,,the ,,conchologist',s ,,first ,,book3 ,a ,,system ,,of ,,testaceous ,,malacology1 ,arranged expressly for the use of ,schools1 ,,in ,,which ,,the ,,animals1 ,,according ,,to ,,cuvier1 ,,are ,,given ,,with ,,the ,,shells1 ,a ,,great ,,number ,,of ,,new ,,species ,,added1 ,,and ,,the ,,whole ,,brought ,,up1 ,,as ,,accurately ,,as ,,possible1 ,,to ,,the ,,present ,,condition ,,of ,,the ,,science4 ,,by ,,edgar ,a4 ,,poe4 ,,second ,,edition4 ,,with ,,illustrations ,,of ,,two ,,hundred ,,and ,,fifteen ,,shells1 ,,presenting ,a ,,correct ,,type ,,of ,,each ,,genus4 ,,philadelphia3 ,,published ,,for ,,the ,,author1 ,,by ,,haswell1 ,,barrington1 ,,and ,,haswell1 ,,and ,,for ,,sale ,,by ,,the ,,principal ,,booksellers ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 #ahdj4 ,entered according to act of ,congress1 in the year #ahci1 by ,,edgar ,a4 ,,poe1 in the clerk's office for the eastern district of ,pennsylvania4 ,printed by ,haswell1 ,barrington1 and ,haswell4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,first ,,edition4 ,the term 8,malacology10 an abbreviation of 8,malacozoology10 from the ,greek 1 soft1 1 an animal1 and 1 a discourse1 was first employed by the ,french naturalist ,de ,blainville to designate an important division of ,natural ,history1 in which the leading feature of the animals discussed was the softness of the flesh1 or1 to speak with greater accuracy1 of the general envelop4 ,this division comprehends not only the ,mollusca1 but also the ,testacea of ,aristotle and of ,pliny1 and1 of course1 had reference to molluscous animals in general--of which the greater portion have shells4 ,a treatise concerning the shells1 exclusively1 of this greater portion1 is termed1 in accordance with general usage1 a ,treatise upon ,conchology or ,conchyliology2 although the word is somewhat improperly applied1 as the ,greek conchylion1 from which it is derived1 embraces in its signification both the animal and shell4 ,ostracology would have been more definite4 ,the common works upon this subject1 however1 will appear to every person of science very essentially defective1 inasmuch as the relation of the animal and shell1 with their dependence upon each other1 is a radically important consideration in the examination of either4 ,neither1 in the attempt to obviate this difficulty1 is a work upon ,malacology at large necessarily included4 ,shells1 it is true1 form1 and1 for many obvious reasons1 will continue to form1 the subject of chief interest1 whether with regard to the school or the cabinet2 still there is no good reason why a book upon ,conchology 7using the common term7 may not be malacological as far as it proceeds4 ,in this view of the subject the present little work is offered to the public4 ,beyond the ruling feature--that of giving an anatomical account of each animal1 together with a description of the shell which it inhabits1--,i have aimed at little more than accuracy and simplicity1 as far as the latter quality can be thought consistent with the rigid exactions of science4 ,no attention has been given to the mere ,history of the subject2 it is conceived that any disquisition on this head would more properly appertain to works of ultimate research1 than to one whose sole intention is to make the pupil acquainted1 in as tangible a form as possible1 with results4 ,to afford1 at a cheap rate1 a concise1 yet sufficiently comprehensive1 and especially a well illustrated school-book1 has been the principal design4 ,in conclusion1 ,i have only to acknowledge my great indebtedness to the valuable public labors1 as well as private assistance1 of ,mr4 ,isaac ,lea1 of ,philadelphia4 ,to ,mr4 ,thomas ,wyatt1 and his late excellent ,manual of ,conchology1 ,i am also under many obligations4 ,no better work1 perhaps1 could be put into the hands of the student as a secondary text book4 ,its beautiful and perfectly well-coloured illustrations afford an aid in the collection of a cabinet scarcely to be met with elsewhere4 ,e4 ,a4 ,p4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,second ,,edition4 ,in issuing a second edition of this 8,conchology10 in so very brief a period since the publication of the first large impression1 the author has little more to do than to express the high pleasure with which he has seen his labors well received4 ,the success of the work has been decided2 and the entire design has been accomplished in its general introduction into schools4 ,many important alterations and additions are now made2 errors of the press carefully corrected2 many more recently discovered ,american species added2 and the work1 upon the whole1 is rendered more worthy the public approbation4 ,e4 ,a4 ,p4 ,,introduction4 ,the term 8,conchology10 in its legitimate usage1 is applied to that department of ,natural ,history which has reference to animals with testaceous covering or shells4 ,it is not unfrequently confounded with ,crustaceology1 but the distinction is obvious and radical1 lying not more in the composition of the animal's habitation1 than in the organization of the animal itself4 ,this latter1 in the ,crustacea1 is of a fibrous nature1 and has articulated limbs2 the shell1 strictly adapted to the members1 covers the creature like a coat of mail1 is produced at one elaboration1 is cast or thrown aside periodically1 and1 again at one elaboration1 renewed2 it is moreover composed of the animal matter with phosphate of lime4 ,in the ,testacea1 on the contrary1 the inhabitant is of a simple and soft texture1 without bones1 and is attached to its domicil by a certain adhesive muscular force2 this domicil1 too1 is a permanent one1 and is increased1 from time to time1 by gradual additions on the part of the tenant2 while the entire shell1 which is distributed in layers1 or strata1 is a combination of carbonate of lime1 with a very small portion of gelatinous matter4 ,such animals1 then1 with such shells1 form1 alone1 the subject of a proper 8,conchology40 ,writers have not been wanting to decry this study as frivolous or inessential2 most unjustly assailing the science itself1 on account of the gross abuses which have now and then arisen from its exclusive and extravagant pursuit4 ,they have reasoned much after this fashion3--that ,conchology is a folly1 because ,rumphius was a fool4 ,the ,conus ,cedo ,nulli has been sold for three hundred guineas2 and the naturalist just mentioned gave a thousand pounds sterling for one of the first discovered specimens of the ,venus ,dione 7of ,linnus74 ,but there have been men in all ages who have carried to an absurd1 and even pernicious extreme1 pursuits the most ennobling and praiseworthy4 ,to an upright and well regulated mind1 there is no portion of the works of the ,creator1 coming within its cognizance1 which will not afford material for attentive and pleasurable investigation2 and1 so far from admitting the venerable error even now partially existing to the discredit of ,conchology1 we should not hesitate to acknowledge1 that while few branches of ,natural ,history are of more direct1 very few are of more adventitious importance4 ,testaceous animals form the principal subsistence of an immense number of savage nations1 inhabitants of the sea-board4 ,on the coast of ,western ,africa1 of ,chili1 of ,new ,holland1 and in the clustered and populous islands of the ,southern seas1 how vast an item is the apparently unimportant shell-fish in the wealth and happiness of man6 ,in more civilized countries it often supplies the table with a delicate luxury4 ,nor must we forget the services of the pinna with its web1 nor of the purpura with its brilliant and once valuable dye1 nor omit to speak of the pearl-oyster1 with the radiant nacre1 and the gem which it produces1 and the world of industry which it sets in action as minister to the luxury which it stimulates4 ,shells1 too1 being composed of particles already in natural combination1 have not within them1 like flowers and animals1 the seed of dissolution4 ,while the preparation of a specimen for the cabinet is a simple operation1 a conchological collection will yet remain perfect for ages4 ,these important circumstances being duly considered1 in connexion with the universally acknowledged beauty and variety1 both of form and colour1 so strikingly observable in shells1 it is a matter for neither wonder nor regret that these magnificent exuvi1 even regarded merely as such1 should have attracted1 in a very exclusive degree1 the attention and the admiration of the naturalist4 ,the study of ,conchology1 however1 when legitimately directed1 and when regarding these exuvi in their natural point of view1 as the habitations1 wonderfully constructed1 of an immensely numerous and vastly important branch of the animal creation1 will lead the mind of the investigator through paths hitherto but imperfectly trodden1 to many novel contemplations of ,almighty ,beneficence and ,design4 ,but it is1 beyond all doubt1 in a geological point of view that ,conchology offers the most of interest to the student2 and here1 by reference to the fair pages of a profound and mighty knowledge to which it has pointed out the searcher after truth1 are triumphantly refuted all charges brought against it of insignificance or frivolity4 8,in fine1 the relations of the mollusca10 says ,de ,blainville1 8with the mineral kingdom1 and consequently with the mass of the earth which they contribute to form1 are not devoid of interest1 for without seeking here to resolve the physiological question--whether the conchyliferous mollusca borrow of the inorganic kingdom the calcareous matter which composes their shells1 or whether they form it of themselves1 it is still certain that they produce1 at least1 changes upon the surface of the earth by accumulating this material in some places more than in others1 and in consequence that they alter the physiognomy of the superficial structure of the globe1 the study of which constitutes geognosy40 8,by this10 says ,parkinson1 8we are taught that innumerable beings have lived1 of which not one of the same kind does any longer exist--that immense beds composed of the spoils of these animals1 extending for many miles under ground1 are met with in many parts of the globe--that enormous chains of mountains1 which seem to load the surface of the earth1 are vast monuments1 in which these remains of former ages are entombed--that1 though lying thus crushed together1 in a rude and confused mass1 they are hourly suffering those changes1 by which1 after thousands of years1 they become the chief constituent parts of gems1 the limestone which forms the humble cottage of the peasant1 or the marble which adorns the splendid palace of the prince40 ,fossil1 wood1 coral1 and shells1 are1 indeed1 as ,bergman very forcibly observes1 the only true remaining 8medals of ,creation40 ,,explanation ,,of ,,the ,,parts ,,of ,,shells4 ,,multivalve4 ,a ,,multivalve shell is composed of more parts than two4 ,every part of a shell which is connected by a cartilage1 ligament1 hinge1 or tooth1 is called a valve of such shell2 thus1 the ,chitons have eight transverse1 broad1 but very short valves1 placed on the back of the animal1 and inserted at their sides into a marginal tough ligament4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #aa1 a a a4 ,operculum consists of four small valves on the summit of the ,lepas1 which shut up the superior orifice2 it is in a certain degree stationary1 and different from the operculum of univalve shells1 which will hereafter be described4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #a1 ,a4 ,fig4 #i represents a profile view of the operculum removed from its place1 a the front valves1 b the back valves4 ,fig4 #aj a front view of the operculum4 ,base is that part of the shell by which it is fixed to rocks and other bodies4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #a and #b1 ,b ,b ,b4--,h is a piece of stone to which the base is fixed1 and ,g a piece of wood to which the shells of this section are generally attached4 ,ligament is the membranous or tendinous substance by which the valves or parts of the shell are attached4 ,some multivalve shells are connected by the parts of one valve locking into another4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #b1 ,d ,d ,d4 ,the ligaments vary considerably in their texture1 being scaly1 prickly1 smooth1 or punctated4 ,ridges are certain convexities in many of the ,lepas tribe1 sometimes longitudinal and sometimes transverse4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #a1 ,f ,f4 ,peduncle4 ,a sort of stem by which the shells of the ,anatifera are attached to wood1 c4 ,it is a membranaceous substance1 similar to a bladder but materially thinner1 and filled with a liquid which evidently affords nourishment to the animal4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #b1 ,c ,c2 the peduncle is usually affixed to a piece of wood as represented at ,g4 ,feelers are those crenated arms1 evolved from the side of the ,anatifera4 ,while the animal is in the water it continually moves its feelers1 evidently for the purpose of entangling minute marine insects1 as food4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #b1 ,e ,e4 ,accessory valves are small plates which cover the apex at the hinge of the ,pholades1 or are situated below the hinge4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #c1 a4 ,margin4 ,a fleshy border in which the valves are attached in the genus ,chiton4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #aa1 b b4 ,,bivalve4 ,bivalve shells consist of two parts or valves1 connected by a cartilage1 and a hinge which is generally composed of teeth2 those of the one valve locking into a cavity in the other4 ,the valves of some bivalve shells are formed exactly alike1 and others are very different2 the one being smooth1 the other rugose2 one flat and another convex2 and often one is shorter than the other4 ,the shells of the ,mya1 ,solen1 ,tellina1 ,venus1 and others1 have in general both valves alike1 while those of the ,spondylus1 ,ostrea1 and ,anomia1 have in general dissimilar valves4 ,the first of these kinds are called equivalve1 and the latter inequivalve4 ,equilateral shells1 are those whose sides are alike1 as in the shells of the genus ,pecten4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #b1 and ,plate ,,vii4 fig4 #ad4 ,this is also exemplified in the ,pectunclus4 ,inequilateral valves are shells whose sides are unequal2 and of different shapes1 as in the ,mactra1 ,donax1 c4 ,summit is the most elevated point of that part of the shell in which the hinge is placed4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #d1 i k4 ,in naming this the summit we do not follow the axiom of ,linnus1 but because we consider it more properly the summit of the shell than the opposite extremity4 ,base is the reverse of the above1 or that part of the shell immediately opposite the summit4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #f and #g1 d d4 ,sides1 the right and left parts of the valves4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #f1 c4 ,posterior slope is that part of the shell in which the ligament is situated4 ,in viewing the posterior slope in front1 the beaks of the shell retire from view4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #d1 i4 ,anterior slope1 that part of the shell opposite the posterior slope2 in viewing it in front1 the beaks point to the observer4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #d1 k4 ,disk1 the convex centre of a valve1 or most prominent part of the valve1 suppose it with its inside lying undermost4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #d1 o4 ,inside1 the concave part of a valve4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #f1 m4 ,muscular impression is the impression left on the inside of the valves1 by the adhering muscles of the animal4 ,it differs in most shells1 according to the shape of the animal1 as semi-ovate1 round1 lunate1 elongated1 c4 ,as a specific distinction1 it is often of great use2 being1 with a very few exceptions1 alike in shells of the same species4 ,some shells have only one cicatrix1 as the ,edible ,oyster and ,mytilus2 others have two1 and some few more2 the ,tellina for example4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #f and #h1 e e e e4 ,lunule4 ,the lunated depressions1 situated in the anterior and posterior slopes4 ,in different species of ,venus they are prominent characteristic marks1 often of much service in ascertaining a species4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #d1 b b4 ,ligament perforation4 ,the circular aperture1 or perforation through which the ligament passes2 by which the animal of the ,anomia attaches itself to stones and other marine extraneous bodies1 it is in general situated in the flat valve1 though there are a few exceptions to the contrary4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #g1 m4 ,hinge is the point at which bivalve shells are united2 it is formed by the teeth of one valve inserting themselves between those of the other1 or by the teeth of one valve fitting into the cavities or sockets of the opposite one4 ,it is on the peculiar construction of the hinge that the generic character of bivalve shells is principally founded1 together with the general contour of the shell4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #a and #c1 q q q4 ,teeth of the hinge4 ,upon the number and relative situation of the teeth principally depend the specific distinctions2 they are of various forms1 and very differently placed2 some are single and large1 others numerous and small1 orbicular1 spatuliform1 laminated1 c4 ,some hinges have no visible teeth1 and are termed inarticulate4--,when a primary tooth has a groove or hollow in its centre1 it is called complicated4 ,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 #f1 e2 those with few teeth are termed articulate4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #a and #ab2 and those with many teeth multiarticulate4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #b1 #c1 #d1 c4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #f1 and #h1 g g g g4 ,primary teeth are those teeth in general situated in the centre of the hinge1 and are for the most part broad1 large1 and distinct1 often elevated2 and in general are inserted in a cavity in the opposite valve4 ,they however differ very much in some shells1 but may easily be distinguished4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #a1 #c1 and #g1 a a a a a4 ,these are also termed the ,cardinal ,teeth4 ,lateral ,teeth1 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #aj1 are teeth which diverge from the ,umbo1 and are in general long and flat1 often double and divided by a groove or hollow4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #b1 #d1 #f1 and #g4 b b b b4 ,double ,teeth1 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #a1 c c4 ,incurved ,teeth are those which are bent round1 as in the single tooth of the ,solen4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #h1 f f4 ,recurved ,teeth1 are those which are bent backwards1 as in the hinge of the ,panopea and ,spondylus4 ,middle ,teeth1 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #d1 d d4 ,these are also termed ,cardinal ,teeth4 ,numerous ,teeth1 are those small upright teeth1 set in rows1 of which the hinges of all the species of the genus ,arca are formed4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #aj1 k k4 ,cavity of the ,hinge4 ,the hollow depression in which the ligament of the ,ostrea is situated1 generally of a triangular form4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #aa1 g4 ,ligament of the ,hinge1 or cartilage1 is that flexible fibrous substance by which the valves are united1 and the hinges kept in their proper places2 generally situated under the beaks of the shell4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #a1 #c1 and #d1 l l l2 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #c1 n4 ,beak is the extreme point of the summit of bivalves1 which in many species turns spirally downwards or to the one side1 as in some species of ,venus1 c4 ,from this circumstance it is seldom the highest part of the shell4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #e1 r r4 ,seam4 ,when the valves are closed1 the line of separation between them is so called4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #f1 t t4 ,umbo4 ,that part situated immediately under the beak4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #f1 w2 and ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #d1 w4 ,ears4 ,the processes on each side of the beak1 in most species of that division of ,ostrea1 called ,pecten2 some have one ear very large1 and the other small2 and some are scarcely observable on one side4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #b1 h h4 ,superior ,ear4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #aa1 h4 ,inferior ,ear4 ,do4 do4 i4 ,margin4 ,the extreme edge of the whole shell1 or the circumference of either valve1 all round4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #d1 p2 and ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #a1 p4 ,crenulated margin4 ,that fine notched edge of shells1 which unite into notches in the opposite valve1 as genus ,donax4 ,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #f1 m m4 ,stri are fine thread-like lines1 generally on the exterior surface of shells1 and are sometimes both longitudinal and transverse4 ,when the stri of shells appear indistinct1 as if worn out1 it is termed obsolete stri4 ,in some instances the insides of shells are striated2 for example1 the ,fasciolaria ,tulipa4 ,the character of the stri is often of much use in distinguishing species4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig #b1 f4 ,right ,valve is that valve which1 when viewed with the inside uppermost1 has the anterior slope pointing to the right hand4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #h2 and ,plate ,,iv4 figs4 #e and #f1 ,b4 ,left ,valve4 ,the opposite of the above2 the anterior slope points to the left hand1 when viewed from the inside4 ,plate ,,iv4 figs4 #c1 #f1 #g1 #i1 c4 ,length of the ,shell is taken from the ligament1 or the beak1 to the opposite margin4 ,for example1 ,mytilus3 it is longer than it is broad1 and the ,solens are broader than long4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #e1 u u2 and ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #d1 v v4 ,breadth is measured from the most extreme edge of the anterior and posterior slopes1 being in a contrary direction from its length4 ,many shells are broader than long1 such as most of the ,my1 ,solen1 ,tellin1 c42 and the ,mytilus1 ,ostrea1 ,pinna1 c41 are in general longer than broad4 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #e1 v v4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #d1 v v4 ,byssus1 or beard1 is an appendage composed of filaments of a silky texture1 by which some of the ,bivalves fasten themselves to their beds1 such as the ,mytilus1 ,pinn1 c4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #f1 s4 ,,univalve4 ,the shells called univalve1 or those composed of one part only1 are far more numerous than the two preceding1 both in genera and species2 and it requires a considerable degree of attention to discriminate many of the species1 as they run into each other so much2 and they are divested of the strong and distinct character afforded by the teeth of bivalves2 besides many of the species there are several varieties4 ,in the examination of shells of this order1 the general contour or outline of the whole shell is the first particular to be attended to1 as this leads to those distinctions necessary in the definition of simple1 spiral1 or turbinated shells1 ,univalves with a regular spire1 and those without a regular spire4 ,the genera of this order are formed principally from the shape of the aperture1 taken in conjunction with the general shape of the shell2 from the spire being lengthened or depressed1 being with or without a canal1 the length of the beak and its direction1 together with the particular form of the outer lip3 the colour of shells only serves as a specific distinction1 and cannot in this respect1 in all cases1 be depended upon1 although in others it is an unvarying test4 ,the particular manner in which the spots are disposed frequently characterises species4 ,apex4 ,the summit1 tip1 or highest part of the spire4 ,plate ,,ii4 figs4 #g1 #h1 #i1 ,a ,a ,a4 ,base is the opposite extremity from the apex1 or tip of the spire4 ,in shells with a beak it implies the tip of such beak2 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #aa1 ,b4 ,in shells without a beak it is understood to be the lower part1 as before-mentioned1 opposite the apex2 ,plate ,,ii4 figs4 #h and #i1 ,b ,b4 ,in the ,patella and some others1 the base of the shell is that part on which it rests when it is laid on its mouth4 ,in the ,dentalium and ,teredo it is the wider end4 ,body of the shell is the first or lower whorl of the spire1 in which the aperture is situated1 and is in general longer than the remaining whorls4 ,plate ,,ii4 figs4 #aj and #ab1 ,f ,f2 and ,plate ,,iii4 figs4 #g and #i1 ,f ,f4 ,front of the shell is that side where the aperture is situated4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #g1 ,i2 and ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #h1 ,i4 ,back is the opposite side to that in which the aperture is placed or turned directly from the observer4 ,plate ,,iii4 figs4 #e and #aj1 ,g ,g4 ,the venter1 or belly1 is the most prominent part of the lower whorl or body1 generally situated in the vicinity of the lip over the aperture2 and formed by the convexity of the aperture4 ,it is in general only made use of in describing shells whose body is large in proportion to the size of the spire4 ,plate ,,iii4 figs4 #e and #aj1 ,h ,h4 ,sides4 ,the extreme edges of the shell1 when viewed either in front or from the back4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #aa1 ,k ,k ,k ,k ,k ,k ,k ,k4 ,right side is1 when the shell is viewed in front that side next the observer's left hand4 ,left side1 the side with the aperture in it4 ,aperture1 or mouth1 is that part of the lower whorl or body by which the animal protrudes itself4 ,this is one of the principal generic distinctions of ,univalve shells1 and differs very much in shape2 some apertures being rounded1 others semilunar1 angular1 c4 ,plate ,,ii4 figs4 #i and #aa1 ,c ,c2 and ,plate ,,iii4 figs4 #a1 #c1 and #ad1 ,c ,c ,c4 ,some apertures have a canal at their base1 and others are devoid of it4 ,in various genera it extends the whole length of the shell1 as in the ,cypra1 and some of the ,cones with depressed spires4 ,this in several individuals is either entirely open1 or is closed by an operculum or lid1 which is usually affixed to the foot of the animal4 ,canal1 or gutter1 is the inside of the elongations of the aperture1 or both lips of the shell of those species with a beak1 in which it forms a concave channel or gutter1 running from its commencement in the aperture to the extremity or base4 ,plate ,,ii4 figs4 #aj and #aa1 ,q ,q4 ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #h1 ,q4 ,some species are furnished with two canals1 one situated at the junction of the outer lip and body1 as in the ,murex4 ,beak is that lengthened process in which the canal is situate2 it commences a little higher up1 on the outside1 than the insertion of the canal in the inside1 which is always distinctly marked by the line of the aperture4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #aa1 p4 ,this process is not so conspicuous in some of the species of ,voluta1 but is more marked in the genera ,murex1 ,fusus1 ,pyrula1 c4 ,pillar1 or columella1 is that process which runs through the centre of the shell in the inside from the base to the apex in most univalve shells1 and appears to be the support of the spire3 and1 indeed1 seems to form that part of the shell3 it is in general grooved or folded2 but1 as it is situated in the interior of the shell1 a minute description is unnecessary4 ,plate ,,ii4 figs4 #aj and #ab1 ,m ,m ,m ,m ,m2 and ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #i1 ,m ,m ,m4 ,the internal edge of its base is frequently described as having plaits1 c4 ,plaited ,columella are those folds1 or plaits1 which are the distinguishing characteristic of the ,volut and other genera4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #g1 z4 ,pillar ,lip is a continuation of the glossy process with which the aperture is lined1 and expanded on the columella4 ,plate ,,iii4 figures #g and #h1 ,o ,o4 ,this is termed the inner lip by some authors4 ,outer ,lip4 ,the expansion1 or continuation of the body of the shell on the left margin of the aperture1 and is also lined with the glossy process of the aperture4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #g1 ,n2 and ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #h1 ,n ,n ,n4 ,the latter is an example of the alated or winged shells4 ,operculum1 or lid4 ,this is only an appendage to the turbinated or spiral shells affixed to the foot of the animal1 sometimes of a testaceous1 in others of a horny or cartilaginous substance4 ,it acts as a door or lid1 and is calculated for the protection of the animal1 when it retires within its dwelling1 from the intrusion of its enemies1 and adapted to the shape of the aperture1 which it closes nicely up3 as exemplified in the operculum of the ,turbo1 and is of a hard1 stony appearance4 ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #d4 ,spire consists of all the whorls of the shell1 except the lower one1 which1 as before observed1 is termed the body of the shell4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #ab1 ,d2 and ,plate ,,iii4 figures #g and #h1 ,d ,d4 ,the spire is a prominent feature of the ,univalve2 and upon its being elevated1 depressed1 c41 depends much of the generic and specific definition4 ,adanson1 in his #8,natural ,history of ,senegal1' says that the external character of the spire varies according to the plane they turn upon1 which1 he observes1 is either horizontal1 cylindrical1 conic1 or ovoid4 ,at the same time1 he admits that there are a great many intermediate forms which cannot properly be defined4 ,it must be remembered that many of the young shells have not the same number of wreaths as the adults2 from which it would appear1 that the part of the animal nearest the apex never increases in size4 ,the number of wreaths cannot1 at all times1 be depended upon4 ,a full grown shell may1 however1 be known from the outer lip1 which has generally an unfinished appearance in young shells4 ,indeed1 in all the land and fresh water shells it is a distinct criterion1 as they are never complete in the form of the outer lip till full grown4 ,whorl is one of the wreaths or volutions of the shell4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #h1 ,l2 and ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #aj1 ,l4 ,depressed ,spire is when the spire is very flat1 as in the shells of the genus ,planorbis1 c4 ,pl4 ,,ii4 fig4 #ab1 ,d2 and ,pl4 ,,iii4 fig4 #e1 ,s4 ,a flat shell is figured in ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #ad4 ,involuted ,spire1 those shells which have their whorls1 or wreaths1 concealed in the inside of the first whorl or body1 as in some of the ,nautili and ,cypra4 ,suture of the ,spire1 or whorls1 is a fine spiral line1 which separates the wreaths or whorls from each other2 it is sometimes crenulated1 undulated1 or sulcated1 and not unfrequently elevated or projecting4 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #i1 ,e ,e4 ,reversed1 or ,heterostrophe ,spire1 is when the volutions of the spire revolve in the same manner as a common corkscrew1 or when the aperture is placed downwards1 the nature of the spire runs upwards from the right hand to the left1 ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #ac4 ,in some of the more depressed species of ,helix1 or ,nautilus1 great attention is requisite in order to ascertain which is really the upper side of the shell1 for it is on that side the spiral turns are to be taken from the centre or apex2 and1 in most instances1 this is to be determined by the oblique direction of the aperture to the under part1 where the lip rarely extends so far as on the upper part4 ,in fixed shells1 such as ,serpul1 there is no difficulty1 as the side which is sessile must be considered as the base or under part4 ,thus1 in the ,serpula ,lucida the fixed part is sometimes very small1 and the mouth turns spirally upwards1 in a contrary direction to the sun2 and therefore must be considered a reversed or heterostrophe shell1 the same as if the volutions nearest the mouth had turned laterally upon the centre or fixed ones4 ,this shell1 indeed1 is most frequently found with regular lateral volutions2 and though subject to great variety1 with respect to contortions1 it invariably turns the aperture one way4 ,in some species of ,nautilus1 however1 there can be no rule to ascertain whether the shells are dextral or sinistral2 for when the aperture is exactly central1 the lip embraces the body equally1 and the sides of the shell are similar4 ,chambers are the cavities divided by partitions1 at regular or irregular intervals2 as in the ,spirula4 ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #aa1 ,w ,w ,w ,w ,w4 ,in some of the ,serpul there are also divisions1 but they are not regular as in the ,nautili and ,spirul2 and besides1 they differ from them in being devoid of a siphunculus or communication between the chambers1 the animal forms a complete partition1 and adds to its shell1 which it would appear to be necessitated to do from its body growing too large for its abode4 ,several of the ,patell have chambers formed of laminous partitions1 subspiral cells1 or processes2 these in general lie horizontally1 and are quite open at one end1 as in the ,patella ,testudinaria1 the ,crepidula1 and ,calyptra4 ,umbilicus is in general a circular perforation in the base of the lower whorl1 or body1 of many univalve shells4 ,this is common to most of the ,trochi1 in some species of which it penetrates from the base to the apex2 widest at the base1 and gradually tapering to the top4 ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #a1 u4 ,sub-umbilicated shells are those which have the umbilicus covered in a greater or less degree by a thin process2 which1 in some1 almost entirely closes the opening or mouth4 ,this character is most commonly to be met with among species of ,buccinum and ,murex4 ,shells which have no umbilicus are termed imperforate4 ,siphunculus is that small round perforation which forms a communication between the chambers of the ,spirul1 and penetrates through the whole spire of the shell4 ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #aa1 v4 ,varices are transverse ribs which cross the whorls of shells in some species of ,buccinum1 ,murex1 and ,tritonia1 and exemplified in the ,cassidaria4 ,varices are formed by the periodical growth of the shells1 these being the margin of the outer lip1 to which the animal has attached its periodical enlargements4 ,in some species they have more the form of sutures than ribs2 this is owing to the margin of the outer lip being but slightly developed4 ,ribs are those longitudinal and transverse protuberances which are in many of the univalve shells4 ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #ab1 ,r ,r ,r ,r4 ,teeth of univalves1 or tooth-shaped protuberances1 are fine1 white lamin1 or ridges1 running spirally backwards1 in a parallel direction to each other2 those on the exterior lip may1 in most instances1 be traced through the outside of the shell1 and are nearly alike in length4 ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #ac1 a4 ,epidermis is a skin1 or cuticle1 covering the exterior surface of shells1 destined by nature to protect their surface from being injured4 ,it is membranaceous1 somewhat similar to the periosteum which covers the bones of animals4 ,this substance is the production of the animal inhabiting the shell2 it is uniformly observed in some species1 and not at all in others4 ,shells with a rugged or uneven surface have almost always this epidermis4 ,in some it is strong1 laminated1 velvety1 fibrous1 or rough1 often beset with long hairs1 and in others very thin1 smooth1 and pellucid1 and admits the colours of the shell to shine through it4 ,in some species it is so dusky that it entirely obscures the beautiful colouring of the shell beneath4 ,although many shells are very beautiful1 even with this cuticle on them1 they are much more so when it is removed2 but ,i would by no means advise the collector of shells to remove it1 unless he may have several duplicates of the same species2 and then he may do it by way of variety4 ,it is always preferable1 however1 to keep them in a state of nature4 ,a shell with epidermis is represented in ,plate ,,iii4 fig4 ,x2 and the effect of the epidermis removed4 ,all other protuberances1 furrows1 c41 will be described at the end of this work in a ,glossary of ,terms used in the ,science4 ,,description ,,of ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,hinges ,,of ,,bivalve ,,shells4 ,fig4 #a4 ,hinge of the ,unio pictorum1 a ,primary tooth1 c c double teeth4 ,fig4 #b4 ,hinge of the ,solen4 b ,lateral teeth4 ,fig4 #c4 ,hinge of the ,lucina radula1 a a ,primary teeth1 n cartilage4 ,fig4 #d4 ,hinge of the ,cardium4 b ,lateral tooth1 d d middle teeth1 l l spines4 ,fig4 #e4 ,hinge of the ,lutraria4 ,fig4 #f4 ,inside of both valves of the ,donax trunculus4 ,a is the left valve1 and ,b is the right valve1 b lateral teeth1 e primary complicated tooth1 or cleft in the middle1 m m crenulated margin4 ,fig4 #g4 ,hinge of the ,venus1 a a ,primary teeth4 ,fig4 #h4 ,hinge of ,spondylus gderopus1 f f incurved teeth4 ,fig4 #i4 ,hinge of ,isocardia ,cor4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,hinge of the ,pectunculus1 k k numerous small teeth2 the distinguishing characteristic of the ,family ,arcacea4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,hinge of the ,pecten1 g cavity of the hinge1 h superior ear1 i inferior ear4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,hinge of ,anomia ,ephippium4 ,,classification4 ,,class ,i4 ,,annulata4 ,,four ,,families4 ,fam4 #a4 ,dorsalia4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,arenicola4 ,species #a #b4 ,siliquaria4 #h #b4 ,maldania4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,clymene4 ,species #a #b4 ,dentalium4 #ba #c4 ,amphitrita4 ,four genera4 #a4 ,pectinaria4 ,species #b #b4 ,sabellaria4 #b #c4 ,terebella4 #d #d4 ,amphitrite #g #d4 ,surpulacea4 ,five genera4 #a4 ,spirorbis4 ,species #f #b4 ,serpula4 #bf #c4 ,vermilia4 #i #d4 ,galeolaria4 #b #e4 ,magilus4 #b ,,class ,,ii4 ,,cirrhipeda4 ,,one ,,family4 #a4 ,cirrhipeda4 ,ten genera4 #a4 ,tubicinella4 ,species #a #b4 ,coronula4 #e #c4 ,balanus4 #cj #d4 ,acasta4 #d #e4 ,creusia4 #c #f4 ,pyrgoma4 #a #g4 ,anatifera4 #f #h4 ,pollicipes4 #f #i4 ,cineras4 #a #aj4 ,otion4 #b ,,class ,,iii4 ,,conchifera4 ,,twenty ,,families4 #a4 ,tubicola4 ,six genera4 #a4 ,aspergillum4 ,species #d #b4 ,clavagella4 #d #c4 ,fistulana4 #d #d4 ,septaria4 #b #e4 ,teredina4 #b #f4 ,teredo4 #c #b4 ,pholadaria4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,pholas4 ,species #ah #b4 ,gastrochna4 #c #c4 ,solenea4 ,four genera4 #a4 ,solen4 ,species #ba #b4 ,panopea4 #a #c4 ,solecurtus4 #aj #d4 ,glycimeris4 #b #d4 ,myaria4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,mya4 ,species #h #b4 ,anatina4 #ab #e4 ,mactracea4 ,seven genera4 #a4 ,lutraria4 ,species #ad #b4 ,mactra4 #dd #c4 ,crassatella4 #aa #d4 ,erycina4 #b #e4 ,ungulina4 #b #f4 ,solemya4 #d #g4 ,amphidesma4 #de #f4 ,corbulacea4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,corbula4 ,species #aj #b4 ,pandora4 #d #g4 ,lithophaga4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,saxicava4 ,species #i #b4 ,petricola4 #ac #c4 ,venerirupis4 #h #h4 ,nymphacea4 ,ten genera4 #a4 ,sanguinolaria4 ,species #i #b4 ,psammobia4 #ba #c4 ,psammotea4 #g #d4 ,tellina4 #fh #e4 ,tellinides4 #b #f4 ,corbis4 #b #g4 ,lucina4 #bf #h4 ,donax4 #ca #i4 ,capsa4 #c #aj4 ,crassina4 #a #i4 ,conchacea4 ,seven genera4 #a4 ,cyprina4 ,species #b #b4 ,cytherea4 #hc #c4 ,venus4 #ajj #d4 ,veniricardia4 #e #e4 ,cyclas4 #ae #f4 ,cyrena4 #aj #g4 ,galathea4 #a #aj4 ,cardiacea4 ,five genera4 #a4 ,cardium4 ,species #eg #b4 ,cardita4 #bc #c4 ,cypricardia4 #e #d4 ,hiatelia4 #b #e4 ,isocardia4 #d #aa4 ,arcacea4 ,four genera4 #a4 ,arca4 ,species #da #b4 ,cuculla4 #a #c4 ,pectunculus4 #bb #d4 ,nucula4 #de #ab4 ,trigonacea4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,trigonia4 ,species #a #b4 ,castalia4 #a #ac4 ,naiadea4 ,four genera4 #a4 ,unio4 ,species #afg #b4 ,hyria4 #b #c4 ,anodonta4 #di #d4 ,iridina4 #f #ad4 ,chamacea4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,diceras4 ,species #a #b4 ,chama4 #ah #c4 ,etheria4 #e #ae4 ,tridacnea4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,tridacna4 ,species #g #b4 ,hippopus4 #a #af4 ,mytilacea4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,mytilus4 ,species #db #b4 ,modiola4 #cb #c4 ,pinna4 #ae #ag4 ,mallacea4 ,five genera4 #a4 ,crenatula4 ,species #g #b4 ,perna4 #aj #c4 ,malleus4 #f #d4 ,avicula4 #ai #e4 ,meleagrina4 #b #ah4 ,pectinea4 ,seven genera4 #a4 ,pedum4 ,species #a #b4 ,lima4 #f #c4 ,pecten4 #fb #d4 ,plagiostoma4 #aj #e4 ,plicatula4 #e #f4 ,spondylus4 #ba #g4 ,podopsis4 #b #ai4 ,ostracea4 ,six genera4 #a4 ,ostrea4 ,species #di #b4 ,gryphea4 #a #c4 ,vulsella4 #f #d4 ,placuna4 #c #e4 ,anomia4 #i #f4 ,crania4 #a #bj4 ,brachiopoda4 ,three gen4 #a4 ,orbicula4 ,species #a #b4 ,terebratula4 #ac #c4 ,lingula4 #a ,,class ,,iv4 ,,mollusca4 ,,twenty-,,three ,,families4 #a4 ,pteropoda4 ,six genera4 #a4 ,hyalea4 ,species #b #b4 ,clio4 #b #c4 ,cleodora4 #b #d4 ,limnacina4 #a #e4 ,cymbulia4 #a #f4 ,pneumodermon #a #b4 ,phyllidiacea4 ,six genera4 #a4 ,phyllidia4 ,species #c #b4 ,chitonellus4 #b #c4 ,chiton4 #fc #d4 ,patella4 #di #e4 ,umbrella4 #b #f4 ,pleurobranchus4 #b #c4 ,calyptracea4 ,seven gen4 #a4 ,parmophorus4 ,species #d #b4 ,emarginula4 #e #c4 ,fissurella4 #bb #d4 ,pileopsis4 #i #e4 ,calyptrea4 #i #f4 ,crepidula4 #ac #g4 ,ancylus4 #e #d4 ,bullacea4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,acera4 ,species #a #b4 ,bulla4 #b #c4 ,bulla4 #ai #e4 ,aplysiacea4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,dolabella4 ,species #b #b4 ,aplysia4 #cg #f4 ,limacina4 ,five genera4 #a4 ,limax4 ,species #e #b4 ,vitrina4 #c #c4 ,testacella4 #b #d4 ,parmacella4 #b #e4 ,onchidium4 #b #g4 ,colimacea4 ,eleven genera4 #a4 ,helix4 ,species #bjc #b4 ,carocolla4 #bb #c4 ,achatina4 #bd #d4 ,anostoma4 #c #e4 ,helicina4 #ai #f4 ,pupa4 #dj #g4 ,clausilia4 #ae #h4 ,bulimus4 #fc #i4 ,succinea4 #g #aj4 ,auricula4 #af #aa4 ,cyclostoma4 #ch #h4 ,lymnacea4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,lymnea4 ,species #cc #b4 ,physa4 #aj #c4 ,planorbis4 #bb #i4 ,melaniana4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,melania4 ,species #ed #b4 ,pirena4 #f #c4 ,melanopsis4 #c #aj4 ,peristomiana4 ,three gen4 #a4 ,valvata4 ,species #c #b4 ,paludina4 #ca #c4 ,ampularia4 #ac #aa4 ,neritacea4 ,four genera4 #a4 ,neritina4 ,species #bg #b4 ,nerita4 #bj #c4 ,navicella4 #d #d4 ,natica4 #cf #ab4 ,ianthinea4 ,one genus4 #a4 ,ianthina4 ,species #c #ac4 ,macrostomiana4 ,four gen4 #a4 ,sigaretus4 ,species #f #b4 ,stomatella4 #e #c4 ,stomatia4 #b #d4 ,haliotis4 #ai #ad4 ,plicacea4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,tornatella4 ,species #f #b4 ,pyramidella4 #f #ae4 ,scalarina4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,scalaria4 ,species #ad #b4 ,vermetus4 #b #c4 ,delphinula4 #e #af4 ,turbinacea4 ,eight gen4 #a4 ,solarium4 ,species #g #b4 ,trochus4 #ii #c4 ,monodonta4 #cd #d4 ,turbo4 #ea #e4 ,planaxis4 #d #f4 ,phasianella4 #ab #g4 ,turritella4 #ba #h4 ,rotella4 #g #ag4 ,canalifera4 ,eleven gen4 #a4 ,cerithium4 ,species #de #b4 ,pleurotoma4 #bi #c4 ,turbinella4 #bc #d4 ,cancellaria4 #di #e4 ,fasciolaria4 #h #f4 ,fusus4 #df #g4 ,pyrula4 #bi #h4 ,struthiolaria4 ,species #b #i4 ,ranella4 #ae #aj4 ,murex4 #gc #aa4 ,triton4 #ca #ah4 ,alata4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,rostellaria4 ,species #d #b4 ,pterecera4 #g #c4 ,strombus4 #cb #ai4 ,purpurifera4 ,eleven gen4 #a4 ,cassidaria4 ,species #e #b4 ,cassis4 #be #c4 ,ricinula4 #i #d4 ,purpura4 #fb #e4 ,monoceros4 #e #f4 ,concholepas4 #a #g4 ,harpa4 #i #h4 ,dolium4 #g #i4 ,buccinum4 #ff #aj4 ,eburna4 #e #aa4 ,terebra4 #bd #bj4 ,columellaria4 ,five genera4 #a4 ,columbella4 ,species #bj #b4 ,mitra4 #hj #c4 ,voluta4 #dd #d4 ,marginell4 #bd #e4 ,volvaria4 #g #ba4 ,convoluta4 ,six genera4 #a4 ,cypra4 ,species #aah #b4 ,ovula4 #ab #c4 ,terebellum4 #c #d4 ,ancillaria4 #d #e4 ,oliva4 #fc #f4 ,conus4 #aha #bb4 ,nautilacea4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,spirula4 ,species #a #b4 ,nautilus4 #b #bc4 ,heteropoda4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,argonauta4 ,species #c #b4 ,carinaria4 #c ,the ,american species are designated by a 994 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #a4 ,parts of ,shells ,p4,s4 ,duval1 ,lith4 ,phila4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #b4 ,parts of ,shells4 ,p4,s4 ,duval1 ,lith4 ,phila4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #c4 ,parts of ,shells4 ,p4,s4 ,duval1 ,lith4 ,phila4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #d4 ,hinges of ,shells4 ,p4,s4 ,duval4 ,lith4 ,phila4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #e4 #a4 ,siliquaria1 #b ,dentalium1 #c ,pectinaria1 #d ,sabellaria1 #e ,terebella1 #f4 ,amphitrite1 #g ,spirorbis1 #h ,serpula1 #i ,vermilia1 #aj ,galeolaria1 #aa4 ,magilus1 #ab4 ,tubicinella1 #ac4 ,coronula1 #ad4 ,balanus1 #ae ,acasta1 #af ,creusia1 #ag ,pyrgoma1 #ah ,anatifera1 #ai ,pollicipes1 #bj ,cineras1 #ba4 ,otion1 #bb ,aspergillum4 ,p4,s4 ,duval1 ,lith4 ,phila4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #f4 #a ,clavagella1 #b ,fistulana1 #c ,septaria1 #d ,teredina1 #e ,teredo1 #f ,pholas1 #g ,gastrochna1 #h ,solen #i ,panopea1 #aj4 ,solecurtus1 #aa4 ,glycimeris #ab ,mya1 #ac4 ,anatina1 #ad ,lutraria1 #ae ,mactra1 #af4 ,crassatella1 #ag ,erycina1 #ah ,ungulina1 #ai ,solenimya1 #bj ,amphidesma1 #ba ,corbula1 #bb ,pandora1 #bc ,saxicava4 ,p4,s4 ,duval1 ,lith4 ,phila4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #g4 #a4 ,petricola #b ,venerirupis #c4 ,sanguinolaria1 #d4 ,psammobia1 #e4 ,psammotea1 #f4 ,tellina1 #g4 ,tellinides1 #h4 ,corbis1 #i4 ,lucina1 #aj4 ,donax1 #aa4 ,capsa1 #ab4 ,crassina1 #ac4 ,cyclas1 #ad4 ,cyrena1 #ae4 ,galathea1 #af4 ,cyprina1 #ag4 ,cytherea1 #ah4 ,venus1 #ai4 ,venericardia1 #bj4 ,cardium1 #ba4 ,cardita1 #bb4 ,cypricardia1 #bc4 ,hiatella4 ,p4,s4 ,duval1 ,lith4 ,phila4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #h4 #a4 ,isocardia1 #b4 ,cucullea1 #c ,arca1 #d4 ,pectuncules #e ,nucula1 #f4 ,trigonia1 #g ,castalia1 #h4 ,unio1 #i4 ,hyria1 #aj4 ,anodonta1 #aa4 ,iridina1 #ab ,diceras1 #ac4 ,chama1 #ad4 ,etheria1 #ae ,tridacna1 #af ,hippopus #ag4 ,mytilus1 #ah4 ,modiola1 #ai ,pinna1 #bj4 ,crenatula1 #ba4 ,perna1 #bb4 ,malleus4 ,p4 ,s4 ,duval4 ,lith4 ,phila4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #i4 #a4 ,avicula1 #b ,meleagrina1 #c ,pedum1 #d ,lima1 #e ,pecten1 #f ,plagiostoma #g4 ,plicatula1 #h ,spondylus1 #i ,gryphea1 #aj ,ostrea1 #aa4 ,vulsella1 #ab ,placuna1 #ac ,anomia1 #ad ,crania1 #ae ,orbicula1 #af ,terebratula1 #ag ,lingula1 #ah ,hyalea1 #ai ,cleodora1 #bj ,limacina1 #ba ,cymbulia1 #bb ,chitonellus1 #bc ,chiton1 #bd ,patella1 #be ,pleurobranchus1 #bf ,umbrella1 #bg ,parmophorus1 #bh ,emurginula1 #bi ,fissurella4 ,p4 ,s4 ,duval1 ,lith4 ,phila4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aj4 #a ,pileopsis1 #b ,calyptera1 #c ,crepidula1 #d ,ancylus1 #e ,bulla1 #f ,bulla1 #g ,aplysia1 #h ,dolabella1 #i ,parmacella1 #aj ,limax1 #aa ,testacella1 #ab ,vitrina1 #ac ,helix1 #ad ,carocolla1 #ae ,anostoma1 #af ,helicina1 #ag ,pupa1 #ah ,clausilia1 #ai ,bulimus1 #bj ,achalina1 #ba ,succinea1 #bb ,auricula1 #bc ,cyclostoma #bd ,planorbis1 #be ,physa1 #bf ,lymnea1 #bg ,melania1 #bh ,melanospsis1 #bi ,pirena1 #cj ,valvata1 #ca ,paludina1 #cb ,ampularia1 #cc ,neritina1 #cd ,navicella1 #ce ,nerita4 ,p4 ,s4 ,duval1 ,lith4 ,phila4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #aa4 #a ,natica1 #b ,janthina1 #c ,sigaretus1 #d ,stomalella1 #e ,stomatia1 #f ,haliotis1 #g ,tornatella1 #h ,pyramidella1 #i ,vermetus1 #aj ,scalaria1 #aa ,delphinula #ab ,solarium1 #ac ,rotella1 #ad ,trochus1 #ae ,monodonata1 #af ,turbo1 #ag ,planaxis1 #ah ,phasianella1 #ai ,turritella1 #bj ,cerithium #ba ,pleurotoma1 #bb ,turbinella1 #bc ,cancillaria1 #bd ,fasciolaria1 #be ,fusus1 #bf ,pyrula1 #bg ,struthiolaria1 #bh ,ranella1 #bi ,murex1 #cj ,triton1 #ca ,rostellaria4 ,p4 ,s4 ,duval ,lith4 ,phila4 ,illustration3 ,pl4 #ab4 #a ,pteroceras1 #b ,strombas1 #c ,cassidaria1 #d ,cassis1 #e ,ricinula1 #f ,purpura1 #g4 ,monoceros1 #h ,concholepas1 #i ,harpa #aj ,dolium1 #aa ,buccinum #ab ,eburna1 #ac ,terebra1 #ad ,columbella1 #ae ,mitra1 #af ,voluta #ag ,marginella #ah ,volvaria1 #ai ,ovula1 #bj ,cyprea1 #ba ,terebellum1 #bb ,ancillaria1 #bc ,olivia1 #bd ,conus1 #be ,spirula1 #bf ,nautilus #bg ,argonauta1 #bh ,carinaria4 ,p4 ,s4 ,duval1 ,lith4 ,phila4 ,,conchology4 ,,class ,i4 ,,annulata4 ,animal soft1 elongated1 vermiform1 naked or inhabiting a tube1 which it never entirely quits2 the body furnished either with segments or transverse wrinkles2 often without a head1 eyes or antenn2 without articulated feet1 but most of them having in their place bristly1 retractile knobs1 disposed in lateral rows3 mouth subterminal1 either simple1 orbicular1 with lips1 or in the form of a proboscis2 often with jaws1 a knotted longitudinal medulla1 and nerves for sensation and motion2 the blood red1 circulating by means of arteries and veins3 respiration by external or internal branchi1 which are sometimes imperceptible4 ,four ,families4 ,,family ,i4 ,,dorsalia4 ,two ,genera4 #a4 ,genus ,arenicola4 ,animal4 ,the gills1 or respiratory organs dorsal1 or disposed lengthways on the body4 ,shell4 ,supposed to be tubular4 ,one species4 ,arenicola piscatorium4 #b4 ,genus ,siliquaria4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,see ,arenicola4 ,shell very thin1 conical1 tubular1 involuted in a spiral manner1 loosely and irregularly2 aperture circular1 sharp edges1 interrupted in the middle by a notch1 extending like a slit through the greater portion of its length1 and stopping abruptly at some distance from the summit4 ,inhabits the ,indian seas4 ,eight species4 ,siliquaria anguina4 ,s4 muricata4 ,s4 lvigata4 ,s4 lacta4 ,s4 rugosa4 ,s4 terebella4 ,s4 lima4 ,s4 spinosa4 ,,family ,,ii4 ,,maldania4 ,two ,genera4 #a4 ,genus ,clymene4 ,animal4 ,respiratory organs not determined1 supposed to be at the posterior part of the body4 ,shell4 ,tube thin and slender1 open at both ends1 encrusted externally with sand and fragments of shells4 ,one species4 ,clymene amphistoma4 #b4 ,genus ,dentalium4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,body elongated1 conical1 sub-vermiform1 enveloped in a fistula mantle as far as the anterior third1 and ending in a bourrelet pierced in its middle by an orifice with fringed edges2 foot altogether anterior1 proboscidiform1 terminated by a conical appendage1 contained in a kind of cup with festooned edges2 head distinct1 oval1 with a terminal mouth in the middle of a digitated lip2 a pair of lateral jaws1 formed each of two little oval shells garnished with points4 ,shell4 ,tubular1 regular1 symmetrical1 slightly curved longitudinally1 tapering gradually to the rear1 and opening in a round orifice at each end4 ,inhabits the ,british seas4 ,twenty-one species4 ,dentalium elephantinum4 ,d4 aprinum4 ,d4 sulcatum4 ,d4 fasciatum4 ,d4 pseudo-antalis4 ,d4 radicula4 ,d4 antalis4 ,d4 arictinum4 ,d4 octogonum4 ,d4 deforme4 ,d4 novemcostatum4 ,d4 sexangulaire4 ,d4 striatum4 ,d4 dentalis4 ,d4 corneum4 ,d4 nigrum4 ,d4 politum4 ,d4 eburneum4 ,d4 clava4 ,d4 fissura4 ,d4 coarctatum4 ,,family ,,iii4 ,,amphitrit,a4 ,four ,genera4 #a4 ,genus ,pectinaria4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,respiratory organs in general known1 and disposed at or near the anterior part of the body2 not separated or covered by an operculum4 ,shell4 ,a membranous papyraceous tube in the form of a reversed cone2 unfixed2 exterior covered with sandy adhesions4 ,two species4 ,pectinaria capensis4 ,p4 belgica499 #b4 ,genus ,sabellaria4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,but slightly differing from the ,pectinaria4 ,shell4 ,tubes numerous1 united in a common mass1 composed of agglutinated particles of marine substances1 cellular at the base2 orifice expanded4 ,found in the ,indian ,ocean4 ,two species4 ,sabellaria alveolata4 ,s4 crassissima4 #c4 ,genus ,terebella4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,body tubicular1 elongated1 cylindrically depressed1 attenuated posteriorly2 a row of nodulous and setiferous papill on each side2 numerous filiform1 twisted tentacula surrounding the mouth4 ,shell4 ,an elongated cylindrical and membranous tube with lash-like appendages at the end2 covered with adhesions of sand and shells4 ,inhabits the coast of ,new ,holland4 ,four species4 ,terebella conchilega4 ,t4 ventricosa4 ,t4 cristata4 ,t4 vermicuta4 #d4 ,genus ,amphitrite4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,body tubicular1 elongated1 cylindrical1 attenuated behind with many annulated segments4 ,shell4 ,an elongated cylindrical tube growing thinner towards the base1 of a tough membranous texture1 and generally without adhesions4 ,mediterranean sea4 ,seven species4 ,amphitrite ventilabra4 ,a4 penicilla4 ,a4 magnifica4 ,a4 vesiculosa4 ,a4 volutacornis4 ,a4 infundibula4 ,a4 minima4 ,,family ,,iv4 ,,serpulacea4 ,five ,genera4 #a4 ,genus ,spirorbis4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,gills or respiratory organs separated or covered by an operculum4 ,shell4 ,a testaceous tube turned spirally on a horizontal plane1 the lower portion of which is attached to marine substances1 generally fuci3 opening of the tube terminal1 rounded or angular4 ,found on ,alg on the ,british coast4 ,six species4 ,spirorbis nautiloidis4 ,s4 spirilla4 ,s4 tricostalis4 ,s4 bicarinata4 ,s4 carinata4 ,s4 lamellosa4 #b4 ,genus ,serpula4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,body tubular1 elongated1 depressed1 and attenuated behind2 segments numerous and narrow2 small bundles of awl-shaped bristles in a single row on each side4 ,shell4 ,a solid calcareous tube1 brown1 purple1 yellow1 tawny1 pink1 white1 or tinged with green4 ,the shells are irregularly twisted1 in clusters1 and affixed to other substances4 ,inhabits the coast of ,britain4 ,twenty-six species4 ,serpula vermicularis4 ,s4 fascicularis4 ,s4 intestina4 ,s4 contortuplicata4 ,s4 plicaria4 ,s4 glomerata4 ,s4 decussata4 ,s4 protensa4 ,s4 infundibula4 ,s4 annulata4 ,s4 cereola4 ,s4 filograna4 ,s4 vermicella4 ,s4 filaria4 ,s4 pellucida4 ,s4 intorta4 ,s4 cristata4 ,s4 spirula4 ,s4 quadrangularis4 ,s4 minima4 ,s4 echinata4 ,s4 sulcata4 ,s4 costalis4 ,s4 dentifera4 ,s4 sipho4 ,s4 arenaria4 #c4 ,genus ,vermilia4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,body tubicular1 elongated and attenuated towards the posterior part1 and provided superiorly with a simple testaceous orbicular operculum4 ,shell4 ,a testaceous cylindrical tube1 narrowed in the rear1 twisted1 and adhering by the side to marine substances1 aperture round1 the margin armed with from one to three teeth4 ,inhabits the ,british coast4 ,nine species4 ,vermilia rostrata4 ,v4 triquetra4 ,v4 bicarinata4 ,v4 eruca4 ,v4 subcrenata4 ,v4 plicifera4 ,v4 scabra4 ,v4 tniata4 ,v4 plicata4 #d4 ,genus ,galeolaria4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,distinguished from the vermilia by a very peculiar operculum4 ,shell4 ,in groups1 testaceous1 cylindrical1 subangular1 wavy1 adhering by the base1 and open at the summit2 aperture orbicular1 terminated on the side by a spatular tongue2 operculum orbicular1 squamose1 and consisting of from five to nine testaceous parts or valves4 ,inhabits the ,indian seas4 ,two species4 ,galeolaria cspitosa4 ,g4 elongata4 #e4 ,genus ,magilus4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,usually found imbedded in a species of ,madrepore4 ,base bent into a spiral form1 oval1 with four contiguous1 convex volutions 7the last of which is the largest71 and prolonged into a straight waved tube1 convex above1 carinated beneath4 ,inhabits the sea at the ,isle of ,france4 ,two species4 ,magilus antiquus4 ,m4 muricatus4 ,,class ,,ii4 ,,cirrhipeda4 ,animal4 ,soft1 without head or eyes1 testaceous1 body fixed as if reversed1 inarticulated1 furnished with a mantle1 having above tentacular arms1 with curled tufts multiarticulated1 mouth beneath1 not projecting1 dentated transverse jaws disposed in pairs4 ,number of arms1 unequal and varying1 disposed in rows1 each composed of two rows of curled tufts of bristles2 fringed2 a corneous skin supported by a pedicle4 ,medulla longitudinal and knotted2 gills external1 sometimes concealed2 circulation by heart and vessels4 ,one ,family4 ,,family4 ,,cirrhipeda4 ,ten ,genera4 #a4 ,genus ,tubicinella4 ,animal4 ,body inclosed in a shell1 with small setaceous and unequal cirri4 ,shell4 ,univalve1 operculated1 tubular1 erect1 a little attenuated towards the base1 bound with annular transverse ribs1 truncated at both ends1 open at the summit1 and closed at the base with a membrane4 ,operculum with four obtuse valves4 ,south ,american seas4 ,one species4 ,tubicinella balnarum4 #b4 ,genus ,coronula4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,body seated1 enveloped in a shell with small setaceous and cirrous arms4 ,shell4 ,sessile1 apparently indivisible1 suborbicular1 conoidal or blunt1 conical1 the extremities truncated1 the sides very thick1 the inside hollowed into radiating cells4 ,operculum composed of four obtuse valves4 ,inhabits the ,north seas4 ,five species4 ,coronula diadema4 ,c4 testudinaria4 ,c4 balnaris4 ,c4 pulchra4 ,c4 denticulata499 #c4 ,genus ,balanus4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,body sessile1 inclosed in an operculated shell2 branchi numerous1 placed in two rows1 unequal1 articulated1 ciliated2 each composed of two cirri1 supported by a peduncle1 and exsertile2 mouth with four transverse dentated jaws1 with four hairy palpi-like appendages4 ,shell4 ,formed of six distinct coronary valves1 one dorsal1 one ventral1 and two pairs of laterals1 with a calcareous support2 operculum forming a sort of pyramid1 by four articulated pieces in the aperture of the shell4 ,is found in almost all seas4 ,thirty species4 ,balanus angulosus4 ,b4 nigrescens4 ,b4 roseus4 ,b4 amphimorphus4 ,b4 crispatus4 ,b4 stalaciferus4 ,b4 patellaris4 ,b4 calycularis4 ,b4 subimbricatus4 ,b4 palmatus4 ,b4 dupluconus4 ,b4 semiplicatus4 ,b4 lvis4 ,b4 punctatus4 ,b4 perforatus4 ,b4 rugosus4 ,b4 latus4 ,b4 plicatus4 ,b4 galeatus4 ,b4 spinosus4 ,b4 placianus4 ,b4 sulcatus4 ,b4 cylindraceus4 ,b4 ovularis4 ,b4 radiatus4 ,b4 fistulosus4 ,b4 ,lyonsii4 ,b4 tintinabulus499 ,b4 miser499 ,b4 geniculatus499 #d4 ,genus ,acasta4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,body without a peduncle1 and inclosed in a multivalve shell1 found in sponge or marine bodies1 mouth and tentacula placed in the apex1 or upper part of the body4 ,shell4 ,patella-shaped1 sub-conically oval1 formed of six lateral unequal valves forming the base1 which being convex prevents the shell from standing by itself in an erect position1 when detached from the substance which envelopes it4 ,inhabits the ,british seas4 ,four species4 ,acasta ,montaguii4 ,a4 sulcata4 ,a4 glans4 ,a4 tubulosa4 #e4 ,genus ,creusia4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,body1 subglobular1 inclosed in an operculated shell2 having three or four pairs of tentacular arms3 mouth at the anterior part of the body4 ,shell4 ,sessile1 fixed1 orbicular1 conical1 consisting of four united unequal valves2 attached to madrepore and other marine substances1 they are almost microscopic1 and found only in the seas of hot countries4 ,inhabits the ,china seas4 ,three species4 ,creusia stromia4 ,c4 spinulosa4 ,c4 verruca4 #f4 ,genus ,pyrgoma4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,sessile1 univalve1 rather globular1 ventricose1 convex above2 apex perforated2 aperture small1 elliptical1 operculum quadrivalve4 ,inhabits the ,indian seas4 ,one species4 ,pyrgoma cancellata4 #g4 ,genus ,anatifera4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,body covered with a shell1 supported by a long tubular tendinous peduncle2 with long1 numerous1 and unequal tentacular arms1 which are articulated and ciliated1 and emanating from the summit on one side4 ,shell4 ,compressed on the sides1 with five flat valves1 the valves contiguous and unequal2 the lower lateral ones the largest3 the whole of them united and kept together by means of their membranes4 ,inhabits the ,british seas4 ,six species4 ,anatifera lvis4 ,a4 villosa4 ,a4 vitrea4 ,a4 dentata4 ,a4 striata4 ,a4 aculeata4 #h4 ,genus ,pollicipes4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,body covered by a shell1 and supported on a tabular1 tendinous1 scaly peduncle2 with many tentacular arms4 ,shell4 ,consisting of thirteen or more valves1 the smallest at the sides1 which are very flat and compressed1 the peduncle short1 wrinkled1 rigid1 and often covered with scales like shagreen4 ,inhabits the ,european and ,american seas4 ,six species4 ,pollicipes cornucopia4 ,p4 scalpellum4 ,p4 homii4 ,p4 mitella4 ,p4 peronii4 ,p4 ,mortoni499 #i4 ,genus ,cineras4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,body pedunculated1 and encased in a membranous tunic1 which is swollen above1 with an opening below the summit1 from which protrude many ciliated articulated arms4 ,shell4 ,composed of five testaceous oblong valves1 two at the sides of the aperture and three on the back1 not covering the whole of the body2 supported by a peduncle of a greenish colour with several longitudinal stripes4 ,inhabits the ,british coast4 ,one species4 ,cineras vittata4 #aj4 ,genus ,otion4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,body pedunculated1 enveloped in a membranous tunic1 which is ventricose above2 two horn-like tubes1 directed backwards1 truncated1 and open at their points1 and situated in the apex of the tunic2 having a lateral opening1 with many articulated and ciliated arms4 ,shell4 ,composed of two testaceous valves1 attached near the lateral opening1 the centre aperture admitting the animal's tentacul1 the singular form of which prevents its being blended with the genus cineras without a further examination of its structure4 ,inhabits the ,north seas4 ,two species4 ,otion ,cuvieri4 ,o4 ,blainvillii4 ,,class ,,iii4 ,,conchifera4 ,animal4 ,soft1 inarticulated1 always fixed in a bivalve shell1 without head or eyes1 having the mouth naked1 concealed1 and without any hard parts2 a large mantle enveloping the whole of the body1 forming two laminiform lobes2 the edges detached or sometimes united in front4 ,gills or respiratory organs external1 situated on each side between the body and the mantle2 circulation simple1 the heart with one ventricle2 some few ganglions of the different nerves1 but no knotted medullary cord4 ,shell4 ,always bivalve1 enveloping the animal entirely or partially1 sometimes free1 sometimes affixed2 the valves most frequently united on one side by a hinge or ligament4 ,sometimes attached to the shell are testaceous accessory pieces4 ,twenty families4 ,,family ,i4 ,,tubicola4 ,six ,genera4 #a4 ,genus ,aspergillum4 ,pl4 ,v4 ,animal4 ,entirely unknown4 ,shell4 ,oval1 somewhat elongated1 striated longitudinally1 conic1 club-shaped1 having two valves incrusted on one side of the club1 open at its attenuated extremity1 and terminated at the other by a convex disk1 pierced by a number of small perforations1 and encircled by a dilated margin of papyraceous tubes1 resembling a plaited ruff--smaller extremity always open4 ,this is a well known1 but rare shell1 found in sandy places in low water in the ,indian ocean4 ,four species4 ,aspergillum ,javanum4 ,a4 vaginiferum4 ,a4 ,nov ,zlandi4 ,a4 agglutinans4 #b4 ,genus ,clavagella4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,a tubular sheath1 testaceous1 attenuated1 and open before2 terminating posteriorly in an oval1 sub-compressed club1 roughened by spiniform tubes--one valve fixed in the side of the club1 the other free in the tube4 ,inhabits the ,indian seas4 ,four species4 ,clavagella aperta4 ,c4 cristata4 ,c4 tibialis4 ,c4 ,brocchii4 #c4 ,genus ,fistulana4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,provided with two protuberant calcareous tubes1 covering parts of its body at the open end of the tube1 each of which is terminated with from five to eight cup-shaped calcareous or corneous appendages4 ,it inhabits the sand1 and perforates wood1 stones1 and sometimes shells4 ,shell4 ,lamarck asserts that the tube and shell of this genus are quite distinct4 ,they have the shell free and detached within the sheath1 and neither of the valves fixed into the partition of the tube1 which is most generally testaceous1 closed1 and retort-shaped at the posterior extremity4 ,inhabits the ,indian seas4 ,four species4 ,fistulana clava4 ,f4 corniformis4 ,f4 gregata4 ,f4 lagenula4 #d4 ,genus ,septaria4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,a very long testaceous tube1 gradually attenuated to its upper end1 and divided internally by vaulted divisions seldom complete1 the extremity of which is terminated by two slender tubes without interior partitions4 ,specimens of this genus have been found five feet long4 ,found in sand on the shores of the ,indian seas4 ,two species4 ,septaria arenaria4 ,s4 maculata4 #e4 ,genus ,teredina4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,a fossil genus2 consisting of a testaceous cylindrical sheath1 the posterior extremity closed1 and exhibiting the two valves of the shell it encloses2 the anterior end open4 ,two fossil species4 #f4 ,genus ,teredo4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,body very much elongated1 vermiform3 mantle very fine1 tubular1 opening only at front and below for the issue of a teat-shaped foot2 mouth small2 very short1 distinct tubes2 the inferior or respiratory one somewhat larger than the superior2 labial appendages short and striated2 branchi very long1 narrow1 united1 and prolonged throughout the extent of the tubular cavity of the mantle2 only one large contractile muscle between the valves2 at the point of junction of the mantle and tubes is a muscular ring1 in which is implanted a pair of corneo-calcareous appendages4 ,shell4 ,thick1 solid1 very short or annular1 open before and behind2 valves equal1 equilateral1 angular and trenchant before1 only touching each other by the opposite edges2 no hinge2 a considerable spoon-like cavity2 only one feeble muscular impression4 ,tube more or less distinct from the substance in which the animal lives1 cylindrical1 straight or winding1 and closing with age at the buccal extremity so as to envelope the animal and its shell2 at the other end it is always open1 and divided internally into two syphons by a partition in the middle4 ,inhabits the ,european seas in timber4 ,three species4 ,teredo navalis4 ,t4 palmulata4 ,t4 gigantea4 ,,family ,,ii4 ,,pholadaria4 ,two ,genera4 #a4 ,genus ,pholas4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,without a tubular sheath1 projecting anteriorly into two united tubes1 frequently surrounded by a common skin1 and the posterior extremity provided with a short muscular foot1 flattened at its extremity4 ,shell4 ,multivalve1 equivalve1 transverse1 gaping at both ends1 with various accessory pieces either on the hinge or below it4 ,inhabits the ,indian seas and ,american shores4 ,eighteen species4 ,pholas dactyla4 ,p4 orientalis4 ,p4 candida4 ,p4 dactiloides4 ,p4 papyracea4 ,p4 tuberculata4 ,p4 silicula4 ,p4 callosa4 ,p4 costata499 ,p4 clavata499 ,p4 ovum499 ,p4 lancellata499 ,p4 crispata499 ,p4 truncata499 ,p4 californica499 ,p4 penita499 ,p4 oblongata499 ,p4 cuneiformis499 #b4 ,genus ,gastrochna4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,always without accessory pieces1 therefore easily distinguished from the ,pholas4 ,shell4 ,equivalve1 somewhat cuneiform with a very large oval and oblique aperture anteriorly2 posterior extremity nearly closed2 hinge linear2 marginal and without teeth4 ,three species4 ,gastrochna cuneiformis4 ,g4 mytiloides4 ,g4 modiolina4 ,,family ,,iii4 ,,solenea4 ,four genera4 #a4 ,genus ,solen4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,body cylindroid1 much elongated2 the mantle in form of a canal open at both ends1 closed in the rest of its extent by a thick epidermis which surrounds it2 a cylindroid anterior foot4 ,shell4 ,equivalve1 extremely inequilateral1 the summits very small1 and entirely at the commencement of the dorsal line2 one or two teeth in the hinge4 ,inhabits the seas of ,america and ,europe4 ,twenty-one species4 ,solen vaginus4 ,s4 corneus4 ,s4 pygmus4 ,s4 ambiguus4 ,s4 ,dombeii4 ,s4 ,javanicus4 ,s4 ,caribus4 ,s4 violaceus4 ,s4 antiquatus4 ,s4 vaginoides4 ,s4 siliqua4 ,s4 cultellus4 ,s4 planus4 ,s4 constrictus4 ,s4 coarctatus4 ,s4 ensis499 ,s4 minutus499 ,s4 viridis499 ,s4 centralis499 ,s4 rostratus499 ,s4 giganteus499 #b4 ,genus ,panopa4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,the situation of the ligament1 and the prominency of the apex1 are the characters which distinguish it from the ,mya4 ,shell4 ,regular oval1 elongated1 gaping at both ends1 equivalve1 inequilateral2 summit little marked and anterodorsal2 hinge complete2 similen formed by a conical primary tooth1 before a short1 compressed1 ascending callosity1 ligament exterior1 attached to the callosity2 two muscular impressions4 ,inhabits the ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,one species4 ,panopa ,aldrovandi4 #c4 ,genus ,solecurtus4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,oval1 elongated1 equivalve1 subequilateral1 with edges nearly straight and parallel1 the extremities equally rounded1 and1 as it were1 truncated2 summits but little marked2 hinge without teeth1 or formed by some rudimentary primary teeth1 ligament projecting1 affixed to thickened callosities2 two distinct rounded muscular impressions4--,mediterranean ,sea and coasts of ,america4 ,ten species4 ,solecurtus radiatus4 ,s4 strigilatus4 ,s4 legumen4 ,s4 fragilis499 ,s4 costatus499 ,s4 ,caribus499 ,s4 lucidus499 ,s4 ,nuttallii499 ,s4 subteres499 ,s4 ,californianus499 #d4 ,genus ,glycimeris4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,the few species of this genus yet known have been blended1 by previous authors1 either with the ,mya or ,solen1 but from either they are easily distinguished4 ,shell4 ,covered with epidermis1 slightly irregular1 elongated1 gaping at both ends1 equivalve1 exceedingly inequilateral2 summits little marked2 hinge toothless2 a longitudinal callosity4 ,ligament exterior1 affixed to very projecting callosities on the shortest side of the shell2 two distinct muscular impressions4 ,inhabits the ,north seas4 ,two species4 ,glycimeris margaritacea4 ,g4 siliqua4 ,,family ,,iv4 ,,myaria4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,genus ,mya4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,subcylindrical1 enveloped in a mantle pierced only with one interior and inferior hole for the passage of a very small and conical foot2 the tubes very considerable1 and completely united2 a tolerably large mouth1 oval1 and with simple lips2 very small labial appendages3 branchial lamin inconsiderable2 the external very short1 the internal united with that of the opposite side4 ,shell4 ,surrounded with a thick epidermis1 which is prolonged upon the tubes and the edges of the mantle of the animal2 tolerably solid1 with fine trenchant edges2 the summits very little marked2 hinge dissimilar2 one or two oblique cardinal folds1 divergent1 behind a horizontal spoon-shaped hollow upon the left valve1 corresponding with a hollow2 horizontal and cardinal in the right valve2 two distinct muscular impressions4 ,inhabits the ,british and ,american coasts4 ,eight species4 ,mya truncata4 ,m4 arenaria4 ,m4 erodona4 ,m4 solenimyalis4 ,m4 hyalina499 ,m4 cancellata499 ,m4 acuta499 ,m4 mercenaria499 #b4 ,genus ,anatina4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,transverse1 subequivalve1 gaping at both valves1 or in one only2 no cardinal teeth2 one broad primary tooth in both valves1 projecting interiorly2 a lateral plate running obliquely under the primary teeth4 ,sometimes there is a fissure extending from the apex1 giving the appearance of a second plate or rib4 ,inhabits the ,british and ,american seas4 ,twelve species4 ,anatina laterna4 ,a4 truncata4 ,a4 subrostrata4 ,a4 trapezoides4 ,a4 rugosa4 ,a4 imperfecta4 ,a4 longirostris4 ,a4 globulosa4 ,a4 myalis4 ,a4 rupicola4 ,a4 ,leana499 ,a4 papyracea499 ,,family ,v4 ,,mactracea4 ,seven genera4 #a4 ,genus ,lutraria4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,body oval1 much compressed1 or subcylindrical2 the mantle enclosed only in the half of its inferior side3 foot small and projecting but little beyond the abdominal mass1 tubes long1 distinct or united4 ,this genus is perfectly distinct from the ,mactra1 to which it formerly belonged1 on account of its having no lateral teeth4 ,it is called by ,de ,blainville1 ,lutricola1 from its being found very deep in mud or sand at the mouth of rivers4 ,shell4 ,oval or elongated1 regular1 equivalve1 more or less inequilateral1 sometimes but slightly gaping3 edges always simple and trenchant2 summits feebly marked2 hinge subsimilar1 formed by two very small divergent cardinal teeth2 two very distinct muscular impressions united by a palleal impression profoundly sineous to the rear4 ,inhabits the seas of ,europe and ,america4 ,fourteen species4 ,lutraria solenoides4 ,l4 rugosa4 ,l4 compressa4 ,l4 piperata4 ,l4 tellinoides4 ,l4 candida4 ,l4 elliptica4 ,l4 papyracea4 ,l4 plicatella4 ,l4 crassiplica4 ,l4 complanata4 ,l4 lineata499 ,l4 ,nuttallii499 ,l4 caniculata499 #b4 ,genus ,mactra4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,body oval and pretty thick2 edges of the mantle thick1 smooth1 or without tentacular papill1 augmented behind by two indistinct tubes2 mouth small and oval2 labial appendages narrow2 branchial lamin very small1 and united in their length among themselves and with those of the opposite side2 foot oval1 trenchant1 very long4 ,shell4 ,the ,mactra has a peculiar hinge distinguishing it from all other genera4 ,it is triangular1 with a curved or angular compressed tooth on each valve1 with a small oblique cavity on each side1 to which is attached the ligament4 ,two lateral teeth1 one near the primary tooth and one near the ligament4 ,the shape of the shell is subtriangular or oblong2 exterior smooth1 striated1 or ribbed transversely2 two muscular impressions united by a narrow marginal tongue4 ,inhabits the ,british and ,american coasts4 ,forty-four species4 ,mactra spengleri4 ,m4 striatella4 ,m4 carinata4 ,m4 straminea4 ,m4 ,australis4 ,m4 violacea4 ,m4 fasciata4 ,m4 turgida4 ,m4 plicataria ,m4 rufescens4 ,m4 maculata4 ,m4 subplicata4 ,m4 triangularis4 ,m4 lactea4 ,m4 abbreviata4 ,m4 crassatella4 ,m4 helvacea4 ,m4 grandis4 ,m4 stultorum4 ,m4 maculosa4 ,m4 ovalina4 ,m4 castanea4 ,m4 rufa4 ,m4 squalida4 ,m4 brasiliana4 ,m4 donacina4 ,m4 depressa4 ,m4 lilacea4 ,m4 trigonella4 ,m4 deltoides4 ,m4 alata4 ,m4 gigantea499 ,m4 solida499 ,m4 oblonga499 ,m4 californica499 ,m4 arctata499 ,m4 nucleus499 ,m4 alba499 ,m4 similis499 ,m4 fragilis499 ,m4 lateralis499 ,m4 deaurata499 ,m4 planulata499 ,m4 tellinoides499 #c4 ,genus ,crassatella4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,close1 suborbicular or transverse1 striated longitudinally1 denticulated1 regular1 equivalve1 inequilateral1 summits well marked1 and turned to the front3 primary teeth somewhat divergent with a hollow at the side2 no lateral teeth nor obsolete ones2 ligament internal and inserted into a pit in the hinge4 ,it is easily known from the ,mactra and ,lutraria by the valves fitting exactly4 ,the living species of this genus only exist in the seas of ,australasia1 while in a fossil state we find at least seven species in ,france4 ,eleven species4 ,crassatella kingicola4 ,c4 donacina4 ,c4 sulcata4 ,c4 rostrata4 ,c4 glabrata4 ,c4 subradiata4 ,c4 contraria4 ,c4 cuneata4 ,c4 ,erycina4 ,c4 cycladea4 ,c4 striata4 #d4 ,genus ,erycina4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,somewhat longer than high1 subtrigonal1 regular equivalved1 inequilateral1 gaping but little or not at all2 summits well marked and a little inclined to the front2 hinge subsimilar2 two unequal cardinal teeth converging to the summit2 two oblong1 compressed1 short1 and inserted lateral teeth2 ligament internal and situated in a pit4 ,owing to the equivocal character of this genus it is somewhat difficult to judge of the hinge4 ,inhabits the ,indian and ,american seas4 ,two species4 ,erycina cardioides4 ,e4 striata4 #e4 ,genus ,ungulina4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,vertical or sublongitudinal1 a little irregular1 not gaping1 equivalve1 subequilateral1 with summits a little marked2 hinge dorsal1 formed by a cardinal tooth2 two long muscular impressions1 one short primary cleft tooth in each valve1 with an oblong groove divided in the middle of the margin1 ligament internal inserted in a pit4 ,two species4 ,ungulina oblonga4 ,u4 transversa4 #f4 ,genus ,solemya4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,covered with a thick epidermis1 enclosing it entirely except at the extremities1 regular1 somewhat thick1 oval1 elongated1 straight and parallel edges1 also rounded at its two extremities1 valves equal1 very inequilateral2 the anterior side much longer than the posterior2 summits feebly marked2 hinge subsimilar1 formed by a cardinal tooth1 dilated1 compressed1 and a little reflexed above2 subexterior ligament inserted upon the tooth1 and nearly at the posterior extremity of the shell2 two small1 rounded1 widely separated muscular impressions1 without any visible abdominal impression4 ,four species4 ,solemya ,australis4 ,s4 ,mediterranea4 ,s4 velum499 ,s4 borealis499 #g4 ,genus ,amphidesma4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,very imperfectly known4 ,shell4 ,transverse1 inequilateral1 somewhat rounded or suboval2 sides slightly gaping2 hinge with one or two cardinal teeth1 and a narrow groove for the internal ligament2 ligament double1 the external one short1 the internal one fixed in the internal grooves4 ,the two ligaments distinguish this genus from all other bivalves4 ,inhabits the ,west ,indian and ,american seas4 ,forty-five species4 ,amphidesma variegatum4 ,a4 donacillum4 ,a4 lacteum4 ,a4 corneum4 ,a4 albellum4 ,a4 flexuosum4 ,a4 prismaticum4 ,a4 phaseolinum4 ,a4 ,tenuii4 ,a4 purpurescens4 ,a4 nucleolum4 ,a4 physioides4 ,a4 pulchrum4 ,a4 pallidum4 ,a4 formosum4 ,a4 roseum4 ,a4 corbuloides4 ,a4 glabrellum4 ,a4 lucinale4 ,a4 ,boysii4 ,a4 lenticulare4 ,a4 cancellatum4 ,a4 reticulatum4 ,a4 duplicatum4 ,a4 lve4 ,a4 prismaticum4 ,a4 ellipticum4 ,a4 subtruncatum4 ,a4 solidum4 ,a4 cordiforme4 ,a4 rupium4 ,a4 lamellosum4 ,a4 crenulatum4 ,a4 punctatum4 ,a4 multicostatum4 ,a4 siculum4 ,a4 transversum499 ,a4 rubro-lineata499 ,a4 decisa499 ,a4 bellastriata499 ,a4 orbiculata499 ,a4 equalis499 ,a4 punctata499 ,a4 radiata499 ,a4 lepida499 ,,family ,,vi4 ,,corbulacea4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,genus ,corbula4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,tolerably solid1 regular1 inequivalve1 inequilateral with a conical1 flexed1 ascending1 primary tooth in each valve2 a cavity at the side2 no lateral teeth2 ligament interior1 placed in the cavities2 two neighbouring muscular impressions4 ,inhabits the ,british and ,american seas4 ,ten species4 ,four fossil4 ,corbula ,australis4 ,c4 sulcata4 ,c4 erythrodon4 ,c4 ovalina4 ,c4 semen4 ,c4 ,taitensis4 ,c4 nucleus4 ,c4 impressa4 ,c4 porcina4 ,c4 contracta499 #b4 ,genus ,pandora4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,body much compressed1 somewhat elongated1 in form of a furrow1 in consequence of the union of the edges of the mantle1 and its continuation with the tubes1 which are united and short2 foot small1 thickest in front1 and issuing through a tolerably large cleft in the mantle4 ,shell4 ,regular1 white1 elongated1 much compressed1 inequivalved1 inequilateral2 right or upper valve quite flat1 with a fold2 summits feebly marked2 hinge anomalous1 formed by a transverse cardinal tooth on the right2 valve entering a corresponding cavity in the left2 ligament internal1 oblique1 triangular1 inserted in a somewhat deep pit1 with edges a little projecting on each valve2 two round muscular impressions4 ,inhabits the ,mediterranean1 ,british1 and ,american seas4 ,four living species1 and two fossils1 according to ,defrance4 ,pandora rostrata4 ,p4 obtusa4 ,p4 trilineata499 ,p4 punctata499 ,,family ,,vii4 ,,lithophaga4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,genus ,saxicava4 ,pl4 ,,vi4 ,animal4 ,long1 subcylindrical1 the mantle closed in all parts1 prolonged behind by two long tubes1 thick and close together externally1 pierced interiorly and in front with a round orifice1 for the passage of a very small foot2 mouth very large2 labial appendages small2 branchial lamin free1 the external pair much shorter than the internal4 ,lamarck has thought proper to remove this genus from the ,mytilus2 it possesses the faculty1 like the ,pholas1 of penetrating rocks and substances1 and cannot be extracted but by breaking the substance in which it is imbedded4 ,shell4 ,thick1 with an epidermis1 a little irregular1 elongated1 subcylindrical1 obtuse at both ends2 summits feebly marked2 hinge toothless1 or with a very small rudimentary tooth2 ligament external1 somewhat inflated2 two round muscular impressions distinct1 and several others irregular4 ,inhabits the ,british and ,american seas1 in cavities1 which they bore in rocks or wood4 ,nine species4 ,saxicava rugosa4 ,s4 gallicana4 ,s4 veneriformis4 ,s4 pholadis4 ,s4 ,australis4 ,s4 distorta499 ,s4 rhomboides499 ,s4 carditoides499 ,s4 californica499 #b4 ,genus ,petricola4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,subtrigonal1 more or less irregular1 transverse1 inequilateral2 upper side narrowed and a little gaping2 lower side rounded2 hinge with two teeth in each valve1 or in one valve only4 ,inhabits the ,australian seas1 boring into wood and rocks4 ,thirteen species4 ,petricola lamellosa4 ,p4 ,ochrolenca4 ,p4 ,semilamellata4 ,p4 lucinalis4 ,p4 striata4 ,p4 costellata4 ,p4 recellaria4 ,p4 exilis4 ,p4 ruperella4 ,p4 chamoides4 ,p4 pholadiformis4 ,p4 labagella4 ,p4 linguatula4 #c4 ,genus ,venerirupis4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,unknown1 but probably resembling the ,venus4 ,another lithophagous shell1 taken from the genus ,venus1 and distinguished from it by the different disposition of the teeth4 ,shell4 ,transverse1 inequilateral1 posterior side short1 the anterior gaping slightly4 ,hinge with two teeth on the right valve1 three on the left1 and sometimes three on both--these are small1 near together1 and parallel4 ,ligament exterior4 ,inhabits the ,british seas1 boring into rocks and clay4 ,eight species4 ,venerirupis perforans4 ,v4 nuclea4 ,v4 ,ira4 ,v4 corditoides4 ,v4 exotica4 ,v4 distans4 ,v4 crenata4 ,v4 alata4 ,,family ,,viii4 ,,nymphacea4 ,ten ,genera4 ,this family is divided into ,n4 ,solenaria and ,n4 ,tellinaria1 from their resemblance to the ,solen and ,tellina4 ,n4 ,,solenaria4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,genus ,sanguinolaria4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,oval1 compressed1 a little elongated1 gaping but little1 equivalve1 subequilateral1 rounded at both extremities2 no mark of posterior keel2 summits feebly marked2 hinge formed by one or two contiguous cardinal teeth upon each valve2 ligament projecting1 two round muscular impressions1 distant and joined by a narrow palleal impression strongly sinuous behind4 ,inhabits the sea at ,jamaica and shores of ,america4 ,nine species4 ,sanguinolaria occidens4 ,s4 rosea4 ,s4 alba4 ,s4 livida4 ,s4 rugosa4 ,s4 fusca499 ,s4 lusoria499 ,s4 ,nuttallii499 ,s4 ,californiana499 #b4 ,genus ,psammobia4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,resembling the ,tellina1 from which it was taken1 but not having an irregular plait on the anterior part4 ,shell4 ,transverse1 oblong-ovate1 or elliptical1 flattened1 slightly gaping at one side2 summits projecting2 hinge formed by two primary teeth in the left valve1 and one in the opposite one ,inhabits the ,european and ,american seas4 ,twenty-one species4 ,psammobia virgata4 ,p4 ferroensis4 ,p4 vespertina4 ,p4 muculosa4 ,p4 alba4 ,p4 ,cayennensis4 ,p4 lvigata4 ,p4 ,tellinella4 ,p4 crulescens4 ,p4 elongata4 ,p4 flavicans4 ,p4 squamosa4 ,p4 pulchella4 ,p4 aurantia4 ,p4 fragilis4 ,p4 livida4 ,p4 galathea4 ,p4 lusoria499 ,p4 fusca499 ,p4 ,pacifica499 ,p4 ,florida499 #c4 ,genus ,psammota4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,of the same form as the ,psammobia1 but differing in the number of teeth1 the left valve of the ,psammota having only one tooth2 and sometimes one valve is without teeth1 while the other has two2 ligament exterior1 attached to callosities at the hinge1 and without an irregular plait4 ,inhabits the ,australian seas4 ,seven species4 ,one fossil species4 ,psammota violacea4 ,p4 zonalis4 ,p4 pellucida4 ,p4 candida4 ,p4 tarentina4 ,p4 donacina4 ,p4 serotina4 ,n4 ,,tellinaria4 ,seven ,genera4 ,the two last of these genera have no lateral teeth1 the rest have one or two4 #d4 ,genus ,tellina4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,body triangular1 much compressed3 the free edge of the mantle furnished with a row of tentacular1 largest and longest in the rear2 foot very large1 compressed and pointed to the front2 buccal appendages nearly as large as the bronchial lamin1 of which the external pair are much smaller than the internal2 the anterior contractile muscle larger than the other2 tubes very distinct4 ,shell4 ,of a somewhat variable form1 generally striated longitudinally and much compressed1 equivalved1 more or less inequilateral2 the anterior side almost always longer and more rounded than the posterior1 which constantly presents a flexuous fold1 at least at its inferior edge2 summits feebly marked2 hinge similar2 one or two cardinal teeth2 two lateral teeth1 far apart with a pit at their base in each valve2 ligament posterior1 large2 round muscular impressions4 ,the finest species of this beautiful shell are found in the pearl fisheries of ,ceylon2 and numerous species on the ,american shore4 ,sixty-eight species4 ,tellina unimaculata4 ,t4 virgata4 ,t4 semizonalis4 ,t4 staurella4 ,t4 lutirostra4 ,t4 rostrata4 ,t4 ,spengleri4 ,t4 radiata4 ,t4 crucigera4 ,t4 elliptica4 ,t4 albinella4 ,t4 rosea4 ,t4 foliacea4 ,t4 operculata4 ,t4 chloraleuca4 ,t4 remies4 ,t4 sulcata4 ,t4 crassa4 ,t4 exilis4 ,t4 donacina4 ,t4 nitida4 ,t4 striatula4 ,t4 decussata4 ,t4 obliqua4 ,t4 nymphalis4 ,t4 capsoides4 ,t4 seradiata4 ,t4 margaritina4 ,t4 strigosa4 ,t4 planata4 ,t4 depressa4 ,t4 pulchella4 ,t4 fabula4 ,t4 tenuis4 ,t4 sulphurea4 ,t4 cornuta4 ,t4 iris4 ,t4 levigata4 ,t4 linguafelis4 ,t4 rugosa4 ,t4 lacunosa4 ,t4 gargadia4 ,t4 pristis4 ,t4 gigas4 ,t4 scalaris4 ,t4 psammotella4 ,t4 scobinata4 ,t4 ,brasiliana4 ,t4 umbonella4 ,t4 deltoidalis4 ,t4 multangula4 ,t4 solidula4 ,t4 polygona4 ,t4 ostracea499 ,t4 intastriata499 ,t4 polita499 ,t4 tenera499 ,t4 flexuosa499 ,t4 secta499 ,t4 decorate499 ,t4 lateralis499 ,t4 alternata499 ,t4 vimaculata499 ,t4 pumicea499 ,t4 alta499 ,t4 nasuta499 ,t4 lineata499 ,t4 sordida499 #e4 ,genus ,tellinides4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,this genus is very nearly allied to the ,psammobia1 ,tellina1 and ,lucina1 but upon close examination it will be found to be distinct from either4 ,shell4 ,equilateral1 transverse1 somewhat elongated1 nearly without the flexuous plait2 two divergent cardinal teeth1 of which the anterior is but little distant from the summit4 ,inhabits the ,bay of ,naples4 ,two species4 ,one species is found on the shores of ,america4 ,tellinides ,timorensis4 ,t4 rosea499 #f4 ,genus ,corbis4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,differing slightly from the ,lucina4 ,this genus was classed by ,lamarck with the ,lucina1 but the great difference in the organization of the animals discovered by ,cuvier1 has made this a distinct genus4 ,shell4 ,equivalve1 transverse1 without any irregular fold on the anterior margin1 having the beaks flexed inward and opposite2 two cardinal teeth2 two lateral1 the posterior of which is nearest the hinge2 muscular impressions simple1 ligament external4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,corbis fimbriata4 ,c4 maculata4 #g4 ,genus ,lucina4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,very imperfectly known4 ,shell4 ,inequilateral1 suborbicular1 beaks small1 pointed1 and oblique2 two divergent cardinal teeth1 one of which is bifid1 and which vary or disappear with age2 two lateral teeth sometimes obsolete1 the posterior approaches nearest to the cardinal teeth2 two muscular impressions far apart1 the posterior in shape of a band1 sometimes very long2 ligament external4 ,inhabits the ,british and ,american seas4 ,twenty-six species4 ,lucina ,jamaicensis4 ,l4 edentula4 ,l4 radula4 ,l4 lactea4 ,l4 circinaria4 ,l4 columbella4 ,l4 mutabilis4 ,l4 squamosa4 ,l4 ,peruviana4 ,l4 fimbriata4 ,l4 undata4 ,l4 divaricata4 ,l4 scabra4 ,l4 sinuata4 ,l4 lutea4 ,l4 globularis4 ,l4 digitalis4 ,l4 ,pecten4 ,l4 reticulata4 ,l4 carmaria4 ,l4 concentrica4 ,l4 bella499 ,l4 ,pennsylvania499 ,l4 sphroides499 ,l4 ,californica499 ,l4 ,nuttallii499 #h4 ,genus ,donax4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,as in ,tellina4 ,shell4 ,transverse1 inequilateral1 equivalve2 anterior side short and obtuse2 two primary teeth in one or both valves2 one or two lateral teeth varying in distance2 two round muscular impressions2 ligament1 external1 short1 and inserted at the posterior impression4 ,inhabits the seas of ,europe and ,america4 ,thirty-one species4 ,donax pubescens4 ,d4 cuneata4 ,d4 radians4 ,d4 abbreviata4 ,d4 ringens4 ,d4 ,cayennensis4 ,d4 denticulata4 ,d4 cinatina4 ,d4 cardioides4 ,d4 scorta4 ,d4 compressa4 ,d4 columbella4 ,d4 ,australis4 ,d4 bicolor4 ,d4 merois4 ,d4 scripta4 ,d4 trunculata4 ,d4 fiabagella4 ,d4 ,martininsis4 ,d4 triquetra4 ,d4 rugosa4 ,d4 elongata4 ,d4 deltoides4 ,d4 veneriformis4 ,d4 ,vittata4 ,d4 granosa4 ,d4 epidermia4 ,d4 minima4 ,d4 variabilis499 ,d4 fossar499 ,d4 ,californica499 #i4 ,genus ,capsa4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,transverse1 equivalve1 valves approximate and close2 three primary teeth in the right valve1 and a single bifid tooth in the left1 inserted into a cavity in the opposite one2 no lateral teeth2 ligament external and on the short side1 as in ,donax1 from which it was separated by ,lamarck1 on account of the peculiarity of the hinge1 inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,three species4 ,capsa levigata4 ,c4 ,braziliensis4 ,c4 ,donaoides4 #aj4 ,genus ,crassina4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,distinguished from the ,venus by having only two teeth on each valve1 and from the crasatella by the position of the ligament2 solid1 suborbicular1 thick1 hinge with two strong diverging primary teeth in the right valve1 and two unequal ones on the other2 ligament external4 ,inhabits the ,scottish and ,devonshire coasts4 ,one species4 ,crassina ,danmoniensis4 ,,family ,,ix4 ,,conchacea4 ,seven ,genera4 ,this family is divided into ,conch ,marin1 and ,conch ,fluviatiles4 ,,conch ,,marin4 ,four ,genera4 #a4 ,cyprina4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,thick1 oval1 foot compressed1 falciform1 geniculated mantle closed behind1 and pierced by two oval apertures with cirrous edges3 no veritable tubes4 ,shell4 ,with epidermis2 thick1 regular1 substriated longitudinally1 sub-cordiform1 equivalved1 inequilateral2 summits strongly flexed to the front and often contiguous2 hinge thick1 subsimilar1 formed by three slightly converging cardinal teeth1 and by a posterior lateral tooth1 sometimes obsolete2 ligament very thick2 muscular impressions distant1 subcircular1 and united by a narrow marginal band4 ,inhabits the ,atlantic ,ocean and ,british seas4 ,two living species4 ,seven fossil4 ,cyprina tennistria4 ,c4 ,icelandica4 #b4 ,genus ,cytherea4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,oval or round1 generally but little compressed2 edges of the mantle undulous1 and garnished with tentacular cirri in one row2 foot considerable1 compressed1 trenchant1 in other respects diversiform2 tubes tolerably elongated1 and most usually united2 mouth small2 labial appendages quite small2 branchi wide1 short1 free1 or not united either with one another or with those of the opposite side4 ,shell4 ,solid1 equivalve1 regular1 inequilateral2 summits equal1 reflexed1 and slightly projecting2 four primary teeth on one valve1 of which three are divergent1 and approximating at the base1 and one remote--this circumstance easily distinguishing it from the ,venus4 ,on the other valve are three primary divergent teeth with a distant cavity parallel with the edge4 ,inhabits the ,british1 ,mediterranean1 and ,american seas4 ,eighty-three living species4 ,nine fossil4 ,cytherea petechialis4 ,c4 morphina4 ,c4 ,castanea4 ,c4 casta4 ,c4 lusoria4 ,c4 graphica4 ,c4 impudica4 ,c4 purpurata4 ,c4 zonaria4 ,c4 tigrina4 ,c4 pulicaris4 ,c4 numulina4 ,c4 abbreviata4 ,c4 pectinata4 ,c4 flexuosa4 ,c4 ranella4 ,c4 lunularis4 ,c4 divaricata4 ,c4 corbicula4 ,c4 meretrix4 ,c4 tripla4 ,c4 erycina4 ,c4 impar4 ,c4 ,guiniensis4 ,c4 pectoralis4 ,c4 ,arabica4 ,c4 ,florida4 ,c4 immaculata4 ,c4 ,chione4 ,c4 hepatica4 ,c4 citrina4 ,c4 lactea4 ,c4 lata4 ,c4 lincta4 ,c4 trigonella4 ,c4 prostrata4 ,c4 ,hebra4 ,c4 tigerina4 ,c4 ornata4 ,c4 umbonella4 ,c4 castrensis4 ,c4 picta4 ,c4 scripta4 ,c4 mixta4 ,c4 muscaria4 ,c4 plicatina4 ,c4 dentaria4 ,c4 nodulosa4 ,c4 cuneata4 ,c4 lunaris4 ,c4 placunella4 ,c4 cygnus4 ,c4 juvenilis4 ,c4 gigantea4 ,c4 ,venetiana4 ,c4 lilacina4 ,c4 rufa4 ,c4 erycinella4 ,c4 ,dione4 ,c4 planatella4 ,c4 trimaculata4 ,c4 nitidula4 ,c4 pellucida4 ,c4 maculata4 ,c4 lucinalis4 ,c4 albina4 ,c4 exoleta4 ,c4 mactroides4 ,c4 concentrica4 ,c4 sulcatina4 ,c4 interrupta4 ,c4 punctata4 ,c4 undatina4 ,c4 gibbia4 ,c4 macrodon4 ,c4 testudinalis4 ,c4 rugifera4 ,c4 aspergata4 ,c4 squamosa4 ,c4 cardilla4 ,c4 occulta499 ,c4 callosa499 ,c4 crassatelloides499 #c4 ,genus ,venus4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,solid1 thick1 regular1 perfectly equivalved and close1 more or less inequilateral2 summits well marked and inclined to the front2 hinge subsimilar2 the middle cardinal tooth forked1 or three cardinal teeth more or less contiguous and convergent towards the summits2 ligament thick1 often arcuated1 convex1 exterior2 two distant muscular impressions2 cordiform depressions beneath the beaks4 ,inhabits the ,british and ,american seas4 ,one hundred living species4 ,nine fossil4 ,venus reticulata4 ,v4 rugosa4 ,v4 corbis4 ,v4 crebiscula4 ,v4 discina4 ,v4 cancellata4 ,v4 marica4 ,v4 sulcaria4 ,v4 cardivides4 ,v4 texturata4 ,v4 elliptica4 ,v4 rariflamma4 ,v4 mercenaria4 ,v4 pullastra4 ,v4 gallina4 ,v4 truncata4 ,v4 pectinula4 ,v4 anomala4 ,v4 lamellata4 ,v4 exilis4 ,v4 rufa4 ,v4 ,scotica4 ,v4 hiantina4 ,v4 virginea4 ,v4 corugata4 ,v4 ovula4 ,v4 papilionacea4 ,v4 callipyga4 ,v4 punctifera ,v4 nebulosa ,v4 literata ,venus floridella4 ,v4 aphrodina4 ,v4 pulchella4 ,v4 aphrodinoides4 ,v4 tristis4 ,v4 flammea4 ,v4 puerpera4 ,v4 verrucosa4 ,v4 pygma4 ,v4 casina4 ,v4 crenulata4 ,v4 plicata4 ,v4 granulata4 ,v4 pectorina4 ,v4 cingulata4 ,v4 textilis4 ,v4 grisea4 ,v4 geographica4 ,v4 ,dombeii4 ,v4 decussata4 ,v4 lagopus4 ,v4 glandina4 ,v4 gallinula4 ,v4 retifera4 ,v4 sulcata4 ,v4 galactites4 ,v4 exalbida4 ,v4 scalarina4 ,v4 dorsata4 ,v4 aurea4 ,v4 crassisulca4 ,v4 carneola4 ,v4 petalina4 ,v4 cornularis4 ,v4 adspersa4 ,v4 opima4 ,v4 turgida4 ,v4 flammiculata4 ,v4 strigosa4 ,v4 ,perronii4 ,v4 elegantina4 ,v4 undulosa4 ,v4 vermiculosa4 ,v4 vulvina4 ,v4 marmorata4 ,v4 ,malabarica4 ,v4 laterisulca4 ,v4 subrostrata4 ,v4 phaseolina4 ,v4 ,florida4 ,v4 bicolor4 ,v4 catenifera4 ,v4 sinuosa4 ,v4 rimularis4 ,v4 ovata4 ,v4 pumila4 ,v4 inquinata4 ,v4 notata499 ,v4 prparea499 ,v4 elevata499 ,v4 inequalis499 ,v4 castanea499 ,v4 ,nuttallii99 ,v4 staminea499 ,v4 ,californica499 ,v4 lamellifera499 ,v4 ,mortoni499 #d4 ,genus ,venericardia4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,nearly as above4 ,shell4 ,suborbicular1 inequilateral1 equivalve1 sides having usually longitudinally rayed ribs2 hinge with two oblique cardinal teeth in each valve1 turned in the same direction4 ,five living species4 ,ten fossil species4 ,venericardia ,australis4 ,v4 imbricata4 ,v4 flammea4 ,v4 ,tankervillii4 ,v4 crassicosta4 ,,conch ,,fluviatiles4 ,three ,genera4 #e4 ,genus ,cyclas4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,body oval1 thick2 edges of the mantle simple2 tubes short and united2 foot wide1 compressed at base1 and terminated by a sort of leg or appendage4 ,the shells of this genus are very small1 found buried in the mud of fresh waters2 summits never eroded1 but some species are so thin as to be transparent4 ,shell4 ,with an epidermis1 oval1 or suborbicular1 regular1 equivalved1 inequilateral2 summits obtuse1 contiguous or turned anteriorly2 hinge similar1 complex1 formed by a slightly variable number of cardinal teeth1 and by two separated lateral teeth with a pit at the base2 ligament exterior1 posterior1 and inflated2 two distant muscular impressions1 united by a faintly marked abdominal band1 and without posterior excavation4 ,fifteen species4 ,cyclas cornea4 ,c4 obliqua4 ,c4 obtusalis4 ,c4 ,australis4 ,c4 striatina4 ,c4 rivicola4 ,c4 lacustris4 ,c4 calyculata4 ,c4 fontinalis4 ,c4 sulcata4 ,c4 ,sarratogea499 ,c4 ,rhomboidea499 ,c4 similis499 ,c4 ,partumeia499 ,c4 dubia499 #f4 ,genus ,cyrena4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,rounded and trigonal1 ventricose1 inequilateral2 hinge with three teeth on each valve2 two lateral teeth1 one of which is near the primary ones2 ligament exterior1 situated on the largest side4 ,the apices are always eroded or carious in shells of this genus4 ,inhabits the rivers of ,china4 ,one is found on the coast of ,carolina4 ,ten living species4 ,one fossil4 ,cyrena orientalis4 ,c4 depressa4 ,c4 fuscata4 ,c4 violacea4 ,c4 ,ceylonica4 ,c4 trigonella4 ,c4 cor4 ,c4 fluminea4 ,c4 ,bengalensis4 ,c4 ,caroliniensis499 #g4 ,genus ,galathea4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,equivalve1 subtrigonal1 covered with a greenish epidermis2 the surface beneath is white1 with several violet streaks radiating from the summit to the margin2 two furrowed cardinal teeth upon one valve1 three upon the other1 the middle one being largest and callous2 muscular impressions double and lateral4 ,inhabits the rivers of ,ceylon4 ,one species4 ,galathea radiata4 ,,family ,x4 ,,cardiacea4 ,five ,genera4 #a4 ,genus ,cardium4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,body somewhat inflated2 mantle edged with tentacular cirri in all its inferior part2 tubes united1 of moderate size1 and provided with cirri at the extremity2 mouth transverse1 very wide1 with moderate labial appendages2 foot very large1 cylindrical1 somewhat inclined anteriorly2 branchi thick1 rather small1 especially the external lamin3 the internal united in all their extent4 ,shell4 ,inflated1 equivalve1 sub-cordiform 7when viewed anteriorly1 usually costated from the apex to the circumference72 summits very evident1 but slightly flexed to the front2 hinge complex1 similar1 formed of two oblique1 conical cardinal teeth1 and of two distant lateral teeth1 upon each valve2 ligament dorsal1 posterior and very short4 ,inhabits the ,european and ,american seas4 ,fifty-seven living species4 ,fourteen fossil4 ,cardium indicum4 ,c4 ,asiaticum4 ,c4 fimbriatum4 ,c4 aculeatum4 ,c4 tuberculatum4 ,c4 apertum4 ,c4 bullatum4 ,c4 echinatum4 ,c4 biradiatum4 ,c4 pectinatum4 ,c4 isocardium4 ,c4 angulatum4 ,c4 serratum4 ,c4 costatum4 ,c4 ringens4 ,c4 tennicostatum4 ,c4 psudolima4 ,c4 crinaceum4 ,c4 ,basilianum4 ,c4 papyraceum4 ,c4 ciliare4 ,c4 levigatum4 ,c4 eolicum4 ,c4 elongatum4 ,c4 rugosum4 ,c4 unedo4 ,c4 medinum4 ,c4 tumotiferum4 ,c4 retusum4 ,c4 rusticum4 ,c4 ,greendlandicum4 ,c4 crenulatum4 ,c4 minotum4 ,c4 scobinatum4 ,c4 cardissum4 ,c4 inversum4 ,c4 ventricosum4 ,c4 obtusum4 ,c4 fragum4 ,c4 lineatum4 ,c4 edule4 ,c4 latum4 ,c4 exigunum4 ,c4 rosenum4 ,c4 hemicardium4 ,c4 ,junoni4 ,c4 muricatum4 ,c4 marmoreum4 ,c4 sulcatum4 ,c4 cifidium4 ,c4 ,mortonii499 ,c4 substriatum499 ,c4 ,nuttallii499 ,c4 ,californianum499 ,c4 quadragenarium499 ,c4 ,pennulatum499 ,c4 pubescens499 #b4 ,genus ,cardita4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,body suborbicular1 terminated superiorly by a sort of hook2 mantle but little open2 foot terminated at its extremity by a part much narrower than the base2 superior lobes of the branchi very short4 ,shell4 ,thick1 solid1 equivalve1 more or less inequilateral2 summit dorsal always much flexed anteriorly2 hinge similar1 formed by two oblique teeth1 one short1 cardinal or apicial1 the other postapicial1 long1 lamellous and arcuated2 ligament elongated1 subexterior and inserted2 two very distinct muscular impressions1 united by a palleal band1 narrow and semicircular4 ,inhabits the ,mediterranean and ,american seas4 ,twenty-three living species4 ,four fossil4 ,cardita ,ajar4 ,c4 squamosa4 ,c4 crassicosta4 ,c4 calyculata4 ,c4 nodulosa4 ,c4 trapezia4 ,c4 sulcata4 ,c4 turgida4 ,c4 phrenetica4 ,c4 rufescens4 ,c4 subaspera4 ,c4 intermedia4 ,c4 depressa4 ,c4 sinuata4 ,c4 citrina4 ,c4 orbularis4 ,c4 bicolor4 ,c4 concamerata4 ,c4 aviculina4 ,c4 sublevigata4 ,c4 lithophagella4 ,c4 borealis499 ,c4 incrassata499 #c4 ,genus ,cypricardia4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,obliquely elongated1 equivalve1 inequilateral2 valves striated1 not ribbed2 distinguished from the ,cardita by having three teeth beneath the apices1 and a callous lengthened tooth or ridge4 ,inhabits the coast of ,guinea and ,california4 ,five living species4 ,three fossil4 ,cypricardia angulata4 ,c4 ,guinaica4 ,c4 coralliophaga4 ,c4 rostrata4 ,c4 ,californica499 #d4 ,genus ,hiatella4 ,pl4 ,,vii4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,thin1 elongated1 subrhomboidal1 equivalve1 very inequilateral1 gaping at its inferior edge1 and at its posterior extremity2 summit very anterior1 and much flexed to the front2 hinge formed of a single tooth upon one valve corresponding to an emargination in the opposite valve1 or of a small tooth with a cardinal pit upon each valve2 ligament exterior and dorsal4 ,inhabits the ,british seas4 ,two species4 ,hiatella ,arctica4 ,h4 biaperta4 #e4 ,genus ,isocardia4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,body very thick3 edges of the mantle finely papillaceous1 separated inferiorly1 and united behind by a transverse band1 pierced with two orifices surrounded with radiating papill2 foot small1 compressed1 trenchant4 ,shell4 ,free1 regular1 inflated1 equivalve1 very inequilateral1 with diverging summits1 strongly flexed anteriorly and outwardly1 in a commencing spiral1 hinge dorsal1 long1 similar1 formed of two flat cardinal teeth and one lamellous behind the ligament2 ligament dorsal1 exterior1 diverging anteriorly towards the summit2 muscular impressions very distant and small4 ,inhabits the ,mediterranean and ,british seas4 ,four living species4 ,one fossil4 ,isocardia ,moltikana4 ,i4 retusum4 ,i4 cor4 ,i4 semisulcata4 ,,family ,,xi4 ,,arcacea4 ,four ,genera4 #a4 ,genus ,arca4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,body thick1 slightly variable in form2 abdomen provided with a pedunculated foot1 compressed1 fit for adhesion1 and cleft throughout its extent2 mantle supplied with a simple row of cirri and slightly prolonged posteriorly2 buccal tentacula very small and very thin4 ,shell4 ,somewhat diversiform1 but most usually elongated and more or less oblique at the posterior extremity1 often very inequilateral2 summits more or less distant and little flexed to the front2 hinge anomalous1 straight1 or a little flexed1 long1 and formed by a line of short vertical teeth1 decreasing from the extremities to the centre2 ligament exterior1 wide1 nearly as much before as behind the summit2 two muscular impressions united by a band or palleal impression1 not very distinct4 ,inhabits the ,american and ,british seas4 ,forty-one living species4 ,nine fossil4 ,arca semitorta4 ,a4 tetragona4 ,a4 sinuata4 ,a4 cardissa4 ,a4 retusa4 ,a4 ovata4 ,a4 scapha4 ,a4 fusca4 ,a4 ,domingensis4 ,a4 trapezina4 ,a4 inequivalvis4 ,a4 tortuosa4 ,a4 ,no4 ,a4 umbonata4 ,a4 avellana4 ,a4 ventricosa4 ,a4 sulcata4 ,a4 ,helbingii4 ,a4 barbata4 ,a4 ,magellanica4 ,a4 pisolina4 ,a4 callifera4 ,a4 bisulcata4 ,a4 senilis4 ,a4 auriculata4 ,a4 ,cayennensis4 ,a4 antiquata4 ,a4 ,braziliana4 ,a4 lactea4 ,a4 cancellaria4 ,a4 irudina4 ,a4 rhombea4 ,a4 corbicula4 ,a4 ,indica4 ,a4 granosa4 ,a4 squamosa4 ,a4 pistachia4 ,a4 ponderosa499 ,a4 pexata499 ,a4 incongrua499 ,a4 transversa499 #b4 ,genus ,cuculla4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,trapeziform1 inequilateral1 equivalve1 heart-shaped2 beaks far apart1 separated by the angular groove of the ligament1 which is altogether external2 hinge linear1 straight1 with small transverse teeth1 having at its extremity from two to five parallel ribs2 valves minutely striated longitudinally2 margins crenulated4 ,the ,cuculla is distinguished from the ,arca by the muscular impression1 to one side of which is an auriform testaceous appendage2 the shell also is more trapeziform4 ,inhabits the ,indian ocean4 ,one living species4 ,one fossil4 ,cuculla auriculifera4 #c4 ,genus ,pectunculus4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,body round1 more or less compressed2 mantle without cirri or tubes2 foot securiform1 cleft at its inferior anterior edge2 buccal appendages linear4 ,shell4 ,orbicular1 equivalve1 subequilateral2 summit nearly vertical1 and more or less distant2 hinge formed upon each valve1 of a numerous series of small teeth disposed in a curved line1 sometimes interrupted beneath the summit2 ligament as in ,arca1 but usually much narrower4 ,inhabits the ,british and ,mediterranean seas4 ,twenty-two living species4 ,nine fossil4 ,pectunculus pilosus4 ,p4 marmoratus4 ,p4 ,pennaceus4 ,p4 castaneus4 ,p4 angulatus4 ,p4 palleus4 ,p4 zonalis4 ,p4 glycimeris4 ,p4 undulatus4 ,p4 scriptus4 ,p4 stellatus4 ,p4 violacescens4 ,p4 aggregatus4 ,p4 striatularis4 ,p4 pectinatus4 ,p4 rubeus4 ,p4 pectiniformis4 ,p4 nummarius4 ,p4 radiatus4 ,p4 vitreus4 ,p4 inscriptus4 ,p4 cinerosus4 #d4 ,genus ,nucula4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,body subtriquetral2 mantle open in its inferior half only1 with whole edges1 denticulated throughout the extent of the back1 without posterior prolongation2 foot very large1 thin at the root1 enlarged into a wide oval disk1 the edges of which are furnished with tentacular digitations2 anterior buccal appendages1 pretty long1 pointed1 stiff1 and applied one against the other like jaws2 the posterior ones also stiff and vertical4 ,shell4 ,more or less thick1 subtriquetral1 equivalved1 inequilateral1 with summits contiguous and inclined anteriorly2 hinge similar1 formed by a numerous series of very sharp teeth1 pectinated and arranged in a line interrupted under the summit2 ligament internal1 short1 inserted in a little oblique pit in each valve2 two muscular impressions4 ,inhabits the ,british and ,american seas4 ,forty-five living species4 ,four fossil4 ,nucula lanceolata4 ,n4 pella4 ,n4 obliqua4 ,n4 elongata4 ,n4 tellinoides4 ,n4 crenifera4 ,n4 ,arctica4 ,n4 curvirostra4 ,n4 glacialis4 ,n4 fluviatilis4 ,n4 minuta4 ,n4 para4 ,n4 ,mauritania4 ,n4 rostrata4 ,n4 ,nicobarica4 ,n4 ,margaritacea4 ,n4 ,costellata4 ,n4 gibbosa4 ,n4 eburnea4 ,n4 polita4 ,n4 nasuta4 ,n4 fabula4 ,n4 ,elenensis4 ,n4 cuneata4 ,n4 striata4 ,n4 rugulosa4 ,n4 ,limatula4 ,n4 lvis4 ,n4 concentrica4 ,n4 decussata4 ,n4 exigua4 ,n4 squamosa4 ,n4 gigantea4 ,n4 nitida4 ,n4 tenuis4 ,n4 convexa4 ,n4 ,pisum4 ,n4 carinifera4 ,n4 torta4 ,n4 plicaria4 ,n4 navicularis499 ,n4 tenuisulta499 ,n4 proxima499 ,n4 acuta499 ,n4 myalis499 ,,family ,,xii4 ,,trigonacea4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,genus ,trigonia4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,entirely unknown4 ,shell4 ,subtrigonal or suborbicular1 thick1 regular1 equivalve1 inequilateral2 summits but slightly prominent1 little flexed1 anterodorsal2 hinge complex1 dorsal1 dissimilar2 two thick oblong teeth joined angularly under the summit1 strongly furrowed upon the right valve1 penetrating into two excavations of the same form1 also furrowed1 in the left valve2 ligament postapicial2 two distinct muscular impressions1 not united by a band4 ,inhabits the ,australian seas4 ,one living species4 ,fifteen fossil4 ,trigonia pectinata4 #b4 ,genus ,castalia4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,body large1 slightly compressed1 or moderately thick1 more or less oval2 mantle with thick edges1 simple or broken1 open in all its circumference except towards the back a kind of small1 incomplete tube1 furnished with two rows of somewhat elongated cirri for the respiratory cavity2 flamelliform and trenchant4 ,shell4 ,subtrigonal1 equivalve1 inequilateral2 umbones eroded1 covered with epidermis1 and flexed anteriorly2 hinge with two lamellar teeth transversely striated1 one distant1 posterior and shortened1 the other anterior1 long1 and lateral2 ligament exterior4 ,habitation unknown4 ,one species4 ,castalia ambigua4 ,,family ,,xiii4 ,,naiadea4 ,four genera4 #a4 ,genus ,unio4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,see ,castalia4 ,shell4 ,usually very thick1 nacred within1 covered with epidermis1 corroded at the summits1 which are dorsal and subanterior2 dorsal hinge formed by a double precardinal tooth1 more or less compressed1 irregularly dentated on the left valve1 and simple on the right1 together with a long lamellous tooth under the ligament3 ligament external1 dorsal1 and postapicial2 two muscular impressions1 well marked1 besides those of the retractile muscles4 ,the species of this genus grow more numerous daily2 they are found in all countries1 but particularly in ,north ,america4 ,one hundred and sixty-seven defined species4 ,numerous fossil4 ,unio ,batayus4 ,u4 crassissimus4 ,u4 elongatus4 ,u4 litoralis4 ,u4 pictorum4 ,u4 platyrhynchus4 ,u4 marginalis4 ,u4 tigris4 ,u4 ,egyptiacus4 ,u4 ,niloticus4 ,u4 ,leaii4 ,u4 crassidens4 ,u4 obliquus4 ,u4 plicatus4 ,u4 purpuratus4 ,u4 radiatus4 ,u4 rectus4 ,u4 retusus4 ,u4 rotundatus4 ,u4 ,australis4 ,u4 ,nova ,hollandica4 ,the following species are ,american3 ,unio ,bengalensis4 ,lea4 ,u4 bilineatus4 ,u4 lamellatus4 ,lea4 ,u4 ,morchisonianus4 ,u4 cruleus4 ,lea4 ,u4 corrugatus4 ,u4 ,corrianus4 ,u4 ,graianus4 ,u4 alatus4 ,u4 andontoides4 ,u4 ,augustatus4 ,u4 apiculatus4 ,u4 arcformis4 ,u4 arctior4 ,u4 asperimus4 ,u4 asper4 ,u4 ,blandingianus4 ,u4 ,barnesianus4 ,u4 brevidens4 ,u4 camelus4 ,u4 capsformis4 ,u4 carbonarius4 ,u4 castanus4 ,u4 ,claibornensis4 ,u4 circulus4 ,u4 occineus4 ,u4 compressus4 ,u4 complanatus4 ,u4 confertus4 ,u4 congarus4 ,u4 contradens4 ,u4 ,cooperianus4 ,u4 creperus4 ,u4 cuprinus4 ,u4 ,cumberlandicus4 ,u4 decisus4 ,u4 dolabriformis4 ,u4 donaciformis4 ,u4 ,dorfeuillianus4 ,u4 uromas4 ,u4 ebenus4 ,u4 elegans4 ,u4 olivarus4 ,lea4 ,u4 ponderosus4 ,u4 divaricatus4 ,u4 acutissimus4 ,u4 fabalis4 ,u4 ,fisherianus4 ,u4 folliculatus4 ,u4 fulvus4 ,u4 gibber4 ,u4 glaber4 ,u4 glans4 ,u4 globosus4 ,u4 graniferus4 ,u4 ,griffithianus4 ,u4 ,haysianus4 ,u4 heterodon4 ,u4 ,hildrethianus4 ,u4 ,hopetonensis4 ,u4 ,hydianus4 ,u4 inflatus4 ,u4 interruptus4 ,u4 iris4 ,u4 irroratus4 ,u4 ,jayensis4 ,u4 jegunus4 ,u4 ,katherin4 ,u4 ,kirklandianus4 ,u4 lvissimus4 ,u4 lacrymosus4 ,u4 lancolatus4 ,u4 ,lecontianus4 ,u4 lens4 ,u4 lugubris4 ,u4 luteolus4 ,u4 ,medellinus4 ,u4 ,menkianus4 ,u4 metanever4 ,u4 ,mhlfeldianus4 ,u4 ellipsis4 ,lea4 ,u4 multiradiatus4 ,u4 modiolioformis4 ,u4 notatus4 ,u4 ,novi-,eboraci4 ,u4 obesus4 ,u4 obscurus4 ,u4 occidens4 ,u4 palliatus4 ,u4 patulus4 ,u4 stapes4 ,u4 perdix4 ,u4 perplexus4 ,u4 pictus4 ,u4 pileus4 ,u4 pliciferus4 ,u4 pulcher4 ,u4 pumilis4 ,u4 pustulatus4 ,u4 pustulosus4 ,u4 pyramidatus4 ,u4 ,rangianus4 ,u4 ,ravenelianus4 ,u4 ,roanokensis4 ,u4 rubiginosus4 ,u4 ,schoolcraftensis4 ,u4 securis4 ,u4 ,shepardianus4 ,u4 simus4 ,u4 solidus4 ,u4 ,sowerbianus4 ,u4 spinosus4 ,u4 splendidus4 ,u4 multiplicatus4 ,lea4 ,u4 subovatus4 ,u4 subrotundus4 ,u4 sulcatus4 ,u4 ,taitianus4 ,u4 ,tampicoensis4 ,u4 ,tappanianus4 ,u4 tenuissimus4 ,u4 trapezoides4 ,u4 trigonus4 ,u4 ,troostensis4 ,u4 turgidus4 ,u4 ,vanuxemensis4 ,u4 varicosus4 ,u4 ,vaughanianus4 ,u4 venustus4 ,u4 ,watercensis4 ,u4 ,zeiglerianus4 ,u4 zigzag4 ,u4 alatus4 ,say4 ,u4 apiculatus4 ,u4 camptodon4 ,u4 cariosus4 ,u4 crassus4 ,u4 cylindricus4 ,u4 declivis4 ,u4 dehiscens4 ,u4 monodontus4 ,u4 nasutus4 ,u4 ovatus4 ,u4 personatus4 ,u4 subtentus4 ,u4 tetralasmus4 #b4 ,genus ,hyria4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,solid1 nacred1 equivalve1 obliquely triangular1 auriculated2 base straight and truncated2 hinge with two projecting teeth1 the cardinal divided into numerous radiations1 anterior ones smaller1 the others lamellar and long4 ,inhabits the lakes and rivers of ,america4 ,two species4 ,hyria avicularis499 ,hyria corrugata499 ,,note4--,alasmidonta4 ,separated by ,say from the ,anodonta by its primary tooth1 and from the ,unio by being destitute of the lamelliform teeth4 ,shell4 ,transverse1 equivalve1 inequilateral2 hinge with a primary tooth in each valve2 cicatrices three4 ,four species4 ,alasmidonta undulata4 ,a4 ambigua4 ,a4 marginata4 ,a4 confragosa4 #c4 ,genus ,anodonta4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,rather thin1 regular1 close1 equivalve1 inequilateral2 summit anterodorsal2 hinge entirely without teeth1 with a postapicial lamina2 ligament external1 dorsal1 and postapicial1 two well marked muscular impressions1 besides those of the retractile muscles4 ,inhabits fresh-water lakes in ,europe and ,america4 ,forty-nine living species2 and many fossil4 ,anodonta areolatus4 ,a4 marginata4 ,a4 rubens4 ,a4 anatina4 ,a4 fragilis4 ,a4 trapezialis4 ,a4 rufa4 ,a4 uniopsis4 ,a4 intermedia4 ,a4 glauca4 ,a4 anatina4 ,a4 sinuosa4 ,a4 ,patagonica4 ,a4 cygna4 ,a4 sulcata4 ,a4 cataracta4 ,a4 exotica4 ,a4 crispata4 ,a4 ,pennsylvanica4 ,a4 maximus4 ,the following species are ,american4 ,anodonta magnifica4 ,lea4 ,a4 ,woodiana4 ,a4 angulata4 ,a4 ,benedictensis4 ,a4 cylindracea4 ,a4 decora4 ,a4 edentula4 ,anodonta gigantea4 ,lea4 ,a4 incerta4 ,a4 ,pepiniana4 ,a4 plana4 ,a4 salmonia4 ,a4 ,stewartiana4 ,a4 subcylindracea4 ,a4 ,ferussacina4 ,lea4 ,a4 fluviatilis4 ,a4 ,newtonensis4 ,a4 ,nuttalliana4 ,a4 ,oregonensis4 ,a4 ovata4 ,a4 pavonia4 ,a4 ,wahlamatensis4 ,a4 ,wardiana4 ,a4 gibbosa4 ,say4 ,a4 grandis4 ,a4 impura4 ,a4 suborbiculata4 ,a4 undulata4 ,a4 lugubris4 #d4 ,genus ,iridina4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,the principal difference between the ,anodonta and the ,iridina1 consists in the tuberculated hinge of the latter4 ,shell4 ,thin1 oval1 much elongated1 inauriculated2 hinge very long1 linear1 and crenulated throughout its length1 ligament external and marginal2 two distinct muscular impressions4 ,inhabits the ,nile and ,american coasts4 ,six species4 ,iridina exotica4 ,i4 ,nilotica4 ,i4 clistis499 ,i4 rubens499 ,i4 elongata499 ,i4 ,mc,murtria499 ,,family ,,xiv4 ,,chamacea4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,genus ,diceras4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,shell4 ,inequivalve1 adherent2 beaks conical1 very large1 diverging in irregular spiral contortions2 hinge with a large1 thick1 concave1 subauricular tooth in the larger prominent valve2 two muscular impressions4 ,one species4 ,fossil4 ,diceras arietina4 #b4 ,genus ,chama4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,body suborbicular terminated superiorly by a sort of hook2 mantle very slightly opened for the passage of a foot1 terminated at its extremity by a part much narrower than the base2 superior lobes of the branchi very short4 ,shell4 ,irregular1 adhering1 inequivalve1 inequilateral2 summits more or less twisted spirally1 especially in the lower valve by which these animals have the faculty of affixing themselves to other bodies2 hinge dissimilar1 thick1 formed by a single lamellous tooth arcuated1 subcrenulated1 postcardinal and articulated in a furrow of the same form2 ligament anterior and postapicial2 two large muscular impressions1 distant4 ,british and ,american seas4 ,eighteen living species4 ,chama damcornis4 ,c4 crenulata4 ,c4 arcinella4 ,c4 cristella4 ,c4 ,lazarus4 ,c4 gryphoides4 ,c4 unicornis4 ,c4 radians4 ,c4 ruginosa4 ,c4 decussata4 ,c4 ruderalis4 ,c4 ,japonica4 ,c4 limbula4 ,c4 asperella4 ,c4 albida4 ,c4 croceata4 ,c4 exogyra499 ,c4 ,florida499 #c4 ,genus ,etheria4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,adhering1 irregular1 thick1 much nacred1 inequilateral1 inequivalve2 summits subcephalic1 thick1 indistinct1 in a species of heel1 growing longer with age2 hinge without teeth1 callous1 irregular and thick2 ligament subdorsal in the exterior portion of the shell1 and prolonged to a point internally2 two irregular oblong muscular impressions1 one superior and subposterior1 the other inferior and anterior1 with a marginal palleal impression4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,five species4 ,etheria elliptica4 ,e4 trigonula4 ,e4 semilunata4 ,e4 transversa4 ,e4 ,carteronii4 ,,family ,,xv4 ,,tridacnea4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,genus ,tridacna4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,body somewhat thick2 edges inflated1 lobes of the mantle adhering1 and united in nearly all their circumference1 so as to present but three apertures1 the first inferior and anterior1 for the egress of the foot2 the second superior and posterior for the bronchial cavity1 the third much smaller and in the middle of the dorsal edge2 two pairs of labial appendages1 thin1 nearly filiform1 in the middle of which is a very small buccal orifice2 branchi long and narrow2 abdominal muscular mass considerable1 and giving issue1 as if from a cup1 to a thick bundle of byssoid muscular fibres4 ,shell4 ,thick1 solid1 of variable size1 regular1 triangular1 inequilateral2 summits inclined posteriorly1 hinge dissimilar1 entirely anterior to the summit2 a lamellous precardinal tooth and two distant lateral teeth upon the left valve1 corresponding with two precardinal lamellous teeth1 and one distant lateral tooth upon the right valve2 ligament anterior1 elongated2 a large1 bifid1 submedian muscular impression2 another anterior one smaller and less distinct4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,seven living species4 ,one fossil4 ,tridacna gigas4 ,t4 squamosa4 ,t4 elongata4 ,t4 crocea4 ,t4 mutica4 ,t4 serrifera4 ,t4 pustulosa4 #b4 ,genus ,hippopus4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,more elongated and inequilateral than in the ,tridacna1 the anterior side being longer than the posterior2 the posterior slope closed with a dentated margin4 ,inhabits the ,indian seas4 ,one species4 ,hippopus maculatus4 ,,family ,,xvi4 ,,mytilacea4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,genus ,mytilus4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,body oval1 somewhat inflated2 mantle open in its inferior half only1 and terminated posteriorly by an oval cleft with fringed edges2 a linguiform1 canaliculated1 abdominal appendage1 with a byssus at its base behind1 and several pairs of retractile muscles2 mouth with simple lips2 two contractile muscles1 of which the anterior is very small4 ,shell4 ,of a serrated tissue1 elongated1 more or less oval1 sometimes subtriangular1 equivalve1 summits anterior1 more or less curved1 sloping inferiorly in a slight degree2 hinge toothless1 or with two very small rudiments2 ligament dorsal1 linear1 subinterior1 inserted in a narrow and very long furrow2 two muscular impressions1 of which the anterior is very small1 besides those of the retractile muscles4 ,inhabits the ,british and ,american seas4 ,forty-two species4 ,mytilus erosus4 ,m4 decussatus4 ,m4 elongatus4 ,m4 ,zonarius4 ,m4 violaceus4 ,m4 smaragdinus4 ,m4 edulis4 ,m4 ,hesperianus4 ,m4 exustus4 ,m4 ovalis4 ,m4 ,domingensis4 ,m4 ,afer4 ,m4 ungularis4 ,m4 borealis4 ,m4 augustanus4 ,m4 lacunatus4 ,m4 incurvatus4 ,m4 abbreviatus4 ,m4 ,magellicanus4 ,m4 crenatus4 ,m4 hirsutus4 ,m4 latus4 ,m4 ungulatus4 ,m4 opalus4 ,m4 corneus4 ,m4 retusus4 ,m4 perna4 ,m4 bilocularis4 ,m4 ustulatus4 ,m4 ,senegalensis4 ,m4 achatinus4 ,m4 planulatus4 ,m4 ,galloprovincialis4 ,m4 lineatus4 ,m4 canalis4 ,m4 sanguineus4 ,m4 hamatus499 ,m4 croceus499 ,m4 cubitus499 ,m4 lateralis499 ,m4 ,californianus499 ,m4 leucophatus499 #b4 ,genus ,modiola4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,separated by ,lamarck from the ,mytilus1 on account of its being more transverse than longitudinal1 the beaks instead of being terminal are placed beneath the apex4 ,shell4 ,smooth1 subtransverse1 equivalve1 regular1 subtriangular1 posterior side short2 summits nearly lateral2 hinge toothless1 linear and lateral2 ligament partly interior1 situated in a marginal furrow2 one sublateral1 elongated muscular impression in each valve4 ,inhabits the ,british and ,american seas4 ,thirty-two species4 ,modiola ,guyanensis4 ,m4 pulex4 ,m4 discors4 ,m4 cinnamorea4 ,m4 plicata4 ,m4 lithophaga4 ,m4 ,adriatica4 ,m4 discrepans4 ,m4 trapezina4 ,m4 silicula4 ,m4 semen4 ,m4 lvigata4 ,m4 ,papuana4 ,m4 tulipa4 ,m4 albicosta4 ,m4 vagina4 ,m4 picta4 ,m4 sulcata4 ,m4 plicatula4 ,m4 semifusca4 ,m4 purpurata4 ,m4 barbata4 ,m4 caudigera4 ,m4 squamosa4 ,m4 securis4 ,m4 ,americana499 ,m4 castanea99 ,m4 opifex499 ,m4 capax499 ,m4 recta499 ,m4 ,carolinensis499 ,m4 semi-costata499 #c4 ,genus ,pinna4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,body oval1 elongated1 moderately thick1 enveloped in a mantle closed above1 open below1 and especially to the rear1 where it forms sometimes a sort of tube furnished with tentacular cirri3 a flabelliform abdominal appendage1 and a very considerable byssus2 mouth provided with double lips1 beside two pairs of labial appendages2 a single large retractile muscle apparent4 ,shell4 ,subcornate1 fibrous1 brittle1 regular1 equivalve1 longitudinal1 triangular1 pointed anteriorly1 in which direction is the summit1 which is straight1 wide1 and frequently truncated posteriorly2 hinge dorsal1 longitudinal1 linear1 toothless2 ligament occupying nearly all the dorsal edge of the shell2 a single and very wide muscular impression posteriorly2 a trace of the anterior in the summit4 ,inhabits the ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,fifteen species4 ,pinna rudis4 ,p4 seminuda4 ,p4 nobilis4 ,p4 marginata4 ,p4 pectinata4 ,p4 ingens4 ,p4 varicosa4 ,p4 flabellum4 ,p4 angustina4 ,p4 squamosa4 ,p4 muricata4 ,p4 saccata4 ,p4 dolabrata4 ,p4 vexillum4 ,p4 nigrina4 ,,family ,,xvii4 ,,malleacea4 ,five genera4 #a4 ,genus ,crenatula4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,irregular1 much flattened1 subrhomboidal1 subequivalve1 gaping posteriorly2 summit anterior2 hinge longitudinal1 dorsal1 toothless2 ligament submultiple1 or inflated from place to place1 and inserted in a series of round cavities corresponding with the dorsal edge2 muscular impression unique and subcentral4 ,inhabits the ,red ,sea4 ,seven species4 ,crenatula modiolaris4 ,c4 avicularis4 ,c4 nigrina4 ,c4 bicostalis4 ,c4 viridis4 ,c4 mytiloides4 ,c4 phasianoptera4 #b4 ,genus ,perna4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,body much compressed1 the mantle prolonged posteriorly in a sort of lobe1 and fringed at its inferior edge only2 a byssus2 a single contractile muscle4 ,shell4 ,irregular1 much compressed1 subequivalve1 form somewhat variable1 gaping at the anterior part of its inferior edge2 summit very small3 hinge straight1 vertical1 buccal1 toothless2 ligament multiple1 and inserted in a series of longitudinal and parallel furrows2 a subcentral muscular impression4 ,inhabits the ,indian seas4 ,ten species living4 ,two fossil2 one found in ,france and one in ,virginia4 ,perna ephippium4 ,p4 isognomon4 ,p4 femoralis4 ,p4 marsupium4 ,p4 obliqua4 ,p4 sulcata4 ,p4 vulsella4 ,p4 nuclea4 ,p4 avicularis4 ,p4 canina4 #c4 ,genus ,malleus4 ,pl4 ,,viii4 ,animal4 ,imperfectly known1 but certainly byssiferous1 with a single retractile muscle4 ,shell4 ,subnacreous1 irregular1 subequivalve1 inequilateral1 generally much auriculated anteriorly1 and prolonged posteriorly into the body1 so as to present some resemblance to a hammer2 summits entirely anterior2 between them and the inferior auricle1 an oblique slope for the passage of the byssus2 hinge linear1 very long1 buccal1 toothless2 ligament simple1 triangular1 inserted in a conical oblique pit1 partly external2 a moderately large subcentral muscular impression4 ,inhabits the ,australian seas4 ,six species4 ,malleus normalis4 ,m4 vulgaris4 ,m4 albus4 ,m4 vulsellatus4 ,m4 anatinus4 ,m4 decurtatus4 #d4 ,genus ,avicula4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body much compressed2 mantle cleft throughout its circumference1 except along the back1 and garnished at its free edge with a double row of very short tentacular cirri2 foot small1 canaliculated2 a byssus2 mouth surrounded with fringed lips1 besides two pair of labial appendages1 a large contractile muscle1 nearly posterior4 ,shell4 ,foliaceous or not2 always nacred1 subequivalve1 of a subregular form1 but somewhat variable2 valves oblique1 the left one with a little notch1 through which the byssus passes2 hinge linear1 toothless1 or with two small rudimentary teeth2 ligament more or less exterior1 placed in a narrow groove2 one very large posterior muscular impression and one very small anterior4 ,inhabits the ,british and ,american coasts4 ,nineteen species4 ,avicula nudata4 ,a4 macroptera4 ,a4 semi-sagitta4 ,a4 falcata4 ,a4 ,tarentina4 ,a4 squamulosa4 ,a4 ,costellata4 ,a4 lotaria4 ,a4 heteroptera4 ,a4 crocea4 ,a4 ,atlantica4 ,a4 papilionacea4 ,a4 physoides4 ,a4 virens4 ,a4 trigonata4 ,a4 phalnacea4 ,a4 hirundo499 ,a4 pallida499 ,a4 nebulosa499 #e4 ,genus ,meleagrina4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,subequivalve1 rounded1 squamous1 a sinus posteriorly for the passage of the byssus1 at which place the left valve is notched and narrow2 hinge linear and destitute of teeth2 ligament marginal1 elongated1 partly exterior1 and dilated in the centre4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,two species1 of which the first is the pearl-oyster4 ,meleagrina margaritifera4 ,m4 albina4 ,,family ,,xviii4 ,,pectinea4 ,seven genera4 #a4 ,genus ,pedum4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,unknown1 but probably byssiferous4 ,shell4 ,subtriangular1 inequilateral1 inequivalve1 with rounded summits1 freely marked1 unequal and distant3 the right valve inflated1 widened at its inferior and posterior edge1 sloped anteriorly1 and subauriculated1 the left not being so2 hinge toothless1 anterior or buccal2 ligament inserted in an oblique cavity prolonged outwardly to the summits1 and carried within into a spoon-like cavity4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,one species4 ,pedum spondyloideum4 #b4 ,genus ,lima4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body moderately compressed2 a byssiferous abdominal appendage2 edges of the mantle furnished with tentacular cirri in several rows2 mouth surrounded with a very thick fringed lip4 ,shell4 ,oval1 more or less oblique1 nearly equivalve1 subauriculated1 regularly gaping at the anterior portion of the inferior edge2 summits anterior and distant2 hinge buccal1 longitudinal1 toothless2 ligament rounded1 nearly exterior1 inserted in an excavation in each valve2 a central muscular impression1 divided into three very distinct parts4 ,inhabits the ,indian1 ,australasian1 ,american1 and ,mediterranean seas4 ,six living species4 ,eleven fossil4 ,lima inflata4 ,l4 squamosa4 ,l4 annulata4 ,l4 glacialis4 ,l4 fragilis4 ,l4 linguatula4 #c4 ,genus ,pecten4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body more or less compressed1 orbicular2 mantle furnished with a single row of tentacular papill1 and with small oculiform1 pedunculated disks1 with regular spaces between them2 rudiment of a canaliculated foot1 and a byssus2 mouth surrounded with fleshy appendages1 irregularly ramified4 ,shell4 ,free1 regular1 thin1 solid1 equivalve1 equilateral1 auriculated2 summits contiguous2 hinge toothless1 a ligamentous membrane throughout all its extent1 besides a short1 thick1 ligament1 almost altogether internal1 and filling a triangular excavation under the summit2 a single subcentral muscular impression4 ,found in almost all seas4 ,sixty-two species2 and1 according to ,defrance1 ninety-eight fossil4 ,pecten maximus4 ,p4 ,jacobus4 ,p4 bifrons4 ,p4 zigzag4 ,p4 medius4 ,p4 ,latirentii4 ,p4 pleuronectes4 ,p4 purpuratus4 ,p4 pallius4 ,p4 impricatus4 ,p4 asperimus4 ,p4 varius4 ,p4 glaber4 ,p4 grisens4 ,p4 flabellatus4 ,p4 quadradiatus4 ,p4 ,tranquebaricus4 ,p4 hybridus4 ,p4 obliteratus4 ,p4 ,magellanicus4 ,p4 lineolaris4 ,p4 nodosus4 ,p4 pusio4 ,p4 gibbus4 ,p4 ornatus4 ,p4 florens4 ,p4 opercularis4 ,p4 tigris4 ,p4 histrionicus4 ,p4 turgidus4 ,p4 aspersus4 ,p4 plicus4 ,p4 rastellus4 ,p4 flagellatus4 ,p4 flavidulus4 ,p4 ,japanicus4 ,p4 radulus4 ,p4 pes-felis4 ,p4 sauciatus4 ,p4 aurantius4 ,p4 sinuosus4 ,p4 virgo4 ,p4 ,isabella4 ,p4 flexuosa4 ,p4 inflexus4 ,p4 miniaceous4 ,p4 lividus4 ,p4 sulcatus4 ,p4 unicolor4 ,p4 distans4 ,p4 irradians4 ,p4 dispar4 ,p4 ,islandicus4 ,p4 sulphureus4 ,p4 pellucidus4 ,p4 sanguineous4 ,p4 senatorius4 ,p4 lunatus4 ,p4 lineatus4 ,p4 dislocatus499 ,p4 concentricus499 ,p4 monotimeris499 ,p4 ,latiauratus99 ,p4 ,pealii499 #d4 ,genus ,plagiostoma4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,entirely unknown4 ,shell4 ,moderately thick1 regular1 free1 subequivalve1 subauriculated1 the two valves nearly equally dilated1 both provided with a distinct summit reflexed to the middle of a plane surface1 with a large triangular slope in the middle2 articulation transverse1 straight1 and by two distant lateral condyl4 ,ten species4 ,fossils only4 #e4 ,genus ,plicatula4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,solid1 adhering1 subirregular1 inauriculated1 inequivalve1 pointed at the summit1 rounded and subplicated posteriorly2 inferior valve without heel2 hinge cephalic1 longitudinal1 provided upon each valve with two strong teeth1 entering in corresponding cavities2 ligament altogether internal and inserted in a median cavity4 ,inhabits the ,american seas4 ,five species4 ,plicatula ramosa4 ,p4 depressa4 ,p4 cristata4 ,p4 ,australis4 ,p4 reniformis4 #f4 ,genus ,spondylus4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body moderately compressed1 provided inferiorly with a rudiment of a foot1 without byssus2 mantle open in all its inferior and superior portion2 mouth surrounded with very thick and fringed lips4 ,shell4 ,solid1 adhering1 subregular1 more or less spined1 subauriculated1 inequivalve2 the right or inferior valve fixed1 much more excavated than the other1 and having posteriorly at the summit a triangular face enlarging1 and elongating with age2 hinge longitudinal1 provided in each valve with two strong teeth entering corresponding cavities2 ligament short1 nearly median1 partly exterior2 muscular impression single and subdorsal4 ,found in all the seas of hot climates1 and even in the ,mediterranean4 ,four or five fossils are found in ,france1 one in ,south ,america4 ,twenty-one species4 ,spondylus candidus4 ,s4 coccineus4 ,s4 spathuliferus4 ,s4 gdaropus4 ,s4 arachnoides4 ,s4 multilamellatus4 ,s4 longitudinalis4 ,s4 costatus4 ,s4 longispinous4 ,s4 regius4 ,s4 variegatus4 ,s4 avicularis4 ,s4 zonalis4 ,s4 crassisquama4 ,s4 ducalis4 ,s4 violascens4 ,s4 microlepos4 ,s4 crocens4 ,s4 radians4 ,s4 aurantius4 ,s4 ,americanus499 #g4 ,genus ,podopsis4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,subregular1 somewhat thick1 equilateral1 symmetrical1 inequivalve1 adhering by the extremity of the shorter valve2 the other terminating in a pointed1 reflexed1 and median summit4 ,two fossil species4 ,,family ,,xix4 ,,ostracea4 ,six genera4 #a4 ,genus ,ostrea4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body compressed1 more or less orbicular2 edges of the mantle thick1 not adhering or retractile1 and provided with a double row of short and numerous tentacular filaments2 two pairs of elongated and triangular labial appendages2 a subcentral bipartite muscle4 ,shell4 ,irregular1 inequivalve1 inequilateral1 roughly foliaceous1 the left or inferior valve adhering1 larger and deeper than the other1 its summit prolonged with age into a sort of heel2 the right or superior valve more or less operculiform2 hinge oral1 toothless2 ligament subinterior1 short1 inserted in an oblong cardinal cavity increasing with the summit2 muscular impression single and subcentral4 ,found in all seas near the mouths of rivers4 ,defrance enumerates one hundred and twenty species4 ,lamarck thirty-three fossil1 forty-nine living4 ,ostrea edulis4 ,o4 ruscuriana4 ,o4 borealis4 ,o4 cochlear4 ,o4 gallina4 ,o4 lingua4 ,o4 ,braziliana4 ,o4 rostralis4 ,o4 denticulata4 ,o4 cornucopi4 ,o4 doridella4 ,o4 ,limacella4 ,o4 hippopus4 ,o4 ,adriatica4 ,o4 cristata4 ,o4 numisma4 ,o4 tulipa4 ,o4 scabra4 ,o4 parasitica4 ,o4 spathulata4 ,o4 cucullata4 ,o4 rubella4 ,o4 erucella4 ,o4 labrella4 ,o4 radiata4 ,o4 ,canadensis4 ,o4 mytiloides4 ,o4 trapezina4 ,o4 rufa4 ,o4 gibbosa4 ,o4 eliptica4 ,o4 deformis4 ,o4 plicatula4 ,o4 fusca4 ,o4 cristagalli4 ,o4 virginica4 ,o4 excavata4 ,o4 simuata4 ,o4 tuberculata4 ,o4 ,magaritacea4 ,o4 ,australis4 ,o4 haliotida4 ,o4 fucorum4 ,o4 glaucina4 ,o4 turbinata4 ,o4 folia4 ,o4 hyotis4 ,o4 imbricata4 ,o4 semicylindrica499 #b4 ,genus ,grypha4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,more finely lamellated than in the ,ostrea1 free1 or slightly adhering1 subequilateral1 very inequivalve2 the inferior valve very concave1 with a summit more or less recurved in a hook2 the superior opiculiform and much smaller2 hinge toothless2 ligament inserted in an elongated and arcuated cavity2 a single muscular impression4 ,habitation unknown4 ,one species4 ,grypha augulata4 #c4 ,genus ,vulsella4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body elongated and compressed2 mantle much prolonged posteriorly1 and edged with two rows of very close tubercular papill2 a moderately large abdominal foot1 proboscidiform1 canaliculated1 without byssus2 a very large transversal mouth with well-developed triangular labial appendages2 branchi narrow1 very long1 and united in nearly all their extent4 ,shell4 ,subnacred1 irregular1 flat1 elongated1 subequivalve1 inequilateral1 with summits anterior1 distant and flexed inferiorly2 hinge oral and toothless2 ligament undivided1 thick1 inserted in a round pit excavated in a projecting apophysis upon each valve2 a moderately large subcentral muscular impression1 and two very small ones altogether anterior4 ,inhabits the ,indian and ,australasian seas4 ,six living species4 ,one fossil4 ,vulsella hians4 ,v4 rugosa4 ,v4 spongiarum4 ,v4 lingulata4 ,v4 mytilina4 ,v4 vata4 #d4 ,genus ,placuna4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,entirely unknown4 ,shell4 ,free1 subirregular1 very fine1 almost entirely translucid1 flat1 subequivalve1 subequilateral1 slightly auriculated2 hinge altogether internal1 formed upon the superior valve1 which is the smaller1 by two elongated1 unequal1 oblique1 crests2 converging to the summit1 at the internal side of which a ligament is attached in the form of a ,v1 a single1 small1 subcentral muscular impression4 ,inhabits the ,indian seas4 ,two fossils in ,france4 ,three living species4 ,placuna sella4 ,p4 papyracea4 ,p4 placenta4 #e4 ,genus ,anomia4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,much compressed2 edges of the mantle very fine2 not adhering1 and furnished exteriorly with a row of tentacular filaments2 contractile muscle thick1 divided into three parts1 the largest of which passes partially across a slope of the inferior valve1 and often contains a calcareous substance or small bone1 adhering to marine bodies4 ,shell4 ,adhering1 irregular1 inequivalve1 inequilateral1 ostraceous2 inferior valve a little flatter than the superior1 divided at the summit into two sloping branches1 whose approximation forms a large oval hole2 the superior valve1 which is the larger1 has an oval excavation under the summit2 a subcentral muscular impression1 divided into three parts4 ,inhabits the ,british coasts4 ,two beautiful species are found on the shores of ,rhode ,island and ,new ,jersey4 ,nine species4 ,anomia patellaris4 ,a4 pyriformis4 ,a4 lens4 ,a4 cepa4 ,a4 electrica4 ,a4 membranacea4 ,a4 squamula4 ,a4 ephippium499 ,a4 fornicata499 #f4 ,genus ,crania4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,see ,anomia4 ,shell4 ,orbicular1 the upper valve gibbous and conical2 lower valve1 flat1 with three perforations4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,one species4 ,crania orbicula4 ,,family ,,xx4 ,,brachiopoda4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,genus ,orbicula4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body much compressed and rounded2 mantle open throughout its whole circumference2 two ciliated tentacular appendages4 ,shell4 ,orbicular1 much compressed1 inequilateral1 very inequivalve2 inferior valve very thin1 adhering1 imperforated1 the superior patelloid1 with the summit more or less inclined towards the posterior side4 ,inhabits the ,norwegian seas4 ,one living species4 ,two fossil4 ,orbicula ,norwegica4 #b4 ,genus ,terebratula4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,depressed1 circular or oval1 more or less elongated1 with two1 long1 pectinated1 labial tentacula4 ,shell4 ,thin1 inequivalve1 regular1 subtrigonal2 one of the valves larger and more dilated than the other1 which is sometimes operculiform2 hinge condyloid1 in a straight line1 and formed by two oblique articular surfaces in one valve placed between corresponding projections in the other4 ,inhabits the sea at the ,zetland ,islands4 ,two species are found in ,america4 ,thirteen living species4 ,thirty-eight fossil4 ,terebratula dilatata4 ,t4 flavescens4 ,t4 dorsata4 ,t4 ,vitrea4 ,t4 dentata4 ,t4 globosa4 ,t4 caput-serpentis4 ,t4 psittacea4 ,t4 rotunda4 ,t4 pisa4 ,t4 sanguinea4 ,t4 septentrionalis499 ,t4 truncata499 #c4 ,genus ,lingula4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,depressed1 oval1 somewhat elongated1 inclosed between two lobes of a mantle1 slit throughout its anterior half1 and having pectinated branchi adhering to the internal surface2 mouth simple1 having on each side a long tentacular appendage ciliated in all its external edge1 and rolling itself up spirally in the shell4 ,shell4 ,with an epidermis1 subequivalve1 equilateral1 depressed1 elongated1 truncated anteriorly2 the summit median and posterior2 no trace of ligament2 a long fibro-gelatinous peduncle fixing the shell vertically to submarine bodies2 muscular impression multiple4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,one species4 ,lingula anatina4 ,,class ,,iv4 ,,mollusca4 ,animals soft1 inarticulated1 furnished with an anterior head1 projecting or salient2 most frequently with eyes and tentacul1 or possessing1 at their summit1 arms disposed in the form of a coronet3 their mouth either short1 elongated1 or tubular1 exsertile1 and generally armed with hard parts4 ,mantle diversified1 having its edges free on the sides of the body1 or the lobes united1 forming a sack1 which in part envelopes the animal2 gills or respiratory organs various1 circulation double1 one particular1 the other general2 heart unilocular1 sometimes with the auricles divided1 and very distant2 no medullary cord along the body1 but scattered nerves and ganglions4 ,twenty-two families4 ,,family ,i4 ,,pteropoda4 ,six genera4 ,some genera of this family are without a testaceous covering1 mentioned only to preserve the family entire4 #a4 ,genus ,hyala4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body enclosed in a shell1 winged before1 two opposite wings1 somewhat retractile1 inserted at the sides of the mouth1 head distinct1 mouth terminal1 placed at the junction of the fins2 without eyes4 ,shell4 ,symmetrical1 very thin and transparent1 valves unequal1 flat above1 convex below1 open like a cleft anteriorly1 summit truncated and tridentated posteriorly4 ,inhabits the ,mediterranean4 ,two species4 ,hyala tridentata4 ,h4 cuspidata4 #b4 ,genus ,clio4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body free1 naked1 more or less elongated1 tapering to the rear1 head very distinct2 provided with six1 long1 conical1 retractile tentacul1 separated into two groups of three each2 mouth altogether terminal and vertical1 eyes sessile1 rudiment of a foot under the neck4 ,this is a molluscous animal without any testaceous covering1 but is here placed as leading to other genera which have shells4 ,inhabits the ,indian seas4 ,two species4 ,clio borealis4 ,c4 ,australis4 #c4 ,genus ,cleodora4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body oblong1 gelatinous1 contractile2 a head in front with two wings1 and the posterior part enveloped in a shell1 head distinct1 projecting and round2 two eyes2 mouth in the form of a small beak2 destitute of tentacul2 two1 opposite1 membranaceous1 pellucid1 and cordated wings1 placed at the base of the neck4 ,shell4 ,pyramidal1 triangular1 of a gelatinous or cartilaginous substance1 very thin and transparent2 aperture obliquely truncated4 ,inhabits the ,south ,american seas4 ,two species4 ,cleodora pyramidata4 ,c4 caudata4 #d4 ,genus ,limacina4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body soft1 oblong1 two branchial fins situated at the base of the neck2 posterior part of the body spiral1 and enveloped in a shell4 ,shell4 ,thin1 fragile1 papyraceous1 spiral1 the whorls reunited in a planorbis form1 and deeply and largely umbilicated on one side2 aperture large and entire4 ,inhabits the ,north seas4 ,one species4 ,limacina helicialis4 #e4 ,genus ,cymbulia4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body oblong1 gelatinous1 pellucid1 enclosing a shell2 head sessile2 two eyes1 and two retractile tentacula2 mouth with a retractile proboscis2 two1 opposite1 oblong1 ovate1 branched wings1 connate at their posterior base4 ,shell4 ,gelatinous1 cartilaginous1 very transparent1 crystalline1 oblong1 in shape of a shoe1 from which it has derived the name of the slipper1 truncated at the summit2 aperture lateral and anterior4 ,inhabits the ,mediterranean4 ,one species4 ,cymbulia ,peronii4 #f4 ,genus ,pneumodermon4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,a molluscous animal1 without any testaceous covering1 and much resembling the genus ,clio4 ,inhabits the ,indian seas4 ,one species4 ,pneumodermon ,peronii4 ,,family ,,ii4 ,,phyllidiacea4 ,six genera4 #a4 ,genus ,phyllidia4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,a mollusca similar to the preceding genus1 without a shell1 but its back covered with a rough or coriaceous skin4 ,inhabits the ,mediterranean4 ,three species4 ,phyllidia varicosa4 ,p4 pustulosa4 ,p4 ocellata4 #b4 ,genus ,chitonellus4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body creeping1 elongated2 middle of the back provided its entire length with a detached1 multivalve shell2 the alternate pieces for the most part longitudinal2 sides naked2 branchi disposed around the body2 foot cleft longitudinally by a deep furrow4 ,shell4 ,each valve with stri radiating from its apex2 the margins serrated2 the base of the last valve obtuse4 ,the testaceous plates of this genus are never joined like those of the ,chiton1 so that the animal can move in every direction4 ,upon the contraction of the animal after death1 however1 these valves become nearly united4 ,inhabits the seas of ,new ,holland4 ,two species4 ,chitonellus striatus4 ,c4 larvformis4 #c4 ,genus ,chiton4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body creeping1 ovate oblong1 convex1 round at both extremities2 marginated with a coriaceous skin3 the back covered by a longitudinal series of testaceous1 transverse1 imbricated1 and moveable plates2 head before1 sessile1 with the mouth placed below1 destitute of tentacula or eyes2 branchi placed round the body1 under the margin of the skin2 and orifice at the posterior extremity4 ,shell4 ,eight imbricated valves1 nearly smooth1 slightly carinated1 and rounded at the margins3 summit more or less marked and curved by longitudinal elongations4 ,inhabits the ,british and ,american coasts4 ,sixty-three species4 ,chiton fulvus4 ,c4 pisceus4 ,c4 ruber4 ,c4 lvis4 ,c4 spinosus4 ,c4 fascicularis4 ,c4 marginatus4 ,c4 crinitus4 ,c4 siculus4 ,c4 niger4 ,c4 spiniferous4 ,c4 coquimbensis4 ,c4 lumingii4 ,c4 granosus4 ,c4 glauco-sinctus4 ,c4 disjunctus4 ,c4 elegans4 ,c4 lineatus4 ,c4 sulcatus4 ,c4 bicolor4 ,c4 cerasimus4 ,c4 ,magellanicus4 ,c4 marmoratus4 ,c4 nebulosus4 ,c4 olivaceous4 ,c4 latus4 ,c4 punctatus4 ,c4 viridus4 ,c4 cinerus4 ,c4 tunicatus4 ,c4 gigas4 ,c4 squamosus4 ,c4 ,peruvianus4 ,c4 tesselatus4 ,c4 capensis4 ,c4 ,carmichaelis4 ,c4 echinatus4 ,c4 striatus4 ,c4 lineolatus4 ,c4 chilensis4 ,c4 tuberculatus4 ,c4 hispidus4 ,c4 thalassimus4 ,c4 porosus4 ,c4 larvaformis4 ,c4 undulatus4 ,c4 luteolus4 ,c4 fuscus4 ,c4 minimus4 ,c4 cimex4 ,c4 ascellus4 ,c4 ,icelandicus4 ,c4 fasciatus4 ,c4 setosus4 ,c4 variegatus4 ,c4 asselloides4 ,c4 indus4 ,c4 albas4 ,c4 castaneus4 ,c4 ,emersonii499 ,c4 fulminatus499 ,c4 amna499 ,c4 alternata499 ,c4 sagrinatus499 #d4 ,genus ,patella4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body completely covered by the shell2 head with two acute tentacul1 and the eyes situated at their exterior base2 branchi placed under the mantle and around the body4 ,shell4 ,this numerous and beautiful genus of ,linnus has been subdivided into the several distinct genera of ,fissurella1 ,emarginula1 ,navicella1 ,umbrella1 ,pileopsis1 ,calyptrea1 ,crepidula1 ,parmophora1 and ,ancylus2 each of which possesses sufficiently well-defined characters to authorize a separation1 by which they may be more easily distinguished from the still widely extended family of ,patella4 ,oval1 conic1 or a little depressed1 outside green or brown1 sometimes radiated with various colours2 having divergent stri and concentric wrinkles1 inside glossy1 iridescent1 with yellow or fawn-coloured1 purple1 blue1 or brown radiations4 ,inhabits almost every coast4 ,forty-nine species4 ,patella safiana4 ,p4 testitudinaria4 ,p4 cochlear4 ,p4 compressa4 ,p4 granularis4 ,p4 decaurata4 ,p4 ,magellanica4 ,p4 stellifera4 ,p4 vulgata4 ,p4 mammillaris4 ,p4 lineata4 ,p4 leucopleura4 ,p4 notata4 ,p4 ,tarentina4 ,p4 punctata4 ,p4 puncturata4 ,p4 ,javanica4 ,p4 tuberculifera4 ,p4 miniata4 ,p4 pellucida4 ,p4 tricostata4 ,p4 ,australis4 ,p4 apicina4 ,p4 granatina4 ,p4 oculus4 ,p4 ,galathia4 ,p4 pectinata4 ,p4 viridula4 ,p4 scutellar4 ,p4 radians4 ,p4 crulea4 ,p4 plumbia4 ,p4 umbrella4 ,p4 pyramidata4 ,p4 luteola4 ,p4 aspera4 ,p4 spinifera4 ,p4 longicosta4 ,p4 barbata4 ,p4 angulosa4 ,p4 saccharina4 ,p4 laciniosa4 ,p4 plicata4 ,p4 amna499 ,p4 alternata499 ,p4 alveus499 ,p4 candida499 #e4 ,genus ,umbrella4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body very thick and oval1 provided with a dorsal shell2 foot large1 smooth1 and flat1 surrounded by a border1 anteriorly notched1 attenuated behind2 head indistinct2 four tentacula1 the two upper ones thick1 short1 and truncated1 the other two thin1 and shaped like pedunculated crests2 having foliaceous branchi4 ,shell4 ,external1 orbicular1 subirregular1 nearly flat1 slightly convex above1 white1 with apex near the middle2 margin acute1 internal surface rather concave2 having a callous disk1 coloured1 depressed in the centre1 surrounded by a smooth border4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,two species4 ,umbrella ,indica4 ,u4 ,mediterranea4 #f4 ,genus ,pleurobranchus4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body creeping1 fleshy2 mantle and foot expanded2 branchi placed on the right side2 cloak enveloping the shell2 neck short1 contracted in some species1 with an emarginate front1 exhibiting the commencement of the inferior tentacula1 the upper ones tubular and cloven2 gills at the edge of the dorsal plait1 mouth provided with a short1 retractile proboscis4 ,shell4 ,depressed1 oval1 oblong1 concentrically wrinkled1 almost entirely open1 rounded and convoluted2 the vertex with a single turn4 ,inhabits the coast of ,devonshire in ,england4 ,two species4 ,pleurobranchus ,peronii4 ,p4 ,laqueare4 ,,family ,,iii4 ,,calyptracea4 ,seven genera4 #a4 ,genus ,parmophorus4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body creeping1 thick1 oblong-ovate1 broad behind1 obtuse at the extremities2 border of the mantle cleft before1 and suspended vertically around2 head distinct1 and slit below2 two conical contracted tentacula1 at the base of which are placed the eyes1 which are somewhat pedunculated2 mouth below1 funnel-shaped1 oblique1 truncated1 and concealed2 branchial cavity opening anteriorly behind the head by a transverse fissure4 ,shell4 ,oblong1 very depressed1 slightly convex above1 obtuse at extremities1 anteriorly channeled by a slight sinus1 and having towards the posterior part a small pointed apex1 inclined backwards2 the lower surface slightly concave4 ,inhabits the ,australian seas4 ,four species4 ,one fossil4 ,parmophorus ,australis4 ,p4 brevicula4 ,p4 granulata4 ,p4 ambigua4 #b4 ,genus ,emarginula4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,body creeping1 with two1 conical1 tentacular eyes at the external base2 mantle large1 partly covering the margin of the shell2 foot very large and thick4 ,shell4 ,shield-like1 conical2 summit inclined2 the cavity simple1 having a notch or hollow cut on its posterior margin2 shells of this genus are generally very small4 ,inhabits the ,british seas4 ,five species4 ,emarginula ,blainvillii4 ,e4 ,cuvierii4 ,e4 fissura4 ,e4 rubra4 ,e4 marginata4 #c4 ,genus ,fissurella4 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,animal4 ,with the head truncated in front2 two conical tentacula1 with eyes at their exterior base2 mouth simple1 terminal1 and destitute of jaws2 two pectinated branchi projecting from the cavity2 mantle large1 protruding beyond the shell4 ,shell4 ,shield-shaped1 conical recurved1 summit entire1 depressed1 concave below1 perforated at the summit in the form of a key hole1 without a spire2 the exterior surface ribbed longitudinally4 ,inhabits the ,european and ,american seas4 ,twenty-two species4 ,fissurella ,cayennensis4 ,f4 lilacina4 ,f4 ,javanicensis4 ,f4 fascicularis4 ,f4 rosea4 ,f4 ,barbadensis4 ,f4 radiata4 ,f4 nodosa4 ,f4 nimbosa4 ,f4 crassa4 ,f4 ,grca4 ,f4 picta4 ,f4 pustula4 ,f4 hiantula4 ,f4 viridula4 ,f4 depressa4 ,f4 ,peruviana4 ,f4 gibberula4 ,f4 minuta4 ,f4 plicata4 ,f4 alternata499 ,f4 redimicula499 #d4 ,genus ,pileopsis4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,with two conical tentacula1 and the eyes at their base2 branchi formed in a row under the anterior margin of the cavity1 near the neck4 ,shell4 ,obliquely conical1 anteriorly recurved1 apex bent1 almost spiral2 aperture rounded1 elliptical1 the anterior margin shortest1 acute1 slightly sinuated2 the posterior largest and rounded4 ,one elongated and arched muscular impression1 situated under the posterior margin4 ,inhabits the seas of ,europe4 ,nine species4 ,pileopsis intorta4 ,p4 subrufa4 ,p4 spirirostris4 ,p4 retortella4 ,p4 ungarica4 ,p4 mitula4 ,p4 pennata4 ,p4 squamformis4 ,p4 depressa4 #e4 ,genus ,calyptrea4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,the same as preceding genus4 ,shell4 ,this genus derives its common name1 8the ,cup-and-,saucer ,limpit10 by having in the interior cavity a cup-shaped appendage1 which is sometimes vertical1 and sometimes like a horse-shoe1 with a muscular impression of variable form1 vertex ending in a small volution2 smooth1 margin entire1 very glossy within1 and provided with a laminar plate4 ,inhabits the ,chinese and ,s4 ,american seas4 ,nine species4 ,calyptrea porcellana4 ,c4 equestris4 ,c4 fornicata4 ,c4 peziza4 ,c4 angulata4 ,c4 tecum-sinense4 ,c4 scutellata4 ,c4 poculum4 ,c4 striata499 #f4 ,genus ,crepidula4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,head anteriorly forked1 having two conical tentacula1 with the eyes placed at their exterior base2 mouth simple1 destitute of jaws1 and situated in the bifurcation of the head2 branchi with tufts and projecting from the branchial cavity2 the mantle never bordering the shell2 foot minute1 orifice lateral4 ,shell4 ,ovate1 or oblong2 the back almost always convex1 concave beneath2 the spire very much inclined towards the margin2 the aperture partly closed by a horizontal lamina4 ,inhabits the ,american seas4 ,thirteen species4 ,crepidula extinctorum4 ,c4 aculeata4 ,c4 lvigata4 ,c4 uguiformis4 ,c4 dilata4 ,c4 ,peruviana4 ,c4 gigas4 ,c4 fornicata499 ,c4 depressa499 ,c4 glauca499 ,c4 plana499 ,c4 intorta499 ,c4 convexa499 #g4 ,genus ,ancylus4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,body creeping1 enveloped in the shell2 two compressed subtruncated tentacular1 with eyes situated at their internal base2 foot short1 elliptical2 somewhat narrower than the body4 ,shell4 ,thin1 obliquely conical2 aperture oval1 with a pointed apex1 which very much inclines backwards2 margins simple4 ,this is a fresh water shell1 found in the lakes of ,europe and rivers of ,america4 ,five species4 ,ancylus lacustris4 ,a4 fluviatilis4 ,a4 spinaros4 ,a4 rivularis4 ,a4 filosus4 ,,family ,,iv4 ,,bullacea4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,genus ,acera4 ,animal4 ,body ovate1 convex1 transversely divided above into two parts2 the foot with dilations in the form of wings below2 head indistinct2 branchi situated on the back1 greatly behind1 and covered by a mantle destitute of a shell4 ,inhabits the ,mediterranean4 ,one species4 ,acera carnosa4 #b4 ,genus ,bulla4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,body ovate1 somewhat convex above1 and divided into two parts transversely2 lateral lobes of the foot very thick2 head indistinct1 and without tentacula2 branchi placed on the back4 ,shell4 ,concealed in the mantle1 very thin1 rolled and spiral on one side2 without a columella and spire2 aperture very large and wide1 dilated at the upper part4 ,inhabits the ,british seas4 ,two species4 ,bulla aperta4 ,b4 striata4 #c4 ,genus ,bulla4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,body oblong-ovate1 slight convexity2 divided into two portions transverse above1 mantle slightly folded posteriorly2 visible tentacula2 branchi dorsal and covered1 opening only on the right side4 ,shell4 ,univalve1 ovate globular1 convolute1 no columella1 spire not projecting but visible1 aperture the whole length of the shell1 external margin sharp and smooth4 ,inhabits the ,british and ,american seas4 ,nineteen species4 ,bulla physis4 ,b4 naucum4 ,b4 hydatis4 ,b4 rugosa4 ,b4 fragilis4 ,b4 aplustre4 ,b4 ampulla4 ,b4 lignaria4 ,b4 fasciata4 ,b4 striata4 ,b4 ,wyatii4 ,b4 solida4 ,b4 cornea4 ,b4 lactea4 ,b4 solitaria499 ,b4 triticea499 ,b4 hiemalis499 ,b4 ,gouldii499 ,b4 lineolata499 ,,family ,v4 ,,aplysiacea4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,genus ,dolabella4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,body creeping1 oblong1 narrowed in front2 and posteriorly widened2 area round1 sloping1 and truncated obliquely2 margins folded over the back2 four tubular tentacula1 disposed in pairs2 bronchial operculum inclosing a shell2 orifice dorsal1 near the branchi4 ,shell4 ,oblong1 slightly arcuated1 thick1 callous1 and somewhat spiral on both sides1 singular in formation1 and its characteristic unlike most other shells4 ,inhabits the ,isle of ,france4 ,two species4 ,dolabella ,rumphii4 ,d4 fragilis4 #b4 ,genus ,aplysia4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,body creeping1 oblong1 convex above2 bordered on each side by a broad mantle1 which covers the back when the animal is in repose2 head and neck elevated1 with four tentacula1 the two upper ones ear-shaped1 eyes situated near the mouth2 dorsal shield semicircular1 subcartilaginous1 adhering on one side1 and covering the branchial cavity4 ,shell4 ,nearly round1 left margin somewhat reflected2 outer lip acute2 yellowish horn colored1 with brown radiations1 and two concentric bands4 ,inhabits the ,indian seas4 ,thirty-seven species4 ,aplysia depilans4 ,a4 teremida4 ,a4 gigas4 ,a4 hassetlii4 ,a4 punctata4 ,a4 marmorata4 ,a4 dolabrifera4 ,a4 ascifera4 ,a4 petalifera4 ,a4 unguifera4 ,a4 ,limacina4 ,a4 ,jeachii4 ,a4 saviguana4 ,a4 fasciata4 ,a4 bresili4 ,a4 dactycomela4 ,a4 protea4 ,a4 sorex4 ,a4 tigrina4 ,a4 maculauta4 ,a4 longicauda4 ,a4 ,kerandrenii4 ,a4 lessonii4 ,a4 camelus4 ,a4 alba4 ,a4 ,napolitana4 ,a4 viridis4 ,a4 longicornis4 ,a4 ecaudata4 ,a4 virescens4 ,a4 poliana4 ,a4 fusca4 ,a4 pleii4 ,a4 citrini4 ,a4 undata4 ,a4 rosea4 ,a4 ,ferrusacii4 ,,family ,,vi4 ,,limacina4 ,five genera4 #a4 ,genus ,limax4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,cuvier merely mentions that the animal is 8furnished with a coriaceous1 subrogose shield1 with a flat1 longitudinal disk beneath2 four tentacula retractile1 eyes at the tips2 orifice for respiration on the right side40 ,shell4 ,ovate oblong1 both margins reflected2 very thin1 diaphanous1 slightly wrinkled1 of a pale yellow colour4 ,inhabits the gardens in ,britain and ,france4 ,five species4 ,limax rufus4 ,l4 cinerus4 ,l4 albus4 ,l4 agrestis4 ,l4 punctata4 #b4 ,genus ,vitrina4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,body creeping1 elongated1 snail shaped1 nearly straight2 posteriorly separated from the foot1 and spirally wound into a shell4 ,shell4 ,small1 very thin1 depressed1 terminated above by a very short spire1 the last whorl very large2 aperture large1 rounded oval2 the left margin arched1 slightly involute4 ,inhabits dry places of ,europe4 ,three species4 ,vitrina parilis4 ,v4 dentilis4 ,v4 pellucida4 #c4 ,genus ,testacella4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,body creeping1 elongated1 snail shaped1 having a shell placed on the posterior extremity2 four tentacula1 the two longest with their eyes at their tips2 respiratory organs behind4 ,shell4 ,very small1 external1 ear-shaped1 apex absolutely spiral1 aperture very large and oval1 left edge sharp and rolled inward behind4 ,inhabits the middle provinces of ,france4 ,two species4 ,testacella ,haliotidea4 ,t4 ,neritoidea4 #d4 ,genus ,parmacella4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,body creeping oblong2 middle of the back moderately convex1 and shield-shaped2 hind part in form of a tail1 laterally compressed1 acute above2 shield ovate1 fleshy1 adhering at its posterior part1 free before1 enveloping a shell1 with a notch in the centre of its right margin2 four tentacula1 two posterior largest2 respiratory organs1 under the notch of the shield1 placed between the two tentacula of the right side4 ,shell4 ,ovate1 left margin broad and reflected2 right margin reflected at top and acute beneath2 very thin and pellucid1 of a pale yellowish-brown4 ,inhabits the gardens of ,europe4 ,two species4 ,parmacella ,olivieri4 ,p4 ,cuvierii4 #e4 ,genus ,onchidium4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,body oblong1 creeping1 marginated on all sides2 head projecting1 the lower part with a prominent margin1 two retractile1 cylindrical tentacula2 two auriform appendages1 nearly lateral2 mouth beneath1 destitute of maxillary processes2 respiratory orifices distinct1 under the extremity of the body4 ,destitute of a shell4 ,inhabits the gardens of ,europe4 ,two species4 ,onchidium ,typh4 ,o4 ,peronii4 ,,family ,,vii4 ,,colimacea4 ,eleven genera4 #a4 ,genus ,helix4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,of a slightly variable form1 the mantle forming at its free edge a kind of ring or thick collar1 especially in front1 and faintly divided into two lips2 foot oval1 plane1 smooth beneath1 inflated and granular below1 joined to the visceral club by a narrow peduncle2 head sufficiently distinct2 anterior tentacula very evident and inflated at top1 the posterior very long2 the mouth a vertical cleft provided with two labial lobes1 a sort of marginal tooth1 with a small1 oval1 lingual club4 ,shell4 ,the name ,helix was given to this genus from the spiral shape of the shell1 which varies much in form1 but generally globular1 and ventricose1 conoid but never turriculated2 summit generally obtuse1 aperture varying much in size1 sometimes very large1 sometimes small1 always regulated by the turn of the spire2 oval1 semilunar1 more wide than long1 edges disunited1 entering little into the interior2 right lip or margin thickened or reflected inwards4 ,inhabits the groves and woods both of ,america and ,europe4 ,two hundred and three species4 ,helix vesicalis4 ,h4 gigantea4 ,h4 polyzonalis4 ,h4 monozonalis4 ,h4 pulla4 ,h4 lineolata4 ,h4 mutata4 ,h4 pomatia4 ,h4 aspersa4 ,h4 vermiculata4 ,h4 ,alonensis4 ,h4 vesicolor4 ,h4 naticoides4 ,h4 picta4 ,h4 galactites4 ,h4 cepa4 ,h4 heteroclites4 ,h4 discolor4 ,h4 lactea4 ,h4 zonaria4 ,h4 guttata4 ,h4 ,madagascarensis4 ,h4 ,javanica4 ,h4 ,peruviana4 ,h4 simplex4 ,h4 cidaris4 ,h4 citrina4 ,h4 algira4 ,h4 verticellus4 ,h4 olivetorum4 ,h4 hmastoma4 ,h4 melanotragus4 ,h4 extensa4 ,h4 lucana4 ,h4 globulus4 ,h4 melanostoma4 ,h4 clatura4 ,h4 microstoma4 ,h4 maculsa4 ,h4 ,richardi4 ,h4 ,bonplandii4 ,h4 planulata4 ,h4 labrella4 ,h4 unguina4 ,h4 pellis-serpentis4 ,h4 senegalensis4 ,h4 unidentata4 ,h4 fructicum4 ,h4 neglecta4 ,h4 crespitum4 ,h4 ericetorum4 ,h4 intersecta4 ,h4 ,carthusianella4 ,h4 diaphana4 ,h4 concolor4 ,h4 velutina4 ,h4 obvuluta4 ,h4 ,cookiana4 ,h4 pileus4 ,h4 papilla4 ,h4 punctifera4 ,h4 plicatula4 ,h4 planorbella4 ,h4 scabra4 ,h4 cariosa4 ,h4 crenulata4 ,h4 planorbula4 ,h4 macularia4 ,h4 planospira4 ,h4 ,barbadensis4 ,h4 sinuata4 ,h4 hippocastanum4 ,h4 bidentalis4 ,h4 argilacea4 ,h4 vittata4 ,h4 arbustorum4 ,h4 candidissima4 ,h4 memoralis4 ,h4 ,hortensis4 ,h4 sylvatica4 ,h4 pisana4 ,h4 splendida4 ,h4 serpentina4 ,h4 niciensis4 ,h4 variabilis4 ,h4 auriculata4 ,h4 turgidula4 ,h4 helicella4 ,h4 zonula4 ,h4 tridentata4 ,h4 septemvalva4 ,h4 monodan4 ,h4 fraterna4 ,h4 coniformis4 ,h4 concamerata4 ,h4 nigrescens4 ,h4 ,tripolitana4 ,h4 ,sayii4 ,h4 globulosa4 ,h4 ,caffra4 ,h4 conformis4 ,h4 prunum4 ,h4 ,pouzolzii4 ,h4 contusa4 ,h4 bicarinata4 ,h4 vitrinoides4 ,h4 maritima4 ,h4 strigata4 ,h4 muralis4 ,h4 rugosa4 ,h4 cornea4 ,h4 liquifera4 ,h4 incarnata4 ,h4 cinctella4 ,h4 cellaria4 ,h4 ,gaymardii4 ,h4 nitidia4 ,h4 plebuim4 ,h4 personata4 ,h4 hispidia4 ,h4 rotundata4 ,h4 apicina4 ,h4 striata4 ,h4 conspurcata4 ,h4 conica4 ,h4 conoidea4 ,h4 pulchella4 ,h4 formosa4 ,h4 orbiculata4 ,h4 squamosa4 ,h4 tectiformis4 ,h4 ,madeirensis4 ,h4 unbeculata4 ,h4 deformis4 ,h4 ,nicensis4 ,h4 meridionalis4 ,h4 melitensis4 ,h4 circumornata4 ,h4 gronosa4 ,h4 ,lima4 ,h4 dentiens4 ,h4 parilis4 ,h4 imperator4 ,h4 zodiaca4 ,h4 concisa4 ,h4 pellicuta4 ,h4 strobilus4 ,h4 alanda4 ,h4 carina4 ,h4 ,bulverii4 ,h4 pileolus4 ,h4 vipartita4 ,h4 sinistrorsa4 ,h4 fibula4 ,h4 supplicata4 ,h4 ,porto-santara4 ,h4 punctulata4 ,h4 exalbida4 ,h4 ,mitchelliana499 ,h4 ,vancouverensis499 ,h4 ,caroliniensis499 ,h4 ,nuttaliana499 ,h4 ,columbiana499 ,h4 hirsuta499 ,h4 perspectiva499 ,h4 lineata499 ,h4 multilineata499 ,h4 appressa499 ,h4 palliata499 ,h4 ,californiensis499 ,h4 ,townsendiana499 ,h4 ,nichliniana499 ,h4 ,oregonensis499 ,h4 magnifica499 ,h4 profunda499 ,h4 albolabris499 ,h4 alternata499 ,h4 irrorata499 ,h4 inorata499 ,h4 indentata499 ,h4 inflecta499 ,h4 clausa499 ,h4 obstricta499 ,h4 elevata499 ,h4 interna499 ,h4 chersina499 ,h4 gularis499 ,h4 ligera499 ,h4 solitaria499 ,h4 jejuna499 ,h4 concava499 ,h4 fallax499 ,h4 egena499 ,h4 arboreus499 ,h4 glaphyra499 ,h4 ,thyroides499 ,h4 labyrinthica499 ,h4 major499 ,h4 ,pennsylvanica499 ,h4 subglobosa499 ,h4 ,zaleta99 ,h4 dentifera499 ,h4 delabata499 #b4 ,genus ,carocolla4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,the ,animal of this and the following genera of this family are precisely the same as in ,helix4 ,shell4 ,orbicular1 more or less convex or conoidal above2 the circumference or periphery angulated or keeled2 aperture transverse1 contiguous to the axis of the shell2 the right margin or lip subangular1 often toothed or plaited beneath4 ,inhabits dry situations in ,europe and ,america4 ,twenty-two species4 ,carocolla acutistima4 ,c4 albilabris4 ,c4 angistoma4 ,c4 labyrinthus4 ,c4 lucerna4 ,c4 inflata4 ,c4 hispidula4 ,c4 ,gaulteriana4 ,c4 albella4 ,c4 bicolor4 ,c4 ,mauritiana4 ,c4 ,madagascarensis4 ,c4 marginata4 ,c4 lychnuchus4 ,c4 planata4 ,c4 planaria4 ,c4 lapicida4 ,c4 elegans4 ,c4 ,hydiana499 ,c4 helicoides99 7new species7 ,lea4 ,c4 grata499 ,c4 ,spinosa99 7new species7 ,lea4 #c4 ,genus ,achatina4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,see ,helix4 ,shell4 ,variable in form1 but generally subturriculated1 oval or oblong1 aperture entire1 the right lip sharp1 never reflected1 columella smooth1 of which the anterior extremity is always open and truncated4 ,inhabits ,south ,america4 ,twenty-four species4 ,achatina perdix4 ,a4 immaculata4 ,a4 acuta4 ,a4 ,mauritania4 ,a4 ustulata4 ,a4 virginea4 ,a4 ,marminii4 ,a4 fusco-lineata4 ,a4 columnaria4 ,a4 acicula4 ,a4 zebra4 ,a4 purpurea4 ,a4 bicarinata4 ,a4 castanea4 ,a4 vexillum4 ,a4 ,priamus4 ,a4 ,peruviana4 ,a4 albo-lineata4 ,a4 fulminea4 ,a4 folliculus4 ,a4 oleacea4 ,a4 glans499 ,a4 ,vanuxemensis499 ,a4 solida499 #d4 ,genus ,anostoma4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,see ,helix4 ,shell4 ,somewhat extraordinary in its formation1 orbicular1 the spire convex and obtuse1 aperture round1 dentated grinning1 turned upwards to the side of the spire1 margin of the lip reflected4 ,lakes in ,america and the ,sandwich ,islands4 ,three species4 ,anostoma dentata4 ,anostoma depressa4 ,a4 globosa499 #e4 ,genus ,helicina4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,see ,helix4 ,shell4 ,terrestrial1 distinguished only from the ,helix by its columella being transverse callous2 much depressed and diminished in thickness at the lower part1 subliglobular1 imperforate2 aperture entire1 demioval1 margin acute1 forming an angle at the lower base of the right lip2 operculum corneous4 ,inhabits groves in ,europe4 ,nineteen species4 ,helicina neritella4 ,h4 rhodostoma4 ,h4 striata4 ,h4 fasciata4 ,h4 virida4 ,h4 pulchella4 ,h4 substriata4 ,h4 ,braziliensis4 ,h4 costata4 ,h4 aurantia4 ,h4 major4 ,h4 minima4 ,h4 submarginata4 ,h4 unifasciata4 ,h4 ,brownii4 ,h4 depressa4 ,h4 aureola4 ,h4 orbiculata4 ,h4 ,tankervillii4 #f4 ,genus ,pupa4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,see ,helix4 ,shell4 ,cylindrical1 generally thick2 aperture irregular1 semi-ovate1 rounded1 and subangulated beneath2 margins of outer lip nearly equal and reflected outwardly1 unconnected at their upper parts2 the plait of the columella interposed between them4 ,most frequently found in moss in ,europe and ,america4 ,forty species4 ,pupa numia4 ,p4 uva4 ,p4 sulcata4 ,p4 candida4 ,p4 labrossa4 ,p4 fusus4 ,p4 tridentata4 ,p4 fasciolata4 ,p4 zebra4 ,p4 unicarinata4 ,p4 maculosa4 ,p4 clavulata4 ,p4 ovularis4 ,p4 ,germanica4 ,p4 cinerea4 ,p4 tridens4 ,p4 quadridens4 ,p4 polyodon4 ,p4 variabilis4 ,p4 frumentum4 ,p4 secale4 ,p4 avena4 ,p4 granum4 ,p4 fragilis4 ,p4 dolium4 ,p4 umbilicata4 ,p4 muscorum4 ,p4 angilicus4 ,p4 rufescens4 ,p4 edontulis4 ,p4 odontostoma4 ,p4 petiveriana4 ,p4 dentata4 ,p4 contracta499 ,p4 rupicola499 ,p4 exigua499 ,p4 armifera499 ,p4 fallax499 ,p4 ovata99 ,p4 pentadon499 #g4 ,genus ,clausilia4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,see ,helix4 ,shell4 ,cylindrical1 generally fusiform2 summit obtuse1 the last whorl smaller than the preceding2 aperture irregular1 rounded1 oval2 margin united1 and externally reflected4 ,inhabits dry situations both in ,europe and ,america4 ,fifteen species4 ,clausilia torticollis4 ,c4 truncatula4 ,c4 retusa4 ,c4 costulata4 ,c4 corrugata4 ,c4 inflata4 ,c4 ,mediterranea4 ,c4 denticulata4 ,c4 collaris4 ,c4 papillaris4 ,c4 plicatula4 ,c4 rugosa4 ,c4 gracilis4 ,c4 chrysalis4 ,c4 teres499 #h4 ,genus ,bulimus4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animals of this genus in formation are precisely as the ,helix2 they are1 however1 oviparous1 producing eggs with the shell containing the animal perfectly matured2 they are frequently as large as a pigeon's egg4 ,shell4 ,oval1 sometimes turriculated1 oblong2 the summit of the spire obtuse1 and the last whorl larger than all the others together2 aperture oblong1 oval1 edge disunited2 in adults the lip much reflected2 columella smooth1 with an inflection in the middle1 the base entire1 not channeled4 ,inhabits mountainous situations in ,europe and ,america2 some beautiful specimens have been found in the woods of ,ohio4 ,sixty-three species4 ,bulimus ovatus4 ,b4 hmastomus4 ,b4 gallina4 ,b4 sultana4 ,b4 zigzag4 ,b4 multifasciatus4 ,b4 ,bengalensis4 ,b4 ,cariborum4 ,b4 octonus4 ,b4 terebraster4 ,b4 undatus4 ,b4 ,richii4 ,b4 inversus4 ,b4 citrinus4 ,b4 sultanus4 ,b4 ,pythogaster4 ,b4 ovoideus4 ,b4 interruptus4 ,b4 ,peruvianus4 ,b4 ,favannii4 ,b4 ,kambeul4 ,b4 papyraceus4 ,b4 calcareus4 ,b4 decollatus4 ,b4 ,lyonetianus4 ,b4 inflatus4 ,b4 radiatus4 ,b4 fragilis4 ,b4 ,guadalupensis4 ,b4 ,mexicanus4 ,b4 articulatus4 ,b4 acutus4 ,b4 scobinatus4 ,b4 planidens4 ,b4 ventricosus4 ,b4 montanus4 ,b4 hordaceus4 ,b4 lubricus4 ,b4 iostoma4 ,b4 geniostoma4 ,b4 odontostoma4 ,b4 formosus4 ,b4 ,listeri4 ,b4 ,kingii4 ,b4 ,dufresnii4 ,b4 pulcher4 ,b4 maugeri4 ,b4 lvis4 ,b4 auris leporis4 ,b4 vexillum4 ,b4 glandiformis499 ,b4 parvus499 ,b4 virgo499 ,b4 gracilis499 ,b4 ,gibbonius499 ,b4 multilatus499 ,b4 maculatus499 ,b4 ,pealianus499 ,b4 lacteus499 ,b4 decoratus499 ,b4 ,columbianus499 ,b4 multilineatus499 ,b4 corneus499 #i4 ,genus ,succinea4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,see ,helix4 ,shell4 ,terrestrial1 very thin1 pellucid1 ovate oblong1 with a conical1 pointed spire1 formed of only one or two whorls2 aperture very large and oval1 edges disunited2 right edge always acute1 the left arched1 formed by a smooth attenuated columella4 ,the shells of this genus never having their lip thickened or reflected1 distinguish them from those of the genus ,bulimus1 to which they bear a strong resemblance4 ,inhabits the sides of ditches and lakes1 both in ,europe and ,america4 ,seven species4 ,succinea cuculata4 ,s4 amphibia4 ,s4 rubescens4 ,s4 oblonga4 ,s4 patula4 ,s4 pellucida4 ,s4 aperta499 #aj4 ,genus ,auricula4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,see ,helix4 ,shell4 ,solid1 thick1 and smooth1 oval1 oblong spire very obtuse1 aperture entire1 enlarged1 ear-shaped1 much contracted behind2 edges not united1 right lip thick and generally reflected outwardly2 the left or columella with one or more teeth or callous plaits4 ,this genus derives its name from its resemblance to the ears of certain animals4 ,it is a land shell found chiefly in the ,east and ,west ,india ,islands4 ,sixteen species4 ,auricula ,mid4 ,a4 ,jud4 ,a4 sileni4 ,a4 leporis4 ,a4 felis4 ,a4 ,dombeiana4 ,a4 nitens4 ,a4 angiostoma4 ,a4 scarabus4 ,a4 bovina4 ,a4 caprella4 ,a4 myosotis4 ,a4 minima4 ,a4 coniformis4 ,a4 monill4 ,a4 labrella4 #aa4 ,genus ,cyclostoma4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,see ,helix4 ,shell4 ,terrestrial1 distinguished from the preceding genera by a perfectly round aperture1 reflected lip1 and horny operculum1 summit papillose2 left edge having its origin very detached from the spire4 ,inhabits the ,east ,indies4 ,a few species are found in ,america4 ,thirty-eight species4 ,cyclostoma planorbula4 ,c4 volvulus4 ,c4 carinata4 ,c4 sulcata4 ,c4 unicarinata4 ,c4 rugosa4 ,c4 labeo4 ,c4 interrupta4 ,c4 ambigua4 ,c4 semilabris4 ,c4 tricarinata4 ,c4 obsoleta4 ,c4 patulum4 ,c4 truncatum1 ,c4 pulchrum4 ,c4 ,jamaicense4 ,c4 lineolata4 ,c4 elongatum4 ,c4 mirabile4 ,c4 orbella4 ,c4 aurantium4 ,c4 flavula4 ,c4 fasciata4 ,c4 mumia4 ,c4 quarternata4 ,c4 ferruginea4 ,c4 decussata4 ,c4 mammillaris4 ,c4 maculatum4 ,c4 ligata4 ,c4 elegans4 ,c4 tortum4 ,c4 mirabile4 ,c4 maculata499 ,c4 ,popayana499 ,c4 lapidaria499 ,c4 marginata499 ,c4 dentata499 ,,family ,,viii4 ,,lymnacea4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,genus ,lymnea4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,see ,helix4 ,shell4 ,aquatic1 oval1 sometimes turreted2 spire produced1 thin1 smooth1 edges disunited1 the left with a very oblique plait rising on the columella1 forming an oval aperture1 destitute of an operculum4 ,inhabits the ponds of ,america and ,europe4 ,thirty-three species4 ,lymnea columnaris4 ,l4 stagnelis4 ,l4 palustris4 ,l4 auricularia4 ,l4 ovata4 ,l4 minuta4 ,l4 luteola4 ,l4 acuminata4 ,l4 intermedia4 ,l4 leucostoma4 ,l4 peregra4 ,l4 rubiginosus499 ,l4 solida499 ,l4 ,virginiana499 ,l4 ,emmoniensis499 ,l4 lessoni499 ,l4 apacina499 ,l4 catascopium499 ,l4 columella499 ,l4 elongatus499 ,l4 reflexus499 ,l4 appressus499 ,l4 elodes499 ,l4 limosa499 ,l4 lapidaria499 ,l4 dissimilis499 ,l4 ponderosa499 ,l4 integra499 ,l4 porata499 ,l4 lustrica499 ,l4 grana499 ,l4 subglobosa499 #b4 ,genus ,physa4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,see ,helix4 ,shell4 ,general sinistral1 oval1 oblong1 or globular1 very smooth1 spire prominent1 aperture oval1 contracted posteriorly1 right edge sharp1 columella twisting obliquely1 and enlarging to join itself to the anterior part of the margin1 the whorls turning to the left hand gives this shell the appellation of heterostrophe4 ,inhabits the ditches of ,america and ,europe4 ,ten species4 ,physa fontinalis4 ,p4 hypnorum4 ,p4 subopaca4 ,p4 castanea499 ,p4 decisa499 ,p4 elongata499 ,p4 aurea499 ,p4 gyrina499 ,p4 heterostropha499 ,p4 ancillaria499 #c4 ,genus ,planorbis4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,see ,helix4 ,shell4 ,discoid1 spire depressed1 or involuted almost in the same vertical plane1 causing the shell to be depressed on each side1 aperture oblong1 luniform1 axis remote1 margin not reflected2 no operculum4 ,inhabits the lakes of ,america and ,europe4 ,twenty-two species4 ,planorbis cornu-arietis4 ,p4 corneus4 ,p4 spirorbis4 ,p4 hispidus4 ,p4 orientalis4 ,p4 carinatus4 ,p4 lutescens4 ,p4 nitidus4 ,p4 angulatus4 ,p4 deformis4 ,p4 imbricatus4 ,p4 contortus4 ,p4 vortex4 ,p4 lens499 ,p4 glabratus499 ,p4 armigerus499 ,p4 parallellus499 ,p4 exacuous499 ,p4 campanulatus499 ,p4 trivolvis499 ,p4 bicarinatus499 ,p4 parvus499 ,,family ,,ix4 ,,melaniana4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,genus ,melania4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,see ,helix4 ,shell4 ,turreted2 aperture entire1 spire slightly pointed1 margin of the whorls often surmounted by spires1 columella smooth and arched1 closed by a thin horn-like operculum2 this is a fluviatile shell1 often covered by a thick epidermis4 ,inhabits the rivers of ,india4 ,many fine species are found in ,america4 ,fifty-four species4 ,melania inquinata4 ,m4 asperata4 ,m4 spinolusa4 ,m4 gronifera4 ,m4 aurita4 ,m4 lineolata4 ,m4 trunculata4 ,m4 carinefera4 ,m4 truncata4 ,m4 coarctata4 ,m4 punctata4 ,m4 subulata4 ,m4 ,helvetica4 ,m4 lineata4 ,m4 ,byronensis4 ,m4 sulcata4 ,m4 lvigata4 ,m4 clavis4 ,m4 decollata4 ,m4 amarula4 ,m4 thiarella4 ,m4 fasciolata4 ,m4 lvissima4 ,m4 corrugata4 ,m4 ,troostiana499 ,m4 plicifera499 ,m4 ,sayii499 ,m4 elevata499 ,m4 armigera499 ,m4 multilineata499 ,m4 proxima499 ,m4 ,hydeii499 ,m4 salebrosa499 ,m4 bitaeniata499 ,m4 lema499 ,m4 nassula499 ,m4 trochiformis499 ,m4 elevata499 ,m4 laqueata499 ,m4 semicarinata499 ,m4 subularis99 7,lea74 ,m4 acuta499 ,m4 plicata499 ,m4 inflata499 ,n4 conica499 ,m4 catenaria499 ,m4 simplex499 ,m4 excurta499 ,m4 annulifera499 ,m4 pyrenella499 ,m4 coma499 ,m4 alveare499 ,m4 cylindracea499 ,m4 vestita499 ,m4 caniculata499 ,m4 ,virginica499 ,m4 tuberculata99 7,lea74 ,m4 elongata499 #b4 ,genus ,pirena4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,much elongated1 mantle prolonged into a canal at the left side1 but without distinct tube2 foot short1 oval1 with an anterior marginal furrow2 head terminated by a depressed proboscidiform muzzle2 tentacula very distant1 thickly annulated1 dilated in the inferior half of their length1 and having the eyes at the summit of this dilation2 mouth a terminal and vertical slit1 without labial tooth1 and with a very small tongue2 a single long and narrow branchia4 ,shell4 ,distinguished from the preceding genus by having a sinus at the base1 and another at the summit2 turreted2 aperture longitudinal1 right lip sharp1 base of the columella inclined to the right4 ,inhabits the rivers of ,india and ,africa4 ,one species is found in ,america4 ,six species4 ,pirena terebralis4 ,p4 cancellata4 ,p4 aurita4 ,p4 spinosa4 ,p4 granulosa4 ,p4 scalariformis499 #c4 ,genus ,melanopsis4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,as preceding genus4 ,shell4 ,the ,melanopsis is distinguished from the ,melanaia1 by the columella being callous in the upper part1 and the base truncated as in the ,achatina1 and differs from the ,pirena in having only a sinus or widened opening at the base of the shell2 aperture covered by a horny operculum4 ,inhabits the rivers of the ,archipelago4 ,three species4 ,melanopsis costata4 ,m4 lvigata4 ,m4 prrosa4 ,,family ,x4 ,,peristomiana4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,genus ,valvata4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,see ,helix4 ,shell4 ,found only in fresh water2 subdiscoid or conoid1 umbilicated1 spiral1 whorls1 rounded2 angular at the summit2 aperture round1 not modified by the penultimate whorl2 the margins sharp and united2 operculum orbicular and horny4 ,inhabits the rivers of ,europe and ,america4 ,three species4 ,valvata piscinalis4 ,v4 arcnifera499 7,lea47 ,v4 tricarinata499 #b4 ,genus ,paludina4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,see ,helix4 ,shell4 ,generally found in fresh water1 though some species have been found where it is salt2 conoid covered with a greenish epidermis2 the whorls rounded or convex1 spiral cavity modified by the last whorl2 aperture rounded1 oval1 oblong1 angular at the summit2 margins united1 acute1 never reflected outwards2 operculum orbicular and horny4 ,inhabits the rivers of ,america and ,europe4 ,thirty-one species4 ,paludina vivipara4 ,p4 ,bengalensis4 ,p4 viridis4 ,p4 ,francesii4 ,p4 achatina4 ,p4 ,australis4 ,p4 impura4 ,p4 muriatica4 ,p4 sinistrosa499 ,p4 ,nuttaliana499 ,p4 virens499 ,p4 pallida499 ,p4 subcarinata499 ,p4 genicula499 ,p4 magnifica499 ,p4 limosa499 ,p4 subglobosa499 ,p4 lapidaria499 ,p4 ,virginica499 ,p4 hyalina499 ,p4 unicolor499 ,p4 nuclea499 ,p4 decisa499 ,p4 fuscus499 ,p4 dissimilis499 ,p4 ponderosa499 ,p4 integra499 ,p4 porata499 ,p4 lustrica499 ,p4 grana499 ,p4 ,nickliniana499 #c4 ,genus ,ampullaria4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,inflated1 globular1 spiral2 foot oval1 with a transverse furrow at its anterior edge2 head wide2 tentacula superior1 very long1 conical1 and pointed2 eyes situated at their external base1 and supported upon a very apparent peduncle2 mouth vertical1 situated between two lips disposed in form of a horse-shoe and forming a kind of muzzle2 no superior tooth2 a bristly lingual band1 but not prolonged into the abdominal cavity2 a very large respiratory cavity1 divided in two by an incomplete horizontal partition4 ,animals of this genus are oviparous2 producing an egg nearly as large as that of a pigeon1 in which is found the young animal complete1 and in a perfectly formed shell4 ,shell4 ,this genus appears to partake of the characteristics1 both of the ,paludina and the ,natica1 being fluviatile and frequently attaining a large size2 spire very short1 the last whorl much larger than all the others together2 globular1 very ventricose1 umbilicus small1 forming a compressed funnel-shaped aperture1 without interior callosity2 aperture longer than broad1 with margins united2 columellar lip thickened1 projecting and reflected over the umbilicus2 operculum horny4 ,inhabits the rivers of ,europe4 ,thirteen species4 ,ampullaria vivipara4 ,a4 fasciata4 ,a4 rugosa4 ,a4 canaliculata4 ,a4 effusa4 ,a4 virens4 ,a4 avellana4 ,a4 fragilis4 ,a4 ,guinica4 ,a4 carinata4 ,a4 intorta4 ,a4 conica4 ,a4 ,pealiana499 ,,family ,,xi4 ,,neritacea4 ,four genera4 #a4 ,genus ,neritina4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,globular2 foot circular1 thick1 without a furrow anteriorly1 or a lobe for the operculum posteriorly1 with a bipartite columellar muscle2 conical tentacula2 eyes subpedunculate at their external side2 mouth without labial tooth1 but with a denticulated tongue prolonged into the visceral cavity2 a single large pectiniform branchia4 ,shell4 ,this genus was formerly classed with the ,nerita1 which in form it much resembles1 but from the circumstance of the latter inhabiting the sea1 and ,neritin fresh water1 it now forms a separate genus4 ,thin1 smooth1 or finely striated1 in all the species known1 the right side of the aperture does not possess any crenulations or teeth2 the operculum is provided with a lateral tooth on one side4 ,some species are armed with spines2 aperture semicircular2 left margin smooth and sharp2 spire imperfect1 generally dissolved by the animal4 ,inhabits the fresh water rivers of ,europe4 ,twenty-seven species4 ,neritina perversa4 ,n4 pulligera4 ,n4 dubia4 ,n4 zebra4 ,n4 zigzag4 ,n4 gagates4 ,n4 lugubris4 ,n4 lineolata4 ,n4 fasciata4 ,n4 semiconica4 ,n4 strigilata4 ,n4 meleagris4 ,n4 virginea4 ,n4 fluviatilis4 ,n4 viridis4 ,n4 ,btica4 ,n4 careosa4 ,n4 caffra4 ,n4 ,domingensis4 ,n4 auriculata4 ,n4 crepidularia4 ,n4 brevispina4 ,n4 ,smithii4 ,n4 spinosa4 ,n4 ,oweni4 ,n4 pulchella4 ,n4 corona4 #b4 ,genus ,nerita4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,see ,neritina4 ,shell4 ,marine1 but never spined1 solid1 semiglobular1 flattened beneath1 not imbilicated2 aperture large1 entire1 semilunar1 the external margin much hollowed2 the columella sharp and often dentated1 operculum horny1 subspiral1 with a projecting tooth4 ,inhabits the seas of ,s4 ,america and ,w4 ,indies4 ,twenty species4 ,nurita exuvia4 ,n4 textilis4 ,n4 undata4 ,n4 peloronta4 ,n4 chlorostoma4 ,n4 atrata4 ,n4 polita4 ,n4 albicella4 ,n4 chamleon4 ,n4 versicolor4 ,n4 lineata4 ,n4 scabricosta4 ,n4 plicata4 ,n4 tassellata4 ,n4 signata4 ,n4 ornata4 ,n4 ,australis4 ,n4 rudis4 ,n4 ,ascensionis4 ,n4 ,malaccensis4 #c4 ,genus ,navicella4 ,pl4 ,x4 ,animal4 ,oval1 not spiral1 foot elliptical1 very large1 with a thin subpapillary edge1 advanced rather anteriorly1 without marginal furrow1 but attached on each side to the visceral mass in all its posterior portion so as to form a sort of cavity open transversely behind2 head very broad and semilunate2 tentacula conical1 contractile and distant2 eyes subpedunculated at the external root of the tentacula2 mouth large and longitudinal4 ,shell4 ,fluviatile1 elliptical1 or oblong1 convex above1 summit straight1 depressed to the margin1 concave beneath2 no columella2 the columellar edge replaced by a sharp partition1 covering part of the aperture2 a sinus at its left extremity2 muscular impression horse-shoe shaped1 open in front and interrupted behind2 thin1 calcareous operculum1 with a subulate1 lateral tooth adhering to the posterior margin4 ,inhabits rivers in the ,isle of ,france4 ,four species4 ,navicella elliptica4 ,n4 tesselatus4 ,n4 lineata4 ,n4 porcelanica4 #d4 ,genera ,natica4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,oval1 subspiral2 foot profoundly and transversely bilobed anteriorly1 and having a horny or calcareous operculum2 head provided with long setaceous tentacula1 flat1 and auriculated at the base2 eyes sessile at the external side of the root of the tentacula2 mouth armed with a labial tooth4 ,shell4 ,marine1 distinguished from the ,nerita by having no teeth1 and having an umbilicus modified by a callosity2 very smooth and glossy2 no epidermis2 spire evident1 but low2 columellar edge not toothed2 right edge without teeth2 operculum calcareous and smooth1 semi-spiral1 with concentrical ribs1 fitting a groove on the columella4 ,inhabits the ,w4 ,indian ,ocean and ,american seas4 ,thirty-six species4 ,natica ampullaria4 ,n4 plumbea4 ,n4 conica4 ,n4 aurantia4 ,n4 melanostoma4 ,n4 mamilla4 ,n4 mamillaris4 ,n4 albumen4 ,n4 glaucina4 ,n4 canrena4 ,n4 cruentata4 ,n4 millepunctata4 ,n4 vitellus4 ,n4 helvacca4 ,n4 collaria4 ,n4 monilifera4 ,n4 labrella4 ,n4 unifasciata4 ,n4 lineata4 ,n4 fulminata4 ,n4 maculosa4 ,n4 vitata4 ,n4 castanea4 ,n4 arachnoidea4 ,n4 zebra4 ,n4 ,marochiensis4 ,n4 ,javanica4 ,n4 zonaria4 ,n4 cancellata4 ,n4 patula4 ,n4 duplicata4 ,n4 intricata4 ,n4 glabrata4 ,n4 ,chinensis4 ,n4 rufa4 ,n4 consolidata499 ,n4 duplicata499 ,n4 heros499 ,n4 pusilla499 ,n4 triseriata499 ,n4 rugosa499 ,,family ,,xii4 ,,janthinea4 ,one genus4 #a4 ,genus ,janthina4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,of oval form1 spiral1 provided with a circular concave foot1 accompanied with a vesicular subcartilaginous mass1 and natatory appendages on each side2 head very thick2 tentacula scarcely at all contractile2 eyes situated beneath the extremity of long peduncles placed at the external side of the tentacula1 and appearing to form a part of them2 mouth at the extremity of a very thick proboscidiform muzzle1 between two vertical1 subcartilaginous lips furnished with sharp spines4 ,shell4 ,of a beautiful violet colour1 found in numbers floating on the surface of the ocean1 suspended by a vesicular appendage which gives a rich purple stain4 ,extremely thin and fragile1 spire low1 lateral1 pointed1 with subcarinated whorls2 aperture large1 subangular1 modified by the last whorl of the spire1 edges disunited1 the left formed by the columella1 which is straight1 continuing beyond the base1 right edge sharp1 with a sinus in the middle4 ,inhabits the ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,three species4 ,janthina naticoides4 ,j4 communis4 ,j4 exigua4 ,,family ,,xiii4 ,,macrostomiana4 ,four genera4 #a4 ,genus ,sigaretus4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,body oval1 flat beneath2 edges of the mantle vertical1 thin1 extending beyond the body in all directions1 sloped anteriorly2 the mantle itself dilated superiorly4 ,shell4 ,more or less thick1 internal1 without colour1 much depressed1 with a short1 low1 lateral spire2 left edge of the aperture trenchant2 two lateral muscular impressions very distant4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,two species are found in ,s4 ,america4 ,six species4 ,sigaretus convexus4 ,s4 ,haliotoideus4 ,s4 cancellatus4 ,s4 lvigatus4 ,s4 perspectivus499 ,s4 maculatus499 #b4 ,genus ,stomatella4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,distinguished from the ,stomatia by being destitute of a transverse rib1 orbicular1 oblong ear-shaped1 imperforate2 aperture entire1 large1 sublongitudinal2 right lip effuse1 dilated1 open4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,five species4 ,stomatella imbricata4 ,s4 rubra4 ,s4 sulcifera4 ,s4 auricula4 ,s4 planulata4 #c4 ,genus ,stomatia4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,ear-shaped1 imperforate1 spire prominent2 aperture entire1 large1 oblong2 right margin and columella equally raised2 a transverse and tuberculated rib on the back4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,two species4 ,stomatia phymotis4 ,s4 obscurata4 #d4 ,genus ,haliotis4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,body oval1 much depressed1 slightly spiral posteriorly1 provided with a large foot doubly fringed at its circumference2 head depressed2 tentacula a little flattened2 eyes at the summit of prismatic peduncles situated at the external side of the tentacula2 mantle very thin1 deeply slit at the left side2 the two lobes pointed1 and forming by their union a kind of canal to conduct water into the branchial cavity1 and including two very long unequal branchial combs4 ,shell4 ,this beautiful genus derives its name from its resemblance to the human ear4 ,the exterior1 tuberculated1 and generally loaded with marine substances1 giving it an uncouth appearance1 but its iridescent interior forms a magnificent contrast2 it is pearly1 with all the hues of the rainbow1 recurving very depressed1 oval1 spire very small1 sometimes eroded1 almost posterior1 aperture as large as the shell1 with margins reflected inwards1 the right sharp1 left flat1 and enlarged2 disk pierced with holes1 disposed in a line parallel to and near the left margin1 the last commencing with a notch4 ,these holes formed by the animal1 as it increases the size of the shell1 to admit the passage of a short syphon2 they adhere to rocks1 and are removed with much difficulty4 ,inhabits the sea at ,molucca4 ,nineteen species4 ,haliotis tuberculata4 ,h4 striata4 ,h4 asinina4 ,h4 glabia4 ,h4 lamellosa4 ,h4 unilateralis4 ,h4 rugosa4 ,h4 canaliculata4 ,h4 tricostalis4 ,h4 dubia4 ,h4 iris4 ,h4 tubifera4 ,h4 excavata4 ,h4 ,australis4 ,h4 ,mid4 ,h4 rubra4 ,h4 tricostata4 ,h4 corrugata4 ,h4 ,mari4 ,,family ,,xiv4 ,,plicacea4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,genus ,tornatella4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,body oval1 subspiral2 foot divided into two heels by a wide transverse furrow2 head provided with two vertical cylindrical tentacula1 having the eyes placed sessilely upon their interior side4 ,shell4 ,convolute1 oval1 cylindrical1 mostly striated transversely2 no epidermis2 spire very short1 last whorl much larger than all the others together2 one or two large plaits on the columella4 ,inhabits the coast of ,britain4 ,six species4 ,tornatella fasciata4 ,t4 solidula4 ,t4 auricula4 ,t4 nitidula4 ,t4 pedipes4 ,t4 flammea4 #b4 ,genus ,pyramidella4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,as preceding genus4 ,shell4 ,smooth and turreted1 without epidermis2 elongated1 conical1 or subturriculated2 aperture entire1 demioval2 the outer lip sharp and dentated within1 columella produced1 subperforate at the base1 furnished with transverse plaits4 ,inhabits the ,american and ,w4 ,indian seas4 ,six species4 ,pyramidella terrebellum4 ,pyramidella maculosa499 ,p4 dolabrata499 ,pyramidella plicata499 ,p4 ventricosa499 ,p4 corrugata499 ,,family ,,xv4 ,,scalarina4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,genus ,scalaria4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,spiral2 foot short1 oval1 and inserted beneath the neck2 two tentacula terminated by a filament1 and having the eyes at the extremity of the dilated portion2 a proboscis4 ,shell4 ,marine1 aperture circular1 spire more or less pressed and furnished with longitudinal ribs1 formed by the preservation of the reflected margin of the aperture2 edges united1 thickened1 and outwardly reflected2 operculum horny and thin4 ,inhabits the ,american and ,indian seas4 ,fourteen living species1 and three fossil4 ,scalaria coronata4 ,s4 communis4 ,s4 ,australis4 ,s4 tenebralis4 ,s4 varicosa4 ,s4 raricosta4 ,s4 lamellosa4 ,s4 pretiosa4 ,s4 ,martinii499 ,s4 ,novanglia499 ,s4 lineata499 ,s4 subulata499 ,s4 multistriata499 ,s4 turbinata499 #b4 ,genus ,vermetus4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,as preceding genus4 ,shell4 ,very similar to the ,serpula1 but the organization of the animal makes it a distinct genus2 often found clustered together1 and attached to marine substances2 conical1 thin1 tubular1 loosely spiral1 aperture straight1 circular1 edges sharp and complete1 several partitions not perforated towards the summit1 operculum horny and complete4 ,inhabits the sandy shores of the ,w4 ,indies and ,africa4 ,two species4 ,vermetus lumbricalis4 ,v4 maximus4 #c4 ,genus ,delphinula4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,see ,scalaria4 ,shell4 ,thick1 and pearly in the interior1 subdiscoid or conical2 spiral whorls rough or angular1 often detached1 spiny2 large umbilicus1 sometimes triangular2 the margins united1 mostly fringed or ventricose4 ,inhabits the ,indian and ,american seas4 ,five living species4 ,seven fossil4 ,delphinula laciniata4 ,d4 turbinopsis4 ,d4 distorta4 ,d4 rugosa4 ,d4 laxa499 ,,family ,,xvi4 ,,turbinacea4 ,eight genera4 #a4 ,genus ,solarium4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,orbicular1 depressed1 umbilicus large and conical1 crenulated or dentated on the inner margin of the whorls2 aperture not modified by the last whorl of the spire1 which is entirely flat2 no columella4 ,inhabits the ,indian seas4 ,seven living species4 ,e4 fossil4 ,solarium granulatum4 ,s4 perspectivum4 ,s4 hybridum4 ,s4 lvigatum4 ,s4 stramineum4 ,s4 variegatum4 ,s4 luteum4 #b4 ,genus ,trochus4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,spiral1 having the sides of the body often ornamented with digitated or lobed appendages1 and provided with a short foot1 rounded at its two extremities2 head provided with two tentacula more or less elongated1 having the eyes upon a dilation of their external base2 mouth without superior tooth1 but furnished with a spiral lingual band4 ,shell4 ,marine1 found in almost all parts of the world1 some smooth1 others knotted1 spined1 tuberculated1 or undulated2 thick1 generally pearly1 spire sometimes depressed1 at others elevated and pointed at the summit1 sharp or carinated at its circumference1 frequently umbilicated1 not always2 aperture transversely depressed1 the margins not united at the upper part2 columella arched and twisted1 often projecting forward2 operculum horny1 thin1 with numerous spiral whorls1 increasing from the centre to the circumference4 ,inhabits the ,european seas4 ,ninety-nine living species4 ,eight fossil4 ,trochus imperialis4 ,t4 longispina4 ,t4 solaris4 ,t4 ,indicus4 ,t4 radians4 ,t4 pileus4 ,t4 calyptrformis4 ,t4 fimbriatus4 ,t4 brevispina4 ,t4 rotularius4 ,t4 stella4 ,t4 stellarius4 ,t4 asperatus4 ,t4 rhodostomus4 ,t4 spinulosus4 ,t4 jujubinus4 ,t4 ,javanicus4 ,t4 annulatus4 ,t4 doliarius4 ,t4 granulatus4 ,t4 granatum4 ,t4 moniliferus4 ,t4 iris4 ,t4 ornatus4 ,t4 bicingulatus4 ,t4 calliferus4 ,t4 umbilicaris4 ,t4 undatus4 ,t4 ,pharaonis4 ,t4 sagittiferus4 ,t4 costulatus4 ,t4 inermis4 ,t4 agglutinans4 ,t4 coelatus4 ,t4 tuber4 ,t4 magus4 ,t4 merula4 ,t4 argyrostomus4 ,t4 ,cookii4 ,t4 niloticus4 ,t4 pyramidalis4 ,t4 noduliferus4 ,t4 crulescens4 ,t4 obeliscus4 ,t4 virgatus4 ,t4 maculatus4 ,t4 granosus4 ,t4 squarrosus4 ,t4 incrassatus4 ,t4 flamulatus4 ,t4 elatus4 ,t4 marmoreus4 ,t4 ,mauritianus4 ,t4 imbricatus4 ,t4 triseliatus4 ,t4 crenulatus4 ,t4 asperulus4 ,t4 acutus4 ,t4 concavus4 ,t4 lineatus4 ,t4 zizyphinus4 ,t4 conuloides4 ,t4 conulus4 ,t4 zonatus4 ,t4 carneolus4 ,t4 cinerarius4 ,t4 excavatus4 ,t4 nanus4 ,t4 pyramidatus4 ,t4 erythroleucos4 ,t4 undosus4 ,t4 unguis4 ,t4 olivaceus4 ,t4 ,smithii4 ,t4 maugeri4 ,t4 ,mediterraneus4 ,t4 reticulatus4 ,t4 indistinctus4 ,t4 pellioserpentis4 ,t4 armillatus4 ,t4 acuminatus4 ,t4 elegantus4 ,t4 granosus4 ,t4 tniatus4 ,t4 articulatus4 ,t4 pictus4 ,t4 callosus4 ,t4 clanguloides4 ,t4 interruptus4 ,t4 lvis4 ,t4 albidus4 ,t4 celandii4 ,t4 quadricostatus4 ,t4 ,byronianus4 ,t4 elongatus4 ,t4 filosus4 ,t4 clangulus4 ,t4 sulcatus4 ,t4 ,montagui4 #c4 ,genus ,monodonta4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,see ,trochus4 ,shell4 ,this genus appears to be the connecting link between the ,trochus and ,turbo2 distinguished from the former1 by an entirely rounded aperture1 slightly depressed2 from the latter1 by the toothlike projecting angle the truncated columella occasions at the base2 an operculum4 ,inhabits the ,chinese seas4 ,thirty-four species4 ,monodonta bicolor4 ,m4 pagodus4 ,m4 tectum-persicum4 ,m4 papillosa4 ,m4 coronaria4 ,m4 gyptiacea4 ,m4 carchedonius4 ,m4 modulus4 ,m4 ,listeri4 ,m4 tectum4 ,m4 labio4 ,m4 ,australis4 ,m4 canalifera4 ,m4 viridis4 ,m4 fragarioides4 ,m4 constricta4 ,m4 tricarinata4 ,m4 badia4 ,m4 articulata4 ,m4 lugubris4 ,m4 punctulata4 ,m4 caniculata4 ,m4 seminigra4 ,m4 rosea4 ,m4 lineata4 ,m4 rugosa4 ,m4 zebra4 ,m4 reticularis4 ,m4 trochlea4 ,m4 atrata4 ,m4 obscura4 ,m4 concamerata4 ,m4 odontis4 ,m4 pulcherrima4 #d4 ,genus ,turbo4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,very similar to that of ,trochus1 the sides sometimes ornamented with tentacular appendages1 varying in number and form2 head proboscidiform2 tentacula thin and setaceous4 ,shell4 ,depressed conical1 or subturreted2 sometimes umbilicated1 frequently carinated at its circumference2 interior pearly2 aperture round or depressed1 the middle of external edge hollowed2 edges rarely joined by a callosity2 columella arched1 rarely twisted1 not truncated at the base2 an operculum4 ,inhabits the ,indian and ,american seas4 ,fifty-one species4 ,turbo marmoratus4 ,t4 imperialis1 ,t4 torquatus4 ,t4 muricatus4 ,t4 littoreus4 ,t4 ustulatus4 ,t4 ,sarmaticus4 ,t4 cornutus4 ,t4 argyrostomus4 ,t4 chrysostomus4 ,t4 radiatus4 ,t4 setosus4 ,t4 ,spenglerianus4 ,t4 petholatus4 ,t4 undulatus4 ,t4 pica4 ,t4 versicolor4 ,t4 smaragdus4 ,t4 cidaris4 ,t4 diaphanus4 ,t4 rugosus4 ,t4 coronatus4 ,t4 crenulatus4 ,t4 margaritaceus4 ,t4 vestitus4 ,t4 incarnatus4 ,t4 ,nicobaricus4 ,t4 neritoides4 ,t4 retusus4 ,t4 bicarinatus4 ,t4 rudis4 ,t4 obtusus4 ,t4 pullus4 ,t4 crulescens4 ,t4 cancellatus4 ,t4 costatus4 ,t4 niger4 ,t4 minimus4 ,t4 tuberculatus4 ,t4 zebra4 ,t4 pintado4 ,t4 crassus4 ,t4 fluctuatus4 ,t4 hippocastanum4 ,t4 cinerus4 ,t4 obscurus4 ,t4 saxosus4 ,t4 irroratus499 ,t4 canaliculatus499 ,t4 palliatus499 ,t4 obligatus499 #e4 ,genus ,planaxis4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,ovate conical1 solid2 aperture ovate1 sublongitudinal1 columella flat and truncated at the base1 separated from the right margin by a narrow sinus4 ,interior surface of the right margin furrowed or lineated1 and a callosity running under the summit4 ,inhabits the ,american and ,w4 ,indian seas4 ,four species4 ,planaxis sulcata4 ,p4 bicolor4 ,p4 undulata4 ,p4 lvigatum499 #f4 ,genus ,phasianella4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,spiral2 foot oval2 upon each side an appendage ornamented with filaments2 head edged anteriorly with a kind of veil formed by a double1 bifid1 fringed lip2 two1 long1 conical tentacula2 eyes borne upon short peduncles and situated at the external part of their base2 mouth between two vertical subcornate lips4 ,shell4 ,marine2 many of them very rare and valuable2 their beauty of colouring disposed so as to resemble the plumage of a pheasant4 ,oval1 rather thick1 smooth and glossy1 spire pointed2 columella uniting itself with the left edge1 forming interiorly a longitudinal callosity2 aperture oval1 larger before1 with edges disunited2 operculum calcareous1 oval1 oblong1 subspiral1 the summit at one extremity4 ,inhabits the ,british coast4 ,twelve species4 ,phasianella variegata4 ,p4 rubens4 ,p4 bulimoides4 ,p4 elegans4 ,p4 lineata4 ,p4 nebulosa4 ,p4 sulcata4 ,p4 angulifera4 ,p4 lineolata4 ,p4 perdix4 ,p4 ,mauritania4 ,p4 ,peruviana4 #g4 ,genus ,turritella4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,spiral2 foot fringed anteriorly by a transversely wrinkled band2 tentacula long1 very fine towards their extremity1 somewhat thick at their base1 and having the eyes upon an inflation2 the head skirted with a veil or fringe garnished with filaments4 ,shell4 ,turreted1 not nacred1 rather thin1 striated in the direction of the decurrence of the spire2 very pointed1 and with numerous whorls2 aperture rounded2 the edges posteriorly1 the right exceedingly thin1 and slightly sinuous towards the middle2 operculum horny4 ,inhabits the ,indian and ,american ,oceans4 ,twenty-one living species4 ,thirty-seven fossil4 ,turritella duplicata4 ,t4 imbricata4 ,t4 terebra4 ,t4 replicata4 ,t4 fuscata4 ,t4 brevialis4 ,t4 trisulcata4 ,t4 carinifera4 ,t4 cornea4 ,t4 bicingulata4 ,t4 exoleta4 ,t4 ,australis4 ,t4 ,virginiana499 ,t4 alternata499 ,t4 impressa499 ,t4 concava499 ,t4 saturalis499 ,t4 equalis499 ,t4 erosa499 ,t4 reticulata499 ,t4 bisuturalis499 #h4 ,genus ,rotella4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,see ,turbo4 ,shell4 ,orbicular1 glossy1 destitute of epidermis2 spire short1 subconic2 lower parts convex and callous2 aperture half round4 ,indian ,ocean4 ,seven species4 ,rotella lineolata4 ,r4 ,javanica4 ,r4 rosea4 ,r4 formosa4 ,r4 saturalis4 ,r4 equalis4 ,r4 monolifera4 ,,family ,,xvii4 ,,canalifera4 ,eleven genera4 #a4 ,genus ,cerithium4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,much elongated2 the mantle prolonged into a canal at its left side1 but without a distinct tube2 the foot short1 oval1 with an anterior marginal furrow2 the head terminated by a depressed proboscidiform muzzle4 ,shell4 ,more or less turriculated and tuberculous2 aperture small1 oval1 and oblique2 the columellar edge much excavated and callous1 the right edge trenchant1 and slightly dilating with age4 ,operculum horny1 oval1 round1 subspiral1 and striated1 upon the external face4 ,they are found in almost every sea4 ,forty-five living species4 ,sixty fossil4 ,cerithium palustre4 ,c4 telescopium4 ,c4 nodulosum4 ,c4 obeliscum4 ,c4 aluco4 ,c4 giganteum4 ,c4 sulcatum4 ,c4 ebeninum4 ,c4 vulgatum4 ,c4 granulatum4 ,c4 echinatum4 ,c4 subulatum4 ,c4 zonale4 ,c4 tortulosum4 ,c4 morus4 ,c4 erythronense4 ,c4 radula4 ,c4 decollatum4 ,c4 semigranosum4 ,c4 lineatum4 ,c4 fasciatum4 ,c4 muricatum4 ,c4 crassum4 ,c4 obtusum4 ,c4 asperum4 ,c4 vertagum4 ,c4 literatum4 ,c4 heteroclites4 ,c4 semiferrugineum4 ,c4 tuberculatum4 ,c4 ocellatum4 ,c4 atratum4 ,c4 eburneum4 ,c4 lima4 ,c4 zonatum4 ,c4 rugosum4 ,c4 mitriforme4 ,c4 punctatum4 ,c4 perversum4 ,c4 petrosum4 ,c4 exasperatum499 ,c4 dislocatum499 ,c4 ,emersonii499 ,c4 ,nigrocinctum499 ,c4 ,greenii499 #b4 ,genus ,pleurotoma4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,body oval1 spiral above1 enveloped in a mantle of which the right edge is furnished with lobes2 foot oval and somewhat short2 eyes situated at the external base of long1 conical1 retractile tentacula2 mouth having a long extensible proboscis armed with hooked teeth2 organs of respiration formed by two unequal branchi4 ,shell4 ,fusiform1 a little wrinkled1 with a turriculated spire2 a small oval aperture1 terminated by a straight canal more or less long1 with the right edge trenchant2 a horny operculum4 ,distinguished from the ,cerithium by having a notch in the margin4 ,twenty-nine living species4 ,thirty fossil4 ,pleurotoma muricata4 ,p4 echinata4 ,p4 flavidula4 ,p4 imperialis4 ,p4 auriculifera4 ,p4 spirata4 ,p4 bimarginata4 ,p4 cingulifera4 ,p4 ,babylonia4 ,p4 marmorata4 ,p4 crispa4 ,p4 nodifera4 ,p4 maculata4 ,p4 interrupta4 ,p4 cincta4 ,p4 crenularis4 ,p4 unizonalis4 ,p4 lineata4 ,p4 fascialis4 ,p4 buccinoides4 ,p4 virgo4 ,p4 undosa4 ,p4 tigrina4 ,p4 albina4 ,p4 mitra4 ,p4 elegans4 ,p4 curvirostris4 ,p4 decussata499 ,p4 bicarinata499 #c4 ,genus ,turbinella4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,imperfectly known4 ,shell4 ,usually turbinated 7but sometimes turriculated71 wrinkled1 thick2 spire slightly variable in form2 aperture elongated1 terminated by a straight canal1 and often rather short2 the left edge nearly straight and formed by a callosity concealing the columella1 which has two or three nearly transverse and unequal folds2 the right edge entire and trenchant4 ,found in the ,equatorial or ,australian seas4 ,twenty-three species4 ,turbinella scolymus4 ,t4 napus4 ,t4 pugillaris4 ,t4 rapa4 ,t4 pyrum4 ,t4 leucozonalis4 ,t4 cingulifera4 ,t4 mitis4 ,t4 infundibulum4 ,t4 lineata4 ,t4 triserialis4 ,t4 ocellata4 ,t4 rustica4 ,t4 polygonia4 ,t4 carinifera4 ,t4 rhinoceros4 ,t4 cornigera4 ,t4 ceramica4 ,t4 capitella4 ,t4 globulus4 ,t4 craticulata4 ,t4 nassatula4 ,t4 variolaris4 #d4 ,genus ,cancellaria4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,see ,purpura1 hereafter4 ,shell4 ,oval or globular1 wrinkled2 spire middling and pointed2 aperture wide1 ovate1 grooved1 and sometimes canaliculated anteriorly2 the right edge concave and trenchant2 the left nearly straight and marked in the middle with two or three folds2 operculum horny4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,one species only is found in ,america4 ,forty-nine living species4 ,twenty fossil4 ,cancellaria crispa4 ,c4 costifera4 ,c4 articularis4 ,c4 brevis4 ,c4 pusilla4 ,c4 bullata4 ,c4 tuberculosa4 ,c4 pulchra4 ,c4 cancellata4 ,c4 similis4 ,c4 chrysostoma4 ,c4 rugosa4 ,c4 hmastoma4 ,c4 rigida4 ,c4 costata4 ,c4 goniostoma4 ,c4 trigonostoma4 ,c4 levigata4 ,c4 spirata4 ,c4 obliquata4 ,c4 scalata4 ,c4 contabulata4 ,c4 crenifera4 ,c4 scalarina4 ,c4 littoriniformis4 ,c4 elegans4 ,c4 asperella4 ,c4 oblonga4 ,c4 tesselata4 ,c4 nodulifera4 ,c4 cassidiformis4 ,c4 ,australis4 ,c4 reticulata4 ,c4 candida4 ,c4 ovata4 ,c4 ,obesa4 ,c4 acuminata4 ,c4 solida4 ,c4 gemmulata4 ,c4 decussata4 ,c4 indentata4 ,c4 alba4 ,c4 clavatula4 ,c4 uniplicata4 ,c4 mitriformis4 ,c4 tritonis4 ,c4 granosa4 ,c4 piscatoria4 ,c4 buccinoides499 #e4 ,genus ,fasciolaria4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,entirely unknown4 ,shell4 ,separated from the ,murex on account of having no varix fusiform or subfusiform2 spire middling2 aperture oval1 elongated1 nearly symmetrical1 terminated by a rather long1 straight tube1 the external edge trenchant1 the columellar edge having two or three oblique folds4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean and ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,eight living species4 ,seven fossil4 ,fasciolaria trapezium4 ,f4 aurantica4 ,f4 filamentosa4 ,f4 coronata4 ,f4 ferruginea4 ,f4 tarentina4 ,f4 tulipa4 ,f4 distans4 #f4 ,genus ,fusus4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,entirely unknown4 ,shell4 ,with an epidermis1 wrinkled1 fusiform or dilated in the middle1 prolonged posteriorly by the spire1 and still more so anteriorly by the canal2 aperture oval2 the columellar edge straight or nearly so1 the exterior trenchant2 a horny and oval operculum4 ,inhabits the ,indian and ,american seas4 ,forty-six living species4 ,thirty-seven fossil4 ,fusus aculeiformis4 ,f4 contrarius4 ,f4 longissimus4 ,f4 laticosta4 ,f4 collosseus4 ,f4 tuberculatus4 ,f4 distans4 ,f4 incrassatus4 ,f4 sulcatus4 ,f4 despectus4 ,f4 proboscidiferus4 ,f4 morio4 ,f4 cochlidium4 ,f4 raphanus4 ,f4 polygonoides4 ,f4 lignarius4 ,f4 strigosus4 ,f4 crebricostatus4 ,f4 colus4 ,f4 ,nicobaricus4 ,f4 tortulosus4 ,f4 multicarinatus4 ,f4 antiquirus4 ,f4 carinatus4 ,f4 ,islandicus4 ,f4 coronatus4 ,f4 corona4 ,f4 filosus4 ,f4 verruculatus4 ,f4 ,syracusanus4 ,f4 varius4 ,f4 afer4 ,f4 rubens4 ,f4 ,nifat4 ,f4 buccinatus4 ,f4 scalarinus4 ,f4 curvirostris4 ,f4 inconstans4 ,f4 sinistralis4 ,f4 articulatus4 ,f4 pleurotomarius499 ,f4 harpularis499 ,f4 cinereus499 ,f4 fluviatilis499 ,f4 decemcostatus499 ,f4 bicolor499 #g4 ,genus ,pyrula4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,pyriform on account of the depression of the spire1 which distinguishes it from the ,fusus2 the canal conical1 very long or middling1 sometimes a little sloped2 aperture oval1 rather large2 the columella edge somewhat excavated1 entire and trenchant2 an operculum4 ,found in the ,northern and ,american seas4 ,twenty-nine living species4 ,six fossil4 ,pyrula salmo4 ,p4 carica4 ,p4 candelabrum4 ,p4 tuba4 ,p4 melongena4 ,p4 ficus4 ,p4 spirata4 ,p4 elongata4 ,p4 bezoar4 ,p4 angulata4 ,p4 nodosa4 ,p4 abbreviata4 ,p4 deformis4 ,p4 lineata4 ,p4 plicata4 ,p4 canaliculata4 ,p4 perversa4 ,p4 bucephala4 ,p4 vespertilio4 ,p4 reticulata4 ,p4 ficoides4 ,p4 spirillus4 ,p4 ternatana4 ,p4 rapa4 ,p4 galeodes4 ,p4 squamosa4 ,p4 citrina4 ,p4 neritoidea4 ,p4 papyracea499 #h4 ,genus ,struthiolaria4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,see ,triton1 hereafter4 ,shell4 ,ovate2 spire prolonged2 aperture sinuous1 terminated at the base by a very short1 straight canal3 columellar edge callous2 right edge having a thickened varix4 ,inhabits the ,mediterranean and ,northern ,seas4 ,two species4 ,struthiolaria nodulosa4 ,s4 crenulata4 #i4 ,genus ,ranella4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,oval1 and1 as it were1 depressed by the preservation of each side of a longitudinal thickened band2 aperture oval1 almost symmetrical by the excavation of the columellar edge1 terminating anteriorly by a short canal1 often a little sloping2 a sinus at the posterior junction of the two edges4 ,this genus forms a distinct division between the ,murex and ,struthiolaria4 ,inhabits the ,northern and ,mediterranean ,seas4 ,one species is found in ,america4 ,fifteen living species4 ,five fossil4 ,ranella gigantea4 ,r4 candisata4 ,r4 ranina4 ,r4 bufonia4 ,r4 granifera4 ,r4 bitubercularis4 ,r4 anceps4 ,r4 leucostoma4 ,r4 ,argus4 ,r4 spinosa4 ,r4 granulata4 ,r4 semigranosa4 ,r4 crumena4 ,r4 pygma4 ,r4 caudata994 #aj4 ,genus ,murex4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,see ,pleurotoma1 above4 ,shell4 ,usually oval2 the spire but slightly elevated1 roughened with longitudinal1 transversal bands or varices2 aperture small1 quite oval1 and symmetrical by the excavation of the left edge1 formed by a lamina applied upon the columella1 terminated anteriorly by a middling canal sometimes very long and closed2 the right edge more or less furnished with varices4 ,operculum horny1 complete1 oval1 nearly circular1 with sub-concentric partitions2 summit terminal4 ,this genus comprehends only such shells as have only three or more varices on each whorl4 ,these varices show how often the animal has increased the size of its shell4 ,f4 in all seas4 ,seventy-three living species4 ,two fossil4 ,murex cornutus4 ,m4 tenuispina4 ,m4 ternispina4 ,m4 motacilla4 ,m4 palmaros4 ,m4 adustus4 ,m4 crevicornis4 ,m4 microphyllus4 ,m4 phylopterus4 ,m4 trigonularis4 ,m4 brandaris4 ,m4 rarispina4 ,m4 haustellum4 ,m4 inflatus4 ,m4 brevifrons4 ,m4 rufus4 ,m4 acaleatus4 ,m4 capucinus4 ,m4 acanthopterus4 ,m4 ucinarius4 ,m4 crassispina4 ,m4 brevispina4 ,m4 tenuirostrum4 ,m4 elongatus4 ,m4 calcitrassa4 ,m4 axicornis4 ,m4 longispina4 ,m4 asperrimus4 ,m4 tripterus4 ,m4 hemitripterus4 ,m4 gibbosus4 ,m4 brassica4 ,m4 radix4 ,m4 scorpico4 ,m4 turbinatus4 ,m4 melonulus4 ,m4 erinaceus4 ,m4 costularis4 ,m4 angularis4 ,m4 cingulatus4 ,m4 torosus4 ,m4 granarius4 ,m4 aciculatus4 ,m4 ferrugo4 ,m4 pinnatus4 ,m4 triqueter4 ,m4 saxatilis4 ,m4 melanomathos4 ,m4 secundus4 ,m4 trunculus4 ,m4 ,magellanicus4 ,m4 tarentinus4 ,m4 polygonulus4 ,m4 crispatus4 ,m4 cinguliferus4 ,m4 lyratus4 ,m4 fimbriatus4 ,m4 regius4 ,m4 funiculus4 ,m4 pictus4 ,m4 trigonulus4 ,m4 endivia4 ,m4 hexagonus4 ,m4 quadrifrons4 ,m4 anguliferus4 ,m4 lamellosus4 ,m4 scaber4 ,m4 vitulinus4 ,m4 fenestratus4 ,m4 subcarinatus4 ,m4 concatenatus4 ,m4 pulchellus4 ,m4 cristata4 ,m4 lubiosus4 #aa4 ,genus ,triton4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,oval with straight spire and canal1 middling generally wrinkled1 furnished with varices1 rare1 scattered1 and preserved in longitudinal rows2 aperture suboval1 elongated1 terminated by a short open canal2 the columellar edge less excavated than the right and covered by a callosity2 operculum horny1 oval1 round1 and rather large4 ,found in the ,northern and ,mediterranean seas4 ,thirty-one living species4 ,three fossil4 ,triton variegatum4 ,t4 lampas4 ,t4 corrugatum4 ,t4 lotorium4 ,t4 cynocephalum4 ,t4 retusum4 ,t4 vespaceum4 ,t4 clathratum4 ,t4 maculosum4 ,t4 cutaceum4 ,t4 undosum4 ,t4 nodiferum4 ,t4 scorbiculator4 ,t4 succinctum4 ,t4 femorale4 ,t4 tripus4 ,t4 clavator4 ,t4 chlorostomum4 ,t4 subdistortum4 ,t4 clandestinum4 ,t4 dolarium4 ,t4 australe4 ,t4 ,splengleri4 ,t4 pileare4 ,t4 pigrum4 ,t4 canaliferum4 ,t4 tuberosum4 ,t4 anus4 ,t4 cancellatum4 ,t4 rubecula4 ,t4 tranquebaricum4 ,,family ,,xviii4 ,,alata4 ,three genera4 #a4 ,genus ,rostellaria4 ,pl4 ,,xi4 ,animal4 ,entirely unknown4 ,shell4 ,subdepressed1 turriculated1 with a produced and pointed spire2 aperture oval on account of a rather large excavation of the columellar edge1 the right margin dilating with age and having a sinus contiguous to the pointed canal which terminates the shell2 an operculum4 ,this genus is distinguished from the ,strombus by having a sinus in the lower part of the right margin contiguous to the canal4 ,inhabits the ,european seas2 four living species4 ,three fossil4 ,rostellaria curvirostris4 ,r4 rectirostris4 ,r4 pespelicani4 ,r4 cancellata4 #b4 ,genus ,pteroceras4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,see ,strombus1 below4 ,shell4 ,oblong-ovate2 canal elongated1 attenuated and often closed2 right margin dilating by age into an expanded digitated wing1 attached to and covering a short spire with a sinus in the lower part not contiguous to the body4 ,distinguished from the ,strombus by not having the canal at the base shortened or truncated1 and from the ,rostellaria by having the sinus of the right margin distant from the body4 ,found in the ,equatorial seas4 ,seven species4 ,five fossil4 ,pteroceras truncata4 ,p4 lambio4 ,p4 scorpio4 ,p4 chiragra4 ,p4 millepeda4 ,p4 pseudoscorpia4 ,p4 aurantia4 #c4 ,genus ,strombus4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,spiral2 the foot rather wide anteriorly1 compressed posteriorly2 mantle thin1 forming a prolonged fold anteriorly1 whence issues a sort of canal2 head very distinct2 mouth a vertical slit at the extremity of a proboscis1 provided in the inferior median line with a lingual band having prickles flexed posteriorly2 tentacular appendages cylindrical1 thick1 and long1 with the eyes at their extremity4 ,shell4 ,thick1 subinvolute1 dilated in the middle1 terminating in a cone anteriorly and posteriorly2 aperture very long and narrow2 terminated anteriorly by a canal more or less elongated and flexed2 edges parallel1 the external dilating with age1 presenting posteriorly a gutter at its point of attachment with the spire1 and1 anteriorly1 a sinus behind the canal1 through which the head of the animal passes2 operculum horny1 long1 and narrow2 summit terminal4 ,found in the ,indian and ,equatorial seas1 and one species in ,florida4 ,thirty-two living species4 ,five fossil4 ,strombus gigas4 ,s4 latissimus4 ,s4 ,canarium4 ,s4 vittatus4 ,s4 gallus4 ,s4 cristatus4 ,s4 bubonius4 ,s4 auris-,dian4 ,s4 pyrulatus4 ,s4 ,luhuanus4 ,s4 colomba4 ,s4 troglodytes4 ,s4 urceus4 ,s4 lineatus4 ,s4 turritus4 ,s4 accipitrimus4 ,s4 tricornis4 ,s4 ,isabella4 ,s4 epidromis4 ,s4 bituberculatus4 ,s4 dilatus4 ,s4 lentiginosus4 ,s4 pugilis4 ,s4 gibberulus4 ,s4 ,mauritianus4 ,s4 succinctus4 ,s4 tridentatus4 ,s4 plicatus4 ,s4 papilio4 ,s4 marginatus4 ,s4 cancellatus4 ,s4 ,floridus499 ,,family ,,xix4 ,,purpurifera4 ,eleven genera4 #a4 ,genus ,cassidaria4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,somewhat elongated1 widened anteriorly2 mantle with simple edges and provided with a distinct tube2 foot very wide1 elliptical1 sub-biolate anteriorly1 and having a large operculum upon the dorsal face of its posterior part2 head wide and indistinct2 tentacula anterior1 approximating at base1 subcylindrical1 and having the eyes at two-thirds of their length2 mouth inferior1 concealed by the foot2 two pectiniform branchi1 nearly parallel4 ,shell4 ,subglobular1 tuberculated or channeled1 with a short1 pointed spire2 aperture long1 ovate1 subcanaliculated anteriorly2 right edge folded back2 columella covered by a wide1 smooth callosity1 uniting posteriorly with the right edge4 ,inhabits all seas except the ,northern4 ,five living species4 ,seven fossil4 ,cassidaria echinophora4 ,c4 ,tyrrhena4 ,c4 striata4 ,c4 oniscus4 ,c4 cingulata4 #b4 ,genus ,cassis4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,spiral1 with the foot 7which is shorter than the shell7 rounded anteriorly2 mantle provided1 before the respiratory cavity1 with a long open canal1 used as an organ of prehension2 head furnished2 a single pair of blackish tentacula1 having the eyes at an inflation about half way from the base2 mouth armed with a proboscis4 ,shell4 ,inflated1 oval1 subinvolute2 spire slightly projecting2 aperture long1 oval1 sometimes very narrow1 terminated anteriorly by a very short canal1 sloped1 and flexed obliquely towards the back2 columella covered by a large callosity1 indented throughout its length2 operculum horny4 ,found in the ,indian1 ,mediterranean1 and ,equatorial seas4 ,twenty-five living species4 ,eight fossil4 ,cassis cornuta4 ,c4 flammea4 ,c4 rufa4 ,c4 achatina4 ,c4 areola4 ,c4 abbreviata4 ,c4 saburon4 ,c4 ,ceylonica4 ,c4 erinaceus4 ,c4 tuberosa4 ,c4 fascinata4 ,c4 pennata4 ,c4 crumena4 ,c4 zebra4 ,c4 sulcosa4 ,c4 canaliculata4 ,c4 semigranosa4 ,c4 ,madagascariensis4 ,c4 glauca4 ,c4 testiculus4 ,c4 plicaria4 ,c4 decussata4 ,c4 granulosa4 ,c4 pyrum4 ,c4 vibex4 #c4 ,genus ,ricinula4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,oval or subglobular1 thick1 armed with points and with a depressed spire2 aperture narrow1 elongated1 notched1 sometimes canaliculated anteriorly and digitated exteriorly2 left edge more or less callous2 operculum horny1 oval1 and transverse4 ,found in the ,indian seas4 ,nine living species4 ,ricinula horrida4 ,r4 arachnoidea4 ,r4 digitata4 ,r4 aspera4 ,r4 clathrata4 ,r4 miticula4 ,r4 pisolina4 ,r4 morus4 ,r4 mutica4 #d4 ,genus ,purpura4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,oval1 tuberculated1 thick2 spire short1 the last whorl much larger than all the others united2 aperture oval1 greatly dilated1 terminated anteriorly by a short1 oblique canal notched at the extremity2 the columellar edge nearly straight1 covered with a callosity2 operculum horny1 flat1 nearly semicircular1 with faintly marked transverse stri4 ,found in the ,european and ,south ,american seas4 ,sixty-two species4 ,purpura ,persica4 ,p4 columellaria4 ,p4 armigera4 ,p4 undata4 ,p4 bufo4 ,p4 planospira4 ,p4 carinifera4 ,p4 squamosa4 ,p4 sertum4 ,p4 ligata4 ,p4 imbricata4 ,p4 bicostalis4 ,p4 thiarella4 ,p4 echinulata4 ,p4 unifascialis4 ,p4 clavus4 ,p4 bizonalis4 ,p4 ,francolinus4 ,p4 cruentata4 ,p4 lagenaria4 ,p4 plicata4 ,p4 rustica4 ,p4 hystrix4 ,p4 retusa4 ,p4 fasciolaris4 ,p4 nucleus4 ,p4 subrostrata4 ,p4 patula4 ,p4 consul4 ,p4 hippocastana4 ,p4 mancinella4 ,p4 neritoides4 ,p4 coronata4 ,p4 sacella4 ,p4 bulbus4 ,p4 cariosa4 ,p4 ,rudolphi4 ,p4 succincta4 ,p4 bitubercularis4 ,p4 hmastoma4 ,p4 callosa4 ,p4 callifera4 ,p4 scalariformis4 ,p4 rugosa4 ,p4 textilosa4 ,p4 lambosa4 ,p4 lapillus4 ,p4 cateracta4 ,p4 fiscella4 ,p4 semi-imbricata4 ,p4 deltoides4 ,p4 trochlea4 ,p4 vexillum4 ,p4 distorta4 ,p4 tectum4 ,p4 engonata499 ,p4 brevidens499 ,p4 lapilloidis499 ,p4 harpa499 ,p4 ,floridana499 ,p4 dumosa499 ,p4 macrostoma499 #e4 ,genus ,monoceros4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,differs only from the ,purpura by a long1 conical pointed1 somewhat reflexed tooth in the outer lip4 ,five species4 ,monoceros cingulatum4 ,m4 imbricatum4 ,m4 striatum4 ,m4 glabratum4 ,m4 crassilabrum4 #f4 ,genus ,concholepas4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,entirely unknown4 ,shell4 ,wide1 rough1 ovate2 spire very short2 aperture very large1 oval and sloped anteriorly2 the edges united1 the right very thick and dentated2 muscular impression almost in form of a horse-shoe2 operculum horny and rudimentary4 ,it was formerly considered a ,patella1 from which it differs by the operculum4 ,one species4 ,concholepas ,peruvianus4 #g4 ,genus ,harpa4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,oval1 inflated1 rather thin1 with longitudinal parallel ribs1 formed by the preservation of the band of the right margin2 the spire very short and pointed1 the last whorl much longer than all the others together2 aperture large1 ovate1 with a wide slope anteriorly2 the right edge much hollowed1 and thickened outwardly2 the columella smooth and terminated in a point anteriorly4 ,a beautiful genus4 ,found in the ,indian ,ocean4 ,nine species4 ,harpa imperialis4 ,h4 ventricosa4 ,h4 conoidalis4 ,h4 minor4 ,h4 nobilis4 ,h4 articularis4 ,h4 rosea4 ,h4 striata4 ,h4 mutica4 #h4 ,genus ,dolium4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,as in ,purpura4 ,shell4 ,subglobular1 thin1 surrounded by decurrent flutings2 spire very short1 the last whorl much larger than all the others together2 aperture oblong1 very large1 on account of the great excavation of the right edge1 which is crenated throughout its length2 columella twisted4 ,found in the ,indian ,ocean and ,mediterranean seas4 ,seven species4 ,dolium galea4 ,d4 fasciatum4 ,d4 pomum4 ,d4 variegatum4 ,d4 perdix4 ,d4 olearium4 ,d4 maculatum4 #i4 ,genus ,buccinum4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,see ,purpura4 ,shell4 ,with a light epidermis1 oval1 elongated2 the spire moderately elevated2 aperture oblong1 oval1 notched1 sometimes subcanaliculated anteriorly2 right edge thick1 not reflexed2 columella simple and dilated superiorly2 operculum horny1 complete1 and oval4 ,found in all seas4 ,sixty-six living4 ,fourteen fossil4 ,buccinum undatum4 ,b4 papyraceum4 ,b4 tenniplicatum4 ,b4 levigatum4 ,b4 crenulatum4 ,b4 lineatum4 ,b4 maculosum4 ,b4 mutabile4 ,b4 ventricosum4 ,b4 fasciatum4 ,b4 arcularia4 ,b4 pauperatum4 ,b4 achatinum4 ,b4 olivaceum4 ,b4 ,brazilianum4 ,b4 vinosum4 ,b4 ,ascanias4 ,b4 aciculatum4 ,b4 glaciale4 ,b4 annulatum4 ,b4 reticulatum4 ,b4 fuscatum4 ,b4 politum4 ,b4 inflatum4 ,b4 gemmulatum4 ,b4 miga4 ,b4 coronatum4 ,b4 neriteum4 ,b4 glans4 ,b4 canaliculatum4 ,b4 semiconvexum4 ,b4 corniculatum4 ,b4 ,anglicanum4 ,b4 lvissimum4 ,b4 ,tranquebaricum4 ,b4 lineolatum4 ,b4 suturale4 ,b4 retusum4 ,b4 ,coromandelianum4 ,b4 lyratum4 ,b4 ,thersites4 ,b4 testudineum4 ,b4 papillosum4 ,b4 tricarinatum4 ,b4 fasciolatum4 ,b4 subspinosum4 ,b4 flexuosum4 ,b4 cribarium4 ,b4 grana4 ,b4 zebra4 ,b4 aurantium4 ,b4 gibbolusum4 ,b4 marginulatum4 ,b4 coccinella4 ,b4 dermestoideum4 ,b4 pediculare4 ,b4 pullus4 ,b4 polygonatum4 ,b4 ornatum499 ,b4 trivittata499 ,b4 acuta499 ,b4 alba499 ,b4 vibex499 ,b4 obsoleta499 ,b4 unicincta499 ,b4 lunata499 #aj4 ,genus ,eburna4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,entirely unknown4 ,shell4 ,oval or elongated1 smooth2 spire pointed1 its whorls as if softened off2 aperture ovate1 elongated1 widely notched anteriorly2 the right margin entire2 columella callous posteriorly1 umbilicated1 and subcanaliculated at its left side2 an operculum4 ,found in the ,indian and ,south ,american seas4 ,five species4 ,eburna glabrata4 ,e4 ,ceylonica4 ,e4 spirata4 ,e4 areolata4 ,e4 lutosa4 #aa4 ,genus ,terebra4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,spiral and high2 foot oval with a transverse anterior furrow1 and two lateral auricles2 head bordered with a small fringe2 tentacula cylindrical1 terminating in a point and very distant2 eyes indistinct1 situated at the foot1 and at the external side of the tentacula2 mouth without proboscis2 tube of the respiratory cavity very long4 ,shell4 ,without epidermis1 ovate1 with a pointed spire1 low1 or subturriculated2 aperture wide1 oval1 with a strong slope anteriorly2 lower end of the columella twisted4 ,found in tropical seas4 ,twenty-four species4 ,terebra macalata4 ,t4 crenulata4 ,t4 dimidiata4 ,t4 raphanula4 ,t4 muscaria4 ,t4 flammea4 ,t4 striatula4 ,t4 chlorata4 ,t4 cerithina4 ,t4 subulata4 ,t4 oculata4 ,t4 ,babylonica4 ,t4 ,senegalensis4 ,t4 cingulifera4 ,t4 scabrella4 ,t4 lanceata4 ,t4 granulosa4 ,t4 duplicata4 ,t4 corrugata4 ,t4 crulescens4 ,t4 myuros4 ,t4 strigilata4 ,t4 aciculina4 ,t4 vittata4 ,,family ,,xx4 ,,columellaria4 ,five genera4 #a4 ,genus ,columbella4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,imperfectly known2 eyes placed much below the middle of the tentacula4 ,shell4 ,thick1 turbinated1 with a short obtuse spire2 aperture narrow1 elongated and terminated by a very short canal1 narrowed by an inflation at the inner side of the right edge1 and by some folds on the columella2 a very small horny operculum4 ,inhabits the ,indian and ,american seas4 ,twenty species4 ,columbella rustica4 ,c4 ,hebra4 ,c4 semipunctata4 ,c4 reticulata4 ,c4 strombiformis4 ,c4 mercatoria4 ,c4 flavida4 ,c4 bizonalis4 ,c4 turturina4 ,c4 pardalina4 ,c4 ovulata4 ,c4 zonalis4 ,c4 mendicaria4 ,c4 punctata4 ,c4 scripta4 ,c4 nitida4 ,c4 fulgurans4 ,c4 unifascialis4 ,c4 labiosa499 ,c4 avara499 #b4 ,genus ,mitra4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,entirely unknown4 ,shell4 ,turriculated1 subfusiform and oval2 spire always pointed at the summit2 aperture small1 triangular1 widest anteriorly where it is strongly emarginated2 external edge trenchant1 nearly straight1 always longer than the columella1 which is formed by a very thin callosity1 and marked with oblique parallel folds1 the anterior of which are the shortest2 no operculum4 ,inhabits the ,chinese seas4 ,eighty species4 ,mitra papalis4 ,m4 puncticulata4 ,m4 cardinalis4 ,m4 versicolor4 ,m4 pedicula4 ,m4 cornicularis4 ,m4 striatula4 ,m4 cornea4 ,m4 melaniana4 ,m4 episcopalis4 ,m4 pontificalis4 ,m4 crocata4 ,m4 nexilis4 ,m4 scabrinscrula4 ,m4 crenifera4 ,m4 tniata4 ,m4 corrugata4 ,m4 lyrata4 ,m4 cinctella4 ,m4 ,caffra4 ,m4 stigmataria4 ,m4 fissurata4 ,m4 millepora4 ,m4 archiepiscopalis4 ,m4 sanguinolenta4 ,m4 lactea4 ,m4 lutescens4 ,m4 subulata4 ,m4 tringa4 ,m4 ferruginea4 ,m4 adusta4 ,m4 plicaria4 ,m4 costellaris4 ,m4 melongena4 ,m4 vulpecula4 ,m4 sanguisuga4 ,m4 filosa4 ,m4 ampliorella4 ,m4 patriarchalis4 ,m4 harpformis4 ,m4 ficulina4 ,m4 conularis4 ,m4 dermestina4 ,m4 dactylus4 ,m4 conulus4 ,m4 coronata4 ,m4 muriculata4 ,m4 semifasciata4 ,m4 nucleola4 ,m4 plumbea4 ,m4 granulifera4 ,m4 clavula4 ,m4 ,peronii4 ,m4 oniscina4 ,m4 terebralis4 ,m4 granulosa4 ,m4 costa4 ,m4 olivaria4 ,m4 granatina4 ,m4 serpentina4 ,m4 arenosa4 ,m4 literata4 ,m4 obliquata4 ,m4 scutulata4 ,m4 fenestrata4 ,m4 texturata4 ,m4 limbifera4 ,m4 paupercula4 ,m4 torulosa4 ,m4 retusa4 ,m4 unifascialis4 ,m4 larva4 ,m4 tabanula4 ,m4 crenulata4 ,m4 aurantiaca4 ,m4 cucumerina4 ,m4 ebena4 ,m4 microzonias4 ,m4 bacilla4 ,m4 pisolina4 #c4 ,genus ,voluta4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,oval1 involuted1 provided with a very broad foot2 head very distinct2 tentacula rather short and triangular2 eyes large1 altogether sessile1 and situated a little posteriorly2 a thick trunk furnished with hooked teeth at its extremity2 two pectiniform branchi4 ,shell4 ,oval1 more or less ventricose2 the first whorls of the spire rounded into a teat2 aperture generally much longer than wide and sloping anteriorly2 the right edge bent outwardly1 entire and soft2 the columellar edge garnished with large folds more or less oblique1 and slightly varying in number with age4 ,found chiefly in the seas of the ,torrid ,zone4 ,forty-four species4 ,voluta nautica4 ,v4 armata4 ,v4 tesselata4 ,v4 cymbia4 ,v4 proboscidalis4 ,v4 diadema4 ,v4 ducalis4 ,v4 ,neptuni4 ,v4 olla4 ,v4 porcina4 ,v4 pellis-serpentis4 ,v4 chlorosina4 ,v4 polyzonalis4 ,v4 magnifica4 ,v4 ,magellanica4 ,v4 fulminata4 ,v4 scapha4 ,v4 mitis4 ,v4 ,braziliana4 ,v4 ,guinaica4 ,v4 undulata4 ,v4 festiva4 ,v4 thiopica4 ,v4 imperialis4 ,v4 vespertilio4 ,v4 musica4 ,v4 levigata4 ,v4 nodulosa4 ,v4 ancilla4 ,v4 ,pacifica4 ,v4 ,junonia4 ,v4 melo4 ,v4 ,hebra4 ,v4 serpentina4 ,v4 carneolata4 ,v4 fulva4 ,v4 nuclea4 ,v4 ,lapponica4 ,v4 volvacea4 ,v4 mitrformis4 ,v4 nivosa4 ,v4 thiarella4 ,v4 sulcata4 ,v4 vexilla4 #d4 ,genus ,marginella4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,oval1 involuted2 foot elliptical1 very large1 and widest in front1 where its edge presents a transverse furrow2 head small1 distinct1 with two long1 very sharp tentacula1 the eyes at the external part of their base2 mouth provided with a trunk4 ,shell4 ,smooth1 polished1 oval-oblong1 a little conical1 with a short mammelonated spire2 aperture somewhat narrow1 slightly oval on account of a light curve of the right edge1 which is dilated outwardly2 the columellar edge marked with three oblique distinct folds4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,twenty-four living species and nine fossil1 according to ,defrance4 ,marginella radiata4 ,m4 limbata4 ,m4 lifasciata4 ,m4 dentifera4 ,m4 bullata4 ,m4 avellana4 ,m4 glabrella4 ,m4 quinqueplicata4 ,m4 rosea4 ,m4 faba4 ,m4 dactylus4 ,m4 cornea4 ,m4 nubeculata4 ,m4 aurantia4 ,m4 longivaricosa4 ,m4 eburnea4 ,m4 persicula4 ,m4 tessellata4 ,m4 crulescens4 ,m4 bivaricosa4 ,m4 muscaria4 ,m4 formicula4 ,m4 lineata4 ,m4 interrupta4 #e4 ,genus ,volvaria4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,cylindrical1 convolute2 spire obsolete or concealed2 aperture narrow1 extending the whole length of the shell1 with one or more folds on the lower portion of the columella4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,seven species4 ,volvaria pallida4 ,v4 monilis4 ,v4 miliacea4 ,v4 triticea4 ,v4 oryza4 ,v4 bulloides4 ,v4 canaliculata4 ,,family ,,xxi4 ,,convoluta4 ,six genera4 #a4 ,genus ,cypra4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,oval1 elongated1 involute2 head provided with two very long conical tentacula2 eyes at the extremity of an inflation which forms a part of them2 a transverse buccal orifice at the extremity of a kind of cavity1 at the bottom of which is the true mouth between two thick vertical lips2 a lingual band1 bristled with small teeth1 and prolonged into the abdomen4 ,shell4 ,oval1 convex1 very smooth1 involute2 spire entirely posterior1 very small1 often concealed by a calcareous layer deposited by the lobes of the mantle2 aperture longitudinal1 very narrow1 slightly arcuated1 as long as the shell1 and with the edges internally dentated1 and notched at each extremity4 ,inhabits the ,w4 ,indian seas and ,sandwich ,islands4 ,one hundred and eighteen species4 ,cypra princeps4 ,c4 mappa4 ,c4 tigris4 ,c4 pantherina4 ,c4 mauritania4 ,c4 stercoraria4 ,c4 aurora4 ,c4 leucodon4 ,c4 sulcidentata4 ,c4 ,arabica4 ,c4 lynx4 ,c4 vitellus4 ,c4 carneola4 ,c4 cinerea4 ,c4 ,reevi4 ,c4 obscurus4 ,c4 achatina4 ,c4 arenosa4 ,c4 nivosa4 ,c4 ,broderipii4 ,c4 exanthema4 ,c4 cervus4 ,c4 testudinaria4 ,c4 talpa4 ,c4 exusta4 ,c4 argus4 ,c4 scurra4 ,c4 pulchra4 ,c4 ,isabella4 ,c4 controversa4 ,c4 lurida4 ,c4 dediculus4 ,c4 oryza4 ,c4 coccinella4 ,c4 ,australis4 ,c4 ,childrini4 ,c4 depauparata4 ,c4 solandri4 ,c4 ,californica4 ,c4 suffusa4 ,c4 ,pacifica4 ,c4 pediculus4 ,c4 nivea4 ,c4 oryxa4 ,c4 stercus-muscarum4 ,c4 pulex4 ,c4 fusca4 ,c4 ,europea4 ,c4 sanguinea4 ,c4 quadripunctata4 ,c4 rufescens4 ,c4 maugeri4 ,c4 aperta4 ,c4 ,adansonii4 ,c4 caput-serpentis4 ,c4 ,lamarchii4 ,c4 ,cumingii4 ,c4 ,goodalii4 ,c4 ,humphreysii4 ,c4 ,walkeri4 ,c4 ,listeri4 ,c4 pulchella4 ,c4 microdon4 ,c4 ,scottii4 ,c4 mus4 ,c4 tessellata4 ,c4 annulata4 ,c4 ,margarita4 ,c4 cicercula4 ,c4 globulus4 ,c4 staphyla4 ,c4 tigrina4 ,c4 cerina4 ,c4 ,argus4 ,c4 histrio4 ,c4 alba4 ,c4 zonata4 ,c4 icterina4 ,c4 lota4 ,c4 ovulata4 ,c4 helvola4 ,c4 ,arabicula4 ,c4 pustulata4 ,c4 nucleus4 ,c4 limacina4 ,c4 moneta4 ,c4 obvelata4 ,c4 annulus4 ,c4 radians4 ,c4 oniscus4 ,c4 pyriformis4 ,c4 piperita4 ,c4 algoensis4 ,c4 edentula4 ,c4 similis4 ,c4 fusco-dentata4 ,c4 gangrenosa4 ,c4 bicallosa4 ,c4 poraria4 ,c4 guttata4 ,c4 ,xanthodon4 ,c4 nigro-punctata4 ,c4 pallida4 ,c4 zigzag4 ,c4 moneta4 ,c4 aurantia4 ,c4 fimbriata4 ,c4 variolaria4 ,c4 erosa4 ,c4 miliaris4 ,c4 ratta4 ,c4 asella4 ,c4 turda4 ,c4 adusta4 ,c4 moniliaris4 ,c4 ursella4 ,c4 hirundo4 ,c4 olivacea4 #b4 ,genus ,ovula4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,as above4 ,shell4 ,oblong1 convex1 distinguished from the ,cypra by the want of a spire1 and by not having teeth on the columellar lip2 the two extremities of the aperture notched1 and more or less prolonged like a tube2 left margin dentated4 ,inhabits the ,indian seas4 ,twelve species4 ,ovula oviformis4 ,o4 carnea4 ,o4 verrucosa4 ,o4 spelta4 ,o4 angulosa4 ,o4 hordacea4 ,o4 birostris4 ,o4 gibbosa4 ,o4 volva4 ,o4 lactea4 ,o4 triticea4 ,o4 acicularis4 #c4 ,genus ,terebellum4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,entirely unknown4 ,shell4 ,thin1 shining1 subcylindrical1 involute1 pointed posteriorly1 truncated anteriorly2 aperture longitudinal1 triangular2 edges entire2 columella truncated1 and prolonged beyond the aperture4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,three living species and two fossil4 ,terebellum subulatum4 ,t4 convolutum4 ,t4 fusiforme4 #d4 ,genus ,ancillaria4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,unknown4 ,shell4 ,smooth1 oval1 oblong posteriorly1 widened and truncated anteriorly2 aperture oval1 somewhat elongated1 angular posteriorly2 a wide but not deep slope anteriorly2 columella covered anteriorly with an oblique callous band2 right lip obtuse1 ,inhabits the ,australian seas4 ,four living species1 and five fossil4 ,ancillaria cinnamonea4 ,a4 ventricosa4 ,a4 candida4 ,a4 marginata4 #e4 ,genus ,oliva4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,oval1 involute1 mouth somewhat thin at its edges1 prolonged to the two angles of the branchial aperture in a tentacular band1 and1 anteriorly1 by a long branchial tube2 foot very large1 oval1 subauriculated1 with a transverse cleft anteriorly2 head small1 with a labial proboscis4 ,shell4 ,thick1 solid1 smooth1 oval1 elongated1 subcylindrical2 the whorls of the spire very small1 and separated by a canal2 aperture long and narrow1 the columellar edge dilated anteriorly by a band striated obliquely in all its length4 ,found in the ,australian and ,equatorial seas4 ,only one species has been found in ,america4 ,sixty-three species4 ,six fossil4 ,oliva textilina4 ,o4 pica4 ,o4 angulata4 ,o4 sepulturalis4 ,o4 irrisans4 ,o4 episcopalis4 ,o4 venulata4 ,o4 leucopha4 ,o4 inflata4 ,o4 harpularia4 ,o4 ustulata4 ,o4 tessellata4 ,o4 espidula4 ,o4 candida4 ,o4 tigrina4 ,o4 utricula4 ,o4 porphyria4 ,o4 erythrostoma4 ,o4 themulina4 ,o4 maura4 ,o4 fulminans4 ,o4 elegans4 ,o4 guttata4 ,o4 undata4 ,o4 bicincta4 ,o4 hepatica4 ,o4 avellana4 ,o4 carneola4 ,o4 oriola4 ,o4 volutella4 ,o4 ,brazilliana4 ,o4 reticularis4 ,o4 granitella4 ,o4 literata4 ,o4 tricolor4 ,o4 mustelina4 ,o4 funebralis4 ,o4 ,peruviana4 ,o4 fusiformis4 ,o4 acuminata4 ,o4 luteola4 ,o4 hiatula4 ,o4 ,ceylonica4 ,o4 fabagina4 ,o4 undatella4 ,o4 nana4 ,o4 oryza4 ,o4 flammulata4 ,o4 araneosa4 ,o4 scripta4 ,o4 sanguinolenta4 ,o4 lugubris4 ,o4 glandiformis4 ,o4 senagalensis4 ,o4 auricularis4 ,o4 subulata4 ,o4 testacea4 ,o4 obtusaria4 ,o4 nebulosa4 ,o4 conordalis4 ,o4 eburnea4 ,o4 ,zonalis4 ,o4 mutica499 #f4 ,genus ,conus4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,elongated1 much compressed1 involute2 foot small1 oval1 long1 widest in front1 where it is edged by a transverse furrow2 head tolerably distinct2 tentacula cylindrical1 having the eyes near their summit1 which is setaceous2 mouth at the bottom of a long labial trunk2 a somewhat short tongue1 although projecting into the visceral cavity1 and bristled with long styliform hooks in two rows4 ,shell4 ,covered with a periosteal membrane1 thick1 solid1 involute1 conical2 summit of the cone anterior1 spire slightly projecting1 or not at all2 a very narrow longitudinal aperture2 external edge straight and trenchant2 the internal also straight with oblique folds in its anterior portion2 a very small horny operculum1 subspirated1 with a terminal summit4 ,found in the ,australian and ,mediterranean seas4 ,one hundred and eighty-one species4 ,conus ,bandanus4 ,c4 ,nicobaricus4 ,c4 zonatus4 ,c4 fuscatus4 ,c4 regius4 ,c4 marmoreus4 ,c4 nocturnus4 ,c4 araneosus4 ,c4 imperialis4 ,c4 viridulus4 ,c4 tulipa4 ,c4 punctatus4 ,c4 musicus4 ,c4 mus4 ,c4 ,barbadensis4 ,c4 geographicus4 ,c4 tniatus4 ,c4 miliaris4 ,c4 lividus4 ,c4 roseus4 ,c4 cedo-nulli4 ,c4 nebulosus4 ,c4 betulinus4 ,c4 puncticulatus4 ,c4 ,proteus4 ,c4 augur4 ,c4 nivosus4 ,c4 acuminatus4 ,c4 ,janus4 ,c4 lithoglyphus4 ,c4 venulatus4 ,c4 muscosus4 ,c4 ,mozambicus4 ,c4 ,franciscanus4 ,c4 rattus4 ,c4 amabilis4 ,c4 nobilis4 ,c4 terminus4 ,c4 gubernator4 ,c4 terebra4 ,c4 raphanus4 ,c4 spectrum4 ,c4 leoninus4 ,c4 pertusus4 ,c4 sulcatas4 ,c4 vermiculatus4 ,c4 pulicarius4 ,c4 obesus4 ,c4 millepunctatus4 ,c4 eburneus4 ,c4 generalis4 ,c4 ,malacanus4 ,c4 monile4 ,c4 vitulinus4 ,c4 flavidus4 ,c4 daucus4 ,c4 capitaneus4 ,c4 vittatus4 ,c4 vexillus4 ,c4 figulinus4 ,c4 aurantius4 ,c4 minimus4 ,c4 ,hebrus4 ,c4 arenatus4 ,c4 fustigatus4 ,c4 varius4 ,c4 literatus4 ,c4 tesselatus4 ,c4 ,maldivus4 ,c4 lineatus4 ,c4 centurio4 ,c4 vulpinus4 ,c4 virgo4 ,c4 pastinacus4 ,c4 classiarius4 ,c4 mustelinus4 ,c4 ,sumatrensis4 ,c4 quercinus4 ,c4 cardinalis4 ,c4 distans4 ,c4 ,caledonicus4 ,c4 puncturatus4 ,c4 fulgurans4 ,c4 amadis4 ,c4 flammeus4 ,c4 testiludinarius4 ,c4 qustor4 ,c4 ,narcissus4 ,c4 guinaicus4 ,c4 informis4 ,c4 ,jamaicensis4 ,c4 ,omaicus4 ,c4 aurisiacus4 ,c4 striatus4 ,c4 grannulatus4 ,c4 verulosus4 ,c4 magus4 ,c4 ,bullatus4 ,c4 auratus4 ,c4 omaria4 ,c4 panniculus4 ,c4 ,timorensis4 ,c4 prfectus4 ,c4 nimbosus4 ,c4 archiepiscopus4 ,c4 legatus4 ,c4 canonicus4 ,c4 textilis4 ,c4 ,australis4 ,c4 ,mauritianus4 ,c4 eques4 ,c4 catus4 ,c4 acutangulus4 ,c4 ,japonicus4 ,c4 columba4 ,c4 memocanus4 ,c4 fusiformis4 ,c4 ,aurora4 ,c4 ,adansonii4 ,c4 ,portoricanus4 ,c4 lamellosus4 ,c4 exiguus4 ,c4 hyna4 ,c4 ammiralis4 ,c4 papilionaceus4 ,c4 ,promethus4 ,c4 ,suratensis4 ,c4 ranunculus4 ,c4 achatinus4 ,c4 stramineus4 ,c4 lacteus4 ,c4 vicarius4 ,c4 ochraceus4 ,c4 ,mediterraneus4 ,c4 ,magellanicus4 ,c4 pontificalis4 ,c4 sponsalis4 ,c4 ,ceylonensis4 ,c4 pusillus4 ,c4 asper4 ,c4 miles4 ,c4 genuanus4 ,c4 siamensis4 ,c4 glaucus4 ,c4 monachus4 ,c4 anemone4 ,c4 cinereus4 ,c4 zebra4 ,c4 cingulatus4 ,c4 mercator4 ,c4 strigatus4 ,c4 mitratus4 ,c4 aulicus4 ,c4 colubrinus4 ,c4 auricomus4 ,c4 rubiginosus4 ,c4 prlatus4 ,c4 fumigatus4 ,c4 luzonicus4 ,c4 verrucosus4 ,c4 mindanus4 ,c4 pusio4 ,c4 madurensis4 ,c4 cancellatus4 ,c4 crulescens4 ,c4 ,taitensis4 ,c4 tinianus4 ,c4 crocatus4 ,c4 glans4 ,c4 nussatella4 ,c4 clavous4 ,c4 pennaceus4 ,c4 cervus4 ,c4 dux4 ,c4 stercus-muscarum4 ,c4 tendineus4 ,c4 melancholicus4 ,c4 episcopus4 ,c4 pyramidalis4 ,c4 abbas4 ,c4 gloria-maris4 ,,family ,,xxii4 ,,nautilacea4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,genus ,spirula4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,body elongated1 cylindrical1 terminated posteriorly by two lateral lobes partially concealing the shell2 head provided with five pairs of tentacula1 of which two are longer than the others4 ,shell4 ,very symmetrical1 longitudinally twisted throughout nearly all its extent2 the cone spiral1 conical1 regular1 circular2 whorls of the spire very evident2 partitions simple1 concave1 and pierced by a single syphon4 ,inhabits the ,west ,indian seas4 ,one species4 ,spirula ,peronii4 7,nautilus spirula4 ,lin47 #b4 ,genus ,nautilus4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,body round and terminated posteriorly by a tendinous or muscular filament1 attaching itself to the syphon1 by which the partitions of the shell are pierced2 the mantle opening obliquely1 and prolonged into a sort of hood above the head 7which is provided with digitated tentacula71 and surrounding the aperture of the mouth4 ,shell4 ,discoid1 but slightly compressed1 with a rounded or subcarinated back1 umbilicated or not1 but never mammelonated1 the partitions simple1 not visible exteriorly2 the last profoundly sunk1 and perforated by a syphon running through them all4 ,inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 ,two living species4 ,fifteen fossil4 ,nautilus ,pompilius4 ,n4 umbilicatus4 ,,family ,,xxiii4 ,,heteropoda4 ,two genera4 #a4 ,genus ,argonauta4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,body conical1 elongated1 enrolled longitudinally1 widened anteriorly1 and provided on each side with an arcuated subtriangular1 aliform appendage2 mouth at the extremity of the angle formed by two inferior lips4 ,de ,blainville denies that this animal is at all known1 and speaks of one described by ,m4 ,oken as a small polypus of the genus ,ocythoe4 ,shell4 ,navicular1 symmetrical1 very thin1 compressed1 bicarinated1 longitudinally subinvolute in the same plane2 aperture very wide1 symmetrical1 complete1 square anteriorly1 slightly modified by the turn of the summit1 and provided on each side with an ear-like appendage having thick and smooth edges4 ,inhabits the ,mediterranean4 ,three species4 ,argonauta argo4 ,a4 tuberculosa4 ,a4 nitida4 #b4 ,genus ,carinaria4 ,pl4 ,,xii4 ,animal4 ,body elongated1 prolonged behind the nucleus into a veritable tail1 edged at its extremity by a vertical fin2 head sufficiently distinct2 two1 long1 conical tentacula2 two sessile eyes2 the organs of respiration and the nucleus entirely enveloped in a mantle with lobed edges4 ,shell4 ,very thin1 symmetrical1 a little compressed1 without spire1 but with the summit a little reflexed posteriorly2 aperture oval and entire4 ,inhabits the ,african1 ,mediterranean1 and ,australian seas4 ,three species4 ,carinaria vitrea4 ,c4 fragilis4 ,c4 cymbium4 ,,glossary ,,of ,,terms ,,used ,,in ,,conchology4 ,a4 ,abbreviated1 cut short4 ,abdomen1 the belly4 ,acuminated1 sharp pointed4 ,aculeated1 prickly4 ,alated1 winged4 ,annulated1 divided into rings4 ,annulations1 rings4 ,aperture1 the orifice or opening of the shell4 ,apex1 the point of the spire4 ,approximating1 approaching together4 ,arcuated1 of an arch form4 ,area1 surface between the lines4 ,articulations1 junctures or joints4 ,attenuated1 thin1 slender4 ,aurated1 having ears1 as the ,pecten4 ,auricled1 having ear-like appendages4 ,auriform1 ear-shaped4 ,b4 ,barbed1 bearded4 ,base1 lower extremity of the shell4 ,beak1 prolongation at the base4 ,beard1 see ,byssus4 ,bi1 signifying two4 ,biangulated1 having two corners or angles4 ,bidentate1 having two teeth4 ,bifid1 opening with a cleft4 ,bilobate1 divided into two lobes4 ,bimarginate1 two margins or lips4 ,biradiate1 having two rays4 ,bivalve1 having two valves4 ,blunt1 obtuse1 opposed to acute4 ,borer1 a piercer4 ,bulging1 gibbous1 swollen out4 ,byssus1 common in the ,mytilus and ,pinna1 by which they attach themselves to objects4 ,c4 ,callous1 indurated4 ,callosity1 a protuberance4 ,calcareous1 relating to lime4 ,canal1 the prolongation of the beak4 ,canaliculated1 channeled or grooved4 ,cardinal1 see ,teeth4 ,carinated1 like a boat's keel4 ,cartilage1 a flexible fibrous substance by which the valves are united4 ,cartilaginous1 resembling a ligament4 ,chambered1 divided by partitions4 ,cicatrix1 the muscular impression4 ,ciliated1 edged with bristles or hairs4 ,cinerous1 of an ash colour4 ,clavate1 club-shaped4 ,columella1 the upright pillar of the shell4 ,complicated1 doubled together4 ,compressed1 flattened4 ,concave1 hollowed out4 ,concentric1 running to the centre4 ,cone1 the form of a sugar loaf4 ,convolute1 whorls running round4 ,confluent1 running together4 ,conoid1 figure like a cone4 ,contorted1 twisted in oblique direction4 ,contracted1 shortened1 shrunk up4 ,cordate1 heart shape4 ,cordiform1 form of a heart4 ,coriaceous1 leather-like consistence4 ,corneus1 resembling horn4 ,coronal1 resembling a crown4 ,coronated1 crowned towards the apex4 ,costated1 ribbed4 ,cortex1 anterior skin4 ,crenulated1 notched at the margin4 ,crispated1 with waving lines4 ,cuneiform1 wedge form4 ,cylindrical1 round like a roller4 ,cybiform1 boat-shaped4 ,d4 ,decollated1 truncated transversely4 ,decorticated1 divested of epidermis4 ,decussated1 lines intersecting each other4 ,deflexed1 bent aside4 ,dentated1 having teeth4 ,depressed1 shallow1 flat4 ,diaphanous1 clear1 pellucid4 ,digitated1 having finger-like claws4 ,disk1 the highest part of the valves4 ,divaricated1 spreading out4 ,divergent1 tending to a point4 ,dorsal1 belonging to the back4 ,dotted1 punctured like a thimble4 ,duplicated1 divided into plaits or folds4 ,e4 ,ears1 projections on the sides of the hinge4 ,echinated1 set with spires4 ,effuse1 spread out4 ,elliptical1 oval4 ,elongated1 drawn out4 ,emarginated1 with the edge notched4 ,ensisform1 sabre-shaped4 ,entire1 whole4 ,epidermis1 the outer coating of a shell4 ,equilateral1 all sides alike4 ,equivalve1 both sides alike4 ,exserted1 protruding4 ,f4 ,falcated1 hooped like a scythe4 ,fasciated1 covered with bands4 ,ferruginous1 of an iron colour4 ,filament1 a thread-like process4 ,filiform1 thread-shaped1 slender4 ,fimbriated1 fringed4 ,fissure1 a cleft or slit4 ,flexuous1 zigzag1 with angles widening4 ,flexure1 a bending4 ,fluviatile1 belonging to fresh water4 ,foliaceous1 lamina or leave-shaped4 ,fragile1 brittle1 easily broken4 ,front1 the aperture next the observer4 ,furcated1 forked4 ,furrow1 a trench or hollow4 ,fuscated1 darkened1 obscured4 ,fusiform1 spindle-shaped1 conical1 or oval4 ,g4 ,gaping1 when the valves do not close4 ,geniculate1 keeled4 ,genus1 characters by which they are distinguished from others4 ,genera1 plural of genus4 ,gibbous1 bulged4 ,glabrous1 having a smooth surface4 ,globose1 globular1 round4 ,h4 ,hemispherical1 in the shape of a half globe4 ,heterostrophe1 shells whose spires reverse4 ,hispid1 hairy4 ,hinge1 the part where the valves are united4 ,i ,j4 ,jagged1 denticulated1 uneven4 ,imbricate1 covered with scales4 ,imperforate1 having no umbilicus4 ,inequilateral1 when the anterior and posterior parts of the shell are dissimilar4 ,inequivalve1 when the valves are dissimilar4 ,inarticulate1 indistinct4 ,incumbent1 one lying over the other4 ,incurved1 bent backward4 ,indented1 unequally marked4 ,inflated1 tumid1 swollen4 ,inflected1 bent inward4 ,inflexed1 bent towards each other4 ,intercostal1 placed between the ribs4 ,interrupted1 divided1 separated4 ,interstice1 space between4 ,intortion1 turning or twisting4 ,involute1 without a spire4 ,involution1 that part which involves another4 ,juncture1 the joining of the whorl in univalves4 ,k4 ,keel1 the longitudinal prominence in the ,argonauta4 ,keeled1 see ,carinated4 ,l4 ,labra1 the lips4 ,laciniate1 cut in irregular segments4 ,lacunose1 surface covered with pits4 ,lamellar1 films on plates4 ,lamellated1 divided into distinct plaits or foliations4 ,lamin1 thin plates1 laid one above another4 ,lanceolate1 oblong1 tapering like the head of a lance4 ,lateral1 extending to one side from the centre4 ,latticed1 see ,decussated4 ,lenticulate1 doubly convex4 ,ligament1 a solid body which connects the valves in bivalves4 ,linear1 composed of lines4 ,linguiformed1 tongue-shaped4 ,lip1 the outer edge of the aperture of univalves4 ,lobated1 rounded at the edges4 ,longitudinal1 the length of the shell4 ,lunated1 formed like a half moon4 ,lunule1 crescent-like4 ,luniform1 shape of a crescent4 ,m4 ,margin1 the whole circumference or outline of the shell in bivalves4 ,marginated1 having a prominent margin or border4 ,membrane1 a web of fibres4 ,mouth1 see ,aperture4 ,muscular impressions1 marks made by the animal in adhering to the shell4 ,mottled1 clouded or spotted4 ,mucronate1 ending in a sharp point4 ,multilocular1 many chambered4 ,muricated1 clothed with sharp spines4 ,n4 ,nacred1 pearly4 ,nemoral1 belonging to a wood4 ,nited1 glossy4 ,nodose1 knotty4 ,nucleus1 a kernel4 ,o4 ,obsolete1 obliterated4 ,oblong1 oval4 ,ocellated1 eye-like spots4 ,ochreous1 colour of yellow ochre4 ,offuscated1 darkened1 clouded4 ,olivaceous1 of a greenish olive colour4 ,operculum1 which closes the aperture of the shell4 ,orbicular1 circular1 round4 ,orifice1 an opening or perforation4 ,ovate1 shaped like an egg4 ,ovoid1 oval4 ,p4 ,papillose1 pimple1 dotted4 ,papyraceous1 thin as paper4 ,patulous1 with a gap or opening4 ,partitions1 processes dividing the shells of the ,nautilus1 ,serpula1 c4 ,pectinated1 resembling the teeth of a comb4 ,pedicle1 the support of the ,anatifera and its corresponding species4 ,peduncle1 a tube on which any thing is seated4 ,pellucid1 transparent1 clear1 bright4 ,pentagonal1 having five sides4 ,perforated1 pierced with holes4 ,pervious1 admitting passage4 ,pillar1 in univalves the internal continuation of the columella or inner lips1 extending from the base to the apex4 ,pinnated1 winged4 ,plaited1 folded4 ,plaits1 folds4 ,plicated1 folded or plaited4 ,posterior1 see ,margin4 ,produced1 lengthened out4 ,protrude1 to thrust forward4 ,punctuated1 like the punctures of a thimble4 ,pyriform1 pear-shaped4 ,q4 ,quadrangular1 having four right angles4 ,quadruplicated1 having four plaits4 ,r4 ,radiated1 furnished with rays4 ,radicated1 fixed by the base to another body4 ,rectangular1 having right angles4 ,recurvated1 turned backward4 ,recurved1 bowed back4 ,reflected1 bent backward4 ,refracted1 abruptly bent4 ,reniform1 kidney-shaped4 ,replicated1 folded or plaited4 ,reticulated1 formed like a piece of net-work4 ,retuse1 ending in an obtuse sinus4 ,reversed spire1 see ,heterostrophe4 ,revolute1 rolled backward4 ,ribbed1 having longitudinal ribs4 ,ridge1 the upper part of a slope4 ,rostrum1 the beak4 ,rugose1 wrinkled4 ,s4 ,sanguinaceous1 divided into chambers4 ,scabious1 rough1 rugged4 ,scalloped1 indented at the edges4 ,scutellated1 shield-shaped4 ,seam1 line formed by the union of the valves4 ,semi1 the half4 ,semi-cordate1 half heart-shaped4 ,semi-orbicular1 shape of a half globe4 ,semi-lunar1 shape of a half moon4 ,septiform1 shape of a partition4 ,serrated1 like the teeth of a saw4 ,sessile1 sitting or seated4 ,seta1 a bristle4 ,setaceous1 covered with bristles4 ,setiferous1 bearing bristles4 ,sinister valve1 is the left valve4 ,sinus1 a groove or cavity4 ,siphunculus1 a cylindrical perforation as in the ,nautilus1 ,spirula1 c4 ,spatulate1 rounded and broad at the top4 ,species1 the division of a family or genus4 ,spiny1 thorny4 ,spinous1 like a hedgehog4 ,spire1 all the whorls in univalves except the one in which the aperture is situated1 which is termed the body4 ,spiral1 twisted like a corkscrew4 ,squamose1 scaly4 ,striated1 covered with thread-like lines4 ,sub1 almost4 ,subarcuated1 somewhat arched4 ,subconic1 somewhat conical4 ,subulate1 awl-shaped4 ,sulcated1 furrowed4 ,summit1 the tip or apex4 ,suture1 a hollow line of division in univalves1 the spiral line of which separates the wreaths4 ,t4 ,teeth1 pointed protuberances within the hinge in bivalves by which the valves are united4 ,tentacula1 the feelers of snails1 which inhabit shells4 ,tessellated1 chequered like a chess board4 ,testacea1 that order of animals covered with a testaceous shell4 ,testaceous1 consisting of carbonate of lime and animal matter4 ,tortuosity1 flexure4 ,tortuous1 twisted4 ,transverse1 crossways4 ,trapeziform1 shaped like a trapezium4 ,trigonal1 having three angles4 ,truncated1 cut short1 ending abruptly4 ,tubercle1 knot or pimple4 ,tuberculated1 knotted1 pimpled4 ,tubular1 in the shape of a hollow tube4 ,tunicated1 coated4 ,turbinated1 shape like a top or pear4 ,turgid1 swollen4 ,u and ,v4 ,valves1 the various pieces which compose the shell4 ,varices1 longitudinal ribs in univalve shells4 ,variety1 difference in species4 ,vaulted1 roofed4 ,ventral1 belonging to the belly4 ,ventricose1 inflated1 swelled in the middle4 ,vermiform1 worm-shaped4 ,vertex1 the top of a most prominent part4 ,verrucose1 warted4 ,verticulated1 whorled4 ,umbilicated1 having a depression in the centre4 ,umbo1 the round part which turns over the hinge4 ,undulated1 waved4 ,ungulata1 shaped like a horse's hoof4 ,unilocular1 chambered singly4 ,univalve1 shells of one valve only4 ,volutions1 the turnings of univalves4 ,w4 ,whorl1 a spiral convolution4 ,z4 ,zigzag1 having reverse turnings and windings4 ,zoned1 surrounded by belts or girdles4 ,,index ,a4 ,acasta1 #cb ,acera1 #ie ,achatina1 #ajb ,alata1 #ace ,amphidesma1 #dd ,amphitritea1 #bg ,amphitrite1 #bh ,ampullaria1 #aac ,anostoma1 #ajc ,anatifera1 #cc ,anatina1 #dj ,ancillaria1 #aej ,ancylus1 #id ,,annulata1 #be ,anodonta1 #fi ,anomia1 #hc ,aplysiacea1 #if ,aplysia1 #if ,arca1 #fb ,arenicola1 #be ,arcacea1 #fb ,argonauta1 #aee ,aspergillum1 #ce ,auricula1 #ajg ,avicula1 #gf ,b4 ,balanus1 #ca ,bivalve shells1 #aj ,brachiopoda1 #hd ,buccinum1 #ada ,bulimus1 #aje ,bulla1 #ie ,bullacea1 #ie ,bulla1 #ie ,c4 ,calyptracea1 #ia ,calyptra1 #ic ,canalifera1 #abg ,cancellaria1 #acj ,capsa1 #ec ,cardiacea1 #ei ,cardita1 #fj ,cardium1 #ei ,carinaria1 #aef ,carocolla1 #ajb ,cassidaria1 #acg ,cassis1 #ach ,castalia1 #fe ,chama1 #gj ,cerithium1 #abg ,chamacea1 #gj ,chiton1 #hh ,chitonellus1 #hh ,cineras1 #cc ,,cirrhipeda1 #cj ,cirrhipeda1 #cj ,classification1 #ba ,clausilia1 #aje ,clavagella1 #ce ,cleodora1 #hg ,clio1 #hf ,clymene1 #bf ,colimacea1 #ii ,columbella1 #adc ,columellaria1 #adc ,conchacea1 #ec ,convoluta1 #adg ,,conchifera1 #cd ,conus1 #aeb ,corbis1 #ea ,corbula1 #de ,corbulacea1 #de ,concholepas1 #adj ,coronula1 #ca ,crania1 #hd ,crassatella1 #dc ,crassina1 #ec ,crenatula1 #ge ,crepidula1 #id ,creusia1 #cb ,cuculla1 #fc ,cyclas1 #eg ,cyclostoma1 #ajg ,cymbulia1 #hg ,cyrena1 #eh ,cypra1 #adg ,cypricardia1 #fa ,cyprina1 #ec ,cytherea1 #ed ,d4 ,delphinula1 #aba ,dentalium1 #bf ,diceras1 #gj ,dolabella1 #if ,dolium1 #ada ,donax1 #eb ,dorsalia1 #be ,e4 ,eburna1 #adb ,emarginula1 #ib ,erycina1 #dc ,etheria1 #ga ,f4 ,fasciolaria1 #acj ,fissurella1 #ib ,fistulana1 #ce ,fusus1 #aca ,g4 ,galathea1 #eh ,galeolaria1 #bi ,gastrochna1 #cg ,glycimeris1 #ci ,gryphea1 #hb ,h4 ,haliotis1 #aah ,harpa1 #adj ,helicina1 #ajc ,helix1 #ii ,heteropoda1 #aee ,hiatella1 #fa ,hippopus1 #gb ,hyalea1 #hf ,hyria1 #fh ,i4 ,iridina1 #gj ,isocardia1 #fa ,j4 ,janthinea1 #aag ,janthina1 #aag ,l4 ,lima1 #gh ,limacina1 #ig ,limacina1 #hg ,limax1 #ig ,lingula1 #he ,lithophaga1 #df ,lucina1 #ea ,lutraria1 #da ,lymnacea1 #ajh ,lymnea1 #ajh ,m4 ,mactracea1 #da ,mactra1 #da ,macrostomiana1 #aag ,magilus1 #cj ,malleacea1 #ge ,malleus1 #gf ,maldania1 #bf ,marginella1 #adf ,melaniana1 #aaj ,melania1 #aaj ,melanopsis1 #aaa ,meleagrina1 #gg ,mitra1 #add ,modiola1 #gd ,,mollusca1 #he ,monoceros1 #adj ,monodonta1 #abc ,murex1 #acc ,multivalves1 #i ,myaria1 #dj ,mya1 #dj ,mytilus1 #gc ,mytilacea1 #gc ,n4 ,naiadea1 #ff ,natica1 #aaf ,nautilacea1 #aej ,nautilus1 #aee ,navicella1 #aae ,nerita1 #aae ,neritina1 #aad ,neritacea1 #aad ,nucula1 #fd ,nymphacea1 #dh ,o4 ,oliva1 #aej ,onchidium1 #ih ,orbicula1 #hd ,ostrea1 #hj ,ostracea1 #hj ,otion1 #cd ,ovula1 #adi ,p4 ,paludina1 #aab ,parmacella1 #ih ,parmophorus1 #ia ,patella1 #ij ,pandora1 #de ,panopea1 #ch ,pecten1 #gh ,pectinaria1 #bg ,pectunculus1 #fc ,pedum1 #gg ,pectinea1 #gg ,peristomiana1 #aab ,perna1 #gf ,petricola1 #dg ,phasianella1 #abf ,pholas1 #cg ,pholadaria1 #cg ,physa1 #aji ,phyllidia1 #hh ,phyllidiacea1 #hh ,pirena1 #aaa ,pinna1 #gd ,pileopsis1 #ic ,planorbis1 #aji ,plicacea1 #aai ,planaxis1 #abe ,placuna1 #hc ,pleurotoma1 #abh ,pleurobranchus1 #ia ,plicatula1 #hj ,plagiostoma1 #gi ,pneumodermon1 #hg ,pollicipes1 #cc ,podopsis1 #hj ,psammobia1 #dh ,psammotea1 #di ,pteroceras1 #acf ,pteropoda1 #hf ,pupa1 #ajd ,purpura1 #aci ,purpurifera1 #acg ,pyramidella1 #abj ,pyrula1 #acb ,pyrgoma1 #cb ,r4 ,ranella1 #acc ,ricinula1 #ach ,rostellaria1 #ace ,rotella1 #abg ,s4 ,sabellaria1 #bg ,sanguinolaria1 #dh ,saxicava1 #df ,scalaria1 #abj ,scalarina1 #abj ,septaria1 #cf ,serpula1 #bh ,serpulacea1 #bh ,sigaretus1 #aag ,siliquaria1 #be ,solarium1 #aba ,solecurtus1 #ci ,solen1 #ch ,solenea1 #ch ,solenaria1 #dh ,solemya1 #dd ,spirorbis1 #bh ,spirula1 #aed ,spondylus1 #hj ,stomatella1 #aah ,stomatia1 #aah ,strombus1 #acf ,struthiolaria1 #acb ,succinea1 #ajf ,t4 ,tellina1 #di ,tellinides1 #ea ,terebella1 #bg ,terebellum1 #aej ,terebra1 #adc ,terebratula1 #hd ,teredo1 #cf ,teredina1 #cf ,testacella1 #ih ,tornatella1 #aai ,trochus1 #abb ,tridacna1 #gb ,tridacnea1 #gb ,trigonia1 #fe ,trigonacea1 #fe ,triton1 #ace ,tubicola1 #ce ,tubicinella1 #cj ,turbo1 #abd ,turbinacea1 #aba ,turbinella1 #abi ,turritella1 #abf ,u ,v4 ,umbrella1 #ia ,ungulina1 #dc ,unio1 #ff ,univalves1 #ad ,valvata1 #aab ,venericardia1 #eg ,venerirupis1 #dg ,venus1 #ee ,vermilia1 #bi ,vermetus1 #aba ,vitrina1 #ig ,voluta1 #ade ,volvaria1 #adg ,vulsella1 #hj ,,the ,,end4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling4 #b4 ,archaic1 non-standard1 and uncertain spellings retained as printed4 #c4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4