c ,file ,compression ) gzip ,(t5 x w\ld be nice to make a file small]--say1 to d[nload x fa/]1 or s x takes up less space on y\r disk4 ,! program to d ?is is call$ gzip 7,,gnu zip74 ,"h's h[ x works3 cd2 cp _/etc_/pr(ile 4_/mysamplefile ,?is swit*es to y\r home directory & copies an arbitr>ily *os5 file 7_/etc_/pr(ile7 to y\r curr5t directory1 9 ! process r5am+ x mysamplefile4 ,?is gives y a file to play ) :5 us+ gzip4 ls -l ,li/s ! cont5ts ( ! curr5t directory4 ,note ! size ( mysamplefile4 gzip mysamplefile ,compresses mysamplefile4 ls -l ,obs]ve ! results ( ?is comm&3 mysamplefile is n[ call$ mysamplefile4gz 4 ,x's also a good bit small]4 gunzip mysamplefile4gz2 ls -l ,?is uncompresses ! file4 ,obs]ve t mysamplefile has return$ to its orig9al /ate4 ,notice t to uncompress1 "o uses gunzip1 n gzip4 rm mysamplefile ,use ?is comm& to remove ! file1 s9ce x 0 j to practice )4 #g4d ,f9d+ ,files ,!re are two diff]5t facilities = f9d+ files3 f9d & locate4 f9d se>*es ! actual files 9 _! pres5t /ate4 locate se>*es an index g5]at$ by ! sy/em e morn+ at #f3db a4m4 7?is is a cron job1 expla9$ else:]e 9 ?is book74 locate won't f9d any files t 7 creat$ aft] ! index 0 g5]at$4 ,h[ev]1 because locate se>*es an index1 x's mu* fa/]--l us+ ! index ( a book r ?an look+ ?r\gh ! :ole ?+4 ,to comp>e ! two ways ( f9d+ files1 pret5d y c't rememb] :]e ! ,x configuration file ,,xf#hf;,config resides4 locate ,,xf#hf;,config ,?is %\ld be pretty fa/4 ,y'll get a li/ ( fil5ames t conta9 ,,xf#hf;,config1 some?+ l ?is3 _/etc_/,x#aa_/,,xf#hf;,config _/ _/usr_/,x#aa,r#f_/lib_/,x#aa_/,,xf#hf;,c onfig _/ _/usr_/,x#aa,r#f_/lib_/,x#aa_/,,xf#hf;,c onfig4eg _/ _/usr_/,x#aa,r#f_/man_/man#e_/,,xf#hf;,c onfig4#ex4gz _/ _/ _/ _/ ,n[ try ! f9d comm&3 f9d _/ -"n ,,xf#hf;,config ,y w he> a lot ( disk activity1 & ?is w take a lot long]4 ,results w look some?+ l ?is3 _/etc_/,x#aa_/,,xf#hf;,config _/ _/usr_/,x#aa,r#f_/lib_/,x#aa_/,,xf#hf;,c onfig _/ f9d3 _/v>_/spool_/cron_/atjobs3 ,p]mission d5i$ f9d3 _/v>_/spool_/cron_/atspool3 ,p]mission d5i$ f9d3 _/v>_/lib_/xdm_/au?dir3 ,p]mission d5i$ ,notice t f9d f\nd only files t 7 nam$ exactly ,,xf#hf;,config1 r ?an any files conta9+ t /r+ ( lett]s4 ,also1 f9d actually tri$ to look 9 e directory on ! sy/em--includ+ "s :]e y didn't h read p]missions4 ,t's :y y got ! ,p]mission d5i$ messages4 ,! syntax is diff]5t z well4 ,) f9d1 y _h to specify :at directory to se>* 91 :]eas locate automatically *ose ! root directory4 ,& y _h to specify a se>* by "n us+ ! -"n option4 ,y c\ld also h se>*$ = files us+ _m o!r crit]ia1 su* z modification date or own]4 ,to h f9d se>* = files ^: names mat* ,,xf#hf;,config1 y'd h to use a wildc>d3 f9d _/ -"n '99,,xf#hf;,config99' ,l mo/ ( ! comm& l9e tools1 f9d accepts wildc>ds z argum5ts4 ,9 g5]al1 f9d is a m p[]ful utility1 & locate is fa/] = ev]yday quick se>*es4 ,! full range ( possible se>*es w\ld take a long "t to expla92 = m details 1 type info f9d1 :i* w br+ up ! v ?or\gh info pages on f9d & locate4 #g4e ,det]m9+ a ,file's ,cont5ts ,debian comes ) a utility t c guess at ! cont5ts ( a file = y4 ,al?\gh x is n #ajj accurate1 y c use ! foll[+ comm& to explore y\r sy/em3 file _/b9_/cp ,y %\ld see some?+ l ?is3 _/b9_/cp3 ,,elf #cb-;bit ,,lsb executable1 ,intel #chf1 v]sion #a _/ _/ _/ _/ ,skipp+ ! te*nical p>ts1 ?is is an executable file = ,intel ma*9es4 file _/etc_/init4d_/boot ,! prec$+ comm& gives ?is response3 _/etc_/init4d_/boot3 ,b\rne %ell script text _/ _/ _/ _/ mean+ t ?is is a text file conta9+ a ,b\rne %ell script4 #g4f ,us+ a ,file ,manag] ,in/ead ( mov+ files ar\nd by h&1 y c use a file manag]4 ,if y move a lot ( files ar\nd1 a file manag] c make y\r "w m effici5t4 ,!re are text-bas$ file manag]s1 su* z ,,gnu ,midnight ,comm&] 7mc71 & a numb] ( file manag]s = ! ,x ,w9d[ sy/em 7= example gmc = ! ,x ,w9d[ v]sion ( ,,gnu ,midnight ,comm&]74 ,describ+ ea* ( ^! is outside ! scope ( ?is book1 b y may want to try !m out if ! comm& l9e doesn't meet y\r ne$s4 #h4 ,work+ ) ,text ,files ,text files are prevelant on a ,,gnu_/,l9ux sy/em4 ,!y hold ev]y?+ f docum5tation to configuration files4 ,=tunately1 x's easy to "w ) !m4 #h4a ,view+ ,text ,files ,a text file is simply a normal file t happ5s to conta9 human-readable text4 ,!re's no?+ special ab\t x o!rwise4 ,! o!r k9d ( file1 a b9>y file1 is meant to be int]pret$ by ! comput]4 ,y c view ei!r k9d ( file ) ! less file pag] if y h x in/all$ 7in/all x if y hav5't1 x's q useful74 ,type less _/etc_/pr(ile to view a sample text file4 ,notice t y c read _/! *>act]s ev5 if _! mean+ is obscure4 ,type less _/b9_/ls to view a b9>y file4 ,z y c see1 ! ls program is n meant to be read by humans4 ,sometimes1 y'll f9d files t end ) 4gz4 ,^! files may be view$ ) zless2 y c run x l s3 zless _/usr_/doc_/ae_/*angelog4,debian4gz ,tip3 zless is great = view+ docum5tation1 :i* is (t5 %ipp$ 9 4gz =m4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( files is purely a matt] ( :at !y conta91 unlike 9 "s o!r sy/ems 7su* z ,,dos & ,mac,o,s71 :i* actually treat ! files diff]5tly4 ,text files c conta9 %ell scripts1 docum5tation1 copyright notices1 or any o!r human-readable text4 ,incid5tally1 ?is illu/rates ! diff]5ce betwe5 s\rce code & b9>y executables4 _/b9_/ls is a b9>y executable y c d[nload f ,debian1 b y c also d[nload a text file t tells ! comput] h[ to create _/b9_/ls4 ,?is text file is ! s\rce code4 ,comp>+ _/b9_/ls to _/etc_/pr(ile illu/rates h[ important s\rce code is if someone wants to und]/& & modify a piece ( s(tw>e4 ,free s(tw>e provides y or y\r consultants ) ?is all-important s\rce code4 #h4b ,text ,editors ,a text editor is a program us$ to create & *ange ! cont5ts ( text files4 ,mo/ op]at+ sy/ems h a text editor3 ,,dos has edit1 ,w9d[s has ,notepad1 ,mac,o,s has ,simple,text4 ,debian provides a l>ge v>iety ( text editors4 vi & ,emacs are ! classic two1 :i* are probably bo? ! mo/ p[]ful & ! mo/ widely us$4 ,bo? vi & ,emacs are q complex & require "s practice1 b !y c make edit+ text extremely effici5t4 ,emacs runs bo? 9 a t]m9al & "u ! ,x ,w9d[ sy/em2 vi normally runs 9 a t]m9al b ! vim v>iant has a -g option t all[s x to "w ) ,x4 text editors ,simpl] editors include n$it1 ae1 j$1 & xcoral4 n$it & xcoral provide easy-to-use ,x ,w9d[ sy/em graphical int]faces4 ,!re are also sev]al vi v>iants4 ,additionally1 y c f9d & a ,,gnu ,emacs v>iant call$ ,x,emacs4 ,?is book does n cov] ! use ( any p>ticul> editor 9 detail1 ?\gh we w briefly introduce ae s9ce x is small1 fa/1 & c be f\nd ev5 on ! ,debian rescue disks1 s x pays to "k a bit ab\t x = usage 9 a p9*4 ,:5 y ne$ to d m s]i\s edit+1 *eck out vim or ,,gnu ,emacs4 ,emacs provides an excell5t int]active tutorial ( its own2 to read x1 load ,emacs ) ! emacs comm& & type ,f#a t4 ,emacs is an excell5t *oice = new us]s int]e/$ 9 a g5]al-purpose or programm+ editor4 #h4c ,us+ ae ,y c />t ae by giv+ x ! "n ( a file to edit1 l s3 ae fil5ame4txt ,?is w br+ up an editor scre54 ,! top "p ( ?is scre5 provides "s quick help2 ! bottom %[s ! file y're edit+4 ,mov+ ar\nd 9 ?is editor is simple2 j use ! arr[ keys4 ,y c save ! file by press+ ,c-x ,c-s & !n exit ! editor by press+ ,c-x ,c-c4 ,once y feel com=table ) ! editor1 y c press ,c-x ,c-h to turn (f ! help4 ,t's x6 ,kn[+ ?is w let y d basic edit+4 ,= programm+ or m detail$ edit+ "w1 y'll want to inve/igate o!r editors z discuss$ e>li]4 #i4 ,! ,x ,w9d[ ,sy/em ,?is *apt] describes ! ,x ,w9d[ sy/em graphical us] int]face4 ,x assumes t y h already successfully configur$ ,x z describ$ 9 ! ,in/allation ,manual 7aga91 ! in/all manual is n yet writt52 = n[ y w ne$ to use ! ,x,free#hf ,,h[to1 ! cont5ts ( _/usr_/doc_/,x#aa1 & ?is *apt]74 ,once y in/all ,x1 y c ent] ! ,x environm5t by typ+ />tx or via xdm1 dep5d+ on y\r *oice dur+ configuration4 #i4a ,introduction to ,x ,a ,,gui 7,graphical ,us] ,int]face7 is "p & p>cel ( ! ,w9d[s & ,mac op]at+ sy/ems4 ,x's basically impossible to write an application = ^? sy/ems t does n use ! ,,gui1 & ! sy/ems c't be us$ effectively f ! comm& l9e4 ,,gnu_/,l9ux is m modul>1 t is1 x's made up ( _m small1 indep5d5t compon5ts t c be us$ or n accord+ to "o's ne$s & pref]5ces4 ,"o ( ^! compon5ts is ! ,x ,w9d[ sy/em1 or simply ,x4 ,?is compon5t is also sometimes call$ ,x#aa4 ,please note t 8,x ,w9d[s0 is n correct4 ,x itself is a means = programs to talk to y\r m\se & video c>d )\t kn[+ :at k9d ( m\se & video c>d y h4 ,t is1 x's an ab/raction ( ! graphics h>dw>e4 ,us] applications talk to ,x 9 ,x's language2 ,x !n translates into ! language ( y\r p>ticul> h>dw>e4 ,?is means t programs only h to be writt5 once1 & !y "w on ev]yone's comput]4 ,9 ,x j>gon1 ! program t speaks to ! h>dw>e is kn[n z an ,x s]v]4 ,us] applications t ask ! ,x s]v] to %[ w9d[s or graphics on ! scre5 are call$ ,x cli5ts4 ,! ,x s]v] includes a video driv]1 s y mu/ h an ,x s]v] t mat*es y\r video c>d4 ,! ,x s]v] doesn't provide any ( ! features "o might expect f a ,,gui1 su* z resiz+ & re>rang+ w9d[s4 ,a special ,x cli5t1 call$ a w9d[ manag]1 draws bord]s & title b>s = w9d[s1 resizes & arranges w9d[s1 & provides facilities = />t+ o!r ,x cli5ts f a m5u4 ,specific w9d[ manag]s may h additional features4 ,w9d[ manag]s available on a ,debian sy/em include fvwm1 fvwm#b1 icewm1 aft]/ep1 olvwm1 wmak]1 twm1 & enlight5m5t4 ,y'll probably want to try !m all & pick y\r favorite4 ,nei!r ! ,x s]v] nor ! w9d[ manag] provide a file manag]2 t is1 !re ar5't any w9d[s conta9+ icons = y\r files & directories4 ,y c laun* a file manag] z a sep>ate application1 & !re are _m ( !m available4 ,! ,,gnome desktop project is develop+ an icon-bas$ file manag] & o!r ,,gui facilities4 ,see ! ,,gnome homepage#a = ! late/ news on ?is4 #a http3_/_/www4gnome4org_/ ,a f9al feature ( ,x is its network transp>5cy1 mean+ t ,x cli5ts don't c>e if !y're talk+ to an ,x s]v] on ! same ma*9e or an ,x s]v] some:]e on ! network4 ,9 practical t]ms1 ?is means y c run a program on a m p[]ful remote ma*9e b display x on y\r desktop comput]4 #i4b ,/>t+ ! ,x ,environm5t ,!re are two ways to />t ,x4 ,! fir/ is to />t ,x manually :5 y feel l us+ x4 ,to d s1 log 9 to "o ( ! text consoles & type />tx4 ,?is w />t ,x & swit* y to its virtual console4 ,! second 7& recomm5d$7 way to use ,x is ) xdm or ,x ,display ,manag]4 ,basically1 xdm gives y a nice graphical log9 prompt on ! ,x virtual console 7probably ,,vc #g71 & y log 9 !re4 ,by default1 ei!r me?od w also />t an xt]m1 :i* is a small w9d[ conta9+ a %ell prompt4 ,at ! %ell prompt1 y c type any comm&s j z y w\ld on a text ,,vc4 ,s y c foll[ all ! examples 9 ?is book us+ xt]m2 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 an xt]m & ! text console is t y don't h to log on to ! xt]m because y already logg$ on to ,x4 ,!re are also a lot ( ?+s y c d only 9 ,x1 :i* are cov]$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,"o note3 ,! default xt]m w9d[ has a smalli% font4 ,if y h a small monitor or v high resolution or bad eyesight1 y may want to fix ?is4 ,foll[ ^! /eps3 #a4 ,move ! m\se po9t] into ! c5t] ( ! xt]m w9d[4 #b4 ,hold d[n ! ,control key & ! "r m\se button simultane\sly4 ,?is w give y a font m5u4 #c4 ,po9t to ! font y want & release ! m\se button4 #i4c ,basic ,x ,op]ations ,!re are c]ta9 commonly us$ op]ations 9 ,x t y %\ld famili>ize y\rself )4 ,?is section describes "s ( ! basic op]ations t y may f9d useful4 #i4c4a ,! ,m\se ,! m\se 9 ,x works pretty mu* ! same z ! m\se on o!r sy/ems1 except t x has ?ree buttons4 ,if y\r m\se has only two1 y c simulate ! middle button by click+ bo? buttons simultane\sly4 ,?is is k9d ( tricky & annoy+1 s inve/+ 9 a #ae ?ree-button m\se probably isn't a bad idea4 ,^! are available f mo/ comput] retail]s4 ,! buttons are numb]$ f left to "r assum+ y h a "r-h&$ m\se4 ,s button "o is on ! left1 two is 9 ! middle1 & ?ree is on ! "r4 ,y may see ei!r ! numb]s or ! locations 9 docum5tation4 ,x has a simple built-9 copy-&-pa/e facility4 ,to select text to copy1 y click & drag ) ! left m\se button4 ,?is %\ld select ! text to copy1 assum+ ! application y're us+ has copy-&-pa/e support4 ,to pa/e ! text1 y click ! middle m\se button 9 a diff]5t ,x application4 ,= example1 if y receive an e-mail conta9+ an ,,url1 y c select ! ,,url ) ! left button & !n click 9 y\r web br[s]'s 8,location0 field ) ! middle button to pa/e x 94 #i4c4b ,x ,cli5ts ,programs t communicate ) ! ,x s]v] are call$ ,x cli5ts4 ,mo/ ( ^! programs w ask ! ,x s]v] to display w9d[s on ! scre54 ,y />t an ,x cli5t ! same way y />t any o!r ,debian program4 ,simply type ! "n ( ! cli5t on ! comm& l9e4 ,try typ+ xt]m into an exi/+ xt]m w9d[1 & a new xt]m cli5t w appe> on ! scre54 ,y may notice t ! orig9al xt]m is n[ useless1 because y\r %ell is wait+ = ! second xt]m to f9i%4 ,to avoid ?is problem1 y c run ! ,x cli5t 9 ! backgr\ndby add+ a aft] ! comm& "n l ?is3 xt]m 4 ,if y =get1 y c place a runn+ process 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,fir/ susp5d ! process ) ,,ctrl-z1 & !n place x 9 ! backgr\nd ) ! bg comm&4 ,if y use a program (t51 y\r w9d[ manag] w g5]ally provide a way to put t program on a conv5i5t graphical m5u4 #i4c4c ,tr\ble%oot+ ,sometimes :5 y laun* an ,x cli5t f a graphical m5u1 y won't be able to see any error messages if x fails4 ,y c f9d any error messages 9 ! file _/4xsession-errors4 #i4c4d ,leav+ ! ,x ,environm5t ,to leave ,x1 y ne$ to use a m5u4 ,un=tunately = beg9n]s1 ?is is diff]5t = e w9d[ manag]1 & = mo/ w9d[ manag]s1 x c be configur$ 9 _m ways4 ,if !re's an obvi\s m5u1 look = an entry l 8,exit0 or 8,close ,w9d[ ,manag]40 ,if y don't see a m5u1 try click+ ea* ( ! m\se buttons on ! backgr\nd ( ! scre54 ,if all else fails1 y c =cibly kill ! ,x s]v] by press+ ,,ctrl-,,alt-,backspace4 ,=cibly kill+ ! s]v] de/roys any unsav$ data 9 op5 applications4 #i4d ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup ,:5 y />t ,x1 ,debian runs "s %ell scripts t />t y\r w9d[ manag] & o!r ,x cli5ts4 ,by default1 a w9d[ manag]1 an xconsole1 & an xt]m are />t$ = y4 ,to cu/omize y\r ,x />tup1 ! file _/etc_/,x#aa_/;config mu/ conta9 ! l9e all[-us]-xsession4 ,if x does n1 log 9 z root & add ! l9e n[4 ,!n log back 9 z y\rself & cont9ue ! tutorial4 ,y c see h[ ,debian's ,x />tup works 9 ! file _/etc_/,x#aa_/ ,xsession4 ,note t y c *ange ! behavior ( _/etc_/,x#aa_/,xsession by modify+ ! file _/etc_/,x#aa_/;config1 :i* specifies a few sy/em-wide pref]5ces4 ,to run ! cli5ts ( y\r *oice :5 ,x />ts1 y create an executable %ell script call$ 4xsession 9 y\r home directory4 t\* _/4xsession ,?is creates ! file4 *mod ux _/4xsession ,?is makes ! file executable4 ,once 4xsession is creat$1 y ne$ to edit x to d some?+ useful ) y\r favorite text editor4 ,y c d any?+ y want to 9 ?is script4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! script's process t]m9ates1 ,x also t]m9ates4 ,9 practical t]ms1 ?is means t y (t5 end ! script ) a call to exec4 ,:atev] program y exec w replace ! script process ) itself1 s comm&s f\nd aft] ! exec l9e w be ignor$4 ,! program y exec w become ! new own] ( ! script process1 :i* means t ,x w t]m9ate :5 ?is new program's process t]m9ates4 ,say y end y\r 4xsession ) ! l9e exec fvwm4 ,?is means t ! fvwm w9d[ manag] w be run :5 ,x />ts4 ,:5 y quit ! fvwm w9d[ manag]1 y\r ,x session w end1 & all o!r cli5ts w be %ut d[n4 ,y d n h to use a w9d[ manag] "h2 y c\ld exec xt]m1 9 :i* case typ+ exit 9 t p>ticul> xt]m w\ld cause ! entire ,x session to end4 ,if y want to run o!r cli5ts be=e y use exec1 y w ne$ to run !m 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,o!rwise 4xsession w pause until ea* cli5t exits & !n cont9ue to ! next l9e4 ,see ! previ\s section on runn+ jobs 9 ! backgr\nd 7basically y want to put an amp]s& at ! end1 z 9 xt]m 74 ,y c take advantage ( ?is behavior1 ?\gh4 ,if y want to run comm&s at ! end ( y\r ,x session1 y c h y\r 4xsession run a w9d[ manag] or ! l & wait = x to f9i%4 ,t is1 leave (f ! exec & ! 2 j ent] fvwm by itself4 ,!n put ! comm&s ( y\r *oice aft] fvwm4 ,x w\ld probably help to look at a few sample 4xsession files4 ,9 all ! examples1 replace fvwm ) ! w9d[ manag] ( y\r *oice4 ,! simple/ 4xsession j runs a w9d[ manag]3 exec fvwm ,?is w run fvwm1 & ! ,x session w end :5 fvwm exits4 ,if y d x )\t ! exec1 ev]y?+ w appe> to behave ! same way1 b beh9d ! sc5es 4xsession w hang ar\nd wait+ = fvwm1 & 4xsession w exit aft] fvwm does4 ,us+ exec is slightly bett] because fvwm replaces 4xsession in/ead ( leav+ x wait+4 ,y c use ! ps or top comm& to v]ify ?is4 ,a m useful 4xsession runs a few cli5ts be=e />t+ ! w9d[ manag]4 ,= example1 y might want "s xt]ms & an xclock :5ev] y />t ,x4 ,no problem2 j ent] xt]m xt]m xclock exec fvwm4 ,two xt]ms & an xclock />t up 9 ! backgr\nd1 & !n ! w9d[ manag] is laun*$4 ,:5 y quit ! w9d[ manag]1 y'll also quit ,x4 ,y might try x )\t ! backgr\nd+ j to see :at happ5s4 ,ent] ?is comm&3 xt]m xclock exec fvwm4 xt]m w />t1 & wait = y to exit x4 ,!n xclock w />t2 y'll h to exit xclock be=e fvwm w />t4 ,! comm&s are run 9 sequ5ce1 s9ce ! script waits = ea* "o to exit4 ,y c use sequ5tial execution to y\r advantage4 ,p]haps y want to keep track ( :5 y /op work+ e day3 xt]m xclock fvwm date _/log\t-"t ,?is w =k (f an xt]m & an xclock & !n run fvwm & wait = x to f9i%4 ,:5 y exit fvwm1 x w move on to ! la/ l9e1 :i* app5ds ! curr5t date & "t to ! file _/log\t-"t4 ,f9ally1 y c h a program o!r ?an ! w9d[ manag] det]m9e :5 ,x exits3 xclock fvwm exec xt]m ,?is script w run xclock & fvwm 9 ! backgr\nd & !n replace itself ) xt]m4 ,:5 y exit ! xt]m1 y\r ,x session w end4 ,! be/ way to le>n h[ to use 4xsession is to try "s ( ^! ?+s out4 ,aga91 be sure y use *mod to make x executable2 failure to d s is a common error4 #aj4 ,filesy/ems ,a ,debian sy/em uses a filesy/em to /ore & manage y\r data4 ,?is *apt] introduces y to ! filesy/em1 describes h[ to add & remove filesy/ems1 & %[s y h[ to back up y\r sy/em4 #aj4a ,concepts ,x's probably a good idea to expla9 a little !ory be=e discuss+ ! me*anics ( us+ disks4 ,9 p>ticul>1 y mu/ und]/& ! concept ( a filesy/em4 ,?is c be a bit confus+ because x has sev]al mean+s4 ,! filesy/em ref]s to ! :ole directory tree1 />t+ ) ! root directory _/1 z describ$ 9 e>li] *apt]s4 ,a filesy/em 9 g5]al means any organization ( files & directories on a p>ticul> physical device4 8,organization0 means ! hi]>*ical directory /ructure & any o!r in=mation ab\t files "o might want to keep track (3 _! size1 :o has p]mission to *ange !m1 etc4 ,s y might h "o filesy/em on y\r h>d disk1 & ano!r "o on ea* floppy disk4 8,filesy/em0 is also us$ to mean a type ( filesy/em4 ,= example1 ,,ms-,,dos & ,w9d[s #c4a organize files 9 a p>ticul> way1 ) p>ticul> rules3 ,fil5ames c h only eight *>act]s1 = example1 & no p]mission in=mation is /or$4 ,l9ux calls ?is ! msdos filesy/em4 ,l9ux also has its own filesy/em1 call$ ! ext#b filesy/em 7v]sion two ( ! ext filesy/em74 ,y'll use ! ext#b filesy/em mo/ ( ! "t unless y're access+ files f ano!r op]at+ sy/em or h o!r special ne$s4 ,any physical device y wi% to use = /or+ files mu/ h at lea/ "o filesy/em on x4 ,?is means a filesy/em 9 ! second s5se--a hi]>*y ( files & directories1 along ) in=mation ab\t !m4 ,( c\rse1 any filesy/em has a type1 s ! ?ird s5se w come into play z well4 ,if y h m ?an "o filesy/em on a s+le device1 ea* filesy/em c h a diff]5t type--= example1 y might h bo? a ,,dos p>tition & a ,l9ux p>tition on y\r h>d disk4 #aj4b m\nt & _/etc_/f/ab ,?is section describes h[ to m\nt a floppy or ,zip disk1 discusses ! _/dev directory1 & addresses di/ribut+ ! directory tree ov] multiple physical devices or p>titions4 #aj4b4a ,m\nt+ a ,filesy/em ,on a ,,gnu_/,l9ux sy/em !re's no necess>y correspond5ce betwe5 directories & physical devices z !re is 9 ,w9d[s1 9 :i* ea* drive has its own directory tree beg9n+ ) a lett] 7su* z ,c374 ,in/ead1 ea* physical device su* z a h>d disk or floppy disk has "o or m filesy/ems on x4 ,9 ord] to make a filesy/em accessible1 x's assign$ to a p>ticul> directory 9 ano!r filesy/em4 ,to avoid circul>ity1 ! root filesy/em 7:i* conta9s ! root directory _/7 is n /or$ )9 any o!r filesy/em4 ,y h access to x automatically :5 y boot ,debian4 ,a directory 9 "o filesy/em t conta9s ano!r filesy/em is kn[n z a m\nt po9t4 ,a m\nt po9t is a directory 9 a fir/ filesy/em on "o device 7su* z y\r h>d disk7 t 8conta9s0 a second filesy/em1 p]haps on ano!r device 7su* z a floppy disk74 ,to access a filesy/em1 y mu/ m\nt x at "s m\nt po9t4 ,s1 = example1 y might m\nt a ,,cd at ! m\nt po9t _/cdrom4 ,?is means t if y look 9 ! directory _/cdrom1 y'll see ! cont5ts ( ! ,,cd4 ,! _/cdrom directory itself is actually on y\r h>d disk4 ,= all practical purposes1 ! cont5ts ( ! ,,cd become a "p ( ! root filesy/em1 & :5 y type comm&s & use programs1 x doesn't make any diff]5ce :at ! actual physical location ( ! files is4 ,y c\ld h creat$ a directory on y\r h>d disk call$ _/cdrom & put "s files 9 x1 & ev]y?+ w\ld behave 9 exactly ! same way4 ,once y m\nt a filesy/em1 !re's no ne$ to pay any att5tion to physical devices4 ,h[ev]1 be=e y c m\nt a filesy/em or actually create a filesy/em on a disk t doesn't h "o yet1 x's necess>y to ref] to ! devices !mselves4 ,all devices h names1 :i* are locat$ 9 ! _/dev directory4 ,if y type ls _/dev n[1 y'll see a pretty l5g?y li/ ( e possible device y c\ld h on y\r ,debian sy/em4 ,= a summ>y ( "s devices1 see ,table #b4a on page 994 ,a m ?or\gh li/ c be f\nd on y\r sy/em 9 ! file _/usr_/src_/l9ux_/,docum5tation_/devices 4txt4 ,to m\nt a filesy/em1 we want to tell ,l9ux to associate :atev] filesy/em x f9ds on a p>ticul> device ) a p>ticul> m\nt po9t4 ,9 ! process1 we might h to tell ,l9ux :at k9d ( filesy/em to look =4 #aj4b4b ,example3 ,m\nt+ a ,,cd-,,rom ,z a simple demon/ration1 we'll g ?r\gh m\nt+ a ,,cd-,,rom1 su* z ! "o y may h us$ to in/all ,debian4 ,y'll ne$ to be root to d ?is1 s be c>eful2 :5ev] y're root1 y h ! p[] to manipulate ! :ole sy/em1 n j y\r own files4 ,also1 ^! comm&s assume !re's a ,,cd 9 y\r drive2 y %\ld put "o 9 ! drive n[4 ,!n />t ) ! foll[+ comm&3 su ,if y hav5't already1 y ne$ to ei!r log 9 z root or ga9 root privileges ) ! su 7sup] us]7 comm&4 ,if y use su1 ent] ! root password :5 prompt$4 ls _/cdrom ,use ?is comm& to see :at's 9 ! _/cdrom directory be=e y />t4 ,if y don't h a _/cdrom directory1 y may h to make "o us+ mkdir _/cdrom4 m\nt ,simply typ+ m\nt ) no argum5ts li/s ! curr5tly m\nt$ filesy/ems4 m\nt -t iso#iffj ,,cd-device _/cdrom ,= ?is comm&1 y %\ld sub/itute ! "n ( y\r ,,cd-,,rom device = ,,cd-device 9 ! above comm& l9e4 ,if y ar5't sure1 _/dev_/cdrom is a good guess because ! in/all process %\ld h creat$ ?is symbolic l9k on ! sy/em4 ,if t fails1 try ! diff]5t ,,ide devices3 _/dev_/hdc1 etc4 ,y %\ld see a message l ?is3 m\nt3 block _/device dev_/hdc is write-protect$1 m\nt+ read-only4 _/ _/ _/ ,! -t option specifies ! type ( ! filesy/em1 9 ?is case iso#iffj4 ,mo/ ,c,ds are iso#iffj4 ,! next argum5t is ! "n ( ! device to m\nt1 & ! f9al argum5t is ! m\nt po9t4 ,!re are _m o!r argum5ts = m\nt2 see ! manual page = details4 ,once a ,,cd is m\nt$1 y may f9d t y\r drive tray w n op54 ,y mu/ unm\nt ! ,,cd be=e remov+ x4 ls _/cdrom ,confirms t _/cdrom n[ conta9s :atev] is on ! ,,cd 9 y\r drive4 m\nt ,displays ! li/ ( filesy/ems aga92 notice t y\r ,,cd drive is n[ m\nt$4 um\nt _/cdrom ,?is unm\nts ! ,,cd4 ,x's n[ safe to remove ! ,,cd f ! drive4 ,notice t ! comm& is um\nt ) no 8n10 ev5 ?\gh x's us$ to unm\nt ! filesy/em4 exit ,don't leave y\rself logg$ on z root4 ,log out imm$iately1 j to be safe4 #aj4b4c _/etc_/f/ab3 ,automat+ ! ,m\nt ,process ,! file _/etc_/f/ab 7x /&s = 8filesy/em table07 conta9s descriptions ( filesy/ems t y m\nt (t54 ,^! filesy/ems c !n be m\nt$ ) a %ort] comm&1 su* z m\nt _/cdrom4 ,y c also configure filesy/ems to m\nt automatically :5 ! sy/em boots4 ,y'll probably want to m\nt all ( y\r h>d disk filesy/ems :5 y boot1 s ,debian automatically adds entries to f/ab to d ?is = y4 ,look at ?is file n[ by typ+ m _/etc_/f/ab4 ,x w h two or m entries t 7 configur$ automatically :5 y in/all$ ! sy/em4 ,x probably looks some?+ l ?is3 _/etc_/f/ab3 /atic file sy/em in=mation4 _/ _/ _/ file sy/em m\nt po9t type options dump pass _/dev_/hda#a _/ ext#b defaults #j #a _/ _/dev_/hda#c none swap sw #j #j _/ proc _/proc proc defaults #j #j _/dev_/hda#e _/tmp ext#b defaults #j #b _/ _/dev_/hda#f _/home ext#b defaults #j #b _/ _/dev_/hda#g _/usr ext#b defaults #j #b _/ _/dev_/hdc _/cdrom iso#iffj ro1noauto #j #j _/ _/dev_/fd#j _/floppy auto noauto1sync #j #j _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ ,! fir/ column li/s ! device ! filesy/em resides on4 ,! second li/s ! m\nt po9t1 ! ?ird indicates ! filesy/em type4 ,! l9e beg9n+ by proc is a special filesy/em4 ,notice t ! swap p>tition 7_/dev_/hda#c 9 ! example7 has no m\nt po9t1 s ! m\nt po9t column conta9s none4 ,! la/ ?ree columns may require "s explanation4 ,! fif? column is us$ by ! dump utility to decide :5 to back up ! filesy/em4 ,9 mo/ cases1 y c put #j "h4 ,! six? column is us$ by fsck to decide 9 :at ord] to *eck filesy/ems :5 y boot ! sy/em4 ,! root filesy/em %\ld h a #a 9 ?is field1 filesy/ems t don't ne$ to be *eck$ 7su* z ! swap p>tition7 %\ld h a #j1 & all o!r filesy/ems %\ld h a #b4 ,x's wor? not+ t ! swap p>tition isn't exactly a filesy/em 9 ! s5se t x does n conta9 files & directories b is j us$ by ! ,l9ux k]nel z second>y memory4 ,h[ev]1 = hi/orical reasons1 ! swap p>titions are /ill li/$ 9 ! same file z ! filesy/ems4 ,column f\r conta9s "o or m options to use :5 m\nt+ ! filesy/em4 ,y c *eck ! m\nt manpage = a summ>y2 see section #e4a on page 994 #aj4b4d ,removable ,disks 7,floppies1 ,zip ,disks1 ,etc47 ,add ! foll[+ l9es to y\r _/etc_/f/ab file3 _/dev_/sda#a _/mnt_/zip ext#b noauto1us] #j #j _/ _/dev_/sda#d _/mnt_/dos msdos noauto1us] #j #j _/ _/ _/ _/ ,f n[ on1 y'll be able to m\nt ! ,,dos-=matt$ ,zip disks ) ! comm& m\nt _/mnt_/dos1 & y be able to m\nt ,l9ux-=matt$ ,zip disks ) ! comm& m\nt _/mnt_/zip4 ,if y h ,,scsi h>d disks 9 y\r sy/em1 y'll h to *ange sda to sdb or sdc 9 ! example above4 #aj4c ,backup ,tools ,backups are important "u any op]at+ sy/em4 ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux provides sev]al diff]5t utilities t y might want to use4 ,additionally1 :ile _m ( ^! utilities 7 aim$ at tape backups orig9ally1 y'll f9d t !y are n[ be+ us$ = o!r ?+s4 ,= in/ance1 t> is be+ us$ = di/ribut+ programs ov] ! ,int]net4 ,"s ( ! utilities t y'll f9d include ! foll[+3 ,tap] is a m5u-driv51 easy-to-le>n backup program t c back up to a v>iety ( m$ia4 ,its limitation is t x doesn't h&le l>ge 7#d;,,gb or l>g]7 backups4 dump is design$ specifically = tapes2 its ma9 /r5g?s are its int]face = file re/ores1 l[-level filesy/em backups1 & increm5tal backup s*$ul+4 ,its limitations include ! inability to back up ,,nfs or o!r non-ext#b filesy/ems & "s r arcane defaults4 ,,gnu t> 7%ort = ,tape ,a,rchiver7 is an implem5tation ( :at is probably ! mo/ widely us$ backup or ar*iv+ utility 9 ,l9ux today4 ,x makes a good g5]al purpose tool & c deal ) ! wide/ v>iety ( t>get m$ia4 ,additionally1 _m diff]5t sy/ems c read t> files1 mak+ !m highly portable4 t>'s weaknesses include a weak] increm5tal backup sy/em ?an dump & no int]active re/ore selection scre54 #aj4c4a t> ,because t> is us$ s mu*1 & = q a bit 9 addition to backups1 x is be+ describ$ "h4 ,= m details1 see ! t> manual page2 in/ructions = view+ manual pages c be f\nd 9 section #e4a on page 994 t> is an ar*iv]4 ,?is means t t> c take _m files & comb9e !m all into "o l>ge file or write !m out to a backup device su* z a tape drive4 ,once y h ?is "o l>ge file1 y w (t5 want to compress x2 ! -z option is great = ?is4 ,h5ce1 t> (f]s a great way to di/ribute programs & data on ! ,int]net1 & y'll f9d t x is us$ ext5sively = ?is purpose4 ,"h's a sample t> comm& l9e3 t> -zcvf myfiles4t>4gz _/usr_/local_/b9 ,let's take a look at h[ ?is comm& c be brok5 d[n3 t> ,"n ( ! comm&4--,tells t> t options w foll[4 z ,tells t> to use gzip compression automatically2 if y use ?is1 x's good to add a 4gz ext5sion z well4 c ,tells t> to create a new ar*ive4 v ,?is says to be v]bose2 t is1 x tells t> to let y "k :at x's do+ :ile x creates ! ar*ive4 f ,?is indicates t ! next ?+ on ! comm& l9e is ! "n ( ! file to be creat$ or ! device to be us$4 ,if ,i us$ _/dev_//#j "h1 = in/ance1 x w\ld write ! backup to ! tape drive4 myfiles4t>4gz ,?is is ! "n ( ! file to be creat$4 _/usr_/local_/bi _/ _/ _/ _/ ,?is is ! "n ( ! file or directory to /ore 9 ! ar*ive4 ,x's also possible to specify sev]al items "h4 ,y may (t5 f9d t>4gz files 7or simply tgz files7 on ! ,int]net4 ,y c unpack ^! ) a comm& l3 t> -zxvf fil5ame4t>4gz #aa4 ,network+ ,"o ( ! key b5efits ( ,,gnu_/,l9ux ov] o!r sy/ems lies 9 its network+ support4 ,few sy/ems c rival ! network+ features pres5t 9 ,,gnu_/,l9ux4 ,9 ?is *apt]1 we tell y h[ to configure y\r network devices4 #aa4a ,,ppp ,?is section is a quick-/>t guide to sett+ up ,,ppp on ,debian4 ,if x turns out t y ne$ m details1 see ! excell5t ,,ppp ,,h[to f ! ,l9ux ,docum5tation ,project4 ,! ,,h[to goes into mu* m detail if y're int]e/$ or h unique ne$s4 #aa4a4a ,introduction ,if y connect to ! ,int]net ov] a phone l9e1 y'll want to use ,,ppp 7,po9t-to-,po9t ,protocol74 ,?is is ! /&>d connection me?od (f]$ by ,i,s,ps 7,int]net s]vice provid]s74 ,9 addition to us+ ,,ppp to dial y\r ,,isp1 y c h y\r comput] li/5 = incom+ connections - ?is lets y dial y\r comput] f a remote location4 #aa4a4b ,prep>ation ,configur+ ,,ppp on ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux is /raight=w>d once y h all ! in=mation y'll ne$4 ,debian makes ?+s ev5 easi] ) its simple configuration tools4 ,be=e y />t1 be sure y h all ! in=mation provid$ by y\r ,,isp4 ,?is might include3 ,us]name or log9 ,password ,y\r /atic ,,ip 7,int]net ,protocol7 address1 if any 7^! look l #bji4ha4h4bdb74 ,?is in=mation isn't ne$$ = mo/ ,i,s,ps4 ,bitmask 7?is w look some?+ l #bee4bee4bee4bdh74 ,?is in=mation isn't ne$$ = mo/ ,i,s,ps4 ,! ,,ip addresses ( y\r ,,isp's "n s]v]s 7or ,,dns74 ,any special log9 proc$ure requir$ by ! ,,isp4 ,next1 y'll want to inve/igate y\r h>dw>e setup3 :e!r y\r modem works ) ,,gnu_/,l9ux & :i* s]ial port x's connect$ to4 ,a simple rule det]m9es :e!r y\r modem w "w4 ,if x's a 8w9modem0 or 8ho/-bas$ modem10 x won't "w4 ,^! modems are *eap because !y h v little functionality1 & !y require ! comput] to make up = _! %ortcom+s4 ,un=tunately1 ?is means !y are complex to program1 & manufactur]s g5]ally d n make ! specifications available = develop]s4 ,if y h a modem ) its own on-bo>d circuitry or an ext]nal modem1 y %\ld h no tr\ble at all4 ,on ,,gnu_/,l9ux sy/ems1 ! s]ial ports are ref]r$ to z _/dev_/tty,s#j1 _/dev_/tty,s#a1 & s on4 ,y\r modem is almo/ c]ta9ly connect$ to _/ei!r port #j or port #a1 equival5t to ,,com#a3 & ,,com#b3 "u ,w9d[s4 ,if y don't "k :i* y\r modem is connect$ to1 run ! program wvdialconf to try to detect x 7see bel[72 o!rwise1 j try bo? & see :i* works4 ,if y want to talk to y\r modem or dial y\r ,,isp )\t us+ ,,ppp1 y c use ! m9icom program4 ,y may ne$ to in/all ! m9icom package to make ! program available4 #aa4a4c ,! ,easy ,way3 wvdial ,! simple/ way to get ,,ppp runn+ is ) ! wvdial program4 ,x makes "s reasonable guesses & tries to set ?+s up = y4 ,if x works1 y're 9 luck4 ,if x guesses wrong1 y'll h to d ?+s manually4 ,be sure y h ! foll[+ packages in/all$3 ppp ppp-pam wvdial ,:5 y in/all ! wvdial package1 y may be giv5 ! opportunity to configure x4 ,o!rwise1 to set up wvdial1 foll[ ^! simple /eps3 ,log 9 z root1 us+ su 7z describ$ 9 an e>li] *apt]74 t\* _/etc_/wvdial4conf t\* w create ! foll[+ file if ! file doesn't exi/2 ! configuration program requires an exi/+ file4 wvdialconf _/etc_/wvdial4conf ,?is means y're creat+ a configuration file1 _/etc_/wvdial4conf4 ,answ] any que/ions t appe> on ! scre54 wvdialconf w also scan = y\r modem & tell y :i* s]ial port x's on2 y may want to make a note ( ?is = future ref]5ce4 #aa4b ,e!rnet ,ano!r popul> way to connect to ! ,int]net is via a ,,lan t uses ,e!rnet4 ,?is gives y a high-spe$ local network 9 addition to ,int]net access4 ,=tunately1 ?\gh1 y %\ld h already configur$ ,e!rnet network+ dur+ in/allation s !re isn't mu* y ne$ to d n[4 ,if y ev] ne$ to modify y\r configuration1 "h are ! files t y w be int]e/$ 93 _/etc_/init4d_/network has ?+s su* z y\r ,,ip address1 netmask1 & default r\te4 _/etc_/ho/name records y\r ho/name4 _/etc_/ho/s also records y\r ho/name & ,,ip address4 #ab4 ,remov+ & ,in/all+ ,s(tw>e ,?is *apt] describes ways ( in/all+ & remov+ s(tw>e packages4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( do+ bo?4 ,"h we discuss in/allation & removal ( pre-built s(tw>e1 su* z ,debian packages1 & in/allation ( s\rce t mu/ be built by y4 #ab4a ,:at a ,package ,ma9t5ance ,utility ,does ,an application or utility program usually involves q a few files4 ,x might include libr>ies1 data files l game sc5>ios or icons1 configuration files1 manual pages1 & docum5tation4 ,:5 y in/all ! program1 y want to make sure y h all ! files y ne$ 9 ! "r places4 ,y'd also l to be able to un9/all ! program4 ,:5 y un9/all1 y want to be sure all ! associat$ files are delet$4 ,h[ev]1 if a program y /ill h on ! sy/em ne$s ^? files1 y want to be sure y keep !m4 ,f9ally1 y'd l to be able to upgrade a program4 ,:5 y upgrade1 y want to delete obsolete files & add new ones1 )\t break+ any "p ( ! sy/em4 ,! ,debian package sy/em solves ^! problems4 ,x all[s y to in/all1 remove1 & upgrade s(tw>e packages1 :i* are neat little bundles conta9+ ! program files & in=mation t helps ! comput] manage !m prop]ly4 ,debian packages h fil5ames end+ 9 ! ext5sion 4deb1 & !y're available on ! ,,ftp site or on y\r (ficial ,debian ,,cd-,,rom4 #ab4b dpkg ,! simple/ way to in/all a s+le package y've d[nload$ is ) ! comm& dpkg -i 7%ort = dpkg -in/all74 ,say y've d[nload$ ! package icewm#j4h4ab-a4;deb & y'd l to in/all x4 ,fir/ log on z root1 & !n type dpkg -i icewm#j4h4ab-a4;deb1 & icewm v]sion #j4h4ab w be in/all$4 ,if y already _h an old] v]sion1 dpkg w upgrade x r ?an in/all+ bo? v]sions at once4 ,if y want to remove a package1 y h two options4 ,! fir/ is mo/ intuitive3 dpkg -r icewm4 ,?is w remove ! icewm package 7-r is %ort = -remove74 ,note t y give only ! icewm = -remove1 :]eas -in/all requires ! entire 4deb fil5ame4 -remove w leave configuration files = ! package on y\r sy/em4 ,a configuration file is def9$ z any file y might h edit$ 9 ord] to cu/omize ! program = y\r sy/em or y\r pref]5ces4 ,?is way1 if y lat] re9/all ! package1 y won't h to set ev]y?+ up a second "t4 ,h[ev]1 y might want to erase ! configuration files too1 s dpkg also provides a -purge option4 dpkg -purge icewm w p]man5tly delete e la/ file associat$ ) ! icewm package4 #ab4c dselect dselect is a great front-end = dpkg4 dselect provides a m5u int]face = dpkg1 & c automatically fet* ! appropriate files f a ,,cd-,,rom or ,int]net ,,ftp site4 ,= details on us+ dselect1 see section #c4bj on page 994 #ab4d ,compil+ ,s(tw>e ,_m programs come 9 s\rce =mat1 (t5 9 t>4gz =m4 ,fir/1 y mu/ unpack ! t>4gz file2 = details on do+ ?is1 see section #aj4c4a on page 994 ,be=e y c compile ! package1 y'll ne$ to h gcc1 libc#f-;dev1 & o!r relevant 8-dev0 packages in/all$2 mo/ ( ^! are li/$ 9 ! devel area 9 dselect4 ,) ! appropriate packages in/all$1 cd into ! directory t t> creat$ = y4 ,at ?is po9t1 y'll ne$ to read ! in/allation in/ructions4 ,mo/ programs provide an ,,in/all or ,,readme file t w tell y h[ to proce$4 #ac4 ,advanc$ ,topics ,by n[1 y %\ld h a /rong base = :i* to build y\r ,,gnu_/,l9ux skills on4 ,9 ?is *apt] we cov] "s v useful in=mation reg>d+ "s advanc$ ,,gnu_/,l9ux features4 #ac4a ,regul> ,expressions ,a regul> expression is a description ( a set ( *>act]s4 ,?is description c be us$ to se>* ?r\gh a file by look+ = text t mat*es ! regul> expression4 ,regul> expressions are analog\s to %ell wildc>ds 7see section #f4f on page 9971 b !y are bo? m complicat$ & m p[]ful4 ,a regul> expression is made up ( text & meta*>act]s4 ,a meta*>act] is j a "* ) a special mean+4 ,meta*>act]s include ! foll[+3 4 99 - 4 ,if a regul> expression conta9s only text 7no meta*>act]s71 x mat*es t text4 ,= example1 ! regul> expression 8my regul> expression0 mat*es ! text 8my regul> expression10 & no?+ else4 ,regul> expressions are usually case s5sitive4 ,y c use ! egrep comm& to display all l9es 9 a file t conta9 a regul> expression4 ,its syntax is z foll[s3 egrep 'regexp' fil5ame#a 444 ,! s+le quotation m>ks are n always ne$$1 b !y nev] hurt4 ,= example1 to f9d all l9es 9 ! ,,gpl t conta9 ! ^w ,,gnu1 y type egrep ',,gnu' _/usr_/doc_/copyright_/,,gpl egrep w pr9t ! l9es to /&>d output4 ,if y want all l9es t conta9 fre$om foll[$ by "s indet]m9ate text1 foll[$ by ,,gnu1 y c d ?is3 egrep 'fre$om499,,gnu' _/usr_/doc_/copyright_/,,gpl ,! 4 means 8any "*10 & ! 99 means 8z]o or m ( ! prec$+ ?+10 9 ?is case 8z]o or m ( any "*40 ,s 499 mat*es pretty mu* any text at all4 egrep only mat*es on a l9e-by-l9e basis1 s fre$om & ,,gnu h to be on ! same l9e4 ,"h's a summ>y ( regul> expression meta*>act]s3 4 ,mat*es any s+le "* except newl9e4 99 ,mat*es z]o or m occurr5ces ( ! prec$+ ?+4 ,s ! expression a99 mat*es z]o or m l[]case a1 & 499 mat*es z]o or m *>act]s4 *>act]s ,! brackets mu/ conta9 "o or m *>act]s2 ! :ole bracket$ expression mat*es exactly "o "* out ( ! set4 ,s abcmat*es "o a1 "o b1 or "o c2 x does n mat* z]o *>act]s1 & x does n mat* a "* o!r ?an ^! ?ree4 ,an*ors y\r se>* at ! beg9n+ ( ! l9e4 ,! expression ,! mat*es ,! :5 x appe>s at ! beg9n+ ( a l9e2 !re c't be spaces or o!r text be=e ,!4 ,if y want to all[ spaces1 y c p]mit #j or m space *>act]s l ?is3 99,!4 ,an*ors at ! end ( ! l9e4 end requires ! text end to be at ! end ( ! l9e1 ) no int]v5+ spaces or text4 *>act]s ,?is rev]ses ! s5se ( a bracket$ "* li/4 ,s abc mat*es any s+le "*1 except a1 b1 or c4 "*-"* ,y c include ranges 9 a bracket$ "* li/4 ,to mat* any l[]case lett]1 use a-z4 ,y c h m ?an "o range2 s to mat* ! fir/ ?ree or la/ ?ree lett]s ( ! alphabet1 try a-cx-z4 ,to get any lett]1 any case1 try a-z,a-,z4 ,y c mix ranges ) s+le *>act]s & ) ! meta*>act]2 = example1 a-z,b,zmeans 8any?+ except a l[]case lett]1 capital ,b1 or capital ,z40 77 ,y c use p>5!ses to gr\p p>ts ( ! regul> expression1 j z y d 9 a ma!matical expression4 means 8or40 ,y c use x to provide a s]ies ( alt]native expressions4 ,usually y want to put ! alt]natives 9 p>5!ses1 l ?is3 c7adabat7mat*es cad or cab or cat4 ,)\t ! p>5!ses1 x w\ld mat* cad or ab or at in/ead ,escapes any special *>act]s2 if y want to f9d a lit]al 991 y type 994 ,! sla% means to ignore 99's usual special mean+4 ,"h are "s m examples to help y get a feel = ?+s3 c4pe mat*es cope1 cape1 cap]4 c 4pe mat*es c4pe1 c4p]4 /o99p mat*es /p1 /op1 /oop4 c>499n mat*es c>ton1 c>toon1 c>m54 xyz499 mat*es xyz & any?+ aft] x2 "s tools1 l egrep1 only mat* until ! end ( ! l9e4 ,! mat*es ,! at ! beg9n+ ( a l9e4 atime mat*es atime at ! end ( a l9e4 ,only mat*es a l9e t consi/s solely ( ! ^w ,only--no spaces1 no o!r *>act]s1 no?+4 ,only ,only is all[$4 ba\rn mat*es b>n1 born1 burn4 ,v],d-,f mat*es ,ver,d1 ,ver,e1 ,ver,f4 ,v]#j-i mat*es ,v] foll[$ by any non-digit4 !irre mat*es _!1 !rr1 !re1 !ie4 ,a-,za-z,a-,za-z99 mat*es any ^w :i* consi/s ( only lett]s1 & at lea/ "o lett]4 ,x w n mat* numb]s or spaces4 #ac4b ,advanc$ ,files ,n[ t y h a basic und]/&+ ( files1 x is "t to le>n m advanc$ ?+s ab\t !m4 #ac4b4a ,! ,real ,nature ( ,files3 ,h>d ,l9ks & ,inodes ,ea* file on y\r sy/em is repres5t$ by an inode 7= ,in=mation ,node2 pron\nc$ 8eye-node074 ,an inode conta9s all ! in=mation ab\t ! file4 ,h[ev]1 ! inode is n directly visible4 ,in/ead1 ea* inode is l9k$ into ! filesy/em by "o or m h>d l9ks4 ,h>d l9ks conta9 ! "n ( ! file & ! inode numb]4 ,! inode conta9s ! file itself1 i4e41 ! location ( ! in=mation be+ /or$ on disk1 its access p]missions1 ! file type1 & s on4 ,! sy/em c f9d any inode if x has ! inode numb]4 ,a s+le file c h m ?an "o h>d l9k4 ,:at ?is means is t multiple fil5ames ref] to ! same file 7t is1 !y are associat$ ) ! same inode numb]74 ,h[ev]1 y c't make h>d l9ks across filesy/ems3 ,all h>d ref]5ces to a p>ticul> file 7inode7 mu/ be on ! same filesy/em4 ,?is is because ea* filesy/em has its own set ( inodes1 & !re c be duplicate inode numb]s on diff]5t filesy/ems4 ,because all h>d l9ks to a giv5 inode ref] to ! same file1 y c make *anges to ! file1 ref]r+ to x by "o "n1 & !n see ^? *anges :5 ref]r+ to x by a diff]5t "n4 ,try ?is3 cd2 e*o hello fir/l9k cd to y\r home directory & create a file call$ fir/l9k conta9+ ! ^w 8hello40 ,:at y've actually done is r$irect ! output ( e*o 7e*o j e*oes back :at y give to x71 plac+ ! output 9 fir/l9k4 ,see ! *apt] on %ells = a full explanation4 cat fir/l9k ,confirms ! cont5ts ( fir/l9k4 ln fir/l9k secondl9k ,creates a h>d l9k3 secondl9k n[ po9ts to ! same inode z fir/l9k4 cat secondl9k ,confirms t secondl9k is ! same z fir/l9k4 ls -l ,notice t ! numb] ( h>d l9ks li/$ = fir/l9k & secondl9kfiles6inodes is #b4 e*o *ange secondl9k ,?is is ano!r %ell r$irection trick 7don't worry ab\t ! details74 ,y've app5d$ ! ^w 8*ange0 to secondl9k4 ,confirm ?is ) cat secondl9k4 cat fir/l9k fir/l9k also has ! ^w 8*ange0 app5d$6 ,t's because fir/l9k & secondl9k ref] to ! same file4 ,x doesn't matt] :at y call x :5 y *ange x4 *mod arwx fir/l9k ,*anges p]missions on fir/l9k4 ,ent] ! comm& ls -l to confirm t p]missions on secondl9k 7 also *ang$4 ,?is means t p]missions in=mation is /or$ 9 ! inode1 n 9 l9ks4 rm fir/l9k ,deletes ?is l9k4 ,?is is a subtlety ( rm4 ,x really removes l9ks1 n files4 ,n[ type ls -l & notice t secondl9k is /ill !re4 ,also notice t ! numb] ( h>d l9ks = secondl9k has be5 r$uc$ to "o4 rm secondl9k ,deletes ! o!r l9k4 ,:5 !re are no m l9ks to a file1 ,l9ux deletes ! file itself1 t is1 its inode4 ,all files "w l ?is--ev5 special types ( files su* z devices 7e4g4 _/dev_/hda74 ,a directory is simply a li/ ( fil5ames & inode numb]s1 t is1 a li/ ( h>d l9ks4 ,:5 y create a h>d l9k1 y're j add+ a "n-numb] pair to a directory4 ,:5 y delete a file1 y're j remov+ a h>d l9k f a directory4 #ac4b4b ,types ( ,files ,"o detail we've be5 conceal+ up to n[ is t ! ,l9ux k]nel consid]s ne>ly ev]y?+ to be a file4 ,t includes directories & devices3 ,!y're j special k9ds ( files4 ,z y may rememb]1 ! fir/ "* ( an ls -l display repres5ts ! type ( ! file4 ,= an ord9>y file1 ?is w be simply -4 ,o!r possibilities include ! foll[+3 ddirectory lsymbolic l9k bblock device c*>act] device pnam$ pipe ssocket ,symbolic ,l9ks ,symbolic l9ks 7also call$ 8syml9ks0 or 8s(t l9ks07 are ! o!r k9d ( l9k besides h>d l9ks4 ,a syml9k is a special file t 8po9ts to0 a h>d l9k on any m\nt$ filesy/em4 ,:5 y try to read ! cont5ts ( a syml9k1 x gives ! cont5ts ( ! file x's po9t+ to r ?an ! cont5ts ( ! syml9k itself4 ,because directories1 devices1 & o!r syml9ks are types ( files1 y c po9t a syml9k at any ( ^? ?+s4 ,s a h>d l9k is a fil5ame & an inode numb]4 ,a file is really an inode3 a location on disk1 file type1 p]missions mode1 etc4 ,a syml9k is an inode t conta9s ! "n ( a h>d l9k4 ,a syml9k pairs "o fil5ame ) a second fil5ame1 :]eas a h>d l9k pairs a fil5ame ) an inode numb]4 ,all h>d l9ks to ! same file h equal /atus4 ,t is1 "o is z good z ano!r2 if y p]=m any op]ation on "o1 x's j ! same z p]=m+ t op]ation on any ( ! o!rs4 ,?is is because ! h>d l9ks all ref] to ! same inode4 ,op]ations on syml9ks1 on ! o!r h&1 sometimes affect ! syml9k's own inode 7! "o conta9+ ! "n ( a h>d l9k7 & sometimes affect ! h>d l9k be+ po9t$ to4 ,!re are a numb] ( important diff]5ces betwe5 syml9ks & h>d l9ks4 ,syml9ks c cross filesy/ems4 ,?is is because !y conta9 complete fil5ames1 />t+ ) ! root directory1 & all complete fil5ames are unique4 ,because h>d l9ks po9t to inode numb]s1 & inode numb]s are unique only )9 a s+le filesy/em1 !y w\ld be ambigu\s if ! filesy/em wasn't kn[n4 ,y c make syml9ks to directories1 b y c't make h>d l9ks to !m4 ,ea* directory has h>d l9ks--its li/+ 9 its p>5t directory1 its 4 entry1 & ! 44 entry 9 ea* ( its subdirectories--b to impose ord] on ! filesy/em1 no o!r h>d l9ks to directories are all[$4 ,consequ5tly1 ! numb] ( files 9 a directory is equal to ! numb] ( h>d l9ks to t directory m9us two 7y subtract ! directory's "n & ! 4 l9k74 comp>+6h>d l9ks & syml9ks ,y c only make a h>d l9k to a file t exi/s1 because !re mu/ be an inode numb] to ref] to4 ,h[ev]1 y c make a syml9k to any fil5ame1 :e!r or n !re actually is su* a fil5ame4 ,remov+ a syml9k removes only ! l9k4 ,x has no effect on ! l9k$-to file4 ,remov+ ! only h>d l9k to a file removes ! file4 ,try ?is3 cd2 ln -s _/tmp_/me ,my,tmp cd to y\r home directory4 ln ) ! -s option makes a symbolic l9k - 9 ?is case1 "o call$ ,my,tmp t po9ts to ! fil5ame _/tmp_/me4 ls -l ,my,tmp ,output %\ld look l ?is3 lrwxrwxrwx #a havoc havoc #g ,dec #f #ab3ej ,my,tmp - _/tmp_/me ,! date & us]_/gr\p names w be diff]5t = y1 ( c\rse4 ,notice t ! file type is l1 indicat+ t ?is is a symbolic l9k4 ,also notice ! p]missions3 ,symbolic l9ks always h ^! p]missions4 ,if y attempt to *mod a syml9k1 y'll actually *ange ! p]missions on ! file be+ po9t$ to4 *mod #gjj ,my,tmp ,y w get a ,no su* file or directory error1 because ! file _/tmp_/me doesn't exi/4 ,notice t y c\ld create a syml9k to x anyway4 mkdir _/tmp_/me ,creates ! directory _/tmp_/me4 *mod #gjj ,my,tmp ,%\ld "w n[4 t\* ,my,tmp_/myfile ,creates a file 9 ,my,tmp4 ls _/tmp_/me ,! file is actually creat$ 9 _/tmp_/me4 rm ,my,tmp ,removes ! symbolic l9k4 ,notice t ?is removes ! l9k1 n :at x po9ts to4 ,?us y use rm n rmdir4 rm _/tmp_/me_/myfile2 rmdir _/tmp_/me ,lets y clean up aft] y\rself4 syml9ks6remov+ ,device ,files ,device files ref] to physical or virtual devices on y\r sy/em1 su* z y\r h>d disk1 video c>d1 scre51 & keybo>d4 ,an example ( a virtual device is ! console1 repres5t$ by _/dev_/console4 ,!re are two k9ds ( devices3"* & block4 ,"* devices c be access$ "o "* at a "t4 ,rememb] ! smalle/ unit ( data t c be writt5 to or read f ! device is a "* 7byte74 ,block devices mu/ be access$ 9 l>g] units call$ blocks1 :i* conta9 a numb] ( *>act]s4 ,y\r h>d disk is a block device4 ,y c read & write device files j z y c f o!r k9ds ( files1 ?\gh ! file may well conta9 "s /range incompreh5sible-to-humans gibb]i%4 ,writ+ r&om data to ^! files is probably a bad idea4 ,sometimes x's useful1 ?\gh4 ,= example1 y c dump a po/script file into ! pr9t] device _/dev_/lp#j or s5d modem comm&s to ! device file = ! appropriate s]ial port4 _/dev_/null _/ _/ _/ _/dev_/null is a special device file t disc>ds any?+ y write _/to x4 ,if y don't want some?+1 ?r[ x 9 _/dev_/null4 ,x's ess5tially a bottomless pit4 ,if y read _/dev_/null1 y'll get an end-(-file 7,,e(7 "* imm$iately4 _/dev_/z]o is simil>1 except t y read f x y get ! #j "* 7n ! same z ! numb] z]o74 ,nam$ ,pipes 7,f,i,f,os7 ,a nam$ pipe is a file t acts l a pipe4 ,y put some?+ into ! file1 & x comes out ! o!r end4 ,?us x's call$ a ,,fifo1 or ,fir/-,9-,fir/-,out1 because ! fir/ ?+ y put 9 ! pipe is ! fir/ ?+ to come out ! o!r end4 ,if y write to a nam$ pipe1 ! process t is writ+ to ! pipe doesn't t]m9ate until ! in=mation be+ writt5 is read f ! pipe4 ,if y read f a nam$ pipe1 ! read+ process waits until !re's some?+ to read be=e t]m9at+4 ,! size ( ! pipe is always z]o3 ,x doesn't /ore data1 x j l9ks two processes l ! %ell 4 ,h[ev]1 because ?is pipe has a "n1 ! two processes don't h to be on ! same comm& l9e or ev5 be run by ! same us]4 ,y c try x by do+ ! foll[+3 cd2 mkfifo mypipe ,makes ! pipe4 e*o hello mypipe ,puts a process 9 ! backgr\nd t tries to write 8hello0 to ! pipe4 ,notice t ! process doesn't return f ! backgr\nd2 x is wait+ = someone to read f ! pipe4 cat mypipe ,at ?is po9t1 ! e*o process %\ld return1 because cat read f ! pipe1 & ! cat process w pr9t hello4 rm mypipe ,y c delete pipes j l any o!r file4 ,sockets ,sockets are simil> to pipes1 only !y "w ov] ! network4 ,?is is h[ y\r comput] does network+4 ,y may h he>d ( 8,win,sock10 :i* is sockets = ,w9d[s4 ,we won't g into ^! fur!r because y probably won't h occasion to use !m unless y're programm+4 ,h[ev]1 if y see a file m>k$ ) type son y\r comput]1 y "k :at x is4 #ac4b4c ,! proc ,filesy/em ,! ,l9ux k]nel makes a special filesy/em available1 :i* is m\nt$ "u _/proc on ,debian sy/ems4 ,?is is a 8pseudo-filesy/em0 because x doesn't really exi/ on any ( y\r physical devices4 ,! proc filesy/em conta9s in=mation ab\t ! sy/em & runn+ processes4 ,"s ( ! 8files0 9 _/proc are reasonably und]/&able to humans 7try typ+ cat _/proc_/mem9fo or cat _/proc_/cpu9fo72 o!rs are arcane collections ( numb]s4 ,(t51 sy/em utilities use ^! to ga!r in=mation & pres5t x to y 9 a m und]/&able way4 ,p frequ5tly panic :5 !y notice "o file 9 p>ticul>-- _/proc_/kcore --:i* is g5]ally huge4 ,?is is 7m or less7 a copy _/( ! cont5ts ( y\r comput]'s memory4 ,x's us$ to debug ! k]nel4 ,x doesn't actually exi/ any:]e1 s don't worry ab\t its size4 ,if y want to "k ab\t all ! ?+s 9 _/proc1 type man #e proc4 #ac4b4d ,l>ge-,scale ,copy+ ,sometimes y may want to copy "o directory to ano!r location4 ,maybe y're add+ a new h>d disk & y want to copy _/usr_/local to x4 ,!re are sev]al ways y c d ?is4 ,! fir/ is to use cp4 ,! comm& cp -a w tell cp to d a copy pres]v+ all ! in=mation x c4 ,s1 y might use cp -a _/usr_/local _/de/9ation ,h[ev]1 !re are "s ?+s t cp -a won't cat*#a4 ,s1 ! be/ way to d a l>ge copy job is to *a9 two t> comm&s toge!r1 l s3 #a ,sp>se files & h>d l9ks are two examples4 t> -c,spf - _/usr_/local t> -xv,spf - -,c _/de/9ation ,! fir/ t> comm& w ar*ive ! exi/+ directory & pipe x to ! second4 ,! second comm& w unpack ! ar*ive into ! location y specify ) -,c4 #ac4c ,security ,back 9 section #g4a on page 991 we discuss$ file p]missions 9 ,l9ux4 ,?is is a fundam5tal way to keep y\r sy/em secure4 ,if y are runn+ a multi-us] sy/em or a s]v]1 x is important to make sure t p]missions are correct4 ,a good rule ( ?umb is to set files to h ! m9imum p]missions necess>y = use4 ,if y are runn+ a network s]v]1 !re are "s o!r ?+s to be aw>e ( z well4 ,fir/1 y ought to un9/all or turn (f any network s]vices y're n us+4 ,a good place to />t is ! file _/etc_/inetd4conf2 y c probably disable "s ( ^!4 ,= mo/ _/network s]vices1 x's also possible to control :o has access to !m2 ! _/etc_/ho/s4all[ & _/etc_/ho/s4d5y files 7docum5t$ 9 man #e ho/saccess7 c control :o has access to :i* s]vices4 ,y also ought to keep up-to-date ) pat*es or updates to ,debian2 ^! c be f\nd on y\r ne>e/ ,debian ,,ftp mirror4 ,"s o!r commons5se rules apply3 ,nev] tell anyone y\r password4 ,nev] s5d y\r password 9 cle>text across ! ,int]net by us+ some?+ l telnet or ,,ftp4 ,in/ead1 use encrypt$ protocols or avoid logg+ 9 remotely4 ,avoid us+ root z mu* z possible4 ,don't in/all untru/$ s(tw>e1 & don't in/all x z root4 ,avoid mak+ ?+s _w-writable :5ev] possible4 _/tmp is "o exception to ?is rule4 ,:ile ?is is probably n ( z mu* use to somebody n runn+ a s]v]1 x is /ill pays to "k a bit ab\t security4 ,debian's security me*anism is :at protects y\r sy/em f _m viruses4 #ac4d ,s(tw>e ,developm5t ) ,debian ,debian makes a great plat=m = s(tw>e developm5t & programm+4 ,among ! languages & ne>-languages x supports are3 ,c1 ,c1 ,objective-,c1 ,p]l1 ,py?on1 m#d1 ,ada1 ,pascal1 ,java1 awk1 ,tcl_/,tk1 ,,sql1 assembl]1 ,b\rne %ell1 c%1 & m4 ,writ+ programs is beyond ! scope ( ?is book1 b "h are "s ( ! m popul> developm5t programs 9 ,debian3 gcc ,! ,,gnu ,c ,compil]1 a mod]n optimiz+ ,c compil]4 g ,! ,c compil] f ! gcc l9e4 cpp ,! ,c preprocessor f gcc4 p]l ,! ,p]l int]pret]4 ,p]l is a great 8glue0 language4 gdb ,,gnu ,debugg]1 us$ to debug programs 9 _m diff]5t languages4 gpr( ,us$ = pr(il+1 ?is program helps y to f9d ways to improve ! p]=mance ( y\r programs4 emacs ,,gnu ,emacs is a programm]s' editor & ,,ide4 z ,! ,,gnu ,assembl]4 ,,ii4 ,ref]5ce ,a4 ,read+ ,docum5tation & ,gett+ ,help ,a4#a ,k9ds ( ,docum5tation ,on ,debian sy/ems1 y c f9d docum5tation 9 at lea/ ! foll[+ places3 man pages1 read ) ! man comm&4 info pages1 read ) ! info comm&4 ,! _/usr_/doc_/package directories1 :]e package is ! "n ( ! ,debian package4 ,tip3 zless is useful = read+ ! files 9 _/usr_/doc2 see section #h4a on page 99 = details4 _/usr_/doc_/,,h[to_/conta9s ! ,l9ux ,docum5tation ,project's ,,h[to docum5ts1 if y've in/all$ ! ,debian packages conta9+ !m4 ,_m comm&s h an -h or -help option4 ,type ! comm& "n foll[$ by "o ( ^! options to try x4 ,! ,debian ,docum5tation ,project#a has writt5 "s manuals4 ,! ,debian support page#b has a ,,faq & o!r res\rces4 ,y c also try ! ,l9ux web site#c4 #a http3_/_/www4debian4org_/elphick_/ddp_/ #b http3_/_/www4debian4org_/support_/ #c http3_/_/www4l9ux4org ,! confus+ v>iety ( docum5tation s\rces exi/s = _m reasons4 ,= example1 info is suppos$ to replace man1 b man hasn't disappe>$ yet4 ,h[ev]1 x's nice to "k t s mu* docum5tation exi/s6 ,s :]e to look = help8 ,"h are "s sugge/ions3 ,use ! man pages & ! -help or -h option to get a quick summ>y ( a comm&'s syntax & options4 ,also use man if a program doesn't yet h an info page4 ,use info if a program has info docum5tation4 ,if nei!r ( ^? works1 look 9 _/usr_/doc_/packag5ame4 _/usr_/doc_/packag5ame (t5 has ,debian-specific in=mation1 ev5 if !re's a man page or info page4 ,use ! ,h,o,w,t,os = in/ructions on h[ to set up a p>ticul> ?+ or = in=mation on y\r p>ticul> h>dw>e4 ,= example1 ! ,e!rnet ,,h[to has a weal? ( in=mation on ,e!rnet c>ds1 & ! ,,ppp ,,h[to expla9s 9 detail h[ to set up ,,ppp4 ,use ! ,debian ,docum5tation ,project manuals = conceptual explanations & ,debian-specific in=mation4 ,if all else fails1 ask someone4 ,see section ,a4#a4c on page 994 ,us+ man pages is discuss$ above 9 section #e4a on page 994 ,x's v simple3 press ! space b> to g to ! next page1 & press q to quit read+4 ,us+ info1 view+ files 9 _/usr_/doc1 & ask+ = help f a p]son are all discuss$ 9 ! rema9d] ( ?is *apt]4 ,a4#a4a ,us+ info info is ! ,,gnu docum5tation view]4 ,"s programs provide docum5tation9 info =mat1 & y c use info to view t docum5tation4 ,y c />t up ! view] by simply typ+ info1 or by supply+ a topic z well3 info emacs ,y c also br+ up ! in=mation on info itself1 :i* includes a tutorial1 l s3 info info ,n[1 y may navigate ) ^! keys3 arr[s ,move ! cursor ar\nd ! docum5t m ,,ret ,select ! m5u item t's at ! cursor u ,move 8up0 9 ! docum5t n ,move to ! next page p ,move to ! previ\s page s ,se>* = some?+ g ,g to a specific page q ,quit info ,y might notice t ! top l9e ( ! scre5 indicates ! next1 previ\s1 & 8up0 pages1 correspond+ nicely to ! actions = ! n1 p1 & u keys4 ,a4#a4b ,h,o,w,t,os ,9 addition to _! books1 ! ,l9ux ,docum5tation ,project has made a s]ies ( %ort docum5ts describ+ h[ to set up p>ticul> aspects ( ,,gnu_/,l9ux4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,,scsi-,,h[to describes "s ( ! complications ( us+ ,,scsi--a /&>d way ( talk+ to devices--) ,,gnu_/,l9ux4 ,9 g5]al1 ! ,h,o,w,t,os h m specific in=mation ab\t p>ticul> h>dw>e configurations & w be m up to date ?an ?is manual4 ,!re are ,debian packages = ! ,h,o,w,t,os4 doc-l9ux-text conta9s ! v>i\s ,h,o,w,t,os 9 text =m2 ! doc-l9ux-html package conta9s ! ,h,o,w,t,os 9 7surprise67 br[sable ,,html =mat4 ,note also t ,debian has packag$ translations ( ! ,h,o,w,t,os 9 v>i\s languages t y may pref] if ,engli% is n y\r native language4 ,debian has packages = ! ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 ,italian1 ,japanese1 ,korean1 ,poli%1 ,sw$i% & ,*9ese v]sions ( ! ,h,o,w,t,os4 ,^! are usually available 9 ! package doc-l9ux-languagecode1 :]e languagecode is fr = ,fr5*1 es = ,spani%1 etc4 ,if y've in/all$ "o ( ^!1 y %\ld h !m 9 _/usr_/doc_/,,h[to4 ,h[ev]1 y may be able to f9d m rec5t _/v]sions on ! ,net at ! ,,ldp homepage#d4 #d http3_/_/www4metalab4unc4edu_/,,ldp_/ ,a4#a4c ,p]sonal ,help ,! correct place to ask = help ) ,debian is ! debian-us] mail+ li/ at debian-us]li/s4debian4org4 ,if y "k h[ to use ,,irc 7,int]net ,relay ,*at71 y c use ! debian *annel on irc4debian4org4 ,y c f9d g5]al ,,gnu_/,l9ux help on ! comp4os4l9ux499 ,,us5et hi]>*y4 ,x is also possible to hire paid consultants to provide gu>ante$ support s]vices4 ,! ,debian website#e has m in=mation on _m ( ^! res\rces4 #e http3_/_/www4debian4org_/ ,aga91 please d n ask ! au?ors ( ?is book = help4 ,we probably don't "k ! answ] to y\r specific problem anyway2 if y mail debian-us]1 y w get high]-quality responses1 & m quickly4 ,always be polite & make an ef=t to help y\rself by read+ ! docum5tation4 ,rememb]1 ,debian is a volunte] ef=t & p are do+ y a favor by giv+ _! "t to help y4 ,_m ( !m *>ge hundr$s ( doll>s = ! same s]vices dur+ ! day4 ,tips = ask+ que/ions ,read ! obvi\s docum5tation fir/4 ,?+s l comm& options & :at a comm& does w be cov]$ !re4 ,?is includes manpages & info docum5tation4 ,*eck ! ,,h[to docum5ts if y\r "q is ab\t sett+ up some?+ su* z ,,ppp or ,e!rnet4 ,try to be sure ! answ] isn't 9 ?is book4 ,don't be afraid to ask1 aft] y've made a basic ef=t to look x up4 ,don't be afraid to ask = conceptual explanations1 advice1 & o!r ?+s n (t5 f\nd 9 ! docum5tation4 ,include any in=mation t seems relevant4 ,y'll almo/ always want to m5tion ! v]sion ( ,debian y're us+4 ,y may also want to m5tion ! v]sion ( any p]t95t packages3 ,! comm& dpkg -l packag5ame w tell y ?is4 ,x's also useful to say :at y've tri$ s f> & :at happ5$4 ,please include ! exact error messages1 if any4 ,don't apologize = be+ new to ,l9ux4 ,!re's no reason ev]yone %\ld be a ,,gnu_/,l9ux exp]t to use x1 any m ?an ev]yone %\ld be a me*anic to use a c>4 ,don't po/ or mail 9 ,,html4 ,"s v]sions ( ,netscape & ,int]net ,explor] w po/ 9 ,,html r ?an pla9 text4 ,mo/ p w n ev5 read ^! po/s because ! po/s are difficult to read 9 mo/ mail programs4 ,!re %\ld be a sett+ some:]e 9 ! pref]5ces to disable ,,html4 ,be polite4 ,rememb] t ,debian is an all-volunte] ef=t1 & anyone :o helps y is do+ s on 8 or h] "t out ( k9dness4 ,re-mail y\r "q to ! li/ if y've gott5 no responses aft] sev]al days4 ,p]haps !re 7 lots ( messages & x 0 ov]look$4 ,or p]haps no "o kn[s ! answ]--if no "o answ]s ! second "t1 ?is is a good bet4 ,y might want to try includ+ m in=mation ! second "t4 ,answ] que/ions y\rself :5 y "k ! answ]4 ,debian dep5ds on ev]yone do+ 8 or h] "p4 ,if y ask a "q1 & lat] on someone else asks ! same "q1 y'll "k h[ to answ] x4 ,d s6 ,a4#a4d ,gett+ ,in=mation f ! ,sy/em ,:5 diagnos+ problems or ask+ = help1 y'll ne$ to get in=mation ab\t y\r sy/em4 ,"h are "s ways to d s3 ,exam9e ! files 9 _/v>_/log_/4 ,exam9e ! output ( ! dmesg comm&4 ,run uname -a4 ,b4 ,tr\ble%oot+ ,9 ,debian1 z 9 life1 ?+s don't always "w z y might expect or want !m to4 ,:ile ,debian has a well-des]v$ reputation = be+ rock-solid & /able1 sometimes its reaction to y\r comm&s may be unexpect$4 ,"h1 we try to %$ "s light on ! mo/ common problems t p enc\nt]4 ,b4#a ,common ,difficulties ,?is section provides "s tips = h&l+ "s ( ! mo/ frequ5tly exp]i5c$ difficulties us]s h enc\nt]$4 ,b4#a4a ,work+ ) ,/rangely-,nam$ ,files ,occasionally1 y may f9d t y h accid5tally creat$ a file t conta9s a "* n normally f\nd 9 a fil5ame4 ,examples ( ?is c\ld include a space1 a lead+ hyph51 or maybe a quotation m>k4 ,y may f9d t access+1 remov+1 or r5am+ ^! files c be difficult4 ,"h are "s tips to help y3 ,try enclos+ ! fil5ame 9 s+le quotation m>ks1 l ?is3 less ',file ,) ,spaces4txt' ,ins]t a 4_/ be=e ! fil5ame3 less '4_/-a /range file4txt' ,use wildc>ds3 less ,file8,)8,spaces4txt ,use a backsla% be=e ea* unusual "*3 less ,file ,) ,spaces4txt ,b4#a4b ,pr9t+ ,"o common s\rce ( tr\ble is ! pr9t+ sy/em 9 ,debian4 ,traditionally1 pr9t+ has be5 a p[]ful b complex aspect ( ,unix4 ,h[ev]1 ,debian makes x easi]4 ,an easy way to pr9t is ) ! package call$ magicfilt]4 magicfilt] w ask y a few que/ions ab\t y\r pr9t] & !n configure x = y4 ,if y are hav+ tr\bles pr9t+1 give magicfilt] a try4 ,b4#a4c ,x ,problems ,_m que/ions revolve ar\nd ,x4 ,"h are "s g5]al tips = ?+s to try if y are hav+ difficulties sett+ up ! ,x ,w9d[ sy/em3 ,= m\se problems1 run ,,xf#hf,setup & try ! ,,ps_/#b1 ,micros(t1 ,mouse,systems1 & ,logite* options4 ,mo/ mice w fit "u "o ( ^!4 ,also1 ! device = y\r m\se is _/dev_/psaux = ,,ps_/#b mice & a s]ial port su* z _/dev_/tty,s#j = s]ial mice4 ,if y don't "k :at video *ipset y h1 try runn+ ,super,probe2 x c (t5 figure ?is out = y4 ,if y\r scre5 doesn't h a lot ( color1 try select+ a diff]5t video c>d or tell ,x h[ mu* video ,,ram y h4 ,if y\r scre5 goes blank or has unreadable text :5 y />t ,x1 y probably select$ an incorrect refre% rate4 ,g back to ,,xf#hf,setup or xf#hf;config & d\ble-*eck ^? sett+s4 xvidtune c help if ! image on ! scre5 is %ift$ too f> to ! left or "r1 is too high or l[1 or is too n>r[ or wide4 xdpy9fo c give in=mation ab\t a runn+ ,x session4 ,,xf#hf,setup c set y\r default color dep?4 ,y c select y\r default w9d[ manag] by edit+ _/etc_/,x#aa_/w9d[-manag]s4 _/ _/v>_/log_/xdm-errors c conta9 useful in=mation if y are hav+ tr\ble gett+ xdm to />t prop]ly4 ,z a f9al rem9d]1 try ! ,,xf#hf,setup or xf#hf;config tools = configur+ or reconfigur+ ,x = y\r h>dw>e4 ,b4#b ,tr\ble%oot+ ! ,boot ,process ,if y h problems dur+ ! boot process1 su* z ! k]nel hangs dur+ ! boot process1 ! k]nel doesn't recognize p]iph]als y actually h1 or drives are n recogniz$ prop]ly1 ! fir/ ?+s to *eck are ! boot p>amet]s4 ,!y c be f\nd by press+ ,f#a :5 boot+ f ! rescue disk4 ,(t51 problems c be solv$ by remov+ add-ons & p]iph]als & !n boot+ aga94 ,int]nal modems1 s\nd c>ds1 & ,plug-n-,play devices are especially problematic4 ,tecras & o!r notebooks1 & "s non-portables fail to flu% ! ca*e :5 swit*+ on ! ,a#bj gate1 :i* is provok$ by bz,image k]nels b n by z,image k]nels4 ,if y\r comput] suff]s f ?is problem1 y'll see a message dur+ boot say+ ,a#bj gat+ fail$4 ,9 ?is case1 y'll h to use ! #8tecra' boot images4 ,if y /ill h problems1 please submit a bug report4 ,s5d an email to submitbugs4debian4org4 ,y mu/ include ! foll[+ z ! fir/ l9es ( ! email3 ,package3 boot-floppies ,v]sion3 v]sion ,make sure y fill 9 v]sion ) ! v]sion ( ! boot-floppies set t y us$4 ,if y don't "k ! v]sion1 use ! date y d[nload$ ! floppies1 & include ! di/ribution y got !m f 7e4g41 8/able0 or 8froz5074 ,y %\ld also include ! foll[+ in=mation 9 y\r bug report3 ar*itecture i#chf model y\r g5]al h>dw>e v5dor & model memory am\nt ( ,,ram scsi ,,scsi ho/ adapt]1 if any cd-rom ,,cd-,,rom model & int]face type1 i4e41 ,,atapi network c>d network int]face c>d1 if any pcmcia details ( any ,,pcmcia devices ,dep5d+ on ! nature ( ! bug1 x also might be useful to report ! disk model1 ! disk capacity1 & ! model ( video c>d4 ,9 ! bug report1 describe :at ! problem is1 includ+ ! la/ visible k]nel messages 9 ! ev5t ( a k]nel hang4 ,describe ! /eps y p]=m$ t put ! sy/em into ! problem /ate4 ,c4 ,boot+ ! ,sy/em ,?is app5dix describes :at happ5s dur+ ! ,,gnu_/,l9ux boot process4 ,h[ y boot y\r sy/em dep5ds on h[ y set ?+s up :5 y in/all$ ,debian4 ,mo/ likely1 y j turn ! comput] on4 ,b y may h to ins]t a floppy disk fir/4 ,l9ux is load$ by a program call$ ,,lilo1 or ,l,inux ,l,oader4 ,,lilo c also load o!r op]at+ sy/ems & ask y :i* sy/em y'd l to load4 ,! fir/ ?+ t happ5s :5 y turn on an ,intel ,,pc is t ! ,,bios executes4 ,,bios /&s = ,basic ,input ,output ,sy/em4 ,x's a program p]man5tly /or$ 9 ! comput] on read-only *ips4 ,x p]=ms "s m9imal te/s & !n looks = a floppy disk 9 ! fir/ disk drive4 ,if x f9ds "o1 x looks = a 8boot sector0 on t disk & />ts execut+ code f x1 if !re is any4 ,if !re is a disk b no boot sector1 ! ,,bios w pr9t a message l ?is3 ,non-sy/em disk or disk error4 ,remov+ ! disk & press+ a key w cause ! boot process to resume4 ,if !re isn't a floppy disk 9 ! drive1 ! ,,bios looks = a ma/] boot record 7,,mbr7 on ! h>d disk4 ,x w />t execut+ ! code f\nd !re1 :i* loads ! op]at+ sy/em4 ,on ,,gnu_/,l9ux sy/ems1 ,,lilo c occupy ! ,,mbr & w load ,,gnu_/,l9ux4 ,?us1 if y opt$ to in/all ,,lilo on y\r h>d drive1 y %\ld see ! ^w ,,lilo z y\r comput] />ts up4 ,at t po9t1 y c press ! left ,%ift key to select :i* op]at+ sy/em to load or press ,tab to see a li/ ( options4 ,type 9 "o ( ^? options & press ,ent]4 ,,lilo w boot ! reque/$ op]at+ sy/em4 ,if y don't press ! ,%ift key1 ,,lilo w automatically load ! default op]at+ sy/em aft] ab\t #e seconds4 ,if y l1 y c *ange :at sy/em ,,lilo loads automatically1 :i* sy/ems x kn[s h[ to load1 & h[ long x waits be=e load+ "o automatically4 ,if y didn't in/all ,,lilo on y\r h>d drive1 y probably creat$ a boot disk4 ,! boot disk w h ,,lilo on x4 ,all y h to d is ins]t ! disk be=e y turn on y\r comput]1 & ! ,,bios w f9d x be=e x *ecks ! ,,mbr on ! h>d drive4 ,to return to a non-,l9ux ,,os1 take out ! boot disk & re/>t ! comput]4 ,f ,l9ux1 be sure y foll[ ! prop] proc$ure = re/>t+2 see section #d4e on page 99 = details4 ,,lilo loads ! ,l9ux k]nel f disk & !n lets ! k]nel take ov]4 7,! k]nel is ! c5tral program ( ! op]at+ sy/em1 :i* is 9 control ( all o!r programs47 ,! k]nel disc>ds ! ,,bios & ,,lilo4 ,on non-,intel plat=ms1 ?+s "w a little diff]5tly4 ,b once y boot1 ev]y?+ is m or less ! same4 ,l9ux looks at ! type ( h>dw>e x's runn+ on4 ,x wants to "k :at type ( h>d disks y h1 :e!r or n y h a bus m\se1 :e!r or n y're on a network1 & o!r bits ( trivia l t4 ,l9ux c't rememb] ?+s betwe5 boots1 s x has to ask ^! que/ions ea* "t x />ts up4 ,luckily1 x isn't ask+ y ^! que/ions--x's ask+ ! h>dw>e6 ,:ile x boots1 ! ,l9ux k]nel w pr9t messages on ! scre5 describ+ :at x's do+4 ,! qu]y process c cause problems ) y\r sy/em1 b if x 0 go+ to1 x probably w\ld h :5 y fir/ in/all$ ,,gnu_/,l9ux4 ,if y're hav+ problems1 consult ! in/allation in/ructions or ask que/ions on a mail+ li/4 ,! k]nel m]ely manages o!r programs1 s once x is satisfi$ ev]y?+ is okay1 x mu/ />t ano!r program to d any?+ useful4 ,! program ! k]nel />ts is call$ init4 ,aft] ! k]nel />ts init1 x nev] />ts ano!r program4 ,! k]nel becomes a manag] & a provid] ( s]vices4 ,once init is />t$1 x runs a numb] ( scripts 7files conta9+ comm&s71 :i* prep>e ! sy/em to be us$4 ,!y d "s r\t9e ma9t5ance & />t up a lot ( programs t d ?+s l display a log9 prompt1 li/5 = network connections1 & keep a log ( ! comput]'s activities4 ,d4 ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se ,,gnu ,,g5]al ,,public ,,lic5se ,v]sion #b1 ,june #aiia ,copyright 7,c7 #aihi1 #aiia ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation1 ,inc4 #ei ,temple ,place1 ,suite #ccj1 ,bo/on1 ,,ma #jbaaa-acjg ,,usa ,ev]yone is p]mitt$ to copy & di/ribute v]batim copies ( ?is lic5se docum5t1 b *ang+ x is n all[$4 ,preamble ,! lic5ses = mo/ s(tw>e are design$ to take away y\r fre$om to %>e & *ange x4 ,by contra/1 ! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se is int5d$ to gu>antee y\r fre$om to %>e & *ange free s(tw>e-to make sure ! s(tw>e is free = all its us]s4 ,?is ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se applies to mo/ ( ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation's s(tw>e & to any o!r program ^: au?ors commit to us+ x4 7,"s o!r ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation s(tw>e is cov]$ by ! ,,gnu ,libr>y ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se in/ead47 ,y c apply x to y\r programs1 too4 ,:5 we speak ( free s(tw>e1 we are ref]r+ to fre$om1 n price4 ,our ,g5]al ,public ,lic5ses are design$ to make sure t y h ! fre$om to di/ribute copies ( free s(tw>e 7& *>ge = ?is s]vice if y wi%71 t y receive s\rce code or c get x if y want x1 t y c *ange ! s(tw>e or use pieces ( x 9 new free programs2 & t y "k y c d ^! ?+s4 ,to protect y\r rights1 we ne$ to make re/rictions t =bid anyone to d5y y ^! rights or to ask y to surr5d] ! rights4 ,^! re/rictions translate to c]ta9 responsibilities = y if y di/ribute copies ( ! s(tw>e1 or if y modify x4 ,= example1 if y di/ribute copies ( su* a program1 :e!r gratis or = a fee1 y mu/ give ! recipi5ts all ! rights t y h4 ,y mu/ make sure t !y1 too1 receive or c get ! s\rce code4 ,& y mu/ %[ !m ^! t]ms s !y "k _! rights4 ,we protect y\r rights ) two /eps3 7#a7 copyright ! s(tw>e1 & 7#b7 (f] y ?is lic5se :i* gives y legal p]mission to copy1 di/ribute &_/or modify ! s(tw>e4 ,also1 = ea* au?or's protection & ours1 we want to make c]ta9 t ev]yone und]/&s t !re is no w>ranty = ?is free s(tw>e4 ,if ! s(tw>e is modifi$ by someone else & pass$ on1 we want its recipi5ts to "k t :at !y h is n ! orig9al1 s t any problems introduc$ by o!rs w n reflect on ! orig9al au?ors' reputations4 ,f9ally1 any free program is ?reat5$ con/antly by s(tw>e pat5ts4 ,we wi% to avoid ! dang] t r$i/ributors ( a free program w individually obta9 pat5t lic5ses1 9 effect mak+ ! program propriet>y4 ,to prev5t ?is1 we h made x cle> t any pat5t mu/ be lic5s$ = ev]yone's free use or n lic5s$ at all4 ,! precise t]ms & conditions = copy+1 di/ribution & modification foll[4 ,,gnu ,,g5]al ,,public ,,lic5se ,,t]ms ,,& ,,conditions ,,= ,,copy+1 ,,di/ribution ,,& ,,modification #j4 ,?is ,lic5se applies to any program or o!r "w :i* conta9s a notice plac$ by ! copyright hold] say+ x may be di/ribut$ "u ! t]ms ( ?is ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se4 ,! ,program1 bel[1 ref]s to any su* program or "w1 & a "w bas$ on ! ,program means ei!r ! ,program or any d]ivative "w "u copyright law3 t is to say1 a "w conta9+ ! ,program or a portion ( x1 ei!r v]batim or ) modifications &_/or translat$ into ano!r language4 7,h]e9aft]1 translation is includ$ )\t limitation 9 ! t]m modification47 ,ea* lic5see is address$ z y4 ,activities o!r ?an copy+1 di/ribution & modification are n cov]$ by ?is ,lic5se2 !y are outside its scope4 ,! act ( runn+ ! ,program is n re/rict$1 & ! output f ! ,program is cov]$ only if its cont5ts con/itute a "w bas$ on ! ,program 7indep5d5t ( hav+ be5 made by runn+ ! ,program74 ,:e!r t is true dep5ds on :at ! ,program does4 #a4 ,y may copy & di/ribute v]batim copies ( ! ,program's s\rce code z y receive x1 9 any m$ium1 provid$ t y conspicu\sly & appropriately publi% on ea* copy an appropriate copyright notice & disclaim] ( w>ranty2 keep intact all ! notices t ref] to ?is ,lic5se & to ! abs5ce ( any w>ranty2 & give any o!r recipi5ts ( ! ,program a copy ( ?is ,lic5se along ) ! ,program4 ,y may *>ge a fee = ! physical act ( transf]r+ a copy1 & y may at y\r option (f] w>ranty protection 9 ex*ange = a fee4 #b4 ,y may modify y\r copy or copies ( ! ,program or any portion ( x1 ?us =m+ a "w bas$ on ! ,program1 & copy & di/ribute su* modifications or "w "u ! t]ms ( ,section #a above1 provid$ t y also meet all ( ^! conditions3 a7 ,y mu/ cause ! modifi$ files to c>ry prom95t notices /at+ t y *ang$ ! files & ! date ( any *ange4 b7 ,y mu/ cause any "w t y di/ribute or publi%1 t 9 :ole or 9 "p conta9s or is d]iv$ f ! ,program or any "p !re(1 to be lic5s$ z a :ole at no *>ge to all ?ird p>ties "u ! t]ms ( ?is ,lic5se4 c7 ,if ! modifi$ program normally reads comm&s int]actively :5 run1 y mu/ cause x1 :5 />t$ runn+ = su* int]active use 9 ! mo/ ord9>y way1 to pr9t or display an ann\ncem5t includ+ an appropriate copyright notice & a notice t !re is no w>ranty 7or else1 say+ t y provide a w>ranty7 & t us]s may r$i/ribute ! program "u ^! conditions1 & tell+ ! us] h[ to view a copy ( ?is ,lic5se4 7,exception3 if ! ,program itself is int]active b does n normally pr9t su* an ann\ncem5t1 y\r "w bas$ on ! ,program is n requir$ to pr9t an ann\ncem5t47 ,^! requirem5ts apply to ! modifi$ "w z a :ole4 ,if id5tifiable sections ( t "w are n d]iv$ f ! ,program1 & c be reasonably consid]$ indep5d5t & sep>ate works 9 !mselves1 !n ?is ,lic5se1 & its t]ms1 d n apply to ^? sections :5 y di/ribute !m z sep>ate works4 ,b :5 y di/ribute ! same sections z "p ( a :ole :i* is a "w bas$ on ! ,program1 ! di/ribution ( ! :ole mu/ be on ! t]ms ( ?is ,lic5se1 ^: p]missions = o!r lic5sees ext5d to ! entire :ole1 & ?us to ea* & e "p reg>dless ( :o wrote x4 ,?us1 x is n ! int5t ( ?is section to claim rights or conte/ y\r rights to "w writt5 entirely by y2 r1 ! int5t is to ex]cise ! "r to control ! di/ribution ( d]ivative or collective works bas$ on ! ,program4 ,9 addition1 m]e aggregation ( ano!r "w n bas$ on ! ,program ) ! ,program 7or ) a "w bas$ on ! ,program7 on a volume ( a /orage or di/ribution m$ium does n br+ ! o!r "w "u ! scope ( ?is ,lic5se4 #c4 ,y may copy & di/ribute ! ,program 7or a "w bas$ on x1 "u ,section #b7 9 object code or executable =m "u ! t]ms ( ,sections #a & #b above provid$ t y also d "o ( ! foll[+3 a7 ,accompany x ) ! complete correspond+ ma*9e-readable s\rce code1 :i* mu/ be di/ribut$ "u ! t]ms ( ,sections #a & #b above on a m$ium cu/om>ily us$ = s(tw>e int]*ange2 or1 b7 ,accompany x ) a writt5 (f]1 valid = at lea/ ?ree ye>s1 to give any ?ird p>ty1 = a *>ge no m ?an y\r co/ ( physically p]=m+ s\rce di/ribution1 a complete ma*9e-readable copy ( ! correspond+ s\rce code1 to be di/ribut$ "u ! t]ms ( ,sections #a & #b above on a m$ium cu/om>ily us$ = s(tw>e int]*ange2 or1 c7 ,accompany x ) ! in=mation y receiv$ z to ! (f] to di/ribute correspond+ s\rce code4 7,?is alt]native is all[$ only = noncomm]cial di/ribution & only if y receiv$ ! program 9 object code or executable =m ) su* an (f]1 9 accord ) ,subsection b above47 ,! s\rce code = a "w means ! pref]r$ =m ( ! "w = mak+ modifications to x4 ,= an executable "w1 complete s\rce code means all ! s\rce code = all modules x conta9s1 plus any associat$ int]face def9ition files1 plus ! scripts us$ to control compilation & in/allation ( ! executable4 ,h[ev]1 z a special exception1 ! s\rce code di/ribut$ ne$ n include any?+ t is normally di/ribut$ 79 ei!r s\rce or b9>y =m7 ) ! major compon5ts 7compil]1 k]nel1 & s on7 ( ! op]at+ sy/em on :i* ! executable runs1 unless t compon5t itself accompanies ! executable4 ,if di/ribution ( executable or object code is made by (f]+ access to copy f a designat$ place1 !n (f]+ equival5t access to copy ! s\rce code f ! same place c\nts z di/ribution ( ! s\rce code1 ev5 ?\gh ?ird p>ties are n compell$ to copy ! s\rce along ) ! object code4 #d4 ,y may n copy1 modify1 sublic5se1 or di/ribute ! ,program except z expressly provid$ "u ?is ,lic5se4 ,any attempt o!rwise to copy1 modify1 sublic5se or di/ribute ! ,program is void1 & w automatically t]m9ate y\r rights "u ?is ,lic5se4 ,h[ev]1 p>ties :o h receiv$ copies1 or rights1 f y "u ?is ,lic5se w n h _! lic5ses t]m9at$ s long z su* p>ties rema9 9 full compliance4 #e4 ,y are n requir$ to accept ?is ,lic5se1 s9ce y h n sign$ x4 ,h[ev]1 no?+ else grants y p]mission to modify or di/ribute ! ,program or its d]ivative works4 ,^! actions are prohibit$ by law if y d n accept ?is ,lic5se4 ,!re=e1 by modify+ or di/ribut+ ! ,program 7or any "w bas$ on ! ,program71 y indicate y\r acceptance ( ?is ,lic5se to d s1 & all its t]ms & conditions = copy+1 di/ribut+ or modify+ ! ,program or works bas$ on x4 #f4 ,ea* "t y r$i/ribute ! ,program 7or any "w bas$ on ! ,program71 ! recipi5t automatically receives a lic5se f ! orig9al lic5sor to copy1 di/ribute or modify ! ,program subject to ^! t]ms & conditions4 ,y may n impose any fur!r re/rictions on ! recipi5ts' ex]cise ( ! rights grant$ h]e94 ,y are n responsible = en=c+ compliance by ?ird p>ties to ?is ,lic5se4 #g4 ,if1 z a consequ5ce ( a c\rt judgm5t or allegation ( pat5t infr+em5t or = any o!r reason 7n limit$ to pat5t issues71 conditions are impos$ on y 7:e!r by c\rt ord]1 agreem5t or o!rwise7 t contradict ! conditions ( ?is ,lic5se1 !y d n excuse y f ! conditions ( ?is ,lic5se4 ,if y _c di/ribute s z to satisfy simultane\sly y\r obligations "u ?is ,lic5se & any o!r p]t95t obligations1 !n z a consequ5ce y may n di/ribute ! ,program at all4 ,= example1 if a pat5t lic5se w\ld n p]mit royalty-free r$i/ribution ( ! ,program by all ^? :o receive copies directly or indirectly ?r\gh y1 !n ! only way y c\ld satisfy bo? x & ?is ,lic5se w\ld be to refra9 entirely f di/ribution ( ! ,program4 ,if any portion ( ?is section is held invalid or un5=ceable "u any p>ticul> circum/ance1 ! balance ( ! section is int5d$ to apply & ! section z a :ole is int5d$ to apply 9 o!r circum/ances4 ,x is n ! purpose ( ?is section to induce y to infr+e any pat5ts or o!r prop]ty "r claims or to conte/ validity ( any su* claims2 ?is section has ! sole purpose ( protect+ ! integrity ( ! free s(tw>e di/ribution sy/em1 :i* is implem5t$ by public lic5se practices4 ,_m p h made g5]\s contributions to ! wide range ( s(tw>e di/ribut$ ?r\gh t sy/em 9 reliance on consi/5t application ( t sy/em2 x is up to ! au?or_/donor to decide if he or %e is will+ to di/ribute s(tw>e ?r\gh any o!r sy/em & a lic5see _c impose t *oice4 ,?is section is int5d$ to make ?or\ghly cle> :at is believ$ to be a consequ5ce ( ! re/ ( ?is ,lic5se4 #h4 ,if ! di/ribution &_/or use ( ! ,program is re/rict$ 9 c]ta9 c\ntries ei!r by pat5ts or by copyright$ int]faces1 ! orig9al copyright hold] :o places ! ,program "u ?is ,lic5se may add an explicit geographical di/ribution limitation exclud+ ^? c\ntries1 s t di/ribution is p]mitt$ only 9 or among c\ntries n ?us exclud$4 ,9 su* case1 ?is ,lic5se incorporates ! limitation z if writt5 9 ! body ( ?is ,lic5se4 #i4 ,! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation may publi% revis$ &_/or new v]sions ( ! ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se f "t to "t4 ,su* new v]sions w be simil> 9 _s to ! pres5t v]sion1 b may diff] 9 detail to address new problems or conc]ns4 ,ea* v]sion is giv5 a di/+ui%+ v]sion numb]4 ,if ! ,program specifies a v]sion numb] ( ?is ,lic5se :i* applies to x & any lat] v]sion1 y h ! option ( foll[+ ! t]ms & conditions ei!r ( t v]sion or ( any lat] v]sion publi%$ by ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation4 ,if ! ,program does n specify a v]sion numb] ( ?is ,lic5se1 y may *oose any v]sion ev] publi%$ by ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation4 #aj4 ,if y wi% to incorporate p>ts ( ! ,program into o!r free programs ^: di/ribution conditions are diff]5t1 write to ! au?or to ask = p]mission4 ,= s(tw>e :i* is copyright$ by ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation1 write to ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation2 we sometimes make exceptions = ?is4 ,our decision w be guid$ by ! two goals ( pres]v+ ! free /atus ( all d]ivatives ( our free s(tw>e & ( promot+ ! %>+ & reuse ( s(tw>e g5]ally4 ,,no ,,w>ranty #aa4 ,,because ,,! ,,program ,,is ,,lic5s$ ,,free ,,( ,,*>ge1 ,,!re ,,is ,,no ,,w>ranty ,,= ,,! ,,program1 ,,to ,,! ,,ext5t ,,p]mitt$ ,,by ,,applicable ,,law4 ,,except ,,:5 ,,o!rwise ,,/at$ ,,9 ,,writ+ ,,! ,,copyright ,,hold]s ,,&_/,,or ,,o!r ,,p>ties ,,provide ,,! ,,program ,,z ,,is ,,)\t ,,w>ranty ,,( ,,any ,,k9d1 ,,ei!r ,,express$ ,,or ,,impli$1 ,,includ+1 ,,b ,,n ,,limit$ ,,to1 ,,! ,,impli$ ,,w>ranties ,,( ,,m]*antability ,,& ,,fitness ,,= ,a ,,p>ticul> ,,purpose4 ,,! ,,entire ,,risk ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,quality ,,& ,,p]=mance ,,( ,,! ,,program ,,is ,,) ,,y4 ,,%\ld ,,! ,,program ,,prove ,,defective1 ,,y ,,assume ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,all ,,necess>y ,,s]vic+1 ,,repair ,,or ,,correction4 #ab4 ,,9 ,,no ,,ev5t ,,unless ,,requir$ ,,by ,,applicable ,,law ,,or ,,agre$ ,,to ,,9 ,,writ+ ,,w ,,any ,,copyright ,,hold]1 ,,or ,,any ,,o!r ,,p>ty ,,:o ,,may ,,modify ,,&_/ ,,or ,,r$i/ribute ,,! ,,program ,,z ,,p]mitt$ ,,above1 ,,be ,,liable ,,to ,,y ,,= ,,damages1 ,,includ+ ,,any ,,g5]al1 ,,special1 ,,incid5tal ,,or ,,consequ5tial ,,damages ,,aris+ ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,use ,,or ,,inability ,,to ,,use ,,! ,,program 7,,includ+ ,,b ,,n ,,limit$ ,,to ,,loss ,,( ,,data ,,or ,,data ,,be+ ,,r5d]$ ,,inaccurate ,,or ,,losses ,,su/a9$ ,,by ,,y ,,or ,,?ird ,,p>ties ,,or ,a ,,failure ,,( ,,! ,,program ,,to ,,op]ate ,,) ,,any ,,o!r ,,programs71 ,,ev5 ,,if ,,su* ,,hold] ,,or ,,o!r ,,p>ty ,,has ,,be5 ,,advis$ ,,( ,,! ,,possibility ,,( ,,su* ,,damages4 ,,end ,,( ,,t]ms ,,& ,,conditions ,h[ to ,apply ,^! ,t]ms to ,y\r ,new ,programs ,if y develop a new program1 & y want x to be ( ! greate/ possible use to ! public1 ! be/ way to a*ieve ?is is to make x free s(tw>e :i* ev]yone c r$i/ribute & *ange "u ^! t]ms4 ,to d s1 atta* ! foll[+ notices to ! program4 ,x is safe/ to atta* !m to ! />t ( ea* s\rce file to mo/ effectively convey ! exclusion ( w>ranty2 & ea* file %\ld h at lea/ ! copyright l9e & a po9t] to :]e ! full notice is f\nd4 "o l9e to give ! program's "n & a brief idea ( :at x does4 ,copyright 7,c7 #aiyy "n ( au?or ,?is program is free s(tw>e2 y c r$i/ribute x &_/or modify x "u ! t]ms ( ! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se z publi%$ by ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation2 ei!r v]sion #b ( ! ,lic5se1 or 7at y\r option7 any lat] v]sion4 ,?is program is di/ribut$ 9 ! hope t x w be useful1 b ,,)\t ,,any ,,w>ranty2 )\t ev5 ! impli$ w>ranty ( ,,m]*antability or ,,fitness ,,= ,a ,,p>ticul> ,,purpose4 ,see ! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se = m details4 ,y %\ld h receiv$ a copy ( ! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se along ) ?is program2 if n1 write to ! ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation1 ,inc41 #ei ,temple ,place1 ,suite #ccj1 ,bo/on1 ,,ma #jbaaa-acjg ,,usa ,also add in=mation on h[ to contact y by electronic & pap] mail4 ,if ! program is int]active1 make x output a %ort notice l ?is :5 x />ts 9 an int]active mode3 ,gnomovision v]sion #fi1 ,copyright 7,c7 #aiyy "n ( au?or ,gnomovision comes ) ,,absolutely ,,no ,,w>ranty2 = details type #8%[ w'4 ,?is is free s(tw>e1 & y are welcome to r$i/ribute x "u c]ta9 conditions2 type #8%[ c' = details4 ,! hypo!tical comm&s #8%[ w' & #8%[ c' %\ld %[ ! appropriate p>ts ( ! ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se4 ,( c\rse1 ! comm&s y use may be call$ some?+ o!r ?an #8%[ w' & #8%[ c'2 !y c\ld ev5 be m\se-clicks or m5u items-:atev] suits y\r program4 ,y %\ld also get y\r employ] 7if y "w z a programm]7 or y\r s*ool1 if any1 to sign a copyright disclaim] = ! program1 if necess>y4 ,"h is a sample2 alt] ! names3 ,yoyodyne1 ,inc41 h]eby disclaims all copyright int]e/ 9 ! program #8,gnomovision' 7:i* makes passes at compil]s7 writt5 by ,james ,hack]4 signature ( ,ty ,coon1 #a ,april #aihi ,ty ,coon1 ,presid5t ( ,vice ,?is ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se does n p]mit incorporat+ y\r program into propriet>y programs4 ,if y\r program is a subr\t9e libr>y1 y may consid] x m useful to p]mit l9k+ propriet>y applications ) ! libr>y4 ,if ?is is :at y want to d1 use ! ,,gnu ,libr>y ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se in/ead ( ?is ,lic5se4 ,index 7doll> sign7 regul> expression ,regul> ,expressions 77 7p>5!ses7 regul> expression ,regul> ,expressions 7c>et7 regul> expression ,regul> ,expressions 99 7regul> expression7 ,regul> ,expressions 99 7wildc>d7 ,fil5ame ,expansion 4 7regul> expression7 ,regul> ,expressions _/ 7sla%7 root directory ,files & ,directories ,files & ,directories _/b9 directory ,files ,pres5t & ,_! _/etc 7directory7 sy/em-wide configuration ,sy/em-,wide ,v]sus ,us]-,specific ,configuration ,sy/em-,wide ,v]sus ,us]-,specific ,configuration _/etc directory ,files ,pres5t & ,_! ,files ,pres5t & ,_! ,files ,pres5t & ,_! _/etc_/,x#aa_/,xsession modify+ ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup _/root directory ,files ,pres5t & ,_! _/sb9 directory ,files ,pres5t & ,_! _/us] directory ,files ,pres5t & ,_! _/v> directory ,files ,pres5t & ,_! _/tmp directory ,files ,pres5t & ,_! 8 wildc>d ,fil5ame ,expansion 7brackets7 regul> expression ,regul> ,expressions 7tilde7 ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial absolute fil5ames ,files & ,directories ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial ab/ractions ,introduction to ,x ,access scre5 dselect ,access access+ files ,mode filesy/ems ,m\nt+ a ,filesy/em ,help file 7in/allation7 ,select acc\nts ord9>y us] ,create an ,ord9>y ,us] ,create an ,ord9>y ,us] p]missions ,p]missions ,p]missions example sessions ,p]missions 9 ,practice ,p]missions 9 ,practice ,p]missions 9 ,practice file mode ,mode ,mode ,mode file own]%ip ,file ,own]%ip ,file ,own]%ip root us] ,work+ z ,root ,work+ z ,root sup]us] ,set ! ,root ,password us] logg+ 9 ,fir/ ,/eps ,fir/ ,/eps plans ,manag+ ,y\r ,id5tity ,manag+ ,y\r ,id5tity ,ackn[l$gm5ts no title activat+ swap p>tition ,initialize & ,activate a ,initialize & ,activate a ae no title ae 7text editor7 ,text ,editors ,us+ ae alias ,aliases aliases ,aliases ,alt key ,conv5tions ,conv5tions ,,apm ,%utt+ ,d[n ,,apm 7,advanc$ ,p[] ,managem5t7 ,%utt+ ,d[n application s(tw>e ,:at ,is ,debian8 applications cfdisk ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk configuration files ,configuration ,files dboot/rap ,/ep-by-,/ep ,in/allation network configuration ,configure ! ,network dselect ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles ,introduction ,introduction ,access scre5 ,access multi-,,cd in/allation ,access multi-,,nfs1 multi-m\nt in/allation ,access package /ates ,select ,select ,update scre5 ,update ,select ,select ,select ,select exit+ ,h[ to ,read ,?is file manag]s ,introduction to ,x ,,gnu docum5tation view] ,us+ info ,us+ info gzip ,file ,compression ) gzip ,file ,compression ) gzip multitask+ ,a ,multius]1 ,multitask+ ,op]at+ sy/em b9>ies ,files ,pres5t & ,_! tasks ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles text editores ,text ,editors ,text ,editors text editors ae ,us+ ae ar*iv+ utilities ,backup ,tools argum5ts ,! ,comm& ,l9e & arrang+ h>d drive ,p>tition+ ,y\r ,h>d ,drive ,backgr\nd ,backgr\nd ask+ te*nical que/ions ,p]sonal ,help ,tips = ask+ que/ions assign+ job numb]s to comm& l9es ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% au!ntication %ad[ passwords ,%ad[ ,password ,support automatic filesy/em m\nt+ _/etc_/f/ab3 ,automat+ ! ,m\nt _/etc_/f/ab3 ,automat+ ! ,m\nt back+ up disks ,la/ ,*ance to ,back backups p]=m+ ,be=e ,y ,/>t utilities ,backup ,tools ,,gnu t> t> base sy/em no title no title configur+ ,debian ,in/allation ,/eps ,*oos+ ,y\r ,in/allation ,m$ia in/allation ,in/all ! ,base ,sy/em ,configure ! ,base ,sy/em ba% ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% comm&s aliases ,aliases environm5t v>iables sett+ ,environm5t ,v>iables ,environm5t ,v>iables ,info help sy/em display+ ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% b9>y executables comp>+ to s\rce code ,view+ ,text ,files b9>y files ,work+ ) ,text ,files view+ ,view+ ,text ,files ,,bios 7,basic ,input_/,output ,sy/em7 ,boot+ ! ,sy/em black-&-:ite display select+ ,select ,color or ,mono*rome block devices ,device ,files _/dev_/null blocks ,device ,files bold face typographical conv5tions ,conv5tions boot floppies creat+ ,make a ,boot ,floppy boot load]s ,be=e ,y ,/>t ,,lilo ,make ,l9ux ,bootable ,directly boot p>tition ,,pc ,disk ,limitations boot process ,,lilo 7,l9ux ,load]7 ,boot+ ! ,sy/em qu]y process ,boot+ ! ,sy/em tr\ble%oot+ ,tr\ble%oot+ ! ,boot ,process boot+ ,debian ,boot+ ,debian f ,,cd-,,rom ,*oos+ ,y\r ,in/allation ,m$ia f floppies ,boot+ f ,floppies op]at+ sy/ems multiple ,make ,l9ux ,bootable ,directly smoke te/ ,! ,mom5t ( ,tru? ,b\rne %ell ,! ,%ell bug reports submitt+ ,tr\ble%oot+ ! ,boot ,process built-9 dep5d5cies packages ,select ,select built-9 programs ,:]e ,comm&s ,reside3 ,! buttons m\se op]ation ,! ,m\se ,c %ell ,! ,%ell cancel+ selections 7dselect7 ,select cd ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial cd comm& ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial ,,cd-,,rom boot+ f ,*oos+ ,y\r ,in/allation ,m$ia ,,cd-,r,o,ms m\nt+ ,example3 ,m\nt+ a ,,cd-,,rom ,example3 ,m\nt+ a ,,cd-,,rom unm\nt+ ,example3 ,m\nt+ a ,,cd-,,rom ,c,ds multi-,,cd in/allation ,access ,access multi-,,nfs1 multi-m\nt in/allation ,access cfdisk ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk ,*ange ,directory see cd "* devices ,device ,files _/dev_/null *>act]s meta*>act]s ,regul> ,expressions cli5ts ,x cli5ts ,introduction to ,x network transp>5cy ,introduction to ,x ,x w9d[s sy/em ,x ,cli5ts ,x ,cli5ts select+ ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup clos+ programs ,h[ to ,read ,?is color display select+ ,select ,color or ,mono*rome ,com& ,l9e ,hi/ory no title comm& hi/ory ,comm& ,hi/ory & ,edit+ comm& l9e ,comm& ,hi/ory & ,edit+ ,comm& ,hi/ory & ,edit+ no title ,describ+ ! 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,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,,gnu ,midnight ,comm&] ,us+ a ,file ,manag] ,,gnu ,project ,:at ,is ,debian8 ,,gnu t> t> ,,gnu t> 7backup utility ,backup ,tools ,,gnu_/,l9ux multius] environm5t ,a ,multius]1 ,multitask+ ,op]at+ graphical us] int]faces see ,g,u,is ,! ,x ,w9d[ ,sy/em ,introduction to ,x ,g,u,is ab/ractions ,introduction to ,x icon-bas$ file manag]s ,introduction to ,x ,x ,w9d[ ,! ,x ,w9d[ ,sy/em ,introduction to ,x ,x w9d[s sy/em cli5ts ,x ,cli5ts ,x ,cli5ts cli5ts1 select+ ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup cu/omiz+ ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup exit+ ,leav+ ! ,x ,environm5t ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup m\se op]ation ,! ,m\se />t+ ,/>t+ ! ,x ,environm5t tr\ble%oot+ ,tr\ble%oot+ ,x ,problems xdm ,/>t+ ! ,x ,environm5t gzip ,file ,compression ) gzip ,file ,compression ) gzip ,hack] ,e?ic ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 hack]s ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 h>d disk ,l9ux p>tition initializ+ ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition p>tition+ ,,pc ,,bios ,,pc ,disk ,limitations swap p>tition initializ+ ,initialize & ,activate a ,initialize & ,activate a h>d disks p>tition+ ,lossless ,rep>tition+ ,debian ,in/allation ,/eps ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk p>titions m\nt+ ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition scann+ ,initialize & ,activate a h>d drive organiz+ ,p>tition+ ,y\r ,h>d ,drive ,backgr\nd ,backgr\nd p>tition boot p>tition ,,pc ,disk ,limitations p>tition+ ,p>tition+ ,y\r ,h>d ,drive ,backgr\nd ,backgr\nd cyl9d] translation ,,pc ,disk ,limitations root p>tition ,backgr\nd swap p>tition ,backgr\nd h>d drives filesy/ems ,m\nt+ a ,filesy/em ,,lilo op]at+ sy/em1 boot+ ,boot+ ! 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,real ,nature ( ,! ,real ,nature ( h>d l9ks remov+ ,! ,real ,nature ( ,in/allation backups1 p]=m+ ,be=e ,y ,/>t base sy/em ,in/all ! ,base ,sy/em ,configure ! ,base ,sy/em base sy/em1 configur+ ,debian ,in/allation ,/eps ,*oos+ ,y\r ,in/allation ,m$ia boot floppies creat+ ,make a ,boot ,floppy ,,cd-,,rom no title device driv]s configur+ ,configure ,device ,driv] ,modules disks back+ up ,la/ ,*ance to ,back dselect ,introduction ,access scre5 ,access ,floppies no title h>d disks p>tition+ ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk h>d drive p>tition+ ,backgr\nd ,backgr\nd p>tition+ ,p>tition+ ,y\r ,h>d ,drive ,help file access+ ,select k]nel ,in/all ,op]at+ ,sy/em ,k]nel keybo>d configuration ,configure ! ,keybo>d ,l9ux p>tition initialization ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition ma9 m5u ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux ,in/allation ,ma9 ma/] boot record ,make ,l9ux ,bootable ,directly ,m$ia no title memory requirem5ts ,memory & ,disk ,space ,m5u no title monitor display color1 select+ ,select ,color or ,mono*rome multi-,,nfs1 multi-m\nt ,access multicd ,access ,access network configur+ ,configure ! ,network packages ,package ,in/allation ) dselect p>tition+ ,p>tition+ ,prior to ,in/allation ,p>tition+ f ,,dos or ,lossless ,rep>tition+ ,debian ,in/allation ,/eps ,,pcmcia support configur+ ,configure ,,pcmcia ,support ,pr]equisites no title pr(iles ,plann+ ,use ( ! select+ ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles root password sett+ ,set ! ,root ,password smoke te/ ,! ,mom5t ( ,tru? swap p>tition initialization ,initialize & ,activate a ,initialize & ,activate a tasks select+ ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles "t zone specify+ ,configure ! ,base ,sy/em in/allations network work/ations ,in=mation ,y ,w ,ne$ op]at+ sy/ems1 multiple ,be=e ,y ,/>t in/all+ packages ,in/all ,in/all ,int]net ,debian mail+ li/ ,p]sonal ,help ,p]sonal ,help onl9e manual view+ ,environm5t ,v>iables ,,irc 7,int]net ,relay ,*at7 ,debian mail+ li/ ,p]sonal ,help ,p]sonal ,help ,i,s,ps ,,ppp ,,ppp ,prep>ation italics typographical conv5tions ,conv5tions job ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% job numb]s assign+ to comm& l9es ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% jobs ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% li/+ ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% />t+ ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% /atus display+ ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% susp5d+ ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% t]m9at+ ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% k]nel boot process tr\ble%oot+ ,tr\ble%oot+ ! ,boot ,process in/all+ ,in/all ,op]at+ ,sy/em ,k]nel ,,pcmcia remov+ ,remove ,,pcmcia virtual consoles ,virtual ,consoles ,virtual ,consoles k]nel3,,lilo 7,l9ux ,load]7 ,boot+ ! ,sy/em ,boot+ ! ,sy/em key comb9ations dselect ,select keybo>d configur+ ,configure ! ,keybo>d kill+ jobs ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,x s]v] ,leav+ ! ,x ,environm5t ,korn %ell ,! ,%ell languages programm+ ,s(tw>e ,developm5t ) ,debian ,s(tw>e ,developm5t ) ,debian ,l,a,ns ,e!rnet configuration ,e!rnet l>ge-scale copy+ ,l>ge-,scale ,copy+ ,l>ge-,scale ,copy+ legal docum5tation ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public lic5ses ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,,lilo ,make ,l9ux ,bootable ,directly ,,lilo 7,l9ux ,load]7 ,boot+ ! ,sy/em ,boot+ ! ,sy/em limitations p>titions ,,pc ,disk ,limitations ,l9ux devices ,device ,names 9 ,l9ux ,device ,names 9 ,l9ux ,device ,names 9 ,l9ux ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,lic5se ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public ,! ,,gnu ,g5]al ,public k]nel comm& l9e ,describ+ ! ,comm& ,l9e ,describ+ ! ,comm& ,l9e disk ca*e ,%utt+ ,d[n virtual console ,virtual ,consoles ,virtual ,consoles ,l9ux ,docum5tation ,project ,support$ ,h>dw>e ,h,o,w,t,os ,h,o,w,t,os ,l9ux native p>tition creat+ ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk ,l9ux p>tition initializ+ ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition ,l9ux p>titions m\nt+ ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition ,l9ux swap p>tition creat+ ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk li/+ aliases ,aliases jobs ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% m\nt$ filesy/ems ,example3 ,m\nt+ a ,,cd-,,rom processes ,processes locat+ docum5tation ,k9ds ( ,docum5tation ,k9ds ( ,docum5tation files ,f9d+ ,files ,f9d+ ,files sy/em in=mation ,gett+ ,in=mation f ! logg+ 9 ,fir/ ,/eps ,fir/ ,/eps logical p>titions ,,pc ,disk ,limitations ,device ,names 9 ,l9ux long =m options ,! ,comm& ,l9e & ls ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial no title ls comm& ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial ,dot ,files & ls -a mail+ li/ ,debian ,p]sonal ,help ,p]sonal ,help ma9 m5u in/allation ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux ,in/allation ,ma9 ma95ance packages ,:at a ,package ,ma9t5ance ,:at a ,package ,ma9t5ance deselect dselect dpkg dpkg man less comm& ,environm5t ,v>iables man pages ,! ,comm& ,l9e & manag+ files ,us+ a ,file ,manag] manual />tup ,x w9d[s sy/em ,/>t+ ! ,x ,environm5t ma/] boot record in/allation ,make ,l9ux ,bootable ,directly memory disk ca*e ,%utt+ ,d[n in/allation requirem5ts ,memory & ,disk ,space swap p>titions ,recomm5d$ ,p>tition+ ,s*eme ,recomm5d$ ,p>tition+ ,s*eme m5us in/allation ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux ,in/allation ,ma9 ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk messages error /&>d error /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & meta*>act]s regul> expressions ,regul> ,expressions ,regul> ,expressions ,regul> ,expressions mkdir comm& ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial mode 7files7 ,mode ,mode ,mode modifi] keys ,conv5tions ,conv5tions modify+ files h>d l9ks ,! ,real ,nature ( modul>ity ,introduction to ,x modules device driv]s configur+ ,configure ,device ,driv] ,modules in/allation ,in/all ,op]at+ ,sy/em ,k]nel monitor display color select+ ,select ,color or ,mono*rome mono*rome display select+ ,select ,color or ,mono*rome m comm& ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial m\nt po9ts ,m\nt+ a ,filesy/em m\nt+ ,,cd-,,rom ,example3 ,m\nt+ a ,,cd-,,rom ,example3 ,m\nt+ a ,,cd-,,rom filesy/ems ,m\nt+ a ,filesy/em ,m\nt+ a ,filesy/em ,example3 ,m\nt+ a ,,cd-,,rom ,example3 ,m\nt+ a ,,cd-,,rom ,removable ,disks 7,floppies1 ,zip automatic _/etc_/f/ab3 ,automat+ ! ,m\nt _/etc_/f/ab3 ,automat+ ! ,m\nt floppy disks ,removable ,disks 7,floppies1 ,zip initializ$ p>titions ,m\nt a ,previ\sly-,initializ$ ,p>tition p>titions ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition m\se op]ation ,x w9d[s sy/em ,! ,m\se mov+ files ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial msdos filesy/em ,concepts multi-,,nfs1 multi-m\nt in/allation ,access multicd in/allation ,access ,access multiple op]at+ sy/ems boot+ ,make ,l9ux ,bootable ,directly multitask+ ,a ,multius]1 ,multitask+ ,op]at+ ,a ,multius]1 ,multitask+ ,op]at+ processes ,processes ,multius] ,a ,multius]1 ,multitask+ ,op]at+ multius] environm5t ,,gnu_/,l9ux ,a ,multius]1 ,multitask+ ,op]at+ multius] environm5ts virtual console ,virtual ,consoles ,virtual ,consoles mv comm& ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial nam$ pipes ,nam$ ,pipes 7,f,i,f,os7 nam+ devices ,device ,names 9 ,l9ux ,device ,names 9 ,l9ux ,device ,names 9 ,l9ux nam+ conv5tions files tr\ble%oot+ ,work+ ) ,/rangely-,nam$ ,files navigat+ dboot/rap ,/ep-by-,/ep ,in/allation n$it 7text editor ,text ,editors net[rks devices output1 r$irect+ /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & network configur+ ,configure ! ,network ,network ,configuration no title network transp>5cy ,introduction to ,x network+ ,network+ ,e!rnet configuration ,e!rnet ,,ppp ,,ppp ,prep>ation configuration ,! ,easy ,way3 wvdial ,! ,easy ,way3 wvdial sockets ,sockets networks s]v]s p>tition+ ,recomm5d$ ,p>tition+ ,s*eme t]m9als ,a ,multius]1 ,multitask+ ,op]at+ virtual console ,virtual ,consoles ,virtual ,consoles work/ations in/allation ,in=mation ,y ,w ,ne$ ,x s]v]s ,introduction to ,x onl9e manual built9 programs ,:]e ,comm&s ,reside3 ,! text1 pag+ ,environm5t ,v>iables view+ ,environm5t ,v>iables ,op5 ,s\rce ,s(tw>e ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 op]at+ sy/em boot+ ,,lilo 7,l9ux ,load]7 ,boot+ ! ,sy/em k]nel in/all+ ,in/all ,op]at+ ,sy/em ,k]nel op]at+ sy/ems ,:at ,is ,debian8 backup tools ,backup ,tools ,,gnu t> t> boot load]s ,be=e ,y ,/>t ,debian boot+ ,boot+ ,debian functionality ,:at ,is ,debian8 ,,gnu ,l9ux multius] environm5t ,a ,multius]1 ,multitask+ ,op]at+ in/allation p>tition+ ,p>tition+ ,prior to ,in/allation ,p>tition+ f ,,dos or ,lossless ,rep>tition+ ,debian ,in/allation ,/eps ,,lilo ,make ,l9ux ,bootable ,directly modul>ity ,introduction to ,x multiple in/allations ,be=e ,y ,/>t multiple1 boot+ ,make ,l9ux ,bootable ,directly root password sett+ ,set ! ,root ,password swap p>titions ,backgr\nd ,x w9d[s sy/em tr\ble%oot+ ,x ,problems options 7comm&s7 ,! ,comm& ,l9e & ord9>y us] acc\nts ,create an ,ord9>y ,us] ,create an ,ord9>y ,us] organization files ,files & ,directories ,files & ,directories organiz+ files ,concepts h>d drive ,p>tition+ ,y\r ,h>d ,drive ,backgr\nd ,backgr\nd ouput r$irect+ pipel9es /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & output r$irect+ /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & rev]s+ /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & ov]rid+ package dep5d5cies ,select own]%ip 7files7 ,file ,own]%ip ,file ,own]%ip packages ,gloss>y cancel+ selection 7dselect7 ,select compil+ ,compil+ ,s(tw>e configur+ ,configure ,debian base sy/em ,debian ,in/allation ,/eps ,*oos+ ,y\r ,in/allation ,m$ia dep5d5cies ,select ,select developm5t ,:o ,creates ,debian8 in/allation ,package ,in/allation ) dselect multi-,,cd ,access ,access multi-,,nfs1 multi-m\nt ,access in/all+ ,in/all ,in/all ma9t5ance utilities ,:at a ,package ,ma9t5ance ,:at a ,package ,ma9t5ance deselect dselect dpkg dpkg pr(iles ,plann+ ,use ( ! see also dselect ,introduction ,introduction select+ ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles ,select ,select ,select /ates 7dselect7 ,select ,select ,,pag] environm5t v>iable ,environm5t ,v>iables p>amet]s ,! ,comm& ,l9e & p>5t directories ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial p>tition boot p>tition ,,pc ,disk ,limitations ,initialization no title ,swap no title ,lossless no title ,p>tition+ no title ,device ,names 9 ,l9ux cyl9d] translation ,,pc ,disk ,limitations h>d disks ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk h>d drive ,p>tition+ ,y\r ,h>d ,drive ,backgr\nd ,backgr\nd root p>tition ,backgr\nd swap p>tition ,backgr\nd ,l9ux p>tition initializ+ ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition ,,pc ,,bios ,,pc ,disk ,limitations ,,scsi drives ,,pc ,disk ,limitations s]v]s ,recomm5d$ ,p>tition+ ,s*eme swap p>tition initializ+ ,initialize & ,activate a ,initialize & ,activate a swap p>titions ,recomm5d$ ,p>tition+ ,s*eme ,recomm5d$ ,p>tition+ ,s*eme p>titions m\nt+ ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition ,initialize a ,l9ux ,p>tition ,m\nt a ,previ\sly-,initializ$ ,p>tition surface scann+ ,initialize & ,activate a passwords logg+ 9 ,fir/ ,/eps ,fir/ ,/eps root password sett+ ,set ! ,root ,password %ad[ passwords ,%ad[ ,password ,support sup]us] ,work+ z ,root ,,pa? no title pa?s ,files & ,directories ,,pc ,,bios ,,pc ,disk ,limitations ,,pcmcia no title configur+ ,configure ,,pcmcia ,support remov+ ,remove ,,pcmcia ,p]missions no title ,p]missions ,p]missions ,security access ,mode example session ,p]missions 9 ,practice ,p]missions 9 ,practice ,p]missions 9 ,practice file own]%ip ,file ,own]%ip ,file ,own]%ip h>d l9ks ,! ,real ,nature ( mode ,mode ,mode ,mode ,,pid ,processes ,,pid 7,process ,id5tification ,numb]7 ,processes pipe op]ators /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & pipel9e ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% pipel9es /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & output rev]s+ /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & pipes nam$ pipes ,nam$ ,pipes 7,f,i,f,os7 plans ,manag+ ,y\r ,id5tity ,manag+ ,y\r ,id5tity ,,ppp configuration ,,ppp ,prep>ation wvdial ,! ,easy ,way3 wvdial ,! ,easy ,way3 wvdial prim>y p>titions ,,pc ,disk ,limitations pr9t5v ,environm5t ,v>iables ,environm5t ,v>iables ,pr9t+ no title tr\ble%oot+ ,pr9t+ proc filesy/em ,! proc ,filesy/em process gr\ps ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,process ,managem5t no title ,processes no title ,processes boot process tr\ble%oot+ ,tr\ble%oot+ ! ,boot ,process comp>+ to programs ,processes controll+ ,! ,%ell ,! ,%ell daemons ,processes environm5ts ,environm5t ,v>iables jobs li/+ ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% />t+ ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% susp5d+ ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% t]m9at+ ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% nam$ pipes ,nam$ ,pipes 7,f,i,f,os7 ,,pid 7,process ,id5tification ,numb]7 ,processes r$irection op]ators /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & /&>d input /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & /&>d output /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & pr(iles ,plann+ ,use ( ! ,plann+ ,use ( ! select+ ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles programm+ ,s(tw>e ,developm5t ) ,debian ,s(tw>e ,developm5t ) ,debian programs ba% aliases ,aliases ,,bios 7,basic ,input_/,output ,sy/em7 ,boot+ ! ,sy/em built-9 ,:]e ,comm&s ,reside3 ,! cfdisk ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk comp>+ to processes ,processes dboot/rap ,/ep-by-,/ep ,in/allation network configuration ,configure ! ,network dselect ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles ,introduction ,introduction ,access scre5 ,access multi-,,cd in/allation ,access multi-,,nfs1 multi-m\nt in/allation ,access package /ates ,select ,select packages1 configur+ ,configure packages1 in/all+ ,in/all ,in/all ,update scre5 ,update ,select ,select ,select ,select execut+ se>* pa? ,:]e ,comm&s ,reside3 ,! ,:]e ,comm&s ,reside3 ,! exit+ ,h[ to ,read ,?is file manag]s ,introduction to ,x functionality ,:at ,is ,debian8 gzip ,file ,compression ) gzip ,file ,compression ) gzip multitask+ ,a ,multius]1 ,multitask+ ,op]at+ packages ma9t5ance utilities ,:at a ,package ,ma9t5ance ,:at a ,package ,ma9t5ance dpkg dselect %ell ,! ,%ell ,! ,%ell s(tw>e developm5t ,s(tw>e ,developm5t ) ,debian ,s(tw>e ,developm5t ) ,debian tasks ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles text editors ,text ,editors ,text ,editors ae ,us+ ae wvdial ,,ppp configuration ,! ,easy ,way3 wvdial ,! ,easy ,way3 wvdial ,x cli5ts ,x ,cli5ts ,x ,cli5ts ,prompt1 ,*ang+ ,environm5t ,v>iables ,environm5t ,v>iables prompts %ell prompts ,fir/ ,/eps propriet>y s(tw>e comp>+ to comm]cial ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 proxy s]v]s environm5t v>iables sett+ ,access ,,ps#a ,environm5t ,v>iables ,environm5t ,v>iables pwd ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial pwd comm& ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial qu]y process ,boot+ ! ,sy/em que/ions te*nical support ,p]sonal ,help ,tips = ask+ que/ions quitt+ ae 7text editor7 ,us+ ae ,x w9d[s sy/em ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup ,,ram disk ca*e ,%utt+ ,d[n ,,ram 7,r&om ,access ,memory7 in/allation requirem5ts ,memory & ,disk ,space read+ device files ,device ,files r$irect+ output /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & pipel9es /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & ,r$irection no title r$irection op]ators /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & h>d l9ks ,! ,real ,nature ( output rev]s+ /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & regul> expressions ,regul> ,expressions ,regul> ,expressions ,regul> ,expressions re9itializ+ swap p>tition ,initialize & ,activate a removable disks m\nt+ filesy/em ,removable ,disks 7,floppies1 ,zip remov+ directories ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial h>d l9ks ,! ,real ,nature ( ,,pcmcia ,remove ,,pcmcia syml9ks ,symbolic ,l9ks ,symbolic ,l9ks rep>tition+ f ,w9d[s ,p>tition+ f ,,dos or ,lossless ,rep>tition+ h>d drive ,p>tition+ ,y\r ,h>d ,drive ,backgr\nd ,backgr\nd requirem5ts in/allation memory ,memory & ,disk ,space re/rictions p>titions ,,pc ,disk ,limitations rev]s+ output /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & rm ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial root directory ,files & ,directories ,files & ,directories root p>tition ,backgr\nd root password sett+ ,set ! ,root ,password root us] ,work+ z ,root ,work+ z ,root see also sup]us] ,files ,pres5t & ,_! sav+ edit$ files 7ae7 ,us+ ae scann+ h>d disk ,initialize & ,activate a scre5 display color select+ ,select ,color or ,mono*rome scre5s ae 7text editor7 ,us+ ae dselect ,select ,select ,select ,select ,select ,select ,update ,update ,x w9d[s sy/em w9d[s manag] ,introduction to ,x scroll+ comm&s ,comm& ,hi/ory & ,edit+ ,,scsi drives p>tition+ ,,pc ,disk ,limitations p>titions ,device ,names 9 ,l9ux se>* pa? ,:]e ,comm&s ,reside3 ,! ,:]e ,comm&s ,reside3 ,! security backups1 p]=m+ ,be=e ,y ,/>t passwords logg+ 9 ,fir/ ,/eps ,fir/ ,/eps %ad[ passwords ,%ad[ ,password ,support p]missions ,p]missions ,p]missions ,security example session ,p]missions 9 ,practice ,p]missions 9 ,practice ,p]missions 9 ,practice file mode ,mode ,mode ,mode file own]%ip ,file ,own]%ip ,file ,own]%ip root password sett+ ,set ! ,root ,password root us] ,work+ z ,root ,work+ z ,root ,select scre5 7dselect7 ,select ,select ,select ,select select+ color display ,select ,color or ,mono*rome fonts1 xt]m ,/>t+ ! ,x ,environm5t mono*rome display ,select ,color or ,mono*rome packages ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles ,select ,select ,select see also dselect ,introduction ,introduction pr(iles ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles ,x cli5ts ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup ,s]v] pr(ile ,plann+ ,use ( ! s]v]s p>tition+ ,recomm5d$ ,p>tition+ ,s*eme proxy s]v]s environm5t v>iables1 sett+ ,access ,x s]v] kill+ ,leav+ ! ,x ,environm5t ,x s]v]s ,introduction to ,x cli5ts ,x ,cli5ts ,x ,cli5ts network transp>5cy ,introduction to ,x % 7,b\rne %ell7 ,! ,%ell %ad[ passwords ,%ad[ ,password ,support %>+ s(tw>e ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 ,%ell no title ,! ,%ell ,! ,%ell no title built-9 programs ,:]e ,comm&s ,reside3 ,! fil5ame expansion patt]ns ,fil5ame ,expansion output rev]s+ /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & r$irection op]ator /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & se>* pa? ,:]e ,comm&s ,reside3 ,! ,:]e ,comm&s ,reside3 ,! %ell comm&s typ+ ,fir/ ,/eps %ell prompt comm& hi/ory ,comm& ,hi/ory & ,edit+ comm& l9e ,comm& ,hi/ory & ,edit+ ,comm& ,hi/ory & ,edit+ %ells ,b\rne %ell ,! ,%ell ,c %ell ,! ,%ell comm& l9es job numb]s1 assign+ ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% curr5t work+ directory ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial environm5ts ,environm5t ,v>iables jobs susp5d+ ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% pipel9es /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & process gr\ps ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% r$irection op]ators h>d l9ks ,! ,real ,nature ( v>iables export+ ,environm5t ,v>iables xt]ms ,/>t+ ! ,x ,environm5t %ortcut directories ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial %ortcuts aliases ,aliases ,%utd[n no title %utt+ d[n ,%utt+ ,d[n sites ,web ,debian ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 ,multi ,disk ,,h[to ,recomm5d$ ,p>tition+ ,s*eme video c>ds1 support = ,support$ ,h>dw>e smoke te/ ,! ,mom5t ( ,tru? ,social ,contract ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 sockets ,sockets s(t l9ks ,symbolic ,l9ks s(tw>e applications ,:at ,is ,debian8 developm5t ,:o ,creates ,debian8 free develop+ ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 ,social ,contract ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 ,free ,s(tw>e ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 ,op5 ,s\rce ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 packages ma95ance utilities ,:at a ,package ,ma9t5ance dpkg dselect s(w>e developm5t ,s(tw>e ,developm5t ) ,debian ,s(tw>e ,developm5t ) ,debian ,s\rce code ,view+ ,text ,files comp>+ to b9>y executables ,view+ ,text ,files spaces typographical conv5tion ,conv5tions specify+ "t zone ,configure ! ,base ,sy/em splitt+ p>titions ,lossless ,rep>tition+ ,/allman1 ,ri*>d ,m4 ,:y ,s(tw>e ,%\ld be ,free ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 /&>d error /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & /&>d input /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & /&>d output /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & />t+ ae 7text editor7 ,us+ ae jobs ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,x w9d[s sy/em ,/>t+ ! ,x ,environm5t />tup boot process ,,bios ,boot+ ! ,sy/em qu]y process ,boot+ ! ,sy/em ,x w9d[s sy/em cu/omiz+ ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup /ates packages 7dselect7 ,select ,select /atus jobs display+ ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% /d9 no title /d\t no title /ructure comm& l9e ,! ,comm& ,l9e & directories ,files & ,directories su comm& ,work+ z ,root subdirectories fil5ame expansion patt]ns ,fil5ame ,expansion ,fil5ame ,expansion submitt+ bug reports ,tr\ble%oot+ ! ,boot ,process sup]us] ,work+ z ,root ,work+ z ,root home directory ,files ,pres5t & ,_! sup]us] acc\nt ,set ! ,root ,password surface scann+ h>d disks ,initialize & ,activate a susp5d+ jobs ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% swap p>tition ,backgr\nd initializ+ ,initialize & ,activate a ,initialize & ,activate a swap p>titions ,recomm5d$ ,p>tition+ ,s*eme ,recomm5d$ ,p>tition+ ,s*eme ,l9ux swap p>tition creat+ ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk ,p>tition a ,h>d ,disk syml9ks ,symbolic ,l9ks comp>+ to h>d l9ks ,symbolic ,l9ks ,symbolic ,l9ks remov+ ,symbolic ,l9ks syntax comm&s ,! ,comm& ,l9e & ,describ+ ! ,comm& ,l9e ,describ+ ! ,comm& ,l9e file se>*es ,f9d+ ,files sy/em b9>ies ,files ,pres5t & ,_! sy/em clock sett+ ,configure ! ,base ,sy/em sy/em configuration ,debian ,in/allation ,/eps ,*oos+ ,y\r ,in/allation ,m$ia dboot/rap ,/ep-by-,/ep ,in/allation sy/em-wide configuration ,sy/em-,wide ,v]sus ,us]-,specific ,configuration _/etc directory ,files ,pres5t & ,_! automatic filesy/em m\nt+ _/etc_/f/ab3 ,automat+ ! ,m\nt _/etc_/f/ab3 ,automat+ ! ,m\nt network+ ,network+ ,e!rnet ,e!rnet ,,ppp ,,ppp ,prep>ation ,! ,easy ,way3 wvdial ,! ,easy ,way3 wvdial packages select+ ,select ,select ,select p]missions file mode ,mode ,mode ,mode file own]%ip ,file ,own]%ip ,x w9d[s sy/em cu/omiz+ ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup sy/em-wide configurato9 ,sy/em-,wide ,v]sus ,us]-,specific ,configuration ,tap] ,backup ,tools tap] 7backup utility7 ,backup ,tools t> ,backup ,tools no title t> 7tape ar*iv] t> tasks ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles tc% ,! ,%ell te*nical support ask+ que/ions ,p]sonal ,help ,tips = ask+ que/ions tempor>y files ,files ,pres5t & ,_! ,t]m9al ,a ,multius]1 ,multitask+ ,op]at+ t]m9als ,a ,multius]1 ,multitask+ ,op]at+ consoles ,a ,multius]1 ,multitask+ ,op]at+ t]m9at+ jobs ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% te/+ in/allation smoke te/ ,! ,mom5t ( ,tru? text bold face typographical conv5tions ,conv5tions fonts xt]m1 select+ ,/>t+ ! ,x ,environm5t italiciz$ typographical conv5tions ,conv5tions onl9e manual pag+ ,environm5t ,v>iables output rev]s+ /d91 /d\t1 ,pipel9es1 & regul> expressions ,regul> ,expressions ,regul> ,expressions ,regul> ,expressions wildc>ds - ,fil5ame ,expansion 8 ,fil5ame ,expansion file se>*es ,f9d+ ,files fil5ame expansion patt]ns ,fil5ame ,expansion text editors ,text ,editors ae ,us+ ae text files ,work+ ) ,text ,files no title view+ ,view+ ,text ,files "t zone specify+ ,configure ! ,base ,sy/em tools backups ,backup ,tools ,,gnu t> t> ,,fips ,lossless ,rep>tition+ ,lossless ,rep>tition+ tr\ble%oot+ boot process ,tr\ble%oot+ ! ,boot ,process files nam+ conv5tions ,work+ ) ,/rangely-,nam$ ,files pr9t+ ,pr9t+ ,x w9d[s sy/em ,tr\ble%oot+ ,x ,problems type ,:]e ,comm&s ,reside3 ,! typ+ ,ba% comm&s wildc>ds ,tab ,completion comm& l9e ,comm& ,hi/ory & ,edit+ ,comm& ,hi/ory & ,edit+ comm&s aliases ,aliases modifi] keys ,conv5tions ,conv5tions %ell comm&s ,fir/ ,/eps wildc>ds 8 ,fil5ame ,expansion fil5ame expansion patt]n ,fil5ame ,expansion typographical conv5tions ,conv5tions ,conv5tions bold face ,conv5tions italics ,conv5tions modifi] keys ,conv5tions ,conv5tions spaces ,conv5tions uncompress+ files ,file ,compression ) gzip unm\nt+ ,,cd-,r,o,ms ,example3 ,m\nt+ a ,,cd-,,rom ,update scre5 7dselect7 ,update us] acc\nts logg+ 9 ,fir/ ,/eps ,fir/ ,/eps ord9>y us] ,create an ,ord9>y ,us] ,create an ,ord9>y ,us] p]mission ,p]missions ,p]missions p]missions example session ,p]missions 9 ,practice ,p]missions 9 ,practice ,p]missions 9 ,practice file own]%ip ,file ,own]%ip ,file ,own]%ip mode ,mode ,mode ,mode plans ,manag+ ,y\r ,id5tity ,manag+ ,y\r ,id5tity root us] ,work+ z ,root ,work+ z ,root sup]us] ,set ! ,root ,password us]-specific configuration ,sy/em-,wide ,v]sus ,us]-,specific ,configuration ,sy/em-,wide ,v]sus ,us]-,specific ,configuration dotfiles ,sy/em-,wide ,v]sus ,us]-,specific ,configuration utilities ar*iv+ ,backup ,tools backup tools ,backup ,tools ,,gnu t> t> dboot/rap network configuration ,configure ! ,network dselect ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles ,introduction ,introduction ,access scre5 ,access multi-,,cd in/allation ,access multi-,,nfs1 multi-m\nt in/allation ,access package /ates ,select ,select packages1 configur+ ,configure packages1 in/all+ ,in/all ,in/all ,update scre5 ,update ,select ,select ,select ,select file manag] ,us+ a ,file ,manag] ,,fips ,lossless ,rep>tition+ ,lossless ,rep>tition+ ,,gnu docum5tation view] ,us+ info ,us+ info gzip ,file ,compression ) gzip ,file ,compression ) gzip package ma9t5ance ,:at a ,package ,ma9t5ance ,:at a ,package ,ma9t5ance deselect dselect dpkg dpkg sy/em b9>ies ,files ,pres5t & ,_! tasks ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles ,select & ,in/all ,pr(iles text editors ,text ,editors ,text ,editors ae ,us+ ae v>iables ,environm5t ,v>iables export+ ,environm5t ,v>iables %ell export+ ,environm5t ,v>iables vi 7text editor7 ,text ,editors ,text ,editors video c>ds support = ,support$ ,h>dw>e view+ directory cont5ts ,files ,pres5t & ,_! ,files ,pres5t & ,_! file cont5ts ,us+ ,files3 ,a ,tutorial ,det]m9+ a ,file's ,cont5ts files fil5ame expansion patt]n ,fil5ame ,expansion ,info help sy/em ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% job /atus ,manag+ ,processes ) ba% m\nt$ filesy/ems ,example3 ,m\nt+ a ,,cd-,,rom onl9e manual ,environm5t ,v>iables text files ,view+ ,text ,files ,virtual ,consoles no title ,virtual ,consoles ,virtual ,consoles virtual devices ,device ,files _/dev_/null web sites ,debian ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 ,p]sonal ,help ,p]sonal ,help ,free ,s(tw>e ,f\ndation ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 ,multi ,disk ,,h[to ,recomm5d$ ,p>tition+ ,s*eme ,web sites3video c>ds1 support = ,support$ ,h>dw>e :oami comm& ,work+ z ,root ,:y ,s(tw>e ,%\ld be ,free 7,/allman1 ,ri*>d ,m47 ,:at ,is ,free ,s(tw>e8 wildc>ds no title ,fil5ame ,expansion 99 ,fil5ame ,expansion 8 ,fil5ame ,expansion ,ba% comm&s ,tab ,completion file se>*es ,f9d+ ,files fil5ame expansion patt5s ,fil5ame ,expansion regul> expressions ,regul> ,expressions ,regul> ,expressions ,regul> ,expressions w9d[ manag]s ,introduction to ,x ,w9d[s p>tition+ ,p>tition+ f ,,dos or ,lossless ,rep>tition+ ,debian ,in/allation ,/eps ,"w pr(ile ,plann+ ,use ( ! work/ations in/allation ,in=mation ,y ,w ,ne$ write p]mission ,mode writ+ disk images to floppies ,creat+ ,floppies f ,disk ,creat+ ,floppies f ,disk to device files ,device ,files to nam$ pipes ,nam$ ,pipes 7,f,i,f,os7 wvdial ,,ppp configuration ,! ,easy ,way3 wvdial ,! ,easy ,way3 wvdial ,x cli5ts ,introduction to ,x network transp>5cy ,introduction to ,x select+ ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup ,x s]v]s ,introduction to ,x ,x ,w9d[ ,! ,x ,w9d[ ,sy/em ,introduction to ,x ,x w9d[s sy/em cli5ts ,x ,cli5ts ,x ,cli5ts select+ ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup cu/omiz+ ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup exit+ ,leav+ ! ,x ,environm5t ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup ,cu/omiz+ ,y\r ,x ,/>tup m\se op]ation ,! ,m\se network transp>5cy ,introduction to ,x />t+ ,/>t+ ! ,x ,environm5t tr\ble%oot+ ,tr\ble%oot+ ,x ,problems xdm ,/>t+ ! ,x ,environm5t ,x1 tr\ble%oot+ no title xcoral 7text editor7 ,text ,editors xdm 7,x ,display ,manag]7 ,/>t+ ! ,x ,environm5t xt]m font size1 increas+ ,/>t+ ! ,x ,environm5t fonts select+ ,/>t+ ! ,x ,environm5t xt]ms ,/>t+ ! ,x ,environm5t ,zip ,disks no title ,ab\t ?is docum5t 444 ,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux3 ,guide to ,in/allation & ,usage ,?is docum5t 0 g5]at$ us+ ! ,la,te,x#b;,,html translator ,v]sion #b,k4#a;beta 7#a4dh7 ,copyright 7c7 #aiic1 #aiid1 #aiie1 #aiif1 ,nikos ,drakos1 ,comput] ,bas$ ,le>n+ ,unit1 ,univ]sity ( ,le$s4 ,copyright 7c7 #aiig1 #aiih1 #aiii1 ,ross ,moore1 ,ma!matics ,dep>tm5t1 ,macqu>ie ,univ]sity1 ,sydney4 ,! comm& l9e argum5ts 73 latex#b;html -htmlv]sion #d4j1table -split #j -t #8,debian ,,gnu_/,l9ux3 ,guide to ,in/allation & ,usage' -toc/>s -localicons -address #8,john ,go]z5 _/ ,ossama ,o?man' debian-tutorial4tex ,! translation 0 initiat$ by ,john ,go]z5 on #bjjb-ab-ab ,john ,go]z5 _/ ,ossama ,o?man