,,on ,,crim9al ,,abortion ,,9 ,,am]ica4 ,,by ,,horatio ,r4 ,,/or]1 ,m4,d41 ,,( ,,bo/on4 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,m$ical ,,association4 8,& let ! legislator & morali/ look to x2 = z sure z !re is 9 any nation a hidd5 tamp]+ ) infant life1 :e!r frequ5t or occasional1 sy/ematic or accid5tal1 s sure w ! *a/isem5t ( ! ,almighty fall on su* a nation40--,,granville1 on ,sudd5 ,dea?4 ,f ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,review1 ,janu>y to ,novemb]1 #ahei4 ,,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,co4 #ahfj4 ,,to ,,^? ,,:om ,,x ,,may ,,conc]n1 ,,physician1 ,,attorney1 ,,juror1 ,,judge1--,,& ,,p>5t1-- ,^! ,pages ,,are ,,respectfully ,,inscrib$4 ,,contributions ,,to ,,ob/etric ,,jurisprud5ce4 ,,no4 ,i4 ,,crim9al ,,abortion4 ,by ! ,common ,law & by _m ( our ,/ate ,codes1 ftal life1 p] se1 is almo/ :olly ignor$ & its de/ruction unpuni%$2 abortion 9 e case be+ consid]$ an (f5ce ma9ly aga9/ ! "m1 & z su*1 unless fatal to h]1 a m]e misdemeanor1 or :olly disreg>d$4 ,by ! ,moral ,law1 ,,! ,,wilful ,,kill+ ,,( ,a ,,human ,,be+ ,,at ,,any ,,/age ,,( ,,its ,,exi/5ce ,,is ,,murd]4 ,9 und]tak+ ! discussion at l5g? ( ?is subject1 ?ree prelim9>y facts mu/ be assum$3-- ,fir/4--,t if abortion be ev] a crime1 x is1 ( necessity1 ev5 9 isolat$ cases1 "o ( no small int]e/ to morali/1 juri/1 & physician2 & t :5 g5]al & common1 ?is int]e/ is ext5d$ to ! :ole community & fe>fully enhanc$4 ,secondly4--,t if ! latt] assumption be true1 bo? 9 premise & conclusion1 neglect$ z ! crime has be5 by mo/ e?ical writ]s & political economi/s1 ha/ily pass$ ov] by m$ical juri/s1#a & confess$ly ev]y:]e ! great opprobrium ( ! law1 (t5 inde$ by taunt t ( m$ic9e1 ei!r x _c 9 ! nature ( ?+s be suppress$1 z by ^! facts impli$1 or its suppression has n be5 prop]ly attempt$4 ,disc>d+ ! =m] ( ^! alt]natives z alike unwor?y ( belief & prov$ false by facts h]eaft] to be %[n1 x w appe>1 ,?irdly4--,t ! discussion n[ broa*$ is nei!r sup]]ogatory nor out ( place2 fur!r1 t x is absolutely & necess>ily dem&$4 ,moreov]1 9 ord] t ! importance & v>i\s be>+s ( ! subject may be bett] appreciat$1 & t ! writ]'s position & aims may be m fairly und]/ood1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t !re exi/ to ?is discussion c]ta9 positive & app>5t objections1 :i* h1 9 a measure1 giv5 rise to mu* ( ! sil5ce & omission allud$ to above1 & are1 9 ! ma91 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! natural dislike ( any physician to ent] ^u a subject on "s po9ts ( :i* x is probable t a portion ( ! pr(ession is at v>iance ) him1 ei!r f disbelief 9 ! alleg$ increase ( crim9al abortion1 unnotic$ = reasons %[n h]eaft]1 or f a bl9d reliance on ,provid5ce ( itself to abate ! evil4 #b4 ,8 fe>1 le/ by any possible *ance1 by %[+ ! frequ5cy ( ! crime & its means1 he may unhappily cause its /ill fur!r increase4 #c4 ,! reluctance on ! "p ( _m ( ! pr(ession to attack a p[]ful & ackn[l$g$ money$ int]e/2 #d4 ,& to tell _! pati5ts1 m commonly ?an is yet g5]al1 mo/ unwelcome tru?2 ?us n m]ely condemn+1 b1 to _! own consci5ces at lea/1 crim9at+ !m2 #e4 ,& individually to risk los+ practice1 if ?\ght m scrupul\s ?an o!rs2 #f4 ,& to be br\ght into m frequ5t contact ) ! law1 ev5 ?\gh = ends ( ju/ice2 #g4 ,& to ex]cise great] c>e & discretion 9 diagnosis & treatm5t1 le/ !mselves be br\ght to answ] = malpractice1 or worse2 #h4 ,& publicly to discuss matt]s suppos$ to be g5]ally unkn[n1 & ?us seem to ?r[ op5 pr(essional secrets to ! _w4 ,&1 f9ally1 grave d\bts le/ ! /atem5ts made1 ?\gh simple & true1 %\ld yet appe> s a/\nd+ z to %ock belief1 or s degrad+ z to t5d to less5 all fai? 9 natural affection & g5]al morality4 ,b ^! objections1 s f> at lea/ z reg>ds ! pr(ession1 are und\bt$ly b ( limit$ exi/5ce2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 z m ?an c\nt]balanc+ !m all1 are ! foll[+ argum5ts3-- ,t m$ical m5 are ! physical gu>dians ( wom5 & _! (fspr+2 f _! position & peculi> k necessitat$ 9 all ob/etric matt]s to regulate public s5tim5t & to gov]n ! tribunals ( ju/ice4 ,t ! discussion by !m ( ?is crime may v probably be ! means1 9 great measure1 ( ultimately re/ra9+ or suppress+ its p]petration4 ,t su* w und\bt$ly t5d to save mu* heal? to ! community & _m human lives4 ,&1 t1 7 !re no o!r reason1 x is cle>ly a duty4 ,i %all accord+ly proce$ to prove1 s f> z possible1 ! tru? ( e premise z yet /at$1 & to %[ ! real nature & frequ5cy ( ! crime3 its causes2 its victims2 its p]petrators & its innoc5t abettors2 its means & its pro(s2 its excuses1 ! defici5cies & errors ( exi/+ laws1 & ! v>i\s o!r ob/acles to conviction2 &1 above all1 s f> z ! pres5t s]ies ( pap]s is conc]n$1 ! duty ( ! pr(ession t[>d its g5]al suppression4 ,i4 ,,is ,,abortion ,,ev] ,a ,,crime8 ,t ?is c\ld h be5 d\bt$1 lea/ ( all by mo!rs1 h[ev] ignorant or degrad$1 w\ld at fir/ sight appe> improbable4 ,! s5se ( ! public1 h[ev]1 its practice1 its laws1 be+ ea* prov$ to ! contr>y by ! /ubborn evid5ce ( facts1 ! necessity ( our prelim9>y inquiry w be made manife/4 ,to po/pone1 = ! pres5t1 all o!r consid]ations1 we w reg>d abortion 9 ! ab/ract4 ,x may be def9$1 be/ p]haps1 z ! viol5t & premature expulsion ( ! product ( conception1 indep5d5tly ( its age1 viability1 & normal =mation4 ,^! *>act]i/ics are elim9at$ z hav+ judicially & actually no?+ to d ) ! ess5tial nature ( abortion1 :]eas 9 infanticide !y are ea* elem5ts ( great importance2 a diff]5ce t w h]eaft] be se54 ,we fur!r1 9 ! pres5t inve/igation1 set aside all cases :]e abortion is ! result ( accid5t1 or f natural causes1 or ju/ifi$ by ! rules ( m$ic9e1 :e!r to save ! "m or h] *ild4 ,we %all h occasion1 9 ! subsequ5t c\rse ( our inquiries1 to discuss ?is latt] "q some:at fully1 & to set =? unpleasant tru?s4 ,we n[ conf9e ourselves exclusively to ^? in/ances :]e ! attempt at premature expulsion ( ! product ( conception is artificially induc$ & int5tional1 & :]e1 s f> z c be judg$1 x is n necessitat$ & w\ld n o!rwise h occurr$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! laws d n recognize t unnecess>y abortion1 p] se1 is a crime4 ,?is act1 :5 unnecess>ily done1 mu/ be = "o ( two reasons3 ei!r to prev5t ! product ( conception f receiv+ life1 :i* subsequ5t evid5ce w %[ _c be ! case1 or1 if liv+1 to de/roy x4 ,we h said t ! ,common ,law & _m ( our ,am]ican /atutes lose sight ( ?is fundam5tal idea4 ,?\gh bas$ ^u ! fir/ ( ! above alt]natives1--! errone\s "o1 z reg>ds ! fact ( _! exi/5ce1--!y are s word$ z almo/ :olly to ignore ftal life1 to refuse x protection1 to insure _! own evasion1 & by _! inh]5t contradictions to ext5d ! v crime !y 7 fram$ to prev5t4 ,!y recognize1 = ! mo/ "p1 no (f5ce aga9/ ! ftus2 we h j %[n t su*1 & su* alone1 is always int5d$4 ,!y puni% an attempt1 :i* does n exi/1 ^u ! well-be+ or life ( ! "m2 ! int5t be+ seldom or nev] to de/roy ! "m4 ,%e is h]self1 9 almo/ e case1 a p>ty to ! action p]=m$2 an accessory or ! pr9cipal4 ,to con/itute a crime1 a malici\s or wick$ int5t is suppos$ to exi/2 we h ?r[n aside1 z does ! law1 e case occurr+ f accid5t or f ju/ifiable cause4 ,! int5t1 if exi/+1 z ( c\rse mu/ be always ! case1 is aga9/1 & only aga9/1 ! product ( conception4 ,aga91 ! puni%m5t met$ by ! law proves ! tru? ( ^! propositions4 ,unless ! woman die 9 consequ5ce ( ! (f5ce1 x is decl>$1 9 e /age ( pregnancy1 a m]e misdemeanor1 z 9 ,massa*usetts2 or else1 :ile call$ su*1 or by omission ju/ifi$ or op5ly all[$ 9 ! e>ly mon?s :5 ! ftus is )\t o!r safegu>d1 ! law pron\nces abortion a felony & increases its p5alties 9 m advanc$ pregnancy1 aft] quick5+ has r5d]$ x inf9itely m c]ta9 t ! ftus w rema9 undi/urb$1 & has ?us 9 ! great majority ( cases prev5t$ ! crime4 ,on ! o!r h&1 grant+ = ! mom5t t ! errone\s assumptions ( ! law 7 correct1 & t ! attempt 7 ^u ! life ( ! "m1 h[ inconsi/5t to puni% murd]1 attempt$ or committ$1 if by injury to ! ?roat or he>t1 capitally1 & if by injury to ! womb1 by tempor>y imprisonm5t2 especially :]e ?is latt] case always necessitates ! slaught] ( a second human victim4 ,or1 grant+ t ! attempt 7 only ^u ! "m's heal? or tempor>y welf>e1 h[ absurd to puni% ! (f5ce 9 e>ly pregnancy1 :]e h] risks are greate/1 by a trifl+ p5alty or n at all1 & 9 m advanc$ pregnancy1 :]e ^! risks are daily less5$1 ) increas$ sev]ity4 ,&1 f9ally1 if ! ftus 71 z has be5 sometimes suppos$1 m]ely p>s visc]um matris1 its removal w\ld be l t ( a limb1 or ( any o!r portion ( ! body1 ^: loss is n absolutely att5d$ ) t ( life2 if made ) ! "m's cons5t1 x w\ld be unpuni%able by law2 if aga9/ h] w1 x w\ld be already am5able1 l o!r maim or mutilation1 to exi/+ /atutes4 ,9 ! "o case1 laws aga9/ abortion 7 ne$less2 9 ! o!r1 unju/ifiable4 ,9 a ^w1 !n1 9 ! sight ( ! common law1 &1 9 mo/ cases ( ! /atutory law1 also1 ! crime ( abortion1 prop]ly consid]$1 does n exi/2 ! law discuss+ & puni%+ a :olly supposititi\s (f5ce1 :i* n only does n exi/1 b ! v idea ( ^: exi/5ce is simply absurd4 ,we turn n[ to public op9ion4 ,x1 too1 bo? 9 !ory & 9 practice1 fails to recognize ! crime4 ,its practical d5ial ( ! true "* ( ! (f5ce w be %[n 9 ! c\rse ( our rem>ks on its frequ5cy4 ,its !oretical d5ial we "h consid]1 z prov$ 9 ?ree ways--by implication1 by collat]al te/imony1 & by direct4 ,fir/1 ! maxims ( ! law are bas$ on pa/ or pres5t public op9ion4 ,if m]ely on pa/1 & ?is has totally *ang$1 ! law 9 matt]s ( su* importance is compell$ to *ange also4 ,! fact t ! laws on ?is subject rema9 unalt]$1 if x be grant$1 z w be prov$1 t !y are errone\s1 furni%es u at ! outset1 & s f>1 ) evid5ce t public op9ion 0 =m]ly wrong1 & t x s cont9ues4 ,! frequ5cy ( ! (f5ce1 & ! "* & /&+ ( ! mo!rs ^u ^: p]sons x is practis$1 accessories z we h se51 or pr9cipals1 to x1 furni% simil> & m cog5t te/imony reg>d+ ! !ory ^u :i* x is f\nd$4 ,we %all soon p]ceive h[ ext5sive & high rea*+ is ! frequ5cy2 we mu/ !re=e conclude t ! public d n "k1 or kn[+ d5y1 ! crim9al "* ( ! action p]=m$4 ,aga91 ! direct te/imony ( ! p>ties !mselves is (t5 available4 ,x is und\bt$ly a common exp]i5ce1 z has c]ta9ly be5 t ( ! writ]1 = a physician to be assur$ by 8 pati5ts1 (t5 no d\bt falsely1 b frequ5tly ) s9c]ity1 t _! abortions h be5 induc$ 9 utt] ignorance ( ! commission ( wrong2 9 belief t ! cont5ts ( ! womb1 s long z manife/+ no p]ceptible sign ( life1 7 b lifeless & in]t matt]2 9 o!r words1 t be+1 previ\sly to quick5+1 a m]e ov>ian excretion1 !y might be ?r[n (f & expell$ f ! sy/em z coolly & z guiltlessly z ^? f ! bladd] & rectum4 ,x hav+ n[ be5 %[n1 directly & by tempor>y assumption1 t ! law & public s5tim5t1 bo? by its !ory & its practice1 alike d5y to unju/ifiable abortion ! imputation ( crime1 x rema9s = u to discuss ?is "q ab/ractly1 & to prove n m]ely t !y are wrong1 b t ! (f5ce is "o ( ! deepe/ guilt1 a crime ,,second ,,to ,,none4 ,ignorance ( ! law is held no excuse4 ,! plea ( ignorance ( guilt c\ld h>dly bett] avail :]e its exi/5ce is impli$ by common s5se1 by analogy1 & by all natural in/9ct1 b9d+ ev5 on brutes4 ,7 ?is guilt1 h[ev]1 cle>ly %[n1 & its k1 suppos$ want+1 to be spread broadca/ by ! press1 ! all-p[]ful arbit] ( public op9ion1 ! la/ & /ronge/ prop ( ! crime 7 gone4 ,x has be5 %[n1 by sett+ aside all accid5tal cases1 ^? naturally occurr+ & ^? necess>ily1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( reasonable evid5ce to ! contr>y1 t all o!r abortions mu/ be int5tional1 t !y mu/ be occasion$ by ! 8malice a=e?\ght0 ( ! law4 ,x has also be5 %[n t 9 ^! cases1 except x exi/ z an additional elem5t1 ! malici\s int5tion is n aga9/ ! life or p]son ( ! "m1 b t 9 e in/ance x is aga9/ ! product ( h] womb4 ,h5ce1 ! :ole "q ( ! crim9ality ( ! (f5ce turns on ?is "o fact1 ! real nature ( ! ftus 9 ut]o4 ,if ! ftus be a lifeless excretion1 h[ev] soon x might h receiv$ life1 ! (f5ce is comp>atively z no?+2 if ! ftus be already1 & f ! v outset1 a human be+1 alive1 h[ev] e>ly its /age ( developm5t1 & exi/+ indep5d5tly ( its "m1 ?\gh draw+ its su/5ance f h]1 ! (f5ce becomes1 9 e /age ( pregnancy1 ,,murd]4 8,e act ( procur+ abortion10 rules ,judge ,k+1 ( ,philadelphia1#b contr>y to ! usual int]pretation ( ! law1 8is murd]1 :e!r ! p]son p]petrat+ su* act int5d$ to kill ! woman1 or m]ely feloni\sly to de/roy ! fruit ( h] womb40 ,common s5se1 we h said1 w\ld lead u to ! conclusion t ! ftus is f ! v outset a liv+ & di/9ct be+4 ,x is alike absurd to suppose id5tity ( bodies & indep5d5ce ( life1 or indep5d5ce ( bodies & id5tity ( life2 ! "m & ! *ild )9 h]1 9 ab/ract exi/5ce1 mu/ be entirely id5tical f conception to bir?1 or entirely di/9ct4 ,all[+1 !n1 z mu/ be done1 t ! ovum does n orig9ate 9 ! ut]us2 t = a "t1 h[ev] slight1 dur+ its passage ?r\gh ! ,fallopian tube1 its connection ) ! "m is :olly brok52 t its subsequ5t hi/ory is "o m]ely ( developm5t1 its atta*m5t m]ely = nutrition & %elt]1 x is n rational to suppose t its total indep5d5ce1 ?us once e/abli%$1 becomes aga9 m]g$ into total id5tity1 h[ev] tempor>y2 or t life1 dep5d+ n on n9e mon?s' gr[?1 nor on bir?1 because confess$ly exi/+ long be=e ! latt] p]iod1--s9ce quick5+ at lea/1 a "t v>y+ )9 wide limits1--dates f any o!r epo* ?an conception2 :ile x is z irrational to ?9k t ! influ5ce ( ! fa!r1 m5tal & moral z well z physical1 s (t5 & s pla9ly manife/$1 c be ex]cis$ by any possibility ^u ! *ild at any o!r mom5t ?an t orig9al & only "o ( impregnation itself4 ,ano!r argum5t is furni%$ u1 simil>1 b diff]+4 ,! ftus1 previ\s to quick5+1 z aft] x1 mu/ exi/ 9 "o ( two /ates1 ei!r dea? or life4 ,! =m] _c take place1 nor c x ev] exi/1 except z a f9ality4 ,if its signs d n at once manife/ !mselves1 z is g5]ally ! case1 & ! ftus be reta9$ 9 ut]o1 x mu/ ei!r become mummifi$ or dis9tegrat$2 x c nev] aga9 become vivifi$4 ,if1 !re=e1 dea? has n tak5 place1 & we c conceive no o!r /ate ( ! ftus save "o1 t1 namely life1 mu/ exi/ f ! beg9n+4 ,^! reason+s are /r5g!n$ by ! evid5ce ( analogy4 ,! utt] loss ( direct influ5ce by ! female bird ^u its (fspr+ f ! "t ! egg has left h]1 & ! m>k$ effect1 orig9ally1 ( ! male2 ! indep5d5ce 9 body1 9 movem5t1 & 9 life1 ( "y m>supial mammals1 almo/ f ! v mom5t ( _! conception1 id5tical analogically ) ! intra-ut]9e /ate ( o!r embryos1--n\ri%m5t by teat m]ely replac+ t by plac5ta at an e>li] p]iod2 ! same 9 birds1 %[n by movem5ts 9 _! egg on cold imm]sion be=e ! end ( incubation2 ! p]man5ce ( l[ vitality1 or ( impair$ or di/ort$ n]v\s =ce1 aris+ f e>ly arre/ or error ( developm5t1 & necess>ily contemporane\s ) x1 are all in/ances 9 po9t4 ,brute in/9cts are (t5 ?\ght :olly supplant$ by human reason4 ,t ?is is n s is prov$ by :at obta9s 9 ! abs5ce ( reason1 :e!r f ! outset or subsequ5tly occurr+4 ,idiots & lunatics alike %[ ! actual id5tity 9 ?is respect ( man & ! brute1 h[ev] in/9ct1 9 ! =m]1 may normally be temp]$ by consci5ce & reason4 ,:atev] ideas on ! subject ( abortion ! human m9d may h =c$ itself to ent]ta91 let ! slighte/ pro( conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( ftal life be alleg$1 & mat]nal in/9ct at once makes itself kn[n3 ! p>5t1 z aft] its bir?1 w\ld (t5 ev5 p]i% to pres]ve h] *ild4 ,?is is n consci5ce1 :i* is /irr$ only by an aft]?\ght1 b in/9ct4 ,?us f>1 incid5tal pro( conc]n+ ! comm5cem5t ( ftal life1 & s ! guilt ( unju/ifiable abortion4 ,m decisive evid5ce is at h&4 ,t ! movem5ts ( ! ftus1 subsequ5t to quick5+1 :atev] ! actual nature ( t fir/ s5sation may be1 decl>e ! exi/5ce ( intra-ut]9e life1 is all[$ by ! _w2 by none m ?an by mo!rs !mselves1 ^: /ati/ics prove t aft] ! p]ception ( ^! movem5ts crim9al abortions are comp>atively r>e4 ,b quick5+1--a p]iod usually occurr+ f ! "o hundr$ & fifte5? to ! "o hundr$ & ?irtie? day aft] conception1 b v>y+ )9 /ill m appreciable limits 9 diff]5t wom51 & 9 ! same wom5 9 diff]5t pregnancies1 f v>iations 9 ! am\nt ( liquor amnii1 ! e>ly /r5g? ( ! ftus1 & o!r causes1 & also1 if at all1 ow+ 9 its fir/ s5sation to ris+ ( ! womb f ! pelvis1 probably occurr+ a little e>li] ) boys ?an ) girls1 f _! relative diff]5ce 9 size1#c--;is (t5 abs5t1 ev5 ?r\gh\t pregnancy2 & ftal movem5ts are sometimes appreciable to ! att5dant :5 n to ! "m1 or inde$ to ! "m alone4 ,fur!r1 9 premature bir?s1 :]e quick5+ has n occurr$1 or be=e its usual p]iod1 by ! movem5ts ( ! ftus1 its e>li] indep5d5t & vital exi/5ce is sometimes r$uc$ to a matt] ( ocul> demon/ration2 :ile to ! e>1 9 v _m in/ances1 z e>ly & z conclusive evid5ce is af=d$ by ! s\nds ^! movem5ts give rise to4#d ,quick5+ is !re=e z unlikely a p]iod = ! comm5cem5t ( ftal life z ^? o!rs set by ,hippocrates & 8 successors1 v>y+ f ! ?ird day aft] conception1 to t ( ! ,/oics1 namely bir?1 & z false z !m all4 ,we ne$ n1 ) ,dubois#e & "s e>li] writ]s1#f f ! manife/ relation ( means to ! end1 consid] t ! movem5ts ( ! ftus 9 ut]o1 & its consequ5t attitude & position1 are signs ( an already develop$ & decid$ s5ti5ce & w1 nor is x requisite to suppose !m ! effect ( an almo/ rational in/9ct4 ,b t !y are :olly indep5d5t ( ! w & ! consci\sness ( ! "m1 & yet by no means *>act]i/ic ( organic life1 :e!r h]s or its own1--:i* latt] is also by abundant evid5ce prov$ indep5d5tly to exi/1--b decid$ly animal 9 _! "*2 t !y are n expla9able by gravity1 despite all ! argum5ts alleg$1 late/ by ,mat!ws ,duncan1#g nor on any o!r supposition save t ( a special & indep5d5t excito-motory sy/em1 di/9ct f t ( ! "m1#h br+s u directly d[n to ?is--! exi/5ce ( z di/9ct & indep5d5t a n]v\s c5tre1 self-exi/+1 self-act+1 liv+4 ,we set aside all ! speculations ( metaphysicians reg>d+ moral acc\ntability ( ! ftus1 ! 8pot5tial man10 & its 8inanimate vitalities10 z useless z !y are bewild]+4 ,if !re be life1 !n also ! exi/5ce1 h[ev] undevelop$1 ( an intellectual1 moral1 & spiritual nature1 ! inali5able attribute ( humanity1 is impli$4 ,if we h prov$ ! exi/5ce ( ftal life be=e quick5+ has tak5 place or c take place1 & by all analogy & a close & conclusive process ( induction1 its comm5cem5t at ! v beg9n+1 at conception itself1 we are compell$ to believe unju/ifiable abortion always a crime4 ,& n[ words fail4 ,( ! "m1 by cons5t or by h] own h&1 imbru$ ) h] infant's blood2 ( ! equally guilty fa!r1 :o c\nsels or all[s ! crime2 ( ! wret*es :o by _! :olesale murd]s f> out-,h]od ,burke & ,h>e2 ( ! public s5tim5t :i* palliates1 p>dons1 & w\ld ev5 praise ?is s common violation ( all law1 human & div9e1 ( all in/9ct1 ( all reason1 all pity1 all m]cy1 all love1 we leave ^? to speak :o c4 ,we h next to prove-- ,,ii4 ,,its ,,frequ5cy1 ,,& ,,! ,,causes ,,!re(4 ,?\gh we _c at once1 & 9 exact figures1 %[ ! ye>ly am\nt ( crim9al abortion 9 ?is c\ntry1 /ati/ics on ! subject be+ necess>ily imp]fect or want+1 we may yet arrive at an approximate result4 ,?is is done by an easy & reliable process ( induction1 ! sev]al factors ( :i*1 ea* ( itself r5d]+ probable ! conclusion1 t5d1 :5 comb9$1 to make x almo/ absolutely c]ta94 ,we are to consid]1 9 ?is connection1 ! evid5ce af=d$ by-- ,i4--,! comp>ative increase ( population4 ,,ii4--,! publi%$ records ( /ill-bir?s4 ,,iii4--,! numb] ( arre/s1 or trials = abortion4 ,,iv4--,! publi%$ numb] ( imm$iate mat]nal dea?s4 ,v4--,! pecuni>y success ( abortioni/s1 & abortion-produc+ no/rums4 ,,vi4--,! comp>ative size ( families 9 pres5t & pa/ times4 ,,vii4--,! exp]i5ce ( physicians--direct f applications = abortion & actual cases1 & indirect f _! results4 ,sev]al ( ^! po9ts are z yet almo/ :olly un9ve/igat$4 ,!y are /at$1 !re=e1 ) c>e1 z be>+ decid$ly on ! "q at issue1 & z t5d+ to provoke /ill fur!r rese>*4 ,to g into an elaborate comp>ison ( our national & /ate c5suses ) !mselves1 pa/ & pres5t1 ) ea* o!r1 & ) ^? ( simil> communities abroad1 involv+1 z x w\ld d1 intricate calculations reg>d+ ! effect ( emigration f /ate to /ate1 & f nation to nation1 ! increase ( urban population1 & ! frequ5t decrease ( rural1 is n our pres5t int5tion1 nor is x necess>y4 ,by consid]+ ?is po9t 9 connection ) t imm$iately succe$+ x1 ) :i* x is intimately relat$1 its be>+ & importance w at once be se54 ,/ati/ics 9 ?is c\ntry are z yet s imp]fect1 t we are necessitat$ to a process ( d$uction4 ,if x c be %[n t a /ate ( ?+s prevails else:]e to a c]ta9 ext5t1 expla9able only on "o supposition1 & t ! same /ate ( ?+s prevails 9 ?is c\ntry to a great] ext5t1 all o!r causes1 save ! "o ref]r$ to1 be+ 9 great measure abs5t1 little d\bt c be ent]ta9$ ( ! "p ?is plays2 b if x c1 9 addition1 be prov$ t ?is cause mu/ necess>ily be /rong] ) u ?an else:]e1 !n its exi/5ce becomes morally c]ta94 ,accord+ly1 if we f9d t 9 ano!r c\ntry liv+ bir?s are /eadily less5+ 9 proportion alike to ! population & to its increase1 t natural or prev5tive causes are insuffici5t to acc\nt = ?is1 :ile ! proportion ( /ill-bir?s & ( kn[n abortions is con/antly increas+1 & ^! la/ be> an evid5t yet increas+ ratio to ! /ill-bir?s2 t 9 ?is c\ntry ! decrease ( liv+ bir?s1 & ! increase ( /ill-bir?s1 are 9 mu* great] ratio to ! population1 & ! proportion ( premature bir?s is also increas+2 t ^! relations are con/ant & ye>ly m m>k$1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ t abortions are at lea/ z frequ5t ) u1 & probably m s4 ,9 _m c\ntries ( ,europe1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! 8fecundity0 ( ! population1 or ! rate ( its annual increase1 is rapidly dim9i%+4#i ,9 ,sw$51 x has less5$ by "o-n9? 9 #fa ye>s4 ,9 ,prussia1 by a ?ird 9 #acb ye>s4 ,9 ,d5m>k1 by a qu>t] 9 #hb ye>s4 ,9 ,engl&1 by two-sev5?s 9 a c5tury4 ,9 ,russia1 by an eigh? 9 #bh ye>s4 ,9 ,spa91 by a six? 9 #cj ye>s4 ,9 ,g]many1 by a ?irte5? 9 #ag ye>s4 ,9 ,france1 by a ?ird 9 #ga ye>s4#aj ,or1 9 o!r words3 ,9 ,sw$5 x has less5$ by a fif?2 9 ,prussia1 by a f\r?2 9 ,d5m>k & ,engl&1 by a ?ird2 & 9 ,russia1 ,spa91 ,g]many1 & ,france by a half1 9 a s+le c5tury4 ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 l>g] bodies ( /ati/ics exi/+ conc]n+ x1 & f ! fact t x repres5ts ! extreme ( ! alleg$ decrease1 we take ,france = our comp>isons4 ,9 ,france at l>ge1 accord+ to ! (ficial returns z analyz$ by ,legoyt1 ! increase ( ! population :i*1 f #ahja to #ahjf1 0 at ! rate ( #a4bh p] c5t4 annually1 f #ahjf to #ahdf _h fall5 to ab\t 4#e p] c5t4#aa ,! exact ratio ( decrease aft] ?is po9t is bett] %[n by ! figures !mselves4 ,! increase f #ahda to #ahdf 0 #a1bjj1jjj2 f #ahdf to #ahea1 #chj1jjj2 f #ahea to #ahef1 #bef1jjj4 ,9 ,engl&1 dur+ ?is latt] p]iod1 ) a population ( b "o-half ! size1 ! returns ( ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al %[ a relative increase n9e times great]4#ab ,9 ?irty-sev5 ye>s1 f #ahag to #ahed1 ! mean annual increase 9 ,france 0 n m ?an #aee1ibi1 yet 9 five ye>s1 f #ahdf to #ahea1 x _h fall5 to #gf1jjj ye>ly1 & f #ahea to #ahef1 to #ea1bjj1 & ?is ) a population rang+ f tw5ty-n9e to ?irty-f\r millions4 ,a comp>ison ( ^! facts1 ) ^? obta9+ 9 o!r ,european ,/ates1 w make ! above /ill m evid5t4 ,we n[ quote f ,rau4#ac ,rate ( ,increase4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,hung>y1 accord+ to ,rohr] #b4dj ,engl&1 f #ahaa to #ahba #a4gh 0 f #ahba to #ahca #a4fj ,prussia1 f #ahaf to #ahbg #a4ed 0 f #ahbj to #ahcj #a4cg 0 f #ahba to #ahca #a4bg ,au/ria1 7,rohr]7 #a4cj ,scotl&1 f #ahba to #ahca #a4cj ,ne!rl&s1 f #ahba to #ahbh #a4bh ,saxony1 f #ahae to #ahcj #a4ae ,bad5 7,heunis*17 f #ahbj to #ahcj #a4ac ,bav>ia1 f #ahad to #ahbh #a4jh ,naples1 f #ahad to #ahbd #j4hc ,france 7,ma?ieu17 f #ahag to #ahbg #j4fc ,france1 m rec5tly1 7,de ,jonns7 #j4ee ,a simil> & corroborative table1 conta9+ additional matt]1 is giv5 by ,quetelet2#ad its diff]5ces f ! prec$+ are ow+ to its repres5t+ a s]ies ( diff]5t ye>s4 ,rate ( ,increase4 ,p] ,c5t4 ,irel& #b4de ,hung>y #b4dj ,spa9 #a4ff ,engl& #a4fe ,rh5i% ,prussia #a4cc ,au/ria #a4cj ,bav>ia #a4jh ,ne!rl&s #j4id ,naples #j4hc ,france #j4fc ,& m rec5tly1 ,legoyt br+s up ^! results to ! close ( #ahdf4ae ,z %[n by ! c5sus1 ! rate ( increase 01 9 ,p] ,c5t4 ,great ,brita91 exclusive ( ,irel& #a4ie ,prussia #a4hd ,saxony #a4de ,norway #a4cf ,s>d9ia #a4jh ,holl& #j4ij ,au/ria #j4he ,sw$5 #j4hc ,france #j4fh ,or1 z %[n by ! annual excess ( bir?s ov] dea?s1 & !re=e m reliable-- ,p] ,c5t4 ,norway #a4cj ,prussia #a4ah ,sw$5 #a4ad ,holl& #a4jc ,wurtemb]g #a4jj ,great ,brita91 exclusive ( ,irel& #a4jj ,d5m>k #j4ie ,au/ria #j4ij ,saxony #j4ij ,hanov] #j4he ,belgium #j4gf ,bav>ia #j4ga ,russia #j4fa ,france #j4ej ,9 f\r dep>tm5ts ( ,france1 among :i* are two ( ! mo/ ?riv+ ( ,norm&y1 ! dea?s actually exce$ ! bir?s4#af ,f ! above facts1 x w\ld naturally be suppos$ t ! p]c5tage ( bir?s to ! :ole population mu/ be small] ?an 9 o!r ,european c\ntries1 & f ! less5$ annual rate ( increase ( ! population1 t ! proportionate numb] ( bir?s mu/ be decreas+ 9 simil> ratio4 ,?is is f\nd1 inde$1 to be ! case4 ,f l>ge /ati/ics furni%$ by ,de ,jonns1 we h compil$ ! foll[+ table ( ! comp>ative ratios ( bir?s to ! population 9 ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ,europe3-- ,ratio4 ,v5ice & ,dep5d5cies1 #ahbg #a to #bc ,tuscany1 #ahcd 0 ,lomb>dy1 #ahbh #a to #bd ,russia1 #ahce #a to #be ,wurtemb]g1 #ahba to #ahbg 0 ,prussia1 #ahcf 0 ,meckl5burg1 #ahbf #a to #bf ,s>d9ia1 #ahbj 0 ,naples & ,dep5d5cies1 #ahcj 0 ,greece1 #ahbh 0 ,pol&1 #ahcj #a to #bg ,irel&1 #ahba to #ahca 0 ,g]many1 #ahbh 0 ,switz]l&1 #ahbh 0 ,spa91 #ahbf 0 ,portugal1 #ahae to #ahai #a to #bg4e ,sw$51 #ahbe #a to #bh ,holl&1 #ahcb 0 ,au/ria1 #ahbi 0 ,belgium1 #ahcf 0 ,bav>ia1 #ahbe 0 ,two ,sicilies1 #ahca 0 ,sw$5 & ,norway1 #ahbh #a to #cj ,d5m>k1 #ahcc 0 ,roman ,/ates1 #ahcf 0 ,turkey1 #ahce 0 ,hanov]1 #ahce #a to #ca ,sicily1 #ahcb 0 ,au/ria1 #ahbh to #ahcj #a to #cb ,great ,brita91 #ahba to #ahca 0 ,scotl&1 #ahba to #ahca #a to #cd ,engl&1 #ahba to #ahca #a to #ce ,norway1 #ahcb 0 ,france1 #agga to #ahea #a to #be to #a to #cg ,9 a total population1 at diff]5t p]iods1 ( #bcb1fgc1jjj1 !re 7 #h1gcc1jjj bir?s2 :5ce an av]age on ! gr& scale ( "o bir? to e #bf4f individuals4 ,9 ,france1 h[ev]1 ! ratio has be5 /eadily less5+1 z se5 by ! foll[+ table3-- ,ratio ( bir?s4 #agga to #agge #a to #be #ahja to #ahaj #a to #cj #ahaa to #ahbe #a to #cb #ahbf to #ahcf #a to #cc #ahcf to #ahdj #a to #cd #ahda to #ahde #a to #ce #ahdf to #ahej #a to #cg ,! position ( ,france1 z comp>$ ) ! re/ ( ,europe1 9 respect to ! ratio ( bir?s to ! population at diff]5t p]iods1 is made /ill m manife/ by ano!r table3-- ,annual ratio ( bir?s4 #a to #bc ,v5etian ,prov9ces1 #ahbg2 ,tuscany1 #ahcd4 #a to #bc4e ,k+dom ( ,naples1 #ahbb to #ahbd4 #a to #bd ,tuscany1 #ahah2 ,sicily1 #ahbd2 ,lomb>dy1 #ahbg to #ahbh2 ,russia1 #ahca4 #a to #bd4e ,prussia1 #ahbe to #ahbf4 #a to #be ,france1 #agha2 ,au/ria1 #ahbg2 ,russia1 #ahce2 ,prussia1 #ahcf4 #a to #bf ,s>d9ia1 #ahbj2 ,hanov]1 ,wurtemb]g & ,meckl5burg1 #ahbf2 ,greece1 #ahbh2 ,naples1 #ahcj4 #a to #bg ,spa91 #ahbf2 ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 #ahbh2 ,pol&1 #ahcj2 ,irel&1 #ahca4 #a to #bg4e ,portugal1 #ahae to #ahai4 #a to #bh ,holl&1 #ahac to #ahbd2 ,bav>ia & ,sw$51 #ahbe2 ,au/ria1 #ahbi2 ,belgium1 #ahcf4 #a to #bi ,canton ,luc]ne1 #ahaj2 ,holl&1 #ahcb4 #a to #bi4h ,france1 #ahja4 #a to #cj ,sw$5 & ,norway1 #ahbh2 ,belgium1 #ahcb2 ,d5m>k1 #ahcc2 ,turkey1 #ahce2 ,/ates ( ! ,*ur*1 #ahcf4 #a to #ca ,sicily1 #ahcb2 ,hanov]1 #ahce4 #a to #ca4d ,france1 #ahaa4 #a to #ca4f ,france1 #ahba4 #a to #cb ,au/ria1 #ahcj2 ,great ,brita9 & ,switz]l&1 #ahca4 #a to #cc ,france1 #ahbh to #ahca4 #a to #cd ,norway & ,hol/e91 #ahbf2 ,scotl&1 #ahca2 ,france1 #ahcd to #ahda4 #a to #ce ,d5m>k1 #ahaj2 ,engl&1 #ahca2 ,norway1 #ahcb4 #a to #cg ,france1 #ahea4 ,9 ,p>is1 /range to say1 ! decrease 9 ! ratio ( bir?s to ! population1 ?\gh decid$ & /eady1 has n1 9 actual proportion1 be5 z great z 9 ! empire at l>ge1 %[+ t ! cause1 :atev] we f9d x to be1 is n "o dep5d+ on ! influ5ce ( a metropolis alone = its exi/5ce4 ,f #ahag to #ahca !re av]ag$1 9 ,p>is1 "o bir? to #bf4hg inhabitants2 b f #ahdf to #ahea1 "o to #ca4ih4ag ,aga91 z might h be5 expect$1 we f9d t ! proportion ( /ill-bir?s1 9 :i* we mu/ include abortions1 z has hi!rto be5 done1 h[ev] improp]ly1 9 all ext5sive /ati/ics1 is enorm\s1 & is /eadily increas+4 ,to %[ ?is ! m pla9ly1 we fir/ pres5t a table ( ! ratio ( /ill-bir?s to ! liv+ bir?s 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe4#ah ,g5eva1#ai #ahbd to #ahcc #a to #ag ,b]l9 ,hospitals1 #ageh to #aggd #a to #ah ,p>is ,mat]nit1#bj #ahaf to #ahce #a to #bj ,sw$51 #ahba to #ahbe #a to #bc4e ,d5m>k1 #ahbe to #ahcd #a to #bd ,belgium1#ba #ahda to #ahdc #a to #bd4b ,prussia1#bb #ahbj to #ahcd #a to #bi ,icel&1 #ahag to #ahbh #a to #cj ,prague1 #ahbj #a to #cj ,london ,hospitals1 #agdi to #agha #a to #ca ,vi5na1 #ahbc #a to #cb ,au/ria1 #ahbh #a to #di ,france at l>ge1 #ahec #a to #bd ,dep>tm5t ( ,se9e #a to #ae ,p>is1#bc #ahcf to #ahdd #a to #ad4c 0 #ahde to #ahecbd #a to #ac4h ,! proportion ( /ill-bir?s 9 ! rural di/ricts ( ,france is gov]n$ by ! same laws z 9 ! metropolis4 ,9 #cfc prov9cial t[ns ! ratio 01 f #ahcf to #ahde #a to #ai4ee #ahdf to #ahej #a to #ah4h ,:ile di/ricts m ?9ly populat$ gave1 f #ahda to #ahde #a to #bi #ahdf to #ahej #a to #bgbe ,9 ,belgium1 dur+ a simil> p]iod1 ! ratio 0 mu* ! same4#bf #ahda to #ahdc1 9 t[ns #a to #af4a #ahda to #ahdc1 9 c\ntry #a to #bi4d ,! app>5t discrepancy betwe5 city & c\ntry1 notic$ z equally obta9+ 9 ,belgium & ,france1 is *iefly ow+ to great] neglig5ce ( ! c\ntry (ficials 9 regi/]+ ! /ill-bir?s1 & to ! fact1 z we h se5 9 ,p>is1 t ! ratio ( bir?s to ! population is great] 9 ! city ?an 9 ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,f9ally1 :ile ! proportion ( /ill-bir?s to ! :ole numb] is greatly increas+ 9 ,p>is1 s is ! numb] ( kn[n abortions4 ,we omit1 = ! pres5t1 ! evid5ce af=d$ by arre/s & trials1 :i* we might "h h turn$ to acc\nt4 ,at ! ,morgue1 :i* repres5ts b a v small fraction ( ! ftal mortality ( ,p>is1 & 9 ?is matt] almo/ only crime1 !re 7 deposit$ dur+ ! eighte5 ye>s prec$+ #ahee1 a total ( #aaae ftuses1#bg ( :i* #dbc 7 at ! full t]m1 & #fib 7 less ?an n9e mon?s2 & ( ^! la/1 #eai1 or five-six?s1 7 n ov] six mon?s1 a l>ge proportion ( !m %[+ decid$ m>ks ( crim9al abortion4 ,aga91 ( ! #fib ftuses ( less ?an n9e mon?s1 deposit$ at ! ,morgue dur+ ^! eighte5 ye>s1 #bie 7 betwe5 #ahcf to #ahde1 an av]age1 at t "t1 ( #cb4g ye>ly2 & f #ahdf to #ahee !re 7 #cig1 an av]age ( #dd4a4 ,dur+ ! means ( ^! p]iods ! bir?s 9 ,france 7 z foll[s#bh3--;,9 #ahda1 #a1jje1bjc1 & 9 #ahea1 #a1jcg1jdj1 f :i* x is evid5t t !re 0 deposit$ at ! ,morgue1 9 #ahda1 "o infant1 dead f abortion1 to e #cj1gjj bir?s2 & 9 #ahea1 "o to e #bc1ejj4 ,! increas$ ratio is se5 to be /rik+2 x w h]eaft] become app>5t t ! increase is f> great] 9 reality4 ,we turn n[ to our own c\ntry1 to :i* ! ,city ( ,new ,york holds mu* ! same relation1 z respects public op9ion no less ?an 9 o!r matt]s1 t ,p>is holds to ,france4 ,s9ce #ahje1 :5 returns 7 fir/ made to ! ,regi/ry ( ,new ,york1 ! numb]1 proportionate z well z actual1 ( ftal dea?s1 has /eadily & rapidly increas$4 ,) a population at t "t 7#ahje7 ( #gf1ggj1 ! numb] ( /ill & premature bir?s 0 #dg2 9 #ahdi1 ) a population e/imat$ at #dej1jjj1 ! numb] _h swell$ to #acbj4bi ,?us1 :ile ! population _h increas$ only six times s9ce #ahje1 ! annual numb] ( /ill & premature bir?s _h multipli$ ov] tw5ty-sev5 times4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! rapidity ( ?is increase3--,! ratio ( ftal dea?s to ! population1 0 9 #ahje #a to #afcc4dj #ahaj #a to #ajbe4bd #ahae #a to #ihf4df #ahbj #a to #fed4eb #ahbe #a to #fhj4fh #ahcj #a to #eig4fj #ahce #a to #efi4hh #ahdj #a to #eaf4jb #ahde #a to #chd4fh #ahdi #a to #cdj4ij ,9 ! ?ree ye>s prec$+ #ahdi1 !re 7 regi/]$ 9 ,new ,york #djj premature bir?s1 & #caci *ildr5 /ill-born2 a total ( #ceci1 repres5t+ at t "t a ye>ly av]age ( "s #abjj ftal dea?s4 ,:ile x w be %[n h]eaft] t a l>ge proportion ( ! report$ premature bir?s mu/ always be f crim9al causes1 & t ?\gh almo/ all ! /ill-bir?s at ! full "t1 ev5 f infanticide1 are necess>ily regi/]$1 b a small proportion ( ! abortions & misc>riages occurr+ are ev] report$ to ! prop] au?orities1 x w imm$iately be made app>5t t at ! pres5t mom5t ! abortion /ati/ics ( ,new ,york are f> above ^? ( #ahdi4 ,9 ! ?ree ye>s prec$+ #aheg1 !re 7 regi/]$ 9 ,new ,york #aaif premature1 & #dgce /ill-bir?s1#cj a total ( #eica1 repres5t+ a ye>ly av]age ( "s #bjjj ftal dea?s2 %[+ t 9 ! %ort space ( sev5 ye>s1 ! numb] ( ftal dea?s 9 ,new ,york1 already enorm\s1 _h v ne>ly d\bl$4 ,aga91 9 #ahef1 ! total numb] ( bir?s at ! full "t 9 ,new ,york1 0 #ag1gee2 ( ^!1 #af1aii 7 liv+2#ca prov+ t ( *ildr5 at ! full "t alone1 sett+ aside ! great numb] ( viable *ildr5 born prematurely1 & ! innum]able e>li] abortions n record$1 "o 9 e #aa4d is born dead4 ,f =eign /ati/ics on a l>ge scale1 x is f\nd t ! proportion ( /ill-bir?s1 ev5 all[+ a wide m>g9 = crim9al causes1 does n1 9 ^? c\ntries1 drop bel[ #a 9 #ae1 & ?is 9 ,france1 rang+ f t numb] up to #a 9 #cj or #dj ( ! :ole numb] ( bir?s report$4 ,we h already giv5 a table ^u ?is po9t4 ,9 ,g5eva1 out ( #aj1ibe bir?s occurr+ f #ahbd to #ahcc1 #abba ( !m be+ illegitimate1 & !re=e to be suppos$ liable to a l>ge p]c5tage ( dea?s f crim9al causes1 !re 7 only #fdf ftal dea?s2 a proportion ( #a 9 #ag4 ,9 ,belgium !re 7 #bi1egd illegitimate bir?s f #ahda to #ahdc1 & ( ^!1 #agff 7 born /ill2#cb #a 9 #af4h4 ,9 ,new ,york1 f #ahed to #aheg1 !re 7 #dh1cbc bir?s1 & #eica /ill-bir?s1 at ! full "t & prematurely2 or 9 o!r words1 #a to e #h4a 0 born dead4 ,! ratio ( /ill-bir?s 9 ,new ,york1 includ+1 z we h se51 abortions1 is /eadily increas+1 z se5 by ! foll[+ table1#cc 9 :i* we h comp>$ ! /ill-bir?s1 supposable p]haps ( accid5tal value1 ) ! g5]al mortality1 ^: value is at lea/ z accid5tal1 if n m s4 ,! evid5ce1 l t already furni%$1 is a/\nd+4 ,total mortality4 ,/ill-bir?s4 ,ratio4 #ahjd to #ahji #ac1abh #cdi #a to #cg4f #ahji to #ahae #ad1jaa #ecc #a to #bf4c #ahae to #ahbe #cd1gih #a1hah #a to #ai4a #ahbe to #ahce #ei1cdg #c1gdd #a to #ae4h #ahce to #ahee #bhi1ghf #ba1gjb #a to #ac4c #ahefcd #ba1feh #a1idc #a to #aa4a ,! frequ5cy ( abortions & premature bir?s report$ f ! practice ( physicians1 & ?us to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b n entirely1 likely to be ( natural or accid5tal orig91 is z foll[s3-- ,9 #da1fii cases regi/]$ by ,coll9s1 ,beatty1 ,la ,*apelle1 ,*ur*ill1 & o!rs1#ce !re 7 #ecj abortions & misc>riages4 ,"h all ! abortions 7 kn[n2 _! proportion 0 #a 9 #gh4e4 ,9 ,new ,york1 f #ahed to #aheg1 !re 7 #dh1cbc bir?s at ! full "t report$1 & #aaif premature4 ,"h all ! abortions 7 n kn[n1 probably b a v small fraction ( !m2 ! proportion 0 #a 9 #dj4d4 ,f9ally1 we comp>e ! record$ premature /ill-bir?s ( ,new ,york1 ) ^? /ill at ! full "t4 ,9 ! sev5te5 ye>s f #ahch to #ahee1cf !re 7 report$ #ag1bcg /ill-bir?s at ! full "t1 & #bgaj /ill prematurely2 ! la/ be>+ ! proportion ( #a to #f4c4 ,9 ! n9e ye>s1 f #ahch to #ahdg1 omitt+ #ahdb = reasons /at$ bel[1 !re 7 #fcb premature /ill-bir?s1 & #fdde /ill at ! full "t2 a ye>ly av]age ( #a 9 #aj4b4 ,9 ! eight ye>s1 f #ahdh to #ahee1 !re 7 #bjgh premature /ill-bir?s1 & #aj1gib /ill at ! full "t2 an av]age ( #a 9 #e4 ,:ile 9 #ahef !re 7 #chg /ill prematurely1 & #aeef at ! full "t2 or #a 9 #d4jb4 ,f ^! figures !re c be drawn b "o conclusion1 t crim9al abortion prevails to an enorm\s ext5t 9 ,new ,york1 & t x is /eadily & rapidly increas+4 8,we _c ref]10 0 well said by a =m] inspector ( t city1#cg 8su* a hecatomb ( human (fspr+ to natural causes40 ,we %all n[ endeavor to prove ?is po9t by o!r reason+4 ,t our d$uctions conc]n+ ! population & bir?s ( ,france are p]fectly legitimate1 is admitt$ be=eh& by ! lead+ political economi/s ( ! day2 ignorant z !y 7 9 its v>i\s relations ( mu* ( ! evid5ce n[ br\ght =w>d1 & ( ! conclusion to :i* ! :ole matt]1 directly & ) almo/ ma!matical exactness1 is prov$ to t5d4 8,9 ,france10 rem>ks ,de ,jonns1#ch 8! fecundity ( ! p is re/ra9$ )9 ! /ricte/ limits40 8,! rate ( increase ( ! ,fr5* population10 says ,mill1 8is ! sl[e/ 9 ,europe2#ci ! numb] ( bir?s n increas+ at all1 :ile ! proportion ( bir?s to ! population is consid]ably dim9i%+40#dj ,we h se51 moreov]1 t 9 ,france ! actual ratio ( liv+ bir?s is con/antly & rapidly dim9i%+1 :ile ! /ill-bir?s1 actual & proportional1 are z fa/ increas+2 t ! premature bir?s progress 9 simil> ratio1 & by d$uction & actual /ati/ics1 ! crim9al abortions2 & t ^! facts obta9 n m]ely 9 ! metropolis1 b ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,:at are ! causes ( ^! rem>kable facts1 ne$ x n[ be ask$8 ,let all all[ances be made = c]ta9 conjugal habits ext5sively exi/+ among ! ,fr5*1 & by no means r>ely imitat$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 b ! proportionate decrease ( liv+ bir?s is too enorm\s1 ! actual & proportionate increase ( premature & /ill-bir?s is too frightful to be :olly expla9$ ?us1 or z ,we/1#da ,husson1#db & ,de ,jonns#dc h ?\ght1 to be attribut$ to a m]e progressive lack ( fecundity4 ,reason & ! evid5ce alleg$ compel u to believe t 9 great measure !y are ow+ to crim9al abortion4 ,political economi/s all[ ! facts 9 ,france to be z we h /at$4 ,_! int]pretation ( ! causes1 unwill+ z !y w\ld be to confess its ultimate be>+1 we n[ compel to s]ve z evid5ce4 8,!y dep5d10 accord+ to "o writ]1#dd 8ei!r on physical ag5ts1 especially climate1 or on ! degree ( civilization ( a p1 _! dome/ic & social habits40 8,9 ,france ! climate is favorable to an increase ( population1 & ?is ob/acle1 ?is re/ra9t1 is f\nd 9 its advanc$ civilization40#de 8,?is dim9ution ( bir?s10 says ,legoyt1#df 89 ! pres5ce ( a con/ant increase ( ! g5]al population & ( m>riages1 c be attribut$ to no?+ else ?an wise & increas$ =esight on ! "p ( ! p>5t40 8,! ,fr5* peasant is no simple c\ntryman1 no d[nright #8,paysan du ,danube2' bo? 9 fact & 9 fiction he is n[ #8le rus paysan4' ,t is ! /age :i* he has rea*$ 9 ! progressive developm5t :i* ! con/itution ( ?+s has impos$ on human intellig5ce & human emancipation40#dg 8,^! facts are only to be acc\nt$ = 9 two ways4 ,ei!r ! :ole numb] ( bir?s :i* nature admits (1 & :i* happ5 9 "s circum/ances1 d n take place1 or if !y d1 a l>ge proportion ( ^? :o are born1 die4 ,! ret>dation ( increase results ei!r f mortality or prud5ce2 f ,mr4 ,mal?us's positive1 or f 8 prev5tive *eck2 & "o or ! o!r ( ^! mu/ & does exi/1 & v p[]fully too1 9 all old societies4 ,:]ev] population is n kept d[n by ! prud5ce ( individuals or ( ! ,/ate1 x is kept d[n by />vation or disease40#dh ,b on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 =gott5 t ! alt]native suppos$ does n exi/ 9 ! case we h in/anc$4 ,m>riages 9 ,france1 unlike "s o!r cont95tal ,/ates1 are cont9ually increas+1 & />vation & disease are ye>ly be+ %orn ( _! p[]4 ,! au?ors quot$ are !re=e =c$ to a s+le position2 t ! less5+ ( bir?s c only be ow+ to 8prud5ce0 on ! "p ( ! community4 ,moreov]1 x is all[$ by ,mill & by ,mal?us himself1#di t s mu* ( ! decrease z _c ?us be expla9$1 mu/ be attribut$ to influ5ces g5]ally preval5t 9 ,europe 9 e>li] ages1 & 9 ,asia to ! pres5t "t4 8,?r\gh\t ,europe ^! causes h mu* dim9i%$1 b !y h n[h]e ceas$ to exi/40#ej ,sev]al ( !m h be5 nam$ by ! au?ority n[ quot$4 ,ano!r1 & great] ?an !m all1 he leaves unspok52 we are compell$ to supply = him ! omission4 ,! practice ( de/roy+ ! ftus 9 ut]o1 to say no?+ ( infanticide1 hi/ory decl>es to h obta9$ among all ! e>li] nations ( ! _w1 ! ,jews alone except$1 & to a v great ext5t4 ,ari/otle def5ds x1#ea & ,plato4#eb ,x is m5tion$ by ,juv5al1#ec ,ovid1#ed ,s5eca1 & ,cic]o1 & is d5\nc$ by ! e>li] ,*ri/ians4#ee ,x 0 common 9 ,europe ?r\gh ! middle ages1 & /ill prevails among ! ,mohamm$ans1#ef ,*9ese1#eg ,japanese1#eh ,h9doos1#ei & mo/ ( ! nations ( ,africa & ,polynesia1#fj to su* an ext5t1 t we may well d\bt :e!r m h ev] p]i%$ 9 ^? c\ntries by plague1 by fam9e1 & ! sword4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! actual & proportionate increase ( /ill-bir?s1 &1 by induction1 sett+ aside all probable cases ( infanticide1 ( abortion1 & ! comp>ative increase ( a population reciprocally influ5ce & gov]n ea* o!r s completely1 t f ! "o x may 9 any giv5 case be almo/ =ese5 :at ! o!r mu/ prove4 ,x is impossible t ! results quot$ f ! ,regi/ry ( ,new ,york1 any m ?an ^? ( ,france1 ev5 if s f>1 c 9 any great measure be ow+ to natural causes alone4 ,!y are :olly inexplicable on any pr9ciples1 8:i* d n recognize an am\nt ( guilt at :i* humanity %udd]s40 ,9 comp>+ t city ) ,p>is1 c]ta9 all[ances mu/ inde$ be made2 abroad1 = ! effects ( w>s & conscription1 ( despotism1 & ( migration outw>d2 at home1 = ! effects ( gov]nm5tal laxity1 & ( migration inw>d4 ,9 bo? cities ! am\nt ( pro/itution1 an elem5t n to be lo/ sight (1 mu/ be ne>ly ! same2 & 9 bo?1 "u ! /eady progress ( sci5ce1 m$ical & hygi5ic1 ! ratio ( ftal mortality1 unless induc$ by crim9al causes1 may ye> by ye> be suppos$ to h be5 /eadily dim9i%$4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,new ,york1 9 ! abs5ce ( all influ5ces t t5d to keep d[n population 9 =eign c\ntries1 old & cr[d$1 & "u ! yoke ( despotism1 ! effects1 attributable else:]e to ^! causes1 exi/1 & to a great] degree ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry2 ,t ! ratio ( ftal dea?s to ! population _h swell$ f #a 9 #afcc1 9 #ahje1 to #a 9 #cdj1 9 #ahdi2 :ile 9 ,france1 at a lat] p]iod1 #ahea1 !y 7 only ab\t #a 9 #ajjj2 ,t ! actual numb] ( ftal dea?s 9 sev5 ye>s1 f #ahej to #aheg1 _h v ne>ly d\bl$2 ,t ! ftal dea?s1 z comp>$ ) ! total ( bir?s1 else:]e 9 cases ( illegitimacy1 :]e ! results are ! v wor/1 & :]e crime is confess$ to h produc$ !m1 be+ #a 9 #af4h1fa _h "h1 legitimate & natural1 rea*$ ! frightful ratio ( #a 9 #h4a2 ,t ! ftal dea?s1 z comp>$ ) ! total mortality1 _h increas$ f #a 9 #cg1 9 #ahje1 to #a 9 #ac1 9 #ahee2 ,t ! report$ e>ly abortions1 ( :i* ! great] numb] ( c\rse escape regi/ry1 be> ! ratio to ! liv+ bir?s ( #a 9 #dj4d1 :ile else:]e !y are only #a 9 #gh4e2 ,& f9ally1 t e>ly abortions1 be>+ ! proportion to ! /ill-bir?s at ! full "t ( #a 9 #aj4b1 9 #ahdf1 _h increas$ to #a 9 #d4jb1 9 #ahef4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ^! /ati/ics are positive1 prov+ ! exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 numb] ( pregnancies abruptly t]m9at$4 ,!y _c !re=e be controv]t$ by any argum5t reg>d+ means = ! prev5tion ( pregnancy1 no matt] to :at ext5t ^! may be us$4 ,nor %\ld x be =gott5 t = e regi/]$ premature bir? or abortion1 innum]able ones occur t are nev] record$4 ,almo/ d\bl+ !re=e1 z does ,new ,york1 ! wor/ ( ^? fe>ful ratios ( ftal mortality exi/+ 9 ,europe1 x is n /range t our metropolis has be5 held up1 ev5 by a ,p>isian1 to ! execration ( ! _w4 8,on le voit 7l'avortem5t70 says ,t>dieu1 8en ,amrique1 dans une gr&e ct comme ,new ,york1 con/itu] une indu/rie vritable et non p\rsuivie40 ,9 ?is description ( ,new ,york1 we h t ( ! c\ntry4#fb ,! relative annual increase ( ! population exi/+ ?r\gh\t ,am]ica1 dep5d+ z ?is does *iefly on immigration1 mu/ n mislead u4 ,! ratio ( ftal dea? 9 ! metropolis surpasses :at has ev] be5 dream$ to obta9 ev5 9 old c\ntries1 :]e innum]able m legitimate causes = x might be ?\ght to exi/4 ,at ,bo/on1 :i* = morals is all[$ to comp>e favorably ) any city ( its size 9 ! ,union1 8und\bt$ly m ?an a hundr$ /ill-bir?s ye>ly escape be+ record$1 a l>ge proportion ( :i*1 no d\bt1 result f crim9al abortion40#fc ,& our public pr9ts1 f> & wide1 ev5 9 ! small] t[ns & villages1 con/antly *ronicle dea?s f ! commission ( ! crime4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts at l>ge1 x has be5 f\nd ( late ye>s t 8! increase ( ! population1 or ! excess ( ! bir?s ov] ! dea?s1 has be5 :olly ( ^? ( rec5t =eign orig920#fd ?is 9 #ahej4 ,9 #ahec 8x is evid5t t ! bir?s )9 ! ,commonweal?1 ) ! usual increase1 h result$ 9 favor ( =eign p>5ts 9 an increas$ ratio40#fe ,9 o!r words1 x is f\nd t 9 s f> z dep5ds ^u ! ,am]ican & native elem5t1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ! exi/+ immigration f abroad1 ! population ( ,massa*usetts is /ation>y or decreas+4#ff 8,?is result w d\btless surprise _m1 :o w h>dly ?9k x possible4 ,is x g5]al1 or is x accid5tal8 ,if x be g5]al1 h[ has x happ5$8 ,:at causes h be5 9 op]ation to produce x8 ,h[ is x to be acc\nt$ =80#fg ,^! que/ions h hi!rto be5 unansw]$4 ,we %all f9d1 h[ev]1 _! solution only too easy4 ,amid su* g5]al ?rift & weal?1 !re has be5 e reason = ! native1 l ! =eign population1 to increase4 ,! prev5tive *eck ( ! economi/s1 ?\gh und\bt$ly pres5t1 c h play$ b an inf]ior "p1 z we %all prove4 ,emigration we/w>d1 ! only app>5t positive *eck1 ?\gh ext5sive1 _c :olly acc\nt = ! result4 ,b /ati/ics exi/ by ^: light1 if ackn[l$g$1 we may read ?is important problem4#fh ,9 #ahej1 ! ratio ( bir?s to ! population 9 ,massa*usetts1 =eign & ,am]ican comb9$1 0 #a 9 #cf1fi & 9 #ahee1 #a 9 #cd2gj a ratio mu* small] ?an t obta9+ 9 mo/ c\ntries ( ,europe1 & ab\t equal+ t ( ,france1 :i*1 9 #ahej1 0 #a 9 #cg4 ,9 #ahee1 ! ratio ( /ill-bir?s1 at ! full "t & premature1 z comp>$ ) ! liv+ bir?s1 0 #a to #ae4e4ga ,9 ,france x is #a to #bd2 9 ,au/ria1 #a to #di4 ,9 #ahea1 ! ratio ( ftal dea?s to ! g5]al mortality1 0 #a to #ac4c2gb 9 #ahee1a to #aj4d4gc ,9 ,new ,york ,city1 9 #ahef1 x 0 #a to #aa4 ,9 any city we %\ld expect to f9d ! proportion mu* great] ?an 9 a ,/ate at l>ge2 we "h f9d x less4 ,! ratio ( premature bir?s to ^? at ! full "t1 dur+ ! p]iod f #ahej to #ahef1 0 #a to #bf4a4gd ,9 ,new ,york1 9 #aheg1 x 0 #a to #dj1 & 9 good m$ical practice x is f\nd1 z we h se51 to be #a 9 #gh4 ,9 comp>+ ! record$ abortions & premature bir?s 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 ) ! /ill-bir?s !re occurr+ at ! full "t1 we f\nd t ! =m] _h v>i$ f #a 9 #aj1 9 #ahch1 to #a 9 #d1 9 #ahef4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts x appe>s1 t dur+ ! f\rte5 ye>s & eight mon?s prec$+ #ahee1 !re 7 record$ #degj /ill-bir?s1 & #aa1gaf premature bir?s & abortions1#ge ! ratio be+ #a abortion to 4#c /ill-bir?2 or1 9 o!r words1 x w\ld appe> f ! /ati/ics quot$1 t ! comp>ative frequ5cy ( abortions 9 ,massa*usetts is ?irte5 times z great z 9 ! wor/ /ati/ics ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york4 ,we are will+1 h[ev]1 we rejoice1 to modify ?is /atem5t1 z 9 ! e>lie/ ( ! ye>s quot$1 returns f ! ,city ( ,bo/on seem to h be5 imp]fect or want+1--& to conf9e our calculations to a m rec5t p]iod4 ,f #ahej to #ahee1 ! regi/ration be+ mu* m accurate ?an be=e1 & its results compil$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 ?ree ye>s ( ! five by a not$ /ati/ician1 ,dr4 ,%urtleff1 !re 7 record$ 9 ,massa*usetts1 #bigf /ill-bir?s1 & #ehii premature bir?s & abortions1#gf ! ratio be+ #a abortion to 4#e /ill-bir?2 9 o!r words1 ! frequ5cy ( abortions z comp>$ ) /ill-bir?s at ! full "t1 seems at lea/ eight times z great 9 ,massa*usetts z 9 ! wor/ /ati/ics ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york4#gg ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t :ile ne>ly e /ill-bir? at ! full "t is necess>ily record$1 !re mu/ be b v few regi/rations ( ! premature bir?s & abortions actually occurr+2 t ?\gh ! contr>y seems "h ! case1 su* occurr5ces are g5]ally1 z !y w\ld be suppos$1 f> m frequ5t 9 cr[d$ cities ?an 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 or 9 a ,/ate at l>ge2 & t h[ev] great may be ! influ5ce ( ! prev5tion ( pregnancy 9 repress+ a population1 ^! con/itute pro(s ( pregnancies actually occurr+1 & frequ5tly crim9ally t]m9at$4 ,few p]sons c\ld h believ$ possible ! exi/5ce ( su* frightful /ati/ics1 ! result t[>d :i* !y mu/ be confess$ inevitably to t5d1 or ! dread cause f :i* !y spr+4 ,ei!r ^! /ati/ics mu/ be ?r[n aside z utt]ly errone\s & wor?less1 or !y mu/ be accept$ ) _! conclusions4 ,we w\ld gladly d ! =m]1 b !y pres5t too _m con/ant quantities1 9 o!r respects1#gh = ?is to be all[$4 ,our own calculations h be5 made ) c>e1 & we h pres5t$ ! elem5ts on :i* !y re/4 ,9 ass]t+ ! results1 at once s awful & a/\nd+1 we desire to fix ^u !m ! att5tion & scrut9y ( ! _w4 ,we h se5 t ! increase ( ! population ( ,massa*usetts by liv+ bir?s1 is almo/ exclusively among its resid5t =eign]s1 ,ca?olics1 ! rules ( ^: *ur* w h]eaft] be %[n to ex]cise an important influ5ce 9 prev5t+ ! de/ruction ( ftal life4 ,! conclusion _c !re=e well be avoid$1 t 9 ^! facts !re exi/s ! evid5t relation "h intimat$1 ( effects to cause4 ,) "s c]ta9ty1 !n1 ev5 ?\gh /ati/ics are z yet s imp]fect1 c we ass]t ?is conclusion1 t frightful z is ! ext5t to :i* ! crime ( abortion is p]petrat$ abroad1 !re is reason to believe t x prevails to an equal1 if n ev5 great] ext5t at home4 ,! frequ5cy ( arre/s or trials = abortion af=d1 save indirectly1 no crit]ion ( ! actual frequ5cy ( ! crime4 ,our laws on ?is subject are at pres5t s easily evad$1 t (fic]s ( ju/ice f9d x useless to tr\ble !mselves ) its prosecution2 x is inde$ 8non p\rsuivie40 ,dur+ ! eight ye>s f #ahdi to #aheh1 no report = #ahec be+ r5d]$ by ! ,attorney-,g5]al1 !re 7 #cb trials = abortion 9 ,massa*usetts2 & 9 ^! !re 0 n a s+le conviction4#gi ,an e/imate t = e arre/ = ?is crime1 a ?\s& in/ances ( its commission escape ! vigilance or at lea/ ! h& ( ! law1 w\ld probably be )9 ! tru?4 ,t su* is ! fact1 is %[n by ! /ati/ics ( ,france1 :]e1 f #ahdf to #ahej1 out ( #ahh cases t came to ! k ( ! police1 = lack ( decisive evid5ce1 only #bb w5t to trial1#hj or ab\t "o-n9? ( ^? legally inve/igat$4 ,f #ahbf to #ahec1 !re 7 9 ,france #ahc trials = abortion4 ,at ! above ratio ?is w give ab\t #agjj cases judicially exam9$1 a ye>ly av]age ?r\gh\t ! empire ( betwe5 #ej & #fj4 ,comp>+ ?is fact ) ! /ati/ics ( ! ,morgue already giv51 & ) ^? ( ! actual decrease ( ! rate ( increase ( ! population 9 ,p>is & 9 ,new ,york1 & ! increase ( premature bir?s1 our /atem5t ( its frequ5cy w n seem exagg]at$4 ,! numb] & success ( pr(ess$ abortioni/s is notori\s4 ,if arre/$1 !y are always ready ) bribes or abundant bail4 ,h>dly a newspap] ?r\gh\t ! l& t does n conta9 _! op5 & po9t$ adv]tisem5ts1 or a drug-/ore ^: %elves are n cr[d$ ) _! no/rums1 publicly & unblu%+ly display$3 ! supply ( an article presupposes its dem&4 ,f ^! facts we may fairly e/imate ! ext5t ( _! nef>i\s traffic4 ,t families are seldom n[ f\nd ( ! size =m]ly common1 is also a matt] ( g5]al rem>k4 ,x 7 fooli% to attempt to expla9 ?is by suppos+ t ! pres5t is an age ( m mod]ate desire1 or less unbridl$ lu/2 !re is too mu* collat]al pro( aga9/ any su* plea4 ,nor is x reasonable to ?9k t wom5 are g5]ally becom+ less productive ( (fspr+ ?an =m]ly1 f any natural cause2 or t ! mass ( our population1 :atev] ! exceptions1 are already s f> advanc$ 9 k1 physiological or me*anical1 or 9 practice1 z 9 mo/ cases to be able to regulate impregnation at w4 ,! numb] ( pregnancies mu/ be ne>ly z abundant z ev]2 :o c d\bt :at becomes ( ! (fspr+8 ,we d5y1 simply & decid$ly1 ! /atem5t ( "s writ]s1 t ( e sev5 pregnancies1 at lea/ "o always naturally t]m9ates 9 abortion2 ?is is uncorroborat$ by any reliable evid5ce1 & is )\t d\bt untrue4 ,( ! exp]i5ce ( physicians1 !re c be b "o op9ion4 ,if ea* man ( ! pr(ession 7 hone/ly to inve/igate ?is matt]1 & z hone/ly to av[ ! result1 ! mass ( evid5ce w\ld be ov]:elm+4 ,?is /atem5t is 9 n[ise invalidat$ by ! exp]i5ce alleg$ by _m1 especially among old] practition]s2 _! evid5ce1 bas$ *iefly on lack ( inquisition1 or on ! ackn[l$g$ less preval5ce ( ! crime 9 =m] ye>s1 is m]ely negative1 & z su* only to be valu$4 8,we blu%10 says ,pr(4 ,hodge1 8:ile we ackn[l$ge ! fact1 t 9 ?is city1 7,philadelphia17 :]e lit]ature1 sci5ce1 morality1 & ,*ri/ianity are suppos$ to h s mu* influ5ce2 :]e all ! dome/ic & social virtues are report$ z be+ 9 full & delightful ex]cise1 ev5 "h0 x prevails4#ha ,dr4 ,blat*=d1 ( ,troy1 ,n4 ,y41 writes me ?us3 8,a crime :i* =ty ye>s ago1 :5 ,i 0 a "y practition]1 0 ( r>e & secret occurr5ce1 has become frequ5t & bold40 ,b :y multiply in/ances ( :at mu/ be ! almo/ univ]sal exp]i5ce8 ,applications = abortion are 9 _m neighborhoods ( con/ant occurr5ce1 by no means among ! poor] classes alone2 & few wom51 unless also conv9c$ by _! physician ( ! enormity & guilt ( t !y int5d1 are det]r$ by 8 refusal f go+ else:]e = aid1 or f induc+ abortion ^u !mselves4 ,b f> great] pro( ?an ?is we all possess1 or c1 if we desire4 ,9 b few ( ! abortions crim9ally induc$ is an application ev] made to ! physician 9 regul> /&+4 ,he is (t5] call$ ^u aft] ! crime has already be5 committ$1 to treat its acute & imm$iate effects4 ,if he *oose to take = grant$ 9 e case1 t x has occurr$ f a p]fectly natural cause1 ev5 :]e att5d+ circum/ances cle>ly po9t to ! contr>y1 or to ask no que/ions1 or to %ut 8 eyes & 8 e>s to evid5t & pat5t facts1 he c ( c\rse d s1 & p]haps p]suade himself t ! crime is r>e2 b if he reflect t ^u himself m ?an on cl]gyman or legislator1 (t5 re/s ! /&>d ( public morals1 & act accord+ly1 he may arrive at a diff]5t result4 ,b ?is is n only ! fact 9 acute cases ( abortion4 ,! same /atem5t holds true1 p]haps ev5 to a great] ext5t1 ) reg>d to *ronic ob/etric disease4 ,x is n[ ackn[l$g$ t mu* ( ?is is really ! consequ5ce ( pa/ difficult or abnormal labors2 t ! m complicat$ or improp]ly int]f]$ ) ! labor has be51 ! m c]ta9 are un=tunate sequel2 & t ! e>li] 9 pregnancy its occurr5ce1 ! great]1 z a g5]al rule1 ! dang]1 n m]ely to ! "m's life1 b to h] subsequ5t heal?4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ^! results1 ev5 m m>k$ p]haps at a late p]iod ?an e>li]1 ! dep5d5ce ( effect on cause1 & _! evid5t connection1 c (t5 be le>n$ by a fai?ful inquir]1 & 9 no small proportion ( cases does ! hi/ory g back )\t turn or ! %ad[ ( a d\bt1 to an induction ( crim9al abortion4 ,z a m]e matt] ( individual exp]i5ce1 & f a practice by no means exceptional1 ! writ] "s "t s9ce report$ no less ?an fifte5 su* cases z occurr+ to himself )9 h>dly six mon?s2 & ( ^!1 all )\t exception 7 m>ri$ & respectable wom51#hb _m ( !m ( weal? & high social /&+2 & subsequ5tly he 0 able1 9 consultation1 to po9t out simil> cases 9 ! practice ( g5tlem5 :o1 at t "t1 _h d5i$ ! legitimacy ( 8 conclusions4 ,?is exp]i5ce mu/ be a common "o1 only "s lack ! c\rage1 z o!rs lack ! w1 to inve/igate ! matt]2 %\ld !y d s1 !y c come b to "o result4 ,! frequ5cy ( mat]nal dea?s1 confess$ly f crim9al abortion1 z ga!r$ f publi%$ /atem5ts & mortu>y reports1 is also an item ( importance 9 our summ>y ( evid5ce4 ,x is probable t 9 b few ( ! fatal cases really occurr+1 is f\l play ev] ?\ght (1 especially if ! /&+ ( ! victim1 & h] previ\s hi/ory1 h be5 su* z to prev5t or dis>m suspicion2 & on ! o!r h&1 :ile imm$iate dea? is und\bt$ly a frequ5t result ( induc$ abortion1 x is1 9 proportion to ! cases ( its lat] occurr5ce1 or ( confirm$ & *ronic ill heal?1 comp>atively r>e4 ,f :i* x mu/ be grant$1 t = e case ?us made kn[n1 v _m o!rs mu/ necess>ily exi/4 ,we are compell$1 f ! prec$+ consid]ations1 to ackn[l$ge n m]ely t crim9al abortion is ( al>m+ frequ5cy among u1 b t its frequ5cy is rapidly increas+2 ?is hav+ be5 made app>5t by ea* l9k 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce t has be5 pres5t$4 ,e ef=t t might possibly *eck ?is flood ( guilt w1 if delay$1 h s mu* ! m to accompli%4 ,! crime is fa/ becom+1 if x has n already become1 an e/abli%$ cu/om1 less honor$ 9 ! brea* ?an 9 ! obs]vance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at are ! causes ( ?is g5]al turpitude8 ,!y also may be classifi$-- ,i4--,! l[ morale ( ! community z reg>ds ! guilt ( ! crime4 ,,ii4--,! ease ) :i* its "*1 9 individual cases1 may be conceal$4 ,,iii4--,! unwill+ness ( its victims to give te/imony t w\ld also crim9ate !mselves4 ,,iv4--,! possibility ( _! induc+ abortion ^u !mselves )\t aid4 ,v4--,! ease ) :i* ! laws1 z at pres5t /&+1 may be evad$4 ,,vi4--,! lack or inefficacy ( judicial prev5tives2 su* z /atutes = regi/ration1 & ^? aga9/ concealm5t ( bir? & secret burials4 ,,vii4--,! preval5t ignorance ( ! true pr9ciples ( its jurisprud5ce 9 bo? gov]nm5t (ficials & m$ical witnesses4 ,,viii4--,social extravagance & dissipation4 ,,ix4--,! doctr9es ( political economi/s4 ,x4--,! fe> ( *ild-b$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t public op9ion %\ld at pres5t atta* s little importance to ! value ( ftal life1 has already be5 %[n to be ow+ 9 great measure to ignorance respect+ its actual exi/5ce 9 ! e>li] mon?s ( pregnancy4 ,two o!r1 & no less g5]al1 physiological errors prevail1 ext5sively inculcat$ by popul> au?ors & lectur]s = _! own s9i/] purposes4 ,"o ( ^! is ! doctr9e t x is detrim5tal to a woman's heal? to be> *ildr5 beyond a c]ta9 numb]1 or (t5] ?an at c]ta9 /at$ p]iods1 & t any numb] ( abortions are n m]ely excusable1 z prev5tives1 b advisable2 x be+ entirely =gott5 t ! frequ5cy ( connection may be kept )9 b\nds1 & ! times ( its occurr5ce regulat$1 by ^? :o are n will+ to haz>d its consequ5ces2 t if wom5 w1 to escape tr\ble or = fa%ion's sake1 =ego ! duty & privilege ( nurs+1 a law entail$ ^u !m by nature1 & seldom neglect$ )\t disa/r\s results to _! own con/itutions1 !y mu/ expect m frequ5t impregnation2 t ! habit ( abort+ is g5]ally att5d$ ) ! habit ( m readily conceiv+2 & t abortions1 accid5tal1 & /ill m if induc$1 are g5]ally att5d$ by ! loss ( subsequ5t heal?1 if n ( life4 ,?is error is "o :i* w\ld ju/ify abortion z necess>y = ! "m's own good2 a selfi% plea4 ,! o!r is bas$ on a m g5]\s motive4 ,x is t ! few] "o's *ildr51 ! m heal?y !y are likely to be1 & ! m wor? to society4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 equally fallaci\s ) ! fir/1 & is )\t f\ndation 9 fact4 ,! ,sp>tans & ,romans1 s confid5tly appeal$ to1 gave bir? probably to z _m weakly *ildr5 z d our own wom52 t !y de/roy$ _m = ?is reason 9 infancy1 is notori\s4 ,! brawny ,highl&]s are n ! only (fspr+ ( _! p>5ts2 ! o!rs _c endure ! national processes ( h>d5+ by exposure & diet1 & s die "y f natural causes4 ,b 7 ?is !ory true ev5 s f> z x goes1 ! _w1 our own c\ntry1 c\ld ill sp>e its frail] *ildr51 :o (t5e/1 p]haps1 repres5t its intellect & its g5ius4 ,9 ass]t+ t ! doctr9es ( ! lead+ political economi/s = ! la/ half c5tury are acc\ntable = mu* ( ! preval5ce & increase ( ! crime1 ignorant or c>eless z ^! writ]s all seem ( ! dire means t w\ld be resort$ to = ! atta9m5t ( _! ends1 ,i h 9 no way exagg]at$4 ,mal?us rem>ks 9 8 well-kn[n ,essay on ,population1 t 89 ! av]age /ate ( a well-peopl$ t]ritory1 !re _c well be a worse sign ?an a l>ge proportion ( bir?s1 nor c !re well be a bett] sign ?an a small proportion20#hc & he endorses ! ass]tion ( ,hume1 subsequ5tly prov$ false by ,sadl]1#hd t ! p]mission ( *ild-murd]1 by remov+ ! fe> ( too num]\s a family 9 case ( m>riage1 t5ds to enc\rage ?is /ep1 & !reby ! increase ( population2 8! p[]ful ye>n+s ( nature prev5t+ p>5ts f resort+ to s cruel an exp$i5t1 except 9 extreme cases40#he ,sismondi#hf & a ho/ ( o!rs might also be quot$1 b a few extracts f a lat] writ]1 /&>d 9 ?is c\ntry at pres5t1 & taught 9 our univ]sities1 till v lately 9 t at ,cambridge1 = in/ance1 w suffice4 8,we greatly deprecate10 says ,mill1 8an increase ( population1 z rapid z ! increase ( production & accumulation40#hg 8,!re is room 9 ! _w1 no d\bt1 & ev5 9 old c\ntries1 = an imm5se increase ( population4 ,b al?\gh x may be innocu\s1 ,i confess ,i see v little reason = desir+ x40 8,i s9c]ely hope1 = ! sake ( po/]ity1 t !y w be cont5t to be /ation>y long be=e necessity compels !m to x40#hh 8,if ! op9ion 7 once g5]ally e/abli%$ among ! labor+ class1 t _! welf>e requir$ a due regulation ( ! numb]s ( _! families1 only ^? w\ld exempt !mselves f x :o 7 9 ! habit ( mak+ light ( social obligations g5]ally40#hi 8,! pr9ciples cont5d$ = include n only ! labor+ classes1 b all p]sons1 except ! few :o be+ able to give _! (fspr+ ! means ( indep5d5t support dur+ ! :ole ( life1 d n leave !m to swell ! competition = employm5t40#ij 8,:5 p]sons are once m>ri$1 ! idea nev] seems to ent] any "o's m9d1 t hav+ or n hav+ a family1 or ! numb] ( :i* x %all consi/1 is at all am5able to _! own control4 ,"o w\ld imag9e t x 0 really1 z ! common phrases h x1 ,god's w & n _! own1 :i* decid$ ! numb] ( _! (fspr+40#ia 8,9 a place :]e !re is no room left = new e/abli%m5ts10 says ,sismondi1 entirely ignor+ ! escapes (f]$ by emigration & ! increas$ importation ( food1 8if a man has eight *ildr51 he %\ld believe t unless six ( !m die 9 infancy1 ^!1 & ?ree ( 8 own contempor>ies ( ea* sex1 w be compell$ to ab/a9 f m>riage 9 consequ5ce ( 8 own imprud5ce40#ib ,! direct result ( rem>ks l ^! la/1 s po9t$ & pla9ly to be und]/ood1 is se5 9 ! /ati/ics ,i h s l>gely giv54 ,w\ld mank9d1 9 foll[+ su* advice1 m]ely resort to great] ab/95ce be=e _! means all[ ! exp5se ( *ildr51 & to great] prud5ce aft] t p]iod1 no fault c\ld be f\nd2 b :5 we discov] crim9al abortion ?us ju/ifi$ & almo/ legitimat$1 we may well oppose to su* doctr9e ! words ( ! inde$ admirable ,p]cival1 8,to ext+ui% ! fir/ sp>k ( life is a crime ( ! same nature1 bo? aga9/ our ,mak] & society1 z to de/roy an infant1 a *ild1 or a man40#ic ,fe> ( *ild-b$1 9 pati5ts pregnant = ! fir/ "t1 or :o _h suff]$ or risk$ mu* 9 previ\s labors1 might =m]ly h be5 all[$ "s weight 9 excuse1 b none at all 9 ^! days ( an/hesia4 ,x has be5 urg$1 & n s absurdly z w\ld at fir/ sight appe>1 t ! pres5t possibilities ( pa9less & s mu* saf] deliv]y1 by *ang+ ?us completely ! primal curse1 f angui% to a /ate frequ5tly ( positive pleasure1 remove a drawback ( actual advantage1 & by (f]+ too _m inducem5ts = pregnancy1 t5d to keep wom5 9 t /ate ! great] "p ( _! m5/rual lives4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! consid]ation 9 detail ( ! v>i\s o!r causes to :i* ,i h allud$ z acc\nt+ = ! preval5ce ( abortion1 toge!r ) t ( ! _m special reasons (f]$ 9 individual cases by way ( excuse1 ,i po/pone = ! pres5t2 m]ely premis+ t :]e ignorance is s evid5tly & s ext5sively its f\ndation1 ^? :o1 possess+1 yet )hold ! k :i* by any *ance or 9 any way w\ld t5d to prev5t x1 !mselves become1 directly1 & 9 a moral s5se1 responsibly acc\ntable = ! crime4 ,,iii4 ,,its ,,victims4 ,we h hi!rto discuss$ abortion 9 ! ab/ract1 z a crime1 & 9 its relations to ! community at l>ge4 ,we h se5 its he9\s nature1 & its awful ext5t4#id ,! division ( ! subject n[ to be exam9$ naturally pres5ts itself "u a f\rfold aspect1 num]ical1 relational1 social1 & m$ical2 repres5t+ respectively ! multitude ( ! victims ( abortion1 _! "* z p>5t & *ild1 _! /&+ 9 ! community1 & ! degree1 :e!r unto dea? or o!rwise1 ( _! suff]+4 ,s f> z /ati/ics w at pres5t all[1 ! num]ical relations ( ! victims ( abortion h already be5 fully discuss$1 ! ye>ly ?\s&s ( ftal & ! frequ5t mat]nal dea?s2 "o sacrifice at lea/1 t ( ! *ild1 be+ impli$ 9 e case4 ,v>i\s incid5tal que/ions sugge/ !mselves 9 ?is connection1 curi\s1 & by "s1 ?\gh errone\sly1 ?\ght to be ( judicial importance4 ,two ( !m w be "h adv]t$ to2 !y are ! age or ! "m & t ( ! ftus4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$1 z 9 infanticide1 t crim9al abortion 0 seldom resort$ to save = ! concealm5t ( %ame2 & z s$uctions1 confess$ly frequ5t 9 comp>ison ) adult]y1 are mo/ common 9 y\?1 x 0 laid d[n z probable t wilful abortions are mo/ frequ5t betwe5 ! ye>s correspond+1 f sixte5 to tw5ty-five4 ,subsequ5t exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 has disprov$ ?is conclusion1 & x is evid5t t ! only real limit to its lat] occurr5ce is ! m5/rual climact]ic4 ,9 _m in/ances ( m>riage1 abortions are resort$ to at once1 9 o!rs aft] ! family has rea*$ a c]ta9 po9t1 & are !nce regul>ly cont9u$4 ,! age ( ! ftus is ( mu* m int]e/2 n1 z w ultimately appe>1 = ! same reason z 9 cases ( infanticide1 b z prov+ to a c]ta9 ext5t "o ( ! facts we h already consid]$1 ! error preval5t reg>d+ ! comm5cem5t ( ftal life4 ,x 0 ,orfila's op9ion t crim9al abortion 0 mo/ frequ5t 9 ! two fir/ mon?s ( pregnancy4 ,?is w\ld naturally h be5 suppos$ ! case1 z !n "s d\bt might always obta9 reg>d+ its exi/5ce1 & ! excuse t ! measures resort$ to 7 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ill effect f an abnormal m5/rual suppression w\ld be m available4 ,dev]gie1 on ! o!r h&1 0 incl9$ to put ! limits ( greate/ frequ5cy at f ?ree mon?s to f\r & a half2 :ile ,bri& & ,*aud ?\ght ! crime m common 9 ! ?ird mon? ?an ! fif?1 & 9 ?is la/ mon? mu* m frequ5t ?an ev5 9 ! fir/ or second4 ,t>dieu also came to a simil> conclusion4#ie ,he asc]ta9$1 t ( #cd cases inve/igat$ by himself1 #be 7 9 f ! ?ird to ! six? mon?1 mo/ 9 ! ?ird2 #e 9 ! fir/ two mon?s2 #d 9 ! sev5? & eigh?2 or t ! cases 9 ! ?ird mon?1 or %ortly aft]1 7 five times z num]\s z at ei!r an e>li] or a lat] p]iod1 & ne>ly ?ree times z num]\s z 9 bo? comb9$4 ,^u exam9+ ! ,regi/] ( ! ,morgue1 we f9d its /ati/ics /rik+ly corroborative ( ^! d$uctions4 ,we h already se5 t f #ahcg-ed !re _h be5 deposit$ at ! ,morgue #fib ftuses ( less ?an n9e mon?s4 ,( ^!1 #bc 7 f ! fir/ to ! second mon?2 #gi 0 0 second to ! ?ird2 #ajh 0 0 ?ird to ! f\r?2 #aeh 0 0 f\r? to ! fif?2 #aej 0 0 fif? to ! six?2 #ig 0 0 six? to ! sev5?2 #dh 0 0 sev5? to ! eigh?2 #bi 0 0 eigh? to ! n9?4 ,x has be5 /at$ t #eai1 or five-six?s ( !m all1 7 n ov] six mon?s1 & x n[ appe>s t on a scale tw5ty times l>g] ?an t giv5 by ,t>dieu f 8 own exp]i5ce1 ne>ly two-?irds ( ! ftal dea?s induc$ by abortion 7 9 f ! ?ird to ! six? mon? ( pregnancy2 ! ?ree p]iods includ$ giv+ a mu* l>g] proportion ?an any o!rs1 & ! two la/ ( !m be+ almo/ id5tical4 ,! extreme paucity %[n by ! above table 9 ! fir/ & n9? mon?s1 & ! decrease 9 ! sev5? & eigh? f ^? prec$+1 are wor?y ( rem>k4 ,x is probable t ! sudd5 increase may be attribut$ to m5tal reaction aft] ! fir/ %ock occasion$ by ! absolute c]ta9ty ( pregnancy is pa/2 & ! subsequ5t decrease to ! fact t 9 _m attempt$ crim9al abortions dur+ ! lat] mon?s *ildr5 are born alive1 ! "m's c\rage !n prov+ insuffici5t = infanticide & its great] & m probable puni%m5t4 ,! tru? seems to be t :ile frequ5tly ! crime is committ$ 9 ! v e>lie/ p]iod ( pregnancy1 9 ! belief t possibly all al>m may be false1 9 mo/ cases ! woman waits a mon? or two to be sure t %e really is pregnant4 ,aft] ! six? mon? ! comp>ative r>ity ( ! crime is und\bt$ly ow+ to ! fact t ftal life is !n r5d]$ c]ta9 by ! p]ceiv$ movem5ts ( ! *ild1 ! m /rongly z pregnancy advances4 ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght t ! induction ( crim9al abortion 0 conf9$ to ! unm>ri$ alone2 !re exi/s1 h[ev]1 abundant pro( to ! contr>y4 ,_h su* be5 ! fact x w\ld be reasonable to suppose t ) ! increase ( m>riages1 ! numb] ( premature & /ill-bir?s w\ld h less5$4 ,9 proportion1 h[ev]1 z ! numb] ( m>riages has increas$1 s has ! numb] ( ftal dea?s1 & 9 simil> ratio ! numb] ( liv+ bir?s has decl9$2 prov+1 z ,husson 0 compell$ to ackn[l$ge ( ,p>is1 8a decrease 9 ! fecundity ( legitimate unions10#if expla9able 9 n[ise b by a crim9al cause4 ,direct /ati/ics on ?is po9t are /ill want+1 & mu/ come1 almo/ entirely1 f m$ical m54 ,! writ]'s publi%$ exp]i5ce has be5 already ref]r$ to2 subsequ5t practice has only confirm$ x4 ,aga91 ! victims ( abortion are n conf9$ to ! inhabitants ( cities4 ,( ! prosecutions 9 ,france dur+ #ahea-ec1 x appe>s t b little m ?an a t5? ( ! :ole numb] occurr$ 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,se9e4#ig ,b we h already furni%$ mu* /rong] evid5ce on ?is po9t4 ,f9ally1 ?\gh ! excessive extravagance ( ! day1 entail+ z x does to s _m an annual exp5diture incomm5surate ) _! income1 is acc\ntable 9 no small degree = ! crime1 yet x _c always be alleg$4 ,!re is too mu* reason to believe t ) our communities x is z ) o!rs4 ,9 ,france x appe>s t ! poor & un$ucat$ h on ! :ole ! l>ge/ families1 contr>y 9 "s respects to e/abli%$ hygi5ic rules2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ri* are incl9$ z f> z possible to re/rict ! numb] ( _! *ildr51 (t5 inde$ /ipulat+ be=eh&1 at m>riage or previ\sly1 t su* %all be few or none4#ih ,b n only mu/ we believe t ?is crime prevails 9 our mid/ to an almo/ incr$ible ext5t among ! weal?y & educat$ & m>ri$2 we are compell$ to admit t ,*ri/ianity itself1 or at lea/ ,prote/antism1 has fail$ to *eck ! increase ( crim9al abortion4 ,x is n a/oni%+ to f9d t ! crime 0 kn[n 9 anci5t times1 z %[n by evid5ce previ\sly giv51 nor t x exi/s at ! pres5t day among savage tribes1 excus$ by ignorance & sup]/ition2 b t ,*ri/ian communities %\ld especially be f\nd to tol]ate & to practice x1 does almo/ exce$ belief4 ,9 ! previ\s rem>ks1 ! ,fr5* h be5 comp>$ ) our own p1 n m]ely because ( _! publi%$ /ati/ics1 b because f _! loose morals & habits ( life !y might be ?\ght to repres5t ! extreme to :i* ! crime w\ld be likely to obta9 among civiliz$ nations4 ,we h %[n reason to suppose t we equal !m 9 guilt1 if we d n exce$ !m4 ,n[ x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ,fr5* are ,ca?olic2 t ! rules ( t *ur* d n1 z has be5 g5]ally suppos$1 p]mit abortion 9 ! e>li] mon?s1#ii b t !y rigidly ex]cise ov] ftal life ?r\gh\t pregnancy ! mo/ absolute gu>d & sup]vision2#ajj in/ances ( ?is 9 cases :]e craniotomy is suppos$ to be indicat$1 are famili> to e practition]4 ,! *ur*1 "h omnipot5t aga9/ ! physician1 & desir+ t e creat$ human be+ %\ld receive ! b5efit ( baptism1 dem&s t ftal dea? mu/ h tak5 place previ\sly to ! op]ation propos$4 ,x does n seek = ! signs ( ftal life1 b takes ?is = grant$1 & requires t its abs5ce mu/ be prov$ be=e all[+ ! removal ( ! *ild1 ev5 ?\gh ?is is necess>y to save ! "m's life4 ,! rule runs ?us3 8,s$ulam op]am d5t sac]dotes1 ut quantum pot]unt1 imp$iant nef&um illud scelus quo adhibitis *irurgicis in/rum5tis infans 9 ut]o int]ficitur4 ,omnis ftus quocumque tempore ge/ationis editus baptizetur1 vel absolute1 si con/et de vit2 vel sub conditione1 nisi evid5t] pateat eum vit c>]e40#aja ,9 cases :]e in/rum5tal deliv]y is absolutely necess>y1 ! c]emony ( baptism z ord9>ily adm9i/]$ is ( c\rse impossible4 ,b z ?is is deem$ s important by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1#ajb ev5 to ! sacrifice ( ! "m1 any means ( ov]com+ ?is ob/acle1 fatal to c\ntless mat]nal lives1 %\ld be acc\nt$1 if f\nd practicable1 ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,= ?is purpose1 !re=e1 ,i d n hesitate to recomm5d intra-ut]9e baptism1 ! consecrat$ elem5t be+ c>ri$ to ! *ild1 if too high to be rea*$ by ! h&1 by a sponge & /aff1 or if necess>y1 by a syr+e1 z 0 long ago sanction$ by ! !ologi/s ( ! ,sorbonne2#ajc 9 ! abs5ce ( a cl]gyman1 if ! case is urg5t1 ! rite acc\nt$ s sacr$ be+ p]=m$ by ! physician 9 att5dance r ?an to all[ ! dea? ( ! "m4 ,i "k t _m ( ! pr(ession1 f fe> ( ridicule or dislike to sanction :at !y d n believe 91 w\ld %r9k f su* a duty4 ,is x n1 h[ev]1 due to humanity 9 e way to prev5t ?is frequ5t murd]8 = su*1 by our apa?y & neglect1 ! "m's dea? 9 ^! cases becomes4 ,c we1 z ,*ri/ians1 refuse any aid8 ,i am n a%am$ to ackn[l$ge t = myself1 ?\gh no ,ca?olic1 ,i h p]=m$ ?is intra-ut]9e baptism1 :]e deliv]y )\t mutilation 0 impossible4 ,i c\ld nei!r consci5ti\sly ass]t ! *ild's dea?1 nor all[ ! "m to l+] till x %\ld occur1 :ile ! fri5ds1 9 ! abs5ce ( a prie/1 ^: pres5ce x 0 impossible to procure = _m h\rs1 w\ld n p]mit ! op]ation4 ,remon/rance 0 useless2 _h ,i refus$ ,i %\ld h be5 morally responsible = ! almo/ inevitable dea? ( ! woman2 x 01 !re=e1 simply my duty4 ,i %all n[ quote f an admirable lett] ,i h lately receiv$ f ! ,ca?olic ,bi%op ( ,bo/on4 ,! extracts are c\*$ 9 s =cible language1 & _! _s is s ?or\ghly ,*ri/ian1 t ,i ne$ n apologize = _! l5g?1 or t !y recapitulate argum5ts ,i h already advanc$4 8,! doctr9e ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*10 rem>ks ,bi%op ,fitzpatrick1 8h] canons1 h] pontifical con/itutions1 h] !ologians )\t exception1 tea*1 & con/antly h taught1 t ! de/ruction ( ! human ftus 9 ! womb ( ! "m1 at any p]iod f ! fir/ in/ant ( conception1 is a he9\s crime1 equal1 at lea/1 9 guilt to t ( murd]4 ,we f9d x di/9ctly condemn$ z su* ev5 z f> back z ! "t ( ,t]tullian1 7at ! end ( ! second c5tury17 :o calls x fe/9atio homicidii1 a ha/5+ ( murd]4 ,! ,pope1 ,sixtus ! ,fif?1 9 a bull publi%$ 9 #aehh1 subjects ^? guilty ( ! crime to all ! p5alties1 civil & ecclesia/ical1 inflict$ on murd]]s4 ,x is d5\nc$ & reprobat$ 9 _m o!r canons ( ! *ur*4 8,! reason ( ?is doctr9e 7ap>t f ! au?ority ( ! *ur*7 mu/1 x seems to me1 appe> evid5t ^u a little reflection4 ,! v in/ant conception has tak5 place1 !re lies ! vital g]m ( a man4 ,true1 x is hidd5 9 ! d>kness ( ! womb1 & x is helpless2 b x has sacr$ rights1 f\nd$ 9 ,god's law1 s mu* ! m to be respect$ because x is helpless4 ,x may be already a liv+ man1 = nei!r mo!rs nor physicians c tell :5 life is infus$2 !y c only tell :5 its pres5ce is manife/$1 & !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two ?+s4 ,at any rate1 x is f ! fir/ mom5t pot5tially & 9 radice a man1 ) a body & a s\l de/9$ mo/ surely by ! w ( ! ,creator & by 8 law1 to be develop$ into ! fullness ( human exi/5ce4 ,no "o c prev5t t developm5t )\t resi/+ & annull+ "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ & important laws e/abli%$ by ! ,div9e ,au?or ( ! univ]se1 & he is a crim9al1 a murd]]1 :o deals an ext]m9at+ bl[ to t incipi5t man1 & drives back into no?+ness a be+ to :om ,god design$ to give a liv+ body & an immortal s\l4 8,f ?is x foll[s t ! "y woman ^: virtue has prov$ an insuffici5t gu>dian to h] honor1 :5 %e seeks by abortion to save 9 ! eyes ( man t honor %e has =feit$1 incurs ! additional & deep] guilt ( murd] 9 ! eyes ( ,god1 ! judge ( ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,:o c express :at foll[s ) reg>d to ^? wom51 :o1 f9d+ !mselves lawfully mo!rs1 pref] to deva/ate ) poison or ) /eel _! wombs1 r ?an be> ! discom=ts atta*$ to ! privilege ( mat]nity1 r ?an =ego ! gaieties ( a w9t]'s balls1 p>ties1 & plays1 or ! pleasures ( a summ]'s trips & amusem5ts8 8,b abortion10 ! ,bi%op cont9ues1 8besides be+ a direct crime aga9/ a positive law ( ,god1 is also an indirect crime aga9/ society4 ,admit its practice1 & y ?r[ op5 a way = ! mo/ unbridl$ lic5ti\sness1 y make woman a m]e in/rum5t = bea/ly lu/4 ,e woman is somebody's "m or daught] or si/] or wife2 or %e be>s all ^! relations at once4 ,:atev] protection1 !re=e1 we w\ld claim = a woman because %e /&s 9 any ( ^! relations to u1 we %\ld also ext5d to all wom51 because !y be> "s "o ( all ^! relations to o!rs4 ,mo/ assur$ly1 !n1 we %\ld remove none ( ! safegu>ds t protect female virtue4 ,b if we take away ! responsibility ( mat]nity1 we de/roy "o ( its /ronge/ bulw>ks4 8,x af=ds me pleasure10 he concludes1 8to le>n t ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association has turn$ its att5tion to ! prev5tion ( crim9al abortion1 a s9 s directly oppos$ to ! fir/ laws ( nature1 & to ! designs ( ,god1 our ,creator1 t x _c fail to draw d[n a curse ^u ! l& :]e x is g5]ally practic$40#ajd ,su* be+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & /ati/ics nev]!less prov+ t its s /r+5t /atutes aga9/ ! de/ruction ( ftal life1 en=c$ alike by d5\ncem5t & excommunication1 are con/antly brok5 9 ,ca?olic ,france1 x is m ?an probable1 f ! exi/5ce ( ?is fact1 9 addition to all ! v>i\s causes ( ! crime we h se5 equally prevail+ !re & 9 ?is c\ntry1 t ! actual numb] ( abortions is mu* great] ) ourselves2 at lea/ ) ! ,am]ican & native portion ( our population4 ,we h inde$ %[n t ?is is really ! case 9 ,massa*usetts4#aje ,view+ ?is subject 9 a m$ical light1 we f9d t dea?1 h[ev] frequ5t1 is by no means ! mo/ common or ! wor/ result ( ! attempts at crim9al abortion4 ,?is /atem5t applies n to ! "m alone1 b1 9 a degree1 to ! *ild4 ,we %all p]ceive t _m ( ! measures resort$ to are by no means c]ta9 ( success1 (t5 inde$ decid$ly inefficaci\s 9 caus+ ! imm$iate expulsion ( ! ftus f ! womb2 ?\gh almo/ always produc+ m or less sev]e local or g5]al injury to ! "m1 & (t51 directly or by sympa?y1 to ! *ild4 ,! membranes or plac5ta may be b p>tially deta*$1 & ! ovum may be reta9$4 ,?is does n necess>ily occasion deg5]ation1 z into a mole or hydatids1 or entire arre/ ( developm5t4 ,! latt] may be p>tial1 z "u _m =ms1 f "s cause or ano!r1 does con/antly occur2 if f an unsuccessful attempt at abortion1 w\ld ?is be confess$1 or inde$ always sugge/ itself to ! "m's own m9d8 ,fractures ( ! ftal limbs prior to bir? are (t5 report$1 unattributable 9 any way to ! funis1 :i* may amputate inde$1 b seldom break a limb4 ,a fall1 or a bl[1 is recollect$2 p]haps x 0 accid5tal1 p]haps n1 = resort to ^! = crim9al purposes is v common4 ,9 precisely ! same mann] may injury be occasion$ to ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! ftus1 z 9 a hydrocephalic case long "u ! writ]'s own obs]vation1 :]e ! cause & effect 7 pla9ly evid5t4 ,intra-ut]9e convulsions h be5 report$2 z induc$ by ext]nal viol5ce !y are probably n uncommon1 & ! disease ?us begun may ev5tuate 9 epilepsy1 p>alysis1 or idiocy4 ,to ! "m !re may happ5 correspond+ly frequ5t & s]i\s results4 ,n alone dea?1 imm$iate or subsequ5t1 may occur1 f metritis1 hemorrhage1 p]itonitic or phlebitic inflammation1 f almo/ e cause possibly att5d+ n m]ely labor at ! full p]iod1 comp>atively safe1 b misc>riage1--increas$ & multipli$ by ignorance1 by w\nds & viol5ce2 b if life /ill rema91 x is too (t5 r5d]$ worse ?an dea?4 ,! results ( abortion f natural causes1 z ob/etric disease1 sep>ate or 9 common1 ( "m1 ftus or membranes1 or f a morbid habit consequ5t on its repetition1 are mu* worse ?an ^? foll[+ ! av]age ( labors at ! full p]iod4 ,if ! abortion be f accid5t1 f ext]nal viol5ce1 m5tal %ock1 great con/itutional di/urbance f disease or poison1 or ev5 necess>ily induc$ by ! skilful physician 9 e>ly pregnancy1 ! risks are worse4 ,b if1 tak+ into acc\nt ! pati5t's con/itution1 h] previ\s heal? & ! p]iod ( ge/ation1 ! abortion has be5 crim9al1 ^! risks are inf9itely increas$4#ajf ,^? :o escape !m are few4 ,9 ?irty-f\r cases ( crim9al abortion report$ by ,t>dieu1 :]e ! hi/ory 0 kn[n1 tw5ty-two 7 foll[$1 z a consequ5ce1 by dea?1 & only twelve 7 n4 ,9 fifte5 cases necess>ily induc$ by physicians1 n "o 0 fatal4#ajg ,x is a mi/ake to suppose1 ) ,dev]gie1 t dea? mu/ be imm$iate1 & ow+ only to ! causes j m5tion$4 ,! rapidity ( dea?1 ev5 :]e directly ! consequ5ce1 greatly v>ies2 ?\gh g5]ally tak+ place almo/ at once if !re be hemorrhage1 x may be delay$ ev5 = h\rs :]e !re has be5 great lac]ation ( ! ut]us1 its surr\nd+ tissues1 & ev5 ( ! inte/9es2#ajh if metro-p]itonitis ensue1 ! pati5t may survive = f "o to f\r days1 ev5 inde$ to sev5 & t54 ,b !re are o!r fatal cases1 :]e on autopsy !re is reveal$ no appreciable lesion2 dea?1 ! p5alty ( unw>rantably int]f]+ ) nature1 be+ occasion$ by syncope1 by excess ( pa91 or by moral %ock f ! ?\ght ( ! crime4#aji ,t abortions1 ev5 :5 crim9ally induc$1 may sometimes be safely borne by ! sy/em1 is ( little avail to disprove ! evid5ce ( numb]less cases to ! contr>y4 ,we h in/anc$ dea?4 ,pelvic cellulitis1 on ! o!r h&2 fi/ul1 vesical1 ut]9e1 or betwe5 ! organs allud$ to2 adhesions ( ! os or vag9a1 r5d]+ liable subsequ5t rupture ( ! womb1 dur+ labor or f reta9$ m5ses1 or1 9 ! latt] case1 dis*>ge ( ! secretion ?r\gh a ,fallopian tube & consequ5t p]itonitis2 diseases & deg5]ations1 inflammatory or malignant1 ( bo? ut]us & ov>y2 ( ?is long & fe>ful li/1 ea*1 too frequ5tly incurable1 may be ! direct & evid5t consequ5ce1 to "o pati5t or ano!r1 ( an int5tional & unju/ifiable abortion4 ,we h se5 t 9 "s in/ances ! ?\ght ( ! crime1 com+ ^u ! m9d at a "t :5 ! physical sy/em is weak & pro/rat$1 is suffici5t to occasion dea?4 ,! same trem5d\s idea1 s lad5 ) ! consci\sness ( guilt aga9/ ,god1 humanity1 & ev5 m]e natural in/9ct1 is und\bt$ly able1 :]e n affect+ life1 to produce insanity4 ,?is x may d ei!r by its fir/ & sudd5 occurr5ce to ! m9d2 or1 subsequ5tly1 by ^? long & unavail+ regrets1 t remorse1 if consci5ce exi/1 is sure to br+4 ,7 we wrong 9 consid]+ dea? ! pref]able alt]native8 ,,iv4 ,,its ,,pro(s4 ,x is by no means an easy ?+ 9 all cases to obta9 evid5ce t an abortion has occurr$2 /ill m difficult1 t x has be5 int5tionally induc$4 ,z mo/ laws read1 x is necess>y at ! outset to prove ! exi/5ce ( pregnancy2 z _m /ill /&1 x mu/ be %[n t ! woman has quick5$4 ,^! requisitions are unwise & unju/1 & "u !m1 if insi/$ on by adroit c\nsel1 x is almo/ useless to pursue prosecution4 ,9 ! e>li] mon?s1 be=e quick5+ has occurr$ or ! ftal pulsations h become evid5t to ! e>1 x is impossible1 z ,i h else:]e insi/$1#aaj ev] to be sure ( ! exi/5ce ( pregnancy1 & yet attempts at its t]m9ation are !n 9 no degree less crim9al4 ,! only infallible sign ( pregnancy is ! s\nd ( ! ftal he>t1 n always to be detect$1 ev5 by ! d\ble /e?oscope4 ,putt+ aside1 !re=e1 ! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( pregnancy & ( ftal life1 z tak5 = grant$ on ! "o h& by ! attempt at _! t]m9ation1 & z prov$ on ! o!r by ?is result1 x is f\nd t ! evid5ce ( abortion classifies itself into pro(s ( its occurr5ce1 ( its commission1 ( ! crim9al int5t1 & ( ! id5tity ( ! p>ty accus$4 #a4 ,! ,occurr5ce4 ,! abortion may p]haps be kn[n to h tak5 place by confession or witness2 9 ei!r case requir+ no fur!r demon/ration4 ,in/ances are n r>e1 h[ev]1 :]e suspicion m]ely may exi/1 & ! fact mu/ be prov$ by collat]al te/imony2 & ?is 9 two cases1 :]e ! woman is /ill alive1 & :]e %e is dead4 ,! g5]al hi/ory ( ! case1 ev5 if pregnancy & deliv]y be equally d5i$1 may ?r[ "s light on its true nature4 ,?is z giv51 no matt] h[ affect$ by ! evid5ce ( int]e/$ or implicat$ witnesses1 may be probable or improbable2 z 9 an in/ance relat$ by ,burns1#aaa :]e h] sudd5 less5+ 9 bulk 0 ascrib$ by a pati5t to a night's pr(use sweat+1 ( c\rse an impossible result4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 c>e is necess>y le/ f its r>ity ( occurr5ce or its improbability1 ! reality %\ld be disbeliev$4 ,cases are on record :]e innoc5t wom51 suff]+ f ret5tion ( m5ses or f ov>ian disease1 & sudd5ly reliev$ by a critical & spontane\s dis*>ge1 h on suspicion ( abortion lo/ "* & ev5 _! lives4 ,if ! /atem5ts contradict ea* o!r1 ?is fact ( itself may reveal ! tru?4 ,!re are at times difficulties 9 prov+ deliv]y at ! full p]iod ( pregnancy1 z is well kn[n4 ,! e>li] 9 ge/ation1 if ! pati5t survive1 ! m ^! difficulties are enhanc$4 ,! occurr5ce ( normal labor _c be discov]$ ) any c]ta9ty by a p]sonal exam9ation aft] eight days h elaps$1#aab ^? ( an e>ly abortion n ev5 aft] only "o or two4#aac ,! signs ( deliv]y t are well m>k$ at ! full p]iod1 ! g5]al symptoms !n obta9+1 ! size ( ! ut]us1 asc]ta9$ by ! h& & s\nd1 lac]ations ( ! p]9eum & c]vix1 ! lo*ia1 ! /ate ( ! brea/s1 abdom51 vag9a1 & vulva1 all ( little value except 9 conjunction ) ea* o!r1 are proportionately less def9$ z we g back1 until ne> ! comm5cem5t ( pregnancy x becomes impossible to di/+ui% ! abortion f sev]e hemorrhage or f m5orrhagia1 unless by detect+ ! impregnat$ ovum4 ,if ! pati5t is dead1 & too long "t h n elaps$ s9ce ! suppos$ occurr5ce1 decision is (t5 m easy2 _m facts 9 ! case be+ g5]ally kn[n1 & concealm5t be+ less possible4 ,if ! ovum1 b p>tially deta*$1 be /ill reta9$1 ! fact is self-evid5t2 if x has be5 dis*>g$1 & conceal$ or lo/1 !re w /ill be pres5t ! rec5t corpus luteum & o!r well-kn[n signs1 9 proportion to ! p]iod ( ! pregnancy4 ,all[ance1 9 ?is latt] respect1 mu/ be made = ! possibility ( p>tial ut]9e contraction aft] dea?1 z is sometimes kn[n to occur at ! full p]iod2#aad ! writ] has se5 x to a m>k$ degree "s "t previ\s to ! expiration ( pregnancy1 at a ,cs>ean section aft] dea? f l>yngitis1 occurr+ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,mat]nity ,hospital4 #b4 ,! ,commission4 ,all[+ ! fact ( ! occurr5ce ( an abortion to be prov$ or grant$1 x becomes necess>y to discov] its cause1 :e!r accid5tal1 natural1 or int5tional4 ,( ?is x w be f\nd t ! pro(s are bo? positive & negative2 drawn f ! hi/ory ( ! case & f p]sonal exam9ation ( ! pati5t & ! ftus4 ,! value ( ea* ( ^! elem5ts is increas$ 9 proportion z x is comp>$ ) ! o!r2 b 8?is ,i wi% mo/ especially to h not$1 t ,,:]ev] ,,!re ,,is ,a ,,misc>riage1 ,,!re ,,is ,,always ,,pres5t ,,"s ,,actual1 ,,p]ceptible1 ,,& ,,(t5 ,,tangible ,,cause40#aae ,! /ory ( ! pati5t may be to "o effect1 & t ( o!r p>ties involv$1 to a v diff]5t "o2 if ! fir/ is corroborat$ by ! second1 x may aga91 z has already be5 rem>k$1 pres5t or n ! likelihood ( tru?4 ,if ! habit ( abort+ at a c]ta9 p]iod has exi/$1 :i* ( c\rse _c be alleg$ 9 a fir/ pregnancy1 if ! pati5t has _h sudd5 fright or grief1 or is kn[n to h be5 accid5tally injur$1 ! *ances are to be consid]$ 9 h] favor1 9 ! abs5ce ( pro( to ! contr>y4 ,! conv]se ( ?is /atem5t1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be consid]$ z always & necess>ily true4 ,wom5 h "t & aga9 suff]$ %ipwreck1 und]gone torture1 be5 ?r[n f a height1 & o!rwise sev]ely injur$1 & yet h escap$ misc>riage2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !y may repeat$ly h abort$ be=e1 & yet pass+ safely _! usually critical po9t1 may )\t tr\ble g on to ! full p]iod4 ,9 /ill o!r cases !re may exi/ local disease1 pelvic or ut]9e1 :i*1 if left alone1 w\ld ( itself occasion misc>riage4 ,! "* ( ! abortion is n )\t its value1 :e!r occurr+ sudd5ly & )\t app>5t cause1 or prec$$ by mat]nal disease or ! signs ( ftal dea?4 ,exam9ation ( ! "m1 ?\gh pro( t %e has h]self be5 injur$ is n necess>y to e/abli% ! crime1 may reveal local w\nds & mutilations2 or _! abs5ce1 :i*1 h[ev]1 by no means goes to prove t viol5ce may n h be5 inflict$2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 z 9 a case lately report$ by ! writ] to ! ,bo/on ,society = ,m$ical ,obs]vation1 traces ( =m] viol5ce 9 in/rum5tal or o!r labors may rema91 & to su* an ext5t z to give to ! t\* e "* ( a rec5t & crim9al int]f]5ce4#aaf ,! ftus may %[ pre-exi/+ & natural disease suffici5t to acc\nt = ! effect app>5t1 or may pres5t ! signs ( direct & int5tional int]f]5ce4 ,rec5t sc>s ( v5esection on ! arms & feet1 & ( lee*-bites1 especially on ! upp] & inn] p>ts ( ! ?ighs1 are suspici\s 9 a pati5t :o has abort$1 unless !y 7 evid5tly requir$ by ! /ate ( h] previ\s heal?4 ,if signs ( irritant injections into ! vag9a are pres5t1 !y are gr\nd = m ?an suspicion4 ,! in/rum5t1 :]e us$1 ) :i* ! op]ation has be5 p]=m$1 may sometimes be id5tifi$2 ?\gh ?is is almo/ impossible unless by confession or direct te/imony4 ,! weapons resort$ to by ! unpr(essional are v>i\s2 knitt+ kne$les1 p5 h&les1 skew]s1 goose quills1 pieces ( :ale-bone1 & ev5 curta9 rods1 are among ! numb]4 ,! f+] alone1 except :]e ! ut]us is prolaps$ or c be depress$1 & ! os is v s(t & patul\s1 is seldom if ev] suffici5t = ! de$4 ,if a physician be accus$1 x is important to notice ) :at in/rum5t ! crime is said to h be5 p]=m$1 if be=e witnesses1 & :e!r x 0 introduc$ op5ly or "u pret5ce ( a digital exam9ation4 ,! s5sations ( ! pati5t at ! "t1 are also 9 diff]5t cases unlike ea* o!r4 ,9 "s in/ances no?+ unusual is obs]v$1 9 o!rs a prick or prob+1 b 9 mo/ an acute & te>+ ut]9e pa91 (t5 foll[$ by syncope or an hy/]ical attack4 ,slight b imm$iate hemorrhage g5]ally occurs1 save 9 pr(essional cases1 increas$ by compell$ ex]cise1 prolong$ ba?s or ergot4 ,! "t ensu+ be=e ! expulsion ( ! ftus is an elem5t n to be lo/ sight (4 ,9 #cd cases report$ by ,orfila1 ! m9imum obs]v$ 0 #ac h\rs1 ! maximum #f days2 9 #cf cases by ,t>dieu1 ! m9imum 0 #e h\rs1 ! maximum #aa days4 ,( ^! la/ cases1 h[ev]1 #bi 7 )9 #d days4 ,x _c be alleg$ 9 excuse t ! sex ( ! *ild1 s fatal 9 advanc$ pregnancy1 has any influ5ce 9 produc+ e>ly abortion4 ,9 #bic premature /ill-bir?s report$ by ,coll9s1#aag #adf 7 male & #adg female1 be>+ ! proportion ( #ajj to #ajj4 ,nor c ! plea ( ,drs4 ,gordon ,smi?1 ,good1 ,p>is1 & ,copel&1 t z a ftus born be=e ! sev5? mon? has a sl5d] *ance ( surviv+1 its murd] %\ld be view$ ) l5i5cy1#aah be all[$4 ,su* argum5ts1 t ! p]ils & dang]s to :i* ! ftus is naturally subject$ %\ld less5 ! crim9ality ( attempts at its de/ruction1 are )\t f\ndation1 & :5 advanc$ by physicians are utt]ly unwor?y ! pr(ession4 #c4 ,! ,int5t4 ,we %all h]eaft] discuss ! p]petrators ( ! crime1 & ! em]g5cies :i* c alone ju/ify ! induction ( premature labor or ob/etric abortion4 ,we %all see t by none save m$ical m5 c su* necessity ev] be kn[n2 x is1 !re=e1 app>5t t ! int5t may frequ5tly be judg$ f ! relation ( ! p>ties implicat$1 & ! excuses (f]$ by !m4 ,x w also (t5 appe> f ! o!r circum/ances ( ! case4 ,t ! *ild 0 likely to be born a ba/>d1 & to be *>geable to ! reput$ fa!r1 w\ld be evid5ce to t effect2 & pro( ( ! cl&e/9e mann] 9 :i* ! drugs 7 procur$ or adm9i/]$ w\ld t5d ! same way4#aai ,on ! "p ( ! "m1 ba/>dy also1 ! hav+ d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( pregnancy1 conceal$ its expell$ product1 express$ an int5tion or desire to abort1 made a kn[n application = ?is purpose1 visit$ a notori\s abortioni/1 tak5 alleg$ specifics1 or giv5 simil> advice to a fri5d1 are all presumptive evid5ce2 z are also ! hav+ neglect$ to s5d = aid :5 ne$$1 or refus$ to take precautions or rem$ies :5 prescrib$4 ,9 l mann]1 evid5ce ( crim9al int5t w\ld seem app>5t1 if drugs g5]ally suppos$ abortive _h be5 advis$ or giv5 to a pregnant woman1 or viol5ce ( any k9d usually productive ( ! effect 9 "q1 ev5 to too?-draw+1 _h be5 ha/ily or unnecess>ily us$4 ,"h1 z 9 _m o!r cases :]e no malice is express$ or op5ly indicat$1 ! law w imply x2 if1 = in/ance1 a man wilfully poisons ano!r1 9 su* a delib]ate act ! law presumes malice1 ?\gh no p>ticul> enmity c be prov$4#abj ,malice is n conf9$ 9 its legal def9ition to ill-w t[>d "o or m individual p]sons1 b is int5d$ to d5ote an action fl[+ f any wick$ or corrupt motive1 a ?+ done malo animo1 :]e ! fact has be5 att5d$ ) su* circum/ances z c>ry 9 !m ! pla9 indications ( a he>t reg>dless ( social duty & fatally b5t on mis*ief2 &1 !re=e1 x is impli$ f any delib]ate or cruel act aga9/ ano!r4#aba ,! rule is1 t ! implication ( malice arises 9 e su* case1 & all ! circum/ances ( accid5t1 necessity1 or infirmity are to be satisfactorily e/abli%$ by ! p>ty *>g$1 unless !y arise out ( ! evid5ce & att5d+ circum/ances2 if !y d n1 !re is no?+ to rebut ! natural presumption ( malice4 ,?is rule is f\nd$ on ! pla9 & obvi\s pr9ciple t a p]son mu/ be presum$ to int5d to d t :i* he volunt>ily & wilfully does 9 fact d1 & t he mu/ int5d all ! natural1 probable1 & usual consequ5ces ( 8 own act4#abb ,! /&+ 9 society ( ! accus$1 unless notori\sly bad1 %\ld ( c\rse be all[$ to weigh b little2 ! less ! likelihood ( ! crime1 ! great]1 f example & previ\s education1 its guilt4 ,if viol5t purg+ or vomit+ h be5 resort$ to )\t any app>5t reason1 or to a great] ext5t ?an ord9>ily prescrib$ or requir$2 or if lee*es h be5 appli$ to ! ?ighs1 to ! numb] ( an hundr$ or m1 z in/anc$ by ,t>dieu1 or ! l1 !re is c]ta9ly gr\nd = /rong suspicion4 ,& "h x is t ! crim9al liability ( c>eless or ignorant physicians becomes evid5t4 ,9 cases su* z we h ref]r$ to1 x w\ld be v difficult = a successful def5ce to be (f]$1 provid+ ! pregnancy _h be5 suspect$ by ^? n implicat$1 7 ! /atutes on abortion prop]ly drawn & en=c$4 ,x has be5 rul$1 & v ju/ly1 t attempts at ! crime1 ?\gh unsuccessful2 or effective1 yet ! ovum reta9$ z mole1 hydatids1 skeleton1 mummy1 or putrilage2 & :e!r ! woman be pregnant or n1 & if pregnant1 :e!r ! *ild be alive1 dead1 or1 abnormally develop$ or deg5]at$1 %\ld be am5able z ?\gh fully consummat$4#abc ,we h se5 ! frequ5t difficulty 9 prov+ ftal life2 ! attempt at its de/ruction %[s ! belief 9 its exi/5ce1 & ! int5t4 ,! pro(s w "h ( c\rse be ( a diff]5t nature4 ,! signs ( deliv]y w be abs5t1 & all evid5ce f ! product ( conception1 unless ! "m's dea? ensue2 9 :i* ev5t1 z 9 ! o!r fatal cases we h consid]$1 & on ! pr9ciple j laid d[n1 proc$ure might be _h on ! *>ge ei!r ( abortion or homicide2 b x mu/ n be =gott51 z we e>ly po9t$ out1 t imm$iate dea? f ! %ock may occur1 & no lesion ( any k9d be f\nd4 ,! pati5t or p>ties int]e/$ are prov$ by ! attempt to h suppos$ pregnancy exi/+1 & to h behav$ z ?\gh ?is 7 ! fact4 ,! age ( ! pati5t is n ( consequ5ce2 nor is t ( ! ftus1 save z correspond+ ) ! alleg$ p]iod ( pregnancy1 9 case any d\bt exi/ z to its own id5tity or t ( ! "m1 & z be>+ on ! /atem5t we h already attempt$ to prove1 t crim9al abortion is comp>atively r>e aft] ! p]iod ( quick5+1 &1 !re=e1 on ! probability ( int5t4 ,! numb] ( ! pregnancy is also :olly immat]ial1 diff]5t z are ! causes alleg$ = its crim9al induction1 & equally liable 9 y\? & age1 z wom5 seem to be1 to accid5t or plac5tal disease4 ,:itehead & ,we/ are ( op9ion t abortion naturally result+ is mo/ common aft] ! six? pregnancy1#abd b ! po9t ne$s fur!r inve/igation4 ,among ! pro(s ( int5t mu/ be includ$1 z we h se51 ! excuses (f]$ by ! accus$ or suspect$ p>ty1 & ! means resort$ to = consummation4 ,^! we n[ proce$ to exam9e4 ,x w be evid5t t ! plea ( necessity c be made by none b a m$ical man4 ,we %all %[ t ! cases :]e abortion is legitimat$ by ! rules ( sci5ce are extremely few1 & t = safety's sake _! applicability %\ld 9 no in/ance be all[$ to re/ ^u a s+le op9ion4#abe ,= all o!rs beside ! physician !re c be no all[able excuse except1 9 ! "m's case1 insanity2 :i*1 h[ev] common 9 ! true pu]p]al /ate1 & (t5 no d\bt !n %[+ itself by infanticide1 has 9 e>ly pregnancy1 & to any ext5t1 /ill to be obs]v$4 ,o!r pleas z (f]$ by ! "m1 ignorance ( pregnancy or ( ftal life1 duress1 p]sonal heal? or t ( h] family1 accid5t1 c>elessness1 fe> ( *ild-b$1 malpractice on "p ( ! att5dant1 we h already consid]$ at suffici5t l5g?4 ,x is sometimes effect$ 9 hatr$ ( ! husb& or 9 jeal\sy1 sometimes = concealm5t ( %ame2 excuses ( little m value ?an ^? ( extravagance or fa%ion4 ,con/itutional pr$isposition c h>dly be ass]t$1 unless ! misc>riage h be5 prec$$ by o!rs2 v _m ineffectual attempts are on record1 al?\gh ! exi/5ce ( su* pr$isposition 0 evid5t4 ,x w (t5 be alleg$ t ! measures in/itut$ 7 to prev5t in/ead ( to effect ! misc>riage1 & t ?is has result$ 9 consequ5ce m]ely ( an excess ( good-w2 ! sophi/ry is g5]ally app>5t4 ,! means resort$ to are = two purposes3 on ! "o h&1 to prep>e ! pati5t = ! abortion & prelim9>ily to less5 h] dang]1 or to conceal ! "* ( ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* really occasion x1 & = ?is end us$ prior or subsequ5tly to !m4 ,we may yet take occasion to consid] ^! sev]al ag5ts 9 "s detail2 x rema9s only to rem>k t _! use 9 any giv5 case mu/ be comp>$ ) :at 0 !n actually ne$$1 or w\ld h be5 requir$ _h ! abortion be5 ju/ifiable & necess>y4 ,c]ta9 drugs1 ergot & sav9 = in/ance1 ! class ( s-call$ abortives1 popul>ly consid]$ specific1 are always sugge/ive ( evil int5t4 ,!y w\ld n be us$1 7 abortion necess>y1 by a well-in=m$ practition]1 c>+ = ! life ( ! p>5t or ftus4 ,! same is true1 ?\gh ( c\rse to a m limit$ ext5t1 ( all ov]-drugg+1 ov]-manipulation1 or ov]-ex]tion by a pregnant woman1 by :omsoev] advis$ or p]=m$4 ,9 e in/ance x is necess>y to comp>e ! cause alleg$ ) ! effects obs]v$1 & to judge ( x f ^!4 ,:]e direct op]ative manuvres are suspect$ or *>g$1 ! processes or in/rum5ts1 ! results1 imm$iate & consecutive z well z remote1 ! p]iod elaps+ be=e _! occurr5ce1 mu/ all be tak5 into c>eful consid]ation4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is immat]ial :at 0 ! ag5t1 & :e!r or n x w\ld produce abortion1 if x 0 believ$ capable ( ?is effect1 & employ$ or adm9i/]$ ) t int5t4 ,if ! p]son *>g$ knew t ! woman 0 ) *ild1 & ! probable effect ( ! ag5t adm9i/]$1 ?is is good presumptive evid5ce t ! int5t 0 to produce ! misc>riage1 & :]e ! effect ( abortion is actually ?us produc$1 x w mat]ially aid ! presumption ( su* int5t4#abf ,x 0 /at$ e>ly 9 ?is inquiry t a diff]5ce exi/$ betwe5 ! me?ods ( inve/igation1 z reg>ds ! exam9ation ( ! ftus1 prop] 9 abortion & infanticide4 ,! reason ( ?is has be5 po9t$ out by ,t>dieu4#abg ,9 ! latt] case1 ! :ole matt] turn+ ^u ! que/ions :e!r ! *ild 0 born liv+ or dead1 & 9 :i* ( ^! /ates x 0 injur$1 x becomes necess>y to prove "o or ! o!r ( ! alt]natives1 b 9 abortion !y are intr9sically ( no importance :atev]4 ,! only po9ts !n to be decid$ are1 0 ! bir? premature1 & if s1 0 x int5tional1 & if s1 0 x absolutely ess5tial & to save ei!r mat]nal or ftal life4 ,except z be>+ on ^! que/ions1 !re=e1 x is ( no consequ5ce :e!r w\nds 7 inflict$1 :e!r ! lungs _h be5 inflat$1 :e!r ! ftus 0 viable1 or ev5 :e!r x 0 ev] discov]$4 ,9 _! place1 h[ev]1 ^! po9ts are ea* important1 b only z be>+ on ! ma9 facts to be det]m9$4 ,9 a case1 = in/ance1 z t relat$ by ,ollivi] d',ang]s1 :]e ! ftus1 ?\gh v immature1 lives sev]al h\rs aft] its expulsion1 ?is fact alone w preclude ! idea ( a sl[ & progressively act+ cause l mo/ =ms ( abortive disease1 & w po9t to "s direct int]f]5ce1 by means sudd5ly t]m9at+ ! pregnancy )\t injur+ ! ftus4 ,& s 9 o!r cases1 especially ( sudd5 mat]nal dea?1 x is ( importance to asc]ta9 z ne>ly z possible ! p]iod at :i* dea? ( ! ftus took place4 ,if ! two 7 co9cid5t1 ! d$uction might be o!r ?an if ! latt] 7 prov$ to h prec$$ ! =m] by sev]al days4 ,! diff]5ces obs]v$ betwe5 putrefaction & decomposition 9 ut]o & 9 ! op5 air mu/ n be lo/ sight (4 ,9 ! "o case1 accord+ to ,orfila1 ,dev]gie & ,m>t91 ,moreau1 ,p4 ,dubois1 ,danyau1 ,cazeaux1 ,t>dieu1 & my own exp]i5ce1 a uni=m & *>act]i/ic r$di%-br[n hue obta9s 9 proportion to ! "t ( ret5tion aft] dea?1 v>i$ p]haps by ! action ( ! amniotic fluid2#abh ! ftus wr9kles1 dries1 & becomes mummifi$1 unless 9 e>lie/ pregnancy1 :5 x g5]ally resolves itself into a gelat9\s mass4 ,if ! c]vix1 ! portion ( ! ut]us mo/ frequ5tly w\nd$1 is f\nd punctur$ or lac]at$1 :ile ! ovum is /ill reta9$1 !re is reason = suspicion2 if ! membranes are torn & ext5sively deta*$1 :ile ! c]vix is b little dilat$1 su* is increas$2 & x is made almo/ a c]ta9ty1 if ) ! latt] condition1 no?+ rema9 ( ! ovum 9 ! ut]9e cavity b lac]at$ fragm5ts4 ,"h ! abortion w\ld probably n m]ely h be5 int5tionally induc$1 b by ! direct introduction & ag5cy ( in/rum5ts4 ,w\nds ( ! ftus are mu* r>] ?an ^? ( ! "m1 & are usually simple pricks ( ! sk9 m>k$ by blacki% coagula or extravasations2 :i*1 if ^u ! skull & unless c>e be us$1 are liable to be simulat$ by clots casually adh]+ to ! hair or scalp4 ,if ! w\nd be deep]1 its c\rse may be trac$ by dissection4 ,its situation v>ies2 ,dev]gie ?9k+ x always on ! back & buttocks1 :ile ,t>dieu1 ) "s w>m?1 w\ld re/rict its location to ! top ( ! cranium4 ,?is diff]5ce is easily expla9$ by v>iations 9 ! "t ( pregnancy1 & 9 consequ5ce p>tly1 z may also dep5d on its life or dea?1 9 ! pres5tation ( ! *ild4 ,! r>ity ( _! occurr5ce1 ?\gh d5i$ by ,taylor#abi & o!r m$ical juri/s1 might1 h[ev]1 be expect$1 & is readily acc\nt$ =2 ! in/rum5ts us$ by ignorant p]sons seldom ent]+ ! os1 h[ev] sev]ely w\nd+ ! c]vix1 & :]e !y d ent]1 usually only pi]c+ ! membranes2 aga9/ :i*1 except t[>d ! end ( pregnancy1 9 a defici5cy ( liquor amnii1 or 9 labor1 ! ftus c h>dly be said to =cibly press4 #d4 ,! ,id5tity ( ! ,p>ty ,accus$4 ,mo/ ( ! po9ts "h involv$ hav+ already be5 incid5tally consid]$1 we w n repeat !m4 ,! circum/ances & hi/ory ( ! case1 ! relative correspond5ce ( diff]5t te/imony1 ! allegations ( ! accus$1 w all be> directly ^u ! "q at issue4 ,9 trials = abortion1 ( all o!rs1 ! m$ical witness & ! advocate %\ld be> 9 m9d _! liability to error2 ! juror & ! judge ! fact t innoc5t p]sons are at times wrongly accus$1 (t5 by ! true crim9als !mselves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 def5ce1 x mu/ ei!r be plead$ t ! alleg$ abortion did n occur1 t x 0 accid5tal or natural1 t x 0 necessitat$1 or t x 0 induc$ by ano!r ?an ! individual *>g$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! pleas is seldom (f]$ except 9 ! e>lie/ mon?s ( pregnancy1 & w\ld be invalid if an attempt at ! abortion c\ld be prov$4 ,9 default ( ?is1 h[ev]1 :]e ! ovum has be5 lo/1 or has pass$ unnotic$1 ! fact t ! sangu9e\s effusion 0 hemorrhagic & att5d$ ) clots1 w\ld1 9 ! abs5ce ( any ut]9e disease suffici5t to acc\nt = ?is1 be s f> presumptive evid5ce2 to be corroborat$ or n by ! hi/ory ( ! case4 ,moles & hydatids are n[ g5]ally all[$ to be m]e trans=mations ( ! product ( conception2 _! premature dis*>ge1 !re=e1 equally an abortion4 ,9 answ] to ! second plea1 ! importance ( sev]al po9ts mu/ be borne 9 m9d4 ,x has be5 well put by ,t>dieu t x is wrong to comm5ce1 z advis$ by mo/ au?orities on ! subject1 by enum]at+ all ! natural & accid5tal causes liable to h produc$ ! abortion4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! signs & pro(s ( crim9al viol5ce %\ld fir/ be s\ght1 & ^! comp>$ ) ! allegations ( witnesses & ! possibility ( a natural or accid5tal orig94 ,! traces ( falls1 contusions1 & w\nds mu/ be f\nd1 n believ$ on m]e allegation2 co9cid5ces mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/1 equally ) untru?4 ,we h already laid d[n rules "h available2 t ! /ate ( ! ftus (t5 af=ds pro( ( ! cause ( its expulsion1 ?is be+ sl[ & natural1 & dep5d+ on disease & pr$isposition1 or n2 t 9 flagrant malpractice1 ! use ( alleg$ specifics1 or ( measures likely to produce direct misc>riage1 or o!rwise absolutely c\nt]-indicat$ by ! g5]al heal? & con/itution ( ! pati5t1 a contradiction exi/s to ! plea (f]$1 9 itself /rong presumptive evid5ce ( crim9al int5t2 & t 9 c]ta9 cases ?is evid5ce becomes positive1 z :]e1 = in/ance1 a sponge f\nd or prov$ to h be5 ins]t$ into ! os ut]i z a dilat+ t5t1 is alleg$ to h be5 int5d$ z a m]e pess>y & plac$ 9 ! vag9a4 ,if ! accus$ be a physician1 presum$ z he %\ld be1 acqua9t$ ) ! great pr9ciples ( practice1 8 only plea c be1 :]e ! means us$ 7 unju/ifiable & prov$ su*1 & :]e ! pregnancy 0 kn[n to o!rs1 t he 0 ignorant ( its exi/5ce4 ,liable z ! pr(ession are at any "t to ?is *>ge1 & easy z x is 9 almo/ e case1 especially ( in/rum5tal proc$ure1 = u to take su* prelim9>y measures z w\ld be likely to settle ! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( pregnancy1 or to reque/ ! pres5ce ( a witness to our act1 x is unju/ to ourselves & to ea* o!r to omit ^! precautions4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! *>ge be utt]ly unf\nd$1 x is probable1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 t contradictions 9 ! te/imony or ! alleg$ facts c\ld always be %[n to exi/1 & ! p]jury ?us expos$4 ,x w\ld be self-evid5t1 7 ! accus$ prov$ to h be5 fir/ consult$ aft] ! abortion _h t]m9at$1 ?\gh n if x _h only comm5c$4 ,v4 ,,its ,,p]petrators4 ,x is int]e/+1 & at ! same "t ( judicial importance to asc]ta91 s f> z possible1 ! /&+ & "* ( ! p]petrators ( ?is crime4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,fr5* /ati/ics on ! l>ge scale %[ t ! numb] ( crim9als1 pr9cipals & accomplices1 9 t c\ntry at lea/1 is 9 l>ge excess to ! in/ances ( ! crime1 !re hav+ be5 9 #ahc trials1 f #ahbf to #ahec1 n m]ely #dag p>ties accus$1 b #bac convict$2 & t 9 #ge p] c5t4 ( ! prosecutions & convictions occurr+1 :]e ! abortion is n induc$ by ! "m h]self1 ! (f5d]s are wom54#acj ,) u ! same /atem5t is1 )\t d\bt1 equally true4 ,! "p play$ by ! "m1 h]self s (t5 a victim1 is almo/ always t ( a pr9cipal1 yet z laws n[ /&1 %e c sc>cely ev] be rea*$4 ,! cases :]e %e is "u duress1 by ?reat ( o!r p]sonal viol5ce f h] husb& or s$uc]1 & ?us compell$ to submit to abortion1 or :]e ! act is p]=m$ by 8 direction b )\t h] k1 are s r>e1 t 9 a g5]al /atem5t !y may be assum$ n to exi/4 ,if ! "m does n h]self induce ! abortion1 %e seeks x1 or aids x1 or cons5ts to x1 & is1 !re=e1 :e!r ev] seem+ ju/ifi$ or n1 fully acc\ntable z a pr9cipal4 ,we h already se5 ! position ^! mo!rs hold 9 ! community1 high z well z l[1 ri* z well z poor1 intellig5t & educat$ z well z ignorant1 pr(ess$ly religi\s z well z ( easy belief1 n s+le alone1 b m>ri$4 ,we turn n[ to _! p>tn]s 9 guilt1 m crim9al ?an !mselves2 = :atev] excuse ! latt] may suppose !mselves to possess1 ! =m] c h none4 ,! accomplices 9 crim9al abortion are ( sev]al classes1 di/+ui%able 9 "s respects f ea* o!r1 especially by ! relative frequ5cy ) :i* _! "p is play$4 ,!y are3 ,( wom51 ,i4--,fri5ds & acqua9tance4 ,,ii4--,nurses4 ,,iii4--,midwives & female physicians4 ,( m51 ,,iv4--,husb&s4 ,v4--,quacks & pr(ess$ abortioni/s4 ,,vi4--,druggi/s4 ,,vii4--,& wor/ ( all1 ?\gh =tunately extremely r>e1 physicians 9 regul> /&+4 ,9 _m cases1 su* at lea/ is judg$ by ! writ] f 8 own obs]vation1 ! abortion is n m]ely advis$1 b induc$ by "s female fri5d1 especially by "o :o has h]self und]gone1 9 h] own p]son1 ! crime2 p]haps )\t appreciable evil result1--b ?is is n necess>ily ! case1 = ev5 :]e su* result is pres5t & pla9ly 9 consequ5ce1 its connection ) ! true cause is frequ5tly unsuspect$ or disbeliev$4 ,x has be5 said t mis]y loves companion%ip2 ?is is n[h]e m manife/ ?an 9 ! hi/ories ( crim9al abortion4 ,9 m ?an "o in/ance1 f my own exp]i5ce1 has a lady ( ackn[l$g$ respectability1 :o _h h]self suff]$ abortion1 induc$ x ^u sev]al ( h] fri5ds1 ?us p]haps endeavor+ to p]suade an uneasy consci5ce t by mak+ an act common1 x becomes "r4 ,su* ladies boa/ to ea* o!r ( ! impunity ) :i* !y h abort$1 z !y d ( _! exp5ditures1 ( _! dress1 ( _! success 9 society4 ,!re is a fa%ion 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r female cu/oms1 good & bad4 ,! wret* ^: acc\nt ) ! ,almighty is heavie/ ) guilt1 too (t5 becomes a h]o9e4 ,s true is ! case1 t ! woman :o d>es at ! pres5t day publicly or privately to ackn[l$ge x ! holie/ duty ( h] sex to br+ =? liv+ *ildr51 8t fir/1 highe/1 & 9 e>li] times almo/ univ]sal lot10#aca is wor?y1 & %\ld receive1 ! highe/ admiration & praise4 ,! ease ) :i* an accomplice is procur$1 provid$ ! idea orig9ates ) ! victim h]self1 & is n sugge/$ by ano!r1 is f\nd among nurses to be greatly increas$4 ,we sep>ate !m z a class f midwives & female physicians1 ) :om1 ?\gh 9 ?is c\ntry n g5]ally ackn[l$g$ or ?\ght id5tical1 !y n unfrequ5tly aim to be conf\nd$4 ,!y are usually1 & rightly1 ?\ght m famili> ) ! laws ( heal? & disease1 ?an ! g5]ality ( _! sex2 !y are1 if do+ _! duty 9 8 sight1 se5 to be treat$ ) respect by ! physician2 !y are commonly ( mature age1 suppos$ discreet1 wise1 & to keep _! own c\nsel2 !y h _h opportunities ( ga9+ ! confid5ce ( ! "m2 _m ( !m h !mselves borne families4 ,!y are !re=e approa*$ ) less hesitation1 & are n always f\nd pro( aga9/ an (f]$ fee4 ,:at we h said ( nurses applies ) increas$ p]t95cy to female physicians & midwives4 ,^! make x _! claim1 9 rivalry ( ! male physician1 t _! s*ools & _! practice are1 l 81 f\nd$ on ^? abroad1 especially ( ,p>is4 ,t>dieu %[s1 9 a total ( #cb cases occurr+ 9 t city & collect$ by himself1 t 9 #ba--no less ?an #ff p] c5t41 or two-?irds ( ! :ole numb] report$--! crime 0 p]petrat$ by midwives4#acb ,?is class frequ5tly cause abortion op5ly & )\t disguise4 ,!y claim a "r to use in/rum5ts1 & to decide on ! necessity & consequ5t ju/ifiability ( any op]ation !y may p]=m4 ,:]e !y e/abli% private hospitals1 pr(ess$ly = ly+-9 wom5 or n1 _! *ances1 previ\sly great1 ( committ+ ?is crime & infanticide ) impunity1 become m ?an d\bl$4 ,x has be5 f\nd necess>y 9 ,france = ! police to ex]cise rigid surveillance ov] ^! e/abli%m5ts4 ,9 "o in/ance1 occurr+ at ,gr5oble1 x 0 prov$ t )9 ?ree ye>s !re _h happ5$ 9 ! h\se ?irty-"o /ill-bir?s at ! full "t1 or dea?s j aft] bir?1 & t ! abortions & misc>riages _h be5 almo/ innum]able4#acc ,9 ano!r case1 to conceal ! evid5ce ( ^! truly corpora delicti1 & to evade ! law aga9/ secret burials1 ! midwife _h e/abli%$ an und]/&+ & a curr5t acc\nt ) an und]tak]1 :o 0 accu/om$ to smuggle h] ftuses into 8 c(f9s1 by ! side ( ! corpses confid$ to him = burial4 ,9 /ill o!r cases1 ! victims are kept on h&1 pres]v$ 9 j>s2 private collections vie+ 9 ext5t ) ^? ( legaliz$ ob/etric museums4 ,by ^! rem>ks we w\ld n be suppos$ endeavor+ to excite prejudice aga9/ female physicians & midwives1 z su*1 or advocat+ _! suppression4 ,we are n[ m]ely consid]+ ?is crime ( abortion1 9 relation to :i* !y are peculi>ly & un=tunately situat$4 ,at pres5t ev]y?+ favors _! committ+ ! crime2 _! relations to wom5 at l>ge1 _! immunities 9 practice1 ! pr(it ( ?is trade1 ! difficulty1 especially f ! fact t !y are wom51 ( insur+ _! conviction4 ,let bett] laws be en=c$1 & let public op9ion be enlight5$ conc]n+ ! guilt ( abortion1 & ! influ5ce = evil ( ?is class ( (f5d]s w 9 great measure be done away )4 ,( male abortioni/s we h less to say4 ,_! numb] is few] abroad1 be>+ ! proportion1 z we h se51 ( b "o to e f\r1 & _! liability ( be+ appli$ to1 or consult$1 is slight 9 comp>ison4 ,husb&s1 ?\gh g5]ally kn[+ to ! (f5ce ( _! wives1 & (t5 c\nsell+ x1 probably b seldom attempt its commission !mselves2 yet in/ances ( ?is d und\bt$ly occur4 ,9 b a sixte5? ( ! cases report$ by ,t>dieu1 0 any compulsory viol5ce ex]t$ ov] wom5 by _! husb&s4 ,druggi/s & pr(ess$ abortioni/s are acc\ntable = ! great] numb] ( ! cases ( ! crime attributable to m54 ,! latt] class1 ?\gh proportionally r>e1 yet ab\nd 9 e city1 & take all means ( mak+ !mselves kn[n4 ,a k ( _! alleg$ specifics1 aga9/ ! use ( :i*1 8at c]ta9 times10 ! public are 8e>ne/ly caution$10 etc4 etc41 is br\ght home to all our wom51 no matt] h[ purely m9d$1 & despite e c>e to ! contr>y1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! daily press2 few pap]s1 h[ev] pr(ess$ly respectable or religi\s1 prov+ able to refuse ! bribe4 ,druggi/s1 z a class1 are little m ?an ! confess$ ag5ts ( ^! villa9s4 ,ev5 %\ld !y n directly recomm5d _! no/rums1 z1 h[ev]1 is frequ5tly ! case1 !y almo/ univ]sally keep !m on sale1 labell$ to cat* ! eye1 & plac>d$ on _! walls4 ,l ! publi%]s & v5dors ( obsc5e lit]ature1 !y conceive !y are n to blame = supply+ a public dem&1 h[ev] mu* !y !mselves may h done t[>d its creation4 ,& 9 ?is connection we mu/ aga9 allude to ! guilt ( ! public press1 :i* has prov$ itself s con/antly & s dang]\sly an accessory to ! crime4 ,x w\ld be ?\ght t 9 ,massa*usetts1 = in/ance1 a /atute l ! foll[+ might d some?+ to *eck ?is lic5se3#acd 8,e p]son :o %all kn[+ly adv]tise1 pr9t1 publi%1 di/ribute1 or circulate1 or kn[+ly cause to be adv]tis$1 pr9t$1 publi%$1 di/ribut$1 or circulat$1 any pamphlet1 pr9t$ pap]1 book1 newspap]1 notice1 adv]tisem5t1 or ref]5ce1 conta9+ words or language1 giv+ or convey+ any notice1 h9t1 or ref]5ce to any p]son1 or to ! "n ( any p]son1 real or fictiti\s1 f :om1 or to any place1 h\se1 %op1 or (fice :]e any poison1 drug1 mixture1 prep>ation1 m$ic9e or noxi\s ?+1 or any in/rum5t or means :atev]1 or any advice1 directions1 in=mation1 or k1 may be obta9$ = ! purpose ( caus+ or procur+ ! misc>riage ( any woman pregnant ) *ild1 %all be puni%$10 etc4 etc4#ace ,! above /atute1 h[ev]1 su* is ! public s5tim5t on ?is po9t1 is n en=c$1 or is daily evad$4 ,! press1 if x *oose1 may almo/ annihilate ! crime2 x n[ op5ly enc\rages x4 ,x has be5 (t5 alleg$1 & (t5] suppos$1 t physicians 9 good /&+ n unfrequ5tly & )\t lawful ju/ification1 induce crim9al abortion4 ,?is /atem5t1 :atev] exceptional cases may exi/1 is wick$ly false4 ,! pl$ge aga9/ abortion1 to ! obs]vance ( :i* ,hippocrates compell$ 8 foll[]s by oa?1#acf has ev] be5 consid]$ b9d+1 ev5 m /rongly ( late c5turies4 ,! crime is recogniz$ z su* 9 almo/ e code ( m$ical e?ics2 its kn[n commission has always be5 foll[$ by ignom9i\s expulsion f m$ical fell[%ips & frat]nity4 ,if ?is direct p5alty be at any "t escap$1 x is only ?r\gh lack ( decisive pro(1 b>e suspicion ev5 ( ! crime insur+ an actual sund]+ ( all exi/+ pr(essional fri5d%ips & ties2 a loss t subsequ5t pro( ( innoc5ce c\ld h>dly re/ore4 ,su* is ! unanim\s feel+ ( ! pr(ession2 to its cr$it be x said1 t ) b a s+le exception1#acg & ?is to 8 et]nal disgrace1 its writ]s are all agre$1 ab/ractly consid]+ ! subject1 on ! sanctity ( ftal life4 ,! in/ances :]e physicians 9 good /&+ are guilty ( ! crime1 are ( r>e occurr5ce2 ! error t has prevail$ on ?is po9t1 orig9at+ f ! self-assum$ titles ( notori\s quacks & knaves4 ,b no condemnation c be too /rong = ! physician :o has ?us =gott5 8 honor2 :o has us$ to de/roy life1 t sacr$ k by :i* he 0 pl$g$ to pres]ve x4 ,! crim9al abuses likely to arise f ! procurem5t ( ju/ifiable abortion by m$ical m51 are s num]\s1 _! own liability to be ?\ght by ! public crim9ally c>eless ( ftal life1 or skeptical conc]n+ its exi/5ce1 is s great1 t ! subject is wor?y special consid]ation4 ,?is ,i %all n[ devote to x4 ,,vi4 ,,its ,,innoc5t ,,abettors4 ,we h ref]r$ to an app>5t disreg>d ( ftal life1 obta9+ 9 ! m$ical pr(ession1 z a prom95t cause ( ! preval5ce ( crim9al abortion4 ,we n[ proce$ to %[ t ! op9ion is n unf\nd$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,premature labor1 or ob/etric abortion1 may be ju/ifiably induc$ by ! physician = "o ( two reasons2 ei!r to save ! life ( ! "m or t ( h] *ild4 ,9 ea* case x mu/ be1 absolutely & only1 to save a life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p]=m$ = ! *ild's sake1 x is evid5t t ! op]ation c be only available dur+ ! la/ ?ree mon?s ( pregnancy1 = !n only c ! ftus ) any degree ( probability be consid]$ viable4 ,we grant t !re are a few cases on record :]e1 born dur+ ! six? mon? & ev5 9 ! fif?1 ! *ild has surviv$2 b x is equally c]ta91 despite ! popul> notion conc]n+ ! mortality ( eigh?-mon? *ildr51 t ! lat] ! op]ation c be safely delay$1 ! bett] ! *ance = ! infant's life4 ,! rules = ! induction ( premature labor mu/1 ( c\rse1 v>y = diff]5t cases4 ,9 ?is e>ly /age ( ! inquiry1 x is p]haps impossible to /ate !m precisely1 b !y may /ill be approximately arriv$ at4 #a4 ,! op]ation1 p]=m$ = ! *ild's sake1 is b seldom requir$2 & 9 g5]al1 7#b47 only aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! sev5? mon? ( pregnancy4 #c4 ,x mu/ be cle>ly indicat$2 & 7#d47 mu/ be delay$ z long z is consi/5t ) ! *ild's safety4 #e4 ,its means mu/ be ^? :i* are mo/ effici5t1 & safe/ = ! *ild4 ,we h already /at$ t ! induction ( abortion be=e ! sev5? mon?1 und]tak5 = ! *ild's sake1 mu/ be g5]ally useless2 & !re=e1 z att5d$ ) "s degree ( dang] to ! "m1 g5]ally unju/ifiable4 ,z ! pr(ession are ne>ly unit$ on ?is po9t1 its fur!r discussion is "h unnecess>y4 ,we h ass]t$ t ! cases :]e prematurely induc$ labor is requir$ = ! *ild1 are comp>atively r>e4 ,we n[ add t :ile 9 "s respects !y are m frequ5t1 9 o!rs !y are less s ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,to necessitate x1 !re mu/ be disease or de=mity on ! "p ( ! "m1 or disease on ! "p ( ! ftus or its app5dages4 ,x is mo/ frequ5tly p]=m$ to avoid ! alt]native ( craniotomy1 ! necessity ( :i*1 unless extreme1 c manife/ly only be kn[n ) c]ta9ty1 be=e ! expiration ( pregnancy1 f ! exp]i5ce ( pa/ labors4 ,b "h too mu* caution _c be ex]cis$2 ! rules ( ! books & ( accept$ au?orities are n to be bl9dly foll[$4 ,craniotomy at ! full "t is /ill too frequ5tly p]=m$3 ,:]e x has be5 sugge/$ by ! "* ( a previ\s labor1 *ildr5 are (t51 or might be1 born liv+2 ,:]e x seems indicat$ by direct exploration1 z rul$ ev5 by rec5t writ]s1 *ildr5 are sometimes1 or might be1 born liv+2 ,:]e x 0 =m]ly ?\ght absolutely ess5tial1 ! progress ( ob/etric sci5ce has n[ r5d]$ x (t5 unnecess>y4 ,x is prop] t we consid] ^! po9ts1 = !y be> directly on ! "q at issue conc]n+ crim9al abortion4 ,x is kn[n t ! sex ( *ildr5 ex]cises an appreciable influ5ce ^u ! result ( labors at ! full "t1 z reg>ds ! possibility ( _! pass+ alive1 unaid$ or at all1 ?r\gh ! pelvis1 & z reg>ds ! l5g? ( ! labor1 :i* also progressively endang]s ! life ( ! "m & _! own2 ! av]age female ftus1 9 cases at all difficult1 hav+ ! advantage ov] ! male by its inf]iority 9 size1 especially important 9 ! cranial diamet]s4 ,x is unnecess>y = u to d m ?an ref] to ! facts by :i* ^! assumptions are prov$4#ach ,:]e1 !re=e1 craniotomy has be5 f\nd necess>y 9 a =m] labor1 ! *ild !n be+ male1 9 ano!r labor a female ftus may (t5 pass un9jur$4 ,h[ev] ?is argum5t may be less5$ 9 value by ! impossibility ( previ\sly asc]ta9+ ! sex1 x is /r5g!n$ 9 ! doctr9e ( *ances1 by ! numb] ( ! labor & ! sex ( ! =m] *ildr52 & by ! fact t fir/ labors are g5]ally mo/ difficult1 :atev] ! sex ( ! *ild4 ,fur!rmore1 cases w sugge/ !mselves to mo/ practition]s ( exp]i5ce1 9 :i* f diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! labor or )\t app>5t reason1 *ildr5 are born liv+ at ! full "t1 males1 ( l>ge size1 & pres5t+ by ! v]tex1 :]e craniotomy _h previ\sly1 p]haps repeat$ly1 be5 p]=m$4 ,an in/ance ( ?is has occurr$ to ! writ]1 :]e ! pati5t _h be5 advis$ to e>ly abortions f alleg$ physical incapacity ( ev] be>+ liv+ *ildr52 he deliv]$ h]1 )\t difficulty1 ( a l>ge-siz$ & liv+ boy1 at ! full "t4 ,aga91 x may happ5 t 9 labor at ! full p]iod1 craniotomy may seem decid$ly indicat$ & advisable1 b = "o reason or ano!r may n be p]=m$1 & yet ! *ild1 unaid$1 be born liv+4 ,! writ]'s exp]i5ce furni%es him ) two illu/rations ( ?is class3 "o ( !m occurr$ 9 #ahea1 ! pati5t 8 own1 ,drs4 ,s4 s541 & ,c41 9 consultation2 ! o!r 0 se5 at ,ed9burgh1 9 #ahed1 9 ! practice ( 8 fri5d1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,9 bo? cases1 p]mission 0 refus$ to op]ative proc$ures1 ! pati5ts be+ ,ca?olic1 & ! physicians unable consci5ti\sly to pron\nce ! ftus already dead1 :ile ! possibility ( intra-ut]9e baptism 0 n recollect$2 9 bo? in/ances ! *ildr5 7 born liv+1 & )\t in/rum5tal aid4 ,9 o!r cases1 :]e f de=mity previ\sly diagno/icat$1 craniotomy is pron\nc$ necess>y if ! pati5t %\ld g h] full "t1 %e may d s1 ! labor be unassi/$1 & ! *ild yet escape ) its life4 ,i in/ance a rem>kable case = "s "t "u my own *>ge at ! ,bo/on ,ly+-9 ,hospital1 deliv]$ by "o ( my colleagues1 ,dr4 ,dupee1 & subsequ5tly report$ by ,dr4 ,read4#aci ,! pelvis 0 "h equably contract$1 & to a great degree1 b f "s diff]5ce ( op9ion1 p>tly z reg>d$ ! ju/ifiability ( premature labor z comp>$ ) craniotomy1 ! pati5t 0 all[$ to g h] full "t4 ,bo? "m & *ild did well4 ,f9ally1 by turn+1 ! use ( ! long =ceps & ( an/hesia1 *ildr5 are n[ con/antly sav$1 :]e =m]ly craniotomy & _! consequ5t de/ruction w\ld h be5 absolutely indicat$4 ,^! processes1 ) ! introduction ( ea* ( :i* z an alt]native a s+le "n is imp]i%ably connect$1 are n[ successfully employ$ by v _m ( ! pr(ession2#adj !y h ea* ( !m sav$ to ! writ] ! disagreeable necessity ( ftal de/ruction4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 "o life is ?us pres]v$1 !re are /ill multitudes unnecess>ily1 &1 !re=e1 unju/ifiably1 sacrific$4 ,! comp>ative frequ5cy ( craniotomy 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ,europe is 9 ?is connection wor? notic+4 ,! op]ation is p]=m$1 9 ,g]many once 9 e #aidd labors2 ,p>is 0 0 #afbh labors2 ,france1 at l>ge 0 0 #abjj labors2 ,vi5na 0 0 #fhh labors2 ,engl& 0 0 #bbj labors2 ,irel&1 =m]ly 0 0 #abh labors2#ada 0 at pres5t1 ,dubl9 ,hospital1 #ahed1 0 0 #aje4g labors4#adb ,! rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 ! practice on ! cont95t & 9 ,engl&1 s sugge/ive to u 9 ?is c\ntry1 is und\bt$ly ow+ to ! fact t 9 ,ca?olic ,/ates great] value is atta*$ to ! life ( ! *ild ?an 89 ,prote/ant ,/ates1 z ,brita91 :]e ! *ild is always sacrific$ to save ! "m40#adc ,! imm5se excess ( embryotomy cases 9 ,ca?olic ,dubl9 furni%es no exception to ?is rule1 drawn z !y are f hospital practice "u ,prote/ant control4 ,s f> pro( by d$uction4 ,9 _m cases involv+ ! "q ( craniotomy1 t op]ation is n requir$2 9 "s ( !m1 n ev5 ! induction ( premature labor4 ,two classes ( cases rema91 ea* af=d+ m direct evid5ce2 ^? :]e craniotomy be+ absolutely indicat$ if ! pati5t 7 all[$ to g h] full "t1 t op]ation is1 & ^? :]e x is n p]=m$4 ,craniotomy1 be+ necess>ily fatal to ! ftus1 is indicat$ only to save ! "m's life2 to be avoid$ :5 any o!r alt]native giv+ ! ftus a *ance ( life1 & n m ?an equally haz>d\s to ! "m1 c be resort$ to4 ,especially is ?is ! case :5 x is comp>$ ) ! induction ( premature labor1 att5d$ z is ! latt]1 despite a c]ta9 am\nt ( dang] ( its own1 ) great probability ( sav+ ! *ild1 & ) decid$ly less5$ risk to ! "m2 = craniotomy n m]ely requires ! use ( murd]\s in/rum5ts1 dang]\s to all tissues !y may approa* or be 9 contact )1 b ! op]ation is usually1 ?\gh (t5 v improp]ly1 delay$ till late 9 labor1 & !re=e till ! "m's *ances ( recov]y h be5 proportionally less5$4 ,premature labor1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh ( c\rse involv+ "s risk to ! *ild1 is n necess>ily fatal to x2 nor is x usually s1 :5 prop]ly p]=m$4 ,t !re is a *oice 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! means employ$1 w h]eaft] be %[n4 ,craniotomy1 :5 absolutely indicat$ at ! close ( pregnancy1 mu/ be = "o ( two reasons3 t ! ftus _c pass ?r\gh ! pelvis at ! full "t alive1 ?\gh x may d s unmutilat$1 ! op]ation be+ p]=m$ to save ! "m ! great] risks ( protract$ labor2 or t x _c pass at ! full "t unmutilat$1 ev5 :5 dead4 ,we def] ! consid]ation ( ano!r supposable in/ance1 :]e ! ftus 9 ! outset ( its viability may pass1 b n alive1 = ?is p]ta9s to ! consid]ation ( ! "m's safety alone1 no alt]native avail+ = ! *ild4 ,9 ! o!r cases1 if ! necessity c\ld be le>n$ 9 season1 f ! previ\s hi/ory ( ! pati5t or by pelvic exploration1 labor %\ld mo/ c]ta9ly be prematurely induc$1 z af=d+ "s positive *ance ( life to ! *ild1 & z less dang]\s to ! "m4 ,x 7 "h worse ?an fooli%1 if n crim9al1 bl9dly to imitate nature1 :51 h] c\rse be+ ob/ruct$1 %e w\ld kill ! *ild4 ,i h allud$ = a d\ble reason to cases1 =tunately few1 :]e craniotomy1 & mu* m decid$ly premature labor be+ indicat$1 ! practition] decides f ! outset to p]=m nei!r1 to give 8 pati5t or h] *ild no aid4 ,su* conduct is z cruel & wick$ z x is unpr(essional1 & 7 n in/ances occasionally report$1 its exi/5ce c\ld h>dly be believ$4 ,we ackn[l$ge ) ,blundell ! evils ( m$dlesome midwif]y1 b !re are extremes to all ?+s2 c]ta9ly to ! p[]s ( nature & ! limits ( ju/ifiable delay4 ,i am aw>e t ,i h ref]r$ to a report$ case1 :i* might 9 ?is connection be quot$ aga9/ ! op9ion n[ express$2 b ev5 by its exceptions d we prove ! rule4 ,:]e *ances are s greatly aga9/ bo? "m & *ild z 9 ^! cases if left unaid$1 x w\ld be ! (fice ( ! physician1 7 !re no bett] proc$ure1 by craniotomy to save ! "o2#add b at ! pres5t day x is no less pla9ly 8 duty1 :]e possible1 to anticipate labor1 & ?us save bo?4 ,i h else:]e discuss$ ?is "q at "s l5g?1#ade & c only repeat1 z is inde$ all[$ by ,*ur*ill1#adf t ?is is no matt] on :i* to select "o's words2 ! delib]ately sacrific+ an unborn1 b /ill liv+ *ild1 9 cases :]e /ati/ics g to prove t ! adoption ( ano!r mode ( deliv]y1 no?+ c\nt]-indicat+1 w\ld give t *ild a good *ance ( successful bir?1 is no?+ %ort ( wilful murd]1 no matt] by :at s*ools or by :at em95t m5 x may be sanction$1 & x %\ld be br&$ z su* by ! pr(ession4 ,b1 und]tak5 = ! *ild's sake1 n m]ely %\ld premature labor be resort$ to = ! purpose ( prev5t+ craniotomy1 b (t5 9 cases ( incurable disease1 acute & *ronic1 ( ! "m1 :]e x is evid5t t %e mu/ inevitably1 or ev5 probably1 p]i% be=e ! full p]iod ( pregnancy has be5 atta9$4 ,in/ances ( su* acute disease w readily sugge/ !mselves4 ,! "q "h is m]ely betwe5 ! op]ation "u consid]ation1 ! ,cs>ean section1 & do+ no?+4 ,! la/1 suppose ! ftus viable & to be /ill liv+1 w\ld 9 _m in/ances be decid$ly unpr(essional & unju/ifiable4 ,cs>ean section aft] ! "m's dea? is comp>atively unsuccessful2 & be=e x1 is s mu* m sev]e & 9 all probability s mu* m quickly fatal1 t ! o!r %\ld be pref]r$1 unless dea? be already close at h&4 ,in/ances ( *ronic incurable disease necessitat+ ! induction ( premature labor1 may n s readily occur to ! m9d4 ,! %ock ( an abortion be+ frequ5tly great] to ! mat]nal sy/em ?an t ( labor at ! full "t1 x is evid5t t ?is rule _c be univ]sally appli$4 ,x _c 9 e case ( ?oracic disease1 ( ! he>t1 = example1 unless its own peculi> symptoms become s aggravat$ f progress+ pregnancy z to r5d] probable e>li] decease ( ! "m1 ! op]ation !n be+ p]=m$ p>tly on h] acc\nt2 n s mu* to save h] life z to delay a little h] dea?4 ,b !re are o!r & extreme cases1 z canc] ( ! l[] segm5t ( ! ut]us1 or inde$ ( its fundus1 :i* may h be5 diagno/icat$ previ\sly to pregnancy by ! use ( expansible t5ts1 or ( my ut]9e dilator h]eaft] ref]r$ to1 :]e ! "m w\ld probably p]i% 9 labor at ! full p]iod1 ) mo/ probably ! loss ( ! *ild also4 ,"h1 by premature labor1 ! *ild may be sav$1 & ! "m's life1 great] expansion ( ! ut]us & its m probable lac]ation be+ prev5t$1 possibly prolong$4 ,s f> complications on ! "p ( ! "m necessitat+ premature labor = ! sake ( ! *ild4 ,!re are o!rs equally imp]ative1 af=d$ by itself4 ,excessive size ( ! ftus 9 comp>ison ) a normal pelvis1 z evid5c$ & r5d]$ probable by previ\s labors1 is h>dly ( less importance 9 connection ) craniotomy1 ?an :]e ! pelvis is di/ort$ or contract$1 & ! ftus ( natural size2 b ! op]ation 9 "q1 z comp>$ ) premature labor1 we h already suffici5tly discuss$4 ,diseases ( ! plac5ta1 conge/ive1 inflammatory or deg5]ative1 are no less an indication1 :]e kn[n to exi/1 = an e>ly deliv]y4 ,_! diagnosis may be difficult1 b yet n :olly impossible4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! same disease 9 pa/ labors1 & evid5t intra-ut]9e di/urbance z discov]$ by auscultation or by unnaturally frequ5t & /rong ftal movem5ts1 are1 tak5 toge!r1 frequ5tly suffici5t to e/abli% ! fact4 ,! impropriety ( all[+ su* cases to proce$ unaid$1 _c be too /rongly insi/$ ^u4 ,by e>ly deliv]y1 if ! ftus h =m]ly p]i%$ aft] ! p]iod ( viability1 & 9 addition1 by special m$ication ( ! p>5t1 if its dea? _h usually occurr$ be=e t "t1 _m valuable lives might annually be sav$4 ,premature labor z resort$ to on ! "m's behalf alone1 putt+ aside ! cases we h incid5tally consid]$1 :]e ! lives ( bo? h]self & h] (fspr+ are ( necessity tak5 into acc\nt1 includes also its induction 9 ! e>li] mon?s ( pregnancy be=e ! ftus is viable4 ,x may be requir$ by diagno/icat$ mal=mation or mon/rosity ( ! ftus & by mal=mations on ! "p ( ! "m2 by extreme pelvic contraction1 cong5ital or f rickets or malaco/eon1 prev5t+ ! natural passage ( a ftus aft] viability1 by tumors incapable ( elevation or displacem5t1 by contraction ( ! vag9a1 or by o!r sev]e ob/etric complications1 ei!r rec5t or ( long /&+4 ,( ?is la/ class ( causes1 ob/9ate vomit+1 pu]p]al convulsions1 :i* are by no means conf9$ to ! full p]iod ( pregnancy1 dropsies1 irr$ucible displacem5ts ( ! ut]us1 v>ix ( ! ext]nal labial vessels1 sometimes fatal by lac]ation f t5sion1 are all in/ances 9 po9t4 ,) reg>d to ea*1 ! necessity ( ! abortion mu/ be det]m9$ ) ! greate/ caution1 & resort be _h to x1 ! *ild /ill liv+1 ) reluctance2 especially %\ld ?is be ! case if ! complication be suppos$ on ! "p ( ! ftus1 s important is x to avoid its sacrifice1 if possible1 & ! semblance ( disreg>d+ its own important claims4 ,! rules = ! op]ation :5 p]=m$ = ! "m are ! same z :5 = ! *ild1 save t if absolutely requir$1 x may be resort$ to at an e>li] p]iod4 ,if ! *ild mu/ necess>ily be lo/1 ! labor %\ld n be long delay$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are sev]al subord9ate que/ions aris+ 9 ?is connection1 nei!r metaphysical nor m]ely casui/ic1 b practical1 & because be>+ on ! increase ( crim9al abortion1 directly involv+ human life to an indef9ite ext5t4 ,"o ( !m we %all n[ m5tion4 ,let physical incapacity to ! bir? ( a liv+ or viable *ild ?r\gh ! natural passages be suppos$ to exi/ on ! "p ( ! "m2 t ?is has be5 prov$ by exam9ation1 or by ! result ( a =m] labor1 induc$ or at ! full "t4 ,to save ! "m's life1 e>ly abortion is once br\ght on & ! *ild de/roy$2 ! woman & h] husb& be+ ( c\rse in=m$ ( ! true /ate ( ! case4 ,is x "r or ju/ifiable1 aga9 to de/roy ! ftus1 & z (t5 z sexual lu/ may repeat impregnation8 ,or %\ld ! pati5t be left to ! risks ( a subsequ5t ,cs>ean section1 :i* w\ld at lea/ give ! *ance ( life to h] *ild8 ,i am aw>e on :i* side ( ?is "q lies at pres5t ! op9ion & ! practice ( ! mass ( ! pr(ession2 t ,ngele#adg & o!rs#adh h rul$ x "r always to de/roy ! ftus :5 a refusal to und]go ! ,cs>ean op]ation %all h be5 =mally express$ by ! "m2 & t reports ( in/ances :]e e>ly abortion has be5 repeat$1 ev5 to n9e times ^u ! same pati5t1 are /ill unblu%+ly publi%$ by m5 ( ! /&+ ( ,lev] & ,oldham4#adi ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 9 8 late admirable ju/ification ( craniotomy :]e absolutely necessitat$1 ,*ur*ill makes use ( ! foll[+ language1 :i* ?\gh (f]$ 9 ano!r connection1 is none ! less p]t95t "h3 8,x is ! due appreciation ( ^! relative responsibilities 7reg>d+ "m & *ild7 9 difficult cases1 t di/+ui%es ! wise & exp]i5c$ acc\*eur2 he pres]ves a j c\nt]poise betwe5 !m s long z x is possible to fulfil bo?1 & recognizes ! prop] mom5t :5 "o ceases4 ,"o1 ,i say1 n ei!r2 = ,i prote/ aga9/ ! notion t we *oose :i* ( ! two lives we %all save1 a notion z false 9 !ory z x is 9 practice4 ,no man d>e make su* a *oice1 = we h nei!r ! necess>y k1 nor ! "r1 nor ! au?ority1 to decide :i* is ! m important life & be/ wor? pres]v+40#aej 8,my own op9ion is t su* a c\rse 7! repetition ( abortion7 ought n to be adopt$1 b t pregnancy %\ld be all[$ to proce$1 )\t int]ruption1 to ! full p]iod2 & :5 labor decl>es itself1 t ! infant %\ld inv>iably be extract$ by ! ,cs>ean section10#aea :i*1 :5 p]=m$ 9 season1 is by no means necess>ily fatal to ! "m1 & may pres]ve life to ! *ild4 ,! "q n[ s pla9ly put1 is "o = ! pr(ession sob]ly to discuss & to answ]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h already %[n t 9 _m cases :]e in/rum5tal deliv]y or ! induction ( premature labor is app>5tly requisite1 ! "m1 if a ,ca?olic1 is sacrific$ to ! suppos$ impossibility ( adm9i/]+ ! "r ( baptism to ! *ild4 ,we d n1 ) "s1 all[ t ! physician is "h ju/ifi$ 9 delib]ately & falsely ass]t+ ! *ild's dea?1 :]e su* has n tak5 place1 b we h reviv$ ! sugge/ion ( a me?od by :i* ?is great & fundam5tal ob/acle may be ov]come4 ,we ass]t t ! neglig5ce too (t5 %[n by physicians 9 ^! cases1 ! cu/om ( practically leav+ ! "m & h] *ild to _! fate :5 in/rum5tal deliv]y %all h be5 refus$ ^u religi\s gr\nds s9c]ely ent]ta9$1#aeb is1 h[ev] wide x may appe> f ! po9t1 directly inc5tive to ! increase ( crim9al abortion4 ,provid$ ! "q ( necessity is det]m9$1 b "o c\rse 9 ^! cases %\ld be pursu$1 & t ! p]=mance ( intra-ut]9e baptism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! objections usually made to ! induction ( premature labor1 namely1 ! unc]ta9ty ( all pelvic measurem5ts & ( ! exact p]iod ( ge/ation1 ! great] liability to malpres5tation1 &1 f ! un9volut$ /ate ( ! c]vix1 to ! evils ( a l+]+ labor1 lose mu* ( _! =ce :5 te/$ by our prec$+ rem>ks4 ,if resort$ to1 ! means ( its induction are v>i\s1 &1 z reg>ds _! ju/ifiability1 !y pres5t a decid$ *oice4 ,we "h omit ! consid]ation ( ! me?ods indirect or ( d\btful efficacy1 z draughts1 g5]al or local ba?s or ble$+s1 =c$ ex]cise1 fatigue1 & volunt>y falls or bl[s1 s frequ5tly resort$ to by ! un$ucat$1 or us$1 9 addition to o!r proc$ures1 by ! design+ to mask ! reality2 ^! w be subsequ5tly consid]$1 & we conf9e ourselves1 9 comp>+ ! o!r & m direct me?ods1 only to asc]ta9+ t :i* is safe/ & mo/ efficaci\s1 = ^! po9ts alone c decide _! respective ju/ifiability4 ,! direct & reliable means ( induc+ abortion1 9 ! physician's possession1 are only in/rum5tal4 ,draughts ( all k9ds1 :e!r purgative1 emm5agogue1 or s-call$ specific1--aloes1 ergot1 or sav91--or en]getic poisons1 expell+ ! ftus ?r\gh a sudd5 & pr(\nd di/urbance ( ! :ole mat]nal sy/em1 z ars5ic or can?>ides1 are too unreliable1 unsci5tific1 or dang]\s ei!r to "m or *ild4 ,! ju/ifiable me?ods are conf9$ to ^? act+ directly on ! ut]us & its cont5ts1 by dilat+ ! os or deta*+ ! membranes4 ,!y are1 reject+ ! local application ( belladonna z utt]ly in]t3 #a4 ,local or di/ant & sympa!tic irritation ,by ! h&2 m$ic9al applications2 electricity or galvanism4 #b4 ,puncture ( ! membranes1 & evacuation ( _! fluid cont5ts4 #c4 ,dilatation ( ! os1 & sep>ation ( ! membranes f ! ut]9e walls ,by sponge t5ts2 ! introduction ( in/rum5ts2 or ! injection ( fluids4 ,! fir/ ( ^! modes1 9 all ( its applications1 is extremely unc]ta9 9 effect4 ,! second1 ?\gh t usually attempt$1 is ( real avail only t[>d ! close ( pregnancy1 & is ev5 !n decid$ly inf]ior to ! la/ ( ! me?ods propos$2 at an e>li] p]iod x is probably unju/ifiable4 ,9 ?irte5 cases report$ by ,lev] & ,oldham1#aec :]e labor 0 prematurely induc$ by punctur+ ! membranes1 only f\r ( ! *ildr5 7 born liv+1 & 9 all ^! ! pres5tation 0 by ! v]tex4 ,x has be5 %[n t malpositions are mu* m frequ5t 9 e>li] ?an lat] pregnancy1 & f evid5t causes1 ! comp>ative abs5ce & weakness ( ! ftal movem5ts :i* gov]n its position 9 ut]o1 & ! want ( correspond5ce 9 =m betwe5 itself & ! conta9+ organ4 ,( ! n9e cases report$ :]e ! ftus 0 dead1 five pres5t$ by ! v]tex1 & 7 !re=e probably alive at ! comm5cem5t ( labor1 z aft] dea? previ\s to labor1 malposition v g5]ally occurs1 except !re be defici5cy ( ! liquor amnii or ! pregnancy h advanc$ to ne> its close4 ,aga91 x appe>s f ! same /ati/ics1 :i* z (f]$ = ano!r purpose are ! m to be dep5d$ ^u1 t 9 ! successful cases1 :]e ! *ild 0 born liv+1 ! l5g? ( "t aft] ! op]ation & be=e ! occurr5ce ( pa9s1 almo/ d\bl$ t 9 ! unsuccessful cases1 :]e ! *ild 0 lo/2 ! sum ( ! h\rs 9 ! f\r successful cases exce$+ ! sum 9 ! n9e unsuccessful ones4 ,t is to say1 9 ! "o class ( cases "t 0 all[$ = a c]ta9 am\nt ( dilatation ( ! os & c]vix & = "s degree ( deta*m5t ( ! membranes1 an approa*1 h[ev] slight1 to ! *>act]s ( normal labor2 & 9 ! o!r cases ! labor 0 br\ght on at once1 )\t ei!r ( ! above processes hav+ comm5c$1 & :5 bo? ut]us & its cont5ts 7 totally unprep>$4 ,_h ! times1 moreov]1 f ! comm5cem5t ( labor to its close1 be5 giv5 9 ! two classes ( cases1 x w\ld probably h be5 f\nd t ! relative proportions 7 rev]s$2 t ! sum ( ! h\rs 9 ! unsuccessful cases exce$$ t 9 ! successful cases1 z w\ld be 9 /rict accordance ) ! results to ! ftus4 ,9 premature labor1 z 9 t at ! full p]iod1 ! bag ( wat]s is requir$ to be pres]v$ until x has fulfill$ its purpose1 on ! "o h&1 ( a fluid w$ge1 & on ! o!r1 ( protection to ! *ild f viol5ce till x has fairly ent]$ ! pelvic brim4 ,puncture is also att5d$ ) ! dang] ( directly w\nd+ ! ut]9e tissues4 ,! la/ ( ! me?ods ref]r$ to1 dilatation & deta*m5t1 comb9$ to a c]ta9 ext5t z !y mu/ necess>ily be1 is 9 close imitation ( ! processes obs]v$ 9 natural labor1 & is recomm5d$ alike by its safety to "m & *ild1 its c]ta9ty1 & ! ease bo? to physician & pati5t ) :i* x may be effect$4#aed 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! above rem>ks x is evid5t t ! pr(ession ne$ to ex]cise great caution le/ !y directly1 ?\gh un9t5tionally1 become ! abettors ( crim9al abortion4 ,b ?is liability is n conf9$ to ! in/ances already m5tion$1 :]e abortion has be5 int5tionally induc$4 ,nor is ! matt] 9 "q "o affect+ m]ely ! public heal? & morals1 l pro/itution or syphilization4 ,x is a liability directly to increase ! unju/ifiable de/ruction ( human life1 & its exi/5ce _c be too /rongly impress$ ^u our m9ds & gu>d$ aga9/4 ,s true is ?is1 t two ( ! ,fr5* ob/etricians1 ,moreau & ,bg91 h n hesitat$ to express _! fe>s1 & n on religi\s gr\nds alone2 ! latt]1 ) ,t>dieu1 giv+ x z 8 conviction1 t e physician %\ld make a legal decl>ation ( ! act to ! public prosecutor1 imm$iately on induc+ premature labor1 ev5 if ! p]iod ( viability has be5 rea*$ by ! ftus4 ,! subject has also be5 discuss$ by ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,m$ic9e2#aee & 9 ,great ,brita9 x has be5 ref]r$ to by ,rad=d1 9 ^: op9ion an enactm5t is necess>y1 8entirely prohibit+ ob/etric abortion 7be=e ! p]iod ( viability71 z ! door = evil purposes is already too op51 & w\ld be /ill m s1 if x 0 legally decid$ t :]e p]=m$ on suppos$ ob/etric gr\nds1 no inquiry %\ld be made40#aef ,:5ev] an abortion is induc$ by a physician1 ev5 if accid5tally1 x is liable to be ?\ght int5tional by ! pati5t & h] fri5ds1 & consequ5tly by ! community1 s f> z x becomes aw>e ( ! fact4 ,in/ances ( ?is are )9 ! writ]'s k4 ,accid5tal abortions1 caus$ by a physician1 may be f two causes3 error or insuffici5t c>e 9 diagnosis1 or ! abs5ce ( all likelihood ( ! exi/5ce ( pregnancy4 ,:5 cases are report$ 9 app>5t innoc5ce ( fault1 & by em95t practition]s1 ( ! pregnant ut]us hav+ be5 tapp$ = ov>ian dropsy2 ( craniotomy hav+ be5 attempt$ ^u an infant's fundam5t in/ead ( its skull1 & ( ! same op]ation 9 ano!r in/ance und]tak5 ^u ! promontory ( ! "m's sacrum1 x _c be alleg$1 ,i c>e n by :om1 t ?is caution is unnecess>y or ^! fe>s unf\nd$4 ,! writ] w /ate a few cases t h happ5$ "u 8 own obs]vation4 ,he has twice kn[n abortion to be accid5tally occasion$ by ! use ( sponge t5ts2#aeg ! pati5ts be+ ne> ! close ( _! m5/rual lives1 & nei!r !mselves nor ! physicians 9 att5dance suppos+ t ! cont5ts ( ! enl>g$ ut]us c\ld be ftal2 9 "o ( ^! cases ! woman _h nev] be=e be5 pregnant1 & 9 ! o!r n = _m ye>s4 ,he has twice kn[n ! introduction ( an intra-ut]9e pess>y to be foll[$ by abortion2 9 nei!r case 0 !re any probability ( ! exi/5ce ( pregnancy1 save 9 ! fact t ! pati5ts 7 m>ri$4 ,he has kn[n abortion to be produc$ by ! application ( lun> cau/ic to ! os1 9 a case :]e1 f ! "* ( ! op]ator1 no suspicion c\ld be ent]ta9$ ( ! ut]us hav+ be5 m deeply tamp]$ )4 ,9 cases l ^!1 ! practition] w\ld seem to r5d] himself liable to ! *>ge ( malpractice1 ev5 ?\gh by ! improbability ( malici\s int5t he escap$ t ( crim9al abortion4 ,9 all in/ances :]e !re exi/s ! slighte/ suspicion or possibility ev5 ( pregnancy1 ! only rule = op]ative int]f]5ce mu/ be1 unless circum/ances imp]atively prev5t1 to wait ! few mon?s or weeks necess>y to e/abli% ! diagnosis4 ,ju/ice to ! pr(ession & to ! risk ( error dem& t :]e su* precaution is n _h1 x %\ld be replac$ by a consultation1 :i* w\ld at once dispel any suspicion ( c>elessness or malpractice1 & prev5t a crim9al *>ge4 ,all t we h said reg>d+ surgical ob/etrics1 applies z =cibly to its m$ic9al proc$ures4 ,?\gh draughts & potions ( e k9d are1 z we h rem>k$1 ( d\btful or indirect efficacy = induc+ abortion1 yet ) "s ( !m in/ances ( its occurr5ce d at times result4 ,9 suppos$ ob/ructive am5orrha1 unless ( sev]al mon?s /&+1 & 9 e>ly pregnancy :]e e/abli%$1 ! physician :o does n int5d x1 mu/ take c>e le/ accid5tally or c>elessly1 by purg+1 vomit+ or ov]-ble$+1 he produce a misc>riage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b !re is /ill ano!r po9t 9 ?is connection we mu/ n pass ov]4 ,we /ate x 9 ! foll[+ inquiries1 receiv$ f "o ( ! mo/ em95t practition]s ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 & put to u 9 all s9c]ity4 8,are !re n cases :]e a physician w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 sugge/+ a c\rse su* z he w\ld use 9 am5orrha1 ev5 :]e he might suspect1 b n "k1 ! exi/5ce ( pregnancy8 ,suppose a "m ( sev]al *ildr51 :i* %e has _h 9 rapid succession1 & ! physician feels assur$ t heal?1 & possibly life1 w be endang]$ if ano!r pregnancy occurs2 w\ld he be crim9al if he 7 to use common means = am5orrha if ! m5ses h be5 abs5t six weeks8 ,are ! cases always s pla9 t a man c decide1 & may he n balance a *oice ( evils80 ,cov]+ z ^! que/ions d1 mu* ( ! gr\nd already gone ov]1 we may answ] !m at once1 & decid$ly 9 ! negative4 ,!y apply m especially to ! e>ly mon?s ( pregnancy1 :]e x is always impossible to "k its exi/5ce2 & 7 direct or probable emm5agogues1 or in/rum5tal int]f]5ce1 to be "h all[$1 crim9al abortion might be always induc$ be=e quick5+1 sanction$ & p]mitt$ by ! rules ( m$ic9e4 ,to ju/ify abortion1 life mu/ c]ta9ly or v probably be endang]$1 n possibly m]ely1 :i* is true 9 e pregnancy1 & might be alleg$ at e trial = ! crime4 ,hufel& advis$1 z a 8gold5 rule10 always to suppose ! exi/5ce ( impregnation 9 su* cases1 & to act accord+ly2 t is1 to temporize long en\gh = ! ftus1 if pres5t1 to make its sign4 8,!reby10 he says1 8! physician w avoid mu* mis*ief1 & pres]ve 8 consci5ce z well z 8 reputation40#aeh ,! ideas on ?is subject held by my fri5d1 are )\t d\bt widely ent]ta9$ by ! pr(ession4 ,?is pap] w h s]v$ a good purpose & h sav$ _m ftal lives1 if x d no m ?an c>ry conviction ( ! error & its likelihood to indef9itely ext5d ! crime4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aga91 x is und\bt$ly ! case t 9 all cases ( mat]nal dea? dur+ pregnancy1 :]e ! ftus has arriv$ at ! p]iod ( viability1 its imm$iate extraction by ! ,cs>ean section %\ld be effect$4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ?is subject1 & ,k]g>adec1 :o has well writt5 ^u x1 lays d[n ! maxim t ! op]ation %\ld always be p]=m$1 ev5 9 ! fif? mon? ( pregnancy4#aei ,9 "s cases1 ( plac5ta prvia1 = in/ance1 :]e ! *ances are always m or less aga9/ ! *ild's life1 success is less probable2 b ?is 9 no wise invalidates ! necessity ( ! op]ation4 ,! writ] has himself p]=m$ x 9 ! complication in/anc$1 & 9 va92 b he w\ld none ! m hesitate1 on ?is acc\nt1 to repeat x4 ,!re c be no reason aga9/ ! proc$ure 9 any case1 & by x ! *ild may possibly be sav$4 ,9 ! words ( an old] writ]1 8,e/ enim inhumanum1 po/ obitum matris1 ftui p]eunti et suffoc>i p>ato manus auxili>es d5eg>e1 et sp viv5tem adhuc cum matre mortu eodem tumulo conteg]e et obru]e4 ,idcirco jurisconsulti eum necis reum damnant1 qui gravidam sepeli]it non prius extracto ftu40#afj ,a "q has be5 rais$ conc]n+ ! rights ( relatives 9 prev5t+ ! physician f su* dis*>ge ( 8 duty4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t 8! fa!r has n only ! natural "r ( 8 relation%ip1 b legal p[]2 = ,dr4 ,lev] rec5tly m5tion$ t he _h consult$ ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,taylor to "k :e!r he w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 p]=m+ ,cs>ean section aft] ! dea? ( ! "m1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! fa!r1 z x appe>$ unju/ifiable homicide to all[ ! infant to die4 ,dr4 ,taylor gave 8 op9ion t1 9 law1 ! infant belong$ to ! fa!r1--! infant ) ! life !re(1--& t if ,dr4 ,lev] t\*$ x1 ev5 to rescue x f dea?1 an action w\ld lie aga9/ him40#afa ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 decl>e su* doctr9e to be false & p]nici\s4 ,if signs ( ! *ild's life rema91 no physician %\ld hesitate endeavor+ to pres]ve x1 unless re/ra9$ by actual =ce4 ,i reit]ate my conviction t su* neglect1 or seem+ neglect1 ( ftal life is an actual wrong1 bo? aga9/ ! individual & aga9/ society4 ,simil> po9ts 9 :i* physicians are directly int]e/$1 z t5d+ by _! app>5t disreg>d ( ftal life to r5d] !mselves innoc5t abettors ( crim9al abortion1 are n uncommon4 ,su* are neglect ( ef=ts to prev5t misc>riage :5 ?reat5+1 or :]e x has become an e/abli%$ habit2 & ( attempts at resuscitat+ /ill-born *ildr5 :]e !re is ! slighte/ *ance ( success1 & success has n[ be5 r5d]$ mu* m probable by ! me?ods ( ,m>%all ,hall & ,silve/]2 ! p]=mance ( op]ations ( any k9d ^u a pregnant woman1 ev5 too?-draw+1#afb t might be delay$2 ! c>eless or unnecess>y use ( ergot2 ! rely+ ^u a s+le & unaid$ op9ion1 :]e n "o life only1 b two1 may be endang]$4 ,o!r in/ances might be adduc$2 b en\gh has already be5 said to prove t ! importance ( ! subject we are consid]+1 & ! responsibilities re/+ ^u ! pr(ession reg>d+ x1 dem& z ,i h else:]e sugge/$1#afc t physicians %\ld possess1 %\ld ackn[l$ge1 & %\ld gov]n !mselves by1 an ,ob/etric ,code--! necessity ( :i* w be made ev5 m manife/1 z we proce$ 9 our inve/igation ( que/ions p]ta9+ to ,ob/etric ,jurisprud5ce4 ,we h ref]r$ to "s ( its lead+ pr9ciples1 b h done no m ?an fa9tly =e%ad[ !m4 ,di/ress+ 9 ! retrospect1 inconv5i5t frequ5tly 9 ! pres5t1#afd su* a ,code w\ld und\bt$ly prove2 b x is dem&$ ( ! pr(ession by ! progress ( our sci5ce1 by humanity1 morality & religion4 ,7 ! facts 9 ! case m g5]ally kn[n1 & ! exi/5ce & sanctity ( ftal life m univ]sally appreciat$1 x w\ld be also dem&$ by public op9ion4 ,we h n[ se5 t 8! absurd enactm5ts /ill rema9+ on ! /atute book1 ! c>eless indiff]5ce ) :i* society views ! crime1 ! reluctance ) :i* means are adopt$ to prev5t its occurr5ce1 its increase1 & its frequ5t induction by ob/etricians1 are all evils :i* l\dly & imp]atively call = ! close/ inve/igation40#afe ,we proce$ to ! o!r relations ( crim9al abortion1 m especially to ^? imm$iately p]ta9+ to ! claims & c\rse ( ju/ice4 ,,vii4 ,,its ,,ob/acles ,,to ,,conviction4 ,we h already se5 t !re are special1 ?\gh1 x is to be hop$1 n :olly insurm\ntable causes = ! exi/+ preval5ce ( abortion4 ,x n[ becomes our duty to consid] "s ( ^! reasons 9 detail1 9 s f> z !y relate to & ob/ruct ! c\rse ( ju/ice4 ,x w\ld seem1 f :at has be5 previ\sly said1 t little d\bt c\ld be ent]ta9$ ( ! inefficacy ( our pres5t /atutes aga9/ abortion4 ,!re are few ( ! ,/ates ^: laws on ?is po9t are s wisely & completely drawn z 9 ,massa*usetts2 yet1 z !y !re /&1 !y _c1 z su*1 be en=c$4 ,9 t ,commonweal?1 accord+ to ! reports ( ! attorney-g5]al1 dur+ ! eight ye>s f #ahdi to #aheg1 omitt+ #ahec--;z !re seems to h be5 no report r5d]$ = t ye>--!re 71 z we h se51 #cb trials = abortion1 & n a s+le conviction6 ,a committee ( ! ,/ate ,m$ical ,society ( ,massa*usetts1 to :om ! propriety ( a pr(essional appeal to ! ,legislature = m protective /atutes _h be5 ref]r$ by ! ,di/rict ,society ( ,bo/on1 hav+ report$ aga9/ su* action1 on ! gr\nd 8t ! laws ( ! ,commonweal? are already suffici5tly /r+5t1 provid$ t !y are execut$10#aff x becomes ! m necess>y = u to /rike at ! root ( ! :ole matt]1 & to %[1 if possible1 :y conviction1 unless 9 case ( ! dea? ( ! "m1 _c at pres5t be obta9$4 ,x has be5 ?\ght1 ev5 publicly argu$1 t 9 ! fact t /atutes aga9/ abortion are almo/ ev]y:]e n only n en=c$1 b n attempt$ to be en=c$1 !re is af=d$ /rong evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( an ultimate & absolute impossibility ( ?us meet+ ! crime4 ,! idea1 ?\gh a fallaci\s "o1 is yet attributable to an important & evid5t cause4 ,t ! preval5ce ( abortion is 9 great measure ow+ to ignorance ( guilt1 on ! "p ( ! community at l>ge1 we h %[n4 ,we n[ ass]t t its futile prohibition by ! law1 its tol]ation1 are pla9ly 9 consequ5ce ( simil> ignorance on ! "p ( legislators1 & ( (fic]s ( ju/ice4 ,our communities =m _! own laws1 &1 !re=e1 z 0 po9t$ out at ! comm5cem5t ( our rem>ks1 ^! mu/ necess>ily be> ! /amp ( public op9ion2 :ile ! (fic]s by :om !y are to be en=c$--juror1 attorney1 judge--look+ to ! only s\rce possible = _! enlight5m5t on ?is subject1 to m$ical m51 h hi!rto f\nd b few bold & hone/ /atem5ts1#afg & ^! un9dors$ by ! mass ( ! pr(ession2 or1 9 ! total sil5ce1 a practical sanction ( ! popul> belief4 ,?is is no exagg]ation2 ! ass]tion is fully borne out by facts4 ,ne$ we wond]1 !n1 t ! laws are n en=c$1 t inde$ _! en=cem5t is n attempt$8 ,b ?is fir/ & great cause1 x is app>5t1 is by no means an ess5tial "o4 ,we ne$ add no?+ to :at we h already said1 ( ^? ob/acles to conviction1 aris+ f circum/ances common 9 great] or less degree to o!r crimes2--! difficulties ( detection & ( obta9+ pro(1 h[ev] great ^! are all[$ to be1--b we proce$ at once to consid] ! laws !mselves by :i* 9 ?is c\ntry ! crime ( abortion is attempt$1 or is expect$ to be suppress$4#afh ,! argum5ts by :i* we h %[n ! mi/ak5 premise on :i* ! common law ( ,engl&1 z cov]+ ?is crime1 is f\nd$1 & by adoption1 ! common law ( ?is c\ntry1 w n h be5 =gott54 ,we %all p]ceive t simil> reason+ applies ) equal =ce to ! special /atutes1 :]e su* exi/1 ( almo/ e ,/ate 9 ! ,union4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! foll[+ ,/ates1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl&1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,florida1 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,i[a1 & ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 !re appe> to exi/ no /atutes aga9/ abortion1 & ! crime c only be rea*$ at common law & by ! rul+s ( ! c\rts4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 all rul+s are bas$ on ! common law1 ! old ,engli% /atutes1 f ,elizabe? to ,george ,,ii41 & ! old colonial /atutes ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,m>yl&1 d[n to #ahjj1 ! p]iod ( cession to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( t portion ( ,m>yl& ly+ on ! nor? side ( ! ,potomac1 n[ includ$ 9 ! f$]al di/rict4 ,! lat] ,engli% /atutes1 ev5 ^? ( ,george ,,iv41 be+ enact$ subsequ5t to ! sep>ation f ! "m c\ntry1 are n recogniz$ 9 ! ,di/rict4 ,9 ! ,/ate c\rts1 s f> z ! rules & pr9ciples ( ! common law are applicable to ! adm9i/ration ( crim9al law1 & h n be5 alt]$ or modifi$ by acts ( ! colonial or prov9cial gov]nm5t1 or by ! ,/ate ,legislature1 !y h ! same =ce & effect z laws =mally enact$4#afi ,9 ! ,/ates ref]r$ to1 !re=e1 z hav+ no special /atutes ( _! own1 ! lat] ,engli% /atutes1 ?\gh n ( absolute =ce1 are to a c]ta9 ext5t und\bt$ly ackn[l$g$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ! common law ( ,engl&1 z /at$ by ,black/one3-- 8,if a woman is quick ) *ild1 & by a potion or o!rwise1 kille? x 9 h] womb1 or if any "o beat h]1 :]eby ! *ild die? 9 h] body1 & %e is deliv]$ ( a dead *ild1 ?is1 ?\gh n murd]1 0 by ! anci5t law homicide1 or manslaught]4 ,b ! mod]n law do? n look ^u ?is (f5ce 9 q s atroci\s a light1 b m]ely z a he9\s misdemeanor40#agj 8,b if ! *ild be born alive1 & aft]w>ds die 9 consequ5ce ( ! potion or beat+1 x w be murd]40#aga ,by ?is law x is necess>y to furni% pro( n m]ely ( pregnancy1 b ( quick5+2 no "o besides ! "m c be rea*$1 save 9 ! r>e in/ance ( beat+2 x is (t5 impossible to prove t a *ild1 born liv+1 has di$ 9 consequ5ce ( means us$ ^u itself or its "m be=e ! bir?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,ell5bor\gh act1#agb pass$ 9 #ahjc1 runs ?us3-- 8,if any p]son %all willfully & malici\sly adm9i/] to1 or cause to be adm9i/]$ to1 or take any m$ic9e1 drug1 or o!r sub/ance or ?+ :atsoev]1 or use1 or cause to be us$ or employ$1 any in/rum5t1 etc41 ) int5t to procure ! misc>riage ( any woman1 n be+1 or n be+ prov$ to be1 quick ) *ild at ! "t ( committ+ su* ?+1 or us+ su* means1 !n1 & 9 e su* case1 ! p]sons s (f5d+1 _! c\nselors1 aid]s & abettors1 %all be & are decl>$ guilty ( felony1 & %all be liable10 etc4 etc42 if be=e quick5+1 to f9e1 ! pillory1 /ripes1 or transportation2 if aft] quick5+1 to dea?2--b 9 ! clause provid+ = ! latt] case1 m5tion ( in/rum5ts 0 omitt$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,puni%m5t 0 ?us ext5d$ to ! crime prior to quick5+2 & besides ! actual p]petrator1 to ^? c\nsel+ & assi/+ !re94 ,= its commission aft] quick5+1 capital puni%m5t 0 re/or$2 b by a /range ov]sight1 no p5alty 0 provid$ = ! cases occurr+ at ?is p]iod1 :]e ! abortion 0 induc$ by in/rum5tal or o!r me*anical viol5ce4 ,to rem$y ?is defect ano!r act1 t ( ,"l ,lansd[ne1#agc 0 sub/itut$ 9 #ahbh3-- 8,if any p]son1 ) int5t to procure ! misc>riage ( any woman !n be+ quick ) *ild1 unlawfully & malici\sly %all adm9i/] to h]1 or cause to be tak5 by h]1 any poison or o!r noxi\s ?+1 or %all use any in/rum5t1 or o!r means :atev]1 ) ! l int5t2 e su* (f5d]1 & e p]son c\nsel+1 aid+ or abett+ su* (f5d]1 %all be guilty ( felony1 & be+ convict$ !re(1 %all suff] dea? z a felon20 if ! woman 7 8n1 or n prov$ to be1 !n quick ) *ild10 ! (f5ce 0 /ill felony1 & puni%$ by transportation1 or imprisonm5t & /ripes4 ,by ?is enactm5t1 ! mi/ak5 belief 9 a diff]5ce ( guilt1 accord+ to ! p]iod ( ftal life1 0 /ill reta9$4 ,= :i* reason1 & 9 ! false hope t by aga9 aboli%+ capital puni%m5t1 juries w\ld m frequ5tly decide 9 accordance ) fact1 ! ,engli% law has lat]1 & dur+ ! pres5t reign1 /ill fur!r be5 modifi$ & r5d]$ m j1 simple1 & compreh5sive4#agd 99 99 99 99 99 8,:osoev]1 ) ! int5t to procure ! misc>riage ( any woman1 %all unlawfully adm9i/] to h]1 or cause to be tak5 by h]1 any poison or o!r noxi\s ?+1 or %all unlawfully use any in/rum5t1 or o!r means :atsoev]1 ) ! l int5t1 %all be guilty ( felony1 & be+ convict$ !re(1 %all be liable10 etc4 etc41 to transportation or imprisonm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ! pres5t ,engli% /atute1 ! woman h]self c h>dly yet be rea*$2 _m convictions mu/ /ill be lo/ f failure to prove ! ag5t ei!r a poison or noxi\s ?+2 9 o!r respects1 h[ev]1 x is well drawn4 ,attempts at ! crime are cov]$1 & pro( is n requir$ ( pregnancy1 or ( actual injury to ! "m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s f> ! in/ances 9 ?is c\ntry ( an abs5ce ( special /atutes4 ,:]e su* exi/1 !y may be v>i\sly classifi$4 ,res]v+ = a little all o!r consid]ations1 we f9d !m at once fall+ into f\r great divisions4 ,i4 ,^? ackn[l$g+ ! crime only aft] quick5+ has occurr$3-- ,connecticut1 ,mississippi1 ,arkansas1 ,m9nesota1 ,oregon4 ,,ii4 ,^? ackn[l$g+ ! crime ?r\gh\t pregnancy1 b suppos+ its guilt to v>y ) ! p]iod to :i* ?is has advanc$3-- ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,mi*igan4#age ,,iii4 ,^? ackn[l$g+ ! crime ?r\gh\t pregnancy1 unmitigat$2 b /ill requir+ pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is /ate3-- ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,ill9ois1 ,wiscons91 ,virg9ia1 ,miss\ri1 ,alabama1 ,l\isiana1 ,texas1 ,cali=nia4#agf ,,iv4 ,t1 l ! pres5t ,engli% /atute1 requir+ no su* pro(1 & puni%+ also ! attempt1 ev5 ?\gh pregnancy d n exi/3-- ,indiana4 ,briefly to recapitulate ^! gr\ps3-- ,ma9e1 ,class ,,ii4 ,new ,hamp%ire1 0 ,,ii4 ,v]mont1 0 ,,iii4 ,massa*usetts1 0 ,,iii4 ,rhode ,isl&1 no /atute4 ,connecticut1 ,class ,i4 ,new ,york1 0 ,,ii4 ,new ,j]sey1 none4 ,p5nsylvania1 none4 ,delaw>e1 none4 ,m>yl&1 none4 ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 none4 ,virg9ia1 ,class ,,iii4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 none4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 none4 ,georgia1 none4 ,florida1 none4 ,alabama1 ,class ,,iii4 ,mississippi1 0 ,i4 ,l\isiana1 0 ,,iii4 ,texas1 0 ,,iii4 ,ohio1 ,class ,,ii4 ,indiana1 0 ,,iv4 ,ill9ois1 0 ,,iii4 ,mi*igan1 0 ,,ii4 ,k5tucky1 none4 ,t5nessee1 none4 ,miss\ri1 ,class ,,iii4 ,arkansas1 0 ,i4 ,wiscons91 ,class ,,iii4 ,i[a1 none4 ,m9nesota1 ,class ,i4 ,cali=nia1 0 ,,iii4 ,oregon1 0 ,i4 ,we n[ proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ^! /atutes 9 detail1 & = ?is purpose1 pres5t !m at l5g?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i4 ,/ates ackn[l$g+ ! crime only aft] quick5+3-- ,,connecticut4--8,e p]son :o %all willfully & malici\sly adm9i/] to1 or cause to be adm9i/]$ to1 or tak5 by1 any woman !n be+ quick ) *ild1 any m$ic9e1 drug1 noxi\s sub/ance1 or o!r ?+1 ) int5t !reby to produce ! misc>riage ( su* woman1 or to de/roy ! *ild ( :i* %e is pregnant1 or %all willfully & malici\sly use & employ any in/rum5t or o!r means to produce su* misc>riage1 or to de/roy su* *ild1 %all suff] imprisonm5t 9 ! ,connecticut ,/ate prison = a t]m n less ?an sev51 nor m ?an t5 ye>s40#agg ,,mississippi4--8,! willful kill+ ( an unborn quick *ild1 by any injury to ! "m ( su* *ild1 :i* w\ld be murd] if x result$ 9 ! dea? ( ! "m1 %all be deem$ manslaught]4 8,e p]son :o %all adm9i/] to any woman pregnant ) a quick *ild1 any m$ic9e1 drug1 or sub/ance :atev]1 or %all use or employ any in/rum5t or o!r means1 ) int5t !reby to de/roy su* *ild1 unless ! same %all h be5 necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( su* "m1 or %all h be5 advis$ by a physician to be necess>y = su* purpose1 %all be deem$ guilty ( manslaught]40#agh ,puni%m5t1 by f9e n less ?an "o ?\s& doll>s1 or imprisonm5t 9 ! c\nty jail = n m ?an "o ye>1 or 9 ! p5it5ti>y = n less ?an two ye>s4 ,,arkansas4--8,! willful kill+ ( an unborn quick *ild1 by any injury to ! "m ( su* *ild1 :i* w\ld be murd] if x result$ 9 ! dea? ( su* "m1 %all be adjudg$ manslaught]4 8,e p]son :o %all adm9i/] to any woman pregnant ) a quick *ild1 any m$ic9e1 drug1 or sub/ance :atev]1 or %all employ any in/rum5t or o!r means1 ) int5t !reby to de/roy su* *ild1 & !reby %all cause its dea?1 unless ! same %all be necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( ! "m1 or %all h be5 advis$ by a regul> physician to be necess>y = su* purpose1 %all be deem$ guilty ( manslaught]40#agi ,,m9nesota4--8,! willful kill+ ( an unborn infant *ild1 by any injury to ! "m ( su* *ild1 :i* w\ld be murd] if x result$ 9 ! dea? ( su* "m1 %all be deem$ manslaught] 9 ! fir/ degree4 8,e p]son :o %all adm9i/] to any woman pregnant ) a quick *ild1 any m$ic9e1 drug1 or sub/ance :atev]1 or %all use or employ any in/rum5t or o!r means1 ) int5t !reby to de/roy su* *ild1 unless ! same %all h be5 necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( su* "m1 or %all h be5 advis$ by two physicians to be necess>y = su* purpose1 %all1 9 case ! dea? ( su* *ild or ( su* "m be !reby produc$1 be deem$ guilty ( manslaught] 9 ! second degree40#ahj ,puni%m5t = fir/ degree1 imprisonm5t 9 ! t]ritorial prison = n less ?an sev5 ye>s2 & = second degree1 n m ?an sev5 ye>s nor less ?an f\r4 ,,oregon4--8,any p]son :o %all adm9i/] to any woman pregnant ) a quick *ild1 or prescribe = any su* woman1 or advise or procure any su* woman to take any m$ic9e1 drug1 or sub/ance :atev]1 or %all use or employ any in/rum5t or o!r means1 ) int5t !reby to de/roy su* *ild1 unless ! same %all h be5 necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( su* "m1 %all1 9 case ! dea? ( su* *ild1 or ( su* "m1 be !reby produc$1 be deem$ guilty ( manslaught]40#aha ,puni%m5t1 imprisonm5t 9 ! p5it5ti>y = n less ?an "o or m ?an t5 ye>s1 & by f9e n exce$+ five ?\s& doll>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii4 ,^? ackn[l$g+ ! crime ?r\gh\t pregnancy1 b z ( diff]5t degrees ( guilt3-- ,,ma9e4--8,:oev] adm9i/]s to any woman pregnant ) *ild1 :e!r su* *ild is quick or n1 any m$ic9e1 drug1 or o!r sub/ance1 or uses any in/rum5t or o!r means1 unless ! same 7 done z necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! "m's life1 %all be puni%$1 if done ) int5t to de/roy su* *ild1 & !reby x 0 de/roy$ be=e bir?1 by imprisonm5t n m ?an five ye>s1 or by f9e n exce$+ "o ?\s& doll>s2 if done ) int5t to procure ! misc>riage ( su* woman1 by imprisonm5t less 7sic7 ?an "o ye>1 & by f9e n exce$+ "o ?\s& doll>s40#ahb ,,new ,,hamp%ire4--8,e p]son :o %all willfully adm9i/] to any pregnant woman1 any m$ic9e1 drug1 sub/ance1 or ?+ :atev]1 or %all use or employ any in/rum5t or means :atev]1 ) int5t !reby to procure ! misc>riage ( any su* woman1 unless ! same %all h be5 necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( su* woman1 or %all h be5 advis$ by two physicians to be necess>y = t purpose1 %all1 ^u conviction1 be puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 ! c\nty jail n m ?an "o ye>1 or by a f9e n exce$+ "o ?\s& doll>s1 or by bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t1 at ! discretion ( ! c\rt4 8,e p]son :o %all adm9i/] to any woman pregnant ) a quick *ild1 any m$ic9e1 drug1 or sub/ance :atev]1 or %all use or employ any in/rum5t or means :atev]1 ) int5t !reby to de/roy su* *ild1 unless ! same %all h be5 necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( su* woman1 or %all h be5 advis$ by two physicians to be necess>y = su* purpose1 %all1 ^u conviction1 be puni%$ by f9e n exce$+ "o ?\s& doll>s1 & by conf9em5t to h>d labor n less ?an "o ye> nor m ?an t5 ye>s4 8,any p]son :o %all cause ! dea? ( any pregnant woman1 9 ! p]petration or attempt to p]petrate ei!r ( ! crimes m5tion$ 9 ! two prec$+ sections1 or 9 consequ5ce ( ! p]petration or ! attempt to p]petrate ei!r ( said crimes1 %all be tak5 & deem$ to be guilty ( murd] 9 ! second degree1 & be puni%$ accord+ly4 8,any woman :o %all volunt>ily submit to ! violation ( ! provisions ( ?is act 7?is & ! ?ree prec$+ sections#ahc7 ^u h]self1 %all be puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 ! c\nty jail n exce$+ "o ye>1 or by f9e n exce$+ "o ?\s& doll>s1 or by bo? said f9e & imprisonm5t1 at ! discretion ( ! c\rt40#ahd ,,new ,,york4--8,! willful kill+ ( an unborn quick *ild1 by an injury to ! "m ( su* *ild1 :i* w\ld be murd] if x result$ 9 ! dea? ( su* "m1 %all be deem$ manslaught] 9 ! fir/ degree4 8,e p]son :o %all adm9i/] to any woman pregnant ) a quick *ild1 or prescribe = any su* woman1 or advise or procure any su* woman to take any m$ic9e1 drug1 or sub/ance :atev]1 or %all use or employ any in/rum5t or o!r means1 ) int5t !reby to de/roy su* *ild1 unless ! same %all h be5 necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( su* "m1 %all1 9 case ! dea? ( su* *ild1 or ( su* "m be !reby produc$1 be deem$ guilty ( manslaught] 9 ! second degree4 8,e p]son :o %all adm9i/] to any pregnant woman1 or prescribe = any su* woman1 or advise or procure any su* woman to take any m$ic9e1 drug1 sub/ance1 or ?+ :atev]1 or %all use or employ any in/rum5t1 or o!r means :atev]1 ) int5t !reby to procure ! misc>riage ( any su* woman1 %all1 ^u conviction1 be puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 a c\nty jail n less ?an ?ree mon?s nor m ?an "o ye>4 8,e woman :o %all solicit ( any p]son any m$ic9e1 drug1 or sub/ance1 or ?+ :atev]1 & %all take ! same1 or %all submit to any op]ation1 or o!r means :atev]1 ) int5t !reby to procure a misc>riage1 %all be deem$ guilty ( a misdemeanor1 & %all1 ^u conviction1 be puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 ! c\nty jail n less ?an ?ree mon?s nor m ?an "o ye>1 or by a f9e n exce$+ "o ?\s& doll>s1 or by bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t40#ahe ,,ohio4--8,any physician1 or o!r p]son1 :o %all willfully adm9i/] to any pregnant woman1 any m$ic9e1 drug1 sub/ance1 or ?+ :atev]1 or %all use any in/rum5t1 or o!r means :atev]1 ) int5t !reby to procure ! misc>riage ( any su* woman1 unless ! same %all h be5 necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( su* woman1 or %all h be5 advis$ by two physicians to be necess>y = t purpose1 %all1 ^u conviction1 be puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 ! c\nty jail n m ?an "o ye>1 or by f9e n exce$+ five hundr$ doll>s1 or by bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t4 8,any physician1 or o!r p]son1 :o %all adm9i/] to any woman1 pregnant ) a quick *ild1 any m$ic9e1 drug1 or sub/ance :atev]1 or %all use or employ any in/rum5t1 or o!r means1 ) int5t !reby to de/roy su* *ild1 unless ! same %all h be5 necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( su* "m1 or %all h be5 advis$ by two physicians to be necess>y = su* purpose1 %all1 9 case ( ! dea? ( su* *ild or "m1 9 consequ5ce !re(1 be deem$ guilty ( a high misdemeanor1 & ^u conviction !re(1 %all be imprison$ 9 ! p5it5ti>y n m ?an sev5 ye>s1 nor less ?an "o ye>40#ahf ,,mi*igan4--8,! willful kill+ ( an unborn quick *ild1 by any injury to ! "m ( su* *ild1 :i* w\ld be murd] if x result$ 9 ! dea? ( su* "m1 %all be deem$ manslaught]4 8,e p]son :o %all adm9i/] to any woman pregnant ) a quick *ild1 any m$ic9e1 drug1 or sub/ance :atev]1 or %all use or employ any in/rum5t1 or o!r means1 ) int5t !reby to de/roy su* *ild1 unless ! same %all h be5 necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( su* "m1 or %all h be5 advis$ by two physicians to be necess>y = su* purpose1 %all1 9 case ! dea? ( su* *ild or ( su* "m be !reby produc$1 be deem$ guilty ( manslaught]4 8,e p]son :o %all willfully adm9i/] to any pregnant woman1 any m$ic9e1 drug1 sub/ance1 or ?+ :atev]1 or %all employ any in/rum5t1 or o!r means :atev]1 ) int5t !reby to procure ! misc>riage ( any su* woman1 unless ! same %all h be5 necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( su* woman1 or %all h be5 advis$ by two physicians to be necess>y = t purpose1 %all1 ^u conviction1 be puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 a c\nty jail n m ?an "o ye>1 or by a f9e n exce$+ five hundr$ doll>s1 or by bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t40#ahg 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iii4 ,^? n all[+ ?is mitigation1 b /ill requir+ pro( ( pregnancy3-- ,,v]mont4--8,:oev] malici\sly1 or )\t lawful ju/ification1 ) int5t to cause & procure ! misc>riage ( a woman1 !n pregnant ) *ild1 %all adm9i/] to h]1 prescribe = h]1 or advise or direct h] to take or swall[ any poison1 drug1 m$ic9e1 or noxi\s ?+1 or %all cause1 or procure h]1 ) l int5t1 to take or swall[ any poison1 drug1 m$ic9e1 or noxi\s ?+2 & :oev] malici\sly & )\t lawful ju/ification1 %all use any in/rum5t1 or means :atev]1 ) ! l int5t1 & e p]son1 ) ! l int5t1 kn[+ly aid+ & assi/+ su* (f5d]s1 %all be deem$ guilty ( felony1 if ! woman die 9 consequ5ce !re(1 & %all be imprison$ 9 ! ,/ate prison n m ?an t5 ye>s1 nor less ?an five ye>s2 & if ! woman does n die 9 consequ5ce !re(1 su* (f5d]s %all be deem$ guilty ( a misdemeanor1 & %all be puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 ! ,/ate prison n exce$+ ?ree ye>s1 nor less ?an "o ye>1 & pay a f9e n exce$+ two hundr$ doll>s40#ahh ,,massa*usetts4--8,:oev] malici\sly or )\t lawful ju/ification1 ) int5t to cause & procure ! misc>riage ( a woman !n pregnant ) *ild1 %all adm9i/] to h]1 prescribe = h]1 or advise or direct h] to take or swall[ any poison1 drug1 m$ic9e1 or noxi\s ?+1 or %all cause or procure h]1 ) l int5t1 to take or swall[ any poison1 drug1 m$ic9e1 or noxi\s ?+2 & :oev] malici\sly & )\t lawful ju/ification %all use any in/rum5t1 or means :atev]1 ) ! l int5t1 & e p]son ) ! l int5t kn[+ly aid+ & assi/+ su* (f5d] or (f5d]s1 %all be deem$ guilty ( felony1 if ! woman die 9 consequ5ce !re(1 & %all be imprison$ n m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 nor less ?an five ye>s1 9 ! ,/ate prison2 & if ! woman do? n die 9 consequ5ce !re(1 su* (f5d] %all be guilty ( a misdemeanor1 & %all be puni%$ by imprisonm5t n exce$+ sev5 ye>s1 nor less ?an "o ye>1 9 ! ,/ate prison1 or h\se ( correction1 or common jail1 & by f9e n exce$+ two ?\s& doll>s40#ahi ,,ill9ois4--8,e p]son :o %all adm9i/]1 or cause to be adm9i/]$ or tak51 any noxi\s or de/ructive poison1 sub/ance1 or liquid1 ) ! int5tion to procure ! misc>riage ( any woman !n be+ ) *ild1 & %all !re( be duly convict$1 %all be imprison$ = a t]m n exce$+ ?ree ye>s 9 ! p5it5ti>y1 & f9$ 9 a sum n exce$+ "o ?\s& doll>s40#aij ,,wiscons94--8,e p]son :o %all adm9i/] to any pregnant woman1 or prescribe = any su* woman1 or advise or procure any su* woman to take any m$ic9e1 drug1 or sub/ance1 or ?+ :atev]1 or %all use or employ any in/rum5t1 or o!r means :atev]1 or advise or procure ! same to be us$1 ) int5t !reby to procure ! misc>riage ( any su* woman1 %all1 ^u conviction1 be puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 a c\nty jail1 n m ?an "o ye> nor less ?an ?ree mon?s1 or by f9e n exce$+ five hundr$ doll>s1 or by bo? f9e & imprisonm5t1 at ! discretion ( ! c\rt4 8,e woman :o %all take any m$ic9e1 drug1 sub/ance1 or ?+ :atev]1 or :o %all use or employ any in/rum5t1 or %all submit to any op]ation1 or o!r means :atev]1 ) int5t to procure a misc>riage1 %all1 ^u conviction1 be puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 a c\nty jail n m ?an six mon?s1 nor less ?an "o mon?1 or by a f9e n exce$+ ?ree hundr$ doll>s1 or by bo? f9e & imprisonm5t1 at ! discretion ( ! c\rt40#aia ,,virg9ia4--8,any free p]son :o %all adm9i/] to1 or cause to be tak5 by a woman1 any drug or o!r ?+1 or use any means1 ) int5t to de/roy h] unborn *ild1 or to produce abortion or misc>riage1 & %all !reby de/roy su* *ild1 or produce su* abortion or misc>riage1 %all be conf9$ 9 ! p5it5ti>y n less ?an "o1 nor m ?an five ye>s4 ,no p]son1 by reason ( any act m5tion$ 9 ?is section1 %all be puni%able :]e su* act is done 9 good fai?1 ) ! int5tion ( sav+ ! life ( su* woman or *ild40#aib ,,miss\ri4--8,e physician1 or o!r p]son1 :o %all willfully adm9i/] to any pregnant woman1 any m$ic9e1 drug1 or sub/ance :atsoev]1 or %all use or employ any means :atsoev]1 ) int5t !reby to procure abortion1 or ! misc>riage ( any su* woman1 unless ! same %all h be5 necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( su* woman1 or %all h be5 advis$ by a physician to be necess>y = t purpose1 %all1 ^u conviction1 be adjudg$ guilty ( a misdemeanor1 & puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 ! c\nty jail n exce$+ "o ye>1 or by f9e n exce$+ five hundr$ doll>s1 or by bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t40#aic ,,alabama4--8,any p]son :o willfully adm9i/]s to any pregnant woman1 any drug or sub/ance1 or uses & employs any in/rum5t or o!r means to procure h] misc>riage1 unless ! same is necess>y to pres]ve h] life1 & done = t purpose1 mu/1 on conviction1 be f9$ n m ?an five hundr$ doll>s1 & imprison$ n less ?an ?ree or m ?an twelve mon?s40#aid ,,l\isiana4--8,:oev] %all feloni\sly adm9i/]1 or cause to be adm9i/]$1 any drug1 potion1 or any o!r ?+1 to any woman1 = ! purpose ( procur+ a premature deliv]y1 & :oev] %all adm9i/]1 or cause to be adm9i/]$1 to any woman pregnant ) *ild1 any drug1 potion1 or any o!r ?+1 = ! purpose ( procur+ abortion1 or a premature deliv]y1 %all be imprison$ at h>d labor = n less ?an "o1 nor m ?an t5 ye>s40#aie ,,texas4--8,if any p]son %all design$ly adm9i/] to a pregnant woman1 ) h] cons5t1 any drug or m$ic9e1 or %all use t[>d h] any viol5ce1 or any means :atev]1 ext]nally or int]nally appli$1 & %all !reby procure an abortion1 he %all be puni%$ by conf9em5t 9 ! p5it5ti>y n less ?an two1 nor m ?an five ye>s2 if x be done )\t h] cons5t ! puni%m5t %all be d\bl$4 8,any p]son :o furni%es ! means = procur+ an abortion1 kn[+ ! purpose int5d$1 is guilty z an accomplice4 8,if ! means us$ %all fail to produce an abortion1 ! (f5d] is nev]!less guilty ( an attempt to procure abortion1 provid$ x be %[n t su* means 7 calculat$ to produce t result1 & %all receive "o half ! puni%m5t prescrib$4 8,if ! dea? ( ! "m is occasion$ by an abortion s produc$1 or by an attempt to effect ! same1 x is murd]4 8,if any p]son %all1 dur+ p>turition ( ! "m1 de/roy ! vitality or life 9 a *ild1 :i* *ild w\ld o!rwise h be5 born alive1 he %all be puni%$ by conf9em5t 9 ! p5it5ti>y = life1 or any p]iod n less ?an five ye>s1 at ! discretion ( ! jury4#aif 8,no?+ conta9$ 9 ?is *apt] %all be deem$ to apply to ! case ( an abortion procur$ or attempt$ to be procur$ by m$ical advice = ! purpose ( sav+ ! life ( ! "m40#aig ,,cali=nia4--8,e p]son :o %all adm9i/] or cause to be adm9i/]$ or tak51 any m$ic9al sub/ance1 or %all use1 or cause to be us$1 any in/rum5t :atev]1 ) ! int5tion to procure ! misc>riage ( any woman !n be+ ) *ild1 & %all be !re( duly convict$1 %all be puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 ! ,/ate prison = a t]m n less ?an two ye>s1 nor m ?an five ye>s2 provid$1 t no physician %all be affect$ by ?is section1 :o1 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 pr(essional duties1 deems x necess>y to produce ! misc>riage ( any woman 9 ord] to save h] life40#aih 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iv4 ,! ,/ate1 l ,engl&1 :]e pro( ( pregnancy is n requir$3#aii ,,indiana4--8,e p]son :o %all willfully adm9i/] to any pregnant woman1 or to any woman :om he supposes to be pregnant1 any?+ :atev]1 or %all employ any means ) int5t !reby to procure ! misc>riage ( su* woman1 unless ! same is necess>y to pres]ve h] life1 %all be puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 ! c\nty jail n exce$+ twelve mon?s1 & be f9$ n exce$+ five hundr$ doll>s40#bjj 99 99 99 99 99 ,! impossibility ( prov+ ! exi/5ce ( pregnancy1 9 all cases ( e>ly occurr+1 & 9 _m ( advanc$ abortion1 save by its result1 is und5iable4 ,quick5+1 :]e abortion is crim9al1 is seldom previ\sly asc]ta9$ by witnesses1 at lea/ f actual exam9ation4 ,if ! "m is dead1 h] own te/imony1 n (t5 will+ly giv51 is lo/1 & ! only reliable evid5ce t ! usual p]iod ( quick5+ _h be5 rea*$1 is f ! body ( ! ftus1 frequ5tly conceal$ or de/roy$4 ,! law requires1 9 pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( quick5+1 t ! woman %\ld h]self h felt ! *ild move )9 h]2#bja ?us disc>d+#bjb ! di/9ction once v prop]ly made by a le>n$ judge1 8,quick ) *ild1 is hav+ conceiv$2 ) quick *ild1 is :]e ! *ild is quick5$40#bjc ,we h already suffici5tly insi/$ on ! error1 inju/ice1 & actual wrong to society1 ( mak+ ?is absurd di/9ction betwe5 ! ftus ( an e>ly & a lat] age1 & only ref] to x at ! pres5t "t z =emo/ among ! exi/+ ob/acles to conviction4 ,9 "s ( ! ,/ates1 ! (f5ce is consid]$ a trifl+ "o1 except z affect+ ! p]son or life ( ! "m2 ?is is ! case 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1 & ,massa*usetts4 ,9 ,ohio1 ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota1 ,wiscons91 & ,oregon1 ! prov$ dea? ( ei!r *ild or "m is requir$ to make abortion a high misdemeanor1 felony or manslaught]2 :ile 9 ,virg9ia & ,arkansas x is necess>y to con/itute an indictable (f5ce1 9 ! "o ,/ate t ! dea? ( ! *ild %\ld be prov$1 & 9 ! o!r t ?is or its premature dis*>ge has actually tak5 place4 ,an attempt at ! crime w\ld "h seem beyond indictm5t1 unless ftal life 7 de/roy$2 ?\gh if ?is c\ld be prov$1 ! attempt might p]haps be rea*$1 ev5 ?\gh ! ftus 7 reta9$ 9 ut]o1 & a true abortion1 its dis*>ge1 _h n tak5 place4 ,9 ,ma9e1 ! ftus mu/ h di$ be=e bir?2 if1 born liv+1 x yet die 9 consequ5ce ( ! abortion1 ! crime w\ld seem n indictable1 save at common law4 ,9 o!r ,/ates1 all[+ ! fact ( pregnancy to be prov$1 & 9 ,indiana alone ?is is n necess>y1 attempts at abortion are z indictable z ! act consummat$1 save 9 ,texas1 :]e ! means us$ mu/ be %[n to be su* z 87 calculat$ to produce ! result40 ,9 b few in/ances is ! crime1 intr9sically consid]$1 acc\nt$ a he9\s "o1 & recogniz$ 9 its true "*--an attempt to de/roy ! life ( ! *ild4 ,9 ,texas1 ! cons5t ( ! "m half palliates ! crime2 :ile 9 v _m codes abortion is omitt$ f ! li/ ( (f5ces aga9/ ! p]son1 & acc\nt$ only a brea* ( public dec5cy & morality4 ,9 ,ohio1 z we h se51 x is call$ a high misdemeanor2 9 ,new ,york1 ,mi*igan1 ,oregon1 ,arkansas1 & ,mississippi1 x is /yl$ manslaught] 9 ! fir/ degree4 ,! puni%m5t inflict$ by ! latt] ( ^! ,/ates1 h[ev]1 is ridicul\sly trivial1 & 9 all ( !m pro( ( quick5+ is requir$4 ,9 ,new ,york x has be5 det]m9$ t "u an indictm5t = procur+ ! abortion ( a quick *ild1 :i* by ! revis$ /atutes is a felony1 ! prison] may be convict$1 ?\gh x turn out t ! *ild 0 n quick1 & ! (f5ce !re=e a m]e misdemeanor2#bjd z 9 ! rema9+ ,/ates x is inde$ ei!r 9 "n or by p5alty consid]$1--a simple1 trivial1 & v5ial (f5ce4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! true nature ( manslaught] consi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( all malice or willful int5t1 express$ or impli$1 to d p]sonal injury3 out ( t5d]ness to ! frailty ( human nature1#bje ! law m]cifully d5y+ to su* homicide1 f unlawful accid5t or ha/y passion1 ! same degree ( guilt ) ! cool1 delib]ate act2#bjf nor t misdemeanors are specifically conf9$ to ! foll[+ category3 di/urbances ( ! public peace1 trivial p]sonal injuries1 public nuisances & sc&als1 lewdness1 & inc5tives to special crimes4#bjg ,x is evid5t t "u nei!r ( ^! heads c ! crime ( abortion be prop]ly made to fall4 ,difficulties ( conviction1 simil> to ^? we h se5 obta9+ 9 ,engl&1 & aris+ f requirem5t ( pro( t ! means employ$ are unlawful1 also pres5t !mselves 9 sev]al ( our ,/ates1 ?\gh 9 mo/ !y h be5 wisely avoid$4 ,9 ,v]mont & ,massa*usetts ! ag5t adm9i/]$1 to be indictable1 mu/ h be5 a 8poison1 drug1 m$ic9e1 or noxi\s ?+20 9 ,ill9ois1 a 8poison1 noxi\s1 or de/ructive sub/ance1 or liquid20 9 ,texas1 a 8drug or m$ic9e20 & 9 ,cali=nia1 a 8m$ic9al sub/ance40 ,9 ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,mi*igan1 ,m9nesota1 ,wiscons91 ,oregon1 ,virg9ia1 ,miss\ri1 ,arkansas1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 & ,l\isiana1 ! word+ ( ! /atute is suffici5tly compreh5sive2 :ile 9 ,indiana1 !re is us$ ! curt b significant expression 8any?+ :atev]10 x n be+ necess>y "u ?is /atute1 9 an indictm5t = adm9i/]+ m$ic9e or any o!r sub/ance1 to procure abortion1 = ! ag5t to be describ$ z noxi\s1 or ev5 its "n to be /at$4#bjh ,! use ( in/rum5tal & o!r viol5ce is g5]ally well provid$ aga9/4 ,! tru? is1 z has inde$ be5 rul$1 t x %\ld n be necess>y to %[1 9 plead+ or evid5ce1 t ! drug1 etc4 adm9i/]$ is noxi\s or ! l1 ! int5t to procure abortion be+ ! gi/ ( ! attempt2#bji & if a p]son adm9i/] a bit ( bread m]ely1 ) ?is int5t1 x is suffici5t to con/itute ! (f5ce4#baj ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 laid d[n1 t if ! ?+ adm9i/]$ c\ld ( itself by no possibility produce ! abortion1 & x 7 prov$ t ?is fact 7 kn[n to ! p]son adm9i/]+1 ! crime w\ld n h be5 committ$2 on ! gr\nd t he mu/ be presum$ to h act$ )\t ! malici\s int5t :i* ! law requires4#baa ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! frequ5t & important physiological effect ?r\gh ! imag9ation1 9 produc+ a def9ite result :]e su* is suppos$ to be int5d$1 has be5 entirely =gott54 ,9 sev]al ,/ates1 a seem+ly unwise discrim9ation has be5 made by ! law betwe5 ! v>i\s me?ods employ$4 ,?us 9 ,mi*igan1 ,mississippi1 ,arkansas1 & ,m9nesota1 a special /atute has be5 enact$ = cases :]e ! crime is effect$ 8by any injury to ! "m1 :i* w\ld be murd] if x result$ 9 ! dea? ( su* "m40 ,we h se5 t ! sure/ & mo/ effici5t means ( produc+ abortion are ^? :]e no injury :atev] is necess>ily inflict$ ^u ! "m4 ,su* /atutes z ! above1 !re=e1 actually t5d to enc\rage ! crime4 ,ano!r important ob/acle to conviction is f\nd 9 ! latitude ! /atutes all[1 g5]ally by omission1 to ! plea ( ju/ification4 ,9 ,ill9ois & ,l\isiana no ju/ification :atev] is all[$ by ! law4 ,9 ,connecticut ! (f5ce is p5al :]e committ$ 8willfully & malici\sly20 9 ,v]mont & ,massa*usetts to ! latt] ( ^! expressions are add$ ! words1 8or )\t lawful ju/ification30 b 9 ea* case1 decision ^u ?is po9t is left 9 great measure or :olly to ! c\rt4 ,9 ,virg9ia1 to be all[able1 ! abortion mu/ h be5 necess>y = ! life ( ei!r ! "m or *ild4 ,9 ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,massa*usetts1#bab ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,mi*igan1 ,miss\ri1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,arkansas1 ,texas1 ,m9nesota1 ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 & ! ,t]ritories ( ,kansas & ,wa%+ton1 x mu/ h be5 p]=m$ = ! sake ( ! "m's life alone4 ,9 none ( ^! ,/ates is a /&>d ( su* ju/ification e/abli%$ by ! /atute4 ,9 ,ma9e1 ,new ,york1 ,indiana1 ,alabama1 ,oregon1 & ! ,t]ritory ( ,wa%+ton1 ?is is n ev5 attempt$4 ,9 ,texas1 ! /atute ackn[l$ges 8m$ical advice40 ,9 ,miss\ri1 ,mississippi1 ,cali=nia1 & ! ,t]ritory ( ,kansas1 ! sanction ( 8a physician0 is all[$ z excuse2 9 ,arkansas t ( 8a regul> physician20 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,ohio1 ,mi*igan1 & ,m9nesota1 8two physicians0 may decide on its necessity2 b 9 e "o ( ^! ,/ates1 ! ^w 8or0 /&s engross$ ^u ! /atute1 & !reby ! precaution is practically invalidat$2 :i* c\ld n h be5 ! case _h ! ^w 8&0 h be5 us$ in/ead4 ,! tru? is1 z we h se51 t :5 su* latitude is all[$ by ! law1 x is inevitably abus$4 ,m$ical evid5ce1 m$ical sanction1 & m$ical p]=mance are absolutely ess5tial = excuse 9 e case2 if ! op9ion ( a s+le physician is all[$ to be suffici5t1 an escape is af=d$ = all in/ances :]e ?is privilege has be5 di%onor$2 ! ^w 8regul>0 is mu* m liable to be mis9t]pret$ ?an ! ^w 8compet5t20#bac 9 e case be=e abortion c be ju/ifi$1 its necessity %\ld previ\sly h be5 decid$ & ! possibility ( crime ?us prev5t$1 by a consultation ( at lea/ two compet5t m$ical m54 ,we h po9t$ out _m circum/ances "u :i* premature labor is dem&$1 by ! rules ( humanity & ( m$ic9e1 = ! sake ( ! "m's life1 & h se5 t 9 sev]al ,/ates x is = ?is cause all[$4 ,b we h also %[n t x is (t5 equally necessitat$ = ! sake ( ! *ild4 ,9 no ,/ate save ,virg9ia is its ju/ifiability = ?is purpose yet recogniz$ by ! /atute law4 ,by ! codes ( mo/ ,/ates1 ! "m is n puni%able1 h[ev] directly implicat$ 9 ! crime4 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,new ,york1 & ,wiscons91 are app>5tly ! only exceptions to ?is /atem5t2 ! la/ two ( !m also n requir+ pro( ( pregnancy = conviction1 :ile by implication ,new ,hamp%ire does4 ,by ! /atute ( ,indiana1 all o!r wom5 equally ) ! "m w\ld seem releas$ f prosecution1 ! ^w 8he0 be+ us$ ( ! p]sons indictable4 ,! same ov]sight is notic$ 9 ! fir/ section ( ! /atute ( ,texas4 ,objections 7 =m]ly made1 especially 9 ,engl&1 to ! sev]ity ( ! p5alties !n inflict$1 7dea? 9 case ( quick5+1 transportation or long imprisonm5t o!rwise17 on ! errone\s gr\nd t ?is sev]ity 0 :olly disproportionate to ! guilt ( ! (f5ce1 & t1 !re=e1 juries did n convict4 ,! mi/ak5 "* ( ?is supposition is %[n by abundant pro( 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 _m ,/ates ! p5alties ( ! law are absurdly insignificant1 t5d+1 equally ) ! unc]ta9ty ( _! infliction1 to enc\rage ! crime1 & yet ! same difficulties ( conviction prevail4 ,! true nature ( ^! difficulties we h endeavor$ 9 great measure to expla91 & we ?9k x w h appe>$ t h[ev] num]\s & s]i\s !y may be1 !y are yet n insup]able4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is subject1 x is prop] t we exam9e m fully into ! doctr9e ( ! common law1 to und]/& m precisely its mean+4 ,9 s do+1 we %all quote freely f ! lead+ au?orities ( ! day1 especially ^? ( ?is c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! de/ruction ( an unborn *ild is n at ! pres5t day murd] at ! common law1 ?\gh su* 0 =m]ly ! case2#bad to con/itute :i* crime1 ! p]son kill$ mu/ at ! "t ( dea? h be5 alive1#bae z we h %[n ! ftus to be f ! "t ( conception1 & 8a reasonable creature 9 be+10#baf a quality 9 ?is connection d5i$ to ! *ild by ! law1 ?\gh 9 all o!r relations x inconsi/5tly all[s & affirms x2 z x does also1 & always1 f ! mom5t ( bir?1 ev5 ?\gh ! funis is undivid$ & ! plac5ta /ill atta*$4#bag ,to cause abortion aft] quick5+1 is n1 z su*1 murd] or manslaught] at common law1 b a high misdemeanor4#bah ,:e!r to cause1 or to attempt1 abortion be=e quick5+ is a p5al (f5ce at common law1 has be5 diff]5tly decid$4 ,9 sev]al ( ! ,/ates1 z ,ma9e1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,new ,j]sey1 x has be5 rul$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt n to be indictable1 ev5 z an assault1 if done ) ! cons5t ( ! woman2 on ! gr\nd t only 9 case ( high crimes is ! p]son assault$ incapable ( ass5t+4#bai ,! ,p5nsylvania c\rt1 h[ev]1 has disc>d$ ?is doctr9e1 & has decid$ t ! mom5t ! womb is in/9ct ) embryo life1 & ge/ation has begun1 ! crime may be p]petrat$4#bbj ,! di/9ction allud$ to ) reg>d to quick5+1 is all[$ by an ackn[l$g$ legal au?ority#bba to be at op5 v>iance n only ) m$ical exp]i5ce1 b ) all o!r pr9ciples ( ! common law4#bbb ,! civil rights ( an infant 9 ut]o are respect$ equally ?r\gh\t ge/ation2 at e /age ( :i* process1 no matt] h[ e>ly1 x may be appo9t$ executor1#bbc is capable ( tak+ z legatee#bbd or "u a m>riage settlem5t1#bbe may take specifically z 8a *ild0 "u a g5]al devise1#bbf & may obta9 an injunction to /ay wa/e4#bbg ,:51 9 an attempt to procure an abortion1 !re is an evid5t int5t to produce ! dea? ( ! "m1 & h] dea? does actually occur1 su* attempt becomes murd] at common law2#bbh b :5 no?+ m is int5d$ ?an to commit ! misdemeanor1 x is only manslaught]1#bbi be+ an in/ance ( homicide f individual malice t[>d a ?ird p>ty1 :5 ! fatal bl[ falls on ! deceas$ by mi/ake4 ,x has be5 said1 h[ev]1 t ?is la/ is n ! true doctr9e1 ! de/ruction ( an infant 9 ut]o be+1 ev5 at common law1 9 "s respects feloni\s1 & ! act 9 its nature malici\s & delib]ate1 & necess>ily att5d$ ) dang] to ! p]son on :om x is p]=m$4#bcj ,! use ( viol5ce ^u a woman1 ) an attempt to produce h] misc>riage )\t h] cons5t1 rules ,*ief ,ju/ice ,%aw1 ( ,massa*usetts1 is an assault highly aggravat$ by su* wick$ purpose1 & w\ld be indictable at common law4 ,s :]e1 ^u a simil> attempt1 ! dea? ( ! "m ensues1 ! p>ty mak+ su* an attempt1 ) or )\t h] cons5t1 is guilty ( murd]1 on ! gr\nd t x is an act done )\t lawful purpose1 dang]\s to life1 & t ! cons5t ( ! woman _c take away ! imputation ( malice1 any m ?an 9 case ( a duel1 :]e 9 l mann] !re is ! cons5t ( ! p>ties4#bca ,?\gh to kill ! ftus 9 ut]o is z su*1 by ! common law1 no murd]1 yet if x be born alive1 & die subsequ5tly to bir? f ! w\nds x receiv$ 9 ! womb1 or f ! means us$ to expel x1 ! (f5ce becomes murd] 9 ^? :o cause or employ !m4#bcb ,if a p]son1 int5d+ to procure abortion1 does an act :i* causes ! *ild to be born e>li] ?an its natural "t1 & !re=e 9 a /ate mu* less capable ( liv+1 & x aft]w>ds die 9 consequ5ce ( su* premature exposure1 ! p]son :o by ?is misconduct br+s ! *ild into ! _w1 & puts x into a situation 9 :i* x _c live1 is guilty ( murd]1 ?\gh no direct injury to ! *ild be prov$2 & ! m]e exi/5ce ( a possibility t some?+ might h be5 done to prev5t ! dea?1 does n less5 ! crime4#bcc ,! e>li] ,engli% /atutes1 f _! peculi> phraseology1 held pregnancy ess5tial = ! commission ( ! crime1#bcd yet an attempt to produce abortion is n[ indictable at common law1#bce ?\gh x fail by reason ( ! woman be+1 9 fact & contr>y to ! belief ( ! p>ty1 n pregnant4#bcf ,= ?\gh z no man w\ld attempt :at he absolutely knew he c\ld n 9 fact p]=m1 nor w\ld be deem$ 9 law to h s attempt$1 & z e "o be+ conclusively presum$ to und]/& ! law1 no man c legally int5d :at is legally impossible1 ! rule z to facts is diff]5t2 = m5 are n conclusively held by ! law to "k facts4 ,& if a man fails 9 :at he und]takes1 because ( an impossibility 9 fact1 :i* he did n "k1 he is j z answ]able z if ! failure 7 f any o!r cause4#bcg ,we h se5 ! mi/ak5 basis1 z reg>ds ! crim9ality ( abortion1 on :i* ! common law is f\nd$1 & t :ile x recognizes ! di/9ct exi/5ce ( ! ftus = civil purposes1 x "h consid]s its be+ z totally engross$ 9 t ( ! "m4 ,a rec5t au?ority ?us acc\nts = & def5ds ! mi/ake4 ,! weal? & prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry1 x is assum$1 & ! gr[? & effici5cy ( its population1 are alike matt]s ( g5]al conc]n1 & !re=e ! law takes !m "u its c>e4 ,z to population1 !re are 9 civil jurisprud5ce su* rules1 z t ! husb& may hold ! l&s ( 8 deceas$ wife dur+ 8 life1 if be=e h] dea? a liv+ *ild 0 born1 b n o!rwise2 ! law ?us (f]+1 9 effect1 a rew>d = issue4 ,x does n compel matrimony1 because t w\ld be an infr+em5t ( private rights2 b = ! same end1 x does puni% abortions4#bch ,ano!r writ] has also impli$ t ! common law1 9 mak+ fticide p5al1 _h 9 view ! great mis*iefs :i* w\ld result f ev5 its qualifi$ tol]ation3 namely1 ! removal ( ! *ief re/ra9t ^u illicit int]c\rse1 & ! %ocks :i* w\ld be su/a9$ !reby by ! in/itution ( m>riage & its incid5ts2 among :i* ! delicacy ( wom54#bci ,9 unison ) ^! op9ions1 ,judge ,c\lt]1 ( ,p5nsylvania1 has rul$1 t 8x is n ! murd] ( a liv+ *ild :i* con/itutes ! (f5ce1 b ! de/ruction ( ge/ation40#bdj 99 99 99 99 99 ,if our previ\s assumptions ( ! actual "* ( crim9al abortion be grant$1 & we believe t !y h be5 prov$ to a demon/ration1 x mu/ foll[ f ! subsequ5t rem>ks t ! common law1 bo? 9 !ory & 9 practice1 is insuffici5t to control ! crime2 t 9 _m ,/ates ( ?is ,union1 ! /atutory laws d n recognize its true nature2 t !y draw unw>rantable di/9ctions ( guilt2 t !y are n suffici5tly compreh5sive1 directly all[+ _m crim9als to escape1 p]mitt+ unconsummat$ attempts1 & improp]ly discrim9at+ betwe5 ! measures employ$2 t !y require pro(s (t5 unnecess>y or impossible to af=d2 t !y neglect to e/abli% a /&>d ( ju/ification1 & !reby sanction _m cle> in/ances ( ! crime2 t by a sy/em ( puni%m5ts :olly incomm5surate ) ^? inflict$ = all o!r (f5ces :atsoev]1 !y ?us enc\rage in/ead ( prev5t+ its increase2 & t 9 _m respects !y are at v>iance1 n m]ely ) equity & ab/ract ju/ice1 b ) ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( law itself4 8,x is to be hop$10 has =cibly be5 writt51 8t ! p]iod is n f> remote1 :5 laws s cruel 9 _! effects1 s inconsi/5t ) ! progress ( k & civilization1 & s revolt+ to ! feel+s & claims ( humanity1 w be swept f our /atutes40#bda ,9 a simil> tru/1 x n[ behooves u to consid] :e!r1 & 9 :at mann]1 ! difficulties 9 ! way ( g5]ally suppress+ ! crime ( abortion c be ov]come4 ,,viii4 ,,c ,,x ,,be ,,at ,,all ,,controll$ ,,by ,,law8 ,to ?is important "q ,i d n hesitate to give an unqualifi$ answ] 9 ! affirmative4 ,! fact t crim9al abortion is n controll$ by law any:]e1 _c be ent]ta9$ z a valid argum5t to ! contr>y ( ?is ass]tion2 = x is equally ! fact1 z we h se51 t laws aga9/ abortion d n z yet exi/1 :i* are 9 all respects j1 suffici5t1 & n to be evad$4 ,x is evid5t t 9 aim+ to suppress ?is crime1 ! law %\ld provide n m]ely = its puni%m5t1 b indirectly z well z directly1 & s f> z possible1 = its prev5tion4 ,! puni%m5t ( a crime _c be j1 if ! laws h n endeavor$ to prev5t t crime by ! be/ means :i* times & circum/ances w\ld all[1#bdb & ?is is to be accompli%$ by a tw(old process3 by r5d]+ on ! "o h& its detection m probable1 & on ! o!r its puni%m5t m c]ta94 ,z indirect ?\gh important measures = ! =m] ( ^! ends1 we h already m5tion$ laws = regi/ration1#bdc & aga9/ concealm5t ( bir?s & secret burials4 ,z a s+le pro( ( _! possible influ5ce 9 ?is respect1 out ( _m t might be adduc$1 we in/ance ! fact t 9 ,p>is ! numb] ( premature ftuses deposit$ at ! ,morgue1 dur+ ! n9e ye>s1 f #ahdf to #ahed1 inclusive1 0 f\nd to exce$ by m ?an two-?irds t ( ! full decade j prec$+1 f #ahcf to #ahde4bdd ,to r5d] ?is diff]5ce m app>5t1 we h compil$ ! foll[+ table3-- ,age ( ftuses deposit$4 ,t5 ye>s3 ,n9e ye>s3 #ahcf-ahde4 #ahdf-ahed4 ,f #b to #c mon?s #ba #eh 0 #c to #d 0 #ce #gc 0 #d to #e 0 #ef #ajb 0 #e to #f 0 #fi #hb --- --- ,total #aha #cae ,"p ( ?is advance1 x is true1 is attributable to ! increase 9 ! population ( ,p>is1 & 9 ! preval5ce ( crim9al abortion1 b 9 great measure x is cle>ly ow+ to ! en=cem5t ( a m rigid law aga9/ secret burials4 ,! above rem>ks are /rik+ly corroborat$ by ! fact t ( trials = ! crime1 & we mu/ n =get t ^! be> b a small ratio to ! :ole numb] ( cases prelim9>ily inve/igat$1#bde !re 7 9 ,france1 dur+ ! latt] ( ^! p]iods1 fully f\r times ! numb] occurr+ f #ahcf to #ahde4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( f\ndl+ hospitals1 by ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts1 has be5 urg$ z a prev5tive ( ! crime1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 fe>s h be5 express$ le/ ! same means %\ld increase x4 ,= ourselves1 h[ev]1 & f "s exp]i5ce 9 su* cases1 we believe t ^! fe>s are gr\ndless1 & t ) equal ju/ice might !y be ent]ta9$ ( e l>ge *>ity hav+ = its end ! improvem5t1 sanit>y or o!rwise1 ( ! masses ( society4 ,we h quot$ a /atute exi/+ 9 ,massa*usetts1 ?\gh practically un5=c$1 aga9/ "o great ag5t 9 ! increase ( abortion1 an abuse ( its lic5se by ! public press4 ,7 su* laws to become g5]al1 & to be fai?fully execut$1 & 7 x also made p5al to sell any drug1 popul>ly kn[n z emm5agogue1 except z advis$ by physicians1 j z ! sale ( direct poisons is1 or %\ld be1 controll$ by law1 ! pres5t sy/em ( op5ly adv]tis+ by abortioni/s w\ld und\bt$ly be br\ght to a close4 ,9 no matt] is x ( m importance ?an 9 cases ( suspect$ crim9al abortion1 t coron]s %\ld be intellig5t & well educat$ m$ical m52 & we c\ld wi% t ?is po9t might h receiv$ especial att5tion f ,dr4 ,semmes1 9 8 late admirable report to ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association4#bdf ,9 ! sudd5 excitem5t ( an inque/1 ! guilty are m likely ?an at a lat] p]iod to be (f _! gu>d1 & evid5ce may (t5 be elicit$ at ?is "t1 :i*1 at ! subsequ5t trial1 x w\ld be impossible to obta94 ,!re c be no "q ( ! importance ( ?is po9t2 ! coron] %\ld be skill$ 9 all t p]ta9s to ob/etric jurisprud5ce2 & if simil> k 7 m g5]ally possess$ by o!r (fic]s ( ju/ice1 attorney1 juror1 & judge1 a f> great] numb] ( convictions1 "u a prop] law1 w\ld be secur$4 ,z reg>ds ! m direct /atutes1 we h already consid]$ _! important po9ts4 8,9 ord] to r5d] laws effectually prev5tive10 has wisely be5 said1 8!y %\ld be consi/5tly fram$1 & bas$ on ju/ice40#bdg ,9 accordance ) ?is truly axiomatic doctr9e1 & ) v>i\s rul+s ( ! c\rts1 already quot$1 no pro( %\ld be dem&$ :i* is n necessitat$ by ! actual "* ( ! crime4 ,we h se5 t nei!r 9 int5t nor 9 fact is ?is an attempt aga9/ ! p]son or life ( ! "m4 ,if %e die 9 consequ5ce1 ! (f5d] is already am5able = x z homicide2 9 ! abs5ce ( any special /atute1 at common law4 ,! crime1 bo? 9 int5t & 9 fact1 is aga9/ ! life ( ! *ild4 ,! attempt be+ prov$1 x is unnecess>y t x %\ld h be5 consummat$1 n m]ely ! completion ( a crime br++ its puni%m5t1 b also c]ta9 ov]t acts ) int5t to ! p]petration2 nor is x requisite t any injury1 specific or g5]al1 %\ld h be5 inflict$ ^u ! p]son ( ! "m4 ,! (f5ce be+ ( equal guilt ?r\gh\t pregnancy1 pro( ( quick5+1 ! incid5t1 n ! inception ( vitality1--indicat+ nei!r ! comm5cem5t ( a new /age ( exi/5ce1 nor an advance f "o /age to ano!r1--#bdh &1 !re=e an elem5t )\t ! slighte/ intr9sic value1 %\ld n be requir$4 ,! crime ( abortion %\ld be consid]$ to include1 z x does 9 ! absolute fact ( moral guilt1 all cases ( attempt$ or int5tionally effect$ de/ruction & misc>riage ( ! product ( impregnation2 & ?is1 :e!r x be liv+ or dead1 normal or abnormal1 :i* la/ expression equally compreh5ds in/ances ( moles1 hydatids1 extra-ut]9e conception1 acephal\s1 an5cephal\s1 & o!r mon/]s4 ,pro( %\ld n1 z n[1 be requir$ ( int5t to de/roy ! *ild4#bdi ,?is %\ld be consid]$ %[n by ! int5t to produce misc>riage1 9 ! abs5ce ( lawful ju/ification !re=2 ! act 9 all /ages ( pregnancy be+ att5d$ ) great dang] to ! *ild1 &1 9 mu* m ?an a moiety ( ! p]iod1 necess>ily fatal to x4 ,! attempt be+ consid]$ crim9al1 x foll[s t pro( ( pregnancy is n necess>y1 & t conviction %\ld be _h ?\gh x 7 prov$ t pregnancy did n exi/1#bej ev5 t ! woman on :om ! abortion 0 attempt$1 h[ev] unlikely1 0 /ill a virg94#bea ,no discrim9ation %\ld be made z to ! means crim9ally employ$1 & an escape ?us af=d$ to ! guilty2 z we h se5 /ill obta9+ 9 ,great ,brita9 & _m ( our own ,/ates4 ,! "m1 almo/ always 8an accessory be=e ! fact10 or ! pr9cipal1 %\ld n1 z n[1 be all[$ almo/ p]fect impunity4 ,!re is no valid reason = su* exemption1 !re is e reason aga9/ x4 ,! woman is cov]$ by ! laws ( mo/ cont95tal nations ( ,europe1--,france1 ,au/ria1 ,g]many1 ,bav>ia1 & ,italy1--& by _m ( !m h] puni%m5t1 if m>ri$1 is greatly increas$4 ,simil> sev]ity is also ex]cis$ 9 ^! c\ntries aga9/ ! fa!r ( ! ftus1 if he too is implicat$ 9 ! crime4 ,to all[ t abortion is ext5uat$ 9 ! unm>ri$1 x has be5 said1 w 8to ! moral & political philosoph] appe> to h exalt$ ! s5se ( %ame into ! pr9ciple ( virtue1 & to h mi/ak5 ! great end ( p5al law1 :i* is n v5geance1 b ! prev5tion ( crime4 ,law1 :i* is ! gu>dian & bulw>k ( ! public weal1 mu/ ma9ta9 a /eady & ev5 rigid wat* ov] ! g5]al t5d5cies ( human actions40#beb ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 8! measure ( puni%m5t %\ld be proportionate1 z ne>ly z possible1 to ! temptation to (f5d1 & to ! k9d & degree ( evil produc$ by ! (f5ce40#bec ,we h se5 ! increase 9 moral guilt1 & ( opportunity = commission & = escape1 9 ! case ( nurses1 midwives1 & o!r classes ( p]sons1 :o1 f _! pr(ession1 are br\ght m directly into contact ) pregnant wom54 ,by ! p5al code ( ,napoleon ! ,fir/1 rem>kable 9 s _m respects = ! wisdom ( its provisions1 an increase ( puni%m5t 0 enact$ = abortion crim9ally induc$ or advis$ by physicians1 surgeons1 or o!r (fic]s ( heal?1 includ+ midwives1 or by druggi/s2#bed _! guilt be+ enhanc$ by _! great] opportunities & k4 ,puni%m5ts = ! crime ( abortion %\ld n1 z is n[ g5]ally ! case1 be s fram$ z to r5d] ! /atute1 9 fact1 if n 9 "n1 simply nugatory4 ,7 ! murd] ( adults to be made answ]able by m]ely a ye> or two 9 prison1 f> m convictions ?an at pres5t w\ld und\bt$ly be secur$2 b x is c]ta9 t ! in/ances ( ! crime w\ld be fe>fully increas$4 ,we h reason to believe t x is precisely ?us ) ! case 9 h&4 ,a /&>d ( ju/ification = ! in/ances ( necess>y abortion %\ld be fix$ by law4 ,if p]fection 9 ?is respect be impossible1 let ! ne>e/ approa* be made to x t c4 ,s9ce my rem>ks ^u ! relative rights ( ! "m & ftus to ! *ance ( life 9 d\btful cases 7 publi%$ 9 a =m] pap] ( ! pres5t s]ies1 ,i h receiv$ f ,dr4 ,ratt5mann1 late ( ,tb+51 an essay1 writt5 by himself1 9 :i* ?is "q is discuss$ at l5g?1 & ! repetition ( abortion ^u ! same individual1 9 ! e>ly mon?s ( pregnancy1 is def5d$4 ,i h c>efully consid]$ ! sev]al argum5ts advanc$ by ! g5tleman1 & am compell$ to adh]e to ! views ,i h already express$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 pres5t+ a report ^u ! matt]1 9 #aheg1 by direction ( ! ,suffolk ,di/rict ,m$ical ,society ( ,massa*usetts1 ! writ] (f]$ ! draft ( a law1 prep>$ aft] mu* ?\ght & consultation ) legal z well z ) m$ical m51 & embody+ ! sugge/ions made above4 ,?is 0 int5d$ = ! consid]ation ( ! ,legislature ( ! ,/ate1 9 ! hope t x might be ( aid t[>d a modification ( ! pres5t defective law4 ,hav+ se5 no reason to *ange ! op9ions !n av[$1 b1 on ! contr>y1 receiv+ con/ant confirmation ( _! tru?1 ,i n[ pres5t ! ess5tial portions ( t draft1 ackn[l$g+ mo/ will+ly t its word+ may1 p]haps1 ) safety1 be simplifi$ & cond5s$2 b cont5d+1 9 all s9c]ity & e>ne/ness ( purpose1 t its g5]al t5or is :at ju/ice & humanity alike1 & imp]atively1 dem& at ! h&s ( society4 8,:oev]1 ) int5t to cause & procure ! misc>riage ( a woman1 %all sell1 give1 or adm9i/] to h]1 prescribe = h]1 or advise1 or direct1 or cause1 or procure h] to take any m$ic9e1 or drug1 or sub/ance :atev]1 or %all use1 or employ1 or advise any in/rum5t1 or o!r means :atev]1 ) ! l int5t1 unless ! same %all h be5 necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( su* woman1 or ( h] unborn *ild1 & %all h be5 s pron\nc$ 79 consultation7 by two compet5t physicians2 & any p]son1 ) ! l int5t1 kn[+ly aid+ & assi/+ su* (f5d] or (f5d]s1 %all be deem$ guilty ( felony10 etc4 etc42 8& if su* (f5ce %all h be5 committ$ by a physician1 or surgeon1 or p]son claim+ to be su*1 or by a midwife1 nurse1 or druggi/1 su* puni%m5t may be increas$ at ! discretion ( ! c\rt40 8,e woman :o %all solicit1 pur*ase1 or obta9 ( any p]son1 or 9 any o!r way procure1 or receive1 any m$ic9e1 drug1 or sub/ance :atev]1 & %all take ! same1 or %all submit to any op]ation or o!r means :atev]1 or %all commit any op]ation or viol5ce ^u h]self1 ) int5t !reby to procure a misc>riage1 unless ! same %all h be5 by two compet5t physicians 79 consultation7 pron\nc$ necess>y to pres]ve h] own life1 or t ( h] unborn *ild1 %all be deem$ guilty10 etc4 etc42 8& if said (f5d] be a m>ri$ woman1 ! puni%m5t may be increas$ at ! discretion ( ! c\rt40 ,x 0 also advis$ t ! enc\ragem5t ( crim9al abortion1 by publication1 lecture1 or o!rwise1 or by ! adv]tisem5t1 sale or circulation ( su* publication1 %\ld be made p5al1 & t ! pres5t well word$ /atute aga9/ ! p]sonal adv]tisem5ts ( abortioni/s1 & _! no/rums1 %\ld be rigor\sly en=c$4 ,to ! words n[ quot$ 7 add$1 & !y are /ill applicable1 ! foll[+3-- 8,we h aim$ at a /atute1 :i*1 :ile x bett] def9$ ?is atroci\s crime1 & cov]$ ! usual gr\nds ( escape f conviction1 e/abli%$ also ! prop] /&>d ( compet5ce 9 all m$ical que/ions involv+ issues ( life & dea?4 ,we believe t x w\ld be ! means ( prev5t+ mu* ( ! pres5t awful wa/e ( human life4 ,b en=ce su* a law1 & ! pr(ession w\ld nev] all[ its !n high place 9 ! community to be unwor?ily degrad$2 nor1 z n[1 w\ld ^? be p]mitt$1 un*all5g$1 to rema9 9 fell[%ip1 :o 7 g5]ally believ$ guilty1 or suspect$ ev5 ( ?is crime40#bee ,9 ! same belief1 /r5g!n$ by ne>ly ?ree ye>s c>eful reflection1 t crim9al abortion c1 to a great ext5t1 be controll$ by law1 if b ! community s w1 we proce$ to ! la/ division ( our subject1 & discuss ! duty ( ! m$ical pr(ession t[>d ! ultimate suppression ( ! crime4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,duty ,,( ,,! ,,pr(ession4 ,i h /at$ t ! preval5ce ( crim9al abortion is 9 great measure ow+ to a seem+ neglect ( ftal life on ! "p ( m$ical practition]s1 & t 9 o!r degree x is attributable to ignorance by ! community ( ! actual "* ( ! (f5ce1 an ignorance ( physiological facts & laws2 & on bo? ^! po9ts abundant pro( has be5 af=d$ ( ! tru? ( my ass]tions4 ,i h also /at$ t m$ical m51 9 all ob/etric matt]s1 are ! physical gu>dians ( wom5 & _! (fspr+2 a proposition t none c d5y4 ,we h se5 t unju/ifiable abortion1 alike z conc]ns ! infant & society1 is a crime second to none2 t x ab\nds1 & is frightfully on ! increase2 & t on m$ical gr\nds alone1 mi/ak5 & explod$1 a misconception ( ! "t at :i* man becomes a liv+ be+1 ! law fails to af=d to infants & to society t protection :i* !y h an absolute "r to receive at its h&s1 & = ! abs5ce ( :i* e individual :o has1 or c ex]t1 any influ5ce 9 ! matt]1 is r5d]$ s f> responsible4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 !re=e1 x becomes ! m$ical pr(ession to look to x1 le/ ! :ole guilt ( ?is crime re/ ^u !mselves4 ,&1 9 ! fir/ place1 x might be ass]t$ ) "s tru?1 t su* is inde$ ! case4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 x 0 f physicians1 z is prov$ by e>ly m$ical lit]ature1 t ! mi/ak5 notions1 bo? ( ! law & ( ! p1 reg>d+ intra-ut]9e vitality1 7 d]iv$2 & on ! o!r1 ! apa?y & sil5ce /ill exi/+ on ?is subject among m$ical m51 ?\gh ?\s&s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( human lives are ?us directly at /ake1 & are annually sacrific$1 c only be expla9$ on "o ( two suppositions1--ei!r t we d n yet really believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ftal life1 ?\gh pr(ess+ to d s1 or t we are too timid or slo?ful to affirm & def5d x4 ,by ! "o alt]native a gross lie seems prov$2 by ! o!r a degrad+ & /range inconsi/5cy4 ,b1 ,i believe1 ?is app>5t neglig5ce proce$s only f ignorance ( ! real duty ( ! pr(ession4 ,x is my aim1 :ile sett+ =? a delib]ate & c>efully prep>$ op9ion ^u ?is po9t1 to inspire1 if possible1 9 my fell[-practition]s ?r\gh\t ! l&1 some:at ( ! holy en?usiasm sure 9 a good cause to succe$ despite e ob/acle1 & an e>ne/1 uncompromis+ ho/ility to ?is result ( comb9$ error & inju/ice1 ! p]mitt$ increase ( crim9al abortion4 ,en\gh has already be5 said to %[ t !re is ne$ ( increas$ vigilance on ! "p ( m$ical m51 le/ !y !mselves become innoc5t & un9t5tional abettors ( ! crime4#bef ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! community 7 made to und]/& & to feel t m>riage1 :]e ! p>ties %r9k f its highe/ responsibilities1 is no?+ less ?an legaliz$ pro/itution1 _m w\ld %r9k f _! pres5t public confession ( c[>dly1 selfi% & s9ful lu/4 ,if !y 7 taught by ! spee* & daily practice ( _! m$ical att5dants1 t a value atta*es to ! unborn *ild1 h>dly increas$ by ! accid5t ( its bir?1 !y also w\ld be p]suad$ or compell$ to a simil> belief 9 its sanctity1 & to a comm5surate respect4 ,b x is ask$1 is our sil5ce wrong8 ,is !re n dang] o!rwise ( increas+ ! crime8 ,^! are ! que/ions n ( wisdom1 or prud5ce1 or philan?ropy1 b ( an arrant pusillanimity4 ,vice & crime1 if kept conceal$1 b gr[ apace4 ,!y %\ld be /ripp$ ( su* protection1 & _! apologi/s1 !reby _! accomplices1 condemn$4 ,answ]s1 h[ev]1 are ready at h& to ! que/ions propos$4 8,x is "o ( ! great desid]ata ( regi/ration1 t m p>ticul>ity %\ld be obs]v$ 9 collect+ facts relat+ to ! subject ( ! /ill-born40#beg 8,has x be5 s\ght10 society dem&s ( ! pr(ession1 8to acc\nt = ! peculi>ities relat+ to ! /ill-born1 & to combat ! causes :i* 9 c]ta9 circum/ances swell _! numb] 9 s deplorable a mann]80#beh 8,an hone/ & fe>less expression ( ^! causes & circum/ances1 on ! "p ( m$ical m51 w\ld br+ to light an am\nt ( k t might be useful 9 *eck+ ?is horrible & increas+ wa/e ( life40#bei 8,su* an ex]cise ( 8 k1 exp]i5ce1 & true moral c\rage1 is n only ! prov9ce1 b ! consci5ti\s duty ( ! physician40#bfj 8,x %\ld be con/antly borne 9 m9d1 t !re is "h a high & /]n morality1 t %\ld /imulate ! m$ical pr(ession 9 ! ex]cise ( _! utmo/ ef=t & +5uity1 ) ! view to ma/] & disclose ! secrets ( ^! villa9\s practices2 ! m villa9\s1 because !y are v g5]ally conceiv$ 9 fraud1 practic$ 9 deception1 ^u innoc5t & unsuspect+ victims1 & result ! mo/ commonly 9 ! de/ruction ( two lives at once40#bfa 8,= ourselves1 we h no fe> t ! tru? 9 ref]5ce to ! crime ( procur+ abortion1 w\ld d aught b good4 ,x w\ld appe> t %e] ignorance 9 _m hone/ p1 is ! spr+ ( ! horrible intra-ut]9e murd] :i* exi/s among u2 :y n !n enlight5 ?is ignorance8 ,x w\ld be f> m effectually done by "s bold & manly appeal1 ?an by ! scatt]$ influ5ce ( honorable practition]s alone4 ,w n ! mis*ief1 by-&-by1 be all ! m deadly1 = delay+ exposure & attempt+ relief8 8,:atev] e/imate may atta* to our op9ion1 we believe t n only ought ^! ?+s n s to be1 b t ! public %\ld "k x f good au?ority40#bfb 8,?is is a topic :i* ought to be reg>d$ ( ! highe/ int]e/ to ! pr(ession & ! public40#bfc 8,x is by f> ! mo/ important subject be=e ! pr(ession1 & 9 its m$ical z well z moral be>+s1 appeals alike to our patriotism & humanity40#bfd 8,we ?9k ! public h v errone\s ideas ( ! turpitude ( ?is crime1 & we deem x our duty1 z cons]vators bo? ( ! public heal? & morals1 to set x 9 a correct light be=e !m40#bfe 8,! "q ( crim9al abortion is d\btless "o ( extreme difficulty2 x is n1 h[ev]1 beyond ! rea* ( ! enlight5$ prud5ce & ! firm w ( ! au?orities4 ,x is a subject ( su* vital import to society 9 g5]al1 t we feel conv9c$ x _c b awak5 ! anxi\s ?\ght ( ! p]sons :o1 f _! position1 are entru/$ ) ! application ( ! laws & ! control ( public morals40#bff ,:oev] %all succe$ 9 fix+ ^u x ! att5tion x des]ves1 8has tak5 a /& 9 ?is matt] alike cr$itable to 8 head & 8 he>t1 & we feel t he w receive ! he>ty ?anks ( e true physician40#bfg 8,! increas+ preval5ce ( infanticide10 :i* is b r>e comp>$ ) crim9al abortion1 8its dang]\s moral influ5ce1 ! apa?y ) :i* s _m reg>d its spread1 & ! v consid]able difficulty 9 obta9+ conviction1 call l\dly = re=m4 ,! "q is "o ( national importance40#bfh 8,) ?is view ( ! case be=e u1 ,i sugge/ x z our imp]ative duty to direct ! att5tion ( legislators to ! importance ( enact+ a /atute 9 con=mity !reto40#bfi ,su* are ! confessions1 indep5d5tly giv51 ( high-m9d$ & honorable m$ical m54 ,no m c be add$1 no less w\ld h be5 true4 ,x mu/ be grant$1 !n1 t a bold & manly utt]ance ( ! tru?1 comb9+ z ?is mu/1 contradiction ( ! error & d5\ncem5t ( ! crime1 %\ld be made by ! memb]s ( ! pr(ession on e occasion4 ,by ?is c\rse x is pla9 t a heal?i] moral tone w\ld be made to prevail 9 ! community1 ! crime w\ld become ( r>] occurr5ce1 & ! laws1 su* z !y are1 w\ld be m fai?fully attempt$ to be en=c$4 ,b x has be5 %[n t ! laws on ! subject ( crim9al abortion are radically imp]fect & defective1 & t ?is is attributable1 :olly1 to a m$ical cause4 ,we ass]t1 !re=e1 t n only is x ! duty ( ! pr(ession z individual compon5ts ( society1 b m especially z m$ical m51 to see !m am5d$1 & to leave no means untri$1 no ef=t unmade1 = ! atta9m5t ( ?is end4 8,physicians alone10 says ,hodge 9 8 ,introductory ,address1 8c rectify public op9ion1 !y alone c pres5t ! subject 9 su* a mann] t legislators c ex]cise _! p[]s aright 9 ! prep>ation ( suitable laws2 t morali/s & !ologians c be furni%$ ) facts to en=ce ! tru? ^u ! moral s5se ( ! community1 s t n only may ! crime ( infanticide be aboli%$1 b crim9al abortion prop]ly repreh5d$1 & t wom5 9 e rank & condition ( life may be made s5sible ( ! value ( ! ftus1 & ( ! high responsibility :i* re/s ^u its p>5ts40#bgj ,x has be5 /at$1 inde$ publicly av[$ by a m$ical body1#bga t :5 a physician 8%all become cognizant ( any attempt unlawfully to procure abortion1 ei!r by p]sons 9 ! pr(ession or out ( x1 x %all be 8 duty imm$iately to lodge in=mation ) "s prop] legal (fic]1 to ! end t su* in=mation may lead to ! exposure & conviction ( ! (f5d]40 ,?is doctr9e is d\btless true to a great ext5t1 b x _c be appli$ to ! confid5tial disclosures ( pati5ts !mselves1 :i* no man has a "r to reveal1 unless con/ra9$ by ! direct comm& ( ! c\rt1 at :i*1 x has be5 rul$1 ev5 pr(essional secrets mu/ be divulg$4#bgb 99 99 99 99 99 ,x foll[s1 f ! evid5ce we h n[ adduc$1 t if x be ! duty ( ! pr(ession to urge ^u individuals ! tru? reg>d+ ?is crime1 x is equally _! duty to urge x ^u ! law1 by ^: doctr9es ! p are b\nd2 & ^u t p1 ! community1 by ^: action ! laws are made4 ,& ?is %\ld be done by u1 if we w\ld succe$ 9 suppress+ ! crime1 n by sep>ate action alone1 b conjo9tly1 z ! pr(ession1 gr&ly repres5t+ its highe/ claim1--! sav+ ( human life4 ,e /ep t[>d ?is end %\ld be hail$ ) en?usiasm4 ,! late action ( ! ,/ate ,society ( ,massa*usetts1 directly result+ f pr(essional agitation ( ! subject1 des]ves praise & imitation2 ! body ref]r$ to hav+ pass$ a s]ies ( resolutions to ! foll[+ effect3 8,t ! ,fell[s ( ! ,massa*usetts ,m$ical ,society reg>d ) disapprobation & abhorr5ce all attempts to procure or promote abortion1 except 9 cases :]e x may be necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! "m's life2 & t no p]son convict$ ( su* attempt1 c1 consi/5tly ) its by-laws1 any long] rema9 a fell[ ( ! society40#bgc ,b ! m]e passage ( resolutions 9 disapproval ( ?is horrible & s rapidly increas+ crime is n suffici5t to effect its abatem5t4 ,some?+ m is want$ ?an ! te/imony ( record books1 ! po9tless vote ( a bo>d ( c\ncillors4 ,!re mu/ come a he>ty1 e>ne/1 & unanim\s voice f ! mass ( ! pr(ession2 an ass]tion t crim9al abortion1 or at lea/ its p]mitt$ commission1 %all no long] exi/4 ,too mu* zeal _c be %[n by physicians 9 reliev+ !mselves f ! weight ( responsibility !y may h incurr$ by innoc5tly caus+ ! increas$ de/ruction ( human life4 ,let x n be suppos$ by ! public t !re is among u1 ei!r 9 !ory or practice1 any disreg>d ( ! unborn *ild4 ,if su* impression h already obta9$1 f our own neglig5ce1 ! falsehoods ( irregul> practition]s1 or o!rwise1 x %\ld at once be remov$4 ,ftal life ev] is1 & ev] has be51 held sacr$ by all respectable physicians1 & :5ev] crim9al abortion has be5 kn[n to h be5 advis$1 p]petrat$ or abett$ by "o claim+ our honorable "n1 he has inv>iably & at once lo/ all pr(essional /&+4 ,we h se5 t x is no trifl+ matt]1 ?is awful wa/e ( human life4 ,x is a subject t dem&s ! be/ ef=ts ( ! :ole pr(ession z a body & z m54 ,! crime1 no long] practic$ 9 secret1 mu/ be met boldly2 & met ) unanimity1 x w be met successfully4 ,b :e!r ^! ef=ts are to be at once decisive or n1 :e!r !y are to be receiv$ ) ! gratitude ( ! community or its disfavor1 is no conc]n ( ours4 ,our duty is v pla92 x is to /&1 irrespective ( p]sonal consequ5ces1 9 ! brea* fa/ mak+ 9 ! public morality1 dec5cy1 & consci5ce1 &1 to ! be/ ( our /r5g?1 to def5d !m4 ,x might be1 x v likely w\ld be1 = our imm$iate pecuni>y int]e/1 z a pr(ession1 to pres]ve sil5ce2 = we h %[n t abortions1 ( all causes1 t5d to break d[n & ru9 ! heal? ( ! community at l>ge4 ,b to h>bor ?is ?\ght1 ev5 = a mom5t1 7 di%onorable4 8,i w nev] set politics aga9/ e?ics10 said ,bacon1 8= true e?ics are b z a h&maid to div9ity & religion40 ,we mu/ take ?is decid$ /&1 !re is no *oice2 else we are recreant to ! high tru/ we h assum$1 & to ourselves4 ,:e!r ! suppression ( abortion be effect$ or no1 "o ?+ is c]ta91 our own h&s w h be5 cleans$ ( ?is sea ( blood4 ,we %all h decl>$ our abhorr5ce & our innoc5ce ( ! crime4 ,long] sil5ce & wait+ by ! pr(ession w\ld be crim9al4 ,if ^! wret*$ wom51 ^! m>ri$1 lawful mo!rs1 aye1 & ^! ,*ri/ian husb&s1 are ?us murd]+ _! *ildr5 by ?\s&s1 ?r\gh ignorance1 !y mu/ be taught ! tru?2 b if1 z !re is reason to believe is too (t5 ! case1 !y h be5 influ5c$ to d s by fa%ion1 extravagance ( liv+1 or lu/1 no language ( condemnation c be too /rong4 ,let u1 !n1 meet ! issue e>ne/ly & boldly4 ,sil5ce & pati5t expectance h be5 fairly tri$2 ! disease is n self-limit$2 ! evil1 in/ead ( work+ its own cure1 has assum$ a gigantic1 an awful gr[?4 ,ab/ract discussions ( ?is matt]1 by ourselves1 & )9 ! clos$ doors ( our sev]al societies1 no long] avail4 ,we are all agre$ ^u ! guilt ( abortion2 we ev] h be54 ,our pray]s = its suppression h n be5 answ]$1 = !y h hi!rto be5 (f]$ ) inactive h&4 ,we %\ld1 z a pr(ession1 op5ly & ) "o accord appeal to ! community 9 words ( e>ne/ w>n+2 sett+ =? ! deplorable consequ5ces ( crim9al abortion1 ! actual & indep5d5t exi/5ce1 f ! mom5t ( conception1 ( ftal life4 ,& t ! ef=t %\ld n be "o ( words m]ely1 we %\ld1 z a pr(ession1 recomm5d to ! legislative bodies ( ! l&1 ! revision & subsequ5t en=cem5t ( all laws1 /atutory or o!rwise1 p]ta9+ to ?is crime1--t ! pres5t slaught] ( ! innoc5ts may to "s ext5t1 at lea/1 be made to cease4 ,= x is 8a ?+ des]v+ all hate & dete/ation1 t a man 9 8 v orig9all1 :iles he is fram$1 :iles he is enliv$1 %\ld be put to dea? "u ! v h&s & 9 ! %op ( nature40#bgd ,9 conclusion2 a committee1 consi/+ ( ,drs4 ,blat*=d1 ( ,new ,york1 ,hodge1 ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,pope1 ( ,miss\ri1 ,b>ton1 ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,lopez1 ( ,alabama1 ,semmes1 ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ,brisbane1 ( ,wiscons91 & ! writ]1 0 appo9t$ by ! ,national ,m$ical ,association1 at its meet+ at ,na%ville1 9 #aheg1 to report ^u crim9al abortion1 ) a view to its g5]al suppression4 ,! report ( ?is committee1 brief1 b 9 /rict accordance ) ! s]ies ( pap]s n[ end$1 has lately be5 made to ! ,association1 at its session held at ,l\isville1 9 ,may ( ! pres5t ye>4 ,! report 0 accept$1 & ! resolutions app5d$ to x#bge 7 unanim\sly adopt$4 ,9 behalf ( ! committee1 ( :om he _h ! honor to be *airman1 ! writ] _c close ?is portion ( 8 labors )\t ?ank+ ! physicians ( ! l&1 repres5t$ z !y are by ! ,association1 = _! he>ty & noble response to ! appeal t has be5 made !m4 ,he w\ld express1 7 x possible1 ! gratitude n ( individuals1 b society2 = by ?is act ! pr(ession has aga9 be5 true to 8its mighty & responsible (fice ( %utt+ ! great gates ( human dea?40 ,,footnotes #a ,s f> z ! writ] is aw>e1 !re exi/s1 9 ?is or any o!r language1 no pap] ^u ! subject at all comm5surate ) its importance4 ,! *apt]s devot$ to x 9 m$ical text-books1 ?\gh "s ( !m admirable s f> z !y g1 especially t ( ,beck1 are defective & (t5 errone\s2 :ile b little in=mation ( any value c be f\nd else:]e4 ,9 ! ,fr5* p]iodicals h appe>$ articles on special po9ts h]eaft] ref]r$ to2 9 ,great ,brita9 able argum5ts reg>d+ ! comm5cem5t ( ftal life h be5 made by ,rad=d1 7#ahdh27 & 9 ?is c\ntry1 ) rem>ks on ! frequ5cy ( ! crime1 by ,hodge1 ( ,philadelphia1 7#ahci & #ahed17 & by ! pres5t ,pr(essor ( ,ob/etrics 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 7#ahee47 ,to ! latt]1 8 fa!r1 & to ! j\rnali/s 7,drs4 ,morl& & ,m9ot1 ( ,bo/on17 by :om ! ef=t !n made 0 s w>mly & eloqu5tly second$1 ! writ] ackn[l$ges 8 indebt$ness = ! ?\ght ( ! pres5t und]tak+4 #b ,z quot$ by ,hodge4 ,introductory ,lecture1 p4 #ae4 #c ,hippocrates /ates t ?is is a fact1 & t he _h f\nd ! diff]5ce ( a :ole mon?1 :i* he attributes to ! 8great] /r5g?0 ( ! male4--7,on ! ,nature ( ! ,*ild1 ,sect4 #aa47 ,i am unaw>e t ?is po9t has be5 inve/igat$ by any mod]n writ]4 #d 8,^! s\nds may sometimes be di/+ui%$ sev]al weeks be=e ! "m becomes consci\s ( ! motions ( ! *ild40--,n,,gele2 ,treatise on ,ob/etric ,auscultation1 p4 #ej4 #e ,memoire sur la cause des ,prs5tations de la ,tte1 c4--,mm4 de l',acad4 ,roy4 de ,md4 tome ii4 #f ,a4 ,,p>2 ,engli% ,trans41 p4 #hii4 ,,hugh ,,*amb]l5',s ,trans4 ( ,mauriceau on ,diseases ( ,wom5 ) ,*ild1 p4 #adg1 ,note4 ,,ennemos]2 ,hi/oris*-physiologis*e ,unt]su*ung5 b] d5 ,ursprung und das ,wes5 d] m5s*li*5 ,seele2 ,bonn1 #ahbd4 ,,cabanis2 ,rapports du ,physique et du moral de l',homme1 tome ii4 p4 #dca4 #g ,ed4 ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rn41 ,jan4 #ahee1 p4 #ej4 #h ,,simpson1 ,ob/etric ,works1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hh4 #i ,_m ( ! /ati/ics n[ pres5t$ we h also embodi$ 9 a pap] ^u ! decrease ( ! rate ( increase ( population n[ obta9+ 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 read be=e ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,decemb] #ad?1 #aheh1 z a contribution to ! ,sci5ce ( ,political ,economy4 #aj ,,moreau ,,de ,,jonn,s1 ,elm5ts de ,/ati/ique1 #ahef1 p4 #bjb4 #aa ,j\rnal des ,economi/es1 ,m>* & ,may1 #ahdg4 #ab ,ed9burgh ,review1 ,jan4 #aheg1 p4 #cdb4 ,m$4 ,times & ,gazette1 ,may1 #aheg1 p4 #dfb4 #ac ,lehrbu* d] ,politis*5 ,oekonomie4 #ad ,sur l',homme et la ,developpem5t de ses ,facults1 tome i4 *4 #g4 #ae ,j\rnal des ,economi/es1 ,may1 #ahdg4 #af ,,mill1 ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy1 i4 p4 #cdc4 #ag ,,husson1 ,les ,consummations de ,p>is1 #ahef4 #ah ,compil$ f ,,de ,,jonn,s4 #ai #aj1ibe bir?s2 #fdf /ill-bir?s4 #bj ,bir?s1 #eb1ech2 /ill-bir?s1 #bfbd4 #ba ,compil$ f ,,quetelet1 ,!ory ( ,probabilities1 p4 #aeb2 #djf1jgc liv+ bir?s2 #af1gfg /ill-bir?s4 #bb ,bir?s1 #g1eic1jag2 /ill-bir?s1 #beg1jfh4 #ahci-da1 #a to #bf2 ,,elliott1 ,hunt's ,m]*ants' ,magaz9e1 ,july1 #ahef4 #bc #bjhj /ill-bir?s4 #bd #bcdi /ill-bir?s4 #be ,,de ,,jonn,s1 loc4 cit41 p4 #bci4 #bf ,,quetelet1 loc4 cit41 p4 #aeb4 #bg ,regi/] ( ! ,morgue4 #bh ,,de ,,jonn,s1 loc4 cit41 p4 #aic4 #bi ,report ( ,city ,inspector ( ,new ,york = #ahdi4 #cj ,city ,inspector's ,report = #ahef4 #ca ,ibid4 #cb ,compil$ f ,,quetelet1 loc4 cit41 p4 #aeb4 #cc ,compil$ f ,city ,inspector's ,report = #ahee4 #cd ,ibid4 = #ahef4 #ce ,,clay1 ,ob/etric ,cyclop$ia1 p4 #ba4 #cf ,sep>ate records ( ! premature bir?s 9 ,new ,york 7 n made be=e ?is p]iod4 ,!y 7 n r5d]$ 9 #ahdb2 ,i h !re=e omitt$ 9 ! calculation ! /ill-bir?s ( ! same ye>4 ,= a s]ies ( ! (ficial reports1 ,i am indebt$ to ! pres5t ,city ,inspector1 ,mr4 ,geo4 ,w4 ,morton4 #cg ,report ( #ahdi4 #ch ,loc4 cit41 p4 #aie4 #ci ,loc4 cit41 i4 p4 #cdd4 #dj ,ibid41 p4 #cdc4 #da ,m$4 ,times & ,gazette1 ,june #ahef1 p4 #faa4 #db ,les ,consummations de ,p>is4 #dc ,loc4 cit4 #dd ,,de ,,jonn,s1 loc4 cit41 p4 #aid4 #de ,ibid41 p4 #aie4 #df ,j\rnal des ,economi/es1 #ahdg4 #dg ,,mill1 loc4 cit41 i4 p4 #ccf4 ,! italics are my own4 ,i %all h]eaft] ref] back to ?is passage4 #dh ,ibid41 i4 p4 #dag4 #di ,essay on ,population4 #ej ,,mill1 loc4 cit41 i4 p4 #dag4 #ea ,travels ( ,ana*>sis1 v4 p4 #bgj4 #eb ,ibid41 iv4 p4 #cdb4 #ec ,satires1 vi41 v4 #eib4 #ed ,amor41 lib4 #b42 ,h]odes1 epi/4 #b4 #ee ,,reeve's ,apologies4 #ef ,,blaqui]e1 ,lett]s f ! ,m$41 pp4 #ij1 #ahd2 ,,slade1 ,records ( ,travels1 ii4 p4 #afb4 #eg ,,b>r[1 ,travels 9 ,*9a1 p4 #aac2 ,,de ,,pauw1 ,philosoph4 ,diss]t2 ,,m$hur/1 ,*9a1 c41 p4 #de2 ,,smi?1 ,exploratory ,visit1 c41 i4 p4 #ec4 #eh ,,gol[n91 ,memoirs ( a ,captivity1 iii4 p4 #bbb4 #ei ,,moor1 ,h9doo ,infanticide1 p4 #fc2 ,,bu*anan1 ,*ri/ian ,rese>*es 9 ,asia1 p4 #di2 ,,w>d1 ,view ( ! ,hi/ory1 c41 ( ! ,h9doos1 p4 #cic4 #fj ,= a long li/ ( au?orities on ^! po9ts1 see ,,beck1 ii4 p4 #chi1 et seq4 #fa ,belgium4 #fb ,local exceptions to ?is g5]al rule w ( c\rse be f\nd to exi/1 z is always ! case ) laws bas$ on m]e /ati/ics1 especially1 z "h1 :]e reports to ! regi/ry are liable1 = evid5t reasons1 to be )held4 ,?us x appe>s f ,dr4 ,jewell's collections 7?is ,j\rnal1 ,m>*1 #aheg1 p4 #bgg17 t ! proportion ( /ill-bir?s 9 ,philadelphia 01 9 #ahef1 only #a 9 #iac to ! total population1 & #a 9 #bj4a to ! g5]al mortality1 aga9/ :i* evid5ce mu/ be plac$ t :i* we subsequ5tly furni% f ,pr(4 ,hodge4 #fc ,,mss4 ,lett] f ,city ,regi/r>1 ,m>* #bf1 #aheg4 #fd ,,*ick]+1 ,comp>ative ,view ( ! ,population ( ,bo/on1 #ahej4 ,city ,docum5t1 ,no4 #fj1 p4 #dd4 #fe ,twelf? ,regi/ration ,report to ! ,legislature ( ,massa*usetts1 #ahec1 p4 #aaf4 ,! tru? ( ?is /atem5t has be5 corroborat$ by ,dr4 ,curtis1 9 8 ,report on ! ,c5sus ( ,bo/on 9 #ahee4 ,city ,docum5t1 #ahef1 p4 #bb4 ,also1 ,fifte5? ,/ate ,regi/ration ,report1 #ahef1 p4 #agi4 #ff 8,_h ! rate ( ! annual increase ( ! numb]s liv+ "u ! age ( five 7#c4ac p] c5t47 result$ entirely f ! increase ( bir?s 9 a p]man5t population1 ! numb] ( bir?s ( #ahee 79 ! di/ricts :]e ! ratio ( ! regi/]$ dea?s to ! population 0 great] ?an "o to sixty-?ree1 #aff ( ! #cca t[ns7 w\ld h be5 #bd1deg1 in/ead ( #bc1dha1 ! numb] regi/]$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _h ! increase result$ :olly f migration1 7! annual numb] ( bir?s 9 ! p]man5t population be+ con/ant17 ! numb] ( bir?s w\ld h be5 only #bb1ief4 ,! numb] ( bir?s regi/]$ is some:at ne>] ! latt] ?an ! =m] ( ^! two values4 8,assum+ ! correctness ( ! bir?s1 dea?s1 & population1 9 ! select$ di/ricts1 x appe>s t #ce p] c5t4 ( ! increase ( ! population "u ! age ( five 0 due to bir?s 9 ! p]man5t portion ( ! population1 & #fe p] c5t4 due to ! movem5t ( ! migratory portion2 also1 t #ch p] c5t4 ( ! increase ( population at all ages 0 due to excess ( bir?s ov] dea?s1 leav+ #fb p] c5t4 to be acc\nt$ = by excess ( immigration ov] emigration40--,,elliott1 ,! ,laws ( ,human ,mortality 9 ,massa*usetts2 ,proce$+s ( ,am4 ,assoc4 = ,adv4 ( ,sci5ce1 ,montreal1 #aheg1 p4 #eg4 #fg ,,*ick]+1 loc4 cit41 p4 #di4 #fh ,! tables n[ pres5t$1 we h compil$ f ! fifte5 publi%$ ,regi/ration ,reports ( ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts4 ,advance %eets ( ! ,sixte5? ,report h k9dly be5 furni%$ me :ile ?is article is pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 by ! compil]1 ,dr4 ,josiah ,curtis1 ( ,bo/on4 ,! premature bir?s = #ahef & #aheg are n giv5 9 ! reports = ^? ye>s1 s t ,i _c ext5d my calculations beyond #ahee4 ,d$uctions f ! /ill-bir?s at ! full "t1 :i* are alone giv5 9 ! ye>s ref]r$ to1 are ( c\rse useless = ! pres5t inquiry4 #fi ,bir?s1 #bg1ffd2 population1 #iid1ffe4 #gj ,bir?s1 #cb1hde2 population1 #a1acb1cfi4 #ga ,total bir?s at full "t1 #cb1hde2 liv+ bir?s at full "t1 #cb1abj4 ,ftal dea?s1 #bjfd2 /ill1 at full "t1 #gbe2 premature1 #acci4 #gb ,total dea?s1 includ+ #adfb ftal1 #ai1dfa4 #gc ,total dea?s1 includ+ #bjfd ftal1 #ba1ebc4 #gd ,bir?s at full "t1 #aed1bde2 premature1 #ehii4 #ge ,f\rte5? ,regi/ration ,report1 #ahee4 #gf ,f\rte5? ,regi/ration ,report1 #ahee4 #gg ,9 ! above rem>ks we mu/ n be misund]/ood4 ,we believe ,massa*usetts no worse ) reg>d to abortion ?an _m o!r portions ( ! c\ntry1 b t its regi/ration is conduct$ ) great] c>e4 ,f ! /ati/ics giv5 x may easily be surmis$ :at ! am\nt ( ?is crime mu/ be else:]e4 ,x is necess>ily ( inf9itely m common occurr5ce ?an infanticide1 ! murd] ( *ildr5 aft] bir?1 = pro( ( ! frequ5cy ( :i*1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 9 ,great ,brita91 we ref] to ,dr4 ,burke ,ryan's ,fo!rgillian ,essay on ! subject 9 ! ,london ,sanit>y ,review = la/ ,july1 & to ! ,london ,lancet ( correspond+ date4 #gh ,z1 = in/ance1 9 ! regul>ly progressive s]ies ( dea?s & bir?s1 z comp>$ ) ! population2 con/ant1 also z comp>$ ) ea* o!r3--,population ( ,massa*usetts3 by c5sus ( #ahej1 #iid1ffe2 #ahee1 #a1acb1cfi4 ,dea?s3 #ahea1 #ah1icd2 #aheb1 #ah1dhb2 #ahec1 #bj1cja2 #ahed1 #ba1dad2 #ahee1 #bj1gih4 ,bir?s3 #ahea1 #bh1fha2 #aheb1 #bi1hjb2 #ahec1 #cj1ibj2 #ahed1 #ca1iig2 #ahee1 #cb1hde4 #gi ,reports ( ,attorney-,g5]al ( ,massa*usetts1 f #ahdi to #aheh4 ,/ate ,docum5ts4 #hj ,comptes ,r5dus ,annuels de la ,ju/ice ,crim9elle4 #ha ,introductory ,lecture1 #ahed1 p4 #ag4 #hb ,report to ,suffolk ,di/4 ,m$4 ,society1 ,may1 #aheg2 ,new ,york ,m$4 ,gazette1 ,july1 #aheg1 p4 #cij2 ,n4 ,h4 ,j\rnal ( ,m$ic9e1 ,july1 #aheg1 p4 #baa4 #hc ,loc4 cit41 p4 #cac4 #hd ,! ,law ( ,population1 #ahcj4 #he ,,hume1 ,essays1 vol4 i4 ,no4 xi41 p4 #dca4 #hf tudes sur l'conomie ,politique2 ,n\veaux ,pr9cipes d'conomie ,politique4 #hg ,loc4 cit41 ii4 p4 #bec4 #hh ,ibid41 i4 p4 #dea4 ,an op9ion to ! same effect1 italiciz$1 has already be5 quot$4 #hi ,ibid41 ii4 pp4 #caf1 #cag4 #ij ,ibid41 i4 p4 #deb1 foot-note4 #ia ,ibid41 i4 p4 #ddg4 #ib ,n\veaux ,pr9cipes1 c41 liv4 vii4 *4 #e4 #ic ,m$ical ,e?ics1 p4 #gi4 #id ,s9ce our la/ article1 ! report ( ! ,committee appo9t$ 9 #aheh to inve/igate ! ,heal? ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york has appe>$1 & we f9d t our /atem5ts reg>d+ ! frequ5cy ( ! crime 9 ! metropolis are fully corroborat$4 ,n m]ely are additional (ficial /ati/ics on ?is po9t giv5 7pp4 #ahb1 #ahc71 b valuable te/imony f ,drs4 ,griscom 7pp4 #be1 #cj71 ,mc,nulty 7p4 #ee71 ,francis 7p4 #fd71 & ,bulkley 7p4 #acc74 ,dr4 ,reese's pap] on ,infant ,mortality1 republi%$ by ! ,committee 7pp4 #ij-ajj71 f ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association = #aheg1 also conta9s incid5tal ref]5ce to ! frequ5cy ( abortion1 & = its direct & e>ne/ deal+ ) ! subject des]ves unqualifi$ comm5dation4 ,9 ?is connection we w\ld call att5tion to ! evid5ce ( ! ext5t ( ! crime 9 ,bo/on1 af=d$ s9ce our own rem>ks ^u t po9t 7 9 type1 by ,dr4 ,walt] ,*ann+4 7,bo/on ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rnal1 ,m>* #ag1 #ahei47 #ie ,annales d',hygine ,publique1 #ahef1 p4 #abb4 #if ,les ,consummations1 etc4 #ig ,comptes ,r5dus ,annuels1 etc4 #ih ,,may]1 ,des ,rapports ,conjugaux1 considrs s\s le triple po9t de vue de la population1 de la sant et de la morale publique4 ,p>is1 #aheg4 #ii ,,cangiamila1 ,embryologia ,sacra1 p4 #ae4 #ajj ,9 v]ification ( ?is /atem5t ,i am enabl$ to quote f ! la/ au?oriz$ edition ( ! ,canon ,laws ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 8,omnes1 qui aborts seu fts immaturi1 tam animati quam inanimati1 =mati vel in=mis1 ejectionem procurav]9t1 pnas propositas et inflictas tam div9o quam humano jure1 ac tam p] canonicas sanctiones et apo/olicas con/itutiones quam civilia jura adv]sus v]os homicidas incurr]e1 hc no/r p]petuo valitur con/itutione /atuimus et ord9amus40 ,,reiff5/uell1 ,jus ,canonicum ,univ]sum1 tome iii4 ,p>is1 #ahed4 #aja ,decreta ,synodi pl5>i ,episcoporum ,hib]ni1 apud ,?urles habit anno #ahej4 ,art4 de ,baptismo1 p4 #bj4 #ajb ,dubl9 ,review1 ,april1 #aheh1 p4 #ajj4 #ajc ,,dev5t]1 #agcd1 p4 #cff2 ,,/]ne1 ,tri/ram ,%&y1 p4 #ed2 ,m$4 ,times & ,gazette1 ,aug41 #aheh1 p4 #aif4 ,?\gh ! fact ( ?is decision has be5 d\bt$1 x is nev]!less /rictly true4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,bi%op ,fitzpatrick ,i h be5 favor$ ) a copy ( ,,b>ry's ,m$ico-,*ri/ian ,embryology1 z pres5t+ ^u ?is po9t ! au?oriz$ & g5]ally receiv$ doctr9e ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,i quote ! foll[+ f ! *apt] 8,on ,baptism 9 ,impracticable & ,difficult ,labors30 8,9 case ( impact$ head & at all times t "o is oblig$ to apply ! =ceps1 :e!r at "o ( ! /raits or 9 ! pelvic excavation1 x becomes necess>y to baptize ! *ild on ! "p :i* pres5ts at ! ut]9e orifice aft] ! rupture ( ! bag conta9+ ! wat]s4 8,9 ord] to baptize ! *ild1 a syr+e *>g$ ) natural wat] may be us$4 ,if ?is be n at h&1 a p]son may use a sponge1 or a l95 or cotton rag1 wett$ ) wat]1 :i* is to be c>ri$ to ! *ild by ! f+]s1 a pair ( =ceps1 or any o!r suitable contrivance1 & !n squeez$ or press$ on ! surface ( ! "p pres5t+40 7,loc4 cit41 p4 #de47 8,any p]son1 :e!r man1 woman or *ild1 may baptize an infant :5 9 dang] ( dea?40 7,ibid41 p4 #gf47 ,if ! facts n[ /at$ %\ld be g5]ally kn[n & act$ ^u by ! pr(ession1 hundr$s ( lives1 infant & mat]nal1 w\ld annually be sav$4 #ajd ,,ms4 ,lett]1 dat$ ,nov4 #ad?1 #aheh4 #aje ,x is n ( c\rse int5d$ to imply t ,prote/antism1 z su*1 9 any way enc\rages1 or inde$ p]mits1 ! practice ( induc+ abortion2 its t5ets are uncompromis+ly ho/ile to all crime4 ,s great1 h[ev]1 is ! popul> ignorance reg>d+ ?is (f5ce1 t an ab/ract morality is "h comp>atively p[]less2 & !re c be no d\bt t ! ,romi% ord9ance1 flank$ on ! "o h& by ! confessional1 & by d5\ncem5t & excommunication on ! o!r1 has sav$ to ! _w ?\s&s ( infant lives4 #ajf ,,passot1 ,des dang]s de l'avortem5t provoqu dans un b crim9el2 ,gazette ,md4 de ,lyon1 #ahec4 #ajg ,ann4 d',hygine1 #ahef1 p4 #adg4 #ajh ,,dubois & ,,dev]gie1 ibid41 tome xix4 p4 #dbe2 tome xxxix4 p4 #aeg4 #aji ,ibid4 #aaj ,review ( ,,montgom]y's ,signs ( ,pregnancy2 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,review1 ,m>*1 #aheg1 p4 #bdi4 #aaa ,pr9ciples ( ,midwif]y1 p4 #edg4 #aab ,,baudelocque1 tome i4 p4 #aae2 ,,fod]e1 ii4 p4 #ag2 ,,m>c1 ,dict4 de ,md41 i4 p4 #bbh2 ,,montgom]y1 ,signs ( ,pregnancy1 p4 #egh2 ,,dev]gie1 ,md4 ,lgale1 i4 p4 #bdd4 #aac ,,ryan1 p4 #bfg2 ,,t>dieu1 loc4 cit4 #aad ,,cl>ke1 ,trans4 ( ,soc4 = ,impr4 ( ,m$4-,*ir4 ,k1 iii4 p4 #bij2 ,,baudelocque1 i4 p4 #abc1 note2 ,,l]\x1 ,trait des ,p]tes1 ,obs4 xiii4 p4 #be2 ,,montgom]y1 loc4 cit41 p4 #fah4 #aae ,,g>dn]1 ( ,new ,york1 note to ,,tyl] ,,smi?'s ,lectures on ,ob/etrics1 p4 #bjc4 #aaf ,am4 ,j\rn4 ( ! ,m$4 ,sci5ces1 ,april1 #ahei4 ,9 ! in/ance ref]r$ to1 ! c]vix _h be5 deeply & ext5sively lac]at$1 =ceps hav+ be5 us$ 9 f\r previ\s labors2 :ile depressions exi/+ betwe5 ! old cicatrices & half fill$ & ragg$ ) clots1 7 decid$ly sugge/ive ( punctur$ w\nds4 ,! true nature ( ! case 0 r5d]$ evid5t by its pa/ hi/ory1 & corroborat$ by ! fact t ! pati5t 0 a ,ca?olic2 ! latt] be+ a po9t to :i* ,i am incl9$ to atta* mu* importance1 = reasons already giv54 #aag ,practical ,treatise1 p4 #bge4 #aah ,,ryan1 ,m$4 ,jurisprud5ce1 p4 #bhb4 #aai ,,roscoe1 ,law ( ,evid5ce1 #bdb4 #abj ,,ar*bold1 ,crim4 ,plead+1 #dia2 #a ,,hale1 #dee4 #aba ,,davis1 ,crim4 ,ju/ice1 #dhb4 #abb ,,davis1 ,crim4 ,ju/ice1 #dhc4 #abc ,reg4 v4 ,haynes2 ,reg4 v4 ,goodall2 ,rex v4 ,phillips4 #abd ,m$4 ,times & ,gazette1 ,jan41 #ahef1 p4 #faa4 #abe 8,?is op]ation mu/ n on any acc\nt be und]tak5 )\t ! sanction1 & 9 ! pres5ce1 ( ano!r practition]40--,,clay1 ,h&-book ( ,ob/etric ,surg]y1 p4 #ac4 #abf #a ,,gabbett1 ,cr4 ,law1 #ebc4 #abg ,loc4 cit4 #abh ,,*evali] & ,,dev]gie1 ,ann4 d',hyg41 #ahef1 p4 #aeg4 #abi ,m$4 ,jurisp42 ,griffi?'s ed41 p4 #dgb1 ,h>t%orne's ed41 p4 #cgh4 #acj ,,t>dieu1 loc4 cit41 #ahef1 p4 #abd4 #aca ,a ,woman's ,?\ghts ab\t ,wom54 ,by ! au?or ( 8,john ,halifax1 ,g5tleman40 #aheh1 p4 #ad4 #acb ,loc4 cit4 #acc ,ibid4 #acd ,mass4 ,laws ( #ahdg1 *ap4 #hc4 #ace 8,by imprisonm5t 9 ! ,/ate prison1 h\se ( correction1 or common jail1 n m ?an ?ree ye>s1 or by f9e n exce$+ "o ?\s& doll>s40 #acf ,op]a omnia4 ,ed4 #afee1 i41 p4 #fdc4 #acg ,j,,rg ( ,leipsic1 :o speaks ( ! human ftus z 8only a high] species ( inte/9al worm1 n end[$ ) a human s\l1 nor entitl$ to human attributes40 #ach ,,simpson1 ,ob/4 ,works1 i4 pp4 #ceb1 #djd4 #aci ,bo/on ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rnal1 ,janu>y1 #aheg1 p4 #dfb4 #adj ,! immorality ( craniotomy1 :]e deliv]y c be effect$ by any o!r me?od1 is gradually becom+ ackn[l$g$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,a late discussion on ?is subject1 at ! ,ob/etric ,society ( ,london1 is report$ 9 ! ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette = ,febru>y1 #ahei4 #ada ,,clay1 ,ob/etric ,surg]y1 p4 #fh4 #adb ,,s9clair & ,,john/on1 ,practical ,midwif]y1 #aheh4 #acj cases ( craniotomy 9 #ac1gdh labors4 #adc ,,clay1 ,loc4 cit41 p4 #fi4 #add ,! subject ( ju/ifiable craniotomy has ( late be5 ably ?\gh controv]sially discuss$ by an anonym\s writ] 7,dubl9 ,review1 ,april & ,octob]1 #aheh17 & ,dr4 ,*ur*ill 7,dubl9 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,m$ical ,sci5ce1 ,augu/ & ,novemb]1 ( ! same ye>74 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 le/ 9 ass5t+ to ! decid$ & imp]ative necessity ( ! op]ation 9 c]ta9 cases1 & by a natural pr(essional sympa?y1 too great frequ5cy is n all[$ to ?is mo/ horrible & appall+ ( all ! op]ations to :i* z physicians we c ev] be call$4 #ade ,review ( ,,clay's ,ob/etric ,surg]y2 ,bo/on ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rnal1 ,novemb]1 #ahef1 p4 #bhc4 #adf ,!ory & ,practice ( ,midwif]y1 p4 #cdh4 #adg ,de jure vit et necis quod competit m$ico 9 p>tu4 ,heidelb]g1 #ahbf4 #adh 8,:]e "o only c by any possibility be pres]v$1 ! female h]self may use h] "r ( self-pres]vation & *oose :e!r h] own life or t ( h] *ild %all fall a sacrifice40 ,,guy1 ,pr9ciples ( ,=5sic ,m$ic9e1 p4 #ade4 #adi ,guy's ,hospital ,reports1 #ahef1 p4 #ab4 #aej ,dubl9 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rn4 ( ,m$4 ,sci5ce1 ,augu/1 #aheh1 p4 #aj4 #aea ,,rad=d1 ,briti% ,record ( ,ob/4 ,m$ic9e1 #ahdh1 p4 #hd4 #aeb ,! rules ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ^u ?is po9t h be5 already ref]r$ to4 ,suffice x to say1 fur!r1 t :ile !y enjo9 ! ,cs>ean & vag9al sections1 9 pref]5ce to craniotomy & 9 cases ( extra-ut]9e ftation1 yet turn+1 ! use ( =ceps1 & ! induction ( premature labor1 :]e su* are indicat$1 are di/9ctly all[$ by !m4 ,,b>ry1 ,m$ico-,*ri/ian ,embryology1 pp4 #da1 #dd1 #de1 #fj4 #aec ,guy's ,hosp4 ,reports1 #ahef1 p4 #d4 #aed ,= a full discussion ( ! respective m]its ( ! sev]al me?ods in/anc$ above1 see ,,simpson1 loc4 cit41 i4 p4 #gch4 ,i h lately contriv$ an in/rum5t v simil> to "o n long s9ce propos$ by ,sp5c] ,wells = dilatation ( ! female ure?ra1 :i* by a simple comb9ation ( ! ?ree pr9ciples involv$1 w probably prove ( mat]ial s]vice 9 ! induction ( premature labor4 ,x may be call$ ! ut]9e dilator1 z x possesses _m advantages ov] expansible t5ts = all cases ( ut]9e disease :]e dilatation is necess>y1 ei!r = diagnosis or treatm5t4 ,a description ( ! in/rum5t1 & ( its fir/ application to ob/etric practice1 is publi%$ 9 ! curr5t numb] ( ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ! ,m$ical ,sci5ces4 #aee ,bullet9 de l',acadmie1 xvii4 p4 #cfd4 #aef ,briti% ,record1 etc41 p4 #hb4 #aeg ,i h else:]e discuss$ ?is subject2 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ! ,m$ical ,sci5ces1 ,janu>y1 #ahei4 #aeh ,en*iridion ,m$icum1 p4 #eaj4 #aei ,"q d',embryologie ,mdicale1 etc42 ,revue de l',amrique et de l',oue/1 #ahdf4 #afj ,,joan4 ,,riolan41 ,an?ropographia1 lib4 vi4 cap4 vii4 p4 #ehi4 #afa ,,*ur*ill1 ,dubl9 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rn4 ( ,m$4 ,sci5ce1 ,augu/1 #aheh1 p4 #bb4 #afb ,a case 9 po9t has be5 report$ by ! writ]2 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ( ! ,m$4 ,sci5ces1 ,april1 #ahei4 #afc ,reports to ! ,suffolk ,di/4 ,m$4 ,society ( ,massa*usetts1 #aheg1 & to ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association1 #ahei4 #afd 8,x w\ld 9 my op9ion10 says ,ramsbo?am1 ref]r+ to ! nature ( ftal exi/5ce1 8be mu* bett] n to endeavor to expla9 ! secrets ( nature1 s deeply hidd540--7,ob/4 ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y1 p4 #cji47 ,?is belief seems /ill1 9 practice1 v widely ent]ta9$4 #afe ,,clay1 ,ob/etric ,retrospect1 ,m>*1 #ahdh1 p4 #dd4 #aff ,m$ical ,communications ( ! ,mass4 ,m$4 ,soc41 #aheh1 p4 #gg4 ,! writ] hav+ be5 a memb] ( ?is committee1 "h ent]s1 z he has already done by lett] to ! c\ncillors ( ! ,society1 8 e>ne/ prote/ aga9/ ! pla9ly errone\s op9ion av[$ 9 t report1 :i* 0 pres5t$ & accept$ dur+ 8 abs5ce f ! ,/ate4 ,by ! laws ( ,massa*usetts1 ! (f5ce is consid]$ z ma9ly aga9/ ! p]son ( ! "m4 ,9 case ( h] dea?1 already suffici5tly provid$ = at common law1 convictions c be effect$1 ) great difficulty1 "u ! /atute1--z has twice occurr$ ! pres5t ye>1 9 ! cases ( ,jackson & ,br[n2 b h>dly o!rwise4 #afg ,9 ?is connection honorable m5tion is due ,drs4 ,,tatum & ,,joynes1 ( ,virg9ia1 = _! pap]s on 8,! ,attributes ( ! ,impregnat$ ,g]m10 & 8,"s ( ! ,legal ,relations ( ! ,ftus 9 ,ut]o0 7,virg9ia ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 #ahef47 ,?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! latt] ( ^! g5tlem51 an important modification has be5 made 9 ! law ( ! ,/ate2 z has also be5 effect$ 9 ,wiscons91 by ,dr4 ,,brisbane4 #afh ,= valuable in=mation 9 ?is connection1 ,i am indebt$ to _m fri5ds1 m p>ticul>ly to ,drs4 ,,?ay]1 ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,,phelps1 ( ,v]mont1 ,,*as4 ,,hook]1 ( ,connecticut1 ,,blat*=d1 ( ,new ,york1 ,,wood1 ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,,?ompson1 ( ,delaw>e1 ,,wro?1 ( ,m>yl&1 ,,bra9>d1 ( ,ill9ois1 ,,cam]on1 ( ,indiana1 ,,lel&1 ( ,mi*igan1 ,,le ,,b\tilli]1 ( ,m9nesota1 ,,brisbane1 ( ,wiscons91 ,,pope1 ( ,miss\ri1 ,,hoyt1 ( ,t5nessee1 ,,haxall & ,,joynes1 ( ,virg9ia1 ,,semmes1 ( ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ,,dickson1 ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,,lopez1 ( ,alabama1 ,,b>ton1 ( ,l\isiana1 7n[ ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a17 & to my relatives1 ,,woodbury & ,,bellamy ,,/or]1 ,esqrs41 ( ,ma9e & ,ohio1 & ,,james ,m4 ,,kei?1 ,esq41 ( ,bo/on1 late ,di/rict-,attorney = ,norfolk & ,plym\? ,c\nties4 ,9 e in/ance1 h[ev]1 v]ification ( ! /atutes has be5 made f copies 9 ! ,/ate ,libr>y ( ,massa*usetts4 #afi ,,davis1 ,crim9al ,ju/ice1 p4 #dhb4 #agj #a ,comm5t>ies1 #abi4 #aga ,ibid4 #agb #dc ,george ,,iii41 c4 #eh4 #agc #i ,geo4 ,,iv41 c4 #ca2 #aj ,geo4 ,,iv41 c4 #cd4 #agd #g ,william ,,iv42 #a ,vict41 c4 #he4 #age ,to ?is li/ may also be add$ ! ,t]ritory ( ,wa%+ton4 #agf ,! ,t]ritory ( ,kansas belongs to ! above gr\p4 #agg ,compil$ ,/atutes ( ,connecticut1 #ahed1 p4 #cjg4 #agh ,revis$ ,code ( ,mississippi1 #aheg1 *ap4 #fd1 p4 #fja4 #agi ,dige/ ( ,/atutes ( ,arkansas1 #ahdh1 *ap4 #ea1 p4 #cbe4 #ahj ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ,m9nesota1 #ahea1 *ap4 #ajj1 p4 #dic4 #aha ,/atutes ( ,oregon1 #ahee1 *ap4 #c1 p4 #caj4 #ahb ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ,ma9e1 #aheg1 *ap4 #abd1 p4 #fhe4 #ahc ,! above %\ld evid5tly read 8! fir/ two sections10 to be possible4 #ahd ,compil$ ,/atutes ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 #ahec1 *ap4 #bbg1 p4 #edd4 #ahe ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ,new ,york1 #aheb1 ii4 pp4 #hdg1 #hgf4 ,! la/ section ( ?is /atute does n require pro( ( pregnancy4 #ahf ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ,ohio1 #ahed1 *ap4 #afb1 p4 #bif4 #ahg ,compil$ ,laws ( ,mi*igan1 #aheg1 vol4 ii4 *ap4 #ahj1 p4 #aeji4 ,! /atute ( ! ,t]ritory ( ,,wa%+ton is v simil> to ^? above4 8,e p]son :o %all adm9i/] to any woman pregnant ) a quick *ild1 any m$ic9e1 drug1 or sub/ance :atev]1 or %all use or employ any in/rum5t1 or o!r means1 ) int5t !reby to de/roy su* *ild1 unless ! same %all h be5 necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( su* "m1 %all1 9 case ! dea? ( su* *ild or ( su* "m be !reby produc$1 on conviction !re(1 be imprison$ 9 ! p5it5ti>y n m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 nor less ?an "o ye>4 8,e p]son :o %all adm9i/] to any pregnant woman1 or to any woman :om he supposes to be pregnant1 any m$ic9e1 drug1 or sub/ance :atev]1 or %all use or employ any in/rum5t1 or o!r means1 !reby to procure ! misc>riage ( su* woman1 unless ! same is necess>y to pres]ve h] life1 %all1 on conviction !re(1 be imprison$ 9 ! p5it5ti>y n m ?an five ye>s1 nor less ?an "o ye>1 or be imprison$ 9 ! c\nty jail n m ?an twelve mon?s1 nor less ?an "o mon?1 & be f9$ 9 any sum n exce$+ "o ?\s& doll>s40 ,/atutes ( ! ,t]ritory ( ,wa%+ton1 #ahee1 p4 #ha4 #ahh ,compil$ ,/atutes ( ,v]mont1 #ahej1 *ap4 #ajh1 p4 #efj4 #ahi ,supplem5t to ! ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ,massa*usetts1 #ahdi1 p4 #cbb4 #aij ,/atutes ( ,ill9ois1 #aheh1 vol4 i4 p4 #cha4 #aia ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ,wiscons91 #aheh1 *ap4 #afi1 sect4 #eh4 ,x w be notic$ t ! second section ( ! above /atute diff]s f ! fir/1 9 n requir+ ! pro( ( pregnancy4 #aib ,code ( ,virg9ia1 #ahdi1 *ap4 #aia1 p4 #gbd4 #aic ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ,miss\ri1 #ahef1 i4 *ap4 #ej1 p4 #efg4 #aid ,code ( ,alabama1 #aheb1 sect4 #cbcj1 p4 #ehb4 #aie ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ,l\isiana1 #ahef1 p4 #ach4 ,by its word+1 ?is /atute might be =c$ into ! next division4 #aif ,i ins]t ?is clause n m]ely = its relation to ! po9ts we are n[ consid]+1 b = its important be>+ on ! broad "q ( infanticide dur+ labor2 conc]n+ :i* x /&s 9 bold & direct antagonism to all ! rul+s ( ! common law 9 ?is c\ntry & abroad4 ,9 o!r respects also1 ?\gh n faultless1 ! ,texas /atute is rationally & admirably drawn4 #aig ,p5al ,code ( ,texas1 #aheg1 p4 #ajc4 #aih ,dige/ ( ,laws ( ,cali=nia1 #aheg1 art4 #aije1 p4 #ccd4 ,! /atute ( ! ,t]ritory ( ,,kansas1 simil> to ! above1 is z foll[s3-- 8,e physician or o!r p]son :o %all willfully adm9i/] to any pregnant woman1 any m$ic9e1 drug1 or sub/ance :atev]1 or %all use or employ any in/rum5t or means :atsoev]1 ) int5t !reby to procure abortion1 or ! misc>riage ( any su* woman1 unless ! same %all h be5 necess>y to pres]ve ! life ( su* woman1 or %all h be5 advis$ by a physician to be necess>y = t purpose1 %all1 ^u conviction1 be adjudg$ guilty ( a misdemeanor1 & puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 a c\nty jail n exce$+ "o ye>1 or by f9e n exce$+ five hundr$ doll>s1 or by bo? su* f9e & imprisonm5t40 ,/atutes ( ,kansas1 #ahee1 *ap4 #dh1 p4 #bdc4 #aii ,we h already comm5t$ ^u ! phraseology ( ! ,l\isiana /atute4 ,! latitude ( its fir/ clause is %[n by ! context to h be5 un9t5tional1 & !re=e h>dly ju/ifies a *ange 9 its classification4 ,! second section ( ! ,/atute ( ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory1 h[ev]1 is closely analog\s to t n[ giv52 :ile ! f9al sections ( ! /atutes bo? ( ,new ,york & ,wiscons91 :i* make x p5al = a woman volunt>ily to effect or submit to ! unju/ifiable induction ( abortion1 are equally sil5t reg>d+ pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( pregnancy4 #bjj ,revis$ ,/atutes ( ,indiana1 #aheb1 p4 #dcg4 #bja ,rex vs4 ,phillips1 #c ,,campbell1 #gg2 ,,russell1 ,crim4 ,law1 #eec-d2 #a ,,gabbett1 ,crim4 ,law1 #ebb2 #a ,,bi%op1 ,crim4 ,law1 #chf4 #bjb ,/ate vs4 ,coop]1 #b ,,zabriskie1 #eb1 #eg2 ,rex vs4 ,russell1 #a ,,moody1 #cef1 #cfj4 #bjc ,reg9a vs4 ,wy*]ley1 #h ,,c>r+ton & ,,payne1 #bfe4 #bjd ,! ,p vs4 ,jackson1 #c ,,hill1 ,n4 ,y4 ,reports1 #ib2 ,,:>ton1 ,crim9al ,law1 #ih4 #bje ,,davis1 ,crim4 ,ju/ice1 #dhd4 #bjf ,,:>ton1 ,am]4 ,crim4 ,law1 #dbd4 #bjg ,,:>ton1 ,am]4 ,crim4 ,law1 #ge4 #bjh ,! ,/ate vs4 ,vawt]1 #g ,,black=d1 #eib4 #bji #a ,,gabbett1 ,crim4 ,law1 #ebc2 ,,ar*bold1 ,p4 ,a41 lxx1 #b4 #baj ,,roscoe1 ,l4 ,e41 #bdb2 ,eng4 ,com4 ,l4 ,rep41 xxv4 #dec2 ,rex vs4 ,coe1 #f ,,c>4 ,p41 #djc2 ,vaughan1 #ac4 #baa #a ,,bi%op1 ,crim4 ,law1 #ebg4 #bab ,9 ,massa*usetts1 ?\gh ! /atute is sil5t on ^! po9ts1 x is ass]t$ t :5ev] a potion is giv51 or o!r means are us$1 by 8a surgeon10 = ! purpose ( sav+ ! life ( ! woman1 ! case is free ( malice1 & has a lawful ju/ification4 ,,davis1 ,crim4 ,ju/ice1 #bhb2 ,report ( ! ,crim9al ,law ,commission]s1 #ahdd1 ,caus+ ,abortion1 ,i41 note a4 #bac ,aft] a little reflection1 x w be se5 t ?is ^w is n s op5 to objection z might at fir/ be suppos$4 #bad #a ,,russell1 ,crimes1 #fga2 #a ,,vesey1 #hf2 #c ,,coke1 ,in/41 #ej2 #a ,,hawk9s1 ,c4 ,b41 s4 #af2 #a ,,hale1 #dcd2 #a ,,ea/1 ,p4 ,c41 #ij2 #c ,,*itty1 ,crim4 ,law1 #gih2 ,,:>ton1 ,crim4 ,law1 #ecg4 #bae ,,davis1 ,crim4 ,ju/ice1 #dhf4 #baf ,,ar*bold1 ,crim4 ,plead+1 #dij4 #bag ,reg9a vs4 ,trilloe1 #b ,,moody1 ,c4 ,c41 #bfj1 #dac4 #bah ,! ,/ate vs4 ,coop]1 #b ,,zabriskie1 #eb2 ,,hanes1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dige/1 #e4 #bai ,! ,commonweal? vs4 ,p>k]1 #i ,,metcalf1 #bfc2 ,! ,commonweal? vs4 ,bangs1 #i ,mass41 #chg2 ,! ,/ate vs4 ,coop]1 #b ,,zabriskie1 #eg2 ,,hanes1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dige/1 #e2 ,smi? vs4 ,/ate1 #cc ,,ma9e1 7#c ,,r$47 #dh4 #bbj ,,bi%op1 ,crim4 ,law1 #chf2 ,mills vs4 ,! ,commonw41 #a ,,h>ris1 ,pa41 #fca1 #fcc4 #bba ,,:>ton1 ,crim4 ,law ( ! ,u4 ,s41 #ecg4 #bbb #a ,,russell1 ,crimes1 #ffa2 #a ,,vesey1 #hf2 #c ,,coke1 ,in/41 #ej2 #a ,,hawk9s1 c4 #ac1 s4 #af2 ,,bracton1 #a4 #c1 c4 #ba4 #bbc ,,bac4 ,ab41 tit4 ,infants4 #bbd #b ,,v]non1 #gaj4 #bbe ,doe vs4 ,cl>k1 #b ,h4 ,bl41 #cii2 #b ,,vesey1 jr41 #fgc2 ,!llusson vs4 ,wood=d1 #d ,,vesey1 #cdj2 ,swift vs4 ,duffield1 #f ,,s]g4 ,,rawle1 #ch4 #bbf ,,fe>ne1 #dbi4 #bbg #b ,,v]non1 #gaj2 ,! ,commonweal? vs4 ,dema91 #f ,p5n4 ,law ,j\rn41 #bi2 ,,brightly1 #dda4 #bbh #a ,,hale1 #ij2 ,! ,commonw4 vs4 ,*auncey1 #a ,,a%mead1 #bbg2 ,smi? vs4 ,/ate1 #cc ,,ma9e1 7#c ,,r$47 #dh4 #bbi ,ibid42 ,,hanes1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dige/1 #e4 #bcj ,,:>ton1 ,law ( ,homicide1 #dd4 #bca ,! ,commonw4 vs4 ,p>k]1 #i ,,metcalf1 #bfc1 #bfe2 ,,davis1 ,crim4 ,ju/ice1 #bha4 #bcb #a ,,black/one1 #abi2 ,rex vs4 ,s5ior1 #a ,,moody1 ,c4 ,c41 #cdf2 #c ,in/41 #ej2 ,,:>ton1 ,c4 ,l41 #ecg2 ,ibid41 ,law ( ,homicide1 #ic4 #bcc ,rex vs4 ,we/1 #b ,,c>r4 ,,kir41 #ghd2 #a ,,bi%op1 ,c4 ,l41 #bee2 ,,:>ton1 ,law ( ,homicide1 #ic4 #bcd ,rex vs4 ,scudd]1 #a ,,moody1 #baf1 #c ,,c>4 ,p41 #fje1 ov]rul+ ,rex vs4 ,phillips1 #c ,,campbell1 #gc2 ,,russell1 ,cr41 #gfc1 note4 #bce ,if made )\t h] cons5t8 #bcf ,reg9a vs4 ,good*ild1 #b ,,c>4 ,,kir41 #bic2 ,rex vs4 ,goodhall1 #a ,,d54 ,c4 ,c41 #ahg2 #c ,,campbell1 #gf4 #bcg #a ,,bi%op1 ,crim4 ,law1 #eah4 #bch #a ,,bi%op1 ,crim4 ,law1 #che4 #bci ,,:>ton1 ,crim4 ,law1 #eda4 #bdj #a ,,h>ris1 ,pa41 #fca1 #fcc4 #bda ,,lee1 ,note to ,guy's ,pr9ciples ( ,=5sic ,m$ic9e1 p4 #acd4 #bdb ,,becc>ia1 ,crimes & ,puni%m5ts1 #ajd4 #bdc 8,an effici5t1 & practical rem$y = ! prev5tion ( ?is crime w\ld be a law requir+ ! causes ( dea? to be c]tifi$ by ! physician 9 att5dance1 or :]e !re has be5 no physician1 by "o call$ 9 = ! purpose4 ,9 ?is way ! cause ( dea?1 bo? 9 infants & mo!rs1 c\ld be trac$ to attempts to procure abortion4 ,9 ?ree cases :i* occurr$ 9 ,bo/on1 9 #ahee1 ! dea? 0 report$ by fri5ds to be ow+ to natural causes1 & 9 ea* x 0 subsequ5tly asc]ta9$ t ! pati5t di$ 9 consequ5ce ( injuries receiv$ 9 procur+ abortion4 ,x is probable t su* cases are by no means r>e2 & if ! cause ( dea? 7 kn[n1 an imm$iate inve/igation might lead to ! detection ( ! guilty p>ty40 7,bo/on ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rnal1 ,dec41 #aheg1 p4 #cfe47 #bdd ,regi/] ( ! ,morgue4 #bde ,f #ahdf to #ahej1 #ahh cases ( crim9al abortion 7 discov]$ 9 ,p>is1 b = want ( pro(1 only #bb ( !m 7 s5t to trial4 7,comptes ,r5dus ,ann4 de la ,ju/ice ,crim9elle47 #bdf ,report on ! ,m$ico-legal duties ( ,coron]4 #aheg4 #bdg ,,rad=d1 ,briti% ,record ( ,ob/etric ,m$ic9e1 vol4 i4 p4 #ee4 #bdh ,,:>ton1 ,crim9al ,law1 #edj4 #bdi ,smi? vs4 ,! ,/ate1 #cc ,,ma9e1 7#c ,,r$47 #dh4 #bej ,rex vs4 ,phillips2 ,reg9a vs4 ,goodall2 ,reg4 vs4 ,haynes1 etc4 #bea ,,taylor1 ,m$4 ,jurisprud5ce1 p4 #chf4 #beb ,,p]cival1 ,m$ical ,e?ics1 p4 #hd4 #bec ,ibid41 p4 #he4 #bed ,loc4 cit41 article #cag4 #bee ,report to ,suffolk ,di/rict ,m$4 ,society1 ,may1 #aheg1 p4 #ab4 #bef ,9 ?is connection1 ,i _c too /rongly deprecate a practice t has lately be5 propos$1 ! detection1 namely1 ( ! e>ly exi/5ce ( pregnancy by ! adm9i/ration ( ergot4 7,bo/on ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rnal1 ,april1 #ahei1 p4 #aig47 ,! use ( ergot = ?is purpose1 9 h[ev] small a dose1 w\ld seem utt]ly unju/ifiable4 #beg ,fifte5? ,massa*usetts ,regi/ration ,report1 #aheg1 p4 #aii4 #beh ,,quetelet1 ,!ory ( ,probabilities1 p4 #bcd4 #bei ,new ,york ,m$4 ,gazette1 ,editorial2 ,london ,m$ical ,times & ,gazette1 #ahej1 p4 #dhg4 #bfj ,bo/on ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rnal1 ,editorial1 #ahee1 p4 #daa4 #bfa ,,dean1 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 p4 #aci4 #bfb ,bo/on ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,j\rnal1 ,editorial1 ,dec4 #ac1 #ahee4 #bfc ,am]ican ,m$ical ,gazette1 ,editorial1 ,july1 #aheg1 p4 #cij4 #bfd ,ibid41 ,april #ahei1 p4 #bhi4 #bfe ,ma9e ,m$4 & ,surg4 ,report]1 ,editorial1 ,june1 #aheh1 p4 #ci4 #bff ,,deville1 ,rese>*es on ! proportion ( /ill-born *ildr5 comp>$ ) ! mortality ( ! ,city ( ,p>is dur+ ! ?irte5 ye>s1 #ahdf-eh4 ,memoirs ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 #ahei4 #bfg ,new ,hamp%ire ,j\rnal ( ,m$ic9e1 ,editorial1 ,july1 #aheg1 p4 #baf4 #bfh ,london ,lancet1 ,editorial1 ,july1 #aheh1 p4 #ff4 #bfi ,,tatum1 ,virg9ia ,m$4 ,j\rnal1 ,june1 #ahef1 p4 #deg4 #bgj ,loc4 cit41 p4 #ai4 #bga ,! ,c\ncillors ( ! ,massa*usetts ,m$ical ,society4 ,proce$+s ( ! ,society1 #aheh1 p4 #gg4 #bgb ,,phillips1 ,on ,evid5ce1 i4 p4 #ace2 ,,ryan1 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce1 p4 #aic2 ,,/or]1 ,s541 ,introductory ,address1 #ahee1 p4 #aj2 ,,simpson1 ,physicians & ,physic1 p4 #ca4 #bgc ,proce$+s ( ! ,society1 #aheh4 #bgd ,man ,trans=m$4 ,ox=d1 #afec4 #bge 8,resolv$1 ,t :ile physicians h long be5 unit$ 9 condemn+ ! procur+ ( abortion1 at e p]iod ( ge/ation1 except z necess>y = pres]v+ ! life ( ei!r "m or *ild1 x has become ! duty ( ?is ,association1 9 view ( ! preval5ce & increas+ frequ5cy ( ! crime1 publicly to ent] an e>ne/ & solemn prote/ aga9/ su* unw>rantable de/ruction ( human life4 8,resolv$1 ,t 9 pursuance ( ! gr& & noble call+ we pr(ess1--! sav+ ( human life1--& ( ! sacr$ responsibilities !reby devolv+ ^u u1 ! ,association pres5t ?is subject to ! att5tion ( ! sev]al legislative assemblies ( ! ,union1 ) ! pray] t ! laws by :i* ! crime ( abortion is attempt$ to be controll$ may be revis$1 & t su* o!r action may be tak5 9 ! premises z !y 9 _! wisdom may deem necess>y4 8,resolv$1 ,t ! ,association reque/ ! zeal\s co-op]ation ( ! v>i\s ,/ate m$ical societies 9 press+ ?is subject ^u ! legislatures ( _! respective ,/ates1 & t ! presid5t & secret>ies ( ! ,association are h]eby au?oriz$ to c>ry out1 by memorial1 ^! resolutions40--,transactions ( ! ,am4 ,m$4 ,association1 #ahei1 vol4 xii4 p4 #ge4