file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #febdc-;h4htm or #febdc-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #febdc_/pg#febdc-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#febd c_/febdc-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/pr9tsbrie frevie#jari* ,,pr9ts ,a ,,brief ,,review ,,( ,,_! ,,te*nique ,,& ,,hi/ory ,illu/ration3 ,,h]odotus4 ,,v5ice1 #adid ,,pr9ts ,a ,brief ,review ( ,_! ,te*nique & ,hi/ory by ,,emil ,h4 ,,ri*t] ,) ,illu/rations ,bo/on & ,new ,york ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company ,! ,riv]side ,press ,cambridge #aiad ,copyright1 #aiad1 by ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,publi%$ ,novemb] #aiad ,,preface ,pr9ts h long be5 an undi/urb$ doma9 ( ! collector & s*ol>ly connoisseur4 ,c5turies ( /udy & rese>* are result+ 9 ! id5tification & description ( ?is va/ am\nt ( mat]ial4 ,! lit]ature on pr9ts embodies ^! results 9 ! =m ( h&books1 hi/ories1 catalogues = ref]5ce1 essays1 & specializ+ treatises4 ,^! are writt5 prim>ily = ! use ( /ud5ts & collectors1 ) ! elaboration & detail requisite = ?is class ( read]s4 ,manife/ations ( a wid5+ int]e/ are m evid5t e day4 ,) ?is broad5+ popul> int]e/ has come a dem& = a pla91 %ort explanation ( 8pr9ts40 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* a brief review & 9 answ] to repeat$ inquiries1 a s]ies ( lectures 7 prep>$ & deliv]$--"s ye>s ago--by ! writ]4 ,^! lectures are h]e) (f]$1 9 slightly revis$ =m1 to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! nature & developm5t ( pr9ts4 ,?is little book is n a comp5dium ( ! graphic arts1 j an introduction4 ,brevity & simplicity h be5 aim$ at1 ! purpose be+ to awak5 int]e/ & convey initial in=mation conducive to fur!r /udy4 ,! *>m & value ( a pr9t lies ess5tially 9 ! quality ( l9e or tone peculi> to ! process employ$ 9 its mak+4 ,^! _c be r5d]$ adequately by ! half-tone illu/rations :i* accompany ^! pages4 ,! pr9ts !mselves mu/ be se5 to be truly appreciat$ & und]/ood4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,h[ ,,pr9ts ,,are ,,made #a ,introductory1 #a4 ,bank note & magaz9e illu/ration1 #c4 ,?ree ma9 divisions ( processes4 ,woodcut1 #d4 ,wood-engrav+1 #e4 ,engrav+1 #f4 ,dry-po9t1 mezzot9t1 #h4 ,et*+1 #i4 ,li?ography1 #aj4 ,! pr9t+ presses us$1 #aa4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,woodcut #ab ,n a sudd5 inv5tion1 #ab4 ,utilit>ian orig91 #ad4 ,! pa/ review$1 #ae4 ,! panel picture & its *eap sub/itute1 #ah4 ,sa9ts' pictures1 #bj4 ,play+ c>ds1 #ba4 ,increas+ dem& = pictures1 #bd4 ,block-books1 movable type1 #bf4 ,book illu/ration 9 ,g]many & ,italy1 #bh4 ,examples ( e>ly woodcuts3 ,g]man1 #cj1 ,italian1 #cb4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,days ,,( ,,engrav+ #ce ,intaglio pr9t+1 ! goldsmi?'s niello1 #ce4 ,engrav+ 9 ,g]many & ,italy1 attitude & results1 #cg4 ,anonym\s ma/]s1 #dj4 ,s*ongau]1 #da4 ,e>ly ,italian examples1 #dd4 ,pollajuolo1 ,mantegna1 #df4 ,giulio ,campagnola1 #dg4 ,,iv4 ,,italy #di ,! pr(essional engrav]1 #di4 ,m>cantonio ,raimondi1 #ej4 ,! publi%]1 #ea4 ,revival2 ,c>racci1 #eb4 ,pa9t]-et*]s1 #ec4 ,lat] developm5ts2 ,canaletto1 #ee4 ,! classical engrav]s1 #ee4 ,*i>oscuro woodcut1 #ef4 ,v4 ,,g]many #ei ,culm9ation1 ,dr]1 #fj4 ,lucas van ,leyd51 #fe4 ,italian influ5ce1 #ff4 ,little ma/]s1 #fg4 ,woodcut3 ,crana*1 ,holbe91 #fi4 ,! two ma/]s1 ,dr] & ,holbe91 #gj4 ,decl9e1 #ga4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,ne!rl&s #gc ,hi/ory4 ,flemi% & ,dut* art1 #gc4 ,engrav] families1 comm]ce 9 ,sa9ts' pictures1 #ge4 ,virtuosi ( ! grav]1 ,goltzius1 #gf4 ,rub5s & 8 engrav]s1 #gg4 ,van ,dyck1 #gh4 ,cornel ,viss*]1 #gi4 ,rembr&t1 #hj4 ,o/ade1 #hd4 ,ruysdael4 ,l&scape & animal et*]s1 #he4 ,italian influ5ce1 decl9e1 #hf4 ,,vii4 ,,france #hg ,woodcut illu/rations1 #hg4 ,engrav+1 ,jean ,duvet1 #hi4 ,! ,fonta9ebleau s*ool1 #ij4 ,callot1 ,claude ,lorra91 #ia4 ,portrait engrav+1 #ic4 ,mellan1 #id4 ,mor91 #ie4 ,nanteuil1 #if4 ,edel9ck & o!rs1 #ig4 ,new processes1 #ajj4 ,color-pr9ts1 book ornam5tation1 #aja4 ,classical engrav+1 ,wille1 #ajd4 ,italian prem95ce1 #aje4 ,et*]s1 vignetti/s1 #aje4 ,,spa93 ,goya1 #ajg4 ,,viii4 ,,engl& #aji ,e>ly days1 ,holl>4 ,engli% engrav]s1 #aji4 ,hog>?1 #aaj4 ,b>tolozzi1 #aaj4 ,mezzot9t engrav]s1 #aaa4 ,e>lom1 #aac4 ,wood-engrav+3 ,bewick1 #aad4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates #aaf ,colonial times2 ,pelham1 ,peale1 #aaf4 ,/ipple2 book illu/ration1 #aag4 ,wood-engrav+1 ! tone engrav]s1 #aah4 ,et*+1 #abj4 ,x4 ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury #aba ,individual expression1 #aba4 ,blake1 #abb4 ,*od[iecki1 #abc4 ,a new era1 ,con/able1 ,delacroix & o!rs1 #abd4 ,turn]1 #abf4 ,wood-engrav+ & li?ography1 #abg4 ,m5zel2 ,gav>ni1 ,daumi]1 #abi4 ,raffet1 #acj4 ,revival ( et*+1 #acj4 ,jacque1 ,millet1 & o!rs1 #aca4 ,et*+ v]sus ,engrav+1 #aca4 ,had51 ,:i/l]1 #acb4 ,m]yon1 #acc4 ,gaill>d1 #acd4 ,exact+ dem&s on ! graphic arts2 ,zorn1 ,kl+]1 #ace4 ,conclusion1 #acf4 ,books recomm5d$ = /udy ( pr9ts1 #ach4 ,,illu/rations ,,title-,,page ,,to ,,h]odotus4 ,anonym\s ,title-page ,,/4 ,,m>g>et ,,( ,,hung>y4 ,anonym\s #cj ,,page ,,f ,,ars ,,memor&i4 ,anonym\s #cj ,,page ,,f ,,nuremb]g ,,*ronicle4 ,anonym\s #cj ,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild ,,) ,,/4 ,,john4 ,anonym\s #cb ,,page ,,f ,,hypn]otoma*ia4 ,anonym\s #cb ,,page ,,f ,,morgante ,,maggiore4 ,anonym\s #cb ,,madonna ,,( ,,e9si$eln4 ,anon4 ,ma/] ,e4 ,s4 #dj ,,dea? ,,( ,,! ,,virg94 ,m>t9 ,s*ongau] #db ,,sibilla ,,samia4 ,anonym\s #dd ,,clio1 ,,f ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,t>oc*i4 ,anonym\s #dd ,,battle ,,( ,,nude ,,m54 ,antonio ,pollajuolo #df ,,*ri/ ,,betwe5 ,,two ,,sa9ts4 ,&rea ,mantegna #df ,,/4 ,,john ,,! ,,bapti/4 ,giulio ,campagnola #df ,,dea? ,,( ,,dido4 ,m>cantonio ,raimondi #ej ,,adam ,,& ,,eve4 ,m>cantonio ,raimondi #ej ,,titian4 ,ago/9o ,c>racci #eb ,,madonna ,,& ,,*ild4 ,f$]igo ,b>occi #ed ,,torre ,,di ,,malgh]a4 ,antonio ,canale #ef ,,diog5es4 ,ugo da ,c>pi #ef ,,f\r ,,horsem51 ,,apocalypse4 ,albre*t ,dr] #fj ,,arms ,,) ,,! ,,skull4 ,albre*t ,dr] #fb ,,re/ ,,9 ,,egypt4 ,albre*t ,dr] #fb ,,/4 ,,j]ome ,,9 ,,8 ,,/udy4 ,albre*t ,dr] #fd ,,c>d9al ,,albre*t4 ,albre*t ,dr] #fd ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,magi4 ,lucas van ,leyd5 #ff ,,t\rnam5t4 ,lucas ,crana* #fh ,,johannes ,,zur5us4 ,h5drik ,goltzius #gd ,,rub5s4 ,paul ,pontius #gf ,,jan ,,brueghel4 ,an?ony van ,dyck #gh ,,gellius ,,de ,,b\ma4 ,cornel ,viss*] #gh ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,%eph]ds4 ,rembr&t #hj ,,! ,,?ree ,,trees4 ,rembr&t #hj ,,janus ,,lutma4 ,rembr&t #hb ,,tobit ,,bl9d4 ,rembr&t #hb ,,! ,,sp9n]4 ,adria5 van ,o/ade #hd ,,! ,,travel]s4 ,jacob ,ruysdael #hd ,,! ,,diamond4 ,nicolaes ,b]ghem #hf ,,t\r ,,de ,,nesle4 ,jacques ,callot #ij ,,le ,,b\vi]4 ,claude ,lorra9 #ib ,,duc ,,de ,,guise4 ,claude ,mellan #id ,,anto9e ,,vitr4 ,jean ,mor9 #id ,,pompone ,,de ,,belli,,vre4 ,rob]t ,nanteuil #if ,,philippe ,,de ,,*ampaigne4 ,gr>d ,edel9ck #if ,,bossuet4 ,pi]re ,imb]t ,drevet #ih ,,*amps ,,lys,,es4 ,nicolas ,h5ri ,t>dieu #ajj ,,in/ruction ,,pat]nelle4 ,georg ,wille #ajd ,,plate ,,f ,,! ,,capri*os4 ,francisco ,goya #ajf ,,ca?>9e ,,( ,,braganza4 ,william ,fai?orne #aaj ,,! ,,hon4 ,,miss ,,b+ham4 ,francesco ,b>tolozzi #aaj ,,mrs4 ,,c>nac4 ,john ,raphael ,smi? #aab ,,fl[] ,,& ,,fruit ,,piece4 ,ri*>d ,e>lom #aad ,,?omas ,,jeff]son4 ,david ,edw9 #aaf ,,*ief ,,ju/ice ,,m>%all4 ,a%] ,br[n ,dur& #aah ,,/ill-,,life ,,) ,,! ,,peacock4 ,william ,j4 ,l9ton #aah ,,plate ,,f ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,job4 ,william ,blake #abb ,,home ,,( ,a ,,pa9t]4 ,daniel ,*od[iecki #abd ,,inv]>y ,,pi]4 ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn] #abf ,,sacus ,,& ,,hesp]ie4 ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn] #abf ,,*ri/ ,,disput+ ,,) ,,doctors4 ,a4 v4 ,m5zel #abh ,,c>toon ,,on ,,l\is ,,philippe4 ,honor ,daumi] #abh ,,midnight ,,review4 ,augu/e ,raffet #acj ,,woman ,,*urn+4 ,jean ,franois ,millet #acj ,,sunset ,,9 ,,irel&4 ,sir ,seym\r ,had5 #acb ,,! ,,doorway4 ,,v5ice4 ,james ,mc,n4 ,:i/l] #acb ,,le ,,petit ,,pont4 ,*>les ,m]yon #acb ,,dom ,,prosp] ,,gu,,rang]4 ,f]d9& ,gaill>d #acd ,,girl ,,ba?+4 ,&]s ,zorn #acd ,,expulsion ,,f ,,p>adise4 ,max ,kl+] #acd ,,pr9ts ,,_! ,,te*nique ,,& ,,hi/ory ,i ,,h[ ,,pr9ts ,,are ,,made ,pr9ts are famili> to e "o ( u1 & yet ! subject ( pr9ts is /rangely unfamili>4 ,if we look at a pa9t+1 a piece ( sculpture1 or at a monum5tal build+1 we "k h[ ^! ?+s came into be+4 ,)\t any ef=t we c see 9 our m9d's eye ! pa9t]1 ) palette & bru%es1 apply+ ! colors on 8 canvas1 we c see ! sculptor ?umb+ ! clay model on ! /& be=e him1 ) alt]nate g5tl5ess & =ce1 :ile ! spectacle ( /one-masons & bricklay]s at "w is a matt] ( daily occurr5ce4 ,likewise are we daily face to face ) pr9ts 9 our homes4 ,!y are famili> objects t h always be5 !re2 we are s us$ to !m t we h>dly see !m4 ,b h we ev] conjur$ up1 9 our m9d's eye1 ! vision ( an engrav]1 or et*]1 or li?ograph] at "w mak+ ! pr9t :i* is s famili> to u8 ,x is a _w1 inde$1 ?is field on :i* ! en]gies ( ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( m5 h be5 exp5d$1 expressive ( ! ?\ghts ( great ma/]s1 expressive1 yes1 eloqu5t1 ( ! *ang+ m5tal attitude1 ! *ang+ cu/oms & int]e/s ( successive p]iods4 ,!re is no field1 ,i am tempt$ to say1 9 all ! realm ( art1 m compreh5sive1 m broad5+ ?an ?is subject ( pr9ts4 ,9 ord] fully to appreciate ! phases ( its developm5t1 we mu/ f9d out1 fir/ ( all1 :at a pr9t is1 & h[ x is made4 ,! t]m 8pr9t10 z we use x "h1 applies to any design convey$ ^u pap] or any simil> sub/ance by means ( pressure1 usually 9 ! pr9t+-press4 ,pr9ts are n all produc$ 9 "o & ! same mann]2--if ?is /atem5t %\ld prove surpris+1 j op5 any magaz9e on an illu/ration page2 !n place beside x1 = comp>ison1 a new doll> bill4 ,notice ! ev5 tone ( black 9 ! magaz9e illu/ration & ! int5sity ( ! black1 %>p-cut1 metallic l9es ( ! head on ! bill4 ,x is q evid5t t ^! two examples h be5 produc$ by diff]5t means2 ! magaz9e illu/ration %[s t ! ink$ l9es & dots :i* con/itute ! picture h be5 br\ght ^u ! pap] ) consid]able pressure3 ! ink is emb$d$ into ! pap]2 :]eas1 if ! bill is new1 y w notice1 ^u close inspection1 t ! ink ( e l9e & dot lies ^u ! surface ( ! pap]4 ,pass y\r f+] lightly ov] "s ( ! heavi] l9es1 & if y\r f+]-tips are s5sitive1 y w di/9ctly feel ^! ridges ( ink4 ,:y ?is diff]5ce8 ,because human +5uity has devis$ sev]al ways ( obta9+ an impression4 ,!re are ?ree su* possibilities1 :i* divide ! graphic arts into ?ree ma9 gr\ps1 namely3-- ,,relief ,,processes3 ,woodcut1 wood-engrav+2 ,,intaglio ,,processes3 ,engrav+1 dry-po9t1 mezzot9t+1 & ! et*+ processes2 ,,planographic ,,processes3 ,li?ography1 & its d]ivatives4#a #a ,9 ord] to keep ! subject z simple z may be1 we w leave aside t va/ array ( mod]n processes bas$ ^u photography1 & !re=e kn[n z photo-me*anical processes 7half-tone1 photogravure1 & ! l7 & devote our att5tion to ! h& processes only4 ,examples f two ( ^! ma9 divisions h j be5 "u discussion1 ! magaz9e illu/ration be+ a relief pr9t1 ! bill an engrav+ on /eel1 consequ5tly intaglio4 ,let u n[ devote a few mom5ts to _! te*nical features1 tak+ fir/ ! olde/ ( all ! processes1 woodcut4 ,if we take a block ( wood1 nicely plan$1 f9i% its face ) s&pap]1 & cov] x ) pr9t]'s ink1 an impression f t black5$ surface w\ld naturally be an unbrok51 rectangul> pat* ( black4 ,n[ we take a knife ) a /rong1 %ort blade1 a woodcutt]'s knife1 & ) two slant+ cuts we take out a ?9 long sliv] f ! middle ( ?is black5$ surface ( wood4 ,! result ( an impression w n[ be a black surface ) a :ite l9e :]e we h cut away ! wood4 ,ano!r two cuts p>allel ) ! fir/ w result 9 ano!r :ite l9e1 or r we %all n[ h a black l9e1 ) a :ite space on ei!r side1 ! black l9e be+ ! ridge ( wood /&+ betwe5 ! two pieces :i* we h cut away4 ,c\ld any?+ be simpl] ?an ?is work+ recipe8--:]ev] black is want$1 leave ! wood /&+2 :]e y ne$ :ite1 cut away ! wood4 ,! same !ory applies to wood-engrav+1 ) "s *anges 9 mat]ial & implem5ts4 ,! wood-engrav] uses cross-gra9 blocks ( ! h>d boxwood1 in/ead ( planks ( *]ry or pe> wood1 & on ?is h>d surface ! grav] replaces ! knife4 ,! grav]--mo/ useful ( tools--is a long1 ?91 diamond-%ap$ b> ( /eel1 end+ 9 a blunt po9t ) cutt+ edges2 its wood5 h&le fitt+ ! palm ( ! h&4 ,! grav] is pu%$ =w>d & pl\ghs ) great precision across ! block or plate1 cutt+ l9es ( any degree ( delicacy or boldness4 ,l ! knife1 x removes ! wood1 consequ5tly leav+ a :ite l9e or dot :]ev] x has pass$4 ,h5ce ! t]m 8:ite-l9e engrav+10 (t5 us$ = wood-engrav+4 ,:5 we turn to ! second great division1 to ! intaglio processes1 we f9d t ! recipe ( ! woodcut has to be j rev]s$ to fit ?is new proposition4 ,consult ! diagram ( ! ?ree possibilities ( pr9t+2 ! cross-section ( ! relief-block pres5ts a s]ies ( flat-topp$ ridges ) valleys betwe5 !m4 ,! tops ( ! ridges pr9t1 ! valleys are ! spaces :i* are to appe> :ite 9 ! impression4 ,! second figure1 a cross-section ( an intaglio plate1--an engrav+ on copp] we w say1--%[s no hills & vales1 b a flat surface ) a numb] ( ,v-%ap$ cuts fill$ ) ink4 ,:5 engrav+ on a copp] plate1 we cut ) ! grav] into ! metal e l9e ( our design t is to appe> black4 ,:]ev] we want a :ite space we are c>eful to leave unt\*$ ! poli%$ surface ( ! plate4 ,hav+ complet$ ! cutt+-9 7engrav+7 ( our design1 ! plate is cov]$ all ov] ) pr9t+-ink1 & ?is is rubb$ ?or\ghly into e furr[ :i* we h cut1 s t !y are all fill$ flu% ) ! surface4 ,! surface ( ! plate is wip$ clean4 ,an impression tak5 f ! plate s prep>$ w %[ u a black l9e = e furr[ we h cut4 ,small wond] t ! l9es on ! doll> bill 7 p]ceptible ridges ( ink1 s9ce all ! ink 9 ! furr[s ( ! plate is n[ on ! surface ( ! pap]4 ,! !ory ( ! intaglio processes is pla9ly ?is3 :]ev] y want black 9 y\r design1 cut l9es or dots into ! plate2 :]ev] :ite is ne$$1 leave ! smoo? surface ( ! plate unt\*$4 ,bas$ ^u ?is =mula1 ! diff]5t intaglio processes produce _! blacks 9 diff]5t ways2 9 dry-po9t engrav+1 = in/ance1 ! design is scrat*$ into ! metal by means ( a %>p ne$le-po9t1 ! et*+-ne$le4 ,9 te>+ ?r\gh ! copp] ! ne$le leaves a jagg$ ridge ( copp] /&+ on ! sides ( ea* l9e1 ?is 8burr0 reta9s "s ink aft] ! plate has be5 wip$ clean1 & gives to ! dry-po9t l9e its peculi> velvety1 slightly blurr$ appe>ance4 ,! mezzot9t] beg9s 8 "w by r\gh5+ ! :ole surface ( ! plate ) ! 8rock]0 into myriad ind5tations & t9y project+ tee? ( copp]4 ,! plate 9 ?is condition pr9ts a uni=m1 velvety black1 ! deepe/ tone obta9able4 ,n[ by scrap+ away ! little tee? ( copp] m or less completely1 ! design is model$ at w 9 v>y+ half-tones4 ,! high lights are obta9$ by burni%+ ! copp] q smoo? aga94 ,! et*]1 in/ead ( cutt+ ! l9es ( 8 design into ! copp]1 tru/s to ! corrod+ action ( p[]ful acids4 ,cov]+ 8 plate ) an acid-pro( et*+-gr\nd1 he draws 8 subject ) ! et*+-ne$le1 us+ j suffici5t pressure to cut ?r\gh ! ?9 film ( gr\nd & lay b>e ! copp]4 ,! plate is !n put into an acid ba? :i* eats away ! metal :]ev] a l9e has be5 laid b>e4 ,! gr\nd is !n wa%$ (f ) a suitable solv5t1 & ! plate pr9t$4 ,!re are a numb] ( processes bas$ on et*+1 l aquat9t1 crayon mann]1 /ipple1 s(t-gr\nd et*+1 & o!rs1 b a review1 h[ev] brief1 ( all ^! k9dr$ devices does n lie )9 ! scope ( ^! pages4 ,we h n[ review$ ! relief processes1 bo? dep5d5t entirely on h& "w1 & ! intaglio processes1 engrav+1 dry-po9t1 mezzot9t1 likewise rely+ ^u manual p[] to prep>e ! plate = pr9t+4 ,9 ! et*+ gr\p ( intaglio devices1 a *emical factor is call$ ^u to less5 & accel]ate ! "w ( ! h&4 ,! la/ gr\p to be consid]$1 planographic processes1 is bas$ entirely ^u *emical & physical action4 ,! draw+ to be reproduc$ is made ) fatty crayon or ink ^u a slab ( a special v>iety ( lime/one2 ! /one is !n treat$ ) acidulat$ wat]1 & ) gumm$ wat]4 ,z a result1 :5 ! /one is moi/5$1 all ^? p>ts :i* h be5 drawn ^u reject ! wat]1 b h an aff9ity = pr9t+-ink1 :ile ! portions n drawn ^u h an aff9ity = wat] & reject pr9t+-ink1 z long z !y are kept moi/4 ,nei!r by ridges nor sunk5 furr[s1 j f "o plane surface1--h5ce ! t]m 8planographic10--m]ely by ! enmity ( wat] & fatty ink are ^! li?ographic impressions obta9$4 ,plates ( metal are (t5 sub/itut$ = /one 7z9cography1 algraphy71 b ! process always rema9s ! same4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ea* ( ^! ?ree possibilities ( pr9t+ necessitates presses ( appropriate con/ruction2 ?us1 9 ! s-call$ platt5 press1 ! pressure is ex]t$ v]tically ^u ! block by ! flat metal plate :i* comes d[n ^u x1 on ! same pr9ciple z 9 ! lett]-press famili> to u all4 ,all intaglio plates are pr9t$ 9 roll] presses1 9 :i* ! plate1 laid on an iron b$1 passes betwe5 two roll]s1 "o above1 "o bel[1 z 9 a clo!s-wr+]4 ,! li?ographic press1 f9ally1 has a travel+ b$1 :i* passes "u a /ation>y flat piece ( wood4 ,dur+ its passage "u ?is wood5 b>1 ! pap] is firmly press$ d[n ^u ! /one1 :i* w\ld be cru%$ 9 ! o!r types ( presses4#b #b ,li?ographs made on metal plates may be pr9t$ 9 an intaglio press z well4 ,aft] ?is summ>y review ( ! te*nique ( pr9ts1 let u consid]1 ) :at brevity we may1 ! great phases ( developm5t ( ! graphic arts4 ,,ii ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,woodcut ,! t]m 8inv5tion0 is (t5 us$ 9 ref]r+ to ! orig9 ( pr9t+ & ( engrav+1 z ?\gh ^! devices _h come into be+ q sudd5ly1--ov]night1 z x 74 ,! belief is preval5t1 inde$1 t "o man 9 ,may5ce orig9at$1 develop$1 p]fect$1 e/abli%$ pr9t+1 & t ano!r man 9 ,flor5ce orig9at$ pr9t+ f engrav$ plates ab\t t same "t 7middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury74 ,if we look m closely into ^! subjects1 x becomes evid5t t ,dame ,tradition has fla%$ ! light ( fame ^u "o l9k only1 ( a *a9 ( a*ievem5ts :i* /ret*es back into ! unkn[n4 ,%e has clo!d "o man1 call him ,gut5b]g1 call him ,f9igu]ra1 ) ! sum ( ?\ght & atta9m5t :i* _h prec$$ !m1 t ! a*ievem5t might ga9 add$ impressiv5ess4 ,! pr9t+-press1 & pr9t+ f movable type1 _h rea*$ a /ate ( high p]fection at ! "t :5 ,gut5b]g pr9t$ 8 epo*-mak+ ,bibles1 & rese>* has sub/antiat$ ! belief t a p]iod ( exp]im5t & developm5t mu/ h prec$$ & l$ up to su* excell5ce1 al?\gh ^! e>ly days ( pr9t+ /ill baffle ! +5uity ( rese>*4 ,! g5esis ( pr9t+ f engrav$ plates is equally difficult to e/abli%1 ?\gh ! claim ( inv5tion by any "o man is z little admissible "h z 9 ! o!r in/ance4 ,x is a matt] ( gradual developm5t4 ,rememb]1 x is ! pr9t+ f engrav$ plates :i* conc]ns u 9 our inquiry4 ,engrav+ z a means ( decorat+ metal surfaces dates back to remote antiquity1 b t is =eign to our pres5t subject4 ,only :5 engrav+ is us$ z a means ( reproduc+ a design1 does x ent] )9 our sph]e ( int]e/4 ,simil>ly are we conc]n$ to a c]ta9 ext5t ) ! wood-block me?od us$ 9 ! days ( ,byzance1 = /amp+ patt]ns ^u clo?1 because x is ! p>5t ( our woodcut4 ,we h "h1 h[ev]1 a device us$ = ! decoration ( textile fabrics1 & we mu/ res]ve our int]e/ = ! "t :5 ! design pr9t$ f ! wood block1 ^u pap] or any o!r suitable c>ri] ( an impression1 becomes ! ess5tial consid]ation4 ,! orig9 ( ! processes ( reproduction is inv>iably utilit>ian4 ,e advance1 e new te*nical atta9m5t1 c be trac$ to ! dem& = devices :i* w\ld less5 labor & save "t4 ,! graphic arts d n %>e ) pa9t+ a developm5t bas$ ^u a desire = /hetic expression4 ,_! orig9 is imitative1 ?or\ghly democratic1 & e process cont9ues 9 t l[ly sph]e1 until ! g5ius ( "s p[]ful arti/ lifts x into realms ( art4 ,= ! v reason ( ?is utilit>ian t5d5cy1 & because ( a gamut ( expression re/rict$ to l9e & tone = ! int]pretation ( a _w ( color & =m1 ! graphic arts1 ev5 m ?an o!r =ms ( arti/ic expression1 ne$ ! /eady h& ( ! gift$ arti/ to su/a9 !m on a high plane ( excell5ce4 ,depriv$ ( ?is guid+ support1 _! decl9e to levels ( m$iocrity & comm]cialism is swift & inevitable4 ,if we glance at e>ly p]iods ( hi/ory1 we are readily conv9c$ t be=e ! fifte5? c5tury !re exi/$ no dem& = pictorial "w widespread or emphatic en\gh to call into life spe$i] sub/itutes = h& "w4 ,surely no ne$ ( su* sub/itutes 0 felt 9 ! ,grco-,roman _w1 :]e a well-develop$ sy/em ( scribes met ! dem&s ( _! patrons4 ,nor 7 multiply+ devices ne$$ 9 ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! new fai?1 to be sure1 made its appeal to ev]ybody1 to ! high-born & l[ly alike1 b x reli$ ma9ly on ! ^w ( ! prea*] = ! transmission ( its simple cre$4 ,dur+ ! d>k ages ( f]m5t1 migration1 & /rife :i* foll[$1 ! monum5ts ( antique culture1 erudition1 k 7 engulf$4 ,:at dem& c\ld !re h be5 = ! multiply+ arts 9 t p]iod ( d5se ignorance1 ( ceaseless /ruggle = life itself1 = ! b>e necessities ( life1 = m]ely endurable conditions8 ,! ,*ur*1 ! only in/itution ( /ability 9 ?is sea ( unre/1 became ! repository ( :atev] rema9$ ( tradition & erudition1--my/]ies1 ^!1 to be jeal\sly gu>d$ & held z a privilege ( ! cl]gy4 ,ow+ to ! preval5t illit]acy among ! p 9 ^! d>k ages1 ! ,*ur*1 9 its mission ( spiritual guidance1 reli$1 z ( old1 on ! prea*]'s ^w4 ,! p[] ( 8 exhortations 0 second$1 h[ev]1 by sil5tly eloqu5t1 impressive tea*+s surr\nd+ ! wor%ip]s1 namely1 ! sc5es & figures ( religi\s import1 pa9t$ ^u ! walls ( ! *ur*4 ,t same endeavor to /imulate pi\s ?\ghts c>ri$ ! m9iature into liturgical books1 into religi\s manuscripts g5]ally4 ,! writ+-room ( ! mona/]y 0 all-suffici5t to provide = ! pi\s ne$s ( cl]gy1 rul]s1 & nobles4 ,"h ! pati5t copyi/ drew aga9 & aga9 ! outl9es ( ! l>ge illum9at$ initials ( 8 text1 until he be?\ght himself ( ! labor he might save by imitat+ ! clo?-pr9t]1 & cutt+ wood5 relief-blocks ( ^! outl9es :i* he might /amp ^u 8 p>*m5t4 ,an e>ly device ?is1 adopt$ 9 ! twelf? or ?irte5? c5tury1 b cle>ly =e%ad[+ ! developm5t :i* 0 soon to foll[4 ,meantime1 9 t iron age religi\s en?usiasm _h fir$ ! crusad]s1 ! armor-clad ,occid5t _h met ! ,ori5t1 br++ back "s ( ! wisdom ( ! anci5t ,ea/ into ! s*ol>'s /udy & ! conv5t cell1 & broad5+ man's outlook ^u ! _w4 ,we "k h[ ,go?ic ar*itecture grew up 9 ! ,nor?1 h[ 9 ! ,go?ic *ur* ! ample wall space1 :i* _h be5 h]et(ore ! realm ( pa9t+1 0 divid$1 r$uc$1 suppress$4 ,we "k h[ ! curtail$ pictorial art s\ght new sph]es ( expression1 h[ ! panel picture took possession ( ! alt>s4 ,be=e long ?is picture1 :i* c\ld be %ift$ f "o position to ano!r1 0 us$ indep5d5tly ( alt>s1 = ! adornm5t ( suitable wall spaces 9 ! *ur*1 until f9ally x f\nd its way f ! *ur* to ! home1 h5ce=? to be "o ( its indisp5sable adornm5ts4 ,z pa9t+ made its way into ! lay _w1 ! imp]sonal1 traditional1 dogmatic "* ( sacr$ subjects fad$ away4 ,n t ecclesia/ic art _h lo/ its deeply religi\s s9c]ity1 b ! arti/ saw nature ) new eyes2 he realiz$ ! beautiful _w ar\nd him1 & lov+ly pa9t$ ! plants & fl[]s at ! feet ( ! ,virg94 ,he remov$ h] ?rone f ! =mal diap]$ backgr\nd ( gold1 & plac$ x 9 ! mid/ ( ! actual liv+ _w4 ,! figures became m p]sonal & lifelike2 worldly subjects1 ev5 portraits1 or at lea/ ef=ts 9 ! direction ( individual diff]5tiation1 came )9 ! arti/'s sph]e1 :ile z yet ! sacr$ subject rema9$ ! "o great !me ( arti/ic expression4 ,! panel picture _h come into ! home z a means ( decoration1 b ! weal?y only c\ld gratify _! desire = ?is co/ly =m ( arti/ic adornm5t4 ,! burgh]1 ! artisan1 ! economical h\sehold1 c\ld n ?9k ( own+ su* pa9t$ luxury1 n any m ?an !y c\ld af=d ! co/ly m9iatures pa9t$ on p>*m5t4 ,!n "s be?\ght !mselves t !y might cut ! outl9e ( figures on blocks ( wood1 aft] ! mann] ( ! clo?-pr9t]s & ( ! initial blocks :i* we h f\nd 9 use 9 mona/ic writ+-rooms4 ,^! outl9es c\ld !n be pr9t$ on p>*m5t1 or on t new & *eap] product1 pap]1 z an inexp5sive sub/itute = panel picture & m9iature4 ,9 ?is mann] ! common p obta9$ _! sa9ts' pictures or 8,helg50 7,heilig571 m or less crude 9 design1 clumsy 9 ! execution ( knife-"w1 color$ ) ! gaye/ pigm5ts :i* ! ,briefmal] c\ld f9d4 ,) all _! imp]fections ^! e>ly woodcuts 7 priz$ & evid5tly f\nd a ready m>ket1 z s\v5irs ( pilgrimages1 z fit embelli%m5ts ( wayside %r9es or alt>s ( ! *apels & *ur*es ( poor p>i%es1 z scapul>s1 or pa/$ 9 books1 z make%ifts = ! unatta9able m9iatures1 or else !y 7 simply fa/5$ on ! wall1 z a decoration4 ,ta/es 7 simple1 & ) all _! crud5ess1 ^! productions--( greatly v>y+ size & ( e degree ( c>eful or c>eless execution--are n )\t *>m ev5 to ! tw5tie?-c5tury behold]4 ,! same artisans :o cut & pr9t$ ^! sa9ts' pictures f\nd lucrative employm5t 9 a field q remote f religi\s matt]s4 ,play+-c>ds _h be5 introduc$ into ,europe f ! ,ori5t1 probably 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!y quickly won popul> favor & 7 us$ by ri* & poor ) equal ze/4 ,c>ds exquisitely pa9t$ or *>m+ly engrav$ atte/ ! favor accord$ ! game by p ( rank & weal?1 b 9 mak+ c>ds = ! use ( ! p at l>ge1 *eapness ( production f> outweigh$ any /hetic consid]ations :i* might h exi/$4 ,c>ds _h to be sold *eaply1 & !y _h to be produc$ 9 l>ge quantities to satisfy ! gr[+ dem&4 ,h[ 7 ^! conditions to be met8 ,"o solution ( ! problem 0 /5cil+1 ano!r /amp+ ! outl9es on pap] by means ( relief-blocks2 bo? 7 resort$ to by ! artisans ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & _! trade spread beyond ! conf9es ( ,g]many1 to ! s\? ( ! ,alps1 caus+ ,v5etian craftsm5 to clamor = legislative protection ( _! home production4 ,9 all ^! e>ly manife/ations1 we saw woodcut 9 ! s]vice ( ! common p2 we saw x us$ in/ead ( o!r means ( production = reasons purely utilit>ian4 ,b a *ange is at h&1 = has n ! crusad] s[n a se$ ?r\gh\t ! l&2 has n ! human m9d be5 awak5$ f its m$ival le?>gy8 ,! humani/ arises1 seek+ enlight5m5t & ! solution ( life's problems amid ! meag] surviv+ relics & records ( ! art & ?\ght ( antiquity4 ,feudal conditions are grudg+ly modifi$1 "u pressure f a new elem5t1 :i* br+s ab\t a gradual %ift+ ( ! balance ( p[]1 intellectually z well z economically & politically3 ! rise ( ! ,t[n4 ,dur+ our e>ly1 turbul5t c5turies ) _! grim 8simple plan1 ,t he %all take :o has ! p[]1 ,& he %all keep :o c10-- mis]y n only lov$ company1 z ! old prov]b has x1 b absolutely ne$$ x4 ,gr\ps ( ^?1 too weak s+ly to )/& ! attacks ( t va/1 lawless elem5t :i* liv$ by oppression & plund]1 huddl$ !mselves toge!r1 built !mselves %elt]s1 & intr5*$ !mselves aga9/ ! common foe4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ow+ to an advantage\s position or to int5sity ( comm]ce or indu/ry1 ^! "o-"t %elt]s grew into t[ns1 ris+ 9 weal?1 p[]1 & indep5d5t _s1 girt ab\t ) /rong walls & moats1 ea* t[n a /ate )9 ! /ate1 protect$ by imp]ial grants & privileges1 b\nd toge!r by ! common enmity ( ! feudal p[]1 & )9 ! walls by an ard5t local patriotism4 ,/rong 9 _! guilds & associations1 9 t\* ) ea* o!r & ) ! _w by ! con/ant travel ( m]*ants & craftsm51 ! t[ns became n only c5t]s ( weal?1 b also ! be>]s ( progressive ?\ght1 ( art1 ( m5tal enlight5m5t4 ,"h ! graphic arts might well orig9ate & fl\ri%1 = "h 7 _! patrons1 ! burgh]1 ! craftsman1 ! p4 ,! "t 0 at h& :5 ! call = ! multiply+ arts w\ld become imp]ative--compell+4 ,man look$ ab\t1 & beheld a _w full ( beauty & abuses2 he felt himself a unit1 an individual1 n m]ely "p ( ! mass ( mank9d1 & he 0 go+ to ?9k = himself2 he dem&$ to "k1 to le>n1 to grasp ! tru?s & probe ! problems ( 8 _w4 ,= ! in/ruction ( ?is untutor$ multitude1 eag] = light1 !re 7 two modes ( expression1 in/antly intelligible3 ! simple spok5 ^w1 & t o!r--! illu/rative1 explanatory picture4 ,?is latt] mu/ n[ g =? also among ! p1 to help 9 ! task ( enlight5m5t2 n ! panel picture1 to be sure1 nor ! m9iature 9 ! co/ly manuscript1 = aside f _! co/l9ess !y c\ld nev] num]ically satisfy s univ]sal a dem&4 ,9 response to ! call--we are n[ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury--we see woodcut pictures pa/$ into manuscripts1 to =m edify+ picture books1 ! pictures pr9t$ f wood blocks1 a few l9es ( text add$ ) ! p54 ,!n bo? picture & text are cut into ! same wood block 9 imitation ( ! picture manuscripts4 ,^! e>ly 8block-books10 ( ,biblical or moraliz+ cont5ts1 7 int5d$ = ! use ( pupils 9 ! mona/ic s*ools :i* 7 !n ! only educational in/itutions4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( woodcut1 impressions 7 tak5 f ! wood block by lay+ a %eet ( pap] on ! ink$ surface ( ! block & rubb+ ! back ( ! pap] ) a /iff scrubb+ bru%1 or ) a flat piece ( wood1 s z to br+ x 9 close contact ) ! ink$ ridges on ! surface ( ! block4 ,x is evid5t t nei!r ! quality nor yet ! spe$ ( ?is =m ( pr9t+ c\ld long satisfy ev5 ! mo/ easy-go+ craftsman4 ,a m p]fect mode ( pr9t+ 0 ne$$ & gradually evolv$1 culm9at+ 9 ! pr9t+-press4 ,simil>ly ! cutt+ ( lett]s ( ! text on ! picture blocks--9 ! s-call$ block-books--mu/ soon h prov$ itself impracticable1 = ! reign ( ^! books is q brief4 ,"o is tempt$ to let fancy play ar\nd ! bald facts1 & to wat* ! artisan1 we>ily cutt+ ! same lett]s aga9 & aga9 into ! wood block1 until he be?9ks himself1--a half-doz5 o!rs likewise3 8,:y _c ,i saw (f ! lett]+ cut on ano!r block1 cut x up1 ^w by ^w1 or1 bett] yet1 lett] by lett]1 !n put ! lett]s toge!r 9 words & s5t5ces z ,i ne$ !m1 & use !m ) my newly cut picture8 ,x w\ld save a deal ( tr\ble60 ,?us ! next /ep 0 movable type1 us$ ar\nd1 betwe51 toge!r )1 ! blocks be>+ ! illu/rations4 ,! rapid spread ( type-pr9t+ simultane\s ) ^! developm5ts conc]ns u m]ely because ! va/ numb] ( illu/rat$ books publi%$ dur+ t p]iod greatly favor$ ! developm5t ( woodcut illu/ration4 ,?r\gh\t ^! developm5ts1 we always disc]n ! same utilit>ian elem5t :i* ,i h po9t$ out4 ,f> f orig9at+ 9 any /riv+ = a high]1 m ideal =m ( arti/ic expression1 ! devices = pr9t+ bo? pictures & text 7 simply means to save labor & exp$ite publication4 ,! manuscript1 ! m9iature1 7 ! ideals to be approa*$1 & !y 7 high ideals1 to be sure4 ,di/+ui%$ humani/s l ,pope ,ni*olas ,v1 ,poggio1 ,giannozzo ,mannetti1 & o!rs1 be+ !mselves exp]ts 9 calligraphy1 dem&$ ! be/ ef=ts ( _! scribes & m9iaturi/s4 ,x is a pleasure m]ely to look at _! books4 ,! mat]ial us$ is inv>iably p>*m5t1 ! b9d+s 9 ! ,vatican & at ,urb9o1 crimson velvet & silv]4 ,x c\ld h>dly be expect$ t ^! m51 :o sp>$ nei!r pa9s nor exp5se to %[ _! respect = ! cont5ts ( a book1 w\ld view ! adv5t ( pr9t+ ) any?+ l satisfaction4 ,_! collective feel+s are well summ$ up 9 ! "o rem>k ( ,f$]igo da ,urb9o1 t he w\ld be a%am$ to own a pr9t$ book4 ,n by ^! nor = _! use _h type-pr9t+ & picture-pr9t+ be5 call$ into life1 b by ! ne$s ( ! p1 & at ! p's call ! _w 0 flood$ ) a multitude ( works1 in=mative or ent]ta9+ 9 "*4 ,soon ,g]man pr9t]s set up presses 9 ,italian cities1 & ere long ! publi%+ c5t]s ( ! ,s\?1 especially ,v5ice1 vi$ ) ,g]many 9 importance ( production4 ,book illu/ration 0 consid]$ f a v diff]5t po9t ( view 9 ,g]many & 9 ,italy4 ,g]man illu/ration grew out ( a dem& = & pleasure 9 ! explanatory picture4 ,! dem& = picture books & = books consi/+ *iefly ( illu/rations came f a public easily pleas$1 satisfi$ ) crude outl9e cuts daub$ ov] ) colors4 ,9 ,italy illu/ration came 9 answ] to a desire = arti/ic illu/rative ornam5tation1 on ! "p ( a public ( cultivat$ ta/e4 ,= ?is reason ! ,g]man illu/rat$ book be>s a "* l>gely in/ructive1 :ile ! ,italian illu/ration is ess5tially decorative4 ,v few ( ! e>ly books 9 ! ,g]man language are devoid ( illu/rations4 ,! pictures con/itute _! decoration1--!y are us$ z *apt] head+s1--long be=e ! adv5t ( purely ornam5tal embelli%m5ts4 ,9 ,italy ! pr9t$ book takes ov] f ! manuscript ! idea ( decorative embelli%m5t4 ,bord]s are /amp$--) relief-blocks--^u ! pr9t$ pages ( e>ly ,v5etian books1 & color$ by h&4 ,?is crav+ = color is z old z mank9d2 its dem&s are urg$ ^u ! graphic arts at all /ages ( _! developm5t4 ,! dem& = color caus$ ! manuscript to be illum9at$1 & ! p5-drawn outl9e ( ! e>ly m9iature to be fill$ 9 ) pigm5t2 we h se5 its call answ]$ 9 ! crudely color$ sa9t's picture4 ,! outl9e is explanatory1 intellectual1 ! color+ adds a s5sual pleasure1 & ?is additional feature ( bright color 0 soon dem&$ also ( ! pr9t$ book4 ,! pr9t]'s answ]+ endeavors are se5 9 ! r$ initials pr9t$ into pages ( black text1 9 title-page designs1 arms & ornam5ts1 9 bord]s & diagrams pr9t$ 9 two1 sometimes ?ree colors4 ,ano!r ef=t 9 ?is direction ( color is ! *i>oscuro#c woodcut1 b t belongs to a lat] p]iod4 ,a few illu/rations w convey a m def9ite idea ( ^! e>ly woodcuts4 ,"h is a dignifi$1 pleas+ example ( ! 8,helg510 cut 9 outl9e1 z usual1 & color$ by h& 7! d>k tones on ! g>m5ts & else:]e are due to ?is color+74 ,no %ade-/rokes are z yet introduc$1 m]ely an outl9e2 ! re/ is left to ! colori/4 ,aft] t1 inscriptions are cut into ! block1 or writt5 91 & ?is comb9ation ( lett]+ & picture c>ries u to ! block-books4 #c ,pron\nce3 kee>oskooro4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,m>g>et ,,( ,,hung>y ,woodcut ) h& color+ ,illu/ration3 ,,block-,,book ,,page ,ars ,memor&i ,illu/ration3 ,,page ,,f ,,! ,,nuremb]g ,,*ronicle ,nuremb]g1 #adic ,a typical page f ! 8,ars ,memor&i0 7probably cut 9 ! ,ne!rl&s7 %[s ! "* ( ^! s*ool books4 ,?is is design$ to help !ological /ud5ts 9 memoriz+ ! ,holy ,writ4 ,! pictures are good2 ! text1 h>d to read1 0 soon to be replac$ by movable type4 ,a page1 f ! ,nuremb]g 8,*ronicle0 ( #adid1 %[s u ! /ate ( woodcut1 te*nically z well z its use 9 books4 ,_m examples might be %[n1 f diff]5t p>ts ( ,g]many1 f s*ools sway$ by v>i\s curr5ts ( arti/ic ?\ght4 ,common to !m all1 despite _! crudity1 is a gr[+ famili>ity ) woodcut1 a realization ( its possibilities & ( its limitations4 ,arti/ic tal5t ( a high ord]--comp>$ ) e>li] productions--reveals itself1 result+ f a division ( labor4 ,! artisan ( ! play+-c>ds & e>ly sa9ts' pictures c\ld nev] h ris5 to ^! heights ( creative indep5d5ce4 ,8 simple figures 7 copi$ f manuscripts1 or f "s o!r h&y model1 b :5 x came to supply+ ! gr[+ dem&s ( book-illu/ration ) mat]ial f fields )\t prec$5t 9 pa/ productions1 ! publi%]s 7 con/ra9$ to entru/ arti/s ) ^! designs1 & ! woodcut mak] 0 giv5 ! task--n easy1 ?\gh me*anical--( cutt+ ) precision ! l9es drawn by ! arti/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild ,,) ,,/4 ,,john ,woodcut ,illu/ration3 ,,page ,,f ,,hypn]otoma*ia ,,poliphili ,v5ice1 #adii ,?is developm5t is common to ,g]many & ,italy alike2 b ?r\gh\t ! e>ly productions ( ! ,s\!rn c\ntry1 we seem to he> an e*o ( ! sublime h>monies a*iev$ 9 pa9t+4 ,= in/ance1 9 ?is l>ge 8,helg50 ( ,italy3 a simple outl9e woodcut1 ?is ,virg9 & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,john1 b 9 its simplicity :at dignity & /r5g?4 ,! acc5ts introduc$ by slight decorative indications & ! %ade-l9es 9 ! hair add *>m to ! simple1 *>m+ composition1 by contra/ ( tone4 ,excell5t cutt+1 ?is1 aft] a ma/]ly design4 ,b 9 a c\ntry :i* has j rea*$ ! z5i? ( arti/ic a*ievem5t1 we may expect1 likewise1 su* rem>kable decorative designs z ! title-page bord] = ! ,v5etian 8,h]odotus0 ( #adid1 :i* frames ! title ( ?is volume4 ,illu/ration3 ,,page ,,f ,,morgante ,,maggiore ,flor5ce1 #aejj ,x is ! gold5 era ( typography1 ?is la/ decade ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,br\ght to ,italian t[ns by ,g]man pr9t]s1 bo? type & illu/ration soon fall 9 l9e ) ! prevail+ high /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,if fur!r pro( 7 ne$$1 x w\ld be f\nd 9 ?is page f a ,v5etian publication1 ! 8,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili40 ,see h[ well ! beautiful type ( ! text h>monizes ) ! illu/ration1 h[ nicely ! values ( bo? are adju/$ to =m a h>moni\s page4 ,simple1 unpret5ti\s outl9e is us$ to convey ! beauty ( ! arti/ic conception4 ,^! same *>act]i/ics w be met aga9 9 engrav+ z x is us$ by ,italian ma/]s4 ,woodcut z well z ! o!r =ms ( reproductive art rema9 ! s]vants1 nev] become ! fri5ds ( arti/s 9 ,italy4 ,= brevity's sake1 we mu/ pass by nor!rn ,italy & turn to ,flor5ce :i* 01 next to ,v5ice1 ! =emo/ s\!rn publi%+ c5t]4 ,9 ?is example1 tak5 f ,pulci's 8,morgante ,maggiore10 publi%$ 9 #aejj1 we notice a ke5] appreciation ( ! possibilities ( woodcut4 ,broad masses ( :ite1 ) sev]e outl9e1 scantily %ad$1 contra/ ) bold masses ( black1 ^: int5sity ( effect is modifi$ & bl5d$ by means ( t5u\s :ite l9es1 a mann] likewise adopt$ 9 illu/rations = ! =ceful s]mons ( ,savon>ola1 ^: tea*+s1 widely read1 necessitat$ a numb] ( successive editions4 ,,iii ,,! ,,e>ly ,,days ,,( ,,engrav+ ,hav+ foll[$ woodcut f its beg9n+s to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 x behooves u n[ to devote our att5tion to ! e>lie/ intaglio process1 namely1 engrav+4 ,ev] s9ce ! days ( antiquity x _h be5 ! practice ( metal-work]s to cut decorative designs into ! surface ( ! metal4 ,armor]s & goldsmi?s practic$ ?is art ( engrav+ 9 m$ival & ,r5aissance times4 ,= our pres5t purposes ! absorb+ "q is ?is3 ,h[ did ! idea ( pr9t+ f ?is decorat$ metal fir/ sugge/ itself8 ,we may get a clue by wat*+ ! engrav] at "w4 ,) ! grav] he cuts a maze ( l9es into ! metal2 x is almo/ impossible to see ! design ow+ to ! glitt] ( ea* new-cut furr[4 ,?is tr\bles ! engrav] himself1 & 9 ord] to see j :at he has done1 he sme>s ! plate ov] ) a mixture ( lamp-black & oil1 rubb+ x well into ! furr[s4 ,!n he wipes ! plate clean1 & n[ ! design /&s out pla9ly 9 black l9es ^u ! %9+ metal surface4 ,if he 7 n[ to take a piece ( pap] & press x aga9/ ! plate1 ! black color 9 ! furr[s w\ld adh]e to ! pap]1 & e l9e cut into ! metal w\ld be reproduc$ !re4 ,9 su* an accid5tal way1 no d\bt1 ! possibility ( obta9+ impressions f intaglio plates became kn[n "s "t ab\t or be=e ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 su* an impression tak5 by h& pressure is b\nd to be v imp]fect1 & x may h be5 "s "t be=e "s goldsmi? ?\ght x wor? :ile to exp]im5t ) ^! pr9t+ possibilities4 ,at fir/ impressions may h seem$ useful z guides = fur!r "w on ! metal1 or !y may h s]v$ z memor&a ( "w done & deliv]$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 goldsmi?s did make use ( ?is new-f\nd mode ( pr9t+1 & took impressions f _! small decorative niello plates1 be=e fill+ 9 ! engrav$ l9es ) ! f9al black enamel1--! 8nigellum40 ,if woodcut 7 dubb$ ! democrat among ! graphic arts1 c]ta9ly engrav+ mu/ be call$ ! ari/ocrat ( ! family4 ,x orig9ates 9 ! goldsmi?'s work%op1 amid/ a guild ( skill$ design]s1 :o n unfrequ5tly practice pa9t+ toge!r ) _! craft4 ,no wond] t 9 su* h&s engrav+ %\ld %ape itself along arti/ic l9es f ! />t4 ,9 ,g]many engrav+ f9ds a ready welcome among o!r manife/ations ( an art ess5tially ( ! t[n1 ( ! burgh]1 :ile ! art ( ! ,italian quattroc5to celebrates its great triumphs 9 ! erection or adornm5t ( sumptu\s edifices1 "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( pr9ces & prelates4 ,! ,g]man navely depicts1 ) m9ute precision1 ! sc5es & environm5ts ( 8 homely sph]e2 all subjects1 :atev] _! "t or c\ntry1 are %ift$ into ! famili> sett+ ( 8 own "t & 8 own surr\nd+s4 ,h5ce we see ! crucifixion tak+ place 9 a cle>+ amid/ firs2 we f9d ,g]man & ,dut* burgh]s 9 ! sc5es ( ! ,passion1 or kneel+ 9 adoration--z ,magi--be=e ! new-born ,*ild4 ,! ,italian arti/ is no less zeal\s 9 8 se>* = nature's tru?s1 b at ! same "t he h>ks back to ^? rema9s ( =m] arti/ic p]fection :i* are j !n be+ reclaim$ f ! soil1 heirlooms f classical antiquity4 ,guid$ by bo?1 he imp>ts a semblance ( life to 8 ideal =ms1 t !y may appe> real1 ?\gh belong+ to a high] _w4 ,! cult ( antiquity e/abli%es a retrospective t5d5cy 9 ! *oice ( subjects repres5t$4 ,traditional !mes tak5 f ! ,bible1 f leg5d & my?ology1 are us$ aga9 & aga9 ) *anges 9 ! composition1 9 co/ume1 light+ & color s*eme1 all 9 ! con/ant endeavor to excel 9 p]fection ( =m & composition1 & 9 h>moni\s1 beautiful color+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,madonna ,,( ,,e9si$eln ,ma/] ,e4 ,s4 ,9 ,g]many purses are m sl5d]1 cu/om]s are cont5t to adorn _! homes ) woodcuts or engrav+s in/ead ( pa9t+s4 ,pictures are want$1 ) figures c>efully drawn1 explicit pictures1 f9i%$1 natural 9 appe>ance1 ) pl5ty ( detail 9 figures & accessories1 some?+ appeal+ to _! humor1 to _! piety1 to _! own sph]e ( int]e/4 ,h5ce ! t5d5cy to c>ry e sc5e into ! famili> sett+ ( actuality2 h5ce ! int]e/ 9 ! natural surr\nd+s ( ! sc5e2 h5ce ! pr$om9ance ( ,biblical & religi\s subjects :i* appeal to ! pi\s2 & = o!rs ! sc5es ( daily life1 t\rnam5ts1 soldi]s1 n to =get plates & books ( designs = ! use ( craftsm54 ,! production ( picture-l pr9ts 9 :i* h& color+ 0 n to be consid]$1 necess>ily br\ght ab\t a spe$y developm5t ( te*nique4 ,ev5 9 e>ly "w x seems z ?\gh ! ,g]man engrav] realiz$1 m ?an 8 ,italian contempor>y1 ! possibilities ( ! engrav$ plate2 ! figures are qua9t1 rem9isc5t ( ! ,go?ic pa/1 b !y are well cut1 9 cle>1 sweep+ outl9e4 ,! %ad+ is simple1 b n timid or awkw>d1 & pleasantly foll[s & acc5ts ! =m4 ,few ( ^! fifte5?-c5tury engrav]s h left u z mu* z a "n or ! mo/ meag] data z to _! lives4 ,9 _m cases we h n ev5 a date1 a sign1 or an initial plac$ some:]e on ! pr9t1 z a means ( id5tification4 ,we are consci\s1 9 ^! e>ly examples1 ( ! arti/ic _s 9 :i* ! engrav] treats ! sa9t's picture & ! play+-c>d1 ext5sive fields1 exploit$ already by primitive woodcut4 ,a *oice betwe5 em95t repres5tatives among ! anonym\s engrav]s w\ld lie betwe5 ! s-call$ ,ma/] ( ! ,play+-,c>ds1 ! ,ma/] ( ! ,am/]dam ,cab9et1 & ,ma/] ,e4 ,s4 ,an illu/ration ( ! excell5ce a*iev$ by ! la/ nam$ arti/ w be f\nd 9 8 pres5tation ( ! ,madonna ( ,e9si$eln4 ,notice ! developm5t ( ! picture elem5t1 ! sur5ess ) :i* ! grav] is us$1 long /rokes & delicate t\*es1 v>y+ ) ! ne$s ( model+ & design4 ,?is ma/]y ov] ! m$ium is yet m app>5t 9 ! engrav+s ( ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]1 ! lead+ figure 9 fifte5?-c5tury engrav+4 ,9 8 "w we /ill disc]n ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ! p]iod1 long slim h&s & feet1 an emaciation :i* br+s ! head into prom95ce1 a t5d5cy--rem9isc5t ( ! ,middle ,ages--to treat ea* object indep5d5tly1 z a unit1 z a symbol ( its k9d2 b !n :at purity & s9c]ity emanate f 8 figures4 ,9 8 8,dea? ( ! ,virg910 :at a h>moni\s effect1 :at ke5ness ( obs]vation4 ,he kn[s little ( ! r5d]+ ( nudity1--all ,nor!rn arti/s are hamp]$ 9 t way1--b 8 bodies1 ?\gh lack+ 9 /ructural skill1 are wond]fully well caught 9 pose & ge/ure4 ,8 obs]vation & 8 res\rceful imag9ation 7 fully recogniz$ by bo? ,dr] & ,raphael1 :o bo? avail$ !mselves ( 8 a*ievem5ts4 ,! grav] helps to r\nd ! =ms1 by foll[+ ! direction ( ! curves4 ,long1 /eady1 curv+ /rokes1 emphasiz$ 9 ! deep %ad[s1 break+ up--9 ! lights--into dots :i* bl5d into ! high lights ( :ite pap]4 ,no hesitat+1 little criss-cross /rokes "h1 b a dignifi$ simplicity ( l9e :i* enhances ! dignity & simplicity ( 8 compositions4 ,rememb] t 9 ord] to appreciate ^! ess5tial qualities ( l9e & ( result+ effect1 y mu/ consult ! orig9al pr9ts2 half-tone illu/rations _c be expect$ to convey m ?an a g5]al idea ( ! orig9als4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dea? ,,( ,,! ,,virg9 ,m>t9 ,s*ongau] ,x w\ld be unfair to attribute all ?is arti/ic developm5t to ,g]man initiative alone4 ,italy has practically no %>e 9 x1 at ?is p]iod1 b ! close comm]cial relations exi/+ betwe5 ,g]many & ! ,burgundian ,ne!rl&s mu/ h facilitat$ an arti/ic int]c\rse mo/ b5eficial to ! =m] c\ntry4 ,! /up5d\s creations ( ! bro!rs ,van ,eyck1 ( ,van d] ,weyd51 ,meml+1 ,van d] ,goes1 & o!rs did induce work]s 9 ! arti/ic crafts to visit ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,_! contemplation mu/ h be5 a s\rce ( /imulat+ inspiration to ! ,g]man pa9t]s1 & indirectly to ,g]man engrav+4 ,direct influ5ce !re c\ld n be1 s9ce we look 9 va9 ?r\gh ! ranks ( ?is fl\ri%+ s*ool ( ,flemi% pa9t]s = any manife/ation 9 ! graphic arts4 ,only ! arts ( opul5ce3 pa9t+1 co/ly illum9at$ manuscripts ) m9iatures1 or ! wov5 tape/ries ( ,arras & ,brussels1 brocades1 & laces1 7 produc$ 9 ! prosp]\s t[ns & at ! brilliant ducal c\rt ( ,burgundy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,sibilla ,,samia ,flor5ce1 #ae? ,c5tury ,illu/ration3 ,,clio1 ,,f ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,t>oc*i ,nor!rn ,italy1 #ae? ,c5tury ,illu/ration3 ,,battle ,,( ,,nude ,,m5 ,antonio ,pollajuolo ,illu/ration3 ,,*ri/ ,,betwe5 ,,two ,,sa9ts ,&rea ,mantegna ,e>ly ,italian engrav+ beg9s ) ! niello ( ! goldsmi?1 little silv] plates = ornam5tal uses1 ) m9ute sc5es & figures1 usually well cut1 z might c]ta9ly be expect$ 9 a guild s highly skill$4 ,x is int]e/+ to foll[ engrav+ z x broad5s beyond ! neat & prim>ily ornam5tal sph]e ( ! craft1 into ! l>ge field ( art4 ,flor5ce1 ! c5t] ( dignifi$1 cons]vative art1 ! ,flor5ce ( ,botticelli has giv5 u ! two classical s]ies ( 8,sibyls0 & 8,prophets40 ,! mann] ( execution1 z we see 9 ! example %[n1 is /ill t ( ! goldsmi?1 fond ( ornam5t1 ( detail1 %ad+ ) m9ute /rokes1 close toge!r1 :i* bl5d to =m a tone4 ,! o!r example is select$ f a ,nor? ,italian s]ies ( ! same p]iod4 ,x =ms "p ( :at by "s au?orities is ?\ght to be a set ( 8,t>oc*i10 a game ( c>ds peculi> to ,italy4 ,less sev]e1 m graceful ?an ! ,flor5t9e example1 x is ano!r triumph ( ! goldsmi? 9 ! field ( ! graphic arts4 ,f him engrav+ passes "u ! sway ( ! pa9t]4 ,if we comp>e ,italian & ,g]man grav]-"w ( ^? days1 a plate ( ,mantegna1 = in/ance1 & a plate ( ,s*ongau]1 we %all readily p]ceive t 9 engrav+ ! ,g]man ma/] ?9ks 9 l9e4 ,! ,italian pa9t] ?9ks1 n 9 l9e1 b 9 masses ( light & %ade1 9 t]ms ( ! antique m>bles1 :i* he has /udi$ ) su* en?usiasm4 ,8 design goes on ! copp] z x w\ld be jott$ d[n on pap] ) ! p51 )\t consid]ation ( ! grav]1 except t x seems a useful implem5t = multiply+ 8 sket*es1 :i* are want$ 9 _m /udios & work%ops4 ,a simple1 ev5 outl9e1 & = %ad+1 p>allel l9es1 /raight & close toge!r1 g5]ally 9 a uni=m diagonal direction1--t is all4 ,f9e e>ly impressions f plates ( ?is "* h q ! *>m ( a draw+2 deep %ad[-tones are !n visible1 caus$ by a sy/em ( slight1 tone-giv+ l9es ov] ! heavi] %ad+s4 ,:5 ^! h worn (f1 !y leave only a sy/em ( h>d1 wiry-look+ %ade-/rokes2 un=tunately ! good e>ly impressions are v1 v r>e1 s t we are accu/om$ to look ^u ! gray1 worn impressions usually f\nd z be+ ! actual "w ( ! arti/1 :i* is unfair4 ,! absorb+ int]e/ ( antique bas-reliefs is evid5t 9 ! l>ge 8,battle ( ,nude ,m510 by ,antonio ,pollajuolo1 brea?+ ! en?usiasm ) :i* ,italy told anew ! arti/ic message ( ! di/ant pa/1 yet lack+ ! poise & mod]ation :i* we admire 9 ! gr& classical sculptures4 ,9 8 eag]ness to proclaim ! beauty & p[] ( ! human body 9 vigor\s action1 he f> out/rips 8 p[]s ( expression1 yet 8 muscul> exagg]ations ne$ n mat]ially less5 our enjoym5t ( ?is p[]ful1 expressive pr9t4 ,9 ,&rea ,mantegna1 we rea* ! c5tral figure ( ?is e>ly p]iod ( ,italian engrav+4 ,9 him are comb9$ ! humani/'s devotion to classical art & ! fi]y en]gy ( a man ( action1 fill$ ) 8 art1 rugg$1 /]n1 tak+ f nature & antiquity ! =ms ( arti/ic expression4 ,at 8 h&s ! _w is inve/$ ) a gr&eur seldom a*iev$1 inspir+ to 8 contempor>ies1 helpful & /imulat+ to "y ,dr] 9 8 /riv+s t[>d great] bread?1 simplicity1 & unity ( composition4 ,9 ,mantegna's 8,*ri/ betwe5 two ,sa9ts10 we f9d ! same scant means ( grav]-"w :i* he employ$ 9 all 8 au/]e compositions3 a well-def9$ outl9e1 ev51 )\t swell+1 s(t5+ acc5ts1 simple %ad+1 g5]ally 9 a uni=m diagonal direction2 n[h]e an attempt at texture1 or diff]5tiation ( color4 ,! subjects are all treat$ z ?\gh !y 7 cut 9 high relief on slabs ( /one1 )\t v>iation ( surface or sugge/ion ( di/ance4 ,v5etian influ5ce mitigates ! rugg$ness ( ,mantegna's gaunt1 impos+ 8,john ! ,bapti/10 by means ( ! unusual1 s(t1 /ippl+ te*nique adopt$ by ,giulio ,campagnola1 :i* gives ! pr9t m ! appe>ance ( a gra9y wa% draw+1 9 contra/ ) ! usual p5-&-ink aspect ( e>ly ,italian pr9ts4 ,scores ( o!r important examples might be adduc$1 b !y c easily be f\nd 9 any good hi/ory ( engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,john ,,! ,,bapti/ ,giulio ,campagnola ,,iv ,,italy ,! sixte5? c5tury br+s new developm5ts to be not$1 new factors to be consid]$4 ,9 ,g]many x r+s 9 ! culm9ation ( arti/ic developm5t "u ! lead]%ip ( ,albre*t ,dr]1 ^: t[]+ p]sonality lifts bo? engrav+ & woodcut to high levels ( excell5ce4 ,! cultivation ( ! te*nique ( engrav+ has c>ri$ ,g]many f> & away beyond ! ,s\?1 9 a te*nical p]fection duly appreciat$ 9 ,italy2 & :5 ! dem& = pr9ts gr[s1 :5 !y become a m>ketable article1 ! ,italian engrav] copies ,g]man pr9ts 9 ord] to ga9 ! requisite te*nical k4 ,?is ,italian engrav]1 h[ev]1 is n a pa9t]-engrav] z 9 ,g]many1 an arti/1 namely1 engrav+ 8 own designs4 ,we "k t ! ,italian arti/ cont9ues int5t on gr&] tasks & indiff]5t to ! *>ms ( ! grav]1 h5ce a division ( labor3 ! busy pa9t] jots d[n ! sket* or c>toon & ! pr(essional engrav] und]takes ! l5g?y task ( transf]r+1 ( int]pret+ ! arti/'s draw+ by means ( ! grav]4 ,! subtle cont9uity ( ?\ght1 f ! fir/ conception to ! f9i%$ plate1 :i* we prize 9 orig9al engrav+1 is necess>ily de/roy$ 9 su* collaboration1 b ! engrav]1 work+ exclusively on ! copp] plate1 is able inf9itely to v>y & develop ! res\rces ( ! process by d9t ( practice4 ,a not$ in/ance ( su* collaboration is f\nd 9 ! 8,dea? ( ,dido10 engrav$ aft] ,raphael's design by ,m>cantonio ,raimondi4 ,! lifework ( ,m>cantonio is ma9ly devot$ to ! reproduction ( sket*es ( ! great ,urb9ate1 ^: g5ius inspires ! engrav] & lifts him to ! highe/ rank 9 sixte5?-c5tury ,italy4 ,8 pliable grav]1 tra9$ by mu* copy+ aft] ,dr] & o!r ,nor!rn ma/]s1 delicately outl9es ! figures4 ,! %ade-/rokes foll[ & acc5t 9 easy curves ! r\nd+ =ms & ! gradations ( light & %ade4 ,!re is v>iety 9 ! l9e1 no long] ! uni=m diagonal %ad+ ( ! e>ly p]iod4 ,x is1 9 a ^w1 excell5t engrav+1 :i* is se5 likewise 9 8 8,adam & ,eve10 aft] a figure sket* ( ,raphael4 ,! latt] pr9t %[s also ! pitfalls :i* await ! ?\ghtless copyi/4 ,raphael's c>toon = ?is pr9t %[s ! two lovely figures )\t any backgr\nd :atev]2 ,m>cantonio1 always at a loss )\t a def9ite model to copy1 look$ = a suitable backgr\nd1 & f\nd x 9 a ,g]man pr9t :i* he fai?fully piec$ 91 peasant h\ses & all1 z a sett+ = ,adam & ,eve6 ,illu/ration3 ,,dea? ,,( ,,dido ,m>cantonio ,raimondi ,illu/ration3 ,,adam ,,& ,,eve ,m>cantonio ,raimondi ,ab\t ?is "t ! publi%] ( pr9ts appe>s1 buy+ plates f engrav]s & publi%+ !m1 c5traliz+ a comm]ce :i*--be=e ?is--_h be5 c>ri$ on by ! engrav] himself or by ! arti/ :o employ$ him4 ,?is comm]cial factor l[]s ! /&>d ( engrav+1 bo? by ! *oice ( subjects dem&$ ( ! engrav]1 ) a view ma9ly to a ready sale1 & by ! quality ( "w tol]at$4 ,! only excuse = "s ( ! plates publi%$ mu/ h be5 _! *eapness4 ,"u ^! conditions &1 moreov]1 at a "t :5 pa9t+ 0 rapidly decl9+1 "o _c look to ! graphic arts = ma/]pieces4 ,v5ice1 x is true1 is yet 9 h] glory2 enc\rag$ by ! int]e/ ( ,titian1 woodcut fl\ri%es = a :ile at ! h&s ( ,boldr9i & o!rs4 ,z to engrav+1 ,v5etian art dem&$ ( x a te*nique /rongly expressive ( color2 a new impetus 0 ne$$ = a revival ( ! m$ium4 ,?is 0 suppli$ by engrav]s f ! ,ne!rl&s1 :]e ! te*nique ( engrav+ _h be5 highly elaborat$ 9 ?is ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,a not$ repres5tative ( ?is ,italian revival is ! pa9t]-engrav] ,ago/9o ,c>racci4 ,if we exam9e ?is portrait ( ,titian1 engrav$ aft] ! great ma/]'s own pa9t+1 ,c>racci's skill 9 engrav+ w be at once app>5t4 ,long p>allel /rokes1 close toge!r1 give a ri* deep hue to cloak & cap4 ,! br[n fur trimm+1 ) its loose1 broad h&l+1 contra/s effectively ) ! delicate "w on be>d & hair4 ,! %ort1 swell+ /roke us$ 9 ! light backgr\nd1 ! cle>1 transp>5t cross-hat*+ on ! *eek1 all d5ote great advance 9 diff]5tiat+ ?is v>iety ( textures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,titian ,ago/9o ,c>racci ,illu/ration3 ,,madonna ,,& ,,*ild ,f$]igo ,b>occi ,!reaft]1 z engrav+ s9ks into r\t9e & comm]cialism1 let u turn to et*+1 a process likewise introduc$ f ! ,nor? & practic$ 9 ,italy s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,its easy te*nique (f]$ _m advantages to ! arti/ ov] ! intricacies :i* _h crept into engrav+1 to be ma/]$ only by long practice4 ,! ease & fre$om ( ! et*$ l9e1 its expressiv5ess &--n lea/--! accid5tal effects result+ f un=ese5 action ( ! acid1 appeal$ to ! arti/s1 b ! process came too late to %>e ) engrav+ 9 ! reflect$ glory ( ! gr& ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,et*+ is ! m$ium us$ by ,p>meggiano1 ,primaticcio1 ,guido ,r5i1 & _m o!rs1 b !y d n take ! graphic arts any m s]i\sly ?an _! pr$ecessors 9 ,italian art4 ,_! plates are ha/y exp]im5tal jott+s1 :i* %[ t _! ma9 int]e/ is c5t]$ on m pret5ti\s conceptions2 only r>ely d !y attempt ! picture-l elaboration :i* we f9d 9 ?is 8,madonna & ,*ild40 ,x is ! "w ( ,f$]igo ,b>occi1 c]ta9ly "o ( ! be/ pa9t]-et*]s ( ! p]iod1 & reveals to "s ext5t ! ri*1 effective acc5ts1 ! fre%ness & fre$om ( l9e atta9able 9 et*+1 :i* is to f9d su* spl5did expon5ts 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,x is well wor? :ile1 ?\gh n )9 ! scope ( ?is cond5s$ review1 to dally amid/ ^! sixte5?-c5tury et*+s1 & !n1 proce$+ to a lat] p]iod1 to l+] ov] ! p[]ful1 direct pres5tations ( ,giuseppe ,rib]a & to glance at ! figure sket*es ( ,salvator ,rosa4 ,! eighte5? c5tury br+s u ! spirits compositions ( ! two ,tiepolo1 effective1 ) %>p1 sp>kl+ play ( light & %ade1 & ,antonio ,canale 7,canaletto71 :o makes u feel ! v breeze :i* bl[s1 9 8 et*+s1 & ! w>m? ( ! sun%9e :i* ba!s 8 ,v5etian views4 ,:at m delightful glimpse ( ! ,italian coa/ ?an ?is 8,torre di ,malgh]a0 ) ! dazzl+ :ite wat*-t[] & ! exquisite1 lum9\s h&l+ ( sea1 sky1 & di/ance4 ,! same eighte5? c5tury witnesses an int5se revival ( activity 9 engrav+4 ,! te*nical triumphs !n a*iev$ 9 ,france /imulate ,italian engrav]s1 ^: ma/]y ( an elaborate te*nique is pl5tifully exemplifi$ 9 ! plates ( ,raphael ,morgh51 ,volpato1 ,longhi1 ,tos*i1 & a numb] ( o!r well-kn[n m5 9 ! l>ge gr\p ( 8classical0 engrav]s4 ,_! en]gies & skill are ma9ly devot$ to ! int]pretation ( ^? glori\s creations ( pa9t]s ( ! ,r5aissance1 :i* _h entirely baffl$ ! e>ly engrav]s ) _! limit$ te*nical res\rces4 ,^! ?\s&s ( plates 7 exce$+ly popul> = _m ye>s1 "s ( !m--! 8,la/ ,supp]0 aft] ,leon>do1 engrav$ by ,morgh51 = in/ance--is mu* s\ght = to ?is day 9 f9e impressions4 ,broadly speak+1 :ile ^! engrav+s are c]ta9ly skillful a*ievem5ts 9 a highly sy/ematiz$1 elaborate te*nique1 _! te*nical p]fection is aggressive & imp>ts a =mal coldness1 a lifelessness1 & a metallic quality1 :i* d\btless expla9s--9 "p--_! decl9e 9 popul> favor dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,torre ,,di ,,malgh]a ,antonio ,canale ,illu/ration3 ,,diog5es ,*i>oscuro woodcut by ,ugo da ,c>pi ,be=e leav+ ! ,s\?1 we mu/ yet ca/ a glance at an int]e/+ ?\gh m9or manife/ation ( ! graphic arts1 ! *i>oscuro4 ,repeat$ allusions h be5 made to ! dem& = color on ! "p ( ! g5]al public4 ,9 response to ?is ev]-pres5t crav+ = ! joy ( v>i$ tones1 ! *i>oscuro takes a /ep 9 ! direction ( pa9t+ by translat+ color into sev]al grad$ tones giv+ ! effect ( a semi-color$ wa%-draw+4 ,! process 0 us$ 9 v>i\s ways1 9 v>i\s c\ntries & at v>i\s times1 b ! gold5 era ( *i>oscuro is ! sixte5? c5tury 9 ,italy4 ,! example select$1 8,diog5es10 by ,ugo da ,c>pi1 is "o ( ! f9e/ ( ! p]iod4 ,x is impossible to r5d] 9 ?is mono*rome reproduction ! ri* gl[ ( sup]impos$ tones ( gold5 & gre5i% br[ns1 :i* con/itute its greate/ *>m2 *i>oscuros mu/ be se5 !mselves to be appreciat$4 ,"o c !n see :at mann] ( success att5d$ ! wood-cutt]'s endeavors1 ! endless possibilities ( v>iety ( tones become app>5t1 also ! difficulty att5dant ^u ! accurate plac+ 7regi/]7 ( ! pap] on ! ?ree or m successive blocks pr9t$ f1 "o = ea* tone4 ,a few scatt]$ exp]im5ts 9 ,g]many1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ext5sive production 9 nor!rn ,italy1 & !reaft] a %ort-liv$ appe>ance "h & !re1 su* is--briefly--! hi/ory ( ! *i>oscuro woodcut4 ,v ,,g]many ,9 =m] *apt]s1 we h foll[$ ! orig9 ( woodcut & engrav+ 9 ,g]many1 to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 we h se5 woodcut gr[ f ! crude conceits ( ! e>ly craftsman to illu/rations ( di/9ct arti/ic m]it2 we h foll[$ engrav+ f its orig9 9 ! goldsmi?'s %op to ! expressive beauty ( ,m>t9 ,s*ongau]'s plates4 ,bo? are to culm9ate dur+ ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury4 ,at ?is "t ,maximilian reign$ ov] ! va/ ,g]man ,empire3 8,massimiliano po*i d5>i0 ! ,italians call$ him1 because ( ! insuffici5cy ( ! imp]ial res\rces4 ,ambiti\s to p]petuate ! glory ( 8 illu/ri\s h\se1 yet q unable to vie ) ! ,pope & ,italian pr9ces 9 ! erection ( sumptu\s edifices1 ! ,emp]or saw 9 ! effective & inexp5sive woodcut a means ( transmitt+ to po/]ity a record ( 8 own de$s & adv5tures & ( ! virtues ( 8 ance/ors4 ,! lead+ ,g]man arti/s ( ! "t 7 employ$ on designs = _! imp]ial patron1 *iefly ,hans ,burgkmair ( ,augsburg1 & ,albre*t ,dr] ( ,nuremb]g4 ,) ,dr] we rea* ! z5i? ( ! graphic arts 9 ,g]many4 ,he /&s1 a monum5tal figure1 se5 f af>1 influ5c+--n only 8 ,g]man contempor>ies1 b ! arti/s ( ,italy & ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,dr] 0 a ?\ghtful1 =ceful1 imag9ative lead]2 he 0 m--he _h ?\ght out ! res\rces1 ! lat5t possibilities ( engrav+ & ( woodcut1 he knew _! limitations & ! mann] ( pres5tation mo/ adequate = ei!r process4 ,^! pr9ciples ( treatm5t are illu/rat$ 9 8 pr9ts1 set =? s cle>ly z to be readily und]/ood & appli$ by o!r engrav]s1 by o!r design]s = woodcut4 ,= ?is reason he has become a tea*] = all times4 ,8 developm5t may be foll[$ ?r\gh _m /ages1 f 8 e>ly mann]1 imitative ( fifte5?-c5tury ma/]s1 to ! pictorial f9i% & wond]ful play ( light 9 8 gr& 8,/4 ,j]ome 9 8 ,/udy40 ,italian influ5ce is felt 9 _m ( 8 e>ly plates1 ! 8,effect ( ,jeal\sy10 = in/ance1 ! 8,apollo & ,diana10 or ! *>m+ 8,madonna ) ! ,monkey02 b 8 vigor\s individuality 0 n sway$ long nor impair$ by ^! ,s\!rn *>ms :i* 7 soon to ov]:elm ,nor!rn art4 ,ev5 9 ! days :5 "y ,dr] responds ) en?usiasm to ! p[]1 to ! passionate en]gy ( ,mantegna1 8 ,g]man *>act]i/ics are pla9ly app>5t2 ,i am ?9k+ ( 8 fam\s s]ies ( illu/rations to ! ,apocalypse4 ,take ! p[]ful pr9t ( ! 8,f\r ,horsem510 ) _! resi/less onw>d ru%1 viol5t action vividly express$1 e figure1 e detail in/9ct ) close scrut9y & consci5ti\s r5d]+ ( nature4 ,!n z to te*nique1 see h[ outl9e & %ade-/roke are made to yield _! full measure ( expressiv5ess4 ,none ( ! uni=m diagonal %ad+ ( e>ly ,italian ma/]s is f\nd 9 ^! woodcuts2 nor %all we f9d su* summ>y treatm5t 9 ,dr]'s engrav+s4 ,if we turn to 8 8,arms ) ! ,skull10 = in/ance1 we see !re no m]e sugge/ion ( %ad[1 e l9e tells4 ,! outl9e swells & acc5ts ! =m1 ! %ad+-/rokes curve & b5d to acc5t ! r\nd+1 ! model+ ( ! figure2 ! quality1 /r5g?1 tonality ( ! l9e v>ies ) e texture :i* is to be express$1 su* z ! metal ( ! helmet1 ! fea!rs on ! cre/1 ! clo?1 ! lea!r1 ! wood1 ! hair4 ,! mode/ means ( black l9es & :ite pap]1 :i* at fir/ _h seem$ b>ely suffici5t = sugge/ive outl9e & indications ( ! r\nd+ ( =m1 are n[ becom+ a m$ium fit = ! pres5tation ( all ! inf9ite ph5om5a ( visible nature4 ,f ! l>ge1 pr$om9ant figures mass$ 9 ! imm$iate =egr\nd ( e>ly woodcut s]ies l ! ,apocalypse1 or ! l>ge ,passion1 ,dr] progresses to a deep5+ ( ! sc5e 9 ! s]5e woodcut illu/rations ( ! 8,life ( ! ,virg940 ,we are l$ along ! pleasant1 peaceful pa?s ( life1 we are sp>$ ! angui% & suff]+ ( ! previ\s s]ies4 ,9 ?is illu/ration1 = in/ance1 we see ! ,holy ,family at re/ 9 ,egypt2 ,joseph is work+ at 8 trade1 :ile ! ,"m wat*es h] sleep+ ,babe1 & angels busy !mselves or gambol ab\t ! ,holy gr\p4 ,! sc5e is laid 9 a pleas+ ,g]man l&scape1 among l[ hills1 :i* c>ry out ! s]5ity ( ! composition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,apocalypse3 ,,! ,,f\r ,,horsem5 ,woodcut4 ,albre*t ,dr] ,illu/ration3 ,,arms ,,) ,,! ,,skull ,albre*t ,dr] ,illu/ration3 ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,virg93 ,,re/ ,,9 ,,egypt ,woodcut4 ,albre*t ,dr] ,! fullness ( ,dr]'s p[]s z an engrav] is manife/$ 9 ! ?ree plates :i* typify man's attitude t[>d life4 ,fir/ comes ! good1 /eadfa/ knight1 ! *ampion ( righte\sness1 unm9dful ( 8 weird escort ( dea? & a helli% mon/] z he w5ds 8 way ?r\gh a d>k defile to 8 home on a di/ant sunlit hill4 ,we !n see despond5t1 bitt] ,melan*oly1 va9ly dem&+ ( sci5ce ! answ] to life's riddle4 ,f9ally1 we come to ,/4 ,j]ome1 s]5e 9 8 *os5 solitude3 a m9d resign$1 at peace ) ! _w :i* has be5 left beh9d4 ,^! engrav+s take a v high rank1 inde$1 9 ,g]man art4 ,su* te*nique ( engrav+ z t "h f\nd _h nev] be=e be5 ev5 approa*$3 broad gleams ( sunlight bright5 ! room1 /rik+ ! walls & floor2 9 ! silv]y half-light e texture1 e sub/ance is express$ by diff]5tiations ( ! grav]-/roke4 ,yet ) all ! inf9ite detail :i* ab\nds 9 ! plate1 ! tonality is s su/a9$ & detail s discreetly introduc$1 t ! g5]al feel+1 aft] all1 is "o ( simplicity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/4 ,,j]ome ,,9 ,,8 ,,/udy ,albre*t ,dr] ,"o o!r aspect ( ,dr]'s g5ius mu/ be introduc$1 namely1 8 ma/]y 9 portraiture4 ,9 ! /rong face ( ,c>d9al ,albre*t ( ,may5ce1 ! ke5e/ obs]vation ( ! man is reveal$ ) means a/oni%+ly simple4 ,notice h[ f> f extreme dep? ! %ad+s h be5 kept2 all 9 ! range ( silv]y grays1 :i* ,dr] s\ght 9 pref]5ce to d>k %ad[s4 ,! values 9 ! figure1 ! arms & ! inscription h all receiv$ c>eful consid]ation f ?is ma/] ^: g5ius 01 inde$1 ! faculty ( tak+ inf9ite pa9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>d9al ,,albre*t ,,( ,,may5ce ,albre*t ,dr] ,f ?is brief glance at ! great ,nuremb]g arti/1 we mu/ turn n[ to 8 ,nor!rn contempor>y1 ,lucas van ,leyd51 likewise a pa9t]-engrav]1 & a solit>y figure 9 ! ,ne!rl&s at t p]iod4 ,br$ 9 ! reali/ic maxims ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 8 ,nor!rn orig9 ass]ts itself 9 ! c>eful detail & tru?ful pres5tation ( nature1 9 ! *>act]i/ic types ( 8 figures4 ,tru?ful r5d]+ ( natural facts--z has be5 m5tion$ be=e--is a quality common to ,nor!rn arti/s4 ,dr]1 9 8 fondness = psy*ological !mes1 is 9 tune ) ! humani/s ( 8 "t4 ,leyd51 ?\gh /rongly influ5c$ by ! ,g]man ma/]1 has n ,dr]'s dep? ( ?\ght4 ,he does n infuse t deep] mean+ into 8 plates4 ,foll[+ ! b5t ( 8 ,g]manic m9d1 he rev]ts to ! simple1 daily sc5es ( life1 & :5 he und]takes to r5d] sc5es f o!r times & f di/ant places1 he trans=ms !m into ev5ts ( 8 own day & 8 own surr\nd+s4 ,he c ?us express himself ) ! directness ( an eye-witness1 & !re9 lies mu* ( ! *>m ( 8 "w1 :i* 0 mu* appreciat$ ev5 9 ,italy4 ,"o ( ! few l>ge plates ( ,lucas van ,leyd5 w illu/rate 8 arti/ic & te*nical p[]s4 ,! 8,adoration ( ! ,magi10 broad 9 composition1 sob] & h>moni\s 9 ! h&l+ ( ! grav]1 typically ,nor!rn 9 feel+1 is p]haps ! f9e/ ( 8 a*ievem5ts4 ,lat] 9 life 8 re/less1 se>*+ m9d 0 div]t$ to ! allurem5ts ( ,italian grace ( =m1 & gave itself up to its influ5ce )\t res]ve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,magi ,lucas van ,leyd5 ,a great wave ( en?usiasm = ,s\!rn ideals swept ov] ! entire ,nor? ab\t ! ?ird decade ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x e/abli%$ ! supremacy ( ,italian /&>ds ( arti/ic m]it1 :i*--z we "k--7 n su* z to give new life to ! graphic arts4 ,?is wave ( ,italian influ5ce 0 felt 9 ! imm$iate foll[+ ( ,dr]1 9 t gr\p ( pa9t]-engrav]s1 kn[n to u z ! 8little ma/]s10 ?\gh little only 9 ! size ( _! plates4 ,a high /&>d ( te*nique is common to !m all1 ) v>iations 9 _! p]fection4 ,v>iations !re are also 9 ! measure 9 :i* !y yield$ to ,italian influ5ce4 ,_! grav] 0 devot$ to ! r5d]+ ( a great v>iety ( subjects2 ,nor!rn *>act]i/ics are /ill evid5t 9 _! portraits1 9 _! ,biblical sc5es ) ,g]man types ( figures4 ,nor!rn cu/oms are depict$ ) ,nor!rn m9ut5ess2 on ! o!r h&1 ! /udy ( ,s\!rn models has develop$ 9 ^! ,nor!rn engrav]s an appreciation ( ! beauty ( ! nude1 :i* is freely introduc$ 9 my?ological1 allegorical1 ,biblical1 & o!r subjects1 & v skillfully h&l$4 ,we are apt n to appreciate ! gravity ( ?is ,italian invasion1 ( ?is ,s\!rn supremacy 9 ,nor!rn art4 ,ideal p]fection ( =m 0 a new language to ! ,g]manic arti/s1 accu/om$ to ! reali/ic1 fai?ful r5d]+ ( nature z !y saw x1 ) all its facts1 p]fections1 & imp]fections alike4 ,! *ange (t5 meant t ! arti/ =got 8 native tongue1 if ! expression may be us$--a h>% tongue1 if y w1 b s9c]e & expressive2 9 return he acquir$1 (t5 b imp]fectly1 a new language 9 :i* 8 expression ne$s mu/ be imitative1 n orig9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t\rnam5t ,woodcut4 ,lucas ,crana* ,! true ,nor!rn _s /ill greets u 9 ! woodcut productions ( t p]iod4 ,woodcut 0 us$ = subjects ( wide popul> int]e/1 = ,passion s]ies1 portraits1 religi\s subjects1 & all mann] ( illu/ration4 ,dr] _h us$ ! relief process ext5sively = su* purposes1 likewise ,burgkmair1 :o 01 ) ,dr]1 "o ( ! =emo/ design]s = ! ext5sive publications ( ,emp]or ,maximilian4 ,lucas ,crana* elect$ ! /rong1 emphatic woodcut = mu* ( 8 graphic "w1 prom95tly employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,re=mation4 ,an example ( 8 "w1 ?is t\rnam5t sc5e1 is a rem9d] ( ! times 9 :i* he dwelt1 & an illu/ration ( 8 vivid p[] ( pres5tation1 typically ,nor!rn ) its cr[d$ figures4 ,o!r ma/]s !re are 9 pl5ty1 :om we mu/ neglect1 z we %ift our abode to ,basle = a mom5t4 ,we f9d ourselves "h1 ab\t #aeaf1 9 ! mid/ ( a ?riv+ publi%+ c5t]4 ,ent]pris+ pr9t]s seek to secure pleas+ decorations & illu/rations = _! sci5tific & lit]>y output4 ,!y look = a good draughtsman to design "s ta/eful head+s & end-pieces1 bord]s & initials1 & are well pleas$ ) ! samples submitt$ by a "y newcom]1 by "n ,hans ,holbe94 ,at fir/ ! cutt+ ( 8 designs (f]s "s difficulties1 b :5 ! "r man has appe>$1 :5 ,hans ,ltzelburg] has jo9$ 8 skill to ! g5ius ( ,holbe91 _! jo9t productions atta9 a pe]less ma/]y4 ,high summits 9 art always invite comp>ison2 ?is is true ( ,dr] & ,holbe91 ev5 ?\gh ^! two great ,g]man ma/]s are s widely diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,dr] is n[h]e great] ?an 9 engrav+1 :ile ,holbe9 excels 9 pa9t+2 bo? are ma/]s ( woodcut4 ,dr]1 ) 8 s*ol>ly1 analytical nature1 pond]s ov] ! deep1 ess5tial mean+ :i* und]lies ! multitude ( 8 obs]vations1 & sets d[n 8 conclusions 9 types broadly g5]aliz$4 ,8 ,/4 ,j]ome--to quote b "o in/ance--is n s mu* a specific old man 9 8 /udy z ! expression ( a m5tal attitude common to mank9d g5]ally4 ,holbe9 is m a man ( impulse1 quick to express himself 9 a direct mann] full ( life4 ,he is m s5sual1 & has mu* feel+ = pleas+ =m & a beautiful fl[ ( l9es4 ,he acc5ts ! ev5t itself m /rongly ?an ,dr]1 :o is giv5 to express himself r by association ( ideas4 ,x is a significant fact t ,dr] *ooses 8 subjects ) pref]5ce f ! figurative ,new ,te/am5t1 ) its p>ables1 :ile ,holbe9 pref]s to illu/rate ! ,old ,te/am5t1 a book ( ess5tially hi/orical "*4 ,e sc5e is pla9ly told & int5sely human 9 ,holbe9's ,biblical illu/rations1 z well z 9 t ma/]piece ( 81 ! 8,dance ( ,dea?40 ,we _c b m>vel at ! feel+ ( spaci\sness 9 ^! small pr9ts1 at ! lifelike action ( ! expressive little figures1 at ! p]fect h>mony ( ^! figures & _! surr\nd+s4 ,at ! "t ( ,dr]'s dea?1 9 #aebh1 ! long p]iod ( w>f>e1 deva/ation1 & mis]y _h begun :i* 0 to end only aft] ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,emp]or ,maximilian 0 dead2 ,*>les ,v _h brok5 ! p[] ( ,france 9 ,italy2 8 m]c5>ies _h sack$ ,rome1 & incid5tally ru9$ ,m>cantonio1 ! ,italian engrav]4 ,8 promis+ s*ool 0 disp]s$4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( decl9e1 bo? nor? & s\? ( ! ,alps4 ,f t "t on1 ! successive influ5ces ( ,italy1 ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 & ( ,france sway ! "* ( ,g]man art4 ,a clev] sup]ficiality develops1 :i* adapts itself to ! *>act]i/ics ( ! art 9 vogue4 ,et*+1 ! si/] art ( engrav+1 _c boa/ any signal triumphs dur+ ?is p]iod ( ,g]man art1 al?\gh1 f ! e>ly days ( its adoption1 x 0 us$ to a consid]able ext5t by ! ,hopf] family4 ,dr] exp]im5t$ ) ! process1 b soon return$ to engrav+4 ,! greate/ ,g]man et*] ( ! foll[+ 7sev5te5?7 c5tury1 ,w5zel ,holl> foll[$ ! ,e>l ( ,arundel to ,engl&1 !re to build up 8 fame4 ,,vi ,,! ,,ne!rl&s ,! sev5te5? c5tury1 :i* witnesses ,g]man art 9 its decl9e1 br+s ab\t a wond]ful fl[]+ ( art 9 ! neighbor+ ,ne!rl&s4 ,?is c\ntry _h pass$ f ,burgundian rule to ! ,hapsburg dyna/y4 ,) ! adv5t ( ,*>les ,v1 x pass$ "u ! rule ( ,spa94 ,! ma/] h& ( t emp]or _h be5 able to curb ! feel+ ( unre/ & f]m5t caus$ by ! ,re=mation1 b ! oppressive measures ( 8 somb] successor1 ,philip ,,ii1 drove ! ,dut* & ,flemi% p to rise 9 arms = ! def5se ( _! lib]ties4 ,a long1 cruel w> ( emancipation ensu$1 & ne> its close !re came a p>t+ ( ! ways :i* be>s directly ^u our subject4 ,9 #aeih1 ! division occurr$2 ! s\!rn--,flemi%--prov9ces rema9$ true to ! ,h\se ( ,hapsburg1 true also to ! long-e/abli%$ ,ca?olic fai?4 ,consequ5tly _! art reta9$ its /rongly religi\s elem5t1 t+$ ) ,italian traditions4 ,! great expon5t ( ?is ,flemi% tr5d ( art is ,pet] ,paul ,rub5s1 ( :om m pres5tly4 ,! nor!rn 7,dut*7 prov9ces adopt$ ! tea*+s ( ,calv91 & soon e/abli%$ _! indep5d5ce4 ,_! *ur*es 7 b>e ( any pictorial adornm5t2 _! art 0 =c$1 !re=e1 to develop ma9ly 9 ! sph]e ( home life4 ,if we t]m ,rub5s ! lead] ( ,flemi% art1 ,rembr&t /&s = ! highe/ developm5t ( ,dut* art4 ,betwe5 ^! two lead]s lies a broad field ) _m bl5d+1 int]weav+ influ5ces1 _m local *>act]i/ics1 9 ?is magnific5t epo*4 ,! only way to approa* ! subject 9 a few brief s5t5ces is by consid]+ z "o va/ unit ! :ole p]iod ( sev5te5?-c5tury art 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 bo? ,dut* & ,flemi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,johannes ,,zur5us ,h5drik ,goltzius ,x w ev] be a matt] = surprise t ?is small c\ntry %\ld bur/ into ! full glory ( a great p]iod ( art at a "t ( incessant1 /r5u\s w>f>e4 ,fir/ ! long1 exhau/+ w> ) ,spa92 !n a w> ) ,engl&2 f9ally1 a w> ) ! p[]ful ,france ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,)9 ! "t limit ( ^! w>s lie ! dates ( ! bir? ( ,rub5s1 & ( ,rembr&t's dea?1 m>k+ ! culm9ation ( art 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,if we look back to e>li] days ( ,dut* engrav+1 we disc]n ! isolat$ figure ( ,lucas van ,leyd51 ! only pa9t]-engrav] ( fame 9 ! ,ne!rl&s at ! "t ( ,dr]4 ,aft] 8 dea? no ma/] ( simil> m]it arose to c>ry on 8 traditions4 ,engrav+1 depriv$ ( em95t guidance1 sank to levels ( comm]cialism4 ,sa9ts' pictures be+ always 9 great dem& ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom1 engrav]s 9 ! ,ne!rl&s devot$ _! en]gies l>gely to ?is field1 & t c\ntry became ! c5t] ( production ( all k9ds ( engrav$ devotional pr9ts4 ,tra9$ by daily r\t9e practice1 ! engrav]s acquir$ a high degree ( dext]ity 9 h&l+ ! grav]4 ,:ole families ( engrav]s--! ,wi]ix1 ! ,van de ,passe1 ! ,galle--devot$ !mselves to ?is "w1 :i* assum$ ! "* ( a manufacture ( engrav+s4 ,"o did ! figures1 ano!r ! backgr\nds1 ano!r aga9 ! drap]ies1 ornam5ts1 etc41 accord+ to _! respective aptitudes4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ?is ,nor!rn skill 9 h&l+ ! grav] 0 communicat$ to ,italy1 & !re ma/]$ by ,ago/9o ,c>racci4 ,9 ,holl& manual dext]ity 0 c>ri$ to its height by a virtuoso ( ! grav]1 ,h5drik ,goltzius4 ,8 8,piet0 9 ! mann] ( ,dr]1 & a s]ies ( l>ge plates1 9 :i* he exhibits1 9 turn1 *>act]i/ics ( ?is & o!r not$ arti/s1 reveal 8 te*nical ma/]y4 ,!y disclose also 8 p[] ( close obs]vation1 :i* appe>s to be/ advantage 9 portraits su* z t ( ,zur5us4 ,excell5t judgm5t is %[n 9 ! selection ( l9e2 ! effect is sp>kl+1 brilliant2 9 fact1 ?is v brilliancy1 ?is clev]ness 9 ! tell+ use ( ! l9e1 becomes an end to be /riv5 =1 & no long] ! means only employ$ to express an arti/ic ?\ght4 ,?is wor%ip ( te*nique c>ries ,goltzius & 8 num]\s foll[]s to extremes ( mann]ism1 :]e we mu/ leave !m & turn to ! engrav]s gr\p$ ar\nd ,rub5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pet] ,,paul ,,rub5s ,paul ,pontius ,illu/ration3 ,,jan ,,brueghel ,an?ony van ,dyck ,pet] ,paul ,rub5s p]ceiv$ ! advantages :i* pr9ts might br+ to a pa9t] by ! propagation ( 8 compositions4 ,s he surr\nd$ himself ) exp]i5c$ engrav]s1 :om he guid$ by sugge/ions & corrections4 ,h[ well !y int]pret$ ! "w ( ! ma/] may be se5 9 ,rub5s's portrait ( himself1 engrav$ by ,paul ,pontius1 "o ( ! not$ engrav]s ( ?is gr\p4 ,a /ride t[>d ! expression ( color is to be p]ceiv$ 9 ?is plate2 great v>iety 9 ! r5d]+ ( clo?1 hair1 lace1 ! face1 ! backgr\nd & frame4 ,! problem ( express+ color1 z well z =m1 n[ ent]s m & m into ! sph]e ( engrav+2 a problem mu* m difficult ?an w\ld appe> at fir/ ?\ght4 ,"h is ! task :i* faces ! engrav]3 he mu/ keep true to ! orig9al he reproduces1 true 9 =m1 true 9 color values1 by a judici\s gradation ( tone4 ,at ! same "t he mu/ /rive to make 8 plate int]e/+1 spirit$1 brilliant1 & app>5tly easy & free 9 h&l+4 ,s+ly ^! qualities are n uncommon1 b t engrav] is f> f common1 :o1 hav+ ! p[] to d su* brilliant "w1 has moreov] ! wi% & ability to efface himself1 & let only ! arti/ speak1 ^: "w he int]prets4 ,x is a claim to di/9ction = _m engrav]s ( ! ,rub5s gr\p t !y came s ne> to solv+ ?is problem4 ,:e!r or n ,rub5s made use ( ! et*+-ne$le himself rema9s a matt] = speculation2 !re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t 8 great pupil--,an?ony van ,dyck--us$ et*+ v effectively1 z w be se5 by ?is portrait tak5 f 8 fam\s 8,iconography40#d ,! lik5ess is sket*$ ) 8 *>act]i/ic sur5ess & ease ^u ! gr\nd$ copp] plate4 ,! bit+ 0 d\btless left to ! engrav] :o 0 to f9i% ! plate4 ,nei!r ,rub5s nor ,van ,dyck seems to h be5 int]e/$ 9 et*+ or engrav+ z su*2 to !m ! graphic arts 7 excell5t means ( reproduction1 no?+ m4 #d ,a l>ge s]ies ( portraits aft] ,van ,dyck1 engrav$ by a numb] ( ! ,rub5s engrav]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gellius ,,de ,,b\ma ,cornel ,viss*] ,illu/ration3 ,,adoration ,,( ,,! ,,%eph]ds ,rembr&t ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,?ree ,,trees ,rembr&t ,y w notice t ! engrav] has begun 8 "w 9 f9e1 p>allel l9es1 close toge!r1 9 ! upp] corn] ( ! plate4 ,! pr9t ?us pres5ts "o aspect ( ! use--conjo9tly--( et*+ & engrav+1 :i* _h !n come into univ]sal use4 ,ano!r example ( ! comb9$ use ( ! two processes1 bl5d$ into a ri* h>moni\s tone1 is ! portrait ( ,gellius de ,b\ma by "o ( ! great portrait engrav]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,cornel ,viss*]1 an arti/ :o tol]at$ no h>d-&-fa/ sy/em 9 ! graphic arts4 ,"h is a vigor\s1 well-model$ figure1 broadly treat$ 9 s int]e/+ a mann] t ! means ( expression are q =gott5 9 ! enjoym5t ( ! effect a*iev$4 ,a new elem5t n[ ent]s ! sph]e ( our int]e/3 ! problem ( light1 bright or subdu$1 9 inf9ite gradations4 ,int]iors ) ! light focus$ on "o spot2 night effects p>tially bright5$ by a tor* or lant]n1 or by a fire1 all else enfold$ 9 d>kness4 ,! pione] 9 ?is clair-obscur mann] is ! pa9t]1 ,adam ,elzheim]1 b no "o made m effective use ( ?is play ( light & %ade 9 ! graphic arts ?an ,rembr&t4 ,take ! 8,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds0 z an in/ance1 ) ! feeble light ( ! lant]n & ! ri* tone ( surr\nd+ d>kness1 ) indi/9ct =ms ( figures & objects half se5 & half guess$1 :i* ga9 %ape z we look m closely4 ,9 ! fam\s plate kn[n z ! 8,?ree ,trees0 our att5tion is at fir/ attract$ by ! va/ expanse ( ?reat5+ sky1 ) its l(ty ?und]-cl\ds1 & ! imm5se pla9s1 ) dikes & level fields /ret*+ to ! di/ant horizon4 ,z we look at ! picture1 details appe>1--! team beh9d ! trees1 ! p 9 ! fields1 ! c\ple 9 ! bu%es4 ,!y are ov]look$1 !n se51 j z !y w\ld be 9 nature2 !y keep _! subord9ate places1 & d n intrude & di/urb ! g5]al effect ( gr& simplicity4 ,color is s well sugge/$ by diff]5tiations 9 h&l+ & v>y+ int5sities ( tone t "o almo/ =gets ! simple black & :ite pres5tation ( ! sc5e4 ,z an example ( ,rembr&t's ma/]y 9 et*+ appli$ to portraiture1 no bett] pr9t c\ld be *os5 ?an ! 8,janus ,lutma10 especially if we c see x 9 ! glori\s ri*ness exhibit$ by ! fir/ /ate ( ! plate4 ,all ! res\rces ( ! process are 9 evid5ce "h1--!y are se5 9 ! subtle model+1 9 ! ins5sible gradations ( tone1 9 ! brilliancy ( ! acc5ts1 9 ! dep? ( ! velvety %ad[s4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t su* delicate1 almo/ brea?like diff]5ces 9 %ad+1 _c long )/& ! we> & /ra9 to :i* !y are subject$ at ea* successive impression4 ,e pr9t tak5 f ! plate means rubb+ ! ink into e "o ( ^! delicate incisions 9 ! copp]2 !n comes ! sev]e pressure z ! plate passes ?r\gh ! press4 ,a s(t metal l copp] soon %[s ! effect ( ^! we>+ influ5ces3 ! delicate ridges ( ! dry-po9t "w flatt5 d[n1 & ! edges ( ! et*$ l9es become blunt4 ,aft] a v little :ile ! diff]5ce 9 ! impressions gr[s m & m noticeable2 !n comes ! t\*+-up ( ! plate1 9 an endeavor to re/ore--9 a measure--its =m] brilliancy & fre%ness2 naturally ?is modifies ! appe>ance ( ! pr9t to "s ext5t4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ret\*es are probably made by ! arti/ himself2 lat] on1 z ! plate aga9 we>s1 x may h pass$ into ! h&s ( deal]s1 :o1 9 turn1 h ! copp] t\*$ up repeat$ly = fur!r pr9t+4 ,?us y may h a ,rembr&t pr9t1 f ! orig9al copp]1 yet )\t ev5 ! e*o ( t :i* ! great ma/] _h orig9ally express$4 ,?is applies n to ,rembr&t et*+s only1 b to pr9ts 9 g5]al2 :atev] ! pr9t1 ! fir/ ess5tial mu/ always be to secure a good impression ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,janus ,,lutma ,rembr&t ,illu/ration3 ,,tobit ,,bl9d ,rembr&t ,we _c leave ,rembr&t )\t glanc+ at "o ( ^? sket*y little pr9ts :i*1 ^u exam9ation1 reveal to u 8 big-he>t$ k ( human nature & 8 ke5 p[]s ( obs]vation4 ,"h is ! old ,tobit1 a grop+ figure1 eloqu5tly describ$ by means ( a few tell+ l9es 9 its pa!tic1 helpless bl9dness1 ! little dog act+ z a guide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,sp9n] ,adria5 van ,o/ade ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,travel]s ,jacob ,ruysdael ,! influ5ce ( ,rembr&t on 8 contempor>ies & on subsequ5t arti/ic productions is v great inde$2 none ( 8 foll[]s1 gift$ ?\gh !y be1 approa* him 9 excell5ce & univ]sality4 ,to ! ,nor!rn m9d !re is a great fasc9ation 9 pres5tm5ts ( ! life ( ! common p4 ,br\w]1 ,brueghel1 ,t5i]s are among ^? p>tial to ?is !me1 & ea* ( !m has done "s exp]im5tal "w ) ! et*+-ne$le4 ,9 ,g]many we f9d plates relat+ to peasant life among ! pr9ts ( ,dr]1 ,holbe91 & ! little ma/]s4 ,rembr&t has devot$ a good _m plates to "* sket*es ( begg>s & ( peasants4 ,among ! o!r ,dut* et*]s ! greate/ int]pret] ( ! peasantry is )\t d\bt ,adria5 van ,o/ade4 ,he %[s !m to u at _! homes1 or at ! tav]n1 smok+1 dr9k+1 danc+1 m]rymak+4 ,! gay1 sunny side ( _! exi/5ce is reveal$ 9 8 fifty et*+s1 :i* display a ?or\gh comm& ( ! m$ium employ$4 ,9 ! sc5e :i* has be5 *os5 z an example ( 8 p[]s1 we disc]n ! sympa!tic int]e/ 9 c\ntry life :i* *>act]izes all 8 "w4 ,jacob ,ruysdael1 ! l&scape pa9t]1 has sket*$ on ! copp] a numb] ( *>act]i/ic subjects1 none1 p]haps1 f9] ?an ?is clump ( /urdy1 gn>l$ oaks1 ) roots ba!d 9 a %all[ pool4 ,! di/ant trees are flood$ ) sunlight1 :ile ! =egr\nd is ton$ d[n to a l[] key4 ,all ?is is done 9 ! simple/ possible mann]4 ,! :ole plate speaks ( close1 c>eful obs]vation1 & tru?fully1 sugge/ively expresses actual nature4 ,ano!r notable feature is ! subord9ation ( ! figures4 ,"h1 z 9 ,rembr&t's 8,?ree ,trees10 ! figures are q subord9ate2 ! quiet beauty ( ! sc5]y pres5t$ is ! ma9 !me ( ! arti/'s message4 ,pass+ by num]\s o!r delightful l&scape et*]s1 ,ev]d+51 ,wat]loo1 ,saftlev51 likewise ! gift$ et*] ( animals1 ,paul ,pott]1 we mu/ turn n[ to ,nicolas ,b]ghem1 :o comb9es animal life ) l&scape4 ,9 8 ma/]piece1 kn[n z ! 8,diamond10 !re is app>5t ! close /udy ( nature1 *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod1 also mu* clev] mise en scne1 b z we exam9e ! plate m closely1 we realize ! admixture ( ,italian inspiration4 ,! vigor ( home influ5ces is weak5+1 & ! art ( ! ,s\? aga9 ass]ts itself z we approa* ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! same ,s\!rn influ5ce p]vades ! l&scapes ( ,jan ,bo?2 !y are v pleas+1 te*nically f9e1 b ! evil :i* creeps into ,dut* art is q evid5t "h4 ,! ideal l&scape ( ,titian1 ,p\ss91 & ,claude ,lorra9 gradually w>ps ! =m] frank reali/ic r5d]+ ( nature2 elegance1 holl[ display gradually take ! place ( ! good1 :olesome naturalness ( ,dut* art4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 pa9t+ & ! graphic arts decl9e to levels :i* we may pass by 9 ?is rapid survey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,diamond ,nicolaes ,b]ghem ,,vii ,,france ,hav+ consid]$ ! fate ( ! graphic arts 9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ! ,ne!rl&s1 our att5tion mu/ dwell = a :ile on developm5ts ( ! pr9t$ picture 9 ,france4 ,9 ea* ( ! c\ntries above m5tion$1 we h witness$ a def9ite era ( excell5ce 9 ! sph]e ( pr9ts2 9 ,g]many & 9 ,italy1 ?is z5i? 0 rea*$ 9 ! late fifte5? & e>ly sixte5? c5turies4 ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 z we h j se51 ! great awak5+ took place fully a c5tury lat]4 ,9 ?is same sev5te5? c5tury1 t[>d its close1 z art decl9es 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 ,fr5* engrav+ rises to its highe/ p]fection4 ,we ne$s mu/ deal briefly ) e>ly ,fr5* productions 9 relief & intaglio processes4 ,woodcut fir/3 "s few examples ( e>ly play+-c>ds :i* h surviv$ de/ruction to ^! days1 prove ! trade ( ! c>d-pr9t] to h fl\ri%$ 9 ,france z well z 9 ,g]many4 ,book-pr9t+ spe$ily grew to important proportions2 great pr9t+ firms 7 f\nd$ 9 ,lyons & else:]e1 & c>ri$ on an ext5sive trade4 ,m5 ( arti/ic orig9ality1 l ,ge(froy ,tory1 knew h[ to infuse a di/9ctive "* into type & illu/ration ( _! books2 b ap>t f a few *oice spirits1 arti/ic ,france is n conspicu\s 9 ^! e>ly productions4 ,n only is pr9t+ l>gely c>ri$ on by pr9t]s f ,g]many & ,switz]l&1 b ^! c\ntries likewise furni% a l>ge %>e ( ! relief-blocks ne$$ = illu/ration4 ,! ,holbe9 8,dance ( ,dea?0 is a notable in/ance ( ?is practice4 ,t s]ies ( wood-blocks _h pass$ to ,lyons1 & !re "o edition aft] ano!r 0 pr9t$ f ! blocks1 until !y 7 q worn out4 ,woodcut nev] 01 9 ,france1 ! important means ( arti/ic expression :i* we h f\nd x to h be5 9 ,g]many4 ,its days sp$ by unhe$$4 ,! *ief field ( usefulness ( ! woodcut1 ! decoration & illu/ration ( books & ! sph]e ( ! devotional pr9t1 7 invad$ by ! intaglio processes4 ,! woodcut lo/ gr\nd ev]y:]e 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 x _h practically no %>e 9 solv+ ! problems set to ! graphic arts by ! ris+ s*ools ( ,dut*1 ,flemi%1 & ,fr5* pa9t]s4 ,x sank to m]e imitation ( ! fa%ionable book-decorations done 9 et*+ or engrav+4 ,! true1 bold language ( woodcut1 spok5 dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 f9ds no c\nt]p>t 9 ! sev5te5?2 we mu/1 !re=e1 turn to engrav+1 to v9dicate ,france z a great c5t] ( developm5t 9 ! graphic arts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,t\r ,,de ,,nesle ,jacques ,callot ,9 ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury we meet 9 ,jean ,duvet an engrav] ( orig9al m]it4 ,he adopts 9 8 "w ! /yle ( c]ta9 e>ly ,italian engrav]s4 ,9 8 compositions he h>ks back to ,dr]'s imag9ative g5ius4 ,a little lat] ,eti5ne ,delaune appe>s1 affect+ ! elongat$ figures ( contempor>y ,italians1 :ile 9 8 grav]-"w "o disc]ns a resemblance ) ! mann] ( ! ,g]man 8little ma/]s40 ,9 et*+ a vital impulse is giv5 to ,fr5* "w ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,at t "t ,francis ,i call$ ,italian arti/s to ,france = ! decoration ( 8 ca/le ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,_m ( ^! ,italian arti/s--,primaticcio1 ,fantuzzi1 & o!rs--made use ( et*+ occasionally 9 a ha/y1 sket*y /yle4 ,! s5su\s *>m ( _! li!1 long figures appeal$ to ,fr5* ta/e1 & elicit$ a response 9 ! plates et*$ by ,jean ,c\s91 = in/ance4 ,9 all ?is e>ly production we feel ! dom9at+ influ5ce ( ,italian art1 ) an occasional e*o ( ,g]man ?\ght or ,g]man te*nique4 ,france seeks h] own language 9 ! graphic arts1 & timidly v5tures =? 9 an orig9al mann] ( expression4 ,?is diffid5ce is ( brief duration1 h[ev]1 & by ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury we f9d h] a lead] 9 engrav+1 & by no means 9 engrav+ only4 ,z we ent] ^u ?is broad developm5t1 we mu/ ca/ a glance on two p]sonalities ( di/9ct orig9ality1 namely1 ,jacques ,callot & ,claude ,lorra94 ,bo? are natives ( ,lorra9e1 bo? are s*ool$ 9 ! art c5t]s ( ,italy4 ,callot1 end[$ ) an impulsive1 expressive /yle1 full ( p]sonal qualities1 vividly describes 9 8 plates ! habits1 cu/oms1 pleasures1 ! life1 9 %ort1 ( ,france & ,italy at 8 "t4 ,he peoples 8 plates ) multitudes ( m9ute figures1 ) well-acc5t$ ge/ures4 ,^! little figures are writt5 d[n1 z x 71 ) consummate skill2 !y are expressive 9 _! conc]t$ action2 9 _! gr\p+1 ^! peasants1 soldi]s1 begg>s1 cripples1 actors1 c\rti]s1 z !y troop across ! sc5e1 unfold a bird's-eye view ( ! _w 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! arti/ liv$4 ,f ! va/ numb] ( 8 pr9ts1 let u select = illu/ration "o ( 8 views ( old ,p>is1 ) ! ,t\r de ,nesle prom95t 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,9 8 hundr$s ( plates we see ! mis]ies ( w>f>e describ$ z well z ! gayety ( public fe/ivities & ! pomp ( c]emonies ( /ate :i* he witness$ 9 ,flor5ce4 ,claude ,lorra91 an orig9ator & gift$ expon5t ( l&scape1 has occasionally tak5 up ! et*+-ne$le1 l>gely 9 an exp]im5tal _s1 modify+ 8 te*nique at diff]5t times1 & %[+ himself1 l o!r not$ pa9t]s & occasional et*]s1 inf9itely m clev] 9 ! design ?an 9 ! actual et*+4 ,! plate *os5 = illu/ration1 call$ 8,le ,b\vi]10 is ! mo/ fam\s ( 8 pr9ts2 9 x we p]ceive 7provid$ we see a f9e e>ly impression7 ! ri* tonal effect1 ! s5se ( air9ess1 ( space1 ! delightful composition1 ! k ( nature's =ms & ( atmosph]ic aspects1 :i* appe> f> m m>k$ly /ill 9 ! pa9t+s ( ?is ma/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,le ,,b\vi] ,claude ,lorra9 ,! new awak5+ 9 ,fr5* engrav+ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury is especially notable 9 portrait engrav+4 ,g]many has lo/ its lead]%ip 9 ! graphic arts2 ! great days ( ,italian engrav+ are likewise ov]1 ?\gh ,italy cont9ues a s\rce ( inspiration to pa9t]s ( all nations1 %e c add no vital1 helpful impulse to engrav+4 ,su* life-giv+ influ5ces c\ld only come f ! ,ne!rl&s1 :]e ! great tide ( art is n[ at its height1 :]e pa9t+ & ! graphic arts h unfold$ all _! glory4 ,"h ! et*]'s & ! engrav]'s te*nique1 v highly develop$1 is gr[+ yet 9 p]fection4 ,:at c\ld be m natural ?an ! p[]ful /imulus ex]t$ by su* excell5ce on ,fr5* engrav+8 ,its greate/ triumphs co9cide1 9 po9t ( "t1 ) ! p]iod ( political supremacy ( ,france dur+ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,! 8,gr& ,mon>que0 infus$ gr&eur into all ! arts4 ,! /ately grav] is ! m$ium aptly *os5 = num]\s portraits ( ! 8roi soleil0 himself4 ,9 ?is p]iod ( teem+ f]tility 9 portraiture1 we f9d an abundance ( lik5esses ( /atesm51 g5]als1 pr9ces1 nobles1 ( lead]s 9 art1 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & ( di/+ui%$ *ur*m54 ,"o _c look ?r\gh ^! pr9ts )\t be+ /ruck by ! preval5ce1 among !m1 ( an elem5t ( /ately alo(ness :i* removes ^! m5 & wom5 f ! ev]yday sph]e ( life4 ,!y lack "s ( ! fre$om1 "s ( ! lifelike appe>ance1 :i* *>act]ize ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,ne!rl&]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,duc ,,de ,,guise ,claude ,mellan ,9 glanc+ ?r\gh ! ranks ( ! ,fr5* engrav]s1 we come ^u ,claude ,mellan1 an arti/-engrav] ( /rik+ orig9ality4 ,he dep>ts f ! beat5 track ( cross-hat*+1 & develops a mann] ( %ad+ :i* relies--= ! r5d]+ ( %ad[s--solely on ! swell+ l9e peculi> to grav]-"w4 ,8 te*nique is se5 9 ! portrait ( ! "y ,duc de ,guise "h reproduc$4 ,l9es v lightly trac$ 9 ! light$ portions1 gr[ 9 /r5g? & swell proportionately to ! dep? ( %ad[ to be express$4 ,! direction ( ! l9e & its degree ( heav9ess are ! means ( expression us$ by ,mellan4 ,! difficulties inh]5t 9 su* a te*nique are evid5t1 & x is equally evid5t t ! elim9ation ( cross-hat*+ is a heavy h&icap to an engrav]4 ,naturally en\gh1 ,claude ,mellan did n h any foll[+ to speak ( among engrav]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,anto9e ,,vitr ,jean ,mor9 ,f ?is peculi> b fasc9at+ arti/1 we pass on to ano!r engrav] ( m>k$ individuality1 ,jean ,mor91 an excell5t te*nician :o /udi$ ) pr(it ! works ( 8 ,dut* & ,flemi% pr$ecessors4 ,he comb9es et*+ & grav]-"w 9 8 plates1 model+ ! fle% exquisitely by means ( m9ute /ipple-l t\*es4 ,among 8 be/ productions ! portrait ( ,anto9e ,vitr /&s =? z a plate ( great effectiv5ess & p[]1 ) ri*1 d>k tones ( %ad[ & brilliant lights4 ,! s*ool ( ,philippe de ,*ampaigne1 :i* discipl9$ ! p[]s ( ,mor91 set ^u 8 way ! greate/ ( ,fr5* portrait engrav]s1 ,rob]t ,nanteuil4 ,a f9i%$ draughtsman1 kn[n by 8 pa/el portraits1 & an engrav] :o c>ri$ ! te*nique ( ! grav] to p]fection2 he kn[s h[ to bl5d delicacy & /r5g? 9 plates l ?is portrait ( ,pompone de ,bellivre4 ,! long] "o /udies su* a pr9t1 ! m "o realizes ! un]r+ faculty ( ?is ma/] 9 ! selection ( l9e2 ea* /roke fits ! sub/ance :i* x is meant to express4 ,! eloqu5ce ( ! grav] is a matt] too subtle = language1 & f> transc5ds ! possibilities ( reproduction1 h[ev] skillful2 a half-h\r sp5t ) "s good1 e>ly impressions ( ,nanteuil pr9ts w prove ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion4 ,ev]y?+ is express$ !re1 & wondr\sly well express$1 yet "o is q unconsci\s ( any display ( virtuosity4 ,nanteuil 0 too great an arti/ n to subord9ate ! beauty ( l9e1 ! m>vel\s f9i% ( elaborate detail1 to ! ma9 consid]ation1 namely1 ! beauty ( a well-balanc$1 well-h>moniz$ ensemble4 ,he 0 an arti/-engrav] 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 s9ce _m ( 8 f9e/ plates h be5 drawn f life1 z well z engrav$ by him4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pompone ,,de ,,belli,,vre ,rob]t ,nanteuil ,illu/ration3 ,,philippe ,,de ,,*ampaigne ,gr>d ,edel9ck ,x is usual1 9 reviews ( ?is p]iod ( art1 to f9d ! "n ( ! not$ ,flem+1 ,gr>d ,edel9ck1 m5tion$ side by side ) ,nanteuil4 ,) a te*nique ak9 to t ( ! ,rub5s s*ool1 9 long1 easy /rokes1 he models 8 figures & 8 drap]ies1 & :ile he lacks ! creative orig9ality ( ,nanteuil1 work+ always aft] ! designs ( o!r arti/s1 8 range ( subjects is f> m ext5d$4 ,9 ! /rik+ lik5ess ( ! pa9t] ,philippe de ,*ampaigne1 he has left u a spl5did example ( 8 p[]s4 ,8 plate aft] ! 8,madonna ( ,francis ,i10 by ,raphael1 is a model ( int]pretative engrav+1 & :5 he und]takes to reproduce ! canvases ( ,lebrun1 he produces pr9ts admitt$ly m attractive & brilliant ?an ! orig9als4 ,ano!r man :om we _c af=d to omit f ev5 ?is ha/y enum]ation is ,anto9e ,masson1 7 x only = t sup]b 8gray-hair$ man10 ! portrait ( ,guillaume de ,brisaci]1 brilliant1 p[]ful1 reveal+ an absolute ma/]y ( ! grav]4 ,! fact is1 t we are drift+ n[ t[>d an ev]-gr[+ wor%ip ( te*nique1 at ! exp5se ( high] issues1 arti/ically4 ,_m names claim our notice1 z we cont9ue our survey1 & a few w n be d5i$1--,gr>d ,audran1 ) 8 great s]ies ( ! 8,triumphs ( ,alex&]10 a s]ies1 :i*1 = bread? & beauty ( treatm5t1 assures him a place among ! lead]s1 ne> ,edel9ck4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bossuet ,pi]re ,imb]t ,drevet ,z we glance at portrait engrav+ f>!r afield1 !re is at lea/ "o "n1 among ! notables ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i* dem&s recognition "h3 ,pi]re ,imb]t ,drevet1 a memb] ( t well-kn[n family ( engrav]s4 ,p]haps 8 greate/ title to fame is ! portrait--"h %[n--( ,jacques ,bnigne ,bossuet1 ! prelate1 writ]1 & orator4 ,_m reg>d ?is plate z ! greate/ engrav+ ( ! c5tury4 ,9 a mann] typical ( ^? pomp-lov+ times1 ! em95t *ur*man is repres5t$ amid/ columns & sweep+ drap]ies4 ,"h1 inde$1 we h ! la/ ^w ( te*nical res\rcefulness 9 expanses ( gorge\s silks & delicate laces1 & _m o!r textures & sub/ances4 ,if "o %\ld feel t all ?is elaboration ( ! sett+ di/racts ! att5tion f ! portrait itself1 he mu/ blame ! epo* & ! pa9t] ^: design ! engrav] ne$s mu/ foll[4 ,n[ ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv is ov]1 & we come to ! ,reg5cy1 & to ,l\is ,,xv4 ,s5sitive art1 always ! expression ( ! prevail+ attitude ( m9d1 %ifts to t well-kn[n sph]e ( light-he>t$1 trifl+1 idyllic1 galant subjects1 a sph]e :i* we naturally connect ) ,watteau & ,lancret1 ) ,b\*] & ,greuze3 subjects ( :i* ! illu/ration 8,*amps lyses10 aft] ,watteau1 by ,t>dieu1 is a fairly typical example4 ,playful %eph]d sc5es ab\nd1 da9ty figures masqu]ad+ z h\sekeep]s1 s*ool-tea*]s1 laundresses2 or else we h glimpses ( ! intimacy ( ! b\doir & *amb] ) s5su\s allusions m or less veil$4 ,x is cle> t su* sc5es requir$ a m$ium o!r ?an ! s]i\s1 dignifi$ =m ( engrav+1 :i* we h se5 h]et(ore4 ,su* light1 gay1 piquant sc5es dem&$ a fre] m$ium ( expression2 also !y requir$ ! m]ry t\* ( light1 joy\s color+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*amps ,,lys,,es ,nicolas ,h5ri ,t>dieu ,9 response to ^! dem&s1 ,gilles ,dem>teau p]fect$ a process admirably suit$ to r5d]+ ! effect ( sket*y crayon draw+4 ,lepr9ce devis$ ! process kn[n z 8aquat9t10 by means ( :i* ! wa%es ( wat]-color or sepia might be closely imitat$ ^u ! copp]4 ,bo? ^! m$ia came into frequ5t use1 & (t5 a br[n ink 0 us$ 9 ! pr9t+1 be+ deem$ m appropriate to ! subjects ?an ! usual black1 or ! copp] plate 0 pa9t$ ) colors = ea* impression1 a l5g?y & delicate op]ation1 & ^! color-pr9ts--n to be conf\nd$ ) pr9ts color$ by h&--are priz$ by _m amateurs4 ,a ^w "h on ^! color-pr9ts3 ,le,blon evolv$ a cumb]some me?od ( ?ree-color pr9t+1 engrav+ "o plate = ea* color2 (t5 a f\r? plate 0 add$1 z a f\ndation = ! o!r ?ree4 ,! o!r me?od1 m5tion$ above1 0 g5]ally adopt$1 q a numb] ( engrav]s devot+ !mselves to ?is color-"w4 ,n[ aga9 temptation spreads out a _w ( entic+ !mes = discussion1 :i* we mu/ pass by3 ornam5ts1 elaborate decorations ( !ses1 emblems1 armorial designs1 cal5d>s4 ,ev5 ! teem+ field ( book decoration mu/ n keep u long1 entranc+ ?\gh x be z a field = specializ+ /udy4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$ t 9 ?is field1 =m]ly held by woodcut1 ! intaglio processes _h assum$ a monopoly4 ,arti/s ( great repute 7 call$ ^u = designs to ornam5t ! elegant volumes (f]$ to lit]>y amateurs4 ,! "* ( ! illu/ration & ornam5tation 0 dictat$1 n s mu* by ! cont5ts ( ! books z by ! pr$ilections ( ! buy+ public4 ,a v high degree ( te*nical effici5cy prevail$ among ! engrav]s :o busi$ !mselves ) illu/rations = lit]>y productions2 !y ent]$ s ?or\ghly into ! _s ( ! designs t _! own individual *>act]i/ics are h>d to disc]n 9 ! mass ( light1 da9ty embelli%m5ts ( ! pr9t$ page4 ,! f9e h>mony :i* bl5ds toge!r type & ornam5tation 9 ! books ( t p]iod1 w\ld be well wor? imitation 9 our own advanc$ days4 ,! subjects are amor\s = ! mo/ "p1 z well befits a "t :5 ,v5us rul$ 9 ,fr5* society4 ,if y glance ?r\gh ! illu/rat$ editions ( ! 8,fables10 or ! 8,bais]s0 ( ,dorat1 ! 8,temple de ,gnide0 ( ,montesquieu1 ! 8,h5riade0 ( ,voltaire1 ! 8,contes n\veaux0 ( ,m>montel1 or ! 8,*ansons0 ( ,delaborde1 y w f9d !re ! be/ ef=ts ( su* ma/]s ( illu/ration z ,eis51 ,*(f>d1 ,gravelot1 ,moreau1 & o!rs1 :o /ruck ! note dem&$ by ! social lite ( _! day4 ,!y idealize a holl[1 %amm+ society1 :i* !y c>ry into fairyl& by an art true 9 its r5d]+ ( a play-act+ _w4 ,! dimpl$1 rosy ,v5us1 ! %eph]dess ( well-r\nd$1 %apely figure1--^! ideals ( beauty are n ,greek1 nor ( ! great ,r5aissance p]iod4 ,su* div9ities are f\nd 9 ,v]sailles g>d5s2 _! prototypes are ,jeanne ,dub>ry & h] l1 ! ladies ( ! c\rt1 ! beauties ( ! /age2 & = ?is reason ,fr5* art ( ! eighte5? c5tury is g5u9e & true1 because x does n seek its ideals 9 ! dim pa/1 b *ooses !m 9 contempor>y life4 ,z we foll[ engrav+1 x decl9es f a spontane\s ex]cise ( ! ?9k+1 arti/ic m9d into drudg]y ( sy/ematiz$ r\t9e4 ,engrav+ becomes petrifi$ into a ?+ ( tradition1 ) elaborate sy/ems ( l9es & dots1 to be dutifully acquir$ dur+ long ye>s ( appr5tice%ip4 ,orig9ality is fr[n$ d[n by rigid precept1 selection is made subs]vi5t to accept$ prescription4 ,9 ?is s-call$ 8classical0 /yle ( engrav+1 ,georg ,wille moves at ease1 among ! mo/ p]plex+ te*nical intricacies4 ,a virtuoso1 & a puri/1 ,wille deems ! bur9 ! "o & only admissible tool ( an engrav]4 ,! c>eful detail1 ! m9utely f9i%$ pa9t+s ( ,gr>d ,d\1 ,mi]is1 or ,nets*] give play to 8 p[]s4 ,! plate reproduc$ "h is ! fam\s 8,sat9 ,g[n0 aft] ,t]bor*1 s call$ because ( ! wond]ful r5d]+ ( ! girl's dress1 ) its silv]y %e5 & glossy %ad[s4 ,! light+ ( ! sc5e1 ! model+ ( =ms1 ! translation ( color-values into t]ms ( black & :ite1 h all receiv$ c>eful consid]ation1 nor d we feel 9 ! "w ( ?is lead] ! cold metallic h>dness & monotony :i* (t5 we>ies 9 ! imm5se output ( ! classical engrav]s4 ,! names ( ,b]vic1 excell5t b sl[ & excessively sy/ematic1 ,b\*] ,desnoy]s1 ! brilliant te*nician1 come to m9d among ,fr5*m54 ,italy1 h[ev]1 became ! real home ( classical engrav+1 & names su* z ,longhi1 ,raphael ,morgh51 ,tos*i1 ) _! l>ge plates1 *iefly deal+ ) religi\s subjects1 mu/ be famili> to any amateur ( pr9ts4 ,_! fame1 ! great favor :i* !y enjoy$ ) ! art-lov+ public = a :ile1 br\ght pupils f all p>ts ( ,europe to ^! ,italian lead]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,in/ruction ,,pat]nelle 7,! 8,sat9 ,g[n07 ,georg ,wille ,9 ,france ! triumphs :i* pa9t]-et*+ a*iev$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s _h b a fa9t e*o3 ,callot & ,claude ,lorra9 h already be5 m5tion$4 ,pa9t]s l ,lebrun or ,l>gillire left ! graphic arts to ! engrav]s2 !y view$ _! skillful translations ( pa9t+ into black & :ite z ! "w ( colleagues1 n craftsm54 ,we h not$ ! influ5ce ( ,watteau on ! 8et*]-engrav]s02 he himself h&l$ ! et*+-po9t at times1 9 a few sket*y plates2 ,b\*]1 ,fragon>d1 & o!rs dabbl$ 9 et*+ a little1 no?+ m4 ,jean ,jacques de ,boissieu & ,jean ,pi]re ,norbl91 ! latt] an en?usia/ic /ud5t ( ,rembr&t's p]plex+ te*nique1 %\ld be m5tion$ z lead+ expon5ts ( et*+ be=e ! great n9ete5?-c5tury revival to :i* we %all pres5tly turn4 ,n[ we mu/ leave ,france1 ) ! classical engrav]s at ! helm1 _! =mula spread+ f> & wide & ) ! vignetti/s busy on _! portrayal ( ,fr5* society at ! end ( ! anci5 rgime4 ,z ,watteau _h %[n u ! cu/oms ( ! gr&fa!rs1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 s ,sa9t-,aub91 ,eis51 ,moreau1 & o!r clev] arti/s %[ u ! life ( ! gr&*ildr53 a society b\nd up 9 ! pursuit ( pleasure1 bl9dly ru%+ on t[>d exile or ! guillot9e ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,f ,,! ,,capri*os ,francisco ,goya ,be=e proce$+ to ,engli% pr9ts1 let u glance at ! "o prom95t figure 9 ,spani% et*+3 ,francisco ,goya4 ,a pa9t]-et*] ( int5se feel+1 fi]y1 impulsive1 he feels acutely ! evils "u :i* 8 c\ntry is groan+4 ,9 an art l>gely allusive & bitt]ly satirical1 he conjures be=e u an abyss ( human wret*$ness1 gre$1 & misrule 9 ^? /range 8,capri*os0 f :i* an illu/ration has be5 select$4 ,9 o!r s]ies he %[s ) ! same graphic p[] ! haz>ds ( ! bull-fight1 & aga9 ! fe>ful consequ5ces ( w>f>e4 ,fill$ ) 8 ?\ght1 he compels ! copp] to express ! int5sity ( 8 conception4 ,8 m$ium is :atev] w convey ! message1 usually an et*$ outl9e1 model$ into ) aquat9t 9 a bold sket*y mann]4 ,8 few1 r>e li?ographs h ! same p[]ful *>act]i/ics1 & x is ?is en]gy ( expression :i* makes 8 pr9ts di/9ctive & desirable4 ,,viii ,,engl& ,9 po9t ( "t ,engl& is la/1 among ,european c\ntries1 9 br++ =? any important manife/ation 9 ! realm ( pr9ts4 ,dur+ ! e>ly c5turies ( engrav+ ! arti/ic dem&s ( ! c\ntry 7 suppli$ by =eign]s4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,w5zel ,holl> accompani$ ! ,e>l ( ,arundel to ,engl&1 & ! "n ( ?is prolific et*] is1 )\t a d\bt1 ! mo/ important = t p]iod4 ,among 8 #bgej plates are l&scapes1 views1 portraits1 plates ( co/umes & ev5ts ( ! day1 allegories1 & :at-n3 all done ) ! skill ( ! practic$ et*]1 ?\gh n exalt$ by ! ma/]-t\* ( g5ius4 ,o!r =eign-born engrav]s are n lack+2 among native ,britons1 ,fai?orne1 ,rob]t ,:ite1 & ,george ,v]tue are ! mo/ not$4 ,a portrait by ,william ,fai?orne gives an idea ( e>ly ,engli% "w4 ,x _c (f] any?+ new1 rely+ z x does on ! art ( ! ,cont95t = e arti/ic impulse2 imitative1 n yet creative4 ,ev5 well-kn[n m5 ( ! eighte5? c5tury--,rob]t ,/range1 ,william ,%>p1 & ,william ,woollett1 ) 8 l>ge ideal l&scapes--h>k back to ! tea*+s ( ! ,cont95t & foll[ 9 ! beat5 track4 ,"o p]sonality /&s out prom95tly 9 ?is p]iod1 a man ) a message deliv]$ by means ( 8 pr9ts1 ! pa9t]-engrav] ,william ,hog>?1 :o1 l ,goya1 uses ! ne$le & grav] z a m$ium = a p[]ful crusade aga9/ ! social evils ( 8 day4 ,^! he ca/igates ) bit+ satire & =ceful prea*m5t4 ,8 might be call$ a lit]>y art1 ) ! /ress laid on ! moral !me1 n on te*nical p]fection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca?>9e ,,( ,,braganza ,william ,fai?orne ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,hon4 ,,miss ,,b+ham ,francesco ,b>tolozzi ,among ! =eign tal5t ,francesco ,b>tolozzi is prem95t z a /ipple engrav] 9 ,engl&4 ,he is ! =emo/ int]pret] ( ! da9ty compositions ( ,angelica ,kauffmann & ( ,cipriani4 ,our illu/ration1 8,! ,hon4 ,miss ,b+ham10 aft] ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 %[s ! ,italian engrav] at 8 be/4 ,! :ole plate is a mass ( m9ute dots :i* =m ! l9es & ! tones ( ! portrait4 ,an adaptation1 9 a m m9ute gra91 ( ! ,fr5* crayon-mann]1 ! ,engli% /ipple l5ds itself admirably to ! smoo? bl5d+s & s(t model+ ( ! sweet allegorical plates1 :i* ,b>tolozzi produc$ ) indefatigable indu/ry4 ,/ipple pr9ts quickly ga9$ ! favor n only ( ! ,briti% public1 b also held sway = a :ile on ! ,cont95t4 ,! process 0 em95tly suit$1 & (t5 us$1 = color-pr9t+1 or = slight sugge/ions ( color introduc$ 9 ! pr9t+1 to add to _! *>m4 ,! m$ium mo/ p>ticul>ly fo/]$ 9 ,engl& is mezzot9t engrav+2 orig9>y f ,g]many1 x f\nd 9 ! isl& k+dom a happy soil = its spe$y gr[?4 ,:5 ,lely1 ,knell]1 ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,reynolds1 & all t fam\s gr\p ( pa9t]s gave to ! _w _! magnific5t array ( portraits1 !re exi/$ no s*ool ( l9e engrav]s 9 ,engl&1 no gr\p ( ma/]ly engrav]s or et*]s su* z ^? ( ! ,ne!rl&s or ( ,france4 ,! field1 !re=e1 0 cle> = mezzot9t1 & x seems z ?\gh no o!r process c\ld h m adequately int]pret$ ! a*ievem5ts ( ! great portraiti/s4 ,_! preval5t bread? ( treatm5t1 devoid ( small1 niggl+ detail1 _! num]\s wom5's portraits1 ) s(t1 r\nd$ =ms1 subtle transitions ( tone1 sp>kl+ acc5ts ( light & bl5d+ dep?s ( %ad[1 7 admirably suit$ to ! 8black art40 ,h5ce ! rise1 dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 ( a l>ge s*ool ( mezzot9t engrav]s1 :o atta9$ great p]fection 9 _! *os5 m$ium1 progress+ f pr9ts ( a sooty1 black appe>ance to plates ( cle>1 f9e texture1 l ! portrait ( ,mrs4 ,c>nac "h reproduc$1 an engrav+ by ,john ,raphael ,smi?4 ,"o is apt1 q naturally1 to accord to engrav+s l ?is ! cr$it due to ! pa9t] = 8 graceful composition4 ,q aside1 h[ev]1 f matt]s ( composition & beauty ( subject1 ! m]e *>m ( int5se %ad[ & brilliant high light1 ) transitions ( brea?-l delicacy1 r5d]$ ) ! velvety ri*ness peculi> to mezzot9t1 w readily expla9 ! vogue & co/l9ess ( su* pr9ts4 ,no half-tone reproduction1 h[ev] good1 c convey an idea ( ! texture ( mezzot9t+4 ,an exam9ation ( good1 e>ly impressions ( mezzot9t portraits by su* m5 z ,mc,ardell1 ,watson1 ,w>d1 ,gre51 ,reynolds1 or o!r notables ( ! scrap]1 w prove _! m]its mu* m conv9c+ly ?an words4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mrs4 ,,c>nac ,john ,raphael ,smi? ,:ile portraiture is ! field p> excell5ce ( mezzot9t a*ievem5t1 o!r possibilities ( ! process are evid5c$ by plates l ! fl[] & fruit piece "h %[n1 9 :i* ,ri*>d ,e>lom proves himself a gift$ int]pret] ( ,huysum4 ,! v>i$ surfaces1 ! delicate bloom on ! fruit1 & all ^? little t\*es de> to ! ,dut* pa9t]--sp>kl+ dewdrops1 insects1 ! velvety und]side ( an ov]turn$ leaf--are fai?fully reproduc$4 ,we almo/ seem to see ! actual colors ( ! pa9t+1 s c>efully h ! values be5 gaug$4 ,9 no o!r process c\ld ! pa9t+ h be5 transcrib$ m pleas+ly4 ,! m5tion ( ,e>lom z ! engrav] ( a l>ge s]ies ( l&scape plates1 ! 8,lib] ,v]itatis10 aft] sket*es by ,claude ,lorra91 leads u to ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn]1 to :om ^! plates sugge/$ ! well-kn[n 8,lib] ,/udiorum10 b ( ?is m 9 our review ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fl[] ,,& ,,fruit ,,piece ,ri*>d ,e>lom ,9 ! matt] ( woodcut1 little ne$ be said 9 ?is brief outl9e1 aside f ,jackson's *i>oscuros1 until we come to ,?omas ,bewick & ) him to an important revival ( ! relief process 9 modifi$ =m4 ,bewick recogniz$ ! possibilities ( ! wood block1 if cut across ! gra91 in/ead ( plank wise z us$ = ! old woodcut4 ,! plank block necessitates ! use ( ! knife2 a cross-gra9 block ( boxwood on ! o!r h&1 p]mits ! use ( t k+ ( in/rum5ts1 ! grav]4 ,wood-engrav+ once e/abli%$ by ,bewick1 & elaborat$ by 8 foll[]s1 rapidly spread ov] ,europe1 ultimately to rea* its highe/ =m ( te*nical p]fection 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,ix ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,9 e>ly days1 ! ,am]ican colonies 7 indiff]5t if n inhospitable to ! f9e arts4 ,only portraiture & expressions ( patriotism f\nd a welcome1 bo? 9 pa9t+ & engrav+4 ,^!1 ) "s maps1 diagrams1 & views1 gave p>tial employm5t to a few engrav]s1 ) su* additions to _! numb] z l&$ f "t to "t f ,europe = a soj\rn m or less prolong$4 ,prom95t among e>ly arrivals 0 ,pet] ,pelham1 an arti/ ( good abilities1 :o portray$ 9 mezzot9t a numb] ( ,new ,engl& m9i/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,,jeff]son ,david ,edw9 ,pass+ on to ! ,wa%+ton p]iod1 we f9d 9 ,*>les ,willson ,peale an ,am]ican pa9t]-engrav] ( m]it4 ,su* mezzot9t portraits z ,g5]al & ,lady ,wa%+ton1 ,lafayette1 ,frankl91 & o!rs easily rank among ! be/ native productions ( t p]iod4 ,david ,edw91 an immigrant f ,engl&1 br\ght pr(ici5cy 9 /ipple engrav+4 ,8 m]its c be judg$ f ! be/ ( 8 plates1 ! portrait ( ,?omas ,jeff]son1 appropriately simple & dignifi$ 9 execution4 ,) ! advanc+ n9ete5? c5tury1 engrav+ becomes pl5tiful 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,publi%]s require _m portraits1 views1 subjects ( all k9ds1 nor mu/ we =get ! important & fl\ri%+ bran* ( bank-note engrav+4 ,?is teem+ activity br+s ) x a comm]cial sam5ess ( execution1 a workmanlike1 metallic sleekness1 n q abs5t ev5 9 ! *>m+ vignettes ( ,john ,*5ey1 :i* adorn ! gift-books ( ! =ties & fifties4 ,a portrait ( ,*ief ,ju/ice ,m>%all1 engrav$ by ,a%] ,br[n ,dur&1 aft] ,inman's pa9t+1 is %[n z an illu/ration ( good n9ete5?-c5tury "w4 ,g5]ally speak+1 portrait engrav+ _h fall5 into a rut1 sugge/$ by ! tonality ( photographs1 a developm5t %>$ by wood-engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ief ,,ju/ice ,,m>%all ,a%] ,br[n ,dur& ,! +5i\s innovation ( ! ,engli%man ,?omas ,bewick--:i* rejuv5at$ & ref9$ ! mi%&l$ & discr$it$ woodcut1 by sub/itut+ cross-gra9$ blocks ( boxwood & ! grav]1 = planks & ! knife--0 *ampion$ 9 ,am]ica by ,dr4 ,alex&] ,&]son4 ,none ( ! e>ly ,am]ican wood-engrav]s 7 end[$ ) great arti/ic gifts1 b ere long ! /eady dem& by publi%]s br\ght to ! =e m5 ( ackn[l$g$ ability4 ,_! a*ievem5ts are pl5tifully illu/rat$ 9 books & magaz9es2 ! 8,/ill-life ) ! ,peacock10 engrav$ by ,w4 ,j4 ,l9ton1 a well-kn[n writ] on wood-engrav+1 is reproduc$ "h z a rem9d] ( _! skill4 ,orig9ally ! t5d5cy ( wood-engrav+1 or :ite-l9e engrav+1 z x is sometimes call$1 _h be5 to obta9 effects by :ite l9es 7! natural expression ( ! grav] on ! black surface ( ! block7 & by black & :ite masses4 ,z ! wood-engrav] grew pr(ici5t 9 8 te*nique1 he wid5$ 8 field by imitat+ ! effect ( et*+ or engrav+ on copp]1 9 rivalry ) ?is =m ( illu/ration4 ,9 ?is he succe$$ s well t ! o!r1 m exp5sive modes ( adornm5t 7 l>gely driv5 f ! field ( book illu/ration4 ,) ! adv5t ( photography1 ! design c\ld be fix$ ^u ! wood block me*anically1 accurately1 )\t ! tr\ble ( a c>eful draw+4 ,! values ( tone 9 ! photograph reliev$ ! engrav] f ! "w ( translat+ color-values into black & :ite4 ,! bl5d+ half-tones ( ! photograph invit$ close imitation1 & ?us tone-engrav+ develop$1 ) its masses ( f9e l9es1 close toge!r1 m]g+ into tone4 ,beautiful results 7 a*iev$ 9 ?is way by m5 l ,jngl+1 ,fr5*1 ,timo?y ,cole1 ,wolf1 & _m o!r engrav]s2 b soon ! human h& 0 dispossess$ altoge!r by ! half-tone plate :i* makes ! photographic image pr9table by me*anical means alone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/ill-,,life ,,) ,,! ,,peacock ,wood-engrav+4 ,w4 ,j4 ,l9ton ,! great ,european revival ( et*+ ext5d$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! sev5ties4 ,x prov$ a fruitful p]iod1 ) names l ! ,morans1 ,f]ris1 ,f>r>1 ,duv5eck1 ,*>les ,platt1 & _m o!rs :i* might be m5tion$4 ,! vogue ( et*+1 x w be rememb]$1 0 %ort because m$iocrities soon glutt$ ! m>ket & s5t pur*as]s to o!r fields = a :ile4 ,int]e/ 9 ! process has awak5$ aga9 ( late1 b t is matt] ( too rec5t date to be discuss$ 9 ^! few pages4 ,x ,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury ,f a survey ( pr9ts 9 _! v>y+ national aspects1 we h arriv$ n[ at t va/ p]iod ( an art increas+ly cosmopolitan1 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 ^! la/ hundr$ ye>s nationality has bl5d$ toge!r to a great ext5t2 travel is n ! s]i\s matt] ( =m] times1 a pa/ime r ?an a v5ture2 all races h int]m+l$ 9 ! great _w-c5t]s2 /ud5ts f f> & ne> congregate 9 ! c5t]s ( art4 ,all ^! factors1 & _m o!rs1 contribute 9 mak+ arti/ic expression individual1 less & less national 9 "*4 ,no sudd5 phase1 ?is1 r an ins5sible g5]al tr5d t[>d individuality z ! great requisite 9 an arti/'s "w4 ,! ma/]pieces ( ! f9e arts _h be5 int]pret$ by means ( pr9ts s9ce ! sixte5?1 & especially s9ce ! adv5t ( ! 8classical0 engrav]s 9 ! eighte5?1 c5tury4 ,! increas+ numb] ( ^! reproductive pr9ts made x ev] easi] = an arti/ to acqua9t himself1 9 a way1 ) ! great a*ievem5ts ( ! pa/4 ,f9ally photography1 & 9 its wake ! photo-me*anical processes1 br\ght a flood ( exact docum5ts invaluable = /udy1 a lure to imitation = ! unimag9ative or indol5t1 a spur to ! real arti/1 helpful 9 =m+ 8 own p[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,f ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,job ,william ,blake ,individuality seems ! keynote ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 h5ce x may be z well n to b9d ourselves to head+s & subdivisions1 b r to roam at l>ge ?r\gh ?is enorm\s sph]e4 ,goya1 ( :om we spoke 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 belongs "h by "r1 & ) ,=tuny =ms ! ,spani% cont+5t 9 ! new awak5+ ( ! graphic arts4 ,9 ,engl& !re liv$1 ab\t ! turn ( ! c5tury1 a vision>y poet & great arti/1 ,william ,blake1 :o flu5tly express$ himself 9 /rangely fasc9at+ compositions ( religi\s or fanta/ic import1 d\btless famili> to u all4 ,our conc]n is n ) ,blake's draw+s1 9 :i* he adds ! *>m ( exquisite color to 8 comm& ( expressive =m4 ,a plate tak5 f 8 rem>kable s]ies ( illu/rations to ! ,book ( ,job1 %[s 8 p[]ful1 poetic conception ( ! beg9n+ ( life1 :5 ! _w 0 "y & ! morn+ />s sang toge!r4 ,9 a totally diff]5t way1 illu/rative ( ano!r phase ( ?is same new awak5+1 ! "w ( ,daniel ,*od[iecki %[s a man conc]n$ ) ! _w :i* surr\nds him4 ,we see him "h1 at "w 9 ! mid/ ( 8 family1 on 8 little illu/rations :i* w5t =? 9 _! hundr$s to embelli% ! b\ntiful /ream ( ,g]man lit]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,home ,,( ,a ,,pa9t] ,daniel ,*od[iecki ,goya's vivid1 reali/ic allegories1 ,blake's fanta/ic1 p[]ful conceptions1 ,*od[iecki's liv+ portrayal ( ! _w ( 8 day1 no long] foll[ ! beat5 track ( imitative "w1--all ^! activities po9t to a new phase 9 art4 ,all ?is seems a reaction1 a prote/ aga9/ ! m5tal attitude1 ! set /&>ds & ideals ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! vignette1 s gay & graceful 9 ! h&s ( ,eis51 ,gravelot1 or ,moreau1 _h lo/ mu* ( its esprit 9 ! heavi]1 m sob] /yle ( ! ,empire4 ,! classical engrav] 0 /ill 9 p[]1 on ! ,cont95t z well z 9 ,engl&1 :]e ,boydell issu$1 9 #ahjc1 8 monum5tal s]ies ( illu/rations to ,%akespe>e's plays 9 l>ge folio plates4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,con/able _h brok5 away f ! accept$ /&>ds ( l&scape composition2 he pa9t$ 8 native c\ntryside z he saw x4 ,engl& fr[n$ ^u him = ?is h]esy1 b 8 art 0 joyfully acclaim$ 9 ,france4 ,!re arises ev]y:]e a buoyant1 y\?ful _s1 consci\s ( inf9ite possibilities1 fill$ ) unb\nd$ aspirations4 ,! lead]s 9 ! movem5t emancipate !mselves f ! /]ile cult ( prec$5t2 !y blaze new trails into ! va/ unkn[n1 9 _! se>* = tru?4 ,kant's philosophy1 ,d>w9's !ory ( evolution1 suffici5tly d5ote ! tr5d ( ! times2 9 lit]ature1 ?is is ! p]iod ( ,byron1 ,scott1 ,wordswor?1 ( ,manzoni1 ( ,goe!1 ( ,nodi]1 ,balzac1 ,victor ,hugo4 ,b>rye c>ries realism into 8 sculpture & su* m5 z ,delacroix1 ,decamps1 & ,cle/9 ,nanteuil c>ry romanticism into ,fr5* pa9t+ & ,fr5* pr9ts4 ,m51 ^!1 ^: imag9ative s\ls rebel aga9/ petrifi$ classicism & =mal1 ab/ract beauty1 & ?is prote/ ( ! "y & ard5t aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! 8old & accept$ ord] ( ?+s0 has be5 he>d ev] s9ce1--sometimes ! voice ( cot]ies1 sometimes t ( individuals3 ,con/able's1 = in/ance1 :i* help$ ,france 9 its rem>kable awak5+4 ,8 simple cre$ 0 fai?fully transpos$ 9 t]ms ( mezzot9t by ,david ,lucas4 ,un=tunately ^! effective l&scape mezzot9ts are s fleet+ 9 _! delicate effects t !y c be appreciat$ only 9 engrav]'s pro(s4 ,! relative position ( ,con/able & ,turn]1 9 ,engli% l&scape1 has be51 n inaptly1 comp>$ ) t ( ,van ,dyck & ,rub5s 9 ,flemi% art4 ,c]ta9ly ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn] 0 a sun 9 ! ,engli% firmam5t1 ! pa9t] ( impos+ canvases & wat]-colors ( haunt+ lovel9ess2 ! lead] likewise 9 a /up5d\s developm5t ( l&scape engrav+ reveal$ 9 s]ies l 8 8,engl& & ,wales0 & 8 vignettes = 8,rog]'s ,italy0 among o!rs ( equal fame4 ,supreme among 8 pr9ts /&s a set kn[n z 8,lib] ,/udiorum10 und]tak5 9 rivalry ) ,claude ,lorra91 ^: memor&a sket*es ( pictures pa9t$ con/itute ! 8,lib] ,v]itatis10 engrav$ subsequ5tly 9 ,engl& by ,e>lom4 ,9 8 8,lib]0#e ,turn] proce$s to display 8 art 9 all its v]satility1 engrav+ "s ( ! plates himself & closely sup]vis+ ! mezzot9t+ ( ! o!rs4 ,?is 8,inv]>y ,pi]10 8 own ?r\gh\t1 is a glori\s vision ( morn+ on ! %ores ( ,lo* ,fyne4 ,! night mi/s are cle>+ 9 ! sunlight2 a lum9\s haze /ill trails along betwe5 ! hills1 beyond ! quiet wat]4 ,! sc5e sugge/s unb\nd$ space & calm1 peaceful beauty4 ,ano!r plate1 8sacus & ,hesp]ie10 c>ries u into ! dep? ( ! woods4 ,! figures are m]e accessories3 :at we pot5tly feel is ! fragrant %ade1 emphasiz$ by a slant+ %aft ( sunlight1 :i* gleams on soil1 bran*1 & leaf1 & builds a pa?way ( light amid/ ! lum9\s %ad[s4 #e ,a s]ies ( "o hundr$ plates1 sev5ty-"o ( :i* 7 publi%$ by ! arti/1 !n discont9u$1 because f9ancially unsuccessful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inv]>y ,,pi] ,f 8,lib] ,/udiorum40 ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn] ,illu/ration3 ,,sacus ,,& ,,hesp]ie ,f 8,lib] ,/udiorum40 ,j4 ,m4 ,w4 ,turn] 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury two new processes dem& recognition3 wood-engrav+ & li?ography4 ,! =m]1 review$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] ) ref]5ce to its developm5t 9 ,am]ica1 spe$ily ga9$ 9 te*nical p]fection at ! h&s ( ,engli% engrav]s4 ,x spread f> & wide 9 ,europe1 adapt+ itself to ! *>m+ illu/rations ( ,ludwig ,ri*t] & do+ full ju/ice to ! expressive1 accurate l9e ( ,adolph von ,m5zel's p5-&-ink "w4 ,light & vivaci\s 9 ! vignettes ( ,tony ,johannot1 ,gig\x1 ,cle/9 ,nanteuil1 x gr[s somb] 9 ,dor's designs = ! ,bible & = ,dante's 8,div9a ,comm$ia40 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ri/ ,,disput+ ,,) ,,! ,,doctors ,adolph von ,m5zel ,%ortly aft] ! adv5t ( wood-engrav+1 li?ography appe>s1 & (f]s ! tempt+ inducem5t ( utmo/ te*nical simplicity to ! arti/4 ,! draw+ is made on ! /one or on transf] pap] ) li?ographic ink or crayon2 ! transf]r+ & prep>ation ( ! /one 7or metal plate7 ) acid1 gum1 & wat] is left to ! pr9t]4 ,no wond] t ! process f\nd wide favor & t x 0 put to a great v>iety ( uses3 innum]able portraits1 endless s]ies ( views1 co/ume plates1 music titles1 reproductions ( pictures4 ,9 ! h&s ( arti/s ! process proves its m]it by su* pr9ts z 8,*ri/ ,disput+ ) ! ,doctors10 by ,adolph von ,m5zel1 t untir+ pione] ( realism 9 ,g]many4 ,! sc5e ) its ma/]ly *>act]ization is a/oni%+ 9 ! play ( expression on ea* face & figure4 ,9 ,france bo? processes bur/ into pr(use bloom ) ! awak5+ ( romanticism4 ,! ?irties & =ties br+ a weal? ( notable li?ographic productions1 ! "w ( ,delacroix1 ,isabey1 ,gricault1 ,decamps1 ,diaz1 & a ho/ ( o!r arti/s4 ,gav>ni uses ?is easy m$ium to portray 9 ?\s&s ( sket*es ! life ( all ,p>is4 ,daumi] portrays ! frailties ( humanity 9 8 c>toons = 8,*>iv>i0 & 8,la ,c>icature10 or else wields 8 crayon z a =midable political weapon2 9 ! pr9t select$ = illu/ration he %[s u ,l\is ,philippe at ! dea?-b$ ( a political (f5d] 8:o c n[ be releas$1 be+ no long] dang]\s40 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>toon ,,on ,,l\is ,,philippe ,honor ,daumi] ,! =tunes ( ,france1 fraught ) conque/ "u ! fir/ ,napoleon1 s9k to humdrum levels ) ! ,re/oration4 ,= ye>s all recollection ( ! ,emp]or & 8 ,gr&e ,arme is embitt]$ by ! f9al disa/]4 ,b pass+ ye>s re/ore ! lu/] ( =m] great exploits1 & gradually ^! become a favorite subject = illu/ration4 ,! field is well cov]$ by ,*>let's milit>y sc5es1 ?\gh none ( ^! approa* ! gr&eur & skill display$ by ,augu/e ,raffet4 ,9 8 8,midnight ,review0 we see innum]able ho/s ( %ades1 pass+ 9 review be=e ! phantom emp]or on 8 :ite *>g]2 an imm5se conc\rse ins5sibly m]g+ into ! mi/s ( night4 ,9 ! =ties !re is a welcome revival ( et*+1 ,*>les ,jacque be+ "o ( ! pione]s1 skillful alike 9 8 h&l+ ( acid & dry-po9t4 ,8 !me is ! peasant's life1 8 sett+ ! wood$1 undulat+ region ab\t ,b>bizon3 broad1 sunny fields1 ?riv+ f>ms1 pa/ures ) cattle1 %eep1 & pigs1 = :i* he %[s an especial pr$ilection4 ,! peasant1 "h1 is no long] ! joy\s1 c>\s+1 m]ry be+ ( ,o/ade's fancy4 ,9 ! plates ( ,millet & ,jacque we see him at 8 daily labors & ! woman at h] h\sehold tasks1 z 9 ! 8,woman ,*urn+10 by ,jean ,franois ,millet1 drawn 9 sob]1 tell+ l9es1 & evok+ by "s subtle magic a s5se n only ( ! sc5e be=e u1 b ( h] surr\nd+s & h] :ole labor-lad5 life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,midnight ,,review ,augu/e ,raffet ,illu/ration3 ,,woman ,,*urn+ ,j4 ,f4 ,millet ,we mu/ pass ) a m5tion ev5 su* ma/]s z ,corot & ,daubigny1 bo? ( :om h left u spirit$ examples1 9 et*+1 ( _! ma/]ly int]pretation ( nature4 ,! p]iod we n[ rea* br+s a flood ( et*+1 & x is b natural t ! sket*y fre$om1 ! sugge/iv5ess s\ght by ?is new s*ool1 %\ld conflict ) ! set1 "t-honor$ traditions ( engrav+4 ,t s]i\s old g5tleman--,engrav+--did n approve ( ! rollick+ y\ng/] :o knock$ at ! gates ( ! ,academy & ! ,in/itut = admission4 ,! battle1 aft] all1 0 n s mu* a qu>rel betwe5 et*+ & engrav+2 r a conte/ betwe5 =mula v]sus orig9al ?\ght4 ,bo? 9 ,engl& & ,france ! same conflict arose1 ! et*]s call+ ! o!r side me*anical1 petrifi$2 ! engrav]s retort+ t et*+1 8ev5 9 ! h&s ( ,rembr&t1 is unc]ta91 blund]+40 ,?is dictum ( ,rusk9 & ! fi]y rejo9d] by ,sir ,seym\r ,had5 are matt]s ( hi/ory4 ,our illu/ration1 ! dry-po9t 8,sunset 9 ,irel&10 w suffici5tly %[ t ! presid5t ( ! ,pa9t]-,et*]s' ,society 0 z apt ) ! et*+-po9t z he 0 =midable 9 debate4 ,! pa9t]-et*] is an orig9at+ arti/1 b ! success ( 8 creations on ! copp] dep5ds a good deal on ! skill ( ! pr9t]1 :o c1 by diff]5ces ( ink+1 wip+1 pressure1 & heat make an impression h>d or s(t 9 effect1 ri* & d>k or pale & silv]y at wi%4 ,to a man ( ,james ,mc,neill ,:i/l]'s exquisite s5sibilities & ref9$ ta/e ?is ?\ght ( dep5d5ce on ano!r = 8 subtle effects ( light & tone c\ld n b prove un5durable4 ,!re=e he in/all$ a press at 8 home & did 8 own pr9t+ ( *oice impressions1 realiz+ 9 ^!1 to ! fulle/ ext5t1 ! possibilities ( effectiv5ess & beauty :i* we admire 9 8 et*+s4 ,art has be5 def9$ z a selection f ! tru?1 &1 inde$1 ! elim9ation ( unimportant detail & ! acc5t+ ( ! ess5tials make = ! great *>m 9 ,:i/l]'s et*+s z well z 9 8 num]\s li?ographs4 ,f ?is v]satile g5ius1 delightful 9 8 r5d]+ ( ! human figure & lik5ess1 :o evokes ) equal facility ! %imm]+ vi/as ( ,v5etian lagoons or ! qua9tness ( an old ,fr5* /reet1 :o c fasc9ate ) a fleet+ glimpse ( a fi%-%op1 or make a lovely vision ( a foggy rea* ( ! ,?ames1 we mu/ n[ turn to "o :o has =ev] fix$ 9 8 plates a tru?ful yet ideal lik5ess ( old ,p>is4 8,le ,petit ,pont0 by ,*>les ,m]yon is a *>act]i/ic plate ) heavy %ad[s1 f9e feel+ = /ructural ess5tials1 endless modifications ( light1 & ) ,notre ,dame made duly impressive by lift+ x high above ! ne>] build+s4 ,e plate has a "* ( its own1 ) "h & !re a weird rem9d] ( ! arti/'s ultimate m5tal doom4 ,only a poet c\ld h conceiv$ a plate l ! 8,/ryge10 t evil figure on ,notre ,dame1 survey+ ! va/ field ( 8 conque/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sunset ,,9 ,,irel& ,sir ,seym\r ,had5 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,doorway4 ,,v5ice ,james ,mc,neill ,:i/l] ,illu/ration3 ,,le ,,petit ,,pont ,*>les ,m]yon 99 99 99 99 99 ,z we survey ! reproductive processes1 !y are drawn1 "o & all1 into ! curr5t ( new1 orig9al expression4 ,innovators appe> ev5 9 ! cons]vative camp ( engrav+2 ,f]d9& ,gaill>d1 = in/ance1 an engrav]1 9 t he uses ! grav]1 ?\gh he uses x 9 a mann] to him p>ticul>1 expressive ( m9ute/ detail4 8,my aim10 he says1 8is n to *>m b to be tru?ful4 ,my art consi/s 9 say+ all40 ,& he expresses 8all0 9 ?is wond]ful portrait ( ,dom ,prosp] ,gurang]4 ,no detail has escap$ him 9 8 scrut9y ( ?is /rong1 bright face ) its se>*+1 cle> eyes4 ,a c\nt]p>t ( ,gaill>d--a pa9t]-engrav] simil>ly m9ute & precise ) 8 bur9--is ,/auff]-,b]n1 a ,swiss ( ,g]man tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dom ,,prosp] ,,gu,,rang] ,f]d9& ,gaill>d ,illu/ration3 ,,girl ,,ba?+ ,&]s ,zorn ,illu/ration3 ,,expulsion ,,f ,,p>adise ,f 8,eva und die ,zukunft40 ,max ,kl+] ,n[1 if we comp>e a pr9t ( ! e>ly times ) ! te*nical creations ( our pres5t day1 we _c b realize ! increas$ dem&s made ^u ! arti/4 ,! ph5om5a ( light mu/ be ev] /udi$ anew1 9 ! endeavor to atta9 new1 effective1 conv9c+ ways ( expression--n m]ely ( color & =m z h]et(ore1 b ( atmosph]e1 ( light1 ( vibrat+1 liv+1 ,i _h almo/ said 8mov+10 nature4 ,h5ce impressionism2 h5ce1 also1 d>+ exp]im5ts l ?is girl ba?+1 by ,&]s ,zorn1 ! ,sw$i% pa9t]-et*]4 ,"h is a di/9ct outdoor feel+2 ! breeze & sun1 ! model+ ( rock1 & ! s(tly r\nd$ nude body aga9/ its h>d face4 ,ev]y?+ is done ) long1 sla%+ /rokes1 ) h>dly any def9ite outl9e2 a wond]ful display ( skill4 ,ano!r illu/ration1 ! 8,expulsion f ,p>adise10 by t ,g]man ma/] ( _m arts1 ,max ,kl+]1 %[s u an effect ( mo/ int5se expression ( light 9 ! gl>+ =egr\nd1 :]e a m]ciless sun beats d[n on ! fir/ c\ple3 a _w all ! m arid by contra/ ) ! cool1 %ady woodl& beh9d ! huge1 gu>d$ gateway4 ,! ne>] we approa* to ! pres5t day1 ! m difficult1 ev5 pa9ful1 becomes ! "w ( selection2 pa9ful because ( ! _m gems b>r$ f inclusion by ! necess>y re/riction ( space4 ,a long] review1 includ+ m5 l ,lalanne1 ,legros1 ,lepre1 ,s*mutz]1 ,gevg]1 ,mun*1 ,lieb]mann1 ,bone1 ,cam]on1 ,bau]1 w\ld ne$s h to include _m o!rs1 & disproportionately swell ?is clos+ *apt]4 ,if ! few pr9ts m5tion$--a v few pick$ f a field imm5sely ri*--%\ld awak5 9 ! read] a desire = fur!r exploration 9 ?is _w ( pr9ts1 ! purpose ( ^! pages w h be5 a*iev$4 ,,! ,,end ,,books ,,recomm5d$ ,,= ,,/udy ,,( ,,pr9ts ,to ^? b5t on fur!r inquiry into ! subject ( pr9ts1 two books ( prime importance c be mo/ w>mly recomm5d$1 namely3-- ,h9d1 ,ar?ur ,m4 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,engrav+ & et*+1 ) full bibliography1 classifi$ li/ & index ( engrav]s4 ,bo/on1 ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,co41 #aijh4 7,an excell5t1 compreh5sive book1 ) exhau/ive li/s & indexes1 deal+ ) intaglio pr9ts up to ! pres5t day47 ,kri/ell]1 ,paul4 ,kupf]/i* und ,holzs*nitt 9 vi] ,jahrhund]t54 ,b]l91 ,bruno ,cassir]1 #aije4 7,a ma/]ly review ( ! :ole field ( pr9ts1 includ+ woodcuts1 b un=tunately exclusive ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,?is also conta9s an ext5sive bibliography47 ,! c>eful p]usal ( ei!r book w provide a good f\ndation1 & ! excell5t li/s ( books at ! end ( ea* ( !m w safely guide ! read] 9 8 subsequ5t /udies4 ,! ,riv]side ,press ,,cambridge4 ,,massa*usetts ,u4,s4,a 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unpair$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unpair$4 ,illu/rations 9 ?is e,book h be5 position$ betwe5 p>agraphs & outside quotations4