,,floral1 ,illustrations of the ,,seasons1 ,consisting of ,the ,most ,beautiful1 ,hardy and ,rare ,,herbaceous ,,plants1 ,cultivated in the ,flower ,garden1 from ,,drawings by ,m,,rs4 ,,edward ,,roscoe1 ,liverpool1 ,,engraved ,,by ,r4 ,,havell1 ,,jun,r4 ,london1 ,,published ,,by ,,rob,t4 ,,havell1 ,,jun,r4 #gg1 ,,oxford ,,street1 ,,and ,,baldwin ,,cradock1 ,,paternoster ,,row4 #ahca4 ,,to ,,william ,,roscoe1 ,,esq41 ,f4 ,l4 ,s41 c4 c4 c4 ,,my ,,dear ,,sir1 ,in dedicating this ,work to you1 ,i am not presumptuous enough to believe that ,i can offer anything novel in a botanical point of view1 though ,i am sure you are too generous a patron of the science to discourage any effort1 however feeble1 which has for its object the diffusion of a taste for such pursuits3 my motives1 however1 are not of this nature2 ,i would offer it to you as a mark of respect and affection1 but more particularly of gratitude1 for the warm attachment you have ever evinced towards me1 which has contributed so much to the happiness of my life4 ,with these sentiments1 allow me to subscribe myself1 ,your affectionate ,daughter1 ,m4 ,r4 ,,toxteth ,,park1 ,march1 #ahbi4 ,,preface4 ,the present state of botanical knowledge renders it impossible for the ,author of this ,work to indulge in a hope1 that she can add anything to the learning and research which distinguish the science3 as a humble follower of those who have added so much to our information on these subjects1 she would walk in their delightful paths1 and gather some of those objects of beauty which lie scattered around her4 ,to endeavour to place them in an attractive form--to attach to them useful and accurate information--has been her pleasing task2 and she will be amply rewarded if she should be the means of affording any encouragement1 particularly among her own sex1 to a taste for botanical pursuits4 ,one of our greatest philosophers has declared a ,garden to be among the purest of human pleasures2 and if we look for a still higher sanction--we have the divine command to ,consider the lilies of the field1 how they grow4 ,there is no pursuit which fills the mind with more noble and exalted sentiments than the study of these works of ,nature3--wherever we turn our attention1 we shall discover in them ample lessons of instruction and delight2 in the structure of every plant1 we shall find the most exact symmetry1 and the most perfect contrivance--and the more minutely we examine1 the more decided traces we discern of that ,power ,who planned1 and built1 and still upholds a world ,so clothed with beauty4 ,the gratification to be derived from such pursuits1 is heightened by considerations like these1 and their utility and value are rendered still more evident4 ,to use the language of the late excellent and distinguished ,,sir ,,james ,e4 ,,smith1 ,is it not desirable to call the soul from the feverish agitation of worldly pursuits1 to the contemplation of divine wisdom in the beautiful economy of ,nature8 ,is it not a privilege to walk with ,god in the garden of creation1 and hold converse with his providence8 ,if such elevated feelings do not lead to the study of ,nature1 it cannot be far pursued without rewarding the student by exciting them4 ,in the arrangement of this ,work1 the ,author has aimed at some degree of novelty in the design1 as well as of utility in the information4 ,to her own sex1 to whose particular notice she offers it1 she trusts it may prove a useful and correct guide to their tastes1 both in their selection for a flower garden1 and as objects for their pencil4 ,she has chosen those plants most remarkable for their beauty1 and general adaptation to our borders--and1 in order to render the ,work more complete1 she has added to every genus those species most desirable for cultivation4 ,the ,author cannot conclude1 without expressing her obligations for the assistance afforded her by her friend ,,mr4 ,,shepherd1 ,curator of the ,botanic ,garden1 ,liverpool2 and her thanks are particularly due to his able and intelligent coadjutor1 ,,mr4 ,,henry ,,shepherd1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,toxteth ,,park1 ,march1 #ahbi4 ,,spring4 ------------------,bright with dew1 ,and in a mingled wilderness of flowers1 ,fair-handed ,spring unbosoms every grace2 ,with hues on hues expression cannot paint ,the breath of ,nature1 and her endless bloom4 ,thomson's ,seasons4 ,illustration3 ,plate #a4 ,crocus4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,crocus msiacus4 ,common ,yellow ,crocus4 ,class and ,order4--,,triandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag41 p4 #aaaa4 ,crocus langeflorus4 ,salisbury ,par4 ,lon4 vol4 ii41 tab4 #ajf4 ,bulb small--leaves numerous1 radical1 linear1 lanceolate--flower enclosed with the leaves in a membranous sheath---corolla yellow1 divided into six oval-shaped petals1 the three outer divisions beautifully marked with green--stamens three--filaments short--anthers sagittate--style one--stigma divided into three parts4 ,the species here figured is the earliest and best known in our gardens4 ,it was introduced into this country in the year #afbi1 and derives its specific denomination from the ancient name of that part of ,europe where it abounds in a wild state4 ,numerous varieties of the genus are constantly raised from seed1 but the number of distinct species do not exceed ten or twelve4 ,the cultivation of these plants is attended with no difficulty whatever3 they will grow in any soil or situation2 and the ,c4 msiacus increases so rapidly as to require frequent parting4 ,the different varieties make a beautiful display in the months of ,february and ,march1 if placed in alternate patches in the flower border1 and produce a brilliant effect when expanded by the warmth of the sun4 ,the most desirable for a flower garden are the following species and their varieties3-- ,crocus vernus4 ---- versicolor4 ---- nudiflorus4 ---- biflorus4 ,crocus susianus4 ---- sulphureus4 ---- sativus4 ---- autumnalis4 ,pl4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,plate #b4 ,hepatica ,triloba4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,hepatica triloba4 ,common ,blue ,hepatica4 ,class and ,order4--,,polyandria ,,polygynia4 ,syn4 ,hepatica triloba4 ,pursh1 ,n4 ,a4 ,f41 vol4 ii41 p4 #cia4 ,root fibrous--leaves radical1 three-lobed1 on long petioles--stem simple1 erect1 pubescent--one-flowered calyx of three leaves--corolla blue--six petals1 oval-shaped--stamens numerous1 fixed to the receptacle--styles many--stigmas obtuse4 ,the blue variety of the ,hepatica triloba1 which blooms about ,march1 is one of our most beautiful ,spring flowers1 and is more readily cultivated than any of the other kinds4 ,according to ,pursh1 ,it is a native of ,canada1 and is found in woods1 and on the sides of fertile and rocky hills4 ,the double variety of this plant is less common in our gardens1 and the single white variety is rare4 ,these plants like a loamy soil1 and eastern exposure--and should be removed when they are in blossom4 ,the roots do not bear to be often separated2 and if divided into small pieces are frequently lost3 but if left undisturbed in a congenial situation1 they will attain great luxuriance4 ,miller says the single varieties are easily propagated by seed2 but our more modern gardeners do not coincide in this opinion4 ,the new leaves do not appear until after the flowers1 though occasionally those of the preceding year retain their freshness1 as in the figure here given4 ,all the ,hepaticas are ornamental4 ,double blue4 ,single pink4 ,double pink4 ,single white4 ,pl4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,plate #c4 ,scilla ,bifolia4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,scilla bifolia4 ,two-leaved ,squill4 ,class and ,order4--,,hexandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,scilla bifolia4 ,eng4 ,fl41 vol4 ii41 p4 #adf4 ,bulb oblong1 oval--leaves two1 radical1 opposite1 linear1 lanceolate1 about five or six inches long--peduncles short--corolla bright blue--petals six1 oblong1 spreading in the form of a star--stamens six1 shorter than the petals--germen superior--styles short4 ,this beautiful plant is a native of the ,west of ,england1 though rarely found4 ,it likes a light soil1 and should be grown in large patches1 when it forms one of the greatest ornaments to our gardens in the month of ,march4 ,the white variety also flowers about the same time1 and forms a striking and beautiful contrast if placed alternately in the flower border4 ,it is increased by offsets1 which may be removed when the leaves decay4 ,if this plant be covered with a hand-glass1 when coming into bloom1 it will expand more fully1 and preserve the brilliancy of its colour4 ,the ,scilla maritima possesses peculiar medicinal properties4 ,the most beautiful species are ,scilla amna4 ---- ,siberica4 ---- ,verna4 ---- ,italica ---- ,peruviana4 ---- prcox4 ,pl4 #c4 ,illustration3 ,plate #d4 ,narcissus ,moschatus4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,narcissus ,moschatus4 ,spanish ,daffodil4 ,class and ,order4--,,hexandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,narcissus ,moschatus4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag41 p4 #acjj4 ,root bulbous--leaves radical1 linear--twisted1 glaucous--stem simple1 erect--flowers solitary1 issuing from a sheath1 lanceolate--corolla cream colour1 consisting of a tubular nectary1 with a laciniated mouth1 surrounded by six long tortuose petals--stamens six--pistil one1 enclosed in the tube4 ,this plant is one of the least common and most beautiful of the genus1 and is remarkable for the peculiar delicacy of its colour4 ,it is a native of ,spain1 and was introduced into this country about the year #agei4 ,it requires a light rich soil2 and1 like all other bulbs1 ought only to be removed when the leaves decay4 ,the plant grows from twelve to sixteen inches high1 and flowers in ,april4 ,the genus ,narcissus is a very numerous and beautiful one1 and affords a delightful variety4 ,some of the most ornamental are ,n4 bulbocodium4 -- poeticus4 -- angustifolius4 -- biflorus4 -- odorus4 -- tenuior4 -- triandrus4 -- tenuifolius4 -- incomparibilis4 -- bicolor4 -- minor4 ,pl4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,plate #e4 ,erythronium ,dens ,canis4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,erythronium dens canis4 ,common ,dog's-tooth ,violet4 ,class and ,order4--,,hexandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,erythronium dens canis4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag41 p4 #e4 ,root bulbous1 oblong--leaves radical1 broad1 lanceolate1 somewhat undulate1 marked with brown--stem naked1 erect--flowers solitary1 drooping--corolla campanulate1 composed of six equal oval-shaped petals1 of a lilac hue1 inclining to pink--stamens six1 terminated by oblong purple anthers--germen superior--style longer than the stamens--stigma divided into three parts4 ,when the flowers are fully expanded the petals are reflexed4 ,the white variety differs only in the colour of the flower4 ,there are few plants more desirable for a flower garden than the ,erythronium dens canis1 and its white variety2 and none contribute more to the beauty of our borders in the month of ,march1 or beginning of ,april4 ,it is a native of ,hungary1 and some parts of ,italy1 and was introduced into this country in the year #aeif4 ,these plants like a light soil1 mixed with bog1 and are propagated by offsets1 which may be removed any time after the leaves decay2 but the roots should not be kept long out of the ground1 as they are liable to shrink4 ,miller mentions two species of the lilac ,erythronium2 but his distinctions1 founded only on the breadth of the leaves1 and colour of the flower1 would not be sufficient to form a different species4 ,it is1 however1 worthy of remark1 that the leaves of those bulbs which do not bear flowers1 are broader and rounder than the others4 ,there are two other species1 mentioned by ,pursh1 in his ,flora of ,north ,america1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcj1 both bearing yellow flowers1 one of which is occasionally seen in our gardens4--,erythronium ,americanum4 ,pl4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,plate #f4 ,adonis ,vernalis4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,adonis vernalis4 ,perennial ,adonis4 ,class and ,order4--,,polyandria ,,polygynia4 ,syn4 ,adonis vernalis4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag41 p4 #acd4 ,root fibrous--stem branching1 growing to the height of ten or twelve inches--leaves pinnate1 pinnatified--calyx five segments1 deciduous--flowers terminal--corolla yellow1 composed of twelve or fourteen oval-shaped petals--stamens numerous--styles many--germen superior4 ,though this plant has been long known in our gardens1 having been introduced in the year #afbi1 it is by no means common4 ,it is found wild on the mountains of ,switzerland1 and in different parts of ,austria4 ,it likes a rich loamy soil1 and is increased by parting the roots2 but to have it in perfection it should be grown in large patches1 and seldom divided1 when it makes a beautiful appearance in the flower garden in the months of ,march or ,april4 ,in its native country1 this plant does not exceed four inches in height1 and the flowers are of a much more brilliant colour4 ,there are two other species of ,adonis1 but they are seldom met with4 ,a4 autumnalis4 -- flammea4 ,pl4 #f4 ,illustration3 ,plate #g4 ,primula ,auricula4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,primula auricula4 ,auricula4 ,class and ,order4--,,pentandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,primula auricula4 ,jacquin ,flo4 ,aus4 #e1 t4 #dae8 ,root fibrous--leaves radical1 ovate1 dentate--base entire--stem simple1 radical--flower terminal1 corymbose--calyx five segments--corolla monopetalous1 cream colour1 slightly tinged with yellow1 five segments1 emarginate--stamens five--pistil one4 ,this plant is a native of ,switzerland1 and was introduced into this country about the year #aeif4 ,it is the parent of all the beautiful varieties of ,auricula1 which are now cultivated in our gardens4 ,it grows low1 and1 like many of the genus1 is suitable and ornamental for rock work4 ,the ,primulas flourish most in a mixture of loam1 decayed leaves1 and bog earth1 and1 like all ,alpine plants1 require a pure atmosphere4 ,the leaves of this species are apt to vary in form1 the margins occasionally being entire4 ,some of the most beautiful are the following3-- ,primula nivalis4 ---- cortusoides4 ---- helvetica4 ---- decora4 ---- integrifolia4 ---- marginata4 ---- villosa4 ---- farinosa4 ---- ,scotica4 ---- ,pallasii4 ---- minima4 ,pl4 #g4 ,illustration3 ,plate #h4 ,sanguinaria ,grandiflora4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,sanguinaria grandiflora4 ,large-flowered ,bloodwort4 ,class and ,order4--,,polyandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,lyon's ,,mss4 ,root tuberous1 knobbed--leaves radical1 lobed--lobes laciniated1 light green1 under surface reddish purple--veins red--enclosing the infant blossom1 which gradually emerges from its folds--flower stem simple1 erect1 about six or eight inches in height--calyx two segments1 convex1 deciduous--corolla white--petals eight1 oblong1 obtuse--stamens many--style very short--germen superior1 terminated by a stigma divided into two parts4 ,this beautiful species1 which is much larger than the ,sanguinaria ,canadensis1 was introduced into this country about the year #ahab1 by the late ,mr4 ,john ,lyon1 with several other valuable plants1 collected by him in different parts of ,north ,america4 ,it takes its name from the root1 which1 when broken1 emits a red juice resembling blood1 with which the ,indians are said to paint themselves4 ,its blossoms are transient1 and1 like many other ,spring flowers1 require the warmth of the sun to expand them4 ,it grows best in bog soil and a sheltered situation1 and may be increased by parting its roots1 which should be done in the ,autumn1 to prevent any check to its flowering in the following ,march or ,april4 ,there is only another species1 the ,s4 ,canadensis1 above alluded to4 ,pl4 #h4 ,,summer4 ,hail1 gentle ,summer6 every mead ,with thy fair robe of beauty spread ,to thee that beauty owes2 ,the smiling flowers with joy declare1 ,and loudly tell to ,reason's ear1 ,whence all that beauty flows4 ,fawkes4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ag4 ,ponia ,tenuifolia4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,p,,onia tenuifolia4 ,fine-leaved ,pony4 ,class and ,order4--,,polyandria ,,trigynia4 ,syn4 ,ponia tenuifolia4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag41 pl4 #ibf4 ,root tuberous--stem erect1 branching1 growing to the height of one foot1 or more--leaves numerous1 biternate1 linear--calyx five segments--flowers terminal--corolla deep scarlet--eight petals1 orbicular1 undulate--stamens many--anthers bright yellow--styles three--germen superior4 ,though this beautiful plant has been so long known in our gardens1 being introduced in the year #agef1 it seldom grows luxuriantly1 which perhaps may be accounted for by the liability of the roots to decay in cold wet soils4 ,it is a native of ,siberia1 flowers in ,may1 and makes a brilliant appearance when grown in large patches4 ,the ,ponias grow best in a rich loamy soil1 and may be increased by parting the roots1 or by seed2 by the latter means several most beautiful varieties have been raised of the ,ponia moutan1 of which a full account may be seen in the ,hor4 ,soc4 ,trans41 vol4 #f4 ,this is a remarkably handsome genus4 ,some of the most ornamental are ,p4 odorata4 -- sibirica4 -- albiflora4 -- ,sabinii4 -- peregrina4 -- rosea4 -- moutan4 -- papavaracea4 -- corallina4 -- humilis4 ,pl4 #ag4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ah4 ,phlox ,divaricata4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,phlox divaricata4 ,early-flowering ,lychnidea4 ,class and ,order4--,,pentandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,phlox divaricata4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag41 pl4 #afc4 ,pursh's ,flo4 ,n4 ,a41 vol4 i41 p4 #aej4 ,root fibrous--stem branching--leaves opposite1 sessile1 oblong oval1 acute1 undulate--flowers corymbose--peduncles short--calyx five segments1 linear1 acute--corolla monopetalous--five segments1 emarginate1 narrower at the base--pale blue--stamens five--style one--stigma divided into three parts4 ,the genus ,phlox is perhaps one of the most beautiful cultivated in our gardens1 and affords a delightful variety1 its different species flowering all through the ,summer and ,autumn4 ,the plant here figured is the earliest2 and though it cannot boast of brilliancy1 it is remarkable for the beautiful delicacy of its colour1 and modest appearance4 ,it grows low1 seldom exceeding eight or ten inches in height1 and is1 on this account1 very suitable for rock work4 ,it flowers in ,may1 likes a strong loamy soil1 and is increased by parting the roots1 or by cuttings4 ,this species is a native of the mountains of ,virginia1 ,north ,america1 and was brought into this country by the late ,mr4 ,fraser4 ,there are various others equally desirable for a flower garden4 ,amongst the most beautiful are ,p4 pyramidalis4 -- ovata4 -- carnea4 -- nivalis4 -- setacea4 -- subulata4 -- reflexa4 -- amma4 -- stolonifera4 ,pl4 #ah4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ai4 ,anemone ,palmata4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,anemone palmata4 ,cyclamen-leaved ,anemone4 ,class and ,order4--,,polyandria ,,polygynia4 ,syn4 ,anemone palmata4 ,bot4 ,reg4 pl4 #bjj4 ,persoon4 ,syn4 ,plan41 vol4 ii41 p4 #ig4 ,root tuberous--leaves radical1 cordate1 suborbiculate1 dentate--stem radical1 clothed with a ferruginous hair--flower issuing from an involucrum1 sessile1 trifid--corolla yellow--petals about twelve1 oblong1 obtuse--stamens numerous--styles many--germen superior4 ,this is a most striking and ornamental species1 and though it is said to have been introduced so far back as the year #aeig1 is still rare in our gardens4 ,it is difficult to cultivate1 perhaps requiring a little stronger soil than ,anemonies generally do4 ,when its roots have attained a great size1 it should be removed or divided1 as it is then liable to decay2 few1 however1 are fortunate enough to cultivate it to such a state of luxuriance4 ,it is perfectly hardy1 though mostly treated as a frame plant4 ,the under side of the lower radical leaves is tinged with a bright violet colour4 ,the genus ,anemone is a numerous one1 and can boast of many ornamental species4 ,a4 appennina4 -- hortensis4 -- patens4 -- narcissiflora4 -- pratensis4 -- sylvestris4 -- baldensis4 -- thalictroides4 -- pavonina4 -- pulsatilla4 ,pl4 #ai4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bj4 ,pulmonaria ,paniculata4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,pulmonaria paniculata4 ,panicled ,lungwort4 ,class and ,order4--,,pentandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,pulmonaria paniculata4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag41 pl4 #bfhj4 ,root tuberous--stem branched1 one to two feet high--leaves ovate1 oblong1 acuminate1 strongly nerved--panicles leafy--flowers drooping--calyx five segments--corolla funnel-shaped1 contracted near the base--when arrived at maturity1 of a brilliant blue--stamens five--style equal with the stamens--stigma obtuse--plant hispid4 ,this beautiful plant1 according to the ,bot4 ,mag41 #bfhj1 is a native of ,hudson's ,bay1 and was ,originally introduced to the ,kew ,gardens by the late ,dr4 ,solander1 in #aggh4 ,it is still rare1 and difficult to cultivate1 though in congenial situations it will sow its seed1 and increase abundantly2 but the general method of propagating it is by parting the roots4 ,the plant from which the annexed drawing was made grows luxuriantly in a cold1 stiff soil1 and has endured our severest winters without protection4 ,it flowers in ,june2 and though each blossom falls off almost as soon as it becomes perfect1 there is a succession for a considerable time4 ,the most beautiful species of this genus are-- ,p4 virginica4 -- davurica4 ,pl4 #bj4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ba4 ,campanula ,pulla4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,campanula pulla4 ,russet ,bell ,flower4 ,class and ,order4--,,pentandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,campanula pulla4 ,loddige's ,bot4 ,cab41 p4 #eed4 ,root fibrous--plant from two to three inches high--stem slender1 radical1 leafy1 one-flowered--leaves very small1 ovate1 crenate1 sessile1 opposite--flowers terminal1 drooping--calyx five segments--corolla purple1 monopetalous1 campanulate--margin five cleft--stamens five--style longer than the stamens--stigma divided into three parts--germen inferior4 ,this lovely little plant is a native of the mountains of ,austria and ,styria1 and is particularly ornamental for rock work1 to which it is well adapted by its low growth and general habit4 ,it was introduced into this country about the year #aggi1 but is still very seldom met with4 ,it is hardy1 though like many ,alpine plants is liable to be lost in the ,winter unless protected1 and it is therefore the safest plan either to keep it in a frame1 or to cover it with dry leaves and a hand glass during ,winter4 ,it flowers in ,june1 likes a light rich soil1 and is increased by parting the roots4 ,the genus ,campanula is a very numerous one1 consisting of upwards of sixty species3 some of the most ornamental are-- ,c4 peregrina4 -- carpatica4 -- patula4 -- persicifolia4 -- capitata4 -- barbata4 -- punctata4 -- ,scheuchzeri4 -- pyramidalis4 -- azurea4 ,pl4 #ba4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bb4 nothera ,triloba4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,nothera triloba4 ,dandelion-leaved ,evening ,primrose4 ,class and ,order4--,,octandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 nothera triloba4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag41 pl4 #beff4 ,root biennial8 spindle-shaped--leaves radical1 lyrate1 dentate1 smooth1 middle rib strong--flower radical1 rising from amongst the bright green leaves--calyx tubular--four segments1 lanceolate1 acute--corolla pale delicate yellow--petals four1 slightly trilobed1 undulate--stamens eight--filaments shorter than the petals--anthers oblong1 bright yellow--style a little longer than the stamens--stigma four-cleft--capsule radical1 sessile1 containing four cells4 ,the specific name of this very interesting plant was given by ,professor ,nuttal1 in consequence of what he considered the three-lobed form of its petals2 this is however so very slight as to be scarcely observable1 and therefore perhaps ought not to be considered a specific distinction4 ,it was discovered by the ,professor in the ,arkansas country1 in #ahai1 and seeds were afterwards brought by that indefatigable traveller and naturalist1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,douglas1 from ,north ,america1 in #ahbd4 ,this plant1 which has a succession of flowers throughout the ,summer1 is extremely liable to decay1 if not kept dry in the ,winter2 but it may be raised from seed1 or by parting the roots in ,autumn1 and keeping them in a frame1 in pots of light dry soil1 giving them very little or no water until the roots begin to shoot in the ,spring4 ,this is the best method of increasing the 4 cespitosa1 a most lovely plant1 but extremely difficult to propagate4 ,there are numerous species and varieties of this very interesting genus3 some of the most beautiful are-- 4 frutiosa4 -- speciosa4 -- acaulis4 -- rosea4 -- pallida4 -- glauca4 -- grandiflora4 -- amna4 -- tenella4 -- viminea4 ,pl4 #bb4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bc4 ,clarkia ,pulchella4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,clarkia pulchella4 ,pretty ,clarkia4 ,class and ,order4--,,tetrandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,clarkia pulchella4 ,pursh4 ,fl4 ,n4 ,a41 vol4 i4 p4 #bfj4 ,bot4 ,reg41 pl4 #aajj4 ,plant annual--stem erect1 branching--leaves linear1 lanceolate1 sessile1 smooth--peduncles short--flowers growing from the axils of the leaves1 solitary--calyx one segment1 lanceolate1 keeled--corolla beautiful purple pink--petals four1 trilobed1 obtuse1 horned at the base--stamens four--anthers involute--style longer than the stamens--stigma divided into four parts--capsule oblong1 grooved4 ,this very beautiful and singular annual was named by ,pursh1 in honour of ,captain ,clark1 the companion of ,captain ,lewis1 whose interesting travels across the continent of ,north ,america are so well known4 ,it was found by ,mr4 ,douglas1 in the countries around the ,columbia river1 and brought by him into this country1 to the ,horticultural ,society4 ,the plant is hardy2 but to facilitate its bloom1 the seeds should be sown in a hotbed early in the ,spring1 and when the plants have acquired sufficient strength they may be removed to the borders1 where they will continue to flower until destroyed by frost4 ,this is the only species known of this genus4 ,pl4 #bc4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bd4 ,potentilla ,nipalensis4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,potentilla ,nipalensis4 ,nipal ,potentilla4 ,class and ,order4--,,icosandria ,,polygynia4 ,syn4 ,potentilla ,nipalensis4 ,hooker's ,exotic ,flora1 vol4 ii41 pl4 #hh4 ,root fibrous--stem erect1 branching--radical leaves1 quinate--leaflets obovate1 lanceolate1 serrate--stipules large1 broad1 lanceolate--flowers terminal1 on long peduncles--calyx double--five outer segments small1 five inner somewhat larger--corolla five petals1 emarginate1 beautiful rose colour1 darker at the base--stamens numerous--styles many--whole plant1 hairy4 ,for this beautiful species of ,potentilla we are indebted to the celebrated ,dr4 ,wallich1 of the ,botanic ,garden1 ,calcutta1 who discovered it in ,nipal1 and sent seeds of it to this country4 ,it is now becoming generally known1 and is a great acquisition to our gardens1 both for the beauty of its flower and continuing so long in blossom4 ,a light loam suits it best2 and when it likes the situation it will sow itself1 and is therefore easily propagated4 ,the genus ,potentilla is not a showy one1 but there are several pretty species3-- ,p4 atrosanguinea4 -- clusiana4 -- hirta4 -- lupinaster4 -- nivea4 -- pedata4 ,pl4 #bd4 ,,autumn4 ,though ,summer with her fervid ray1 ,no longer leads the lengthened day1 ,though ,autumn with her sober tread ,appears upon the russet mead1 ,for her shall ,flora form her wreath1 ,and still around her fragrance breathe2 ,shall still with beauty deck the plain1 ,nor cease midst darker hours to reign4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cc4 ,eschscholtzia ,californica4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,eschscholtzia ,californica4 ,californian ,eschscholtzia4 ,class and ,order4--,,polyandria ,,tetragynia4 ,syn4 ,eschscholtzia ,californica4 ,bot4 ,reg4 pl4 #aafh4 ,root fusiform--stem branching1 growing to the height of one foot or more--leaves glaucous1 tri-pinnatifid1 segments acute--flowers terminal1 on long peduncles--,calyx formed like the ,calyptra of a ,moss1 which falls off previous to the expansion of the flower--petals four--large1 spreading1 slightly striated1 narrower at the base1 margins undulate1 of a brilliant yellow1 which increases to an orange in the centre of the flower--stamens numerous1 filaments very short1 anthers long1 acute--stigmas four--seed vessel subulate4 ,fig4 #a4 represents the seed pod4 ,fig4 #b4 the curiously formed ,calyx4 ,this elegant flower was originally discovered by ,mr4 ,menzies1 during the expedition of ,vancouver1 in the year #agib1 on the coast of ,california4 ,it has been named by ,chamisso after ,dr4 ,eschscholtz1 a companion of ,kotzebue1 in his voyage round the world1 and was sent to the ,hort4 ,soc41 by ,mr4 ,douglas1 in #ahbf1 who found it on the ,n4 ,w4 coast of ,america4 ,it promises to be a very desirable and beautiful addition to our catalogue of herbaceous plants1 flowering abundantly all thro' the summer 'till destroyed by frost4 ,it may be propagated either by seeds1 which should be sown in a hot-bed early in the spring1 or by parting the roots in autumn1 and grows best in a pure air1 and a light1 or sandy soil4 ,pl4 #cc4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cd4 ,catananche ,crulea4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,catananche crulea4 ,blue ,catananche4 ,class and ,order4--,,syngenesia ,,polygamia ,,qualis4 ,syn4 ,catananche ,crulea4 ,curtis ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #bic4 ,root fibrous--,stem radical1 branching--growing to the height of two feet--,radical leaves1 long1 lanceolate1 margins deeply toothed--back of the leaf downy1 and strongly nerved--,cauline leaves1 sessile1 linear1 acute4 ,flowers terminal on very long peduncles on which are scattered membranaceous bracteas--,calyx imbricate1 squamose1 membranaceous1 striate--,corolla blue--,florets ligulate1 apex three toothed1 purple at the base1 fertile--,stamens five1 ,anthers united--style one1 stigma bifid4 ,there are only two species known of this genus1 the one here figured is a native of the ,south of ,europe1 and is said to have been cultivated by ,parkinson as far back as the year #afdj1 it is however by no means a common plant1 owing perhaps to the difficulty of keeping it through the winter1 when it is very apt to be destroyed by frost2 it is easily raised from seeds which may be sown in the autumn1 and if protected during the winter1 will make strong plants to flower through the ensuing summer1 continuing in beauty until the approach of winter--it likes a dry1 sandy soil1 and will not bear frequent removal1--the other species1 ,catananche lutea1 is an annual not deserving of cultivation4 ,pl4 #cd4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ce4 ,coreopsis ,grandiflora4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,coreopsis ,grandiflora4 ,large flowered ,coreopsis4 ,class and ,order4--,,syngenesia ,,polygamia ,,frustranea4 ,syn4 ,coreopsis ,grandiflora4 ,sweet's ,b4 ,f4 ,g4 ,vol4 #b4 pl4 #age4 ,root fibrous1 creeping--,stem1 tall1 erect1 branched4 ,leaves on short petioles ternate1 leaflets lanceolate1 acute--cauline leaves becoming more linear4 ,flowers large1 terminal1 on long1 slender peduncles--,calyx double1 exterior segments green1 lanceolate acute2 interior segments brown1 membranaceous--,corolla bright yellow1 radiated florets barren1 dentate2 florets of the disk fertile4 ,this fine species is so similar to ,c4 ,lanceolata1 that it is only to be distinguished by the leaf1 the flowers being alike in form and color1 though perhaps a little larger in ,c4 grandiflora--it was found by ,professor ,nuttall in the ,arkansas1 and was sent by him to ,mr4 ,barclay about the year #ahbf2 it is therefore from its late introduction yet rare in our collections1 it promises to be of easy cultivation1 its creeping roots throwing up a plentiful supply of young plants from which it may easily be propagated--a little protection in the winter may perhaps be desirable4 ,amongst the most beautiful species of this genus are ,c4 lanceolata -- tinctoria4 -- verticillata4 -- tenuifolia4 ,pl4 #ce4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cf4 ,georgina ,coccinea4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,georgina coccinea4 ,scarlet flowered ,georgina4 ,class and ,order4--,,syngenesia ,,polygamia ,,superflua4 ,syn4 ,georgina ,coccinea ,wildenow ,enum4 ,plant4 ,vol4 #b4 p4 #cch4 ,dahlia ,coccinea4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #gfb4 ,root tuberous--stem upright1 branched1 growing from three to five feet high4 ,leaves pinnate1 lower leaves sometimes bi-pinnate1 leaflets serrate--flowers terminal1 on long purple peduncles--calyx double1 exterior segments somewhat reflexed1 obtuse--corolla bright scarlet--radiated florets ovate1 obtuse1 furnished with a style only--florets of the disk1 containing both stamens and pistils4 ,this distinct species1 which is perhaps one of the most beautiful of the genus is readily distinguished by its small flower and foliage--it is a native of ,mexico1 and previous to its introduction to this country1 by ,mr4 ,fraser1 in #ahjc1 was cultivated in ,france1--endless varieties of this genus are constantly raised from seed1 and by other means1 and there is no flower to which we are so much indebted for ornamenting our gardens in the ,autumn--the cultivation of this plant is so easy1 and now so well known that little requires to be said on this point4 ,particular care1 however1 must be taken to keep the roots from frost2 a poor soil will cause a smaller growth1 and produce more flowers4 ,the name ,georgina was given to this genus by ,wildenow1 in honor of ,g4 ,georgi1 a ,russian ,botanist1 and as it is considered by the ,continental and many ,english ,botanists1 to be the most correct1 it has been here adopted1 instead of ,dahlia1 a name very similar to that of another genus 7,dalea7 called after ,dale the friend of ,ray2#a some of the most beautiful double ,georginas are varieties of the ,sambucifolia4 ,g4 frustranea4 -- superflua4 -- alba4 -- flava4 -- purpurea4 -- atro purpurea4 -- rubra4 -- atro-rubra4 -- fulgens4 -- crocea4 #a ,see ,bot4 ,mag4 page #gfb1 and ,sweets ,british ,flower ,garden1 page #bhb4 ,pl4 #cf4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cg4 ,rudbeckia hirta4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,rudbeckia hirta4 ,hairy ,rudbeckia4 ,class and ,order4--,,syngenesia ,,polygamia ,,frustranea4 ,syn4 ,rudbeckia hirta4 ,pursh4 ,flo4 ,n4 ,a4 page #egd4 ,root ,fibrous--stem erect1 branched1 grooved4 ,radical leaves broad1 lanceolate1 cauline leaves sessile1 unequal1 margins undulate peduncles one flowered1 terminal--calyx many segments1 lanceolate1 obtuse--corolla bright yellow--radiated florets1 linear1 lanceolate recurved1 barren--florets of the disk fertile--whole plant hairy4 ,the genus ,rudbeckia 7called after ,professor ,rudbeck of ,upsal who died in #agjb7 is a very ornamental one1 its different species making a gay appearance in the ,autumn4 ,r4 hirta is perhaps one of the most desirable1 from its moderate size1 seldom growing higher than two feet--it was introduced about the year #agad1 it is a native of ,n4 ,america1 and is found on the mountains from ,virginia to ,florida--it likes a light rich soil1 and is propagated by parting the roots1 which should be done in the spring1 as it flowers so late in ,autumn as to prevent the removal in sufficient time for the plants to be well established before winter--it is rather tender1 sometimes being destroyed by too much wet4 ,the following are pleasing species3-- ,r4 purpurea4 -- fulgida4 -- columnaris4 -- speciosa4 -- pinnata4 ,pl4 #cg4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ch4 ,scabiosa ,caucasea4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,scabiosa ,caucasea4 ,caucasean ,scabious4 ,class and ,order4--,,tetrandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,scabiosa ,caucasea4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #hhf4 ,root fibrous--stem erect1 rising to the height of two feet or more--radical leaves on long channelled footstalks1 lanceolate1 acute1 margins undulate1 cauline leaves1 connate1 pinnatifid--peduncles one flowered1 flowers terminal--involucre from eight to ten segments1 lanceolate1 acute--corolla delicate purple1 segments trilobed1 lobes obtuse1 margins undulate1 florets of the disk tubular1 margins five-cleft--,calyx double--stamens four1 anthers oblong1 of a bright red1 style longer than the stamens2 stigma globose2 germen downy4 ,this is perhaps the most beautiful species of the genus2 and a highly ornamental plant in the ,autumnal months1 during which time it continues long in beauty1 it is a native of ,mount ,caucasus1 and according to the ,bot4 ,mag4 p4 #hhf1 was raised by ,messrs4 ,loddiges from seeds received by them about the year #ahjc--;a light soil suits it best1 and it may be increased by parting its roots in the spring--it is quite hardy4 ,the genus ,scabiosa is not a favorite one for a flower garden1 though a few species may deserve a place in our collections--some of the most desirable are ,s4 alpina4 -- tatarica4 -- atropurpurea4 -- lvigata4 ,pl4 #ch4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ci4 ,lobelia fulgens4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,lobelia fulgens4 ,refulgent ,lobelia4 ,class and ,order4--,,pentandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,lobelia fulgens4 ,bot4 ,rep4 pl4 #fei4 ,root fibrous--stem erect1 leafy1 occasionally drooping at the summit1 downy4 ,leaves alternate sessile1 broad lanceolate1 undulate1 denticulate near the point1 veined1 becoming smaller towards the top of the stem--peduncles very short--calyx five segments1 acute1 downy--corolla monopetalous1 very brilliant scarlet--tube oblong1 inflated at the base1 segments five1 three lower ones1 oblong1 lanceolate1 acute2 two upper1 small1 linear1 acute1 recurved--stamens five--anthers oblong1 style filiform--stigma compressed4 ,this brilliant ornament to the flower garden is a native of ,mexico1 and was raised from seeds sent by ,humboldt and ,bonpland1 to this country1 about the year #ahji--;it is a plant of easy cultivation1 and is readily increased by parting the roots in ,spring--it is hardy1 but in the winter requires to be kept dry1 as it is liable to decay from too much moisture1 it is therefore the safest plan to put a few plants in a frame1 divide them1 and plant them about ,april1 in a stiff soil1 and moist situation1 where they will flourish exceedingly1 and make a splendid appearance until destroyed by frost--,this species differs little from ,l4 ,splendens1 which has its foliage more tinged with red and is devoid of that pubescence which distinguishes ,l4 fulgens4 ,there are several beautiful species of this genus1 but few are hardy1 those most desirable for a flower garden are ,l4 splendens4 -- cardinalis4 -- amna4 -- tupa4 ,pl4 #ci4 ,illustration3 ,plate #dj4 ,aster ,amellus4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,aster amellus4 ,italian aster4 ,class and ,order4--,,syngenesia ,,polygamia ,,superflua4 ,syn4 ,aster ,amellus4 ,hortus ,kewensis1 vol4 #e1 page #ed4 ,root fibrous--stem erect1 branched1 sometimes two feet high--leaves sessile1 alternate1 ovate lanceolate1 obtuse--margins undulate4 ,flowers purple1 corymbose1 on short peduncles2 calyx imbricated--radiated florets1 linear1 obtuse1 furnished with a style only--florets of the disk fertile containing both stamens and pistils4 ,few autumnal plants are more deserving of cultivation than the ,aster ,amellus--the beauty of the flower1 its moderately low growth1 and late flowering1 rendering it a valuable plant for the season1 and perhaps preferable to any of the genus--it is a native of the ,south of ,europe1 and was cultivated in this country1 as long since as #aeif1 by ,gerard1 it will grow in any soil or situation1 and flowers from ,september until destroyed by severe frost--it may be increased by dividing the roots1 which according to ,miller should not be moved oftener than every third year4 ,the genus aster is a very numerous one1 and affords some ornamental species ,a4 alpina4 -- blandus4 -- elegans4 -- grandiflorus4 -- nova angli4 -- spectabilis4 -- pulcherrimus4 ,pl4 #dj4 ,,winter4 ---- ,the fairer forms ,that cultivation glories in1 are ,,his1 ,,he sets the bright procession on its way1 ,and marshalls all the order of the ,year2 ,,he marks the bounds that ,winter may not pass1 ,and blunts his pointed fury3 in its case ,russet and rude folds up the tender germ ,uninjured1 with inimitable art1 ,and ere one flowery season fades and dies1 ,designs the blooming wonders of the next4 ,,cowper4 ,illustration3 ,plate #di4 ,semi-,double quilled pink ,chrysanthemum4 ,drawn from nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,chrysanthemum indicum var4 ,semi double quill'd pink ,chrysanthemum4 ,class and ,order4--,,syngensia1 ,,polygamia1 ,,superflua4 ,syn4 ,semi double quill'd pink ,chrysanthemum4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,trans4 ,vol4 #e4 p4 #dbb4 ,stem tall1 erect1 leafy1 branching--lower leaves large1 bi-pinnatifid1 lobes deeply indented--becoming smaller as they approach the flower--flower terminal slightly pendant--calyx squamose--florets quill'd of a beautiful pale pink1 shaded off to white--disc yellow--large4 ,the first introduction of the ,chinese ,chrysanthemums into this country1 was about the year #agfd2--the beautiful varieties now seen in our gardens1 became known at a much more recent period1 and from the great facility that attends their cultivation1 and their very desirable season of flowering1 they are universal favorites2--new varieties are frequently imported1 the only means we possess of obtaining them1 as we are ignorant of the mode adopted by the ,chinese for their increase2 and we are led to suppose that we do not yet possess some of their finest kinds3--most of the varieties will grow well out of doors1 and if trained against a south wall1 with a little protection to shield the flowers from inclement weather1 will make a beautiful and gay appearance in the months of ,november and ,december4 ,the ,chrysanthemums are increased either by cuttings or suckers taken from the parent plant in the spring2--the var4 here figured is a very beautiful one1 and blossoms rather early and freely--the flowers have a deeper color when grown out of doors1 and the plant altogether acquires more strength2--in a green-house this var4 is apt to grow weak and tall4 ,pl4 #di4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ej4 ,superb ,white ,chrysanthemum4 ,early ,crimson4 ,drawn from nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,chrysanthemum indicum var4 ,superb ,white ,chrysanthemum4 ,class and ,order4--,,syngensia1 ,,polygamia1 ,,superflua4 ,syn4 ,superb ,white ,chrysanthemum4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,trans4 ,vol4 #e4 p4 #dbj4 ,stem erect1 leafy1 branching--leaves bi-pinnatifid1 lobes deeply indented1--flower terminal1 drooping1 white1 tinged with yellow towards the centre--calyx squamose1 obtuse1 florets ligulate1 outside florets occasionally quill'd--apex entire4 ,this variety is a very desirable one for growing out of doors1 from its long continuance in bloom1 and the flowers being so very large and fine--the foilage is luxuriant1 and if the plant be trained against a wall1 it will grow very tall1 and make a beautiful appearance until a late season2--the ,chrysanthemums like a strong soil4 ,,chrysanthemum indicum var4 ,early ,crimson ,chrysanthemum4 ,class and ,order4--,,syngensia1 ,,polygamia1 ,,superflua4 ,syn4 ,early ,crimson ,chrysanthemum4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,trans4 ,vol4 #e1 p4 #aee4 ,stem erect1 leafy1 much branched--leaves bi-pinnatifid1 lobes very deeply indented--flowers pendant--growing in clusters1 semi-double1 of a fine crimson--florets ligulate1 emarginate--disc small4 ,this is a newer var4 than either the superb white1 or quill'd pink2 the plant grows low1 and rather bushy1 and makes a very brilliant appearance when in full flower--the varieties of ,chrysanthemum ,indicum are so endless1 that is difficult to make a selection2 some of the most beautiful and latest imported are the following3-- ,purple4 ,quill'd white4 ,tasselled white4 ,sulphur yellow4 ,golden yellow4 ,buff or orange4 ,quill'd flamed yellow4 ,curled lilac4 ,pale pink4 ,parks' small yellow4 ,blush ,ranunculus flowered4 ,tasselled lilac4 ,two colored red4 ,starry pink4 ,two colored incurved4 ,golden ,lotus flowered4 ,brown lilac4 ,early blush4 ,paper white4 ,changeable pale buff4 ,pl4 #ej4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ea4 ,tussilago fragrans4 ,drawn from nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,tussilago fragrans4 ,fragrant ,coltsfoot4 ,class and ,order4--,,syngensia1 ,,polygamia1 ,,superflua4 ,syn4 ,tussilago ,fragrans4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #achh4 ,root creeping1 fleshy--scape about eight inches high1 woolly1 appearing before the leaves--leaves radical1 large1 cordate1 margins crenate--young leaves covered with a deciduous down1 cauline leaves cordate1 sheathing the stem--peduncles rising from concave bracteas--calyx many segments1 lanceolate1 acute1 tinged with brown--radiated florets ligulate1 pink1 florets of the disk1 five segments1 white--style projecting1 stigma dark purple4 ,this plant possesses little beauty to recommend it to our notice1 but its delightful fragrance1 which strongly resembles the ,heliotropium ,peruvianum1 renders it an acceptable addition to our small stock of winter flowers4 ,it is a native of ,italy1 and was introduced into this country by ,messrs4 ,lee and ,kennedy1 in #ahjf4 ,though frequently treated as a green-house or frame-plant1 it is perfectly hardy1 and if grown in a moist situation1 it will spread so rapidly as to become troublesome2 the best plan therefore is to confine it in a pot1 and plunge it in common garden soil1 where it will flower about ,december or ,january1 without the least protection4 ,this is the only species suitable for a flower garden4 ,pl4 #ea4 ,illustration3 ,plate #eb4 ,helleborus niger4 ,drawn from nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,helleborus niger4 ,black ,hellebore or ,christmas ,rose4 ,class and ,order4--,,polyandria ,,polygynia4 ,syn4 ,helleborus niger4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #h4 ,root tuberous--leaves radical1 on long channelled petioles1 pedate1 lobes oblong1 margins serrate near the apex--scape radical1 simple1--flower terminal--calyx none--bracteas immediately under the flower1 two1 sessile--corolla white1 slightly tinged with pale pink and yellowish green1--petals five1 large1 orbicular1 margins undulate--nectaries green1 tubular--stamens numerous--anthers compressed--styles many4 ,there are few flowers more welcome to us than the ,helleborus niger1 which enlivens our gardens in the dreary months of ,december and ,january4 ,it is a native of the mountains of ,austria1 and was introduced into this country about the year #aeif1 by ,mr4 ,john ,gerard2 it derives its name from the dark color of its roots1 and the common appellation of the ,christmas ,rose1 arises from the peculiar season of its flowering2 being an alpine plant it delights in a pure air1 and it grows best in a moist situation and strong loamy soil3 it may be covered with a hand-glass when coming into bloom1 as the beauty of the flower is liable to be destroyed by the severity of the weather4 ,considerable medicinal properties were ascribed to this plant by the ancients1 but it is now seldom used4 ,there are several other species1 but only two of these are generally cultivated--the first mentioned is a ,british plant4 ,h4 viridis4 -- lividus4 ,pl4 #eb4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ec4 ,eranthis hyemalis4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,eranthis hyemalis ,winter ,aconite4 ,class and ,order4--,,polyandria ,,polygynia4 ,syn4 ,eranthis hyemalis4 ,salisbury1 ,lin4 ,soc4 ,trans4 ,vol4 #h4 p4 #cjc4 ,helleborus hyemalis4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag4 ,vol4 #a4 p4 #c4 ,root tuberous--leaves radical1 on long petioles1 radiated1 palmate1 lobes generally trifid--scape radical1 one flowered--involucrum sessile1 lobed1 becoming larger when the flower decays--corolla yellow--petals six1 or sometimes more1 obovate1 nectaries tubular1 stamens from twenty to thirty--anthers compressed--styles many4 ,the genus ,eranthis1 which was established by ,salisbury1 differs from ,helleborus in the number of its petals and stamens1 the latter in ,eranthis are from twenty to thirty1 in ,helleborus1 from thirty to sixty2 the seed in the former genus being in one series1 the latter in two series1 the difference of habit1 c41 altogether forming good grounds for making them separate genera4 ,this pretty species which flowers about ,january is a native of ,france1 ,switzerland1 and ,austria1 and was cultivated in our gardens as long since as #aeif2--;it grows best in a light loam mixed with bog1 and is propagated by offsets4 ,there is another species ,eranthis ,siberica4 ,pl4 #ec4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ed4 ,erica carnea4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,erica carnea4 ,flesh colored1 early ,flowering ,heath4 ,class and ,order4--,,octandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,erica carnea4 ,jacquin's ,flo4 ,austr4 ,vol4 #a4 tab4 #cb4 ,erica carnea4 ,loddige's ,bot4 ,cab4 p4 #adeb4 ,erica herbacea4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #aa4 ,root fibrous--stem branching upon the ground1 leaves small1 linear1 sessile--flowers pendulous1 on very short peduncles--calyx four segments1 linear acute--corolla campanulate1 pale pink1 margin four cleft--stamens eight fixed to the receptacle1 anthers bifid1 projecting1 dark purple--style declining1 longer than the stamens4 ,this pretty little plant would be acceptable to us at any season of the year1 but is peculiarly so in the dreary one in which its beautiful pink blossoms appear1 frequently peeping above the snow4 ,the flowers are formed in the autumn1 but do not come to maturity until the following ,december or ,january1 when 7if planted in a bog border with a south aspect7 it will make a beautiful appearance for a length of time4 ,it is a native of the ,alps and mountainous parts of ,germany1 and was introduced into this country about the year #agfc2 the general method of increasing this plant is by cuttings or layers1--there are other species of hardy heaths which are well worth cultivating4 ,the three last mentioned are natives of ,britain4 ,e4 ,mediterranea4 -- ciliaris4 -- carnea var4 -- ,australis4 -- tetralia4 -- vagans4 -- stricta4 ,pl4 #ed4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ee4 ,galanthus ,nivalis4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,galanthus nivalis4 ,common ,snowdrop4 ,class and ,order4--,,hexandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,galanthus nivalis4 ,english ,bot4 pl4 #ai4 ,root bulbous4--,scape from three to five inches high1 one flowered4 ,leaves two1 broadly linear1 obtuse1 glaucous green1 sheathing the lower part of the stem4--,flower drooping1 bursting from a sheath1 lanceolate4--,corolla white1 petals three1 oblong1 obtuse--nectaries three emarginate1 beautifully tipped with green--stamens six1 anthers subulate--style one1 stigma simple4 ,this beautiful flower so well known1 and so peculiarly interesting from its modest simplicity1 hardly requires a description of its treatment or mode of growth4 ,it is a native of ,england1 having been found in many places remote from cultivation1 and will grow in any soil or situation4--,a double var4 is frequently met with in our gardens1 there is also another species ,g4 plicatus1 a native of ,caucasus4 ,pl4 #ee4 ,illustration3 ,plate #i4 ,cyclamen ,coum4 ,drawn from nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,cyclamen ,coum4 ,round leaved ,cyclamen4 ,class and ,order4--,,pentandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,cyclamen ,coum4 ,cur4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #d4 -- ,cyclamen ,coum4 ,hor4 ,kew4 #a vol4 p4 #caa4 ,root bulbous1 orbicular1 compressed4 ,leaves radical1 on rather long purplish petioles1 orbicular1 cordate1 upper side dark green1 red underneath--stem radical1 three or four inches high1 flower terminal1 drooping--calyx five segments acute--petals five1 reflexed1 ovate1 margins undulate1 dark pink1 marked with red at the base1 which is shaded off to a pure white1 stamens five enclosed in the tube of the corolla1 style longer than the stamens1 stigma acute4 ,this pretty plant which is one of the earliest of our ,spring bulbs1 is a native of the south of ,europe1 and has been known since the year #aeif1 when it was cultivated by ,mr4 ,john ,gerard4 ,it is very hardy1 though generally treated as a green-house or frame plant1 and if grown in a sheltered situation in a mixture of bog earth1 and rich loam1 it will flower abundantly1 and make a beautiful appearance about ,february1 particularly if covered with a hand-glass to protect the flowers from the inclemency of the weather4 ,this plant is easily raised from seed1 which is produced in abundance4 ,after the petals decay the germen becomes enlarged1 and the foot stalk enclosing it in the centre1 twists in the form of a screw1 until it reaches the ground1 when the seed-vessel bursts and deposits the seed1 a beautiful provision of nature for propagating the species--the seeds thus sown1 will require a little more soil1 and the protection of a hand-glass during the ,winter1 when if not destroyed by frost1 the plants will generally flower the following ,summer--the other hardy species are ,c4 hederfolium4 ---- var4 -- europum4 ,pl4 #i4 ,illustration3 ,plate #aj4 ,hyoscyamus ,orientalis4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,hyoscyamus ,orientalis4 ,oriental ,hyoscyamus4 ,class and ,order4--,,pentandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,hyoscyamus ,orientalis4 ,beburstein ,fl4 ,taur4 ,cauc4 vol4 #a4 p4 #afd4 -- ,hyoscyamus ,orientalis4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #bdad4 ,root tuberous--stem erect1 growing to the height of one foot or more--leaves on rather long petioles1 broadly lanceolate1 spreading1 margins undulate1 of a dull green1 strongly veined with red--under side reddish in the young leaves--flowers thyrsiform--on short pedicels--calyx campanulate1 margin five cleft1 segments acute1 tinged with purple--corolla lilac1 funnel shaped1 limb spreading1 five cleft--stamens five1 inclined1 shorter than the style--stigma clavate--whole plant covered with a whitish pubescence which it nearly loses in more advanced growth4 ,the genus ,hyoscyamus is1 perhaps1 more remarkable for its medicinal properties than for its beauty1 though this species is certainly a handsome plant and as yet rarely met with3--it is of later introduction than ,hyoscyamus ,physaloides1 which has a darker flower1 the leaves perfectly smooth1 and the plant altogether is of smaller growth4 ,h4 ,orientalis is a native of ,iberia1 a country between the ,black and ,caspian ,seas1 and was first introduced into this country from seeds sent to ,mr4 ,john ,hunneman1 about the year #ahba2 it is perfectly hardy1 likes a rich soil1 and may be increased by parting the roots or by seed2 flowers as early as ,march4 ,there is only another species besides the two mentioned1 deserving of cultivation in a flower garden1 which is ,h4 ,scopoli4 ,pl4 #aj4 ,illustration3 ,plate #aa4 ,orobus ,vernus4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,orobus ,vernus4 ,spring ,orobus4 ,class and ,order4--,,diadelphia ,,decandria4 ,syn4 ,orobus ,vernus4 ,car4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #eba4 -- ,orobus ,vernus4 ,hor4 ,kew4 vol4 #c4 p4 #ch4 ,root fibrous--stem erect1 branching1 one foot or more in height--stipules large1 sagittate1 auriculate--leaves pinnate--leaflets ovate1 acute--peduncles long1 axillary--pedicels very short--calyx five cleft1 base obtuse1 tinted with red--flower papilionaceous--vexillum pink1 broadly ovate1 margin undulate--al blue1 obtuse2 carina white--stamens ten1 united by their filaments into two parcels1 nine in one set1 with a single one separate--style one4 ,the ,orobus vernus is a most valuable ,spring flower1 and is one of the earliest of our herbaceous plants2--it is a native of the middle and south of ,europe1 and was first introduced into this country about the year #afbi2--;a light soil suits it best1 though being very hardy it will flourish in any situation1 and considering the facility with which it is cultivated1 it is surprizing it is not more common2--it flowers in ,march1 and is increased by dividing the roots or by seed--some of the most desirable species are ,o4 niger4 -- varius4 -- lathyroides4 -- luteus4 albus4 tuberosus4 variegatus4 ochroleucus4 ,pl4 #aa4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ab4 ,uvularia ,grandiflora4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,uvularia ,grandiflora4 ,large flowered ,uvularia4 ,class and ,order4--,,hexandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,uvularia ,grandiflora4 ,exotic ,botany1 ,tab4 #ea4 -- ,uvularia ,grandiflora4 ,pursh ,flo4 ,n4 ,a4 ,vol4 #a4 p4 #bca4 -- ,uvularia ,grandiflora4 ,hortus ,kewensis1 #b4 ,vol4 p4 #bdg4 ,root tuberous--stem a foot or more in height1 radical1 erect1 sheathed at the base1 branching towards the summit--petioles flexuose--leaves perfoliate1 broadly lanceolate1 undulate--peduncles axillary--flowers pendulous--calyx none--corolla yellow1 petals six1 linear1 tortuose--stamens six1 filaments short--anthers oblong1 linear--germen obovate--style one1 stigma divided into three parts--nectary a cavity at the base of each petal4 ,the genus ,uvularia is neither a numerous1 nor a showy one1 though the species figured 7which is the finest7 is a very elegant plant1 and if placed in the front of a bog border1 the soil of which is peculiarly adapted to it1 will add much to the beauty of the flower garden about ,april4 ,in #ahjb1 ,messrs4 ,lee and ,kennedy received this species from ,north ,america1 and according to ,pursh1 it is found on shady hills in fertile soils1 and among the rocks from ,canada to ,carolina2--it is perfectly hardy1 and may be increased by parting the roots early in the ,autumn4 ,the most interesting1 are ,u4 amplexifolia4 -- lanceolata4 -- perfoliata4 -- sessilifolia4 ,pl4 #ab4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ac4 ,gentiana ,verna4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,gentiana verna4 ,spring ,gentian4 ,class and ,order4--,,pentandria ,,digynia4 ,syn4 ,gentiana verna4 ,eng4 ,bot4 pl4 #dic4 -- ,gentiana verna4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #dia4 ,root fibrous1 creeping--stem procumbent1 leafy1--leaves sessile1 oval1 acute1 opposite1 clustered near the root--flowers terminal--calyx five cleft1 acute--corolla brilliant blue1 monopetalous1 tube long1 limb spreading1 divided into five segments1 obtuse1 undulate1 fringed between the segments--stamens five1 enclosed in the tube of the corolla--style simple1 stigmas two1 so closely situated as to give the appearance of a small white circle in the centre of the flower4 ,this beautiful little plant is well ascertained to be a native of ,england and ,ireland4 ,according to ,english ,botany1 p4 #di--;it was first gathered in ,teesdale ,forest1 ,durham1 where it is still obtained for the purposes of sale in ,london1 and other places2--it is also a native of the ,alps of ,switzerland1 where we are told the large patches of it produce a brilliant and striking effect3--it is perfectly hardy1 but requires a pure air1 and succeeds best in bog-soil--from its low growth and general habit1 it is well adapted to ornament rock work1 and from the shelter there afforded1 it will begin to flower as early as ,march1 and continue in beauty some time--it may be increased by parting the roots early in the ,autumn3--the ,gentiana lutea1 is celebrated for its medicinal properties1 and is a handsome herbaceous plant2 the other desirable species are ,g4 crinita4 -- asclepedia4 -- saponaria4 -- alpina4 purpurea4 septemfida4 acaulis4 pneunomanthe4 ,pl4 #ac4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ad4 ,soldanella ,clusii4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,soldanella ,clusii4 ,clusius's ,soldanella4 ,class and ,order4--,,pentandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,soldanella ,clusii4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #bafc4 -- ,soldanella montana8 ,sweet's ,b4 ,f4 ,g4 vol4 #a4 p4 #aa4 ,root fibrous--leaves radical1 on long petioles1 orbicular1 cordate1 slightly crenate1 of a dark green1 paler underneath--stem radical1 erect1 three or four inches high--segments of the involucrum linear--flowers terminal1 drooping1--calyx five1 segments linear1 spreading--corolla purple1 monopetalous1 campanulate1 margin deeply laciniated--stamens five1 anthers two lobed--style very long1 germen inferior4 ,the beautiful genus ,soldanella is peculiarly adapted to rock work1 to which it is a great ornament2 the different species are all hardy1 but like many alpine plants1 require shelter from severe frosts1 as a substitute for the snow of their native mountains2 this species is found on the mountains of ,bohemia1 and on the ,austrian and ,styrian ,alps1 and was introduced into this country about the year #ahaf4 ,it grows best in a mixture of peat and sandy loam1 and is readily increased by seeds1 or by parting the roots2 the genus is by no means common1 perhaps1 from their requiring a very pure air to grow them in perfection2 it is the safest plan to keep all alpine plants in a frame during winter1 or to cover them with dry saw dust1 over which may be placed a hand-glass or garden-pot4 ,this species is called after ,clusius a celebrated ,botanist1 it being 7according to the ,bot4 ,mag4 p4 #baa47 first described and figured by him4 ,there are two other beautiful species1 with smaller flowers1 ,s4 alpina1 ,s4 minima4 ,pl4 #ad4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ae4 ,viola ,palmata4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,viola palmata4 ,palmate leaved ,violet4 ,class and ,order4 ,,pentandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,viola palmata4 ,pursh ,flo4 ,n4 ,a4 vol4 i4 p4 #agb4 -- ,viola palmata4 ,nuttall's ,gen4 ,n4 ,a4 vol4 i4 p4 #adg4 ,root tuberous--leaves radical1 on very long petioles1 palmate1 lobes deeply dentate--peduncles one flowered1 radical1 tinged with purple--calyx five segments linear acute--corolla blue lilac1 paler on the under side1 petals five1 broad1 obtuse1 pencilled at the base with a darker shade1 lower part of the middle petal terminating in a spur--stamens five1 anthers obtuse--style slender1 stigma globose4 ,the genus ,viola is a very numerous one1 and can boast of many ornamental species--endless varieties are constantly raised from seed1 chiefly of ,viola tricolor1 though these may at first vary1 there is little dependance to be placed on them1 as they frequently return to the original species2 the number of distinct species1 however1 is very considerable1 amongst which is the one figured2 a desirable plant for the front of the borders where it will remain in beauty for a long time--it is a native of ,north ,america1 and according to the ,bot4 ,cab4 p4 #adga1 grows on dry hills from ,new ,england to ,virginia4 ,prof4 ,nuttall says in his genera of ,north ,american plants1 vol4 i4 p4 #adg1 the genus ,viola within its proper limits1 is almost equally divided betwixt ,europe and the temperate parts of ,north ,america4 ,this species was first brought into this country in #agci1 though still a scarce plant in our gardens3--the ,violas are all well adapted for rock work1 and flourish most in a light rich soil and shady situation4 ,they may be increased either by parting the roots1 by cuttings1 or by seeds2 the latter of which are produced in great abundance1 and are dispersed by the peculiar elasticity of the capsule1 which as soon as its contents are matured1 ejects them with considerable force1 sometimes to a great distance4 ,some of the most beautiful species are ,v4 pedata4 -- altaica4 -- hederacea4 -- lutea4 -- blanda4 -- uniflora4 -- odorata4 -- cornuta4 prmorsa4 flabelliflora4 primulifolia4 grandiflora4 lanceolata4 ,nuttallii4 ,pl4 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,plate #af4 ,trillium ,grandiflorum4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,trillium ,grandiflorum4 ,large flowered ,trillium4 ,class and ,order4--,,hexandria ,,trigynia4 ,syn4 ,trillium ,grandiflorum4 ,salisbury ,par4 ,lon4 pl4 #ce4 -- ,trillium ,grandiflorum4 ,hort4 ,kew4 ,vol4 #b4 p4 #cbi -- ,trillium ,grandiflorum4 ,nuttall's gen4 ,n4 ,a4 ,vol4 #a4 p4 #bci4 ,root tuberous1 stem radical1 simple1 eight to ten inches high1--leaves three1 sessile1 large1 spreading1 oval shaped1 obtuse1 margins undulate--peduncle short--flower terminal1 drooping--calyx three segments1 lanceolate1 acute--corolla white--petals three1 spreading1 ovate1 obtuse1 nerved--stamens six1 filaments short1 anthers oblong1 styles three1 stigmas recurved4 ,this is the most desirable species of the genus and a very handsome herbaceous plant1 the beautiful white flowers forming a pleasing contrast to the dark green leaves by which they are surrounded4 ,it is a native of ,upper ,canada1 and according to ,nuttall1 is found generally in umbrageous forests4--a peat soil1 and shady situation are essential to its favorable cultivation1 and as these are afforded1 the flower varies accordingly in size--it is a plant of slow growth1 not hearing frequent removal1 and is therefore not common1 though it has been known in this country since the year #agii--;flowers about ,april1 and is increased by parting the roots4 ,the other species are not particularly desirable1 except in extensive herbaceous collections4 ,t4 sessile4 -- cernuum4 erectum4 stylosum4 ,pl4 #af4 ,illustration3 ,plate #be4 ,salpiglossis picta4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,salpiglossis ,picta4 ,painted ,salpiglossis4 ,class and ,order4--,,didynamia ,,angiospermia4 ,syn4 ,salpiglossis ,picta4 ,sweets ,b4 ,f4 ,g4 vol4 #c4 p4 #beh4 ,root fibrous1 stem erect1 branching1 lower leaves broadly lanceolate1 margins deeply serrate--cauline leaves sessile1 linear1 acute1 margins slightly undulate1 becoming smaller as they approach the flower--peduncles long1 leafy1 flowers terminal--calyx five segments1 acute--corolla beautifully pencilled with yellow and purple1 funnel shaped1 tube long1 limb spreading1 five segments1 emarginate--stamens four1 two long and two short--anthers large1 yellow--style longer than the stamens--stigma obtuse1 whole plant villous4 ,the genus ,salpiglossis is one of late introduction into this country1 none of the species being known here before the year #ahbf1 when seeds were sent from ,chili by ,mr4 ,cruikshanks to the ,botanic ,gardens of ,edinburgh and ,glasgow4 ,the species figured is perhaps the most beautiful1 and promises to be a great acquisition to our collection of new herbaceous plants1 it may be raised from seeds or cuttings1 likes a light soil1 and a sheltered situation1 and will continue in flower for a considerable time4 ,it has hitherto been treated chiefly as a green-house plant1 but it will grow much stronger1 and the colours finer1 in the open border2 it would1 however1 be desirable to keep some plants in a green-house or frame during the winter1 as it is doubtful how it may bear the severe frosts4 ,there are only two other species1 ,s4 straminea4 -- atro-purpurea4 ,pl4 #be4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bf4 ,iris variegata4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,iris ,,variegata4 ,variegated ,iris4 ,class and ,order4--,,triandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,iris ,variegata4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #af4 ,root tuberose1 cespitose1--leaves radical1 clasping the stem1 ensiform1 nerved1 unequal1--stem branched1--flower growing between two membranous green bractes1 ovate1 lanceolate1--tube greenish1--corolla six petals1 three outer segments reflexed1 oblong1 obtuse1 beautifully striated1 and fringed at the base with glandular hairs1--three inner ones yellow1 erect1 margins undulate1--stamens three1 filaments adhering to the base of the reflexed petals1 apex bifid1--anthers oblong1--style slender1--stigma divided into three parts4 ,this species of ,iris1 though so long since introduced as the year #aeig is not frequently seen in our herbaceous collections4 ,it is a plant of low growth1 sometimes not exceeding a foot in height1 though this varies according to the soil in which it is planted1 a moist situation increasing its luxuriance both in flower and foliage4 ,it is a native of ,hungary1 and is perfectly hardy1 not requiring any particular treatment1 and may be increased by separating the roots in ,autumn1--flowers in ,may1 and grows best in a stiff cold soil4 ,this is a very beautiful genus1 and affords many ornamental species4 ,i4 pallida4 -- nipalensis4 -- ochroleuca4 -- flavecens4 -- verna4 -- cristata4 -- germanica4 -- aphylla4 dichotoma4 pumila4 xiphium4 xiphioides4 versicolor4 caucasica4 furcata4 tenax4 ,pl4 #bf4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bg4 ,delphinium grandiflorum4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,delphinium ,grandiflorum4 ,great flowered ,larkspur4 ,class and ,order4--,,polyandria ,,trigynia4 ,syn4 ,delphinium ,grandiflorum4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #afhf4 ,root fibrous1--stem erect1 much branched1--radical leaves on long naked petioles1 multipartite1 segments narrow acute1--cauline leaves sessile1 verticillate1 linear acute1 on the lateral branches1 generally single1--lower flowers on very long peduncles--calyx none--corolla very brilliant blue--outer petals five1 ovate1 undulate1 upper one terminated by a long rugose spur--nectaries two1 divided into four segments1 the two lower ones marked with a bright bearded yellow spot1 enclosing the parts of fructification--stamens numerous--styles three--capsules three celled4 ,the genus ,delphinium is a beautiful and showy one1 and contains almost innumerable varieties1 none1 however1 can exceed in beauty of colour the species figured1 which is a native of ,siberia1 and was introduced into this country about the year #agda4 ,it is a hardy plant1 of the easiest culture1 not requiring any particular treatment1 though it grows best in a rich brown loam--if allowed to sow its seed1 a number of young plants will soon appear1 which will flower the next year2 this mode1 however1 of propagating it1 is by no means certain1 and therefore1 in order to obtain it true1 it is better to divide the roots1 which may be done in spring2 numerous and very beautiful varieties are constantly raised from seed4 ,amongst the most desirable distinct species are ,d4 ,aconiti4 -- cheilanthum4 -- macranthon4 -- alpinum4 -- azureum4 pallidum4 pictum4 ,menziesii4 montanum4 ucranicum4 ,pl4 #bg4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bh4 ,lilium concolor4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,lilium ,concolor4 ,self-coloured ,chinese ,lily4 ,class and ,order4--,,hexandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,lilium ,concolor4 ,par4 ,lond4 tab4 #dg4 -- ,lilium ,concolor4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #aafe4 ,root bulbous1 squamose--stem erect1 leafy1 two feet high or more--leaves alternate1 nerved1 sessile1 linear lanceolate--peduncles axillary1 one flowered--corolla bright scarlet1 tube short--petals six1 lanceolate1 recurved when the flower is fully expanded--stamens six1 shorter than the petals--filaments erect1 anthers oblong1 germen green1 style thick1 as if composed of three parts1 stigma trifid4 ,this is one of the most beautiful species of the genus ,lilium4 ,it is rare1 perhaps from the difficulty that attends its cultivation1 the bulbs being extremely liable to be lost in the winter from severe frosts or damp2 it is a native of ,china1 and was introduced into this country in the year #ahjf4 ,a sheltered situation1 and light rich soil1 mixed with bog1 are necessary for it1 and it is increased by off-sets1 which are produced in tolerable abundance4 ,all the species of ,lilium are desirable for a flower garden4 ,l4 japonicum4 -- candidum4 -- bulbiferum4 -- aurantiacum4 -- ,catesbi4 -- philadelphicum4 -- canadense4 -- superbum4 -- chalcedonicum4 pyrenaicum4 pomponium4 carolinianum4 tigrinum4 pumilum4 longiflorum4 spectabile4 croceum4 prcox4 ,pl4 #bh4 ,illustration3 ,plate #bi4 ,penstemon ovatus4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,penstemon ,ovatus4 ,ovate-leaved ,penstemon4 ,class and ,order4--,,didynamia ,,angiospermia4 ,syn4 ,penstemon ovatus4 ,curt4 ,bot4 ,mag4 ,n4 ,s4 pl4 #bijc4 ,root fibrous1 stem erect1 two or three feet high--cauline leaves sessile1 amplexicaul at the base1 cordate1 margins dentate1 becoming smaller and entire as they approach the summit--radical leaves1 large1 ovate1 dentate1 on long channelled petioles--flowers in fascicles1 which are axillary--calyx five segments1 equal1 lanceolate acute--corolla bilabiate1 tube purple1 lip bright blue1 upper lip erect1 divided into two segments1 three lower reflexed--throat hairy--stamens four1 two long1 and two short1 curved--one barren filament1 with an acute claw at the base1 apex hairy1 style recurved--leaves1 when young1 of a beautiful purple on the under side4 ,great additions have lately been made to this genus1 by ,mr4 ,douglas1 who has discovered many new and valuable plants in ,north ,america1 among which is the species figured4 ,according to the ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #bijc1 ,n4 ,s4 it was found by him growing plentifully among the limestone rocks on the high mountains about the grand rapids of the ,columbia river1 at the distance of #adj miles from the ocean1 and sent to the ,hort4 ,soc4 in #ahbf2 it likes a light loam and sheltered situation1 and may be increased by seeds or parting the roots4 ,when well grown it is a very beautiful and elegant plant1 and a great acquisition to the flower garden4 ,as we are yet scarcely aware how it may bear the cold of our winters1 it will be desirable to protect it from severe frosts4 ,the genus can now boast of many new and beautiful species1 ,p4 speciosum4 -- glandulosum4 -- prunosum4 -- roseum4 -- pulchellum4 -- campanulatum4 -- confertum4 ,richardsonii4 procerum4 glaucum4 venustum4 angustifolium4 digitalis4 ,pl4 #bi4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cj4 ,geum ,quellyon4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,geum ,quellyon4 ,chili ,avens4 ,class and ,order4--,,icosandria ,,polygnia4 ,syn4 ,geum ,quellyon4 ,sweet's ,b4 ,f4 ,g4 p4 #bib4 -- ,geum ,coccinium4 ,bot4 ,reg4 #ajhh4 ,root fibrous--radical leaves growing in a tuft1 large1 lobed1 lyrate1 interruptedly pinnate1 terminal leaflet cordate1 margin dentate2 side leaflets numerous1 sessile1 becoming smaller to the base--cauline leaves sessile1 pinnatifed--flowers stem radical1 erect1 branching--stipules ovate1 acute--peduncles leafy--flowers terminal--calyx five segments1 reflexed1 acute--petals five1 bright scarlet1 nearly round1 emarginate1 obtuse--stamens numerous--radiated filaments inserted in the tube of the calyx1 anthers yellow1 styles many1 germen superior--whole plant hairy4 ,this beautiful plant is a very valuable acquisition to our flower borders1 from the brilliancy of its colour1 and affording a continued succession of flowers4 ,mr4 ,sweet1 and some of the ,continental ,botanists consider the specific name ,coccineum1 which has been applied to it1 as confusing it with the plant known by that name in the ,flora ,grca1 which1 it is supposed1 has never been introduced into this country1 it appears of much lower growth than the one now figured1 with orange flowers1 and the terminal leaflet a great deal larger4 ,the species before us is a native of ,chili1 where it is called ,quellyon by the inhabitants1 who use the root for medicinal purposes4 ,it is a plant of easy cultivation1 growing in any common garden soil1 and is readily increased by seeds or parting the roots2 introduced into this country about the year #ahbf4 ,there are only two other species worth attention for the flower garden4 ,g4 montanum4 -- atlanticum4 ,pl4 #cj4 ,illustration3 ,plate #ca4 ,verbena chamdryfolia4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,verbena ,chamdryfolia4 ,scarlet flowered ,vervain4 ,class and ,order4--,,didynamia ,,angiospernia4 ,syn4 ,verbena chamdryfolia4 ,persoon's ,syn4 vol4 #b4 p4 #ach4 -- ,verbena chamdryfolia4 ,sweet's ,b4 ,f4 ,g4 #b;d series1 p4 #i4 -- ,verbena melindres4 ,bot4 ,reg4 pl4 #aahd4 ,root fibrous1 stem prostrate1 branching--leaves opposite1 sessile1 oblong1 ovate1 margins deeply serrate1 hairy on both sides--flowers terminal1 corymbose--calyx campanulate1 five cleft--corolla very bright crimson1 tubular1 limb spreading1 five segments1 obtuse emarginate--throat white1 hairy--stamens four1 two long1 two short1 inserted in the tube of the corolla--anthers two lobed1 style one1 smooth1 stigma bifid1 germen smooth4 ,the unrivalled brilliancy of the colour of this beautiful species of ,verbena1 renders it a most ornamental plant for the front of the flower borders1 and when grown in large patches it is almost impossible to give an idea of the dazzling splendour of its appearance2 it is a plant of the easiest cultivation1 and if allowed to grow according to its natural habit1 which is prostrate1 it will propagate itself by the radicles which are produced at the different joints1 and by this means will attach itself to the ground2 the plants thus rooted may be removed any time4 ,a brown loamy soil1 a good deal of moisture1 and a sheltered situation are necessary1 and as it is doubtful how it may bear the severity of our winters1 it is the safest method to keep some plants in a frame1 during severe frosts1 which will flower early in the ensuing spring4 ,it is a native of ,paraguay and ,buenos ,ayres1 and was introduced into this country about #ahbg4 ,there are only two other species worth cultivating in the flower garden4 ,v4 aubletia4 -- pulchella4 ,pl4 #ca4 ,illustration3 ,plate #cb4 ,linum ,narbonense4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,linum ,narbonense4 ,narbonne ,flax4 ,class and ,order4--,,pentandria ,,pentagynia4 ,syn4 ,linum ,narbonense4 ,persoon's ,syn4 vol4 #a4 p4 #ccd4 ,root fibrous1--stem branching1--leaves sessile1 alternate1 linear acute1 smooth1 glaucous1--flowers terminal on moderate peduncles1--calyx five segments1 linear acute1--corolla bright blue1 beautifully vein'd1 with a darker shade1--petals five1 obovate1 margins slightly undulate1--stamens five1 anthers oblong1 filaments united at the base1 surrounding the germen1 which is crowned by five thread-like styles4 ,this is perhaps the finest and most beautiful species of ,linum1 and bears the largest flowers of any of the hardy kinds4 ,it is a very desirable garden plant1 continuing long in bloom1 and forming a pleasing variety from its glaucous foilage4 ,it is a native of ,spain1 ,italy1 and the south of ,france1 and was introduced into this country about the year #agei2 though we are not aware that any figure of it has before been given4 ,this species may be raised from seed1 which is produced in abundance2 if sown in light rich soil1 and protected through the winter1 the young plants will flower the following summer1 and attain the height of eighteen inches or two feet when in perfection4 ,it is very hardy--this genus does not afford many ornamental species for a flower garden1 the most desirable are1 ,l4 perenne4 -- alpina4 -- flavum4 ,pl4 #cb4 ,illustration3 ,plate #da4 ,tigridia conchiflora4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,tigridia ,conchiflora4 ,yellow-flowered ,tigridia4 ,class and ,order4--,,triandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,tigridia ,conchiflora4 ,sweet's ,b4 ,f4 ,g4 t4 #abh4 ,root bulbous--stem radical1 angular--leaves alternate1 broadly lanceolate1 plicate1 inflated at the base1 dark green1 two sheathing spathes at the base of the corolla1 ovate1 lanceolate--corolla bright orange1 slightly tinted with a redder shade on the margin of the petals1 base spotted with dark crimson--petals six1 three outer petals broadly ovate1 acute1 base concave1 three inner ones smaller1 panduriform--stamens three--filaments united--anthers oblong--style longer than the stamens--stigma divided into three parts1 each bifid4 ,this is one of the most splendid plants which has been introduced into this country4 ,it is a native of ,mexico1 and was brought thence by ,mr4 ,bullock1 in #ahbd4 ,on its first flowering here1 it was considered a variety only of ,t4 pavonia1 but upon careful examination they appeared to be perfectly distinct4 ,this is satisfactorily proved by ,mr4 ,sweet1 in his ,b4 ,f4 ,g4 p4 #abh4 ,the bulbs may be planted early in the spring in light sandy soil1 and placed in a green-house or frame1 as it facilitates their flowering3 when the weather permits1 the roots should be taken out of the pots and put into the open air1 in a warm sheltered situation1 where they will make a brilliant appearance for a considerable time--when they have done flowering1 the roots require to be taken up and kept dry during the winter4 ,the only species with which we are yet acquainted1 besides the one figured1 is ,t4 pavonia4 ,pl4 #da4 ,illustration3 ,plate #db4 ,colchicum ,byzantinum4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,colchicum ,byzantinum4 ,broad-leaved ,meadow ,saffron4 ,class and ,order4--,,hexandria ,,trigynia4 ,syn4 ,colchicum byzantinum4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #aabb4 -- ,colchicum byzantinum4 ,sweet's ,hort4 ,brit4 p4 #eci4 ,root bulbous1 very large--scape radical1 many flowered--corolla lilac pink--tube long1 petals six1 ob-ovate1 spreading1 strongly nerved at the back of each petal1 tipped with a deeper color--stamens six1 three longer than the others--filaments inserted in the base of the petals--anthers bright yellow--styles three1 longer than the stamens--leaves radical1 very large1 broadly lanceolate1 plicate1 smooth1 appearing after the flowers decay4 ,there cannot be a greater ornament to the flower garden in the autumnal months than the ,c4 byzantinum1 which is the finest species of the genus4 ,we learn from the ,bot4 ,mag4 that1 in #aeih1 bulbs of this plant were received by ,clusius1 at ,vienna1 from ,constantinople1 but it was not until #afbi that it was introduced into this country4 ,it is a native of the ,levant1 and is perfectly hardy1 not requiring any particular mode of treatment1 except being planted in a light soil1 mixed with bog4 ,the flowers appear about ,september1 but the leaves1 which are the largest of any of the species1 do not arrive at maturity until the following spring4 ,the ,c4 autumnale is famed for its medicinal properties4 ,this is not a numerous genus2 the most desirable species are ,c4 crociflorum4 -- autumnale4 -- var4 white4 -- variegatum4 ,pl4 #db4 ,illustration3 ,plate #dc4 ,helianthus atrorubens4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,helianthus ,atrorubens4 ,dark-eyed ,sunflower4 ,class and ,order4--,,syngenesia ,,polygamia ,,frustrania4 ,syn4 ,helianthus atrorubens4 ,pursh ,flo4 ,n4 ,a4 vol4 #b1 p4 #egc4 -- ,helianthus atrorubens4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #bffh4 ,root fibrous--stem tall1 erect1 branching--radical leaves very large1 broadly lanceolate1 margins dentate1 nerved1 of a dark green--cauline leaves sessile1 opposite1 ovate lanceolate1 dentate acute--calyx many segments imbricate1 acute--corolla dark bright yellow--radiated florets1 barren dentate--florets of the disk fertile--whole plant rugose4 ,this is perhaps one of the most desirable species of the genus ,helianthus1 from the brilliancy of the colour and its moderate growth4 ,it makes a striking appearance when planted at the back of the flower borders1 and will continue in beauty to a late period in the autumn4 ,according to ,pursh it is found in the western parts of ,pennsylvania1 and was introduced into this country in #agcb4 ,it will grow well in any good garden soil1 and may be increased by parting the roots4 ,there are not many species of this genus suitable for a flower garden1 as they grow to such a large size1 and take up so much room3 the best are ,h4 mollis4 -- multiflorus4 -- diffusus4 ,pl4 #dc4 ,illustration3 ,plate #dd4 ,lupinus mutabilis4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,lupinus ,mutabilis4 ,changeable-flowered ,lupin4 ,class and ,order4--,,diadelphia ,,decandria4 ,syn4 ,lupinus mutabilis4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #bfhb4 -- ,lupinus mutabilis4 ,sweet's ,b4 ,f4 ,g4 vol4 #b1 p4 #acj4 ,root fibrous--stem suffruticose1 branching1 smooth--leaves on long petioles1 digitate2 leaflets 7generally nine7 oblong1 mucronate--spike lateral--flowers verticillate1 on short pedicels1 white1 changing to a beautiful purple as decay approaches--calyx two segments2 upper segment erect1 emarginate2 lower one acute--vexillum nearly round1 sides reflexed1 yellow at the base--al broad obtuse--carina acute1 enclosing the parts of fructification--stamens ten--filaments united at the base1 concealing the germen--style a little longer than the stamens--stigma very small--legumen broad1 margin deeply undulate1 containing generally three white smooth seeds4 ,the genus ,lupinus is now become very interesting1 from the numerous fine species that have lately been introduced2 none can exceed in beauty the one here figured1 which possesses a peculiar attraction from its flowers being most beautiful when in a state of decay4 ,according to the ,bot4 ,mag4 p4 #bfhb1 it was raised from seeds received by ,mr4 ,barclay1 from ,bogota1 in ,columbia1 and communicated in flower in ,august #ahbf4 ,there is no doubt it will soon be generally cultivated1 as it bears seeds in abundance1 which may be sown in good rich soil in the open ground1 and the plants thus reared will flower abundantly during the summer months1 and continue in beauty till destroyed by frost4 ,it is yet uncertain whether this species be more than annual4 ,amongst the finest of this genus are ,l4 polyphyllus4 -- canaliculatus4 -- versicolor4 -- bicolor4 -- leucophyllus4 -- nootkatensis4 -- perennis4 -- lepidus4 ,pl4 #dd4 ,illustration3 ,plate #de4 ,papaver nudicaule4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,papaver ,nudicaule4 ,naked-stalked ,poppy4 ,class and ,order4--,,polyandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,papaver nudicaule4 ,hort4 ,kew4 vol4 #c4 p4 #bhi4 -- ,papaver nudicaule4 ,bot4 ,mag4 pl4 #afcc4 ,root fibrous--leaves radical1 clustered1 on long channelled petioles1 pinnatifid1 hairy--stem radical1 naked1 erect when the flower expands1 hairy--flower terminal--calyx two segments1 concave1 deciduous--corolla very pale yellow--petals four spreading1 orbicular1 margins crenate--stamens numerous1 inserted into the receptacle--anthers dark yellow--style cylindrical--stigma stellate4 ,though this species of ,papaver cannot boast of brilliancy of colour1 it is nevertheless a very lovely plant from its delicacy and simplicity2 and1 from the continued succession of flowers1 it will be found an ornamental plant to our gardens4 ,according to the ,hort4 ,kew4 p4 #bhi1 it is a native of ,norway and ,siberia1 and was cultivated in #agcj by ,dr4 ,james ,sherard4 ,numerous beautiful varieties have been raised from seed1 which make a very gay appearance all through the summer and autumn1 until checked by frost3 these are quite hardy1 and will grow in any light rich soil4 ,the most ornamental species are ,p4 bracteatum4 -- alpinum4 -- crocea4 rubro-aurantiacum4 orientale4 ,pl4 #de4 ,illustration3 ,plate #df4 ,gladiolus ,cardinalis4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,gladiolus ,cardinalis4 ,superb ,corn-flag4 ,class and ,order4--,,triandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,gladiolus ,cardinalis4 ,bot4 ,mag4 t4 #ace4 ,root bulbous--leaves radical1 embracing the stem at the base1 linear1 lanceolate1 striate--scape sometimes two feet in height1 drooping1 many-flowered--calyx two sheath-like segments1 lanceolate1 acute--corolla bright scarlet1 monopetalous1 campanulate1 tube long1 limb six segments1 irregular1 oblong1 ovate1 margins undulate2 three smaller segments beautifully marked with a white stripe on the centre of each--stamens three--filaments long1 inserted in the tube of the corolla--anthers oblong--style longer than the stamens--stigma divided into three parts4 ,it is almost impossible to give an adequate representation of the brilliant colour of this beautiful species of ,gladiolus1 which was introduced into this country from ,holland1 about the year #aghi1 by the gardener to the ,king of ,naples3 though generally considered a tender plant1 it will be found to grow well out of doors1 in a southern aspect and sheltered situation1 only requiring protection in the winter to keep the roots from severe frosts4 ,many of the bulbs from the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 of which place this is a native1 may be grown well with care and attention in the open air1 and make a beautiful addition to the flower garden in the summer months4 ,the bulbs should be planted six or eight inches deep in a rich sandy soil1 in a south aspect1 where they will grow strong and flower freely4 ,the hardiest species are ,g4 tristis4 -- byzantinus4 -- communis4 -- carneus4 -- segetum4 ,pl4 #df4 ,illustration3 ,plate #dg4 ,commelina clestis4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,commelina ,clestis4 ,sky-blue ,commelina4 ,class and ,order4--,,triandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,commelina ,clestis4 ,sweet's ,b4 ,f4 ,g4 t4 #c4 -- ,commelina ,clestis4 ,rmer et ,schultz1 sys4 veg4 v4 #a4 p4 #ecc4 -- ,commelina ,clestis4 ,wild ,enumer1 vol4 #a4 p4 #fa4 ,root tuberous1 fasciculated1 fusiform--stem erect1 branching--leaves smooth1 ovate1 lanceolate1 striate1 margins undulate1 base concave1 sheathing the stem1 fringed on one side with a line of hairs--peduncle pubescent--flower terminal--involucrum cordate1 acute1 enclosing two or more flowers--pedicel smooth1 very short--calyx three segments1 alternate with the petals--corolla bright blue--petals three1 equal1 ovate1 margins undulate--nectaries three1 erect--stamens three--filaments recurved--anthers sagittate--style longer than the stamens--stigma very small4 ,though this plant is frequently confused with ,c4 tuberosa it is proved to be decidedly distinct1 ,mr4 ,sweet having obligingly informed the author that he has carefully compared the two species1 and thus confirmed the opinions of ,rmer et ,schultz1 and other botanists on the ,continent1 where the distinction is now generally adopted4 ,this species1 which has a larger and lighter coloured flower1 longer and narrower leaves1 than ,c4 tuberosa1 is a native of ,mexico1 and was introduced into this country in #ahac3 it has been generally treated as a green-house plant1 but it will grow perfectly well in the open air1 though from the fleshy nature of the roots it is necessary to take them up in winter1 and treat them in the same manner as ,dahlias4 ,c4 crassifolia is the only species besides the two above mentioned1 suitable for the flower garden4 ,pl4 #dg4 ,illustration3 ,plate #dh4 ,sternbergia lutea4 ,drawn from ,nature by ,m4,r4 ,engraved by ,r4 ,havell ,junr4 ,,sternbergia ,lutea4 ,yellow ,sternbergia4 ,class and ,order4--,,hexandria ,,monogynia4 ,syn4 ,sternbergia ,lutea4 ,sweet's ,hort4 ,brit4 p4 #eje4 -- ,amaryllis ,lutea4 ,bot4 ,mag4 t4 #bij4 ,root bulbous--leaves radical1 broadly linear1 channelled1 obtuse1 dark green1 lighter underneath--scape one-flowered1 seven or eight inches high--spathe ovate1 lanceolate--corolla yellow--six petals1 oblong1 obtuse1 margin entire--stamens six--filaments inserted at the base of the petals--anthers oblong--style one--stigma very small--germen large4 ,this plant1 formerly known as ,amaryllis lutea1 is a native of the ,south of ,europe1 and various parts of the ,east4 ,though introduced into this country as early as #aeif1 it is by no means common4 ,when planted in the front of the borders it is very ornamental1 particularly when exposed to a bright sun1 which causes the flowers to expand4 ,it has acquired a more interesting character1 from the supposition entertained by the late ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smith1 that it may possibly be the ,lily of ,scripture1 to which we find such beautiful allusions in the ,sacred writings4 ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,s4 observes1 ,it is natural to presume the ,divine ,teacher1 according to his usual custom1 called the attention of his hearers to some object at hand2 and1 as the fields of the ,levant are overrun with the ,amaryllis lutea1 whose golden liliaceous flowers in ,autumn afford one of the most brilliant and gorgeous objects in nature1 the expression of ',solomon1 in all his glory1 not being arrayed like one of these1' is peculiarly appropriate4 ,it is a plant of easy cultivation1 perfectly hardy1 and will grow in any good garden soil4 ,at present there are few species of this genus4 ,s4 colchiciflora4 -- ,clusiana4 ,pl4 #dh4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,italics are shown thus3 sloping4 ,small capitals have been capitalised4 ,variations in spelling and hyphenation are retained4 ,punctuation has been retained as published4 ,the order of the plates are as presented in the original publication4