,,h[ ,,to ,,s+ ,,luisa ,,tetrazz9i ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,e4 ,f4 ,foley1 ,n4 ,y4 ,signature3 ,luisa ,tetrazz9i ,,h[ ,,to ,,s+ ,,by ,,luisa ,,tetrazz9i ,,new ,illu/ration3 colophon ,,york ,,george ,h4 ,,doran ,,company ,,copyright1 #aibc1 ,,by ,,george ,h4 ,,doran ,,company ,illu/ration3 colophon ,,h[ ,,to ,,s+4 ,,ii ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,don',t ,,wait ,,to ,,be 8,,f\nd0 #i ,,ii ,,y\r ,,aim #ab ,,iii ,,:y ,,s+]s ,,are ,,sc>ce #ae ,,iv ,,p]iod ,,( ,,tra9+ #ah ,v ,,qualities ,,ne$$ #ba ,,vi ,,g5]al ,,culture #bd ,,vii ,,/udy ,,an ,,in/rum5t #bg ,,viii ,,voice #cj ,,ix ,,good ,,& ,,bad 8,,mae/ri0 #cc ,x ,,compass ,,& ,,quality #ci ,,xi ,,age ,,to ,,/>t ,,tra9+ #db ,,xii ,,anatomy ,,& ,,physiology #dc ,,xiii ,,brea?+ #dg ,,xiv ,,vocal ,,cords #ea ,,xv ,,plac+ ,,! ,,voice #ei ,,xvi ,,regi/]s #fd ,,xvii ,,faults #gj ,,xviii ,,coloratura ,,s++ #gc ,,xix ,,enunciation #hj ,,xx ,,language #he ,,xxi ,,/yle ,,& ,,int]pretation #ic ,,xxii ,,h[ ,i ,,s+ ,,an ,,aria #ig ,,xxiii ,,practis+ #ajc ,,xxiv ,,! ,,arti/ ,,& ,,! ,,gramophone #aaa ,,xxv ,,/udy+ ,a ,r,,le #aae ,,xxvi ,,*oice ,,( ,d,,b ,,"w #abj ,,xxvii ,,rehe>sals #abd ,,xxviii ,,contracts #abf ,,xxix ,,conc]t ,,"w #abi ,,xxx ,,heal?1 ,,diet1 ,,etc4 #acc ,,h[ ,,to ,,s+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,don',t ,,wait ,,to ,,be 8,,f\nd0 ,e day ( my life ,i receive lett]s f m5 & wom51 mo/ly wom51 :om ,i d n "k p]sonally1 ask+ me to advise !m h[ be/ to use _! vocal tal5ts4 ,"s ( my correspond5ts also reque/ me to give !m an audition s t !y c demon/rate _! claim to be embryonic />s4 ,x is manife/ly impossible = me to sp5d all my "t li/5+ to p]sons unkn[n to me1 9 ! hope ( f9d+ new ,c>usos1 new ,pattis &1 %all ,i say x8--new ,tetrazz9is4 ,if ,i 7 to d s ,i %\ld h little "t = my own practice4 ,nev]!less1 :5ev] ,i am able1 ,i d give an audition to a "y aspirant to musical fame1 z ,i consid] x my duty to help1 to ! be/ ( my ability1 ^? :o are to come aft] me4 ,to ^? correspond5ts :om ,i h be5 unable to see p]sonally let me say t /> s+]s are n necess>ily discov]$ by />s4 ,x is q true t f "t to "t x has be5 my =tunate exp]i5ce to discov] a t5or or a b>itone or a soprano4 ,b !y _h already be5 m or less discov]$ be=e ,i f\nd !m4 ,true at ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,i f\nd ,john ,mc,cormack s++ a v m9or rle & 0 in/rum5tal 9 hav+ him elevat$ to ! position ( pr9cipal t5or4 ,& o!r prime donne h act$ simil>ly4 ,nev]!less ^! arti/s w\ld d\btless h come to ! front 9 _! own "t )\t be+ 8discov]$0 by a prima donna4 ,mo/ big arti/s ( to-day 7 n f\nd by any "o3 !y f\nd !mselves4 ,i1 = in/ance1 0 nobody's f9d4 ,:5 ! prima donna fail$ to appe> at ! op5+ night ( an op]a 9 my native ,flor5ce ,i volunte]$ to take ! "p1 & 9 s do+ discov]$ myself4 ,my read]s w !re=e und]/& t to be discov]$ by a great s+] is n ess5tial to becom+ a great arti/1 & t because ,i am unable to give auditions to all :o ask me ,i am n h9d]+ !m f becom+ successful4 ,b = ! b5efit ( ^? num]\s correspond5ts :o h express$ to me a desire t ,i %\ld help all int]e/$ 9 tra9+ _! voices1 especially 9 _! attempts to climb ! difficult ladd] ( successful s++ 9 public1 ,i h cons5t$ to publi% ! foll[+ h9ts1 & ,i hope s9c]ely !y w be useful to all :o read !m4 ,i d n claim t ,i h giv5 an exhau/ive treatise--no "o ev] has done s--on ! art ( s++1 b ,i am sure t any "o possess+ a voice :o c>es to put into practice ! sugge/ions ,i am n[ mak+1 w be b5efit$ !reby4 ,f ?is h&book ,i h purposely exclud$ ! /ory ( my pr(essional life4 ,t is already publi%$ "u ! title ( 8,my ,life ( ,song0 7,cassell & ,co41 ,london2 ,dorrance1 ,philadelphia1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a474 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,i use ! ^w 8he0 all ! way ?r\gh :5 mean+ 8he or %e40 ,?is is m]ely because ,i und]/& !re is no ,engli% ^w :i* expresses ! bo?4 ,x w\ld h be5 m mod]n to h us$ 8%e0 9 e case1 b p]haps less mode/4 ,my lady read]s w1 h[ev]1 und]/& t ,i am writ+ at lea/ z mu*1 if n m1 = _! b5efit ?an = our lords & ma/]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,y\r ,,aim ,s+]s may be divid$ into two classes4 ,no1 ,i d n mean1 z "s might suppose1 ^? :o c s+ & ^? :o _c1 ?\gh t is a possible classification4 ,i mean 9 ?is case ^? :o s+ = m]e pleasure & ^? :o int5d to make a c>e] 9 ?is way4 ,x is = bo? t ^! pages are int5d$4 ,z we h (t5 be5 told1 :atev] is wor? do+ at all is wor? do+ well1 & !re is no reason :y ! s+]s :o practise our beautiful art only = ! enjoym5t ( !mselves & _! fri5ds %\ld n make ! mo/ ( ! p[]s :i* ! good ,god has giv5 !m4 ,i ?9k1 inde$1 t x is _! pla9 duty to d s1 if only 9 ! int]e/s ( _! he>]s4 ,& ,i am glad to ?9k t n[adays _m see ! matt] 9 ?is light4 ,h[ev] x may be 9 ! case ( pr(essional s+]s--^u :i* po9t ,i %all h some?+ to say pres5tly--!re is1 ,i suppose1 no d\bt t ! /&>d ( amateur s++ has enorm\sly improv$ dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,! days :5 x 0 ?\ght t anyone1 h[ev] poorly equipp$1 _h ! "r to /& up & p]=m 9 public1 h pass$ away1 & 9 ^? circles1 at all ev5ts1 :]e !re is any k9d ( pret5sion to g5]al intellig5ce & culture x is expect$ t all :o come =w>d 9 ?is way %all %[ !mselves to be possess$ ( at lea/ "s k ( ! rudim5ts ( ! art4 ,z to ! g5]al necessity = /udy on ! "p ( ^? :o aspire to s+1 few words1 ,i suppose1 are necess>y4 ,if e "o c s+ aft] a fa%ion1 !re is1 ,i v5ture to say1 no bran* ( ! art ( music :i* dem&s a m ardu\s appr5tice%ip & m prolong$ /udy1 if all ( its high] possibilities are to be realis$4 ,precisely1 h[ev]1 because s++ is 9 itself su* a purely natural proce$+1 ?is elem5t>y fact is too (t5 ov]look$4 8,s++10 x has be5 well said1 8d]ives its p[] f nature1 b owes its p]fection to art10 & ?is is a fact :i*1 ,i am afraid1 is too (t5 =gott54 ,p1 :o w\ld n dream ( attempt+ to play ! viol9 or give a piano solo 9 public )\t ?or\gh prep>ation1 w h no hesitation 9 /&+ up & attempt+ to s+1 al?\gh !y may be j z little qualifi$ 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4 ,!y d n realise t ! voice is1 9 reality1 "o ( ! mo/ delicate & difficult ( all in/rum5ts & dem&s 9 consequ5ce no less /udy & practice ?an any o!r be=e x c be really arti/ically employ$4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 ano!r aspect ( ! s+]'s art :i* %\ld nev] be =gott54 ,i allude to ! fact t ! s+] is necess>ily a reproductive arti/--"o ^: bus9ess x is f ! nature ( ! case to reproduce & int]pret ! music ( o!rs4 ,?is imposes a duty & an obligation :i* %\ld nev] be lo/ sight (4 ,a s+] has n only 8 own reputation to consid]1 b also t ( ! compos] ^: music he int]prets1 & = ?is reason alone1 !re=e1 he c nev] take 8 art too s]i\sly4 ,z to ^? contemplat+ a pr(essional c>e]1 no words ( m9e w be necess>y1 ,i hope1 to impress ^u !m ! necessity ( ! /]ne/ self-discipl9e & ! mo/ unremitt+ application if !y are ev] to succe$ 9 accompli%+ any?+ wor? do+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,:y ,,s+]s ,,are ,,sc>ce ,! c>e] ( a s+] is "o (f]+ a c]ta9 numb] ( prizes b _m1 _m blanks1 & only ^? possess$ ( ! mo/ unmi/akable natural gifts & ready to "w trem5d\sly h>d %\ld ev] be enc\rag$ to emb>k ^u x4 ,h>d "w1 beyond ev]y?+1 is ess5tial if success is to be a*iev$1 & x is "h1 ,i am afraid1 t s _m ( our mod]n /ud5ts fail4 ,imbu$ ) ! eag] impati5t _s ( ^! headlong days1 !y want to d ?+s too quickly1 & are unwill+ to submit to ! toil & drudg]y :i* are none ! less z necess>y z ev] if really solid results are to be a*iev$4 ,x has ev5 be5 sugge/$ t to ?is circum/ance may be trac$ t sc>city ( great s+]s n[adays ( :i* we he> s (t54 ,true1 m vocali/s ?an ev] be=e1 probably1 are invit+ att5tion at ! pres5t "t1 b h[ few ( !m c be reckon$ 9 ! fir/ class8 ,d\btless x is easy to exagg]ate 9 ?is matt]4 ,se5 ?r\gh ! mi/s ( "t ! figures ( ! pa/ always t5d to assume h]oic proportions4 ,mak+ due all[ance1 h[ev]1 9 ?is respect1 are we really ! victims ( halluc9ation 9 ?9k+ t great s+]s are few] n[adays ?an =m]ly8 ,x w\ld be pleasant to ?9k s1 b ,i am afraid t ! facts po9t ! o!r way4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! explanation8 ,diff]5t au?orities w\ld d\btless sugge/ diff]5t answ]s1 b mo/1 ,i fancy1 w\ld agree t lack ( adequate /udy has _h n a little to d ) ! matt]4 ,porpora1 we all "k1 kept ,caff>elli = five ye>s to "o page ( ex]cises1 & at ! end ( t "t told him t he 0 ! greate/ s+] 9 ,europe4 ,x w\ld be amus+ to le>n ! exp]i5ce ( a mod]n tea*] :o propos$ to "o ( 8 pupils ! adoption ( ! same c\rse4 ,! great ,patti1 :o told me ,i 0 h] successor1 also said to me t we arti/s w /ill be le>n+ :5 we are too old to s+4 ,! av]age vocal /ud5t ( to-day consid]s himself a f9i%$ arti/ at a "t :5 he w\ld be reckon$ j qualifi$ to beg9 s]i\s /udy by ! tea*]s ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,:ile no am\nt ( tra9+ w make f9e voices out ( poor mat]ial1 ! hi/ory ( s++ furni%es num]\s in/ances--t ( ,pa/a is "o ( ! be/ kn[n--9 :i* limit$ natural p[]s h be5 develop$ to an a/oni%+ degree by /udy & tra9+4 ,n[adays ,i am afraid x is ! conv]se ( ?is :i* is m frequ5tly illu/rat$1 & "o he>s only too (t5 ( f9e natural voices :i* h be5 /eadily ru9$ by ! mann] 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,mod]n music has also1 no d\bt1 _h its influ5ce--n s mu* because x is h>mful to ! voice 9 itself1 b simply because x is possible to s+ x 7aft] a fa%ion7 )\t su* prolong$ /udy & ex]cise z t ( ! old] s*ool absolutely necessitat$4 ,ross9i1 ,donizetti1 ,bell9i1 & ! re/ ( ! old ma/]s h inde$ be5 av5g$ 9 a :olly unanticipat$ mann]4 ,precisely z ! music ( _! s*ool has fall5 9 fav\r has ! p[] be5 lo/ ( s++ t ( ! s-call$ high] k9d :i* has tak5 its place4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,p]iod ,,( ,,tra9+ ,= ?is melan*oly /ate ( affairs ! only rem$y is a return to s\nd] views4 ,! fact mu/ be recognis$ t !re are no %ort cuts to p]fection 9 s++ any m ?an 9 any o!r art1 & t ^? :o wi% to s+ l ! great ones ( ! pa/ mu/ be prep>$ to "w & /udy z !y did1 9 ord] to atta9 ?is end4 ,:at p]iod ( tra9+ %\ld be consid]$ suffici5t to equip a vocal /ud5t8 ,9 =m] days eight1 n9e1 or ev5 t5 ye>s 7 n consid]$ too mu* = ?is purpose4 ,i ne$ h>dly say h[ v diff]5t are ! views prevail+ n[adays1 :5 /ud5ts consid] !mselves qualifi$ to appe> 9 public at ! end ( a ye> or two ( ha/y & necess>ily sup]ficial tra9+4 ,ne$less to say1 no satisfactory results c possibly be a*iev$ 9 ?is l5g? ( "t4 ,i consid] a m9imum ( f\r ye>s necess>y to become a pr(essional s+]4 ,lilli ,lehmann has put ! matt] happily4 ,at lea/ six ye>s1 %e says1 %\ld be consid]$ ! m9imum p]iod all[able--to :i*1 %e says fur!r1 !re %\ld !n be add$ an entire lifetime = fur!r /udy & improvem5t6 ,?is is n to say t _m great s+]s h n p]fect$ _! art & ev5 atta9$ ! v highe/ positions 9 a mu* %ort] "t4 ,9 my own case my p]iod ( actual sy/ematic tra9+ 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m 0 comp>atively brief--six mon?s4 ,b !n 9 ano!r s5se ,i 0 le>n+ f my *ildhood4 ,moreov]1 ,i 0 exceptionally lucky 9 t my voice 0 pit*$ j "r1 & _h n to be tra9$ to d :at is usually reg>d$ z difficult4 ,almo/ f my infancy x 0 my ambition to become an op]atic s+]1 & circum/ances enabl$ me to b5efit to ! utmo/ ext5t by ! con/ant he>+ ( op]a1 & also ! con/ant criticism ( s+]s by compet5t judges1 s t ,i might be consid]$ to h be5 /udy+ & ga9+ exp]i5ce = my aft] c>e] all my life4 ,mo/ /ud5ts1 h[ev]1 are n s =tunately situat$1 & = !m ,i _c urge too /rongly ! necessity ( giv+ ample "t to _! /udies if !y hope to make ! be/ ( _! p[]s & to e/abli% _! art on a firm f\ndation4 ,"o c h>dly write diff]5tly z to ! p]iod ( tra9+ = ! amateur ?an = ! pr(essional4 ,if ,patti said t %e 0 /ill le>n+ :5 %e _h retir$ f pr(essional s++1 no amateur c hope ev] to h le>n$ all !re is to be kn[n ab\t ! art ( s++4 ,& s9ce he w always be a lov] ( song he w always be anxi\s to le>n4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,qualities ,,ne$$ ,next comes ! "q3 ,:at are ! qualities :i* ! vocal aspirant1 pr(essional or amateur1 %\ld possess8 ,a fam\s tea*] :o 0 once ask$ ?is "q made answ]3 8,voice6 ,voice6 ,voice60 ,i agree1 & 9 ! case ( ! pr(essional ,i %\ld be incl9$ to add also3 8,"w6 ,"w6 ,"w60 & !n ,fai?1 ,hope1 & ,*>ity4 ,)\t h>d "w no?+ c be done1 & ! practice ( ^! ?ree virtues w und\bt$ly prev5t "o gr[+ we>y 9 8 ef=t to atta9 ! highe/ success4 ,b ! tru? is1 ( c\rse1 t _m o!r qualities besides voice & indu/ry are necess>y "h4 ,!re are1 inde$1 s _m t ,i h>dly "k :i* to "n fir/4 ,lamp]ti on ?is po9t us$ to say3 8,fir/ !re mu/ be a voice & good e>1 b also an arti/ic s\l & a musical disposition40 ,fur!r1 he us$ to insi/ ^u s\nd judgm5t1 deep consci5ti\sness 9 /udy1 & untir+ indu/ry4 ,v necess>y also are g5]al intellig5ce & ke5 p]ception1 because no matt] h[ good a tea*] may be ! great] "p ( ! "w mu/ be done ?r\gh ! bra9 ( ! /ud5t himself4 ,on ! necessity ( s\nd heal? x is h>dly necess>y to insi/1 :ile good looks & a f9e pres5ce naturally g = mu* also1 ?\gh ^! are n absolutely indisp5sable1 z _m notable in/ances h gone to %[4 ,!n1 9 addition1 !re are ^? temp]am5tal qualities :i* mean s mu*3 imag9ation & feel+1 sympa?y & insight1 magnetism & p]sonality4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 next to voice & e> ^! are ! mo/ important qualities ( all4 ,b un=tunately !y _c be acquir$ by any am\nt ( /udy4 ,h[ (t5 has x n happ5$1 inde$1 t arti/s h be5 end[$ 9 all o!r respects b ^!6 ,!y may h ! mo/ beautiful voices1 !y may s+ ) ! mo/ f9i%$ art1 b = lack ( ^! incommunicable attributes ( ! s\l !y nev] atta9 ! highe/ places4 ,!y leave _! audi5ces cold because !y are cold !mselves4 ,^! are arti/s ( ! type :i* ,lamp]ti us$ to ref] to z m]e 8voice ma*9es0--s+]s :o1 z ,g\nod once put x1 are n arti/s at all 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 b m]ely p :o 8play ^u ! l>ynx10 a*iev+ great results p]haps 9 ! purely vocal & me*anical s5se1 b nev] t\*+ ! he>ts ( _! he>]s = lack ( ^? elem5tal human qualities :i* are ess5tial if ?is result is to be atta9$4 ,let ! /ud5t d all 9 8 p[]1 !re=e1 to develop ! high] side ( 8 nature4 ,by ! /udy ( lit]ature & art1 by ! read+ ( f9e poetry1 by go+ to good plays1 & 9 e o!r way let him cultivate 8 imag9ation & give play to 8 f9] s5sibilities4 ,= ?\gh su* qualities z ,i h ref]r$ to may n be acquir$ :5 !y are non-exi/5t1 !y may be drawn out & develop$ if !y are m]ely lat5t2 & 9 ! case ( memb]s ( ! nor!rn races especially ?is is n infrequ5tly ! case4 ,ano!r quality ( a diff]5t k9d :i* is none ! less v valuable1 inde$ ess5tial1 is ! p[] ( self-criticism2 & ,i atta* great importance also to hav+ abundant fai? 9 oneself4 ,ev5 if x be pu%$ to ! po9t ( vanity & conceit--z ,i am afraid x occasionally is--?is helps enorm\sly :5 x is a case ( )/&+ ! jolts & j>s almo/ insep>able f ! practice ( vocal art4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,g5]al ,,culture ,( c\rse1 too1 wide g5]al culture is v necess>y4 ,ev]y?+ t c be possibly acquir$ 9 ?is way helps1 & is1 inde$1 almo/ m necess>y to ! s+] ?an 9 ! case ( any o!r bran* ( ! pr(ession4 ,= ! art ( ! s+] is br\ght into imm$iate relation ) all ! o!r arts4 ,! s+] has to deal ) poetry & lit]ature & ! drama--if he takes up op]a--9 a way q unkn[n to ! m]e in/rum5tali/4 ,a man might be a great piani/ or a f9e viol9i/--he might ev5 be a great compos]--)\t ev] conc]n+ himself at all ) ! o!r arts4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! s+] ?is w\ld be q impossible4 ,= x is ! s+]'s bus9ess to int]pret poetry 9 song & to play 8 "p 9 drama on ! /age1 & x is obvi\s t he _c hope to d ^! ?+s prop]ly )\t mak+ himself acqua9t$ ) ^? arts also 9 addition to 8 own4 ,h[ c "o hope1 = in/ance1 = a f9e int]pretation ( a great song if ! words !mselves mean no?+ to ! s+]8 ,he may s+ ! notes1 b he _c possibly d ju/ice to 8 task unless he ent]s completely into ! _s ( ! words & ! mean+ ( ! poet4 ,& 9 ! same way h[ c "o hope to give a satisfactory imp]sonation ( a "p 9 an op]a except by /udy+ c>efully ! drama z a :ole1 grasp+ ! int5tions ( ! au?or1 mak+ oneself acqua9t$ ) ! p]iod ( ! action1 & g5]ally ent]+ into x & all ! lit]>y1 dramatic1 hi/orical1 & o!r details ( ! "w z well z consid]+ x f ! purely musical po9t ( view8 ,i am well aw>e t ! opposite practice has (t5 en\gh be5 foll[$4 ,i h he>d1 inde$1 ( arti/s :o h sung 9 su* an op]a z 8,il ,trovatore0 = ye>s )\t hav+ ev] tr\bl$ to und]/& ! c\rse ( ! action z a :ole1 & :o 7 consequ5tly 9 a /ate ( total ignorance z to :at x 0 all ab\t4 ,b ,i _c believe t any "o :o address$ himself to 8 task 9 t un9tellig5t _s w\ld ev] be likely to give an int]pretation ( 8 own "p ( mu* significance or value4 ,9 my own case ,i g s f> z to /udy n only1 z a :ole1 any op]a 9 :i* ,i h to take "p1 b ev5 to le>n1 or at all ev5ts famili>ise myself )1 all ( ! o!r rles4 ,& ,i may add t ,i h f\nd ! practice helpful n only to myself b also to my fell[-arti/s be=e n[1 :5 p]haps "s n]v\s t5or or timid dbutante has tempor>ily 8dri$ up10 & ,i h be5 enabl$ to come to ! rescue & relieve ! situation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 m]ely en passant4 ,! ma9 po9t ,i am insi/+ on = ! mom5t is t ! vocali/ :o wi%es to make ! mo/ ( 8 p[]s _c h too solid a f\ndation 9 ! way ( g5]al k & culture4 ,!re may be no direct connection betwe5 ! "o ?+ & ! o!r1 b 8 art w b5efit none ! less--w ga9 9 dep? & =ce & subtlety--9 virtue ( ! fact t x is ! outcome ( a cultivat$ nature & ! product ( a m9d :i* has ?\ght & pond]$ ov] ! deep] problems ( exi/5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,/udy ,,an ,,in/rum5t ,i may add1 too1 t !re is no excuse = s+]s to neglect ! cultivation ( _! m9ds1 inasmu* z !y h s mu* m "t = ?is purpose ?an _m ( _! fell[-/ud5ts 9 o!r bran*es ( ! pr(ession4 ,?us1 :ile a piani/ or a viol9i/ c1 & inde$ mu/1 practise _m h\rs a day1 a s+] _c & %\ld n d ?is1 & !re=e !y h s mu* ! m "t available = ! purpose ( o!r /udy1 includ+1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 n only art & lit]ature1 b also ! o!r bran*es ( musical culture4 ,i "k t s+]s h (t5 be5 reproa*$ 9 ?is matt] &1 ,i am afraid1 n )\t good reason 9 e>li] days1 b ,i tru/ & believe t t "t is pass+ away1 & t vocali/s n[adays are no long] look$ ^u z be+ necess>ily lack+ 9 g5]al musical k4 ,to :i* ,i ne$ h>dly add t _m in/ances c\ld be quot$ ( fam\s s+]s :o are or h be5 admirably equipp$ also 9 o!r respects4 ,! late ,madame ,sembri* 01 = in/ance1 a brilliant all-r\nd musician :o play$ bo? ! piano & ! viol9 ) ! ability ( a pr(essional4 ,madame ,lilli ,lehmann1 /ill happily ) u1 al?\gh n[ advanc$ 9 ye>s1 is ano!r ^: accompli%$ art 0 bas$ on f9e g5]al musician%ip4 ,9 po9t ( fact ! vocal /ud5t c h>dly be too well equipp$ 9 ! musical s5se4 ,he _c he> too mu* good in/rum5tal music2 he _c be too well acqua9t$ ) ! works ( ! great ma/]s2 &1 9 %ort1 _c h too wide a basis ( g5]al musical k z a f\ndation = 8 own specialis$ bran* ( ! art4 ,to ?is end ! /udy ( an in/rum5t is1 ( c\rse1 invaluable4 ,! viol9 is an excell5t in/rum5t1 ?\gh n s helpful f a vocal po9t ( view z ! piano4 ,! piano naturally sugge/s itself z ! mo/ useful "o = ! purpose1 s9ce x helps directly 9 ! pupil's vocal /udies & makes him indep5d5t to "s ext5t ( an accompani/4 ,x also gives e facility = obta9+ a ?or\gh k ( h>mony4 ,x %\ld be employ$ to fur!r ! s]vice ( g5]al musical /udy on ! l9es above sugge/$4 ,nor %\ld ! musical tra9+ ( ! vocali/ /op at play+ ! piano1 = he %\ld "k some?+ ( composition & g5]al !ory4 ,a musical education is1 inde$1 almo/ indisp5sable to ! s+] ( ! pres5t day if he is to deal successfully ) difficult mod]n music4 ,9 %ort1 ! days h gone by :5 a s+]'s accompli%m5ts 7 summ$ up 9 ! famili> =mula ( 8,vox et praet]ea nihil10 & he1 or %e1 :o expects to a*ieve a place 9 ! front ranks at ! pres5t "t mu/ be prep>$ to use bra9s z well z vocal cords4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,voice ,next comes ! "q ( voice4 ,t ?is is a fundam5tal requisite y w n expect me to tell y1 al?\gh x may be not$1 9 pass+1 t "s ( ! greate/ s+]s h />t$ comp>atively ill-equipp$ 9 ?is respect--or app>5tly s4 ,( ,pa/a1 = in/ance1 we read t h] voice at ! outset 0 heavy & /rong1 b unequal & v h>d to manage4 ,x is said1 inde$1 t %e nev] to ! end ( h] c>e] succe$$ 9 produc+ c]ta9 notes )\t "s difficulty4 ,yet1 z ! result ( incessant /udy & practice1 sometimes pursu$ 9 retirem5t = long p]iods1 %e gradually subdu$ h] rebelli\s & intractable organ1 & 0 ev5tually recognis$ z "o ( ! v greate/ s+]s ( h] "t4 ,j5ny ,l9d's voice at ! outset 0 also v unmanageable4 ,i might ev5 quote ! case ( ,c>uso himself z ano!r example4 ,c>uso 0 "o ( my greate/ fri5ds4 ,b he gave little promise 9 8 y\ng] days ( ! wond]ful c>e] :i* 0 9 /ore = him4 ,?us we are told t among 8 fell[-/ud5ts at ! ,scuola ,v]g9a he 0 kn[n z 8,il t5ore v5to10 mean+ a ?9 re$y t5or1 & :5 he _h complet$ 8 /udies nei!r 8 ma/] nor any "o else _h any expectation t he 0 go+ to d any?+ out ( ! way4 ,v]g9e ev5 rem>k$ humor\sly ( him t if !re 0 any gold 9 8 voice x c\ld only be lik5$ to t at ! bottom ( ! ,tib]1 inasmu* z x 0 n wor? draw+ out4 ,little did he guess 9 ^? days h[ mu* ri* gold 8 unpromis+ pupil 0 de/9$ to draw 9 "t out ( 8 wond]ful organ6 ,nor did 8 e>lie/ appe>ances impress outside critics any m fav\rably4 ,! g5]al op9ion 0 t 8 voice 0 sympa!tic 9 quality b r small1 & t he himself 0 lack+ 9 temp]am5t4 ,c>uso lack+ 9 temp]am5t6 ,h[ odd x seems to u :o knew him lat]6 ,b t 0 ! impression :i* he produc$ at fir/4 ,all ( :i* goes to %[ t x is n always easy to say 9 ! beg9n+ h[ any giv5 voice w turn out 9 ! end4 ,at ! same "t ,i d n wi% to enc\rage ! belief t "o %\ld beg9 ) a poor voice1 or t e m$iocre /ud5t c hope1 ) /udy1 to become a ,c>uso4 ,= ?is w\ld c]ta9ly be a disa/r\s notion to dissem9ate4 ,su* cases z ,c>uso's are inde$ q exceptional1 & 9 ! ord9>y way a pupil c take x t if 8 voice %[s no promise at ! outset he is n likely to d v mu* ) x lat]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at does happ5 only too frequ5tly1 z ,i h sugge/$ be=e1 is t a pupil />ts ) a f9e voice :i*1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh faulty tra9+1 want ( application1 or "s o!r cause1 ev5tually comes to no?+2 & x is ?is :i* is to be mo/ c>efully gu>d$ aga9/4 ,sad1 x is1 inde$1 to ?9k ( ! f9e voices :i* h be5 lo/ to ! _w 9 ?is way6 ,nor ne$ "o look v f> = in/ances4 ,h>dly a day passes1 inde$1 b :at "o reads or he>s ( "s wond]ful voice :i* has be5 8discov]$0 9 ?is place or t4 ,alas6 h[ few ( ^! wond]ful voices ev5tually ju/ify ! hopes :i* !y h ar\s$6 ,ei!r ! o!r necess>y qualities are lack+1 or--too (t51 ,i am afraid--_! tra9+ is entru/$ to ! wrong h&s & !y come to no?+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,good ,,& ,,bad 8,,mae/ri0 ,z to ! absolute necessity ( a tea*] !re c1 ,i suppose1 h>dly be two op9ions4 ,mu* c be le>nt f books1 no d\bt2 by li/5+ to o!r s+]s2 & by work+ ?+s out = oneself1 s f> z possible4 ,also x is a fact1 d\btless1 t "s ( ! _w's greate/ s+]s h _h rem>kably little =mal in/ruction4 ,m>io1 = in/ance1 nev] _h a lesson 9 8 life except :5 ,mey]be] taught him ! "p ( ,raymond 9 8,rob]t le ,diable0--& ,mey]be]1 x is h>dly necess>y to say1 0 n a s++ ma/]4 ,b su* cases are ! exceptions1 & 9 ! ord9>y way !re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt t ! s]vices ( a tea*] are absolutely ess5tial to s\nd progress4 ,!re are exceptions1 ( c\rse4 ,"o ( ^! is ! great ,*aliap9e1 :o repres5ts 8 own s*ool & has nev] _h any in/ruction z we und]/& x4 ,he is by nature end[$ ) a beautiful voice1 & obta9s 8 f9e effects by long h\rs ( deep ?\ght & reflection4 ,i h ask$ him :5 & h[ he prep>$1 & he repli$3 8,i ?9k out my "w 9 ! sil5ce ( my b$*amb]1 :5 ,i am wait+ = sleep1 or 9 ! morn+s be=e ,i rise4 ,9 fact1 dur+ all my h\rs ( wakefulness ,i am always visualis+ ! /age1 ! actors1 ! audi5ces1 & contriv+ h[ be/ to obta9 effects emotional1 s5tim5tal1 dramatic40 ,grave inde$ are ! risks run by any /ud5t :o attempts to supply 8 own requirem5ts 9 ?is matt] & to disp5se ) ! skill$ advice :i* only ! tra9$ exp]t c supply--entail+ possibly ! ru9 ( 8 entire c>e]4 ,x 0 = lack ( su* advice 9 h] e>li] days t ,j5ny ,l9d's voice 0 almo/ ru9$ at ! outset1 s t :5 %e w5t to ,g>ca = advice 8 v]dict 03 8,x is q useless = me to ?9k ( tea*+ y1 s9ce y h no voice left40 ,=tunately re/ & prop] tra9+ sav$ ! situation 9 t case1 z we all "k1 b h[ easily x might h be5 o!rwise4 ,o!r f9e voices h1 inde$1 be5 irretrievably de/roy$ by faulty me?ods cont9u$ too long4 ,a fam\s case 0 t ( ,duprez1 a well-kn[n t5or :o fl\ri%$ "s sev5ty or eighty ye>s ago4 8,i h lo/ my voice10 he wrote 9 despair to ,rub9i1 8h[ h y kept y\rs80 ,rub9i repli$3 8,my de> ,duprez1 y h lo/ y\r voice because y h sung ) y\r capital2 ,i h kept m9e because ,i h sung only ) ! int]e/40 ,& !re is a _w ( in/ruction 9 ?is pi?y way ( putt+ x4 ,see to x at all co/s1 !re=e1 t y put y\rself 9 ! "r h&s4 ,by :i* ,i d n necess>ily mean a tea*] ( _w-wide repute--= !re are _m equally good :o d n happ5 to be s g5]ally kn[n4 ,! supremely important ?+ is t :oev] y g to %all be a man--or a woman1 z ! case may be--( hon\r & integrity1 :o c be tru/$ to deal fai?fully ) y1 & n a quack or a *>latan4 ,! tea*+ ( s++ is inde$ a mu* simpl] matt]--?\gh difficult en\gh--?an is commonly suppos$1 especially n[adays :51 z ! result ( sci5tific /udy & rese>*1 ! und]ly+ physiological pr9ciples are s mu* m ?or\ghly und]/ood ?an =m]ly4 ,yet !re w always be ^?1 ,i suppose1 :o f9d x to _! advantage to deal ) x z some?+ my/]i\s & occult2 & app>5tly !re w always be ^? confid+ s\ls will+ to take ^! folk at _! own valuation & to put good money into _! pockets4 ,wond]ful inde$ are ! tales :i* are told ( "s ( ^! g5try4 ,9 ,new ,york1 = in/ance1 !re is said to be a practition] ( ?is type :o sells to 8 pupils1 9 ord] to give timbre to _! voices1 bottles 7at two doll>s ea*7 ( ,italian wat]4 ,bew>e ( ! confid5ce trick/]s ( ! musical pr(ession :o claim to trans=m y\r voice by "s quack me?od or !ory ( 8nasal resonance0 & s on4 ,^! p h ru9$ m voices ?an "o c\ld enum]ate4 ,b "o ne$ n g to ,am]ica to f9d examples4 ,i am afraid1 inde$1 t ev5 9 my own native l& ! same sort ( ?+ is n entirely unkn[n4 ,i h ev5 he>d ( a tea*] 9 ,milan :o makes 8 pupils swe> on a crucifix n to reveal ! secret ( 8 wond]ful 8me?od10 & ,i h he>d ( ano!r ^: practice x 0 to make 8 pupils tie to ! legs ( ! piano pieces ( ela/ic :i* !y 7 in/ruct$ to pull out & let g aga91 9 ord] to 8feel0 ! gradations ( cresc5do & dim9u5do4 ,b ev5 he seems to h be5 excell$ 9 inv5tion by ano!r 8,pr(essor0--aga9 hail+ f ! ,l& ( ! ,/>s & ,/ripes6--^: cu/om x 0 to illu/rate ! art ( mezzo voce by means ( an umbrella :i* he op5$ & clos$ z 8 happy pupils1 /&+ be=e him1 swell$ & dim9i%$ on ! *os5 note4 ,su* ?+s1 y may say1 s\nd laughable en\gh1 b !y are no laugh+ matt] = ! un=tunate pupils :o happ5 to be ! victims ( su* mon/r\s quack]y1 & ,i _c urge too e>ne/ly ^u all my read]s ! supreme importance ( *oos+ a tea*] :o is above all suspicion--= pref]5ce "o possess$ ( a satisfactory diploma obta9$ at a recognis$ in/itution4 ,!n y may be sure t :e!r ! tea*] be bett] or worse 9 ! purely te*nical s5se1 he w at lea/ be an hone/ man & n "o :o makes 8 call+ a m]e pretext = ! plund]+ ( ! ignorant & unw>y4 ,ano!r important "q :i* arises 9 ?is connection is z to ! advisability ( /udy+ at home or abroad1 & ?is1 ,i am afraid1 is "o ( ^? p]plex+ matt]s 9 ! case ( :i* !re is a good deal to be said on bo? sides4 ,i myself h naturally a prejudice 9 fav\r ( my belov$ ,italy1 ! traditional ,l& ( ,song1 :]e1 ,i am pr\d to ?9k1 ! art ( ,bel ,canto /ill f9ds its f9e/ expon5ts & tea*]s1 & :]e also !re are great] facilities1 ,i suppose1 = he>+ f9e s++ ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,at ! same "t ,i am q prep>$ to admit t !re is a good deal to be said on ! o!r side4 ,x is a great und]tak+ & responsibility1 = in/ance1 s5d+ a "y girl to /udy abroad4 ,! tea*] select$ may n be a good "o1 or may n be suit$ to h] p>ticul> requirem5ts1 :5 %e gets !re--al?\gh by say+ ?is ,i d n mean to express agreem5t ) ^? :o cont5d t a special k9d ( tea*+ is requir$ = ! s+]s ( e nationality4 ,:e!r y /udy at home or abroad1 let y\r tea*] be ! be/ y c obta94 ,,*apt] ,x ,,compass ,,& ,,quality ,hav+ f\nd y\r tea*]1 ! next ?+ y w want to "k is precisely :at sort ( voice y h--& ?is is a matt]1 curi\sly en\gh1 :i* _c always be det]m9$ (f-h&4 ,! /range/ mi/akes h1 inde$1 n infrequ5tly be5 made 9 ?is respect--z 9 ! well-kn[n in/ance ( ,jean de ,reszke1 :o actually began 8 public c>e] z a b>itone & cont9u$ s++ = "s ye>s be=e he f9ally came to ! conclusion t 8 voice 01 9 reality1 a t5or4 ,! important task ( discov]+ :e!r a voice is bass1 b>itone1 t5or1 contralto1 mezzo-soprano1 or soprano1 & ! exact "* ( ! g5]al ranges ( ^! voices is a matt] ( great delicacy1 & _c be decid$ at "o he>+4 ,x is l>gely individual1 & sometimes a matt] ( heal? & circum/ances4 ,! ranges ( diff]5t classes ( ! human voice may be g5]ally /at$ z foll[s4 ,9 ! bass voice two octaves ( ,e1 ! contralto two octaves ( ,e ) a tone & a half m 9 ! upp] notes lead+ to ,g2 ! t5or1 :i* s\nds an octave l[] ?an ! soprano1 & ! soprano voice itself two octaves ( ,c4 ,!re are also ! b>itone & mezzo-soprano voices1 ! =m] ( :i* is nei!r bass nor t5or1 & ! latt] nei!r contralto nor soprano4 ,! av]age range cov]s two octaves ( ,g or ,a 9 b>itones & mezzo-sopranos4 ,9 all cases !re are1 ( c\rse1 exceptions1 z1 = example1 ! bass t ext5ds to a melodi\s l[ ,c & c ev5 rea* ! b>itone top ,f4 ,!re is a fur!r classification :i* has relation to ! timbre1 or col\r1 :i* di/+ui%es :e!r ! arti/ is dramatic or purely lyric4 ,if ( a lyric t5d5cy ! arti/ w d well to avoid dramatic declamation until maturity & exp]i5ce has taught him ?is difficult side ( our art & vice v]sa4 ,x is n a "q ( compass only1 b ( compass 9 addition to ! di/9ctive "* & quality ( ! voice4 ,b compass is und\bt$ly ess5tial1 & 9 reg>d to ?is ,lamp]ti's practice 0 to judge n only by ! notes :i* c\ld be tak51 b by ! facility ) :i* words c\ld be enunciat$ on !m at ! same "t4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( a girl /ud5t1 if %e c\ld n only s+ ! upp] ,g1 b c\ld also enunciate words easily on t note1 he consid]$ t %e 0 a true soprano2 & s on ) all ! o!r voices4 ,?us a b>itone might be able to take notes almo/ z high z a t5or4 ,b if he c\ld n pron\nce words com=tably on ^? notes he 0 n1 9 ,lamp]ti's judgm5t1 to be class$ z any?+ b a b>itone4 ,b1 z a g5]al rule1 y\r tea*] w n h mu* difficulty 9 decid+ z to ! classification ( y\r voice1 &1 presum+ ?is to h be5 decid$1 we mu/ consid] next ! "q ( tra9+ x4 ,"h ,i feel t ,i mu/ g c>efully1 = if !re is "o ?+ m c]ta9 ?an ano!r1 9 my op9ion1 x is t ! pupil :o hopes to get ! be/ results f 8 tra9+ mu/ place himself unres]v$ly 9 8 tea*]'s h&s1 s9ce o!rwise he _c possibly hope to d ju/ice to 8 tea*+4 ,t is to say1 he %\ld n confuse 8 m9d by accept+ ! advice & in/ruction ( o!r p--s f>1 at all ev5ts1 z conc]ns :at may be call$ ! /rictly te*nical side ( 8 tra9+4 ,!re=e1 ,i %all conf9e myself to g5]al h9ts & obs]vations only1 bas$ on my own exp]i5ces & h]e) (f]$ = :at !y are wor?4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,age ,,to ,,/>t ,,tra9+ ,z to ! age to />t tra9+ ! voice1 ?is dep5ds to "s ext5t ^u ! individual1 b speak+ g5]ally x may be said t 9 ! case ( boys ! voice matures at ab\t ! ages ( f f\rte5 to sixte51 & t no s]i\s "w %\ld be und]tak5 until aft] ?is p]iod4 ,al?\gh *oir-s++ = boys af=ds wond]ful tra9+--9 "s cases1 at all ev5ts1 if n 9 all--x %\ld n be p]si/$ 9 too long4 ,if boys are all[$ to s+ on 9 ! *oir until _! voices *ange1 !y may easily f9d1 f9ally1 t !y h totally ru9$ _! vocal organs = ! re/ ( _! lives4 ,! utmo/ caution %\ld be ex]cis$1 !re=e1 9 ?is matt]1 & x %\ld be ! duty ( e *oirma/] to see t none ( 8 *ori/]s are p]mitt$ to run ?is grave risk by cont9u+ _! s]vices too long4 ,9 ! case ( girls1 tea*+ may beg9 ab\t ! age ( sixte5 or sev5te51 b n mu* e>li]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,anatomy ,,& ,,physiology ,to :at ext5t a vocal /ud5t %\ld be in/ruct$ 9 matt]s anatomical & physiological is a "q :i* has (t5 be5 rais$1 & ^u :i* ! mo/ contradictory views h be5 express$4 ,x is argu$ by "s1 t hav+ 9 m9d all ! great s+]s ( ! pa/ :o fl\ri%$ be=e ! l>yngoscope 0 ?\ght ( t ! less ! /ud5t kn[s ab\t su* ?+s ! bett]4 ,x is cont5d$ t he w surely become self-consci\s & unnatural by ?9k+ ab\t ! physiological me*anism ( processes :i* %\ld be absolutely in/9ctive & automatic2 & possibly 9 "s in/ances ?is does occur4 ,i d n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t if ! in/ruction is prop]ly giv5 x ne$ h any su* effect1 & ,i ?or\ghly believe1 myself1 9 ! /ud5t be+ giv5 at lea/ a g5]al idea z to ! con/ruction ( ! vocal organs & ! mann] 9 :i* !y function4 ,to precisely :at ext5t ! /ud5t %\ld be in/ruct$ 9 :at a fam\s s+] once humor\sly ref]r$ to z 8?oracic1 crico-?yroideal1 & epiglottic matt]s0 may be a "q = consid]ation1 b z to ! desirability ( 8 be+ acqua9t$ 9 a g5]al way ) ! work+ ( ! vocal app>atus ,i h no sort ( d\bt4 ,! tru? is t ! :ole bus9ess ( s++1 if r$uc$ to its elem5ts1 is mu* simpl] & easi] to und]/& ?an is sometimes suppos$1 & !re is n ! slighte/ reason :y any difficulty ne$ be exp]i5c$ 9 expla9+ ! matt] 9 its g5]al outl9es4 ,i w\ld g fur!r1 inde$1 & say t he is n likely to prove a v intellig5t pupil :o is n suffici5tly curi\s & int]e/$ to wi% to "k some?+ ^u ! subject4 ,at ! same "t1 x is1 no d\bt1 p]fectly true t _m ( ! greate/ s+]s ( ! pa/ h be5 de/itute ( ! slighte/ k ( su* matt]s4 ,9 :i* connection "o may recall ! fam\s say+ ( ,patti :5 int]rogat$ z to h] me?od3 8,je n'en sais ri540 ,b x does n foll[ t o!rs n possess$ ( h] m>vel\s natural gifts %\ld foll[ h] example 9 ?is respect4 ,= %e did unconsci\sly & in/9ctively :at 9 ! case ( mo/ o!rs only comes z ! result ( labori\s /udy & practice4 ,"o may recall1 9 ?is connection1 ! say+ ( t pr(\nd /ud5t ( ! art on ! te*nical side1 :o 0 also 9 h] day su* a great executant1 ,lilli ,lehmann1 t x is n en\gh to s+ well1 "o mu/ be told also ! h[ & :y1 & be giv5 a firm f\ndation1 if p]man5t results are to be hop$ =4 ,= o!rwise "o w ,illu/ration3 ,,r\gh ,,section ,,( ,,nose1 ,,m\?1 ,,& ,,ph>ynx1 ,,sugge/+ ,,by ,,dott$ ,,l9es ,,h[ ,,! ,,tone ,,passes ,,f ,,! ,,l>ynx ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,m\? ,,& ,,passages ,,( ,,! ,,head4 run ! risk ( com+ to grief :5 = "s reason or o!r an unexpect$ /ra9 is put ^u "o's res\rces & !re is no s\nd k & und]/&+ to fall back ^u4 ,h[ c "o prop]ly und]/&1 = in/ance1 ! all-important subject ( brea?+1 if "o has n at lea/ "s idea z to ! natural processes involv$8 ,vocal tea*]s & /ud5ts ( voice production are (t5 twitt$ ^u ! conflict+ "* ( ! views :i* !y hold & ! pr9ciples :i* !y lay d[n1 b "h is "o subject1 at all ev5ts1 ^u :i* !re is univ]sal agreem5t1 namely1 ! supreme importance ( "r brea?+ z ! v f\ndation ( ! s+]'s art4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,brea?+ ,he :o brea!s prop]ly s+s prop]ly1 x has be5 said2 & !re is n a s+le au?ority ( any weight1 ,i v5ture to say1 :o does n endorse t /atem5t4 ,! old ,italian ma/]s us$ to say1 inde$1 t ! art ( s++ is ! art ( brea?+2 & ! same idea 0 put by ,lamp]ti 9 ano!r way :5 he obs]v$ t 8! atta9m5t ( prop] respiration %\ld be ! fir/ object ( ! /ud5t ( s++40 ,on ! same subject ! words ( a fam\s ,engli% s++ tea*]1 ,william ,%akespe>e1 may be quot$4 ,9 8 well-kn[n "w on ! ,art ( ,song he lays d[n z ! two fundam5tal aims to be set be=e himself by ! /ud5t3 #a1 h[ to take a brea? & h[ to press x out sl[ly2 &1 #b1 h[ to s+ to ?is controll$ brea? pressure4 ,x is :5 we come to consid] ! views ( ! diff]5t !ori/s 9 detail t div]g5cies w be f\nd to arise4 ,b on c]ta9 fundam5tal matt]s !re w1 ,i ?9k1 be f\nd pretty g5]al agreem5t n[adays4 ,! great guid+ pr9ciple to be borne 9 m9d1 9 my op9ion1 is ease & naturalness4 ,?is is "o ( ^? matt]s 9 reg>d to :i* nature c be tru/$ mu* m safely ?an !ori/s & pr(essors4 ,i ref]1 ( c\rse1 to ! actual process ( brea?+4 ,z reg>ds ! subsequ5t production ( tone !re is1 ( c\rse1 pl5ty to be taught4 ,b ! actual process ( inspiration & exhalation %\ld be z natural & z easy z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l>ynx1 ,,:]e ,,! ,,voice ,,beg9s4 ,,! ,,pipe1 ,,up ,,:i* ,,! ,,air ,,is ,,pump$ ,,to ,,! ,,l>ynx ,,& ,,on ,,up ,,into ,,! ,,head4 ,,lungs1 ,,or ,,! ,,vocal ,,bell[s4 ,,r\gh ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,l>ynx1 ,,tra*ea ,,& ,,lungs4 ,"s wise words ( ,salvatore ,m>*esi may be quot$ on ?is po9t3 8,:5 expla9+ ! physical1 me*anical process ( brea?+ to beg9n]s x is ess5tial to make !m und]/& t natural laws h provid$ = its indep5d5ce ( our w1 z is obs]v$ 9 sleep+4 ,!re=e1 e int5tional prep>ation or ef=t made 9 ord] to draw m air into ! lungs w produce ! contr>y result1 h9d]+ ! fre$om ( ! natural process40 ,b ?is is n to imply t brea?+ capacity _c be cultivat$ & develop$ by practice4 ,on ! contr>y1 a va/ am\nt c be done 9 ?is way1 j z 9 ! case ( any o!r organ ( ! body1 by means ( sy/ematic ex]cise & practice4 ,ev]yone has he>d1 = in/ance1 ( ! wond]ful way 9 :i* ! brea?+ capacity ( native div]s 9 ! tropics is develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! call+1 or ( t old man 9 ! ,bay ( ,naples :o /ops "u ! wat] ) a wat* 9 h& = #ce seconds4 ,s+]s c acquire some?+ ( ! same p[]1 & mu/ d s1 inde$1 if !y hope ev] to a*ieve ! be/ results4 ,= ! production ( good su/a9$ tone is impossible if ! art ( brea?+ is n prop]ly und]/ood & acquir$4 ,among mod]n s+]s no "o atta*$ m importance to brea?+ & brea? control ?an ! late ,signor ,c>uso1 & no "o1 c]ta9ly1 atta9$ m wond]ful results 9 ?is way4 ,he develop$ 8 p[]s to su* an ext5t inde$ 9 ?is respect1 t x 0 said t he c\ld move a gr& piano by ! expansion ( ! muscles ( 8 diaphragm6 ,& :e!r ?is be true or n x is c]ta9 t 8 wond]ful brea?+ capacity 01 z he himself us$ to decl>e1 9 l>ge measure ! secret ( 8 consummate art4 ,try to avoid brea?+ ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,inhalation ?r\gh ! no/rils purifies & w>ms ! air be=e x rea*es ! ?roat4 ,brea?+ ?r\gh ! m\? dries ! ?roat & makes ! voice husky4 ,nev]!less1 9 s++ declamatory music :at are call$ half-brea?s ?r\gh ! m\? are necess>y4 ,:5 practis+ avoid tak+ sudd5 brea?s1 ?\gh ?is may also be necess>y :5 p]=m+ publicly4 ,practise once daily be=e a look+-glass & s correct faults ( brea?+ & grimaces4 ,don't heave ! %\ld]s :5 tak+ brea?4 ,!re %\ld be no visible movem5t ( ! body4 ,:5 practis+ brea?+--& ?is %\ld be done e day--inhale a long sl[ brea? to ! full lung capacity1 hold = "o or two seconds1 & !n exhau/ 9 ! same sl[ g5tle way4 ,?is is r exhau/+1 & two or ?ree p]iods ( five m9utes ) an int]val ( say fifte5 m9utes %\ld be suffici5t = ea* day4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,vocal ,,cords ,b1 ( c\rse1 brea?+ alone is n suffici5t4 ,aft] ! brea?+ capacity has be5 develop$ ! p[] ?us acquir$ mu/ be rightly appli$1 & "h ! fir/ pr9ciple is "r emission1 & 9 p>ticul> ! rule t ! release ( ! brea? & ! attack ( ! tone mu/ take place simultane\sly4 ,9 o!r words1 no brea? at all mu/ be p]mitt$ to escape be=e ! production ( tone4 ,x is to atta9 ?is result t ! s-call$ c\p de glotte1 or 8%ock ( ! glottis10 has be5 advocat$4 ,to appreciate ?is t]m x is necess>y to und]/& exactly h[ vocal tone is produc$4 ,i w n attempt to g into ! matt] fully1 b ! g5]al pr9ciples involv$ are q easily grasp$4 ,tak5 broadly1 !n1 x w be und]/ood t vocal s\nd is produc$ by a column ( air pass+ f ! lungs ?r\gh a small ap]ture =m$ by ! vocal cords )9 ! l>ynx 7see diagrams74 ,:5 we brea! 9 ! ord9>y way ! air passes 9 & out z we inspire & exhale1 )\t any s\nd be+ produc$4 ,?is is because ! passage ?r\gh ! l>ynx is !n q cle>4 ,no ob/ruction is (f]$ to ! air curr5t1 & 9 consequ5ce ! process is q noiseless4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we wi% to utt] a s\nd1 ,nature provides = ?is by enabl+ u to int]pose an ob/ruction to ! air curr5t by means ( ! vocal cords1 & ! air !n has to pass ?r\gh a small slit or ap]ture1 sometimes call$ ! 8vocal *9k10 =m$ by _! be+ drawn closely toge!r curta9wise1 z x 74 ,illu/ration3 ,,glottis ,,& ,,op5+ ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,vocal ,,cords ,,vocal ,,cords ,,op5 ,,bones ,,to ,,:i* ,,vocal ,,cords ,,are ,,atta*$ ,,! ,,vocal ,,cords ,,dur+ ,,deep ,,brea?+4 ,:5 ! vocal cords--or ligam5ts1 z !y are p]haps bett] describ$--are drawn toge!r 9 ?is mann] ! passage ( ! air is s re/rict$ t x c only pass 9 %ort rapid pulsations1 in/ead (1 z be=e1 9 a cont9u\s /ream1 & ! result ( ^! pulses or vibrations is ! production ( s\nd or tone4 ,! ap]ture1 or *9k1 is call$ ! glottis1 & ! "* ( ! tone result+1 9 p>ticul> ! pit* ( x1 is regulat$ by ! precise disposition & proximity to "o ano!r ( ! two b&s or cords or ligam5ts--sometimes !y are kn[n z ! vocal lips--by :i* ! *9k or op5+ is =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,vocal ,,cords ,,dur+ ,,! ,,s++ ,,( ,a ,,high ,,note4 ,! process itself ( regulat+ ! op5+ ( ! vocal cords 9 ?is way is entirely automatic & subconsci\s4 ,we m]ely w1 to produce a tone ( a c]ta9 pit* & ! vocal cords automatically1 & )\t any consci\s ef=t on our "p1 are br\ght toge!r to precisely ! "r degree necess>y to produce t p>ticul> tone4 ,f ?is x w be und]/ood t e note t is utt]$1 e inflection ev5 ( ! speak+ voice1 h[ev] m9ute1 requires a slightly diff]5t adju/m5t ( ^! inf9itely delicate ?readlike membranes :i* are provid$ = ?is purpose )9 ! box-l l>ynx2 & ?is extraord9>ily delicate adju/m5t is all effect$ q automatically & in/9ctively by ! m]e op]ations ( ! w4 ,! bra9 intimates1 s to speak1 t x requires a c]ta9 note to be produc$ & =?)1 )\t ! slighte/ consci\s act ( adju/m5t on ! "p ( ! s+] or speak]1 ! vocal ligam5ts adapt !mselves precisely 9 ! mann] requir$ & ! p>ticul> note desir$ is duly produc$4 ,& ^! notes may issue =? ?r\gh t t9y ap]ture & f ! ?roat ( ! s+] to ! numb] ( a doz5 or m 9 a second--ea* "o requir+ a sep>ate adju/m5t ( ! ap]ture & ! said adju/m5t be+ effect$ 9 e in/ance1 9 ! case ( a prop]ly tra9$ s+]1 absolutely p]fectly & exactly4 ,surely ( all ! _m wond]ful contrivances :i* g to ! mak+ ( ! me*anism ( ! human body !re is none :i* is m wond]ful ?an ?is6 ,x is1 inde$1 necess>y only to consid] ! elaboration ( ! means & ! complexity ( ! muscul> adju/m5ts necess>y to a*ieve simil> results 9 ! case ( a viol91 say1 or a piano1 9 ord] to realise ! amaz+ +5uity & effici5cy ( ! means employ$ by ,nature4 ,b ,i am w&]+ f ! c\p de glotte1 :i* ,i set out to expla94 ,let x be und]/ood1 !re=e1 t ! c\p de glotte is m]ely a "n = a p>ticul> me?od ( br++ toge!r ! lips ( ! vocal cords & c]ta9 subord9ate muscles1 kn[n z ! v5tricul> b&s1 ) a view to a bett] & clean] production ( tone1 & ) a view especially to ! avoidance ( ! p>ticul> fault above ref]r$ to1 namely1 ! emission ( air be=e ! production ( ! note4 ,9 ! result ! 8attack0 is c]ta9ly v %>p & clean1 b p]sonally ,i _c recomm5d ?is p>ticul> me?od ( a*iev+ t result1 s9ce ! effect is any?+ b agreeable to ! e>1 & !re is good reason = ?9k+ t ! practice1 besides be+ unnecess>y1 is also injuri\s to a vocal organ4 ,i w n g fur!r into ! matt]1 h[ev]1 s9ce all su* te*nical details are = ! tea*] to expla9 & illu/rate & _c be satisfactorily dealt ) 9 pr9t4 ,c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples may1 h[ev]1 be t\*$ on1 among/ :i* ! fir/ is1 p]haps1 t !re %\ld nev] be at any "t ! smalle/ consci\s /ra9 or ef=t4 ,relaxation1 loos5ess1 ease1 %\ld be ! wat*words all ! "t4 ,rigidity1 tight5+ ( ! muscles1 /iffness1 contraction1 are fatal to ! production ( beautiful tone4 ,"h1 z s (t5 9 art1 :5 grace & beauty are ! objects aim$ at1 economy ( ef=t is ! gr& secret4 ,!re %\ld nev] be any /ra9 or =c+ ( any sort or k9d1 & on ! same pr9ciple1 x may be not$1 is ! rule z to ! am\nt ( brea? emitt$1 :i* %\ld always be ! smalle/ quantity possible :i* suffices to produce ! tone requir$4 ,let out en\gh brea? & no m--keep+ ! rema9d] 9 res]ve--t is "o ( ! fundam5tal secrets ( beautiful tone production4 ,lilli ,lehmann puts ! same po9t 9 ano!r way :5 %e insi/s on ! supreme importance ( emitt+ 8z little brea? z possible40 ,p]haps ,i may be p]mitt$ to quote1 also1 9 ?is connection "s int]e/+ rem>ks ( ,signor ,salvatore ,fucito1 9 a rec5tly publi%$ volume1 9 ref]5ce to ! practice ( ,c>uso 9 ?is reg>d4 8,c>uso gov]n$ ! expiratory fl[ ( ! brea? ) su* ma/]y t n a p>ticle ( x escap$ )\t giv+ up its necess>y equival5t 9 tone4 ,c>uso emitt$ = ea* musical phrase1 or = ea* note1 j en\gh brea? to produce t phrase or note musically & no m4 ,! rema9+ brea? he kept 9 res]ve1 :i* made ! en*ant$ he>] feel t ! ma/] 0 /ill f> f ! limit ( 8 res\rces1 t he _h /ill ample motive p[] 9 res]ve = :atev] ! occasion might require40 ,ano!r great ma/] ( brea?+ is ,batti/9i4 ,"o he>s him s++ long phrases1 "o aft] ! o!r1 )\t p]ceiv+ :5 or h[ he fills 8 lungs1 s completely has he cov]$ up all traces ( ! physical ef=t4 ,!re is no puff+ & pant+1 no discoloration or di/ortion ( ! face4 ,i am myself (t5 ask$ h[ ,i manage to f9d ! brea? = ! long florid passages :i* ,i s (t5 h to s+1 & my reply usually is t ,i h a good pair ( bell[s :i* ,i make a po9t ( always keep+ well fill$ ) air4 ,?is c be done1 ,i may add1 9 ! case ( su* passages z ,i h m5tion$ by tak+ at times only p>tial brea?s in/ead ( full ones4 ,^! c naturally be tak5 mu* m quickly ?an complete inspirations1 & by _! means ! 8bell[s0 c be kept con/antly repl5i%$ ev5 :5 ! heavie/ dem&s are be+ made ^u _! cont5ts4 ,b :ile x is ess5tial to ma9ta9 a good pressure ( air beh9d ! tone1 ?is does n mean t ! lungs mu/ be fill$ to di/5tion1 = ?is produces ! wor/ possible result4 ,madame ,lilli ,lehmann has record$1 = in/ance1 9 h] valuable treatise on s++1 t %e made ?is mi/ake 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ) ! result t %e always felt z if %e mu/ release "s ( h] sup]flu\s brea? be=e beg9n+ to s+4 8,und\bt$ly10 %e writes1 8,i took 9 too mu* air 9 brea?+ & cramp$ v>i\s muscles1 !reby depriv+ my brea?+ organs & muscles ( _! ela/icity4 ,i (t5 _h1 ) all my c>e & prep>ation = inhalation1 too little brea?1 & sometimes1 :5 n giv+ special ?\ght to x1 m ?an en\gh40 ,& o!rs n infrequ5tly commit ! same error "u ! mi/ak5 impression t !y mu/ get z mu* air into _! lungs z possible4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,plac+ ,,! ,,voice ,an all-important "p ( ! /ud5t's tra9+ is t 9 relation to :at is call$ ! 8plac+0 ( ! voice4 ,?is some:at vague t]m has be5 ! subject ( a good deal ( misund]/&+1 & ! mo/ curi\s notions h ga9$ curr5cy z to its actual mean+4 ,yet ?is is1 9 reality1 q simple4 ,tone is made 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 z ,i h already expla9$1 by ! brea? pass+ ?r\gh ! vocal cords4 ,! precise quality ( ! tone dep5ds1 h[ev]1 on ! =mation & disposition ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! vocal app>atus--?roat1 palate1 tongue1 & s on--?r\gh :i* ! brea? aft]w>ds passes be=e issu+ f ! m\?4 ,! disposition ( ^! v>i\s p>ts c be v>i$ by ! individual1 & ! plac+ ( ! voice consi/s 9 f9d+ h[ be/ to adju/ !m 9 ord] to get ! mo/ satisfactory tone1 & 9 acquir+ ! p[] always to produce tone 9 ?is way & 9 no o!r4 ,to assi/ 9 atta9+ ?is result x is usual to in/ruct ! pupil to s+ 8=w>d10 8dans le masque10 & s on1 b x %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood t ?\gh su* t]ms are useful f ! practical po9t ( view1 !y are none ! less only a faon de p>l]1 & a means ( in/ruct+ ! pupil h[ to adju/ & adapt ! :ole vocal app>atus1 s to speak1 9 ! mo/ effective way4 ,y c really produce a tone 9 y\r face or 9 y\r ?roat4 ,x is all produc$ by ! vocal cords1 & n[h]e else1 & m]ely receives its specific quality or "*1 s to speak1 by1 9 "p1 ! natural =mation1 &1 9 "p1 ! consci\s adju/m5t ( ! passages ?r\gh :i* x passes on its way to ! m\?4 ,b by ?9k+ ( ! face or ! ?roat &1 s to speak1 app>5tly fix+ x !re1 y c modify ! disposition ( ! v>i\s p>ts 9 "q & s influ5ce ! quality ( ! tone produc$4 ,?is my/]i\s plac+ ( ! voice means1 !re=e1 9 reality1 no?+ m ?an f9d+ out 9 ea* individual in/ance ! be/ position ( ! vocal organs = gett+ ! be/ results4 ,?is1 aga91 is "o ( ^? matt]s 9 reg>d to :i* little help c be d]iv$ f advice 9 books4 ,only by direct in/ruction f a capable ma/] c a pupil possibly be made to und]/& completely :at is requir$ 9 ?is respect4 ,x is1 inde$1 ess5tially "o ( ^? matt]s 9 ! case ( :i* an ounce ( practice & example is wor? a ton ( !ory1 & happy is ! /ud5t :o has ! good =tune to g to a ma/] capable ( in/ruct+ him rightly on ! po9t4 ,"s =tunate ones1 l myself1 h voices :i* are q p]fectly plac$ by ,nature4 ,t is to say1 !y are ! lucky possessors ( voices :i* !y produce naturally & unconsci\sly 9 ! mo/ advantage\s mann]1 s t !y require to make no alt]ation at all4 ,?is w1 ( c\rse1 be p]ceiv$ at once by a capable ma/]1 :o w be only too c>eful 9 su* cases to leave well en\gh alone4 ,a *>latan or impo/or1 on ! o!r h&1 c "w irrem$iable h>m by int]f]+ ) su* voices & attempt+ to modify or improve !m4 ,a s+] ) a p]fect light soprano voice may1 = in/ance1 h ! mis=tune to fall into ! h&s ( su* a tea*]1 :o w p]suade h] t %e c s+ ! rles ( a dramatic soprano1 & by misguid$ advice & tra9+ succe$ 9 ru9+ a beautiful natural voice 9 ! attempt to improve x4 ,9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 h[ev]1 ! pupil's voice is n naturally plac$ s z to give ! be/ results4 ,t is to say1 by prop] in/ruction & tra9+ x c be made to produce bett] results--tones m smoo?1 m r\nd1 m resonant1 & s on--& x is "h t ! s]vices ( an exp]i5c$ & capable tea*] are beyond price4 ,! problem is "o ( great complexity1 = s _m diff]5t factors ent] into x4 ,! palate1 ! tongue1 ! tee?1 ! lips1 z well z ! natural & unalt]able =mation ( ! ?roat1 & s =?1 all play _! "p 9 det]m9+ ! issue1 & ! slighte/ modifications 9 anyone may easily effect ! greate/ diff]5ces 9 ! results4 ,x is easy to und]/&1 !re=e1 h[ impossible x is to lay d[n any g5]al rules 9 ! matt]1 b x is p]haps safe to say t ! less ! pupil is call$ ^u to dep>t f 81 or h]1 natural & in/9ctive proc$ure1 ! m likely are good results to be a*iev$--! ideal case be+1 ( c\rse1 ! "o 9 :i* no alt]ations :atsoev] are requir$4 ,i may add1 p]haps1 t "s au?orities atta* great importance 9 ?is connection to ! language us$ by ! pupil 9 ! e>li] /ages ( 8 tra9+--t is1 :5 8 voice is und]go+ ! process ( be+ plac$4 ,t accompli%$ s+] ,signor ,bonci is1 = in/ance1 "o :o holds /rong views on ?is po9t4 ,accord+ to him x is v injuri\s = s+]s at ?is /age ( _! /udies to s+ 9 m ?an "o language4 ,i may p]haps v5ture to quote :at he has writt5 on ! subject3 8,:5 a tone is prop]ly plac$ ! ^w ne$ n affect x1 b a great deal ( h>m is caus$ by apply+ ! ^w too e>ly & beyond ?is by us+ sev]al languages4 ,x is a "q1 & a s]i\s "o1 :e!r ^? :o tea* s++ und]/& ! application ( ! ^w to ! tone1 & ! dang]s are obvi\s 9 languages :]e nasals & gutturals prevail40 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,regi/]s ,closely alli$ ) ! "q ( 8plac+0 is t ( 8regi/]s10 :i* has be5 ! subject ( s mu* controv]sy at v>i\s times4 ,!re is n ev5 agreem5t z to h[ _m regi/]s !re are--or ev5 if !re are any at all4 ,= :ile "s take ! view t !re are no su* ?+s1 o!rs speak v>i\sly ( two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & ev5 m natural & inevitable divisions 9 ! range ( ! av]age voice :i* c only be prop]ly di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r 9 ?is way4 ,"s1 ,i believe1 ev5 ma9ta9 t ea* individual note %\ld prop]ly be reg>d$ z a diff]5t regi/]4 ,b ?is sugge/ion ,i ?9k c sc>cely be int5d$ s]i\sly4 ,= if ea* individual note really does con/itute a sep>ate regi/]1 :at is ga9$ by talk+ ( regi/]s at all8 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no d5y+ t !re are c]ta9 m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! case ( e voice 9 ! quality ( ! tone produc$ at diff]5t p>ts ( its range or compass--diff]5ces ( tone quality :i* are accompani$ also by diff]5t s5sations on ! "p ( ! s+]2 & to ^! diff]5t sections ( ! vocal range ! "n ( regi/]s has be5 giv54 ,usually ?ree are recognis$--*e/1 m$ium1 & head1 ! t]m *e/ regi/] be+ appli$ to ! l[e/ notes1 m$ium to ! middle portion1 & head to ! highe/4 ,! t]ms *e/1 m$ium1 & head are d]iv$ f ! s5sations exp]i5c$ by ! s+] 9 produc+ ! diff]5t notes ref]r$ to--! l[] ones giv+ ! feel+ ( hav+ be5 produc$ 9 ! *e/1 ! middle ones 9 ! ?roat1 & ! highe/ ones ( all 9 ! head4 ,b x %\ld be und]/ood t 9 actual fact !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! v>i\s notes are produc$4 ,all ! notes ( ! voice1 :e!r high or l[1 are 9 reality produc$ 9 ! same way1 namely1 9 ! mann] already describ$--by ! passage ( ! air f ! lungs ?r\gh ! 8*9k0 =m$ by ! vocal cords4 ,9 ! case ( ! l[] notes1 h[ev]1 ow+ to c]ta9 physiological causes1 ! vibrations are felt by ! s+] mo/ /rongly 9 & ab\t ! *e/1 & 9 ! case ( ! high] ones 9 ! head--:5ce1 !re=e1 ! some:at mislead+ t]ms 9 use h be5 adopt$4 ,at ! same "t ! fact t ^! diff]5t s5sations are exp]i5c$ by ! s+] may be tak5 z ! be/ possible evid5ce ( ! fact t !re are def9ite diff]5ces 9 ! me?od ( tone production to acc\nt = !m2 & ?is view ( ! matt] is 9 fact confirm$ by ! rese>*es ( physiologi/s4 ,!re is no ne$1 ( c\rse1 = vocali/s to conc]n !mselves ) ! matt] 9 detail1 = ! process involv$ is1 ( c\rse1 entirely 7or almo/ entirely7 automatic4 ,b x is none ! less expla9$ by ! physiologi/s q cle>ly :y !re is1 at a c]ta9 po9t1 ?is diff]5ce ( feel+ on ! "p ( ! s+] 9 pass+ f ! l[] notes to ! high] ones4 ,)\t go+ too m9utely into ! matt]1 ! reason broadly /at$ is t ! vocal cords are diff]5tly dispos$ 9 ! two cases4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t ! successive tones are produc$ 9 "o uni=m way1 & !n above t po9t ! me?od is modifi$2 & x is ?is diff]5ce accord+ly :i* is acc\ntable = ! di/9ctive s5sations exp]i5c$ by ! s+]--s5sations1 x may be add$1 :i* h be5 recognis$ & discuss$ ev] s9ce ! art ( s++ has be5 /udi$4 ,h5ce1 x is q a mi/ake to sugge/1 z has be5 done by "s1 t ! :ole notion ( regi/]s is a delusion4 ,^! diff]5t regi/]s d und\bt$ly exi/1 & x becomes "o ( ! mo/ important problems consequ5tly to get rid ( ! 8break10 or *ange 9 ! tone quality1 :i* occurs :5 ! voice passes f "o to ! o!r4 ,at ! same "t x does n foll[ t viol5t & artificial me?ods %\ld be adopt$ = ?is purpose4 ,on ! contr>y1 little else ?an /eady & prop]ly direct$ practice is requir$ 9 ! ord9>y way to accompli% ?is4 ,9 fact if y get y\r brea?+ "r & y\r tone production 9 g5]al "r1 ! regi/] difficulty w probably solve itself4 ,to put x 9 ano!r way1 if y ensure t ea* individual tone is "r1 ! problem ( ! regi/]s ne$ n s]i\sly tr\ble y2 & ?is is a matt] ( pay+ att5tion to ! g5]al rules ( s\nd tone production4 ,special ex]cises are1 h[ev]1 usually giv5 = ! purpose ( 8equalis+0 ! voice1 z x is call$1 t is to say1 = ! purpose ( ensur+ a p]fectly ev5 & uni=m quality ( tone ?r\gh\t ! scale & avoid+ ! break at ! *ange ( regi/] :i* has be5 ref]r$ to2 & ^! ex]cises are no d\bt useful4 ,mo/ ( ! be/ au?orities are agre$ t prop] brea?+ has z mu* to d ) ! matt] z any?+1 "s ev5 go+ s f> z to say t ! matt] %\ld n be m5tion$ to ! /ud5t at all4 ,?is is p]haps a some:at extreme /atem5t1 b ! und]ly+ pr9ciple is s\nd4 ,& "h1 z always1 ! pr9ciple ( absolute ease & relaxation & ! avoidance ( all unnatural muscul> contraction or viol5t ef=t is at once all important4 ,! foll[+ is g5]ally conc$$ to be a well-?\ght-out me?od ( unit+ ! voice :]ev] ! 8break0 occurs4 ,illu/ration ,s+ ?is passage ,messa di ,voce asc5d+ & desc5d+1 comm5c+ :]e ! break is fir/ noticeable4 ,if ?is is practis$ consi/5tly = two or ?ree p]iods ( tw5ty m9utes a day x %\ld be effective 9 prev5t+ ?is unpleasant defect4 ,beg9 firmly1 us+ 8ay10 8oh10 or 8ee10 & swell out to fulle/ capacity4 ,!n let ! tone die away imp]ceptibly & be c>eful n to use falsetto4 ,by do+ ! =ego+ we h augm5t$ ! head tones to su* an ext5t t in/ead ( hav+ falsetto1 we h a head voice capable ( be+ alli$ to ! *e/ voice ) practically no di/+ui%able break 9 ! :ole compass4 ,contraltos are ! greate/ s9n]s ) ! 8break40 ,v few contraltos are able to *ange ! regi/]s or s+ two octaves )\t a p]ceptible gap4 ,at "o "t ?is vulg> habit 0 consid]$ a virtue :5 9 reality x is a cle> indication ( lack ( /udy & practice4 ,rememb] t no matt] :]e ! 8break0 occurs x is only by cultivat+ ! head voice t a cure c be atta9$4 ,!n1 aga91 almo/ ev]ybody has "o or two tones m or less defective1 & :]ev] ^! occur special att5tion mu/ be giv5 !m s t !y c be built up until ! s+] c safely ov]come ! 8break40 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,faults ,a few words on faults--& ! correction ( !m4 ,no1 ,i am n go+ to attempt a catalogue ( all ! faults :i* are possible1 b "n j a few3 faulty intonation2 faulty phras+2 imp]fectly attack+ notes2 8scoop+0 up to notes2 8digg+0 or arriv+ at a note f a semitone b5ea? x2 s++ (f ! key or out ( tune & tremolo4 ,all ( ^! faults are un=givable1 b ! la/ two are crimes4 ,& ,i c\ld "n numb]s m4 ,i h he>d vocali/s :o h be5 horrifi$ :5 ,i told !m t !y arriv$ at a note aft] attack+ x f a f\r? bel[1 especially :5 s++ pianissimo4 ,consequ5tly ,i _c ov]-emphasise ! supreme ne$ = ! /ud5t to recognise 8 faults & follies if he hopes ev] to make progress4 ,nay1 ?is is n putt+ x /rongly en\gh4 ,he %\ld n m]ely be ready to recognise 8 faults1 b eag] to discov] !m4 ,he %\ld be ev] on ! look\t to realise 8 defici5cies & to reg>d z 8 be/ fri5ds ^? :o are k9d en\gh to tell him ( !m4 ,?is may s\nd self-obvi\s1 b ,i am afraid t 9 practice ! attitude ( ! av]age /ud5t--& n ( ! /ud5t only1 b also ( ! exp]i5c$ arti/--is v diff]5t4 ,a fatal self-satisfaction seems1 = "s reason or o!r1 to be "o ( ! commone/ fail+s ( ! av]age s+]4 ,"o fairly well-kn[n s+] invit$ my criticism ( h] voice1 & :5 ,i oblig$ & told h] :at %e mu/ d to become a great arti/ %e repli$1 8,b ,i am a great arti/40 ,at :i* ,i b[$ & said1 8,i beg y\r p>don1 madam40 ,yet x is h>dly necess>y to say--we c all realise x inde$ 9 ! case ( o!rs--t !re is no =m ( weakness m absolutely fatal to arti/ic progress4 ,let ! /ud5t bew>e1 !re=e1 ( ?is dang]\s =m ( vanity & self-suffici5cy1 & le>n f all :o c tea* him4 ,h[ (t5 h ,i n he>d ( /ud5ts--alike "y & old--:o h be5 fooli% en\gh to ?r[ ov] good tea*]s because !y h be5 hone/ en\gh & c\rage\s en\gh to tell !m unpalatable tru?s6 ,!y ?9k !y "k bett]4 ,!y are s supremely well pleas$ ) !mselves--s fooli%ly satisfi$ ) _! own a*ievem5ts--t !y reg>d x z an (f5ce :5 _! errors are po9t$ out4 ,( c\rse !y d n put x--ev5 to !mselves--9 ?is way4 ,!y pref] to p]suade !mselves t _! tea*] is at fault4 ,!y expla9 t !y d n l 8 8me?od40 ,or !y say t he does n 8und]/&0 _! p>ticul> voice4 ,& s !y come to ! conclusion t !y _h bett] make a *ange & g to "s o!r ma/] in/ead4 ,x is all v human b v fooli%1 & ,i _c impress ?is too /rongly ^u all :o read ?is book4 ,y\r be/ fri5d is "o :o w tell y fai?fully1 n h[ beautifully y s+ b h[ badly6 ,"s are1 ( c\rse1 wise en\gh to realise ?is4 ,& y w g5]ally f9d t !y are ! ones :o get on4 ,su* a "o 0 ,c>uso1 :o1 to ! end ( 8 day1 nev] ceas$ to practise1 to /udy1 to reflect ^u 8 art1 & ev5 to worry & agitate himself ov] 8 suppos$ defici5cies--defici5cies :i* 7 unp]ceiv$ by 8 he>]s b :i* he1 ) 8 fa/idi\s & ultra-s5sitive arti/ic consci5ce1 p]suad$ himself 7 !re4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,coloratura ,,s++ ,i suppose !re is no "q :i* ,i am m frequ5tly ask$ by vocal /ud5ts & o!rs int]e/$ ?an h[ to acquire agility1 b ,i am afraid my answ] is usually disappo9t+4 ,= ,i c only repeat t x is simply a case ( p]sev]ance & h>d "w1 plus1 ( c\rse1 :atev] natural abilities 9 t direction y may possess4 ,x is obvi\s t all s+]s are n equally end[$ 9 ?is respect4 ,! m]e fact t !re is su* a diff]5ce 9 ?is matt] betwe5 ! v>i\s classes ( voices is suffici5t to prove t4 ,no "o ev] expects a contralto voice to h ! same facility 9 ?is reg>d z a light soprano1 & /ill less a bass or a b>itone4 ,! mo/ unceas+ practice w\ld nev] h enabl$ an ,alboni or a ,labla*e1 say1 to a*ieve ! dazzl+ runs & fioriture ( a ,patti or a ,catalani4 ,& to a less m>k$ degree !re are simil> diff]5ces betwe5 individual voices ( ! same class4 ,all are n equally capable 9 ?is p>ticul> ev5 :5 9 o!r respects !y may be equally good4 ,"s exp]i5c$ tea*]s inde$ recognise ?is fact s cle>ly t !y d n advise ev5 soprano s+]s to cultivate coloratura s++ unless !y h ! necess>y natural facility to beg9 )4 ,i ?9k myself1 h[ev]1 t all %\ld endeav\r to acquire ! maximum agility1 ev5 if !y d n attempt to s+ coloratura 9 public1 simply = ! b5efits :i* !y w d]ive f x 9 o!r respects4 ,aft] all ! voice _c be possess$ ( too mu* flexibility :atev] /yle ( music be attempt$2 & !re is no way 9 :i* flexibility c be m surely develop$ ?an by ! practice ( coloratura4 ,= ! re/ ,i c only repeat t1 giv5 ! "r k9d ( voice 9 ! fir/ place1 !re is only "o way to acquire agility1 & t is by practice4 ,no %ort cuts are possible "h1 & ,i h no trade secrets to imp>t4 ,& ! necess>y ex]cises !mselves are all ( ! simple/ "*1 at all ev5ts 9 ! beg9n+2 j simple scales--or r portions ( scales--9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ) o!rs m elaborate 9 due c\rse4 ,b ! scales are ! f\ndation1 & if !y are prop]ly ma/]$ ! re/ w foll[ )\t difficulty4 ,an important feature ( good coloratura s++ is1 ( c\rse1 n only t ! notes %all be cleanly sung1 b also t !y %all be absolutely 9 tune & ( good tone quality4 ,"o n infrequ5tly he>s s+]s :o possess ! necess>y agility to s+ ! note1 b are lack+ 9 ^! o!r qualities4 ,_! runs w lack brilliancy because ! notes w n be p]fectly 9 tune1 & ! quality ( !m w be s h>d & disagreeable sometimes z to give m pa9 ?an pleasure4 ,! cause ( ?is w usually h be5 a desire to make progress too ha/ily 9 ! e>li] /ages4 ,!y w n h devot$ suffici5t att5tion at ! outset to practis+ sl[ly1 & s ensur+ absolutely j intonation & satisfactory tone quality4 ,!re=e1 x is emphatically a case "h ( 8m ha/e less spe$40 ,y _c acquire velocity quickly4 ,i w n repeat aga9 ! well-worn /ory ( ,porpora & ,caff>elli4 ,b t illu/rates ! po9t4 ,i _c refra9 f add+ a few words :ile on ?is subject 9 def5ce ( coloratura1 :i* is s (t5 contemptu\sly spok5 ( 9 ^! days by ^? :o d n possess ! p[] ( s++ x4 ,we all "k ! k9d ( way 9 :i* x is ref]r$ to4 ,coloratura music is false1 %[y1 sup]ficial1 unwor?y1 dramatically unreal1 & s on4 ,b :at nons5se ?is is6 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 pr9ciple1 ,i w\ld ask1 betwe5 ! fioriture passages ( ! vocali/ & ^? introduc$ z a matt] ( c\rse 9 ! mo/ s]i\s in/rum5tal music8 ,:y %\ld a cad5za = ! voice be reckon$ less wor?y ?an a simil> passage = ! viol9 or ! 'cello8 ,all ! greate/ ma/]s h introduc$ florid passages 9 pl5ty 9 ! noble/ in/rum5tal music4 ,yet ! view is v g5]ally adopt$ t ^! are inadmissible1 or1 at all ev5ts1 belong to an inf]ior phase ( ! art :5 ! in/rum5t employ$ happ5s to be ! voice4 ,no d\bt ! quality ( ! works m p>ticul>ly id5tifi$ ) vocal music ( ?is ord] has _h some?+ to d ) ! matt]4 ,yet x is h>dly necess>y to recall t vocal fioriture is by no means conf9$ to ! music ( ,donizetti1 ,bell9i1 & ! l4 ,ba*1 = "o1 _h no sort ( prejudice on ! po9t1 z is demon/rat$ (t5 en\gh ev5 9 8 mo/ solemn "w1 :ile ,h&el1 aga91 revell$ 9 coloratura1 alike 9 ! case ( 8 op]as1 conta9+ "s ( ! mo/ wond]ful florid music ev] writt51 & ( 8 oratorios1 to :i* no less appli$4 ,t ,moz>t c be reckon$ 9 ! same category x is h>dly necess>y to recall1 :ile ev5 ,bee?ov5 did n disda9 to utilise ! arts ( vocal decoration 9 _m ( ! numb]s ( 8,fidelio40 ,if1 !re=e1 coloratura s++ is sometimes spok5 ( disrespectfully1 x is n f lack ( di/+ui%$ names :i* c be cit$ 9 its def5ce4 ,nor is x only among ! anci5ts t su* are to be f\nd4 ,9 ! mod]n ,russian ,s*ool we h ,rimsky-,kosak(f's 8,hymn to ! ,sun0 f 8,coq d',or40 ,& h we n also su* an em95tly s]i\s ma/] z ,ri*>d ,/rauss *all5g+ comp>ison 9 our own "t ) ! mo/ extravagant productions ( ! pa/ 9 ?is p>ticul> g5re 9 ! music ( ,z]b9etta 9 8 8,ariadne08 ,"o ( 8 late/ songs1 8,amor10 is purely = coloratura s+]s4 ,z to ! *>ge t coloratura 9 dramatic music is unnatural & undramatic1 ^? :o argue ?us surely ov]look ! fact t all op]a might ) equal ju/ice be dispos$ ( 9 ! same mann]4 ,p d n express !mselves 9 song 9 real life1 any m ?an !y speak 9 blank v]se1 z !y are made to d 9 ,%akespe>ean drama4 ,yet we are glad to h 8,don ,giovanni0 & 8,k+ ,le>0 none ! less6 ,x is1 inde$1 truly /ra9+ at a gnat & swall[+ a camel to condemn coloratura :ile accept+ op]a z a :ole4 ,i g fur!r ?an ?is1 = ,i v5ture to say t coloratura c be n only delightful to ! e> b also ?or\ghly appropriate & dramatically expressive4 ,:at c\ld be m suitable to give expression to ! madness ( ,lucia ?an ! r\lades :i* ,donizetti gives to h]8 ,or h[ c\ld ! joy ( ,m>gurite be m exquisitely express$ ?an 9 ! /ra9s ( ,g\nod's 8,jewel ,song08 ,i might po9t 9 ?is connection1 did mode/y p]mit x1 to :at p h be5 good en\gh to say conc]n+ my own treatm5t ( coloratura 9 8,la ,traviata0 & else:]e4 ,i recall t :5 ,i fir/ appe>$ 9 ,london x 0 ^u ?is po9t p>ticul>ly t all my critics dwelt4 ,!y 7 all m especially /ruck by ! mann] 9 :i* ,i manag$1 :ile s++ ,v]di's florid music brilliantly & effectively 9 ! purely vocal s5se1 at ! same "t to make x expressive2 & ?is ,i took z ! greate/ possible complim5t :i* c\ld be be/[$ on me4 ,= t ,i ?9k is :at coloratura prop]ly sung %\ld be4 ,x %\ld please ! e> by its brilliance1 b at ! same "t x %\ld n1 & ne$ n1 obscure ! dramatic significance ( :at is sung4 ,i might on ?is po9t quote t great arti/ once aga91 ,lilli ,lehmann1 :o1 not)/&+ h] /rong lean+ to music ( ! m s]i\s class1 includ+ ,wagn]1 9 :i* %e 0 s wond]ful1 0 yet a great coloratura s+] h]self 9 h] y\ng] days1 & :o has /rongly insi/$ ^u ! possibility ( mak+ ev5 ! mo/ florid music expressive also :5 x is sung 9 ! "r way4 ,%e writes3 8,?us 9 ! coloratura passages ( ,moz>t's arias ,i h always s\ght to ga9 expressiv5ess by cresc5di1 *oice ( significant po9ts = brea?+1 & break+ (f ( phrases4 ,i h be5 especially successful ) ?is 9 ! #8,entfhrung1' introduc+ a tone ( lam5t 9 ! fir/ aria1 a h]oic dignity into ! second1 ?r\gh ! coloratura passages40 ,b happily ,i d n ?9k !re is any likelihood ( coloratura ev] go+ out ( fa%ion1 :atev] its detractors may say1 s long1 at all ev5ts1 z s+]s %all be =?com+ :o are capable ( respond+ to its dem&s4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,enunciation ,aft] ! fundam5tal problems ( brea?+1 tone production & s =? h be5 dealt )1 !re is no?+ to :i* ! /ud5t %\ld pay great] att5tion ?an ! "q ( diction1 or "r enunciation4 ,yet ,i am afraid x is r>e to f9d t ?is view ( ! matt] is act$ ^u4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is "q ( diction appe>s to be "o ( ! la/ to :i* mo/ s+]s are dispos$ to give any s]i\s att5tion4 ,h5ce ! un9telligible s\nds :i* are s (t5 he>d proce$+ f vocali/s1 alike 9 ! conc]t room & on ! /age1 s t "o sometimes c sc>cely tell ev5 9 :at language !y are suppos$ to be s++4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a deplorable /ate ( affairs1 b yet "o s well e/abli%$ t 9 n9e cases out ( t5 x is h>dly ?\ght wor?y ( rem>k by ! av]age he>]4 ,x is tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse1 9 o!r words1 t only a ^w or two1 "h & !re1 ( ^? sung %all be und]/ood by ! audi5ce1 & "o may li/5 att5tively to an entire op]a )\t hav+ m ?an a vague idea at ! end z to :at x 0 all ab\t4 ,yet 9 ! case ( c]ta9 s+]s "o may und]/& )\t difficulty practically e ^w !y s+1 ! fact be+ !reby demon/rat$ t !re is n ! slighte/ real necessity = ! incr$ibly slov5ly & defective enunciation :i* is p]mitt$ ) su* surpris+ & lam5table tol]ance by ! public at l>ge4 ,s f> z op]a is conc]n$1 ,i ?9k t ! blame re/s l>gely ) ! manag]s4 ,if !y w\ld adopt ! practice ( deput+ "s tru/wor?y repres5tative at e rehe>sal to sit 9 ! topmo/ gall]y & rel5tlessly pull up e s+] ^: words c\ld n be cle>ly und]/ood1 ! difficulty1 ,i am conv9c$1 w\ld spe$ily disappe>4 ,& op]atic directors1 ,i am sure1 w\ld f9d x greatly to _! advantage to adopt ?is c\rse if only on acc\nt ( ! great] popul>ity :i* op]a w\ld enjoy if x c\ld always be foll[$1 z x %\ld be1 z easily z a spok5 play4 ,i believe t 9 ,engl& especially1 :]e op]a 9 ! native language is1 z ,i am delight$ to see1 mak+ su* /eady headway1 its acceptance by ! g5]al public is h9d]$ m on ?is acc\nt ?an by any o!r reason4 ,yet !re is n ! slighte/ necessity = ! pres5tation ( ! drama1 :i* is sung in/ead ( be+ spok51 to be hamp]$ & h&icapp$ 9 ?is griev\s fa%ion1 & x only ne$s m vigor\s action on ! "p ( ! direct+ p[]s1 ,i am p]suad$1 to rem$y matt]s4 ,s long1 h[ev]1 z s+]s are left to !mselves 9 ?is respect1 ! difficulty w always rema91 s9ce _! inevitable t5d5cy is to sacrifice diction to tone quality--9 o!r words1 to a*ieve ! be/ effects 9 ! purely vocal s5se & let ! words look aft] !mselves4 ,& ?is br+s u at once to ! root ( ! diction problem1 namely1 ! und\bt$ difficulty :i* pres5ts itself at times 9 reconcil+ ! claims ( good tone & cle> enunciation4 ,:5 a pupil is /udy+ he practises ^u ! easie/ v[el s\nds & syllables :i* c be select$2 & _m s+]s1 ,i am afraid1 w\ld l no?+ bett] ?an to be all[$ to cont9ue s++ ^u ^! agreeable & grateful vocables to ! end ( _! day4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ?is is n q possible1 & s too _m try to get ov] ! difficulty by s++ ! words n 9 ! way 9 :i* !y %\ld be pron\nc$1 b 9 ! mann] mo/ conv5i5t to !mselves4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ?is is all wrong & mo/ in>ti/ic1 besides be+ q unnecess>y4 ,x may be said t x is easy = an ,italian to speak ?us1 & x mu/ c]ta9ly be agre$ t we ,italians are greatly fav\r$ 9 hav+ ! mo/ vocal & melodi\s ( all languages to s+4 ,) our op5 v[els we may be consid]$1 inde$1 to h e advantage 9 ?is respect1 j z ! ,g]mans ) _! multiplicity ( h>% & difficult &1 to ,italian e>s1 almo/ impossible consonants1 h e disadvantage4 ,yet ! pr9ciple rema9s unaffect$ t e s+]1 9 :atev] language1 :o wi%es to be consid]$ a ma/] ( 8 art mu/ contrive to reconcile ! claims ( good tone ) ^? ( accurate & intelligible diction1 & ! /ud5t _c pay too mu* att5tion to ?is matt] f ! v mom5t t he beg9s to clo! 8 tones 9 words4 8,s+ z y speak10 is a say+ :i* ,i h he>d ascrib$ to t great ma/]1 ,jean de ,reszke1 & ?\gh ! advice _c1 p]haps1 be tak5 q lit]ally1 x c]ta9ly indicates ! ideal to be kept 9 view4 ,x is n feasible to obey ! injunction q lit]ally because x is almo/ physically impossible to s+ c]ta9 s\nds on c]ta9 notes4 ,on ?is acc\nt _m tea*]s--,lamp]ti himself 0 "o ( !m--sanction ! delib]ate modification ( ! prop] v[el s\nds or1 pref]ably1 ! sub/itution ( a m conv5i5t ^w4 ,b ! object %\ld c]ta9ly be to keep z ne> z may be practicable to ! correct1 natural pronunciation1 :]eas "s seem to make x _! aim almo/ to dep>t f ?is z f> z possible4 ,"o ( ! wor/ examples ( execrable enunciation 0 giv5 by "o s+] :5 giv+ an o!rwise cr$itable r5d]+ ( ,maude ,val]ie ,:ite's 8,dev\t ,lov]40 ,! words int5d$ 7 8,burn at h] alt>10 :i* 7 giv5 8,burnat]alt]40 ,"s ,engli% s+]s h ! habit ( putt+ a v[el aft] a consonant1 z 9 ! ^w 8,good-bye10 :i* becomes 8,goodabye0 & :i* is absurd4 ,b>itones (t5 h a habit ( emphasis+ wrong words1 ( :i* "o ( ! be/ examples is 8,trumpet]1 :at are y s\nd+ n[80 ,ano!r absurdity4 ,"o c\ld multiply ^! examples indef9itely4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,language 8,italian is ! easie/ language to s+1 !n comes ,russian1 & ,i %\ld put ,engli% next4 ,all languages affect ! tone1 unless ! tone is fir/ able to c>ry ! weight ( ! language4 ,a s+] may /udy 9 any language1 b 9 only "o until aft] ! tone is plac$ beyond any possibility ( be+ affect$ by ! dem&s ( ! diff]5t languages40 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t !re is a good deal ( tru? 9 ?is4 ,h[ s]i\s is ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! language us$ ^u ! quality ( ! tone produc$ is illu/rat$ by ,g]man vocalism & ,am]ican intonation4 ,= "h y h entire nations :o1 9 ! vocal s5se1 may be said to illu/rate ! evil effect ^u tone ( a h>% & nasal language4 ,g]man s++ seems to be diff]5t1 n m]ely 9 degree1 b ev5 9 k9d f t ( o!r l&s4 ,9 ! case ( ev5 its be/ expon5ts !re is a h>%ness & a tonelessness ab\t x :i* diff]5tiates x f t ( any o!r race4 ,g]man s+]s (t5 h /rong1 lu/y voices1 likewise pl5ty ( intellig5ce & dramatic feel+2 b = beauty ( tone & all ! f9] qualities ( vocalism "o li/5s = !m 9 va94 ,! fact is /range1 b x c h>dly be d5i$ ev5 by ^? lea/ dispos$ to admit x4 ,t "o ( ! mo/ musical nations 9 ,europe %\ld also be t ( all o!rs lea/ d[]$ ) ! gift ( song is a rem>kable p>adox :i* is n a little difficult to und]/&4 ,x is n a case ( diff]5ces ( ta/e4 ,! po9t is t ! ,g]man voice1 z su*1 is indisputably inf]ior 9 po9t ( quality to t ( practically all ! o!r ,european races4 ,!re is no discr$it 9 ! circum/ance4 ,x implies no reflection on anyone4 ,x is m]ely an un=tunate physiological fact :i* mu/ be accept$ l any o!r ( ^? decrees ( ,nature :i* are n to be ga9said4 ,su* be+ ! fact1 h[ is x to be expla9$8 ,:y is x t ,g]man s++ is ( ?is /range quality8 ,h[ has x come ab\t t s musical a race has be5 s %abbily treat$ by ,nature 9 ?is important reg>d8 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 advanc$4 ,accord+ to "s ! explanation is t x is ! ,g]man language ) its explosive consonants1 h>% gutturals1 & o!r unmelodi\s *>act]i/ics1 :i* is at ! bottom ( ! tr\ble4 ,/ud5ts ( voice production w prove to y by +5i\s exp]im5ts t ! disposition ( ! vocal organs1 brea?+1 & s =?1 requir$ = ! utt]ance ( ! ,g]man language1 are 9 !mselves incompatible ) ! emission ( a beautiful quality ( vocal tone2 & h[ev] ?is may be1 x is h>dly to be disput$ t reg>d$ f ! /&po9t ( euphony1 pure & simple1 ! ,g]man language is c]ta9ly n to be call$ melodi\s4 ,x seems q a plausible !ory1 !re=e1 t h>%ness ( language & h>%ness ( voice are n disconnect$1 especially :5 ! sugge/ion is =tifi$ by ! conv]se association ( ! mo/ beautiful voices ) ! mo/ melliflu\s language1 9 ! case ( ! ,italians4 ,& if s mu* be admitt$1 x is obvi\s t x may inde$ be a "q ( importance1 z ,signor ,bonci has sugge/$1 :at language is employ$ by ! /ud5t 9 t critical initial /age :5 8 voice is be+ 8plac$40 ,= ! re/ x may be notic$ t ano!r great mod]n t5or1 namely ,c>uso1 insi/$ especially1 :5 discuss+ ?is "q ( plac+1 ^u ! supreme necessity ( fre$om & ease & ! abs5ce ( all unnecess>y contractions ( ! muscles4 ,signor ,fucito tells u t on ?is po9t he express$ himself z foll[s3 8,x is necess>y ?r\gh ! aid ( self-/udy & ! help ( a good s++ tea*] to become aw>e ( e physical defect--su* z contractions ( ! muscles ( ! ?roat1 ( ! face1 or ( ! jaw--:i* c h9d] ! tone f be+ emitt$ 9 all its fullness & purity4 ,^! rigid muscul> contractions br+ ab\t a ?roaty tone1 :i* lacks support & is incapable ( purity & amplitude4444 ,! s+] %\ld apply himself to 8 /udy ) great naturalness & relaxation2 ?is is ! s9e qua non ( beautiful cantil5a s++40 ,) e ^w ( ^! rem>ks ,i he>tily agree4 ,inde$1 ,i imag9e t !y w\ld ga9 ! univ]sal ass5t ( all qualifi$ to write on ! subject4 ,! pronunciation ( =eign languages is a po9t to :i* ! /ud5t c h>dly give too mu* att5tion4 ,x also af=ds ano!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( /udy abroad1 s9ce x is c]ta9 t a =eign language _c possibly be acquir$ s effectually any:]e z 9 ! l& :]e x is spok54 ,& =eign languages are indisp5sable to a s+] n[adays :o aspires to be equal to all ! requirem5ts ( ! mod]n rp]toire4 ,true x may n be necess>y to possess ! l+ui/ic p[]s ( a ,m+otti1 :o spoke ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,engli%1 & ,spani%4 ,b at lea/ x may be laid d[n z an inexorable rule t no "o %\ld ev] attempt to s+ 9 a =eign tongue until he has acquir$ absolute comm& ov] e detail ( its pronunciation by means ( /udy1 if n 9 ! l& itself1 at any rate ) a native4 ,o!rwise ! result c only be a trave/y ( ! compos]'s--or at all ev5ts ( ! poet's--int5tions & a s\rce ( mir? to all he>]s4 ,little d "s arti/s realise1 inde$1 ! impressions :i* !y produce at times :51 ) misplac$ assurance1 !y v5ture on songs 9 tongues ) :i* !y are imp]fectly acqua9t$4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ! be/ equipp$ x is a proce$+ att5d$ ) risk to s+ 9 a =eign language2 b )\t complete k !re is no m c]ta9 way ( expos+ "o's self to ridicule4 ,& ,i am afraid t x mu/ be said t1 contr>y p]haps to ! g5]al belief1 ,italian suff]s no less ?an any o!r language f misguid$ attempts ( ?is k9d4 ,! idea is commonly ent]ta9$ t ,italian is 8easy0 to speak1 b ( c\rse ?is is n ! case if x is really to be prop]ly spok54 ,to :i* ,i may add t few peoples seem to exp]i5ce m difficulty 9 ma/]+ its subtleties ?an ! ,engli%4 ,x may be recall$1 too1 t ?is 0 also ! view ( ,lamp]ti4 ,( all ! ,european nations1 he decl>$1 ! ,engli%1 & especially ,london]s1 pron\nc$ ,italian wor/4 ,! s\nds t !y produce1 he rem>k$1 are ne>ly all guttural1 ! v[els be+ excessively weak1 :ile _! acc5t 0 entirely wrong--! m51 he add$1 be+ ev5 worse ?an ! wom54 ,! ,scot*1 on ! o!r h&1 7 n q s bad 9 8 judgm5t1 :ile ! ,iri% 7 be/ ( all4 ,inde$1 he agre$ t ! latt] ) /udy c\ld le>n to speak ,italian q wond]fully--z is illu/rat$1 ,i may say1 at ! pres5t "t by ,mr4 ,john ,mc,cormack1 :o has a mo/ admirable ,italian diction4 ,b x c]ta9ly is n (t5 t "o c speak 9 simil> t]ms ( ! av]age ,engli% arti/4 ,if anyone d\bts ?is1 let him read & pond] ov] "s cau/ic rem>ks once made on ?is v po9t by ! late ,sir ,*>les ,santley4 ,no?+ 0 m deplorable1 he said1 ?an to he> ! atroci\s mann] 9 :i* ! beautiful ,italian language 0 murd]$ at times by untra9$ ,engli% s+]s1 & if1 he add$1 !y _h any notion ( ! effect :i* !y produc$ by su* attempts ^u su* ( _! he>]s z happ5$ to be really famili> ) ! language1 !y w\ld assur$ly nev] make !mselves s ridicul\s aga94 ,bett] a ?\s& times1 he conclud$1 to s+ all y\r life 9 y\r own tongue r ?an make y\rself a laugh+-/ock by attempt+ a task beyond y\r p[]4 ,to :i* ,i ne$ h>dly add t ! same applies no less to ,fr5* & ,g]man1 ?\gh ,i am myself less qualifi$ to speak conc]n+ ^? languages4 ,x is n = me1 p]haps1 to say mu* ab\t ,wagn] s++1 :i* is s f> remov$ f my own *os5 prov9ce1 b ,i may be p]mitt$1 p]haps1 :ile on ! subject ( diction1 to po9t to ! appall+ mann] 9 :i* ! div9e art ( s++ has be5 p]v]t$ by ,wagn]ian s+]s "u ! mi/ak5 notion t !y 7 9 ?is way c>ry+ out ! wi%es ( ! sublime ma/]4 ,i say 8"u ! mi/ak5 notion0 because x is well kn[n by ^? acqua9t$ ) ! fact t ! s-call$ 8,bayreu? me?od0 0 z f> remov$ z possible f ,wagn]'s actual ideas4 ,x is true t he atta*$ ! utmo/ importance to cle> & emphatic enunciation ( ! words s t ! c\rse ( ! drama might be q cle>ly und]/ood1 & !re9 he 0 q "r4 ,b !re is little reason to suppose t he 0 9 reality satisfi$ ) ! actual results a*iev$ by ! ,g]man s+]s by :om 8 works 7 orig9ally pres5t$4 ,x is1 inde$1 an utt] mi/ake to suppose t ! h>% & /rid5t s++ ( ! av]age ,g]man vocali/ 0 ( a k9d to comm5d itself to ,wagn]4 ,on ! contr>y1 x 0 "o ( 8 pet s*emes1 if ,i h n be5 mis9=m$1 9 connection ) ,bayreu?1 to in/itute a ,s*ool ( ,s++ :i* might lead to bett] ?+s2 & ! k9d ( s++ at :i* he aim$ may be ga!r$ f ! fact t ! tea*] :om he wi%$ to secure to c>ry out 8 views 0 none o!r ?an t fam\s expon5t ( ,bel ,canto1 ! late ,seor ,manuel ,g>ca6 ,9 ! same connection1 too1 may be recall$ ! rem>k made by ! compos] aft] he>+ a p]=mance ( 8,loh5gr90 7) ! great ,italian ,wagn]ian t5or ,borgatti7 on "o occasion at ,bologna4 ,almo/ = ! fir/ "t1 he said1 he _h he>d 8 music really sung4 ,all ( :i* sugge/s h[ f> !y are f actually fulfill+ ! wi%es ( ! ma/] 9 cont9u+ at ,bayreu? ! horrible vocal me?ods :i* _h become s un=tunately associat$ ) 8 "n4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,/yle ,,& ,,int]pretation ,diction1 x may be said1 is includ$ 9 ,/yle2 b ,/yle means a good deal m ?an diction4 ,/yle may be said1 inde$1 to mean ev]y?+ t ! s+] adds to ! b>e notes & directions ( ! pr9t$ page4 ,^! notes & directions are admitt$ly incomplete--a m]e approximation to ! compos]'s complete mean+4 ,he supplies 9 ?is way ! b>e facts ) su* additional h9ts z to expression & int]pretation z an imp]fect sy/em ( notation all[s4 ,x is ! duty ( 8 int]pret]s to supply :at is miss+--to brea! ! _s ( life into ! dry bones & to conv]t dead pr9t$ notes into liv+ human music4 ,to ?is end ! s+] mu/ possess fir/ ( all ! requisite insight & und]/&+ to grasp ! compos]'s purpose1 next ! p]sonality & magnetism to be able to realise x = 8 he>]s1 & la/ly ! musical ta/e & k requir$ 9 ord] to pres5t x 9 con=mity ) ! appropriate rules & traditions4 ,9 o!r words1 ! s+] mu/ n m]ely s+ ! "r notes1 b s+ !m 9 ! "r way--) ! "r acc5t1 ! "r phras+1 & 9 ! "r mann]4 ,:at is requir$ may be be/ realis$1 p]haps1 by comp>+ ! deliv]y ( a f9e piece ( poetry by a s*oolgirl or s*oolboy1 say1 ) ! deliv]y ( ! same l9es by an accompli%$ actor or elocutioni/4 ,! words w be ! same 9 bo? cases1 b :at a diff]5ce 9 ! result6 ,s 9 ! case ( music ! notes sung w be ! same :oev] s+s !m1 b ! effect w be va/ly diff]5t :5 !y are sung by ! tra9$ arti/4 ,"h x is t ! /ud5t's g5]al culture w be> fruit1 9 ! imag9ative insight & und]/&+1 ! good ta/e & ! expression1 :i* he br+s to 8 task4 ,& "h1 too1 w 8 musical k & intellig5ce be m p>ticul>ly illu/rat$ by ! mann] 9 :i* he con=ms to ! requirem5ts ( ! p>ticul> k9d ( music :i* he is int]pret+4 ,= to d ?is aright a k ( ! notes alone w n suffice4 ,he mu/ be famili> also ) ! v>y+ ne$s ( ! diff]5t s*ools ( music1 ) ! hi/orical traditions associat$ ) !m1 & s =?4 ,op]a dem&s "o k9d ( s++1 oratorio ano!r1 ,g]man ,li$] ano!r1 & s on ?r\gh\t2 & ea* ( ^! g5]al classifications c be subdivid$ 9 turn4 ,h[ diff]5t are ! requirem5ts ( ea* is be/ exemplifi$ by ! fact t s few succe$ 9 all4 ,"o s+] w be great 9 op]a1 ano!r 9 oratorio1 a ?ird 9 ,li$]2 b only 9 ! r>e/ in/ances w y f9d "o & ! same arti/ excell+ 9 all4 ,:y is ?is8 ,simply because _! respective requirem5ts are s diff]5t4 ,= ?is reason ! av]age arti/ w1 ,i ?9k1 usually be well advis$ to conf9e himself to ! class ( "w m p>ticul>ly suit$ to 8 tal5t4 ,:ile x is well to cultivate v]satility s f> z possible1 x is a mi/ake to s+ music ( a k9d = :i* y are n suit$4 ,patti lov$ ,wagn]1 = in/ance1 & 0 a frequ5t visitor to ,bayreu?4 ,b %e did n s+ 8 music4 ,%e lik$ to he> x sung by o!rs1 b %e realis$ t x 0 n = h]4 ,voice1 p]sonality1 tra9+1 temp]am5t1 all impose necess>y limitations4 ,p blame me sometimes1 = in/ance1 = conf9+ myself ma9ly to music ( a c]ta9 s*ool4 ,b ,i ?9k ,i "k be/ z to ?is1 & t ,i am ex]cis+ s\nd judgm5t 9 adopt+ ?is c\rse4 ,!re is mu* music :i* ,i admire & love1 b ,i d n always try to s+ x4 ,9 ! same way ,i may admire frocks :i* ,i see on o!r wom51 b ,i d n necess>ily try to we> ! same myself4 ,i h ! good s5se to recognise t !y w\ld n suit me4 ,moreov]1 ! field ( music is s va/ t to cultivate "o or two dep>tm5ts ?or\ghly w be m ?an suffici5t to tax ! en]gy ( ! mo/ ambiti\s4 ,make y\rself ma/] or mi/ress 9 y\r own *os5 prov9ce1 & y w h accompli%$ q z mu* z any "o ne$ wi% to4 ,& :atev] /yle y cultivate get z ne> to p]fection 9 x z y c possibly4 ,catalani said ( ,sontag3 8,elle e/ la premire dans son g5re2 mais son g5re n'e/ pas le premi]40 ,?is may or may n h be5 true4 ,b ,sontag 0 probably well pleas$1 9 any case1 to be 8la premire40 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,h[ ,i ,,s+ ,,an ,,aria ,to s+ a song or a big aria well y mu/1 = ! "t1 be bo? ! vocali/ & compos] ( ! words & music y wi% to express4 ,if ,i wi% to s+1 say1 8,home ,sweet ,home10 ,i mu/ imag9e h[ f> ,i am away f sunny ,italy1 & =get all ! k9dness & att5tion ) :i* ,i am surr\nd$ "h4 ,!n1 ,i beg9 to feel ! mood & homesickness com+ to aid me1 vocal control mu/ d ! re/ 9 mak+ ! song effective4 ,or1 aga91 if ,i wi% to d ju/ice to ,sir ,fr$]ick ,c[5's *>m+ little song1 8,! ,swall[s10 ,i mu/ ?9k ( a lovely sunny morn+ &1 m5tally1 8,op5 wide my lattice1 lett+ 9 ! laugh+ breeze10 imag9+ all ! joy\s s5se ( life t ! arrival ( ! swall[s br+s to my naturally vivaci\s ,s\!rn nature4 ,let u1 h[ev]1 take ! ,recitative & ,polonaise f t brilliantly sp>kl+ op]a 8,mignon10 by ,ambroise ,?omas4 ,fir/ ( all1 ,i h to /udy ! sett+ ( ?is great aria1 & !n /udy ! words1 :i*1 9 ,engli% beg91 8,yes6 = to-night ,i am ,que5 ( ! ,fairies1 ,& "h my gold5 sceptre see2 ,& behold ^!1 my trophies60 ,illu/ration3 ,musical notation3 ,yes2 = to-night ,i am que5 ( ! fairies6 ,& "h my gold5 sceptre see2 ,& behold ^! my trophies ,i ask myself :at ,i might feel l 7 ,i able to become a fairy4 ,giv+ myself free re91 ,i s+ ! :ole recitative mu* z ,i w\ld speak x1 only hav+ 9 m9d ! notes1 ,i attack !m firmly1 lett+ ! conductor punctuate ! :ole ) ! accompanim5t some:at freely4 ,9 recitative1 "o mu/ h fire & imag9ation1 &1 al?\gh reasonable att5tion mu/ be paid to ! valuation ( notes--! full five beats1 = example1 on ! long note ( b>s #f & #g--;x is ! "p ( ! accompani/ to feel y\r pulse1 z x 71 & g ) y4 ,n[1 on ! same long note1 be c>eful to c>ry a s5se ( increas+ wond]1 by mak+ a dim9u5do1 !n1 ) increas+ v]ve1 make a clean 8turn0 on beat f\r ( ! #h? b>1 capp$ by a triumphant pause1 &1 a clean int]val ( ! fif? ) ! ^w 8trophies10 on beats "o & two ( b> #i4 ,n[ we come to ! actual ,polacca1 9 :i* tempo mu/ be obs]v$ & all ! tricks ( brilliant vocal agility put into play4 ,rememb]1 all ^! 8runs0 & bravura passages mu/ be cle>--e note l a fre% pea out ( a pod or bullet out ( a ma*9e gun6 ,obs]ve ! boldness ( 8pick+ up0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! polacca movem5t1 & 9 b> #c ( ?is movem5t h[ smoo?ly ! deta*$ notes h to be sung4 ,mod]ato tempo di ,polacca 7#if7 ,illu/ration3 ,musical ,notation3 ,i am ,titania1 que5 fairy1 ,i am ,"h1 aga91 !re mu/ be no scoop+ up an octave1 b a cle> rise ( ! octave1 giv+ ! s5se ( all1 z x 71 "o piece4 ,?us1 8,i--,i am ,titania10 & repeat ! same words ) ev5 great] f]v\r1 treat+ all ! words & music ) ! same m5tality & z vital to ! :ole4 ,_m s-call$ intellectual s+]s pref] ,li$]1 because !y _c vocalise ! f9e1 da%+1 graceful runs ( florid music1 n because ( its lack ( intellectual requirem5ts4 ,:at c\ld bett] express ! vivaci\s joy ( a fairy que5 ?an ! triplet passages on ! exclamation 8,ah60 b>s #ad & #ae ( ! polacca movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ry6 ,ah6 ,:5 we come to b>s #bi & #cj1 !re is ! *ance ( a lifetime ) ! cad5za-l /r+ ( fifte5 notes1 9 ! neate/ sets ( ?ree1 & !y %\ld be z p]fect z ?\gh play$ by ,kreisl] on ! viol94 ,illu/ration3 fairy6 ,ah6 ,lat] on we come to "s r\lade passages ( six notes on ! same exclamation 8,ah60 7b>s #dc1 #dd1 & #de7 :i* mu/ be sung ) increas+ v]ve1 s t ! wood w9d ( ! or*e/ra comes runn+ up p]fectly 9 tune & tempo1 z x 7 f "r "u y\r la/ note4 ,"h1 mu* dep5ds ^u ! cue ( ! conductor1 b1 *ang+ "o's mann] & keep+ up ! gr[+ joyfulness1 y beg9 a new era1 z x 71 ) ! words1 8,bright troops ( fairies hov] r\nd me40 ,?us1 ! aria works on1 until1 on ! la/ beat ( b> #ed & b> #ee !re is a sugge/ion ( ,illu/ration3 ,musical notation3 leggi]o ed acc5tato4 ,bright troops ( fairies hov] r\nd me6 a fairy call4 ,a dream-l waltz1 9 wide contra/1 foll[s4 ,unless "o feels ?is1 ! brilliance we h work$ up is los+ ! value ( contra/ ) ,illu/ration3 ,musical notation3 dawn ( day4 ,amid ! ?is %imm]1 z x 71 ( gleam+ moonlight4 ,on ?is breaks ! brilliant passages ( ! flute1 :i* may be ! task ( "s fairy work] 9 ! ,illu/ration3 ,musical notation3 ,i am ,titania6 ,ah6 real fairyl&6 ,i mu/ be waft$ along 9 smoo? subs]vi5ce to ! brilliance ( ! accompanim5t = ! next few b>s1 until ,i repeat ! lovely melody at b> #fb :5 ,i beg9 to add--z scor$ 9 ! "p--"s grace notes & florid passages1 & gradually awak5 until1 at b> #gi1 ,i h asc5d$ to a full top ,b1 prec$$ by a 8trill0 or 8%ake10 t leads up to ! brilliant bur/ ( ! or*e/ra back to ! polacca-l movem5t1 & to ! f9ale4 ,?is mu/ be "o increas+ triumph1 ov] ! mu*-talk$-( top ,e flat1 ! r\lades1 grace notes1 trills1 & cad5za-l passages = %e] joie de vivre4 ,yet all ?is dep5ds ^u h[ well y h condition$ y\rself1 practis$ ^? tir+ v[el s\nds1 scales1 su/a9$ ,illu/ration3 ah6 ah6 passages1 to :i* ,i comm5d y be=e essay+ ! brilliant ,polonaise f 8,mignon0 t has giv5 me _m triumphs1 yet /ill calls = all ,i c give1 z x w to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,practis+ ,is x necess>y to say t daily practice is indisp5sable to ! /ud5t--z x is also to ! f9i%$ arti/8 ,a celebrat$ viol9i/ us$ to say1 8,if ,i cease practis+ = "o day ,i "k x :5 ,i next play2 if = two days my enemies "k x2 if = ?ree ! public "k x40 ,x is ! same ) ! voice1 al?\gh "s voices1 no d\bt1 require less daily ex]cis+ ?an o!rs4 ,"s =tunate ones1 inde$1 h be5 able to disp5se ) x almo/ entirely4 ,on ! day ( a p]=mance ! great ,*aliap9e w>ms 8 voice up = a p]iod ( ?irty or =ty m9utes only4 ,on o!r days & :5 on vacation he r>ely practises1 except = gett+ up new music1 & ev5 ?is is m ( a m5tal process4 ,x is said ( ,m>io also t at ! height ( 8 fame he nev] practis$ m ?an t5 m9utes a day1 & t j be=e he 0 leav+ = ! ,op]a ,h\se1 :ile 8 s]vant w\ld be /&+1 wat* 9 h&1 assur+ him t he w\ld be late = ! p]=mance if he did n />t at once4 ,b t1 ( c\rse1 0 an exceptional case4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,batti/9i is mo/ lavi% ) 8 practis+ & r>ely a day passes t he does n put 9 "o or two h\rs ( solid s++4 ,?is no d\bt acc\nts = ! extraord9>y comm& he has ov] tone1 phras+ & brea?+4 ,!re is great tru? 9 ! say+ t practice makes p]fect1 b h[ _m ( u h ! robu/ & natural organ t ,batti/9i is bless$ )4 ,i always ?\ght t ! reason ( ?is 0 ! fact t ,batti/9i1 :o c\ld well h tra9$ z a t5or1 elect$ to become a b>itone1 ?us evad+ ! /ra9 ( =c+ high 8,c's0 out ( 8 voice4 ,at ! same "t ev5 practis+ %\ld n be c>ri$ to excess4 ,_m s+]s h1 inde$1 (t5 done _! voices great h>m by practis+ too mu*4 ,! vocal cords are exce$+ly delicate & _c be us$ too c>efully4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! wond]ful pres]vation ( ,patti's voice 0 due 9 l>ge measure to ! extraord9>y prud5ce & c>e ) :i* %e husb&$ x4 ,by nev] s++ at rehe>sals1 by nev] s++ :5 %e 0 9 ! lea/ degree out ( heal? or tir$1 & s on1 %e add$ ye>s probably to ! l5g? ( h] c>e]4 ,& all s+]s %\ld act z f> z possible on ! same pr9ciple4 ,!re %\ld nev] be ! smalle/ /ra9 9 practis+1 = in/ance4 ,= ?is reason x is advisable to practise ) ! half voice mo/ly & only r>ely at ! extremities ( ! compass--& !n ) great c>e & discretion4 ,9 ! same way !re %\ld nev] be any s5se ( fatigue1 /ill less ( ho>s5ess1 aft] practice4 ,x is1 inde$1 9 ! ord9>y way a sure sign t some?+ is wrong1 ei!r ) y\r vocal organs or ) y\r me?ods1 if ?is occurs (t51 & ! matt] %\ld be inve/igat$ accord+ly--ev5 to ! ext5t ( *ang+ y\r tea*] if necess>y4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! tr\ble is only tempor>y1 a brief susp5sion ( ex]cis+ may be all t is necess>y4 ,b 9 ?is case be c>eful n to resume y\r practis+ until ! tr\ble has completely disappe>$4 ,f> bett] drop y\r practis+ = a week1 or a mon?1 if necess>y1 ?an attempt to s+ :5 y\r organs are n 9 p]fect ord]4 ,t is to say1 if !re is really def9ite tr\ble4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is m]ely a little ho>s5ess1 su* z _m s+]s are subject to1 !n judici\s ex]cis+--please notice t ,i emphasise judici\s--may be ! be/ ?+ = x4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 ess5tially a matt] ^u :i* y mu/ be guid$ by y\r tea*]--or ev5 if necess>y by a doctor4 ,madame ,lilli ,lehmann prescribes1 = in/ance1 :at %e calls ! ,great ,scale z an invaluable rem$y = all mann] ( vocal ills--mean+ simply long sl[ scales ( su/a9$ notes /eadily repeat$4 ,"h is :at %e said1 = in/ance1 on ?is po9t3 8,! great scale prop]ly employ$ 9 practice accompli%es wond]s4 ,x equalises ! voice1 makes x flexible & noble1 gives /r5g? to all weak places1 op]ates to repair all breaks & faults t exi/1 & controls ! voice to ! v he>t4 ,no?+ escapes x4 ,x is ! ,gu>dian ,angel ( ! voice4 ,i s+ x e day1 (t5 twice1 ev5 if ,i h to s+ "o ( my greate/ rles 9 ! ev5+4 ,i c rely absolutely on its assi/ance40 ,&1 z ,i h said1 %e prescrib$ ?is v ex]cise n only = daily practice :5 "o is well1 b also z a rem$y = tr\bles :5 ! voice is out ( ord]4 ,i may be p]mitt$1 p]haps1 to quote 9 ?is connection ano!r int]e/+ passage3 8,i myself _h to s+ #8,norma' 9 ,vi5na "s ye>s ago & got up 9 ! morn+ q ho>se4 ,by n9e o'clock ,i tri$ my invaluable rem$y1 b c\ld n s+ above ,a flat1 al?\gh 9 ! ev5+ ,i %\ld h to rea* high ,d flat & ,e flat4 ,i 0 on ! po9t ( giv+ up because ! case seem$ to be s desp]ate4 ,nev]!less1 ,i practis$ till #aa o'clock1 half an h\r at a "t1 & notic$ t ,i 0 gradually gett+ bett]4 ,9 ! ev5+ ,i _h my ,d flat & ,e flat at my comm& s t p said !y _h seldom he>d me s+ s well40 ,i h quot$ ?is advice ( ,lilli ,lehmann because x is ( int]e/ & value z com+ f s great an au?ority1 b ,i d n wi% x to be und]/ood t ?is has be5 my own precise practice1 = ?is is n ! case4 ,b z to ! g5]al value ( scales = practis+ purposes !re is1 ( c\rse1 no possible d\bt4 ,scales are1 inde$1 ! f\ndation ( all useful practice1 especially at fir/4 ,m>*esi1 = in/ance1 reli$ on !m almo/ exclusively 9 ! e>li] /ages--long su/a9$ tones1 repeat$ aga9 & aga9 until h] fa/idi\s e> 0 satisfi$2 & no pupil c possibly fail to b5efit f su* ex]cise4 ,ev5 = ! acquisition ( velocity1 z ,i h said else:]e1 scales--& q sl[ ones at fir/--are indisp5sable4 ,( m elaborate ex]cises !re are none bett]1 s f> z ,i "k1 ?an ^? to be f\nd 9 ,concone1 :ile = advanc$ pupils well-*os5 numb]s f ! great ,italian op]atic ma/]s1 ,ross9i1 ,donizetti1 ,bell9i1 & ! re/1 c be utilis$ ) great advantage4 ,?is includes mezzo-sopranos1 contraltos1 z well z sopranos4 ,my mae/ro w\ld make !m all s+ 8,una voce poco fa0 transpos$1 say+ t x 0 a vocal massage4 ,b x is r a matt] = ! individual tea*] to prescribe :at is requir$ 9 ?is way1 s9ce all voices w n ne$ ! same4 ,z to ! p]iod & duration ( practis+1 my own plan is to practise twice a day--at t5 9 ! morn+ = an h\r1 ) int]vals ( re/2 & aga9 9 ! aft]noon1 be=e d9n]1 = ! same "t4 ,b ! beg9n] %\ld n practise = m ?an t5 or fifte5 m9utes at a "t1 & %\ld leave (f imm$iately 8 voice beg9s to feel tir$4 ,to :i*1 ,i w\ld add1 t x is ( ! utmo/ importance n only :at "o practises b h[4 ,t5 m9utes' practice ) ! maximum ( ?\ght & conc5tration w be ( m value ?an a :ole h\r ( m]e me*anical scales & arpeggi1 sung )\t ?\ght & c>e4 ,! pupil1 :ile practis+1 %\ld li/5 to himself ) ! utmo/ vigilance all ! "t--criticis+ ru?lessly e tone1 & seek+ always to eradicate e fault & blemi%4 ,x is = lack ( ?is m5tal ef=t t pupils s (t5 practise 9 va9--improv+ !mselves 9 c]ta9 respects p]haps1 b nev] acquir+ t beauty ( tone & p]fection ( execution :i* %\ld be ! f\ndation ( all4 ,i w\ld repeat "h1 inde$1 :at ,i h said be=e1 t unsp>+ self-criticism is ! root ( all progress4 ,nor %\ld ?is ev] cease4 ,z a great arti/ rem>k$ 9 "s words :i* ,i quot$ e>li]1 ! true arti/ w cont9ue /udy+ & practis+ & improv+ to ! end ( 8 day4 ,read1 = in/ance1 :at ,signor ,fucito tells u ( ,c>uso3 8,no "o c\ld h be5 a sev]] critic ( ,c>uso's art ?an ,c>uso himself4 ,he work$ ) trem5d\s conc5tration1 & 8 acute e> 0 ev] ready to descry ! slighte/ flaw 9 ! tone production1 9 quality or ! int]pretation ( a musical passage40 ,& aga93 8,!re 7 times :5 he refus$ to re/1 s++ a passage or phrase ov] & ov] aga91 ea* "t ) ano!r vocal modulation ( col\r+ until he got ! expression & quality t satisfi$ 8 exact+ musical ta/e40 ,x is int]e/+ to note1 by ! way1 t ,c>uso practis$ always1 or ne>ly always1 ) ! full voice--a proc$ure :i* is n1 h[ev]1 z ,i h already said1 to be g5]ally recomm5d$4 ,incid5tally 9 practis+ ! /ud5t %\ld avoid ! acquisition ( bad habits ( /&+1 undesirable movem5ts ) ! h&s1 & s on1 & %\ld also keep c>eful *eck ^u 8 facial expressions4 ,= ! latt] purpose x is an excell5t plan to practise be=e a mirror1 s9ce ?is is ! sure/ way to avoid ! unconsci\s cultivation ( undesirable tricks :i*1 once !y h be5 acquir$1 may prove mo/ difficult to get rid (4 ,9 ! case ( op]atic arti/s x is a good plan also to practise 9 co/ume 9 ord] to become accu/om$ to ! dress :i* "o w be we>+ 9 ! actual p]=mance1 & ?us to avoid any s5se ( awkw>dness :i* may be o!rwise exp]i5c$4 ,& = ! same reason :5 any p>ticul> numb] has to be sung 9 any special mann] f ! physical po9t ( view1 z1 = in/ance1 sitt+ d[n1 or kneel+1 x is well to become accu/om$ to ?is also be=eh&4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,! ,,arti/ ,,& ,,! ,,gramophone ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( practis+ ,i %\ld l to add a ^w z to ! value ( ! gramophone to ! intellig5t /ud5t4 ,?is is1 inde$1 a truly invaluable adjunct4 ,if to he> ! greate/ s+]s is ! f9e/ ( all exp]i5ces = ! /ud5t1 h[ c x inde$ be o!rwise8 ,= "h 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t mann] possible is ! means provid$ = do+ ?is4 ,9 ! e>li] pages ( ?is volume ,i h record$ :at ine/imable advantages ,i d]iv$ 9 my own case f ! con/ant he>+ ( f9e s++ f my e>lie/ *ildhood4 ,n[1 by means ( ! gramophone1 ! same advantage is at ! comm& ( e "o :]esoev] he1 or %e1 may happ5 to reside4 ,9 my y\ng] days only ^? dwell+ 9 ! great capitals c\ld hope to he> su* arti/s z ,patti1 ,tamagno1 ,c>uso1 ,batti/9i1 & s =?1 & ev5 ^? only if means p]mitt$1 :i* 0 n (t5 9 ! case ( poor /ud5ts4 ,to-day any "o c enjoy ?is priceless privilege1 :]ev] he may happ5 to reside1 = a comp>atively small outlay ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! gramophone4 ,& he c he> !m n only n[ & aga91 b z (t5 z ev] he likes & by 8 own fireside4 ,if he happ5s to be /udy+ "s p>ticul> rle he c be 8coa*$0 9 ?is mo/ practical & unrivall$ mann] by all ! greate/ arti/s ( ! day4 ,he c take a p>ticul> aria & he> x sung by ,c>uso aga9 & aga9 until he is famili> ) e detail ( 8 r5d]+--c note 8 brea?+1 8 phras+1 & e o!r detail 9 a mann] :i* w\ld be q impossible by any o!r means4 ,& hav+ he>d ,c>uso he c !n he> ! same numb] sung by v>i\s o!r great arti/s if he *ooses1 & b5efit /ill m by comp>+ _! respective read+s--by not+ h[ !y resemble "o ano!r or h[ !y diff]1 z ! case may be1 incid5tally le>n+ 9 ! process h[ widely "o int]pretation may diff] f ano!r & /ill be ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,n only ?is1 b he c famili>ise himself ) entire op]as 9 ! same way1 = c]ta9 ( ! companies issue complete albums ( ! be/ kn[n works :i* are reproduc$ 9 _! entirety--vocal p>ts1 or*e/ra1 & all 9 ?is m>vell\s mann]4 ,"o w\ld ?9k1 inde$1 t ! com+ g5]ation %\ld provide u ) f9e s+]s 9 su* pl5ty z ! _w has nev] kn[n be=e ) ! aid ( su* priceless help4 ,:e!r x w be s or n rema9s to be se54 ,b c]ta9ly x may be said t nev] be=e h /ud5ts be5 s wond]fully help$4 ,i myself h pleasure 9 te/ify+ t ,i h d]iv$ ! greate/ b5efit z well z delight f ! records ( ,patti1 :ile ,mr4 ,john ,mc,cormack has simil>ly ackn[l$g$ 8 indebt$ness to ! wond]ful r5d]+s ( ,c>uso4 ,& ,i hope 9 all mode/y t /ud5ts ( ! pres5t g5]ation may d]ive simil> help 9 turn f ! records :i* ,i myself h made4 ,beyond a d\bt ! gramophone %\ld be ! guide1 philosoph]1 & fri5d--! mo/ tru/$ & mo/ compet5t aid & coadjutor--n only to e /ud5t1 b also to e tea*] ( ! pres5t day4 ,( c\rse1 ! pupil is only human & (t5 reluctant to believe t !re are grave faults 9 8 voice4 ,:il/ o!rs c detect 8 mi/akes1 ! pupil _c li/5 intellig5tly to 8 own faulty emission :ile s++4 ,b take him to a record+-room & get him to s+ into ! record+-horn1 & let him li/5 z ! op]ator tries ov] ! record he has made4 ,he is sure to be surpris$ to f9d h[ _m faults !re are4 ,8 production may be ?roaty1 nasal1 or :at y w4 ,x is all br\ght out cle>ly by ! gramophone4 ,!re is no in/rum5t t is s calculat$ to remove ! conceit f a "y arti/ z ! gramophone4 ,to wat* 8 face z he fir/ li/5s to 8 own voice is usually to enjoy a m9iature pantomime4 ,nev]!less1 ! gramophone is a spur to drive ! arti/ =w>d to p]fection1 &1 ( c\rse1 a great aid to ! music pr(essor4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,/udy+ ,a ,r,,le ,diff]5t arti/s h diff]5t me?ods ( /udy+ _! p>ts1 b all ,i ?9k w be agre$ on "o po9t1 namely1 t !y _c possibly be le>n$ too ?or\ghly4 ,m>vell\s /ories are told1 no d\bt1 ( difficult rles hav+ be5 completely ma/]$ by prodigi\s ef=ts 9 a fabul\sly %ort "t4 ,b he is tak+ t]rible risks :o attempts a t\r de =ce ( ?is k9d1 & 9 my own op9ion no arti/ %\ld ev] be ask$ to d ?is4 ,to ma/] a rle 9 ! prop] way %\ld be a matt] ( weeks & mon?s1 n to say ye>s1 ( c>eful /udy s t x becomes "p & p>cel1 z x 71 ( ! v be+ ( ! arti/4 ,!n1 & !n only1 c x be attempt$ on ! /age ) t absolute confid5ce & assurance & t entire fre$om f anxiety )\t :i* ! be/ results _c possibly be hop$ =4 ,v fooli%1 or at all ev5ts v c\rage\s1 is ! "y arti/ :o = ! sake ( an appe>ance at all co/s essays a "p :i* he1 or %e1 has n ?or\ghly prep>$ be=eh&--= t way disa/] lies4 ,a "p simply _c be too well /udi$ if failure & mi%aps are to be absolutely assur$ aga9/4 ,let x be rememb]$ especially by ! /ud5t :o runs ?r\gh a "p s easily 9 ! privacy ( 8 /udy ) ! aid ( a fri5dly accompani/ at ! piano1 h[ inf9itely m difficult are ! conditions on ! actual /age--alike 9 ! psy*ological & purely mat]ial s5ses4 ,!re is ! consci\sness1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( be+ "p n[ ( a huge inexorable organisation :i* admits ( no error or failure "u any circum/ances1 & t at fir/ has an almo/ p>alys+ effect ^u ! faculties4 ,!re is ! consci\sness ( t eag]1 critical public on ! o!r side ( ! footlights & ( all t !re is at /ake %\ld any failure occur4 ,!re is ! difficulty 9 ! physical s5se ( he>+ ! or*e/ra prop]ly1 :i* seems s f> (f & s inf9itely less helpful ?an ! fri5dly homely piano4 ,!re are ! p]turb+ factors ( "o's co/ume1 action1 bus9ess4 ,9 %ort1 ! :ole ?+ is utt]ly diff]5t1 & = ?is reason1 !re=e1 ! "y arti/ _c be too firmly gr\nd$ 9 8 rle if he is to be pro( aga9/ all ! possibilities ( failure & all mis*ances & mi%aps 9 ! h\r ( trial4 ,z to ! actual process ( ma/]+ a rle ,i believe ?or\ghly 9 ! practice ( /udy+ x at ! outset ap>t f ! music4 ,read ! :ole book ?r\gh & ma/] ! /ory & ! drama completely 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,get e twi/ & turn & e detail ( x into y\r m9d4 ,try to visualise & repres5t x to y\rself z reali/ically z possible4 ,imag9e t x all actually occurr$ & t y 71 9 fact1 ! "* ^: "p y are to repres5t4 ,le>n all y c ab\t ! p]iod ( ! /ory1 ! sc5e ( ! action1 ! circum/ances ( ! "t1 & s on1 s z to realise x all z vividly z possible4 ,& !n1 hav+ done ?is1 /udy ) equal ?or\ghness e detail ( y\r own "p4 ,x may be only a small "o4 ,nev] m9d4 ,y c make x j z lifelike & z p]fect 9 its way z "o ( m importance if y make ! mo/ ( x4 ,x 0 9 ?is way t ,m>io always /udi$ 8 p>ts1 & mo/ o!r great arti/s1 ,i ?9k1 w be f\nd to adopt a simil> me?od4 ,we read ( ,m>io t no tr\ble 0 too great & no rese>* too labori\s to ensure t any rle :i* he _h und]tak5 %\ld be repres5t$ z correctly & z p]fectly z possible4 ,nor did 8 fa/idi\s c>e end !re1 = he paid ! greate/ att5tion to 8 words also & ev5 rewrote e l9e ( 8 "p 9 ,g\nod's 8,fau/0 because ! words ( ! orig9al ,italian v]sion 7 n suffici5tly s+able to please him4 ,x 0 ,m>io1 also1 :o said t unless he _h all t he 0 s++ ab\t 9 8 head z well z 9 8 ?roat he c\ld nev] hope to d ju/ice to 8 "p4 ,x is ! old1 old /ory4 ,! greate/ results 9 any?+ are only to be obta9$ by unsp>+ lab\r4 ,x may n be a complete /atem5t ( ! case to say t g5ius is only an inf9ite capacity = tak+ pa9s4 ,b x is c]ta9ly true to say t t capacity is almo/ always associat$ ) ! highe/ g5ius4 ,c>uso suppli$ a m rec5t in/ance4 ,he took endless pa9s to get 8 p>ts "r 9 e detail4 ,he 0 z c>eful1 we read1 ab\t creat+ ! prop] make-up = ! "* :i* he 0 imp]sonat+ z he 0 ab\t /udy+ ! prop] ge/ures1 declamation1 & musical expression4 ,signor ,fucito writes3 8,he pond]$ ! m5tal1 emotional & moral traits ( ! "* z !y 7 reveal$ n only 9 8 own l9es & music1 b ?r\gh\t ! entire op]a4 ,if he f\nd t insuffici5t he se>*$ else:]e--9 art1 9 lit]ature1 9 hi/ory4 ,:5 he 0 prep>+ ! rle ( ,samson he w5t to ! ,bible = additional enlight5m5t on t leg5d>y h]o 9 ord] t he might visualise him m vividly2 & :5 he 0 /udy+ ,eleaz> he s\ght advice on ,jewi% cu/oms f a prom95t ,yiddi% actor ( ,new ,york40 ,respect+ 8make-up0 ?is %\ld be done z c>efully & arti/ically z possible1 be>+ 9 m9d always t al?\gh "s ( ! audi5ce may be a long way (f1 o!rs w be mu* ne>]1 :ile op]a glasses w fur!r help to abridge ! di/ance & to reveal e detail4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,*oice ,,( ,d,,b ,,"w ,z reg>ds ! *oice ( op]a = db purposes ,i ne$ h>dly say t ?is is a matt] ( great importance :i* %\ld be mo/ c>efully consid]$4 ,if y happ5 to be exceptionally gift$ & possess ! advantage ( p[]ful connections y may p]haps be able to appe> at once 9 a rle ( ! fir/ importance1 b my op9ion is t x is usually mu* bett] to beg9 ) small] p>ts & acquire ! necess>y /age exp]i5ce be=e attempt+ "o ( ! m exact+ rles4 ,y may1 ( c\rse1 h su* natural gifts & be s well tra9$ & coa*$ = ! purpose t y may a*ieve success at a b\nd1 b ! *ances are aga9/ ?is1 & x is mu* m likely t y w fall %ort ( y\r expectations & !reby imp]il y\r c>e] at ! outset by mak+ a false />t4 ,c'e/ le premi] pas1 etc41 & x is mu* bett] to beg9 mode/ly & le>n y\r bus9ess ?or\ghly be=e attempt+ ! high] flights4 ,!n :5 y are prop]ly qualifi$ & h acquir$ ! necess>y exp]i5ce y c take a m important "p ) ! assurance t y w be able at lea/ to d full ju/ice to y\rself & to make ! utmo/ ( y\r natural p[]s4 ,!re is ano!r reason1 too1 :y x is a mi/ake1 z a rule1 to attempt ! heavi] rles too soon--namely1 ! fact t ! voice & ! g5]al physique1 ap>t f ! "q ( tra9+ & exp]i5ce1 are seldom ready = ^! at fir/4 ,i h1 inde$1 kn[n m ?an "o case 9 :i* a c>e] ( promise has be5 ru9$ aft] a brilliant />t by subject+ a "y s+] too soon to ! heavy /ra9 ( ! mo/ important p>ts4 ,/udy ^! rles by all means & h !m ready--or "o or two ( !m--9 case "s exceptional or unexpect$ opportunity %\ld pres5t itself4 ,b d n be 9 too great a hurry to appe> 9 !m4 ,x is a mu* saf] c\rse1 z a rule1 to make good at fir/ 9 ^? ( a less ambiti\s k9d2 & y ne$ nev] be afraid t good "w 9 ^! w g unnotic$ or unrew>d$4 ,b :i*ev] "p y *oose = ! purpose x %\ld naturally be "o :i* is well suit$ to y\r capacity & 9 :i* y are confid5t ( be+ able to d y\r be/4 ,if ! novice c atta* himself or h]self to "s prov9cial op]a company at a nom9al sal>y = ! purpose ( tra9+ & exp]i5ce1 ?is is (t5 a good plan4 ,9 ,italy almo/ e prov9cial city has a small season ( op]a1 & impres>ios 9 mo/ cases are ready to give a promis+ s+] a db )\t pay 9 ord] to r$uce _! exp5ses4 ,b 9 "s in/ances if a s+] desires to make a db 9 a c]ta9 rle & imposes ?is on ! impres>io %e w be requir$ to help to f9ance ! op]a by ! paym5t ( a few ?\s& lire4 ,?is is (t5 done1 b 9 "s in/ances ) sad results1 because x is usually an indiff]5t arti/ :o =ces a db 9 ?is way1 (t5 aga9/ ! bett] judgm5t ( ! manag]4 ,i h kn[n in/ances1 inde$1 :]e a s+] has obta9$ a db on ^! t]ms1 & ! audi5ce1 aft] he>+ ! s+]1 has prote/$ s vigor\sly t ! un=tunate novice has _h to be )drawn 9 fav\r ( a m satisfactory sub/itute 9 ord] to pacify ! public4 ,9 "o in/ance ,i rememb] a ,canadian t5or ( trem5d\s size1 b ) a voice m l a mad bull's ?an t ( a human be+1 :o ?\ght he w\ld make an ideal ,o!llo4 ,he 0 weal?y & paid ! managem5t #be1jjj lire = a db4 ,aft] ! fir/ act su* a commotion 0 creat$ 9 ! !atre t ! c>ab9i]i _h to /ep 9 & decide t ei!r ! %[ %\ld be /opp$ or else cont9u$ by ano!r arti/4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds columns appe>$ 9 ! ,am]ican pap]s ab\t ! h>% treatm5t ( =eign s+]s 9 ,italy4 ,i c only say1 h[ev]1 t 9 my judgm5t x is utt]ly wrong to =ce on ! public arti/s :o are manife/ly incapable1 & t 9 ?is p>ticul> case ! puni%m5t fitt$ ! crime6 ,9 cases :]e !re really are voice & m]it su* me?ods %\ld be q unnecess>y1 s9ce manag]s are only too eag] to secure fre% tal5t & to (f] suitable opportunities = appe>+ be=e ! public to ^? :o possess x4 ,j ano!r sugge/ion4 ,don't be induc$ to accept a dramatic rle if y\r voice is purely lyric4 ,don't ev5 be tempt$4 ,c]ta9 mae/ri are always look+ = voices t c be he>d above _! or*e/ras4 ,!y nev] f9d "o1 because x doesn't exi/2 b ! pa? ( _! se>* is /rewn ) wreck$ voices4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,rehe>sals ,rehe>sals are a necess>y evil & ! s5sible arti/ w try to make ! be/ ( !m4 ,und\bt$ly !y are v t$i\s & try+1 b !y are q unavoidable unless y happ5 to h atta9$ suffici5t em95ce to be disp5s$ att5dance at !m4 ,& ev5 !n x is n always wise to avoid !m if y wi% to procure ! be/ results4 ,patti1 ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( h] c>e]1 nev] att5d$ any rehe>sals4 ,b !n %e always sang 9 ! be/-kn[n op]as ) ?or\ghly exp]i5c$ fell[-arti/s :o 7 c>efully in/ruct$ z to h] requirem5ts4 ,b x is h>dly necess>y to say t h] case 0 exceptional4 ,"s arti/s are v try+ at rehe>sals by com+ ) _! p>ts imp]fectly prep>$1 by arriv+ late1 & s on1 & 9 su* cases ! company 9 g5]al is =tunate if ! manag] is suffici5tly firm to insi/ on prop] discipl9e be+ obs]v$4 ,a /rict conductor :o all[s no trifl+ ( ?is k9d is1 inde$1 ! true/ fri5d ( ! arti/s1 & 8 au?ority %\ld be recognis$ accord+ly by "o & all4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t arti/s %\ld be ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) _! p>ts1 & !y %\ld take advantage ( rehe>sals to ma/] e detail ( _! action1 bus9ess1 & s on1 leav+ absolutely no?+ to *ance4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no ne$ to s+ ) full voice at rehe>sals2 inde$1 ?is is n desirable4 ,b "o %\ld naturally s+ l\d en\gh to indicate q cle>ly "o's int5tions4 ,nor %\ld ! inexp]i5c$ arti/ %[ any reluctance to take advice f ! /age manag] :5 x is giv54 ,= 8 judgm5t w probably be bett] ?an y\rs1 & 9 any case x is y\r bus9ess to d z he directs4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,contracts ,9 ! case ( "y s+]s ) v promis+ voices1 impres>ios are (t5 f\nd :o are will+ to f9ance ! p]iod ( in/ruction = a t]m ( say five ye>s4 ,_! calculations are t 9 ! la/ few ye>s ( ?is p]iod ! arti/ w become a pr(itable inve/m5t = !m4 ,9 ! case ( a poor arti/ ?is is (t5 a v good plan1 s9ce x is to ! int]e/ ( ! impres>io to assi/ 9 mak+ a "n & a position = ! arti/ z well z 9 see+ t he has a prop] tra9+4 ,& ! latt] may easily f9d himself ! ga9] by ! arrangem5t !re=e4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ,i am n v mu* 9 fav\r ( su* contracts1 = ! simple reason t1 ! c>e] ( an arti/ be+ s %ort1 he ought n to be plac$ 9 ! position ( exp5d+ 8 p[]s = ! b5efit ( ano!r p]son4 ,i h kn[n arti/s draw+ #ajj a p]=mance :o 7 receiv+ a m]e #aj a week "u su* an agreem5t z ,i h describ$2 & ?is is1 ( c\rse1 a v unsatisfactory & ev5 he>tbreak+ /ate ( ?+s4 ,c>uso 0 "o1 x w be rememb]$1 :o ent]$ into su* a contract z a /ud5t :i*1 h[ev]1 he f9ally succe$$ 9 gett+ resc9d$1 ?\gh n be=e he _h _h rec\rse to ! law c\rts = ?is purpose4 ,z to contracts made lat]1 :5 a prop] position has be5 secur$1 ! arti/ w n usually ne$ mu* advice reg>d+ ^!1 s9ce he is g5]ally q able to look aft] himself4 8,too well1 inde$10 x is sometimes said1 by directors & manag]s4 ,yet x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 z not$ above1 ! vocali/'s c>e] is usually v brief4 ,! ye>s ( ga9 may be f five to tw5ty1 b are r>ely mu* m ?an t54 ,i h kn[n great arti/s :o h la/$ = b a few seasons4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i c recall "s l ,batti/9i :o h _h ov] =ty ye>s ( lucrative employm5t4 ,b ?is is v r>e4 ,are !y n ju/ifi$1 !re=e1 9 requir+ g5]\s paym5t :ile !y c obta9 x8 ,also x mu/ be rememb]$ t great s+]s are exceptionally end[$1 & z su* are entitl$ to dem& exceptional rew>ds4 ,9 :i* connection "o may recall ! fam\s reply ( ! danc] ,gabrielli to ! ,empress ,ca!r9e ( ,russia4 ,! ,empress 0 /agg]$ by ! t]ms :i* %e dem&$ & decl>$ t n ev5 h] ,field-,m>%als receiv$ s mu*4 ,:]eupon ,gabrielli recomm5d$ ! ,empress to get h] ,m>%als to dance = h]4 ,"s ( ! mo/ exact+ contracts ev] made by a s+] 71 ,i suppose1 ^? ( ,catalani4 ,9 h] agreem5ts :5 %e 0 s++ 9 ,london %e us$ to /ipulate = half ( ! receipts ?r\gh\t ! entire season1 :ile %e ins]t$ fur!r su* conditions z ! foll[+3 8,madame ,catalani %all *oose & direct ! op]as :i* %e is to s+2 %e %all likewise h ! *oice ( ! p]=m]s 9 !m2 & %e w h no ord]s to receive f anyone40 ,madame ,patti 9 turn receiv$ z mu* z #ajjj a p]=mance f ,mapleson 9 ,am]ica4 ,b !n ,patti 0--,patti6 ,mo/ arti/s are cont5t ) less6 ,& to su* ,i w\ld say z my f9al ^w on ?is po9t3 8,d n =get dur+ ! days ( y\r necess>ily brief prosp]ity to make provision at all co/s = ! future40 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,conc]t ,,"w ,if ,i h spok5 l>gely ab\t op]a 9 ^! pages1 ?is is because ) my exp]i5ce x comes mo/ naturally to me to d ?is4 ,b conc]t "w--( :i* also ,i h done my %>e--is ( c\rse equally important1 & a few words on ?is subject1 !re=e1 may n come amiss4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ! k9d ( s++ :i* is suitable = ! /age is n always equally 9 keep+ on ! plat=m4 ,x is ! diff]5ce "h betwe5 act+ & recitation4 ,on ! /age y are actually imp]sonat+ ! "* y repres5t1 & ! fulle/ am\nt ( realism is !re=e p]missible--inde$1 ess5tial4 ,on ! plat=m ! same am\nt ( lic5ce is n all[able4 ,y are "h n imp]sonat+1 b int]pret+ at "o remove1 s to speak4 ,y are n pret5d+ to repres5t ! actual "* ( ! song2 y are reproduc+ 9 y\r own p]sonality ! feel+s & emotions involv$4 ,or z "o might put x1 ! art ( ! /age is repres5tative2 t ( ! conc]t plat=m is reproductive4 ,all ?is mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 !re=e1 by ! arti/ :o turns f ! /age to ! conc]t room4 ,! effect produc$ may be j z great1 b x mu/ be a*iev$ 9 a diff]5t way--)\t action1 )\t ge/ure ev51 b ) ! maximum ( int5sity none ! less--secur$ by means ( ! voice1 ! expressiv5ess ( ! s++ & ! p]sonality & temp]am5t ( ! s+] alone4 ,& ^! w be all-suffici5t = ^? :o "k _! bus9ess2 nor %\ld !y be exce$$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,yet if x comes naturally to y to g a little fur!r n[ & aga91 ,i d n "k t x ne$ be condemn$4 ,obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ,i say 8if x comes naturally to y40 ,o!rwise1 x w be =c$ & !atrical & w c]ta9ly n a*ieve its purpose4 ,x is purely a "q ( temp]am5t4 ,be natural & spontane\s & y w n g f> a/ray4 ,nor!rn peoples indulge sp>+ly 9 ge/ures on ! conc]t plat=m1 b yet get great results )\t _! aid4 ,we ,lat9 races are less re/ra9$ 9 ?is respect because ?is is 9 accordance ) our natural temp]am5ts4 ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o :o ge/iculates freely 9 ord9>y spee* & "o :o nev] /irs a f+]4 ,"o w\ld n c\nsel ! ,engli%man to copy ! =eign]'s ge/ures = x w\ld n come naturally to him to d ?is2 b "o w\ld n h a ,fr5*man or an ,italian )\t !m4 ,& s x is 9 s++4 ,if an occasional ge/ure comes naturally to y !re is no ne$ to repress x1 ev5 if y _c be recomm5d$ to g z f> 9 ?is respect 9 ! conc]t room z ,j5ny ,l9d did on "o occasion if report may be tru/$4 ,x is record$ t once :5 s++ ,aga!'s pray] f 8,d] ,freis*tz0 at a conc]t at ,norwi* %e 0 s c>ri$ away t %e actually fell on h] knees on ! plat=m & s f9i%$ ! air6 ,t 01 p]haps1 ov]do+ ?+s4 ,c]ta9ly ,i h nev] he>d ( ev5 an ,italian conc]t-s+] go+ q s f>4 ,i ne$ h>dly add1 :ile on ! subject ( conc]t deportm5t1 t a pleas+ & +ratiat+ mann] is also mu* to be desir$1 ?\gh ?is is a matt] t seems to be /rangely ov]look$ too (t5 by "y arti/s ( ! pres5t day4 ,"o might ?9k almo/ f ! mann]s ( "s ( !m t !y consid] !mselves to be conf]r+ ! greate/ possible fav\r ^u _! he>]s by condesc5d+ to s+ to !m4 ,& d\btless 9 _m cases !y actually d ?9k ?is6 ,b !y %\ld endeav\r n to indicate ! fact q s cle>ly by _! demean\r4 ,i h se5 arti/s ( ?is self-suffici5t type :o actually make n ! slighte/ response1 or b>ely any1 :5 an audi5ce is good en\gh to applaud !m6 ,?is sort ( ?+ is q incompreh5sible to me1 & ,i am sure t if ^? :o behave ?us _h any conception ( ! impression :i* !y produce !y w\ld spe$ily m5d _! mann]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,heal?1 ,,diet1 ,,etc4 ,good heal? is ess5tial to a s+]1 & x mu/ be mo/ c>efully pres]v$4 ,to ?is end y %\ld live z :olesome & regul> an exi/5ce z possible1 see+ t y get pl5ty ( fre% air & tak+ su* ex]cise z may be f\nd conv5i5t1 b )\t ov]do+ ?+s 9 ! latt] respect1 s9ce undue muscul> ex]tion is sometimes prejudicial4 ,mod]ation 9 diet is also advisable1 avoid+ especially all highly season$ di%es1 pepp]1 pickles1 & ! l1 & 9 ! matt] ( alcohol1 if ?is be tak51 conf9+ "o's self to ! lighte/ k9ds ( w9es4 ,z = smok+ ,i prohibit x entirely1 z ,i consid] x to be ! greate/ enemy ( ! vocal cords1 al?\gh ,i am well aw>e1 ( c\rse1 t "s ( ! mo/ fam\s s+]s h be5 invet]ate smok]s4 ,( ,m>io1 = in/ance1 we are told t he 0 nev] se5 )\t a cig> 9 8 m\? except :5 he 0 eat+4 ,he smok$1 x is record$1 ev5 9 8 ba?1 al?\gh x may be not$ t ev5 he expressly avoid$ cig>ettes1 conf9+ himself exclusively to cig>s4 ,c>uso1 aga91 0 ano!r trem5d\s smok]1 & ,i suppose !re are few male vocali/s1 at any rate1 :o d5y !mselves 9 ?is respect entirely4 ,b ,i h no d\bt t x w\ld be bett] = _! vocal organs if !y did s all ! same4 ,c\ghs & colds are1 ( c\rse1 ! greate/ bugbe> ( ! s+]1 & to assi/ 9 secur+ immunity f ^! d n all[ y\r ?roat to become too s5sitive by wrapp+ up too mu*4 ,ba?+ ! ?roat ) cold wat] helps also t[>ds ?is end4 ,:5 ov]heat$ & p]spir+ nev] delay *ang+ into dry clo!s & be especially c>eful always to keep ! feet dry4 ,yet ) all ! precautions 9 ! _w ! "t w come :5 conc]ts or p]=mances mu/ be giv5 "u unfav\rable conditions1 & 9 ^! circum/ances ! art & ! c\rage ( ! s+] alone w c>ry h] ?r\gh4 ,(t5 ,i h und]tak5 a conc]t r ?an disappo9t ! public :5 suff]+ f a bad cold4 ,b ,i h be5 able by w p[] to d wond]s 9 ^! circum/ances1 & m (t5 ?an n ,i h be5 rew>d$ by a ,press :i* said t ,i _h nev] sung bett]4 ,i h kn[n ,c>uso1 "u su* circum/ances1 ! morn+ be=e a widely adv]tis$ conc]t1 at :i* an audi5ce ( p]haps #aj1jjj p 0 likely to be pres5t1 to wake up & f9d himself entirely )\t voice4 ,9 ! in/ance ,i h 9 m9d he telegraph$ = a celebrat$ ?roat speciali/ 9 ,new ,york to come imm$iately to ,pittsburg1 :]e j previ\s to ! conc]t he und]w5t h]oic treatm5t4 ,?is meant ! adm9i/]+ ( a /imulant to ! vocal cords :i* contract$ !m = a p]iod ( a few h\rs4 ,!reby he 0 enabl$ to fulfil 8 engagem5t1 ?\gh ! aft]-results put him out ( action = at lea/ a week4 ,a s+] _c hope always to be absolutely at 8 be/1 & ?is fact %\ld be realis$ f ! fir/ by "y arti/s4 ,frequ5tly1 prior to a p]=mance1 if ! arti/ _c br+ (f c]ta9 cu/om>y effects he1 or %e1 w be ?r[n imm$iately into a /ate ( di/raction & despair4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is all wrong4 ,engagem5ts mu/ be kept1 & m (t5 ?an n1 z ,i h sugge/$1 ! arti/ w f9d :5 ! "t comes t 8 appreh5sion has be5 q uncall$ =4 ,/rung up by ! ne$s ( ! case1 & mak+ a special call ^u all 8 res\rces1 m5tal & emotional z well z m]ely vocal1 he w v likely d ev5 bett] ?an usual4 ,he %\ld be> ?is 9 m9d1 !re=e1 ano!r "t1 & nev] lose 8 head ev5 ?\gh he may ?9k t he has lo/ 8 voice6 ,at ! same "t ?is is n to say t really s]i\s voice tr\ble %\ld be ignor$1 & ,i myself make x a practice 9 e l>ge t[n :]e ,i am accu/om$ to /ay = any l5g? ( "t to le>n ( a suitable m$ical man or voice speciali/ to :om ,i c repair = advice 9 case ( ne$4 ,z to "o's rgime on ! day :5 "o is actually s++ ?is m]its a few words p]haps4 ,hav+ gone to b$ betimes ! day be=e1 s z to secure a long night ( unbrok5 re/1 ,i myself d n usually rise until ab\t t5 or elev51 :5 ,i h a light breakfa/ ( tea & toa/ & s(t-boil$ eggs4 ,= lun*1 if "o may call x su*1 aft] a %ort walk1 ,i h m]ely a cup ( cocoa & a little fruit1 & no?+ m until aft] ! conc]t4 ,mo/ o!r arti/s ( my acqua9tance d likewise4