,useful ,household ,books ,,the ,,cook ,,book ,,of ,,left-,,overs ,by ,helen ,carroll ,clarke1 former instructor in cookery in ,pratt ,institute1 ,brooklyn1 and ,phoebe ,deyo ,rulon1 former instructor in invalid cookery and dietetics in ,bellevue ,hospital1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,illustrated with ,photographs4 #afmo1 ,special ,waterproof ,cloth1 ,uniform with 8,the ,expert ,waitress10 #a4jj net4 ,,simple ,,italian ,,cookery ,by ,antonia ,isola4 ,a collection of recipes showing how to cook macaroni1 rice1 soups1 meats1 vegetables1 sweets1 etc4 #afmo1 ,cloth1 #ej cents net4 ,,hygiene ,,for ,,mother ,,and ,,child ,by ,francis ,h4 ,mac,carthy1 ,m4,d41 ,attending ,physician to the ,out-,patient ,department for ,children1 ,massachusetts ,homoeopathic ,hospital4 ,a manual for mothers and nurses4 ,post #hvo1 ,cloth1 #a4be net4 ,,the ,,baby3 ,,his ,,care ,,and ,,training ,by ,marianna ,wheeler4 7,new and ,revised ,edition47 ,everything mother should know regarding the food1 clothing1 and bringing-up of the baby4 ,illustrated4 #afmo1 ,cloth1 #a4jj net4 ,,manners ,,and ,,social ,,usages ,it covers the entire field of what to do and what not to do in social affairs4 ,illustrated4 ,post #hvo1 ,cloth1 #a4be4 ---------- ,,harper ,,brothers1 ,,publishers1 ,,new ,,york ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,harper',s ,,household ,,handbook ,a ,,guide ,,to ,,easy ,,ways ,,of ,,doing ,,woman',s ,,work ,illustration ,,harper ,,brothers ,,publishers ,,new ,,york ,,and ,,london ,,mcmxiii ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,copyright1 #aiac4 ,,by ,,harper ,,brothers ,,printed ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,,published ,,march1 #aiac ,b-,n ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,contents ,,chap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,wash-,,day ,,wisdom1 ,,nursing1 ,,and #a ,,sickroom ,,ii4 ,,inside ,a ,,room #bd ,,iii4 ,,equipment ,,and ,,renovators #da ,,iv4 ,,china1 ,,glass1 ,,and ,,furniture #ef ,v4 ,,making ,,whole #gd ,,vi4 ,,making ,,and ,,making ,,over #ie ,,vii4 ,,remedying ,,spots1 ,,stains1 ,,and #aac ,,tarnish ,,viii4 ,,food3 ,,choosing ,,and ,,keeping #abi ,,ix4 ,,house ,,plants1 ,,window ,,boxes1 #ade ,,cut ,,flowers ,x4 ,,disinfectants1 ,,insects1 #afc ,,insecticides ,,xi4 ,,care ,,of ,,pets #agi ,,xii4 ,,in ,,emergencies #aib ,,index #bja ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,harper',s ,,household ,,handbook ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,harper',s ,,household ,,handbook ,i ,,wash-,,day ,,wisdom1 ,,nursing1 ,,and ,,sickroom ,water3 ,soften hard water with either washing-soda or lye1 taking care not to use too much4 ,turbid or milky water can be cleared to a degree with alum4 ,dissolve a tablespoonful in a pint of boiling water1 and add a cupful to a tub4 ,ill-smelling water should be dashed with clear lime water--using likewise a cupful to the tub4 ,a teaspoonful of carbolic acid to the tubful is also advisable with wash water under suspicion4 ,soap3 ,save money and strength by getting soap in boxfuls1 piling it cobhouse fashion on a dry shelf in the air4 ,borax soaps chap the hands least4 ,naphtha soaps do the best work with cold water4 ,cheap yellow soaps1 having much resin in them1 answer very well if the clothes are well rinsed4 ,any sort of soap is best made into a jelly4 ,shave a bar1 cover with boiling water1 and simmer until soft4 ,if there are very dirty things to wash1 add a teaspoonful of borax in powder1 and as much washing-soda to the cake of soap4 ,this is for rubbing on dirty spots4 ,other things had better be washed in suds1 made by putting a handful of jelly in a tub of water4 ,washing ,fluids3 ,use for boys' clothes1 working-men's shirts1 and overalls turpentine1 kerosene1 and lime water1 equal quantities1 shaken well together4 ,wet thoroughly1 let stand an hour1 then wash in warm suds4 ,turpentine and spirits of ammonia1 half and half1 shaken hard together1 will make easier the cleansing of colored woolens4 ,bleaching3 ,clothes that are yellow from lying should be wet in boiling water dashed with oxalic acid 7see section ,renovators71 putting two tablespoonfuls to the gallon4 ,wring out1 dry in sunshine1 and wash as usual4 ,to bleach faded things white1 as prints1 lawns or linens1 wash very clean1 using extra-strong suds1 then boil in a solution of cream of tartar1 a heaping tablespoonful to the gallon4 ,boil half an hour2 lift up2 if not white1 boil as long again4 ,keep the boiler filled and the garments well under water4 ,rinse in two waters after boiling1 and dry in sunlight before ironing4 ,temperature3 ,keep the water temperature reasonably even throughout a wash--violent alternations 8full0 every sort of fabric more or less4 ,very fine flannels washed in cold water throughout with naphtha suds--soap must never touch them--and dried quickly1 hardly shrink at all4 ,flannels generally are best washed in blood-warm suds1 with rinse water the least bit hotter4 ,yet the beginning of wash-day wisdom is to wet everything thoroughly with cold water before washing4 ,also put clothes to boil in cold water4 ,mordants3 ,set colors before washing new garments4 ,most of the aniline colors require acid--either alum water or vinegar4 ,put four ounces of alum to a large tub of water1 or add to it a pint of strong vinegar4 ,soak things for ten minutes1 then wash4 ,set madder colors with sugar of lead1 putting an ounce to a gallon of hot water4 ,soak twenty minutes4 ,soak blacks1 black and whites1 and grays in strong salt water1 but only a few minutes4 ,buff1 tan1 and gray linens keep fresh longer if well wet before washing with strong black-pepper tea4 ,wash ,frocks3 ,put no soap on wash frocks--suds suffice after spots have been removed 7see section ,spots and ,stains74 ,with delicate colors use bran water instead of suds4 ,tie wheat bran loosely in thin cloth1 and rub the clothes with it4 ,use lukewarm water1 and work quickly4 ,rinse instantly and hang to dry in shade1 but opened out so the drying will be quick4 ,hang carefully--pulling while wet ruins lines1 besides weakening the fabric--especially if it is starched4 ,table ,linen3 ,wash in suds1 first removing stains and grease 7see section ,spots and ,stains74 ,boil only occasionally4 ,wash first4 ,never starch4 ,hang out very straight1 warp threads across the line4 ,take down when barely damp1 fold1 keeping threads true1 roll smoothly1 iron dry1 first on the wrong side1 then on the right4 ,use irons below scorching heat4 ,in ironing napkins do not pinch the folds with the iron--also iron them first the warp way4 ,instead of folding table cloths roll them after ironing upon heavy cardboard mailing-tubes that have been covered with white stuff and furnished with wash ribbons at the ends for tying4 ,tie napkins by sixes with ribbons matching those of the table cloths4 ,doing ,up ,shirts1 ,cuffs1 and ,collars3 ,soak in blood-warm water until starched parts are soft1 wash clean1 shake out1 pull all double surfaces straight1 pat bosom1 collars1 and cuffs so the various plies will lie together1 hang to dry1 straight4 ,when bone-dry fold the bosom lengthwise down the middle1 dip in hot starch reinforced with gum water1 rub the starch well into the cloth1 wring1 hang straight1 slip a hand underneath the bosom and wipe over with a damp1 clean cloth1 then pat well together1 pin-pricking any blisters4 ,starch collars and cuffs the same4 ,let dry1 then spread sheets flat1 sprinkle lightly1 fold tails upward1 sprinkle again1 then1 beginning at the neck band1 roll up tight and smooth and let stand an hour4 ,fold lengthwise down the middle of the back1 iron body1 back1 and front2 iron sleeves from the sloped seam back2 press wrist bands first upon wrong side1 then on right4 ,do the same with the yoke and neck band--fasten it1 put in bosom board1 spread bosom smooth upon it1 keeping threads exactly square4 ,wet lightly with starch water2 wipe over with a damp cloth4 ,have an iron just below scorching heat1 begin work in the middle1 at the bottom1 hold the bosom taut with the left hand and iron toward the neck4 ,go all over2 if any smears come wipe off with tepid water4 ,do the same for wrinkles or warped spots4 ,hold hard along the edges--the stitching draws4 ,polish with a special polishing-iron1 a little cooler than the others4 ,iron collars and cuffs upon the wrong side until half dry4 ,press hard over the right side and polish4 ,curl collars around the iron as it moves4 ,finish the band before ironing the outside4 ,with cuffs the main thing is to prevent blisters and wry corners--do that by ironing the edges first and holding them taut4 ,clear ,starching3 ,for fine lawns and laces4 ,dip in gum water 7see section ,renovators7 a cupful to a quart of boiling water1 squeeze without wringing1 and hang smoothly to dry4 ,take down when barely damp1 roll tight and smoothly1 loosen a smallish space1 and pat between the hands until dry4 ,sprinkle lightly--with an atomizer if possible--and iron on the wrong side with moderate heat4 ,laces need not be ironed--in fact1 should not be4 ,starches3 ,a heaped tablespoonful of raw starch to a gallon of water makes rather stiff starch--if wanted very stiff use a teaspoonful additional4 ,bring the water to a bubbling boil in rather a wide kettle1 wet the starch smooth1 and thicker than cream1 in cold water2 take the boiling water from fire and stir the wetted starch into it4 ,stir hard--it will form no lumps1 hence need no straining4 ,a little lard put in while hot and stirred well makes things iron smoother4 ,for starching tinted things--as cru linens or brown or buff lawns--color the water with clear coffee or hay tea before putting in the starch4 ,use the black starch sold in the shops for mourning prints1 or any black-grounded ones4 ,never dip a blueing-rag in starch of any sort4 ,make blue-water as deep as possible1 strain1 and add to the hot starch4 ,even with liquid blue it is well to strain--specks of blueing1 once dry1 are hard to get out4 ,curtains3 ,dip cream net or madras in hay tea or weak coffee water1 after rinsing--this keeps the color4 ,make the tea by boiling a handful of bright hay in two gallons of water for twenty minutes4 ,strain1 and add a pinch of alum in powder4 ,most curtains should not be starched4 ,many are better not ironed4 ,real lace curtains should be dried on sheets spread on the floor1 every point pinned smooth4 ,or they can be clapped dry as though clear-starched4 ,so can net ones4 ,frame drying is quickest and easiest1 therefore to be chosen for all but the finest sorts4 ,very stretchy net should be dried on sheets1 lying lightly crumpled4 ,a very little gum in the rinse water gives it more body4 ,this applies also to madras4 ,iron madras on the wrong side1 taking pains not to warp or stretch it4 ,tucks in curtains1 or anywhere1 need to be held taut before the iron4 ,sewing of any kind puckers for wetting4 ,put the least bit of starch in muslin ruffles to be fluted4 ,hold insertions the same as tucks4 ,iron cretonne on the wrong side1 when it is barely damp4 ,chintz is exceptional in requiring a thin starch and in looking best when ironed on its face4 ,knitted ,woolens3 ,knitted things like scarfs1 sacks1 sweaters1 capes must be washed quickly in white soapsuds1 lukewarm1 else in cold naphtha suds1 rinsed1 blued if white1 and dried in a crumpled heap in the sun4 ,hanging ruins them4 ,very fluffy things had better be dry-cleaned or washed in gasolene4 ,do this also with knitted silk hoods and neck scarfs4 ,lace and ,embroidery3 ,if very much soiled put in a glass or earthen vessel1 cover with white soapsuds1 and set all day in full sunshine4 ,rinse in cold water1 press lace smooth between the hands1 and wind it while damp about a glass jar covered with old linen4 ,let dry1 but do not iron4 ,iron embroidery on the wrong side1 upon its special padded board 7see section ,equipment74 ,made-up lace1 as fichus1 collars1 and so on1 must be spread smoothly upon a hard cushion1 pinned1 and dried in air4 ,things lightly soiled can be dry-cleaned by lying buried a week in corn starch mixed equally with calcined magnesia4 ,shake out1 brush gently1 and press under light weight4 ,moderate soiling is best remedied with gasolene1 changing it as it grows dirty4 ,hang several days in air1 under a thin cover--this takes away scent and prevents collecting dust4 ,silk embroidery on all grounds demands gasolene-cleaning4 ,spots must be taken out 7see section ,spots and ,stains7 before cleaning4 ,press very lightly on the wrong side4 ,treat wool embroidery the same way4 ,embroidered cushion covers must be taken off1 well brushed and shaken1 also turned inside out before cleaning4 ,but clean them right side out4 ,laundry ,aprons3 ,make laundry aprons of strong stuff1 but sleazy--crash1 denim1 or colored linen4 ,cut kimona shape1 with roomy sleeves1 and to slip on over the head4 ,set a deep pocket on each side1 within handy reach4 ,set a smaller pocket across the front just below the waist4 ,carry clothes pins in the big pockets1 safety pins1 a handkerchief1 and wiping-rags in the other4 ,make wide enough for free motion1 but not enough to sag under foot when the wearer stoops4 ,let come almost to the instep4 ,ironing-tables3 ,make board or table suit your height1 so you need neither stoop at the work nor hunch your shoulders4 ,set a table too low upon bricks or blocks--if it is too high1 have something stable to stand on4 ,make tight-fitting covers for the table of unbleached muslin1 sewed double at one end1 to be slipped over the table edge1 and with the other end long enough to lap over and safety-pin firmly in place4 ,have a double blanket under the cover1 laid very smooth4 ,in using a board1 set it high or low1 as your height requires4 ,as to ,soaking3 ,long soaking of clothes is undesirable--it loosens dirt but passes it throughout the fabric4 ,an hour is sufficient4 ,cover things that must stand overnight with cold water rather than hot4 ,nursery wash in need of soaking must be kept to itself4 ,so should things from a sickroom that are badly fouled4 ,as to ,boiling3 ,boiling is not absolutely essential to clean clothes1 still a means of grace toward them4 ,have separate boiling-bags for table linen1 for handkerchiefs1 for fine things like caps and collars4 ,in boilers the best is the costliest--namely1 copper4 ,next ranks the cheapest--a deep iron pot4 ,copper-bottomed tin answers with good usage4 ,iron pots will crack if allowed to get very hot before water is put in4 ,any boiler should have at least an inch of water in it before going over the fire4 ,likewise it must be kept clean1 dry1 and wash-worthy by constant vigilance for holes and cracks4 ,irons3 ,test by pressing your cheek against the face--if rough1 reject4 ,five to six pounds is a good weight4 ,half a dozen will be none too many4 ,keep clean and dry4 ,beware of setting them face down upon live coals or red-hot iron--heat pits them microscopically1 but enough to make them stick4 ,polishing-irons are somewhat lighter and rather different in shape4 ,have an asbestos pad or wire trivet to set irons on4 ,have several holders1 if you lack a patent handle1 and shift as they grow hot4 ,a ,sickroom3 ,disfurnish of every unessential4 ,leave nothing that can be knocked off or over1 or that clatters or rattles4 ,remove rugs from a bare floor1 but keep a small one handy for the patient's feet4 ,cover a carpet with a smooth sheet of something washable4 ,in case of contagion take away draperies and pictures4 ,have the bedstead light and firm-standing1 not too low1 single or of three-quarter size4 ,set it so there is free passage all round it1 but not so light glares into sick eyes4 ,place the head at least six inches from the wall1 and set beside it a small solid table4 ,a couch or single bed1 a spacious dresser1 a bigger table1 and at most three chairs are complete equipment4 ,give up the dresser to the patient's clothes1 bed clothes1 towels1 table covers1 and so forth4 ,have three changes of clothes1 a dressing-gown1 a light shawl1 slippers1 many clean handkerchiefs4 ,a dressing-room attached is a godsend--next to it a bathroom easily reached4 ,lacking either1 a washstand fully furnished is necessary1 also an alcohol or oil stove for hot water4 ,toilet ware of white enamel is lighter and safer than china4 ,have in addition a foot tub and a deep covered bucket4 ,soaps1 powder1 scents at discretion--insist1 though1 upon clean wash clothes1 a good sponge1 also bottles of grain alcohol1 aromatic ammonia1 lavender water1 and camphor4 ,insist also upon a demi-john of disinfectant solution--chloride-of-lime for ordinary illness1 bichloride of mercury in cases of contagion 7see section ,disinfectants74 ,a ,sickbed3 ,should have a good spring and a light1 elastic mattress4 ,lay upon the mattress a pad of cotton tacked between cheesecloth1 and change it daily4 ,the mattress should have a white cover4 ,over the pad stretch smooth a sheet big enough to tuck in all round and be fastened underneath with safety pins4 ,pin the upper sheet only across the bottom1 and lay a fold three inches wide in it there1 to save cramping the toes4 ,do the same with the blankets4 ,they should be light1 not heavy4 ,down or puffy cotton comforts should supply extra warmth at need4 ,lay blankets so the upper edge will come a foot below the headboard4 ,the sheet must be turned over them half a foot at least and be met by an outer spread light and smooth4 ,have a bolster rather hard1 and three pillows of varying softness4 ,change slips daily4 ,change sheets likewise1 save in desperate cases where the patient cannot bear moving4 ,space permitting1 such cases should have two beds1 fitted alike4 ,shifting can be done by setting them together and easing the sufferer on the fresh couch4 ,heat and ,ventilation3 ,open fires help mightily toward keeping a sickroom fresh4 ,burn wood that does not snap nor give out any pungent smell4 ,coal should be free-burning4 ,put it in small paper bags--thus it can be laid in the grate without noise or dust4 ,dampen ashes before removing1 and keep hearth and fixtures clean by a daily washing4 ,keep the heat steady--the temperature that is ordered4 ,where there is distress of breathing1 keep a clean kettle simmering on the fire1 the spout turned outward--vapor softens air4 ,furnace heat coming through a floor register should be softened by setting on the register a small pan of water4 ,with a wall register1 fasten in front of it a big sponge1 and wet it every hour or so4 ,radiators should have water on top1 in something wide and shallow4 ,if windows must be opened at top1 set an extra shade at the bottom with a hook to hold it in the middle of the upper casing4 ,roll up the top shade1 lower the sash sufficiently1 then raise the lower shade till the edge is level with the edge of the sash4 ,thus air has free ingress without rattling the upper shade4 ,a window which must be raised ought to have a light board pivoted into the casing1 so it can be turned outward at need1 letting in air but preventing draughts4 ,with a board a foot wide raise the window about ten inches4 ,one window open at top1 another at bottom will be far more effectual than a single window spread wide4 ,note what is outside2 if at any time smoke or the smell of food comes in1 shut the window4 ,allow no odors in a sickroom--neither fruit1 flowers1 spiced food1 nor scented visitors4 ,this in severe cases2 mild ones and convalescence demand no such rigors4 ,care and ,keeping3 ,keep floors clean by wiping with cloths wrung out of hot water barely dashed with carbolic acid4 ,the smell passes quickly--and is wholesome4 ,take off dust with damp cloths--litter must be prevented4 ,keep a waste basket handy1 also a bigger basket for soiled things4 ,have them removed at once4 ,put half a cup of disinfectant in any vessel before using it1 adding enough to cover discharges as soon as it has been used4 ,remove as quickly as possible4 ,do not keep such things in a closet4 ,rather ambush them behind a light screen set across a corner4 ,have a table outside to receive trays1 cups1 glasses1 uneaten food4 ,let nothing stand inside the room4 ,the bigger table is for medicines1 clean spoons and glasses1 alcohol stove1 and a supply of ice4 ,gas light fouls air so quickly1 avoid it if possible4 ,electric light has the drawback of being hard to graduate4 ,oil lamps require the nicest care4 ,candles are better4 ,beware of lighting or extinguishing either inside the room4 ,strike no matches there if possible to avoid it4 ,even in lighting a fire1 do it from a candle lighted outside4 ,keep filled candlesticks on the outer table with matches in plenty1 and extinguishers handy4 ,take lamps there to put them out4 ,ice3 ,a nursery refrigerator is well worth its cost4 ,since it is not always to be had1 here is a good substitute4 ,set a high wire trivet inside a deep agate pan1 lay a lump of ice on it1 then turn over it a clean flower pot4 ,plug the hole in the flower pot1 and cover thickly with a folded blanket if in haste4 ,time permitting1 make a cozy of cheesecloth thickly padded with cotton batting and big enough to come to the table outside the pan4 ,empty the pan several times a day4 ,with an awl and a toy hammer slivers of ice can be broken as needed4 ,contagion3 ,filth diseases--diphtheria1 typhoid1 etc4--spread through effluvia4 ,discharges of all sorts should be deluged with bichloride 7see section ,disinfectants74 ,even bath water needs a dose of it before emptying it4 ,all manner of soiled things--towels1 sheets1 clothes--must be sunk in a tub of it as soon as taken off1 and soaked several hours before washing4 ,they need to be well boiled and dried in wind and sun4 ,eruptive ails--measles1 smallpox1 scarlet fever--have two periods of danger--in the fever stage before eruption1 and when peeling4 ,measles and smallpox are most dangerous in fever2 scarlet fever at the beginning of convalescence4 ,rub a patient in that stage well over with vaseline at least twice a day1 bathing afterward with warm suds and putting on fresh clothes4 ,change bed linen the same2 disinfect with extra thoroughness4 ,put bichloride in the water that wets the floor cloths1 and be sure no dust is allowed to blow outside the room4 ,disinfection3 ,wet everything well with bichloride solution1 remove furniture1 burn mattress and comforts1 boil and sun blankets4 ,scrape walls and ceiling1 wash well with bichloride1 wash floor and woodwork likewise1 then scour with carbolic soapsuds4 ,fill cracks of all sorts with fresh putty1 shut doors and windows tight1 and paste strips of paper around them4 ,take off closet doors1 but leave inside4 ,tack a strip of tin on the door of egress so it will lie flat against the casing4 ,put three bricks in the middle of the floor1 set an iron skillet on them1 put into it a pound of flowers of sulphur1 wet it with alcohol1 stick in a short length of fuse1 light it1 go out quickly1 close the door for a minute1 look in--if the sulphur is burning1 all is well4 ,shut the door and leave undisturbed for twenty-four hours4 ,sulphur fumes make an end of germs4 ,they also bleach out colors of all sort4 ,poultices1 ,hot ,cloths1 ,mustard ,plasters3 ,keep in stock bags of old linen or muslin1 with drawstrings at top1 for poultices4 ,fill them three parts1 draw up1 and flatten4 ,if they must be hot1 have three1 keeping two in a steamer1 with the water underneath barely simmering4 ,keep cloths likewise steam-heated1 take out with a fork1 wrap in a thick towel1 and apply over thin flannel to prevent scalding4 ,wet mustard poultices with white of egg to prevent blistering4 ,if severe burning is needed1 wet with pepper vinegar4 ,make soft and lay thin net or muslin over the face of the poultice4 ,for a slow1 gentle burning mix the dry mustard one-half with flour4 ,a ,bandage ,jar3 ,tear old linen into strips two to four inches wide1 lap ends two inches1 and sew together4 ,make many lengths--half a yard to five4 ,pull away ravelings1 roll smoothly1 and fasten4 ,put a few clean pebbles in the bottom of a glass jar1 lay paper over them1 pack in rolled bandages till half full1 then fill with absorbent cotton1 and stand on a plate in a kettle of cold water1 which is set over the fire4 ,the water ought to reach the neck of the jar and be kept at a temperature of a hundred and eighty degrees for three hours or more4 ,take from fire then1 screw on jar top1 let cool in water1 wipe1 and set away4 ,finger stalls in variety1 with narrow tapes for tying1 thus sterilized1 are a help to mothers4 ,teach children to suck wounds or bites or stings instantly--it abates pain and takes out dirt and poison4 ,wash the hurt clean1 unless a blood clot has formed--it is nature's own remedy1 respect it4 ,put on a stall1 hold the hurt finger up1 and pour upon it either arnica1 witch hazel1 or turpentine4 ,draw the edges of a cut together1 clap on adhesive plaster1 and hold until the plaster sets4 ,stanching ,blood3 ,blood spurting in bright-red jets means a severed artery--and great danger4 ,a steady1 dark-red stream means a cut vein4 ,for either1 knot two handkerchiefs hard together1 trace the course of the blood vessel1 put the biggest knot over it1 thrust in a stick1 and twist until the knot presses deep into the flesh4 ,in case of an artery1 put the knot between the hurt and the trunk4 ,for a vein set it between the wound and the extremities4 ,work fast--a minute may mean life or death4 ,clothes for ,nursing3 ,wear nothing that cannot be washed2 this is the first commandment4 ,wear nothing that rattles1 rustles1 or clings2 this is the second1 even greater4 ,light colors are refreshing to sick eyes1 violent figures distressing4 ,have sleeves that can be pushed easily above the elbow1 self collars1 and trim fastenings4 ,a single pin may scratch your patient4 ,eschew hard1 starchy edges even on an apron4 ,wear a cap--a sweeping-cap is excellent--and change it daily4 ,a long kimono apron slipping on over the head is useful for such work as bathing1 giving alcohol spongings1 or massage4 ,one-piece frocks are imperative4 ,the simpler and easier the better all round4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii ,,inside ,a ,,room ,as to ,floors--,scrubbing3 ,sweep clean1 take out grease spots and smudges 7see section ,spots and ,stains74 ,have a light knee pad1 clean brush1 a bucket of warm water with a clean1 soft cloth in it1 and plenty of either sand soap or a good soap powder at hand4 ,scrub well with a wet brush1 putting soap or powder before it4 ,do not slop--too much water swells boards and warps them4 ,scrub a strip1 rinse with a cloth moderately wet1 then wipe with the cloth wrung as dry as possible4 ,wiping thus quickly takes up the wet dirt clean4 ,work from each side toward the center1 finishing at the door4 ,never use a wiping-cloth after it sheds lint4 ,staining3 ,sweep twice--the last time with a damp cloth pinned over your broom4 ,give new boards a coat of filler 7see section ,renovators74 ,let it dry1 sandpaper rough spots1 then give one or two coats of oil stain1 using a soft brush and working with the grain of the wood4 ,keep both filler and stain well stirred while applying1 otherwise neither filling nor color will be even4 ,finish with shellac4 ,shellac ,floors3 ,sweep1 dust with a cloth-wrapped broom1 moving it the way of the grain4 ,fill any cracks or crevices2 then give a coat of filler1 and when it is full dry two coats of shellac4 ,let the first coat dry for twenty-four hours before adding the second4 ,waxing ,hardwood ,floors3 ,sweep and dust1 rub rough spots with sandpaper1 take out spots or smears--if faded spaces are left1 rub them with sandpaper till a new surface appears1 or touch with stain1 and let dry4 ,go over in long strips1 working from opposite sides with whatever wax you like1 then rub until hot with a wooden floor pad 7see section ,equipment74 ,a coat of very thin shellac makes cleaning easier1 but does not rub to so handsome a surface4 ,put on the shellac after the wax has stood a day4 ,removing ,stain or ,varnish3 ,use very strong lye1 either from wood ashes or commercial potash1 with a lump of washing-soda in it4 ,grease the hands well1 so the caustic liquor may not eat them4 ,apply with a big sponge or coarse soft cloth1 following with a damp cloth wrung hard out of warm water4 ,removing ,paint3 ,metallic paint whose bases are white lead1 zinc white1 and oxides of chromium1 iron1 and copper mixed in oil hardens to a very adherent surface1 hence differs from water colors1 and has to be either burned off with a special torch or planed off4 ,both processes demand skilled workmen4 ,it is better to bring old paint to a taking surface by wetting it first very well with turpentine1 then1 after an hour1 going over it with wood alcohol and a thick1 crumpled cloth4 ,follow the alcohol by washing with lye or strong soda water4 ,let dry1 sandpaper rough places1 then put on new paint--which it will be the part of wisdom to have at least as dark as the old4 ,filling ,cracks3 ,cracks large or small must be filled before either painting or staining1 knotholes likewise4 ,if a crack can be seen through either1 fit into it a sliver of wood before filling1 or drive in fine brads1 leaving the heads projecting across the opening4 ,bend the heads below floor level1 and set the brads alternately1 several inches apart4 ,make putty or paper dough 7see section ,renovators74 ,fill small to medium cracks with putty mixed soft enough to squeeze through a paper tube4 ,make the tube by rolling cornerwise a square of tough waterproof paper1 fastening it1 and snipping off the pointed end a very little4 ,use the same as a pastry bag4 ,else roll lumps of putty between the palms to form rather fat worms1 lay the worms end to end along the crack1 press them down with a putty knife1 or any blunt1 broad-bladed one1 making the surface smooth and level4 ,if the putty is very soft1 sift a little dry whiting upon it and press it lightly4 ,put in paper dough with a knife or a blunt chisel or screw-driver2 smooth the surface by laying on a board and beating it with a hammer4 ,if the dough smears under the hammering1 scrape away before it hardens4 ,plug knotholes with the dough1 then drive brads through it1 bend down the heads1 and put a thin layer over them4 ,cleaning ,waxed ,hardwood3 ,dust daily with a soft old silk duster1 sweep with a soft broom in a clean bag once a week1 following by hard rubbing with the weighted brush4 ,every three months go over with a flannel wet in turpentine1 working very quickly1 and following with a very little boiled linseed oil1 applied with a clean1 hot cloth4 ,once a year--not oftener--wash clean with weak warm borax soapsuds1 wetting only a yard or so at a time and wiping dry immediately4 ,wax or oil afresh after the washing1 and rub till very hot with a clean pad4 ,cleaning ,stained ,floors3 ,wipe over hard and quickly with soft cloths wrung very dry out of hot borax soapsuds4 ,wipe dry and rub with a flannel slightly moistened with crude kerosene4 ,beware of using too much--it will streak the stain4 ,tile ,floors3 ,tile1 the same as brick1 stone1 and mosaic floors1 should be washed in warm soapsuds1 taking pains not to slop1 rinsed well1 and rubbed dry with a thick cloth fastened firmly over a flat mop4 ,be sure no water is left standing--it will destroy the setting4 ,a ,matted ,floor3 ,sweep twice1 the last time with a bagged broom4 ,then wipe quickly with salt water1 and as quickly rinse with fresh4 ,both waters should be tepid4 ,if there is grime1 use borax water instead of salt4 ,a yearly wiping with fresh1 sweet milk1 followed by a tepid rinsing1 makes matting last longer by keeping the straw pliant4 ,rinsing is1 however1 imperative2 without it the milk draws a pest of flies4 ,carpeted ,floors3 ,damp with a fine sprinkler before using a sweeper1 or dip the broom tip in warm water and shake very dry4 ,then wipe with a thick towel pinned tight over a stubby broom1 washing it out if it gets very dirty4 ,a little borax dissolved in the sprinkling-water brightens the carpet4 ,so does fine1 dry snow sprinkled on and swept off so quickly it has not time to melt4 ,but the best thing to renew color and freshness is clarified ox gall dissolved in blood-warm water4 ,wash the carpet with it1 after sweeping as clean as possible1 using the solution the same as suds and taking pains against slopping4 ,rugs3 ,when possible1 sun rugs before sweeping1 beating1 or vacuum-cleaning them4 ,spread smooth and wipe over with warm1 weak borax soapsuds1 followed by a tepid rinsing4 ,go over both sides1 and let dry well before putting down4 ,half yearly wipe them over either with the ox-gall solution or fresh sweet milk4 ,rinse after either1 but wait an hour to do it4 ,the animal matter makes the wool more alive4 ,beware of stretching rugs cornerwise4 ,hang them always with the warp threads across the line or the pole4 ,walls1 ,windows1 ,ceilings--,walls3 ,the first thing is to make them sound and firm4 ,fill breaks great or small with plaster 7see section ,renovators74 ,fasten loose trim neatly in place1 spread tarpaulin or paper well over the floor1 then with a broom or long-handled stiff brush go over everything--walls1 ceiling1 woodwork1 and molding4 ,painted walls must be washed clean before repainting4 ,whitewashed ones need to have as much as possible of the old whitewash swept off4 ,old paper must be sprayed with boiling water1 let stand till soft1 then scraped off4 ,paper will not stick to either hard-finished or whitewashed surfaces unless they are washed over with strong vinegar or strong alum water1 and let dry1 then sized either with glue or vegetable size 7see section ,renovators74 ,put windows in repair before touching the walls1 and1 of course1 freshen the ceilings4 ,remove all the litter before beginning on the walls--the less dust there is under your new coverings1 the longer they stay fresh4 ,wall ,hangings3 ,paper-hanging is so simple and easy it needs few directions4 ,strike a plumb line before beginning it4 ,suspend a compact weight by a chalked cord from the ceiling to the floor1 hold it taut there1 pull out the cord and let it strike back on the wall4 ,with a beginning absolutely perpendicular you can make your figures run straight4 ,have the paper trimmed in the shop1 cutting the left-hand selvage4 ,measure in generous lengths1 taking care1 if there are figures1 that they match exactly4 ,lay the lengths1 face down1 a dozen or so together1 flat upon a table or scaffold1 and cover thickly on the wrong side with paper-hanger's paste 7see section ,renovators74 ,beware of pasting too many at once--lying makes paper tender4 ,fold back each length on itself1 pasted sides together4 ,open up as you apply to the wall1 with the edge true with the plumb line4 ,smooth the middle first1 taking care to leave no blisters1 then work toward the edges1 using a soft1 clean cloth in each hand4 ,put on three or four lengths1 then trim along the baseboard4 ,with a border1 the top is not a matter of concern1 but with a molding finish it must be extra neat and firm in place4 ,make door and window casing serve as their own patterns1 by pressing wet paper around them on the wall4 ,if a corner out of plumb starts your paper askew1 strike a new plumb line beyond it1 about half a foot1 split a length of paper1 trimming it so the figures shall fit those in the length already on the corner1 lap it from the plumb line over the skewed length1 then go on keeping the seams straight4 ,choice of ,paper3 ,here dogmatism is worse than idle4 ,but1 in a general way1 remember blue in all its tones1 blue-gray1 and granite-gray are cool1 that yellow warms a north light and goes beautifully with oak finish1 that red should be eschewed except for rooms used mostly by artificial light and furnished in very dark wood1 that green in all save most vivid shades is restful1 that soft wood-browns are excellent indeed to soften a glaring light1 that white-enameled papers1 with the faintest relief of gilt in the picture moldings1 make the finest possible backgrounds for old prints and etchings1 and1 most important1 that only plain papers will bear having pictures hung upon them1 unless indeed the pattern is so soft as to be indistinguishable4 ,bedroom papers ought to be light and cheerful1 but not staring4 ,a plain ground with a border1 deep or shallow1 makes a wall that does war with furnishings4 ,a painted wall with a cut-out border matching the ground tone is a very excellent choice for bedrooms4 ,it gives the color value of paper1 and is more sanitary and more secure against invasion4 ,burlaps1 ,cretonne1 ,linen1 and ,silk3 ,all are easily and quickly applied to walls1 but the fitting which goes before may be a bit bothersome4 ,strike a plumb line same as for paper4 ,measure lengths1 cutting so as to match figures4 ,aim to have the cutting1 top and bottom1 strike exactly in the middle of the pattern--this obviates any waste4 ,allow an inch for turning under top and bottom1 unless the finish is to be molding--for that tack single4 ,have your gimp on reels so it will not snarl1 and provide a great plenty of tacks4 ,sew lengths together on the machine1 using flax thread1 but not too coarse1 a moderately long stitch and tension that does not draw4 ,take pains to match figures and fit the lengths to the wall as several are sewn together4 ,this is trouble that may save worse1 as a boggle discovered quickly is half remedied4 ,burlaps can be pasted on1 the same as paper4 ,other things must be tacked on1 and the edges covered with molding or narrow gimp matching their colors4 ,tack loosely at first1 holding the cloth smooth but taking care not to stretch it4 ,the threads in it must run true4 ,at inequalities of wall1 as in corners1 take a tuck on the wrong side1 press it flat1 and put a line of fine tacks in the seam4 ,use barely enough tacks in the wall cover to hold it firmly in place--those in the gimp1 which must be set evenly and not too far apart1 will secure it4 ,burlap1 even when pasted1 looks better with a line of brass tacks at top and bottom4 ,cloth is a fine wall covering for halls1 parlors1 dining-rooms1 even living-rooms1 if they are never slept in4 ,but in bedrooms1 no matter how careful the housekeeping1 it is not desirable4 ,painted ,walls3 ,to paint a clean wall requires nothing beyond a brush1 a step ladder1 a can of ready-mixed paint1 and a right good will4 ,stir the paint well before taking out any1 and keep it stirred well to the end4 ,otherwise your wall will be like ,joseph's coat of many colors--earth paints have a trick of settling1 no matter what they are mixed in4 ,begin at the top1 use steady strokes of the brush1 join them well1 and rub back and forth to an even1 smooth surface4 ,paint as far as you can reach handily1 then step down a rung1 paint below1 and repeat4 ,a new wall will take two coats2 one already painted1 unless very much defaced1 needs but one4 ,the paint can be varnished after it is dry2 but the self-finish is pleasanter4 ,calcimine is put on exactly the same as paint1 but the first coat must be very thin1 the second thicker than cream1 and the color if any1 stirred well through the last coat4 ,remember1 with either paint or calcimine1 the dry wall will show much lighter than the paint in the pot4 ,whitewashed ,walls3 ,brush off loose particles1 wash grimy spots clean1 take out grease spots 7see section ,spots and ,stains71 have your whitewash ready1 keep it hot1 do the work1 if possible1 in dry1 sunny weather1 hot or cold1 and provide several brushes--long-handled1 short1 and medium4 ,have a bucket of water to stand them in when not in use4 ,in whitewashing above your head1 wear glasses and stand upon something stable4 ,wear also a light hat with a narrow brim1 and loose1 soft1 wash-leather gloves4 ,save strain by having the whitewash pot of handy size1 refilling from the main supply at need4 ,use either milk whitewash or indoor whitewash 7see section ,renovators74 ,wood takes up less whitewash than other things--two-thirds as much as plaster1 half as much as brick or stone4 ,whitewash well dashed with carbolic acid is the best and most sanitary finish for the inside of cellars1 stables1 and outhouses generally4 ,window ,glazing3 ,take out sash1 break away panes1 and remove old putty4 ,if there are whole panes guiltless of putty1 take them out carefully and scrape the sash clean1 the same as with a broken pane4 ,lay the sash face down1 and fit in new panes4 ,set a tiny tack on each of the four sides so as to hold the panes4 ,then put in glazier's points--to be had at any shop4 ,small tacks will serve instead4 ,press in the points1 letting them lie flat on the glass4 ,then lay a worm of putty over glass and points1 and smooth it in place with a blunt knife4 ,dip the knife now and then in cold water--and keep it wiped clean of adherent putty4 ,smear the glass as little as possible1 and wipe away smears as quickly as made4 ,let lie until the putty hardens a trifle4 ,paint it as soon as it is firm4 ,otherwise it will weather and crumble4 ,indeed1 it is the part of wisdom to paint putty over once a year4 ,ceilings3 ,papering a ceiling it not easy1 still not impossible to amateurs4 ,it demands a tall stable scaffold almost the length of the room--boxes set upon an extension table will answer very well4 ,cut lengths of paper1 matching the figures1 paste1 fold1 and apply quickly4 ,begin work in the middle of the ceiling--thus it is easier to keep the seams true4 ,fasten an end lightly to the ceiling1 then press lightly along the middle till you come to the other end4 ,sight1 and if this first length is bias or crooked1 loosen it and put it on straight4 ,press on very hard and be sure there are no blisters4 ,small blisters can be pin-pricked and patted down1 but big ones require to have the paper lifted bodily1 the air pressed out1 then the paper patted back4 ,ceiling paper ought to have very small figures and delicate tones1 much lighter than those of the walls4 ,fabrics of any sort are best applied to ceilings in separate lengths and the joins covered with heavy moldings put on with brass-headed nails4 ,this gives much the effect of a beamed ceiling at lower cost4 ,a ceiling that crumbles badly should have strips of smooth deal nailed fast to it at even distances4 ,the fabric can then be tacked to these with no fear of falling4 ,if a ceiling is too high1 never put anything striped on the wall4 ,a heavy border apparently lowers a ceiling--all the more if it is put on several inches below the ceiling proper1 and the wall space finished to match overhead4 ,calcimine and ,whitewash3 ,both are applied the same way--with soft1 broad brushes slapped back and forth until no grain shows4 ,the surface must be clean and free of loose particles4 ,wash off old calcimine with strong soda water and let dry before applying fresh4 ,put on three coats1 the same as for walls4 ,the prepared cakes are cheap and handy1 but there is more certainty and more satisfaction in home-mixing 7see section ,renovators74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii ,,equipment ,,and ,,renovators ,equipment3 ,these things will make house-work easier by saving strength and temper4 ,being neither costly nor cumbersome1 the simplest home may well find room for them or such part of them as it needs4 ,a ,knee ,pad3 ,make of stout cloth twenty inches by twelve1 stuff two inches thick1 tack in lines to hold flat1 and sew oilcloth upon the under side4 ,a ,foot ,pad3 ,make two feet square1 stuff an inch and a half thick1 and tack flat4 ,stand on it when ironing1 washing1 or preparing food4 ,it saves strength and prevents cold feet4 ,a ,floor ,pad3 ,for rubbing waxed hardwood or stained floors4 ,get a block of wood1 brick-shaped1 hollow the upper edges on both sides so it can be grasped1 put a strap across1 then cover the lower face with many thicknesses of flannel and chamois skin4 ,alternate them and have leather outside4 ,keep dry and away from dust4 ,a ,water ,wagon3 ,screw castors to the corners of a board a foot square4 ,a pail set on it can be pushed about much easier than lifted4 ,broom ,bags3 ,have a set of six--two each of crash1 ,turkish toweling1 and outing flannel4 ,keep clean1 and be sure the drawing-tapes are not left knotted or broken4 ,brooms3 ,have at least two brooms--one stiff1 one pliant4 ,choose fine straw of a greenish cast rather than yellow4 ,eschew painted handles2 sandpaper is the remedy for rough places4 ,put a screw eye in the tip of the handles and hang the brooms from hooks4 ,wash before hanging up4 ,floor ,brushes3 ,a weighted brush needs to be kept dry and clean and so set that the bristles do not crush4 ,choose it light rather than heavy4 ,see that the handle is set at the angle to suit your height and that the bristles are of the very best quality4 ,dust ,cloths3 ,make of many sorts and sizes1 from a foot square to half a yard4 ,cheesecloth1 flannel1 old silk1 and crash--all answer well4 ,overcast edges loosely instead of hemming4 ,keep clean and dry in a box or drawer4 ,dust ,swabs3 ,tie a handful of cotton1 excelsior1 or even crumpled paper inside a soft cloth and about the end of a light rod4 ,use to dust walls1 floors1 and ceilings1 changing the cloth as it gets dirty4 ,sprinkling the cloth with alcohol1 turpentine1 or gasolene makes it more effective where the dust is grimy4 ,a ,silk ,duster3 ,crumple soft old silk into a big floppy rosette and fasten to a rod4 ,use upon pictures and picture moldings1 also on waxed floors newly polished4 ,ironing-boards3 ,shape the blanket1 sew up1 and fit smoothly1 letting the small end of the board project bare an inch or two4 ,draw taut over the wide end and sew with flax thread4 ,make shaped covers of unbleached cotton1 open at the small end1 rounded to fit the other and hemmed4 ,draw on a cover and pin tight at the broad end4 ,let the seams come along the edge of the board4 ,change covers after use4 ,have a smaller board1 similarly covered1 to use when sitting down--it is laid on the knees4 ,have also a covered bosom board if shirts are home-ironed1 and a smooth straight board of handy size1 covered with two thicknesses of flannel and one of clean cotton1 for ironing embroidery or anything raised4 ,sprinklers3 ,keep a tin sprinkler with a fine rose for dampening clean clothes or sprinkling floors or carpets4 ,if ammonia or alcohol is put into the sprinkling-water1 rinse the sprinkler well before putting it away4 ,a ,tool ,box3 ,fill cracks with putty to keep out dampness1 hinge on a cover1 and furnish with a padlock4 ,keep in it a sharp fine saw1 a hatchet1 tack hammer1 brace and assorted bits1 chisel1 monkey wrench1 screw-driver1 and gimlets4 ,also assorted brads1 tacks1 wire nails1 screw hooks1 screw eyes1 and picture wire4 ,a putty knife is useful4 ,a ,t-square and foot rule are indispensable4 ,keep the box stationary1 and insist that whatever is taken from it shall be put back in good condition4 ,a ,wax ,board3 ,cover a small clean board with flannel1 sewing it firmly1 rub the flannel well over with softened--not melted--paraffine1 and keep for smoothing irons4 ,a ,laundry ,cabinet3 ,have a laundry cabinet if it is no more than starch boxes set one on the other4 ,keep in it starch1 soap1 blueing1 ,javelle water for stains1 soap powder1 washing-soda1 irons and holders1 the wax board1 and sandpaper1 which is sovereign for roughened irons4 ,keep also a filled pin cushion and a bundle of clean rags4 ,close with a roller shade instead of door or curtain4 ,a ,clothes ,drainer3 ,tack coarse burlap over a big wooden hoop so loosely it sags smartly4 ,nail stout legs to the hoop1 spreading them so a tub can be set underneath4 ,drop clothes sopping wet from the rinse into the hoop1 and save time1 strength1 and wear4 ,a ,lead ,swab3 ,for use on marble1 brick1 or stone--especially good for removing smoke and rust stains4 ,sew a pound of buckshot rather tightly inside stout canvas1 tie the canvas in chamois skin1 and change the leather as it grows soiled4 ,sawdust3 ,get a peck of clean non-resinous sawdust1 sift1 and sun or oven-dry4 ,keep dry4 ,use on floors1 also for drying and polishing intricate surfaces4 ,heat for use1 but do not scorch4 ,pine ,needles3 ,clean pine needles1 if available1 should be kept for polishing floors1 either hardwood or stained4 ,heat very slightly and strew them in front of the weighted brush or broom4 ,brick ,dust3 ,beat a soft brick to powder1 sift it and keep dry4 ,use with a chamois dipped in oil1 else upon the cut surface of a raw potato4 ,especially useful for spots on steel or for polishing pewter and copper4 ,a ,wall ,mop3 ,cut washed cheesecloth into even strips1 tack as many as can be firmly fastened to the end of a light rod1 and shake free of lint4 ,clean by dipping up and down in soapsuds or gasolene after use4 ,care of ,brushes3 ,all manner of brushes1 especially floor and vegetable ones1 should be washed clean1 scalded by dipping to the back1 no deeper1 in boiling water1 then dried1 brush down1 in open air1 and kept dry4 ,whisk brooms should hang the same as full-grown ones1 likewise hearth brooms4 ,stand clothes and hair brushes bristles down--this so they may not collect dust4 ,the safest wash for them is gasolene1 letting it come only to the back1 not over it4 ,hot borax soapsuds1 likewise used1 clean without loosening the bristles4 ,renovators--,filler for ,new ,wood3 ,sift twice together half a pint of powdered corn starch and as much whiting4 ,stir gradually into a half gallon of raw linseed oil mixed with the same quantity of turpentine4 ,take care there are no lumps and keep well stirred while putting on4 ,oil ,stains3 ,use the same mixture of oil and turpentine4 ,for cherry put into the gallon an ounce of ,indian red1 stir well through1 test1 if too pale add more color4 ,if too deep1 add oil and turpentine4 ,work with the wood grain in putting on any sort of stain4 ,mahogany ,stain3 ,four parts ,indian red1 three parts burnt sienna4 ,mix dry and stir evenly through the oil and turpentine4 ,use half sienna for a dull tone4 ,to make stains dry quickly add a pint more turpentine and half a pint less oil4 ,walnut ,stain3 ,use burnt umber1 an ounce to the gallon4 ,a little dry ocher mixed with the umber gives a livelier tone4 ,red or yellow1 or both1 can be put in1 but must be very well mixed4 ,oak ,stain3 ,raw umber is the basis of oak stain2 proportion and mix like the others4 ,antique oak requires burnt sienna mixed well with a very little lampblack1 also to have two parts of turpentine to one of oil4 ,apply it with a sponge or swab of cotton waste and rub into the grain lines1 leaving the spaces between bare4 ,wax ,finish for ,stained or ,hardwood3 ,melt over boiling water half a pound of yellow beeswax with half a pint of sweet oil4 ,beat hard a minute1 take from fire1 add half a cup of turpentine1 and beat until nearly cold4 ,keep covered in glass or earthenware4 ,apply soft1 but not liquid1 with a clean flannel1 and polish by rubbing until hot4 ,dancing-wax3 ,used on ,colonial ballrooms4 ,melt together over boiling water a pound of yellow beeswax and half a pint of filtered neat's-foot oil4 ,add resin the size of a walnut melted in half a cup of new unsalted butter4 ,beat well1 take from fire1 stir in a cup of turpentine1 and keep covered4 ,apply soft1 and polish with hard rubbing4 ,furniture ,polish ,no4 #a3 ,equal parts of sweet oil1 choloroform1 and alcohol shaken hard together1 rubbed on quickly1 then polished by rubbing until hot4 ,piano ,polish3 ,shake hard together equal parts of sweet oil1 turpentine1 and vinegar4 ,add a very little naphtha1 apply with silk or flannel1 and rub hard afterward4 ,french ,polish3 ,for dark wood1 especially old mahogany4 ,melt together over hot water ten parts pale resin1 ten parts palm oil4 ,mix1 take from fire1 add eighty parts benzine1 one part essence peppermint1 and half a part essence of verbena4 ,keep sealed in glass1 away from heat4 ,use away from light or fire4 ,apply with soft old silk1 and polish by rubbing with very soft silk or flannel4 ,the ,glue ,pot3 ,melt glue only as required4 ,cover dry glue with cold water after breaking up well1 put salt water in the bath outside1 bring to a boil1 then simmer until the glue ropes a little4 ,thin with hot vinegar4 ,to mend things white or light-colored1 melt the clearest glue in a china cup inside a saucepan1 and thin after melting with gin instead of vinegar4 ,to ,make ,glue ,size3 ,melt a pound of glue1 thin with a quart of hot vinegar1 then stir well through two to five gallons hot water1 according to the strength required4 ,vegetable ,size3 ,tie a gallon of wheat bran or cornmeal bran loosely in net or cheesecloth2 boil for five hours in five gallons of water1 filling up as it boils away4 ,add a lump of alum after the bran bag is removed4 ,apply hot to walls or wood4 ,calcimine3 ,stir sifted whiting into strong glue size until it is thicker than cream4 ,clear with a little blueing4 ,thin at need with boiling water4 ,tint with earth colors in powder4 ,red and yellow ocher mixed give a pinkish-cream tint2 yellow alone true cream4 ,indian red makes pink2 by adding burnt sienna the color is pinkish fawn4 ,yellow ocher with burnt umber gives various shades of brown4 ,always mix colors rather pale at first1 try out on a board1 then add what is lacking4 ,whitewashes3 ,either glue or vegetable size may be the foundation4 ,add a big lump of salt to five gallons of size1 stir well1 and pour boiling hot upon half a peck of unslaked lime4 ,clear with ,prussian blue and apply very hot4 ,for sanitary carbolic whitewash use vegetable size1 dissolving in five gallons1 boiling hot1 two ounces of carbolic crystals4 ,then pour upon the lime and mix well4 ,two ounces of copperas--green vitriol--dissolved instead of the carbolic acid gives a faint-yellow tinge and is a good prophylactic4 ,to kill vermin1 as in poultry houses1 nest boxes1 and so on1 mix through a pail of hot wash five grains of corrosive sublimate dissolved in a pint of water2 put on as a first coat1 and after a while give a second coat of plain whitewash4 ,milk ,whitewash3 ,stir into a gallon of sweet milk enough unslaked lime in fine powder to make it thicker than cream4 ,add a teacup of turpentine1 stir well1 and put on at once with a paint brush4 ,this sticks to smooth wood nearly the same as paint1 and can be colored with earth paints almost any shade4 ,paste for ,paper-hanging3 ,wet up smooth in cold water two tablespoonfuls of flour and stir it into a gallon of water on the bubbling boil4 ,stir hard to prevent lumps1 add a small spoonful of tallow1 cook for several minutes1 then add an ounce of alum dissolved in half a pint of boiling water4 ,take from fire and add ten drops oil of cloves4 ,white ,mucilage3 ,for mending books and making scrap books4 ,cover clean gum tragacanth with cold water1 let stand till dissolved1 then add oil of cloves to keep from molding4 ,keep in a glass jar tightly closed4 ,this leaves no mark4 ,gum ,arabic3 ,for clear starching and shirt bosoms4 ,get four ounces of dry gum1 pick over carefully1 throwing out dark pieces and blowing away dust4 ,pour upon it a pint of boiling water1 let stand till dissolved1 filter1 and bottle4 ,a tablespoonful added to a quart of starch gives a high gloss4 ,two spoonfuls in a quart of tepid water will stiffen fine lawn or muslin sufficiently and restore the new look4 ,paper ,dough3 ,crumple newspaper very soft1 tear to bits1 dampen1 pound1 and knead well1 then wet with strong glue size and knead to a dough4 ,for wall breaks1 rat holes1 filling yawning cracks1 or rounding corners1 mix in plaster of ,paris at the moment of application and pound in place before the plaster sets4 ,mix only what can be used at once4 ,white ,cement3 ,mix sifted whiting to a soft dough with white of egg1 for filling small holes in white walls or cracks in ceilings4 ,press in with a blunt knife and smooth the surface with the blade dipped in cold water4 ,sand and ,plaster3 ,sift together fine sand and plaster1 wet with hot water1 and use to fill bigger breaks in a wall4 ,wet only a little at a time and work quickly4 ,lay a board over the mortar as soon as in place1 and beat with a hammer to smooth4 ,putty3 ,sift two pounds of whiting into a bowl1 make a hole in the middle1 and wet with raw linseed oil1 soft or stiff according to your requirements4 ,knead the same as dough4 ,to keep1 pack down in glass and pour a little oil over the top4 ,should be always on hand1 as it is about the most useful of the renovators4 ,cement for ,glass3 ,cover isinglass with gin in a glass jar1 set in sunshine until dissolved1 then filter4 ,it should be as clear as water4 ,for mending colored glass rub down a trifle of oil color in a spoonful of the cement4 ,sugar ,cement3 ,cook to candy height the purest loaf sugar4 ,apply hot to heated edges4 ,lime ,water3 ,pour a gallon of boiling water upon a lump of quicklime the size of two fists4 ,stir hard1 let settle1 pour off the clear water1 bottle1 and keep corked tight4 ,javelle ,water3 ,a bleach so effectual it must not touch colors4 ,dissolve half a pound of washing-soda in a pint of boiling water1 and add it to a quart of boiling water in which a quarter pound of chloride of lime has been dissolved4 ,stir1 let settle1 pour off clear1 bottle1 cork1 and keep dark4 ,chloride-of-lime ,water3 ,pour a gallon of boiling water upon a pound of dry chloride4 ,stir well1 let settle1 pour off clear1 bottle1 and keep well corked1 dark1 and cool4 ,dissolve in wood or earthenware--metal corrodes4 ,oxalic ,acid3 ,put four ounces of crystals with half a pint cold water into a quart bottle1 shake hard and often till the crystals dissolve4 ,this makes a saturated solution4 ,if ragged crystals remain1 add a gill more cold water4 ,keep plainly labeled 8,poison40 ,take care not to let it touch a scratch or fresh cut on the hands1 also to keep it away from children4 ,copperas ,water3 ,dissolve a heaping tablespoonful of copperas in a gallon of boiling water4 ,pour through drains1 sinks1 or into gutters4 ,sprinkle bad-smelling places plentifully with it and spray it over green-scummed pools4 ,it is an ideal disinfectant--cheap1 odorless1 and effectual1 withal safe4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv ,,china1 ,,glass1 ,,and ,,furniture ,washing ,fine ,china3 ,never soak fine china1 never wash it with scouring-soap1 soap powder1 nor yellow-resin soap4 ,unless very greasy clean with borax water4 ,wipe and scrape off as much soil as possible before washing4 ,have the water pleasantly warm--boiling water is ruinous4 ,rinse water should be a trifle hotter than the suds4 ,except in emergencies1 never put on any sort of soap4 ,put only a few pieces at a time into the suds1 wash1 rinse1 and stand to drain4 ,have a thick cloth on the draining-board--with very thin ware have another thick cloth over the pan bottom4 ,change suds as they grow dirty4 ,add hot water from time to time4 ,even temperature is the thing4 ,wipe with soft clean towels after draining well1 but before the ware is dry4 ,wash things in sets2 as dried lay a paper napkin between1 and set away the pile upon something soft4 ,squares of ,turkish toweling are excellent4 ,use a soft thick brush for relief or incised decorations or lace edges4 ,dip it lightly in powdered borax or white soapsuds and rub steadily but not too hard4 ,set things which have held milk1 creams1 thick soups1 sauces1 or gelatine compounds in clear warm water for three minutes1 and rub away as much of what sticks to them as possible before putting them into the suds4 ,soap combined with milk or gelatine makes the water slimy1 the ware sticky4 ,boiling water sets either milk or gelatine4 ,if possible1 rinse and wash things soiled with them as soon as empty4 ,in wiping do not rub gilt borders--rather pat them dry4 ,burnish half yearly with a swab of sifted whiting tied in soft silk4 ,intricate gilding may have the whiting sifted on while damp and brushed off after drying4 ,in storing keep sets and sizes together4 ,set things so they will not jostle nor clatter nor tip4 ,stand platters on edge in a special grooved shelf1 the biggest at the back4 ,if piled1 put something between1 less to save breakage than to prevent a possible chipping of glaze4 ,things bought in cases should be stored in them1 the cases set in drawers or on low shelves4 ,high setting invites dropping and ruinous breakage4 ,ironstone and ,majolica3 ,wash in warm 7not hot7 suds1 with a clean soft cloth1 rinse in hotter water1 and wipe almost immediately4 ,beware of chipping1 beware also of cracking glaze by setting in heat or boiling water4 ,such ware is porous enough to take up grease and other things4 ,cracked or chipped dishes should not be used except to hold things like raw fruit1 bread1 sandwiches1 or dry stores4 ,gilt and ,cut ,glass3 ,remove cream or jelly with a quick rinse1 wash in suds or borax water1 a little more than blood-warm1 using a clean soft brush on the cuttings4 ,have a cloth on the pan bottom if the cutting is deep1 the article of good size4 ,use white soap--resin soaps get into fine lines and stay there4 ,pass from suds into a hotter rinse water1 turn over and about1 lift1 turn upside down1 then plunge into another water a very little hotter4 ,if the ware is very white1 the third water should have salt in it--a tablespoonful to the gallon4 ,with glass less white1 put blueing in the third water1 turn about1 and set upside down upon a thick cloth for three minutes1 then put in a box and sift over hot fine sawdust--8jeweler's sawdust0 if possible1 else dust with fine whiting1 set in a warm 7not hot7 place and leave till dry4 ,brush off sawdust or whiting with a stiff brush1 polish lightly with soft old silk1 and store when fully cool4 ,glass with silver inlay or incrustation must be rubbed after washing with a chamois skin dipped in whiting4 ,clean decanters and claret jugs by putting inside either a few buckshot and shaking them about in a cupful of tepid water dashed with ammonia1 or else lightly folded squares of stiff brown paper with barely enough ammonia water to moisten4 ,these remove wine incrustations4 ,if the stains are obstinate1 fill the decanter with tepid water1 add a pinch of borax1 and let it stand4 ,tiny pills of whiting wet up with alcohol and ammonia1 dried1 dropped inside1 and shaken about1 then dissolved out with tepid water1 leave the insides clear and bright4 ,so do crushed egg shells4 ,wash gilt and ,bohemian glass--indeed1 any fancy glass--with a very soft brush and tepid white suds1 rinse in hotter water1 drain almost dry1 then polish with absorbent cotton dipped lightly in powdered whiting4 ,iridescent and bubble glass should not be wiped4 ,drain instead1 and polish when ready to use with a wisp of cotton4 ,cameo glass1 or any with patterns in relief1 must be washed with a stiff brush1 in weak suds1 rinsed thoroughly1 and dried in gentle1 steady heat rather than wiped4 ,pressed ,glass3 ,wash and rinse in water the same temperature1 drain1 but not too long1 and wipe4 ,beware of linty towels4 ,be sure to run cloth or mop inside water glasses1 otherwise they become dull quickly4 ,wash pitchers the same way2 water leaves sediment--accumulations of it are hard to remove4 ,imitation cuttings must be brushed--they had better be eschewed4 ,plain1 clear surfaces are much handsomer4 ,bowls set one in the other should have paper between4 ,load no glass thing heavily--the rumble or jar of a passing wagon may cause breakage if you do4 ,annealing ,glass3 ,annealing lessens sensibly the risk of breakage4 ,pack the glass snugly in a boiler1 fill with cold water1 bring to a boil1 keep simmering three to four hours1 then throw over a thick cloth and let cool very slowly4 ,remove only when fully cold4 ,especially useful for thin tumblers1 lamp chimneys1 and finger bowls4 ,put a board or a handful of clean sticks in the bottom of the boiler1 so the heat shall not break things set lowest4 ,knives and ,forks3 ,have a pitcher just tall enough to hold knives1 up to the handle4 ,do not quite fill it with very hot borax suds1 stand knives in it1 and leave till other things are out of the way1 then wash blades1 wipe off handles1 rinse very quickly in clear tepid water1 wipe dry1 polish with a clean chamois1 and hold with a clean cloth in putting away4 ,this to save finger marks which grow often to stains or tarnishes upon knives seldom used4 ,all-silver knives can be treated the same as other silver or plated things--still pitcher-washing is as good for them as any other4 ,ivory handles or pearl ones1 or those of stag-horn or composition1 all are injured by either soaking or very hot water4 ,carving-sets are frequently defaced hopelessly by rubbing the handles with scouring-soap4 ,instead use only lather1 washing it off instantly4 ,if suspicious of grease in the seam1 wrap a fine-pointed skewer in thin cloth and run all around1 pressing hard4 ,wipe knife handles very dry1 else lay them for ten minutes in gentle heat to expel possible moisture around the rivets4 ,restoring ,antique ,furniture3 ,take out grease or ink spots 7see section ,spots and ,stains71 then go over with a turpentine cloth sopping wet1 rub and rub and rub4 ,follow with an alcohol cloth and more rubbing1 then a wash in strong hot suds1 followed by rubbing dry4 ,now take stock of the surface4 ,if there are dents1 raise them by laying on very wet blotting-paper and drying it with a blazing-hot iron4 ,repeat if necessary--steam does the work4 ,sandpaper away scratches1 or rub them with emery and a little oil1 or scrape with broken glass4 ,go over again with turpentine to remove the last traces of varnish or grime4 ,then sandpaper to a new surface1 and either oil1 varnish1 or give a wax finish 7see section ,renovators74 ,before resurfacing drive up loose dowels1 wedging them tight1 glue afresh rickety joins1 strengthening them further with slender brads driven in from the under side4 ,glue broken bits in place--if they are missing1 make the break smooth and fit into it a new piece4 ,cut the old wood1 slanting outward--thus it is possible to drive very short brads from underneath4 ,a vise helps greatly in such repairs--the harder held the pieces1 the firmer and less visible the join4 ,after it is dry1 sandpaper2 if the new wood fails to match the old1 stain and rub down before waxing or polishing4 ,tiny gaps can be filled with putty mixed with dry color approaching that of the wood4 ,this will take either oil stain or a wax finish4 ,tighten rickety drawers so they slide easily4 ,remedy bad feet by chiseling out shattered wood and putting in plugs of sound wood to hold the castors4 ,glue in the new plugs1 also nail them fast4 ,grease the points of nails to save splitting the old wood4 ,set them invisibly and drive gently1 but see that they go fully home4 ,remove glass or brass mounting while resurfacing4 ,clean and brighten them 7see section ,brass7 before replacing4 ,tighten metal linings about keyholes with putty1 put on inside4 ,all padding1 upholstery1 or baize tops must1 of course1 be taken wholly away4 ,save them1 no matter how ragged1 as patterns for new stuff4 ,refinish and repair frames thus stripped before recovering4 ,very handsome things had better be put in professional hands unless you have practised upon plainer ones4 ,it is a waste of strength and material to put handsome new covers over musty padding or to botch and pucker hopelessly through inexperience4 ,in the courage of her economies a clever woman learns quickly the knack of upholstery4 ,minute directions are impossible--each sofa or couch or easy chair is so much a law unto itself4 ,in a general way1 have all necessary things handy--as covering muslin1 webbing1 springs1 tacks1 twine1 upholsterer's needles1 moss or curled hair1 brads in variety1 sharp shears1 and stout pliers for dragging through reluctant needles4 ,press out old covers and use as patterns for the new4 ,model your work as nearly as possible on what you took away4 ,remember always before fastening on covers to mark the middle of them and set it accurately to the middle of the frame1 tacking it thence both ways4 ,pad arms and backs first1 then basket-weave webbing across the bottom1 drawing it very taut1 put on springs1 fasten them with twine to the webbing1 lay thin cloth over1 put a thick layer of stuffing upon it1 then fit the muslin cover and tack smoothly to the frame4 ,tuft or leave plain according to style and period4 ,cut the ornamental covering very accurately1 sew together1 following the original1 fit smooth1 and cover the edges with gimp4 ,with figured material1 cut so the boldest figure shall appear in the middle of back and seat or equidistant from ends of the panels of long sofas4 ,practise upon something cheap--here as everywhere else experience is the best teacher4 ,care of ,antiques3 ,old mahogany1 rose-wood1 ebony1 cherry1 or walnut differ little in their requirements4 ,each and several1 they film over4 ,to brighten1 wash in warm 7not hot7 naphtha soapsuds1 wetting only a little space at a time1 wiping it quickly with a cloth wrung from clear hot water1 and as quickly rubbing dry4 ,washing complete1 rub hard with old silk or flannel1 then apply either ,french polish1 piano polish1 or wax finish 7see section ,renovators74 ,put this on with a soft cloth and rub in until the surface burns your hand4 ,washing is necessary about half yearly1 except in rooms where there is a great deal of gas or candlelight and much greasy vapor4 ,dinner tables in steady use ought to be washed and polished monthly4 ,rub deep carvings with chamois over the point of a blunt skewer1 changing its place every little while4 ,brass ,bedsteads3 ,respect their lacquer4 ,keep water far from them1 likewise alcohol1 gasolene1 or naphtha4 ,smears may be wiped off with cloths slightly damp1 followed by wiping with one dry and soft4 ,wipe dust away with softened cheesecloth1 remove finger marks by gentle rubbing with crumpled soft silk or old flannel4 ,have a thick soft brush to take dust from carving or curled rails4 ,wipe off grease with soft flannel and polish the spot with a very little sifted chalk or whiting on a clean cloth4 ,tarnish is a proof that lacquer has been destroyed--the remedy is relacquering1 but mitigate until that is possible by oxalic acid or vinegar and salt 7see section ,renovators74 ,brass trimmings upon enamel bedsteads1 cribs1 etc41 need the same care4 ,so do brass frames1 trays1 etc4 ,elaborate chasings can be brightened without injury by coating thickly with powdered starch1 letting it stand a day1 then brushing it away4 ,mission ,furniture and ,fumed ,oak3 ,dust real mission pieces with a soft damp cloth followed by a dry one barely sprinkled with turpentine4 ,use any good leather dressing on seats and backs4 ,neat's-foot oil and beeswax1 equal quantities1 melted over hot water with twice their bulk of turpentine1 is a good thing1 and safe4 ,apply soft but not liquid1 put on barely enough to rub over the leather1 and rub until absorbed4 ,for fumed and ,flemish oak use a soft1 thick dust brush1 followed by a thick cloth slightly dampened4 ,if greasy or grimy1 wash very quickly in hot naphtha soapsuds1 wipe dry1 and rub until hot4 ,once a year rub very lightly over with sweet oil1 turpentine1 and alcohol1 equal parts1 shaken well together4 ,varnished pieces can have thin white varnish instead of alcohol4 ,put on with flannel and rub till hot4 ,gilt ,furniture3 ,dust well1 and either sift on whiting1 let stand an hour1 and brush off or cover a little at a time with whiting and alcohol1 as thick as cream1 let stand three minutes1 wipe with a damp cloth1 and rub dry with old silk or flannel4 ,take away specks of whiting or tarnish with a swab of chalk tied in silk and wet with alcohol4 ,cork sawdust tied tight in chamois makes a good burnisher if high polish is desired4 ,garlands1 bow knots1 and traceries need to be rubbed out with a blunt skewer inside a clean leather and polished the same way1 using silk or flannel in place of leather4 ,gilt ,frames3 ,cover with the cream of whiting and alcohol after wiping and brushing away all possible dust4 ,remove and polish as above directed4 ,repair breaks and chippings with plaster wet with white of egg1 and paint with the finest gold paint1 then burnish4 ,take off fly specks with a cloth dipped in alcohol1 and rub away any obstinate dark specks or remnant of whiting with the same cloth4 ,upholstered ,furniture3 ,cover the stuffings with a bath towel1 whip lightly1 shaking the towel whenever it shows dust1 then brush evenly with a soft bristle brush1 wipe out the tuftings with a swab of cotton tied in silk on the point of a blunt skewer4 ,wipe quickly all over with a flannel wrung dry out of hot water1 following with a cloth wet in alcohol4 ,change or wash the cloths as they grow dirty1 especially upon delicate colors4 ,neither cloths nor swabs must be wet enough to leave marks4 ,alcohol1 properly used1 will leave no trace upon anything4 ,wash the wood in white soapsuds1 about blood-warm1 wipe dry1 and rub with a flannel sprinkled with kerosene4 ,this for ordinary wood2 very fine things1 and especially inlaid ones1 had better have sweet oil and turpentine on the polishing-cloth1 and not too much4 ,upholstery can be dry-cleaned with starch and whiting sifted together and applied thickly all over it4 ,let stand a day1 in sunshine if possible1 then brush off1 going over and over4 ,if there are grimy spaces1 wet them with alcohol before putting on the powder4 ,brush hard1 and if flecks remain take them off with a cloth wet in alcohol4 ,wicker ,furniture3 ,scrub raw wicker with a stiff brush and white soapsuds1 rinse1 dry quickly1 then brush over with turpentine1 sweet oil1 and alcohol1 equal parts1 mixed1 then one-fifth their bulk of thin varnish added4 ,coat well4 ,when dry1 rub over with a thick soft cloth4 ,dust gilt or enameled wicker very clean1 wash quickly in weak tepid suds1 wipe1 and sift on whiting and corn starch1 let stand half an hour1 and brush off4 ,dry-cleaning alone suffices for things not much soiled4 ,instead of sifting1 the starch and chalk or whiting may be tied tight in coarse net and used as a swab4 ,take out spots and stains 7see section ,spots and ,stains7 before cleaning4 ,porch ,furniture3 ,porch furniture1 whether rattan1 rustic1 or bamboo1 needs only to be dusted1 well and quickly1 washed in tepid suds1 dried1 and rubbed liberally all over with crude kerosene and creosoted turpentine 7see section ,renovators74 ,dry in air1 but away from sun2 do the work1 however1 if possible1 upon a dry1 sunny day4 ,enameled ,iron3 ,resurface things as they chip 7see section ,making ,whole74 ,wash clean in tepid suds after dusting1 wipe dry1 then rub over lightly with sweet oil and alcohol1 equal parts1 with a teaspoonful of thin varnish added to the pint and well shaken4 ,sundry ,preventions3 ,crumple tissue paper thickly over upholstered furniture before putting on covers--it saves from wear1 dust1 and fading4 ,newspapers pasted into big sheets and spread over floor1 bed1 dresser1 and couch in spare rooms likewise catch dust and stop light4 ,they can be gathered up in a few minutes2 take care1 though1 to lift edges first and shake dust inward1 then fold4 ,where sunshine falls upon matting a double thickness of paper saves fading4 ,narrow lengths either to hang or pin about draperies will keep the draperies fresh4 ,paper is as nearly impervious to dust as almost anything known4 ,paper bags tied over gas globes1 brass door knobs1 and candlesticks prevent both dust and tarnish4 ,also there is no better summer ambush for articles of 8bigotry and virtue0 than a thick swathing of tissue paper inside a paper bag4 ,newspaper has further the merit of discouraging moths--they hate printers' ink the same as other plunderers4 ,shut down windows upon newspaper1 letting it fall well over the inner sill1 and there will be no fading of paint there nor cakings of dust4 ,glue rounds of felt to the feet of all things not furnished with castors if you would save polished floors from marking4 ,a brad or two1 driven upward1 the heads well sunk1 will add stability4 ,old soft hats will furnish the rounds4 ,instead1 you may use a contrivance now in market1 which is practically the same thing1 also cheap and convenient4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,v ,,making ,,whole ,rickety ,furniture3 ,scrape or file away old glue from loosened joins1 cover with fresh glue very hot 7see section ,renovators74 ,tie fast together or put in a vise1 protecting the jaws of it with thick paper1 and let stand two days4 ,reinforce then underneath with iron--a light angle iron for corners1 strap iron with holes punched along each edge for straight breaks4 ,small light metal hinges often answer admirably4 ,screw everything firmly in place1 then scrape away oozing of glue outside1 sandpaper1 and refinish4 ,a jagged break needs glue extra thick and hot4 ,brush it well into broken fibers1 both ends1 press them together1 fasten firmly1 let harden1 scrape away oozings1 and screw on strap iron with holes an inch apart in the edges4 ,put it inside or underneath1 and if it shows1 as on chair or table legs1 paint to match the wood1 and varnish when dry4 ,fine brads1 driven in alternately1 slantwise1 on the under side1 will hold cracks fast1 but not so fast as strap iron4 ,hinges set in an angle need a little wood gouged away so they may lie flat against the wood4 ,fill gaps in a splintered surface with putty colored to match4 ,glass and ,china3 ,no cement ever made at home or commercially will bear long soaking in hot water or suds4 ,hard usage is also impossible4 ,notwithstanding1 mending is well worth while1 wherefore save the pieces1 and especially save tiny splinters4 ,otherwise your mending will be vain4 ,twice a year have a mending-day1 saving up breakage against it4 ,work at a steady table set in good light but not glaring4 ,have a white table cover1 a bowl of hot water1 a cup of alcohol1 plenty of clean rags1 several camel's-hair brushes of varying size1 a tumbler of water to hold them when not in use1 plenty of twine1 tying-tape1 new rubber bands in variety1 a pair of swinging weights1 and on the floor1 out of the way1 a box half full of damp earth or sand4 ,you need in addition squares of deal or cardboard for setting out of the way mended things4 ,also a pound of putty mixed stiff and1 if mending ornaments1 gold paint and colors in powder4 ,with a simple clean fracture1 as across a platter1 wash edges very clean1 using a brush and suds1 rinse in hot water1 then coat thickly with pure white lead rubbed thicker than cream in raw linseed oil4 ,set the larger fragment1 break up1 perpendicularly in the box of sand4 ,it must stand plumb4 ,fit the other piece to it1 and hang evenly across it the swinging weights1 which are but a strip of strong cloth doubled up into pockets at each end and filled with buckshot or pebbles1 which must balance accurately4 ,their use is to make the join firm and fine--in fact1 barely visible4 ,leave standing several days1 then file or sandpaper off surplus lead4 ,lead-mending is the most durable of all4 ,mend thin china with white of egg and quicklime4 ,beat the egg stiff1 coat clean edges thickly with it1 dust with powdered unslaked lime1 press hard together at once1 and fasten firmly4 ,the lime sets as in mortar4 ,sandpaper the break after a week4 ,this is a good cement for opaque glass as well4 ,hollow things1 as cups1 bowls1 etc41 should be set over crumpled paper upon a round of cloth1 with a drawstring in the edge just big enough to cover them halfway4 ,draw up the string very carefully after mending1 and fasten4 ,the secret of good mending is to have things held fast4 ,rubber bands help mightily4 ,string half a dozen strong ones on a tape and tie about the neck or base of anything so rounding strings slip4 ,join the broken part1 then put another tape through the bands1 and lift it steadily until you can fasten it about the neck or over the top4 ,the bands must be the same size1 and draw equally4 ,after tying the tapes set a weight on top of the broken thing4 ,loop rubber bands around broken-off handles1 set them in place1 then string a tape through the bands1 draw them together1 and pass the tape twice around the body of the vessel4 ,build up shattered things bit by bit about cores of putty covered with wax paper4 ,this if shape admits taking out the putty4 ,narrow-mouthed things had better have cores of absorbent cotton wound with wax paper4 ,it can be picked out bit by bit1 using a hook4 ,putty likewise can be dug or rasped out1 but not so easily4 ,things very badly broken need to be mended in sections1 joining scraps and fitting in splinters4 ,fill cavities outside and in with either soft putty or plaster mixed with white of egg4 ,a backing of putty inside seams makes them secure4 ,keep clean fingers while mending4 ,also keep broken bits clean4 ,if a mend fails1 soak off cement and begin over4 ,white lead must be taken off with turpentine4 ,but failure with it is rare4 ,if a handle-break goes through in a vase or ewer fit inside the hole a lump of putty1 then cement edges1 and press together1 holding something against the putty and spreading it all over the break4 ,hard1 it makes an indestructible join4 ,water will not affect it2 still1 such a vessel had better be kept for show4 ,glass3 ,mend glass as directed for china1 but use white cement1 gum arabic1 or sugar syrup 7see section ,renovators74 ,press breaks hard together and fasten firmly4 ,if it is possible to expel every bit of air1 the break will be scarcely visible4 ,for colored glass rub dry color smooth in a little white cement and apply with a very fine brush4 ,repair breaks in gilt glass1 after mending1 with gold paint4 ,do the same for gilt china1 and touch up with matching colors any flaws in the pattern4 ,mending ,bric--brac3 ,mend broken ivory with a few drops of fish glue such as shoe-makers use4 ,press very hard together1 wipe off oozings clean1 fasten1 wrap in cotton1 then in paper1 put in a vise and screw firmly but not too hard4 ,metal ornaments can be either soldered or repaired with sealing-wax and resin1 melted together over boiling water and applied very hot4 ,join broken bisque and clay figures with white of egg and powdered unslaked lime unless it is possible to get from a potter a little regular luting4 ,mend torn or loosened leather with fish glue1 and put under heavy weight4 ,mending ,books3 ,take out of the covers1 press square and solid1 then paste over the back a strip of stout thin muslin1 letting the edges project unpasted an inch either side4 ,dry under pressure1 so the muslin will be fully rounded4 ,turn back the loose muslin accurately along the edge1 paste it plentifully on the outer sides1 then lay on the cover1 press firmly in place1 and dry under weight4 ,when dry1 paste in new fly leaves double fold4 ,paste the outer one to the cover1 the inner one only lightly to the book4 ,removing old fly leaves spotted or defaced makes a better job of it4 ,mending ,lamps and ,candlesticks3 ,fasten loose lamp collars with white of egg and plaster2 make as thick as putty and use quickly4 ,solder broken metal parts4 ,dust with powdered resin1 lay on the stick of solder1 and apply the hot iron4 ,tinkering thus needs only a little knack4 ,it enables you to stop leaks in zinc or tin--as pipes1 shields1 and so on4 ,cooking-vessels are quite another story4 ,mending ,rubber3 ,this is a parlous business at best1 still can be done4 ,get the best rubber cement1 have the break very clean1 apply1 and let harden for a day at least4 ,breaks in hose1 tubes1 and so on had better be cloth-covered--after mending1 of course4 ,indeed1 the life of such things is trebled by covering them neatly before they break4 ,cut strips of cloth wide enough to go round1 allow half an inch for turned edges1 fold down1 and whip together around the hose or tube4 ,a big pipe can have a cover of canvas stitched up4 ,covering protects the surface and takes up a large part of the water strain4 ,fill breaks in rubber footgear with rubber cement1 let harden1 then put inside over the break a piece of strong1 thin cloth1 shaped to fit and coated upon one side with fish glue4 ,the glue goes next the rubber2 after it has hardened it takes the strain4 ,darning3 ,darning is an art1 so much so one may well say there are torn things not worth a darn4 ,if they are woolen things1 mend with rubber tissue1 smoothing the tear with a warm iron1 then laying on the tissue and fixing it with a hotter one4 ,press again on the right side1 and clip close any loose fibers4 ,linen1 ,silk1 and ,stuff3 ,lay under the break stiff paper spread with net matching in color1 press with a warm iron1 baste before lifting lightly1 take up and baste again about the edges4 ,match thread to fabric2 use a fine needle1 go back and forth with very short running stitches1 catching the net below1 but taking only as deep hold in the outside as will make a firm mend4 ,beware puckers4 ,when finished1 cut away surplus net and press on the wrong side1 then under a cloth on the right4 ,if a tiny hole is to be filled in1 tack it smooth over stiff paper1 then with ravelings of the stuff or thread exactly matching go over the warp way1 setting thread for thread1 barely catching at the ends1 then weave in cross threads1 same as the original fabric1 and press4 ,or the hole can be cut to a tiny square after basting on paper and a matched square inserted and darned in all round4 ,this had better have net under it so the join may not pull apart4 ,machine-darn table linen as soon as it shows threadbare spots1 putting them in an embroidery hoop and stitching back and forth the way of the missing threads4 ,white net underneath strengthens1 but with napkins and tea cloths it is better left off4 ,a cloth broken along the middle fold can be darned thus over net4 ,but it is easier and better to split it evenly1 hem the split edges1 and trim them with lace1 then join the selvages with a row of coarse insertion1 herringboned in with coarse linen thread4 ,darning ,stockings3 ,children's stockings last much longer for ripping to the calf when new and machine-darning inside them1 over the knees1 sound old tops4 ,sew up loosely4 ,darn strong net or thin stockinet loosely inside heels and toes2 when the stockings come in holes1 rip out this first application1 cover your darning-egg with fresh net1 set the hole over it1 taking care not to stretch it1 whip down all round loosely1 then darn as usual1 running threads through the net and cutting away surplusage when finished4 ,silk stockings should always be darned on net1 matching colors of net and darning-floss4 ,tack lace insets or embroidery smooth upon white stiff paper and fill in breaks with lace stitches or new embroidery4 ,mend a running break--colloquially1 a ladder--by catching the errant stitch1 sewing it fast1 then filling the raveled space with very fine herringbone4 ,fill holes in the instep1 or heel1 above slipper height1 with loose buttonhole stitches in matching silk1 going across and back1 catching each stitch after the first row in the top of the one below it4 ,make neither tight nor slack4 ,infinite patience and a very fine crochet hook enable one to fill such breaks with real stocking-weaving4 ,ravel the break to a line1 take up the stitches on a very fine thread1 then fasten on silk and draw up in loops1 keeping them on the needle4 ,fasten to the side and work back1 drawing a new stitch through each one already on the needle4 ,repeat till the hole is full1 then draw stitches through those in the upper edge1 which has been likewise raveled straight4 ,only very costly stockings are worth such pains4 ,coarse ,mending3 ,boys and men wear holes at knees1 elbows1 and on seats4 ,rip seams1 cut the holes square1 match new squares1 and stitch1 press1 and sew up4 ,seat holes need not be cut clear across-only as far as the break4 ,cut corners diagonally the depth of a seam1 but not too deep4 ,lacking cloth for such repairs1 take note when clothes show threadbare in such spots1 lay other cloth under1 and machine-darn thickly with matching thread1 fine rather than coarse4 ,such prevention often outlasts the patch cure besides being more presentable4 ,mending ,bed ,clothes3 ,fine threadbare blankets are worth darning4 ,wash well and darn with soft wool1 using a large-eyed needle4 ,avoid puckering4 ,darn warp way first1 then go across4 ,cut ragged edges smooth1 and overcast loosely with colored wool rather than bind4 ,darn tears on net1 using silk or flax1 rather fine4 ,beware making mends hard and lumpy4 ,comforts should be untacked1 the stuffing1 whether cotton1 wool1 or down1 aired and washed at need1 the outsides made into rags1 and new covers provided for the padding4 ,cheesecloth unbleached lasts and launders well4 ,make pocket covers of it1 half a yard deep1 for the tops of comforts breaking there and nowhere else4 ,old muslin rarely pays for mending more elaborate than running together slits4 ,wide sheets can have the thin centers torn out1 the selvages joined1 and raw edges hemmed1 thus turning them into single-bed size4 ,handsome linen sheets1 when they break along the hem-stitching1 should be cut there1 hemmed neatly each side1 and joined with strong narrow linen insertion1 or beading1 or linen braid crocheted in a straight line down either side4 ,embroidered pillow and bolster cases1 when the body wears1 should have the embroidery cut off and joined thus with insertion or crochet work to new bodies--it will last as long4 ,handsome monograms and motifs should be transferred from old linen to new4 ,cut out1 neatly baste on new stuff1 and sew down all round with fine needle1 thread1 and stitches4 ,if there are holes in the pattern1 pierce them and sew over well1 using slightly coarser thread4 ,press before sewing1 and be careful not to draw the work4 ,mending ,lace3 ,transfer figures from heavy laces1 such as hand-run ,spanish1 to new net grounds1 first cleaning them carefully1 and dipping1 if rusty1 in stale beer or water in which a raw ,irish potato has been grated4 ,drain without squeezing1 press while damp1 then cut out and arrange upon the new ground1 which has been stretched smooth over paper4 ,point lace1 being needle-made1 can be needle-mended as good as new4 ,tack smooth upon waxed linen or stiff paper1 study the breaks1 and fill them with the same stitch1 using the same thread4 ,if the ground is badly broken1 expedite work by laying under a bit of fine net1 matching the mesh1 and sewing the figures to it4 ,lace stitches can be learned from any book on needlework1 and are none of them difficult4 ,irish crochet wears out all over commonly--tears or breaks1 though1 can be filled with a crochet hook1 matching stitch and thread4 ,mend lace curtains by laying new net under breaks and either sewing figures to it or1 in case of tender old fabrics1 wetting with starch and pressing with a hot iron4 ,the starch mend will last as long as the curtain4 ,tiny tears can be thus starch-mended to advantage at any stage4 ,furniture3 ,threadbare coverings1 as damask1 brocatelle1 and tapestry1 require deft darning with a fine needle--several fine needles1 indeed1 and matched silks4 ,follow the pattern as nearly as possible in putting in stitches4 ,put worn hangings into an embroidery frame and work boldly in coarse silks or wool1 keeping to the color scheme and using as far as possible the woven pattern1 but making the new figures hide blemishes4 ,remove linings before embroidering1 press on the wrong side1 and1 if too limp1 stiffen slightly with gum water 7see section ,renovators74 ,fur ,sewing and ,mending3 ,fur sewing takes courage as much as skill4 ,all fur is mended before making up4 ,art lies in cutting patches accurately and setting them in so the fur lies with that around it4 ,to fill in a moth-eaten spot rip out linings and enough seams to let the fur lie flat1 then chalk-mark the smallest space that will remove the moth patch4 ,cut through along the mark with a sharp-pointed knife1 then lay the hole upon the patch fur and shift until it matches in color and growth4 ,mark all round1 take off the garment1 cut the patch with your sharp knife just outside the marking4 ,fit into the hole1 tack lightly in four places1 turn1 sew the cut edges together1 taking stitches close and barely deep enough to hold4 ,turn every little while1 smooth seam1 and look for puckers2 if any rip1 sew over4 ,sewing done1 press seam hard with the thimble on something flat1 then turn and press on right side with the end of the thumb4 ,manipulate until the skin edges lie one against the other4 ,fur garments can be remodeled at home with just such sewing4 ,shape1 piece1 or mend1 sew together1 and reline4 ,very tiny bits can be used many ways1 wherefore save them religiously4 ,tails that have been partly moth-eaten or lost hair should have the bare lengths cut out1 the remnants neatly joined4 ,long furs1 such as marten1 mink1 skunk1 and fox1 are not easier than seal1 beaver1 and so on1 but less apt to show bungling work4 ,astrakan is so soft and crinkly it sews almost like cloth4 ,carpets1 ,matting1 and ,rugs3 ,make carpets as clean as possible before mending4 ,darn with wool and upholsterer's needles as they lie on the floor1 matching thread to pattern1 unless the pattern is worn away4 ,cut bad spots square1 or to straight edges1 snip corners1 turn under edges1 fit in a square1 turn down its edges1 trimming at corners to avoid lumps1 safety-pin at each corner1 turn over and whip turned edges fast1 then cover with damp cloth and press4 ,shift stair carpets often enough to get equal wear all over4 ,have an extra step length and turn it under at top or bottom to make shifting easy4 ,dyeing helps a faded carpet mightily4 ,put it down clean with thick paper under1 wipe over with clarified ox gall in tepid water1 then with clear water1 wringing the cloth dry1 then paint with a thick soft brush dipped lightly in hot dye4 ,use the color predominant in the room1 no matter about the pattern4 ,rub the dye in well1 but do not slop nor sop it4 ,treat fine matting1 especially in rug form1 the same way4 ,figures will show through1 but not unpleasantly4 ,even a grass rug takes color readily4 ,hang smooth and wet thoroughly1 let stand to set1 then wash with weak suds4 ,dye on both sides4 ,carpets and mattings must be dyed on one side only and washed lightly1 after the color sets1 with suds1 then wiped over with either vinegar and water or weak alum water4 ,rug-mending needs a volume2 here it gets only a paragraph4 ,for breaks1 tears1 moth-eaten or worn spots lay smooth upon something soft and sleazy--wool crash is excellent1 so is basket-woven serge4 ,flannel will answer2 at a pinch so will burlap4 ,fasten so thread runs true with those of the rug4 ,if the original fabric shows appreciably1 darn it down on the patch1 matching the darning-wool to the colors4 ,if there is a yawning hole1 put the wool double in a very big needle1 stick through from the top1 bring up again in almost the same place4 ,tie to the end above1 stick back1 stick up again1 repeat1 varying thread1 until the whole space is covered with woolly loops4 ,cut them through1 then trim smooth with very sharp shears1 comb with a coarse comb1 and trim again4 ,moth-eaten moquette carpet can be treated the same way1 using as many needles as there are colors in the pattern4 ,care of ,gloves3 ,pull off gloves over the hand1 not by tugging at finger tips2 this is the first commandment4 ,the second is1 ,never crumple them4 ,let lie open from the hand until dry1 then smooth1 wrap in tissue paper1 and put away4 ,sew fastenings the minute they show loose4 ,mend at the first ripped stitch4 ,glove powder shaken inside before putting away after wearing keeps them fresher4 ,either patch holes in thumb and fingers with very thin kid1 else cut off the worn sections almost to the palm1 shape new sections from old kid1 sew on1 then sew in4 ,color gray spots on the fingers of black kid gloves with a few drops of ink rubbed well through other drops of sweet oil4 ,in cleaning with gasolene put on gloves1 fasten smooth1 and begin work at the top of the wrist--there will be circles otherwise1 especially in long gloves4 ,wash as though washing hands1 using a very soft cloth or wisp of cotton4 ,change gasolene as soon as dirty4 ,rub afterward well with starch and whiting1 powdered4 ,cleaning ,furs3 ,brush well1 comb twice--against grain and with it--wipe over with soft flannel1 then with a wisp of cotton tied in old silk and dipped lightly in gasolene or benzine or ether4 ,ether is best for white furs4 ,work quickly1 changing the cloth if it grows dirty4 ,comb up again1 and sift over hot cornmeal or sifted sawdust1 rub it well through the fur1 up1 down1 crosswise1 shake out1 and hang to air4 ,white furs after shaking out should be covered thick with starch and whiting in fine powder1 mixed with enough powder blue to clear4 ,let lie several days1 then shake out1 brush hard1 and wipe over very quickly with a soft damp cloth4 ,dry-clean light and fancy linings by gentle1 steady rubbing with a swab of starch and whiting tied in soft silk or cheesecloth4 ,put a few drops of ether or gasolene on soiled spots1 rub hard with the swab1 then with a clean cloth1 dipped in powdered chalk4 ,furs worn in dusty wind or a foul atmosphere need to be well combed1 brushed against the grain1 and aired quickly4 ,dry wet furs in air1 but away from heat4 ,stretch and knead them several times while drying to keep the skin pliable4 ,shake hard at first1 hang smooth1 and let drain4 ,unless very wet1 only dampness will reach the skin if they are so treated4 ,snow shaken off before melting is a help rather than a hurt4 ,indeed1 a good way to clean fur rugs is to drag them1 hair down1 over dry snow4 ,clean on the floor by sprinkling thickly with hot meal or sawdust1 rubbing in well and brushing out1 then combing4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,vi ,,making ,,and ,,making ,,over ,wherewithal to make of is the first requisite4 ,here follow some simple tests easily applicable and well worth while4 ,use upon samples1 and buy accordingly4 ,things over-cheap1 it may be said in passing1 carry their condemnation in their price4 ,buying them is extravagance1 since they cost as much in time1 trouble1 and often in money for making up as sound stuffs and make no adequate return in wear4 ,silk3 ,test silk three ways--by tearing1 scraping with the thumb nail1 and burning4 ,try to tear a raw edge across the filling4 ,if it is easily done the filling is either artificial or so loaded it will give no wear4 ,weak warp is even worse--with warp and filling both easily rent1 the stuff is wholly bad4 ,pull out a few threads both ways and test their strength separately4 ,easy breaking means that they are loaded with earthy or metal salts to give weight and firmness without wear4 ,scrape the surface diagonally with the thumb nail4 ,if threads slip under the scraping1 let that particular silk alone4 ,rub well between the fingers--pure silk feels smooth and soft2 that which is loaded1 crisp1 even harsh4 ,some silks have the face pure1 the back loaded--wherefore test both sides4 ,end by burning a bit4 ,real silk does not burn readily1 and leaves a black ash4 ,weighted or loaded silk flashes up1 burns swiftly1 and leaves behind a dull-red ash4 ,woolens3 ,test by raveling out and burning4 ,untwist a raveled thread--fibers of even1 moderate length show pure wool4 ,if there are a few fibers with clots all along them the cloth is most shoddy--that is to say1 old wool ground up and mixed before spinning with a little new4 ,after-treatment makes it look well1 but there is mighty little wear4 ,snap a raveling between the hands--the harder the breaking the better the goods4 ,soak a few threads in a little alcohol4 ,this to test the color4 ,a tinge in the alcohol is to be expected1 but if it becomes deep-colored1 and especially if it becomes muddy1 the dyeing is bad4 ,cotton mixture before spinning betrays itself in burning4 ,light a few threads or a snippet--the smell will tell the truth4 ,linen3 ,test linen in much the same fashion3 ravel1 untwist a thread1 and draw gently till resolved into original fibers4 ,cotton will show soft1 even a little fuzzy1 in spite of mercerizing4 ,linen is woven from flax fibers1 which are always straight and thready1 no matter how fine4 ,burning gives out the smell of cotton where there is an appreciable mixture4 ,test for fading by wetting in white soapsuds and drying in sunshine or in front of a fire4 ,cottons3 ,prints1 muslin1 lawns1 sheeting1 and so on1 should be torn across and lengthwise to test strength1 nail-scraped1 and rubbed betwixt the fingers to discover if they are dressed too much1 and dried in sunshine for fading4 ,use will soften the fastest colors4 ,in buying for children get extra stuff and send it to wash each time with the frocks1 so when needed for re-making there shall be no glaring contrast4 ,forethought3 ,begin before the beginning if you would sew easily4 ,set a machine1 well cleaned and oiled1 where the light will fall over the operator's shoulder4 ,for dressmaking1 cover the floor with a sheet of unbleached muslin tacked down smooth4 ,have a form for fitting1 a tall mirror1 a table1 with drop leaves if possible1 and two bentwood chairs1 with a low rocker for basting and pressing in4 ,at the right hand of it hang on the wall a thin board with wire nails driven from the back in treble row4 ,upon one row stick basting-spools1 upon others spools of silk1 cotton1 and twist4 ,upon a shorter upper row put cheap thimbles4 ,have screw hooks at bottom for hanging shears1 small scissors1 tape measure1 pencil1 and needle book4 ,a screw eye in each upper corner of the board slipped over nails or screw-hooks will hold it fast4 ,hang a similar board on the wall back of the machine1 and furnish the nails in it with spools of thread--all sorts the machine may require4 ,put a hook at bottom for special machine scissors1 and hang upon another hook a small1 flat1 open pocket to hold wisps of absorbent cotton for wiping off oil1 a tiny bottle of alcohol for removing spots of it1 and a couple of finger stalls and two short bandages to save pricked fingers from making blood spots4 ,a starch bag1 very porous1 for covering such spots instantly1 is also advisable with fine light-colored work4 ,tack against the wall over the table a square of denim holding three long pockets1 set crosswise1 for patterns4 ,keep patterns folded flat1 not rolled4 ,press smooth before using1 and let lie till cool1 so they will not curl4 ,hang a small well-filled pincushion below the pattern pockets1 also leaves of flannel filled with basting-needles4 ,set close by a firm-standing waste basket with a wide mouth4 ,throw into it all useless clippings as fast as made4 ,cutting ,out3 ,spread plain-surfaced things1 as silk1 linen1 serge1 and lighter woolens1 double upon the table1 which must be at full length4 ,lay on patterns1 having regard to warp and woof threads4 ,let warp run up and down1 woof around4 ,in cutting a bodice the woof threads should make a sort of belt4 ,thus they pull true1 and the seams are an easy bias4 ,lay on the whole pattern as nearly as space allows1 and study economy of material in arranging the pieces1 but not at the cost of getting threads wrong4 ,cut with sharp shears1 taking care to allow for seams when requisite4 ,lay off pieces as cut out1 but keep the cloth steady by means of light weights4 ,patterns are best pinned in place1 but with long lines1 as skirts or draperies1 books laid on as weights are better1 besides being easier4 ,things with a nap1 as broadcloth and corduroy1 must not be cut with cloth double from each end4 ,if the goods is double-fold1 cutting double is desirable4 ,otherwise cut so the nap runs the same in each piece4 ,this also applies in case of figured stuffs with a decided up and down4 ,to make a waist or coat pattern smaller lay a crosswise plait from armhole to edge1 and cross it with a lengthwise one of equal width4 ,enlarge a pattern by cutting it across instead of plaiting it and pasting in strips of paper4 ,alter skirt lengths usually at the bottom2 either fold up or allow extra4 ,if too wide1 fold down along each edge to keep proportions4 ,basting3 ,baste shoulder seams with the upper half of the fronts stretched tight1 the back held a little full4 ,pressing heals the puckers1 which give the smooth fit over the hollow of the shoulder not otherwise attainable4 ,use fine firm thread for basting1 with a large-eyed needle4 ,take medium running stitches in seams to be fitted2 with edges to be held for sewing together make the stitches very long1 and set them so far back the stitching will not catch them4 ,pressing3 ,have a small board covered with flannel1 then with muslin1 for pressing4 ,an alcohol stove for heating irons saves time and trouble4 ,keep it with the iron inside a handy box1 upon which it can be set when lighted4 ,do not damp woolen things before pressing4 ,moisten silk very slightly1 linen rather more1 and cotton1 as in linings1 most of all4 ,press rounding seams1 such as armholes and rolling collars1 over the end of the board4 ,press sleeve seams with the small end of the board inside4 ,sew up and press outer sleeve seams before sewing inner ones4 ,do the same with very tiny trousers4 ,where pressing must be done on the right side cover with a thin cloth very slightly dampened4 ,things ,applied3 ,lace1 insertion1 motifs1 and so on1 need to be set on the cloth and sewed firmly in place1 then to have the cloth cut out underneath4 ,turn cut edges back and stitch or sew again4 ,ribbon trimmings1 unless gathered1 are best put on by hand1 with very long stitches on the wrong side1 very short ones on top4 ,bands or borders applied as hems should be sewed on to the edge1 turned over it1 not flat with it1 then basted down and stitched at the upper edges4 ,hold true in sewing on--a pucker or stretching ruins the fit4 ,miter corners very neatly1 and stitch upon the wrong side4 ,in putting in a fold or piping baste with the double edge even with the edge of the garment1 or the band1 then turn over and baste before stitching4 ,hold lace a little full on rounding edges so it shall not hoop nor draw4 ,make fancy yokes1 put on the collar1 then arrange smoothly on the form1 put over the bodice1 fit together1 and set a thick row of pins where they are to join4 ,if the bodice edge is finished1 pin together--if it is to be sewn in1 leave it free4 ,an overlapping yoke had better have the bodice cut almost full height1 and the surplus cut away after the yoke is put on4 ,making ,over3 ,begin making over by refurbishing--cleaning1 dyeing1 pressing1 turning4 ,rip1 pick out stitches1 take out spots1 and brush4 ,dyeing3 ,dyeing is easy4 ,use cotton or woolen dyes according to need4 ,but first wash stuffs very clean4 ,discharge color by soaking several hours in suds1 or cream-of-tartar solution1 boiling half an hour in clear water1 and dye while still hot4 ,have a roomy dye pot1 drop into it all parts of a garment at once to make the new color uniform4 ,have the stuff loosely crumpled1 stir down instantly with a clean wooden stick4 ,lift after a minute to air1 stir down again1 and finish according to directions4 ,each dye has its own special limitations4 ,knitted woolens1 as sweaters1 caps1 and so on1 must not be soaked nor boiled1 only washed quickly1 covered with clear hot water1 let stand a minute1 then squeezed out and put into the pot4 ,silk should not be washed unless very dirty2 clean with gasolene instead1 but wet with clear hot water before dyeing4 ,if it loses body after washing1 dip into stale beer or weak gum water 7see section ,renovators7 or else stiffen with weak sugar water1 and iron while damp4 ,a black kid glove cut up and boiled in a gallon of water till reduced one-half makes a good stiffener for black silk1 also for mixtures of silk and wool4 ,this1 whether they are dyed or merely washed4 ,so does stale beer4 ,tack lace to strips of cloth before dyeing and leave on them till washed and pressed4 ,dyed net had better be partly dried in crumpled heaps after washing1 then stiffened and pressed4 ,gasolene-cleaning3 ,take out spots 7see section ,spots71 then plunge in a clean vessel1 pour on gasolene to cover1 wash quickly1 laving rather than rubbing or wringing4 ,change to clean gasolene1 wash again1 then hang to air at least ten hours4 ,this must be done away from fire or light4 ,press on the wrong side1 and roll around a rod or mailing-tube instead of folding4 ,washing ,silk and ,cloth3 ,tack1 matching pieces together1 right sides in1 wash double in warm white soapsuds1 rinse twice1 keeping temperature even1 and hang to dry without wringing4 ,take down when damp1 and iron double1 going first over one side1 then the other4 ,stiffen by wiping over ahead of the iron with stale beer1 glove liquor1 or cold coffee or weak tea1 for silk2 with very thin starch or gum water for woolens4 ,roll after pressing4 ,iron cloth the way of the nap1 not across it4 ,figured silk and brocade should be ironed on a soft board4 ,freshening ,lace3 ,a bath in stale beer with draining afterward freshens rusty black lace1 also stiffens it4 ,it must be pressed when barely damp4 ,clean cream and light laces in gasolene1 using a very little white soap if they are much soiled4 ,hang to air smooth--pressing hurts the look4 ,lying in powdered starch and magnesia for a week will often freshen laces4 ,mend them before cleaning 7see section ,making ,whole74 ,shake free of powder--dust and grime will go with it--and smooth by laying back and forth between the leaves of a big book and putting on weight4 ,trimmings3 ,clean ribbons1 braids1 galloons1 and fringes in a bath of gasolene1 changing at need1 hang smooth to air1 then press under weights1 else roll inside a damp cloth for an hour1 then press on the wrong side with a warm 7not hot7 iron4 ,wind braid about spools or tubes1 and leave a day and night4 ,comb out fringes and wind around cardboard4 ,in dyeing fringe fold compactly and sew inside a thin bag1 then dye as usual4 ,the bag prevents the fringe proper from matting4 ,as to ,turning3 ,things worn threadbare had better be turned1 either with or without dyeing4 ,darn the threadbare spots1 loosely and sparsely1 press--on the right side1 of course4 ,press all over1 then take stock of needs and materials4 ,make the most of every clothes opportunity4 ,freshening ,velvet3 ,raise the pile of crushed velvet by stretching over a wet cloth laid on the face of a very hot iron and brushing hard while the steam rises4 ,this answers for spots and streaks--with a crushed surface or one so faded dyeing will help it1 make into panne velvet by pressing on the right side while damp1 laying the pile all one way4 ,velveteen and cotton-backed velvet dye poorly4 ,brush well1 tack on a board1 and paint with hot dye1 using a soft brush4 ,let stand in air to set1 then wash with a cloth and soapsuds1 followed by rinsing4 ,press on the right side while still damp4 ,this gives a surface passable for school hats or caps1 or yokes and cuffs on made-over frocks4 ,save the ,pieces3 ,in cutting down men's clothes use the worn parts to interline smaller new garments4 ,use the very best for the outside1 even though it necessitates piecing4 ,match threads and figures exactly1 sew fast1 and press hard1 then piecing hardly shows4 ,do it before cutting out4 ,with sleazy stuff whip over edges before sewing together4 ,avoid putting pieced seams where there will be constant pressure4 ,adaptation3 ,a jacket or coat worn along seams may be made to serve beautifully for a much smaller person by simply ripping all seams1 trimming1 and sewing again4 ,lengthen skirts outgrown by insets of embroidery or contrasting color4 ,make the waist to match1 either with an inset or a deep girdle4 ,aim to make all changes so they shall look voluntary1 not makeshift4 ,in handing down outgrown garments be merciful enough to change them so the new possessor shall not be taunted for wearing4 ,this is not hard2 a new yoke1 belt1 and cuffs will transfigure a garment1 to say nothing of the magic wrought by dyeing4 ,cut1 fit1 and finish madeovers quite as carefully as new things4 ,change trimmings--for moral and esthetic effect4 ,make several dyeings--it is piteous to see a whole family touched up with navy blue or wine-red or pink4 ,dyes are so cheap1 dyeing so easy1 give yourself the satisfaction of variety4 ,if combining materials1 dye them one after the other1 the heaviest first4 ,it is likely to be deepest4 ,use the lighter tint according to quantity and taste for foundation or accessories4 ,remember two good garments1 or even one1 will do more good than several skimped and spoiled4 ,millinery3 ,steam hats of fancy braid soft1 unpick1 steam again1 sew while soft1 shape1 and wire4 ,to change color1 paint over with dye1 let dry thoroughly1 then wipe over with a cloth wet in alcohol to remove surplus color4 ,or wash quickly with white soapsuds1 drying in sunlight2 or wipe over with alum water4 ,none of these are necessary if the color does not rub off4 ,or veil with net1 chiffon1 lace1 or grenadine4 ,cord the brim edge with silk or velvet1 and shir the thin stuff inside4 ,shape by bending while still damp4 ,trim according to taste and fashion4 ,hats of beaver can be steamed a very little1 then pressed over an improvised block--a fruit jar inverted1 a crock1 a tin pan1 or bucket4 ,cover with a damp cloth while pressing4 ,begin on something of little value1 learning by experience4 ,hats of velvet or silk or lace must be unpicked1 freshened1 and made up anew1 using new shapes4 ,lingerie hats require simply washing and reshaping over clean frames with fresh or freshened ribbons4 ,restore ribbon and velvet as already directed4 ,to improve crushed and faded flowers touch the backs of the petals thickly with gum arabic 7see section ,renovators71 let dry1 then dip in gasolene1 lave quickly1 and pass on into more gasolene which has had a tube of oil color dissolved in it4 ,work quickly1 moving the flower sprays about so they shall not be blotched nor streaked4 ,lay on soft paper to dry in airy shade4 ,big flowers--roses1 orchids1 poppies--had better be separated before dyeing1 then remounted4 ,touching up the hearts with oil color rubbed smooth in a little poppy oil1 using a camel's-hair brush1 is a further improvement4 ,stiff fancy feathers can be dyed1 not by dipping1 but painting with hot dye1 and taking off the surplus by brushing hard when dry with corn starch and prepared chalk in fine powder4 ,touch mounting very lightly--they are founded on glue4 ,if ill-colored1 conceal them with choux of ribbon or velvet or a made ornament4 ,fine feathers should go to professionals--at least1 until their owners learn to color cheap ones4 ,draggled soft feathers may be colored with gasolene and tube paint1 shaking hard while they dry so there shall be no clotting4 ,strip off when dry1 and tie the flues into pompons about lengths of stiff wire with loops in the end4 ,wind the wire with silk thread or cover with a spiral of tissue paper4 ,two or three shades of the same color tied thus make a handsome ornament for any school hat4 ,clean white and light plumes by sprinkling very lightly with gasolene1 then burying a week in corn starch and magnesia4 ,shake out the powder1 beat the plumes steadily but gently against the palm1 then comb very gently with a coarse clean comb1 and hold in the steam of a kettle4 ,curl1 if you like1 by drawing the flues1 a few at a time1 over the edge of a blunt knife1 taking care to draw so steadily there is no breaking4 ,ornaments3 ,mark what you wish--buckle1 butterfly1 star1 crescent1 dagger1 or quill--accurately upon rather fine buckram1 sew fine wire over the outlines1 then cut out neatly4 ,cover with silk or velvet4 ,make a butterfly body of velvet very slightly padded with wings of silk4 ,sew firm1 turning stuff well over edges1 then sew on beads1 any sort you like4 ,make them imitate butterfly markings1 cover a quill as though flues1 fill star surfaces completely1 but simply edge crescents and buckles4 ,after edging put inside bigger beads1 of contrasting color4 ,the beading done1 cover the whole under side neatly with soft thin silk or net4 ,quills need a stout center wire4 ,crystal1 with a tip of gold beads or silver and bronze or jet with silver and rhinestones1 deftly managed make effective ornaments4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,vii ,,remedying ,,spots1 ,,stains1 ,,and ,,tarnish ,grease ,spots in ,wood3 ,scour unpainted wood with clean sand after pouring strong lye upon the grease spot4 ,if it is very obstinate1 cover with a paste of prepared chalk1 corn starch1 and whiting wet with ammonia1 let stand two days1 and scour4 ,grease stays on varnished surfaces2 wash it off with warm borax soapsuds and follow1 after wiping dry1 by a hard rubbing with alcohol and turpentine mixed4 ,machine oil must be taken out with either gasolene or alcohol1 then scoured with cold suds--heat sets it4 ,dust greasy walls thickly with powdered chalk or whiting1 brush off after a day1 and repeat4 ,for a small but staring spot lay chalk thickly between net1 hold it flat against the spot1 with a very hot iron over it4 ,commonly this will take up the grease4 ,chalk or whiting wet with alcohol to a thin paste and left to dry on grease spots1 then gently brushed off1 will remove grease4 ,but with paper badly spotted it is best to take it off and put on a fresh length4 ,machine oil on garments old or new must be taken out with gasolene1 else washed in white soap and cold water4 ,if spots are black as well as greasy1 lay them face down upon a thick cloth and pour alcohol or gasolene through1 not rubbing the spot proper1 but sawing it back and forth against the cloth underneath--thus the black is not imbedded in the fabric4 ,lay thin things spotted face down and dab hard repeatedly with a swab of cotton tied in net and wet with gasolene4 ,move the spots to clean surfaces1 and swab till clean4 ,lay silk and gauze1 especially delicately colored ones1 over a layer of calcined magnesia mixed with corn starch1 and pour through either grain alcohol or chloroform4 ,wet very lightly a ring around the spot of unspotted fabric and work from it inward to the spot4 ,this to save annoying circles4 ,take grease out of woolens with a flood of gasolene1 changing it as it grows dirty4 ,if caked dirt shows afterward1 wash with naphtha soap1 applying lather to the spot1 holding a very hot iron a little way from it for a minute1 then washing off with hot water4 ,instead of the iron you may hold the spot to the spout of a boiling kettle1 letting the steam penetrate it4 ,greasy coat collars and heavy garments blotched with spilled food demand washing in suds besides the washing in gasolene4 ,for a greasy carpet mix whiting and cornmeal1 make hot1 sift on thickly1 cover with gasolene1 and rub hard and quickly until the gasolene evaporates1 then sweep very clean and wipe with a damp cloth4 ,if gasolene involves fire risks1 leave the powder standing for several days1 sweep off1 and repeat if the grease is not all gone4 ,axle-grease spots or any other partly resinous must be softened with oil1 then taken out with gasolene or turpentine4 ,washing1 even boiling1 sets them4 ,it is the same with linseed-oil spots4 ,take them out with turpentine followed by gasolene4 ,road ,stains1 whether from mud1 asphalt1 tar1 oil dirt1 or oil proper1 are as easy to get as they are hard to get rid of4 ,let mud cakes and flakes severely alone until dry--wiping while wet smears them and gives a firmer hold on the fabric underneath4 ,a soft semi-fluid mud1 if it can be dipped almost instantly in clear water1 laved without touching1 then have water poured through from the back1 will be apt not to leave a mark--so wash whenever such washing is possible4 ,where it is impossible1 hold the stained surface mud side down until dry1 then rub and brush well before attempting to get rid of the mark4 ,stiff mud left to dry undisturbed will come away leaving but a faint mark4 ,if it is clay mud1 pour boiling water through it from the wrong side in a steady stream for at least a minute4 ,wet as small a space as possible1 stretch it smooth1 let dry1 brush or rub with coarse velvet1 cover with a cream of ,french chalk1 starch1 and alcohol1 let dry1 and brush off2 commonly the stain goes with it4 ,this for silk or wool4 ,wash fabrics need only to be well laundered after the boiling-water treatment4 ,grimy mud needs to be well wet with kerosene1 let stand an hour1 then cleaned with either alcohol or gasolene4 ,gasolene or benzine will also take out spots of tar and asphalt1 but they come away quicker and cleaner if first wet with turpentine1 then greased on both sides with soft lard1 and let stand a while4 ,dip in the gasolene1 soiled side out1 and change the gasolene as soon as it looks dark4 ,bold big stains may demand three changes4 ,after the stain is out spread the fabric smooth and wipe all round the gasolened space with a cloth dipped in more gasolene to prevent circles4 ,soften oil marks or those from oily dirt by wetting thoroughly with kerosene1 washing out later in gasolene as directed for tar4 ,very fine things can be cleaned with ether or alcohol instead of gasolene1 pouring through the spot and rubbing with a wisp of cotton4 ,take grease from paper1 as books or prints1 by laying on thickly powdered borax and calcined magnesia1 and keeping warm for several days4 ,shut books tight upon the powder and put under moderate weight4 ,or iron over the powder with a very hot iron1 shake off1 apply fresh1 and tie or put under weight4 ,a tender old print1 much soiled1 should be pasted on a thin cloth and cleaned with a damp1 soapy cloth1 then1 after drying1 covered both sides with chalk1 left several days1 then shaken out and ironed on the wrong side1 with the right against a soft clean cloth4 ,mitigate grease on leather bindings with the chalk pad and hot iron--it is rarely wholly removable4 ,plain calf admits of gasolene1 but for anything else dry-cleaning alone is safe4 ,paint and ,varnish3 ,soak hardened metallic paint in turpentine till softened1 then remove with gasolene1 alcohol1 or chloroform4 ,chloroform is the thing for fine fabrics of delicate colors4 ,use alcohol on white stuff1 swabbing with an upward motion4 ,varnish requires little beyond the turpentine treatment4 ,earth paints and calcimine demand washing in soapsuds to get rid of the color4 ,remove paint from floors or windows with strong hot soda water or else a cloth well wet in turpentine4 ,gasolene will likewise remove it1 but is more apt to smear4 ,plate glass or fine mirrors should be polished with whiting and alcohol after the spots have been removed4 ,wet to a cream1 rub on1 let stand awhile1 then rub off with clean cloths4 ,ice-cream and ,gelatine3 ,such spots must be soaked in clear cold water for at least an hour4 ,if on garments that forbid soaking1 lay the spot upon a folded damp cloth1 put another over it1 and press with moderate weight for an hour4 ,then wipe off on both sides with borax water1 weak and cold1 followed by several rinsings in clear cold water4 ,shift the spot to a clean place now and then4 ,when clean pin it smooth between thick clothes and press dry with a moderate iron4 ,wash fabrics1 of course1 can be laundered after soaking4 ,fruit ,stains3 ,soak fresh fruit stains half an hour in cold water1 then pour boiling water through them and dry quickly4 ,if they have been set by soap and boiling1 touch them with ,javelle water 7see section ,renovators71 washing it out quickly4 ,use only on white things--it takes out color as well as stains4 ,some stains on colored things can be taken out harmlessly by covering with salt and vinegar and leaving two hours in the sun4 ,tomato juice and salt in sunshine is another prescription--with a bright tin underneath4 ,an apple cut in half and laid under a set stain in sunshine is likewise effectual4 ,take care1 though1 to wash the material well in cold water so there may not be a fresh apple stain4 ,ammonia removes acid discolorations2 it also mitigates perspiration marks4 ,use the spirits1 and follow with alcohol and water1 dabbed on lightly4 ,wine ,stains3 ,wet wine stains with alcohol or whisky and soak an hour in cold water1 else pour boiling water through them with the fabric held taut1 and dry before laundering4 ,this for table linen4 ,stained silk or cloth must be dabbed many times with tepid water1 pressing with dry cloths between dabbings4 ,do not make wet enough to leave circles4 ,shake finely powdered chalk on thickly when the dabbing is done1 let it lie for a day1 then brush off1 and if a mark remains dab with alcohol and water1 blood warm1 or hold the stain with the wrong side next a steaming spout1 wiping it off well as soon as it is damp4 ,ink ,stains3 ,if ink is spilled on a carpet1 take up every bit possible with warm1 damp cloths1 letting them lie to absorb it4 ,follow with cloths wet in cold1 sweet milk1 rubbing and dabbing vigorously4 ,wash afterward with clear hot water1 then sift on1 while damp1 cornmeal or dry sawdust and let stand a day1 brush off1 and wipe the spot over with alcohol4 ,lacking cloths1 crumpled paper1 newspaper1 or blotting-paper can be used to take up the ink4 ,never wipe it1 and take up about the edges first1 to save spreading4 ,take stains from wood with oxalic-acid solution 7see section ,renovators74 ,reduce one-half with boiling water1 wet the stain1 wipe off with clear1 hot water2 if stain remains1 repeat the acid4 ,use the acid on white things ink-stained1 wetting them first with boiling water and holding the stain in steam or close to a very hot iron for a minute or two after dipping in the acid4 ,wash out the acid with clear water1 as hot as can be borne4 ,take ink stains from paper by laying it on a thick cloth1 putting on a drop or two of acid1 covering with another cloth1 and pressing with a hot iron4 ,remove to a clean1 wet cloth1 cover1 and press again4 ,oxalic acid must not be used full strength on silk or woolens4 ,weaken two-thirds with boiling water1 and pour boiling water through the stain after wetting with the acid4 ,test the color2 if the acid destroys it1 try either covering the stain with a paste of ,french chalk and alcohol1 letting dry and brushing off1 or dropping blazing tallow through from the wrong side1 and later removing it with gasolene or chloroform1 the same as an ordinary grease mark4 ,the tallow must be left on several days so it may combine with the ink4 ,tar and ,asphalt3 ,rub tar spots with soft grease1 let lie1 and remove with gasolene or by washing in hot suds4 ,asphalt should be well wet with kerosene1 left to stand1 then washed out in turpentine or alcohol4 ,soap sets it hopelessly if applied at first4 ,grass ,stains3 ,rub molasses well into the stains1 let lie overnight1 then wash out with tepid water1 repeating if the stain still shows4 ,if a brown mark is left1 wet with weak chloride of lime water 7see section ,renovators7 and hang in hot sunshine or close to a fire4 ,iron ,rust3 ,take out with oxalic acid the same as ink stains4 ,else cover thickly with salt after wetting in boiling water1 lay in sunshine over bright tin1 and squeeze on lemon juice or that of a ripe tomato4 ,wash out in hot water1 repeating if necessary4 ,mildew3 ,wet with boiling water1 wring dry1 then dip in sour milk1 lay in sun1 and cover thickly with salt4 ,or beat a raw1 ripe apple to a pulp1 mix with salt liberally1 and spread on the spots in the sun4 ,salt and lemon1 salt and tomato1 or oxalic acid will likewise remove mildew4 ,the advantage of fruit processes is that they do no harm to the fabric1 which the oxalic acid weakens somewhat1 no matter how carefully used4 ,very fine and choice mildewed fabrics should be covered with a paste of sifted starch and laid on the grass in sunshine4 ,wash off paste and repeat till mildew disappears4 ,wax ,spots3 ,soften1 dip in warm oil1 let lie an hour1 keeping warm1 wash in turpentine1 then in alcohol or gasolene4 ,perspiration ,marks3 ,try dry-cleaning1 sifting upon them over and over and over corn starch1 magnesia1 and ,french chalk4 ,rub lightly after each sifting4 ,if the mark remains1 try ether4 ,make a swab of soft white silk filled with the powder1 pour on the ether a little at a time1 and dab the swab4 ,put a drop or so of ammonia spirit upon the swab--not enough to change colors4 ,if ether fails1 deluge with chloroform1 rubbing inward hard until it evaporates4 ,such marks are the problem of amateur cleaning--the hardest of all to remove4 ,smoke ,stains3 ,shave half a bar of soap into a cup of boiling water1 dissolve1 add a cup of turpentine1 a cup of kerosene1 and a half cup of ammonia spirit4 ,mix1 and cover close4 ,spread on the stain1 let stand five minutes1 then rub hard with the lead swab 7see section ,equipment7 and wash off with hot water and a thick cloth4 ,if the stain is on plaster1 as around a grate1 use a brush instead of the swab1 which is1 for stone1 brick1 or marble1 a sovereign thing4 ,care of ,iron3 ,rust is the bane of iron2 grease1 its salvation4 ,coat anything not in use well with hot tallow1 and shake over it1 still hot1 either fine sifted wood ashes or powdered unslaked lime4 ,wrap in clean newspaper and keep dry4 ,when wanted1 brush hard with a stiff brush2 there will be a beautiful surface4 ,anything pitted with rust may as well be thrown away4 ,a merely rusty surface must be greased with clear fat1 left standing two days1 wiped1 washed in clear1 very hot water1 and greased again4 ,three greasings should bring it into condition for polishing4 ,wipe dry1 coat with oil1 shake on lime1 and brush off after twenty-four hours4 ,any alkali without grease predisposes iron to rust4 ,eschew soap and soda in cleaning it4 ,use gasolene or turpentine or even kerosene4 ,a cloth wet in either will take off smut4 ,polish with crumpled newspaper and a handful of hot sawdust4 ,brass and ,copper3 ,remove tarnish from brass and copper with salt and strong vinegar or oxalic acid 7see section ,renovators74 ,rub hard till bright all over1 wash in clear1 very hot water1 then while still hot polish with a clean chamois skin dipped in sweet oil1 and a pinch of either whiting or very fine sand4 ,rub quickly1 wipe with soft paper1 heat moderately1 and set away4 ,this gives the mellow old look4 ,copper cooking-vessels must be scoured inside and out1 first with the salt and vinegar1 then with soap and sand4 ,a greasy cloth rubbed over the outside protects them without being dangerous4 ,if stains are deep enough to demand oxalic acid1 be sure to wash afterward with boiling water and borax4 ,bronze3 ,wash bronze with a soft brush in hot1 weak borax water1 dry quickly1 keep warm1 and rub all over with a clean cloth wet in turpentine with the barest suspicion of wax4 ,it must not coat the metal1 hardly even film it4 ,make bone-dry before setting away4 ,pewter3 ,remove spots with a swab of whiting lightly dipped in oil4 ,wash in weak suds1 rinse well with boiling water1 dry1 and polish with hot sand and a stiff brush4 ,silver ,tarnish3 ,tarnish1 like a bad habit1 must be checked in the beginning4 ,prevention is better than cure4 ,keep big things1 when not in use1 well wrapped in wax paper with blue paper outside that1 and absorbent cotton added4 ,put inside canton-flannel bags1 tie tight1 and keep dark and dry4 ,watch all things not thus ambushed closely4 ,remove spots as soon as visible1 either with salt and whiting wet with borax water or ammonia and ,french chalk4 ,rub hard and quickly1 wash off1 wipe dry1 and polish with dry whiting or plate powder1 or what you will4 ,treat egg-stained spoons with wet salt4 ,fortnightly at least wash every bit of silver in sight in warm borax soapsuds1 rinse in boiling water1 dry with clean towels1 and rub lightly with sifted whiting4 ,cover chasings and engraving with wet whiting1 let dry1 and brush it off4 ,for things in high relief fold chamois skin over the point of a blunt skewer--thus you can rub the deeps4 ,count at each washing and keep sets together4 ,upon a damp cleaning day lay a trayful of small things in a half-warm oven1 letting them stay till hot and dry4 ,clean toilet silver with oxalic acid of one-third strength1 taking care to touch with it nothing but the metal4 ,wipe with a cloth wrung very dry out of hot water1 and polish with a chamois dipped in alcohol and whiting4 ,wrap a cloth about the bristles in cleaning brush backs1 and wipe with old silk after the polishing4 ,things ,gilded3 ,wipe dust carefully from anything gilded with a soft silk cloth1 then polish with a clean chamois sprinkled lightly with alcohol and dipped in thrice-sifted whiting4 ,rub steadily but not hard4 ,blow dust from deep carvings with a hand bellows unless a vacuum cleaner is in use4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,chapter ,,viii ,,food3 ,,choosing ,,and ,,keeping ,flour3 ,perfect flour has a slight yellow tinge and a faint1 pleasant smell1 especially after wetting4 ,dazzling whiteness indicates bleaching2 a gray tinge or minute black specks1 showing only under the microscope1 grinding from spoiled grain4 ,test by gripping a handful--if it remains the shape of the hand and shows the lines of the palm1 buy it4 ,gluten is a most desirable element4 ,test for it by wetting a pinch to a stiff dough1 and washing the starch out of it in cold water4 ,the greater and tougher the stringy residue the greater the gluten content4 ,wet another pinch very soft1 take it betwixt thumb and finger1 and try to spin a thread4 ,if it spins1 all well2 if it does not1 but makes only blobs on the finger tips1 there is likely to have been corn ground with the wheat4 ,another test for corn admixture is to dry a pinch1 but not scorch it1 and rub between the finger tips4 ,pure wheat flour will not feel gritty1 but corn1 no matter how finely ground1 remains a little rough4 ,set flour barrels a little above the floor1 and do not use the same one continuously4 ,any wooden container may become a harbor for insects4 ,a japanned tin can1 emptied and aired monthly1 is best for keeping flour1 meal1 or oatmeal in bulk4 ,all should be kept where it is dry1 airy1 and free of smells1 as all take up taints very readily4 ,cornmeal3 ,fresh water-ground cornmeal has a pleasant smell1 and runs through the fingers without caking or clotting4 ,a musty odor shows it is too old4 ,meal from white flint corn is much the most desirable4 ,sift it at need--the bran helps to keep it4 ,cornmeal kiln-dried and bolted1 as it has to be for the grocers to save it from spoiling1 is1 in a sort a libel on the real thing4 ,in it there is not much choice save between fine and coarse grinding4 ,fine-ground makes clammy bread1 hence is to be avoided4 ,but even kiln-drying should not quite take away the original fragrance4 ,perfect meal shows under the microscope round white grains like fairy hail4 ,oatmeal3 ,beware that which has much grain dust between the grains4 ,examine carefully a double handful before buying in quantity2 if you find even one trace of weevil1 reject it4 ,weevil and sundry mites--,acari in scientific parlance--are the bane of grain foods if they are kept over long4 ,hence the caution of keeping them in bright metal away from dampness and molds4 ,buckwheat ,flour3 ,fresh buckwheat flour is of a slightly tawny cast and a lively velvet feel4 ,mustiness means age--at first there is hardly any smell4 ,clotting or caking indicates dampness either of grain or storage1 hence a product below grade4 ,grits and ,hominy3 ,judge by the absence of grain dust and the even grinding2 grains the same size approximately cook evenly4 ,examine a sprinkle through a magnifying-glass1 and if there are signs of weevil or mites do not buy at any price4 ,a pocket magnifier is cheap and handy1 also it may save you many times its cost in a single month4 ,coffee3 ,green coffee beans break with a clean fracture1 and if the break is ragged or spongy there has been mold or heating4 ,roasted beans should show one-half very dark brown1 the other half black but not scorched4 ,crack between the teeth2 you can taste scorching4 ,fresh-ground coffee is stronger and more flavorous than that ground in bulk4 ,also there is less chance of adulteration4 ,to test for adulteration1 stir a pinch of ground coffee into a glass of cold water4 ,pure coffee settles to the bottom1 leaving hardly a trace of color4 ,chicory will rise to the top1 also making a kind of scum4 ,adulteration with roasted grain or bread or the artificial beans will color the water more or less deeply4 ,keep coffee in bright tin or glass1 tightly closed1 away from light1 where it is dry and cool4 ,tea3 ,tea is largely a matter of taste and brands1 also prices4 ,very cheap tea is undesirable1 being commonly adulterated with spent tea leaves4 ,tests vary as much as brands4 ,a safe and easy one is to infuse a pinch of tea one minute in boiling water1 pour off one-half1 and let the other half stand1 keeping at almost boiling heat for ten minutes4 ,pour off and compare in smell and taste with the first4 ,artificial color1 if present1 will show as dregs in the long steeping and reveal itself further in a faint metallic taste4 ,various copper salts are the commonest coloring matters1 and1 though the quantities are too small to be immediately dangerous1 constant use may develop stomach trouble4 ,tea is best kept air-tight1 dark1 dry1 and warm4 ,butter3 ,beware butter too yellow1 especially if winter-packed4 ,butter colors are harmless in the main1 but some constitutions are intolerant of them4 ,look for firm texture slightly grained and a lively1 agreeable smell4 ,a sour smell and white specks show something to let alone4 ,keep tightly covered1 dark1 and cool1 away from any possibility of taints4 ,lard3 ,if you do not know1 experimentally1 good fresh lard1 get leaf fat1 try it out1 taking care not to scorch it1 and use the product as a standard4 ,lard must be firm1 but not hard1 even-textured throughout1 and with almost no smell4 ,your nose1 if permitted1 will tell you if it is either scorched or rancid--the two unpardonable faults4 ,from grain-fed pork it is clear white1 with now and then a faint cream tinge4 ,keep in glass or bright tin1 tightly closed1 where it is cool and dark4 ,cheese3 ,as to choice of cheese one cannot dogmatize2 so much depends on individual palates4 ,get the best you can afford of your chosen sort4 ,good cheese cuts grainy rather than waxy--it is not too greasy1 reasonably solid1 and free1 of course1 of mites or weevil4 ,cut a section from a whole cheese1 then butter well the cut surfaces1 cover with wax paper1 and keep dark1 dry1 and cool4 ,wrap the cut-out section in wax paper likewise1 and keep in a covered crock for daily use4 ,keep fancy1 strong-smelling cheeses well wrapped in tinfoil1 then in wax paper1 and laid inside a covered crock1 set in a cool place4 ,beef3 ,prime beef comes only from well-fatted animals1 neither too young nor too old4 ,fat and suet are white1 inclining faintly to cream2 lean a dark1 healthy red1 which becomes brighter by hanging4 ,very yellow fat and scarlet lean indicate a condition below first class4 ,the meat should not cut dry when raw1 but neither should liquid follow the cleaver4 ,mutton and ,lamb3 ,the fat over the ribs is the best index of quality2 if it is half an inch or more1 the animal was thriving4 ,the fat should be white with hardly a trace of yellow1 the lean a fine purply red1 not too deep4 ,follow your nose in buying all manner of butcher's stuff1 remembering cooking will never work the miracle of making sound the unsound4 ,good spring lamb has very white fat1 with lean inclining to pinkish red4 ,if the rib fat covers the whole surface1 all is well4 ,the caul fat should be in lumps as big as the finger end4 ,a strong sheepy smell of either lamb or mutton shows animals badly dressed1 or1 in case of mutton1 too old4 ,press a bare finger hard upon the outer surface2 if the meat feels grainy there has probably been treatment with some preservative4 ,pork3 ,clear white fat and lean of a lively pink-red show perfect pork4 ,it cannot well be too fat1 yet if there are lumps or inflamed spots in the kidney fat1 let it alone4 ,press hard on the skin2 it should be elastic1 and be sure there is only a fleshy smell4 ,sniff the big joints--spoiling begins there4 ,sniff sausage likewise1 and reject if too highly seasoned4 ,the seasoning may disguise less pleasant smells4 ,it should be red and white speckled1 the color predominant2 five pounds of lean to three of fat is the best proportion4 ,salt ,meats3 ,streaky bacon should have white fat and dark-red lean--yellow fat is undesirable4 ,it must smell lightly of smoke and have also a tang of salt4 ,salt pork must be very white and firm1 the lean of it showing a dull-pale red4 ,hams must have white fat1 thick and firm1 and lean of a rich1 clear red just the least inclined to purple4 ,look close around the bone2 if the fat there is white and firm the ham is all right4 ,it must1 of course1 have been well smoked4 ,but too thick smoke1 shown by a black-brown color1 is undesirable4 ,corned beef should be clear red1 firm1 and clean-smelling4 ,dried beef should have a firm1 dark outside and be a dark1 clear red within4 ,if it shaves to slivers partly transparent1 it is very nearly perfect4 ,poultry3 ,all poultry save capons can be too fat4 ,but it had better be too fat than too lean4 ,choose light-colored fat and firm pinky-white flesh4 ,see that combs are fresh-colored1 leg joints flexible1 and skin soft4 ,much hard1 deep-yellow fat indicates age4 ,milk-fed poultry1 so called1 is mainly so called--it may have got milk1 but much else went with it4 ,with ducks and geese1 pull open the eyelids2 if the eyes are filmed the birds are likely to have been killed too long4 ,freezing injures the quality of poultry4 ,dry-picked poultry is much more desirable than that which is scalded4 ,to test for age look at the legs--scaliness is a sure mark of age4 ,press hard upon the breast bone2 in a young fowl it bends a little1 in an old one it is rigid4 ,keeping ,fresh ,meat and ,poultry3 ,never put meat or poultry in contact with ice1 neither lay them flat in dish or pan4 ,put a rack under the meat1 then set the pan in the refrigerator1 first wiping the meat with a damp 7not wet7 cloth4 ,this until cooking-time4 ,things to be kept several days should be well wiped1 laid on waterproof paper1 have lumps of charcoal put round and about1 then wrapped1 tied1 put in cheesecloth bags1 and hung where it is cool and airy4 ,lacking such hanging space1 lay them on racks close to ice4 ,salt ,fish3 ,keep salt fish1 whether dry or in brine1 well away from all else4 ,a good place for them is a big box with a tight cover1 the cracks filled inside with putty and covered outside with paper4 ,put a shelf across for boxes and cartons2 stand kits on the floor4 ,hinge on the top as a door1 and fasten with hook and staple4 ,set the box on short legs1 else put bricks under the corners4 ,things in ,glass3 ,glass jars1 whether of preserves1 fruit1 or vegetables1 had better be wrapped in paper1 held on by a rubber band1 and set so as not to touch4 ,they should be kept where it is dark1 dry1 clean1 and cool1 on slat shelves or plank ones bored full of half-inch holes4 ,light1 through its weird actinic rays1 plays hob with flavors1 and may even induce worse things4 ,yet jellies set in full sunlight for1 say1 ten days gain a richer texture and keep better ever after4 ,fruit and ,vegetable ,storage3 ,with a cool1 dry1 airy cellar have movable bins of slats with firm1 low legs1 whitewashed yearly inside and out4 ,store in them apples1 potatoes1 sweet and ,irish1 turnips1 carrots1 beets1 what not4 ,lay grapes1 choosing perfect bunches only1 upon swinging slat shelves and cover with cheese cloth4 ,in a temperature around forty degrees there will be no rotting nor drying up1 provided only sound things have been brought in4 ,canning ,things3 ,the secret of success in canning things is perfect sterilization4 ,do the work if possible in bright1 windy weather1 out doors if you can2 if not1 in a kitchen very clean and well aired4 ,bring into it no specked or rotten things--decay is a ferment the same as yeast1 and spores of it spread through the air4 ,it is better to prepare things outside4 ,drop apples1 pears1 or peaches in water as pared or hulled1 and keep them covered until ready to cook4 ,have two kettles of syrup1 one bubbling1 the other barely simmering4 ,have a boiler of boiling water for the jars4 ,empty a jar just at the moment of using1 fill it running over with boiling-hot fruit and seal instantly4 ,the simmering-kettle is for filling up the other4 ,keep the bubbling-kettle filled with syrup to capacity1 drop in barely fruit enough to fill a jar1 cook for five minutes1 then seal4 ,a few cloves and a blade of mace in the top of each can improve flavor4 ,use at least half weight of sugar to fruit--three-fifths is better4 ,invert after sealing and screw tops harder when cool4 ,if a can leaks1 empty it1 reheat1 fill1 and seal securely4 ,set hot jars away from draughts until cool4 ,remember1 though1 the fruit which comes out of your cans will be just as good and no better than what went into them4 ,therefore spend your time and strength only on good fruit1 ripe1 but not over-ripe4 ,outdoor ,pantries3 ,save in the very hottest weather edibles1 cooked or raw1 keep better in fresh air than in a refrigerator4 ,an outdoor pantry can be set on a back porch or on legs in a shady yard1 or even made fast to the wall4 ,a goods box1 whitewashed1 set firmly about waist high1 furnished with shelves inside and a door of screen wire1 will hold meat1 milk1 cakes1 pies1 bread1 surplus fruit1 raw or cooked1 and keep them to the queen's taste4 ,have clean bags with drawstrings to slip over dishes of meat1 as hams1 roasts1 a fowl in wait for ,sunday dinner4 ,lay raw meat upon lumps of charcoal1 put other lumps over it1 and wrap tight in clean cloth1 then lay upon a rack or slat shelf4 ,put milk in a bright tin bucket with a tight cover1 stand it in a pan1 put in half inch of water1 then wrap the milk bucket with a thick cloth1 letting it touch the water4 ,it will keep damp and1 by evaporation1 cool the milk4 ,where ice is hard to get have holes made with a post-hole digger1 a foot across and four feet deep4 ,fit stout wooden tops to them big enough to lap an inch all round4 ,put a handle on firmly and screw a stout hook in the middle underneath4 ,suspend things from this hook by a cord or light chain1 as a bucket of milk1 or butter1 a bottle of wine1 water1 or grape juice1 or a bag of fruit4 ,fresh meat even can be kept several days1 of course wrapping it well before hanging it4 ,rain ruins this form of cold storage1 but for camps1 summer bungalows1 and so on it is a very present help4 ,a greater one is a dry well either rock-walled or planked up4 ,have it seven to eight feet deep1 wide enough for a ladder1 and set shelves around the edge4 ,or it may be simply dug1 covered1 and things let down into it at the end of strings4 ,an abandoned well or cistern comes in handy for such use4 ,if deep and dry1 whole carcasses as of lambs1 sheep1 pigs1 or deer can be hung and kept safe4 ,dried ,fruit3 ,keep sun-dried fruit in a warm1 airy place1 sunning it often4 ,look it over for worms1 throw out infested bits1 scald the residue one minute in full boiling water1 spread thin1 and dry in the oven4 ,in a long damp spell bring dried fruit into the kitchen and hang where heat will strike it1 but away from steam4 ,all this applies equally to sun-dried vegetables1 such as corn1 okra1 and green peas1 likewise to beans and peas full grown4 ,keeping ,rich ,cake3 ,plum cake1 spice cake1 or iced pound cake keep a long time treated thus3 ,pour a teaspoonful of brandy upon the under side1 let it soak in1 then wrap the whole loaf in a clean cloth and sprinkle with brandy4 ,put into an earthen crock with a tight cover1 lay a fresh apple on top1 and keep shut4 ,once a week set the crock upon a cooling range until warm through1 removing the apple while warming4 ,put in a fresh apple every fortnight1 and renew the brandy treatment at the same time4 ,plum cake almost demands this keeping1 being better for a year of it4 ,other cakes should not be kept over six months4 ,keeping ,melons for ,christmas3 ,plant melons so they will ripen a little before frost4 ,build a rail pen1 floor it two feet above ground1 and lay on the floor a foot of corn stalks well packed4 ,stand other stalks about the edge1 then fill in a foot of fresh corn husks4 ,bed in these the melons1 cut each with a short length of vine1 and the vine ends dipped in melted paraffine4 ,wrap the melons in tissue paper1 take care not to let them touch nor lie too close to the stalk wall4 ,cover with another foot of husks1 packed down firmly1 but not rammed4 ,over these put more corn stalks1 filling the pen with them4 ,lay on a slanted roof of boards1 weighting them in place4 ,fresh ,eggs3 ,a strictly fresh egg has a tiny air space at either end betwixt shell and lining4 ,lying makes the air bubbles rise and join4 ,a fresh egg sinks in water end down1 one less fresh commonly lies on its side4 ,break an egg1 empty the shell1 look in the ends2 if the spaces are lacking it is not fresh4 ,or boil hard--a fresh yolk will have white evenly all round4 ,after some days the yolk will be near the shell or pressing against it4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ix ,,house ,,plants1 ,,window ,,boxes1 ,,cut ,,flowers ,soil3 ,soil for pots and boxes must be very rich and light4 ,mix it of one-half well-rotted animal manure1 one-quarter leaf mold or rotted sods1 and one-quarter good loam4 ,if the loam is heavy clay make it one-half clean sand4 ,heap and keep under cover1 away from sun-baking and the leaching of rain4 ,sift for use4 ,sprinkle now and again to keep it moist4 ,pots3 ,use clean pots and sound4 ,break up cracked ones for drainage4 ,wash pots as soon as empty1 stack1 and stand in air4 ,wash again before using1 dry1 then wipe over outside with a cloth wet in copperas water4 ,this to prevent the annoying green scum4 ,repeat the wiping over with copperas water about once a month4 ,keep pot surfaces clean--their dull red1 so kept1 is more artistic than any jardinire4 ,further1 it makes for plant health--a clean pot admits air to the roots4 ,window ,boxes3 ,window boxes must be well drained4 ,if set outside it is imperative that they be made fast4 ,lacking regular window guards1 use hooks and staples4 ,paint wooden boxes dull green outside and white inside4 ,choose tile ones to harmonize with walls and windows4 ,have uniform boxes for a row of windows--this applies equally to boxes proper and what grows in them4 ,indoor boxes should have zinc trays fitted to them1 with strips laid across to insure drainage4 ,potting3 ,pots must be proportioned to their contents4 ,a hyacinth bulb will thrive in a four-inch pot4 ,a clump of three will grow in a six-inch one2 it should be shallow4 ,a shallow eight-inch pot will hold a dozen tulips or ,roman hyacinths or two dozen crocuses4 ,broad pots1 rather shallow1 are best for all manner of bulbs save the tall-growing lilies1 such as the ,amaryllis family1 ,auratum1 and ,easter lilies4 ,plant rooted cuttings in two-inch pots1 shifting them as they grow4 ,over-potting is a drawback1 especially with flowering things4 ,do not shift until the pot is filled with roots--test for that by turning out--and shift to the next size4 ,seasonal bulbs rarely require shifting1 but those kept year in and out must be separated from their offsets and given fresh earth4 ,in shifting put an inch of broken pot in first1 arranging a big bit over the hole1 fill in a little earth1 then set the plant upon it2 the ball at its root should come within an inch of the top4 ,hold it plumb and fill in sifted earth about it1 shaking the pot gently after each handful4 ,shake hard when the pot is full2 fill in chinks around the edge and put a little fresh earth on top1 then water freely but without splashing4 ,let it drain and set in place4 ,always have something underneath to catch the drip4 ,glazed ware is better than the clay saucers--they make damp spots4 ,plant bulbs their own depth in earth except the finer lilies4 ,set them only a little way in earth4 ,it is safer to make a little hole in the earth1 put in a handful of clean sand1 and bed the bulb in the sand4 ,keep very wet--sand will not rot the bulb surface4 ,fill up with soil an inch higher1 but keep it away from the bulb with a sand blanket1 and put a very thin layer of sand on top4 ,plant ordinary bulbs in succession from ,september to ,december1 keep damp and dark for some weeks to insure root growth1 then bring to light1 water1 and fertilize1 turning every three days to make symmetrical4 ,plant ,choice3 ,no plant will live long without light--few will thrive without more or less sunlight4 ,the green-and-white ,aspidastra is the hardiest in this respect4 ,plants used for interior decoration must be often shifted1 set in light1 fertilized1 and bathed till thrifty1 while others in good condition take their places4 ,weekly changes will maintain a proper effect4 ,palms and ferns are most satisfactory for such uses2 flowering things get ragged very quickly4 ,begonias carefully tended and not allowed to dry out nor get hot make a brave showing4 ,so do wax-leafed woody things--dwarf orange and lemon trees1 rubber trees1 dwarf evergreens and box trees4 ,plants for a ,north ,light3 ,fuschia stands pre-eminent1 next to that thrifty ferns1 ivy of both sorts1 dwarf evergreens1 spiderwort1 moneywort1 and trailing box vine4 ,an hour or two of sunlight will suffice for all these1 other conditions to their mind2 also1 in their season1 for pansies1 violets1 and the dwarf ,japanese morning glories so wonderful in color and texture4 ,filling ,window ,boxes3 ,make fast1 put a layer of broken pot over the bottom1 upon that a very thin layer of excelsior4 ,cover two inches deep with fine earth1 then arrange roots of your trailers along the outer edge and bank up with more earth4 ,next put in the plants1 crowding them rather thickly1 pack earth around and about them1 water freely1 make sure all plants stand straight1 then shower plentifully1 using a fine sprinkler4 ,water every day--twice daily in very hot weather--shower every other day1 and fertilize once a week4 ,this if the plants thrive4 ,if they turn a sickly yellow1 starve a bit1 after watering plentifully with water a little too hot to bear your hand in4 ,choice of ,window ,plants3 ,flowering geraniums deserve first place for a season's bloom4 ,white and pink ones smothered in green look better against a red brick wall than scarlet or crimson4 ,but scarlet and white1 or scarlet and crimson with feathery green1 such as asparagus sprengeri1 are beautiful against white walls1 brown or buff ones1 or any sort of stone4 ,pansies with alyssum edges are lovely while they last4 ,choose them for early spring1 putting in geraniums or primroses later4 ,potted bulbs show beautifully in window boxes with edges of trailing green4 ,rose geraniums in window boxes help to drive away flies4 ,piazza boxes in midsummer have nothing more effective than the savage splendors of gladioli4 ,plant in double row1 starting the bulbs in pots and setting out when a foot high4 ,nasturtiums also make a splendid show4 ,so do all the tribe of begonia1 provided the sun is not too hot4 ,morning and evening rays suit them4 ,palms and ,ferns3 ,small thrifty plants need to be shifted yearly4 ,after they reach a good size do not shift1 fertilize instead4 ,keep pot surfaces clean1 set at least a foot above the floor1 water plentifully and regularly1 but do not let it stand at the roots4 ,sprinkle or wipe with a damp cloth weekly1 and monthly give a plunge bath in your own bath water4 ,let stand till barely tepid1 then tie a cloth over the earth1 and lay your plant on its side in the tub4 ,splash and scrub well1 set upright1 drain off water1 and shower well with clear1 clean water4 ,bathing thus is the best insurance of health and a protection against the depredations of every sort of pest4 ,roses and ,woody ,things in ,general3 ,only a very few roses are adapted to house culture unless there is a greenhouse for their refreshing4 ,the catalogues name them4 ,get vigorous year-old plants and bake the earth for planting them at least an hour in a moderate oven4 ,this to insure against the beetle which lives in earth and has no other cure than prevention4 ,make the earth very fine1 sift it lightly through the roots1 water well1 put on more earth1 wet it1 fill up the pot1 drench1 drain1 and set in light1 but away from sunlight1 for several days4 ,pinch off any flower buds1 also new ones appearing before the rose is well established4 ,after thrifty growth sets in let bloom1 but not overbloom4 ,pinch off all but the most promising buds4 ,water with tepid suds weekly4 ,in between give liquid manure4 ,make it strong--roses are gross feeders4 ,bathe often1 keep warm and in light1 turning every other day4 ,the many-flowered roses sold around the holidays are good for nothing but to be set out in the border after their bloom is past4 ,fuchsias1 azaleas1 lemon verbenas1 the spireas1 and genesta require much the same care4 ,fuchsias1 as has been said1 do not demand full sun4 ,also they like a moderate temperature4 ,the others thrive in heat and light4 ,so do camellias and gardenias4 ,these1 however1 are apt to disappoint anybody without a genius for growing things4 ,rubber trees too big for the plunge bath must have their leaves well wiped with white soapsuds1 then with clear water4 ,tall palms demand the same care4 ,all plants need a moist atmosphere1 so keep water on radiators and wet sponges over registers4 ,this is as good for people as for plants4 ,fertilizers and ,fertilizing3 ,liquid manure is an ideal fertilizer so far as concerns the plants themselves4 ,it has the drawback of a bad odor4 ,to use it set the plants outdoors1 give in sufficient quantity1 let soak in1 then water well with warm water and leave to air some hours4 ,to make1 put well-rotted manure in something tight1 pour boiling water upon it1 stir well1 and let stand4 ,stir again before dipping out--it should be as thick as cream4 ,after using it on window boxes close the windows until the smell is gone4 ,things too big to move can be fertilized and the windows left open1 closing doors--so fertilize in mild weather4 ,the odor will pass in two hours if the tepid watering has been thorough4 ,many good commercial fertilizers are almost or quite odorless--ammoniated bone meal1 for example4 ,there is also a fertilizer in lozenge form which is scentless and wonderfully effective4 ,dissolve a lozenge in boiling water1 let stand all night1 then stir well and apply4 ,give a teacup--the same as of liquid manure--to a ten-inch pot1 a tablespoonful to a four-inch one1 and half that to a thumb pot4 ,a quart will be none too much for a three-foot window box filled with soft-stemmed plants4 ,they demand more than woody plants4 ,over-fertilizing is bad--it turns leaves yellow and scants bloom4 ,plants suffer indigestion the same as people4 ,the remedy for it is to set them in a sink or on a grating and pour hot 7not boiling7 water through the pot until it runs out clear4 ,insects and ,insecticides3 ,insects are the pest of house plants4 ,the worst of them are plant lice1 mealy bugs1 white and black flies1 red spider1 and the various scales4 ,all are fought with pretty much the same weapons--namely1 soap and water1 smoke1 and eternal vigilance4 ,greenhouses and hothouses are almost universally infested4 ,hence every new plant must be suspected4 ,do not set it among other plants clean and thrifty for at least a fortnight1 and then only after a thorough bath4 ,a plant badly infested had better be thrown away1 and quickly4 ,flies white and black are hardest to fight2 they fly away at a touch on the pot4 ,set the infested plant apart1 with a stick standing higher than itself fast in earth1 throw a thin cloth over1 letting it reach the ground all around1 then slip under it a lighted smudge1 and set over cloth and plant either a box or a barrel1 with paper pasted over the cracks4 ,let stand two hours1 then plunge in a tepid bath1 keeping on the cloth until well under water4 ,this to hold in any flies left living4 ,splash well1 drain1 and while damp dust with either insect powder or finely crumbled tobacco1 putting it on both sides of the leaves4 ,for plant lice spray thickly with strong tobacco water1 leave an hour1 then bathe1 and dust with more tobacco4 ,a little flowers of sulphur mixed in makes the treatment more effectual4 ,bathe in suds 7carbolic soap1 if possible7 next day1 and follow with a clear tepid shower4 ,red spider is invisible until it appears as red blotches upon foliage4 ,water1 and still more water1 combined with smoking cures it4 ,shower infested plants heavily every day for a fortnight1 smoke with tobacco twice a week1 and keep well dusted with either tobacco or pyrethrum powder4 ,mealy bugs1 which are white and woolly1 as big as grains of wheat1 should have a sulphur dusting after smoking and bathing4 ,all the big scales1 which are never very numerous unless plants are fatally neglected1 should be hand-picked1 then the plant well washed with whale-oil soapsuds dashed with carbolic acid4 ,san ,jos scale1 which is almost invisible but feels like fine rough sand upon the under sides of leaves and over stalks1 is so deadly and difficult any plant found infested should be burned at once1 the pot broken1 and the earth soaked with boiling water4 ,cures for it there are1 but too difficult for amateurs1 withal somewhat dangerous4 ,buy tobacco dust1 make tobacco water4 ,pour a gallon of boiling water upon a pound of tobacco stems1 let stand a day1 keeping warm1 strain and use4 ,cut the spent stems fine and mix through potting soil4 ,enough tobacco water to color it mixed in makes a plunge bath more effective against insects4 ,make smudges thus3 put a few slivers of wood or half a dozen matches crossed in a small flat tin1 cover with either pyrethrum powder1 tobacco dust1 cut up stalks1 unspent1 or flowers of sulphur mixed with fine damp sawdust4 ,light1 see that there is not too much blaze1 and set beneath plants4 ,do not make smudges big enough to give out scalding heat2 better two or three small ones if heavy smoke is required4 ,red rust and brown scale1 the special enemies of palms1 need to be washed off with strong carbolic soapsuds and a soft brush before bathing and smoking4 ,earth ,worms3 ,lime water is the remedy for earth worms4 ,stick holes in the earth quite to the bottom1 then pour on clear lime water 7see section ,renovators7 till it stands on top4 ,the worms will crawl up to escape it4 ,lime water is also good to sweeten sour earth4 ,give a half cup after the hot-water treatment4 ,dig up the earth in pots so as to keep a light1 clean surface4 ,green scum1 while not dangerous1 does not make for plant health4 ,for ,roaches1 dip cut potatoes in arsenic mixed with sugar and lay cut side down on the pots and about them4 ,gather up every morning1 dropping instantly into a vessel of boiling water--this to destroy such insects as remain alive4 ,but never put out poison if there are children in the house4 ,cuttings3 ,cuttings root best in clean sand1 kept very wet and warm and under glass4 ,make the cuttings of new wood1 neither soft nor fully ripe4 ,cut with at least two eyes--three are better--slant cuts1 and set in sand slantwise1 with one eye above the surface4 ,shift as soon as growth begins fully to thumb-pots1 and keep the pots plunged in another box of sand4 ,make geranium cuttings1 whether scented or flowering1 of healthy stalks full of sap and vigor4 ,june is the best time to make cuttings of lemon verbena1 fuchsia1 heliotrope1 and roses4 ,tips of strong shoots from either fuchsia or heliotrope will root then almost for the chance4 ,chrysanthemums from cuttings of the flower stalk give much finer bloom than those from old roots4 ,leaf cuttings are interesting4 ,tuberous begonias root thus readily4 ,roses are more difficult4 ,peg down the leaf on wet sand under glass1 make tiny cuts in it1 and keep very wet in sunshine4 ,roots will strike from the cuts after they have calloused4 ,summing up1 the needs of a house plant are the same as those of a human being--air1 light1 food1 water1 cleanliness1 and love4 ,cut ,flowers3 ,cut flowers early in the morning1 stand loosely upright in clean water away from light until they can be arranged4 ,in hot weather sprinkle lightly if arranging must wait1 and cover with a light cloth4 ,florist blossoms must be kept cool and damp2 stand the holder in the bathtub1 draw three inches of cold water1 and spread something over them4 ,in arranging do not mix nor crowd4 ,tulips with only their own stalks and leaves are wonderfully decorative1 but a single other bloom makes them blotchy4 ,no green save the featheriest asparagus fern should ever go with flowers which have handsome foliage4 ,lay fern fronds upon the cloth rather than disfigure with them a centerpiece of roses4 ,tall1 stiff stems1 as jonquils1 narcissi1 and lilies1 absolutely require tall1 slender holders4 ,so do long-stemmed roses1 especially the cloth-yard ,american ,beauties4 ,it is vandalism to put anything with them4 ,carnations bear massing1 but the vase should have space about it4 ,lilies lose immeasurably by crowding4 ,a single handsome tall stalk gives distinction1 where three or four imperfect ones huddled would be commonplace4 ,half a dozen roses with fine foliage will make a handsome centerpiece thus3 put into a low1 flat bowl1 rather flaring1 a woven-wire cake rack nearly the same size4 ,cut stalks1 if long1 to six inches4 ,use the cut-off stems to mat through the woven wire4 ,cover well with cold water1 then arrange the flowers so each will show for itself1 thrusting the stems between the wires at the proper angle4 ,a wreath of asparagus fern laid on the cloth outside adds much more to the effect than if the green were twined among the flowers4 ,lacking a cake rack1 flatten a big potato after peeling it1 make holes in the upper surface with a wire nail1 and anchor the stems in them4 ,hanging-holders for trailers should have something inside--wet sand or wire net--to hold their contents stable4 ,if a tall flower pot is set in a niche or corner1 arrange a light to fall directly on it1 as a fairy lamp or tall candle set upon a bracket4 ,beware of having too many flowers1 and particularly too many sorts4 ,even blossoms can swear at each other--decoratively4 ,keeping ,cut ,flowers ,fresh3 ,flowers sent long distances need special care4 ,stick the stalks of roses in sections of potato1 else seal by dipping in melted paraffine1 then roll each separately in wax paper so it forms a tube4 ,lay the tubes together in a stanch box1 cut holes in either end after it is wrapped and tied4 ,the roses should be between bud and half blow4 ,chrysanthemums can be sent the same way by either mail or express4 ,so can camellias and gardenias1 but they change color so quickly after opening they are hardly worth the trouble4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x ,,disinfectants1 ,,insects1 ,,insecticides ,quicklime3 ,put big lumps in broad earthen platters1 set on floors of cellars1 outhouses1 or barns1 and slack with copperas water4 ,charcoal3 ,lay lumps in vegetable bins or on cellar shelves4 ,hang other lumps in bags of coarse net on cellar and pantry walls4 ,heat every month or so to maintain absorbent power4 ,borax3 ,sprinkle powdered borax freely over smelly places--under sinks1 around plumbing1 over pantry shelves1 and on floors where cans are set4 ,it is so safe1 so wholesome1 even spilling it is worth while4 ,washing-soda3 ,dissolve a pound in a pint of boiling water and flush sink pipes1 refrigerator drains1 and set tubs with it4 ,copperas 7green vitriol1 otherwise sulphate of iron73 ,dissolve a pound in a gallon of water2 it will take several hours4 ,dilute one-half with boiling water and flush water closets1 bath pipes1 set bowls1 and so forth4 ,sprinkle thus diluted over smelly earth1 as in chicken runs1 kennel floors1 stall floors1 and where garbage stands4 ,use liberally on garbage1 in earth closets1 or privies1 also on standing water infested with green scum4 ,a gallon added to a pot of whitewash gives a yellow tinge and makes the wash more sanitary4 ,bluestone3 ,bluestone1 sulphate of copper1 must be dissolved in the same proportions4 ,it is a germicide more than disinfectant1 especially valuable where there have been sick animals4 ,dilute with four times its bulk of boiling water or mix through hot whitewash4 ,it is staple against seed infection1 as smuts and molds4 ,the most part of garden seed sprout and grow better for wetting with the dilute solution and drying before planting4 ,white ,vitriol3 ,sulphate of zinc1 a powerful astringent germicide1 needs care in handling4 ,dissolve it1 four ounces to the half gallon of water1 strain1 and put into clean bottles4 ,keep dark1 corked tightly4 ,use to clean and disinfect sores from frost bite or indolent ulcers4 ,dilute with five times as much tepid rain water4 ,use on the combs of poultry when raw from frost1 also for scaly leg and the ail known as 8bumble-foot40 ,bichloride of ,mercury3 ,the king among disinfectants1 also one of the deadliest among poisons4 ,dissolve in boiling rain water1 four ounces to the gallon4 ,let stand2 it dissolves slowly4 ,keep in glass1 tightly corked1 plainly labeled 8poison40 ,dilute one-half for use in the sick room4 ,but put on full strength when fighting bed bugs4 ,bordeaux ,mixture3 ,staple for spraying against molds1 etc4 ,one pound blue vitriol dissolved in five gallons rain water and added to one pound powdered unslaked lime mixed to a cream with rain water4 ,stir well1 and strain before spraying4 ,dilute one-half to three-fourths2 if too strong it scorches vegetation4 ,kerosene ,emulsion3 ,stir hard together in an earthen vessel a quart of buttermilk and half a gallon kerosene4 ,stir with wood until thick and buttery4 ,use full strength to paint tree trunks and hard branches in winter1 but dilute at least ten times for use on green things4 ,mix with warm water1 twenty parts to one for spraying against plant lice4 ,for fighting red spider stir a little sulphur into the emulsion before diluting4 ,spray late--as near night as possible4 ,bisulphide of ,lime3 ,sure death to either animal or plant lice4 ,mix in equal quantity flowers of sulphur and powdered quicklime1 cover two inches with boiling water1 boil five hours1 filling up and adding more water till there is three times the original quantity4 ,dilute the result1 a brown smelly liquid1 one hundred times for use either as wash or spray4 ,against ,garden ,pests3 ,mix any arsenical powder--,london purple1 ,scheele's green1 or ,paris green--with its own bulk of flour and twice its bulk of slaked lime1 and dust upon plants while damp4 ,good for potato beetles1 squash bugs1 flea bugs1 grasshoppers1 cut worms1 and cabbage worms4 ,use in a powder gun or tie in a thin bag1 fasten it to a long pole and shake so as to coat plants evenly4 ,larkspur3 ,larkspur destroys lice and mites4 ,sow rather thick1 cut when beginning to flower1 dry in shade4 ,strip leaves and buds when full dry1 powder1 and keep in glass4 ,save stems and coarse stalks to make tea4 ,infuse for twelve hours1 then boil for two1 strain1 and reduce by boiling another hour4 ,use in suds a cup to the quart1 or in whitewash a pint to the gallon4 ,make an ointment by either stewing tender tips in lard or fresh butter in a water bath until the grease is well colored or by putting with it the infusion at full strength and stewing out the water4 ,stir in a little flowers of sulphur1 a teaspoonful to the pint1 for use on cattle or horses4 ,grease back of the ears1 under the throat1 and along the backbone4 ,grease poultry under the wings1 around the neck1 and on top of the head4 ,blow larkspur powder into the hair of dogs and cats after bathing them4 ,for ,flies and ,mosquitoes3 ,stop the beginnings4 ,burn or bury garbage4 ,spray all possible fly beds well with copperas water daily4 ,be prodigal of whitewash wherever it will stick4 ,flush drains well with boiling soda water and use copperas water or carbolic suds to spray earth on which waste water discharges4 ,keep manure piles covered with fresh earth1 also wet daily with copperas water4 ,set fly traps outdoors wherever the pests congregate4 ,fill a tumbler two-thirds with suds and lay a cardboard over with a hole in the middle4 ,smear syrup on the underside for bait4 ,empty twice a day1 burning the drowned flies4 ,boil together two ounces ground black pepper1 four ounces sugar1 and a cup of sweet milk1 set the syrup shallowly in plates--the flies will do the rest4 ,the mixture kills them1 but is harmless to anything else4 ,oil of lavender sprayed will drive out flies temporarily4 ,so will rose geranium bruised to smell strongly4 ,screen every opening with wire gauze or cheesecloth1 make cheesecloth covers1 rounds with wire in the hems1 to protect hot food1 be diligent with fly paddles1 and avoid slopping1 also throwing out slops on the ground4 ,mosquitoes1 say the wise men1 are a local issue1 bred in standing water4 ,wherefore leave no water standing1 not even a rusty canful4 ,cover rain barrels with screen wire1 pour crude kerosene upon ponds and pools4 ,begin early1 before buds swell4 ,keep it up until frost4 ,examine cellars1 especially barn cellars4 ,mosquitoes winter in them4 ,kill all such lingerers with thick smoke--tobacco smoke or from pyrethrum powder or by touching off a little gunpowder on a plate4 ,concussion makes the mosquitoes drop2 sweep up and burn4 ,concerted action is imperative4 ,if no man liveth or dieth unto himself1 how much less so any man's crop of mosquitoes6 ,screens and smoke from punk sticks1 pyrethrum1 and dry pennyroyal are the best weapons against attack4 ,oil of pennyroyal likewise helps4 ,smear lightly on forehead1 hands1 and arms before going to sleep4 ,wilting leaves of the stately castor bean1 also tender branches1 hung about will drive out mosquitoes4 ,fleas harbor in light litter--hay1 straw1 leaves1 most of all shed hair4 ,flea-bearing animals have each their own species1 which fight to the death4 ,there are also sand fleas4 ,fight with fire1 smoke1 water1 oil of pennyroyal1 and fresh black-walnut leaves4 ,sprinkle kerosene on the litter suspected2 sweep up and burn4 ,oil sand beds likewise1 else drench with copperas water4 ,wet manure heaps with bichloride solution or bisulphide of mercury4 ,gather walnut leaves in armfuls and crowd them into places unsafe for oil or fire1 as under piazzas1 bungalow floors1 or low sheds4 ,put them also about rooms where fleas abound1 tied in thick bunches1 and laid under beds or in closets4 ,gasolene where safe is a mighty help4 ,paint floors and baseboard with it1 in default of bichloride solution4 ,painting with turpentine is also fairly effective4 ,success is impossible1 however1 unless the flea-fighting extends to animals as well4 ,bed ,bugs3 ,bed bugs demand eternal vigilance1 especially in apartments4 ,make bedrooms and closets as nearly as possible bug proof by washing1 after cleaning thoroughly1 with bichloride solution1 then filling every crack1 cranny1 and crevice with soft putty4 ,lay a thin rope of putty along the baseboard on the floor and crowd down upon it quarter-round molding cut to fit4 ,nail fast1 and paint to match the baseboard4 ,this is an effectual seal for dividing wall on a common floor4 ,set collars of the stiffest putty around steam pipes where they go in and out4 ,renew them as often as they crack and crumble1 but do not trust to them entirely4 ,examine everything monthly--bed1 furnishings1 chairs1 boxes1 the backs of pictures1 books1 and stacked papers4 ,paper in mass is a favorite lurking place4 ,have white slips for mattresses2 remove1 turn1 examine seams1 and wet corners with bichloride4 ,paint the mattress over lightly with bichloride2 it neither stains nor smells4 ,wipe the bedstead and springs with a cloth wet in it1 and drench crannies unwipable4 ,wipe the backs of pictures and of dressers1 in fact1 any sheltered and static space4 ,wipe the floor with bichloride1 if bare1 and wax or oil afterward4 ,sprinkle a carpet or rugs well with bichloride1 then sweep with a broom dipped in very hot water4 ,empty closets1 wipe over1 examine all accumulations of paper1 boxes1 etc4 ,a bug overlooked will in a month's space infest a whole house4 ,couches of rattan1 wicker1 or upholstered are strongholds of the blood-suckers4 ,set in air and drench with benzine or gasolene1 leave standing a day1 and drench again1 shaking1 brushing1 and beating between drenchings4 ,wicker clothes hampers and baskets1 also baby carriages1 are other strongholds4 ,scald hampers and baskets with boiling-hot soda water1 then paint over with turpentine and a little sweet oil4 ,use gasolene on the carriages1 applying with a thick brush rather than drenching4 ,repeat twice in succession1 wash everything washable1 and sun for a week4 ,moths3 ,moths in upholstered things must be got rid of the same as bed bugs 7see preceding paragraph74 ,clean rugs thoroughly1 spray on both sides with gasolene or strong black-pepper tea1 sun well1 then roll up between newspapers1 tie fast1 wrap spirally with stiff paper1 fold ends neatly1 slip over them paper bags fitting accurately1 paste down edges1 paste a strip of paper over the edge of the wrapping4 ,clean heavy coats with gasolene or benzine1 crowd newspaper into the sleeves1 crumple more newspaper thickly over the hanger1 fasten the coat1 slip over it a bag of pasted newspapers1 pass the hanger hook up through it1 crumple the paper tight around the shank and tie1 then fold over the bottom of the paper several times1 and fasten with stout wire clips4 ,moth balls may be slipped in coat pockets1 but will hardly be needed if they are hung in a light place4 ,store and protect tailor suits much the same4 ,after cleaning fold the skirt belt in six and fasten with a big safety pin to lower bend of the hanger shank1 then slip on its newspaper bag and fasten4 ,put on the coat1 then over all a bigger newspaper bag4 ,put inside wisps of cotton tied up in net1 and wet with oil of cedar4 ,one-piece cloth frocks should be hung the same as long coats1 but have the skirts folded upward over a roll of newspapers about midway and pinned or basted to the waist4 ,store fur coats the same way after cleaning and sunning for several days4 ,put mothaline bags outside over those of newspaper and sachets of sandalwood in the sleeves4 ,if moths have touched them before storing1 lay them for several days on a slat tray in a trunk with a big sponge saturated in gasolene below4 ,keep the trunk outside and shut tight2 gasolene vapor ought to kill the moth eggs4 ,clean small furs as muffs1 tippets1 cuffs1 sun1 sew up tight in old linen1 sprinkle well with black-pepper tea1 then wrap in newspaper1 wipe out their boxes with a cloth dipped in gasolene1 put in the wrapped furs1 wrap boxes1 and slip in paper bags1 then fold and paste together the bag ends4 ,if no moth nor egg was inside none will come out4 ,fine things1 such as camel's-hair shawls1 moth-infested should be brushed and sunned1 then wrapped in clean linen1 over that thick wet towels1 over that paper1 and laid in a hot oven until the paper scorches4 ,this is equal to superheated steam for moth and egg destruction1 but does no harm to the finest fabric4 ,sew up in linen and store same as small furs4 ,steam is also sovereign for moths in carpets where it is unsafe to use gasolene or benzine4 ,cover the infected spots with thick wet towels1 letting them lie a good bit over and iron first around the edges1 then all over with blazing-hot irons1 changing them as they cease to hiss4 ,repeat at weekly intervals for a month4 ,after ironing go along the edges1 wetting the carpet well with bichloride solution4 ,a carpet to be stored should be sprayed with gasolene after cleaning1 then folded over double newspapers1 and sprayed at each doubling over with black-pepper tea4 ,a long1 narrow bag of moth balls in the deepest fold adds something to insect insurance4 ,store in light and off the floor4 ,a discarded bed spring is fine to lay such things on4 ,stand rolled rugs on end if not too long1 and a little apart4 ,a ,blanket ,box3 ,make blankets clean and whole1 fold in three1 lengthwise1 roll up over a core of moth balls1 sew in old linen1 and pack4 ,fill all crevices in a big packing-case with putty or plaster wet with egg1 paper with plain manila paper1 let dry1 then paint the paper with oil of cedar4 ,give two coats4 ,put over the bottom a sachet of cedar twigs or shavings laid on wadding and tacked between cheesecloth4 ,pack blankets and woolens on this1 tucking smaller cedar sachets into crevices1 also moth balls tied in cheesecloth4 ,put in white things first1 lay paper over them1 then pack colored ones4 ,cover with another cedar sachet1 tuck paper snugly over it1 then shut--the top must be hinged on--and paste paper over the edges4 ,as long as it is unbroken the contents are safe4 ,where storage space is lacking use a box couch1 making sure with bichloride and gasolene that neither moth nor bed bug lurks inside4 ,use oil of lavender and pine twigs rather than cedar1 omit the sealing with paper1 but examine now and then2 if you discover the enemy do not halt until he is forever and completely yours4 ,roaches and ,water ,bugs3 ,powdered borax mixed with sugar kills them4 ,set it about in saucers1 sprinkle under pipes and on sills1 also on the bottom of closets and drawers4 ,lay clean paper over it4 ,once a month remove paper1 wipe wood1 sprinkle again after drying1 and put on fresh paper4 ,burn every dead insect4 ,in cellars or greenhouses mix a little ,paris green with the powder1 dip into it cut potatoes1 and lay them cut side down1 in the way of roaches4 ,gather up each morning1 drop in water as gathered1 and replace at evening with freshly loaded potatoes4 ,pour turpentine around water pipes and those for steam heat4 ,paint the pipes with turpentine1 doing it when they are cool4 ,paint kitchen floors and baseboards after scouring with bichloride of mercury2 beware1 though1 using it higher4 ,keep borax and sugar on pantry shelves under paper4 ,paint with turpentine at housecleaning4 ,fill cracks1 crevices1 and knotholes with putty4 ,do the same with tops and rims of set tubs1 renewing it as it breaks4 ,ants3 ,ants1 black or red1 hate the smell of camphor4 ,make rings of it around dishes of food and pour it into crevices suspected as ant roads4 ,if they climb by a post or pillar put a tarred bandage around it4 ,find the nest if possible and destroy it with boiling water or gasolene or kerosene with a little camphor added4 ,beware of gasolene if the nest is close to any building4 ,boiling soda water is safe anywhere except about plants4 ,there use strong carbolic soapsuds1 blood-warm1 with an after-sprinkle of camphor4 ,gum camphor tied in net and hung in closets or pantries helps to drive ants away4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xi ,,care ,,of ,,pets ,dogs3 ,choose your dog1 unless he chooses himself by adopting you1 with regard for environment4 ,big dogs require space--big rooms and grounds outside4 ,small ones are 8in drawing0 with apartments or modest houses4 ,breed is a matter of chance or choice4 ,toy terriers1 toy ,pomeranians1 spaniels1 and pugs fit into restricted menages4 ,st4 ,bernards1 collies1 greyhounds1 wolf hounds1 and hunting-dogs in general are miserable in confinement1 also miserably out of place4 ,teach him obedience first of all1 keep him clean and comfortable1 never forget him1 feed regularly1 give constant access to clean water1 and always sufficient exercise4 ,otherwise don't keep him2 neglect is a refinement of cruelty4 ,vary the feeding4 ,dog biscuit day in and out destroys appetite and thrift4 ,shift every other day to table scraps1 oatmeal porridge1 cornmeal mush cooked with broth1 or raw meat and bones4 ,give milk almost every day--not too much4 ,be sparing of the raw meat2 a zest suffices4 ,tiny house dogs ought to have light breakfasts1 with a hearty dinner around two o'clock1 and nothing more4 ,dogs running out need much more food1 otherwise they get into mischief4 ,a hearty breakfast and dinner with milk and mush at sundown is not too much4 ,feed all that will be eaten clean2 if food is left1 diminish the quantity4 ,leave nothing but bones where a dog may come back to it4 ,gnawing solid bones helps strength and spirit4 ,small bones of game or fowl must be given with discretion2 they are crunched and swallowed so greedily the sharp ends may do harm if the stomach is too full of them4 ,a flea-bearing dog is intolerable4 ,wash in larkspur water 7see section ,insecticides7 or carbolic soapsuds1 and comb while in the bath with a fine-tooth comb4 ,drain off water and fleas1 rinse tub1 rinse dog well1 dry with coarse soft towels1 keep muzzled until fully dry1 and away from draughts4 ,when fully dry1 part hair and blow in behind the ears and along the spine flowers of sulphur mixed with larkspur powder or pyrethrum powder4 ,for skin troubles1 mange especially1 bathe well in hot sulphur soapsuds1 rinse dry1 and rub well into the affected spots unsalted butter washed clean of milk and made yellow with flowers of sulphur4 ,if the trouble persists and the dog is valuable1 consult a vet2 the dog1 perhaps1 needs constitutional treatment4 ,kennels and doghouses must be clean and dry1 baskets and bedding kept clean and free of vermin4 ,whitewash kennels and doghouses often1 putting larkspur infusion or carbolic acid in the whitewash1 else mixing in flowers of sulphur4 ,scald baskets1 dry1 and paint with turpentine and sweet oil4 ,lay bedding outside and drench with gasolene4 ,burn it if mange appears1 else it will reinfect the animal4 ,do not let dogs sleep haphazard anywhere they can4 ,give them comfortable beds1 indoors or out4 ,a dog running free at exercise needs no clothes4 ,on leash1 with his keeper merely walking or sauntering1 a warm blanket1 or1 better1 a sweater1 is essential in cold weather4 ,keep dogs outdoors as much as possible in hot weather1 but do not let them run too much4 ,provide shade1 especially for guard dogs4 ,teach all dogs1 and especially guard dogs1 to refuse food from strangers4 ,this is impossible with a hungry dog4 ,full feeding guards against foraging at large1 the thing which gives poisoners the best opportunity4 ,dogs perspire only through the tongue1 hence the panting after exertion4 ,let them drink all they will1 but have the water clean4 ,milk is food1 not drink4 ,do not imagine it takes the place of water4 ,water1 free and clean1 is held the best preventive of rabies4 ,in case rabies is suspected isolate safely1 and observe for at least a week4 ,pseudo-rabies1 induced by fear1 kills many more people than the real thing4 ,an ailing dog1 or one tired1 thirsty1 or lost1 will snap at almost anything in his way4 ,do not on that account condemn him untried to death4 ,rest1 food1 and drink1 in confinement1 will discover his true condition4 ,if madness is proved1 kill1 quickly and mercifully1 burn or bury1 disinfect every space he has touched with bichloride of mercury1 burn movable boards1 litter1 ropes1 etc4 ,grass or earth upon which saliva has dropped had better be drenched with kerosene and set on fire4 ,cats3 ,cats likewise suffer rabies2 in case of it use the same measures4 ,cats of fancy breeds are more decorative than plain tabbys1 but also more delicate and much less intelligent1 withal lacking in affection1 and of no use save to look fine4 ,white cats1 especially those with blue eyes1 are more savage1 less affectionate1 and much harder house-broken than black1 gray1 or tortoise-shell ones4 ,often the white fellows are deaf4 ,each and several1 cats run wild for reasonable opportunity1 yet they bear housing and confinement admirably4 ,they need raw meat1 but not too much2 a bit of liver or a fish head every other day suffices4 ,alternately give bones1 with the milk and crumbled bread1 which is the mainstay of their diet4 ,give also at night a saucer of pure milk4 ,water and catnip1 green or dry1 should be always accessible4 ,do not overfeed2 cats are dainty gluttons if permitted4 ,keep them thriving1 but not fat--fat and indigestion are the roots of disease4 ,rid of fleas as directed for dogs4 ,after drying1 confine for some time1 first giving a saucer of milk with a teaspoonful of whisky or brandy in it4 ,for skin troubles grease all over with the sulphur and butter1 confine so as to keep from getting dirty1 and wash well after twenty-four hours in hot suds1 rinsing well and drying with soft towels4 ,repeat at intervals as long as needed4 ,feed on bread and milk1 be lavish of catnip1 burn infected bedding1 wash and fumigate baskets1 or treat with bichloride of mercury 7see section ,disinfectants74 ,belgian ,hares and ,cavies3 ,both are vegetable feeders4 ,they will live in small quarters1 but do better in bigger ones4 ,keep the quarters clean and sanitary with whitewash and disinfectants4 ,if very small1 have floors of loose boards which can be taken up and scalded4 ,feed three times a day with grain1 roots1 and green stuff4 ,be liberal of the green stuff4 ,with a grass run the beasts will supply most of it themselves4 ,scatter the food1 and give only as much as will be eaten clean4 ,suckling mothers need extra feeds1 five a day instead of three4 ,dust weekly with sifted ashes1 corn starch in powder1 and flowers of sulphur4 ,use in dry weather1 putting on at night4 ,have hutches big enough to prevent crowding4 ,beware letting your pets overrun the space at command4 ,birds3 ,mocking-birds1 cardinals1 bullfinches and orioles1 all of which it is wicked to keep in cages1 need very roomy cages1 perches with the bark on1 much clean sandy earth on the floors1 clean grain1 green stuff1 ripe fruit1 and insects1 besides the egg-and-potato mixture which is their mainstay4 ,tie heads of wheat1 oats1 or millet to the bars1 hang lettuce and peppergrass there1 also chickweed in season4 ,put ripe berries on clean twigs and suspend2 force bits of apple and peach between wires close to the perches4 ,have a swing1 a roomy bath1 with the usual feed and water cups4 ,change the water daily1 twice in summer4 ,put one drop of carbolic acid in the bath for insect prevention4 ,boil eggs twenty minutes1 crush the yolk while hot with a freshly boiled ,irish potato1 season with the least grain of salt and a very little red pepper1 and put into the cup4 ,keep the cage very clean1 scald it every three months4 ,hang it outside in pleasant weather1 but never so the sun at midday will strike full on the birds4 ,give flies1 crickets1 earth worms1 grasshoppers1 but not hairy caterpillars1 spiders1 nor wasps4 ,mockers sing almost the night through in spring4 ,to silence them cover the cage with something thick1 set where it is very dark1 then uncover4 ,canaries3 ,a long body and thick smooth plumage are marks of a good canary4 ,males only sing4 ,coat color varies4 ,german canaries show many shades of yellow besides mottled tints4 ,yellow-red ,norwich birds owe their giddy coats to red pepper in the food4 ,unless it is given liberally at moulting-time their fine feathers come back dull and pale4 ,birds are in full song at a year old4 ,younger1 they have rarely been well taught4 ,the range of life is seven to twenty years2 the last is possible only with exceptional birds and still more exceptional care4 ,teach canaries to deserve the freedom of the room4 ,it helps in many ways4 ,leave the cage door open2 do not coax him out nor force him in except as a last resort4 ,rather let hunger take him back4 ,he will learn quickly and enjoy flying about4 ,a metal cage with a movable floor is the one to choose4 ,wood invites vermin and harbors it distressingly4 ,hang where it is neither hot nor cold1 away from draughts1 but with air plenty4 ,feed regularly1 but do not overfeed4 ,hemp seed are so fattening they must be given sparingly4 ,the regular bird seed sold in packages is excellent if fresh4 ,a dull appearance is against it2 canary seed when not stale is shiny4 ,empty and fill the seed cup daily1 clean the floor1 and put down fresh gravel1 red and white4 ,keep cuttlefish bone suspended in the cage1 and put in daily some fresh bit of green4 ,lettuce will answer1 but chickweed and peppergrass are better4 ,a pod of ,cayenne pepper is good in sharp weather4 ,so is a little hard-boiled egg1 lightly dusted with red pepper1 or bread crumbs squeezed out of milk and similarly dusted4 ,a droopy bird showing signs of diarrhea should have black-pepper tea to drink1 else a strip of fat pork rolled in ground pepper hung where it can be pecked4 ,fill the bath every morning4 ,if a bird picks himself after bathing put a few drops of rose water or cologne in the bath4 ,bare spots from the picking should be rubbed very lightly with sulphur and butter1 putting also a little under the wings and back of the neck4 ,ragged plumage may mean a hardened oil gland4 ,it lies just at the root of the tail and furnishes oil for the coat4 ,look at it1 blowing aside covering feathers4 ,if swollen and inflamed1 drop on warm1 weak suds from a medicine dropper1 dry very gently1 and apply a little vaseline4 ,repeat daily until the gland frees itself of the cake4 ,trim nails discreetly1 holding to the light so as to miss the tiny vein in them4 ,if cut1 hold the bleeding foot a minute in tepid water1 dry1 and touch the cut with vaseline4 ,if breeding1 separate the pair when brooding begins4 ,afterward let both feed the young4 ,provide soft food twice a day--bread crumbs soaked in milk1 scraped apple1 mashed hard-boiled egg yolk1 in addition to seed and bird manna4 ,as soon as it is safe move the whole family into a fresh1 clean cage1 and scald and fumigate the other4 ,mites1 the bane of canaries1 multiply amazingly4 ,they would be invisible but for their blood color4 ,feeding by day1 they quit their prey at night4 ,throw a sheet of ,canton flannel over cages suspected1 remove it quickly by lamplight1 and plunge in boiling water4 ,mites will show on it after death4 ,if they are plenty1 shift to a clean cage at once and repeat the cloth treatment until all are destroyed4 ,infested cages should be1 after scalding1 drenched with gasolene and aired for a week4 ,scalding with bichloride is also effectual2 it must be followed by a scalding in clear1 boiling water and a fortnight of airing4 ,parrots3 ,if the parrot is for company get a gray ,african--they make the best talkers and are best tempered4 ,for decoration get the scarlet-crested white fellows1 or the yellow and green1 or blue and scarlet and yellow4 ,treatment of either is the same2 feed fruit1 nuts1 grain1 a little meat1 insects1 bread1 especially cornbread1 and cereals cooked stiff4 ,parrots learn quickly to eat and drink with their owners4 ,coffee in moderation is good for them1 but they must have water besides4 ,some thrive better for drinking milk2 indeed1 the creatures are almost uncannily human in many things4 ,let them bathe at discretion1 provide also a dust bath4 ,have a roomy cage1 a tall1 branchy perch1 and a hoop swing4 ,never tease nor tantalize2 parrots are cross enough without2 also jealous4 ,do not leave free in the room with a small child4 ,their beaks are cruelly sharp4 ,lacking insects1 give small lumps of raw mutton fat4 ,keep everything about them very clean4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xii ,,in ,,emergencies ,chimney ,blazes3 ,smother blazing chimneys by throwing salt1 damp if possible1 on the fire1 and setting something flat against the chimney breast4 ,blazing ,fat3 ,throw on salt1 sand1 or ashes2 water makes the flame fiercer4 ,prevent draughts if possible2 keep doors and windows shut tight4 ,turn out oil or gas flames underneath1 and keep everything inflammable away from the blaze4 ,gas ,leaks3 ,open doors and windows1 let accumulations blow out1 then hunt for the broken pipe--not with a lamp or candle--and clap on it when found either a blanket of putty or flour dough wet very stiff4 ,tie in place with broad tape1 then wrap with a cloth so as to withstand pressure4 ,but first of all call for the repair man4 ,with a leak undiscoverable1 shut off from the rest of the house and leave windows wide open4 ,asphyxiation3 ,whether from gas or drowning1 lay flat1 the head a little higher2 permit no crowding2 resort to artificial respiration--lifting the arms and pressing on the chest systematically1 holding the tongue out all the while2 rub with alcohol1 especially feet and hands2 keep in air1 and work gently but quickly4 ,in cases of drowning1 empty lungs of water first thing by laying face down over a bench or barrel and working the arms4 ,fainting3 ,lay flat1 the head lower than the body1 loosen clothes1 especially about the neck1 dash cold water gently in the face1 hold ammonia under nostrils1 rub wrists and temples with camphor or cologne water1 and if the faint persists put mustard at the back of the neck and to the soles of the feet4 ,insensibility from shock or falling needs slightly different treatment4 ,it may mean concussion2 hence1 let the head be highest and apply vigorous friction along the spine as well as to the extremities4 ,stimulate as soon as swallowing is possible1 and move with caution4 ,burns3 ,anything which excludes air without tainting the wound or irritating it further helps a bad burn4 ,carron oil--a creamy mixture of lime water and sweet oil--applied with a feather1 then covered with cotton1 either batting or absorbent1 gives a measure of relief and is also healing4 ,soft old linen coated with fresh egg-white laid on and allowed to dry soothes pain4 ,even a covering with dry flour1 if nothing else is handy1 is better than leaving the burn bare4 ,but if at all serious1 or even is shallow and wide spread1 call a doctor instantly1 meantime keeping up heart action with stimulants in small doses often repeated4 ,breaks and ,dislocations3 ,lay a broken bone straight in a natural position upon a stout cardboard splint shaped to the limb and covered with cotton batting4 ,bandage limb and splint firmly together1 working toward the trunk and keeping the bandage smooth but not too tight4 ,wet with arnica4 ,this keeps down pain and inflammation1 making the surgeon's work when he arrives easier for himself and his patient4 ,reduce dislocations as quickly as possible by stretching the hurt joint steadily and letting another person manipulate the hurt4 ,often the bone head will snap back in place at a touch2 it remains then only to keep it in place4 ,an hour's delay would mean swelling to render the replacing much harder4 ,wrist and elbow joints in particular are kittle cattle if left to swell4 ,first aid to them means many times preserving use and saving from lifelong disfigurement4 ,but this first aid by no means suffices to make surgical care unnecessary4 ,sprains and ,strains3 ,bandage tight1 wet the bandages with cold water1 and hold in an easy position4 ,a sprained or strained ankle may be almost cured by plunging it into running water and keeping it there some time4 ,lift out occasionally1 then replunge4 ,strains require rest and bandages4 ,wet the bandages with arnica4 ,if there is muscle shrinkage later1 rub morning and night with chloroform liniment after bathing with hot water and wiping dry4 ,chloroform ,poisoning3 ,keep in motion in open air1 dose with aromatic spirits of ammonia well diluted1 and hold it undiluted to nostrils4 ,apply electricity to spine2 this if conscious4 ,if fallen into a stupor put ice to spine and top of head1 hot water to feet1 give hard friction with alcohol1 or camphor on legs and arms4 ,use artificial respiration and stimulate gently4 ,friction or a mustard plaster over the heart is helpful4 ,let nothing bind or constrict anywhere1 and do not cease your efforts at the first signs of lessening stupor4 ,narcotic ,poisoning3 ,for laudanum1 morphine1 or opium the treatment is the same4 ,first a strong emetic--mustard and water as thick as pea soup is among the best4 ,follow it with black coffee as strong as possible4 ,give all the patient can be made to swallow at short intervals1 keep him walking briskly1 stripped to the waist1 dash ice water on the spine1 and tie ice to the back of the neck4 ,flagellate lightly on shoulders2 the tingles help to rouse4 ,hold aromatic ammonia to his nose every half minute4 ,if the coffee nauseates1 give clear hot water after to make vomiting easy1 then after ten minutes more coffee not quite so strong4 ,permit no stop for several hours2 if excretories act properly the danger will then have been past4 ,electricity is useful1 but not indispensable4 ,in desperate cases use every means at hand4 ,acid ,poisoning3 ,emollients are the antidotes for acids2 emetics wrench and tear seared stomach tissues4 ,no matter what the acid--sulphuric1 carbolic1 nitric1 or oxalic--give something soft and smooth--raw eggs1 cream1 starch wet as thick as cream1 melted lard or butter1 olive oil1 or even flour and water1 followed after a few minutes with magnesia stirred thick in tepid water4 ,let the patient rest easily1 hold ammonia to the nostrils1 and put hot-water bags to the feet4 ,aim to keep up vitality under the shock to vital tissues4 ,in such cases a minute means often the difference between life and death4 ,iodine ,poison3 ,use emollients--the very best is thick cooked starch2 it has a specific power to neutralize the drug4 ,olive oil is next best2 it protects the coating of the stomach4 ,but use anything above named rather than nothing4 ,to let a case of poison go by default is against reason and humanity4 ,arsenic3 ,arsenic in all its forms is best fought with raw eggs1 especially the whites1 and sweet milk or cream4 ,give a strong emetic afterward1 then1 when it has acted1 more eggs or milk4 ,this should suffice unless the poison has been freely absorbed4 ,ptomaine ,poisoning3 ,give an active emetic1 followed by a cathartic2 keep the patient warm1 stimulate with brandy--a teaspoonful every hour2 put mustard to wrists1 ankles1 back of neck1 and pit of stomach--this particularly if there is severe pain1 cramps1 or continued retching4 ,pains in the head indicate the need of an ice cap4 ,mercury ,poisoning3 ,bichloride needs as antidote raw eggs and cream1 or oil1 with the same external treatment as for ptomaines4 ,strong emetics are inadvisable1 but if the stomach frees itself naturally of the emollients much poison will come with them4 ,replace them in smaller quantities1 but give nothing else until the doctor comes4 ,bites and ,stings3 ,stings from wasps1 bees1 and ants need treatment with fruit acids--bathe in vinegar or apply a slice of raw apple or peach or a crushed grape4 ,instant sucking removes part of the poison and relieves the pain to a degree4 ,always suck bites1 as of spiders1 unless there are abrasions of tongue and lips4 ,after sucking bathe freely with fresh peroxide of hydrogen1 boracic acid1 or sugar-of-lead water4 ,a leaf of green plantain1 well bruised1 bound on a bite or sting when nothing else is at hand keeps down inflammation and mitigates pain4 ,in case of stings make sure the sting proper has not been left in the wound1 since its presence might induce blood poisoning4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,index ,,acid ,,poisoning1 #aig4 ,adaptation of old garments1 #ajh4 ,antidotes1 #aif-aih4 ,antique furniture1 care of1 #ff2 restoring1 #fb-fe4 ,ants1 how to get rid of1 #agg4 ,aprons1 laundry1 #aa4 ,arsenic1 antidote for1 #aih4 ,asphalt spots1 #abb4 ,asphyxiation1 #aic4 ,,bandages1 #ba-bb4 ,basting clothes1 #aja4 ,bed bugs1 to prevent1 #agj4 ,bed clothes1 mending1 #he4 ,beef1 how to choose1 #acd4 ,bichloride of mercury1 #afe4 ,birds1 care of1 #ahe4 ,bisulphide of lime1 #aff4 ,bites and stings1 #aii4 ,blanket box1 #age4 ,blazing fat1 how to put out1 #aib4 ,bleaching1 #b-c4 ,blood1 to stanch1 #bb-bc4 ,bluestone1 #afd4 ,books1 mending1 #hj4 ,borax1 #afc4 ,bordeaux mixture1 #afe4 ,buckwheat flour1 #aca4 ,burlaps1 #cd4 ,burns1 #aid4 ,butter1 how to choose1 #acc4 ,brass1 care of1 #fg1 #abf4 ,breaks and dislocations1 #aid4 ,bric--brac1 mending1 #gi4 ,brick dust1 #df4 ,bronze1 care of1 #abf4 ,brooms1 #db4 ,broom bags1 #db4 ,brushes1 #db1 #df4 ,,cake1 how to keep1 #adc4 ,calcimine1 #ci1 #ej4 ,canaries1 care of1 #ahf4 ,canning1 #aci4 ,carpets1 cleaning1 #bi-cj2 mending1 #ij4 ,cats1 care of1 #ahc4 ,cavies1 care of1 #ahd4 ,ceilings1 #cj1 #ch-ci4 ,cement1 #ec-ed4 ,charcoal1 #afc4 ,cheese1 how to choose and keep1 #acd4 ,chimney blazes1 how to put out1 #aib4 ,china1 mending1 #ge2 washing1 #ef4 ,chloride-of-lime water1 #ee4 ,chloroform poisoning1 #aif4 ,cleaning floors and rugs1 #bh-cj4 ,cloth1 washing1 #aje4 ,clothes drainer1 #de4 ,coarse mending1 #hd4 ,coffee1 how to choose and keep1 #acb4 ,collars1 how to do up1 #e-g4 ,contagion1 #ai-bj4 ,copper1 care of1 #abf4 ,copperas1 #afc4 ,copperas water1 #ee4 ,cornmeal1 #acj4 ,cottons1 testing1 #ig4 ,cracks1 filling1 #bg4 ,cretonne1 #cd4 ,cuffs1 how to do up1 #e-g4 ,curtains1 how to do up1 #h-i4 ,cutting out clothes1 #ii4 ,cuttings1 to start plant1 #aeh4 ,,darning1 #ha1 #hh4 ,disinfection1 #bj4 ,disinfectants1 #ee1 #afc-agh4 ,dogs1 care of1 #agi4 ,dust cloths1 #dc4 ,dust swabs1 #dc4 ,dyeing1 #ajc4 ,,earth ,,worms1 #aeg4 ,eggs1 how to test1 #add4 ,emergencies1 what to do in1 #aib-aii4 ,enameled iron1 #ga4 ,,fainting1 #aic4 ,ferns1 #aea4 ,fertilizers1 #aec4 ,fillers for new wood1 #dg4 ,fleas1 how to prevent1 #agj4 ,flies1 how to prevent1 #afh4 ,floors1 #bd-cj4 ,floor pad1 #da4 ,flour1 how to test1 #abi4 ,flowers1 how to keep and arrange cut flowers1 #aei4 ,foot pad1 #da4 ,french polish1 #di4 ,frocks1 how to wash1 #d4 ,fruit1 dried1 #adb4 ,fruit stains1 #aai4 ,fruit storage1 #aci4 ,furniture1 mending1 #gd2 polish1 #di4 ,furs1 mending1 #hh2 cleaning1 #ic4 ,,garden ,,pests1 #aff4 ,gas leak1 #aib4 ,gasolene-cleaning1 #ajd4 ,gelatine spots1 #aai4 ,gilt1 to clean1 #abh2 frames1 #fi2 furniture1 #fh4 ,glass1 annealing1 #fa2 mending1 #gi2 preserving in1 #ach2 washing1 #eh-fa4 ,glazing1 #cg4 ,gloves1 care of1 #ib4 ,glue1 #ej4 ,grass stains1 what to do for1 #abc4 ,grease spots1 what to do for1 #aac4 ,grits1 how to test1 #aca4 ,gum arabic1 #eb4 ,,hares1 how to keep1 #ahd4 ,hominy1 how to test1 #aca4 ,,ice1 to keep in sickroom1 #ah4 ,ice-cream spots1 #aai4 ,ink stains1 #aba4 ,insects1 #aed1 #afc-agh4 ,insecticides1 #aed1 #afc-agh4 ,iodine poison1 #aig4 ,iron1 rust1 #abc2 care of1 #abe4 ,irons1 #ac4 ,ironstone1 #eh4 ,ironing-boards1 #dc4 ,ironing-tables1 #aa4 ,,javelle ,,water1 #ed4 ,,kerosene ,,emulsion1 #afe4 ,knee pad1 #da4 ,knives and forks1 how to clean1 #fa4 ,,lace ,,and ,,embroidery1 how to wash1 #aj2 how to mend1 #hg2 how to freshen1 #aje4 ,lamps and candlesticks1 mending1 #hj4 ,lard1 how to test1 #acc4 ,larkspur1 #afg4 ,laundry cabinet1 #de4 ,lead swab1 #de4 ,lime water1 #ed4 ,linen1 testing1 #ig4 ,,mahogany ,,stain1 #dh4 ,majolica1 how to wash1 #eh4 ,materials1 appliqud1 #ajb4 ,matted floors1 #bi4 ,matting1 mending1 #ij4 ,meat1 how to keep fresh4 #ach4 ,melons1 keeping1 #adc4 ,mending1 #gd-ia4 ,mercury poisoning1 #aih4 ,mildew1 #abc4 ,millinery1 #aji4 ,mission furniture1 care of1 #fh4 ,mordants1 #c-d4 ,mosquitoes1 #afh4 ,moths1 #agb4 ,mucilage1 #eb4 ,mustard plasters1 #ba4 ,mutton and lamb1 #ace4 ,,narcotic ,,poisoning1 #aif4 ,nursing1 clothes for1 #bc4 ,,oak ,,furniture1 care of1 #fh4 ,oak stains1 #dh4 ,oatmeal1 #aca4 ,oil stains1 #dg4 ,old garments1 ways to use1 #ajh4 ,ornaments for millinery1 #aab4 ,oxalic acid1 #ee4 ,,pads1 #da4 ,paint1 to remove1 #bf1 #aah4 ,palms1 how to care for1 #aea4 ,pantries1 outdoor1 #ada4 ,paper dough1 #ec4 ,papering1 #ca-cb1 #ch4 ,parrots1 care of1 #aij4 ,paste for paper-hanging1 #eb4 ,perspiration marks1 #abd4 ,pets1 care of1 #agi-aia4 ,pewter1 how to clean1 #abg4 ,piano polish1 #di4 ,pine needles1 #df4 ,plants1 care of1 #adh2 for window boxes1 #aej4 ,plaster1 #ec4 ,poisons1 #aif-aih4 ,polish1 #di4 ,porch furniture1 #ga4 ,pork1 how to choose1 #acf4 ,pots1 #ade4 ,potting1 #adf4 ,poultices1 #ba4 ,poultry1 #acg2 how to keep1 #ach4 ,precautions1 #gb4 ,pressing1 #aja4 ,ptomaine poisoning1 #aih4 ,putty1 #ed4 ,,quicklime1 #afc4 ,,roaches1 how to get rid of1 #aeh1 #agf4 ,road stains1 #aae4 ,roses1 #aea4 ,rugs1 cleaning1 #cj2 mending1 #ij4 ,rust1 #abc4 ,,salt ,,fish1 how to keep1 #ach4 ,salt meats1 how to choose1 #acf4 ,sand1 #ec4 ,saving pieces of material1 #ajg4 ,sawdust1 #df4 ,scrubbing1 #bd4 ,shellac1 #be4 ,shirts1 how to do up1 #e-f4 ,sickbed1 #ae4 ,sickroom1 care of1 #ac-bc4 ,silk1 testing1 #ie2 washing1 #aje4 ,silk wall covering1 #cd4 ,silver tarnish1 #abg4 ,size1 glue and vegetable1 #ej4 ,smoke stains1 #abd4 ,soap1 #a-b4 ,soil for house plants1 #ade4 ,spots1 how to get rid of1 #aac-aai4 ,sprains and strains1 #aie4 ,sprinklers1 #dd4 ,stains1 oil1 #dg2 mahogany1 #dh2 walnut1 #dh2 oak1 #dh2 road1 #aae2 fruit1 #aai2 wine1 #abj2 ink1 #aba2 grass1 #abc2 smoke1 #abd4 ,staining floors1 #bd-be4 ,starches1 #g-h4 ,,table ,,linen1 how to wash1 #d-e4 ,tar spots1 #abb4 ,tea1 how to choose1 #acb4 ,tile floors1 how to clean1 #bi4 ,tool box1 #dd4 ,trimmings1 care of1 #ajf4 ,,upholstered ,,furniture1 care of1 #fi4 ,,varnish1 to remove1 #bf2 spots1 #aah4 ,vegetable storage1 #aci4 ,velvet1 freshening1 #ajg4 ,vitriol1 white1 #afd4 ,,walls1 #cj-cf4 ,wall mop1 #df4 ,wall paper1 #ca-cc4 ,walnut stain1 #dh4 ,washing1 #a-ab4 ,washing1 china and glass1 #ef-fa2 knives and forks1 #fa4 ,washing fluids1 #b4 ,washing-soda1 #afc4 ,water1 to soften1 #a4 ,water bugs1 #agf4 ,water wagon1 #db4 ,wax1 dancing1 #di4 ,wax board1 #de4 ,wax finish1 #dh4 ,wax spots1 #abd4 ,waxing floors1 #be4 ,whitewash1 #ci1 #ea4 ,whitewashed walls1 #cf4 ,wicker furniture1 care of1 #gj4 ,windows1 #cj1 #cg4 ,window boxes1 #adf1 #adi4 ,wine stains1 #abj4 ,woolens1 how to wash1 #i4 ,woolens1 testing1 #if4 ,,the ,,end ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,some chapter headings had the word ,,chapter before the roman numeral1 some didn't4 ,missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected4 ,typographical errors were silently corrected4 ,inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book4 ,text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores 7italics72 text that was bold by 8equal0 signs 7bold74